r ygf^^^i FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES FLORA SOUTPIERN UNITED STATES: CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BY A. W. CHAPMAN, M. D. THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. LfBKAKY «r:vv VORIC BO) ^^?CAL SECOND EDITION. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. 1887. Copyrifjht, By a. W. Chapman, 1883. University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. LIBRA J^T ttOFAiNfCAL PREFACE. When the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the counti}^ embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Curtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- ;, ^respondents from other States, have become so numerous , that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them. In this edition I have concluded to incorjjorate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it. And now, since the different sections of all the States ^ which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- * to I Cs| sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, '■^ the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- ,^ visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be at least partially fulfilled. VI ritr.iACE. It is iny intention, theivforc, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall includi; in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work. Apalachicola, Florida, December 26, 1882. CONTENTS. Introduction ix Sketch of the Elements of Botany . . . . ix Glossary of Botanical Terms xviii Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . . . xxv Signs used in this Work xxvi Directions to the Student xxvii Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . . xxix FLORA. — Ph.enogamous or Flowering Plants . . . l Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 585 Supplement 603 Index ........... 675 Index to Supplement ........ 695 INTRODUCTION. L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. VegetaWe Tissue. 1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Pareiichyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts, 3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 5. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they ai-e lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spii-al Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit. 3. The Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which growls down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter ; and Jibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTUODICTION. 9. Put roots under favorable ciicumstaiues arc developed from otiier parts of tlic i)lant. These are ealled Stcuudarij Ilouts. 10. Aerial liuots arc those whieh spring from the stem or hranelies above fj:roun(l. In some, as in many Endogenous IMants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems arc also of this class. 11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendmm are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or brandies of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants ; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beceh-droii, upon the root. 3. Tbe Stem. 13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant wiiieh grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Infernodes. The growing points, whieh arc protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis ; axdlary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adcenti- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called hranchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Cidm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Cuudex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuher is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subterranean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bulh is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicnted or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bidhlets. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producinj^ roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity. 24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the infloi-escence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called S/irubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4c, Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Phrenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the meduUurij rui/s, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-tvood. 31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. Tile Leaves. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed frbm axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air^ through minute openings in the epidermis, called slomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. XU JNTHODICTION. 35. A coinpUli' loaf comprises the Bhxdf, tlic Stalk, and a pair of Stipultg; but these tliroe parts are not always present in one leaf. 3G. The Ulaile, Linih, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single ])iere, however cut or divided ; and rDiiijmiiiid, when of two or more distinct pieces [Ivajiiis), which sejiarate liy a joint. 37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects tlie blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Peliolule. 38. The Stipules arc appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels. 39. Tlie manner in which the veins arc distributed through the leaf is called l^enadon. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. Tiie manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, wlicn the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole; and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is tei-minated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or urmpially pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 4.5. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flower. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There arc two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud; and the d(_finite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XIU 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk, of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rackis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Amont, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Sputlte, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Lirolucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, arc short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is tei'med the Calyr, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pifttilit. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. b XIV I.MKODLCTION. 64. Tho Corolla is usually of n iliiimcr texture than the calyx, ami variously colored. Its leaves (PtUils), when of the same nunilier as the sepals, always alternate wiili them. They aw also often nninil iiy their contiguous niur).^ins, to form a umnupituious corolla 05. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to he readily dis- tin>^uished, they are collectively termed the Ptrianth. 66. A tlower is cowpltle when all its j)art.s arc jirescnt ; incoinpUte, when the floral envelopes, or a part of tliem, are wanting ; }Kr/ict, when the stamens and jjistils are borne in the same tlower ; imjKrfect, or diclinous, when they arc homo in separate Howers ; regular, when the sejials or jxjtals are of nnifonn shape and size; and irm/ular, when they are unlike in sha])C or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into momvcions, when those fur- ni.shed with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pi>tils (pistillate or fertile Jlou-ers) are borne on the same plant; dinrious, when they arc borne on separate plants ; and ])oli/ijniiious, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or dift'erent individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral enveloi)CS are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are vallate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; iiidiiplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imlnicattd, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each ]jiece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered l)y the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts arc folded lengthwise. 7. The Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by Avhich it is supported. 70. They are hi/pogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perlf/i/noiis, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; c/njietalous, when on the co- rolla; and r/i/nandrotis, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (momdelphous), or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphons, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a ])ivot: iutrorse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (si/mjenesioiis). 73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. The Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ocanj, the Stijlc, and the Stigma. 76. The Ovary is tlie lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or wiiich corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where tliese parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. Tile Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, cither by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 8.5. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simplo fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- fly. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal: X\l INXnOUUCTIOX. and seplicidiil, wlion it opens at the ventral suture, or tlirotiu:h the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion hilling oil' entire, like u lid, the dehisecnee is circumscissile. 90. A Silil>rOTIO\. Dcpre-.scil: flattonod horizontally. Desceiuliiig: dirccti'd ilbwiiward. I)i:iclillihous: colk'Cteil in two sets. l)i;iiiilr(ius: havin"; two staniiMis. Diilihirnydcous: having hot 1 1 calyx and corolla. Dichotonious: forked. Diclinous, CG. Dicotyledonous: liaving two cotyledons. Didynious: twin. Didynanious : having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others. Did'use: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole hears five or more leaflets. Diniorphi>us: of two forms. Diii'cious, 07. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissecteil: divided into many lobes. Distichous: tw^o-ranked; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal: pertaining to back or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy: bearing soft short hairs. Drupe, 94. Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe. Duramen, 30. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emarginate : notchecl at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emersed : raised out of water. Endocarp: the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous : having nine stamens. Ensiform : sword-shaped. Entire : with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epiphytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided. Equitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their bases clasped one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnaweil. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted : protruding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate: scvthe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like a fan. Farinaceous: mealy. Fascicle: a cluster. F'asoicled: collected in a cluster. Fastigiate: rising to the same level; flat- to])ped. Feather-veined, 41. F'emale (flowers): bearing only pistils. Ferruginous: of the color of iron-rust. Fertile : bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Roots, 8. Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform : thread-like. Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous : hollow. Fleshy: soft and juicy. F^lexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose : bcaringtuftsof deciduous hairs. Flora : a systematic description of the plants of a country. Floral: belonging to the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerles's Plants, 107. F^oliaceous: leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked : divided into two branches. F'ree: separate: disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. F'rond: the leaf of a F'ern. Fructification: the fruiting state. Frait, 84. Frutescent : shrubby. Fugacious: continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funio\i!us, 82. Funnel-shajjed : gradually dilated upward from a tubular base. Furrowed : grooved lengthwise. F'usiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: bv pairs. Geniculate : bent abruptly. Genus. 113. Germination, 10.5. Gibbous: pufled out. Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. Glands: .small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glands. Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish powder. Globose: ) i i • i Globular: r°""^'^P'^'"'"^''l- Glomerate: collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. Glumaceous . glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, c&c. of grasses and sedpes. Granular: covered with grains. Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit : the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like a])j)endagesof the cuticle. Hairy: furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped: dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute : beset with coaise hairs. Hispid: beset with rigid haii-s. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous: uniform in substance. Hooded: rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a horn. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included : enclo.sed ; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. Incurved: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indeiiisccnt: not opening. Indigenous: native to a country. Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 5S6. Inferior: below, 103. Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed: bent inward. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on : used in the sense of growing from a part Insertion: the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14 Interrupted: not continuous; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate: with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced : brought fi'om another coun- try. Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute: with the margins roUed inward. Irregular (flowers), 66, Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate: divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate: divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate: formed of thin plates. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous: woolly. Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate : strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lyrate: pinnatifid, with the upper lobes enlarged. Marginal : bonie on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullary Rays, 30. Jledullary Sheath, 29. Membranous : of the texture of mem- brane. Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Jlidrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadelphous, 70. Monandrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monoehlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. Monoecious. 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece. JIucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset with hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. INXnODUCTION. Nei-kliicc-sliapod: see MiMiilifonii. Noctiirv: uiiv li«iiiey-beiiring part. Nervi'il (leaves), 40. Netteil-veiiicd, 40. Neutral ((lowers): without stiimens and pistils. Ndddiiifr: turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodo.se: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Achenium. Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate: inversely lance-sliaped. Ohlicpie; unequal-sideil. Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow end downward. Obtuse: blunt; not pointed. Ochrea, 38. Octandrous : having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite : placed directly against each other, as leaves on the stein; placed before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 8.3. Oval: same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate: egg-shaped. Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76. Palate : a prominence at the throat of some bilabiate flowers. Palea: Flora, p. 545. Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre. Palmately-veined, 41. Panicle, 59. Papery: of the texture of paper. Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86 Papillose: studded with minute wart-like prominences. Pappus: the limb of the calyx of com- posite flowers. I Parallel-veined. 40. ! Parasitical: supported and nourished by other plants. Parietal, 81. Parted : divided nearly to the base. Partial : pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ. Pectinate : cut into fine p.arallel lobes. Pedate: nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided. Pedicel. 50. Pedicellcd: raised on a pedicel. Peduncle, 50. Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins. Pendent: hanging, drooping. Pendulous: somewhat droopiiij^. Penicillate: see l{ru-ii--hii|>ed. l'entane: clothed with u close velvety pubescence. Tootlied: see Dentate. Top-shaped: like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose: knotted; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, '26. Triandrous : liavinj^ three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate : ending; abruptly, as if cut off. Tube: the united part of a calyx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle: a wart-like appendage; Flora, p. &04. Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. TulicM-iius: like a tuber. Tubular: sliaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tuiiicated Bulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel, 57. Umbelled: arranged in an uinl:el. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet, rrceolato : urn-shaped; ijilcher-sliuped. Utricle, 96. Utricular : formed like a utricle. Valve, 85. N'alvate, 68 : opening iiy valves. Varietv, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 3.3. \'eihv ; furnisheil with reticulated veins. X'einlets : the ultimate branches of veins. Venation, 39. \'cntral Suture, 80. Ventricose : iidlated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexilhun : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. Yittse : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped : see Rotate. Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Wliorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 86; anv thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft hairs. m. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. Ait. = Adanson. Alton. Good. = Griseb. Goodenough. Grisebach. All. Allioni. Gronov. Gi-onovius. Andr. Andrews. Haw. Haworth. Am. AM. Baldw. Arnott. Aublet. Baldwin. E. B. K. Hoff. Hook. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Hoffmann. [Kunth. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Huds. Hudson. Benth. Bigel. Boerh. Bentham. Bigelow. Boerhaave. Jacq. Juss. L. or Linn. Jacquin. Jussieu. Linn^us. Bronfjn. Buckl Brongniart. Buckley. Lag. Lam. Lagasca. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. L'llerit. L'Heritier. Oiv. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chopm. Chois. Chapman. Choisy. Marsh. Mart. Marshall. Martius. Darl DC. Darlington. De Candolle. Mey. ifichx. Sleyer. Jlichaux. A. DC. Desf. Desv. Alphonse de Candolle. Desfontaines. Desveaux. Mlchx.f. Mill. Mcench. Michaux the younger. Miller. Mcenchausen. Dew. Dill. Ehrh. Dewey. Dillenius. Ehrhart. Muhl. Miirr. Neck. Muhlenberg. Murray. Necker. Ell. Endl. Elliott. Endlicher. Nets. Nuit. Nees von Esenbeck. Nuttall. Engdtn. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fiscli. Forst. GcBrt. Fisclier. Forster. Gsertner. Pers. Plum. Poir. Persoon. Plumier. Poiret. Gaud. Ging. GmeL Gaudin. Gingins. Gmelin. Raf. R. Br. R. 4- S. Rafinesque. Robert Brown. Roemer & Schultes. INTKODUCTION, liUh. Richard. Toum. = Touniefort Salisb. Salisbury. Ti-in. Trillins. Schk. Sclikuiir. Tuck. Till kerinan. Silirad. Si-iirudcr. Vent. Veiitfiiut. Schreb. Sclireber. WM. Wuhlenberg. Schw. Schweinitz. Waiiff. Wangenheim. Scop. Scopoli. Wall. Waiter. Shiilllir. Shuttleworth. WdUr. Wallroth. Stilliv. SuUivant. Wendl. VVeiidlaud. Torr. Torrcy. WUld. Willdcnow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (J) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. 1|. A perennial plant. o The length in feet; as, "2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hypheji denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 43-63 long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet, n. sp. ; indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously 1. ) n. gen. characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. Having acquired a general, knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar tei-ms employed in tlie science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place thej occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this Avork the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the Series of Ph^nogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiosper.mous Plants. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- ALOus Division. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- tary and 2 -many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled ; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in tiny way connected XXVm INTRODUCTION. with the pctxls, or free from thoin. In ours tiny are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are cro united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the nattinil order, Tiliace^, 5'.>, — the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described. Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then j)roceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the i)lant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus Tilia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Bass wood. Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, P/ia notfumous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant diftei-s widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the Class of Monocotyledonols Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these charactei-s. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under ttic second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we sec, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth arc glume-like, or otherwi.se. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3-6-celled. In ours it is 6-cclled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or cx- trorse In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Liliace.'e, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tulipa- CEJE. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 48.5, where this genus is more fully descrilx-d, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series L PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an emhryo plant. Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or five's. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass L ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals /ree from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so, ■*- Stamens more than twice as jnany as the petals. Leaves opposite, entire. Pago Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACE.I;, 38 Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIACE^, 42 leaves alternate. Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals imbricated in the bud. Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE.!?, 15 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACEiE, 12 Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE.E, 14 Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE-E, 18 Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACE.E, 2 Sepals aud petals persistent. CABOMBACEiE, IS INTRODUCTION. OTnry solitnry, l-celled. I'hu'i-nta central, fcpiils 2, deciduous. Anthers introrso. Sepiilw 5, persistent. Antlicrs cxlroMc. IMaccntip parietal. Calyx persistent. Capsule 3-v;iWed : plnccntoc 3. Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. Juico watery. Placenta 1. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. Juice watery. Placenta; 2. Leaves simple or trlfoliolate. Orary solitiiry, 2 - many-celled. Stamens connected witli the ba.sc of the petals. Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. Stamens free from the petals. Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. Stamens separate. Ovary 5-cellcd. Leaves tubular. Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. POIlTULACArE.F,, 48 i>koseuace.k, 36 cistace.t;, 36 i'ai'avkkace.k, 21 Cl.MICIKUGK.K, 2 CAPPAKIDACE.E, 31 MALVACE.K, 02 CAMELLIACEiE, 60 CLUSIACE.'E, 42 TILIACE.E, 69 8ARRACEMACE.E, 20 NYMPU.EACE.E, 19 *~ -t- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehisceut, 1 - 3-seeded Aquatic herbs. Fruit a many-seeded follicle. F'leshy herbs. Ovary solitary, l-celled. Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. Leaves opposite. F'ruit a capsule, with parietal placentae. Leaves entire, dotted Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotlees. GIMAUUBArE.T;, CABO.MHACE.K, CUASSULACE.E 67 18 149 LEGUMIN0S.3E, 80 HYPERICACEiE, CARYOPIIYLLACE.E, BUKSEKACE.E, BEItBEKlDACE.E, polygalack;e, T1LIACE.E, Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. Fruit a borry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. Ovary solitary, 2-eelled Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. Orary solitary, 3-celled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious. Fruit 3-peeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE.E, Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-.'3E, 279 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACE^, 278 Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MYRSINACE.E, 276 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled Flowers racen:ose. THEOPURASTACE.E, 276 Ovary 3 - 8-ceUed. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE.E, 274 ++ -H- ++ Fertile stamens as inany as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. Stamens separate and free from the stigma. Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. Ovary solitary. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled. Ovary 4 celled. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. Leaves entire, smooth. Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite Drupe 1-seeded. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla-lobes long. Corolla-lobes short. Fruit baccate, 4 - 9-seeded. ASCLEPIADACE.E, 861 APOCYNACE^, 358 DICUONDRE.E, 341 OLEACE.E, 368 VERBENACE.E, 305 AQUIFOLIACB^, 268 SOLANACEJi!, 347 borraginace.e, 328 plantaginacej:, 27? hydrophyllace.e, 333 gentianace.^;, 352 LOGANIE.a:, 178 XX XIV INTRODUCTION. Stipules none. Capsule fuw-8cedoruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Uerbs. Leaves alternate Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule, Flowers polygamous Capsule 3 - 4-winged. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule 3-celled Flowers solitary. Capsule 5-ceUed Flowers cymose. POLVOONACEJJ, ILLECEBREJi, 884 PETIVERlEiE, 374 cannabinace.;e, UKTICACEiE, ulmace.t:, MORACEjE, 414 411 416 414 LAURACE^, 398 POLYGONACE.T.. TIIYMELEACE.E, 384 395 AMARAXTACE^, 378 NYCTAGINACE.E CUEXOPODLiCEiE, EMPETRACE.^, MOLLUGINE.E, 372 375 410 45 FRAXINEJE, ACERACE.S;, RHAMNACE.E, FOKESTIEKE.E. LYTHRACE.1!:, 72 369 1.33 ErPIIOUBlACE.E, SAI'INDACE.E, PUYTOLACCACE-E, ULMACEiE, Capsule circumscissile. POUTULACACE.i;, CKASSULACEiE 374 416 43 149 Subclass II. GY^INOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules naked (not contained in an ovaiy), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen. Stem branching. Leaves simple. Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. COXIFERiE 431 CYCADACE^, 437 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVU Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. Stemless, floating herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^, 442 Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE^, 439 Caulescent, leafj', rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACE.^, 439 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACE^, 444 St«m not immersed, erect. TYPHACE^, 443 * * Floral envelopes (perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCIIIDACE.E, 452 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACE.^. 450 Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEiE, 474 Flowers perfect. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE.E, 451 Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACEiE, 465 Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE^, 472 Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H.EMODORACE.E 469 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE^, 466 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACE^, 439 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACE.i:, 444 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGiINE>*E, 447 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACEjE, 479 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACE^, 492 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE^, 475 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-ceUed. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACE^, 496 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. | LILIACEiE 480 Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, i ^'y^^^ ^' \ MELANTHACE.^, 485 Anthers extrorse (except Tofleldia). Styles 3 or 1. ) Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE^, 447 Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALM.^:, 487 Epiphytes Plants scurfy. BROMELIACE^, 470 d XXXVIU INTRODUCTION. Uerbs. Stamens 6. LeaveB 3 in a whorl. Flower elnglo. TRILLTACE.'E 475 Leaves alu-rnutc, Bhcuthlni,'- CO.M.MKLYNACE/E, 497 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE.T., 498 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYKIDACE^K, 49a Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers moua'cious, capitate. Scape leafless. KKlOCAULONACEiE, 602 • • • Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an acbcnium. Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. CYPEKACE^., 604. OUAMIN£.£, 546 Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Class UI. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACE^, 585 Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE.E, 600 Fructification borne at the base of the leaves. HYDKOPTEIUDES, 60i FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES SERIES I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass 1. ANGIOSPERM^. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Divisiox I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAAIII.V.) Ordku I. RANUNCULACEyi:. (Ciiowroox Family.) Horbs or clinibiiig shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, thoir petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowei-s regular or irregular. Sepals 3-1.'), distiiut, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wnnting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1 -celled, 1 - many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of lleshv or horny albumen. Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CLiEMATIDEiE. Sepals valvnfe in the bud, colored. Petals Rtamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an acbeuium. — Chiefly vines. Leaves opposite. L ATKAGEXE. Petals .small and stamen-like. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. Tribe IT. ANEMONE.^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitJiry. Fruit an acheuium. — llerbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre. 3. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 4. IIEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower. 5. TIIALICTKUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 6. TRAUTVETTEKIA. Flowers corymbcd. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. Leaves simple, lobed. Tribe III. RANUNCULE.^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules .solitary. Fruit an acheniuni. — Herbs. I^eaves alt mate. 7. MYOSUUUS. Sepals spurred at the ba.«e. Achenia spiked. Ix:aves radical, linear. 3. ll.iNUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. Tribe IV. HELLEBORIIVE.*:. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1- many-seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 9. CALTHA. Petals none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves ccmpound. 11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves compound. 12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of tl.em spurred, the others stiilked. Follicle many -seeded. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM Sepals 5. irregular; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 14. ZANTHORIIIZA. Flowers regular Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2 lobed. Follicle 1-2-seeded. Shrubby. I>eaves compound. Tribe V. CIMICl FUGE.*:. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15 HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1-2-seeded berries. Stems l-flow^ered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACT.^A. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. 1". CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-5 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-seeded follicles. Ra- cemes elongated. Leaves compound. RANUNCULAClC.t:. (CUOWI-OOT FAMILY.) 3 1. ATRAGENE, L. Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreading, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Aclienia capitate, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitaiy, showy. 1 . A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate ; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles opposite ; sepals oblong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -May. — Flowers 2' -3' in diameter, purple. 2. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragene. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious. * Flowers solitary, noddling : calyx thick or leathery. ■f- Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous. 1. C. octiroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, reticulate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia ( 1 ^' long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May- June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long. 2. C. Baldwinii, Ton-. & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong, varying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - 1^° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. Flowers purple, yellowish witiiin, the sepals woolly on the margins. +- -t- Stems climbing, herbaceous. 3. C. OVata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, shoi-t-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee.— Flowers purple?, inchned. — Probably a form of the next. ( * ) 4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- long-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- cun-ed point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (1^'long) plumose. — River-banks. May -August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1' long. ."5. C. crispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or teraate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (1' long) rigid ; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri, Pu/-s/i. C. cylindrica, 5mis. C. line- 4 It ANL'NCULACK.i:. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) arilolm, DC, nn early state, when all the leaflets arc linear.) — Swamps and banks of rivers. M:iy and June. — Stems 2° - 4° hiyh, somewhat sinubby at the base. Flowers 1'- 1^' long, pale blui.-li-j)uii)k'. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2 - ."j-lobed, obtuse or iimi roiiate, eoriaeeous, strongly retieulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-laneeolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the aehenia (1^' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May -July. — Calyx downy, dull purple. * * Flowers jxtnicled : calijx thiti, spreading, irliile: siciiis woodi/. 7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth; leaves temate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobed or toothed ; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy ; flowers dig'cious or polygamons ; sepals obovate, snioothish ; tails of the aehenia long, Ijlumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long. 8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-tootlied or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaiieate, opposite, 3 - 5-flowcred ; flowers dia'cious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the aehenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Floriatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Style subulate. Achenia 3-anglcd, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scajie. 1. M. minimus, Ti. Scapes 2'-0' long, longer than the leaves ; achenia hcakles.s. — Augusta, Georgia (Ellwtt), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, 1 ' - 2' long. RANUNCL'LACK^E. (CKOWKOOT FAMILY.) 7 8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the l)ud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the radical ones long-pctioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, Avhite or yellow. ^ 1. Petals u'hite, ivitli a ijcJloiv pit at the base: achrnia rupofse. 1. E. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- pedundcd. (R. Pantothrix, DC ) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. H.. — Stems 1° - 2*^ long. Leaves circular in outline. 4 2 Petals yellow, icith a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricate : annuals. 2. R, parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobed, acutely-toothed ; the upper 3-parted or entii-c ; flowers very small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexcd sepals ; achenia naiTowly margined, pointed with the short, recurved style. (IJ. trachyspcrmus, Kll.) — AVaste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves rarely 1' wide. 3. R. muricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crcnate ; petals 5, longer tlian the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March-April. Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18' high. * * Achenia smooth : cliirftij perennials. •<- Leases undivided. 4. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; aclicnia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (P. Flammula, Ell. &c.) — ]Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May -July. — Stems 1 o - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" wide. 5. R. pusillus, Poir. Smooth; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundish, the others lanceolate or linear, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- mite ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (K. oblongifolius. Ell.., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to Xorth Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers 2" wide. Stamens 5-9. •<- -I— Leaves (at least those of the stem) ternateli/ lohed or divided. *+ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. INIarch and April. — Stem 1° - 1 p high. 8 RANUNCULACK<«. (c HOW FOOT lAMILY.) 7. R. recurvatus, Poir. Ilii-sute ; leaves nil petioled, 3 - 5-lol)cd ; the lobes \ved;,'e-sliupf(l, sliurply toothed ; petals minute, shorter tlian the ealyx ; nchcnia in {^lohose heads, pointed with a loniie ; petals as lonj^ as the ealyx ; aehenia in oblonj^ or eylindrieal heads, pointless. — Ditelies and s\vain|)s, Charleston {Elliott). Introduced IVoni Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° high. 9. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute ; leaves ternate ; leaflets long- stalked, 3-parted, tlic divisions lanceolate, acutely lobcd and toothed ; petals sliorter than the ealy.x ; aehenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upjjcr districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very hairy. *+ *+ Petals much larger titan the calyx : aehenia in (jloliose heads. 10. R. Purshii, Richardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillary segments, cmei-scd ones rcniform, 3 - 5-parted, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflcxed ; aehenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long. 11. R. repens, L. Smooth or liairj' ; leaves ternate, or the earliest ones 3-lobcd ; leaflets 3-lobcd, toothed ; aehenia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-cun'cd beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper distriets. Var. y in the river swamps of the low country. March and April. Var. (9. hispidus. Hirsute; stem erect; leaves ample; peduncles long, with the hairs appresscd. (R. hispidus, ..1/r. R. Marilandieus and tomentosus, Poir: the latter a form with softer pubescence.) Var. J-. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long); leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, Muld.) 12. R. palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appresscd hairs ; leaves small (1' wide), ternate or 3-])arted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; aclienia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens, Middle Florida to South Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 13. R. bulbosus, L. Hairy ; stem crcet (1°- 1|° liigh) from a bulb-like base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-parted, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (1' wide) ; aehenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 14. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 3-pai-ted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; aehenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from Europe. RANUNOULACK^.. (CUOWFOOT FAMILV.) 9 9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-1.5, many-ovulcd. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorlcd, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1. C. palustris, L. var parnassifolia, Ton-. C'talii, .l/«7).r.) — Kicli >uil in the ujhht districts. May niul .JiiiK'. — A small tier, witli inot;ular Imiiiclirs. I^-avcs J°-l^° lonj:, on short petioles. Fiowors 4'-G' wide, wliitc. Cone of fruit oblong, 4'-- C long, rose-colored. 4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy l)cncath; petals 0 -'J, ol)U)nj,'-()vate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July. — A larye tree. Leaves 6' - 0' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow and girenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' -3' long. * * * Lfnms deciduous, anrirulute or cordate at t/ir Inise. 5. M. COrdata, Miclix. Loaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, whitc-doniiy bciuatii ; jietals 6 --9, ol)long, acute. — Upper districts in rich shaded soil. Aj)ril and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long. 6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulate-obovate, smooth on both surfaces, cordate ami 2-carcd at the ba.se, on slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculatc at the base. (AL auriculata, Aa/H. M. inramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowers C wide, white and fragrant. 7. M. macrophylla, Mich.K. Lc.ives clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate cr slightly cared at the base, glaucous be- neatii; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee: rare. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l]°-3° long. Flowers 8'- 12' wide, wliitc, fragrant. Cone of fruit ovate. 4. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tui-ir-TnEE. White Toplak. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, rcflexed. Petals 0, erect. Stamens numerous : anthers extrorsc. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit aconc-likc head of samara'form, indehiseent, 1 -2-seeded, deciduous carjjcls. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on .slender i)ctiolos, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lolx: appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch ; flowers bell-sha|K'd, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May -June. Ordkr 3. ANONACE^. (CrsTAno-Ari'LE Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfiM-t, hyjwgynoiis flowers. Sepals 3. I'etala G, in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, MKNlSPKUMACEiE. (mOONSEED FAMILY,) 15 distinct or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 1. ASIMINA, Adans. Papaw. Custakd-Apple. Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3 - 15, sessile, 1-cellcd, fcw-many-ovulcd, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding. * Flowers appearinfj with or before the leaves. 1- A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, covered with a rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria triloba, Torr. §• (J ray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers I'-l^' wide. Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible. 2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and like the branches rustj'-pubeseent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. Sj- Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° high. Leaves 4' -• 6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers ^' wide, rusty -pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- seeded. 3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leavesoblongoroblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, obovate, 1 -few-seeded. (A. cuneata, (S/tu^^/.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia and East Florida. March and April. — A small shrub Leaves 2' -3' long. Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white, * * Flowers from the axils of present leaves. 4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oblong-obo- vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple within; fruit cylindrical, jndpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. reticulata, Shuttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller ( 1 ' - 2') oblong leaves and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. May - July. — Shrub ^° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long, rarely 1 ' wide. Flowers i' - 3' wide. Order 4. MENISPERMACE^. (Mooxseed Family.) Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- ers, in a.xillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or IG I'.KitiiKniDACK.i.. (hakiu:i:ry iamii-y.) more, liyi>ojrynous. Antlicrs 2 - 4-o('11(hI, oponiii}; lnned. 1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, and westward, ./une - August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -1.5° long. Leaves very aiute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseeu. Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 4-cclled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otlicrwise as in Cocculus. — Leaves rounded, angular or lobcd, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. Flowers white, panicled. 1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. July. — Stem twining. Sterile panicles elongated. Drupe black. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Flowers diojcious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12: anthers 2-celled ; those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuied. Stigma radiate, many- cleft. Druj)e oval. Nut smootii, excavated on the inner face. Kmbryo curved, foliaccous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3-.5-lobed. Flowers whitisii, in compound racenics. 1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispcrmum Lyoni, Pursk.) — Banks of the Apa- lachicola River, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. — Pubescent. Stem twining 20° -50° high. Ix;aves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral loi)es wavy or angled. Drupe 1' long, globose. Order 5. BERBERIDACEvTi:. (Barberry Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, pctiolate, mostly divided leaves, and perfect, regular hypojrynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more rows of 2 - 4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite UEltHKUIDACEiE. (UARULUItY FAMILY.) 17 the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-oelled, opening by up- lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of lleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 1. BEREERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs. 2. CAULOPIIYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. 3. DIPIIYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-clcft and lobeJ. Herb. 4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8 Scape l-flowered. Leaves 2-parttd. Herb. * * Anthers opening longitudinally. 5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary iu the fork of the two peltate, lobed leaves. 1. BERBERIS, L. Bakberrv. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, ohovatc, often biglandular near the base. Stamens 6, irritahle. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. Seeds erect. — Slu'ubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (Amkrican Barhkrrv.) Smooth, spiny; leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - Stlowcred ; petals notched ; berries oval, red. — U]>per districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue ConosH. Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals fi, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. Albumen horn}'. — A smooth perennial herb, with large ternately-compound leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 1. C thalictroides, Michx. (Leonticc thalictroides, L.) — Mountains of South Carolina (^///o«) and northward. April. — Plant l°-2°high, glau- cous when young. Radical leaf 3-ternate, on a long j)ctiole ; those of the stem (mostly two) sessile, the upper one biternate. Leaflets obovate-wedge-shaped, 2-3-lobcd. Panicle few flowered. Seeds glaucous. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, 2-4-seedcd. Seeds erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, ])cltate, deeply 2-cleft, lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers. 1. D. cymosa, Michx.— Margins of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° higii. Leaves often 2° in diameter, the divisions 5-7-lobed. Berries blue. 2* IS I AnoMi'.Aci:.!:. (wATi:rt-smi;i,n iamii.v.) 4. JEFFERSONIA, Uartuii. Twin i.kak. Scpnls 4, ]>otal-Iik<', cikIuious. IVtiils 8, oMonjjj. Stnnun< 8. Stifrma nearly stssilo, 2-IoIk(1. Capsule ooiiaccous, oliovatc, tiiany-soLMltd, opi-niii^ transvi-rsely *Mi the liack, near the sumnut. Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy laeini- iiieil aril. — A low stcniless peR-nnial lierh, with lon;i-petioleU, U-]jarted leaves, and naked scapes, Ix-'aring a single white llower. 1. J. diphylla, IVrs. — Rich .shady woods, Tennessee and northward. April. — J.ohes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or toothed, tieapes 6' - 12' high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Sepals G, cadueou.s. Petals G - 9, olwvate. Stamens twice as many (in our species) as the |)etals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, sessile. Fruit liaccatc, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, .5-9-partcd, lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork. 1. P. peltatum, L. (Mandrake.) — Rich woods, Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the barren ones terminated by a single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4'-G' wide. Flowers 1' wide, greenish. Berry l'-2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant. Ordkr 6. NELUMBIACEiE. (Nklumuo Family.) Acinatic lierbs, with larj^e circular centrally peltate floating loaves, and .solitary liypojrynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- nite, the slender filaments ])rolonged alx)vc the linear, adnatc, introrse anthers. Ovaries separate, 1 -colled, l-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- mit of the large obconical torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit. Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embrjo large. Al- buintii none. 1. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Nelumbo. Cliaractcrs of the order. 1. N. luteum, Willd. (Water Ciiixquepix.) —Lakes and still water, Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. — l{hi/,onia large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depre.s.sed in the centre. Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear. Ori>eu 7. CABOMBACE/E. (Waticu-siiiem) Family.) Acjuatic perennial herbs, Avith peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long a.xillary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored NYMl'lI.EACE.K. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 19 inside. Petals 3-4, witlicring-pcrsistent. Stamens 6-18 : aiifhci"s ad- natc, extrorse. Ovaries 2- 18. Ovules sus[)en(led. Capsule indehisccut, 1— 3-seeded. Embno minute, at the base of lleshy albumen. 1. CABOMBA, Aublct. Sep.als and petals." Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule 1-3-secdcd. — Stems filiform, branching. Sul)mcrged leaves opposite, divided into numerous filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in tlie uxils of the floating leaves. 1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves ohlongdinear ; flowers white. (Nectris aquatiea, Null.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stems £°-4°long. 2. BRASEWIA, Sclireber. Water-shield. Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12-18: anthers cxsertcd. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all peltate and entire, alternate, oval, on long jietiolcs. Flowers axillary, on elongated peduncles, dull ])uri)le. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Ilydropcltis purpurea, J/icA-r.) — Ponds and slow- flowing streanrs, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Order 8. NYMPII.^ACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) Afjuatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and soli- tary white or yellow flowers on long peduncles. Sepals 4-G, colored inside. Petals numerous, h}-pogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Embryo included ia a sac at the e.\.tremity of farinaceous albumen. 1. ITYMPH^A, Tourn. Water-Lily. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals, the outer ones petaldike : anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as tiic cells, linear, radiating around a globular central gland. Berry globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous aril. — Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on elongated, often spiral peduncles. 1. IT. odorata. Ait. (Pond-Lily.) Rhizoma large, creeping; leaves 6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open 20 SARUACENIACK.t, (riTCII l.It-ri.ANT lA.Mll.V.) sinus i\iul ol)tiiso loln's. (N. reiiiforinis, Walt.) — I'onds and ^till wiitcr, Florida and northward. May-June. — Flowcis white, 2'- 4' wiilc, rra;;iunt, Lxjmnding in tlie morning. lVtiole.s and j)eduncle.s oeeasionaliy villous. 2. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Watlk Lii.v Sepals 5-6, ohovate, yellow. Petals 10-20, stanien-likc, liypogynons. Sta- mens numerous, at length reeurved, persistent. Ovary eyiindrical, many-eelled. Stigma se.ssile, eireular. Berry ol)long. Seeds smooth, without ai'ils. — Leaves eordatc or sagittate, floating or crcet. Flowers yellow, ereeL 1 N. advena, Ait. (Bonnets. Si'ATTeii dock ) Leaves thiekisli, rordate, smooth or downy beneath, often cniersed and erect, on stout [x'tiolcs ; sepals f>, the outer ones rounded ; jietals numerous, tliiek and fle.^hy, truneatc. — In still water, common, flowering through the summer. 2. N. sagittsefolia, Pursh. Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the base expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina; rare. June- August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide. OuDEU 9. SARRACENIACE.T:. (Pit( iii-.u-Plant Family.) Perennial marsh herbs, with liollow pitcher or InnnjM't-shapeil leaves, and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding hypogynous flowers. Sepals !), colored, persistent. Petals 5, inibricati'd in the bud, deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, iutroi'sc. Ovary 5-cclIed, many-ovuled. Placentse central. Stylo single, 5-cleft, or \unbrella-sha))e(l. Capsule 5-cclled, many-seeded. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. L SARRACENIA, L. Tru.mi-kt-leaf. Sinii-SADDLE Flowlu. Calyx 3-I)racted. Petals ohovate, droo))ing or incurved. Style mnbrclla- shaped, 5-angled ; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked stig- mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valvcd. — Scajic braetless, 1 -flowered. Flowers large, purjjle or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, and usually containing water and dead insects. * Flowers pur])le. 1- S. pui'purea, L. (IIuxtsman's Ci:p.) Leaves short, spnading, the tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; lamina reniform, erect, hairy within, often purple-veined — Mos.sy swamps, Florida and northward. April and May. — Leaves 4' -6' long. Scapes 1° high. 2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (PARRO-rnEAKEn Pitcher-Plant.) Leaves short, .spreading; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and rctictdated with purjile veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurvcd-beakcd, almost closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia April and May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high. PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 3. S. rubra, Walt. (Red-flowered Trumpet-leaf ) Leaves elon- gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, pater above, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tomentose within ; flowei-s reddish- purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes. 4. S. Drummondii, Croom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy witliin, and like the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated pur])le veins. — Pine ban-en swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. April. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide. * * Floirers yellow. 5. S. flava, L. (Trumpet -LE.\F. Watches.) Leaves Large, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated witli purple veins. — Low pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May. — Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. Flowers 4'- h' wide. 6. S. variolaris, Michx. (Spotted Trumpet-leaf.) Leaves erect, trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit; lamina ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' wide. Order 10. PAPAVERACEiE. (Poppy Family.) Herbs with colored juice, alternate e.xstlpulate leaves, and solitary hy- pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4 — 12, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ARGEMONE, L. Mexican Poppy. Sepals 2-3, hooded or homed. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. Capsule oblong-obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which separate from the filiform persistent placenta. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1. A. Mexicana, L Annual; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, blotched with white ; flowers white or yellow ; calyx bristly. — Waste placei^, apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem branching, 1^-2® high 22 lUMAUiAfK.i:. (ku.mitoky family.) 2. SANGUINARIA, L. ruccooN. Blooi>-root. Sc'i)als 2. I'ttiils 8-12. Slij;inas 2. Capsule 2-valvcd, the valvcf. icparat iiij; iVoiii till- fililurin persistent plaecnta3. Seeds crested — A steinless peren- nial IktIi, witii oraii;;e-<()ioivd juice. Rliizoiua tliick. Leaves rciiifomi, with .5 - 7 wavv or tootiicd lobes. Flowers white, solitary at tlie suniniit of the naked scape, fu'ra<'ious. I S. Canadensis, L. — Kich woods, Florida and northward. March — Scape 4'-G' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves. The CoiiN-Poii-Y (Pai'.vvkr ulbium, L.) is occasionally met with in grain fields and around dwellin famii.v.) Synopsis. 1. STLIQUOS.'E. rniit a siliiinc, A'w -many-sccdcd. • Cotj'lL-UoQS flaltcDed, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascendiog radicle (accuiubeDt). ■>- Valves of the fruit nervcleiw. 1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly teret*-. Seeds iu two rows In each cell. 2. lOD.VNTllUS. Hili(iue elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in each cell. 3. (WKDAMINE. .«ilique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 4. DKXTAKIA. Silique lanceolate, c mprcsfed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 5. LEAVE.WVOUTIIIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. 4- 1- Valves of the fruit 1-ncrved. 6- AR.\mS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. • • Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the )>ack of ono < f thcin applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent). 7. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 8. WARKA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. II. SILICULOS.E. Fruit a silu Ic. » Siliclo compressed parallel with the broad partition, or jjlobular. ■1- Cotyledons acrunibent. 9. DTIADA. rilicle oval or oblong, many seeded valves 1 -.3 nerved. 10. VESICARIA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless. ■*- -t- Cotyledons incumbent. 11. CAMELTNA. Silicle obovoid : valves l-nerved. • * Silicic compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. 12. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 13. LEI'IDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 14. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. III. LOilEXTACE^E. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 15. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-Cress. Silique nearly terete, linear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually curved upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinnately-lobed. Flow- ers white or yellow, small. 1. N. tanaeetifolium, Hook. & Am. Smooth; stems diffu.se; leaves pinnatcly divided, with pinnatifid or toothed lobes ; silique oblong-linear, pointed with the short style, twice as long as the pedicel. (Sisymbrium, Walt. S. Wal- teri. Ell.) — Damp soil, East Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Flowers minute, yellow. 2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Smooth; stem stout, erect, branching; leaves oblong-obovate, pinnatifid toward the base, toothed above, obtuse ; silique linear- oblong, pointed with the very short and thick style, four or five times as long as the pedicel. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. Febru- ary - April. (Xi — Stem 10-2° high. Flowers minute, yellow. CRUCIFER7E. (.MUSTARD FAMILY.) 25 3. N. palustre, r)C Smooth or liairv ; stem erect, lirandiinj; ; leaves clasping, pinnatiiid, with toothed lobes ; siliquc short, ovate or oblong-ovate, pointed with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the spreading pedicel. — AVet places. North Carolina and westward. June -August — Stem l°-2° higli. Flowers small, yellowish. 4. N. lacustre, Gray, Smooth ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed leaves pinnatcly divided into A'ery numerous capillary segments, emersed ones lanceolate, serrate ; siliquc 1 -celled, ohovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs. West Florida, thence northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 5. N. officinale, li Br (Water-Crkss.) Stems spreading and root- ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ; silique linear (6" -8" long), on slender sjjrcading pedicels; petals white, twice the length of the calyx — Ditclies, &c., Florida and northward. Intro- duced. 2. lODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons aeeumbent Claws of the violet-purple petals longer tiian the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyratc-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in ])aniclcd racemes. 1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Ilcspcris pinnatifida, ^^ich.r.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. !May and June. — Stem l°-.3° high. Pods 1 ' or more long, curving upward. 3. CARDAMINE, L. Silique linear, flattened ; tlic valves nerveless, usually opening clastically from the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a sint^le row in each cell, sus- pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons aeeumbent. — Herbs. Leaves often un- divided Flowers purple or white. * Perennials. 1. C. rotundifolia, DC Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple, soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some- times sparingly pinnatifid ; silique subulate, spreading ; seeds oval. — Cool springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. Runners at length 2° -3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC Smooth ; root tuberous ; stem simple, erect, Without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile; siliquc linear-lanceolate, pointed with the slender style; seeds round-oval. — Cool springs. West Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers white, larger than in No. 1. 3 2C CKLCiriiKyi:. (.mustaku ia.mii. v.) * * Annuals. 3. C. spathulata, Mitlix " Kadical leaves pctiolate, spatliulatc, entire pulicsci'iit w iili liiaiicliin;^ liairs ; stein-lcavcs linear {Stem (k'ciiinl)ent, silique linear, strai^xlit, S])rea(lin;^ aiul .slijilitly rellexed, jKjintcd with the sessile .stijji»u " (DC.) — lli;:h iiioiiiitains of CinoViua. {Mlvhaur). (•) 4. C. Ludovieiana, Hook. Low; Btcms brancliinf; and hairy nt tlic hase ; leaves laneeolate, pinnatitid with numerous oblon;; or linear sparinj^ly toothed lobes, those of the root tufted; siliquc broadly linear, ercet-spreading, pointed with the sessile stij^ma; seeds orbieular, margined. — ^ Waste i)laees near dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 4'-C' high. Flowers small, white. 5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem ereet (l°-2° high), branehing; leaves jjinnatitid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those of the up])cr leaves linear and entire ; silitpie narrow-linear, erect, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma; seeds oval, minute, marginless — Var. Vikoink a. (C. Virginica, Mlchx.) Smaller (6' -10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. .March and April. — Flowers small, white. 4. DENTARIA, L. Toothwout. SiliciuG lanceolate, flattened. Seeds ovate, disjjosed in a single row in each cell, on flattened stalks, not margined. — Perennial herbs, with creeping fleshy roots, and simple stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 ijalmately-divided leaves, and a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. Iladical leaves on long petioles 1. D. diphylla, iliehx. Eoot not jointed; stem-leaves 2, opposite omcar- ly so, tcrnately divided ; leaflets ovate or ovatc-lanecolate, coarsely toothed ; those of the root similar; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves; flow- ers white. — Rich shady woods, along the mountains and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high. Koot pungent. 2. D. laciniata, IMulil. Koot jointed ; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorlcd, teiTiately divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, lobed and toothed ; the lateral ones 2-partcd, those of the root similar or sometimes wanting; racemes few- many-flowered, often shorter than the leaves ; flowers white or pale i)urple. — Banks of rivers in shady places, Florida and northward. Feb. - April. — Stem 4'- 12' high. 3. D. heterophylla, Xutt. Root jointed; stem-leaves 2, small, opposite, 3-parted ; leaflets linear, toothed or entire ; root-leaves ternate, with large ovate crenately-lobcd and toothed leaflets; racemes few-flowered; flowers rather small, purple. — Shady woods, North Carolina and northward. April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 4. D. multifida, Mnlil Root tuberous; stem-leaves mostly 3, whorlcd, 2-3-tcrnately divided into very narrow segments ; flowers white — Shady woods in the upper districts, Alabama and northAvard. Stems 6' -8' high. Leaves often as finely divided as those of the Carrot, sometimes approaching some of the forms of No, 2, but with smaller flowers, and longer petioles and pedicels. CRUCIFER^. (JIUSTARD FAMILY.) 27 5. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Siliquc oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, with short 1 -few-flow- ered stems, pinnatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on elongated pedicels. 1. L. aurea, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, with 4 - 8 oblong toothed lobes, the terminal one larger and rounded; raceme at length 4 - 1 0-flowered ; style manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the ujipcr districts of Alabama and westward. — Plant 2' - 6' high. Flowers yellow. 2. L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves as in No. I ; flowers mostly solitary, on radical peduncles ; style almost none ; embryo slightly curved. (Cardamine uni- flora, Michx.) — Rocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or white. 6. ARABIS, L. Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numei-ous, in a single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. Cotyledons ac- cumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ; those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes. 1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy; stems mostly simple, erect, rigid, very leafy ; radical leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly entire ; those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, clasping, sparingly toothed ; silique pedicelled, narrow- linear, erect, pointed with the sessile stigma ; seeds narrow-margined. — Rocky or sterile soil, Tennessee and northward. May. ® — Stems l°-2° high, often several from one root. Leaves j'-l' long. Flowers small, the greenish-white petals rather longer than the calyx. 2. A. patens, Sulliv. Do^vnywith spreading hairs, erect (1°- 2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base; petals (bright-white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; silique slender and curving upward, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks near Nashville, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Silique lj'-2' long. 3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stems slender, diffusely branched, erect or ascending ; leaves obtuse, unequally and shaiply toothed, the lowest (2' -5' long) oblong-obovate, tapering into a slender petiole; the others smaller, oblong, clasping and auriculate at the base ; racemes at length elongated ; siliques scattered, narrow-linear, widely spreading, on short pedicels ; petals whitish, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Tennessee and northward. May. — Plant about 1° high. Silique 1' long. 4. A. lyrata, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base ; radical leaves tufted, pinnatifid, ciliate, tliose of the stem linear or lanceolate and entire ; silique pedicelled, very narrow, erect-spreading, pointed with the short style ; seeds with- out margins. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April -June. — Stems 4'- 10' high. Flowers white, the petals twice the length of the calyx. 28 CRUCIFKU.K. (mISTAUI) I AMII-Y.) 5. A. Canadensis, T^. Stem stout, simple, nenrly smonth nl>ovc ; leaves thin, downy, huicoolate, slightly tootlied, sessile \>y a narrow ha.sc, the lowest coarsely or pinnatifid-toothod ; sili(|uos eun'cd, droo])inf;, on rouyh pedicels; seeds winj:ed. (A. falcnta, Mic/ix.) — Dry or roeky plaees in tlie upper districts. May and June. — Stems 2° -3° liijih. Silique 2' -3' long. Flowei-s white. Petals ohlon-ed. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple. 1. W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping; petals oval, bright-purple ; silique linear. — Sand hills, Florida. September. — Stem lo-2° high. 2. W. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate ; petals obovate, white or rarely purple; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and Georgia. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 29 9. DRABA, L. Silicle oblonj^ or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds nu- merous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers in ter- minal racemes. ^1. DRABA. — Petals entire. 1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Annual; minutely do^-ny ; stems leafy, sim- ple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem oblong- linear ; silicle oval, as long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, in dry soil, and westward. March and April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicic 2"- 3" long. Flowers white. 2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base, smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong, two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Sandy fields, Georgia and north- ward. February - April. — Stems 1'- 3' high. Silicle 4" -6" long. Flowers white. 3. D. CUneifolia, Nutt Annual ; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (I' -3'), at length equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginatc, much longer than the calyx ; silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — West Florida (Nuttall) and westward. March and April. 4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial ; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; ra- cemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style slender. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. — Stems 4'- 8' long. Flowers white. § 2. EROPHILA. — Petals 2-cleJt. 5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2'-4' high) ; leaves radical, ob- long ; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered ; flowers small, white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (J). 10. VESICARIA, Lam. Silicle globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. 1. V. Lescurii, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems dif- fusely ascending from a biennial root ; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base; racemes elongated, many- flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the hispid orbicular or broadly oval flattened silicic ; seeds wing-mar- gined, one to four in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Flowers golden yellow. 3* 80 cuucikkim;. (mlstauu family.) 11. CAMELINA, Crantz. Silit'k' ovoid or pcar-sliupod, fiattt-iifd parallel to the broad partition ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds niiinerous, oblony. Cotyledons ineunibent. Style slender. — Flowers small, yellow. 1. C. sativa, Crantz. iK-aves alternate, sagittate; siliele large. — Fields, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. Qj. 12. SENEBIERA, Poir. Silicic didymous, oompres.sed contrary to the naiTow partition ; the cells glolv tdar, 1 -.seeded, crested or jiitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from the par- tition. Cotyledons incumlwnt. — Annual or l)icnnial difrusc strong-scented herbs, with pinnatcly lobcd or divided leaves, and minute white flowers, in short ra- cemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. 1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with the numerous lobes toothed on the upjier edge ; siliele pitted, emarginate at both ends. — Waste i)laees, Florida to North Carolina. March - May. — Racemes many-flowered. 2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silielcs not emarginate, the margins crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March and April. 13. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppergrass. Siliele rounded or obcordalc, comjiressed contrary to the narrow partition ; valves carinatc ; cells 1-sccded. Cotyledons accumbent and incumbent. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnatcly divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes. 1. L. Virginicum, L. Smooth ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sharjily toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward the base ; siliele orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent ; stamens mostly two. — Waste places, very common. March - June. ® — Stem 1° - 2° high. 14. CAPSELLA, Vent. Sukpherd's Purse. Siliele triangular-wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasjjing and often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicic shorter than the spreading pedicel. Flowers white. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Ma-nch. — Waste ground, Florida and northward. March and April. Introduced. 15. CAKILE, Toum. Siliele 2-jointed ; the joints thick, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed of the upper joint erect, of the lower susjiended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy sea-side annu- als, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and white or purjjle flowers in racemes op- posite the leaves. CAPPARIDACK^. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31 1. C. maritima, Scop, var. sequalis. Smooth; stem much branched, prostrate; leaves oblong, irregularly toothed or pinnatilid, narrowed intc a petiole as long as the limb ; flowering racemes short and corymb-like, fru/ting ones elongated ; petals wcdge-obovate, emarginate ; mature silicic linear, 8-ribbed, the upper joint ovate-lanceolate, slightly compressed, beak-pointed, one third longer than tiie cylindrical lower one ; cotyledons linear, 3-anglcd. (C. aqua- lis, L'Her.) — Drifting sands along the coast. May -August. — Stems l°-2° long. Flowers pale purple. Order 13. CAPPARIDACEiE. (Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or palmately-compound leaves, and regular hyjjogynous flowers. Stipules spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 4, mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules am- phitropous or campylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentas. Fruit silique-Iike, and 2-valved or indeliiscent. Seeds reniform, without albumen. Embryo curved. Synopsis. * Calyx 4-sepaIou3. — Herbs. 1. POLANISIA. Stamens H 32, free. Torus short. Style filiform. 2. CLEOME. Stamens 6. free. Torus short. Stigma sessile. 3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the orary. » # Calyx 4-partecl. — Shrubs. 4. CAPPARIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire. 1. POLAiaSIA, Raf. Petals clawed. Stamens 8 -.32: filaments free, unequal, filiform. Torus short, bearing a truncated or emarginate gland on the upper side. Ovary sessile or short-stipitatc. Style filiform. Cajjsule silique-like, many-seeded. — Annual clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate pctioled leaves, and racemose flowers. 1. P. tenuifolia, Ton-. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaflets filiform, longer than the i)etiole ; petals oval, entire, short-clawed, unequal ; sta- mens 12-15; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the persistent style ; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia {Le Conte) and South Florida {Dlodyell). — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers white. 2. CLEOME, L. Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6. Filaments filifomi, elongated, 1-3 often shorter, rarely all abbreviated. Torus short, hemispherical. Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate or almost sessile, many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately 3 -7-foliolate leaves, and bracted racemose flowers. Stip- ules, when present, spiny. 32 \i<»i,.V('i:.i;. (violkt family.) 1. C. pungens, Willil. ClnmmypulH-sccnt ; kavcs 5 - 7-folinto, long- jietiolcd ; IcatU'ts huicrolatc, lu-ute, si-rrulutc ; lowi-r Itnicis trifoliolafc, tlic uppiT ones sinijtlc, conlate-ovatc ; stipules s|)inj- ; eaj)sule sniooili, shorter than the ehju- gateil sti))e ; seeds ru;;ose. — Waste j)ia<'es, Florida and westward. May- Angnst. Introdueed. (D — Stem 2° - 4° liijrii. Petioles nioi-e or less si)iny. Flowers showy, iiuriilc, clian^^inj,' to wiiite. 3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Petals elawcd, iinhricated or open in tlio hud. Stamens 6; tlie fdaments ad- natc to the lower half of tlic elongated stipe of the ovary. Stigma sessile. Capsule sillque-like, many-seeded. — Herbs with palniately 3-5-foliolute leaves, and racemose hraeted tiowers. 1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5-foliate,tiic lower ones and bracts 3-foli()late ; leaflets obloiig-obovate, nearly entire ; flowers white, open in the bud ; cujisules hispid ; seeds warty. — Waste i>laccs, Florida to ^^ortI^ Carolina. Naturalized. May -August, (l^ — Stem 2° - 3° high. 4. CAPPARIS, L. Capkk-tkki:. Sepals partly united, imbricated or valvate in tlic bud, often glandular at the base. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Torus small. Ovary long-stipitate. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, gloijosc or silique-like, many- seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or adnate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 1. C. Jamaicensis, Jacq Leaves oblong, cmarginatc, smooth above, the lower surface, like the flowers and flattened branches, dotted and covered with minute scales ; flowci-s terminal, by pairs, on siiort 4-angled peduncles ; sc|)als ovate, valvate in the bud, scarcely shorter than tlie oval white petals ; filaments 20-24, long, villous at the base; capsule long ((J'- 8'), cylindrical, torulose, downy, long-stipitate. (Colicodendron aneeps, S/utttl.) — South Flor- ida. — Shrub 8°- 10° high. 2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, obtuse, reticulate-veined, glabrous like the flowers and brancbes ; peduncles 4-angicd, few-flowered ; se- l)als rounded, imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; filaments very long (2'), smooth ; capsule (fi'-8' long) smooth, torulose, short- stipitate, pulpy within. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° -8° high. Ordkr 14. VIOLACE.T:. (Violkt Family.) Herbs or .shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. Stip- ules persistent. Flowers irregular, a.xillary, on bracted peduncles, nod- ding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynou.s, obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, loeulieidally 3-valved, many-seeded : valves each bearing a placenta in the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. VIOLA-CEiE. (ViOLET FAMILY.) 33 1. VIOLA, Toum. Violet. Heart's-easb. Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals un- equal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the two anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. Pe- duncles 1 -flowered. § 1. Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rhizoma, without apparent stems : perennials, flowering in early spring, the later flowers apetulous. * Flowers blue or purple. 1- V. CUCUllata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent; leaves long-petiolcd, all undivided, varjing from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the base involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated with white. 2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves entire, cordate or reniform; later ones variously 3- 9-lobed, the central lobe always largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, with the lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers purple or blue. 3. v. villosa, Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petiolcd, orbicular or broadly cordate, crenate, purple-veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Flowers pale blue. 4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish ; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts and northward. — Flowers larger than in the last, deep blue. 5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry sandy soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. — Flowers large, deep blue or purple. * * Flowers white. 6. V. prim. ulae folia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, crenate, cordate or ahrujjtly dccurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often acute, the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, common. — Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers small. 7. v. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, nanxjwed into the long and winged petioles ; flowers beardless. — Low pine bar- rens. Florida and northward. — Rhizoma like the last. 8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender; leaves small, orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small, beardless, sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground and meadows. North Carolina and northward. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarely acute. 84 VIOLACK.K. (violet FAMILY.) * * * FlouHrs i/ellow. ■ 9. V. rotundifolia, Mirlix. Ntarly smooth ; leaves liroadly cordate, longer than the short petioles; lateral petals bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. — Khizonia slender, bearing runners. Leaves flat on the ground. Petals striped with prnqjle. § 2. Leaves and Jiotvers home on manifest stems : prrcnnials. * Stems leafj throiujhout. 10. v. Muhlenbergii, Ton-. Primary stems erect, tlie later ones pros- trate ; leaves l)roadly cordate or reniform, crenatc and roughened with minute elevated points, the uppermost acute; stijniles fringed ; s])urolituse, half as long as the pale purple petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp t-hades in the upper districts and northward. Var. multicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stems all prostrate and creeping ; leaves smaller, roundish, obscurely erenate, purple-veined. — Dry rocks and hills in the lower districts. March and April. — Stems slender, 4' - 6' long. 11. V. striata, Ait. Stems ascending; leaves cordate, serrate, rough- ened as in No. 10, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large, fringed ; spur thick, shorter than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, tlie lower striped with purple. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. April. — Stems 10' - 12' high. Peduncles elongated. 12. V. Canadensis, L. Tall ; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, longer than the j)eduncles ; sti])ules nearly entire ; spur vei-y short; petals white, externally pur[)]ish, the lateral ones bearded. — Rich soil along the mountains of North Carolina and northward. May -August. — Stems l°-20 high. * * Stems leaf}/ at the summit : sli/mles entire. 13. "V. hastata, Michx. Smooth or hairy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, hastate - 3-lobed, or the lower ones 3-parted (V. tripartita. Ell.), serrate and commonly acute ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral petals bearded, the lowest strii)ed with purple; spur very short. — Shaded hill-sides, Florida and northward. April and May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Stipules small. 14. V. pubescens, Ait. Downy or woolly ; leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate, mostly acute ; stipules large ; s])ur very short ; flowers yellow, the lower petals veined with purple, bearded. — Dry rocky soil in the upper dis- tricts, and northward. April. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Capsules sometimes villous. § 3. Ste/ns Ivafij : root annual. 15. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC. Stems branching; lowest leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; flowers small, yellow and purple. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. — Stem 6' high. 2. SOLEA, Ging. Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous at the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the filaments united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandular at the CISTACEiE. (rock-rose FA3IILY.) S5 base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upriglit simple hairy percnnlai herb, with numerous ovatc-lanccolate, acuminate and entire leaves, ant\ 1-3 short- stalked greenish nodding flowers in cadi axil. 1. S. COncolor, Ging. — Mountains of Carolina and northward, in deep shades. June and July. (Violaeoncoior, P'ursA.) — Stem l®-2°higli. Leaves short-petioled. Order 15. CISTACE^. (Rock-rose Family.) Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly polyandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the three inner twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to the sepals in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, distinct, hypogynouS' Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled. Style single. Capsules 3-5-valved. bearing as many parietal placentas each in the middle of the valve, few oi many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embrjo curved, in mealy albumen Synopsis. 1. IIELIANTIIEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular. 2. LECUKA. Sty e none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight. 3. IIUD.ONIA Style filiform Stigma minute. Embryo coiled. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tuum. Rock-rose. Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or nearly so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-vaIved. Embryo curved nearly into a ring. — Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow flowers. * Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : stamens IndejinUe : capsule many-speded. 1 . H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, acute, short-pctioled, the lowest obovate, crowded ; flowers large, solitary, borne above the axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems G'-12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. Flowers 1' wide. 2. H. arenicola, sp. n. Iloary ; leaves small, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with the sides rcvolute ; flowers solitary, or 2-4 in terminal umbellate clusters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast. West Florida. March and April. — Stems shmbby and branched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers ^' wide. * * Flowers of two kinds: the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few-setdtd capsules 3. H. COrymbosuin, Michx. Tomentose, stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revoliue ; flowers nearl}' sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the perfect ones long-pcduncled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smootii. 30 l>KOSEUACK^. (.SLNDKW FAMILY.) 4. H. Canadense, Miilix. Stems croct, at first nearly sinijile, downy or smootli ; leaves lanceolate, downy, or nearly smooth above ; tlowei-s axillary, tiic perfect ones lar;:e, solitary, the later ajietalous ones clustered or sometimcH wantiii-j. (H. rosmai-iiiit'oliiiin, /Vi. ? II. ramuliflorum, Mirhx.) — Dry sterilo soil, Florida and northward. April. — Stems 1*^ hlyii. I'eifoct flowers nn inch wide. 2. LECHEA, L. Petals 3, persistent, not lonper than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, sessile, plumose. Capsule globose, 3-valvcd, incomi)letely 3 celled, 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs, with small greenish flowers in raecmes or panicles. 1. L. major, Michx. Villous; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorlcd, el- liptical, those on the prostrate radical branches roundish ; flowers on short pedi- cels, densely crowded in short simple or compound axillary racemes. (L. villosa, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° high, branching toward the summit. Capsules as large as a pin's head. 2. L. minor, Lam. Rough with appressed scattered hairs ; the young branches and caly.x more or less hoary ; stems paniciilately branched above ; leaves scattered, linear ; flowers loosely racemose, on distinct, often appi-essed pedicels. (L. raccmulosa and L. tenuifolia. Michx.) — Dn,' sandy soil, common. July and August. — Stems ^°-2° high. Capsules larger than in No. 1. liad- ical branches often wanting. 3. HUDSONIA, L. Vetals .5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 - 30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with miimtc hoary, subulate, imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4' high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers ; calyx campanulatc; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina. Order 16. DROSERACE^. (Sundew Family.) Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. Sepals r>, j)ersistent. Petals 5, withering. Stamens 5 - 15, distinct: an- thers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3 or 5 parietal pla- centaj. Styles separate or united. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. Stamens .5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted ; the divisions 2 -many-lobed. Cap- sule 3-valvcd, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs. Scape often forking. Flowers racemose, secund. parnassiacejE. (parnassia family.) 37 1. D. filiformis, Raf. Hhizoma thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, briglit purple ; calyx hairy ; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, Florida and northward. April. IJ. — Scapes 1°- 1^° high. Flowers 1 ' or more wide. 2. D. longifolia, L. Rhlzoma long and slender ; leaves linear-spatulate, gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones erect ; scape smooth, declined at the base, 8 - 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; seeds oblong. (D. foliosa, Ell.) — Sandy swamps, oftencr in water, Florida and northward. May and June. H. — Scapes 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 3. D. capillaris, Poir. Rhizoma short or none ; leaves spatulate, nar- rowed into the long and smoothish petiole ; scape slender, smooth, erect, 9 - 20- flowercd ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. (D. brevi- folia, var. major, Hook.) — Boggy ponds, Apalachicola, Florida, to South Car- olina (Cose). April and May. @ or "% — Scape 6'- 15' high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers pale rose-color. 4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rhizoma none ; leaA'es orbicular, abruptly con- tracted into the hairy petiole ; scape erect, smooth, 6 - 10-flowered ; calyx ovoid; seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. Q — Scapes 6' - 9' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. 5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout ; rhizoma none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 - 6-flowcrcd ; calyx oval ; seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April. (£) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves |^' long. Flowers ^' wide, white. 2. DIONiEJA, Ellis. Fly-trap. Stamens 10-1.5. Styles united. Stigmas .5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many-seeded. — A smooth perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on broadly-winged, spatulate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cyme, wliitc, bracted. 1. D. muscipula, Ellis. — Sandy l)0gs in the pine l)aiTens of North Car- olina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April and May. — Scape l"* high, 8- lO-flowered. FloAvers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this remarkable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I. 1834. Order 17. PARNASSIACEiE. (Parnassia Family.) Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and entire leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating the scape-like, 1-leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate or obo- 4 38 iiYri;uK'ACK.-K. (sr. joiin's-wokt iamii.v.) vatc, veiny, iinhricattil in tlio bud, dfciduous. Fertile stamens !'>, alter- natinj^ with tlie jtetals : antliers introrse. Sterile ones in sets of 3 - 15 more or less united lilanients, jilaeed opposite each petal. Ovary 1-eelled, with 3-4 parietal j)laeentie. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, placed over the pla- eenta*. Capsule loeuliei Aiif^ust. — Stem l°-2°liigh, bearing runners nt the base. Flowers 1' wide, deep yellow. 4. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparinj^ly branched al)ovc ; leaves oblong-cordate, ol)tuse, cla.>;ping, marked with pellucid dots ; cynics many-flow- ered, corynilKise ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as lonp as the ovarv. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 2° -3" high. Leaves 1'- ly Ion;.', ri!.'id. Flowers small. 5. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly < lasping ; se- pals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — Moun- tains of North Carolina, northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. * * * Capsule l-celled, or pari tail ij 3-relled hi/ the hitrorersion of the jilucenUe. •*- Shrnlis : leares evert/rceii. ** Cymes leafij. 6. H. fasciculatum, Lam. Lowest leaves obovatc, the others naiTow- linear, with revolutc margins, and numerous smaller ones clustered in the axils ; cymes mostly 3-tlowered, lateral and terminal ; sepals like the leaves, mostly shorter than the obovate onc-anglcd petals. — Var. AsrAr.ATiioiDES has very short (2"- 3") and wider leaves and sepals, the latter one third as long as the smaller petals. — >Lirgins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves C- 12" long, con- spicuously d(jtted, glossy. Capsule oblong-linear. ". H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanccolatc, obtuse, tapering to the base, glossy above, rigid ; those in the axils clustered ; cymes lateral and ter- minal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to Soudi Caro- lina and westward. Var. ambiguum. (11. ambiguum, /?//.? Torr. ^- Gray.) Leaves oblanceo- latc, nmcronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longer than the petals. — River swamps, Florida. July and August. — Stems 2° -4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. 8. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, mostly obtuse, glaucous; cymes few flowered, terminal ; sepals leaf-like, ovate, acute, as long as the obovatc petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule conical- ovate. (H. glaucum, Mirfir.) — Pine banen ponds, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May - September. — Shrub 1° - 2° high, with spreading terete branches. Leaves thick, 1' long. Flowers 1' wide. 9. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronatc, narrowed at the base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath ; flowers very large, mostly solitary at the summit of the 2-cdged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than the thick and tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, much smaller HYPERICACE^R. (ST. JOHN's-AVORT FAMILY.) 41 than the calyx. (II. amcenum, Pursh.) — Banks of the Flint River, Georgia to Tennessee, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° high, diftusely branched. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' wide, with recurved orange-colored petals. ++ •*-<- Ci/iiifs leafless, hractcd. 10 H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-anglcd ; leaves olilong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, pcdunclcd, 5- 1.5-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. July and August. — Shrab 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers I' wide. Petals recurved. 11. H. cistifolium, Lam. Branches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, comjiound, many flowered ; bracts sui)ulatc ; buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, unequal sepals ; capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) — Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. July- September. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' long. Flow- ers ^' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. "Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowerefl, fastigiate ; styles united. — Pine ban-ens of Scriven County, Georgia. May -July. — Sln-ub 3° high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- ous." Elliott. ( * ) ■<- -1- Herbs : sti/les distinct. 13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 14. H. pilosum, AValt. Downy ; stem terete, mostly simple, slender ; leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. (II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August, (j) ? — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves ^' long. Flowers 5" -6" wide. 15. H. angulosum, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-iingled, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium. Ell. ) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6" -12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule. § 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsttle strictli/ l-celled : styles separate : annuals. * Flowers in cymes. 16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled. leaves oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base ; sepals 4 * 42 CI.USIACK^K. (l5ALSAM-TKi:i: lAMII.V.) lanrcolnto, mostly lousier tliiin llic small petals, nnd equalling the (green) ov()i;iate, diffuse ; se- pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia arjryrocoma, Ell ) — Rocks on the mountains of Korth Carolina, and westward. July - Nov. \ — Stems 6' - 1 2' hijrl,. 2. P. argyrocoma, Xutt. Miimtely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; leaves lineiu-, iicute ; cymes capitate, tiic flowers concealed by the large silvery stij)ules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. H — Stems 6'-lO' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 3. P. herniarioid.es, Nutt. Rough-i>ubcscent ; stems prostrate, diffusely- branched ; leaves o\:il or ol)long, mucronate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; sepals subulate, with a short and spreading j)oint. (Anychia hemiarioides, Michx.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct, ® — Stems 4' - C long Leaves 3" - 4" long. 4. P. Baldwinii. Finely pubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely-bnmched ; branches altcniatc, oiio-sided, flliform; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals oblong, 3-riblje(l, ciliate, short-pointed ; ])etals bristle-like, as long as the stamens; utricle equrd- ling or ratiier longer than the sepals; style 2-eleft to the middle. (Anychia Baldwinii, Ton: esecnt in lines; leaves ovate or oblong, aeute, the lower ones pctioled ; petals shorter tluiii tho sepals. — Yards and gardens. Mareh and April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often eonlate ; ]>ctal3 twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- ida, and westward. March and April. Q, — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole jnostly longer than the limb. 4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth; stemsereetfromaprostrateba.se; leave* remote, narrow-linear, sessile ; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcor- date, twice as long as the calyx. — Hiver swamps, South Carolina and North Carolina. May. ® •? — Stems 6'-12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a species of Alsinc. 13. CERASTIUM, L. Mousk-ear. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- tary or cyniose, peduncled. * Petals not longer than the sepals. 1. C vulgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves oval, remote, tlie lowest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the i)eduneles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and Rluy. Q — Stems 6'- 12' high. 2. C. viscosum, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. Q) — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1. * * Petals longer than the sejHils. 3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ; leaves narrowlv or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; ])etals obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May and June. U — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves seldom 1' long. Flowers i' wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, Kaf Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds. North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. ® — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three times as long as the calvx. CARTOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 51 14. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, ofccn showy. * Perennials : flowers showy. -1- Petals (jush-fiinhriate, crownless. 1. S. Stellsita/, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in- flated, boll-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and nortliward. June- August. — Stems 2° -3° high, downy, branching above. 2. S. ovata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4' -5'), opposite, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 2° -4° high. 3. S. Baldwinii, Nutt. Villous ; stems low, slender, bearing runners at the creeping base ; leaves opposite, spatulate ; the upper ones oblong, sessile ; cymes few-flowered ; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender ped- icels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. •f— -I- Petals eman/inate or 2-cleft, crowned. 4. S. Virginiea, L. Clammy-pubescent; leaves abruptly pointed, the low- est ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upjjer small, remote, lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club-shaped, ob- long and nodding in fruit ; petals crimson, lanceolate, 2-cleft. — Kich open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June and July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers 1' wide. .'). S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° -4°) and erect, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; flowers large, bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle ; calyx long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanceolate, generalh' entire ; stamens and style exserted. — Prairies of Alabama and westward. July. 6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid; stems weak, decumbent, branched ; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cylindrical ; petals 2-clcft, with the lobes cut-toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Tennessee and northward. June- August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 7. S, Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent; stems low, clus- tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, ob- ovate, emarginate or entire. — Pocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts and northward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 52 MALVACEAE. (mALLOW lAMII.V.) * * Annuals: Jlowers small, crowned, expanding high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Flowers 4"- 6" wide, white. 6. MODIOLA, Mccnch. Involucel 3-lcavcd, persistent. Stamens 10- 20. Ovaries 14-20, transversely 2-ce!led, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas cajiitate. Carpels 2-valved, 2-sceded, sep- arating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, each valve tipped with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palraately divided leaves, and small axillary flowers. 1. M. multiflda, Mccnch. Hirsute; stems diff'use ; leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lobed and toothed ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. (Malva Caroliniana, Z,.) — "Waste places, Florida to North Carolina and westw.ard. July - October. Ij. — Stems 1° -2° long. Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long as the calyx. 7. PAVONIA, Cav. Involucel .5 - 1 ."j-leaved , persistent. Ovaries .5, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 10, capitate Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valvcd, naked or armed at the apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incun-cd. Bad- iele inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petioled stipulate leaves, and solitary flow- ers on axillary peduncles. 1. P. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, rougbish-pubes- cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 57 and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles; involucel of 5-6 ovate leaves, which are slightly united at the base ; carpels obovate, awnless, strongly reticulate. — South Georgia, collected by Leconte. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Leaves !•' long. Flowers large, pale red. 8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Hibiscus, L. in part.) Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Othenvise as in Hibiscus. 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Eough-hairy ; stem erect, stout, branching ; lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper ones narrower and usually entire; flowers (pui-plc) in terminal racemes. — Yar. althe^folia. (Hibiscus altlierefolius, Shtiltl. ) Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed- serrate ; racemes dense-flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Var. smilacifolia. (Hi- biscus smilacifolius, Shutd.) Stem more slender, smoothish below ; leaves all hastate, with lanceolate serrate lobes ; racemes few-flowered. — Marshes and low grounds near the coast, Florida and northward (the varieties near Manatee, South Florida, Rufjel). July - September. 11. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flow- ers \^'-2' wide. 9. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, lilie the calyx, persistent. Stigmas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5- valvcd, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. * Leai^es of the iiwolucd forked. 1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided into -3 -5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involucel 10- 12-leaved ; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. Ij. — Stems 2° -6° high, Flowers 4' wide. * * Leaves of the involucel mtire. ■*- Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous, 2. H. Moseheutos, L. Tomentose ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre; seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Georgia, northward and westward. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' -.5' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 3. H. incanus, "Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobcd, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers palo yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the petioles; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 58 UYTTNKRIACK.E. (UYTTNEUIA FAMILY.) 4. H. grandiflorus, Mirhx. Tomcntosc ; leaves round-ovate, t-ordate, mostly 3-lolx.d, tootlitd-strrato, lioarv beiieatli ; flowers very large, pale rose- color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from tlie petioles ; cupsulc velvety ; seeds sniootli. — Marslies near the coast, Florida, tk-orgia, and wcstwai-d. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4'-C' long and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide. 5. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- minate, serrate, sometimes slightly S-lohed ; flowers purple ; peduncles sligiitly adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, Georgia. July - Scptcmk-r. — Stems 4° -C° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers C'-8'widc. ( • ) 6. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth; leaves thin, on long and slender petioles, serrate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3-5-lol)cd, tiie ujipc-r ovate- lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded lobes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale rose-ous, suspended. Cotyledons flat. 1. LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10-celled, the cells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1-flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. 1. L. Virginianum, L. ("Wild Flax.) Leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones opposite and obtuse ; flowers scattei-ed in conmbose racemes ; sepals smooth, ovate, acute ; styles distinct ; capsule depressed-globose, 10-celled. — Varies with glandular sepals, larger globose-ovate capsules, and linear leaves. — Sterile soil, Florida and northward. July. IJ. — Stem slender, often much branched, 2° high. Flowers yellow. ZYGOiniYLLA.CE^. (bEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) 63 2. L. Boottii, Planchon. Leaves linear, acute ; flowers scattered in cymosc racemes ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, fringed with glandular hairs ; styles united below the middle ; capsule imperfectly 10-celled, globose. — Drj- soil, North Carolina and northward. July. — Stems l°-2°high. Flowers larger than in No. 1, sulphur-yellow. 3. L. striatum, Walt. " Flowers terminal ; leaves subovate, alternate, the nerve and margins decun'ent on the stem ; stem branched, striate." — South Carolina, Waller. (*) Orueu 30. OXALIDACE^. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and regular hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, per- sistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-eelled. Capsule 5-eelled, the cells few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Cot}ledons flat. 1. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. Capsule .5-lobed ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 -fcw-scedcd. Seed-coat loose and separating — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets obcordate. 1. O. violacea, L. (Purple Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-fiowered ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods. West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Scapes and petioles .5' - 9' high. 2. O. Acetosella, L. (White Wood-Sorrel) Stemless; root creep- ing; scape 1 -flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2'- .5' high. 3. O. Stricta, L. (Yellow Wood-Sorrel.) Stems branching, leafy ; peduncles axillary, 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow ; cap- sule elongated, erect. — Dry soil, common and varying greatly. April -De- cember. ® and % — O. rccurva and O. furcata, Ell., and O. Lyoni, Ph., are forms of this. Order 31. ZYGOPHYT^LACE^. (Bean-Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipu- late leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2-12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule composed of 2 -1 2 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. 64 GEUANIACK-K. (GERANIUM KAMII.V.) Synopsis. 1. TIU HULL'S. C"arpc'l« 5, transTcracly few -celled, few-seeded. IlerlM. 2. KAI.LSTKO.MIA. ('»rpeU 10, 1 celled, 1 Reeded. Herbs. &i QUAIACUM. Carpela 2- D, couipresBed, l-seeded. Trees. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals 5, imbricated in the Imd, deciduous. Rtameiis 10. Ovary 5-ocllcd, witli 3-5 susj)cndcd ovules in each cell. Carpels of tlic fruit 5, s])iny on the hack, transversely divided into 2 - .") one-seeded cells, sej)aratin;j: at maturity, with- out a central axis. All)unicn none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Teduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. 1. T. cistoides, L. Leaves unequal ; leaflets 6- IC, linear-cjlilon;^, niucro- natc, silky beneatli ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; flowers large, yellow. — Key West. — Stems l°-2° long, hairy. Petals 2-3 limes as long as the calyx. 2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. Sepals .5-6, persistent, imbricated in tiie bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 10^ 12-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from each other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herbs, with the habit of Tribull's. 1. K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal; leaflets 0-8, ol)- liquely oblong, mucronatc, the terminal j)air larger; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow ; carpels rugose on the back. — Key West and Savannah. — Stems 1° - 2° long. 3. GUAIACUM, IMum. Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments. Ovary stalked, 2-.5-celled, the cells 8-10-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 2 -.5, compressed, 1- seeded Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees. Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or purple. 1. G. sanctum, L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent when young ; leaflets C or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ; peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches. 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; sepals and jietals obtuse ; flow(!rs blue. — Soutii Florida. — A small tree Avith white bark. Flowers ^' wide. Fruit obovate. Order 02. GERANIACE^. (Geranium Family.) Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite pal- mately lobed stipulate leaves, anil hypoj^ynous and decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous at tlie base ; the 5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent BALSAMINACK^. (HALSAM FAMILY.) 65^ styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elas- tically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill. Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a gland at the l)ase. Styles at maturity separating with the 1 -seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobed. Tedun- cles 1 -3-flowered. 1. G. maculatum, L Perennial, erect, hairy; leaves 5-7-parted, tiie divisions acutely lobcd and toothed ; peduncles 1 -2-flowered, the terminal ones often umbellate; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong awned sepals — Open woods in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous, vci-y astringent. Stem l°-2° high. Flowers pur})Ic, 1' wide. 2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent ; leaves 5-7-parted, the narrow divisions obtusely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 2-flow- ered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, common. March and April. — Stems forking, 6'- 18' long. Flowers pale purple. Ordkr 33. BALSAMIJVACEiE. (Balsam Family.) Smooth and succulent annual herbs, witii undivided exstipulate leave.s, and irregular hypogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, de- ciduous; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and saccate. Petals 4-.'}, distinct or united. Stamens 5, coherent above: Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovulcd. Fruit capsular or drupa- ceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel-Weed. Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 5 valves. Placenta; central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid. — Leaves sen-ate. Peduncles axillary, 1 -several-flowered. Earliest flowers fruiting in the bud. 1 I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, ob- tuscdy serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted, dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places, Georgia and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotteo Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange ; lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved spur; otherwise like No 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps, Florida and northward. July -Sept. 6* IW; KLTACK.i:. (la K KAMII.V.) Ordeii ni. KUTACE/E. (Rric Family.) Herbs, sliruhs, or trees, Avith cxstipulate simple or eomi>ounrl dotted leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual (lowers. — Sepals aud petiils 3- J. .Stamens iis many or twiee as many as the sepals. Ovaries 2 - 5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. Styles mostly united. Fruit eonunonly eomiHJsed of .separate 1 -celled 2-valved carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly in llesliy albumen. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Pkkkly Ash. Flowers monoecious or iliiccious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens .*}-'). Ovaries 2-5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovuled. Carpels 2-valved, 1 - 2-.sccded. Seed smooth and shining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles. Leaves une(puxlly pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers small, greenish. 1. Z. Carolinianvuu, Lam. (Toothache-Tree.) Smooth; branches and commoidy the petioles armed with long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9- foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, unequal-sided, siiining above; ))aniclcs terminal; stamens 5; carpels 3, nearly sessile. — Var. 1'ri;ticosum, Gray. Shruhhy ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly crenate ; ova- ries always two. — Dry soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. June. — A small tree, with the jjungcnt bark armed with warty prickles. 2. Z. FloridanUJIl, Nutt. (Satin-Wood.) Branches and petioles un- armed; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse or emarginatc on the sterile, slightly crcnulate, and like the cymose panicle stel- late-pubescent; stamens 4- 5; carpels 1 - 2, obovate, stipitate; seed solitary, obovatc, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Cyme sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute. 3. Z. Pterota, H. B. & K. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short curved prickles ; petiole Avinged, jointed ; leaflets 7-9, small, obovate, coria- ceous, ci-enate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillary clusters, which are single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 2 ; caqx-'ls solitary, globose, pitted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — Leaf- lets I' - I' long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Carpels sniall, dotted. 2. PTELEA, L. Ilor tree. Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4-5, imliricated in the bud, deeidu* ous. Stamens 4 - 5. Ovary 2-cclled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-ccllcd, 2-.«eedcd, surrounded by a broad circular reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small greenish flowers in a terminal cyme. 1 . P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval or oblong, mostly acute, obscurely crcnulate, paler bcueath, the lateral ones unequal- BURSERACK^. (tORCII-WOOD FAMILY.) 67 skied ; filaments 4-5, densely villous below the middle, longer than the style in the sterile flowers, shorter in fertile ones. — Rocky banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 40-8° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Fruit 1' wide. 2. P. mollis, M. A. Curtis. " Lateral leaflets oval, the terminal ob- ovate, with an abrupt acute point, the under side, with the petioles, panicles, and young branches, clothed with a soft whitish silky villus ; cymes compact, with short branches ; style long ; filaments equalling the anthers." — Low country of North and South Carolina (Curtis). — Leaves smaller and more rigid than in No. 1, the style twice as long. Stamens 4. 3. P. Baldwinii, Ton-. & Gray. Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetrandrous ; style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° hiLdi, with numerous short and scraggy branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smuiier ihauiu No. 1. Order 35. SI3IARUBACE^. (Quassia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with liittor milky juice, pinnate exstipulate alternate and dotU'ss leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous (lowers. — Calyx 4 - a-parted or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, deciduous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a h}pogy- nous disk. Ovary composed of 4 - 5 distinct or united carpels, with a sol- itary anatropous suspended ovule in each. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seeds with a membranaceous coat. Albumen none. Iladicle superior, included in the cotyledons. 1. SIMARUBA, Aublct. Quassia. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Calyx 4 - .5-toothed. Petals 4 - .'5, spread- ing. Stamens 8- 10, with the filaments inserted on the back of a ciliate scale. Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8 - 10 scale-like rudiments of stamens. Styles con- nivent ; the stigmas spreading. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abraptly pin- nate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral and terminal panicles. I. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dia-cious ; stigmas 5, subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovate or oblong, obtuse, paler beneath ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Florida. — A lartre tree. OuDKu 3G. BFRSERACEiE. (Torch-Wood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - a-celled sessile ovary, 2 - r)-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the caly.x-lobes, and OS ANACAItDI.VCK.K. (cASIIIIW KAMII.Y.) inserted under an (irliicular fir annular di^k at tlie InUtom of the, calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twiee as many as tiic petals, and in- serted with them . anthers introrse. Ovules anatro])OUS, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit drujjaeeou.s, dry; the peri- earp oCteii splitting into valves. Albumen non*'. Radicle superior. 1. BURSERA, Jac-iuin. Flowers polygamous. Sterilt Fl Calyx .3 - ."i-parted. Petals 3 -.■), valvate in the bud. Stamens G- 10. Disk crunulatc. Feitih Fl. Calyx 3 parted. Petals ."1. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, S-eelled. Style short : stijj;ma 3-lol)ed. Drupe oblong, 1-seedcd ; the pericarp 3valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 1 . B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foIiolatc, long-peti- oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small, wdiitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. 2. AMYRIS, L. ToRcii-WooD. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypojiynous. Ovary 1-eclled. Stiirnia capitate. Drupe globose, 1-scedcd. Cotyledons plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular pellucid dots. Flow- ers paniclcd, white. 1. A. Floridana, Xutt. Smooth; leaves petiolcd, trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, olitiise, entire, 0!i slender stalks ; branches of the jnmicle op])osite ; drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaflets l'-l.i' long, shining above Flowers yellowish-white. OuDKii 37. ANACARDIACK^. (CAS^K^v Family.) Trees or shrul)s, with milky or resinous juice, altej-nate oxstipulatc dot- less leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular llowers. — Sepals and petals 4 - 5, imVn-icated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them into the base of the calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Iladicle curved. 1. RHUS, L. Sumach. Calyx .5-partcd. Petals .5, inserted with the .5 stamens on the disk which sur- rounds the ba.se of the ovary. Stipmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, in- curved. — Slind)s or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 69 * Flowers polygamous, in a close terminal panicle : drupe red, hairj : leaves pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. B,. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17 -21, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hill-sides, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree. 2. B,. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous; leaflets 17-31, oblong-lanceo- late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — Open woods in dry rich soil. West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 6° - 10° high. Peti- oles terete. 3. R. COpallina, L. (Sumach ) Branches and wing-margined petioles tomentosc ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large and spread- ing. — Margins of fields and open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — A shrub or small tree. 4. E,. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and petioles tomen- tose ; leaflets 11-13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomentose lieneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina. — Branches 1° high. * * Flowers diacious, in loose axillary panicles : drupe whitish, smooth : leaves pin- nule and trifoliolate. — (Juice poisonous. ) 5. E.. venenata, DC. (Poison Elder.) Smooth; leaves pinnate ; leaf- lets 7 - 13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles long- pedunclcd, narrow, erect. (K. ^'^ernix, L.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 8°- 12° high. 6. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak. Poison Ivy.) Branches and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; panicle small, spreading. Var. 1 . quercifolium, Michx. Stems low, erect ; leaflets mostly vari- ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens. Var. 2. radicans, Ton-. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or entire, rarely lobed, more or less pubescent. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. * * * Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth, scarlet : nut char- taceous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate. 7. B,. Metopium, L. Smooth ; leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, long-stalked, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ; calyx-lobes yellowish-white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree 1.50-20° high. * * * * Flowers dioecious, in short hracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : dru})e red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate. 8. R. aromatica, Ait. Stem low, smooth ; leaflets ovate, or the termi- nal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the middle ; spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open Avoods, West Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes 1' long. — Plant aromatic, not poisonous. ro A rr.\t.'i:.K. (vink family.) ♦ * ♦ ♦ # Floiirrs ]ur/,rt, in an open panicle, the pedicels niosth/ alioiiivr, eJonyat- iiifj, and phimose : drupe smooth. 9. R. cotinoides, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves siinple, mcmlmmiKfous, oval, obtuse, entire, iicufc at tlie base, tlie upper ones lon<;-petiok(l ; puiiielc nearly sessile, nanow, with eivet branches; flowers minute. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 4' long. Order 38. VITACEiE. (Vine Family.) ClimbinjT slinibs, with watery juice, opposite stipulate leaves, and small greenish Howers in paniclcd clusters opposite the leaves. — Calyx minute, truncated. Petals 4-5, hypogynoUs or perigynous, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, ojjposite the petals : anthers introi-se. Ovary 2-c-elled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Style .short or none: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry 1 -4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony. Embryo minute at the base of hard or fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Leaves simple or compound. Tendrils opi)osite the leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamous. 1. VITIS, L. Vine. Grape. Petals distinct, or remaining united at the apex and separating at the base, inserted into a 4 - .5-lobed or cup-shaped disk which sun-ounds the ovary. ^ 1. Cissus. — Floivers perfect: petals and stamens 4-5 r style conspicuous : stigma minute : leaves simple or compound. 1. V. bipinnata, Toit. & Gray. Leaves bipiimate, snioothish ; leaflets small, ovate, sliurply toothed ; flowers somewhat eymose, on a long forking peduncle ; petals 4-5, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style conical ; disk 4-5-lobcd; berry 2 -4-seeded. (Ampelopsis bipinnata, Miclix.) — Margins of swamps, Florida and northward. June and July. — Tendrils nQnc. Leaflets I'long. Beiry small, black. /V^^^ 2. v. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex ; flowers in com- j)ound umbels ; petals 4, united at the apex, separating at the ba.se ; style slen- der ; disk cup-shaped, entire ; berry black, 1-seeded. — Key West, — Tendrils stout and elongated. Leaflets ^' long. Branchlets and peduncles flattened and elongated. Leaves and parts of the panicle separating in drying, as also in tlie next species. 3. V. incisa, Nutt. Smooth ; stem climbing, warty ; leaves trifoliolate, very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the base, the latend ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or serrate; berry (purple) globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender style, 1 -seeded. — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, West Florida and westward. Fruiting in November. — Stem 6°-I20 long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles cymosc. Berry 5''- 6" long. Flowers not seen. VITACE^.. (vine family.) 71 4. V. indivisa, Willd Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truneate, or cor- date at the base, acuminate, toothed-sen-ate, pubescent; peduncles forking; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 -3-seeded. — Banks of rivers, Florida to Xorth Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing liifli. Berry small, black. § 2. ViTiS. — Moiverspoliffa 1)101 is: petals 5, cohering at the fop, free at the base: stamens 5 : style short : disk thick, 5-lobed: leaves simple, cordate, tiUirt or variously lohed. * Leaves and branches woolly. 5. V. Labrusca, L. (Fox-Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly 3 - 5-lobed, mucronatc-serrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothish above ; fertile panicles or racemes few-flowered ; berry large. — River-swamps, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 4' -6' wide. Berry j' in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored. 6. v. Caribsea, DC Leaves round-cordate, with a broad and shallow sinus, entire or 3-lo!)ed, wavy-serrate, acute or acuminate, soon smooth above, the lower surface, like the branches, petioles, and panicles, clothed with soft asii- colored down ; panicles equalling or longer than the leaves ; pedicels smooth. ("V. coriacea, Skuttl.l a form with smaller and more rigid leaves.) — South Florida. Berry ^' in diameter. 7. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, entire or 3 - .'i-lobed, or on young plants pinnatifid, mucronate-serrate, covered with a loo.olow. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. Drupe 1-celIed, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, and minute white or reddish flowers on axillary forking peduncles. l.M. Rhaeoma, Swartz. Branches slender, jmbescent, angled ; leaves ob- long, obtuse, crenatc, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; pedun- cles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cyraosely 2-4-flowered ; calyx-lobes round, pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading ; drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves ^'- 1' long, glabrous. 2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round- ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbel- lately 3 - 4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed with the persistent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves ^' - 1' Ions:. 76 CKI.ASTUACK.K. (sTAri-TUKK FAMILY.) 3. M. '■ latifolia, Swartz. Sinootli ; Imiiulilcts 4-an^k'(l ; loaves opposite, coriaceous, ol)ovate, rounded or cmarginatc at the apex, luirrowed at the base into a short jiitiolc, the inarjjins revolute and ohscurcly crenate ; eymes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, widely sproadin;;, few flowered, or in the more sterile plant many-flowered ; sepals roundish, intich siiorter than the oblong petals; disk witii four emargiiiatc lobes alternating with the stamens; ovary 2-eellcd, witii a single suspended ovule in caeh eell ; stigma sessile, 2-Iobed ; drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded ; embryo large, in thin albumen. — South Florida. — Shrub 80-10° higii. Leaves 1' long. 2. SCH^FFERIA, Jaeq. Flowers dioecious. Sepa'.s 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowcd. Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, nuuh longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embrt'o in oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 1. S. frutescens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovatc-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse; flowers .'5 -.5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a -wart-Iikc peduncle ; drupe globose. — South Florida. — A small tree with l;ard and close- grained wood. Leaves 1 h' long, pale green. 3. EUONYMXJS, L. Si>indi.i;-tree. Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4-5-clcfi. Petals 4 -.5, spreading. Stamens 4 -.5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3-5-cclIcd, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3-5-celled, loeulicidally 3-5-valved. Seed enclosed in a red pulpj'^ aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greeni.sii or purplish flowers in axillary ped uncled cymes. 1. E. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bush) Flowers greenish, pentamerous ; peduncles 1-3-flowcred; capsule warty; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate or obovatc to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady woods, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° higii. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Flowers purjjlc, tctramcrous ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, serru- late. — River-banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 8°- 12° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers dark purple. 4. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens ."j, inserted with the petals into the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4- celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Style thick. Capsule globose, commonly 3-celled STAPIIYLKACKvE. (ULADDER-NUT FAMILY.) 77 and 3-valvcd. Seeds 1 • 2 in each cell, enclosed in a flcsliy scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing- shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. 1. C. seandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple; capsule orange- colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. 5. MAYTENUS, Juss. Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short, inserted vk'ith the petals under the edge of the flat circular disk which envelops the ovary. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a solitary erect ovule at the base of each cell. Style veiy short and thick. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, enclosed in a thin pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary clusters. 1. M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, oblong-obo- vate, obscurely crcnate and reticulate, glabrous ; flowers minute, clustered, ap- parently perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1-celled, 1-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves 1'- l^L' lonjr. Ordeu 41. STAPHYLEACE^. (Bladder-nut Family.) Erect shrubs, with opposite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect i-egular pentandrous flowers. — Calyx 5-partcd, colored. Petals and stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2 - .3-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, attached to the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds bony, truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. 1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals obovate, erect, alternate with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the petals into the edge of the 5-lobed disk wliich fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3-celled, the cells sometimes separate above, 6-8-0 vulcd. Capsule 3-lobcd, membrana- ceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, in drooping compound racemes. 1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and terminal ; styles 3, coniiivent ; capsule reticulated, 1-3-secded. — Damp woods. North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' long, 1' in diameter. ' 7* 7y SAl'lNDACEvE. (tSOAr-IU.IUiY lAMIl.V.) Uuur.K 12. SAPIXDACEiE. (Soap-bkkky Family.) Trees or shnihs, rai'oly lu-rbs, with c.xstipulaU' altrrualt' or opiK)site Ieave.s, and chiefly irregular and 7 - 9-andnnis flowers, iniliricated in the bud. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 -.'), in.serted with the stamens into a hypogynous or somewhat perigynous disk. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovarv 3-eelled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embryo mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, Ueshy. Synopsis. Tribe T. I>0D0NE^.. —Ovules 2-3 in each cell. Embrjo ppirally coiled. Cotyledon* distiuct. — Leaves alternate. 1. DODOX.TCA. Ovules 2 in each cell. Petals none. Capsule 2- 4-winged. Tribe II. SAPINDE^. — Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- ledons distinct. — Leaves alternate. 2. IIYPELATE. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell Petals 4-5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 3. SAPINDL'.S. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 4. CAKUIO.SPEKMUM. Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsule. Tribe III. HIPPOCASTANE^. — Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- ledons very thick and partly united. — Leaves opposite. 6. ^SCULUS. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 4 -.5, unequal. — Leaves digitate. 1. DODONJEA, L. Flowers perfect or poly- -t- Fluivers purple or rose-color : annuals : stems hranchinc;. 6. P. sanguinea, L. Loaves oblong-lincar, acute ; s])ikes ovate or round- ish, obtuse ; flowers iniliricatcd ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile: lobes of the caruncle rather sliorter than the pear-shaped sparse-hairy seed. (P. ])ur- purea, Nutt.) — Low grounds. North Carolina and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stems slender, at first simple; leaves narrow- linear, acute ; spikes globose, obtuse ; wings oblong-obovate tapering into a dis- tinct claw at the base ; caruncle as long as the stalk of the sparse-hairy pear- shaped seed. (P. sanguinca, To/r. s, Florida to Mississijipi, and north- ward. July - Oct. — Stem G' - 12' high. Spikes 1' - 2' long, %' thick. Flowers pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. 13. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem weak, 4-anglcd, with long and spreading branches ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower ones in fours ; spikes small, ovate, long-pedundcd ; wings lanceolate-ovate, barely pointed ; caruncle as long as the obovate hairy seed. — Bogs, Florida and northward. July- Oct. — Stem 1°- Ii° long. Spikes scarcely half as large as in the preceding. Flowers reddish-purple. Bracts persistent. 14. P. Hookeri, Ton-. & Gray. Stems short, weak, much branched, 4- anglcd ; leaves in fours, short, linear, acutish ; spikes long-pedunclcd, ovatc- lanceolatc, acuminate, loose-flowered ; wings erect, lanceolate-ovate, acute ; caruncle as long as the ovoid sparse-hairy and viscid seed. — Low grassy ]jinc barrens, West Florida and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Leaves 4" - C" long ; those of the branches mostly alternate. Flowers pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. § 2. Flowers in slender racemes or spikes. * Leaves alternate : perennials or biennials. l.'j. P. grandiflora, Walt. Pubescent; stems branching ; leaves lanceo- late ; flowers large, crestless, scattered in long racemes ; fiuiting pedicels droop- ing ; wings large, orI)icular, erect ; caruncle enclosing the stalk of the oblong hairy seed. (1*. pubescens, Miilil.) — Varies with smoothish linear leaves, and smaller flowers. (P. flabellata, Skuttl.) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Car- olina, and westward. July -Sept. U — Stem 1° high. Racemes 3'- 6' long, often lateral by the prolongation of the stem. Flowers bright purple, turning greenish. IC. P. polygama, Walt. Smooth; stems numcrou-, simple; leaves oblong-linear, tiie lowest spatulatc or obovate ; flowers of two kinds, viz. one POLYGALACETt:. (mILKWOUT FAMILY.) 85 kind showy and perfect, borne in a loose terminal raceme, tiic other imperfect, but fruiting, in radical (rarely axillary) spikes; wings obovatc ; caruncle half as long as the obovate very hairy seed. (P. rubella, Mn/il.) — Wet or dr_v sandy barrens, Florida to Mississii)pi, and northward. May and June. @ — Stems 6'- 12' high, very leafy. Racemes 2' -6' long. Flowers purple. 17. P. Senega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Stems several from a thick woody root, erect or ascending, simple or branching above ; leaves numerous, lanceolate, the upper ones acute (1' long) ; spike cylindrical, pedunclcd; wings round-obovate, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle linear, as long as the obovatc hairy seed. — Var. lati folia, Torr. & Gray. Stem taller (1°- l.i°) ; leaves large (2' -4' long), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end. — Dry rocky woods in the upper districts of North Carolina and northward ; the variety in Tennessee, and northward. May and June. 1]. — Stems S'- 12' high. Spikes 1'- H' long. Flowers greenish-white. 18. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a somewhat woody root, erect or ascending, angular, at length branched above ; leaves linear, narrowed toward the base, acute, or lowest ones obtuse ; spike long-peduncled, linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers short-pcdicellcd ; wings oval, rather longer than the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle shorter than the oblong-obovate veiy hairy seed. (P. bicolor, Kunth.) — Interior of Alabama, Burl-lei/, and westward. — Stems j°-l°high. Spikes l'-3' long. Flowers white. Bracts deciduous. * * Leaves whorled : flotcers sinul/, r/irenish or while, in alender spikes. 19. P. Boykinii, Nutt. Perennial; stems numerous, angled, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, the lower ones oblong-obovate, the upper lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, long-pcduncled ; wings obovate, as long as the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the oblong-obovate curved and very hairy seed. — Kich calcareous soil, Floriila, Georgia, and westward. May- July. H. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1 ' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers white. 20. P. vertieillata, L. Annual ; stems low, 4-anglcd, much branched ; leaves 4 - .5 in a whorl, linear, acute, the upper ones scattered ; spikes lanceolate ; wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Spikes j'- I' long. Flowers greenish-white. 21. P. leptostachys, Sbuttl. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, sim- ple, or branched above, straight; leaves remote, 4 - .5 in a whorl, narrow-linear or filiform, acute ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly sessile, smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved clavate- obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May - August. — Stems 10'- 15' high. Flowers greenish. § 3. Flowers axillari/, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 16. 22. P. paucifolia, L. Perennial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones bract-like ; flowers (1-3) peduncled, crested, very large ; wings obovate; 8 86 LK(UMINOS/K. (I'LI.SK 1 A -Ml I. V.) lolics of tlic oanmcle subulate, vaninj; in li'n;i:tli ; scrds hairy ; radical fipikcs Imu-ted. — Mountains of (icorj^ia and nortliward. May. — Stems 4'-G' )iij,'Ii, from a long jnostrate base. Flowcfs :]' long, inirpk-. OuDEu 4C.. KRAMERIACEyi:. (Riiatany Family.) Silky-pubt'sccnt ln-rbs or slifiibs, with ditViise stems, altiinato loaves, and irri'gular liypopynous purplish flowi-rs, on axillary 2-bracted and jointod pedunck's. — Sepals 5, tolori-d, detiduous. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals ; the 3 posterior ones, long-clawed, often united ; the 2 anterior broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the posterior ones distinct or united. Anthers 2<"elled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovult>d. Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehiscent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen none, lladicle concealed in the cotyledons. 1. KRAMERIA, Locfl. Characters of the order. 1. K. lanceolata, Torr. Ilcrhaeeous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly branehinn; ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, leafy -braeted above the middle ; claws of the posterior jietals, and stamens, united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading sjiines. — Tampa Bay, South Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. Stems 1° long. Ordkti 47. EEGUMINOSA:. (Pulsk Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals :>, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens mona- dclphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire mar- gins. Synopsis. Suborder I. PAPTLTOXACE.E. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) in-eg- ular petals, inserted into the ba.se of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbri- cated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous; viz. one upper and exterior, termed the vexlUum or standard : two lateral, called u-in(/s ; and two lower and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-cellcd (sometimes partly 2-cclled by the in- troversion of the sutures), or several-celled by transverse partitions. Style simple. Cotyledons thick. Tribe I. LOTEjE. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (exrept No. 8). Legume con- tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not twining nor climbing. LEGUMINOS.?;. (rULSE FAMILY.) 87 * Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound. 1. CROTALAUIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflated. Upper stipules deeurrent. 2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not deeurrent. « « Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, the earliest ones alternate. 3. MEDICAGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers racemed. 4. MELILOTDS. Legume coriaceous, straight, rugose or veined, 1-4-seeded. Flowers racemed or spiked. 5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 - 4-seeded. Flowers capitate. 6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, many -seeded. Peduncle 1 - 3-flowered. « * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelplious. Legume mostly 1-seeded and inde'aiscent. Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. -1- Legume included in the calyx. 7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous: half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. PETALOSTEMOX. Stamens6 united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of the nearly regular petals. 9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals. ■^ •<- Legume exserted. 10. AMORPIIA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. • * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many -seeded, l-celled 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. 1- Trees or shrubs. 11. ROBTNIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 12. WISTAUIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twining shrubs. 1- -I- Herbs. 13. TEPHR03IA. Calyx 5-cIeft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-?eeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 14. IXDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, Scleff. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 2 - many -seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 15. GLOTTIDIUM. Calyx truncate. Legume oblong, 2-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 16. SESB.\XIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate ♦ # * * * Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celIed lengthwise, or l-celled, with one of the sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 1". ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. Tribe II. VICIE.3E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 18. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 19. LATIIYKUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexilkim. Tribe in. HKOYSARE^a?^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- rating transversely iuto 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or l-jointed. — Stems not twining. * Flowers yellow. 20. .j;SCHYXOMEXE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 21. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 -5-jointed. Flowers perfect. 22. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 23. ClIAPMANXIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. « * Flowers white or purphsh. 24. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. ft8 i,i.(;r\iiNos.K. (pllsk family.) 25. DE.^MODU'M. Ij-punio 2 Ojointi'il, bristly. lUcomes tormiual. Tribe IV. PHASEOLK^E. Stamens moimilclphous or dimklphoud (9 & 1). Ixv- uine 2 valvi'il, net jnintcil. Cotyledons thick uuU UL•^hy ; usually nuacd above giouuu in geruiiuatiuu. — Chiefly twining vines. * Ovary 1 - 2-oTuled. 2C. lUIYXCIIOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. * • Ovary few or many-ovule- ■»- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactin). *+ legume terete, torulose. 29. TIGNA. Flowers yellow. Ve.xillum roundish. Stems twining. 30. ERYTIII{1N'.\. Flowers scarlet. Ve.xillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. ++ ++ Legume flattened. = Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 31. CLITO:U.\. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vc.xillum ppurless at the bape. 32. CEXTUOSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. = = Bracts alternate. 3.3. AMPIIICAUP.E.\. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Flowers of two kind.'. Bracts persistent. 34. OALACTI.\ Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduou.s. Legume linear. 35. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate, llilum linear. L<>gurae three- ridged on the back. 36. DOLICIIOS. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx S-cleft. Ililum oval. Tribe V. DAIjBKR(»IK./^. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume indehiscent. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. 37. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. Tribe VI. SOPHORE..E. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. * Legume dehiscent. 38. BAPTISI.V. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. T.«aves simple or trifoliolate. 39. TIIERMOPSIS. Stiimens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Leaves trifoliolate. 40. CLADUASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. * * Legume indehiscent. 41. SOPIIOTIA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. SuBOitDKK IT. CiESALPINIEiE. Corolla irregular and somewhat papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud ; the upper petal interior. Stamens sop:irate. Embryo straight. 42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simp'e. 43. CASSL\. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves pinnate. 44. GLEDITSCIIIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Leaves pin- nate and bipinnate. SuBORDKR III. MIMOSEJE. Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate in the bud. Stamens distinct or united, often very numerous, inserted with the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate or 2 - 3-pmnaie. Flow- ers polygamous. LKOL'MINOS/E. (I'lLSE FAMILY.) 89 * Flowers perfect and staminate. Petals united. 45. MIMOSA. Filaments distinct. Legume jointed, flat. 46. SCURANKIA. Filaments distinct. Legume not jointed, echinate. 47. PITHECOLOBIUM. Filaments united ioto a tube below. Legume broad and flat, mealy or pulpy within * * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 48 DESMANTIIUS. Sterile filaments filiform. Legume linear, many-seeded. 49. NEPTUNIA. Sterile filaments flat or petal-like Legume oblong, fuw-.sceded. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^. Pulse Family. 1. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle-box. Calyx 5-lobcd. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadclplious. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Capsule inflated, oblong-, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with simple leaves : the upper ones with broad decurrcnt inversely sagittate stipules. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. Legumes dark -purple. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual ; stems low, branching, shaggy with rust- colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oldong, hairy ; racemes short, 2-3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil, Florida and northward. June and July. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Racemes 2' - 3' long. 2. C. OValis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or as- cending, rough witli appresscd hairs ; leaves short-pctioled, oval or oblong, hairy ; racemes long, 3 - 6-flowered — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Xorth Carolina, and westward. May -July. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes 4'- C long. Flowers distant. 3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial; stems slender, erect, roughened with scat- tered appresscd hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, tlic lower ones oblong, tlie upper linear ; racemes long, .'S - 10-flowcred. — Flat grassy j;ine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem li;'- 18' high. Ra- cemes 6' -12' long. Flowers distant. 2. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexcd. Keel f.dcate, acnte. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. Capsule oblong, compressed, many-seeded; the seeds often separated by cellular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmatcly 5 - many-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. 1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect; leaves palmatcly 7 -9-folio- late ; leaflets obovatc-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; ra- cemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish-blue, rarely white. — Var. gracilis (L. gracilis, Nult.) is a more slender and hairy form, with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississip[ii, and northward. April and IMay. l]. — Stem 1°-H° high. 2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial ; villous and hoary ; stems thick, pros- trate or ascending ; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-petioled ; 90 l,i:(.l .MIN(»S.K. (iTLSK FAMILY.) stipuk's Iim:ir-sul)iiliitt', I'loii^iattil, ndnatc lulow to tlif jK'tiolcs ; nicenK's erect, densely niimy-Howeivil ; tiowers pale red, tlic vexillum dark juirplc in the eentre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems l°-'2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long. .'J. L. diflfusus, Niitt. Perennial ; silky-tonientosc and hoary ; stems pros- trate or erect, nimh branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, shoit- petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many -flowered ; flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. — Dry sand-ridges, FIorier districts. Introduced. Q) — Stems G'- 12' long. 6. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubescent ; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- lets small, obcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-pcduncled ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; vcxillum acute; legume 4-scedcd. — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April, y. — Stems 6' -10' long; in shady places erect. 6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx .5-cleft. Vcxillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 «& 1 ). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolatc or pinnate. Stipules mostly minute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 -several-flowered. 1 H. Purshiana, Benth Hairy; stem much liranchcd ; leaves trifolio- latc, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1 -flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel acute; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 12'- 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 7. PSORALEA, L. Calyx campannlate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadclphous or l)artly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often 92 J.KGLMINOS.i:. (PLLSK FAMILY.) wriiikkd, l-sec>(U'il, indcliisccnt, incliidcd in tlic ralyx. — IVrcniiial usually jjlaiuhihir liorhs. Stipuk'S colieriiifj witli the petiok'S. Fkjwers axilkiry or ter- minal, i>uri)lisli or wiiite, nuemose or spiked. * Leaces I - 3-/oliol(ite. 1. P. virgata, Xutt. Smoothish; stem virj^.itc, sparin;j;lybranilicd ; leaves very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oiilonj^-linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and lonf^-petioled ; stipules .sctaecous ; pcdunelcs mueh shorter than the leaves ; spikes dense, cylindrical ; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, and, like the calyx, glaiuhilar and hairy ; corolla violet. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia, and the adjacent parts of Florida. July. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 2'- 5' long. 2. P. melilotoides, Michx. Glandular and sparingh' pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ubkjng-lanceolatc orelliptical ; sti))ules subulate ; spikes ob- long, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acuminate, veiny; corolla violet ; legume rugose. — Var. 1. (P. eglandulo.sa, /?//.) Gland- less or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. Slay and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaflets 1'- 2' long. 3. P. Onobrychis, Xutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate ; racemes elongated, somewhat sccund ; calyx glandular, the teeth small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricatc, wrinkled transversely. — Near Spartanburg, South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaves very large. 4. P. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent ; lower leaves trifoliolate, the upper simple, short-petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx inflated; flowers blue, turning greenish ; legume even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and JVIay. — Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. * * Leaves pahnaleli/ h-T -foliolate. 5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, declining, sparingly branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; flowers violet ; legumes rugose. (P. Floridana, S/tiiltl.) — Dry pine barrens, Flor- ida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 6. P. SUbacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly- stemless ; peduncles, petioles, and calyx white with spreading hairs ; leaves 7-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets obovate-oblong, smoothish above, fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; ])eduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; bracts ovate, acuminate ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Rocky hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowers numerous, purple. * * # Leaves pinnate. 7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9-10 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, oljtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calvx. Flowers violet. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 93 8. PETALOSTEMON, Mkhx. Calyx nearly equally 5-tootlicd or 5-cleft. Petals almost regular, on filiform claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cordate or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume indehiscent, 1-sceded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or heads. * Spikes solitary. 1. P. gracile, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate; leaflets 5-7, oblong- linear, obtuse ; sjjikcs oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum broadly cordate — Low pine barrens, Florida and westward. August. — Stems 2° long. Leaflets j' long. Flowers white. 2. P. carneum, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- lets 5-7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil. Florida and Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Flowers wliite or reddisli. * * Spikes corymbose. 3. P. corymbosum, Michx, Stems clustered, erect, very leafy ; leaflets 3-7, filiform; tectli of the calyx setaceous, ]jlumose ; vexillum oblong, — Va- ries with more numerous (11 -15) oliloiig leaflets which are commonly eniargi- natc at the apex, — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Nortli Carolina, and westward; the vai'iety in the low country of South Carolina, Curtis. Scj)t. and Oct, — Stems 2° high. Flowers white. ' 9. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a cleft tube. Legume 1-seeded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with numerous linear-oblong leaflets ; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; corolla small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. 10. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obconical, 5-toothcd, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2- seeded, oblong, curved, glandular-roughened, indehiscent or nearly so. — Siniil)s, with unequally pinnate leaves, and numerous leaflets which are punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender racemes or s]nkes. 1. A. fruticosa, L. Pubescent; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, sparingly dotted ; flowei's racemcd, blue ; calyx-teeth very short, nearly equal, pul)escent; legume 1-2-sccded. — Banks of rivers, Florida y4 LK(;i'MINOS.K. (I'lI.SE lAMII.V.) to Mississip|ii, ami nortliwiml. Mmv and .lime. — Sin iili G° - 15° lii^li. Lt'uf- lets I'-l^' loiiL'. Uaci'iiR's iiio^llv i)aniclcd. 2. A. lierbacea, Walt, ruhcscont or t;lal)ious ; loaves sliort-ix'tiolcd ; leaflets \3-35, iigier ones short and obtuse, the lower more or less elongated and aeute ; legume 1 -.seeded. (A. pumila, vlY/tAj-. A. piiboscons, Willd. A. Carollniaiia, doom.) — Low pine bairens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with pur- ple branches. Leaflets smaller and more erowded than in No. 1. Flowers blue or white. 3. A. canescens, Nutt. Iloarytomentose ; leaves sessile ; leaflets nu- merous, small, elliptical, crowded ; spikes short, panieled, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute, nearly equal; legume 1-seedcd. — Near Augusta, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Shrub l°-2° high. Flowers bright blue. 11. ROBINIA, L. Locisr. Calyx short, 5-tootlied or .'i-clcft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or less united. Vexillum large, roundish ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadeli)hous (9 & 1 ). Style bearded on the siile facing the vexillum. Legume compres.sed, many- seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often with .stipular spines, unequally jjinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers in axillary racemes. 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Loc rsr. False Acaci.\.) Smoothish ; spines small on the older brandies, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, or ellii)tical ; racemes pendulous, oblong, many-flowered; flowers white; legume 4-G-sccdcd. — I\ich soil, in the upper districts. A\n\\ and May. — A tree 30°- 60° high, with hard ami durable wood. Racemes 3'- 5' long. Calyx spotted. Legume smooth. Flowers fragrant. 2. R. viSCOSa, Vent. Branches, petioles, jjeduncles, and legumes glandular- viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 1 1 - 2."), ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3- 5-seeded. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May and June. — A tree 20° -40° high. Flowers inodorous. 3. R. hispida, L. Branches, &e. more or less bristly ; stiimles very slen- der and bristle-like, deciduous ; leaflets 1 1 - 18, smooth, ovate or ol)long-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tijjped with a long bristle ; flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose-color — Mountains of Geor- gia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form and the var. ko.sea, PursA, with pid)escent branches and few flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Var. Elliottii. Branches, &c. pubescent; stipular spines very stout, spread- ing or recurved. (K. hispida, var. rosea, A7/.)— Pine barrens in the central parts of Georgia and southward. — Shridj 3°-i^° high, with thick and rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell.), is found nt Columbia, South Carolina. LKGUMINOS-E. (I'ULSE FAJIILl.) 95 12. ' WISTARIA, Nutt. Calyx campaniilatc, somewhat 2-lij)pcd ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 3-(-left. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ritlges at the base. Stamens diadelphous (9&1). Legume coriaeeous, nearly terete, eontraeted between the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with uneipially pinnate leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a erowdcd raceme 1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubeseent ; leaflets 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short l)ranehes, dense-flowered. (Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell ) —Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Leaflets I 'long. Racemes 4' -C long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 -several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Calyx nearly equally .5-cleft or .5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, sjircad- ing or refle.xed, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky witliout ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens momideljjhous or diadelphous. Stvle smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with une([ually pinnate leaves, with the leaflets opposite mucro- nate and straight-veined, and white or purplish flowers. * Flowers siiu/le or hij pairs in the arils oj't/ie learcs ; the vp])ertnost often cromhd in a dense raceme. 1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat's Ruk) Soft-hairy and somewhat hoary; stems very leafy, clustered, erect, simple; leaflets 11-25, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothish above ; flowers yellowish-white tinged with purple. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to ]\rississii)pi, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, from long and slender roots. Flowers showy. * * Flowers in lomj-peduncltd racemes opposite the leaves : rexillnm pubescent externallij. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems simple or diffusely branched ; leaves scattered, short-j)etioled ; leaflets 9 - 1.5, oval or cuneate-oblong, rouiulcd and strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth- ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; lobes of the caly.x linear-subulate ; flowers large, white and purple. (T. paucifolia, Nutt. Galega villosa, Michx.) Varies with linear, acute, and reflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° -2° long. 3. T. hispidula, Pursii. Iloary-pubesccnt or smoothish ; stems slender, terete, erect or procumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets ; leaflets 1 1 - 1 .'), small (4" -6" long), oblong, acute or obtuse, often smooth above ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered; flowers small, purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 6'- 18' long. 4. T. chrysophylla, Pursh Prostrate, rusty pubescent ; stems diff'usely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (I'-l^' long) ; leaflets (yellowish) 9G li:gi>iin()S-k. (pli.sk iamm.v.) 5- 7, cunoatc-olioviito, olituso or (■mar;^iiiato, smooth aliovo ; pcdiincli-s lonfrrr than the leaves, terete, 2- S-flowered ; ealyx-teeth slioit, aetife. — Varies with smaller (V - I'long) leaves anil flowers, the hitter juoslly solitary on the short peiluneles. — Dry j)ine barrens, Floriila, (IcorLjia, anil westward. — Stems C- 18' lonj,'. 5. T. ambigua, M. A. Cmti-:. Iloary-jmhescent, or nearly smooth ; stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long |)etioled (5'- G' long) ; leaflets 7 - 15, distant, wedge-oi)long, truncate or emargiuate at the apex, paler anil often smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; i)ediincles flattened, eijual- ling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; flowers white and purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 6. T. angUStissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stems slen- der, prostrate, diflfu.sely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10- 1.5, linear, acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangidar-ovate acute teeth. — South Florida, 7?(/r/e/. — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8'' -12" long, I" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long. 14. INDIGOFERA, L. I.ndk^o. Calyx 5-clcft. A^'xillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, often elastically reflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9&1). Legume 1 -many- seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membrana- ceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or purj>lish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. * Racemes lonr/er than the leaves. — Tiidi(/e»oiis species. 1. I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smooth i.sh ; stem erect, tall, branching ; leaf- lets 10 -IT), obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx-teeth short, acute; flowers yellowish-brown; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. 1|. — Stem 3° - 5° liigh. Flowers small. Legume 4" -5" long. 2. I. leptOSepala, Nutt. Eongh hairy; stem decumbent; leaflets 7-9, obovatc-oblong or cuncate ; racemes 6- 15-flowered ; calyx-teeth slender-subu- late; flowers pale-scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6-9-sceded. — Georgia, A'"//a//, South Florida, Blodijett, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1^' long, straight. * * Jiacemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 3. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath; legume terete, torulose, ciuved. — Waste places. August. 4. I. Anil, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 7 - l.o, oval ; legume compressed, even, thicketied at each suture. — Waste places. These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- ployed in the manufacture of iudigo. LEGUMINOS.'E. (PULSK FAMILY.) 97 15. GLOTTIDIUM, Dcsv. Calyx campanulatc, obliquely truncate, 5 toothed. Vexillum short, reniform. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compressed ; the membranaceous endocarp at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong seeds. — A tall smooth-branciiing annual, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and yel- low flowers in axillary often compound racemes. 1. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Sjnrnr/.) — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° -8° high. Leaf- lets numerous, obloug-linear. Legume 1'- 2' long. Plant yellowish-green. • 16. SESBANIA, Pcrs. Calyx 2-bractcd, campanulatc, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the ba.se. Legume slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abniptly pinnate. Leaf- lets numerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes. 1. S. macroearpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong-linear, ob- tuse, mucronate ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-4-flowered; legume curved, compressed, 4-sided, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12' long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple. 17. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. Calyx 5-toothcd ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few - many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-cellcd by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and axillary spiked or racemose flowei-s. * Legume par/Iij or completeli/ 2-ceUecl by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse; stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-cellcd. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June-August. IJ. — Stem 2°-'3° high. Leaflets I'-lj' long. Flowers %' long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-2."), oblong- linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob- long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. U — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" -8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. obcordatus. Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 17-25, obcordate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8- 15-flowered ; legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar- rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April- June. y. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple. 9 U8 LKGIMINOS.K. (I'l I.SK TAMILV.) 4. A. Tenncssccnsis, Gray. Villous with white hairs; Ptcms pros- trate or aMiiiiiiii;; ; Uall - iii(rni/-JIo>cered. 3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; pednnelcs 3-G-flowered, about as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth Cfjual ; flowers small, bluish-white ; k-gumc short, oblong, 2-secde(l. (V. ]\1it(helli, Puf. Er- vum hirsutuni, /,.) — Cultivated ground. Introdueed. April and May. 4. v. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate; jx'dundes 4-8-flowered, usually longer than tlie leaves; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. Ij. — Stems angled, 2° -4° long, branching. .5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; £tipules small, subulate; peduncles manv-flow- LIKJUMIXOS-E. (rULSE FAMILY.) 99 ereil ; calyx-tccth shorter than tlic tul)C ; flowers nearly white, the keel tipped with blue; legume o!)!oii^, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, ehiefly in the upper distriets. Ajnil and May. % — Stems 3° - 4° long, branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 19. LATHYRUS, L. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Otherwise as in Vicia. 1. L. pusillus. Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules sagittate ; ])edunclcs elongated, 1 - 2-flowercd ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta- ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10 - 15-seeded. — Xear Charleston, South Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Flowers purple. 2. L. venOSUS, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong- ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceohite ; peduncles 10- 20-flowered ; flowers large, purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Shady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° -3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. Flowers .^' long. 3. L. myx'tifolius, IMuhl. Perennial ; stem slender, 4-angled ; leaflets 4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - G-flowered ; flowers pale purple ; calyx-teeth unequal — Banks of rivers. North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° -4° long, often wing-angled. Leaflets 1 y long. 20. JESCHYNOMENE, L. Calyx 2-lii)ped, .5-cleft or S-toothed. Petals equal ■ vexillum roundish. Sta- mens diadelplious (-5 &, 5). Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans- versely into 3 or more 1-seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and axillary yellow flo\vers. 1. ^. hispida, Willd. Annual; stem erect, mnricate-hispid ; leaflets nu- merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; legume straight, linear, even along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and nortJiward. August. — Stem 20-40 high 2. jSI. viseidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- pubescent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate- veined; peduncles 3-4-flowered, the pedicels long aid spreading; stipules and bracts ovate; legume 2- 3jointed, the joints half -orbicular, hispid. — Sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves V long. Flowers small. 21. ZORNIA, Gmel. Calyx 2-lippe(l, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2-4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes. 100 Li;\vfri(l, imuli loii;^cr tlian tlic leaves; tlie flowers distant anil almost eoneealey the larf.'e ovate hraets ; le^'iinie his. piil, 3-4-jointe(l. — Dry sandy soil, yiorida to North CanjJina, and westward. Junc-Angust. — Stem 2° long, j)rostrate. 22. STYLOSANTHES, Swart/.. Flowers of two kinli, ovate or rouiulisli, aciiiiiinate , rareme or panicle tcriiiiiial, loiiji-|)i'(hmck'(!, niaiiy-flowercd. — l{ic'li sliady soil, Florida to Misjiissippi, and nortlnvard. July and Aiigu.-t. — I'laiit 'J'^ - .'j° hh^h. Leaf- lets thin, 2'- 4' lonj,'. 3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit ; pan- icle nseendinir from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near the bas:>, mueli lonj^cr than the stem ; leaves lonjj;-petioled, smooth ; leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume lonj^-stipitate. — Kicli woods, Florida to Mississip])i, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Kaeemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° -3° high. ^ 2. Stamens diadclphous : lerpimc sessile or short stipitate. * Stipules lan/e, ovale (except No. 8), acuminate, ])frsistptit : Icijuiiie ti-G-jointed, the joints convex on the vpjKr suture, rounihd on the lower one. 4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of tlie legume 3-5, connected !)y a broad neck. (Hedysarum scaberrimiiin, Kll ) — Dry ojten woods, Florida to ^lississijipi, and northward. Jidy and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, nmeh branched, pale green. Leaflets H'-a' long. Flowers large. 5. D. moUe, I>C. ? Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough above; racemes panicled, slender; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels; legume nearly sessile, black ; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con- vex on both sutures. — Waste places, Middle Florida. Se])t. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legume 1' long, i)endulous. Flowers small. 6. D. CUSpidatum, Ton-. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; ])anicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers and bracts large ; legume 4-C-jointed, the joints rliombic-oblong, connc^-ted by a broad neck. (H. bracteosum, Michx.) — Diy open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 5° -.5° high. Leaflets 3' -5' long. Legume l^'-2' long. 7. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough aliove; leaves large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rougli above, pale and velvety beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume 3-4-jointed, on a stijjC twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, con- nected Ly a narrow neck. — Kich ojjcn woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning greenisli. 8. D. Floridanum, n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower leaves 1- foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lanee-subulatc ; panicle elongated, spar- ingly branclied, leafless; legume 2- 4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx; joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil, Apalachicola, Florida. July and August. — Froper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipcls rigid. Bracts and flowers small. LKGUJIIXOS.F.. (rULSE FAMILY.) 103 9. D. rotundifolium, 'DC. Stem lonp, trailing', liairv ; leaflets orbicu- lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, tbo terminal ones panicled ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa- sionally yellowish-white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - 5-joinied, nearlj/ straight on iJie vjiprr suture, the joints triangular, rarclg rounded on the lower suture. 10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts large; legume with 3-4- rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up- per leaves subsessilc. 11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy ; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (II. Marilandi- cum. Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets I' - 2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 12. D. glabellum, DO. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places, North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 13. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob- tuse, smooth, or slightly ijubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhomhifolium. Ell.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets r-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. 14. D. panicillatuni, DC. Stem slender, mostly smootli, with long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth or slightly pubescent; legume 3-5-jointcd, the joints triangular. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets rather rigid. * * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2-3jointed; the joints small, oval, or obliqnehj-olwvate : flowers small. 15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; legume ses- sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Diy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 16. D. strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitatc, 1 -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets l|'-3' long. 1<»1 Lr.<;UMINOSyE. (I'LLSK FAMll.V.) IT. D. Mai'ilandicum, Uoott Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leiifli'ts .siiiiill, ovate or romidisli, olituse, smootli, pule heiietuli, conmionly short- er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2 jointed. — (II. ohtusum, A7/.) — Dry open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sonietinies oblong. 18. D. Ciliare, T>C. Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves rough-hairy, and the (sometimes acute) IcaHets longer than the short petiole. — With the preceding. 19. D. rigidum, T>C. Stem erect, branched, rongh-pnbcscent ; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly ;J-jointcd. — Dry •woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - S** high. Leaflets l'-3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section. 20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundisii, smootii ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu- late, rough ; legnine 2 -3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaflets seldom more than 1' long. Kacenies l°-2° long. 26. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-lipppd, with the npper lip 2-clcft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly equally 4-partcd. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg- ume ol)Iong or scymitar-shaped, mostly 1 -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubcseent and resi- nous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. * Stems ticinivij, or low and erect : flowers in axillaiij racemes. •t- Calijx somew/i(U 2-liijped, 4-c!e/t ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the lowest one longest : stems twinimi. 1. R. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 12-flowcred ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume scymitar-shaped. (Glycine rcflexa, ZJ//.)— Damp soil along the coast, Key West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets ^'-1' long. 2. R. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - ,5-flowcrcd ; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seedcd. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaflets 1' long. 3. R, Caribsea, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - 5-flowcrcd ; teeth of the calyx short, nearly LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 105 equal; lepjume scymitar-shaped, acute — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° Ion". Leaflets H'- 2' long. Racemes I' -2' long. Flowers small. Legume 1'- 1^' long, tapering at the base. •t- -1- Calyx A-parted, nearly us long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, ticarly equal : stems twining or erect. 4. R. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate or twining, downy; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, tomen- tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South Florida, BloJgett. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets l'-2' in diameter. .5. R. toraentosa, Ton-. & Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra- cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong. Var. monophylla, Ton-. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem low (3' - 6'), erect ; leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular; racemes very short, tlie upper- most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia. Ell.) Var. erecta, Ton-. & Gray. Velvety; stem erect (l°-U-°); leaflets 3, oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, tiie terminal one often elongated. (G. ereeta and G. mollissima. Ell.) Var. VOlubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves . simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa. Ell.) Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to ^Mississippi. June - August. * * Stem tall, erect, icitli long virgate hrnnchrs : floiirrs solitnry or hy pairs, in the arils of the upper leaves : caly.v deeply 4-cleft, .shorter than the corolla. 6. R. galactoides. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; leaves very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes- cent; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vcxillum reddish exter- nally; legume oblong, 2-seedcd. (Pitchcria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 3"- 9" long. Legume |' long. 27. APIOS, Boerh. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in dense axillary racemes. 1. A. tuberosa, Mcench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July and August. — Eoot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanccolatc. Racemes often by pairs, shorter than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 1"0 i,K(;lminos.k. (I'Li.SK ka:\iii,y.) 28. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidniv-Hkax. Calyx 5-tootlRcl, tlic two u|ipcr tfcth more or loss uiiitttl. Kiil of the corolla spirally loikd or twisted. Stamens tliadelplious. Legume linear or falentc, few- many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate iierbs, with trifoliolatc stipellatc leaves. Flowers eommonly large, racemcd, or clustered at tlie summit of the axillary peduncles. * Floireis scattered in lonrj racemes : legumes sci/milar-sliaped. 1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climl)in, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulosc, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolatc, the terminal leaflet long-petiolu- late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 107 1 - E. herbacea, L. Stems herhatcous, several from a very tliiek root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Lij^ht sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Stems 2° -4° high. Racemes 1°- 2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open- ing by one suture opposite the seeds. 31. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum A'ery large, spurless on the back, obovatc, emarginate. Keel shorter than the Avings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulosc, veinless. — Pci-eii- nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong, pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; legume 3-4- seeded. — Diy soil. Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Legume lj'-2' lon'j. 32. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-(lcft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smootli. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi- nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opjiositc. 1. C. Virginiana, Bcnth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu- late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated, curved, many-sccdcd. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers 1^^' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 33. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - .5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosinj,- the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume oltovatc, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, witii trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple or compound axillary racemes. 1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombic- ovate; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri- lOH LEGUMINOSii;. (I'UI.SE FAMILY.) iitc ; calyx-toctli sliort, friantriilar ; fi-rtilo Icfiiimcs liairy. (A. monoica and A. saniiontosn, A7/.) — liii-li soil, Florida to Mississippi, and iiortliwurd. August and Sei)t. 34. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Calyx 4-toothod, tlic ujtpcr one broadest. A^'cxillinn ohlonj; or ohovatc, rc- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelplious. Legume more or less ules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. * Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse ; stipules none ; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or short-pedunded ; ovary villous and hoary ; legume snuiU, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July — Stem mucli branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries l)]ack. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smootli ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu- lar, glaucous ; sti])(dcs none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous. — Dry sandy soil, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car- olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, yellow; vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Ill 3 B. microphylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base, the upper ones somewhat chisping; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels ; legume roundish. Xatt. — Alabama and West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers unknown. * * Leaves trifoliolute, petioled. •<- Flowers yellow. 4. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on ^ery short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in short terminal racemes, short-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pointed. — Dry ]jinc barrens, Florida to Korth Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' -2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 5. B. villosa, Fll- Pul)escent ; leaves short-pctioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lance- olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg- ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil. North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in No. 4, tlie latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 6. B. megaearpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneatli ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer- ous, terminal and ojjposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender- ])ointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint River, near Albany, Georgia. May.— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets l.V-2' long. Legume 1'- 1 J' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 7. B. tinetoria, R.Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on sliort petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-obovate ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-])ointed, — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north- ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets j'-l' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drying. 8. B. Stipulacea, Ravenel. Smooth; branches spreading ; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round- cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose , pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina, Rucenet. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 5'-:]' long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3. 9. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves small, slujrt-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and ca- Ill* i.i;(;rMiNOs-E. (rui-SE famii.v.) (liu'ous, or till' lowiT OIK'S laryor iiml persistent; rnreines numerous, short, few- flowered, soniewliiit leafy at the base ; braets ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on louj^ Sbraeted pcdieels ; ovary villous ; legume (-mall, ovoid, slender-jiointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southeni jiarts of Georgia. May and June. — Stem 2° liij^'h. Leaflets 1' long. I'lant unehanged in drying. 10. B. Serenas, JI. A. Curtis. Very smooth, branehing; leaves petioled ; leaflets oblong-obovato, euneate ; llowers in a long loose eentral raceme, and in short racemes terminating the branches ; ])edicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem dirt'nsely branched, 1° -2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long. Allied to No. 7 and Ko. 11. Plant unehanged in drying. •I — 1- Floiccis ir/iilc. 11- 33. alba, R- Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly jietioled ; leaflets thin, euneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitary, eentral, very long, those on the branches fcw-flowertd ; legume cylindrical. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. A])ril. — Stem 2° -3° high, often pin-ple. Leaflets 1' long. Ilaeemcs l°-o° long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unehanged in drying. 12. B. leueantha. Ton-. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches spreading , leaves shortpetiolcd ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating tlie branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A stouter ))lant tlian the preceding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes li' long. 13. B. leueophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothisli ; stem stout, angled ; leaves sliort-petiolcd ; leaflets varying from oblanccolate to obovate, rigid, re- ticulate, soon smooth above , stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided ; flowers large, yellowisb-wbite, on long and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous , legume ovoid, long ])oiiited. (B. bracteata, Mulil.) — Dry rich oak woods, AVrightsboro, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4' -12' long. Flowers 1' long, the vcxillum spotted witii brown. I'lant turns black m drying. -•-•(- -1- Flowers blue, 14. B. aUStralis, R Brown Smooth ; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovatc ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; rar ccmes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. (B. eacrulea, Nutt)— Banks of rivers, Georgia (P«rs/i), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowei-s 1' or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. LKGUMINOS.E. (PUI.SE FAMILY.) 113 39. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. Stamens mostly persistent Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia Flowers yellow. 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many- flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oblong- linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10-12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car olina. May -July. — Stem 3° -.'3° high. Kaceme 6'-12 long. Legume 2' long. 2. T. fraxinifolia, M A Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter than the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi- cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M.A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diff'usely branched ; leaflets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Michr.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' -3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf yELLow-WooD. Calyx 5-tootIied ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel- petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short- stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-secded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal drooj)- ing panided racemes. 1. C. tinctOl'ia, Raf (Virgilia lutea, il/ic/zx.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky May — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' - 4' long ; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long. 41. SOPHORA, L. Calyx campanulatc, oblicjucly truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many- seeded, indehiscent Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with une([ually pin- nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, becoming smooth above; raceme elongated; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast — Shrub 4°-C° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitatc, 5' long. 10* 114 LKCiUMlNOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) SuuoiJUKR II. C^ESALPH^IEiE. Bkasilktto Family. 42. CERCIS, L. Ued-bld. Calyx canipaniilate, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, tlic vexillum shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Lej;iunc ol)long, compressed, many-seeded ; the upper suture winged. — Trees, witii hroadiy-eordate simple stipulate leaves, and reddish-purple clustered flowers aj)pearing before tiic leaves. 1 C. Canadensis, L. — Rich .«oil, Florida to Mississipi, and nortiiward February and March. — Tree 15° -20° high. Flowers very numerous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. Senna. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, uncciual. Stamens 5- 10. An- thers mostly of (liHercnt forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many- seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Slameiis 10, ui)C(/uul : purl uf the anthers abortive • se])als obtuse : stipules deciduous. 1. C. OCeidentalis, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com- mon.— Stem 1° -5° high. Legume linear, erect, compres.sed, slightly curved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune- ate-obovaie, witii a tooth-like gland between the k)wcst pair ; flowers by jjairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — Waste places, Florida to Xorth Carolina, and westward Stem l°-4° high. Legume 6'-10'long 3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, acute; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several-flowered, the upper ones ciowdcd, forming a compact pamcle ; k'srume linear, slightly curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward August. — Stem 3°-40high. Legume 3' -4' long. 4. C. angUStisiliqua, Lam.? Smooth or nearly ,ineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 4. P. Pennsylvanica, L Lfavesthin.ovatc-lanccolatc, acuminate, finely and sliarply f^enate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red — Rocky woods, North Carolina, and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * * Flowers in racemes ierminatinr/ hafij branches. 5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovatc- lanecolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with tlic teeth callous and ap- presscd; racemes long, spreading; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 6. P, Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta. Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor- gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -9° high. Leaves 1'-, 3' long. Drupe astringent. § 3. Laurocerasds. (Ciierry-Lavrel ) — Drupe not glaucous : stone (jlohukir : Jlnwers in racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. 7. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth and glossy, ovatelaiiceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. February and March. — A small tree. 3. SPIRiEA, L. Mkadow-Swekt. Calvx .5-clcft, persistent. Petals .'J, roundish, iniliricated in the bud. Stamens 10-. 50. Follicles 3- 12, 1 - 10-seedeil. Styles terminal. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dia'cious. * .Shrubs : /lowers perfect. ■(- Flowers corymbose. 1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobcd, doubly crenatc-serrate, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short branches, mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2-4-sceded. — Var. kerriioinea, Nutt. Leaves smaller (1' long), slightly lobed, covered, like the branches, corvmbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams, Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 3° -5° high, the old bark separating in Uuu layers. Flowers white. -I- ■*- Flowers panicled. 2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered with a dense, rust-colored KOSACE^. (rose family.) 121 pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomcntose, several-seeded. — Low grounds in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers small, pale purple. 3. S. salicifolia, L. Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves var\'ing from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in- flated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flowers white. * * Perennial herbs : leaves hhed or compound. 4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; leaves coarse, jiinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, reniform, 7 - 9-parted, with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent; follicles 6-8, 1 -2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, northward. June and .July. — Stem smooth, 5° -8° high. Up- per leaves 3-lobetl and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flov.'crs rose- color. Petals and sepals often in fours. 5. S. Ar uncus, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled racemes; leaves thrice-pinnate; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting; follicles 3 -.5, several-seeded, re- flexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem tall and slender. Flowers minute, white. 4. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, incisely serrate and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows on the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calj^x ; filaments filiform. Ovaries 2-4, sessile: style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendulous, anatro- pous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo included in thin fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A shrub, with altei'- nate leaves, free bristle-awl-shapcd stipules, and single or clustered terminal flowers on slender peduncles. 1. N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady clifi's near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Rec. R. D. Neoius. — Shrub 2° -5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, V -2h' long. Flowers very numerous and showy. 5. GILLENIA, Moench. Lvdiax Physic. Calyx tubular-campaiuilate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20. Fol- licles 5, included in the calyx, 2-4-sceded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves thin, trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose- color, in loose few-flowered corymbs. 1. G. trifoliata, Mcench. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob- long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate ; lower peduncles elongated, flowers 11 122 ROSACK^:. (rose famii.v.) wliite. — li'wh woods in tlie nortlKTii parts of Aluljama, aiul iiorilnvard. Jime. — Stem 2° -30 high. 2. G. Stipulacea, Nntt. Stliniles Icafv, ovate, senate ; leaflets lanceo- late, eoaiscly senate, or tlie lowest ineisely lolx'd ; flowers rose-color — Moun- tains of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high. 6. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agkimosy. Calyx 5-(left, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with hooked bristles. Petals 5. Stamens 5-1.5, inserted on the throat cf the calyx. Aehenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Perennial licrb.s, with unequally ])iiniate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small yellow flowers in lonjr spiked racemes. Fruit nodding. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hairy; leaflets 3-7, with smaller ones below or intermixed, ol)long-obovate, hairy, sometimes white-downy beneath, coarsely serrate ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem and petioles hirsute; leaflets 9-15, with smaller ones between, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, roughish above, pubescent beneath. — Low ground, chiefly in the u]iper districts, Mississippi to North Car- olina, and northward. August. — Flowers and fruit smaller than in No. 1. 3. A. ineisa, Torr. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves clothed with soft down and long hairs intermixed; leaflets 7-9, small (1' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely sen-ate, with smaller ones between; sta- mens 5. — Dry open woods, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. August. — Stem 2° high. Flowers small. 7. SANGUISORBA, L. Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil-form. Aehenia 1-2, included in the 4-winged indurated calyx-tube. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in close heads or spikes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Smooth ; leaflets numerous, stalked, cordate- ovate or oblong, senate ; spikes long-pedunclcd, cylindrical, elongated in fruit ; stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the Alleghany Mountains, Georgia, and northward. September. Ij. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves on long petioles. Flowers white. 8. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. Calvx 4 - .'i-parted, and witli as many alteniate bracts; the tube obconical, contracted at the tliroat. Petals none. Stamens 1 -4. Style lateral. Stigma capitate. Aehenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx-tube. — Small herbs, with palraately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers, in corymbs or (lus- ters. ROSACEA. (rose family.) 12u 1. A. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stem (1'- 8' high) leafy; leaves 3- parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-lobcd ; flowers in axillary sessile clus- ters ; fertile stamens 1-2. — Waste places. North Carolina and Virgmia. In- troduced. — Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4" -6" long. 9. GEUM, L. AvEjfS. Calyx campanulate, deeply .5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crowded on the conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, jointed and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spreading branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or tlie earliest ones nearly simple and rounded ; stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the calyx ; style jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion persistent and hooked ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy. — Rich woods, Georgia and northward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 2. G. genieulatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobcd, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed and serrate; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose and nearly persistent, the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the hain.- achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers white, veiny. 3. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6'- 12'), often branching; lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely lobcd, doubly toothed, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, small, sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style straight and wholly persistent, hairy at the base ; heads of achenia sessile. — Highest mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1' wide. 10. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Caly.x obconical, 5-cleft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals h. Stamens numerous, inserted into the throat of tlic calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some- what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a joint. Seeds erect. — Low perennial iierbs, with chiefly radical and i-oundish lobed leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems. 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. Smooth or hairy; leaves long-petioled, tri- foliolate or 3-partcd, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets ; scape as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely hairy. — Mountain-woods, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stem and leaves 4' - 6' high. Petals larger than the calyx. 2. W. lobata, Torr, & Gray, Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - .5-lohcd ; scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoaiy ; petals rather 124 ROSACKyK. (itOSK I A^III.V.) shorter than tlic calyx. (Dalibanla loliata, Buldw.) — Banks of the Flint and Chattahooclu'c rivers, in tlie uiiildle distriets of (Jeoryia, not eoninion. May and June. — Scape and leaves 4'- 8' high. 11. POTENTILLA, L. Cixqukfoil. Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many l)racts. Petals .5, ol)conlate or roundish. Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achenia collected in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary or cymosc. * Stijle terminal, or vearh/ so. 1. p. Norvegica, L. Annual, hairy; stem erect, branched; leaves pal- mately 3-foliolatc, the leaflets obovatc-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste places. Introduced, and s])aringly naturalized. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending, simple; leaves palmatcly 5-foliolate; leaflets ohovate-ohlong, coarsely serrate ; flowers axillary, solitary, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordatc, as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, il/iiV.Ax.) — Meadows in the upper districts, Mississippi to Isortli Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem lo-3° long. * * Stijie lateral. 3. P. tridentata, Ait. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base, erect or as- cending, pubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, cuneateoblong, 3-tootlied at the apex ; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of Xorth Carolina. July. — Stem .5' - 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy. 12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. Straavherry. Flowers like Potentilla, hut the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at length pulpy and scarlet rcce])tacle. Style lateral. — Perennial herbs with creeping runners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers wliite, in tcrniiiial cymes. 1. P. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Hairy ; leaflets oblong, coarsely serrate ; scape fcw-flowcTod ; fruit roundish, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted receptacle. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Scapes 4'-G' high. 13. RUBXJS, L. Brikr. Bramble. Calyx concave or flatfish, .5-parted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical re- ceptacle. Style nearly tenninal, deciduous — Perennial or shrubby and mostly prickly plants, with lobcd or compound petioled leaves, and white or reddish flowers. * TTicuh nf achenia hetiiisp/ieriral, deciduous : receptacle dry. 1. R. odoratUS, L. Sln-ubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or ROSACEA, (rose family.) 125 the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and seiTate ; calyx- lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color; fruit reddish. — Rocky woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Flowers 2' in diameter. 2. R. OCCidentalis, L. Glaucous ; stem prickly, but otherwise veiy smooth, bending ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath ; petals white, shorter than the reflexed short-caudate hoary calyx-lobes ; fruit black. — Borders of woods along the mountains, Georgia and northward. May. — Stem biennial, 5° - 8° long. * * Heads ofachenia oval or ohlong, persistent : receptacle juicy. 3. E.. villOSUS, Ait. Tall, shnibby; stem erect or bending, armed, like petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7-folio- late leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly ser- rate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets, common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high. 4. B.. CUneifolius, Pursh. Shmbby, armed with stout prickles ; stem erect ; branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets cune- ate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white beneath ; racemes few-flowered ; petals white; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 5. R, trivialis, JNIiclix. Shrubby, and armed with stout straight or re- cuiwed prickles and bristly hairs; stem prostrate, slender; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, partly persistent ; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, sharply serrate ; racemes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers large, white ; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. 6. R. hispidus, L Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle-like prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, coarsely seirate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black achenia. (R. obo- valis, Michx.) — Cold shady swamps among the mountains, Georgia and north- ward. May and June. — Fruit sour. 14. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx .5-clcft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta- mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface of the calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy. * Styles coherinfj, exserted. 1. R. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth ; leaflets 3 -.5, ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate, .shining above ; petioles, peduncles, and calyx glan- 11* 12G ROSACKi^E. (UOSE FAMILY.) iliilar ; coivmb fi'w-flowercd ; jiotals obcordntc ; fruit {rlol)Osc, sniootli. — Borders of swaini>s, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem lu°-15° long. Flowers 2' -3' wide, red. * * Stylts distinct, included : Jloirers r(d or vliite. 2. E,. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout recurved Ptipu- lar prickles; leaflets 5-9, ohlong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull and smoothisli above, the lower surface paler, or, like the j>ricklr petioles and cau- date calyx-lobes, tomentose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx-tube and ])eduneles glandular-hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Xorth Carolina, and west- ward. June. — Stem 4° - G° high, commonly purplish. Fruit depressed-globose, glandular. 3. E.. lueida, Ehrhart Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout stipular jjrickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, smooth and shining above, paler and often somewhat pubescent beneath ; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together ; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (11. parviflora. Ell.) — Florida to Mississijipi, and northward, mostly in dry soil, common. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. A variable species. Stem sometimes smooth. 4. R. rubiginosa, L. (Eglantine.) Stem erect or curving, armed with very stout j)rickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular beneath; flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles; fruit obovate. (R. suaveolens, Piirsh.) — Waste places in the ujjpcr districts : introduced. Branches yellowish- green. Leaves fragrant. 5. E,. laevigata, Michx. (Cherokee Rose ) Stem long, trailing, smooth, the branches armed with very stout and curved prickles ; leaves ever- green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib his- pid ; sti])ules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white ; calyx very bristly. — Common in cultivation. 15. CRAT^GUS, L. Hawti:ork. Calyx urn-shaped ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals ,5, orbicular, concave. Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Fruit fleshy, contauiing 1-5 bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or variously lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating short lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and ser- rate. * Corymhs compound, mamj-fiowered. ■4- Fruit small, not larger than a pea. 1. C. spathulata, Michx. Young branches tomentose, otherwise nearly smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, s])atulate, crcnate at the sum- mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx-lobes very short; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and west to ^Mississippi. April. — A small tree. Corymbs sometimes slightly pvibcsccnt. Stipules lunate on the young branches. ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 127 2. C. apiifolia, Michx Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, piunately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed, nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1-3, filiform ; fiTiit globular, red. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves ^'-1' long. 3. C. COrdata, Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes- cent, soon smoothish ; leaves large, deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, long-petioled, 3-5-lobed and serrate ; spines slender; fruit globose, red. — River-banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Styles 5. 4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex, on slen- der nearly glandless petioles ; corymbs very numerous ; styles .5 ; fruit ovoid, j-ed. — Banks of rivers, Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi. IMarch and April. — A small tree, with ash-colored branches. Spines stout or wanting. Leaves 1' -2' long, entire at the base, sometimes hairy in the axils of the veins beneath. ■i- t- Fruit large {^' - |' long) ; leaves, §-c. mostli/ glandular. 5. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves tliick, oblong-obovate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate from near the glandless base ; those on the young brandies some- times slightly lobed ; spines long and stout, or sometimes wanting ; corymbs smooth or nearly so ; styles 1 -3 ; fruit pear-sliaped or globose, red. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. 6. C. COecinea, L. Smooth; leaves thin, roundish -ovate, with 3-5 short and sharply serrate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole, strongly straight-veined ; those on the young branches often truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and more strongly lobed ; spines stout ; styles 3 - 5 ; frait large, globose or pear-shaped, bright red. (C. viridis, L. C. populifolia, E/l.) — Open dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and nortiiward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1' - 2' long, bright green. 7. C. tomentosa, L. Leaves large (3' -5' long), broadly ovate or oval, finely serrate, and slightly lobed above the middle, abruptly narrowed into a short margined petiole, pubescent, especially beneath, the veins sti-aight and impressed ; corymbs large, tomentosc ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped, or- ange-red. Var. punctata, Gray. (C. punctata, Jac^.) Leaves smaller and smoother, more strongly furrowed Ijy the impressed veins, and more tapering at the base ; fruit globose, dull red, dotted with white. — Woods and swampy thickets in the upper districts, Georgia and Alabama, and northward. May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers and fniit large. * * Corymbs simple, 1 - 6-floivered. 8. C. aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Glandless ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- coming smooth above, and rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate- obovate, crenate above the middle, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs 128 ROSACK^E. (rose FAMILY.) siiiootli, .'1 -r)-flo\\('iT(l ; styles 4-5; fi-iiit hirqrc^ ploliose, rod. — "\''aric's (C lii- cida, Kll.) with siiuallur (1'), ttiiiiiicr, and smootli li'aves, wliiiii aif gloss}' aliovi'. — Margins of pine-barrcn jionds, Florida to iSoiitli Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A small tree. Leavus 2' - 3' long. I'liiit juicv, cdihle. 9. C. flava, Ait. Glandular; k-aves cuneatc-obovate, serrate and slightly lobcd near tiie apex, smooth, tapering into a short jK'tiolc ; eorymbs smooth, 1 -4-flowered ; styles 4-5 ; flowers and pear-shajK'd fruit large. — Shady sandy ]>laces. Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 20° higii. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit grccnish-yellow. 10. C. glandulosa, Michx. Branehlets, leaves, and corymbs whitened with soft hairs ; leaves opaijue, cuncatc, entire or glandular-serrate, tapering into a slender petiole, becoming smoothish ; those on the young branches often spar- ingly lobed ; corymbs 3-G-flowercd, unilateral ; styles 5 ; fruit small, globose, red. (C. elliptica, .4j7.) — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April. — A small tree, with coarse bark, and long recurved branches. Leaves 1' long. Fruit 0" - 4" long. 11. C. parvifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, scarcely petioled, serrate, the lower surface, like the branehlets and calyx, pubescent ; spines numerous, long and slender ; flowers mostly solitarj' ; calyx-lobes large, serrate ; styles 5 ; fruit large, globose or ]>car-slia])cd, somewhat hairy. — Sandy soil, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May. — A much branched shrub, 3° -5° high. Leaves 1' long. 16. PYRUS, L. Pear. Apple. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit fleshy or baccate, containing 2-5 cartilaginous, 2 seeded carpels. — Trees or shrubs. Flowers cymosc or corymbose. * lyfuvcs simple, (jlandular : fruit depressed at the base. 1. P. coronaria, L. Leaves on long and slender petioles, ovate, round- ed, or slightly cordate at the base, angled or lobed, sen-ate, smooth ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles woolly and united at the base. — Rich soil in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. 2. P. angUStifolia, Ait. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at the base, serrate, short-pctiokd ; corymlis simijle, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles smooth, distinct. — Open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — A small tree. Fruit very sour. * * Leaves simple, the midrib glcindiihtr above : fruit baerate, globose. 3. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves oval-oblong or somewhat obovate, abruptly acute or mucronate, smooth above, except the midrib, finely serrate ; styles vil- lous at the base. Var. erythrocarpa. Stem tall (.50-10°); branehlets, cymes, and lower surface of the large (2' -4') leaves tomcntose and hoary ; petals and anthers red- dish ; berries red. (Arouia arbutifolia. Ell.) CALYCANTUACP^ii':. (CAnOLIXA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) 129 Var. melanoearpa. Stem low (2° -4°); ln-unchlets, cymes, and leaves smooth or nearly so ; leaves small ; petals white ; berries blaek. (Aronia me- lanoearpa, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. * * * Leaven unecjuallij pinnate : ri/mef: compound : fruit hacrate. 4. P. Americana, DC. Leaflets 13-1.5, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate above the middle, soon smooth ; cymes large, dense ; berry small, globose or pear-shaped, scarlet. (Sorbus microcarpa, Purs/t.) — Higliest mountains of Xorth Carolina. Mav and June. — A slirul) or small tree. Fi-uit acid. 17. AMELANCHIER, .Aledic. Calyx .5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens numerous, short. Styles .5, more or less united. Fruit baccate, containing 3-5 cartilaginous 2-seedcd carpels ; seeds separated by a false partition. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, and white flowers in terminal racemes. 1 . A. Canadensis, L , var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray. Branches, leaves, and racemes tomentose when young, soon smooth ; leaves elliptical, ab- ruptly acute, finely and sharph' serrate, often slightly cordate ; racemes slender, appearing before the leaves ; petals four times as long as the calyx ; fruit glo- bose, purplish. (Aronia Botryapium, Ell.) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Fel>ruary and March. — A small tree, with smooth whitish bark. Var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. Shrubby ; leaves roundish-oval, some- what acuminate, sharply serrate; racemes 6- 10-flowered ; petals small, nar- rowly oblong. (Aronia ovalis, £//.) — Low grounds, chiefly in the upper dis- tricts, Georgia and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. The cultivated representatives of this order are the Pluai (Prunus domes- Ticus, L), Apricot (P. Armexiaca, L.), Cherries (P. Avium and P. Ce- RASus, L.), Peach (Persica vulgaris. Mill.), Apple (PyRcs malus, L.), Pear (P. communis, L.), Quince (Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.), and the Almond (Amygdalus). Order 49. CALYCANTHACE^. (C-a.rolina.Allspice Family'.) Shrubs, with opposite and entire leaves, without stipules or pellucid dots. — Sepals and petals numerous and alike, united below into an ob- conical fleshy cup, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, short, inserted within the petals, the inner ones often sterile. Anthers adnate, e.xtrorse. Ovaries several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, and inserted on its inner face, becoming 1-sceded achenia in fruit. Seeds auatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons convolute. l.')0 MYRTACK.K. (MYUTLK FAMILY.) 1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scextkd Shrub. Calvx-tube dosed, Icafy-bracted ; the lobes and petals in several rows, lanceo" late, somewhat flesliy- Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit diy, jjcar-shapcd, enclosing the lar^'C achenia. — Aromatic slirul)s, with opposite or forking branch- es, short-petiolcd deciduous leaves, and large brownish-purple terminal flowers. 1. C. floridus, L. Branehlcts, petioles, and peduncles hoary-pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper surface, tomcntose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute. — Banks of streams in the upper districts. North Carolina to Mississippi. April. — Shnib 4°-8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fra- grant. 2. C. IsevigatUS, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent or sinoothish; leaves oblong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on the upper surftice, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals linear- lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell, leaves very rough above, but shining; flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, chiefly in the low country, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers 1^' in diameter. ■3. C. glaucus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and rougbish on the upper surface, smooth and glaucous beneath ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lan- ceolate, and abraptly sharp-pointed. — Low shady woods along the mountains of Georgia and Xorth Carolina. May and June. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. Leaves rather rigid, 4' -7' long. Flowers \^'-2' in diameter. The Po.MEGRAN.vTE (PuNicA Gkanatum, L.) bclougs to the allied order Gkanate-i:. Order 50. MYRTACEiE. (Myrtle Family.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, clotted and commonly ■with an jntra-marginal vein. Stipules none. — Calyx 4-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube adherent to the compound ovary. Petals 4-6, inserted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously combined. Anthers introrse, roundish, longitudinally dehiscent. Style soUtary. Seeds without albu- men, fixed to a central placenta. 1. EUGENIA, Micheli. Allspice. Calyx -tube roundish, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2 - 3-cclled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded. Cotyledons thick and united. Radicle veiy short. — Flowers white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clustered, 2-bracted. MELASTOMACE^E. (meLASTOMA FAMILY.) 131 * Flowers in axillari/ cymes. 1. E. dichotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovatc, obtuse or emarginate, tigid, and, like the branches, roughened with appressed hairs, at length sinooth- ish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered, the central flowers sessile; calyx-tube obconical, 2-bracted, downy and hoary, the lobes roundish, spreading; petals orbicular, ciliate ; stamens numerous. — South Florida- — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Branches compressed. * * Flowers solitary or nmhellate. 2. E. procera, Poir. Smooth ; leaves ovate, tapering but obtuse at the apex, abi-u|)tly contracted at the base into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary or 2-4 together, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-tube hemispherical; petals orbicular, ciliate; ben-y globose, 1-seeded. — South Flor- ida. May. — A small tree. Leaves Ij'- 2' lotig. Flowers conspicuous, white and fragrant. Beriy as large as a grain of pepper. * * * Flowers minute, in very short cluster-like racemes. 3. E. monticola, DC. Smooth ; leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, some- what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emarginate, contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustei-ed, several-flowered, shorter than the peti- ole ; stamens numerous ; berry globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - C° high. Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. BeiTies abundant, as large as a grain of pepper, black. 4. E. buxifolia, Willd. ? Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, short-petioled ; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered, about as long as the petiole ; flowers minute ; stamens few (9-12) or numerous ; berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the leaves and berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens, and probably includes two or more species. 2. CALYPTRANTHES, Swartz. Calyx-tube obovate ; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-3-celled, \\\t\\ 2 ovules in each cell. Beny 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds roundish: testa smooth. Embryo curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal folded and contorted cotyledons. — Shmbs or trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flow- ered. 1. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than the leaves, cymose-panided, tomentose; flowers minute; berry dry, globose, 1-2- seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree. Ord?:r 51. MELASTOMACEiE. (Melastoma Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbefl leaves, without dots or stipules, and sliowy iiowers. — Caly.x urn-shaped, 4 - 6-lo'oec», iiCi-siscfcut^ 1"'2 MKI.ASTOMACK.i:. (.MKLASTO.M.V lAMILV.) colu'ring witli tlic ovary Ix'low, or Mith its angles. Petals J - 0, twisted in tliu bud, inserted witli tlie 4-12 stamens on the throat of the ealyx. An- thers adnate, often appendaged, usually opening by terminal pores. Ovary 3-G-eelled. Ovules numerous, attaehed to the central ])laeentii'. Style solitary. Fruit baeeate and indeliiseent, or capsular and loeulieidally de- Iiiscent. Seeds anatropous, Mitliout albumen. 1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Gra.ss. Calyx-tiil)C prolonged and narrowed above tlic ovary, 4-ckft. Petals 4, round- ish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1 -celled, opcninj^ by a terminal pore. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3-.5-rihbed. I'low- ers cymose, terminal. * Anthers long, linear, curvinf/ upward, saccate at the base, and couimonlij furnished with a bristle-like appenduije at the insaiion of the filaments : flowers purple or whitish. 1. B,. Mariana, L. Bristly; stem branched, terete or 6-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sliort-])ctiolcd, bristly serrate ; caly.\ mosth' smooth, cylindri- cal in flower, the neck in fruit as long as the glol)ose ca))su]:ir portion ; flowers purole. — Varies with narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller wliitish flowers. (R. lanceolata. Wall.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sejjt. — Stem 10-2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed. Flowers U'-2' wide, hairy externally. 2. R. Virginica, L. Bristly; stem 4-angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest rounded ; neck of die bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular portion ; the lobes ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, chiefly in the ui)per districts, Mississij)pi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' higli. Leaves 3-5-ribbed. Flowers purple. 3. R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth, 4-winged, bearded at the joints ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute or acununate, .5-ribbed, bristly ser- rate, sessile ; cyme com])ound ; calyx smooth, urn-sha])ed, the lobes lanceolate. — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens. Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves nigosc, tlic lateral ribs obscure. Flowers purple. 4. R. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mosdy simple ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; calyx smooth or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Low pine barrens, Florida to Korth Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June -August. — Root spongy. Stem 2°-3° high. Leaves sweetish. * * Anthers short, ohioncj, erect, not appenduged : neck of the calijx short. -<- Flowers purple : leaves small, ovate or roundish, bristly serrulate. .'). R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem simple, smooth, 4-angled above; leaves brisdy on the upper suifiicc, 3-ribbed ; cyme few-flowered, leafy ; calyx smooth. — Bogs in the pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and LYTHUACE.E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 133 Augu'Jt. Stem 1°-1|° higli. Leaves rarely 1' long. Flowers I'-lj' in diameter. 6. B,. serrulata, Nutt. Low ; stem simple, 4-anglecl, smootli ; leaves smooth above ; calyx glandular-bristly ; cyme leafy, 1 - 6-flowered. — Open flat pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2' -6' high Leaves and flowers smaller than in the preceding. -I- H- Flowers yelloio. 7. R. lutea, Walt. Stem at length much l)ranched, 4-angled, bristly ; leaves smoothish, bristly serrulate, tiie lower ones obovate and obtuse, the upper lanceolate and acute ; cymes numerous ; calyx short and smooth ; flowers small. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 1° high. Petals more persistent than those of the other species. Order 52. LYTHRACE^. (Loosestrife Family.) Chiefly herbs, witli opposite or -whorled and entire leaves, without stip- ules. Flowers mostly axillary. — Calyx tubular, persistent, 4 - 7-toothed, free from tlie 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals as many as the teeth of the calyx and inserted into its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals, or 2-4 times as many, inserted below the petals. Anthers short, iutrorse. Style solitary. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 1 - 4-celled, few or many-seeded. Placentie central. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Sinuses of the calyx often api)endaged. Stigma capi- tate, or rarely 2-lobed. Synopsis. * Calyx regular. 1. IIYPOBRYCIITA. Calyx hemispherical. Petals none. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled 2. AMM.\NNIA. Calyx campanulate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4-cellcd. 3. LYTIIRUM. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Capsule oblong, 2-cellr(l. 4. NES.i;A. Calyx short, even. Capsule globose, 3- 5-celled- St,.^i;:eus 10. * * Calyx gibbous at the base. 5. CUPIIEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule early ruptured. 1. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 2-4. Style very short: stigma 2lobcd. Capsule globose, 2-ccl led. — A submerged aquatic herb, with long filiform stems, opposite crowded pellucid linear leaves, and minute sessile axillary flowers. 1. H. Nuttallii, Torr. &, Gray. — Ponds and still water, "West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- Aug. —Stems I°-2° long. Leaves 1' long, acute. Flowers not larger than a pin's liead. 12 134 LYTHRACEyE. (t,OOSP:STIUFE FAMILY.) 2. AMMANNIA, Houston. Calyx globular or cam])iinul;itc, 4-anglc(], 4-tootlR'(l, the sinuses commonly funiislied with a small horn-shaped appendage. Petals 4, small, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Stigma capitate. Capsule glol)ular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Low smooth annual herbs, with oppof^itc leaves, and solitary or clustered axillary flowers. 1. A. humilis, Michx. Stem branching from the base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; flowers solitary ; style very short ; petals 4, purplish. — Varies with the leaves dilated and somewhat cordate at the base, and the lower flowers clustered. (A. ramosior, Midix) — Ditches and muddy places, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem G'- 12' iiigh. 2. A. OCCidentalis, DC Stem nearly simple, ascending, rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate, naiTOWcd into a petiole ; flowers solitary, aj^ctalous ; calyx 8-toothed. Var. pygmsea. Stem very short (i'-l' long); sinuses of the calyx ap- pendaged, emarginate, as long as the teeth ; style short. — Key West, Dr. Blodyeit. — Leaves obtuse. Stem 1 - 6-flowered. 3. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in the .sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the ])etals, or twice as many, in- serted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly cfpial. Capsule oblong, 2-cellcd, many-seeded. — Herbs, wjtli opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary purple or whitish flowers. 1. L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth; stem and virgate branches 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches shorter, leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the ujipermost twice as long as the calyx. (L. laneeolatum, Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. July - September. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers violet-purple. 2. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-anglcd, much branched ; leaves all opposite, linear ; flowers small, whitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish marshes, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2°-40 higii. Calyx-teeth short. 4. NES^A, Commerson. Calyx hemispherical or camjinnulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 - 4-celled. — Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 1. N. vertieillata, H. B.K. Shrubby ; stems pubescent, recurved ; leaves opposite and whorled, lanceolate, tomcntose beneath ; peduncles short, 3 or panzopiiORACK^E. (mangrove family.) 135 several-floTvered ; petals 5, showy ; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter. (Decodon vcrticillatum, Ell.) — Marshes and margins of ponds, Florida and northward. August. — Stems 3° - 4° long. Flowers purple. 5. CUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothcd, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 11-12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-cellcd, few- seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purijlish flowers. 1. C. viseosissima, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, op- posite, ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne be- tween the petioles, solitary; petals violet-purple; stamens 12. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. 2. C. aspera, n. sp. Perennial; muricate-hispid and clammy; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, borne between the petioles (whorled); petals white or pale-purple; stamens 11. — Low pine barrens, St. Joseph's, Florida. Stem l°-lg-° high. Leaves I'long, rigid. Root bearing small tubers. The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstrcemia Ixdica, L.), originally from Eastern Asia, is common in cultivation. Order 53. RHIZOPHORACE^. (M.^^grove Family.) Trees or shrubs, growing in maritime swamps, with opposite, entire, co- riaceous leaves, and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx imited with the ovary, 4 - 12-Iobed, valvate or lid-like in the bud. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate Avith them. Stamens twice or several times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx. Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled. Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. Radicle elongated. 1. RHIZOPHORA, L. Maxgrove. Calyx-tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi- nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. Sta- mens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit encircled above the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating embryo. — Flowers axillary, showy. 1. R. Mangle, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; peduncles 2-3-flowered; germinating embryo clavate ; flowers pale yellow. — Muddy shores, South Florida, forming dense low thickets. 13G COMlJUr.TACKvE. (cOMimKTL'M lAMlLY.) Okdku '>[. COMBRETACEyT]. (Combkktu.m Family.) Tropical trees or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary spiked or cajjitate llowi-rs. — Calyx-tube coherent with the l-eelled, 2 - "j- ovuled ovar}- ; the limb 4 - 5-elef't, mostly deciduous. Petals 4-5, often wanting. Stamens 4- 1.0, inserted with the petals on the caly.x. Style slender: stigma simj)le. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or dry and indehis- cent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, anatropous, without albu- men. Cotyledons convolute or variously Iblded. 1. LAGUNCULARIA, Gart. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb 5-parted, ol)tuse, ])ersist- ent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate ; stigma oapiratc. Ovary l-celled, 2-ovuled. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovatc, compressed, angled, 1-secdcd. Seeds genninating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. Kadidc clong-itcd. — Maritime slu-ubs, with opposite elliptical smooth and fleshy leaves, on biglandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or compcjund axillary and tcnninal spikes. 1. L. raeemosa, G«rt. Spikes erect, rigid, hoary -tomcntosc, tlie lateral ones solitary, the terminal ones in threes, simple or branched ; flowers scattered ; calyx-tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — Soutli Florida. June to Aug. — A shrub or small tree, with the habit of the Mangrove. 2. L. glabrifloi'a, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smooth, the lateral ones in pairs, the terminal ones in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded, deciduous ; calyx-tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlcts ap- pressed to sides. — Banks of the Manitec Kiver, South Florida, Rugel. June. — Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding. 2. CONOCARPUS, Ga-rt. Flowers densely crowded in a globular licad. Calyx-tube about as long as the compressed 2-ovulcd ovary ; the limb 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens 5-10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, closely imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked or panicled. 1. C. erecta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a biglandular petiole ; heads of flowers sessile, or on short and spreading pedicels ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var. SERiCEA, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary ; lowest leaves mostly obovatc and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea-shore, Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. January and February. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Heads of fruit 3" -6" long. Flowers greenish, minute. OXAGRACE.E. (eVENIXG-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 137 3. TERMINALIA, L. Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bcll- shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens 10, in 2 rows, longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3ovuled. Style filiform. Drupe dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. — Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the summit of the branches. 1. T. Catappa, L. Leaves short-petioled, softly pubescent when young, at length smoothish, obovate, wedge-shaped but truncated or slightly cordate at the base, with a depressed gland on each side of the midrib near the base ; spikes very slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper flowers sterile ; drupe ovate, acute, compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Flowers minute, pale green. Order 55. OJVAGRACEiE. (Evening-Primrose Family.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond it, 2-6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted into its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2-4-celled. Placenta central. Style solitary : stigma capitate or 2 - 4-lobed. Cap- sule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with little or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. Suborder I. OXAGRACE^. Styles slender. Fruit 4-valved (indehiscent in Gaura). Seeds attached to a central placenta, without albumen. * Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary. 1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. 2. (ENOTHER.'V. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. * * Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary. 3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 4. JUSSI.1:A. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4 -6. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 6. LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Cap.sule short, many-seeded. 6. CIR.C3A. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1-2-seeded. Suborder II. HALORAGE^E. Styles very short or none. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds suspended, solitary in each cell. Albumen thin. — Flowers minute, axillary. 7. PIIGSERPINACA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Capsule 3-angr1ed. 8. MYllIOPUYLLUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4 -8. Capsule 4-angled. 1. GAURA, L. Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3-4-lobcd, rcflcxcd, deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens 12* 138 ONAGRACEiE. (EVKNING-rUIMIJOSE FAMILV.) G-8. Stvlc ilecliuod : stigma 4-lobcd. Ovary 3-4-cclled. Fruit 3 -4-anglcd, mostly l-('elittl, 1 -4-seedcd. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white or purjilc flowers in a loiig-pedunclcd raceme or spike. 1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- coming smooiiiish, wavy -denticulate on the margins; petals spatuhitc, white; fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and northward. July and August. {^ — Stem 3° - 8° high. Spikes compound. 2. Gr. angustifolia, Miehx. Stem simple, or spanngly branched, closely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely-toothed, often blotched with purple ; the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, acute at both ends, sharply 3 -4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - August. @ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers white. 3. G. filipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smootli- ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, wavy ; fruit ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-anglcd, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (f) ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, verv leafy. 2. CENOTHEEA, L. Evexing-Primkose. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobcd, rcflexed and decid- uous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valvcd, many-seeded. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yellow flow- ers. Pollen-grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. * Capsule cylindrical, sessile: flowers expanding at night : annuals or biennials. 1 . CE. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish ; stem tall, often simple ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate on the margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length elon- gated ; calyx-tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. (CE. murieata, Pursh. CE. gvandidoni, Ait.) — Fields and waste places, everywhere. June -Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Varies greatly in pubescence and size of the flower. 2. CE. sinuata, L. Hairy or downy ; stems ascending or difl'use ; leaves oblong, pinnately lobed, the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers small, axillary ; calyx and capsule hairy. Passes through several intermediate forms into A^ar. iiumi- FUSA, Terr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, hoary; leaves small, lanceolate, spar- ingly toothed or entire. — Fields and waste places, common ; the variety in drifiing sand along the coast. May - Sept. — Stems 2' - 2° high. * * Capsule ohovute or clavaie, furrowed, and more or less pedunckd : flowers ex- panding in sunshine. 3. CE. glauca, Miclix. Smootii and somewhat glaucous ; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, w^avy -denticulate, acute ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; flowers large; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-winged, tapering into a short pedicel. (CE. Fraseri, Pursh.) — ^Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. May ONAGRACE.E. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 139 -July. U— Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 2' in diameter. 4. CE. riparia, Nutt. Stem slightly pubescent, very leafy ; leaves linear- lanceolate, remotely denticulate, narrowed into a short petiole ; raceme short, leafy at the base, elongated in fruit ; flowers large ; capsule oblong-clavate, dis- tinctly pedicelled, slightly 4-winged, with 4 strong intermediate ribs. — Swamps and river-banks, Florida and northward. June and July. (2'' — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, pubescent on the midrib and margins. Flowers 2' in diameter. 5. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostlj^ simple ; leaves lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins ; raceme at first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-wingcd, with in- termediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June- Sept. 11. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Flow- ers 1' - 2' in diameter. 6. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ; the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate ; the others linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate ; raceme short, many-flowered, leafy ; capsule ob- ovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter than the pedicel. — Dry light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April -June. — Stem 1° - U° high. Flowers 1' in diameter. 7. CE.pum.ila, L Low, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, obtuse; raceme leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and occasionally also around dwellings in the low country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers ^' in diameter. 8. CE. liuifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; leaves very numerous, linear-filiform, the lowest spatulate; raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the stigma coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly sessile. — Gravelly hills, near Scott's mill, Warren County, Georgia, and westward. June. — Stem 6'- 12' hij'h. Flowers 4" -5" in diameter. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-Herb. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the apex. — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticulate leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers. 1. E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath ; racemes elongated, bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lohed ; capsule and calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum. Lam.) — Mountains of North Carolina and nortiiward. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 140 0NA(;KACK/K. (KVI.MVC-rUIMROSK lAMII.Y.) 2. E. COloratum, Mulil. Stem sniooilii>h, imicli l)raii(lir(l ; loiivos mostly oi)posite, IiiiuTolato or ovate-laiucolati!, ilititiculati' ; raceine IcatV ; Howi-rs small, ri'tldish; petals 2-cK'ft ; stigma clavatc; ta|)snle pi to North Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem l°-2° liigli. 3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem puheseent, hrancliing nbove ; leaves linear, slightly dentieulate, the lower ones opposite ; raeemc leafy ; flowers small, white or rose-eolor ; stigma clavate ; iiii])li', Klciulcr, angled nbovi' ; Icavi-s long, laiUTolate, ni-ute, sessile, the lowest ones broader uiid ob- tuse ; flowers ill a eompaet oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes seatteivd ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4 -angled, somewhat narrower at the base, longer than the calyx-lolx-s. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 10. L. lanceolata, Ell.? Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; seeds cylindrical. — I'onds and swamps in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° Ligl . Flowers small. 11. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneatc-lanceolate, obscurely denticu- late; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx- lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 12. L. microcarpa, jNIichx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 3-angled, mostly siniiilt; ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; cajisule mi- nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Cap- sule scarcely larger than a pin'.s head. * * * Stems creeping : leaves opposite. t- Petals none. 13. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, tapering into a long petiole ; ea])sulc oblong or obconieal, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the calvx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June- Sept. — Stems r)'-12' long. 14. L. spathulata, Torn & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule ovoid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mur- gins of pine-barren ponds, Middle Florida. July and August. -^ •*- Petals 4. 15. L. natans, EU. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, ta- pering into a long petiole; flowers sbort-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the ba.sc. — Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger. 16. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, naiTowed at the base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the base ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla- vatc, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, &e., Florida to North Cuioliua. July. — Stems 4' - 8' long. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 143 6. CIRC^A, Tourn. Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous. Petals 2, obeordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule oljovate, 1 -2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes. 1. C. XiUtetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight- ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule hispid. — Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem l°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white. 2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; capsule hairy. — ■ With the preceding. 7. PROSERPINACA, L. Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobcd. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seedcd. — Herbs with piunately dissected leaves, and minute axillary greenish flowers. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June- August. — Stem 1° - li" long, ascending or floating. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform ; fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long. 8. MYRIOPHYLLTJM, Vail. Water-Milfoil. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 4- toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into fillfonn or capillary segments, and commonly whorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the uppermost sterile. * Stamens 8 : yruit even or vmrty. 1. M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender ; leaves 4 in a whorl ; the floral ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter than tlie flowers, which thus form an interru|)tcd almost naked spike ; fruit roughened with mi- nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes. Middle and West Florida. — July. 2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3 -4, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers; fruit smooth. — Still water, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last. * * Stfimens 4 : frnit ridged and rowjhened. 3 M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower ]\l CACTACK.K. (cactus FAMILY.) OIK'S pinn!iti(i(l ; fruit sli;,'litly roiiglicnid. — ronds jind difrlicH, Florida, and noithwiud. July. 4. M. SCabratum, Miclix. Stem short (C- 12'); leaves 4 -5 in a whorl, the divisions fi.'\v and eaj)illiuy, the floral ones linear, peotinately toothed ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds. South Carolina, and north- ward. June and Julv. Order 56. CACTACEiE. (Cactus Family.) Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, ■with globular, or columnar and anjrular, or flattened and jointed stems, and solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in several rows, and adherent to the l-celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, with lonjj filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style siii>.de: stigmas nu- merous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, borne on several parietal placentie. Albumen scanty or none. 1. CEREUS, Haw. Sepals and jtctals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens inserted on the tuljc. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without al- bumen.— Stems elongated, ribbed or angled; the angles bearing tufts of spines and showy flowers. 1. C. monoelonos, DC ? Stem tall, columnar. 6-8-angled, green; angles obtuse; s])ines short, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° -10° high. Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones ■ linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stigmas 10 or more, filiform, exserted. Stamens included. 2. C. triangularis, Haw. ? Stem elongated, jointed, 3-sided, rooting at the joints ; flowers greenish externally, white within, very large ; fruit large, naked. — Key West. — Stem climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long. 2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. JMmckly Fkar. Sepals and petals not united into a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3- 8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen. — Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of bristly hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. I'lowei-s large, yellow. 1. O. Ficus-Indicus, Haw. Stem erect, spreading; joints oval and. obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob- ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joints 1° long. 2. O. vulgaris, Mill. Stem prostrate; joints obovate, pale; spines few and short; fruit nearly smooth. — Dr}' sandy soil, Florida and northward, near the coast. June and July. GROSSULACE^. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 145 3. O. pOlyantha, Haw. Stem erect ; joints oblong ; spines yellow, strong, unequal ; tlovveis numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 6. — Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June. 4. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (1'- 3'), cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, un- equal, elongated; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate; stigmas 4; fruit small, fleshy, bristly, 1 - 2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. May. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Order 57. GROSSUL.ACE.^. (Cuurant Family.) Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves, without stipules, and with axillary racemose or clustered flowers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, small. Sta- mens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Styles more or less united. Fruit a 1-celIed, many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, with the minute embryo at the base of hard albumen. 1. RIBES, L. Currant. Gooseheruy. Character same as the order. * Stems spiny and commonly Lrislli/: peduncles 1 - 3-Jlowered. 1. R. Cynosbati, L. Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, round- ish, 3-5-lol,ed, pubescent; peduncles 2-3-flowered; stamens and single style not longer than the broad and short calyx-tube ; petals obovate ; berry mostly prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem smootli or bristly. Leaves l'-2' in diameter. 2. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3-5- lobcd, often acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowcred ; stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx-tube ; petals spatulatc ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Shrub 3° -4° high, often unarmed. Leaves |' - 1' in diameter. 3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short ; leaves on slender peti- oles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed ; peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 - 2-fiowered ; calyx smooth, tubular-campauu- late. — Mountains of Tennessee. * * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-Jloivered. 4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, with about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smooth ; racemes erect ; style 2- cleft ; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stems reclining. Kacemes 3' - 5' long. Leaves 2' - 3' in diameter. 5. R. resinosum, Pursh. Plant clothed in every part with resinous glan- dular hairs; leaves roundish, 3 -5-lobed; racemes erect; bracts linear, longer 13 14G TURNERACEJI':. (tUKNERA FAMILY.) than the pedicels ; ealyx fliittisli ; petals oiuiisely rhoiiihoidal ; fruit hirsute. Mountains of Nortii Carolina. April and May. ( • ) Ordkr 58. LOASACEiK. (Loasa Family.) Herbs, commonly aniicd witli bristly barbed and stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, oxstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx-tube ad- herent to the 1 -celled ovary, the limb 5-jjarted and persistent. Petals 5 or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly indefinite, in several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. Caj)sale irregu- larly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3-5 parietal ulacentae, commonly Avitli scanty albumen. 1. MENTZELIA, Plum. Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. Sta- mens commonly 30 or more, tiic exterior ones often dilated and sterile. Styles 3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valvcd at the summit, with 3 paiietal pla- centae. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems brancllin|,^ Leaves toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- lobed at the base ; stamens about 30 ; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Flowers small, golden-yellow. Order 59. TURNERACEiE. (Turxera Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and solitary axillary flowers — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of the calyx below the pe- tals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 3 or (j, many-parted. Placenta? 3, parietal. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels. 1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deeply 2-parted. Stigmas 6, many- parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves. — Herbs with stellate pubes- cence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. 1. P. fulva. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomcntose ; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate or toothed, nearly sessile ; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the leaves. I'ASSIFLOKACE.E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 147 often bibracteolate ; petals obovatc ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cistoides, Ell. P. villosa, Auh. ?) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 1|. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the lowest ones broader. 2. P. tomentosa, H. B. K. Stcllate-tomentose througliout ; stem sim- ple ; leaves nearly sessile, oblong, acute or obiuse, obscurely crenatc, hoary be- neath; pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves rather rigid, 1' long 3. P. glabra. Stem slender, branching, smooth ; leaves smooth, linear, entire, the floral ones small and bractlikc ; pedicels several times longer than the leaves, and, like the calyx, stcllate-tomentose ; petals spatulate ; styles 2-cleft. (Turneva glabra, L»C.?) — South Florida. — Stem l°-20 high. Leaves 2' long. Flowei-s 1' in diameter. Order GO. PASSIFLORACEiE. (Passion-Flo wer Family.) Climbing herbs or shrubs, -with alternate mostly stipulate leaves, and a.K- illary often show)- llowers. — Calyx of 4 — 5 more or less united sepals, commonly bearinn; at the throat 4-5 petals, and a crown of slender fila- ments in one or more rows. Stamens 4 — 5, monadelphous below and en- closing the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 })arietal pla- centae. St}les 3-4, tlavate. Fruit fleshy or baccate. Seeds niuiiorous, anatropous, included in a pulpy sac. Embryo in the axis of Heshy albu- men. 1. PASSIPLORA, L. r.vssiox-FLOWER. JM.vr-Por. Calyx-tube very .sliort. Fihxments of tlie crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit baccate — Tendrils axHIary. Peduncles jointed, 1 -flowered. 1. P. incarnata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, sen-ate ; petioles bigiandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex, whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the two outer ones as long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, common. June and July Ij. — Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flowers purple and white. 2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-Iobed at the summit, with the lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish-yellow ; peduncles by pairs, bractlcss ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, sliorter than the sepals. — Woods and tiiickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. H. — Fruit oval, purple, ^' m diameter. 3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- nerved at the l)ase, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the middle lobe largest ; petioles short, bigiandular above the middle ; peduncles commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish . petals none ; filaments of the crown shorter than tlie sepals, pur])le at tiie base ; fruit purple. — South Florida. 148 CLCUUniTACE^. (GOLltU lAMIl.y.) 4. p. angustifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mostly 3-lol)eil, with the lobes lanceolate, oLituse, and iiitire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, anil acute ; peti- oles short, biglandular ; (lowers small, solitary or by ]>airs, the peduncles short and bractless ; petals none — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves sometimes entire. Flowers 4" -G" wide, yellowish. Berry ])urple, as large as a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occasionally 4. Stipules subulate. 5. P. "Warei, Nutt. Leaves on short l)ip:landiilar petioles ; the lower ones 3-lobed, acute ; the ui)per ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pedun- cles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ; segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Probably identical with P. pallida of the West Indies. Order G1. CUCURBITACEiE. (Gourd Family.) Herbs, with succulent st(Miis, climbino; by means of lateral tendrils. Leaves alternate, j)almately veined or lobed. Flowers a.xillary, monce- eious or dia'cious. — Calyx 5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct, or more or less united petals, coherent Avith tiie calyx. Stamens 3-5, free or variously united. Anthers Ion*', straiirht or tortuous, com- monly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (/>epo) fleshy or inilpy, 1 - 3-c-elled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, "without albumen. Cotjledons leafy. Synopsis. 1. BKYONI.V. Tetals 5, distinct, or united at tlie base. Ovary 3-celIed. Fruit 3 secdud, smootli. 2. MEI^OTHKI.\. retals 'j, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit many-seeded, smooth. 3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1- seedcd, hispid. 1. BRYONIA, L. Flowers moncecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous . anthers tortuous. Style mostly 3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 1 B. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cor- date, 3 -.Globed ; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate ; sterile and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicelled ; styles united ; fruit 3-seedcd ; the seeds S-toothed at tlie liase. — IJiver-banks, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stems elongated. Flowers greenish-white. Berry crimson. 2. MELOTHRIA, L. Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a campanu- SURIANACK.E. (SURIANA FAMILY.) 149 late corolla. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length sep- arate Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 3. Fruit oval, smooth, many-seeded. 1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth; leaves rough, cordate, with 3 - .^ angular-toothed lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, on long peduncles ; fruit oval, blackish, drooping. — Light soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -August. — Flowers small, yellow. 3. SICYOS, L. Flowers moncjecious. Calyx flattish, with .5 subulate or minute teeth. Petals 5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens f>, monadelplious or triadelphous. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit membranaceous, bristly, 1-secded. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers mostly from tiie same axil. 1 . S. angulatUS, L. Plant hairy and clammy ; leaves thin, cordate, with 3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes ; sterile flowers racemose ; the fertile ones in peduncled clusters, whitish. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. June - August. h Order 02. StKIANACF,^, — (grT,>Tv.TA i^..rrr^-y_ / / A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, in small axillary bracted racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, per- sistent ; the base fdled witii a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals o, oblon^-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral ortho- tropous ovules in eac^h. Styles 5, each arising from the central angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, indehis- Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. 1. SURIANA, 'Plum. Character same as the order. 1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Leaves linear-spatulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of tiic branches. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Ori>er 63. CRASSULACEiE. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs, witli exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and mostly cymose flowers. Sepals 3 - 20, more or less united at the base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base of the calyx, imbricated in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many, inserted 13* 150 cuASSULACE.i:. (oki'im: ia.mii.v.) ■with the potals. Ovaries as many as tlic M-pals, sc])arato or united In-low. Carpt'ls si'\ iTalscc'dfd, opening along the inner suliiru. Seeds anatru]>uu3. Embryo straight, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. Sr.DlM. Carpels distinct. Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. 2. DI.\.MOKriI V. Carpels uuiU'd at the bafe. Sepals 4. Stamens 8 3. PENTIIOKUM. Carpels uuited above the midJIe. Sepals 5. Stamens 10- 1. SEDUM, L. Om-iNK. SxoxK-CRor. Sepals 4 -.5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, niany-sccdcd, with an en- tire scale at tlie base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy. 1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem ."^tout, erect or ascending, very leafy throughout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower ones mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile ; cymes compact, erect, many- flowered ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; stamens 10 ; caqK-ls acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 7'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- li' long. 2. S. ternatum, ^lich.K. Stems low (3' -8'), branching at the base, ascend- ing; lowest leaves crowded, spatulatc or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper ones scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cyme composed of 3 recurved branches ; stamens 8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain-rocks, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. Jlay and June. y. — Flowers white. 3. S. pulchellura, ^Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' long) ; leaves very numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse; cyme composed of several recurved or spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the ])etals ; stamens 8, those of the central flowers mostly 10; carpels tapering into the long and slender style. — With the preceding. Jlay and June. 4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat- tered, linear-clavate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the widely spread- ing or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer than the flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate white petals ; stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish-brown ; carpels tapering into the short subulate style — Rocky cliff's at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Bev. R. D. Nevius. April and May. 2. DIAMORPHA, Nutt. Sepals 4, vcrj- short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, united below the middle, at length spreading, 4-8-seedod. — A small (l'-4'J succu- lent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves terete, fleshy. Flowers white. 1 - D. pusilla, Nutt. — On flat rocks in the upper districts, Alabama to North Carolina. ^larch and April. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151 3. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Sepals 5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a 5-cellc(l capsnle, sprcailing at the summit, ■which tails away at maturity. Seeds numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate leaves, and yellowish flowers on one side of the rcvolutc branches of the simple cyme. 1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate; petals commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July- Sept. Ordkr 64. SAXIFRAGACE7E. (Saxifrage Family.) Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less adherent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and sepa- rate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SuBORUKK I. SAXIFRAGE.1E. Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or none. * Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. LEPUUOPETALOX. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celIeii, beakless. 2. HEUClIKllA, Styles 2 Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked. 3. BOYKIXIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. * » Stamens twice as many as the sepals. ■•- Capsule 2-celled. 4. SAXIFRAG.i. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. <- -t- Capsule 1 celled. 6- TIAUF.LLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5 entire. T. MITELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5 piunatifid. 8. CHRYSOSPLKNIUM. Stamens 8 - 10. Petals none. SuBORDKR IT. ESCALLONIEiE. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 6- Flowers in a dense raceme. Suborder III. HYDRANGIEzE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or con- volute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct- 11. DECUMAKIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more Styles united 12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4-valved. 1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovar}*, 5-parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globu- l.">2 saxii-rac;aci:.k. (saxiikace family.) lar, l-rclKd, wiili ,'i parietal placentae, many seeded, loculicidally 3-valvcd at the apex. — A very .sinall (.J' liifxli) tufted aiiiiiial herli, with alternate S[)atnlate leaves, and solitary tenninal wiiitc flowers. 1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Clo.sc damp soil, (nor^na (near Savannah) and South Carolina. Marrli and April. 2. HEUCHERA, L. Alim-uoot. Calyx campannlate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cl(ft. Petals .'>, spatulatc Stamens .'>. Styles 2. Ca])sule Icollod, with 2 parietal placenta', many-seeded, 2-l)cakcd, opening between the beaks. Seeds ron<;li or hispid. — Perennial herbs, with erect scapc-Iike stems. Leaves chiefly radical, ionfrpeti- oled. roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnatc to the petioles. Flow- ers cymosc-panicled. * Cahjx etpial-sidcd. 1 . H. Americana, L. Rough-pubescent ; scape leafless ; leaves ercnately or acutely 7 - 9-lobcd and toothed, the teeth mueronate ; panicles long, narrow, loosely-flowered ; calyx as long as the white spatulate petals, much shorter than the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scape 2° -3° high, sometimes with one or two leaves. Leaves 2' -4' wide, on petioles 4' -12' long. 2. H. villosa, Michx Scape bractcd or somewhat leafy, and, like the petioles and lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long spreading rusty hairs ; leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobcd and toothed . panicle loose ; flowers minute ; petals white, very narrow, about as long as tlie stamens ; styles elongated. ( H. caules- ccns, Pursh ) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June and July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth ; leaves slightly lobed ; branches of the panicle long, racemose, spreading ; petals purple ' sjjatulate- lanceolatc, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens slightly pubescent. (II. caulesccns, /3, Torr. Sf~ Gray ) — Buncombe County, North Carolina, Curtis. — Flowers larger than the last. * * Culijx nhliqne. 4. H. pubescens, Pur-h. Glandular-puberulcnt; stem (2°) leafy ; leaves round-cordate, acutely .5 - Tlobed and toothed, with the sinus closed ; stipules obtuse, fringed ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish-green, the ovate lobes obtuse; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, includ- ed.— Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. 5. H. hispida, Pursh. Hirsute or minutely glandular-jiubcscent; leaves 5-9-lobed, the lobes short, rounded, and mucronately toothed; panicle con- tracted ; the short branches few-flowered ; petals broadly spatulate, purple, rather shorter than the more or less exserted stamens ; styles at length much exserted. — High mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes smoothish, as well as the oetiolcs. Flowers larger than any of the preceding. SAXIFRAGACE^.. (SAXIFUAGE FAMILY.) 153 3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta- mens 5, short. Styles 2 -.3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded placenta, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmately lobed and toothed leaves, and small flowers in corymbose cymes. 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the long-pctioled 5 - 7-lobed leaves smoothish ; cymes fastigiate, clammy ; flowers secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangular-ovate. — Mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. June and July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifr.vge. Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply .5-clcft. Petals 5, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-cellcd, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth. — Lowest leaves clus- tered. * Stems leafy. 1. S. leueanthemifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy ; leaves spatulate. coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ; panicle diffuse ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the .3 larger ones spotted with yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10' -20' high. * * Stems naked, scape-like. 2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ; scape clammy-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely flowered ; sepals reflexed, nearly as long as the oval white petals; stigmas sessile. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 8'- 12' long. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo- vate, crenatcly toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; sepals erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. — Rocks on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Scape 4' - 12' high. 4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, cre- nately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; scape slen- der ; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the lanccolate- oblong, white, faintly spotted petals ; filaments filiform. — Moist shady rocks, on the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' high. 5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent ; leaves all radical, del- toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; bracts of the scape few ; panicle diffuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale spots below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments club-shaped ; carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading. — Damp shady places on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Scape 6' -12' hi-h. 1,'>4 SAXIl'UAr.ACK/E. (sAXirUAOK lAMII.V.) 5. ASTILBE, Ihimilton. Flowers polypaTno-° high. Leaves twiec or thriee ternately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply lobed and toothed. Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the stamens and petals of the fertile ones smaller or rudimentary. 6. TIARELLA, L. Fai.sk ^[itre-woijt. Calyx campanulatc, nearly free from the ovary, .'i-partcd. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 2 Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very un- equal, 1-cellcd, few-seeded. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, with scape-like .stems, chiefly radical and petioled leaves, and small racemose flowers. 1 • T. cordifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed and toothed, liairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape (6'- 12' high) naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; racemes simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purpli.sh. — Eocky woods and banks, Mississippi, and northward along the mountains. April and May. 7. MITELLA, Toum. Mitre-wort. Calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, .'5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. Sta- mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-bcaked, 1 -celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentae. — Perennial herbs, with broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme. 1. M. diphylla, L. Hairy; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser- rate and sligiitly .3-lobed, on long petioles; .stem-leaves 2, opposite, sessile; raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers white. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - .'i-lobcd ; the lobes obtuse and yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8- 10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placenta, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and succulent herbs, with round- ish leaves, and axillary flowers. 1. C Americanum, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking; leaves mostly opposite, roundish, slightly lobed; flowers solitary, greenish. — Cold and shady SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGK FAMILY.) 155 Streams, among the mountains, Georgia, and nortlnvard. April and Ma}'. Ij. — Stems 4'- 6' long. 9. ITEA, L. Calyx campanulatc, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. Sta- mens 5, shorter than the petals. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-fuiTowcd, septicidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A shrub with simple oblong or oval ser- rate pubescent leaves, and close mostly drooping racemes of white fragrant flow- ers terminating the branches. 1 . I. Virginiea, L. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4 - .5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, fili- form. Capsule crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- ing at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, without stipules, and whitish or purplish flowers, in ample coni])ound cymes ; the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx-lobes enlarged and showy. 1 - H. arborescens, L. Smoothish ; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base; cymes crowded, flat-topped; sterile flowers few or none. (H. vulgaris, Michx. H. cordata, Pursh ) — Banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Shrul) 40 _ go iiigi,. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, sen-ate, mostly coi'date at the base, white-tomentose beneath; cymes flat-topped; sterile flowers few. — Rich soil, Georgia, Carolina, and Tennessee May and June. — Shrub 4°-8° high. 3. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to- mentose ; leaves oval, sharply .5-lobed, serrate ; c\Tues clustered, forming a close oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Sterile flowers whitish, turning purple. 11. DECUMARIA, L. Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, coherent with the ovaiy, 7-10- toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21-30. Styles united, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10- 15-ribbcd, 7-10-celled, bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating oblicpiely into nu- merous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous odor- ous white flowers in compound terminal cymes. 1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent. Capsule, with the persistent style and stigma, urn-shaped, pendulous. 15G HAMAMi:i,A( r..K. (\vit( ii-iiazkl family.) 12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Svkinoa. Calyx-t\il>c tniMnate, cohering; witli the ovary , the limb 4 - 5-parted, persist- ent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, loculi- cidally 4-v:ilve(l, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbcd leaves, without stipules, and large white solitary or rymose Howcrs. 1. P. gl'andiflorus, Willd. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or more in a terminal cyme; caly.x-lobes ovate, acuminate, mudi longer than the tube. — Banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Shrub C° - 10° high, with long and slender branches. 2. P. inodorus, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate- oblong, acute; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last. 3. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply serrate ; flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on short lateral branches ; calyx-lobes ovate, as long as the tube. — North Carolina and Tennessee. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Flowers i' wide. Order 65. HAMAMELACEiE. OVitcii-IIazet. Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and clustered or spiked, often polygamous or monoecious flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and linear, or none. Sta- mens twice as many as the petals, with the alternate ones sterile, or nu- merous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 2-celled, opening at the summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1-2 in each cell. Embryo large and straight, in scarce albumen. Synopsis. 1. IIAMAMELIS. Calyx- lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each cell, suspended. 2. FOTIIEllfllLLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile. Ovules solitary, suspended. 3. LIQUID.\MB.\R. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, capitate. Stamens numerous. Ovules several. 1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witcii-IIazf.l. Calyx 2-3-braeted, 4-parted. Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, the alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valvcd at the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, wliich encloses the seed, but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. Leaves short-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered. UMBELLIFERiE. (pARSLEY FAMILY.) 157 1. H. Virginiea, L. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. November. — A large shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed, pubescent ; flowers appearing when the leaves are falling. 2. FOTHERGILLA, L. Calyx truncate, obscurely ,5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves, and white odorous flowers in terminal bracted spikes, appearing before the leaves. 1 F. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves smooth, or tomentose beneath, toothed at the summit. Capsule hairy. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Gdm. Flowers moncjecious, in globular 4-bracted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens very numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks, 1 -2-secded. Seeds wing-angled. — Trees. Heads of sterile flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long nodding peduncles. I. L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves roundish, with 5-7 acuminate serrate spreading lobes. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March. — A large tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant gum. Order 60. UMBELLIFER^. (Parsley Family.) Herbs, with chiefly hollow and furrowed stems, alternate mostly com- pound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled flowers. — Calyx-tube coherent Avitli the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or obsolete. Petals 5, mostly incurved, inserted with the o stamens on the edge of the disk that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent car- pels (^meric(trps), suspended from a filiform axis {carpophore) ^ and cohering by their iiiner face {cotnmissitre) ; each furnished with 5 primary ribs, and often with as many secondary ones ; the intervening spaces (interirils) usually containing channels (vitta;), which are filled with aromatic oil. Seed solitary, suspended. Embryo minute, at the base of horny albu- men. — Umbels and partial umbels (iimbelleis) commonly subtended by an involucre or involucel. Synopsis. , § 1. Inner face of the seed flat, or nearly so. * Umbels simple, or one growing from the summit of another. Stems creeping. 1. IIYDIIOCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flattened. Leaves rounded. 2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy. 14 1,')8 UMltKI.I.iri.li.i:. (I'AKSI.KY lAMII-V.) • • Umlifls riipitatp (flower Bcssile). 3. SANIt'l'LA Fruit bristly, fclolmlar. Flowers poljirnmoUK. Involiirpl none. 4. KKVNUIUM. Fruit 8culy, turbinutu. Flowi-rx purfcvt, liractvil. Ilcudii iuTOlucelled. # • • I'iiiIu'Ih Cfinipounil (flowem peilirelleer surface, obscurely denticulate; leaves of" the involucre 3-cleft, as long as the head ; bracts 3-eleft, spine-pointed, longer than tlie flowers. — Low pine barrens, near the head-waters of Cooper river. South Carolina. Ilavenel. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 1 i° - 3° higli. Flowers white. 3. E. Virginianum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; the lowest ones spiny-serrate wiili the teeth incurved, or nearly entire, veiny ; the upper narrower, spiny or ])innatifid ; leaves of the involucre (blue) 3-5-eleft, longer than the head ; bracts 3-eleft, as long as tlic flowers. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and norlliward. July. y. or (?) — Stem 2° -3° higii. Flowers blue. 4. E. prsealtum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, serrate; the u])- j)cr ones linear, spiny-toothed; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as the head ; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as tiic mature calyx. (E. Virginia- num, Ell.) — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. August. — Stem 4° -0° high. Lowest leaves 1°- 2° long and 2^' -3' wide. Flowci-s white. 5. E. virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate, the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4 bristly teeth, longer than the head ; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, ^l/Zt/ir.) — Pine-barren swami)s, Florida to Norm-Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, sometimes cordate. Flowers blue. * * Fruit (jrawdar : steins diffuse. 6. E. aromatieum, Baldw. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy; leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed. — Dry pine barrens. East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1' long. 7. E. Baldwinii, Spreng. Small, prostrate, branching ; leaves thin ; the earliest ones o\ate, sharply serrate or toothed, long-petioled, the others 3-parted, with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 3-toothed ; leaves of the in- volucre subulate, longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, ob- tuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine baiTcns, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Septemlter. Qp 1 — Stems 5'- 10' long. Flowers blue. 8. E. Cervantesii, Laroch. Stems prostrate, diffusely branched ; earli- est leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the others sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; leaves UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 161 of the involucre subulate, as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate acute, twice as long as the cah'x. (E. iWitovmc, S/iuttl.) — Damp sandy soil along the coast of West Florida. July and August. (5) — Stems 1° -2° long. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, blue. 5. CAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong ; the carpels with 9 unequal bristly or prickly ribs, and a single vitta under the larger ribs. — An- nual or biennial herbs, witli pinnatcly finely dissected leaves and involucre, and white or yellowish flowers. 1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual; stem rough with rigid rcflexed liairs ; leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear; bristles of the fruit barbed. — Dry sterile soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Umbels long-pedunclcd. 6. CICUTA, L. Water-Hemlock. Calyx .5-toothed. Fiiiit roundish. Carpels witli 5 flattish equal ribs ; the in- tervals with single vittoe, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial marsli herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinnatcly or ternately divided leaves. luvo- lucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 1. C. maeulata, L. Stem large (.3° -6° high), purplish; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant very poisonous. 7. CKYPTOT^NIA, , DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted .it the sides. Carpels equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vitta; in each interval, and one under each rib. — A smooth perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobcd. Rays of the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. Flowers white. 1. C. Canadensis, DC (Cha^rophyllum Canadcnsc, Prr.^.) — Rich shady soil, North Carolina to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 8. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittae, and 2 on the face. — Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Umbels few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 1. L. divaricatUS, DC. Annual; stem (6' -18' high) widely branched ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform; uml)cl 3-4-rayed. (Sison pusillum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Caroliua. April. — Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 14* 162 IMBKI.LIFKU.E. (I'ARSLEY FAMILY.) 9. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Calyx-tooth siilmlatc, iiorsistciit. Fruit ovate ; tlic carpels Ftroiifrly 3-riI)l»ocl o!i tlic l)ai,k, ami with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky niaryin. Inter- vals witli t^in^le vittiu. — Smooth annuals, j^rowin;^ in marshes Leaves pin- nately dissected, witii the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and invo- lueel conspicuous. Flowers white. 1. D. capillacea, DC. Umhels .l - 1 0-raycd ; leaves of the involucre mostly 3-.')-(Kt't ; fruit ovate. (Amnii cai)illa(eum, Michx.) — Brackish marsh- es, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high, much branched. Earliest leaves sim])lc, or simply pinnate. 2. D. COStata. Stem tall, branching above; leaves of the involucre 10- 12, many-parted ; fruit ovate, dccjjly sulcatc. ( Aninii costatum, Ell.) — Swamps of the Og^eechee River, Georgia. October and November. — Stem 4° - h° high. Fruit larger tlian in No. 1. 3. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre .') -6, entire ; fruit globose. — Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 10. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch. Calyx-teeth .5, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened on the sides, the carpels cfjually 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vitta;. Flowers white. I. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; umbe.ls short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; involucre 1 -2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-lcavt(l. (Slum nodiflorum,//.) — Ditches, &c. around Charleston. Introduced. April -June. — Stems 2° long. 11. SIUM, L. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the sides ; the carpels with .5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several vittte. — Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the immersed ones dissected into numerous cajiillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and sharply serrati' ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along streams, commonly in water, Florida to JIississii)pi, and norilnvard. July. — Stem 2° high. 12. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittie. — Smooth herbs, with en- tire simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed ; in- volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Fields, North Caro- lina.— Introduced. L'MBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 1G3 13. ZIZIA, DC. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbcd, tbc cross section nearly orbicular. Vittse -3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. — A smooth perennial herb, with 2 -3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow flowers. 1. Z. integerrima, DC. Stem slender; leaflets oblong-ovate, entire; rays of the umbel long- and slender; involucre none. (Sniyrniutn integerrimum, L.) — Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 14. THASPIUM, Nutt. Calyx-teeth short or ol)solete. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish at the sides. Carpels commonly equally and strongly ."S-ribbed. Intervals with single vlttae. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately-divided leaves (the lowest often en- tire), and yellow or purple flowers. Involucre none. * Calijx-teeth short, obtuse. 1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem pubescent at the joints; leaves 1 - 2-ternate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, entire toward the base, toothed above, the terminal one narrowed into a long stalk ; fruit oblong, the ribs mostly unequal; flowers pale yellow. — River-banks, West Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem branching above, 2° -3° high. Leaflets ^'-1' long, often 2-3-lobed. 2. T. pinnatifldum, Gray. Branches and umbels ronghish-puberulent ; leaves 1-3-tcrnate; leaflets 1 -2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; fruit oblong, narrowly 8 - 10-winged, the intervals minutely scabrous. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2°-5<^ high. * * Cah/x-teeth obsolete. 3. T. aureum, Nutt. Leaves 1 - 2-ternate ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lateral ones unequal at the base ; fruit oval, the ribs thick or winged. (Smyrnium aureum, L.) — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem l°-2°high. Lowest leaves sometimes cordate and undivided. Flowers yellow. 4. T. trifoliatum, Gray. LeaA'es crenate ; the lowest ones usually .sim- ple and cordate, the others trifoliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the base; fruit roundish, ribbed or winged. (Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. S. atropurpureum, ZuM.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem 1° - 2^^ high. Flowers yellow or dark purple. 15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Noxdo. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels with 5 acute equal and somewiiat winged ribs. Vittse numerous. Involucre short, 2-6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 3-ternately divided. Flowers white. 1. L. actseifolium, Michx. Stem tall (3° -6°), smooth, branched; leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, pani- 101 r.MI5I.LI,IIT.lM;. (PARSLKY lAMILV.) cU'd ; fitiit oviite-dlildii!,', tin- rilis wiii^-liko ; vittiu .T in cadi iiitervnl, nnd 6 on tlie commissm-t'. — Kitli soil, in tlio upijcr districts. ,Iulv imd Auj^ust. — lJs dilated into wings. A'ittse single in each interval, and 2-4 on the (-i)ininissure Seed adherent to the jiericarp. — CliieHy pei'cunial licrbs, with conijiound loaves, no involnere, and white flowers. 1. A. Curtisii, Bnekley. Stem smooth; leaves twice tcrnatc, or the di visions (jninate ; leaflets tliin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cordate, .sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittoe. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles large and sheath- ing. 17. ARCHANGELICA, Iloffm. Calyx-teeth short. Fruit flattened. Carpels rihbed as in Angeliea. A'itta; very numerous, entirely surrounding the loose seed. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 -2-ternate, with pinnate divisions. Leaflets toothed. I'pjjcr petioles inflated. Involucre none. Involucel many-leaved. Flowers white. 1 . A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upjicr part of tlie stem and umbels softly puhescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply .serrate; fruit i)u))escent. (A. tri- quinata, J'Jll. Ferula villosa, Walt.) — Dry hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. A. dentata, Clmpm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly ]iubes- cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — Dry pine barrens, Florida. September. — Stem 2° -3° higii, brauehiug above; teeth of the small (i') leaflets spreading 18. CONIOSEIilNUM, Fischer. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the back, ."j-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittiv 2 - .*} in each interval, and 4-8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves thin, finely 2- 3-pinnately compound. Involucre none. Involueels subulate. Flow- ers white. 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid, with linear-oblong lobes, the petioles inflated; rays of the umbel slender; fruit broadly oval. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 3°-.'j° high. 19. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit obovate, compressed. Carpels with 5 sharp and slender ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittiK, and 2 on the commissure. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with terete petioles destitute of leaflets. Involucre and involucel 5-6 leaved. Flowers white. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 1G5 1 T. teretifolia, DC. (Sium tcretifolium, A7/.) — Pine-barren swumps, Florida to North Ciirolina, and westward. Auynst. — Stem 2° -4° high. Peti- oles with cross partitions. 20. ARCHEMORA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ohovate, flattened on the baek. Carpels with .5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single vittai, and 4-6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, with ])innately-divided leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from lin- ear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. (Slum rigidus, tricuspidatum, and denticulatum. Ell) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and September. — Stem 2° -5° high. 2. A. ternata, Nutt. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire and strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. (Neurophyllum lortgi- folium, Tovr. ^ Gray.) — Low or swampy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. November. — Stem slender, 2° high. Petioles of the lower leaves 1° or more long. Eoot bearing tubers. 21. HERACLEUM, L. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with tiie 2 lateral ribs distant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins. Vittaj shorter than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — Stout per- ennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on inflated peti- oles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. Mar- ginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 4° -8° high, strongly furrowed. 22. CHJEROPHYLLUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, contracted at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 obtuse equal ribs. Intervals with single vittse. — Herbs, with compound finelj- dissected leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel many-leaved. 1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stem Aveak, slightly pubescent; leaves ter- nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatitid, Avith oblong obtuse lobes ; umbel sessile, of 2 - 3 long rays ; involucel 4 - 5-leaved, few-flowered ; fruit oblong, abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river-banks, Mississippi to North Caro- lina, and northward. April and May. (Ji or (5) — Stem C - 1 8' long. 2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Am. More pubescent ; lobes of the leaves narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering at the apex ; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalaehicola River, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Stem erect, 1° high. lOG ARALIArE.E. (OINSKNG FAMILY.) 23. OSMORRHIZA, Kaf. Cnlvx-tocth ohsolotc. Fruit chivate, angled. Carpuls with bristlj' ribs, fur- rowed on tlio commissure. Vitta; none. — Perennial iierbs witli aromatic roots Leaves 2-teniatc, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels opposite the leaves. Involucre and iuvolucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white. 1. O. brevistylis, l^C. Styles very short, conical ; fruit somewhat taper- ing at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. — Plant hairy, 1°-U° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, pinnatifid. OuDKU G7. ARALIACEiE. (Ginskng Family.) I'n\belliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; but the flowers (chiefly polyjramous) with flat and spreading petals, the styles and carpels of tlie baccate fruit usually more than two, and the embryo at the apex of copious fleshy albumen. L ARALIA, L. Sarsaparilla. Calyx-tccth .5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry drupaceous, 5-lobod, 5-ccllcd. — Iierbs or sln-ubs. Leaves compound. Umbels corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black. * Stems herbaceous. 1. A. racemosa, L. Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; leaves ternatcljF decompound ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate ; umbels very numer- ous, panicled. — Bich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Boot thick, aromatic. Stem 3° - 5° high. 2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, .somewhat shrubby at the base, bristly , leaves bipinnatcly comiiound ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sharply serrate ; umbels in naked peduncled corymbs. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, short, bearing 3 long-pcduncled um- bels at the ai)ex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-pctiolcd, ternately divided, the divisions cpiinate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic. Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. * * Stems troocJi/. 4. A. spinosa, L. Stem simple, prickly ; leaves very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnatcly compound ; leaflets thick, ovate, crenate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very largo hoary panicles. — SwamjjS, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 10° - 15° high. 2. PANAX, L. Ginseng. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry fleshy, drupaceous, 2 - 3-lobed, 2 - 3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, bearing at CORXACE.E. (dogwood FAMILY.) 167 the summit a single long-pedunclcd umbel of greenish flowers, surrounded by a whorl of three 3 - 7-foliolate leaves. Beriy red or greenish. 1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate, serrate, stalked; styles 2, berry crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3 - .5, lanceolate, serrate, ses- sile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high. Order G8. CORNACEiK. (Dogwood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed exstii)ulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate In the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-10, inserted into the margin of the disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a berry-like 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Coty- ledons large and foliaceous. 1, CORNUS, Tourn. Dogwood. Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-tootlied. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches opposite (except No. 1 ). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and subtended by a colored involucre. * Floii'ers ivhite, in a hose open cyme : involucre none. 1. C. alternifolia, L'llerit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at eacli end, pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped branch- es, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 2. C. Stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, smooth, wlutish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the summit ; drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to Nortli Carolina, and Avestward. April. — A shrul) or small tree. Branches brown. 3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flowered ; drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Branches gray. 4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, tlie lower sur- face, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent ; drupes pale blue. — Low woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May. — Shrub eo-lO^high. 5. C asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short -petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlcts and flat cymes ; 108 COKNACK.K. (UOGWOOI) lAMIl.Y.) drupes jiiilo liliic. — Dry woods, Florida to Soiitli Carolinn, nnd westward. June. — .V slirul) or small tree. liram lic'8 slender and soinetiuies warty. * * Ftouvrs capitate, subtended hi/ a white 4-liarrd involucre. G. C. fiorida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at len^'th Rinooth on both sides ; flowers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. Mav. — A small tree. Wood hard and elose-'.'rained. Leaves of the involucre cmar- ginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 2. NYSSA, L. SoT-R Gum. Flowers ditecio-polypamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens .'5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile flowers sinf;lc or few in a head. Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Pet^ils 5, minute, or want- ing. Stamens 5 - 10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolutc. Stigma decurrent. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. * Sterile fiowexs in loose rlustn's. 1. N. multiflora, Wang. Leaves oval or obovatc, mostly acute, tomen- tose when young, at length shining above : fertile peduncles long and slender, 3 - 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. May. — A tree 30° - .50° high, with widely spreading branches. Leaves rather thick, dark green, 2'- 5' long. Fertile peduncles 1^'- 3' long. Drupe ^' long. 2. N. aquatica, L. Branches, leaves, &c. tomentosc when young, at length nearly smooth ; leaves short-jjetioled, varying from lanceolate to orbicu- lar, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate; peduncles short, the fertile ones 1 - 2- flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps sometimes a mere shrub. Leaves l'-2' long. Peduncles ^'- 1' long. Drupe smaller than in the last. 3. N. uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-pctiolcd, ovate or oblong, acute, entire or sharply toothed, tomentosc beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; fer- tile peduncles elongated, 1-flowercd ; drupes ovate-oblong, dark blue. (N. tomcntosa, Michx. N. grandidcntata, Michx. f.) — Deep swamps and ponds, Florida to Xorth Carolina, and westward. April. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - C long. Drupe 8" - 12" long. * * Sterile flowers capitate. 4. N. eapitata, Walt. (Ogeechee Lime.) Leaves large, short-pctioled, oblong, oval or obovatc, mucronate or acute, tomentosc beneath ; flowers below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; drupe ob- long, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Drupe 1' long, agreeably acid. CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 1G9 Divisiox II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. Order 69. CAPRIFOLTACE7E. (Honeysuckle Family.) Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-toothed or lobetl. Corolla tubu- lar or rotate, t - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1- many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campanulate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seedetl. Erect shrubs. 2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-Talved, many-seeded. Erecc shrubs. 3 LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1 - 3-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3- 5-seeded. Herbs. * * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3 - 5-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberry. Calyx-tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothcd, persistent. Corolla campanulate, nearly regular, 4-5-Iobe(l. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers in axillary spikes or clusters. 1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small axillary clusters; corolla smoothish within; l)erries red. (Symphorea glome- rata, Pers.) — Dry soil among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July- Sept. —Shrub 2° -3° high. 2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Calyx oblong or cylindrical, naiTowed above, with .5 subulate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate deciduous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymosc flowers. 1. D. triflda, Moench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovatc, distinctly petioled, pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; capsule 15 170 ( AiMMFoi.iAc r.K. (noNi:vsr( Ki.r. i amii.v.) ovoiil-oMoiijr, narrowed into a ncrk above. — Mountains of North C'arolinii. June. — Stem '2° -4'^ liigli. Flowers greenish-yellow. 2. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-laneeolate, closely sessile and somewhat daspin;;; peduncles niany-tlowered ; capsule cylindricnl-ohlong, nar- rowed into a short neck above. — With the preceding. — Leaves and capsule larger than in that species. 3, LONICERA, L. Woodbine. HoNEYsrcKLE. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothcd. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gibbous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-ceIled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry 1 -3-cellcd, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked whorls. 1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pale and tomentose beneath, the upi)er pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- minal; whorls distinct; corolla nearly equally 5-lobcd, scarlet or orange with- out, yellow within. (Caprifolium, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. April - Sept. — Leaves perennial. Corolla 2' long. 2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 2 or 3 upper pairs connate; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal; corolla bi- labiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina, and northward. May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1^' long, with a nd or iiuri)lish tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 3. L. flava, Sims. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem scarcely twining; leaves oval or obovate, the upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers crowded, ter- minal; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. June and July. — Corolla 1' long, bright yellow; the 4-cleft limb nearly as long as the tube. 4. L. parviflora, Lam. Smooth; stem twining; leaves elliptical, glau- cous beneath, all more or less connate; whorls of flowers crowded, ])eduneled; corolla short, bilabiate, gibbons at the bstsc ; stamens hairy below. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Jmie. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, yellow and purplish. 4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, equally 5-lobod, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony nutlets. — Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at the base, and sessile axillary flowers. 1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, hairj' above, tomentose beneath; flowers commonly clustered, brownish-purple. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June and July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4' -7' long. 2. T. angUStifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly solitary, yellowish. — Shadv rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than the last. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 171 5. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Eldek. Calyx-lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit a globular baccate drupe, containing three 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7-ll, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit black. — Low grounds, common. June and July. — Stem 4°- 16° high, the straight young shoots with large pith. 2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5 -7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath, cymes paniculate, pyramidal ; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 6. VIBURNUM, L. Haw. Sloe. Calyx minute, .5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1 - 3-ceIled, one of the cells containing a single ovule, the others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed bony nut. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles sometimes winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white ; the marginal ones occasion' ally radiant and sterile. * Sterile and radiant flowers none. ■<— Cymes sessile. 1 . V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and more or less dilated petioles rusty -pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drupe oblong, ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A small tree. Fruit edible. 2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply ser- rate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened with minute scales when young ; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 3 V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly crcnate or entire, smooth ; cymes 3-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black. (V. lasvigatum, Ait.) — Eiver-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves ^' - 1' long. Cymes small. +- Cymes pedunded. ++ Leaves palmately lohed. 4. V. acerifolium, L. Pul)escent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobcd al>ove the middle; cymes 7 -rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mi'^sis- sippi, and northward. May and June. — A slender shrub, 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' wide, becoming smooth above, sometimes almost entire. ■*-*■ ++ Leaves undivided. 5. V. nudum, L. Rusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lanceo- late, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined be- 172 ni'HiACK.K. (maddku 1 avii.y.) nonth ; rymos rather sliort-pcduiulcil, 5-ray«'(l ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, common. April and May. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. 6. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted iiairs in their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely ser- rate, acute, plicate by tlic strong impressed veins ; cymes loiig-peduncled, 7- rayed ; calyx smooth, with the lf)bes obtuse ; fruit small, roundish, deep blue. — Rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississi])pi, and northward. March -May. — A large shrub. 7. V. SCabrellum, Torr. & Gray. Hairy throughout, and the leaves be- neath stcllatc-tomentose ; leaves ovate or roundish, often cordate, or rarely cunc- atc at the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate, short-petioled ; calyx-lobes hairy, acute ; corolla hairy ; cymes 7-rayed ; fruit roundish, deep blue. — Swamps or rocky hills, Florida to South Cai-olina, in the lower districts, and westward. May and June. — Shrub 8° - 12° high. Leaves thick, I' -2' long, or sometimes twice that size. 8. V. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or ob!ong-ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy above, tomcntose beneath, on very short ])etioles or the uppermost subsessilc ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-raycd ; fruit oblong, black. — Mountains of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. * * Marc/inal Jlow&s radiant and sterile. 9. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling ; branches, cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the niountaim of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 4'-C' long. Sterile flowers 1' in diameter. Ordek 70. RUBIACE^. (Maddku Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or tiTcs. Leaves entire, opposite and united by inter- posed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or (in Loganiese) free ; the limb 4 - G-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 4 -6-lobed, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4 - G, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2-10- celled, with 1 - several anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style mostly solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. Synopsis. SuBORDKR L COFFEE.E. Ovules and seed solitary in the cells (except No. 7). Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. § 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 1. GALIUM. CorcUa rotate, yalvate in the bud. Fruit 2-ceIled. Herbs. 5 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed. • * Herbs. Mature fruit dry. Flowers axillary, single or clustered. 2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Flowers clustered. RUBIACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 173 3. BORRERIA. Carpels 2, both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. 4. DIODIA. Carpels 2-3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy. 5. ERNODEA. Carpels 2, somewhat fleshy, closed. Style entire. Albumen horny. « • Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 6. CEPHALANTIIUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. * * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. -I- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 7. MITCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 8. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. ■*- -^ Ovaries and fruit separate. JH- Albumen horny. 9. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 10. PSYCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. ++ ++ Albumen fleshy. 11. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united Leaves whorled. 12. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 13. ERITUALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. Suborder IT. CINCHONE^E. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. * Fruit baccate, indehiscent. 14. HAMELIA. Fruit 5-celled. Stigma entire. 15. RANDIA. Fruit 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. * » Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 16. PINCKNEYA. Shrub. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 17. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 18. OLDENLANDIA. Herbs. Capsule often free from the calyx above. Seeds wingless. Suborder III. LOGANIE/E. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Calyx free from the ovary. Fruit capsular. Leaves opposite. * Herbs. 19. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 20. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 21. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. » * Evergreen woody vines. 22. GELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 1. GALIUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1-seeded closed carpels. All)umcn horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. — The following species are all perennials. * Fruit baccate • pedmicles 1 - S-Jiowered : leaves 4 in a whoii. 1. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, sllglitly roughened, hairy at the joints ; leaves small (2" -6"), rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rough on the margins and veins beneath, acute ; ben-y roughened, bluish-black. (Kubia Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems 1^-2° long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish-white. 15* 17 t KUItlACK.l.. (.MAllDKK FAMILY.) 2. G. uniflorurn, Miclix. Smuotli; stems mostly simple, slcndor, erect ; loaves linear, acute, rou^h on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems numerous, \° liigii. Flowers white. * * Fruit dry: ptdiiriclc^ commonly 3 - inany-Jlowen d. 3 G. trifidum, L. Stems slender, weak, smoolli or rough-angled, at length ditVuse ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- late-lanccolatc, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper ones often opposite; peduncles 1-3-flowerod; corolla-lol)es and stamens often 3; fruit smooth. (G. tinctorium, L.) — Wet places, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant dries black. 4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- neath hispid ; j)cduncles mostly 3-flowercd ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — Low shaded ])laccs, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July — Stems 2° - 3° long. Flowers greenish-Avhite. A smoother form is G. cuspidatum, Muhl. 5. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, branching; leaves small (4" -8"), 4 in a whorl, oval, sliglitly pointed, more or less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit i)cdicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. (G. Bermudianum, A7/, apparently a diseased state.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers purple. 6. G. ctreaezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves large (I'-lj'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-ncrved, pubescent; peduncles forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Stems several, sparingly branched, 1° high. Flowers purple. 7. G- latifolium, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nervcd, dotted, minutely fringed on the mar- gins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 limes forking; fruit smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1°-U° high. Leaves I' -2' long. Flowers jturple. 2. SPERMACOCE, L. Calyx 2 - 4-partcd, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvatc in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels, separating from the apex downward, one of them closed by the partition, the other open. Seeds grooved on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, their biiscs connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary sessile clusters. L S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-anglcd, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, RUBiACK^. (maddi:k family.) 175 dense, many-flo^vcrcd ; corolla barely lon;_'( r than tlic lanceolate calyx-teeth, white, woolly within ; stamens and style inchiflcd ; fruit ohovato. — Banks of rivers, Florida and westward. June. H. — Stem l°-2° hi;,^h. 2. S. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few- flowered ; corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens and slender style exserted ; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 11. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 3. S. tenuior, L. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branching from the base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style included ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (J) — Stem 3' -12' long. 4. S. involuerata, Pursh. Stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules with many bris- tles ; heads terminal, involuci-ate ; stamens exserted. — Carolina, Frazer. — About a foot high. Leaves somewhat oblicjue. Flowers white with a very long tube. Pursh. { * ) 3. BORRERIA, Meyer. Carpels of the fruit separating from the apex downward, both opening length- wise on the inner face. Otherwise like Spermacoce, both in character and habit. 1. B. micrantlia, Ton-. & Gray. Annual; stem erect, slender, simple or branched above, 4-angled, smooth ; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins obscure ; clusters dense, globose, a.xillary and terminal ; calyx-teeth 4, subulate, longer than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Flor- ida. June -August. — Plant 6' -18' high, pale green. Leaves 1' long. 2. B. podocephala, DC, var. pumila. Stems low (3' -6'). smooth, erect or ascending, branching at the base ; leaves smooth, linear, with the mar- gins revolute, those in the axils clustered, the floral ones mostly 4, longer than the solitary terminal long-peduncled globose head; stipular bristles 2-4; fruit pubescent, ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx-lobes ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, smooth within; stigma capitate. — Pine Key, South Florida, Dr. B/odr/ett. 4. DIODIA, L. Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehiscent carpels closed on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla-tube often long and slender. Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 1. D. Virginiana, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-anglcd ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; corolla hairy within, the tube long 176 lUBiACK-i;. (maddlk iamilv.) and slender; fruit ovoid, strongly riltbcd, crowned with the 2 (rnrcly 4) linear or lanceolate calyx-teeth. (D. tctragona, Wall. D. hirsuta, Pursh.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Juno-Sejit. — Stem l°-4° long. Flowers white or purplish. 2. D. teres, Walt. Annual ; .stem erect, widely lirunchcd from the base, terete, liri.-^tly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, njiigh ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 together; corolla funnel-shaped; fruit ohovatc, even, crowned with the 4 short calyx teeth. (Sperinacoce diodina, MIchr.) — Dry sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem C'-12' high, some- times prostrate. Flowers purplish. 5. ERNODEA, Swartz. Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - C-parted, ])er.'5istent. Corolla salver-shaped, slender ; the lobes 4-6, rcvolute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. Style slen- der, longer than the stamens. Fruit ohovatc, somewhat fleshy, the two separa- ble horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A somewhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. 1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March and April. ■»— Stems straight, rigid, 4-anglcd, smooth. Branches short, alternate. Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in the upper axils, yellow. Fruit roundish. 6. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Bush. Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obconical, separating from the l)asc into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Albu- men horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire sti- pul(^';, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. Recep- tiicle hairy. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- face of the ovatc-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Stem 4° -12° high. Leaves pctioled, 3' - 5' long, sometimes 3 in a whorl. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. MITCHELLA, L. Flowers by pairs, with their ovaries united. Caly.x 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy within, valvatc in the bud. Stamens 4. Style slen- der. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, crowned with the 4-toothcd calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with small broadly-ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal flowers. 1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves C'-IO* long, nio.stly some- what cordate, shining above, on slender petioles. Corolla |' long. Fruit red. RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 177 8. MORINDA, L. Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obseurely toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobcd, valvate in the bud. Stamens .5, short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2-4 one-seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stipules within tlie leaves. Flowers terminal, or opposite the leaves. 1. M. RoioC, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing; leaves smooth, lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate oblong and abruptly acute, short-petioled ; stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. March and April. 9. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of tlie corolla ; anthers linear, included. Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed of two oblong 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, pctioled. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillaiy racemes, white or j^ellow. 1. C. racemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at botli ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many-flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx-teeth, white, turning yellow. — Varies with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller ('/'-I' Ions), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South Florida. — Fruit white. 10. PSYCHOTRIA, L. Calyx ovate, 5-toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4-5- lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupaceous, composed of two 1-seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled wiien dry. Seeds erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves oj)posite, narrowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous-pubescent ; stipules clasping, ovate, acute or acuminate, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, trichotomous at the base. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit ovate, red. 2. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves oblong, acuminate at each end, undulate, rugose, and, like the branches, smooth ; stipules round, membranaceous, decidu- ous ; cyme sessile, twice trichotomous, shorter than the leaves ; corolla naked at the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit (dry) ovoi.l, 10-ribbed. — South Florida. — Leaves about 3' long. Flowers small. 11. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. Calyx-limb 5-parted ; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, spreading at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short ; 178 RiiuACKyi:. (mai)I>i;i{ iamii.v.) aiitliors thick, colicriiifj in an ovoid-oblong 5-angiiil tube. Style single, ns long ui the anthers, villous ; stignm obtuse, 2-lobed. Ovuiy 2-4-cellc(l with a singlu ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2-4-ecllc(l, 1 -4-secdecl drupe. — A low maritime shrub. IJninches roughened by the persistent stipuh^s, trichotonious. Leaves ternatc, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the margins revolute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, red. 1. S. maritima, Jacq. — South Florida, l>r. DI(mJ1:1C lAMIKV.) Stamens T), exscrtcd. Stvlc filiform, tliitkL'iifd al)()vc. Sli^^mu olitusc or 2-1o1jl'(1 Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-ceIled, o]iening htculicidiillv at tiie apex, and septi- eid;illy nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds eiicular, imbricated, winged. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves oi)positc. Stij)ules solitary. Flowers white or reddish. 1. E. Caribaeum, K. & S. Smooth; In-anches slender; Laves ovatc- laneeolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-llowered ; corolla as long as the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub C°- l:i° liigh. Corolla •_' Ion;;;, fragrant. 18. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. J5i.i ms. Flowers tctramerous (except No. 8). Calyx 4-toothcd, persistent. Corolhi funnel-shaped, salver-shaped, or wheel-shaped, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule roundish or obcordate, 2-cellcd, o])eniiig loculicidally at tlie apex, which is often free fronx the calyx. Seeds few or many, wingless. — Ciiiefly small herbs, with opposite leaves. Stipules united with the petioles, sometimes fringed with bristles. Flowers small, white or i)ur- plish. * Corolla salver-shaped. lo»(jer than the cali/x, smooth : flowers dimorphous, — some of them bf.arirti] exsaied stamens and an incliuhd stj/le, while others bear included stame7is and an exserted style : peduncles axillary, solitary : capsule broad, free at the apex. 1. O. COBrulea, Gray. Annual or biennial, smooth; stems tufted, fork- ing ; leaves lanceolate, those at the base spatulate, clustered ; peduncles elon- gated, erect or spreading. (Houstonia ccerulca, L. 11. patens. Ell.) — Moist banks, Florida to Mis.sissippi, and northward. February and INIarch. — Stems 3' -6' high. Corolla blue or white, yellow in the throat. 2. O. serpyllifolia, (iray. Perennial, smooth ; stems (iliform, prostrate, branching; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long and slen- der petiole; peduncles elongated, terminal and in the forks of the stem. (Hous- tonia serpyllifolia, J//t7ijr.) — High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Peduncles 1'- 2' long. 3. O. rotundifolia, Gray. Perennial ; stems diffuse, creeping ; leaves round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit; flowers white. (Houstonia rotundi- folia, Michx.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. February and March, and bearing apetalous fruiting flowers through the year. * ♦ Corolla funnel-shaped : flowers diaciously dimorphous : capsule free at the apex : stem 4-anrjled: flowers in terminal cymes. 4. O. purpurea, Gray. Pubescent ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3 - 5-ribbcd ; calyx-lobes longer than the capsule; corolla ))ur]jle or nearly white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. (Hous- tonia purpurea, Z.) — Woods, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. Calyx-lobes occasionally 3-4 times the length of the capsule. RUBIACE^. (mADDEU FAMILY.) 181. Var. longifolia. Gray. Smooth; leaves lanceolate or linear, l-ribbed, the lowest spatiilate-oblong; calyx-lobes as long as the globose capsule. (Hous- tonia longifolia, Willd.) — With the preceding. Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading; leaves remote, narrow-linear; flowers and capsules smaller. (Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutt.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. 5. O. angustifolia, Gray. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, erect, branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central flosvers nearly sessile ; corolla white, very hairy within ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx- teeth. (Hedyotis stcnophylla, Ton: ^ Graij.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Var. filifolia. Stem shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; leaves filiform, remote; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels equal and spreading; capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx-teeth, the upper half free. — - South Florida. — Stem slender, 6'- 10' long. Flowers and capsules very small. * * * Corolla wheel-shaped, shorter than the cali/x-lobes : Jlowers axillary and termi- nal, sinyle or clustered, sessile : stamens and style very short : capsule enclosed in the calyx-tube : perennial: stipules frinr/ed. 6. O. Boscii. Stems 4-angled, smooth, diffuse ; leaves linear ; flowers sin- gle, or 2-3 together; corolla white or purplish; capsule ovoid. (Hedyotis Boscii, Z)C'.) — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 6'- 10' long. 7. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, branching ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-white. (Hedyotis glomerata. Ell.) — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 10'- 15' high. * * * * Corolla funnel-shaped, o-lobed, longer than the calyx-teeth : flowers axillary and terminal, pentamerous: capsule top-shaped, included in the calyx-tube: annual: stipules fringed- 8. O. Halei. Stem weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, acute at each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowcred cymes, white. ( Hedyotis Halei, Torr. rfect flowers 2-lipped ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner -i-lobed. No. Herb stemless. Scape 1 flowered. Flower nodding'. . . . CUAPTALIA. 8i) SuBORDEK III. LIGULIFLORJE. Corolla of all the flowers li- gulate. Pappus none. Achenia many-ribVioil APOGON. 81 Pappus scaly and bristly. Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles KRI6IA. 82 Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous CYNTHIA. 83 Pappus hairy. Pappus tawny or dirty-white. Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform LYGODESMIA. 86 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless IIIERACIUM. 84 Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked PYRRIiOPAPPUS. 88 Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish. NABALUS. 85 Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium). Achenia conspicuously beaked. Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs TARAXACUM. 87 Achenia flat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. " 89 Achenia beakless or nearly so. Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked MULGEDIUM. 90 Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 91 Suborder I. TUB1TI.IFI.OR.E. Tribe I. VERNONIACEiE. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and per- fect: branches of the stijle terete, filiform, liairj all over ; tJie stiymalic lines only on the lower part. — Herbs, with allcrtuite leaves and purple flowers. Pectis alone has pistillate rays and yellow flowers. 1. VERNONIA, Schrcb. Ikon-weed. Heads many-flowcrcd, the flowers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the exterior consisting of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles. — Per- ennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymlx)se purple flowers. 1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above, pubescent bcneatii, denticulate; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the others small, distant, lanceolate ; corymb few-flowered, spreading ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp soil, Geor- gia to North Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly branched. 2. V. OValifolia, Ton*. & Gray. Stem pubescent, very leafy, corymbose- branched above ; leaves roughish above, pubcsceno beneath ; the lowest ones oval or oblong, toothed-serrate ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; involucre bell- 188 COMI'OSIT.K. (COMIMJSITK FAMILY.) sliii]H'(l ; scalos ovate, acute, fringt'(l. — Dry rirli woods, ^Middle Florida. June and July. — Stem '2° - 3° high. 3. V. Noveboracensis, WiUd. Stem more or le.s.s pubescent, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughlsh above, smooth or pubescent beneath ; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, ovate, ending in a long filiform point, or simjjly acute. (V. tomentosa, IilL V. prac- alta, ]['illil.) — Kiver-banks and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July- Sept. — Stem 3°-C° high. Scales of the involucre purple, and usually covered with web-like hairs. 4. V. fasciculata, Michx., var. altissima, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, and, like the lanceolate serrate leaves, smootliish ; involucre small, hemispheri- cal; the scales ovate, acute or mucronate, fringed, appresscd. (V. altissima, Nutt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. September. — Stem 6° - 10° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. 5. V. angustifolia, Michx. Stem slender, smooth or hairy, very leafy ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smoothish, or pubescent and roughish, the low- est ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins revolutc ; cor- ymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped ; the scales lanceolate, fringed, acute or conspicuously mucronate. (V. scaberrima, Nutt ) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 2. STOKESIA, L'ller. ITeads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on the inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bractcd, the outer scales prolonged into a leafy bristly-fringed appendage, the inner ones lanceolate and entire. Re- ceptacle naked. Achcnia siiort, 3-4-anglcd, smooth. Pap])us composed of 4-5filifonn chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched downy-stemmed perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones sessile, and, like the bracts, fringed at the base, tlie lowest narrowed into a slender petiole. Heads few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers blue. 1. S. eyanea, L'Her. — Wet jiine barrens, South Carolina, and westward, very rare. — Stems 1°- li° high. Heads 1' wide. 3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Eleph-vnt's-i-oot. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong, acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate. Achenium oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or single. — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample leaves, and purple or white flowers. 1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy; leaves thin, oval or oblong, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole; bracts ovate, longer COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.^ 185/ than the heads ; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, 2' -4' wide. Flowers purple. 2. E. tomentOSUS, L. Rough-hairy; stem nearly naked ; radical leaves spreading, ohovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves (1-2) small, lanceolate ; bracts ovate or cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre very hairy. (E. nudicaulis. Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem l°-2° high. Radical leaves 4'- 10' long, 2' wide, spreading on the ground. Flowers pale purple. 4. PECTIS, L. Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk-flowers somewhat 2- lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 - 8, in a single row. Recepta- cle naked. Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. Pappus composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly annuals. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers small, yellow. 1. P. linifolia, L. Stem diff"usely branched (6' -12' high); leaves linear, connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales of the in- volucre sliglitly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South Florida. Tribe IL EUPATORIACE^E. Heads discoid ; the floweis all tuhnlar and perfect : hrnnches of (he style, usually elomjated, club-shaped, minutelij pubescent ; the stigmatic lines obscure. — Flowers tvhite, blue, or purple. 5. CCELESTINA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales numerous, imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus cup- shaped, truncate or more or less prominently toothed. — Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple. 1. C maritima, Torr. & Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the base, smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; corymbs few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Flowers blue. 6. AGERATUM, L. Receptacle always naked. Pappus composed of 5 - 10 distinct scales. Oth- erwise like Ccelestina. 1. A. COnyzoides, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather long petioles; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from abroad base. — Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May. — Pubescence and form of the leaves variable. Flowers white or blue. li'O coMi'o.>, sessile and clasping at the iiase, or eonnat(>i)erfoIi- atc ; heads al)Out lO-tlowered ; scales of the involucre linear-lanccolato, acme. — Low ^Mouiid, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem stout, 2° -3° hijjh. Leaves C'-S' long. *-* *+ Leaves pfitiolcd. IC. E. sei'Dtinum, Miehx. Pubescent; stem tall, mostly hranchinj,' ; leaves long-petioled, ovatc-lanecolate, acuminate, siiari)ly serrate, 3-rihhed ; heads 12- 15-flowered ; scales, of the involucre lincar-oblonfr, obtuse; achenia smooth. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Scjjt. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4'- 9' long. 17. E. villosum, Swartz. Stem tomentose, branching ; leaves short- petioled, ovate, obtuse or mucronatc, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire, 3- ribbed ; corymb dense; heads 10 - 15-flowered ; scales of the involucre about 10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers; anthers sliglitly cxscrted ; achenia hispid; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves rigid, I'-l^'long. * * * * Scales of the involucre {(jreen) rfjuul, in a sinrjle row: heads 8-30-floiv- ered : leaves, uchaiia, ^x. not resinousreading or recurved green tips. 23. A. ericoides, L. Smootli ; stem much branched ; leaves lincar-lance- olatc, acute at each end ; those of the branches subulate; heads racemose, mostly on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or subulate tips. — Var. villosus. Stem and broader leaves rough- hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. — Var. i'latv- PHYLLUS. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft white hairs ; heads larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Stcni l°-2° high. Rays white or pale blue. 26. A. multiflorus, Ait. "Wliitish-pubescent ; stem very leafy, and nnicli branched ; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristlc-])ointcd, spreading or rccuncd, the upper ones sessile or somewhat clasping ; heads densely i-acemose on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary at tiieir summits ; scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or short-pointed. — Dry sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves about I' long. Rays white. ****** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or ohlong, sessile, itsualli/ narrowed at the base: heads small or middle-sized : scales of the involucre membranaceous, with op- pressed or sliyhtlif spreading tips: rays pale purple or white. t- Heads small. 27. A. racemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent ; stem much branched, hear- ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of tlie slender erect branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, Paris Island, South Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 28. A. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem slender, pani- cled above, bearing the solitary or loosely racemose heads on the slender branch- lets ; leaves very rough, entire ; the lowest ovate, on slender margined petioles, COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 203 the others sessile or pnrtly clasping ; the uppermost very small, erect ; scales of the involucre in 3-4 rows, lineai-, acute. — Dry ])ine harrens, Florida and Geor- gia. — Stem 1° - 2° iiigh. Lowest leaves 1' long, the upper ones 2'' - 3" long, similar to those of No. 13. 29. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear- ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy bi-anchlets ; leaves linear, entire, spreading or refle.Ked ; the lowest spatulatc-lanceolatc, serrate ; those of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse : scales of the involucre closely imbricated in 3-6 rows, with obtuse green tips. (A. foliolosus, Ii/l.) — Dry or damp soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2° -3° high. Eays pale purple or white. 30. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slender point ; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading branch- es ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3 - 4 rows. — Var. FRAGiLis. Leaves mostly entire ; heads fewer, often solitary on the branchlets. (A. teniiifolius. Ell.) — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. Rays pale purple or white. 31. A. miser, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes ; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to wcdge-obovate, acute at each end, sharply ser- rate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and very variable. — Stem l°-4° long. Rays white or purplish. A. difiusus, A. divergens, and A. pendulus, of Aiton, are forms of this. -H- H- Heads middle-sized. 32. A. simplex, Willd. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corymbose or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu- minate at both ends, smooth, rough on the margins, the lower ones sharplv ser- rate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — Low ground, Florida, and northward — Stem 3° -6° high, sparingly or ditfusely branched. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Rays pale blue. 33. A. tenuifolius, L. Nearly smooth ; stem paniculately branched ; the rather small heads disposed in panicled racemes ; leaves long, narrow-lance- olate, tapering to a long and slender point ; the lower ones commonly serrate in the middle ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-subulate, appressed. — Low ground in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' - C long. Rays short, pale purple or white. ******* Leaves lanceolate or ohlong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasp- ing: heads large or middle-sized: scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- ing green tips : rni/s moslli/ large and numnous, blue or purple. 34. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute or tapering at each end ; scales of the involucre rather clo.sely imbricated, with broadish 201 COMPOSIT.i:. (COMPOSITK lAMII.V.) acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Geor;,'ia and Soutli Caro- lina.— Stem l°-4° high. I^caves thiekish, the lowest 5' - 6' long. Heads sometimes 1' in diameter. 35. A. longifolius, T-um. Stem nearly smooth, corymbosc-panicled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, siiining above, the lowest nairowcd at the base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or j)artly clasping; heads solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays purplish- blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 1^-3° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Heads showy. 3G. A. EUiottii, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- bose-branched; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, oblong- lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crcnatc ; heads eorymbed at the ends of the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 37. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, nuriculate and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two rows ; rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 3° -5° high, commonly purplish. Rays violet-purple. 38. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at the summit ; haves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply seirate in the middle, contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the base, rough above ; scales of the involucre naiTow-linear, imbricated in 3-4 rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods. North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves thin, 5' -6' long. Rays pale pur- ple. *#****** Leaves lanceolate or ohhng, entire, sessile or clasping : heads large, in conjmhs or racemes: scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green summits: rai/s numerous, shoici/. 39. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly branched; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly reflexed ; heads very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute; rays violet. (A. ciliatus, Walt. ?) — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Heads 1' in diameter. 40. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slen- der; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely acute ; rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3'-4'long Heads ^'- 1' in diameter. CO.MPOSlTiE. (composite FAMILY.) 205 41. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem long and trailing ; the branches ami leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly contracted into a short auriculate-clasping petiole ; heads single, or somewhat racemose at the ends of tlic branches ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, with recurved subu- late tips ; rays slender, pale purple. — River-swamps, Florida to South Caro- lina. — Stem 4° - 10° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 42. A. Novse-Anglise, L. Stem hairy or hispid, corymbose aboA-c ; leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasping base ; heads corymbcd ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbri- cated, viscid ; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground, and north- ward. — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads ^' or more in diameter, numerous and showy. § 4. Orthomeris. — Scales of the involucre rrr/ularh/ imbricated, scarious on the marffins, ivithout herbaceous tips : pappus soft-hairy. 43. A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the base ; heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear- lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- li° high. Leaves thin, 3'- 5' long, strongly veined. § .5. OxYTRiPOLiUM. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious on the marr/ins : pappus soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves narrow, entire, mostly fleshy. * Perennial : scales of the involucre imbricated in several roivs : rays conspicuous. 44. A. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above; lower leaves long (3' - 9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, erect; heads large, solitary, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Pine- barren swamps. West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 45. A. flexuOSUS, Nutt. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° long. Rays white or pale purple. * * Annual: scales of the involucre in 2-3 ?wfs ; rays short. 46. A. linifolius, L. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or filiform, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer than the disk ; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves sharply serrate. 47. A. divaricatUS, Nutt. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subu- late ; the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panided, on spreading peduncles; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in a single row, longer than the disk ; achenia 4-ribbed, hairy. — Salt marshes, 18 2O0 COMPOSlT.li. (cOMPOSITli FAMILY.) Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1°- .3° liijili. Lowest leaves oval or laneeolatc, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. Kays blue. 48. A. exilis, Ell. Very {glabrous ; stem slender, tall, sparinf^ly branched ; leaves very long, linear-sHi)ulate ; heads in racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, half as long as the rays. — Damp soil, in the Western districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 4° - b° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long, 1" wide. Kays pale purple. Achcnia pubescent. 17. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, iu 1-2 rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Achcnia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or with an outer row of short ehaft'y scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Eays white or j)urplish. * Pappits double. 1. E. strigOSUm, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent ; stem slender, coiyin- l)Ose-panickd above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, taper- ing into a slender petiole, the u])per lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white or rose-color ; outer pappus short and chafTy. — Dry old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. * * Pappus single. ■*- Annual: rai/s shorter than the disk. 2. E. Canadense, L. Hirsute or smoothish : stem much branched ; leaves liueur-lanceohite ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, cy- lindrical; rays white; disk-flowers 4-toothcd. — Old fields, common. Jlay- Scpt. — Stem lo-3° high. ■*- -I- Perennial : rays conspicuous. 3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Hairy ; stem corymbose-branched above ; leaves thin, toothed or entire; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper oblong- lanceolatc, clasping; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. (E. qnercifo- lium. Lain., with the lowest leaves pinnately toothed ) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 4. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. Hairy or villous ; stem simple ; lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile and entire ; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish-pur- ple. — Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March and April. — Stem 1° high, stoloniferous. 5. E. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape- like ; radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly toothed ; the others small and remote ; heads corymbcd ; rays (about 30) white. (E. nudioaule, Michx.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Rhi/.oma thick. Stem 1° - 2° high. 18. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbri- cated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Pappus of capillary COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 207 bristles in two rows, the outer row much shorter. — Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads single or corymbose. Rays white or purple. * Rays purple. 1. D. linariifolius, Hook. Sterarigid, simple, closely pubescent; leaves numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; beads solitary or some- what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, ap- pressed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods. West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. September. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. * * Rai/s while. 2. D. COrnifolius, Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender spreading peduncles ; achenia smooth. — Upper districts of Carolina, and north- ward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 3. D. amygdalinUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose above ; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia hairj'. — Swamps, Flor- ida, and northward. September. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading. Leaves lj'-2' long. 4. D. umbellatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia hairy. — Swamps in the upper districts. September. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches erect. Leaves 3' -5' long. 5. D. obovatUS, Torr. & Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly at the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on long and naked (whitish) peduncles ; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia hairy. (Aster obovatus and A.dichotomus, £//.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May- July. — Stem l°-20 high. Leaves l'-2' long. 19. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemisphei-ical involucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing-margined. Pap- pus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk-flowers mostly with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, entire ; heads small, terminal ; achenia narrowly margined, hairy ; pappus very short, 2-awned. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -4° high. Rays purplish. 2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River swamps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5'' high. Rays whit3. 208 coMPOsiT.*:. (coMrosiTic family.) 3. B. asteroides, L'ller. Stem paniculate, tlic I)ran(hc8 sliort ; leaves lanceolate, cniire ; achenia sinootli, narrow-inarj^ined ; pappus very short, with- out awns. — Swamps, North Carolina. Stem 2° -3° liiy:h. Heads intermediate in size between tlie two preceding. 20. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. Heads few or many-flowered. Kays 1 - IG, rarely wanting, pistillate. Disk- flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with spread- ing tips. Receptacle flat, mostly alveolate. Achenia terete, many-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — I'erennial (rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers. § 1. ChrtsastRUM. — Scales of the involucre tvlth herbaceous spreading tips: bristles of the pappus unetpiul, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, forming a long and narrow leafy panicle. 1. S. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones coarsely serrate ; racemes composed of 3 - 6 large 10- 15-flowercd heads ; rays none ; .ichenia smooth. (Aster ? discoideus. Ell.) — Rich woods, Florida, Geor- gia, and westward. September. — Flowers yellowish-white. Stem 3° -5° high. 2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; leaves large, smootliish, oblong, acute, seirate, the lower ones tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, composed of 3-6 clustered heads; rays 12-16, showy; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. September. — Stem 2° -4° high. Low- est leaves 6' - 8' long. Heads 16 - 24-flowered. § 2. A'^iUGAUREA. — Scales of the involucre oppressed : rays mostly fewer than the disk-fowers, rarely wanting : racemes racemose, corymbose, or panicled. * Racemes not \ -sided ; leaves feather-veined. *- jRacemes axillary, cluster-like, xisually shorter than the leaves : the uppermost often avwded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 3. S. pubens, M. A. Cuitis. Stem simple, slender, pubescent ; leaves thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pubescent ; ra- cemes dense, the upper ones racemose ; heads 8 - 14-flowered ; rays 4 - 7 ; scales of the involucre obtuse, villous-pubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and moun- tainous parts of North Carolina, Curtis. August. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. 4. S. Buckleyi, Ton-. & Gray. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother above; racemes loose, all sepsirate and much shorter than the leaves; heads 15 - 20-flowercd ; rays 4-6; scales of the involucre rather acute, nearly smooth ; achenia short and smooth. — Interior of Alabama, Buckley. October — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 5. S. latifolia, L. Stem smooth, simple, angled ; leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted at the base, unequally toothed-serrate, mostly COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 209 pubescent beneath ;• racemes roundish or oblong, much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones more or less racemose; heads about 10-tlo\vered ; rays 3-4; scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; achenia silky-puljcscent. (S. flexi- caulis. Ell.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. September. — Stem l°-2° high, often flexuous. Leaves 3' -5' long, 2' -3' wide. Racemes sometimes longer than the leaves. 6. S. CSesia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate ; racemes all dis- tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves ; the lowest rarely elongated ; lieads about 10-flowcred ; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow ; scales of the invo- lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks, Florida and northward. September. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purple. Leaves 3' -5' long, ^'-1' wide. Racemes in all the upper axils. 7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem tall, not glaucous, straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at each end, sliarply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. September. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 5' - 6' long. 8. S. montieola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and slender, puberulent above ; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly seiTate ; the upper ones small and bract-like ; racemes sessile, the up- permost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about l.'j-flow- ered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. Sejitember. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. S. lancifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ; leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approximate, ped uncled, somewhat compound ; the upper ones longer than the reduced leaves ; heads nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, minutely gran- ular ; achenia hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 4' -5' long. Heads large. •<- ■<— Racemes crotcded in racemose or pijramidal terminal panicles, longer than the leaves (except No. 1.5) : lowest leaves lari/e, communly tapering into a petiole, the uppermost smcdl, sessile and entire. 10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent; stem simple, or branching above; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the lowest racemes shorter than the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, short, whitish; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, and northward. September. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Radical leaves 2' - 5' long. 11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, virgate ; low- est leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; tlie upper lanceolate ; panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowcred ; rays about 10 ; scales of the involucre subulate ; achenia smoothish. (S. pubcsccns, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Mississippi, and northward. 18* 210 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) Var. pulverulenta. Upper leaves shorter, oblon<5-ol)ovntc ; scales of the (20 -2r)-tl()\vcre(l) iiivulucre linear-lanceolate; aehenia sniootii. (S- pulveru- lenta, Aul/.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolhia. Sept. and Oet. — Stem 2° - 4° liigli, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers middle- sized, bright yellow. 12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent ; stem mostly simple, straight, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lancoolate or elliptical, acute, rough on tlie margins, all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose or ol)long ; heads large, 20- 25-flowcrcd ; rays about 10, showy; scales of the involucre linear, pubescent; theouter ones more or less spreading ; aclieniasmoothish. (S.elatn? Ell ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' lung. 13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes- cent above; leaves smooth, the lowest large (o'-S' long, l^'-2' wide), serrate; tiie upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large, crowded, 1.5 - 20-flowcred; rays 6-8, showy; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse; aehenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of the broader (2' -3') leaves villous; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads about 30-flowered (S. petiolaris, Ell. ?) ; or every way smaller ; the short racemes forming a narrow racemose panicle (S. erecta. Ell.). — Dry soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the first variety only in the upper districts. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high, often purplish. 14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem sim- ple, or panieled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly nar- rowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; racemes very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose panicle ; heads rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered; rays narrow ; scales of the involucre linear; aehenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near "Wilmington, North Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - .5' long. 1^. S. glomerata, Michx. Smooth; stem stout, simple; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest tapering into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the upper ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30- 40-flovvercd; rays 10- 12 ; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; aehenia pubescent. — High moun- tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1^-2° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. -(--(- -1- Racemes corijmbose. 10. S. rigida, L. Eough-pubcscent and somewhat hoary; stem stout; leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; corymb compact ; heads very large, 30-35-flowered ; rays 7 - 10 ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse ; aehenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia and north- ward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long. 17. S. COrymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth ; the branches rough-hairy ; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, the lower re- curved ; rays long. — Middle districts of Georgia. Sept. and Oct. — Stem stout. COMPOSIT.'E. (composite FAMILY.) 211 4°-G° high. Lower leaves 4'-G' long. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. (♦) 18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curti.^. Stem low (8'- 12'), rigid, soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute ; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; corymb dense, compound ; heads 25 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7, short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — On the summit of Roan and Hanging Rock Mountains, North Carolina, Curtis. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1' - 3' long. * * Racemes l-siJcd, mosthj compound, spreading or recurved {in I\os. 20 and 2\ often erect), commonli/ disposed in a pjrumidal panicle. -I- Smooth species, growing in marshes: stems virgate : leaves very numerous, more or less fleshg ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper small and passing into bi'acts : heads middle-sized : achenia pubescent. 19. S. flavovirens, n. sp. Smooth throughout ; stem stout, simple ; leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, the upper entire, narrowed at the base; panicle pyramidal; heads 10 - 12-flowered ; rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — Brackisli marshes, Apalaehicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole plant yellowish-green. Stem 2° -6° high. Lowest leaves 5' -10' long, somewhat fleshy, obscurely ribbed. Heads rather large. 20. S. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves .somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly serrate, veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1 -sided; heads 12- 16-flowered ; rays 5-7 ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and nortliward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem slender, simple, or branched above; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and I -sided; heads rather small, about 10-flowered; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse. — Salt marslies, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 22. S. sempervirens, L. Stcmsimple, or branched above; lowest leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, fleshy, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, ses- sile or partly clasping ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads ratlier large ; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acuti.sh. (S. limonifolia, Pers.) — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 3° -8° high. Leaves varying in thickness, the lowest 6'- 12' long. ■*- -t- Stems (smooth) commonly branching: leaves not fleshy, serrate, veiny; the lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or racemose on the spreading branches. 23. S. patula, Mulil. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; pedun- cles pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Leaves C - 1 2' lon])er districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above ; leaves lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or more or less pubescent; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12- flowercd ; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Va- ries, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. (S. juncea? EU.) — Sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, often pur- plish. Heads larger and leaves more rigid than in the last. 2G. S. gracillima, Toit. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves spatulatc-lanccolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex ; the othei-s linear and entire ; heads rather large, 9 - I2-flowcrcd, forming a narrow compound raceme at the summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. •(- H- -I- Leaves very numerous, (/niduall^ diminishinr/ in size upward, veinij, sessile, or the lowest mirrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 27. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, serrate, rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, promi- nently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated; the racemes slender and recurved ; scales of the 10- 15-flowered involucre linear; rays 6-9, small ; achenia pubescent. (S. rngosa, S. ulmifolia, and S. aspera. Ell.) — Low tliick- cts, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2°-6'' bigh, commonly branching. Leaves variable in texture and pubescence, being thin and smoother in shady places, and more rigid, rougher, and often rugose in places more ex- posed. 28. S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, or softly pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, paler and pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; panicle loose, spreading ; heads about 10-flowered ; rays 4-5; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts of Alabama, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves tliin, 2' -3' long. 29. S. EUiottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanecolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often entire; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 213 flowered involucre linear, obtuse; rays 5-7; achenia minutely pubescent. (S. elliptica ? £■//.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves very numerous, 2' -3' long. 30. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above ; leaves very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, pu- bescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyramidal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12 - 15-flowered ; rays 7-10, small; scales of the involucre linear; achenia slightly pubescent. (S. pyrami- data, Pursh. S. villosa, £//.) — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 31. S. odora, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, smooth on both surfaces, rough on the margins, punctate with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy ; achenia hairy. (S. retrorsa, MIckx.) — Dry soil, Florida and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. — Plant anise-scented. 32. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubescent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often twisted, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; heads small, 6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1 ' - 2' long. 33. S. braehyphylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular ; racemes short, forming a compound ra- ceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. -t- -H- H- H- Lowest leaves cordate, on lonf) petioles : heads in simple or compound ra- cemes, 8 - \0-Jlowered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy achenia. 34. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire ; racemes slender, often simple ; rays 1-3; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry open woods, West Florida, and westward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 35. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent; stem sparingly branched above; leaves acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, tlie others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, sessile ; racemes compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of crowded cluster- like racemes ; the lower ones scattered; scales of the 8-10-flowercd involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays 5-6; pappus much shorter than the achenium. (Brachy- chffita, Torr. ^ Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and north- ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' wide. 214 comtosita:. (( (mrosiric iamily.) ■t- -t- ■*- -t- t- Ijenvrx more or less prominently H-rilJyed. 3f). S. nemoralis, Ait. riant pniyish, nnimtcly j)ul)esl)i'd ; tlie lowest spntulatc- oldong or laiurolate, senate ; the upper laneeolate, acute, narrowed toward the base, mostly entire ; panielc dense, oblonj; or ])yraniidal, reeurved ; heads 10- 12-flowered ; rays 6 - 7 ; aehenia liairy. — Old liekls and open woods, common. — Stem l°-2° high. 37. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubescent and roujihish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-laneeolate, entire ; the low- est sparingly serrate; panielc pyramidal; heads rather large; rays 10-12; aehenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, 3" -4" wide, faintly ribbed. 38. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, sharply sen-atc, rough above, pubescent beneath ; pan- icles pvramidal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; aehenia pulx-scent. — Varies (S. procera. Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the upper entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, &e. Florida, and north- ward. Oct. — Stem 3C - 8° high. 39. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple ; leaves laneeolate, acu- minate, serrate, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurved racemes; rays short; mature aehenia smooth. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem stout, 4° -8" high. Heads larger than in the last, but smaller than those of the next species. 40. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, acumi- nate, sharply serrate, rough on the margins; panicle large, pyramidal, pubes- cent; rays small; aehenia pubescent. — Margins of fields, &c., Alabama, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. §3. Chkysoma. — Stem shruhby: leaves impressed-punctate, veinless : rai/s 1-3: receptacle conical, naked. 41. S. pauciflosculosa, Miehx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like; pani- cle 1-sidcd ; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles ; heads 4 -7-flowered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; aehenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 10-20 high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays large. § 4. EuTiiAMlA. — Herbaceous : leaves narrow, entire, 1 - 5-nerved : heads corym- bose : rays more numerous than the disk-Jlowers : receptacle bristly : involucre viscid. 42. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5- ncrved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters ; rays 15-20. — Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 20-3° high. 43. S. tenuifolia, Piirsh. Nearly smooth ; stem corymbosely much branched ; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted ; heads few in a cluster, cojiPOsiT.E. (composite family.) 215 often pedicclled, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 21. BIGELOVIA, DC. Heads 3-4-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, hairy. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles scarcely exserted. — A smooth erect perennial herb, with narrow obtuse and entire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound corymb. 1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate; lowest leaves spatu late- lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved ; the others scattered, linear. (Chrysocoma nu- data, Michx.) — Var. viRGATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1-nerved; the others narrow-linear or filiform ; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 22. ISOPAPPUS, Torr. & Gray. Heads several-flowered. Rays 5-12, pistillate. Involucre cylindrical-cam- panulate ; the scales lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 rows, appressed. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia terete, silky. Pappus a single row of nearly equal capillary bristles. — Biennials. Stems paniculate. Leaves alternate, nar- r. Heads scattered, on slender peduncles. Rays yellow. 1. I. divai'ieatus, Torr. & Gray. Hispid and glandular ; stem erect, the slender branches spreading; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- cre soft-hairy; rays 5-8. (Chrysopsis divaricata, Nutt.) — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20-flowered. 23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly. Achenia of the rays oval, des- titute of pappus, those of the disk-flowers obovate, compressed, haiiy, with a double pappus ; the outer one short and chaff'y, the inner bristly. — Biennial rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate leaves, and corymbose-pan icled heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. SCabra, DC. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or clasp- ing; the lowest jictioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base; involucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. (Chrysopsis scabra, jVk?/.) — Dry sandy places along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem rigid, 10-2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. 24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Pappus of the ray and disk-flowers alike, double ; the e.xterior row chaflfy, or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterothcca. — 210 COMl'OSITVi;. (COMTOSITK FAMILY.) Biennial or perennial liuiry or silky herbs, with linear or ohlong mostly entire leaves. Heads mostly corymljed. Flowers yellow. * Leaves tuirrow, nerved, entire : aclienia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, pubes- cent : perennials. 1 . C. graminifolia, Nutt. Stem leafy, white with apprcssed silky shin- ing hairs, as also the linear leaves; heads numerous, rather small, on slender and more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glan- dular. (C. argentea, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, common. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° Iiigh. Lowest leaves 4' - 8' long. 2. C. Oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with apprcssed shining hairs ; heads 1 - 4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large ; involucre bell-shaped, the scales glandular-pubescent — Low pine-barrens, Florida. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping ; those of the root elon- gated. 3. C. pinifolia, Ell. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 1^°- 2° high. Stem-leaves 4' -6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus somewhat chaffy. * * Leaves veiny, ohloncj or lanceolate : the Imvest nan-owed at the base, the upper sessile: achenia obovate, compressed. 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves spatulatc-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine- barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial ; stem very leafy, mostly branching, villous with loose silky hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest ones crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often smooth- ish ; corymb large, compound ; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — Var. hys- 80PIF0L1A (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth leaves, except the tuft at the base. —Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 6. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb simple. (C. dentata, Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem \°-2° high. 7. C. seabrella, Torr. & Gray. Pulverulent-scabrous throughout; stem stout, corymhoscly branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, en- tire, equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile, the lower ones narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb; peduncles and lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular. — Pine woods, Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 20 high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 217 8. C. villosa, Nutt. Eough-haiiy and somewhat hoary throughout ; stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest nan-owed into a petiole ; heads large, in a simple corymb. — Dry soil, Alabama, and westward. Scj)!. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long, fringed near the base. 9. C. decumbens, n. sp. Stems decumbent, simple, silky-villous ; leaves villous, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile, leafy in the axils ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, clustered; heads large, in a loose corymbose panicle; the peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent ; rays about 2.5, showy ; achenia hairy, furrowed ; exterior pappus bristly. — Sandy shores on St. Vincent's Island, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. (S) — Stems 2° -4° long. Upper leaves |'- 1' long, the lowest .3' -4'. Heads largest of all. 25. IlsrULA, L. Elecampane. Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the base. Pappus single, of capillaiy slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial herbs. Flow- ers yellow. 1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout ; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, tomen- tose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very large, somewhat corv'mbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; rays numerous, narrow ; achenia 4-sided, smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. Introduced. 26. COlSrYZA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers pistillate, fertile, in several rows ; the corolla filiform, 2-3-toothed ; a few of the central flowers staminate, with a tubular, .5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several rows. Receptacle punctate. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Branching herbs, with toothed-lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbs or panicles. 1. C. ambigua, DC. Rough-hairy; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, lobed, the upper entire, linear; heads panicled. (C sinuata, Ell.) — Around Charles- ton. Introduced. April -July. — Stem 2° high. 27. BACCHAKIS, L. Heads direcious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the sterile flowers 5-cleft ; of the fertile ones filiform, nearly entire, without anthers ; style exserted. Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in sev- eral rows. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of the sterile flowers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the fertile flowers in 1 - several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1. B. halimifolia, L. Branches angled; leaves ohovate, or oblong-ob- ovate, toothed above the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads pcdun- 19 218 COMroSIT.K. (cOMrOSITK FAMILY.) c-lcil, tlio tcrmiiinl ones clusttTcd ; pappus of tlie fu-tilc flowt-rs .3-4 times ih long as the involurre. — Low gromiil, near the eoast, Florichi and nortlnvuid. Sept. and Oct. — Sln'ul) 2°-\-2° Ut'^h. 2. B. glomeruliflora, I'ers. Branelies angh'd ; leaves wedgc-ohovate, eoarsely tuutiied, rigid ; the uppermost oliovatc, entire ; lieads very numerouR, in dense .sessile axillary elusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as the involucre. (B. scssiliflora, Mic/i.r.) — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. November. — Shruh 6°- 12° high. 3. B. angUStifolia, Michx. Brandies numerous, angled ; leaves linear, entire; heads single, or 2-4 in a terminal cluster; achenia smooth. — Saline marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Heads small 28. PLUCHEA, Cass. Heads many-flowered ; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile, with the corolla dilated and 5-cleft ; the others pistillate, slender, slightly toothed. Anthers bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, mostly naked. Achenia grooved or angled. Pappus a single row of capil- lary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandular herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish flowers cor}'mbose. 1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping ; heads clustered ; involucre pubescent and viscid. (Conyza bifrons. Ell.) — Margins of pine-barren pond:^, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers pale purple or white. 2. P. foetida, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular ; leaves large, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs axillary and terminal ; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi- cels ; involucre smoothish, often purplish. (Conyza Marylandica, Eli?) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. September. — Stem 2°- 5° high. Leaves 5' -8' long, resinous-dotted. Flowers purple. 3. P. camphorata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; heads rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of the invo- lucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Stem lo-2° high ; the branches few and erect. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers light purple. 4. P. purpurascens, DC. Tomentosc and glandular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corv'mbose ; scales of the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps and low ground, Florida. September. — Stem 10-2° high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers bluish-purple. coMrosiTvt:. (composite family.) 219 29. PTEROCAUIiON, Ell. Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated in several rows, caducous. Receptacle minutely hairy. Achenia angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than the involucre. — Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomentose and hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly spiked. 1. P. pycnostaehyum, Ell. Stem rarely branched, 1°- 2° high; leaves wavy, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. Tkibe IV. SENECIONIDEyE. Heads discoid or radiate: branches of the style, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or brush-shaped at the apex, and truncate, or produced into a conical or hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent. 30. POLYMNIA, L. Heads many-flowcrcd ; the rays pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer leafy, spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obovoid fertile ache- nia. Receptacle chaff"y. Pappus none. — Coarse branching pei-ennial herbs, with angular or lobed leaves, and heads of yellow flowers in corymbose panicles. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent ; lowest leaves opposite, peti- oled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the invo- lucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° -5° high. Heads small. Rays pale yellow. 2. P. Uvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, 3 - ."j-lobed, coarselj- toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre ciliate, obtuse; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil, Florida, and north- ward. July and August. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Rays bright yellow. 31. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the inte- rior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Pappus a sliglitly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided on the inside to the base. — A low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with oval or spatulate- oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers borne on a long peduncle. 1. C. Virginianum., L. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. February- April. — Plant at first simple, ])roducing from a tuft of radical leaves a single pedunclcd head, afterward stoloniferous and branching. 220 COMrOSIT.K. (cOMrosiTK ia-mii-v.) 02. SILPHIUM, L. Heads niany-flowciTd ; tin; rays numerous, pistillate, fortilc, in a single row. Disk-flowi'is i-yliuiiriral, sterile ; the stylo uiulivitleil. Seales of the involucre leafy, inil)rieateil in several rows ; the innermost smallest, eiiart-like. Keeeptacle small, with linear aeutish chaff. Fertile achenia in 3-4 rows, round or ol)ovate, flat, broadly winged, 2-toothed or cmarginate at the apex ; the sterile ones slen- der. Pappus none, or represented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous herbs, with alternate opposite or whorlcd leaves, and large heads of yellow flow- ers in corymi)osc panicles. * Stems terete, nearli/ naked: leaves alternate; the lowest large, serrate or varionsli/ loheil, lomj-pelioleJ ; the others small and scattered. 1. S. laciniatum, K Stem hispid or smooth; leaves veiy rough or hi.s- pid, on clasping petioles, pinnately paited ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose ; scjilcs of the invo- lucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia round- obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and chisj)ing leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummiferum, A7/ ) — Prairies of Alabama, and westward. July and August. — Stem C° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 2° long. Heads l^'-2' in diameter. 2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. Stem smooth, naked above ; leaves rough- hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of tiie involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, smooth ; achenia obovate, cmarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell., leaves ]);nnatifi(l.) — Open woods in the western districts of Georgia, and west- ward. July -Sept. — Stem 4° -8° high. Radical leaves 2° long. Heads 1' wide. 3. S. COmpositum, Michx. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform, angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymbosely panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtnse ; achenia roundish, deeply emarginate; rays 6- 10. (S. terebinthinaceum, £■//., leaves reniform, an- gul.irly toothed or lobed.) — Var. MiCH.vuxii, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or tcrnately divided ; the divisions lobed or toothed. — Var ovatifo- LU'M, Torr. & Gray. Leaves ovate, angularly toothed. — Sandy open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads ^' in diameter. * * Stems leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or whorled. •t- Stems terete. 4. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly serrate, on short biistly petioles ; the upper ones altemate or opposite ; the lower 3 -4 in a whorl ; heads small, loosely panicled ; scales of the involucre ovate or oval, fringed on the margins ; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. (S. ternatum and S. atropurpureum, Wilhl.) — Open woods along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 5. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or altemate, or the lower ones sometimes 3 in a whorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed. cojjposiT.^. (composite family.) 221 on short hirsute petioles ; the upper ones sessile and commonly entire ; heads somewhat corymbose, rather large ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, acute, short-ciliate : the interior oblong, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, 2- toothed. — Var. dentatum. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes incisely toothed ; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum. Ell ) — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Rays showy. 6. S. Isevigatum, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the upper nearly sessile ; heads small, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, spread- ing; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly 2-toothed at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long. 7. S. scaberrimum, Ell. Stem rough-hairy ; leaves mostly opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate ; achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia and Alabama. August and Sept. — Stem stout, 3° - 4° high, becoming smoothish. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Heads larger than in the last. -I- -t- Stems square. 8. S. perfoliatum, L. Stem and branches smooth or haiiy ; leaves large, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, or pubes- cent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united ; the uppermost commonly entii-e, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central heads long- peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly obovate, emarginate. (S. connatum, L. S. integrifolium, EIL?) — Banks of streams along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Heads large. 33. BERLANDIERA, DC. Heads many-flowered. Eay-flowcrs few, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost largest, membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle cliafty ; the chaff dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; the inner ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, flattened, wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial downy or hoary herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, and yellow rays. 1. B. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves oblong-ovatc, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest taper- ing into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length ninnerous, corym- hose-panided. (Silphium pumilum, Michx.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 19* 222 COMPOSIT/K. (cOMrOSITK FAMII.V.) 2. B. SUbacaulis, Nutt. Rou;;li-pul)Csccnt and Sfjimwlint hoary ; leaves chiefly radiial, ehistcred, siiiuate-piiuuititid ; licads Kolitary on tlie peduncle-like stem, or fow on the jieduncle-Iike hraiu-l)0,s of the sliort and nearly leaHess stem. — East Florida and (Jeorgia. May - August. — Peduuele 0' - 8' long. Lcaveu 3' long. 34. PARTHENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, in a single row, sliort, ohcordate, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly united. Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovale or roundish. Receptacle conical, chaffy ; the chaflP dilated upward. Achenia smooth, compressed, thick -mai'- gined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white. 1 . P. integrifolium, L. Perennial ; stem erect, simple, rough ; leaves imdivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awu-like. — Drj' soil among the mountains, Alabama, and northward. August. — Stem l°-2°liigh. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Kays conspicuous. 2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; leaves pinnutifid. with linear toothed lobes ; heads loosely paniclcd ; scales of the pap- pus oval. — "Waste places, East and South Florida, and westward. 35. IVA, L. Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the marginal ones (1-5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central ones 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row, oval or obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6 - 9 and imbricated. Chaff of the small receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pai)pus none. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (tlie upper) alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers. * Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row. 1. I. frutescens, L. Slirubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply toothed -serrate, 3-ribbcd, smoothish ; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular; fertile flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 2. I. microcephala, Nutt. Annual, rough witii rigid appressed hairs ; stem slender, much branched ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, 6 - 12-flowered; scales of the involucre 4 -5, obovate, ciliate ; fertile flowers 1-3. — Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. * * Scales of the involucre &- 9 , imbricated in 2-4 ivirs. 3. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth ; leaves flesh}', lance- olate, the lower ones slightly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate and entire; heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; the inner obovate, COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 223 toothed-margined; fertile flowers 2-4, the short corolla 5-parted. — Varies with smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of the fertile flower truncate. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. 36. AMBROSIA, Toum. Heads monoecious, in racemes or spikes ; the upper ones sterile, nodding ; the lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers hemispherical, com- posed of 7-12 united scales, .5-20-flowered. Receptacle naked or with slender chafF. Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1-flowered, ovoid or turbinate, entire, closed, pointed, commonly with a row of tubercles or spines near the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pap- pus none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves, bracted. Flowers whitish. * Leaves undivided or 3 - ^-lobed, opposite : receptacle naked. 1. A. triflda, L. Stem tall (6° -10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy ; leaves rough, palmately 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lanceolate and serrate, or all undi- vided ; fruit obovate, 6-toothed around the base of the conically beaked apex, clustered. (A. integrifolia, Muld.) — River-banks and rich soil, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. * Leaves pinnately lobed ; the vpper ones mosthj alternate : receptacle commonly chaffy. 2. A. crithmifolia, DC. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base ; the branches velvety pubescent ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish, softly pubescent ; spikes few, the terminal one elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores at Key West, forming large clusters. 3. A. artemisisefolia, L. Annual, erect, hairy or smoothish ; leaves bi- pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; spikes single or panieled ; fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes spiked ; fruit nearly globose, armed with six short teeth. (A. elatior, L. A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit obsolete.) — Cultivated ground, everywhere. July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high. 4. A. hispida, Pursh. Hispid and hoary throughout ; leaves bipinnatifid, with toothed lobes ; racemes terminal, somewhat panTcled. — South Carolina, Catesby. — Stem 1° high. Heads larger than in No. 1. (*) 37. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur. Heads monoecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the scales of the involucre separate, in a single row ; the receptacle oblong, chaffy, and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil- late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed externally with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one or two stout beaks. Corolla filiform. Achenium oblong, solitary in each cell — Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled. 221 coMrosiTiE. (composite iamiky.) 1- X. Strumarium, L. Stem spineless, ioiij;li, biiuiclied ; leaves large, broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, aeute imd loui^li on both sides ; fruit oval, jiointed by two straight and Hniootli beaks. — Var. kcuinatlm. Leaves oi)tuse, less strongly lobcd ; the iiieiirved beaks and s|)ineR of the larger (1') fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, eonmion. July -Sept. — Stem lo-4° bigli, often spotted. 2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, nuicli branched; leaves lancculate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary-toinentosc beneath ; fruit pointed by a single beak. — Waste ])laccs around the larger seaports, and sparingly in the interior. Introduced. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. 38. ECIilPTA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers short, pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk tubular, 4-toothcd, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3 -4-anglcd, hairy at the apex. Pappus none. — Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers white. 1. E. erecta, L. Stem erect or diffuse, terete, tumid below the joints, sprinkled, like tlie leaves, with appressed rigid hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single or 2 - 3 together. (E. procumbens, and E. brachypoda, Michx. ) — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 6' - 3° long. 2. E. longifolia, Sehrad. Stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile and clasping; peduncles longer than the heads. — Wet places, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 39. BOmilCHIA, Adans. Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, in a single row ; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, peifect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri- cated ; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid persistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled. Pai)pus a 3- 4-toothcd border. — Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves opposite and slightly connate. Heads soli- tary, pedunclcd. Flowers yellow. 1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent; leaves spatulate-hincoolatc, abruptly pointed, entire ; scales of the involucre as long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. — Key West. Dec. — Shrub 50-10° high. 2. B. frutescens, DC. Branches and leaves hoary -tomcntose; leaves varving from spatulate-linear to obovate-oblong, entire or toothed near the base ; scales of the involucre shorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaff of the re- ceptacle spine-pointed. (Buphthalmum frutescens, L) — Saline marshes, Flor- ida to North Carolina. June - Oct. — Stem 1© - 2° high. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 225 40. MELANTHERA, Rohr. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-clcft. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaft" of the convex receptacle rigid, per- sistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-anglcd, short, truncate at the apex. Pappus of 2 -several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Hough perennial herbs, with branching 3 - 4-angled stems, opposite undivided or 3- lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of white flowers, on long peduncles. Anthers black. 1- M. hastata, INIichx. Stem commonly spotted; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire, or more or less hastate-Silobed, serrate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle spine-pointed. — Light rich soil, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the involucre ovate ; chaflf of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida. 41. ZINNIA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or round- ish, margined. Chafl^ of the conical receptacle clasping the disk-flowers. Ray- flowers oblong, rigid j)ersistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with a 1 -2- awned pappus ; those of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated peduncles. '1. Z. multiflora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching; leaves oblong-lanceo- late ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk-flowers 1-awned ; rays red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow. 42. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Heads many -flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows; the exterior longer, leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the smooth 4- angled truncated achenia. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs with the habit of Helianthus. Rays yellow. 1. H. laevis, Pers. Smooth; stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles elongated ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays deciduous. — Dry open woods, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — ■ Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, sometimes scabrous. 43. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (6 -9) pistillate; those of the disk tu- bular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided ; the exterior of 4 ovate 22G COMI'OSIT.K. (cO.MroSlTK lAAMI.Y.) Icavi's partly united hclow ; ilio iiitcri()r of iilmiit 8 small cliafTy scales. CiiafT of tiie conii'ul rt'ci'ptacle lanceolate, acute. Aclieiiia ol)ovoiil, nearly terete, truncated. Pappus none. — A low liairy and elainniy ])erennial iierb, with large sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large solitary hcad.s of yellow flowers, on long peduncles. 1. T. helianthoides, L. — Dry sandy .soil, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems several, stout, 1°-1^° high. Leaves 4'-C' long. Head 2' in diameter. 44. ECHINACEA, Mfcneh. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, but sterile, drooping ; those of the disk tubular and petfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, imbricated in three or more rows, spreading. Receptacle at length conical. Chaff of tho receptacle rigid, spine-pointed, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia short, 4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed pappus. — Perennial sparingly branched herbs, witli alternate undivided 3- 5-ribbcd leaves, and large heads ter- minating the peduncle-like summit of the stem or branches. Rays red, purple, or wiiitc. * Ildijs eloiifjated, purple or ivhite. 1. E. purpurea, Ma-nch. Stem simple, or with pcdunde-likc branches, smooth or liairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rough ; tlie lowest ones ovate, on long petioles ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3-5 rows, ciliate ; rays about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves smooth; rays strap-shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June -August. — Stem 20-50 high. Rays 2' -3' long. 2. E. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en- tire, 3-ribbcd ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 2-3 rows; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and low barrens, Alabama, and westward. May-July. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Lowest leaves ^° long. * * Rays short, dark red. 3. E. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or rough throughout with white ap- pressed hairs ; stem simple, furrowed ; leaves rigid, entire, shining ; the lowest linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, 3-ribb('d ; the upper few and remote, linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre in three rows ; rays about 9, wedge-shaped, shorter than the ovate dark purple disk ; chaff of tho receptacle short-cuspidate, about as long as the disk-flowers ; pappus 4-toothed — Low pine barrens, Geor- gia and Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves ^o long. Heads ^' in diameter. Plant turns black in drying. 45. HUDBECKIA, L. Heads many-floworod ; tlie ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, per- fect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conical or cylindrical ; the chaff not rigid, and mostly shorter than the disk- flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow border, or none. COMl'OSIT^E. (composite FAMILY.) 227 — Perennial or biennial herbs, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays yellow or party-colored. Disk dark pmple or yellowish. * Disk ovate or globose. -I- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparinghj hranched. 1. R. hirta, L. Hirsute; stem and branches naked at the summit; leaves 3-ribbed, lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper ones sessile, the lowest nar- rowed into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown ; cliaff of the receptacle acute, hairy at the apex ; appendages of the style subulate. — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem rigid, l°-2° liigh. Rays longer or shorter than the involucre. 2. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy ; stem simple or sparingly branciied, naked at the summit; leaves 3-ribbecl, mostly serrate ; the lowest oval or oblong, on slen- der petioles ; the upper ones spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, slightly clasjjing ; rays commonly longer than the involucre ; disk roundish, dark purple ; chaff of the receptacle smoothish, rather obtuse ; appendages of the style short-conical. (R. discolor. Ell. R. spathulata, Michx., a smoothish mountain form, witli spat- ulate mostly entire leaves, and smaller heads.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. August and September. — Stem l°-3° high. Rays often turning reddish at the base in withering. 3. R. mollis, Ell. Stem hirsute-villous, branching ; leaves oblong, ob- scurely serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomentose on both sides ; the lowest somewhat spatulatc ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, villous, rcflexed, half as long as the (12-20) rays; disk brownish; chaff of the receptacle rather obtuse, tomeutose at the apex. — Western districts of Georgia. August - October. — Stem 2° -3° high. 4. R. Heliopsidis, Ton-. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, with few pediuule-likc branches at the summit; loaves ovate or oval, slightly serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, shorter than the brownisii-purple subglobose disk, and (10- 12) oblong-linear rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex ; achenia of the rays 3-angled, as large as those of tiie disk. — Pine barrens near Columbus, Georgia, and Alabama. August and September. — Stem 2° high. •*- •(- Leaves divided : stem panicuJutelij or con/mbosehj branched. 5. R. triloba, L. - Biennial, roiigh-hairy ; stem much branched ; lowest leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, serrate ; lower stem-leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire ; heads small, numerous ; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter than the rays ; disk almost black ; chaff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, as long as the flowers. — Var. pinxatiloba, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and more slender, and the lower stem leaves pinnately lobed. — Dry soil. West Florida and northward. August and September. — Stem 2° -5° high. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Rays about 8. 6. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, tall (4° - 6^), branching; leaves rough ; the lowest ])innately divided, the divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or 228 COMl'OSIT^K. (CO.MPOSITIC 1 AMILV.) piiiiiatirul ; tlie middle ones 3-. 'i-partod ; tlic uppermost often undivided, toothed ; disk yellowish, ovate or eoiiieal ; rays larj^e, droo|)in(; ; eiiatt' of the rcccptiiele truneate, piibesecnt at the ajjex, about as long as tlie 3-anL;;Kd aehenia. (R. digi- tata, Mill. 11. lu; vigata, PursA.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and August. — Leaves large. Kays 1'- 2' long. 7. R. heterophylla, Toit. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem corymbose above ; leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, tomcntosc beneath ; the lowest orbicular- cordate or 3-5-partcd, on long petioles; the middle ones 3-lobed ; the upper- most ovate, sessile and entire ; disk globose, yellowish ; rays drooping ; chaff of the receptacle acute ; aehenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Florida. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in the preceding. * * Dish columnar, elongated : stems tall, sinijila. 8. R. maxima, Kutt. Smooth ; leaves large, mcmltranaccous, oval or oblong, slightly toothed or entire, feather-veined, the lower, ones ])etioled, the upjfcr clasping; head solitary, long-peduncled ; rays large, drooping. — Wet pine barrens. West Florida and westward. August. — Stem 4° - 9° high. Low- est leaves 8'- 12' long. Kays 2' long. 9. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining ; stem tall, naked above ; leaves rigid, oblong-laneeolatc, slightly toothed or entire, 3 - 5-ribbcd ; the lowest long- petioled; the upper partly clasping, small ; ray.s large, drooj)ing; disk brown. — Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 30-50 high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. * * * Lower leaves opposite : disk ovate, yellow : chaff of the receptacle cuspidate, ribbed: aehenia biconvex, striate, hairi/, rounded at the apex: pappus none. 10. R. ? Porteri, Gray. Rough with short scattered hairs ; stem panicu- lately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, fringed at the base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the disk ; the interior shorter, resembling the chaff of the receptacle ; rays 7 - 9, longer than the disk. — Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 46. LEPACHYS, Raf. Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Aehenia flattened and margined. Pappus 2-toothed or none Otherwise like Rudbeckia. — Perennials. Leaves pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow. 1 . L. pinuata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short apprcssed hairs ; stem •sparingly branched; divisions of the leaves 3-7, lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus obscurely 2-toothed. (Rudbeckia tomentosa, Etl.)—T>ry soil. West Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 2' long. 47. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows, w ith or without COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 229 leafy spreading tips. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy. Achcnia 4-angled, usu- ally compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaffy scales or awns. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, commonly 3-ribbed, undi- vided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. Disk yellow or dark, purple. Rays yellow. * Annual: disk dark purple : chaff of the receptacle ^-toothed : leaves on long and slender petioles : achenia pubescent. 1. H. debilis, Nutt. Roughish; stem slender, decumbent, branching; leaves rarely opposite, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, wavy-serrulate ; heads small ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, slender-pointed ; pappus 2-awncd. — Shores of East Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Rays 10-14. 2. H. praecox, Gray & Engclm. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous when young ; stem erect, paniculately branched, somewhat spotted ; leaves thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, opposite, the upper ones ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; rays 15-20. — Sandy shores. West Florida, and westward. Ju]y - Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. * * Perennial : disk dark purple. ■*- Rays minute or roanting. 3. H. Hadula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy and hirsute towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, hir- sute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic ; spreading ; the lower ones obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear ; scales of the involucre oblong- ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads rather large. •t- -1- Rags conspicuous. 4. H. angUStifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, paniculately branched; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins revolute ; the lowest ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; chaff of the recep- tacle 3-toothed ; rays 12-18, showy. — Varies, with broader leaves, and the disk at first yellow. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, common. Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Hirsute or hispid ; stem slender, mostly simple, naked above ; leaves opposite, thick, entire ; the lower ones lanceolate or oblong, tapering into a petiole ; the others linear, remote ; scales of the invo- lucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle tooth cuspidate; rays 1.5-20, elongated. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves 2' - 6' long. Rays 1 i' long. 6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid ; stem sparingly branched and somewhat naked above ; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and long- petioled ; the upper small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval or ol)long, obtuse ; chaff of the receptacle acute; rays about 12; achenia pubescent at the apex. (H. sparsifolius, Ell ) — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads rather small. 20 230 COMPOSIT.E. (cUiMl'OSITE FAMILY.) 7. H. rigidus, Dcsf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly siii)|)lc, rough ; leaves oblon^-lancrolato, slif;litly serrate or entire, tliick aixl ri;;iii, very rou^h on botli sides, narrowed into siiort eonnate jietioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute, apprcssed ; ciiaff'of the receptacle obtuse ; rays 20-25. (H. scabeiriinus. Ell.) — Western districts of Georgia, A7//o«, and westward. Sept. — Stem lo-3° high. Heads showy. * * * Perennial: disk yellow : heads larrje or middle-sized. 8. H. laetiflorus, Pers. Stem stout, rough, branching ; leaves oval-lance- olate, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short petioles ; the uppermost often alternate ; heads solitary or corymbose, on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-laneeolatc, acute, ciliate, apprcssed ; chaff of the receptacle somewhat 3-toothcd or entire ; rays 12-16, elongated. (H. tricuspis, Ell., with the leaves all nearly entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothcd.) — Dry soil, in the AVestern districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 3° -4° liigh. Leaves 5' -8' long. Eays 1^' long. 9. H. OCCidentalis, Kiddcll, var. Dowellianus, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth ; stem branched above ; leaves triiilc-iierved, latlier thick, slightly den- tate, on margined petioles, and with a short scattered pubescence ; the lowest ones opposite, large, broadly ovate, subcordatc, obtuse ; the upper altcnuite, ol)- long-ovate ; peduncles long and slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- minate, slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, apprcssed ; rays 12-1.5. — Macon County, North Carolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lower leaves 7'- 8' long, 5'- 6' wide. Rays 1' long. 10. H. raollis. Lam. Villous or tomentose and somewhat hoary; stem mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly serrate, cordate and clasping; the upper ones often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; chaff of the receptacle entire ; rays 15-25. (H. jmbescens, Ell.) — Dry open woods in the upi)er districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Heads thick. 11. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above; leaves lanceolate, acumiiuite, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough-hairy beneath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest ones alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute ; rays 15-20. — Low ground in the upper districts, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 2'-5' long. Rays 1' long. 12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem stout, hirsute, branching ; leaves all alternate, or the lowest ones opposite, very rough above, tomentose beneath, slightly -seiTate ; the lowest large (6'- 12'), ovate, on short winged petioles; the upper ones oblong ; heads large ; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. (H. spathulatus, /:,7/., with the leaves all opposite, scales of the involucre shorter.) — Open woods, and mar- gins of fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Rays I'-l^' long. 13. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem tall, branched, smooth below, hirsute above ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough COMPOSIT^E. (composite FAMILY.) 231 above, pubescent beneath ; the lower ones often shghtly cordate, on short winged petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the disk; rays 12-15. — Southern States, Ton: ^- Grai/, and westward. Sept. — Stem 5° -8° high. Lowest leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads large. Hays 1|' long. 14. H. Strumosus, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above, smooth below; leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, short-petioied, very rough above, paler and smooth, or roughish, or sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; scales of tiie involucre lanceolate, acumi- nate, as long as the disk, spi-eading; rays 8- 10. (H. mollis, Ell.) — Dry soil, common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glaucous. Leaves 3'- 4' long. 15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth below, rough above ; leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper sur- face, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the inv6lucre lanceolate-linear, spreading; the exterior ones longer than the disk.; rays 8- 10. (H. strumosus and H. tenuifolius. Ell.) — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, obtuse at the base. 16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit; leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, sometimes slightly cordate base, acuminate, seirate, very rough above, paler and rough- hairy beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, as long as the disk; rays about 12. (H. diversifolius, £// , with the leaves broader; the upper oval, and nearly entire.) — Dry soil in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. 17. H. divarieatus, L. Stem smooth, simple, or corymbosely branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or truncate at the base, very rough above, smooth or rough-pubescent beneath ; heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-lance- olate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8-12. (H. truncatus, £■//.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. * * * * Pirennial : disk yellow : heads small : leaves narroio. 18. H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves opposite, or tiic upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, rough above, paler and tomentose beneath, on short petioles ; heads numerous, on pubescent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo- late, appressed; rays 5-8. (H. divarieatus, £//.) — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high; the branches forking. Leaves 3'- 10' long. 19. H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem hispid, brandling above ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough above, hoarj'-tomcntose beneath ; the lower ones opposite, the upper alternate and en- tire; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tips ; rays about 8. — Upper districts of North Carolina, Curlis. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 20. H. Isevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth and glaucous, the branches forking ; leaves smooth or. both sides, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, ob- 232 composite:, (compositk family.) long-lanccolatc, acute, entire or serrulate, ol)S(iir(l y 3-rililteil, nearly sessile , scales of tiie involuerc ovate, acute, a|>pressc(l with s|)readinjj; tips; rays 6-8. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem 4° - S'' liifjh. Heads twice as large as those of No. 18. 21. H. longifolius, rursh. Very snKX)fli throughout ; stem slender, branching ; leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire ; the lowest tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate ; heads few; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk ; rays about 10. — Damp rich soil in the Western districts of Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. Rays small. — Resembles an aquatic Coreopsis. H. ANNUII9, the common Sunflower, and H. tuderosus, the Jkru.salkm Artichoke, arc commonly cultivated species. 48. HELIANTHELLA, Tom & Gray. Achenia 4-angk'd, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate border, or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales ; otherwi.sc like Ilclianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with nan-ow leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers. 1. H. grandiflora, Ton-. & Gra)^ Hirsute; stem simple; leaves alter- nate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, entire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales. — East Florida. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays nearly 2' long. 2. H. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute ; stem simple, or corj'mbose at the summit; leaves narrow-linear, entire, the lower ones opposite or whorled ; the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading ; pappus of 2-4 acute awns. — Dry sandy pine barrens. West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10-2° high. Rays 1 ' - U' long. 49. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4- 14, neutral, or wanting. Scales of the involucre in 1-3 rows, leafy. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy; the chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate mostly winged achenia. Pappus of two persistent awns (obsolete in No. 5). — Peren- nial herbs, with ovate or lanceolate serrate often decurrent leaves. Flowers yel- low or white, * Stents tall, hrancfiinrj : pappus 2-awned. 1 . A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above ; leaves alternate or opposite, rough, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; heads corymbose; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, linear-spatulate, spreading ; achenia broadly obovate, winged ; awns of the pappus rigid, spreading; rays 4 -12, yellow. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. 2. A. alba, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly winged above; leaves alternate, rough, lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose; COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 233 scales of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate ; aclicnia mostly broadly winged ; awns of the pappus slender ; flowers white ; rays none. — Ricli soil, in the lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare. Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves 3' - 8' long. 3. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves alter- nate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy above, downy and hoary beneath ; heads few, corymbose; scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows, broadly lanceolate, appressed ; rays 8-14, yellow; achenia slightly winged; awns bristle-like. — Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' long. Rays U' long. 4. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute ; stem wingless, somewhat naked and corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the uppermost small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre short, in 2-3 rows ; rays 7-12, yellow ; achenia obovate-oblong, mostly wingless ; awns short. (Helianthus ? aristatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. * * Stems low, simple : pappus obsolete : rai/s none. 5. A. pauciflora, Nutt. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and rough above ; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, rigid, obtuse, strongly reticulate, rough with short rigid hairs ; heads solitary or 2-3 together, terminal ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed ; flowers orange-yellow ; the marginal ones abortive ; achenia oblong-obovate, narrowly winged, with a cup-shaped disk ; pappus wanting. — Low pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. June and July. — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves 2' long. Involucre, chaff", and achenia dark brown. 50. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double ; each row of about 8 scales ; the outer ones narrow and spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Chaff" membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the achenia. Achenia compressed, often winged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a pappus of two upwardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves entire or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple or yellow. Rays yellow, rarely rose-color. * Pays none. 1 C. discoidea, Toit. & Gray. Smooth ; stem diff"usely branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions ; the up- permost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles ; exterior involucre folia- ceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrowly wedge-shaped, hairy. — Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. * * Rays entire, or emarginate at the apex, yellow. •^ Leaves pr-tioled : achenia narrowly ivedc/e-shaped, 2-toothed or awned: scales of the involucre equal, the outer ones separate. 2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched; leaves smooth or slight- ly pubescent, 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, serrate, toothed or 20* 211 COMl'OSITyK. (COMI'OSITK lAMII.V.) lohid, or all linear and entire ; exterior seales of the involucre linear-sputulatc ; achenia sinootliish. with two short trian;;ular teeth. (C- niiti.s, Miclix. C. ar^utii, Purs/i.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. -Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Loaves j)oi\inori)lious ; the uppermost eonimonly undivided. Rays showy. 3. C. tl'ichosperma, Miehx. Smooth; stem somewhat 4-an;,'le(l, hraneh- ing; leaves pinnately 5-7-parted; the divisions laneeolate or linear, sharply senate or toothed; the upper ones 3-5-cleft; exterior scales of the involucre linear, ohtuse ; achenia his])id ahove, crowned with two triangular hispid teeth. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Acli«}- nia twice as large as in the preceding. ■I- -t- Leaves petioled: achenia elliptical or obovate, emarglnate, awiilcss : exterior scales of the involucre shorter than the interior. 4. C. tripteris, L. Stem smooth, branching ; leaves smooth, or rough above ; the upper and lower ones entire, the middle ones 3- (rarely 5-) parted, with the divisions lanceolate and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre 5-6, obtuse, united at the base ; achenia elliptical, smooth, incurved, nanowly winged. — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 5. C. latifolia, Michx. Smooth or somewhat pubescent ; stem tall ; leaves undivided, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, paler be- neath ; heads small, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 4 - 5 in each row ; the exterior ones short, not united below ; rays 4 - 5 ; achenia obovate-oblong, wingless. — High mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. Aug. — Lowest leaves 6' long. -»-•»-■*- Leaves sessile, 3-parted to the base, seeminc/li/ 6 in a whorl; the divisions entire or varioiisli/ divided: scales of the involucre equal ; the exterior ones liiiear- oblontj, united below: achenia oblonej, narrowly winged, naked or minuteli/ 2-tooOud at the apex. 6. C. seuifolia, Michx. Pubescent; stem 4-angled below, branching ; di- visions of the leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, the uppermost leaves often simple ; disk yellow ; achenia minutely 2-toothed. (C. stellata, Nutt , with the stem more slender and leaves narrower.) — Dry sandy woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Rays 6" -9" long. 7. C. delphiuifolia, Lam. Smooth or slightly pubescent; divisions of the leaves entire or 2-3- (the middle one sometimes 5-) parted, linear-lanceolate, rather rigid ; disk brownish ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely 2-toothed. (C. verticillata, .^A)7i,£//.) — Dry soil in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept.— Stem l°-2° high. 8. C. verticillata, L. Smooth ; stem branching, slender ; divisions of the pinnately or bipinnately divided leaves linear or filiform ; disk yellow; ache- nia minutely 2-toothed at the apex. (C. tenuifolia, Ell.) — Low ground, in the upper districts. August. — Stem 1° - 3° high. COMPOSIT^E. (composite FAMILY.) 23.3 * * * Rui/s 3 - 5-toolhed or lohcd. ■»- Rays yellow : achenia orbicular, broadly wiiu/ed, warty, and xcith a tiiherrlp ot each end on the inside, 2-toothed : scahs of the involucre nearly equal : hads lonrj-peduncled. 9. C. aurieulata, L. Stem erect, pubescent, commonly branched ; upper leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, nearly sessile ; the lower peti- oled, oval or roundish, entire, or with 2-4 small lateral lobes ; exterior scales of the involucre lanceolate ; rays 4-tootbed. (C. pubescens, Ell ) — Rich shaded soil, West Florida to the mountains of North Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem l°-4°high. Leaves l'-4' long, variously divided on the same plant. Kays showy. 10. C. grandiflora, Xutt. Stem slender, smooth, ascending; leaves elon- gated; the lowest linear-spatulatc, on long ciliate petioles ; the upper ternatcly or 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the divisions linear ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 4 - 5-toothcd. — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April -June. — Stem 8' - 12' jiigli. 11. C. lanceolata, L. Smoothish ; stem short, ascending; leaves undi- vided, thick; the lowest spatulate-oblong on long ciliate petioles; the upper lanceolate sessile ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, strongly 4 -5-toothcd. (C. crassifolia. Ait., stem and leaves hairy or woolly.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6'- 12' long. ■*- -1- Baijs yellow : achenia nearly straight, oblong, 2-awned, the marcjins with a serrulate or pectinate winy (except No. 12) : exterior scales of the involucre shorter than the interior : disk dark purjile. 12. C. Leavenworthii, Ton-. & Gray. Smooth ; stem dichotomous above ; leaves opposite, linear, entire, or with two lateral lobes ; rays 3-toothcd ; achenia Avith a broad whitish entire wing, conspicuously 2-toothcd. — Tampa Bay, East Florida. — Stem slender, l°-2°high. Lower leaves 3' -4' long, 1 " wide. Rays 5'' - 6" long. 13. C. gladiata, Walt. Smooth ; s;cm terete, naked above, simple, or with Lw peduncle-like branches ; leaves fleshy, alternate, entire, or rarely 3-lohcd ; the lowest ones spatulate-oblong, on long petioles ; the upper small, linear ; heads large ; exterior scales of the involucre small and roundish ; rays showy, 4-toothed ; wings of the achenia pcctinately toothed. — Low pine barren*, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 8' -10' long. Rays wedge-shaped, 1' long. « 14. C. angustifolia, Ait. Smooth ; stem slender, 4-anglcd, dichoto- mously branched al)ovc ; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, obtuse, entire ; tlie lowest ones spatulate-lanceolate ; heads small, corymbose ; rays 3-toothed ; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves some- what fleshy. Rtys |-' long. 15. C. integrifolia, Poir. Smooth ; stem terete, corj-mbosely branched above ; leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or oblong, obtuse, the margins scarious and rougliish ; heads few, on long peduncles ; exterior scales of the 23G coMi'OsiT.K. (coMi'osrn-: i amii.v.) invohicrp ol)lon<;-lincar ; vnvs wod^f-slinpcd, pnlinatcly .T-lolicd ; ovary wingless, with liispid margins. — IJivcr-haiiiis, Soiitli Carolina ami (Ji'orgia. September. — Stoin 2°-. •3=' hi-li. •*--»-•»- Ilaiis purple or rose-cohr. IG. C. nudata, ><'utt. Smooth; stem slender, forking above; leaves nl- teniate, distant, terete, and rush-like; rays bright purple, .3-footlied ; aeheniawith lacerated wings, 2-awned. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida and Georgia, near the coast. April. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Kays 1' long. 17. C. rosea, Nutt. Smooth; stem low, branching; leaves opposite, lin- ear ; heads small ; rays slightly 3-tootlied ; achcnia wingless, uiiawned. — Swamps, Georgia, jN'h//«//, and northward. July and August. — Stem 8' -12' high. Rays rose-color. IS. C. CEmleri, Kll. Leaves broad-lanccolatc, sessile, acute at each end, entire ; i)edunck's axillary and terminal, dichotomously corymbose. — Collected near the junction of the Broad and Saluda Rivers by Mr. CEmler. Elliott. — Stem 2° -3° high, angular, smooth. Leaves connate by a small membrane. Heads small. Rays about 8, entire. Achenia wedge-shaped, slightly 2-toothed and margined. ( * ) 5L COSMOS, Cav. Scales of the involucre more or less united. Achenia terete or 4-angled, nar- rowed or beaked at the apex, and crowned with 2-4 downwardly barbed or hispid deciduous awns. Otiierwise like Coreopsis. — Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Disk yellow. Rays purplish. 1. C. caudatUS, Kunth. Smooth ; leaves bipinnatcly divided, with the divisions lanceolate and entire ; achenia ( 1 ' long) tapering into a very long rough beak, 2-awned ; rays short, 3-cleft, rose-color — Key AVest, Florida. 52. BIDENS, L. Bkggau-ticks. Chiefly like Coreopsis ; but the exterior involucre often long and leaf-like ; the achenia compressed, or 3 -4-angled, (not narrowed at the apex,) and crowned with 2-4 persistent downwardly barbed or hispid awns. — Leaves serrate, or pinnately divided, opposite. Rays yellow or wliite, ofien wanting. Disk yellow. * Achenia flattened, narroifhi wedge-shaped. 1. B. frondosa, L. Stem tall, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, pin- nately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; heads discoid ; exterior scales of the involucre large, leafy ; achenia 2-awned. — Low ground, Florida and northward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 2° -5° high. ISIargins of the achenia upwardly ciliate. 2. B. connata, Muhl. Stem low, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parted ; heads discoid ; exterior involucre leafy ; achenia 2 - 4-awned, with downwardly hispid margins. — Western districts of Georgia and westward, in damp soil. July - Sept. ® — Stem 1° - 20 high. COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 237 3. B. ehrysanthemoides, Michx. Smooth; stem erect or ascending; leaves undivided, oblong-lanccolate, obscurely serrate, connate; heads radiate, showy ; achenia 2 - 4-awned. — Wet places, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward, Sept. and Oct. (J) — Stem thick, 1° - 2° high. * * Achenia 3 - ■i-anr/led, linear : heads radiate : scales of the involucre nearly equal. 4. B. leucantha, Willd. Stem low, 4-angled; leaves pinnatcly 3-5- divided ; the divisions ovate or lanceolate, serrate ; the lowest ones undivided ; outer scales of tlio involucre obtuse, spreading; the inner ones acute ; rays 5, white; aclienia 2- 4-awned. — South Florida. Oct. -Dec. — Stem 10'- 15' high. 5. B. bipinnata, L. Stem tall, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves bipin- nate, the divisions small, ovate or lanceolate, acute; heads small; rays 2-3, yellow ; achenia 3 - 4-awued. — Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. and Scjit. (D — Stem 2° - 5° high. 53. SPILANTHES, Jacq. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers often wanting. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk. Receptacle convex or elongated ; the membranaceous chaff embracing the flowers. Achenia of the disk com- pressed, mostly ciliate on the margins, naked at the apex, or with 1-3 bristly awns; those of the rays 3-angled. — Chiefly annual and acrid herbs, with oppo- site undivided leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles. 1. S. repens, Michx. Stem branching, slightly pubescent, decumbent and rooting at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly senate, nar- rowed into a petiole ; heads small, ovoid, becoming oblong-conical ; achenia awnless, not ciliate ; r.ays 12. (Acmella repens, Pers.) — Muddy banks, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. and Oct. y.? — Stem 6'- 12' long. 2. S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pubescent or smoothish ; stem diffusely branched, ascending ; leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, abruptly petioled ; heads ovoid, at length oblong-conical ; achenia awnless or with 1-2 minute awns, ciliate on the margins; rays 10-12. — Inundated places, East Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° long. 54. VERBESINA, L. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex ; the chaff concave. Achenia laterally compressed, wingless, 2-awncd. — Peren- nial herbs. Stems mostly winged by the decurrent sei-rate or lobed leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers white or yellow. 1. V. Siegesbeckia, Michx. Stem 4-winged, branching; leaves oppo- site, ovate or ovate-lanccolale, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribl)ed ; corymbs trichotomous ; rays 1-5, yellow; achenia wingless. — Waste places, road-sides, &c., Mississippi to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° - 6° high. 238 co:mim)sit.i-.. (< ovrosm: i-amii.v.) 2. V. Virginica, L. Sttm 3-win;;c(l ; the hranclies mostly wingless, to- mcntosc ; leaves ovate or ovatc-lanceolatc, irregularly serrate or sinuate-lobed, tiipcring into winged petioles, rough above, downy beneath ; corymbs cymose ; rays 3-4, oval, white; achenia winged. (V. sinuata, Ell) — Dry open woods, Florida and northwanl. Sept. — Stem 2° - 6° high. 55. FLAVERIA, Juss. Heads fcw-flowcrcd, posite leaves, and densely clustered heads of yellow flowers. 1- F. linearis, Lagasca. Stem somewhat prostrate at the base, branched above, sinootiiish ; leaves fleshy, linear, connate, entire; corymb dense; scales of the involucre mostly 5; ray often wanting. — Kej' West. — Stem l°-2° high. 56. GAILLARDIA, Foug. Heads many-flowcrcd ; the rays neutral, deciduous. Scales of the involucre in 3 rows, acute, spreading above. Keceptacle convex or hemispherical, naked or fimbrillate. Rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk with subulate lobes. Achenia top-shaped, hairy. Pappus of 6-10 membrana- ceous 1-nerved awned scales. — Pubescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers terminating the branches. 1. G. lanceolata, Michx. Stem (l°-2°) with long and slender branch- es ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile, the lowest narrowed at the base; rays yellow, sometimes wanting; disk-flowers purple; recei)tacle naked; scales of the pappus 7-9. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July - Sept. 57. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, or none. Scales of the ob- conical involucre in 2 rows, membranaceous at the summit. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia slender, 4-angled, tapering at the base. Pappus of 6-12 membranaceous denticulate scales, pointed hy the prolonged rigid midiib. — Herbs or shrubs, with narrow entire leaves, and heads of white or purple flow- ers in a terminal corymb. 1. P. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2° high) branched above, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate, rough ; the lower ones often opposite ; rays none ; flowers purplish; scales of the pappus 8 - 9, linear-subulate. ( Poly pteris inte- grifolia, Nutt.) — Dry pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. July- Sept. 58. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Herit. Heads many-flowered ; tlie flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre 6-12, oval or obovate, membranaceous, white. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender. Achenia top-shaped, 4-angled. Papjius of 12-20 short obtuse COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 239 thin scales. -~ Hoary or woolly herbs, with alternate pinnately lobed or divided leaves. Heads corymbed. Flowers commonly white. 1. H. scabiosseus, L'Herit. Hoary -tomentose ; stem corymboscly bi'aiiched ; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifid, with lanceolate or oblong divisions ; scales of the involucre broadly obovate, longer than the disk ; pappus minute. — Light dr}'^ soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves at length smoothish above. 59. HELENIUM, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate, wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-cleft. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows ; the outer ones linear or subulate, spreading, the inner fewer and chaffy. Receptacle naked, convex, globose, or oblong. Co- rolla of the disk 4 - 5-toothed. Achcnia top-shaped, furrowed, hairy. Pappus of 5 - 8 membranaceous pointed or awned 1 -nerved scales. — Erect branching herbs, with the stem winged by the alternate decurrent leaves. Heads terminat- ing the branches. Flowers mostly yellow. * Disk gloJiose : corolla of the disk mostly 5-deJi. 1. H. autumnale, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, awn-pointed; rays 3 -5-cleft, longer than the disk. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Achenia hairy. 2. HE. parviflorum, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, sparingly senulate, scarcely decurrent ; scales of the involucre filiform ; rays 3-cIeft, narrow ; achenia smooth ; pajjpus awned. — Georgia, Nuttall. — Heads smaller than the last. 3. H. tenuifolium, Nutt. Smooth ; stem slender, very leafy ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads on long and slender peduncles ; scales of the in- volucre subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate, entire, abruptly awned ; achenia villous. — Road-sides, West Florida, and westward. September. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. Branches erect. * * Disk conical or ohhng : corolla mostly 4-cleft. 4. H. quadridentatum, Labill. Smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire ; raj's shorter than the oblong disk ; scales of the pappus roundish, obtuse. — River-banks and damp soil. North Car- olina, and westward. (1) — Stem much branched, l°-3° higli. 60. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral, 3 -4-cleft. Disk-flowers 4 -5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 1-2 rows, spreading; the exterior leafy, numerous ; the interior short and chaffy. Receptacle conical or hemi- spherical, naked. Achenia short, truncate at each end, striate. Pappus of 6 - 12 sciirious toothed or fimbriate scales. — Perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple, naked above. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. Flowers yellow or purple. 240 co.MPosiT.i:. (coMrosiTi-: iamm.v.) * Stents commoiihi aim jili, dilated uiulir (lie httid : disk-Jlowers yellow : rui/s 20 or 7iiore. ■t- Arlimiu sinuolli. 1- L. Hcleuium, Nutt. Smooth or luarly so; leaves entire or obseiirely serrate, lanceolate or linear, the lower ones decurrent, the lowest tajierinjj into a petiole ; rays 20-30 in a single row ; seales of tlic jiappns lacerate, and mostly bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. (L. dcciurens, ICII.) — Mar^'ins of pinc-barrcn ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 10-2° high. 2. L. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, sessile, not deciirrent, sinnate-i)innatilid or inci.sed ; scales of tlie-pnppns lacer- ate, or slightly (iinbriate at the summit ; rays about 40, in 2-3 rows. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and westward. — Resembles No. 4. +- -t- Achenia hairij on the angles. 3. L. fimbriata, Ton-. & Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the peduncle slightly pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely serrate, decurrent ; scales of the pajjpus fimbriate. — Low i)inc barrens, Florida, and westward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° liigh. 4. L. puberula, Macbriile. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate, sessile but not decurrent, denticulate ; the lowest spatulate- lanccolate, toothed or pinnatifid ; scales of the pappus obtuse, with slightly lacerated margins. — Wet j)ine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly branched ; leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, the lowest spatu- hrte-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly lacerate at the apex. — Wot places, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads large. * * Stents hrctioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the upper 3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianna, West Florida. May - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 5. C. ovata, Walt. Stem terete; leaves glaucous beneath, 3- .5-ncivcd, ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long. 6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem furrowed, angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval or lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; corymbs dense. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves thick. coMPOSir.i:, (composite family.) 245 7. C. lanceolata, Nutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate or linear-lanccohitc, entire, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole, the upper sessile. — Brackish marshes, Georgia, Florida, and west- ward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Lowest leaves 1° or more long. 74. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. Bltter-weed. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, or with pistillate rays. Scales of the involucre in a single row, often bracted. Receptacle naked or alveolate. Achenia not beaked nor winged. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Herbs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. Flowers yellow. Pubescence mostly webby and deciduous. * Annual : heads radiate. 1. S. lobatus, Pers. Smooth; stem furrowed, hollow ; leaves tender, ly- rate-pinnatitid, with rounded tootiied lobes ; the earliest orbicular, long-petioled ; rays about 12. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Lobing of the leaves variable. * * Perennial: heads radiate : lowest leaves peiioled, undivided ; the others pinnately lohed or toothed ; the uppermost sessile. 2. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or more or less woolly when young ; stem (2° high) slender ; radical leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate ; the others lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 8-12; achenia smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. Var. fastigiatUS. Stem stout (2° -3° high), stoloniferous ; petioles of the larger (2' wide) leaves, as also the involucre, densely woolly at the base. — River-banks, Florida. Var. Balsamitse. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or obovate ; lower part of the stem often densely woolly ; achenia hairy. — Dry open woods in the upper districts. May and June. — A polymorphous species. 3. S. tomentosus, Michx. Woolly and hoary throughout ; the leaves becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem-leaves few, scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed ; rays 12-15; achenia hairy. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems mostly simple, 2° - 3° high. Heads rather large. 4. S. EUiottii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick, obovate or roundish, crenate, on short winged petioles ; those of the stem small, jiinnatifid ; heads crowded; rays 9-12; achenia smooth. (S. obovatus, .£^//. in part.) — Rocky places. West Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Radical leaves 2' -3' wide. * * * Perennial : heads radiate : leaves all hipinnatehj dissected. 5. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. Woolly when young, at length nearly smooth ; stems tufted, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, with the divisions linear and toothed, the lowest ones pctiolcd ; heads crowded; rays 9- 12. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckle//. June. — Stems l°-2° high. 21* 24G COMPOSIT-E. (COMPOSITI: FAMILY.) 75. RUGELIA, Shuttl. Heads inanv-flowcrt'd, the flowers all tiil)ular and perfect. Scales of the cam- panulate involucre lanceolate, equal, in a single row. Keccptacle convex, naked. Corolla 5-clcft. Style bulbous at the base, the long branches truncated at the apex, and beset with rigid reflexcd hairs. Achenia terete, striate. Pappus of numerous rather rigid rough bristly hairs. — A perennial herb, with alternate undivided leaves, and large heads in a simple corymbose raceme. 1. R. nudieaulis, Slmttl. Minutely pubescent; rliizoma creeping ; stem simple, erect ; leaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate ; the lowest ones large (2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and nearly sessile ; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Tennes- see, Rugel, Buckley. — Stem 1° high. 76. ARNICA, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the campaniilate involucre lanceolate, equal, in about two rows. Receptacle flat, hairy. Achenia terete, narrowed downward, somewhat ribbed. Pappus a single row of rough bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Heads single or corymbose. 1. A. nudieaulis, Kll. Hirsute; radical leaves spreading, oval or ob- ovate, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed, serrate or entire; the others (2-3 pairs) distant, oblong, sessile ; heads corymbose, showy ; achenia snioothish. — Wet pine bar- rens, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l°-2° high, simple, or ■with few opposite branches. Tribe V. CYNAREiE. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular ; the exiei-ior ones sometimes enlarged and ray-like : style thickened at the summit ; the stigmatic lines extending to the summit of the branches, without appendages. 11. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle. Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes wanting. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. 1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diff"usely branched, hairy; leaves pinnately lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; heads sessile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none. — North Carolina. Naturalized — Flowers purple. 78. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually spine- pointed. Receptacle bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth. Pappus of numerous plumose hairs. — Herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent mostly pinna tifid and spiny leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers purple or whitish. COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 247 * Leaves decurreM. 1. C. lanceolatum, Scop. Stem hairy, branched ; leaves pinnatifid, spiny, liirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped with strong erect spines; flowers purple. — Banks of the Savannali River at Augusta to North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. Sept (g) — Stem 2° -3° high. * * Leaves sessile. H— Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading spines. 2. C. discolor, Sprcng. Stem tall, hirsute, the branches leafy to the sum- mit ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, smoothish, or with scattered hairs above, hoary- tomentose beneath ; the divisions 2-3-lobed, pointed with a spine, and ciliate on the margins ; scales of the involucre narrow, webby, tipped with a very slender spreading spine ; flowers purple. — Margins of fields, &c. in the upper districts. July -Sept. (g) — Stem 3° -6° high. Lower leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads about 1' in diameter. 3. C. altissiiuum, Spreng. Stem tall, pubescent ; the branches leafy to the summit ; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the Tipper sessile, entire or pinnately lobed ; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young, tipped with a weak prickle; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high. Heads about 1' in diameter. Involucre somewhat viscid. 4. C. Nuttallii, DC. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becoming smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 3-toothed, tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numerous, small, bractless ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a short, at length spreading prickle ; corolla white or pak purple. (Cnicus glaber, A7A) — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads 8" -10" in diameter. 5. C. Virginian um, Michx. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary beneath ; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny ; scales of the involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads |' in diameter. •1- -1- Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 6. C. muticum, Michx. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy; leaves with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, bristly- ciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2 -3-toothed, spiny ; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid ; flowers purple. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° -8° high. Heads 1' in diameter. 7. C. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with 1-3 nearly naked branches, hoary-tomentose; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath, entire, the margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pin- 218 coMPOsiT.K. (composite family.) nntifid ; scales of tlic involiirro riispidatc, viscid, not wclihy ; flowers purple. — Pino-l)arrcu swamps, Florida, CJcorj^ia, and westward. July and Au;,'. — Stem 2° - 3° liigli, riyid. Heads 1' in diameter. 8. C. repandum, Michx. Wei )l)y throughout when young; stem simple, very leafy ; leaves ohlong-linear, clasj)ing, the margins undulate and closely fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purjde. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 9. C. horridulum, Michx. Webby when young, at length smoothish ; stem thick, branching; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout spines; heads large, suri'ounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers puri)lc or yellow- ish.— Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem l^-S** high, often purple. 79. LAPPA, Tourn. Bcedock. Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales of the globose involucre imbricated, coriaceous, with subulate spreading hooked tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achcnia oblong, compressed, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers caudate at the base. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled leaves. Heads small. Flowers purple or white. 1. L. major, Ga;rt. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; the uppermost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. — Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced from Europe. SuBORDEK II. LABIATIFLOR^. Tribe VI. MUTISIACE^. Heads with the flowers dissimilar or rarely dioe- cious ; the marginal ones pistillate or neutral, ligulute or bilabiate : style as in Tribe V. 80. CHAPTALIA, Vent. Heads many-flowcrcd, radiate. Ray-flowers pistillate, in two rows, the outer ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3- .5-toothed and filiform. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip 3-cleft, the inner 2-cleft. Anthers cau- date. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in few rows. Receptacle naked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, narrowed at each end. Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless ])erennial herbs ; the simple scape bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. Leaves smooth above, white toraentosc beneath. 1. C. tomentosa. Vent. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. -April. — Scape tomentose, 6' - 12' high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate or oblong. Heads nodding. CO.MPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 219 SuBORDKR III. I.IGUI.1FI.OR.I:. Tribe VIT. CICIIORACEyE. St ijJe cylindrical above and pubescent, like the rathar obtuse branches ; the sticjmatic lines terminatinq below or near the middle of the branches. — Plants u-ith milli/ juice : leaves alternate. 81. APOGON, Ell. Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Eeceptacle naked. Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striate, smooth. Pappus none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or toothed leaves, and single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers, borne on slender pe- duncles. 1. A. humilis, Ell. — Florida to South Carolina. April and May. — Stem-leaves clasping; the uppermost mostly opposite — Plant 6'- 12' high. 82. KRIGIA, Schreb. Heads 15-30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in 2 rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad chaffy scales ; the inner of 5 rough bristles. — Small annual herbs, branching at the base, with naked peduncle-like stems, each terminated by a small head of yellow flowers. Leaves chiefly radical, mostly lyrate or toothed. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking; scapes at length several, sliglitly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat glau- cous.; the lowest rounded, entire ; the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. (K. dichotoma, Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. March - May. — Scapes at length 1° high. 2. K. Caroliniana, Nutt. Stem short ; scapes pubescent or somewhat hispid near the apex ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or spar- ingly toothed, or the upper ones variously lobcd. (K. leptophylla, DC.) — Dry sandy places, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. and March. — Scapes 3'- 12' high. 83. CYNTHIA, Don. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-1.5. Achenia sliort, ob- long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous, very small chaffy scales ; the inner of nurrierous bristles. — Perennial nearly smooth herbs, bearing single heads of yellow flowers on long more or less glandular peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. C. Virginica, Don. Root fibrous; stem branched above, bearing 3- 5 heads on slender umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate-oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper ones clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. — Sandy soil in the upper districts. May- July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Stemlcss or nearly so ; roots bearing small tu- bers ; scapes several, bearing single heads ; lowest leaves spatulate-oblong ; the 2.'>0 t O.Ml'OSIT.l.. (COMPOSITK lAMII.V.) Others linear, elongated, entire or tootlicd ; aelienia somewliat top-sliaped. — Var. MONTANA. Stem niatiifest, (Iceiinilteiit ; Ufipcr leaves nearly opposite. (Hyoseris montana, ,l//r/i.r. ?) — Damp soil, Florida, and nortliward ; the variety on the mountains of Nortli Carolina. March -May. — Seapes 6'- 12' hijjh. 84. HIERACIUM, Tonm. Heads niany-flowcrcd. Scales of tiic involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; tlie outer row short. Eeceptaelc nearly naked. Achcnia not 1» aked, commonly terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a sinj^lc row of ])ersistent lirownisli- white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed leaves, and single, corymbose, or paniclcd heads of yellow flowers. — Involucre, in our species, in 2 rows, tlie outer short and bract-like. 1. H. SCabl'Um, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, hirsute ; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid ; aehenia cylin- drical. (H. Marianum, 7;^//.) — Open woods in the upper districts. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Heads large, many-flowered. 2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; aehenia narrowed upward. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves spreading on the ground. 3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with purple ; the others (1-3) small and remote ; heads small, in a spreading corym- bose panicle, smoothish ; achcnia linear. — Shady soil in the upper districts. May -July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below ; leaves tliin, lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth; panicle divaricate ; heads small, 12-20- flowcred ; involucre smooth ; aehenia short, not narrowed upward. — Open woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Scj)!. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Peduncles filiform. 85. NABALUS, Cass. Heads 5 -20-flowcred. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5 - 14 linear scales, and several short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Aehenia linear-oblong or cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. Pappus of numerous straw-colored or browni.'^h bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs, witii bitter tuberous roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and nodding heads of yellowish white or purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters. 1. N". albUS, Hook. Smooth; stem paniculate, purplish; leaves acutish, angled, toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petiolod ; the up- permost nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading ; involucre purplish, of about COMPOSITE. (cOMrO'SlTE FAMILY.) 251 8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowercd ; pappus light brown ; flowers white or cream-color. — Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 30_40 high. 2. N. altissimus, Hook. Smooth ; stem simple or sparingly branched above ; leaves thin, ovate or cordate, petiolcd, acuminate, denticulate, or the lower ones palmately 3 -5-cIeft or parted ; heads in small axillary and terminal clusters, forming a long panicle; involuci-c slender, greenish, of about 5 scales, .5 - 6-flowcred ; jjappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate -3-angled or parted. (Prenantlics deltoidea, Ell.) — Woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Scjit. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 3. N. Fraseri, DC. Smooth or slightly pubescent; stem corymbosely panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3- 7-lobcd, on winged peti- oles ; the upper lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, tenninal ; involucre greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus straw- color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or the upper- most clasping; the 12-15-flowered involucre hirsute with long purplish hairs. (Prenanthes crcpidinea, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-40 high. 4. N. virgatus, DC. Smooth ; stem simple, virgate ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile or partly clasping- ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest deeply })innatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose; involucre smooth, purplish, of al)out 8 scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers purplish. 5. N. crepidineus, DC. Smoothish ; stem tall, corj-mbosely panicled ; leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally tootiicd, the lowest on winged petioles; involucre brown, hairy, of 12-14 scales, 20-3.5-flowered ; pappus liglit bro\vni. — IMountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — Stem 5° -8° high. Lower leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowers yellowish-white. 86. LYGODESMIA, Don. Heads 5 - 10-flowercd. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of .5 -8 linear scales, and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, elongated, smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smootiiish white liairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or filiform leaves. Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking ; lowest leaves filiform, elongated; the others remote, small, and bract-like ; heads showy. (Prenanthes aphylla, iVuZ<.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 87. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danrelion. Heads many-flowcrcd. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, 252 COMrOSITyK. (rOMrOSITK 1 A-MII.V.) ribbed or aii^rlccl, murirato nn the ribs ; the apex nbrii|)lly prodticetl into a lon;^ beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Steniless peruiiuia! herbs. Scapes hol- low, bearin:^ a siiij^le licail of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed; heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized. 88. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the inner ones erect and partially united, often with a callous appendage at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Achcnia oblong, nearly terete, .'j-furrowed ; the apex narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish or brownish hairs. — Smooth annual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem or pedunele-likc branches. Flowers yellow. 1. p. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly toothed or pinnatifid ; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. (Borkhausia, Ell.) — Fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April - July. — Stem 10-2° high. 89. LACTUCA, L. Lettlce. Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbricated ; the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed parallel to the scales, smooth, abruptly narrowed into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Tall herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves. Heads paniculate. Flowers white, purple, blue, or yellow. 1. L. elongata, Muhl. Smooth or nearly so; stem tall (4°-80), simple or paniculate ; leaves elongated, lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping ; the upper ones mostly entire ; the lower pinnatifid ; panicle long, leafless ; flowers yellow. — Var. ixTKGRiFOLiA. Lcavcs all undivided, or the lowest pinnatifid ; flowers yellow or purplish. — Var. graminifolia. Smaller (2° -"3"), leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, all entire, or the lowest ones sparingly toothed or pinnatifid; flowers purple. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 90. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, laterally compressed, narrowed into a short beak, which is expanded into a ciliate disk at the apex. Pappus of co- pious white or tawny hairs. — Tall herbs. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided. Flowers mostly blue. * Pappus white. 1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth; stem panicled above ; leaves ovate or ovatc-lanccolatc, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- times sinuate-lobcd ; heads racemcd, on spreading peduncles. (Sonchus, Ell) LOBELIA.CE.E. (lOBELIA FAMILY.) 253 — Margins of fields, &c., Florida, and northward. Sept. (f) — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, often hairy beneath. Flowers blue. 2. M. Ploridanum, DC. Smooth ; stem panicled above ; leaves all pinnatifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- most lanceolate, sessile or clasj)ing ; heads racemose-paniclcd ; flowers blue. — Kich soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. * * Pappim tawny. 3. M. leueophseum, DC. Smoothish ; stem panicled. above ; leaves numerous, irregularly pinnatifid, with coarsely-toothed lobes ; the terminal lobe 3-anglcd, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire; racemes panicled. — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. (g) — Stem 3° - 12° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Flowers pale blue. 91. SONCHUS, L. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Annuals. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Heads some- what umbelled. Flowers yellow. 1. S. oleraceus, L. Smooth ; stem branching ; leaves pinnatifid, with spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough- ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles hispid ; leaves entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- obovate, the upper lanceolate ; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Order 73. LOBEL.TACE^. (Lobelia Family.) Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud; the tube split on one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, and commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary : stigma 2- lobed, surrounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and indehiscent, or capsular and 2 - 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous plants. 1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip small, erect or reflexcd, 2-parted, the lower .spreading, palmately 3-cleft; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valvcd at the apex, many- seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided ; the serratures glandular Flowers blue, white, or scarlet, in terminal racemes or spikes. 22 2r)4 l.OUKLIACK.K. (l.OIUCLIA K.UIILY.) * I-'imrrrs scarlet. 1. L. cardinalis, L. (Caudinai.-klowkk ) iSmooth or slij^htly pubes- cent; stem siuiit, siiiij)k' ; loaves laiieeolute, (lentieiiltite ; tracts leafy; stamens and style much longer than the eorolla. — Muddy banks, Florida to Mississippi, and nortliward. July -Sept. 1). — Stem :J°- 3° high. Raceme many-flowered. Flowers very showy. * * Flowers blue and ichlte. ■t- Sinuses of the calyx wilh deflexed appendages. 2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each end, coarsely serrate; racemes leafy, niany-flowcred ; calyx hairy; the lanceolate denticulate lobes half as long as the large (I'long) light blue corolla. — Swamps along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. y. — Stem !<>- 3° high. 3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular-den- ticulate ; spikes mostly 1-sided ; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly as long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and nortliward. Aug. and Sept. H. — Stem l°-2°high. Co- rolla half as large as in the preceding. Appendages of the calyx obtuse. 4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an elon- gated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — South Carolina and nortliward. July and Aug. 1|. — Stem l°-lj° high. Corolla 3" -4" long. 5. L. brevifolia, Nntt. Stem thick, virgate, angled, smooth or pubescent; leaves short (4"-l:i" long), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, spreading or reflcxed ; the lowest wedge-shaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate-lanceolate lobes strongly toothed, the 5 appendages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. — Damp open pine baiTens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. Ij. — Stem \°-\^° high. Leaves very numerous. ■f- -1- Sinuses of the cnlyx icithout appendages. 6. L. amOBna, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent; leaves scattered, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the uppermost nearly sessile; racemes 1-sided, many-flowered; calyx-lobes linear- subulate, mostly glandular ; corolla (1' long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Sept. and Oct. IJ.— Stem 2° -4° high. Low- est leaves 3'- 6' long. Bracts small. 7. L. glandulosa, Walt. Smooth or pul)csccnt ; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless above; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den- ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1-sided, 3-9- flowered, the flowers distant ; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular lobes , corolla (8"- 10" long) pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, North Carolina, and westward. Oct. y.— Stem 2° -4° long. Lower leaves 2' -4' long." 8. L. inflata, L. Pubescent or hairy ; stem leafy, branching from the base; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile; racemes leafy below ; corolla small, GOODENIACE^. (gOODENIA FAMILY.) 255 pale blue ; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (J) or (g) — Stem l°-l^o high. Corolla 2"- 3'' long. 9. L. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; lowest leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered; flowers small, in a long and dense raceme, on short pedicels; corolla pale blue. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry soil in the middle and upper dis- tricts, Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (2) ? — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 4" -5" long. 10. L. Nuttallii, R. & S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish ; leaves small, entire ; the lowest clustered, spatulato or obovate ; the others dis- tant, linear ; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on filiform pedicels which are longer than the bracts. (L. Kalmii, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1<^-1^° high. Corolla 3" -4" long, pale blue. 11. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender, creeping at the base, sparingly branched above; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, the lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and slen- der calyx-lobes spreading ; corolla (3" - 5" long) bright blue. — Margins of pine- barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth; stem mostly simple, nearly leafless; radical leaves fleshy, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate ; the others small, linear and remote ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts minute ; corolla small, white or pale blue. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. May -Aug. \ — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 3'- 9' long. Co- rolla ^' long. Order 74. GOODENIACE^E. (Goodenia Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and irregular flowers. — Calyx tubular, 3- 5-lobed or entire, more or less ad- herent to the 1 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed, induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. Style commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped mostly ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. SC^VOLA, L. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobcd, with the lobes nearly equal and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe I -4-cellcd, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Pedun- cles a.xillary, dichotomous. Flowers blue or white. 2.3(i CAMI'ANULACK.K. (CAMI-ANILA lAMII.Y.) 1. S. Plumici'i, ^'illll. SlnuMiy, flesliy, ^niootli ; kavcs oltlong-obovatc, entire, bearded in tlie axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx tubular, truncate, obscurely 5-toothcd ; corolla thick, split to the base; stamens short; ovary 4-ovulcd ; drupe 2-cclled, 2-secdcd. — Sea-shore, South Florida. Order 75. CAMPANULACETE. (Campanula Family.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue (lowers. — Calyx 3 - 5-lobecl, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila- ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the ape.x, or opening by lateral valves or holes. Embryo straight In (leshy albumen. 1. CAMPANULA, L. Bkllflower. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla .'i-lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at the base. Sti<;mas 3, slender Capsule short, 3-eelled, opening by lateral valves. — Flowers spiked or panicled. * Flowers pamcled, on slender spreading pedicels : corolla small (3 "-4"), hell-shaped. 1. C. apai'inoides, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also the margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward ; panicle few-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular; corolla white. (C. erinoides. Maid.) — Swamps among the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- 1|° high. Lowest leaves narrowly obovate. 2. C. divaricata, Michx. Smooth ; stem terete, paniculate above ; the branches somewhat naked, spreading ; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx-lobes subulate ; style slightly ex- serted ; corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July and August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 3. C. flexuosa, Michx. Branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, the upper ones approximate ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of Carolina. Michaux. ( • ) * * Flowers spiked, single or 2-3 together : corolla large, somewhat wheel-shaped. 4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mo.stly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; spike elongated, leafy; corolla (1' wide) blue. (C. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry rocky soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 20-4° high. Spike 1° - 2° long. Style exserted. 2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 3 -5-lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free; the fila- ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. — Low annuals. Flowers axil- lary. Corolla blue. ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.j , 257 1. S. perfoliata, A DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched; leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping ; the lowest narrowed at the base ; flowei-s single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. (Campanula, L.) — Fields, Florida to IMississippi, and northward. May - Aug. — Stem 1° high. Order 76. ERICACE^. (Heath Family.) Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, with undivided alternate ex- stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — • Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4-5-parted or toothed, or 4 - 5-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its divisions : anthers 2-celled, often variously awned, opening commonly by terminal pores. Style 1 : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3 - 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. VACCES^IEJ^. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla superior. Anther-cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a berry. — Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous. 1. GATLUSSACIA. Berry 8 - 10-ceIled ; the cells 1-seeded. Anthers awnless. 2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or partially 8 - 10-ceUed by false partitions, many- seeded. Suborder II. ERICINEJi^. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla hypogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees. Tribe I. AKDROMEDEJE. — Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. « Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous. 3. EPIGiEA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate. » # Anther-cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous 4. G.A.ULTHERIA. Calyx becoming berry -like in fruit. Anthers 4-awned at the apex. 5. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire. 6. CASS.\NDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers ; the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular. Seeds pendulous. 8. OXYDENDRDM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending. « * * Anthers inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Corolla 5-petalou3. 9. CLETHKA. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft. Capsule S-celled, 3-valved. Tribe IL RHODORE.1C — Capsule septicidally dehiscent. * Corolla monopetalous. 10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged. 11. MENZIESIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4 toothed Stamens 8, included. 12. RHODODENDRON. Corolla (large) funnel or bell-sbaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, exserted. * * Corolla of 5 or 7 separate petals. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. 14. BEJARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 22* 2.")8 EUICACEii:. (IIKAIII lAMIKY.) SiitounKU Tir. I*VIU)LE/E. C'alyx fnu" from the ovary. Corolla .Vpctaltuis. — Low marly lierbai-eous plants. Leaves evergreen. • Capsule 6-celled. 15. PYROI-A. Flowers racemose, on scape-like stems. Style filiform, elongated. 10. CIIIM.M'IIIIyA. Flowers umbellate. Style very short, top-shapcJ- » # Cap.«ule 3-celled. 17. SHOUTIA. Flower solitary, termiuatiug the scape-like scaly stem. SunoHDF.R IV. MOXOTROPE.E. Calyx of 4-5 scale-like or braet-like sipals. Corolla 5-lobed or .j-petalous. Seeds very minute. — Fleshy scaly lierbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 18. SCinVEIMTZIA Corolla monopetalous, bell-shapcd, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled. 19. MONOTKOI'A. Corolla 4- 5-pctalous. Authers kiduey-shaped, opening across the top. SUBORDEU I. TACCINIE^II. TlIK WlIOKTI.EBERUY FaMH.Y. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kuuth. IIucklehekky. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or hell-sliapcd, ,5-clcft. Stamens 10 : antlicrs a^vnless. Fruit a bcrry-likc drupe contaiiiitii;- 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branching mostly resinous-dotted .shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in lateral bractcd racemes. 1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, rugose, glaucous, and, like tlic spreading branches, slightly pubescent ; corolla small (2"), short-bell-shaped, reddish ; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ; bracts small, oblong. (Vaccinium frondosum, Kll.) — Low ground, Florida to Mississipjii, and northward. April. — Shrub \°-2° high. 2. G. dumosa, Ton*. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining; corolla H" long) bell-sha])ed, angled, white; bracts ovate, leafy; berry globose, smooth, black. (Vaccinium dumosum, Ell.) — Var. hiktella. Stem taller (l°-2° high) ; I)ranches, leaves, and berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens and swamjjs, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 6' - 12' high. Berry 4" - 6" in diameter, .3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched; leaves oblong or obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, &c., with resinous viscid globules ; ra- cemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylindrical, reddish; berry black, smooth. (Vaccinium resinosum, EU.) — Sandy woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2' -3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, acute, entire ; the veins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely few-flowered ; bracts minute ; corolla I)ell-shai)ed ; berry black. (Vacciniimi ur- sinum, M. A. Curtis.) —Mountains of North Carolina. — Shrub 20-3° high. KRICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 259 2. VACCINIUM, L. Huckleberry. Blueberry. Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Sta- mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back ; the cells prolonged into a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or by false partitions 8-10- celled, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clustered, or racemed, white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. § I. OxYCOCCUS. — Ovary -^-celled: corolla ^-parted, the naiTow divisions re- curved: stamens 8: anthers awnless: pedicels axdlarij, solitary. 1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping; leaves evorgreen, small {^' long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than the leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps. North Caro- lina, and northward. July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Berry very sour, ^' in diameter. 2 V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid- uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves ; flowers pale rose-color ; berry small, red. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. ^ 2. Vitis-Id^a. — Ova)-y 4 - 5-celled : corolla cylindrical or (/lobose-campanulate, 4-h-toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless : flowers in short bracted racemes: leaves persistent. 3. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum- bent; leaves small (3"- 7"), short-petioled, oval or obii^ng, thick and shining, the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate : raceme's short, cluster-like, few- flowered ; corolla small, globose-campanulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. (V. myr- tifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine-barren swamps?, Georgia to North Carolina. April. — Corolla white or rose-color. ^ 3. Batodendron. — Ovary more or less lb-celled by flilse partitions: corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft: stamens 10, hairy : anthers 2-awned on the back: flowers in leafy racemes, seemingly axillary. 4. V. stamineum, L. Tomentose; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers exserted ; berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° -10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, drying purplish. 5. v. arboreum, Miclix. Arborescent, smoothish ; leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, siiining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; co- rolla large, angled, white ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open woods, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem 8° - 15° high. Flowers very numer- ous. Berry mealy, ripening in the winter. § 4. Cyanococcus. — Ovary more or less lO-celled by false partitions: corolla cylindrical, urceolate or obovate: stamens \0, hairy : anthers awnless: flowers in short small-bracted racemes or clusters. * Leaves evergreen, small. 6. V. nitidum, Andr. ' Smooth and shining throughout ; stem much branched ; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punctate 2G0 ERICACK^^ (IIKATII lAMlI-V.) bi'iH'iitli ; calyx-tcctli olituse, and, like the ijcilii'uls and l)i()adly oval bracts, ifd- disii; corolla ovoid or oljovatc, white; berry somewhat pear-fehaped, black. — Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March and April. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves ^' long. 7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent; leaves lan- ceolate, olll()n;,^ ur uliovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, paler beneath, glau- cous when young ; calyx-teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ; corolla cylindrical or obovate, white, purjilish in the bud ; berry globose, blue. — Sandy pine banens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves i' - 1 ' long. * * Leaves deciduous. 8. V. tenellum, Ait. Stem much branched ; the sjircading greenish branches pid)escent; leaves oblong-obovatc or oblanceolatc, mucronate, acute at the base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oblong, white ; calyx-teeth obtuse ; bracts oblong-linear ; berry globose, black or witli a blue bloom. — Varies with the branches and leaves more pubescent, almost vil- lous, and the calyx-teeth narrower and acute. (V. galczans, Michx.) — Margins of pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Shrub l°-;3° high. Leaves ^'-1' long, commonly thin and deciduous, but along its southern limits mostly coriaceous and persistent. 9. V. Elliottii. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches ; leaves dis- tichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the obtuse or rounded base, pubescent on tlie veins; clusters sessile, 2-4-flowered; corolla reddish, cylindrical, short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth triangular; berry mostly solitary, small, globose, black. (V. myrtilloides, Ell., not of Michx.) — River-swamps, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4° -8° high; the branches smooth and mostly flcxuous. Leaves ^'-|' long. 10. V. COrymbosum, L. Stem tall (4°-10°); leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent when young, be- coming smoothish especially above (1' -2' long) ; racemes or clusters numerous, mostly on leafless branches; corolla cylindrical or oblong; beny globose, black or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. Feb. to April. — Varies greatly in the thickness, pubescence, and form of the leaves, and includes several nominal species. 11. V. Constablsei, Gray. Stem low (lo-3°); leaves oval, pale, glau- cous, glandular mucronate, entire or obscurely senulate, ciliate; racemes very short, sessile ; corolla short-cylindrical ; berry blue. — On the summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina. July. — Leaves H'-2' long. Racemes 5-10- flowered. 12. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high}, much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate, racemes short, corolla oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short; berry globose. — Mountains of Chei-okee County, North Carolina. Buckley. ERICACEJi. (heath FAMILY.) 261 Suborder II. ERICINE^. The Heath Family. 3. EPIG^A, L. Ground Laurel. Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored ; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby plant, hispid with rust-colored haii's. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, reticulated. Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 1. E. repens, L. Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Stem G'- 12' long. Eacemes shorter than the leaves. 4. GAULTHEIIIA, Kalm. Wintergreen. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothcd. Stamens 10 : anther-cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 1. G. proeumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3' -5') branches erect, naked below; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining; pedi- cels axillary, 1-flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx briglit red. Shady woods and banks, especially among the mountains. North Carolina and northward. June. — Whole plant aromatic. 5. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, unchanged in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers awnless, or the cells 1 - 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. Stigma capitate. Capsule depressed-globose, not thickened at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers in axillaiy or terminal one-sided racemes. * Anthers awnless or nearly so: racemes arillnrij, shorter than the evergreen leaves. 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- serrulate toward the apex, on short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; antiier-cells 2-horned. (Andromeda axillaris. Lam.) — Sandy swamps, and banks of streams in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. and March. — Stem and branches curving. Leaves 2' -4' long. 2. L. Catesbsei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulosc- serrulat3 throughout, on conspicuous petioles ; racemes dense-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong ; anther-cells not horned. (Andromeda spinulosa,P«rs/(.) — Banks of streams along the mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March and April, — Stem 2°- 4° high. 3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straight and hollow branches ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers 2G2 EUICACE^. (lIKATII FAMII.V.) gibbous near tlic base. — Miiri:ins of swamps, East Florida to South Carolina, Elliott, and mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. A|»ril. — Shrub 3° -12° liigh. Loaves retieulated. * * Atillwr-Cills 1 - 2-ainied at the apex : racemes terminal, hmjer than the serrulate pubescent deciduous leaves : calyx brarted. 4. L. racemosa, Gray. Bnmehcs and racemes straight ; loaves ovate- lanooolato, acute, soon smooth ; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ; corolla eylindrieal-ovate ; anther-cells 2-awncd ; capsule not lobed. (A. race- mosa, L.) — Margins of ponds and swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 10° high. 5. L. recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved ; leaves ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the veins ; racemes long, single ; corolla cylindrical ; anther-cells 1-awned ; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda wcurva, Bucki.) — Moun- tains of Kortli Carolina, Buckley. April. — Shrub 3° -4° high. 6. CASSANDRA, Don. Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-bracted. Corolla cylindrical- oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal pores. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at maturity into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A small shrub, with evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers. 1. C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy beneath, the llural ones oval ; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, small, white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. (Andromeda calyculata, L.) — Varies with the leaves and calyx-lobes narrower. (Andromeda angustifolia, Pursh.) — Swamps in the mountains of South Carolina, and northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1' long. 7. ANDROMEDA, L. Calyx deeply 5-partcd, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-cclIed, 5-valved, many- seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves 'alternate. Flowers in lateral and terminal i-acemes or clusters, nodding. * Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped: anther-cells l-awned on the back: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 1. A. floribunda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bristly-serrulate ; racemes dense-flowered, crowded in a terminal panicle ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along the moun- tains. Ajiril. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers very numerous. 2. A. phillyresefolia. Hook. Smooth ; stem alternately leafy and bractcd ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandtdar-serratc near the apex ; racemes solitary, axillary, loosely 4- 12-flowored ; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, chiefly near the coast, West Florida. January - March. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. ERICACK^. (heath FAMILY.) 263 * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters : capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the ribs separathvj at maturity. "•«- Corolla ovate, cylindrical, or somewhat bell-shaped: anthers or filaments awned: capsule ovate, truncate : shrubs smooth throughout. , 3. A. nitida, Bartr. Branches 3-anglecl ; leaves evergreen, ovate or ob- j /i-iX long, entire, shining ; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6- 12-flowercd; sepals i ^ lanceolate-ovate, spreading; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the base ; fila- \ -^^^ ments 2-awned at the ajjcx. — Low pine barrens, common. March - May. — -^ ' Shrub 2°- 6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous. 4. A. Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire ; flowering stems commonly leafless ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long as the large (^' long) cylindrical white corolla ; filaments 2-awned near the apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 2°-4° high, often simple. Leaves 2' -3' long. 5. A. speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, serrate, often whitish beneath ; flowering stems mostly leafless ; calyx-lobes ovate, several times shorter tlian the large bell-shaped white corolla ; anther- cells 2-awned at tlie apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — Shrub 3° -4° high. -I- •<- Corolla small, nearly (jlobular, scurfy : anthers and filaments awnless : cap- sule globose : slirubs pubescent, or scurfy. 6. A. ferruginea, "Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy ; leaves evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and whitish beneath ; the margins mostly revolute ; clusters few-flowered. (A. ri- gida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine ban-ens, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward.— A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves ^' -\' long. 7. A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, oblong or oblong-obovate, serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath ; clusters few-flow- ered, disposed in compound more or less leafy panicled racemes ; filaments hairy, awnless. (A. frondosa, Pursh , with racemes more leafy and the fila- ments slightly awned at the apex ) — Margins of swamps, Florida to ^lissis- sippi, and northward. May. — Shrub 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers very small. 8. OXYDENDRUM, DC Socr-wood. Sorrel-tree. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, 5-toothcd. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal chinks ; the cells acuminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ascending — A small tree, with deciduous oblong serrulate acuminate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long and Blender 1-sided terminal panicled racemes. 1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L) — Rich wood.s, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Tree 15° -40° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, sour. Corolla pubescent. 2Gt EUICACEL£. (heath FAMILY.) 9. CLETHRA, L. Calyx 5-partcd, imbricated in tlie bud. Corolla ."i-petalous. Stamens 10: nntliers obcordate, inverted in tlic bud, opening by terminal pores. Style slen- der, 3-eleft. Caj)sule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded — Slirubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers wbite, in ter- minal racemes. Stamens and style exscrted. 1. C. alnifolia, L. Slnubby; brancbes and racemes tomentose ; leaves sbort-petiok'd, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides; racemes simple or panicled ; style and filaments smooth ; bracts partly persistent. (C. paniculata, Pursh.) — Varies, Avith the leaves hoary beneath, rough above (C. tomentosa, Lam ), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style haiiy ; bracts caducous. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and nortlnvard. July. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers fragrant. 2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent ; branches and racemes whitc- tomcntose ; leaves tiiin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on slender petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smooth ; filaments hairy. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and Aug. — Leaves 3' - 4' long. Bracts caducous. 10. KALMIA, L. L.vuREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla dcpressed-campanulatc or rotate, 5-lobcd, with 10 cavities at the sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments clastic. Style single. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, ."j-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Slirubs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers. * Flowers in cor i/ nibs. 1. K. latifolia, L. (Calico-bush.) Branches smooth; leaves mostly alternate, jietioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscid ; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color. — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Shrub 4° - 10° liigli. Leaves shilling. 2. K. angUStifolia, L. (Sheep Latrel.) Branches smooth; leaves petiolcd, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glaucous beneath; corymbs lateral, glandular; flowers small, deep rose-color. — Barren hills, chiefly in the upper districts. April and May. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves and flowers smaller than those of the preceding. 3. K. euneata, Michx. Branches pubescent ; leaves sessile, alternate, ■wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed; corymbs lateral; flowers white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common. — A small shrub. * * Flowers solitary, axillary. 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. (Wicky.) Hirsute ; stems low, very leafy ; leaves small (^' long), oblong or oval, mostly obtuse and alternate, the margins revo- lute; calyx-lobes leafy; flowers numerous, approximate, pale or deep rose-color; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. — Flat pine barrens, Florida and Geor- gia. June to Sept. — Shrub 6'- 18' high. ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 265 11. MENZIESIA, Smith. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included : anthers awnless, openin;^ hy terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded. — Siirubs, with entire alternate membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish-white flowers in terminal clusters, appearing with the leaves. 1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glaucous beneath, glandular-pointed. 12. EHODODENDRON, L. Eose-Bay. Honeysuckle. Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- ally somewhat Irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, mostly declined : anthers opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated : stigma capitate. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters from large scaly buds. § 1. Azalea. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly cjlandular-viscid externally : stamens 5: the long filaments and style exserted: leaves deciduous. * Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 1- R. nudiflorum, Torr. Branchlets hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, pubescent, soon snioothish above ; calyx-lobes minute ; tube of the corolla finely pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose-color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many va- rieties. 2. R. calendulaceum, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or obo- vate, hairy ; calyx-lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Siirub 3° - 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. * * Flowers appearing afer the leaves. 3. R. viscosum, Torr. Branchlets bristly ; leaves coriaceous, obovate, with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx-teeth minute, rounded. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Capsule hispid. 4. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth ; leaves smooth, obovate, ciliate on the margins, pale beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color; c.nlyx- lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high. Flowers fragrant. §2. Rhododendron. — Corolla hell-shaped, smooth; stamens 10: leaves coria- ceous, evergreen. 5. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth and green on both sides ; calyx-lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or rose- 23 2GG KKICACK.E. (lIKATli lAMII.V.) color, spotted wiiliiii with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on tlie mountains of Cicoryria, and northward. July. — Stem C°-2U° hiyh. Luuvi-s 4'- 10' long. Corolla 1' in diameter. C. R. Catawbiense, Miehx. Leaves elliptic-oblony, obtuse at each end, mueronate, smoutli ; the young ones and branehlets tomentose ; calyx-lobes small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest sum- mits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° -6° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. 7. E. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; the lower surface and dense corymbs thickly dotted with resinous globules; calyx-lobes small, rounded ; corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, rose-color, spot- ted within, longer than the pedicels; capsule elongated. — Varies with smaller (I'-l^') oval or obovate obtuse leaves, minute calyx-lobes, and shorter capsule (4"-. 5'' long). — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina; the variety in the sandy pine barrens of West Florida. May and June. — Shrub 4°- C° high. Leaves 2'- 3' long. 13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule .S-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrub, with very numerous thick, oval, entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terminal clusters. 1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of Carolina. May. — Shmb 6' -10' high. Leaves ^' long, alternate or opposite, glossy. 14. BEJARIA, Mutis. Calyx 7-lobcd or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 ol)long spreading petals. Stamens 14 : anthers versatile, opening by temiinal pores. Style elongated : stigma de- pressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valvcd, many-seeded. — Siirubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers in racemes or corymbs. 1. B. racemosa, Vent. Branches rough with scattered rigid hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth; vaeemes terminal, elongated; calyx 7-toothcd. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Florida. June and July. — Shrub 3° -4° higL Flowers white, showy, SuBORDKR in. PYKOL.E.I]. The Tyrola Family. 15. PYROLA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Petals .5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10 : anthers some- what 4-cclled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, mostly declined : stigma .5-lobed or 5-raycd. Capsule globose. 5-celled, 5-valved, opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubescent. Seeds ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 267 very minute, mimerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter than the petioles ; racemes many-flowered ; stigma 5-crenatc. — Dry woods in the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Scape 1° high. 16. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince's Pine. Caly.x: .5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish umbellate nodding flowers on long peduncles. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrate above the middle, not S]X)tted ; umbels 4-7-flowered ; filaments smooth. — Open woods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6' - 10' high. Leaves glossy. 2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments vil- lous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. June. — Smaller than the preceding. 17. SHORTIA, Gray. Calyx 5-sepalous, scale-like, imbricated in the bud. Capsule shorter than the calyx, nearly globose, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placenta large, central. Seeds small, numerous. Embryo terete, straight, shorter than the albumen. Style filiform, somewhat persistent. Corolla and stamens unknown. — A smooth perennial nearly stemless herb. Leaves roundish, subcordate, crenate. serrate, long-petioled. Scape scaly-bracted towards the summit, l-flowered. 1. S. galacifolia, Gray. — High mountains of Carolina, Michaux. Suborder IV. JWONOTROPE^. The LvDiAX-riPE Family. 18. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 10: anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless; the cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-anglcd. Capsule ovoid, .5-celled. Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3'- 4'), smooth, brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered. Flowers flesh-colored, odorous. 1. S. odorata, Ell. — Shady woods, North Carolina, and northward, rare. April. — Parasitic on the roots of herbs. Flowers nodding. 268 GALACINK.E. (gAI.AX FAMILY. ) 19. MONOTROPA, ]>. lM>iAN-riiE. Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-petalous, gihhous nt the base, deciduous. Stamens 8- 10: anthers reniform, opening across the apex. Stigma broad, 4 - 5-raycd. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-furrowcd, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds very nu- merous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs j)arasitic on roots, or decayed vegetable matter. § 1. MoNOTROPA, Xutt. — Stem \-flowered: sepals 2-4 : petals 5 : anthers open- ing hi/ 2 chinks : style short and thick. 1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods, Florida to Misi:i; Ki>. SAPOTACE^. (Sapodim.a Family.) Trt'c's or sliru])s, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short- petioU'il leaves, and regular perfect (.^niall) flowers, connnonly in sessile axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3-12-celle(l o\ ary, 4 - 8-i)arted, pei"sistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4 - 8-clefl, mostly with one or two ap- pendages between each lobe. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many scale-like or petal- like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers extrorse. Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the central angle of each cell, or ascending from its base. Fruit a dru])e or berry. ISeeds few. Albu- men fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo straight. Synopsis. * Calyx 5-partod. ■*- Corolla with a single appunJage between the lobes. 1. SIDEROXTLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious- ■t- -t- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 2. IJTPIIOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth. 3. ISL'MELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. * * Calyx6-8-parted. 4. MIMDSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 1. SIDEROXYLON, L. Calyx 4-partcd. Corolla 5-clcft, with u sinj^lc appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-cellcd. Drupe mostly l-ccUcd, 1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 1. S. pallidum, Sprcng. Smooth; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupes purplish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9" long. 2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile one. Ovary smooth. Berry juiceless, 1-seeded. All)umen copious, fleshy. — A small tree, with silky branc^hes. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 1. D. salicifolia, A. DC— South Florida, Dr. Blodgctt. Leaves 2'- 3' long. Calyx silky. Drupe small, oblong. 3. BUMELIA, Swartz. Calyx .5-pai-ted. Corolla .5-clcft, with two appendages between the lobes. Stamens 5, each alternatin MYKSINACK-K. (mYUSINE lAMIl.Y.) OiiDEK 83. TilEOPlIUASTACE.i:. (Tiikoi-iiuasta Family.) Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves coriaceous, often resinous- dotted, without stipules. Flowers perfect, thick, white, oranjje, or red. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-eleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. Stamens 5, fertile, ojiposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers ex- trorse, 2-celled, the thickened connective prolonged above the cells. Ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovulcKl. Placenta central, globose. Stigma capitate. Fruit globose. Seeds few, enclosed in gelatinous pulp. Em- bryo in the axis of copious albumen, lladicle inferior. 1. JACQUINIA, L. Caly.K-lobcs obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages. Stamens inserted on tlie base of the corolla: fdamcnts broad and flat. Style cylindrical from a conical base: stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 3- 10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in racemes. 1. J. armillai'is, Jacq. ? Brandies pubcruknt; leaves wedgc-obovate, smooth, eniarginate, 3-uerved, punctate, sliort-pctioled, the margins revolute; racemes chiefly terminal, somewhat fleshy, many-flowered, rather longer than the leaves ; bracts ovate ; pedicels erect, club-sha]jcd ; corolla short, bell-shaped, fleshy, the tube shorter than the rounded lobes ; stamens short ; the filaments dilated and connate at the base, lining the l)ase of tlie corolla ; fruit subglobose. — South Florida. — Leaves 1' -1|' long. Fruit 5" in diameter, orange-red. Order 84. MYRSINACE^. (Myrsixe Family.) Trees or shrubs, often glandular-dotted, with alternate exstipulate mostly entire leaves, and regular, often monoecious or dioecious, white or rose-colored flowers. — Calyx 4 - 6-parted. Corolla 4 - 6-cleft. Sta- mens 4-6, opposite the lobes of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, smooth : ovules 1 - many, imbedded in the cavities of the central placenta. Style simple. Fruit drupaceous, glo- bose, somewhat fleshy, commonly 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, concave at the base. Embryo transverse, in hard albumen. 1. MYRSINE, L. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style sliort : stigma capitate. Ovules 4 - .5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, iu axillary clusters, on short pedicels. PLAXTAGINACE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 277 1. M. Floridana, A. DC. Smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5 ; drupes small, longer than the pedicels. -- South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. Drupes 1" in diameter. 2. ARDISIA, Swartz. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 ; the anthers mostly longer than the filaments, opening from the apex downward. Ovary 1-cellcd, many-ovuled. Style slender: stigma acute. Drupe globular, 1-seeded — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, ob- tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, short ; corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — Leaves 2' long. Drupe H" in diameter, shorter than the pedicel. Order 85. PLANTAGINACE.^. (Plantain Family.) Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small whitish spiked or capitate flowers, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celled, deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2 - 4-celled. (/apsule 2-celled, few - many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de- ciduous partition. Embryo straight In fleshy albumen. 1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. Characters same as the order. * Flower perfect. 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5-7-ribbed, mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole ; scape pubescent ; spike long-cylindrical, densely many -flowered ; bracts ovate; capsule many-seeded. — Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May-Aug. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 2. P. COrdata, Lam. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed, 7 -9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts roundish ; capsule 2-4-sceded. — Low ground, in the upper districts of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. April -June. y. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 3' -8' long. 3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or obscurely denticulate, 3 - .'3-ribbcd ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered ; bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx ; capsule conical, 4-seedcd. — Hills near Decatur, Alabama. Riujel. — Plant small. Scape slender. 24 278 rLUMBAGINACEiE. (l-KADWORT FAMILY.) 4. P. lanceolata, L. Smootli or pulK'sccnt ; leaves lanceolate, acute, donticiilate, 3 -5-ribl)C(l, lon^-pctiokd ; spikes dense, ovate or ol)ionf5 ; capsule 2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scapes 1° - 2° high. Spikes \'-2' long. 5. P. sparsiflora, Miclix. Leaves smootli, lanceolate, toothed or entire, narrowed into a long petiole ; scape much longer than the leaves, pubescent below; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate; calyx-lobes obtuse; capsule 2-seeded. (P. intcrrupta. Lam.) — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Caro- lina. June - Sept. — Spikes 6' - 9' long. * * Flowers dioecious : ayinuals. 6. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or entire, 3-5-ribbcd, on rather short petioles; spike cylindrical, densely-flowered; stamens 4; capsule 2-4 seeded. (P. purpurasccns, Nntt.) — Low sandy soil, very common. April -June. — Scapes 1' (and then 2 - 4-flowcrcd) - 1° high. Leaves ^' - 6' long. 7. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth ; spikes linear, closely flowered ; the lower flowers scattered ; stamens 2, exserted ; capsule many- seeded, twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields, Florida and northward. April and May. — Scape 2' -6' high, commonly longer than the leaves. P. PUSiLLA. Nutt. (which may be found within our limits) differs from No. 7 in having the ovoid 4-secdcd capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. Order 86. PLU.MBAGINACE^. (Leadwort Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the sohtary anatropous ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord Avhich arises from the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. 1. STATICE, L. Marsh Rosemary. Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, .5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by their claws. Stamens .5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems. 1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovatc, tapering into a long petiole; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided PRIMULACEiE. (I'RIMROSE FAMILY.) 279 spreading spikes ; calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of tlic scarious limb alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Scape i°- 2° liigh. Leaves 3'- G' long. Flowers blue. 2. PLUMBAGO, Tomn. Leadwort. Calyx tubular, .5-ribbcd, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobcd. Stamens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle splitting into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, witli alternate entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. 1. P. seandens, L. Shrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the corolla; lobes of the corolla ovate, white; style smooth. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. Ordkr 87. PRIMFI^ACEiE. (Primrose Family.) Herbs, ■with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-lobetl, persistent. Corolla 4 - o-lobed. Stamens 4 - 5, oppo- site the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary free, or partly adherent to the calyx, 1-eelled, many-ovuled. Placenta central, globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, valvatc or circum- scissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Ovar}- free from the calyx. +- Capsule opeDiDg by valve.s or teeth. 1. IIOTTONI.\. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 2. LYSIM.VCIIIA. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stems leafy. Leaves opposite, entire. 3. DODECATIIEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. +- ^- Capsule opening transversely. 4. AX.iG.^LLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 5. CENTUXCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless?. * * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. 6. S.VMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 1. HOTTONIA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base and apex. Seeds fi.xed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with pectinately dissected leaves. Flowering stems mostly clustered, nearly leafless, inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 1. H. iuflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 -several in a terminal cluster, much inflated ; upper stem-leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts entire. — Ponds and ditches in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. Juno. 2S0 rUIMl'I-.VCK.E, (iMjniUOSR KAMILV.) 2. LYSIMACHIA, L. Looskstuim;. Cnlyx fi-partcd. Coiolla whccl-sliiipLd, fj-lolicd. Stamens 5 ; tlic filaments ofti'ii m(>iiacKl|»lious lit the hase, and commonly with the rudiment of a sterile one interposed. Style slender. Capsule glohosc, 5-10-valved, few - many- seeded. Seeds amphitropous. — Perennial herhs, with entire opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary or racemose yellow flowers. * Flowers In terminal racemes or panicles. 1 . L. Stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching ; leaves very numerous, ojiposite, dotted, lanceolate, acute at each end; racemes long, leafy at the iiase; pedicels slender; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, marked with dark lines ; filaments monadelplious, unequal ; sterile ones none ; capsule .5-valved, 3-5-seeded. — Var. angcstifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute. (L. angustifolia, Miclix. L. Loomisii, Ton-., corolla-lobes broader.) — Low ground in the middle and upper districts. July. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small. 2. L. Praseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect; leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the mar- gins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; filaments monadel- phous, unequal ; sterile ones none. — South Carolina. Fraser. (*) 3. L. Herbemonti, TA\. Stem erect, smooth, simple ; leaves (and flow- ers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted ; flowers racemose, on short pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dotted ; filaments monadelplious at the base. (L. asperulafolia. Pair :') — Near Colum- bia, South Carolina, Elliott. North Carolina, Curtis, Croom. — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 -5-ncrved. * * Flowers axillary. 4. L. quadrifolia, L. Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4-5 in a whorl, ovate-lanccoiate, acute, dotted, sessile ; peduncles filiform ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted, filaments monadclphous. — Shady woods in the upper dis. tricts, and northward. July. — Stem 2° high. 5. L. ciliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; pedun- cles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole ; the uppermost, like the peduncles, often whorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Miclir.) with the lowest leaves obovate, the others long, lanceolate; or (L. angustifolia, Lam.) with linear nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem lo-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 6. L. radioans, Hook. Smooth throughout ; stem long, prostrate ; the slender branches often rooting at the apex ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acute, on long and slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) 281 as long as the calyx. — Swamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper districts. July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers smaller than in any form of the preceding. 7. L. longifolia, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect, mostly simple, 4-angled ; leaves linear, obtuse, sessile, with the margins revolute, the lowest ones spatu- late ; corolla large, with roundisli abruptly acute lobes. — Wet banks, South Carolina, and northward. July to Sept. — Stem lo-3° high. Leaves 2'-4' long, rather rigid. Corolla 8" - 9" in diameter. 3. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla-tube very short, the .5-parted limb rcflexed. Stamens .5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, .5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Stem- less herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. Flowers umb'illate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate; umbel bracted, many-floworcd ; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods, North Carolina and Tennessee. May and June. 1|. — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 4. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpeknkl. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. Sta- mens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled; leaves ovate, sessile ; [)eduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in frait ; flowers red. — Fields and pastures. Introduced. July, (i) — Stem 6' long. 5. CENTUNCULUS, L. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta- mens 4, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening transversely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute nearly sessile axillary white flowers. 1. C. minimus, L. Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched ; leaves obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. (C. lanceolatus, Michr.) — Low ground near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — Stem l'-6' long. 6. SAMOLUS, L. Calyx 5-o1cft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 5-vaIved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowei-s in terminal racemes. 24* 2H2 I.F.NTIBULACKif:. (iJLAnPF.R WORT FAMILY.) 1 S. floribundus, Kuntli. Stem at length mucli brnnclicil ; leaves obo- vate, tlie lowest tufted, spreading, the others seattcrcd ; raecnies nianv-flowcred ; pedieels long, filiform, minutely hracted in the middle ; eapsulc globose, longer than the calyx ; flowers minute. — Brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May-July. (2) — Plant 6'- 12' high, pale green. 2. S. ebracteatUS, Kunth. Stem simple or sjiaringly branched, naked above ; leaves spatiilate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered ; pedicels bractlcss ; ca])sulc shorter than the eahx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Order 88. I^EIVTIBUI.ACEyT:. (Bladdf.rwort Family.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, witli entire or dissected leaves, and iiTegular flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spuiTed at the base. Stamens 2, .short, included : anthers l-cellcd. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free central globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. Albumen none. 1. UTRICULABIA, L. Bladdkrwotit. Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the projecting palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an ap- pressed or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- duncles 1 -many-flowered. * Stem floating : upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered and flnelif dissected : flowers yellow. 1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5- 10-flowered; corolla large (5' wide) ; the lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the upper concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller ; scape 2-flowcrcd. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April and May. — Stem 2° long. Scape 6'- 12' high. * * Stem floatinrj : leaves all scattered and finely dissected : flowers y How. 2. U. vulgaris, L. Leaves decompound; scape scaly, 5-12-flowcrcd ; throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire, with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading spur; fruit nodding. — Poiuls and still water, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May - July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Scapes 6'- 12' high. Co- rolla ^' wide. 3. U. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound ; scape slender, sparingly bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobcd ; LENTiBULACE^. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 283 the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with rcflexcd margins, as long as the linear nearly apprcssed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown ; fruit erect. (U. fibrosa, ^//.) — Stillwater, Florida, and northward. Sept. -^ Scapes 10' high. Corolla ^' wide. 4. U. fibrosa, Walt. Small ; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like ; scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless ; lips of t'.ie small (4"- 5") corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, rather shorter than the subulate apprcssed spur ; palate globose, 2-lobed ; fruit erect, on stout pedicels. (U. longirostris, Leconte. U. biflora, Lam.l) — Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May and June. — Stem 4'-C' long, with clus- tered branches. Scape 2' -4' high. .5 TJ. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered branches; leaves sparingly divided ; scape 1 - 2-flo\vered ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, longer than the gibbous obtuse apprcssed spur; fruit erect. (IT. fornicata, Leconti.) — Shallow ponds. South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June. — Stem 2' -3' long. Scape l'-3' high. * * * Stem floating : leaves^ whorM,flnelii disaccted : flowers purple. 6. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform; scape mostly 1 -flowered ; upper lip of the corolla truncated ; the lower 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes sac-like, longer than the subulate spur. — Shallow ponds, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Co- rolla 4" wide. * * * * Stemless : scape rootinrj, scaly : leaves linear and entire, or rone : air- bladders few or none : flowers yellow. 7. U. eornuta, Michx. Scape 2 -4-flowered ; pedicels short, as long as the calyx ; lips of the large (|' wide) corolla obovate, unequal ; the lower one larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shaped acute depending spur, the margins strongly reflexed. (U. personata, Leconte, the more numerous (4-12) and scattered flowers much smaller.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Julv- Sept.— Scape 1° high. 8. U. SUbulata, L. Scapesetaceous, 3- 9-flowered; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3" -4") corolla 3-lobed, longer than the apprcssed conical green-pointed spur; leaves, when present, linear, fugacious. (U. setacea, Michx.) — Wet sandy pine !)arrcns, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' liigh. 9. U. bipartita, Ell.? Scape filiform, 1-3-flowcrcd; pedicels long and slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as the conical obtuse spur; lower lip of the calyx sometimes 2-cleft; fruit erect. — Miry margins of ponds near Tallahassee, Florida, to South Carolina. Sept. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Corolla 6" - 8" wide. 2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. Btttterwort. Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobcd. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base ; 284 r.ir.NONi.vcK.K. (uignomv 1 amii.y.) palate hniry. — StPtnloss licrhs. Leaves all radical, dusten-d, entire, with the margins conimuiily involute. Seape naked, eomnionly viscid. * Flowers >/ellow. 1- P. lutea, Walt, riammy-imbescent ; loaves ohlonj:j-<^(liovatc ; corolla large, with the rounded lohes 2-4-cleft; spur subulate — Open flat pine bar- rens, common. Feb. -April. — I'laiit yellowish. Scape C- 12' high. Corolla 1 '- H' wide, nodding. * * Floivprs pttrplfi, often chanfjiiig to vhite. 2. P. elatior, Miclix. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; si)ur obtuse. — Mar- gins of ponds. Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Scapes 8' -12' high. Corolla 1' wide. 3. P. australis, Kutt. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; co- rolla 5-partcd, the wedge-obovatc lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. — Shallow ponds, "West Florida, near the coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. Co- rolla 1 ' wide. 4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovatc ; lobes of the corolla obcordate ; spur somewhat sac-like, obtuse. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March and April. — Scape 2'- 6' high. Corolla i'-?i' wide. Orpku 89. BIGNONIACE^. (Rigxoxta Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, y-lobed, or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2-lippcd. Fertile sta- mens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla : anther-cells diverg- ing. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the base surrounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. Albumen none. Synopsis. Suborder I. I)IGNONIE.iE. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Cap- sule 2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Cotyledons notched at each end. — Leaves oi)posite. 1. BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. I^eaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. Suborder II. SESAME^E. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wing- less. Cotyledons thick, entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. BIGNONIACE^. (bIGNONIA FAMILY.) 285 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-tootiied. Corolla tubular-hell- shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound. 1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated by 2 cordate-oli!( ng entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendril between; pedi eels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. April. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets 3' - 6' long. Corolla 2' long, red without, yellow within. Capsule ^° long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, .')-lobed. Fertile sta- mens 4, didynamous. Valves of the capsule convex, contrary to the parti- tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, deciduous. 1. T. radicans, Juss. — Stem climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. (Bignonia radicans, L.) — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 4' - 5' long. 2. T. stans, Juss. Stem erect ; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate ; racemes many-flowered; calyx tubu- lar ; stamens 5, the fifth bearing an abortive anther. — South Florida. March - Mav. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Corolla U' long, vellow. 3. CATALPA, Scop. Calyx 2-lipped Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- ered; calyx purple; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, the lobes undulate ; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. (C. cordifolia, £11.) — River-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla 1' long. Cap- sules 1° long. 4. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn-Plant. Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bractcd. Corolla ireegular, tubular-bell-shaped, unequally 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-cclled, ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wingless. — Viscid 2(SG OKOllANCIIACK^E. (UKOOM-ICAl'lC FAMILY.) lirancliiii;^ aiinnals. Ia'Uvcs pctioled, cuiirc, i-ouudisli, tliu ii|i])lt ones nltcrniitc. Flowtrs liK-ciiK'il. 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems tliick, at leii<:tli prostrate; leaves roumi-conlato ; corolla (U' loiijr) wliitisli, spotted with yellow and purple; eap- Rulc crested on OHO side, sliortcr tliau the beaks. — Waste places. Introduced. July and Aug. Order 90. OROBAIVCHACE.^. (Broom-rape Family.) Low, leafless, scaly herhs, parasitic on roots, with bilabiate didynanious flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toolhcd or parted. Corolla witliorin 6-lobcd. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEEcii-Dnopc;. Flowers polyfjamous ; the upper ones slender and sterile, the lower ahhreviated and fertile. Calyx 5-tootlied. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 ])laeenta2 on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much hraiielied, purplish. Flowers small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla jjurpiish. 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under Beceh-trccs, in deep shades, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. — Stems 6' -1-2' lii-;!!. Flowers scattered. Corolla of the sterile flowers 4" -6" long, 4-toothcd, curved. 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Sqiaw-root. Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft on the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arcliinjr, notciied ; the lower short, 3- toothcd. Stamens exsertcd. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 ])laccnta; on each valve. — A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated scales. Flow- ers yellowish, spreading. 1. C. Americana, AVallr. (Orobanche, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April. — Stems clustered from matted roots, 4'-- 6' high, ^' thick. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Flowers solitary, perfect. Culyx 5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equidistant placenta;. — Stemlcss or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on along scape or peduncle. 1. A. uniflorum, Torr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly ; peduncles 1- several, 3' -5' high, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. (Orobanche uniflora, L ) — Woods, Florida, and northward. Order 91. SCROPHULARIACEiE. (Figwokt Family.) Chiefly herbs. Leaves commonly opposite, without stipules. Calyx 4 - 3-cleft or parted. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, or bilabiate ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 5), mostly didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther-cells often sepa- rate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Placentas central. Style simple or 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, many- (rarely 1-few-) seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in copious albumen. Synopsis. { 1. Upper lip of tlie corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly bepticidally dehiscent. » Stamens 6, all perfect. Corolla regular. 1. VERBASCDM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves alternate. * * Fertile stamens 4 ; the fifth sterile or rudimentarj'. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 2. SCI50PIIULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the lobes short and erect. 3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, contracted at the throat. Seeds winged. 4. PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds wingless. * # * Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. 5- L1N.\RIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. 6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-augled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. 7. IIERPESTIS. Calyx 5 parted , the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. * * * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none. 8. GRATIOLA. Calyx o-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or globose. 9. ILYSANTIIES. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 10. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted A scale-like appendage below the filaments. ^ 2. Upper lip of the corolla interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. * Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped ; the lobes nearly equal. H- Stamens 2, distant. Capsule mostly obcordate. 11. AMPIIIANTHT'S. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and in the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 12. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes, -1- ■(- Stamens 4-5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 13. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 14. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or whorled. 288 SCKOPHULAniACE.li. (kIGWOIJT KAMII.Y.) t- t- 1- Stnmens 4 Flowers mccmoJ or (ipikcJ. <-♦ Anthers l-cclli-d. 15. lUl^IINERA. ('(irollii Hiilvfr-KliBpcJ. Stamens (lidynamouN. Flowers spiked. ^■^ ^■^ Anthers 2-celleJ. Stiiniens pqiiiil. IG. SEYMKIUA. Corolla bell-shaped, jellow. Stunieiis ini'ludi-il. 17. 51AC'K.\NTHKKA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stauien.s long-exscrtod. 4-f ++ 4.> Anthers 2-relled. Stamens didynamous. 18. OTOPIIYLL.\. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-cared at the base. 19. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. Leaves mostly pinnatitid. 20. GER.\KUIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shuped, purple. Ix-aves mirrow, entire. • « Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip archiii;^ and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens. H- Anther-cells unequal. 21. CASTILIJilA. Anther-^ells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. -t- 1- Anther-cells equal. 22. SCIIWALBEA. Calyx 10-12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 23. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-shaped, few-seeded. Leaves pinnatitid. 24. MELAMI'YIIUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, 1 - 4-seeded. Upper leaves bristly-toothed at the base. 1. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. Stamens .5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in racemes. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves slightly creiiate, rugose ; the lowest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly ducurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellow. — Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -5" high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Raceme rigid, 1° - 2° long. 2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly branched or simple; leaves smooth oblong, acute, serrate or pinnatcly lobed ; the lowest petioled ; the upper clasping ; racemes elongated, glandular, the flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; filaments all bearded with purple hairs. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — Stem 20-30 high. 3. V. Lyehnitis, L. Plant mealy-white ; stem branching and angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, greenish above ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow ; filaments bearded with white hair?. — In Carolina, MuJdenherg. Introduced. 2. SCROPHULARIA, L Figwort. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, 5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla: SCROPHULARIACE^. (^FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 anther-cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish-purple flowers in loose cymes, forming a narrow panicle. 1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided ; branches elongated, spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base; flowers small. (S. Marilandica, L.) — Shady banks and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. 3. CHELONE, Tourn. Sxake-head. Calyx 5-parted or ."i-sepalous, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted at the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip concave, emarginate ; the lovver obtusely 3-lobed, woolly in the throat. Stamens 4, with the filaments and cordate anthers woolly, and a fifth sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds imbricated, broadly winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers in short dense bracted spikes. 1. C. glabra, L. Stem simple or branched, 4-sided ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, on very short petioles ; spike terminal, imbricated, nearly sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and sepals ovate ; corolla white or rose-color. (C. obliqua, L.) — Wet banks of streams, Florida and northward, rare in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, some- times pubescent beneath. Corolla 1' - 1 j' long, concave beneath. 2. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath ; spike sessile, simple or branched ; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate, ciliate; flowers purple. (C. latifolia, Muhl., leaves acute at the base.) — Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, thinner, and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 4. PENTSTEMON, L'Hcr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip rounded, concave, emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-Iobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and wliite or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open narrow terminal panicle. * Leaves pinnately chcided. 1. P. dissectUS, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent; divisions of the leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lobcd ; cymes few-flowered, long-pedun- cled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded and nearly equal lobes; an- ther-cells smooth, spreading; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx-lobes small, acute. Corolla 9"- 10" long, purple. 25 200 scuoriiLLAuiACi:.E. (iKiwour iamii.v.) * * Ij;(n;es umUviiUJ. 2. P. pubescens, Solamler. rubescciit or sniootli ; leaves lanceolate, ariitc, srnati' or ciitiiv, ^os.silo or claspinj^ ; the lowest ovate or ohiong, tapering into a slender petiole ; evines spreailin{^, fe\v-flo\vcretl ; tui)e of the corolla grad- inilly dilated above the middle; the lower lip longer than the upper; sterile stamen bearded down one side; anthers smooth. (P. lievigafiis, Soland., a smooth form.) — Dry open woods and fence-rows, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 1' longr, pale purple. 3. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or entire, clas)jing ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes few-flowered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of the corolla abruptly dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal ; sterile stamen bearded down one side. — Dry soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 2° high. Co- rolla 9"- 12" long, white or pale purple. "Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (.3° - 4° high); leaves thicker; cymes many-floworod, forming a large spreading panicle; corolla smaller. — Pine bar- rens, Florida. 5. LINARIA, Juss, Toad-Fl.\x. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base; the ujjper lip emarginatc or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed; the throat commonly closed by the prominent palate. Stiimens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — Herl)s, with alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or wliorifd leaves, and axillary or racemose flowers. * Stems irith proslrute hninchcs at the base, which hear broader opposite or whorhd leaves. 1- L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth; stem erect, slender, mostly simple; leaves linear, flat, scattered; those on the radical branches oblong; racemes straight ; pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue and wliite corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. (An- tirrliinum Canadense, L) — Cultivated ground, common. April and May. (D — Stem lo-2° high. 2. L. Floridana, n. sp. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much branched; leaves scattered, fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped; those on the radical branches obovate ; racemes elongated, flexuous. glandular-hairy ; pedicels spreading, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla truncate or emargiiiate; spur very short. — Driftitiu- sands near the coast, West Florida. April and May. (g) — Stem 3'- 12' high. * * Prnstnite branches none. 3. L. vulgaris, IMiller. Smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded; raceme dense; flowers large (1' long), yellow ; spur subulate ; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste places. North Carolina, and northward. Naturalized. Aug. Ij. — Stem 1°- 3° high. SCUOl'UULARIACE^. (fIGAYOKT FAMILY.) 291 4. L. Elatine, Miller. Ihiiry; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; leaves small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; pedicels axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, yellow and pm-plish ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. — AVaste places, North Carolina. Nat- uralized. ® — Stem 4' - 12' long. 6. MIMULUS, L. MOXKEY-FLOWLK. Calyx tubular, 5-anglcd, sharply 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didj'na- mous : anther-cells somewliat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lip])cd. Capsule locu- licidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and axillary purple flowers. 1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-anglcd, the angles wingless; lef.ves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate ami clasping at the base; pe- duncles longer than the flowers. — Swamps in the upper districts. Aug. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves thin, 2'- 4' long. Corolla showy, the palate greenish and pubescent. 2. M. alatUS, Ait. Stem square, with winged angles ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at the base into a petiole; peduncles sliortcr than the flowers. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2'- .5' long. Calyx-teeth small. 7. HERPESTIS, Gcertn. Calyx .5-parted ; the 3 outer lobes, especially the upper one, broader. Corolla bcU-siiaped, .5-lobed or bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-lobed or eniarginate, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous : anthei'-cells contiguous or divaricate. Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valvcd, many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, axillary, or in leafy terminal racemes. * Stems 4-an(jlcd: leaves sen-ate : peduncles 2-hracfcd at the base : exterior calyx-lobes oblong: corolla white. 1. H. nigrescens, Bcnth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle ; lower peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer ; tube of the corolla striped with blue ; the upper lip rounded. (Gratiola acuminata, Walt.) — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1° - \^° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 2. H. peduncularis, Bcnth. Smooth ; stem decumbent, diflfuse, creep- ing near the base ; leaves small, obovate-oblong, entire near the base ; peduncles filiform, 3-4 times as long as the leaves. — Key West. — Stems 6' - 12' long Leaves 4" -6" long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 292 SCKUrHULAKIACKA;. (KIGWOUT I-AMILV.) * * Stems tinle, siwcrilent, crevp'nuj : leaves orate or rottmlish, entire: exterior calyx- IiiIms iiinUtte or ovate : peduncles 2-f>rurltd at the apex. 3, H. Monnieria, Kumh. Smooth; Ktems dirtuse, crccpiii}^ ; k-avea fleshy, wc'dgo-obovatc, entire or obscurely crenate; corolla bell-sliuped, with the rounded lobes nearly equal ; peduncles as long as the flowers ; exterior calyx- lobes ovate. (H. euneifolia, Pursh.) — Ditches and muddy banks along tlie coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Tune - Scj)!. 1| — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves 1' long. Corolla white or pale blue. 4. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a crci'])ing base; leaves smootliisb, (jvate, cordate and clasping, obtuse ; peduncles shorter than the flowers ; exterior calyx-lobes cordate ; base of the ovary surrounded by a 12-toothed disk. (H. rotundifolia, .^//., not of Atu?e, erenate, petioled ; the floral t)nes lanceolate, entire, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla ])ale blue. — Cultivated j;rouii woolly at the throat. * Perennial. 1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; brandies elongated, erect; leaves erect, linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal, fringed on the margins ; capsule large (3" wide), globose, one third longer than the calyx. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2° -3"^ high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' long, pubescent. * * Annuals. -!- Coro'la small, the 2 vppcr lobes short, truncate and erect. 2. G. divaricata, n. sp. Stem 6' -12' high, smooth, widely branched from the base; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on the margins. |' long ; the uppermost minute ; pedicels all opposite, setaceous, spreading, the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate, one third as long as the tube ; corolla j' long, the lobes ciliate; capsule ovoid, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 3. G. fllicaulis. Stem 6'- 12' long, filiform, reclining, smooth and glau- cous ; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subulate, rough; flowers few, terminal ; calyx-teeth triangular, one fourth the length of the tube ; corolla 4" -.5" long, compressed, the lobes slightly fringed ; capsule globose, one third longer than the calyx. (G. aphylla, var. fllicaulis, .SeK^^.?) — Low grassy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. H- -1- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. ■*■* Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves. 4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 20-30 high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly branched near the summit; leaves minute, I'Mong, subulate, appressed; flowers mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the calyx, calyx-teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla i' long, hairy within, the upper lobes reflexed ; capsule globose, 2" long, twice as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 5. G. purpurea, L. Stem 10-3° high, smooth, the branches elongated; leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1'- 1|' long, flowers opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx , calyx-teeth con- 300 SC'KOI'IIILAUIACK.K. (iKlWOUT lAMII.V.) ppirnons, trinn{»ular, pomotimes li:\lf im lonq: as tlto tiilio, sjirpadiriK; corolla 8" - 10" lonfr, the lobes iniimtrly t'liiigcil ; ciipsiilc gloixisi', oiiu third loiijijcr tliati the calyx. — Low grounil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. Var. fasciculata. Stem taller (.1°-5°), iniuh branched above, rough; leaves ruiigli on both sides, clustered, the upiierinost, like the flowers, alternate ; calyx-teeth more ]>ointed ; corolla larger. (G. fasciculata, KH.) — Brackish soil, along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. f). G. maritima, Kaf. Smooth; stem 8'- 16'high, 4-angled, with numer- ous short and leafy branches near the liase ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, oppo- site, the upper ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the Jalyx and the floral leaves; calyx-teeth short, obtuse; corolla 6" -8" long, slightly oblique at the throat, the upper lobes fringed, and villous within ; capsule globose, twice as long as the calyx. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Yar. major. Stem 2° high, much branched ; leaves flat, acute ; floral leaves longer than the pedicels ; calyx-teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and capsule larger. — Brackish marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. — Corolla 1' long. 7. G. setacea, Fll. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, nnicli l)ranchcd, slender ; leaves 1' long, setaceous, opposite ; pedicels stout, club-shaped, tiiree times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the seta- ceous pcdunele-like branchlets ; calyx-teeth short, subulate; corolla 1' long, woolly within, the roimded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely ex- ceeding the calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell. ?) — Dam[) or dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. +-1- -i-h Pedicels much longer than the cal;/.r, commniilj/ lonijcr than the Iravcs. 8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, 1°-H° high, much branched; leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, 1'- 1^' long ; pedicels filiform, about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, ^ as long as the tube ; corolla ^' long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — Var. fili- FORMis. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; corolla larger (5' long). — Light soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. 9. G. fllifolia, Nutt. Stem l°-2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat club- shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx-teeth subulate, one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube; corolla |' long ; capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 10. G. parvifolia. Stemrough, striate, 12'- 1 8' high, the slender branches erect; leaves 4" -G" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very rough, rather ob- tuse; pedicels filiform, 2-4 times as long as the minute floral leaves; calyx- teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla ^' long, pale purple or white. (G. setacea, van parvifolia. Benlh.?) — Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Unlike the other species, this remains unchanged in drying. 21. CASTILLEIA, L. Calyx tubular, compressed, cleft at the summit ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the upper lip long, narrow, curved. SCROPIIULARIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 301 laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lohed : anther-cells ohlong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed hy the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herhs, with alternate entire or incisch--lobed leaves, the uppermost colored. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly entire; those of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear; the floral ones 3- lohed, bright scarlet at the summit; corolla greenish-yellow. — Damp soil in the upper districts. June - Aug. (g) — Stem 1° - 1 ^° high. 22. SCHWALBEA, L. Calyx tubular, oblique, 10- 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arched, enclosing the four didynamous stamens ; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 3-lobed : anther-cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. 11 — Stem simple, 1°- H° high, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, small. Flowers iu a spiked raceme. Corolla 1' long, yellow and purple. 23. PEDICULARIS, L. Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, varioush' 2 - ,5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens ; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule ovate or lanceo- late, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with finely and pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high); leaves alter- nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit; corolla pale yellow and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceolate, exserted. — Shady woods and banks, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April, y. — Stem bearing slender leafy and rooting runners. Fruit- ing spike 3' -5' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or sp.ar- ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the teeth crenate ; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, the lower erect; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 24. MELAMPYRUM, Toiirn. Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate ; the tube dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight; the lower rather longer, 26 302 ACANTIIACK.i;. (acanthus lAMILV.) spreadiiiLT, liicoincx, witli tliruu sliort lobes. Staimiis 4, tlidynainoiH, uiidor the iippiT lip ; aiitliei-s apiiroxiinatc, olilong, liaiiT ; tlie ci-lls nearly iqnal, Klijihtly j'oiiittil at tlie base. Ovary with 2 ovuks in eaili cell. Capsule comiiressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valvLMl, 1 -4-sce(k'd. — Annual herbs, with opposite lun- iTolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 1. M. Americanum, Miehx. Stem naked below, leafy and eommonly branehcd above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper ones broader and sharply toothed at the base; flowers greenish-yellow. — Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long. Ordkr 92. ACANTHACEiE. (Acanthus Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undivided exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Caly.\ /i-parted. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile sta- mens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculici- dally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen, mostly supported by curved appendages of the placenta;. Radicle inferior. — Stems commonly swol- len between the joints. Synopsis. • Capsule oblong, bearing the Feeds at the base. Appendage.^ of the plarentse none. 1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely -bracted scape. Leaves radical. # • Capsule club-.«haped, bearing the seeds above the base, appendaged. 2- DIPTERACANTHUS. Corolla nearly regular. Stamens 4. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. 3. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one lower than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 4. DICLIPTEKA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed one behind the other. Flowers in leafy -bracted heads or clusters. 1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salvcr-shapcd or bilabiate, 5-lobcd. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior ones sterile : anther-cells parallel. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered. Scape covered with imbricated bracts. Flowers spiked, 2-braeted. 1. E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, narrowed downward, entire or wavy on the margins, smooth or pubescent ; bracts of the scape alternate, rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; those of the spike ovate; corolla white, salver-shaped, the lobes nearly equal ; capsule cylindrical — Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. y. —Scapes 6'- 12 high Leaves 2' -4' long. ACANTHACE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 303 2. DIPTERACANTHXJS, Nees. Calyx 2-bracted, 5-partetl, with linear or bristle-like lobes. Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 4-12-seeded. Seeds borne above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentiE. — Perennial herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple. § 1. Calophanes. — Anther-cells pointed at the base: style simple: capsule ■i-seeded. 1. D. Oblongifolius. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 4-angled, erect from a creeping base, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or obovate, obtuse, the upper ones narrower and often acute ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 in a cluster; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong bracts, and tube of the spotted purple corolla. (Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June - August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves ^'-V long. Corolla 1' long, rather exceeding the leaves. 2. D. riparius, n. sp. Stem minutely pubescent, erect from a creeping base, simple, slender ; leaves smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate, tapering into a long and slender petiole ; flowers clustered, sessile ; calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla white, 3-4 times shorter than the leaves. — Shady banks of Little River, Middle Florida June and July. — Stems lO-l^o Iiigh. Leaves I'-lj' long. Co- rolla ^' long. 3. D. humistratUS. Stem smooth, diffuse, creeping; leaves oblong-oval, entire, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers nearly sessile, solitar}- or 2-3 in a clus- ter ; bracts oblong-spatulatc, shorter than the setaceous calyx-lobes ; capsule lanceolate, smooth. (Ruellia Immistrata, Mc/ia:.) — Grassy places, Florida to South Carolina. — Plant small. Leaves ^' long. 4. D. linearis, Torr. & Gray. Small, rough-pubescent ; stem prostrate, diff"use, very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, entire, narrowed toward the base, ob- tuse ; calyx-lobes setaceous, hairy ; bracts similar to the leaves ; capsule oblong, 4-angled, at length 4-valved, 2-4-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 6' long. Leaves 4" -6" long. § 2. DiPTERACAXTUUS. — Antker-cells pointkss : sti/le 2-cleJl at the apex : capsule 8~\2-seeded. 5. D. ciliosus, Xees. Hirsute with white hairs ; leaves oval or ovate- oblong, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 in a cluster ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the setaceous calyx-lobes, and much longer than the short funnel-shaped throat; capsule smooth. (Ruellia ciliosa and R. hybrida, Pursh.) — Dry soil, Georgia, near Savannah, Pursh., and westward. July and Aug. — Stem varying from a few inches to 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 2' long, pale blue. 304 ACANTiiACK.K. (acantiius fa:mii.y.) C. D. strepens, Noes Siiioo:]), jinhosccut, or liaiiy ; leaves viii-viii>^ fiom laneeolate to orl)ieiilar, iiio>tly narrowed into a jieiiolc; (lowers sessile or pediin- cled ; tulie of the eorollu barely lonj^er tlian the linear or linear-laneeoiutc hairy calyx-lobes, and about the length of the funncl-shapeil throat ; cupsulc smooth. (Rticlliii strepens, L.) — Dry rieh soil, Florida, and northward. June - Sept.- Stem 2' -3° liigh. Leaves r-4' long. Corolla l'-2' lon},^ blue or ])urpli;. polymorpliciiis sjieties. Later flowers sometimes fruiting in the bud. 7. D. noetiflorus, Necs. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, rigid ; leaves oblong or laneeolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, jicdun- eled ; corolla large ; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy caly.x- lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and ■westward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2'- 4' long, white. 3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla bi!al)iate ; the upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3- lobcd, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2 : anther-cells sep- arated, one placed lower down than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule flattened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placenta;. — Perennial smooth herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and short-bracted mostly alternate flowers in long-pcduncled axillary spikes. 1. D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves. (Justicia ensiformis, Ell.? J. pedunculosa, xl/i'cAx.) — In slow-flowing streams, South Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° high. Leaves and peduncles 4'-G' long. Spike ^' long. Flowers pale purple. 2. D. ovata, Walt. Stem low (4'-8' high), 4-angled; leaves ovate-lance- olate, rather acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; the lowest small, lanceolate ; spikes 3 - 4-flo\vered, on simple peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla small, pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, Michx.) — Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina. — Leaves 2' -4' long, I'-l^' wide. Var. lanceolata. Stem taller (1°- 1^^) ; leaves smaller, lanceolate, acu- minate, nearly sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes many-flowered, 1-sided, often branching. — River-banks, Florida. July. Var. ? angUSta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rcflcxcd, the lower ones very remote; peduncles as long as the leaves; spikes several-flowered, the lower flowers often opposite. — Pi ne-baiTcn ponds, Florida. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 4"- 5" long. 3. D. erassifolia, n. sp. Stem rigid, angled ; loaves fleshy, linear, chan- nelled, acute ; the lower distant, small and obtuse ; peduncles stout, erect, longer than the leaves, exceeding the stem ; s])ike few-flowered ; corolla large, bright purple ; the lower lip striped with deeper lines ; capsule 2-seeded ; seeds circular, smooth. — Wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Florida. April and May. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Peduncles 4' - 9' long. Corolla and capsule I'long. VEKBEXACE.i:. (VEKVAIN FAMILY.) 305 4. DICLIPTERA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, mostly Icafy-bracted. Corolla hilabiate, mostly reversed ; the lower lip 3-lobed ; tiie ujjpcr 2-cleft or entire. Stamens 2 : anther-cells equal, one placed behind the other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 seeds be- low the middle ; the partitions at Icngtli free from the valves. — Herbs, with sim- ple leaves, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and terminal heads or spike-like cymes. 1- D. brachiata, Spreng. Smooth or nearly so; stem 6-angled, with numerous spreading branches ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole ; spikes solitary or 2 - 3 together, interrupted, unequal; bracts oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length inflated ; corolla small, purple. (Justicia brachiata, Pitrsh.) — liiver-banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. D. Halei, Riddell. Stem tomentose, mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate but rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, sprinkled on the upper surface and veins beneath with very short hairs ; the lower ones smaller and obtuse ; spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base, compact, few-flowered; bracts oblong or oval, mucronate, short-stalked, and, like the linear-spatulate bracteoles, and subulate calyx-lobes, fringed with long hairs ; capsule oval, 4-seeded. (Justicia laetevirens, Dackley ? Rhytoglossa viridiflora, Nees.) — Shady banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. Juno- September. — Stem ^°-2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" -5" long, white. 3. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent; stem angled, much branched ; leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles ; flowers mostly single, scattered in 1-sided spike-like cymes ; bracts small, unequal, the interior ones subulate, the exterior lai'ger and somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes .subulate, unequal ; corolla (scarlet) curved, nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower minutely 3-toothed ; anthers slightly exserted ; style hair-like, elon- gated. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Corolla 9" -12" long. Order 93. VERBENACE^. (Vervain Family.) Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with 4-angl('d mostly rough stems, and oppo- site and e.xstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or cymose. — Ca- lyx 4 - 5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and salver-shajied, or more or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of" the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1 - 8-cclled, with 1 or (in Avi- cennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, terminal. Fruit dry or bac- cate, 1 -8-celled, commonly separable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight. 26* 'MG VERBENACEjE. (VKUVAIN FAMILY.) Synopsis. Tribe I. VERBENE.^. — Ovule solitary, erect from the liuse of the cell, anatropous. lladii'lo poiutiiii; ilowuwarJ. Flowers in spikes or heads. • Herbs. Fruit dry. 1. PIUVA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 two-cellej nutlets, enclosed in the inflated calyx. 2. VElUtENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 4 one-celled nutlets. Fruiting calyx not inflated. 3. STACHYTARl'HA. Stamens 2. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets, imbeddid in excavations of the thickened rachis. 4. LIPl'IA. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. » • Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy, f). LANTANA. Fruit of 2 one-celled nutlets. Flowers capitate. 6. CITHAREXYM'M. Fruit of 2 two-celled nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx. Flowers spiked. 7. DUUANTA. Fruit of 4 two-celled nutlets enclosed In the beaked calyx. Tribe II. VITEJE. — Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the ctU, am* phltrDpous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate. 8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of 4 separate 1-cclled nutlets. Shrubs. Tribe III. A'VlCEJifilJE, — Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell, ampliltropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers In Imbricated spikes or heads. Fruit capsular. 9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees. Tribe IV. PHRYMEjE. — Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the l-cclled ovary, orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons convolute around their axis. Flowers In elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis. 10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit refiexed. 1. PRIVA, Adans. Calyx tubular, S-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-clcft. Stamens 4, didy- natnous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated nieinlmma- ccous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petiolcd undivided leaves, and mi- nute flowers in a loo.-ic slender spike. 1 . P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching ; leaves cordate- ovate, acute, coarsely serrate; flowers alternate; fruiting calyx bristly with hooked hairs, ovoid ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tubercular spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Spikes 6' - 9' long, terminal and in the forks of the stem. 2. VERBENA, L. Vervain. Calyx tubular, ."i-ribbed, ."i-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the throat ; the limb somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 4-cellcd. Fruit of 4 separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Herbs, with serrate or pinnately divided leaves, and mostly small flowers in lengthen- ing slender spikes. VERBENACE^. (A^ERVAIN FAMILY.) 307 * Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a gland-like appendage : flowers showy. 1. v. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the base, ascending, fork- ing ; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the lobes toothed, narrowed into a slender petiole ; tlie lower ones smaller, rounded, toothed ; spikes tenninal and in the forks of the stem, long-peduncled, closely flowered ; calyx long, slender, the unequal teeth subulate; corolla showy, purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May- August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Corolla h' long. * * Anthers without appendages : flowers small. -t- Leaves undivided. 2. v. urtieifolia, L. Rough-hairy ; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate- oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a long petiole ; spikes very long, filiform, axillaiy and terminal ; flowers minute, white or pale blue. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2°- 5° high. Leaves very rough, 2' - 6' long. 3. V. hastata, L. Rougii-hairy ; stem branching ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the lowest broader, and often hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, close- flowered; flowers violet. (V. paniculata, Z cleft. Flnw.-r* -ontnn.-. 3<). TELCIUt.M. LoHLT lobe of tlio conillu luijgf.st. Culvx O-tootLoJ. Wliorln crowded. 1. OCIMUM, L. Bash. Ciilyx ovate or bpll-slmpwl, S-tootlicd, nnglod, dcflcxed in fruit ; the upper tooth roundisli, with ti'c nuirgins decurrcnt. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip 4-eleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynanious ; the lower pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the eorolla. Style 2-ileft at the apex. Glands of the disk I - 4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — Chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowercd, in a terminal bracted sj)ikc or raceme. I. O. Campechianum, Miller. Stem branched, pubescent, especially at the joints ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, narrowed into a slendei pubescent petiole, ])alcr and pubescent on the veins beneath, dotted ; raceme many-flowcrcd, pubescent ; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the lower teeth awned ; corolla small, slightly exscrted ; stamens smooth. — South Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 2. HYPTIS, Jacq. Calyx tubular, with 5 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobcd ; the four upper lobes short, spreading or reflcxed ; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly deflexed, thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud in the lower lobeof tiie corolla. Nutlets smootli, ovoid. 1. H. radiata, Willd. Herbaceous; stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole, smooth ; heads peduncled, in the axils of the upper leaves, globose, surrounded by an involucre of several lanceolate whitisli bracts, pubescent ; corolla small, white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 3. MENTHA, L. Mint. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-tootlied. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straight: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Pungent aromatic herbs. Whorls (in our species) approximate, fomiing a dense or interrupted terminal si)ike. 1. M. viridis, L. Stem and leaves smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, un- equally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, smooth or hairy ; spike cylindrical, interrupted below; calyx-teeth linear-subulate. (M. tenuis, Michx.) — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July - Sept. — Stem 10-2° high. Flowers pale blue. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, mgose, crenate, sessile, iioary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lanceolate ; LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 313 fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. — Near "Wilmington, North Carolina. Introduced — Stem l°-2°high. Corolla white. 3. M. piperita, L. Smooth ; stem creeping at the base, ascending, branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer than the whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx-teeth hairy. — Low ground. Introduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers white or blue. 4. LYCOPUS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair sterile, included or wanting : antlier-cells parallel. Style 2-clcft at the apex. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or aquatic herbs, with long runners at the base. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile. 1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothlsh ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- serrate, acute or acuminate at each end, roughened above ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate, obtuse; corolla small, exserted ; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches, Florida? and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers white. 2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves pinnatifid- toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones narrower ; calyx- teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; sterile stamens minute or none. (L. exaltatus, Pursfi.) Var. intermedius. Closely pubescent or tomentose ; stem simple or branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, coarsely serrate, pale beneatli ; whorls dense ; calyx-teeth subulate, pubescent, nearly as long as the corolla ; seeds pitted. Var. angUStifolius, Benth. (L. angustifolius, E/l.) Pubescent; stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed- serrate or entire, resinous-dotted ; calyx-teeth subulate. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers white. 5. CUNILA, L. Dittany. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, distant, exserted: anther-cells parallel. Style 2-clcft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cynics loose, axillary and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose ; calyx- teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July -Sept. — Stem I® high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers purple. 27 314 LAiUAT.'t:. Cmixt family) 6. PYCNANTHEMUM, -Mi.hx. IIousk-mint. Calyx tiibiiliir, 13 iicrvi'il, naked in llie tliront, efjiialiy S-tootlicd, or sli^^litly 2-li]i]H'(l. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, tlic lower 3-(left. Stamens 4, nearly e(pial, strai;;ht, spreading, connnonly exserted : anther-cells parallel. Style 2-clef't at the apex. Nutlets 8nu)otli. — IVrennial mostly J)U- bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branchin;; stems. Floral leaves often whitc- tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or purplish — Plants aromatic and pungent. * CdJyx more or less 2-llpped, the siihu/ute teeth often bearded with u-eak jointed hairs : cymes most/y terminal, widely spreudin" long. 2. C. scabriuscula, Ait. Stem smootliish ; leaves jjctiolcd, ovate, acute, dentate, rouncied at tlie ha.se, smooth ahovc, the uppermost sessile; bracts small, subulate-acuminate ; panicle elongated, Icnfy at the base ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; stamens included or exsertcd. — Kieh woods, Florida, Ptash, to South Carolina, A7//o«. Sept. — Stem 3" high. Leaves 2' 3' long, on short petioles. Corolla half as large as in the preceding, the lowest lobe purple. 3. C. punctata, Ell. Stem pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanccolatc, acumi- nate, mucronato-serrate, pubescent and dotted beneath ; panicle pubescent, leafy at the base ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; calyx-teeth large, lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, ^ - J as long as the yellowish corolla ; sterile stamens included, capitate. — Rich shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Corolla 4" - 6" long, hairy within. 4. C. OValis, Pursh. Stem slender, pubescent above ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, acute, smooth, with few very coarse mucronate teeth, the lower ones barely longer than the very slender petiole, the upper sessile ; racemes panicled ; calyx pubescent, with unc(iual subulate tcetli ; bracts ovate, acumi- nate. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Leaves (excluding the petiole) 2' long, 1^' wide. * * Fertile stamens 4. 5. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth below ; leaves 4, mem- branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base, short-pctioled, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-pcduncled raceme, viscid-pubescent ; lower flowers whorlcd, the upper opposite ; bracts minute; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla — Light shaded soil, Georgia, chiefly in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Corolla yellow or purplish. 6. C. anisata, Pursh. Vi-scid-pubescent ; stem stout, simple or branched ; leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crenate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base, the uppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx- lobes large, ovatc-lanccolate, nearly equal ; corolla large, yellow. — Dry shaded soil, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla h' -\' long. 8. HEDEOMA, Pers. Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bilabi- ate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 2, ascending : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small leaves, and axil- lary few-flowered cymes. 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Annual, pubescent, much branched; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, contracted into a slender LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 317 petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lower lip of the calyx hispid — Dry hills in the upper districts. June- Sept.— Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla small, pale blue. 9. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-ncrved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower spreading, 3- lobed ; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, arching inward : anther-cells parallel, or at length diverging Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers solitary, or few in a whorl, chiefl}'^ axillary. 1 . M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth ; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly simple ; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers sol- itary, opposite, on widely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, pur- ple.— River-banks, Florida. July and Aug. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 10. CALAMINTHA, Benth. Calyx tubular., 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the throat; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward.: anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, or purple flowers ^ 1. Calamintiia. Heibs : cymes peduncled, compound, svta II -bracted ; the upper ones forming a 1 -sided compound raceme : flowers small. 1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose- flowered ; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. — Waste places and road-sides, Georjiia to North Carolina, introduced. July - Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves ^' long. §2. Calomelissa. Shrubs: cymes nearly sessile, axillary, few flowered, oflen leajy-bracted : pedicels elongated : throat of the calyx bearded : flowers showy. 2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent; leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, narrowed into a slender petiole ; axillary leaves small and clustered ; cymes 6-flowered, the lower bracts leafy; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky banks, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Shrub l°-2° high, the flowering branches simple. Leaves 1' - I|' long. Corolla 1' long. 3. C. COCCinea, Benth. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate- oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers solitary, or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla large, scarlet. — Sandy shores of St. Andrew's Bay, West Florida. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer bark loose and shreddy. Leaves ^' long. Corolla 1^' long. 27* 318 1. A 15 1 AIM-.. (mint family.) 4. C. dentata, n. sj) DriKcly mnu'iUosc ; sU'iii (lilVasfly ImuKliKl ; leavcH smull, obovatc or wcdge-sliapcil. ruiindcd and 2 - 4-tootlii.'il at the a|X'X, nearly sessile; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the ujjper lip eniarginaie or obscurely 3-toothcd, nuieh shorter than the lower ; upper stamens ahhreviated. Btcrilc. — fSand ridges near Aspalaga, Florida. Sept. and Oet. — Stem 2° high. Leaves very numerous, ^' long. 5. C. eanescens, Ton-. & Gray. Iloary-tomcntose ; stem diffusely branched ; haves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolutc ; cymes very numerous, 1 - 3-flowcred ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip olitusely 3-tootlied ; corolla hairy, white or purjile, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy. — Dry sands along the west coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves h' - |' long. Corolla i' long. 11. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx tubular, 13-ncrvcd, 2-li)iped } the ujjpcr lip entire or minutely 3-toothed. the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-clcft. Stamens 4, ilidynamous, spreading, exscrted : anther-cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex Nutlets smooth. — Smooth annuals, with nanow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, several-flow- ered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowere purple. 1 . D. linearifolia, Benth. Stem mostly branching, erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3-9-flowered ; calyx purple, declined in fruit. (Ceranthera linearifolia. Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem 1° high. Leaves I' long. Flowers very numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 2. D. densiflora, Benth. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, or the uppermost linear; cymes sessile, 5- 10-flowered. — East Florida, Bentham. — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of tlie anthers shorter, than in No. 1. 12. MELISSA, L. Balm. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-ncrvcd, 2-lipped : the upper lip flattish, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, curved and connivent under the upper lip : anther-cells at length diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Ileibs, with few-flowered 1-sidcd axillary cymes, and white or yellow flowers. I. M. of&cinalis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ov.ntp, crenate, trun- cate or cordate at the base; cjmes 3 - 6-floweied, with ovate bracts. — North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 13. SALVIA, L. Sage. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2-li])ped ; the upper lip entire or 3-tootbed, the lower 2-clcft, beardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 319 notched, the lower spreading, 3-Iobed, with the middle lobe larger, entire or notched. Stamens 2, short : anther-cells linear, widely separated by the elon- gated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or wanting. — Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles. * Upper lip of the calyx entire : lower anther-cell wanting. 1. S. azures., Lam. Smooth ; stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; racemes elongated ; whorls nearly sessile, 6 - 12-flowered ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, white or blue ; style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. _ July and Aug. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 1^' - 3' long. Corolla 6" - 8" long. 2. S. urticifolia, L. Stem {l°-2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly contracted into a. winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse-hairy ; racemes terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6- 12-flowered, remote; calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, about half as long as the blue and white corolla ; style bearded. Var. major. Leaves rigid, narrower, acuminate, crenate, with longer and broader-winged petioles ; the lower surface, like the taller (4° - 6°) branching stem, hoary-tomentose ; racemes axillary and terminal ; flowers smaller. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward : the variety in Middle Florida. July - Sept. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla 4" - 5" long. 3. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentosc, branching ; leaves ovate, mostly acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, paler beneath, cordate or truncate at the base, petioled ; racemes many-flowered ; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the lower ones ratlier distant, the upper much crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedi- cel, acutely toothed, the upper lip purple ; corolla small, twice as long as the calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper short, subulate, reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem ngid, 1° liigh. Leaves 1' long, twice as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3" - 4" long. 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem much branched, shrubby at the base ; branches erect, flliform, jjubesccnt; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly crenate, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slen- der petiole ; racemes filiform, few-flowered; wliorls distant, 2 - 6-flowered ; calyx somewhat glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit ; corolla very small ; lower lobe of the style spatulate obtuse. — South Florida. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 6'' -9" long. Flowers blue, smaller than in No 3. * * Upper lip of the cali/x broad, 3-toothed: lower anther-cell pollen-bearing, but sterile. 5. S. lyrata, L. Hairy ; stem erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly radical, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem-leaves 2 or 4, smaller ; the upper pair lanceolate and entire ; raceme many-flowered ; whorls 6-flowered, distant in fruit, longer than the ovate-lanceolate bracts ; upper lip of the bell-shaped calyx truncate, with short erect teeth ; corolla-tube elongated, 320 LAUiAT.*:. (mint family.) widening: U])\vi\nl, the iniildlc lolic of the lower lij) dihitcil ami iiot<'li('d. — Van ouovATA is k'ss hairy, witii tiic oltovutc leaves iiieivly tootiied or wavy on tiie inaifrins. (S. obovata, /,'//.) — Sandy soil, Florida to Is'orili Carolina, and west- ward. April and ilay. — Stem 1° liiy^h. Leaves 3' -6' lonj;, commonly jjurplc beneath. Kacemes in fruit G'-12' long. Corolla 9" -12" Ion;,', Idue, white- spotted in the throat. 6. S. Claytoni, Ell. Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate, tootiied, rugose; teeth of the u|)|)er lip of the calyx counivent. — IJry sandy pastures, around Beaufort, South CiU'olina, /-7//c>». North Carolina, Curosc whorls in the a.xils of the upper leaves Flowers yellow or scarlet. 1. Ij. nepetsefolia, R. Br. Annual ; stem tomentose, .simple or branched ; leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral ones lanceolate ; whorls 1- several; calyx 8-toothcd ; corolla villous, scarlet. — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. June -Aug. Introduced. — Stem 1°- 6° higli. Whorls l'-2' in diameter. Corolla 1' long 26. LEONURUS, L. Mothkrwort. Calyx top-shaped, ."j-nerved, 5-tootbed, the teeth sjiiny and at length spread- ing. Corolla 2-lippcd; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, .3-lobed, with the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther-cells parallel, naked. Nutlets 3-anglcd, tnincate. — Herbs, with inciscly lobed leaves ; the floral ones longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4° high) square, pubescent; leaves long- pctioled, tlie lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; tiie floral ones wedge-shaped, 3-clcft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6 - 1 5-ilowercd ; corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places. Introduced. June -July. 27. STACHYS, L. Hedge-Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5- or 10-nerved, 5-toothed ; the teeth equal, or the upper one larger, more or less spiny (in our species), spreading in fruit. Co- rolla hairy within, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending: anthers 2-celled. Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with few-flowered whorls in teiTninal racemes. * Perennial. 1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved bristly hairs, rarely smootbish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute, sen-ate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with hairs above ; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6 - 1 0-flowcrcd, the lower ones distant; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. (S. hispida, Pursh. S. tenuifolia, WiM) LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 327 — Swamps, South Carolina, and nortliward. June- Aug. — Stem 1t°-2° liigli. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla ]Hirple. 2. S. hyssopifolia, Mklix. Smooth or nearly .so; stem erect, slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly serrate ; raceme short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, J-|- as long^as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine barrens, in the middle districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - H° high. Leaves 1' -2' long. * * Annual. 3. S. Floridana, Shuttl. Smooth or hirsute ; stem slender, erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, petiolcd, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, serrate, truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base; whorls few or numerous, distant, 6 - 1 0-flowered ; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid teeth; corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple. (S. annua, Walt. ?) — Low grounds. Middle and South Florida. July. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Leaves 1' long, the lowest shorter iliau the petiole. 28. ISANTHUS, Michx. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nervcd, .5-clcft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers, on 1 -3-flowered axillary j)eduncles. 1- I. CCBruleUS, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July- Aug. — Stem terete, 1°- ]^° high. Leaves 1'- 1|-' long, 3-nerved below tlie middle. 29. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue-Curi.s. Calyx short, reversed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ; the 2 upper ones very sliort. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, long-exsertcd, partly coiled : anther-cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, united at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue flowers on lateral peduncles. 1. T. dichotomum, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly smooth; stem much liranched, obscurely 4-angled; leaves oblong or lanceokite, obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lincare, Niitf. is a smoother form, with linear leaves.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem 1 o - 2° high. 30. TEUCRIUM, L. Gekmander. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, .5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes short, the lowest large, oblong or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lowest pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : anther-cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 328 I'.oKit.vnixACF.i:. (iu)I{A(JF, kamii.v.) 1. T. Canadense, T^. Stem tomcntosc, erect, simj)lp or branched; leaves Fhort-pitiolid, oviiti-laiK'colato, acute, serrate, pubescent al)ove, wliitc-velvcty beneath ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long lioary sfiiked raceme, longer than the suluilatc bracts; calyx bell-shapeh ; leaves orbicidar-cordate, palmately 5 - Tdobed, sharply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles which are shorter than the petioles ; calyx-lobes sparingly hispid ; filaments densely bearded. — Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward. June. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'- 5' in diameter. Corolla white. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx .5-parted, with rcflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tid:)ular or short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments. Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2- 12-ovuled. Placentas large, lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-partcd. Capsule globose, 1 - 2-seeded. — Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary long pedun- clcd flowers opposite the leaves. 1 . N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ; stem filiform, diffuse; leaves thin, long-petioled, alternate, 3-lobed ; the lobes HrDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAP FAMILY.) 335 obovatc or -.vedge-shaped, cR'natcly toothed ; the lowest ones mostly opposite, and 3 - 5-lobcd ; flowers minute, white, on slender spreading peduncles, whicli are shorter than the petioles ; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule 1 - 2-seeded. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April - June. — Stem 3'-l° long. Leaves zj' - I' long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx 5-partcd, not appcndaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or cxserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary 2 - many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentae often projecting inwards, and forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. ^ 1. Phacklia. — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla variously appenda/jcd within, the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Hairy; stem erect, much branched ; leaves long-petioled, 3 -5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovatc, acutely toothed ; the lower ones short-stalked, the upper confluent ; racemes loosely many-flowered, gland- ular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes linear, hispid; stamens bearded below, equalling or longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks, Alabama to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla blue, ^' wide. { 2. CosMAXTHUS. — Ovules and seeds 4 : corolla not appendarjed icithin, the lobes finibriate : Jilaments hairy below. 2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth or hairy, branched ; leaves hirsute ; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, the upper clasping, pinnatifid, with tlie lobes acute ; racemes many-flowered ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-linear, hristly-ciliate ; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, Pursh.) — Shady banks, North Carolina, Tennessee, and northward- May and June. — Stem 8' - 12' high. Corolla h' wide. 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smoothish or slightly hairy ; stems spreading or ascending ; leaves few, tlie lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets; the upper ones pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse ; racemes 3 - 10-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse ; corolla white. — High mountains of North Carolina, Michaux, Buckley. May. — Stems 5' - 8' long. § 3. EuTOCA. — Ovules more than 4 : corolla usually ivith viinute appendages ivithin, the lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent ; stems several, spreading, branching; leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upjier 3-parted ; racemes loosely 5 - 15-flowered ; pedicels slender, mucli longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes linear- ohlong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla small, pale-blue or white. — Shady banks. North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 3'' - 4" wide Capsule few-seeded. 5 P. pusilla, Buckley. Pubescent and somewhat glaucous ; stems as- cending, branched ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments obovate, abruptly 33fi in nuoi.r.AOK.K. (iivduom.a iamii.v.) aciiiniiiati' ; [lodicels sliort lioii-l(ill-slia|j(iJ, 5-lol)C'd. Stamens 5, ck'cliiR'il, iii!liaiK'il, rj-plaitt'd. Stamens dilated at till.' ha^o, iiuliuh'd. Slylu simple: stif^mia gloi)ose. Capsule 3 -4-tclled, 3 - 4-valved, 6 -8-seeded. — Twining herbs, with petiokd eordatc entire or lol)cd leaves, and sinj^le or cj'iiiose blue or purple Howers, on axillary braeted pe- duncles. 1. P. hiS'Dida, Chois. Annual; stem f,'l:indular-rouf;;licned and hairy; leaves entire, rouiul-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly lon;,a>r than the leaves, 3-5-flowcred ; sepals ovatc-lanecolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla showy, blue, purple, or variegated. (Convolvulus purpureus, A.) — Around dwellings. In- troduced. June - Sept. 2. P. Nil, Chois. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly cordate, 3-lol)ed, the lobes acuminate; jjeduncle.s shorter than the leaves, 2 -3-flowercd; sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point; bracts linear; corolla purple. (Convolvulus Nil, L.) — Cultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Corolla U' long, 4. IPOMCEA, L. Morxing-Glory. Sepals 5. Corolla bell-sliaped or funnel-shaped, 5-plaited. Stamens dilated at the base, included (except No. 8). Ovary 2-celled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. Style simple : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-eclled, 2 - 4-valved, 4-secdcd, or, by abortion, 1-3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing rarely erect herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and showy white or purple flowers on axillary peduncles. * Flowers crowded in a leafy-bracted capitate cyme : corolla small, bell-shaped. 1. I. tamnifolia, L. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, somewhat plicate with impressed parallel veins ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; lower bracts longer than the many-flowered heads ; sepals subulate, bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed, somewhat 4-sided. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina, and west- ward. July - Oct. (1) — Stem 1° -4° long. Corolla h' long. * * Mowers solitary, or frir in a)i open cyme. ^- Corolla hell-shaped : leaves orbicular : stems prostrate. 2. I. Pes-Caprse, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves petioled, orbicular, or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles I -3-flowered, the ovate bracts minute; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucro- nate; tube of the corolla very short. (I. orbicularis, Ell.) — Drifting sands along the coast. Florida and Georgia. Aug. -Oct. U — Leaves 2' long. Co- rolla 2' long, purple. 1- -I- Corolla (mostly small) bell-shaped: capsnle hairy: seeds smooth or nearly so: stems slender, twining: leaves petiokd, cordate, entire or 3-lobed : stamens included. 3. I. eommutata, R. & S. Stem pubescent or hairy ; leaves thin, cor- date, acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes acute or sometimes CONVOLVULACE,^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 343 2-cleft, sprinkled wiili hairs on both sides ; peduncles 4-anglcd, about as long as the filiform petioles, 1 -5-flowered ; bracts small, subulate ; corolla purple, 4-5 times as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, 4-valved, sliorter than the calyx. (I. trichocarpa, Ell.) — Margins of swamps, and cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carohna, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Leaves I'-l^' long. Corolla l^'-2' long. 4. I. triloba, L. ? Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abruptly atten- uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastatc-lobed, with the lateral lobes rounded, smooth below, slightly h&iYj above ; peduncles .3-flowei'ed, longer than the leaves ; bracts subulate ; corolla small, purple, twice as long as the oblong, acute, hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds slightl}' pubescent on the angles. — South Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1 j' long. Corolla |' long. 5. I. laeunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish ; leaves cordate, obtuse or acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowercd, shorter than the leaves, often shorter than the petioles; corolla small, white, twice as long as the ovate- lanceolate acuminate ciliate sepals ; capsule globose, slightly hairy. — Low grounds, in the middle districts of Georgia, and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Ca- lyx and corolla commonly longer than the preceding. H- ^- H- Corolla large, fnnnel-shapecl, the tube elomialed : capsule smooth : seeds often tcoollif : stems elongated : leaves cordate, petiohd, entire or 3-lohed. 6. I, pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, smoothish ; leaves cordate, acu- minate, but scarcely acute, entire or fiddle-shaped, more or less pubescent above, paler and smooth beneath ; peduncles commonly longer than the petioles, 1-6- flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, the two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, the tube purple within. — Var. HASTATA. Stem mostly prostrate ; leaves hastately 3-lobcd, the lateral lobes rounded ; peduncles mo-^tly 1-flowercd, longer than the leaves ; inner sepals acute. — River-banks and margins of swamps, the var. in sandy pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Aug. -Oct. U — "Root tuberous, very large. Corolla 3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. 7. I. Michauxii, Sweet. Stem pubescent, stout ; leaves membranaceous, deltoid, cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, plaited by the strong im- pressed veins, wavy on the margins, slightly roughened above, hoary-pubescent beneath ; peduncles 1 -.'i-flowered ; sepals thick, oblong, obtuse, tonientose ; co- rolla pubescent, white tinged with purple, notched at the angles of the limb, and bright purple on the tube within; capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valved ; seeds very silky. (I. macrorhiza, .1//c/ix.) — Light sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, along the coast. July - Sept. y. — Koot very large. Leaves 3' - h' long, occa- sionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' -4' long, opening at night. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled. 8. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones prolonged in a long filiform ap- pendage ; corolla white, almost salvcr-form ; the tube very long and slender ; itamens and style partly exserted ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical per .^14 COXVOLVT'LACK-K. (cONVOLVfLrS FAMILY.) sistcnt base of tlio style. (Calonyction spcciosum, Cfiois.) — South Florida. — Stem somi'tiincs prickly. Leaves 2' -3' long. Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long, 1''- 2" in dianietcr. 9. I. sagittifolia, Bot. Reg. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem slender; leaves sagitrate, lanceolate or linear; the lateral lol)cs long, S])reading, acute; peduncles 1 -3-flo\vered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely hracted ; sepals oval, roimded and purple at the apex, shorter than the ovate 4-valvcd pointed capsule ; seeds silky on the angles; corolla bright purple. (C. sagitti- folius, il//c7/r.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. U — Stem commonly 2° -3° long. Corolla 3' long. 10. I. fastigiata, Sweet? Smooth; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the lobes acuminate; iwduneles about as long as the petioles, 3 -several-flowered, with leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate point, on pedicels shorter than the bracts; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Corolla 3' long. 4- M- -t- -(- Corolla hell-shaped : leaves pedateli/ 7 -parted. 11. I. sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, shrubby at the ba.se, the branches muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated up- ward, nodding; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; capsule globose; seeds smooth. (Convolvulus dissectus, MIrhx.) — South Florida. July -Oct. H. — Stem sometimes 40° long. Leaves 4'- 6' wide. Corolla 1^' long. 5. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois. Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-])laited. Style single : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4- valved, 4-secded. — Habit of Ipomoea. 1 ■ J. Violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining ; leaves petiolcd, oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly cordate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, many-flowered ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the 2 outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas oblong, diverging ; capsule smooth, 4-valvcd, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla ^' long. Seeds roughish. 6. CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. Sepals .5, included in the two large membranaceous bracts. Corolla bell- shaped. Style single : stigmas 2, oblong or cylindrical. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Leaves petioled, cordate or sagittate. Peduncles 1-flowered. 1. C. sepium, R. Br. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate, acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles 4-angled, as long as the petioles ; bracts cordate-ovate or oblong, strongly keeled CONA-OLYULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 345 on the back; sepals acute; corolla wliite or rose-color. (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent; leaves smaller and narrower. (C. Catesbeiana, Ph.?) — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and northward. Aug. and Sept. Ij. — Leaves 2'- 4' long. Corolla lj'-2' long. Stigmas oblong-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below. 2. C. spithamsea, Pursh. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the summit : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry- soil, Florida, and northward. May -Sept. 1| — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla U'-2' long. 3. C. paradoxa, Pursh. Stem prostrate, tomentose ; leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute; peduncles longer than the leaf; bracts remote from the flower, linear ; sepals naked, smooth, acuminate ; corolla large, white. — In Carolina or Virginia, Pursh. ( * ) 7. EVOLVULUS, L. Sepals 5, Corolla bell-shaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct, 2-cleft or 2-partcd : stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, witli chiefly silky or hairy prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers ou axillai-y peduncles. Cap- sules nodding. * Common peduncle very short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 1. E. serieeus, Swartz. Silky with appressed hairs throughout, except the upper surface of the leaves ; stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- trate or ascending simple filiform branches ; leaves sessile, linear or linear-lan- ceolate, acute at each end, erect ; peduncle almost Avanting, l-flowered, rarely 2" -3" long and 2-3-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ^ as long as the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Varies with shorter (4' - 6' long) and more rigid stems, and oblong or elliptical and obtuse leaves. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June-Oct. — Stems 6'-12' long. Leaves 6"- 9" long. Co- rolla 4" -.5" in diameter. * * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 2. E. glabriusculus, Chois. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, clliptical-obovatc, mucronate, nearly sessile, smooth above, puljcscent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as the pedicel ; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 4" - 6" long. Corolla 2" wide. 3. E. diffusus, n. sp. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu- merous, filiform, diffuse; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, sliort-petioled ; peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter tlian the pedicels ; corolla wheel-shaped , styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°- 2° long. Leaves 4'' -6' long. Corolla 2" wide. 346 COXVOI.VILACK.K. (CONVOKVL'LUS TAMILV.) 8. STYLISMA, Kaf. Sepals 5. Corolla 1k11-s1i:1|i('(1, hairv. Staincns included. Styles 2, distinct or united below, entire : siii^nms peltate. Ovary 2-cclled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 1 -4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubeseent Iierlis, witb entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduneles which are longer than the leaves. 1. S. humistrata. Hairy and roughish ; leaves petioled, oblong, slightly cordate, obtuse or eniarginatc at the apex, mueronate ; peduncles (ilii'orin, 1-7- flowered ; sepals ovate, acute, smooth, fringed on the margins ; capsule smooth, nodding: bracts minute; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united below. — Varies with linear or lanceolate, often acute, nearly .sessile leaves, shorter and uniformly 1-flowercd peduncles, and more pubescent sepals. (Convolvulus hu- mistratus, Walt. C. tcnellus. Ell.) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves I'-.T long. Corolla 10" long. Capsule ovate, commonly 1-sccded, crowned with a tuft of hairs when young. 2. S. aquatica. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves linear-cb- long, obtuse, mueronate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncles 1-7 (mostly 3-)-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, very silky; capsule erect, pubescent; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla purple; filaments smooth; styles distinct. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt.) — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves ^'-l' long. Corolla 5" long. 3. S. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear, ob- tuse, narrowed at the nearly sessile base; peduncles 1 -3-flowered; bracts linear, as long as the flower ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, veiy hairy, longer than the pedi- cel ; corolla small, white ; styles united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly exserted. — Sandy pine barrens. North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 12"- 15" long. Corolla b" long. 9. DICHONDRA, Forst. Calyx 5-partcd, -with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, .5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubescent creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bractless flow- ers on axillary peduncles. 1. D. repens, Forst., var. Cai'Olinensis, Chois. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March -Oct. U — Stems filiform, 6'- 12' long. Leaves ^'-H' in diameter, on petioles 1'- 4' long. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish white. 10. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-um-shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular, 4 - 5-clcft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostly confluent scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate (in SOLANACE^. ^NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 347 our species). Capsule 4-secded. Embryo filiform, ooikd around flesliy aIl)U- men. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the ground, hut early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, without leaves, or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, variously clustered. * Flowers pedicelled, with few and distant bracts : cuji/x 4 - ^-chfl : corolla bell- shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. 1. C. arvensis, Beyi-lch. Low; flowers small, 5-parted, in loose umbel- like cymes ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed, longer than the tube ; scales ovate, often partly exserted ; capsule globose, thin, yellowish — Fields and sterile soil, on small herbs, Florida to North Carolina. June and July- — Stems 1° high. Flowers the smallest of our species. 2. C. Gronovii, AVilld. Stem climbing high ; flowers mostly 5-clcft, in loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, browTi. (C. Americsina, Pursk., DC.) — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Oct. 3. C. neuropetala, Engelm. Stem branching ; flowers rather large, 5-parted, in smooth umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute ; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 1-nerved, spreading, as long as the tube ; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the tube. — Damp soil, Florida, and westward. May. 4. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high; flowers large, 5-parted, in umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube; scales connate at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. * * Floicers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded by seceral similar bracts : corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 5. C. eompacta, Juss. Stems climbing high ; bracts and sepals orbicu- lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading ; scales confluent at the base; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs and shrubs. Okder 100. SOLANACE^. (Nightshade Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular axil- lary or supra-axillary flowers. — Caly.x 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, persist- ent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5-10-lobed, plaited and valvate, convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by terminal pores. Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-celled) many- 348 SOI.AN.VrE.f.. (NKillTSIIADi: lAMII.y.) scrdcd rapsulf or ])erry. ]Macciita> ndiiatf to llic jiartitioii and projcctinj; into tlio cells. Si'i-ds canii^ lotropoiis or ainpliitropons. Kniliryo mostly blender aud curved in llesliy albunu-n. — C'hielly narcotic poisons. Synopsis. 5 1. Fruit a berrj-. • Corolla wheel-shaped or short bcU-Khapcd. <- Anthers connivcnt. Calyx unrhangeil in fruit. 1. SOLANITM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. ■t- ■- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting c.-ilyx inflated. 3. PUYSALIS. li rry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 4. NICANDRA. Kerry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. » • Corolla funnel-shaped. 5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. 5 2. Fruit a capsule. 6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circuniscissile. Capsule spioy. 1. SOLANUM, L. Nightshade. Calyx 5-tootho(l or 5-clcft. Corolla whccl-shapcd, 5-Iol)cd, valvatc, with the margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, conni- vent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, often armed with ])riclvles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers opposite the axils, or above them. * Unuriiud : cymes or racemes corymhed : corolla 5-paiifd. 1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs; stem erect, brandling; the branchlets wing-angled, and more or less toothed; leaves pctioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping, small, white; berry black. — Damp soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 10-3° high, ditfuse. Leaves 2' -4' long, when in pairs, unequal. Corolla 4" -6" wide. Berry 2" -3" in diameter. 2. S. Radula, Vahl. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short rigid msty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short peti- ole ; cymes slender, long-pcduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, deeply parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse; anthers hairy. — South Florida — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Cymes 3' -4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense soft stellate hairs ; leaves large, ovatc-obloug, acute at each end, entire ; cymes on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers globose^obovate in the bud ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute ; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse , anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. — South Florida Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° -5° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co roUa ^' wide SOLANACE^E. (xiGHTSFIADE FAMILY.) 3A9 4. S. Blodgettii, n. sp. Stem shruhby? smooth, the branches, like the up per surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) pubescence ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, hoary-tomcntose beneath, like the ratlicr short-pcduncled many-flowered forking cymes ; calyx small, obconical, with short rounded teeth; corolla purple ? deeply parted, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, linear, narrowed at the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers j' in diameter. * * Pricldy : flowers racemed : corolla most]}/ angularly lohtd. .5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, angularly lobcd or toothed, abruptly contracted into a short pet- iole; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow prickles ; racemes simple, slender, 3 -several-flowered; calyx-lobes acuminate. — Var. Flo- RiDANA (S. Floridanum, Dunal) is less hairy ; stems ascending from a creep- ing base ; leaves narrower, sinuate-lobed or toothed, with more numerous and stronger prickles. — Dry waste places, Florida to North Carolina. June- Sept. U — Stem 1°- U° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Corolla 9"- 12" wide, blue or white. 6 S. aculeatissimura, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs and stout prickles; stem diflnsely branched; leaves petioled, ovate or oval, membranaceous, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, acutely lobed or toothed ; racemes lateral, slender, 2-5-flowered, shorter than the petioles; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, white ; anthers acuminate ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Probably introduced from Mexico. June- Sept. ® — Stem l°-20 high. Leaves 3' - G' long. Corolla 6" - 9" wide, the lobes recurved. 7. S. mammosum, L. Pubescent with stellate hairs, and the stem, pet- ioles, and nerves of the leaves armed with stout flattened prickles ; stem stout, erect ; leaves large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, slightly cordate ; racemes cymose, long-pedunclcd, many-flowered ; corolla large, purple, with ovate spreading lobes ; berry conical-ovate. — Road-sides, and waste ground, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. ® — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Co- rolla Ij' wide. Anthers narrowed upward, on slender filaments. Caly.x unarmed. 8. S. hirsutum, Nutt., not of Dunal. Dwarf, hirsute ; leaves broadly obovate, very obtuse, nearly entire, narrowed at the base, prickly on the midrib ; racemes 3-flowered ; peduncles filiform. — Milledgeville, Georgia. — Roots pro- fusely creeping. Stem a span high, beset with yellowish hairs. Calyx ycrj rough. Flowers purple 1 ( * ) 5. Pseudo-Capsicum, L., the Jkrusalem Cherry, is sometimes sponta- neous near dwellings. S. TUBEROSUM, L., is the Irish Potato, as it is here called ; S. Melongb- KA, L., the Egg-Plant; and S. Lycopjersicum, L. (Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill.) the Tomato. 30 3.')0 SOI.ANACK.K. (NinilTSIIVnE lAAlII-V.) 2. CAPSICUM, T..i.in. Ui:i.ri:iTi.R. Calyx rnp-sliiij)0(l, 5 - T-tootlicil. Corolla wliccl-sliapid, 5-C-cleft, plnited. Stamens 5 - 7, inserted on the tliroat of the corolla, exsertetl • anthers connivent, opening len;:tli\vise. Stiirnia ohtnse. Berry juieeless, partly 2-3-eelled, many- seedetl. — Ilerhs or shrubs, with acrid juiee, solitary flowers, and red berries. I C. fl'UteSCens, L- Shrubby, smooth ; stem brandiinf^ ; leaves oblong ovate, obtuse, entire, acute ov rounded at the base, petioled, often by pairs ; calyx obscurely toothed, long-pcdunclcd, erect ; beny ohlon^r, shorter than the peduncle. — South Florida. — Steni l°-2°high. Leaves I' long. Flowers in the forks of the branches. Berry 4"- 6" long. 3. PHYSALIS, L. GROuxn-CiiiRitv. Calyx .5-toothcd, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla short-bell-shaped, plaited, 5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens .5, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate petioled leaves, which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their a.\ils, or in the forks of tlic branches. * Perennial : peduncles rnmmoiilij longer tlian the petiole : rorolla 8" - \0" in diam- eter, spotted in the throat with brown or purple. 1. P. viscosa, L. Pubescent or hairy ; root slender, elongated ; stems erect, at length diffusely branched, angled ; leaves ovate, entire or angularly toothed, acute or obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy, with triangular-ovate lobes ; corolla pubescent, yellow, with 5 large brov/n spots in the throat ; style and filaments purple ; anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-anglcd, concave or truncate at the base ; berry globose, viscid. (P. heterophylla, Nees. P. Pennsylvanica, L.) — Dry light or sandy soil, Flor- ida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Oct. — Stems A°-2° high, sometimes purple; the pubescence often viscid, jointed, or rough. Leaves l'-2' long, the n])p('rmost rarely acute and unequal at the base. Corolla obscurely lobed. Fruiting calyx I'-H' long. 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, but often attenuate at tiie a])cx, entire, wavy, or coarsely and obtusely toothed on the margins, acute and commonly very unequal at the base ; calyx pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; corolla 5-lobcd, or some- what 10-lobcd or toothed, yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx ovate or globose- ovate, 5-anglcd. (P. ElHottii, Kunze. P. maritima, M. A. Curtis ?) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. July -Oct.— Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse Leaves l'-3' long. Fruiting calyx l'-l|' long, smooth or hairy. 3. P. angustifolia, Nutt. Smooth ; stem low, erect or at length diffuse, 3-4-angled; leaves linear or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed gradually at the base into a winged petiole ; calyx lobes short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, tomentose on the margins ; corolla yellow, brownish purple in the throat, SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 351 5-lobeil , fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, wing-angled, depressed at the base. — Low sandy places along tlie coast. West Florida. July- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -.5' long, equal at the base, somewhat fleshy. Corolla some- times 1' in diameter. Fruiting calyx 9" -12" long. Anthers yellow. * * Annual: peduncles shorter than the petiole: corolla 4"- 6" lit diameter, yellow, spotted in the throat with green or brown. 4. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout ; stem sharply 4-angled, erect or at length diffusely procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed, long-petioled, slightly unequal at tiic base, the lower ones often somewiiat cor- date ; calj'x-lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube ; corolla pale-yellow, 5-toothed, spotted with green in the throat ; filaments smooth ; anthers purple ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally lO-angled, reticulated with purple veins, depressed at the base. — Fields and waste ground, Florida, and northward. — July -Oct. — Stem l°-4° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruiting calyx 1' long. 5. P. pubesoens, L. Tomentose or villous with soft often viscid hairs, rarely smoothish ; stem diffusely branciicd, 4-angled, with one side rounded ; leaves long-petioled, mostly acute, obtusely toothed, wavy-margined, or entire, ovate, and mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base ; calyx-teeth subulate, twice as long as the tube; corolla bright yellow, 5- or somewhat 10-toothed, brown in the throat ; filaments iuiiry; anthers purplish; fruiting calyx oblong- ovate, sharply 5-angled, truncate at the base. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. pruinosa. Ell. P obscura, Michx.) — Fields and waste grounds, common. July - Oct. — Stems l°-3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 4. NICANDRA, Adans. Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5 : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless. — A smooth erect bi-anching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 1. N. physaloides, Ga;rt. — (Atropa physaloides, Z.)— Waste and cul- tivated ground. Litroduced. July - Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with angled branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in the throat. Fruiting calyx 5-ang!ed, enclosing the globose berry. 5. LYCIUM, L. Calyx 4~f>-r]oft. Corolla fiinnel-sliaped, .5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens 4 - 5 . anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not en- closed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, with entire alternate or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, much branched ; leaves small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axillary, purple ; calyx and corolla 4-cleft; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Shrub 3° -5° high. Leaves Ij' long. Corolla small, hairy within. Berry red. 352 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN lAMII.Y.) 6. DATURA, L. JA.Mi:srt)WN-\Vr,i:ii. Tiioux-Arri.E. Calyx tuliuliir, tLiitc or angled, S-ck-ft, si'jmrating near the base, tlic upper portion (k'ridiious. Corolla fumiel-sliaped ; the limb plaited, 5-loi)ed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 . anthers opening lengthwise. Cajisule spiny, imper- fectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Sti'ong-scented poisonous herbs, with petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, uud large solitary tlowers in tiie forks of the branches. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla siiarply 5-toothed, white, twice as long as the 5-angled calyx; capsule erect. — Var. Tatii.a. Larger; leaves often cordate ; stem and corolla purpli>li. — Waste ground, very common. June - Oct. — Stem lo-3°liigli. Leaves 4'- 8' long. Corolla 3' -4' long. 2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire or slightly toothed; corolla white, 10-toothed; calyx loose, terete; capsule nod- ding.— North and South Carolina, t'«rt/s. Introduced. — Stems 3° -4° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. Corolla 6' long. The Petunia, Night-Bi.oomixg Jessamixe (Cestrum), and Tobacco (Nicotiana), belong to this family. Order 101. GEIVTIANACE.^. (Gentian Family.) Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, witli colorless juice, opposite entire partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy flowers. — Calyx 4 - 1 2-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4-1 2-lobed, convolute, rarely valvate or imbricated, in the bud, hypogynous. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube : antliers 2-celled. Ovary single, with numerous anatropous ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1- celled, or imperfectly 2 -4-celled by the introversion of the margins of the valves, septicidally 2-valved. Placenta parietal. Seeds niunerous. Em- bryo minute, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. « Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — Leaves Bessile. 1. SABBATIA. Stjle conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twisted. Corolla wheel- ghaped, 5-12-parted. 2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundish, flat. Corolla tubular, 4- 5-parted. 3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 4-5- lobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 4. BARTONI.\. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stigmas sessile Leaves scale-like. 5. OBOLAKI.\. Ciilyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobcd, imbricated in the bud. 6. FKASEKA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gland in the middle. • * Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated. T. LIMNANTUEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. I'lowers clustered on the petiole. GENTIANACEiE. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 353 1. SABBATIA, Adans. Americak Centaury. Calyx 5 - 1 2-i)arted. Corolla wheel-shaped, .5 - 1 2-partcd, withering-persistent. Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, mostly recurved- Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or oblong, twisted. Capsule glo- bose, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial branching herbs, with cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. * Calijx and corolla mostli/ ^-parted. +- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turmnrj yellowish : hraiiches opposite. 1. S. lanceolata, Tom & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and corymbosely branched above, the branches opposite ; leaves ovate or roundish, 3 - 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, clasping ; the upper ones distant, lanceolate, and very acute ; cymes large, loosely many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx-lobes. (S. corymbosa, Bahlw.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves I'-l^'long; the lowest minute. Corolla 10" wide, tuming yellowish in drying. 2. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, mucronate, the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; cymes very numerous, densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, one third longer than the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem 9'-18' high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Corolla ^' wide. 3. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely branched above ; the branches opposite ; leaves tliick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasp- ing, 3 - 5-nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as long as the very short bristle-like calyx-lobes. — "Wet pine barrens, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2° -2^° high. Leaves l.V-S' long. Corolla 5" - 6" wide. H- ^- f" lowers in panicled cymes, purple : branches opposite. 4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately much branciied, often from near the base, the branches opposite ; leaves nu- merous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long as the joints, the upper ones acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes. — Low rich grounds, Florida, and northward. Aug. — tttem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Corolla 1' wide. 5. S. braehiata, Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near the summit; the branches opposite, spreading; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper ones linear, acute, the lowest clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes, terminating the branches, and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle; lobes of the corolla narrowly oblong, twice as long as the linear calyx-lobes. — Low grounds in the middle and upper districts, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2'' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1' wide. 30* 3.Vt CKNTIANACK.E. (oi.NTIAN FAMILY.) •*-■*- -f- Floifirx srttttind, on long peduncles, white or purple: bruuchns altmiali-. »j. S. !EIliottii, JStcud. Stem low, ti'R'H'. jmniculati'ly iiiurli l)ruiuhc'(l from mur tlie luise, tlie bniiiilies diHiisc; loaves siiiull, sessile; the lowest obovatc, the uitper linear; lobes of tlie eorolla 3-4 times as long as the short tilifoim caljx-lobcs. (S. paniculata, Ell.) — Open pine barrens, Floritla to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stems i'-lj'high. Leaves 3''- G" long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide. 7. S. gracilis, Pursli. Stem slightly 4-angled, ereet or reclining, diffu.sc, the branches 1 -3-Howcred ; leaves linear or oi)long-liiiear, the uppermost almost filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla obovate- ohlong, rather longer than the filiform caly.x-lobcs. - - Low grassy jjine barrens and meadows, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem slender, 1° - 1 A° long. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Corolla 12"- 15" wide. 8. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately branched, the branches elongated ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes, J'lorida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem I°-3°high. Leaves l'-2' long. Teduncles 1'- 4' long. Corolla 1^' wide. 9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete ; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx-lobes. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem G'-12' high, rigid. Leaves I' - 1 i' long. Corolla 8" - 10" wide. * * Calyx and corolla 1 -\2-parted : flowers purple. 10. S. chloroidcs, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1 - 2-forking, 1 - .5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulatc-oblong and tlie upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) parted, com- monly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx-lobes. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - U° high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 1 ^' - 3' wide. 11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, or the lowest elliptical ; flowers single or 3 - 7 in a terminal capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted ; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Middle Georgia, Dr. Boykin. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla 1^' wide. 12. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slender; lowest leaves lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the others long, linear, sessile ; flowers large, in axillary and terminal clusters, or terminal and solitary ; corolla 8-10-parted, 2-3 times as long as the subulate calyx-lobes; anthers straight. — Low pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Stem l°-2° hitrh. Leaves U'-3' long. Corolla 2' wide. GEXTIAXACE-E. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 355 2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-parted, sharply 4 - 5-angleu ; the lobes subulate, keeled. Corolla tubular, 4 - .5-lobed, membranaceous at the base, withering- persistent ; the lobes erect, lanceolate-oblong, acute. Stamens 4-5, partly exserted, inserted on the middle of the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate, introrse, opening lengthwise. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas round-ovate, thick, at length spreading, with the margins revolute. Capsule oblong, obtuse, 1-celled, the margins of the valves slightly inflexed. Placentae spongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, sessile. — Herbs, with oblong glaucous clasping leaves, and panicled showy purple or blue flowers. 1. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Stem (2° -3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- lately forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent at the base, the upper ones lanceolate ; flowers long-peduncled, terminating tlie branches, blue ; calyx-lobes as long as the tube of the corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — South Florida. (T^ — Corolla 12" - 15" long. 3. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed, often with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas 2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, solitary or clustered, axillary and terminal. * Aiiniud : corolla fannel-shuped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile : capsule sessile: seeds wingless. 1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cordate and slightly clasping at the base, 3-5-nerved ; flowers 3-5, terminating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather slender, naked in the throat ; with ovate bristle-pointed entire lobes, much longer than the subulate calyx-lobes. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1' long. Co- rolla 1' long. 2. G. erinita, Frcel. Stem terete below, the upper portion and branches 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx-lobes 4, ovate- lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, as long as the tube of the corolla ; lobes of the corolla 4, rounded, fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube ; seeds scaly. — Damp soil along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Oct. and Nov. — Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla blue, 11' -2' long. * * Perennial : corolla bell-shaped, with plaitrd too'h'd appendages hetireen the lobes : anthers erect, mostly connivent : capsule pedicelled : seeds cuntiuonlij winged. 3. G. OChroleuca, Froel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or obo- vate-oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper ones narrower and acute ; flowers in a dense mostly terminal cluster; corolla open, yellowish-whito, h'h longer 3')C CF.XTIANACK.E. (OKNTIAN iA:^in.V ) tlian the erect liiiear-laiueolatc calyx-lobes ; the ovate lohes twice as long as the nearly entire appendages; seeds wingless. — Dry sandy woods, I'loiida to Nunii Carolina. Sept. and Oet. — Stem 6'- lU' high. Corolla 1^' long, striped within with green and puri)le veins. Anthers se])arate. 4. G. EUiottii. Sttiii rough and slightly puhescent ; leaves lanceolate or linear-ianeeoiate, rough-margined; clusters axillary and terminal; calyx-lohes linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tuhc ; corolla large, open, bright-hlue, lined within with yellow and deeper blue, the erect or spreading ovate acuto lobes twice as long as the 2-cleft fimbiiate appendages ; seeds lanceolate, nar- rowly winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbaei, Ell.) — Banks of streams and ditches, in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem l°-l^'^high. Corolla 1^' long. Flowers rarely solitary. Var. parvifolia. Stem tall (2^ high), slender; leaves short (J'-l' long), sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid ; calyx-lobes erect, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; appendages of the corolla broad, unequally 2-cleft, fimbriate. — Pine-barren swamps near the coast, Gcoi-gia and Florida. — Corolla 2' long. Yar. ? latifolia. Stem low (6' - 12' high), rigid ; leaves (2' -3' long) mem- branaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end ; calyx-lobes linear, shorter than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally divided into two slender bristle-pointed nearly entire lobes. — Tfiver-banks, Middle Florida. — Corolla l'-4' long. 5. G. Saponaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, rough-margined ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, half as long as the corolla ; corolla light blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse, erect, or converging, longer than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged, covering the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Walt) — Moist woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oet. — Flowers clustered. 6. G. Andrewsii, Griscb. Stem smooth (l°-2° high); leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal ; calvx-lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla (I'long) club-shaped, inflated, dosed ; the broad and rounded lobes shorter than the slightly toothed appendages ; capsule at length partly exserted ; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sa- ponaria, Fral.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. and Oct. 7- G. angUStifolia, IMichx. Stem low, smooth, l -flowered; leaves linear, fleshy ; calyx-lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, bright blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. — Varies with the corolla, green without and white within. — Low jjine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. and Dec. — Stem 4'- 10' high. Corolla 2' long. 4. BARTONIA, Mubl. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas sessile. Capsule 1-celled, 2-yalved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner surface GENTIAN AC E^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 357 of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like subulate leaves, and white flowers. 1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2'- C high) simple or sparingly branched, suc- culent, few-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as the oblong or obovate obtuse spreading white lobes of the corolla ; anthers oblong ; capsule roundish. (Centaurella verna, i1/«c//x.) — Damp phie barrens near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Feb. - April. 2. B. tenella, Muhl. Stem (G'-12' high) branched; the branches, like the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; caly.^-lobes subulate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect, acute; anthers globose; capsule oblong-lanceolate. (Centaurella paniculata, Miclix.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Flowers much smaller than in No. I. 5. OBOLARIA, L. Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A low spar- ingly branched perennial lierb, with opposite wedge-obovate leaves, and single or clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers. 1. O. Virginica, L. — Rich shady woods, South Carolina, and northward. March and April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' -8' high. Branches generally 3-flowcred. 6. FRASERA, Walt. American Columbo. Calyx 4-partcHl. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes each with a de- pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. Style persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, winged, borne on the margins of the valves. — Tall and smooth perennial herbs, with whorled or opposite sessile leaves and branches, and cymes of greenish-yellow flowers, disposed in a large terminal panicle. 1. r. Cai'olinensis, AValt. Stem (3° - 8° high) erect ; leaves and branches mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate ; panicle pyramidal ; corolla-lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla 1' wide. Root large and bitter to the taste. 7. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. Calyx .5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, .^-parted, the lobes infolded in the bud, ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Style short or none: stigma 2-iobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. Seeds few or many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating circular or cor- date spongy leaves, and white peduucled flowers clustered near the summit of the long petiole. S.'iS ArocTNACE.*:. (dogbane family.) 1. L. lacunosum, r.riseh. Leaves (l'-2' wide) conlatc, entire, Bmootli ; petioles ((j' - 12' loii;:) tiliform ; seetls smooth. ( Viilaisiu toidaiu, Ell.) — Shal- low ponds, Florida, and northwanl. June and July. 2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. Leaves (.3' -5' wide) cireular, ercnate, ruii;:]i and ]iiii>'d Itencaiii; ])i'tioles stout, dotted, elongated; seeds f^landular- rouj,diened. (Villarsia traehyspcrma, AY/.) — I'onds in ilcfp water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April -June. Ordeu 102. APOCYNACEiE. (Dogbane Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire exstipu- hite leaves, and regular cymose or panicled flowers. — Calyx free, 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, .0-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers mostly sagittate, erect, introrse. Pol- len granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles united. Fruit few - many- seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, naked, or bearing a tuft of down at the apex (comose). Embryo straight in scarce albumen. Synopsis. • Fruit a many-seeded follicle. ^_ Seeds comose. Leaves opposite. 1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. Herbs. 2. FORSTEKONIA. Corolla funuel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Twining shrubs. 3. ECIIITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted abo\e the base of the corolla. ■t- ^- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate. 4. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate. 5. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite. * * Fruit a few-seeded drupe. 6. VALLESIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cymes. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Ixuian Hemp. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobcd, with seale-likc appendages at the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of tlic corolla : anthers sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Foliiek-s long and slender. Seeds numer- ous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite oval or oblong mucronatc petioled leaves, and .small white flowers in lateral and termi- nal cymes. 1. A. cannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval or oblong, mucronate, pubescent beneath; cymes terminal, close-flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. glauerki- APOCYNACEiE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 359 MUM. Smooth throughout; leaves narrower, often acute at each end. — Dry or damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° higli. Leaves 2'-3'loag. Corolla 2" long. 2. A. androsaemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading branches ; leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi- nal, long-pedunclcd, commonly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube of the white or pale rose-colored corolla ; lobes of the corolla spreading or revolute. — Rich soil, North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2' -3' high. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Calyx .5-parted, mostly glandular at the base within. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, without appendages. Filaments slender, inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers linear-sagittate. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united thickish glands. Stigma simple or 2-lobed, 5-angled. Follicle slender. Seeds linear- oblong, comose. — Twining shrubs, with opposite pctioled leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal cymes. 1. F. difformis, A. DC. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, narrowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent when young ; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves ; flowers greenish. (Eclii- tes difformis, Wnlt.) — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. — Stem twinhig, 10°- 15° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 4" long. Follicles 6' -9' long. 3. ECHITES, P. Browne. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at the base within. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the tube mostly elongated, and dilated above the in- sertion of the stamens. Filaments very short : anthers sagittate, bearing the pollen, and adhering to the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united glands. Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membra- nous appendage at the base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong, comose or plumose. — Erect or twining shrubs, with opposite leaves, and cy- raose axillary and terminal mostly fragrant flowers. 1. E. umbellata, Jacq. Smooth ; stem twining ; leaves distant, oval, mucronate, slightly cordate, short-petiolcd, parellel-veined ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate ; corolla salver- form, the cylindrical tube (2' long) slightly dilated above the insertion of the stamens, four times as long as the rounded spreading lobes, pubescent within ; anthers awnlcss ; stamens inserted near the middle of the tube. — South Florida. — Leaves 1^'- 2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white ? 2. E. Andrewsii. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; leaves approx- imate, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, the margins revolute ; peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-subulate ; tube of the corolla much dilated above the insertion 3G0 ArOCYNArK.K. (nonuANK lAMlLY.) of the Ptamons, bell-shappd, scarcely longer than the oviitc spreading lol)e8 ; anthers tapernig into a long hristle like awn ; glands of the nectary 5, rouixled, as long as the ovaries. (E. suhcrecta, ./4/iels shorter than the leaves, 6- I2-flowered, the erect or spreading pedicels as long as the peduncle ; corolla small, yellowish-green ; leaves of the crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate horn, and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine-barren swamps, West Florida. June and July. — Stem 10' - 15' high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. 10. A. paupercula, Michx. Stem smooth, tall ; leaves elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-margined, the upper ones small and re- mote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 6- 10-tlowered; pedicels pubescent, about as 3G4 AscLEriAUACK.K. (milkavkei) family.) loncj as the pcdimclc ; corolla deep rod ; leaves of the crown oMonp;, erect, bright orange, more than twice as long as the sulnilatc incurved horn and the short-stalked gynosteginni ; follicle lanceolate, minutely puhescent. — Marshes, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 11. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shruhliy, branching, slightly pubescent, leafy to the summit ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; umbels corymbose, long-j)edunclcd, 8- 10-flowercd, pubescent; pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; corolla scarlet ; leaves of the crown bright orange, oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter tlian the thick in- curved horn; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South Florida. April -Nov. — Stem 1° - 2" high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 3" long. H- H- -1- Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, more or less cordate, nearli/ sessile. 12. A. rubra, L. Smooth; stem simple, naked at the summit; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, very short-pctioled ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile, few-flowered; lobes of the corolla lanceolate, acute, reddish-purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute, purplish, barely longer than the subulate incurved horn, and twice as long as the short-stalked gynostegium; follicle smooth. (A. laurifolia, 3//t7i.r ) — Wet pine barrens, Georgia, and northward. June -July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 13. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem erect; leaves oblong, undulate, mucronate, cordate and ))artly clasping at the base; umbels 1-3, lateral and terminal, long-pcdunclcd, many-flowered ; corolla greenish-purple ; leaves of the crown truncated and somewhat toothed at the apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. June- july. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, the midrib very broad. Corolla- lobes 3" long. Pedicels pubescent. 14. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Smooth and glaucous ; stem declining, very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, obtuse, cordate and clasping at the base, veined with white; umbels 3-6, lateral and terminal, many-flowered, the smooth and slender pedicels shorter than the peduncle ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the crown oval, obtuse, white, longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight liovn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems several, l°-2° long. Leaves 4'-5' long, the midrib broad and prominent. H- -t- -t- I- Upper and lower leaves mostli/ opposite, the middle ones whorled. l."). A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent; stem slender, simple ; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, contracted into a petiole, pale beneath ; umbels 2-5, many-flowered, the slender peduncle longer than the pedicels ; corolla pale-pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the gynostegium and stout horn. — Mountains of Carolina, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Stem 1° - 1 j" high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKAVEED FAMILY.) 365 16. A. vertieillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl; umbels several, small, tiie peduncle and pedicels nearly equal ; corolla greenish ; leaves of the crown white, roundish, half as long as the slender incurved horn. — Open woods and fence-rows, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stenx 2° - 3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Follicle smooth. 4- -(— H— H— -t— Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite. 17. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched above, very leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, acute, short-petioled ; umbels numerous, corymbose ; corolla yellowish-orange ; leaves of the crown brigiit orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as tlie gynostegium, and rather longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June and July. — Stem \°-2° long. 1 8. A. Michauxii, Uecaisne. Pubescent ; stems several, short, prostrate ; leaves linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal, sessile or peduncled ; flowers gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate, spreading, as long as the subulate horns, and longer than the gynostegium ; follicle long, linear-lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longifolia, Ell. , Michx. in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April -May. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Follicle 4'-5' long. Flowers fragrant. § 2. Stem shrulihi/ : seeds mostli/ naked. 19. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler beneath; umbels 5-7, long-peduncled, pubescent, the upper ones corym- bose ; corolla small, white ; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the needle-shaped, erect horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. (A. parviflora, Pursh. A. debilis, .1//c/i.r.) — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to South Caro- lina. June -Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 2. ACERATES, Ell. LeaA'cs of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like Asclepias. * Leaves opposite. 1- A. viridiflora, Ell. Pubescent; stem stout, simple; leaves varj'ing from oval or obovatc to lanceolate, acute, obtuse, or emarginate, nndtilatc, short- petioled ; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly sessile, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, as long as the sessile gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves U'-2i' long. 2. A. COnnivens, Decaisne. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above ; .eaves nearly sessile, erect, mucronate, the lower ones approximate, oblong or oblong- obovate, the upper more distant, smaller and lanceolate ; umbels 3-6, 6-9- flowered, the stout peduncle and pedicels nearly equal, pubescent ; flowers large, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, incurved, twice as long as the gynoste- 31* 3GG ASCLEI'IADACE^E. (mILKWKED FAMILY.; gium, witli tlicir roumleil suniniits connivent over it — Wet pine barrens, Florida and Georjiia. June and July. — Stetii l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, some what llcshy. Corolla 8"- 10" wide. * * Leaves alternate. 3. A. paniculata, Dccaisnc. Closely pubescent ; stem angular, often brandling ; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, short- petiok'd ; umbels corymbose, often compound ; corolla large, greenish, spread ing or nearly erect ; leaves of tiie crown oblong, obtuse, ascending, shorter than the nearly sessile gynostcgium. (Podostignia viridis, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem l°-l^°high, leafy to the summit. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Corolla 1' wide. 4. A. longifolia, Ell. Pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves linear and linear- lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly pctioled, rough-margined, the lowest com- monly opposite, sometimes whorlcd ; umbels pubescent, slendcr-peduncled, many-flowered, alternate, opposite or vvhorled ; flowers small, pale pnrplc ; corolla rcflexed ; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter than the gy- nostegium, and adnate to its stalk; follicle lanceolate, tomentose. (A. longi- folia, Michx. in part.) — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 1^-1^° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Corolla 4" wide. 3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, with the lobes erect. Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn, ascending, incurved-bcaked at the apex, united with the base of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. Seeds comose — A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with opposite lanceolate sessile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles. 1. P. pubeseens, Ell. — Low pine bancns, Florida to North Carolina. June -Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6' -12' high. Leaves erect, I' -2' long. Umbels of 4 - 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" - .5" long, as long as the pedicel, longer than the short peduncle, the oblong lobes wavy on the margins Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long, many-sccdcd. Seeds oval, winged. 4. METASTELMA, R Brown. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shajjcd, the lobes mostly hoary-pubescent within Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gynostegium. Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twming shrubs, with smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white. 1. M. Schlectendalii, Decaisne. Branches pubescent ; leaves oblong or obovate, cuspidate, rather acute at the base, on slender petioles ; peduncles 3-6-flowered, as long as the petiole, shorter than the pedicels; sepals obtuse, ciliate ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, incurved, densely pubescent within; leaves of the crown oblong, inserted on the summit of the slender gynostegium, as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves ^'- U' long, the margins rev- olute. Corolla 2" long. Gynostegium 5-winged at the base. asclf;piadace/E. (milkweed family.) 367 2. M. parviflorum, R. Brown. Herbaceous 1 stem very slender, pubes- cent in lines ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, drooping ; umbels sessile or short-peduneled, 4 - 6-flowered ; sepals smooth, acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex, very pubescent within ; leaves of the crown inserted on the base of the sessile gynos- tegiura, linear, erect, exceeding the stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6''- 8" ^long. Corolla 1" long. 3. M. Fraseri, Decaisne. Branches slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves oval or round-ovate, mucronate ; umbels sessile ; pedicels sliort, smooth ; lobes of the corolla ovate, acute, thickish, pubescent on the margins ; leaves of the crown linear, as long as the corolla, longer than the gynostegium. — In Caro- lina, Fraser. ( * ) 5. SEUTERA, Reich. Calyx 5-parted Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow acute smooth lobes. Crown simple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of the sessile gynostegium ; the lobes ovate, flattened. Stigma conical, longer than the anthers. Follicles smooth. Seeds cojtiosc — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, Avith fleshy linear drooping leaves, and longpeduncled umbels of greenish flowers. 1. S. maritima, Decaisne. (Lyonia, EH.) — Salt marshes, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem shrubby at the base ; the branches twining around rushes and saline grasses. Leaves 2' long. Peduncles com- monly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, imbricated in the bud. Lobes of the crown obtuse, as long as the stigma. 6. CYNOCTONUM, Meyer. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Stamineal crown simple, enclosing the base of the sessile gynostegium, 5-lobed or 5-crenate. Anthers membranaceous at the apex. Stigma flattish. Follicles linear, spreading or reflexed. Seeds comose, — Perennial or shrubby twining plants. Leaves mostly cordate. Umbels lateral. 1- C. '' SCOparium. Stems much branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at the base ; leaves thin, linear, cuspidate, tapering into a petiole, smoothish ; um- bels nearly sessile, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, pubescent like the pedicels ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceo- late, obtuse ; crown crenately 5-lobed, shorter than the gynostegium ; follicles very slender, widely spreading; seeds linear, wingless. (Cynanchum scoparium, Null.) — Dry rich soil, near the coast. West Florida to Key West. — Leaves ^'-1' long. Flowers green, less than a line long. Follicles 1' long. 7. SARCOSTEMMA, R. Brown. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-partcd. Crown double ; the exte- rior forming a ring at the base of the corolla ; the interior longer, 5-lcaved Stigma pomted, notched. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Erect or 3G8 oi.KAC i;,i:. (olive family.) twilling !-lirulis. L'livcs of.cii corilate. Flowers vcllow or wliitc, in lateral Ulllbi'ls. 1. S. crassifolium, Dccaisno. Stem smootli ami twining ; leaves nearly Bcssile, oblong, niueroiiate, rounded at the base ; ])ed(nieles stout, 8 - 12-flowered, 2-3 times as long as the leaves and pediecls ; lobes of the eorolla ovate, obtuse, Bpreading ; the outer surfaee, like the ealyx and jjedieels, pubcsecnt ; leaves of the inner erowii oval, rather exeeeding the stigma and anthers. — South Florida. — Leaves somewhat fleshy, 9"- 12" long. Corolla 3" wide. Ovary villoua. 8. GONOLOBUS, Miehx. Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread- ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the eorolla. Gynostegium flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen- masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft sjtines. Seeds eomose. — Twining herbs, with o])])osite petiolate cordate leaves, and yel- lowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels. 1. G. macrophyllus, Miehx. Hairy; leaves oblong ovate, cordate, abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading, unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull-purplish, conical in the bud ; the lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; folli- cle strongly ribbed. — Low thiikets, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves 2'- G' long. 2. G. flavidulus, Chapm. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly acute; umbels about as long as the petioles; corolla yellowish-green, ovate in the bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft spines. — Light rich soil, Florida, and northward. — Leaves 4' -6' long. 3. G. prOStratUS, Baklw. Stem dividing at tiie base into many divari- cate branches, G' - 12' long, hairy ; lower leaves often reniform, the u])per cordate, genera!!}' acute, all slightly hairy on both sides, and ciliate ; umbels axillary, 3-flowered ; flowers small, pur])lish ; petals ovate, obtuse ; follicles oval, smooth. — Sand-hills near the Altamaha Kiver, Georgia, Baldivm. ( » ) Order 104. OLEACE7E. (Ohvk F.vmily.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers. — Caly.x 4-tootlied. Corolla 4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2-7. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each cell. Style .single or none. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo straight, in hard albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. OLEINEjE. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers with both calyx and corolla Leaves simple, entire 1. OLEA. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes. 2. CHIONANTUUS. Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes. OLEACE.^. (olive FAMILY.) 369 Tribe II. FRAXIME.^. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Leaves pinnate. 3. FRAXINUS. Flowers in lateral and teririnal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want- ing. Trees. Tribe III. PORESTIERE^aS. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apeta- lous. Leaves simple. i. FOKBSTIEIIA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs. 1. OLEA, Tourn. Olive. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salvcr-forin, 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Style short. Stigma globose or 2-lobed. Drupe mostly 1-seeded, oily. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant flowere, in axillary racemes or panicles. 1. O. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, nar- rowed into a petiole ; racemes compound, shorter than the leaves ; flowers polygamo-dioeeious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — Light soil, near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large as a pea, bitter and astringent. 2. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-Tree. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, with long and linear lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short: stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and delicate white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves. 1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Shrub 6° -10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a petiole. Panicles longer th.an the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender drooping pedicels. Corolla-lobes linear, 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple. 3. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Flowers dioecious and (in our species) apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or toothed, minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter tiian the large anthers. Stigma 2-clcft. Fruit (samara) dry, winged above, 1-2-seeded. Co- tyledons elliptical. Radicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petiolcd, odd-pinnate, deciduous. * Fruit naked and terete, or harehj margined and 2-edged at the base, luinqed above : leaflets 7-9, stalked. 1- P. Americana, L. (White Asii.) Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit terete, striate, dilated at the apex into a cuncate-lincar or lanceolate obtuse or notched wing. (F. acuminata and F. juglandifolia, Lam ) — Swamps, Florida to Mis- .370 OLEACK.fC. (OMVI: lAMIt.Y.) sissipi)!, and iKiitliwanl. Ajuil. — A largo tree. IvCaHcts 2' -4' long. Fruit IV lull-. 2. F. pubescens, Lam. (Ei:d Ash.) liranchlcts and petioles velvety- pubfi^cent ; leaflets ublong-ovatc or ovate-lanicohite, gradually acuminate, bright green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, flattisli and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilateil upwards into a long lanceolate and often notched wing. (F. tonientosa, 3//c/(r.) — Swamps, Florida and north- ward. March and April. — A small tree. 3. F. viridis, Michx. (Grekn A.sii.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides ; fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps, Florida to Missis- sii)pi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. * * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion : lenjltls .5 - 9, shorl-stulhd. 4. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blt.-k Asn.) Branchlets square, smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate or olilong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when young pubes- cent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Tennessee, and north- ward. May. ■"j. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Water Ash.) Branchlets terete, smooth or j)ubescent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often pubes- cent beneath ; fruit broadly winged, oblong-obovate or oblong with a tapering and acute base, sometimes 3-winged. (F. triptcra and F. pauciflora, AW<.) — Deep river-swamps, Florida to Jlississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. 4. FORESTIERA, Poir. (Adelia, Michx.) Flowers dioecious or polygamous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none. Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of im- bricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3-7. Fertile flowers peduncled. Styles slender. Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-eelled. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded, black or blue. — Shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, greenish, pre- ceding the leaves. 1. F. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the margins entire and revolute ; drupe short-ovoid. — Coast of East Florida, Michaux, Leitner. 2. F. ligUStrina, Poir. More or less pubescent ; the branchlets rough- ened with flnc tubercles ; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovatc- oblong, mostly obtuse, serrulate (I' long), contracted at the base into a distinct petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 3. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous or slightly pubescent when young; branchlets sometimes spinescent ; leaves membranaceous (2' -3' long), ovate- lanceolate or ovate and tapering-acuminate at both ends, somewhat .serrulate, slender-petioled ; drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — Wet grounds, Georgia to Tennessee, and northwestward. AUISTOLOCHIACE^. (bIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 371 Divisiox III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or alto- gether wanting. Order 105. ARISTOLOCHIACE7E. (Birthworx Family.) Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and entire leaves, and solitary peduncled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx adherent to the 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-12, more or" less united with the styles: anthers adnate, extrorse. Fi'uit 6-celled, few - many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. ASARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. Calyx reg:ular, 3-lobetl. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the style, and usually prolonj^ed be3'ond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, open- ing irregularly — Aromatic pei-ennial herbs, with creeping stems, long-i)eiiolcd cordate or kidney shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. ^ 1. AsAUL'Ji. — Cahjx hell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 3-parted : Jilaments free or itcarlif so : stigma G-lohed. — Leaves deciduous. 1. A. Canadense, L. (Wild Ginger-root.) Pubescent ; leaves 2, kid- ney-shaped; calyxdobes acuminate; filaments as long as the style. — Mountains of Nortli Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Flowers short-peduncled, purple within. § 2. IlETEROTROrA — Culi/x inflated, nearlij free from the ovary, 3-clefl : fila- vients united with the ovary : styles 6 : stiymas 2-cteft. — Leaves evergreen, smooth, mottled. 2. A. Virginieum, L. Leaves round-cordate ; calyx inflated-bell-shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Leaves single or 2-3 together, 2' long. Flowers 8" - 9" long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles, greenish witiiout, dull purple within. 3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate; calyx pitcher-shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-clcft. — Shady woods in the lower dis- tricts, Florida to North Carolina. March and Ajiril — Leaves 3'- 4' long, auriculate at the base, long-petiolcd. Calyx 1' long, distinctly jjcduucled, con- tracted above the middle, dark purple within. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. Calyx tubular, commonly bont and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 6, ses- sile, adnate to the 3- 6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule 6-valved. — Erect or 372 NYCTAGINACEJi. (I'OUK-O'CLOCK 1 AMII-Y ) twiiiiiiij licrlts or shrubs. Loiivcs nlternntc, cordate at tlic hasc. Flowers long- pcduiick'd, axillary, or near the base of the stem. * Imw herbs. 1. A. Serpentaria, L. Stems single or clustered, pnbosrmt, zijjzng and Icafv iilioM- ; leaves sliurt-[)etioled, varyiiij^ from ovate to linear-laneeolate, cor- date or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the steni, on bracted spread- ing peduncles ; calyx tortuous, .3-lobed, dull purple. (A. hastata, Nult.) — Shady woods, Florida to Mississipjti, and northward. June -Aug. — Stem 8' -12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Calyx shaped like the letter S. ** ]Voocli/ vines : capsule ohlonfj, six-angled, 3' - 4' loiiff. 2. A. Sipho, L'Hcr. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordntc, slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, witii a roundish clasping bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading brownish- purj)le border ob.scurcly 3-lobed. — Rich woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem climbing high. Leaves C- 12' broad. Calyx shaped like a Dutcli pipe, 1 j' long. 3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves cordate ; peduncles opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish rugose unequall}^ 3-lobed border rcflexed, thickened and dark brown at the nearlv closed throat. — River-banks, Florida, to the mountains of North Caro- lina, and westward. May. — Stem very long. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Calyx similar in shape to the preceding, but smaller- Order lOfi. NYCTAGINACE7E. (Four-o'clock Family.) Herbs or slirubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, pctioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla, tubular-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, free from the l-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the upper por- tion deciduous. Stamens 1 - several, hypogynous : anthei-s 2-celled, round- ish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or bi-aiuhed. Achenium enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often glandular base of the calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious mealy albumen. Cotyle- dons leafy, lladicle inferior. Synopsis. » Flowers surrounded by a calyx -like involucre. 1. OXYB,\PIIl'S. Involucre open, membranaceous, 5 lobcd. Herbs. * * Flowers without an involucre. 2. t^OERIIAAVTA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled Herbs. a. PISONLA.. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs. 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Flowers perfect, 1-5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped .5-lobed involucre. Calyx-tube very short; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous. NYCTAGINACE^. (fOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 373 Stamens 3, exserted. Style slender : stigma capitate. Achcnium enclosed in the indurated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color. 1. O. angUStifolius, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above; leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base ; the upper ones distant, acute ; flowers loosely panicled ; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4" -5" long, whitish, veiny. 2. O. albidus, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular, pubes- cent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish ; peduncles oppo- site, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base of the calyx .") - 6-angled, almost hispid. (Allionia albida. Ell.) — Near Columbia, S. C, Elliott. 2. BOERHAAVIA, L. Flowers perfect. Involucre none. Calyx-tube cylindrical or obconical, ."j- ribbed; the limb colored, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 1-4: anthers minute, roundisii. Style slender : stigma obtuse. Embryo folded. — Annual herbs, with diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded leaves. Flowers small, in solitary or panicled clusters. 1. B. erecta, L. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth, tumid at the joints ; branches alternate ; leaves ovate or roundish, acute or mucronate, often more or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dot- ted with black beneath; clusters 3 -5-flowered, in ample panicles; stamens 2 ; fruit smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida to South Carolina. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' long Flowers small, purple. 2. B. hirsuta, Wllld. Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely pubes- cent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at the base, undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the margins ; clusters 3 - 6 flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle ; flowers minute; calyx- limb haiiy at the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, with the ribs gland- ular-viscid.— South Florida. — Stem stout, 2° -3° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 3. B. viseosa, Lag Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, straight ; branches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, acute at the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles solitary, axillary, 2-clcft, mostly sliorter than the leaves ; flowers capitate, minute ; stamens 3 ; fruit clul)-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — South Florida. — Stem 2°- 3° long. Leaves 1'- 1^^' long. 3. PISONIA, Plum. Flowers dioecious. Involucre none. Calyx 5- or 10-toothed, funnel-shaped in the sterile flowers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6 - 10, e.xserted.' 32 ^7 I PIIYTOLACCACE-E. (rOKKWKI.I) FAMILY.) nntlior-cflls distinct. Style mostly lateral : stigma many-cleft. Fruit teroto or ribbed, smooth or glandular. ICmbryo straij^lit. Cotyledons folded around tlio albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, inid mostly rose- colored (lowers in corymbose cymes. 1. P. aculeata, L. Spiny; stem smof>tli ; branches widely spreading; leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtu.se, smooth ; cymes terminal, pedunclcd, pubescent, many-flowered ; calyx of the sterile flower 10-toothcd; stamens"; fruit club-shaped, lO-striate, and beset with 5 rows of shining viscid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines short and recurved. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. P. obtusata, Swartz. Smooth, spineless ; leaves oblong, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base, short-petioled, revolutc on the margins, rigid ; cymes long-i)eduncled, many-flowered, the branches horizontal ; fertile calyx 5-clcft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many -fur- rowed, glandless ; capsule truncate. — South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2' long, light brown beneath. Flowers 1"- 2" long. (RlcAU/x^ t-^vT--^ ^ /i^^ /-t^ Order 107. PIIYTOLACCACE^. (Pokeweed Family.) Herbs or shrubs, witli alternate eirtire leaves, and apetalous 3-bracted racemed or spiked flowers. — Calyx composed of 4 - 5 nearly ct^ual sepals, more or less united at the base, unchanged in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the sepals and alternate with them, or numerous, free, or united at tlu; base ; sterile ones none : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary simple or compound. Ovules ampliitropous or campy lotropous, solitary, erect. Styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit of 1 -many carpels. Albu- men copious or none. Embryo annular, rarely straight. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. Suborder I. PETIVERIEiE. Fruit simple. Cotyledons convolute. Leaves stipulate. 1. PETIVERIA. Fruit an achenium with reUexed spines at tlie apex. Embryo straiglit in fcanty albumen. 2. RI VINA. Fruit a berry. Embryo forming a ring around tlie albumen. Suborder II. PHYTOLACCEiE. Fruit compound. Cotyledons flat. Leaves exstipulate. 3. PHYTOLACCA. Fruit a berry, composed of numerous carpels arranged in a circle. L PETIVERIA, num. Calyx 3-bracted, 4-parted, herbaceous. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers linear. Ovpry simple, 1 -celled. Ovule single, erect, ampliitropous. Stigma many- cleft. Achenium wedge-shaped, compressed, 2-lobcd at the apex, each lobo CHENOrODIACE.E. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 375 armed with 2-3 reflcxcd spines. Albumen almo-^t none. Embryo straiglit. Cotyledons unequal, convolute. — Shrubby tropical plants, with entire stipulate leaves, and small greenish flowers in an elongated and slender spike. 1. P. alliacea, L. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° high, closely pubes- cent. Leaves 3' - 4' long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a short petiole, pubescent beneath. Spikes filiform, single or by pairs, 6'- 12' long. Calyx-lobes linear, incurved at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Achenia erect, ap- pressed to the rachis, with two spines at each lobe. Stipules subulate, minute. 2. mVIHA, Plum. Calyx remotely 3-bracted, 4-partcd, colored. Stamens 4 -8 : anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary simple. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Berry nearly globose, at length dry. Embryo forming a ring around the copious albumen. Cotyledons somewhat leafy, convolute. — Shrubs, with alternate minutely stipulate jjetioled leaves, and small wliite or rose-colored flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts deciduous. 1 E.. humilis, L. Closely pubescent; stem witli spreading branches, leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, tapering but obtuse at tlie summit, on long filifoi'm petioles ; racemes slender, longer than the leaves ; calyx-lobes obovate, pale rose-color ; berry rounded, compressed. — South Florida. — Shrub JO _ oo jjjgh. Leaves l'-3' long. Flowers and berries 1"- 1^" long. 3. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. Calyx 3-bracted, 5-parted ; the lobes petal-like, rounded. Stamens .5-2.5, the filaments subulate : anthers elliptical. Ovary compound. Styles .5-12, short, distinct, recurved at the apex, stigmatic within. Fruit a depressed globose berry, containing .5-12 one-seeded indehiscent carpels united in a circle. Embryo forming a ring around the central albumen. Cotyledons linear. — Erect branch- ing herbs, with entire petioled leaves. Flowers in racemes opposite the leaves. 1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers white, turning purplish; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — Margins of fields and uncultivated ground, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. H, — Root large. Berry black. Order 108. CHENOPODIACEJG. (Goosefoot Family.) Unsiglitly herbs, with e.xstipulate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and the characters mostly of the preceding family ; but the green calyx often becoming succulent in fruit, 5 (rarely 1-2) stamens opposite the sepals, a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, two short and spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, and the embryo forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled with little or no albumen. 370 ciiiiNoi'ODiACK^. (goosi:foot family.) Synopsis. Trihe T. CYCliOLOBEi'C — Embryo ciirveU like a ring around tlio albumen. 1 CIlKNOPOniUM. Calyx 3 - O-parteJ, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal, rarely vertical. 2. ATKIPLK.X. Flowers monnrious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5 parted, of the fertile flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts, lladicle inferior. 3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior. 4. SALICOilNlA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the leafless stem. TRmE II. SPIROLOBK^. — Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen. Seed horizontal. 5. CIIENOPODINA. Calyx 5 parted, not keeled. Leavea terete, fleshy. 6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny. 1. CHENOPODIUM, L. Pigweed. Goosefoot. Calyx .5- (rarely 3-4) parted, brattless, the lobes mostly keeled. Stamens 5, the filaments filiform. Styles 2-3, distinct, or united at the base. Utricle depressed, enclo.sed in the globose or .5-anglcd calyx. Seed horizontal (rarely vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring around the co])ious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, with alternate leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in panicled spikes. * Annuals, 1. C. Boscianum, Moq. Stem erect, with angular branches; leaves small, spreading, lanceolate-linear, very acute, entire, or tlie lower ones some- what tootlied, more or less mealy and whitened beneath ; spikes loose, leafy ; seed acute on the margins, slightly roughened, shining, enclosed in the acute- angled calyx. — Carolina, Bofc — Stem slender, 2° high. Leaves 5"- 12" long, on petioles 2" - 3'' long. Calyx-lobes elliptical-ovate, acuti.sh. 2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched, slightly furrowed ; leaves ascend- ing, rlionibic-ovate, acute at the base, toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate and entire, more or less coated with a white powder; spikes panicled; the small clusters scattered or crowded, nearly leafless ; seed enclosed in the .5-angled calyx, acute on the margins, smooth and shining. — Varies (C viride, L.) with nearly entire and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. — Cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -6° high. Petioles long and slender. 3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate- rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides ; spikes slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed not shining, acute on the margins, nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste places, Florida, and northward. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 4. C. Botrys, L, Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat pinna- tifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse and glandular-pubescent, the upper ones minute ; racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymose ; seeds with rounded CHENOrODIACE^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 377 margins, not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — Waste places, Columbia, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' high. * * Perennial. 5. C Anthelminticum, L. (Worm-Seed.) Stem stout, erect, branch- ing ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; flowers in narrow panicles terminating the branches ; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds, Florida, and north- ward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. ATRIPLEX, L. Orache. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic sep- arate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo forming a ring around the copious mealy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, commonly coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, oftener has- tate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 1. A. hastata, L Stem angled, diffusely branched ; loaves petioled, com- monly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like the branches, more or less scurfy ; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhoniboidal, entu'C or toothed below, smooth or muricate within. (A. patula, Ell.) — Sea- shore, South Carolina, Elliott, and northward. June - Sept. — Stems l°-2° long 3. OBIONE, Gsertn. Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit; but the two indurated bracts more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, and the radicle superior 1 O. arenaria, Moquin Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch- ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, tapering into a petiole, the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, wavy and slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile ones in axillary clusters; bracts 3-tootiied at the summit, and with two mostly toothed knobs at the sides. (Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.) — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. (i) — Stem l°-2° higli. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. 2 O. eristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green; stems diffusely branched; leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath ; bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and with 2-4 roundish knobs at the sides.— Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves ^' - 1 ' long. Flowers clustered. 4. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Samphire. Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and sur 32* 378 AMAU.VNT.VCK.K. (AMAUANTH lAMll-V.) rounded at the apex l)y a circular wiiin;. Stamens 1-2. Stylos tmitcd I)clow. I'triclc included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or l»ont into a nn /arge shrub, with numerous spreading and forked branches. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, ^'-l' long. 5. CASSYTA, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile : anthers 2-cclled, the inner ones extrorse, the outer introrse. Style very short : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed in the ileshy persistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with twining filiform stems, and spiked flowers. 1. C. filiformis, Miller. — South Florida. — Spikes 2- 4-flowered. Calyx- lobes thick, triangular, arutc. Anthers oval, obtuse. Order 112. THYMELEACEJS. (Mezereuji Family.) Shrubs, with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, with- out stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell-shaped 4 - 5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as many as the calyx-lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style sim- ple : stigma capitate. Drupe with a single suspended anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano-conve.x. Radicle superior. 1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- nate petioled oblong or obovate at length smooth and deciduous leaves, and light yellow flowers, from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedicels. Drupe small, red. Order II ;3. SAlVTALACEiE. (Sandalwood Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple entire exstipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-clcft, valvate in the bud, the tube coherent with the ovary. Stamens 4 - 5, opposite the lobes, and inserted on the fleshy disk at their base, anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 anatropous ovules suspended from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1-seeded. Embryo small, at the ape.x of copious albumen. Cotyledons cylindrical, liadicle superior. 396 SAXTALACli^. (sandalwood FAMILY.) SyiiopNis. • Flowers piTfi'ct. 1. COMANDRA. Anthers connectea with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al teriinte. » • Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. 2. DAUBY A. Calyx 4 -6-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled. 3. PYRULAIUA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves alternate. Flowers spiked 4. rUCKLFA'A. Cnlyx-limh double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cIeft, the persistent lobes alternating with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected witii the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1 -seeded. — Smooth peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small grccnish-whitc flowers, in axillary and terminal umbul-Iike pedunclcd clusters. 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; peduncles several, corymbose, 3- 5-flowercd, mostly longer than the leaves ; style slender ; fruiting calyx urn-shaped. (Thesium unibellatum, L.) — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 8'- 10' high. Leaves ^' - 1' long. 2. DARBYA, Gray. Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers top-shaped, 4 -5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spreading. Stamens 4 - ."j, inserted into the sinuses of the crenately 4 - 5-lobcd disk : filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx-lobes by a tuft of hairs. Fruit l-ccUed, 1-seeded. Fertile flowers unknown. — A small shrub, M'ith oppo- site oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary pedunclcd umbels. 1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Near Milledgeville and Macon, Georgia, Dr. Boijkiv, Prof. Dnrhi). Lincolnton, North Carolina, Curtis. — Shrub 1° - 1|° high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3- 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 3. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-Nut. Flowers dioecious. Calyx Scleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed-capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching shrub, with al- ternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short terminal spike. 1. P. oleifera, Gray. (Hamiltoniaoleifcra, .l/i//*/ ) — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovatc-oblong, acute at cacJi end, pubescent, 3' -4' long. Drupe 1 ' long. SAURURACEJE. (lIZARd's-TAIL FAMILY.) 397 4. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, slightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens of the sterile flower 4. Disk of the fertile flower 4-lobed, flesliy. Style short : stigma 4-lobed. Drupe oblong, compressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — An erect shrub, with straight and slender branches. Leaves scarcely petioled, nearly opposite, distichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers ter- minal, greenish, the sterile ones umbellate, the fertile solitary. 1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. — Shrub 6° -7° high. Leaves thin, l'-l§' long. Calyx-tube 4" -5" long, scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner ones Drupe ^' long. Order 114. LORANTHACEiE. (Mistletoe Family.) Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, with- out stipules, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx of 2 - 8 sepals, dis- tinct or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Sta- mens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 1 -celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the fleshy albumen. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower globular, 2 - 4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-ceIled. Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of various trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers in axillary spikes. 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Viscum flavescens, PursA.) — Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yellowish, 2° - 3° long. Branches opposite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Berry white, glutinous. Order 115. SAURURACEiE. (Lizard's-tail Family.) Perennial marsh herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, with sheathing stipules, and perfect flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Calyx and corolla none. Stamens few or many, hypogynous : anthei-s introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovaries 3-5, more or less united. Ovules few, orthotropous, ascending. Embryo minute, cordate, contained in a cavity at the apex of the albumen. Fruit follicular, 1 - few-seeded. 34 JU8 CAI.I.ITIJICIIACK.K. (WATKR-STAUAVOHT FAMir.Y.) 1. SAURURUS, L Li/.akd'8-Taii,. Stamens i - 8, with loii^' iliil»-.slia|n'(l filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, com- posed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed with as many stignms — Flowers wliitf. 1. S. cernuus, L Stem erect, lirancliiii<;; leaves petiolcd, cordate-ovate, or oblonjT-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at the apex ; flow- ers numerous, each from the axil of a small hrait. — Marshes and muddy hanks, Florida, and northward. May-Auy. — Rhizouia creeping'. Stem l°-2°high. Spikes 4' -6' long. OuDKii 110. CERATOPHYI.T^ACE.li:. (IIornwort Family.) Submerged aquatic herbs, witli filiform jointotl and branching stems, finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monnecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 linear leaves. Anthers 1 2 - 24, oblong, 2 - 3-toothed, sessile. Ovary solitary, simple, with a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Achenium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule eonsjiicuous. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. IIornwort. 1 . C. demersum, L. Leaves rigid, G - 9 in a whorl, once or twice forking, with the lobes B])iny-toothed ; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular-roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely-spreading slender spines. — In Stillwater, Florida, and northward. Sept. and Oct. — Stems l°- 4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed; ovaries warty, tmarmod; ache- nium oblong, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Isl- and, West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 3. C. SUbmersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, with rounded margins, unarmed. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6' -12' long. Order 117. CALLITRICHACE^. (Water-Staravout Family.) Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary axillary polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly solitary, 2- bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender : anther reniform, the PODOSTEMACE^. TRIVEB-WEED FAMILY.) 399 cells confluent. Styles 2, slender: stigmas acute. Capsule 4-angled, 4- celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each cell, indehiscent. Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Eadicle long, superior. — Consisting of the single genus 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Water-Starwort. 1. C. verna, L. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate, crowded, the lower ones distant, linear; fruit neai'ly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled on the back. (C. lieterophylla, Ell.) — Var. terrkstris. Smaller (2'-3' long); stems much branched, creeping on damp earth ; leaves (1"- 2" long) all linear. — Ditches and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Stems several, 6'- 12' long. Leaves A' long. Order 118. PODOSTEMACE^. (River-weed Family.) Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5-12: anthers 2-celled. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, and pointed by as many persistent styles. Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weed. Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, hoi-ne on one side of the stalk of the ovarj', united below, and bearing only a single anther. Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celIed, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan- sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leaves rigid, sparingly divided, sheath- ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-rihbed. — Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, l'-4' long. 2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg- ments; flowers 2-3 together, on sliort pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-rihbed. — Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River, Nuttall. — Plant larger than the last Order 119. EUPHORBIACEiE. (Spurge Family.) Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or dioecious often petalous flowers. — Calyx 2 - 8-lobed, mostly valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 -several, simple or divided. Fruit of 2 - several (mostly 3)1- 2-seeded carpels united around a central axis, sep- arating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. Seeds suspended, anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat 400 KUi'uouuiACiwK. (spurge family.) Synopsis. § 1. Ovules and seeds goUtiiry in the cells. Flowers monoecious. • Flowers without floral euvelopes, enclosed in a common cup-sliuped iDvolucre' 1. EOPHOIIBIA. Fertile flower solitary in tlie 4 • 5-tootlicd involucre. Slurilu flowers ser enil, viich reduced to a single stamen. • • Flowers lu bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterile, ttie lowest fertile. •«- Flowers apctalous. ++ Stigmas and cells of the capsule G - 7. 2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Splices terminal. Staminate flowers clus tered. *■* A* Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsnle 3- 3. STILLTNGIA. Calyx 2 • 3-toothed. Anthers erect. Staminate flowers clustered. 4. EXCfECAKIA. Calyx 3-parted. Anthers pendulous. Staminate flowers single. 5. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Uracts of the pistillate flowers leafy, toothed. 6. TKAGIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. ••- t- Staminate flowers (except No. 1 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with petals. 7. CROTOX. Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, distinct. 8. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule Icelled. Stamens 5, distinct. 9. APIIORA. Pistillate and staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-ceUed. Stamens 10 monadelphous. • * * Flowers cymose or panicled, apetalous. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, coroUa-likc. 11. R1CINU3. Flowers iu crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. i 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. « Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 12. PHY'LLANTIIUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-partcd. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 13. PACHYSANDKA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. * « Flo%vers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2 celled. Shrubs. 14. DRY'PETES. F'lowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, Icelled, 1-seeded. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; the single pistillate, and several monandrous staminate ones included in a cup-shaped or top-shaped 4 - .5- toothed involucre, which has commonly thick and often colored glands between the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule cxscrted, 3-cellcd : carpels 2valved, 1-sceded. — A polymorphous genus of plants with acrid milky juice. § 1 . Leaves without stipules. * Stem erect, ximhellately branched ahove : involucres solitary, terminal and in the forks of the branches: leaves of the stem akamate, those oj the branches opjMsite or whorled. ■*- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages: leaves entire: peren- nials. 1. E. eorollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent, branches 4-6, twice or thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, obtuse, pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pcdicelled ; appendages of the (green/ EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 401 glands orbicular, showy ; capsule and seed smooth. (E. paniculata, Ell.) — Var. ANGUSTiFOLiA, Ell. Stcms slcndcr ; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, spreading ; leaves varying from linear to obovate ; involucres small, scattered ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward ; the var. in sandy pine barrens. July - Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 2. E. discoidalis, n. sp. Smooth or pubescent ; branches commonly 2, divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; involucres on slender pedicels ; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appendages ; seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. Aug. -Oct. Plant 6'- 18' high; the stem much shorter than the branches. Leaves 2'- 3' long, 1" -2" wide. Involucres scattered. 3. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth ; stems filiform ; branches mostly 3, erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short-peti- oled, spreading or recuiTed ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capillary pedicels ; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages ; capsule erect, short-stalked, round-angled ; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. — Plant 6' - 9' high, sometimes branching from the base. Leaves j' - 1 i' long. 4- .»- Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. *+ Annuals. 4. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Smooth ; stems erect or ascending, umbel- lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower ones peti- oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned ; cap- sule smooth, round-angled ; seeds ovoid, pitted. — Dry soil, Aspalaga, Florida, and probably elsewhere, previously confounded with E. Peplus, L., which has a wing-crested capsule. — Stem 6' -12' liigh. Leaves j'-l' long. Plant pale green, 5. E. obtusata, Pursh. Smooth ; stem erect ; branches 3 - .5 ; leaves sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches ovate ; involucre nearly sessile; glands oval; capsule round-angled, warty; seeds smooth. (E. Helioscopia, EIL?) — Shady woods. South Caroima, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. ** ++ Perennials. 6 E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall; branches .5-8, forking; leaves entire, slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches oval or roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands obliquely oval , capsule obscurely warty; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 7. E. Floridana, n. sp Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-4, forking; leaves entire, sessile ; those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, reflexed ; of the branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedi- celled, green, with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate crenate stalked glands ; capsule acute-angled, and, like the seed<, smooth. — Dry 34* 402 KL'riIORlUACE.K. (si'lUfiK FAMILY.) pine barren-;, Middle Florida. June- Aug. — Stem 1° -2° high. Branches of the more sterile i)lants sueeessively forking and widely spreading. Leaves l'-2' long. 8. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth ; stem erect, 3-hranelicd or alternately branched from near the base, few-flowered; leaves erect, lanceolate, entire, acute, sessile ; those of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping ; involucre long-peduncled^ reddish, the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; capsules acute-angled, smooth, like the globose seed. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida. April -June. — Stems 6' -12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3' long. 9. E. telephioides, n. sp. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; stem thick ; branches 3, short, forking ; leaves of the stem large, oblong-obovate, obtuse, erect, with membranaceous margins ; those of the branches small, ovate, clasp- ing ; involucre purple, slender-stalked, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliatc, incurved ; glands peltate, roundish, entire ; caj)sule acute-angled, smooth : seeds smooth. — Low sandy pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. May and June. — Plant light-green, 2' - 5' high. Stem-leaves 2' - 3' long, often longer than the branches. Floral leaves 4" -6" long. * * Stem erect, successively forkinc] : leaves rommonli/ opposite : involucres in the forks dark purple : glands 5, without appendages : perennials. 10. E. Ipecaciianhae, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular root, slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and branches similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, oi)tusc, varying from lin- ear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississipjii, and northward. May and June. — Stem 2' - 12' high. Leaves ^' - 1' long. 11. E. nudicaulis, n. sp. Smooth; stems slender, forking above ; leaves miimte (h" long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the branches opposite; involucres minute, on short peduncles; glands top-shaped. — Low pine barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1° high. Capsule and seeds unknown. * * * Branches and leaves alternate : hwolucres terminal, clustered or single : glands without appendages. 12. E. cyathophora, J:uq. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, branching from the base ; branches elongated, leafy at tlie summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, fid- dle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base; involucres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lol)esand a single gland ; capsule smooth; seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, Michx.) has the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around dwellings, apparently intro- duced. May - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' long. 13. E. triehotoma, H. B. K. Shrubby ; stem irregularly much branched, very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, j)eltate ; capsule smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3" -4" long. KUPHORBIACEiE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 403 ^ 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite : (/lands of the involucre 4 : annuals. * Stems erect or ascendimj : seeds ^-angled, transversely rugose. 14. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem (^°-l°high) erect; branches alternate, 2-ranked ; leaves (^'-\' long) petioled, lanceolate-oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both margins ; stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral long-peduncled cymose clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather acutely angled, smooth; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. — Var. communis, Engelm. Stem often pubescent, ascending (1°-!^° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched with red, sharply serrate on the lower margin, entire below the middle on the upper ; clusters terminal ; appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; capsule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. Aug. and Sept. 15. E. pubentissima, Michx. "Perennial, erect, ven,' pubescent; stem somewhat dichotomous ; leaves opposite, sessile, oval, slightly cordate, obtuse ; peduncles solitary ; interior segments of the involucre (glands) white." Mi- cJuiux. — " Pine baiTcns in the middle districts of Georgia and Carolina. — Leaves nearly 1' long. Flowers in the forks ; peduncles nearly as long as the leaf." Elliott. ( * ) 16. E. glabella, Swartz l Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins invo- lute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; glands pel- tate, orbicular, bordered b)-^ a white appendage ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3"- 5" long. Stipules fringed. 17. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent; stem erect, forking from the base; leaves short-petiolcd, ol)long-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, serrate ; invo- lucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands without appen- dages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — South Florida. — Stem 4'- 6' high. Leaves 5"- 8" long. * * Stems prostrate, diffuse: leaves small : involucres small and mostly crowded near the summit of the branches. 18. E. maculata, L. Pubescent; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute- angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. (E. depressa, Torr.) — Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. June - Oct. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaves 3" -4" long. 19- E. inaequilatera, Sondcr. Smooth; leaves oval or obovate, oblique and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled ; stipules ovate, entire or sparingly short-fringed ; appendages of the glands white, transversely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular-roughened and faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May -Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 2" -5" long. 404 EUPIIORniACEJE. (SrURGli FAMILY.) 20. E. COrdifolia, KIl. Smooth ; Icuvcs petiolcd, oval or roundish, entire, obtuse, cordiite or truncate and oblique nt the base ; stipules slender, deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands conspicuous, oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, smooth and even. — Sandy jiinc barrcns, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — July-Sept. — Stems C- 18' long. Leaves 4''-6" long, pale green. 21. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, oittuse or slightly (cordate at the base, petioled ; stipules by pairs, 2-3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined by the narrow appendages, rather shorter than the subulate oi)tuse lobes ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and even. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and northward. July -Oct — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves ^' long. Involucres densely bearded witluu. Seed whitidb. 2. HIPPOMANE, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in tliick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobcd. Sta- mens 2, ex.serted : anther-cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-parted, many-braeted. Ovary sessile, 6 - 7-celled. Style short and thick: stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody 1-secdcd indehiscent carpels. — A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serrulate, acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. Peti- oles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 1. H. Mancinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with the scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves l'-2' long. S|>ikes 2' long, terminal, solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract ou each side. Fruit re- sembles an apple. 3. STILLINGIA, Gard. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Sterile flowers clustered, cup-shaped, 2-4-toothed or creuate. Stamens 2-3, exserted : anthers erect. Fertile flow- ers few at the base of the spike. Calyx 3-lobed. Style short : stigmas 3, entire, spreading. Capsule roundish, of three 1-celled 1 -seeded 2-valved carpels.— Smooth herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mUky juice. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. 1. S. sylvatica, L. (Queen's Dklight ) Herbaceous ; stems clustered, erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched : leaves some- what crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear lanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, and in the forks of the stem, longer than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped ; stamens 2 . capsule roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. April - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Spikes 2' - 3 long. EUPHORBIACE^. (SPUROE FAMILY.) 405 2. S. aquatica, n. sp. Shrubby ; stem single, erect from a fibrous spongy- root, umbollately or alternately branched above, thickened near the base ; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, sharply serrulate, the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly shorter than the leaves, terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; stamens 2 ; capsule smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery -coated. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 3. S. ligUStrina, Michx. Shrubby ; branches alternate, slender ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, lat- eral and terminal ; stamens 3 ; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -Aug. — faaiuu 6°- 12° high. Branches spreading. Leaves l'-3' long. 4. S. sebifera, Michx. Arborescent ; leaves long-petioled, rhomboidal, acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers pedicelled ; calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seeds white. — Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast ; introduced from China. June and July. — A tree 20° - 40° high. 4. EXCCECARIA, L. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in cylindrical spikes, sessile. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 2-4, partly monadclphous : anthers pendulous. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the sterile spike, sessile or peduncled. Calyx 3-sepalous ; style 3-partcd : stigmas entire, spreading. Capsule of three 1-ceIled, 1 -seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs or trees, with milky juice, and alternate serrate or crenate leaves. 1 . E. lueida, Swartz. Smooth ; leaves coriaceous, petioled, obovate or oblong, obtuse or cmarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, long- peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. — South Florida. — Tree 30° - 40° high. Leaves 1 ' - U' lone. 5. ACALYPHA, L. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-16, with the filaments united at the base ; anthers pendulous. Pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate ones, or on separate spikes, surrounded by a leafy toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of three 1 -celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and alternate serrate leaves. * Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 1. A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely sen-ate above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than tiie large 5 -9-lobed bracts, with 1 - 3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubescent.— 40G KurnoRniACK.T:, (sitrok family.) Fields and nround dwellings, Fioridii, and northward. July -Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° lii^di. Loaves, with tlie i)etiole, 4' -5' long. 2. A. gracilens, Gray. Annual, downy ; stem slender, erect or ascend- ing; leaves sliort-petioled, lanceolate, oliseurely serrate or entire; staniinatc spikes mostly many-flowered and longer than the ovate-serrate or toothed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule hairy. — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves I'-l^' long. 3. A. COrchorifolia, Willd. Perennial ; stems several from a thick and woody root, prostrate, i)ul)escent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves short- pctioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenatc, hairy ; pistillate flowers numerous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each sunounded by a round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6" -8" long. Spikes mostly terminal. * * Staminate and pistillate Jlowers on separate spikes. 4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-pctioled ; stami- nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pistillate spike terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule bristly; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1^-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 6. TRAGIA, Plum. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or numerous, caducous. Caly.v 3 - 4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and sepa- rate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. Calyx 5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three globose 1-eelled, 1-scedcd, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and termmal. Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 1. T. urens, L. Low, downy or hairy; stem at lengdi much branched; leaves nearlj' sessile, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, and serrate or toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire, obtuse, paler be- neath ; racemes shorter than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. (T. linearifolia, Ell., the narrow-leaved form.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May -Aug. y. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 2. T. urticifolia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs , stem erect, spar- ingly branched ; leaves petiolcd, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, trun- cate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath , racemes shorter than the leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded; capsule very bristly - Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. y.— Stems l°-2° high Leaves l'-2' long. EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 407 7. CROTON, L. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-6- cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1 ). Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft or 5 - 8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once -thrice 2-cleft. Capsule of 3 (rarely 1-2) 1-celled, l-sceded,2-valved carpels. Glands as many as the calyx- lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stellate pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the divisions of the stem. * Styles very short : stigmas 18-20: petals none: stamens mostly 12 : capsule ^■celled. 1. C. maritimum, Walt Herbaceous ; whole plant covered with a rough scurfy stellate and somewhat hoary pubescence ; stem stout, bushy, umbellately branched ; leaves thick, long- petioled, ovate, obtuse, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; spikes long-pedunclcd, capitate, few-flowered, the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate; calyx 5-cleft, with ovate-obtuse lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. — Drifting sands along the coast. Florida to North Carolina. July - Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers occasionally polygamous. * * Styles 3, twice ^-parted or 2-clcft: stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile flowers 5-6, of the fertile none : stamens 8 - 1 .5 : capsule 3-celled. 2. C. balsamiferum, Willd. Shrubby ; stem smooth, whitish ; branches stellate-pubescent, roughish; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, acute, crenulatc, sprinkled with rigid stellate hairs, hoary when young ; spikes woolly, at length elongated ; sterile flowers numerous, the fertile ones few ; calyx of the sterile flower 5-parted, longer than the woolly-margined petals ; style twice 2-parted ; the divisions long, filiform ; stamens about 1.5; capsule much longer tlian the calyx; seed ovoid, smooth. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves thin, I'-l^' long. 3. C. £jlliottii. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem slender, erect, umbellately much branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate or oblong, entire, obtuse at each end, green above, pale beneath, the lowest scattered, the others mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, unequal, longer than the petals ; stamens 8 - 10 ; fertile flowers several, clustered ; calyx 5 -8-parted, with oblong obtuse lobes, as long as the capsule ; style twice 2-parted: seeds oval, smooth, flattened on the inner face. (C ellipticum. Ell.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves U'-2' long. 4. C. argyranthemum, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered tin'ough- out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes sessile, oblong, obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded ; caly.x 5 - 6- parted, with the lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy, styles long and slender, 4-cleft at the apex ; capsule much longer than the calyx — Dry sandy pine 408 KlI'IIOUBIACE^. (srURGK FAMILY.) haiTons, G(or'j;ia and Florida. June -Sept. — Stem C'-12' high. Leaves I'-li'long. * * * Sli/l(s 3, 2-c/ej1 : stnjmas 6 : petals of the sterile flowers longer than the calyx, oftheftrlile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8 : capsule 3-celkd. 5. C. glandulosum, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs ; stem umhel- lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- lar at the apex ; spikes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; fertile flowers few, with the calyx 5-parted — Dry waste places, Flor- ida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. * * * * Sti/les 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flou-vrs, none in the fertile: stamens 5 - 10 : capsule 1 - 2-relled. 6. C. monanthogynum, Michx. Annual ; stem erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched, the spreading forking branches, like the leaves and racemes, stellate-tomentose ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose; the fertile (1-2) nodding. — Dry sterile soil. South Florida to North Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. 8. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5. Filaments separate, dilated upward. Fertile flowers below the sterile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like glands 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuIed. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — A low and slender branching annual. Leaves linear or lanceolate, short-petioled, entire, green and hairy above, the lower surface, like the branches, covered with silvery scales. Flowers minute. 1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves ^' - 1 ' long, alternate or opposite. 9. APHORA, Nutt. Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 spatnlate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as long as the calyx. Stamens 10-12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous below. Fer- tile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-cclled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 1. A. Blodgettii, Torr, Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple ap- pressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled ; sterile tiowcrs 3-5, fertile mostly solitary; EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 409 calyx -lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish-white; capsule i-ough-hairy; seed globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 10. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, cymose. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the sterile flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with mona- delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers. 1. C. Stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly witli stinging hairs; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, pal- mately 3 - 5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, often discolored ; calyx showy ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong, smooth, spotted. (latropha stimulosa, il/tcAo;.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - Sept. 1]. — Stem ^° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes dioecious. 11. RICINUS, Tourn. Castor-oil Plawt. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, the upper ones fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1 -celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, or (tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles lateral and terminal. 1. R. communis, L. Stem large, glaucous ; leaves orbicular in outline, palmately 7-9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and opposite the leaves, dense, glaucpus. Capsules oblong, spiny. — Waste places. Introduced. June -Oct. Q) — Stem 3°- 10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. Stipules large, deciduous. Panicle 6'- 12' long. 12. PHYLLANTHUS, Swartz. Flowers moncecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. Glands 5-6. Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, 2-clcft. Capsule globose, of three 1 -celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, greenish. 1. P. Carolinensis, "Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers mostly by pairs, one sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx G-partod, the lobes oblong, obtuse, strongly 1 -nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule smooth ; seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points — Low ground, Florida, and northward. Aug. - Sept. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Leaves ^' - 1 ' long. 35 -110 KMrr.TKAri:.K. (^i:k \-2'>. I'LMACEyE. (Ki.m 1'a.mjlv.) Trees, witli wateiT juice, aheruatu umlividtd stipulate leaves, and per- fect or jKilygamous apetalous ilowers. — Calyx 4 - !J-lobed. Stamens 4-9, inserted on the base of the cahx, erect in the bud. Ovary 1 - 2-eelled. Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit nienibranat eous or dnipaeeous. Embryo straight or curved, without albunieu. Cotyle- dons leafy. Synopsis. ♦ Fruit dry. Anthers oxtrorse. 1. ULMU5. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-cellcd. Fruit winged. 2. PLANKKA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. F'ruit wingless. • * Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse. 8. CKLTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons curved. 1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, ex- serted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Fruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded, surrounded by a broad mcmbranaeeous wing. Embryo straight. — Trees. Leaves short-petioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight-veined. Stipules deciduous. Flowers grcenisli or purplish, clustered, appearing before the leaves. 1. U. fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly ol)lique at the base, very rough above, pubeseent beneath ; calyx and short pedicels pubescent ; fruit orbicular, pul)eseent on the sides, smooth on the marjiins, with the obtuse teeth erect ; expanding buds rusty-tomentose. — Ilich woods, West Florida, and north- ward. Feb. and March. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -8' long. Fruit 8" -9" wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous. 2. U. Floridana, n. sp. Branchlets smooth; leaves thick, oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat racemose, and, like the calyx, smooth ; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, with the short and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Marianna, West Florida. Feb. and March. — A tree 30° -40° high, with brittle branches. Leaves 3'- 4' long. Fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Bud-scales downy on the margins. 3. U. Amei'icana, L. (Elm.) Branchlets and buds smooth; leaves thin, obovatc-oblong, or oval, oblique at th6 base, sharply serrate, abruptly acu- minate, smooth above, pubeseent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels clustered, slender, smooth, like the calyx ; fruit oval or oliovate, downy on the margins, witli tlie sharp teeth connivent. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. Feb. and March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 2' -4' long. Fruit 6" long. Var. ? aspera. Leaves larger (3' -6') on shorter petioles, oval-oblong, acu- minate, very oblique or half-cordate at the base, very rough above, pubeseent PLATANACEiE. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) 417 baaeath; pedicels and calyx smaller. — Swamps of the Apalachicola River, ^Florida. Jan. and Teb. — A small tree. 4. XT. alata, Miehx. (Whahoo ) Branches corky-winged ; leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile , flowers clustered, on slender pedicels ', fruit oval, downy on the margins. — Rich soil, Florida to North Car- olina. —A small tree. Leaves 1'- 1^' long. 2. PLANERA, Gmel. Planer-Tree. Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-sliaped, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 - 5 ; anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled Styles short. Fruit nut-lilcc, coriaceous, wingless. Erabiyo straight, without albumen. — Small trees, with the foliage of the Elm. 1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, sliort-pctioled, acute, serrate, rough- ish ; flowers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves ; nut ovate, covered with warty scales. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. F'eb. and March — A tree 20° - 30° high. Leaves 1 ' - U' long. 3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-Tree. Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5 : anthers introrsc. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, slender, pubescent. Drupe globose. Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons wrinkled. — Trees Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at tiie base. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, or few in a cluster, greenish. 1. C. occidentalis, L. Young leaves and branchlets silky; leaves (2' long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly contracted at the base, soon smooth, ferrugineous beneath ; fertile flowers mostly solitary, on drooping pe- duncles ; the sterile ones 2 - 4 in a cluster ; drupe dark purple, with a thin sweet pulp — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March. — A tree 40° - 60° high. — Var. iNTEGRiFOLiA. (C. intcgrifoUa, Nutt.) Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate (2' -3' long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the lower ones cordate at the base, roughened with minute elevated points. — Sandy soil, Apalaciiicola, Florida (perhaps introduced), and westward. — A small tree. Branches and leaves 2-ranked. — Var. pdmila. (C. pumila, Parsh.) Shrubby; leaves (I'-l^' long) ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base, pale beneath, very rough above ; drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. —Stem .5°- 10° high. Order 126. PLATANACE^. (Plane-tree Family.) Large trees, with alternate palmately-lobed petioled stipulate leaves, and monoecious flowers, in axillary long-peduncled globose heads. — Calyx and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped lilameuts, numerous, 418 .irca.ANDACKJi. (walnut iamii.v.) 2-ci'lli(l, adiiato to the tnincatrd cfniiicctivo. Ovaries immorous, ol)eoni- cal, halrv al the base. Ovules 1 - 2, orth<)twi)oiis, ])eiHliilous. Style sub- ulate. Nut l-seeded. Sei-d eylindrical. Endjiyo in the axis of scarce fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with cojjious club-shaped scales. — Consisting of the single genus. 1. PLATANUS, L. Tlane-Tree. Svcamore. 1. P. OCCidentalis, I^. — Leaves (4' -9' wide) round-cordato, angularly lobcd and tootlictl, lovcad wiicn young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ; stipules tootlicd ; heads ihmuIuIous (8''- 12" in diameter) — River l)anks, ¥lor ida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with the white bark separating in tliin plates. Order 127. JUGLANDACEiE. (AValnut Family.) Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monoecious apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous aments. Calyx 2 - 6-parted, the stamens few or numerous. Fertile (low- ers single or clustered. Calyx 3 - o-parted, the tube adherent to the incompletely 2 - 4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony endocarp. Seed 4-lobed, Avithout albumen, orthotropous. Cotyledons oily, 2-lobed. Radicle short, superior. 1. CARYA, Nutt. IIiCKOuy. Pigxut. Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle, lateral. Caly.K unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-6. Tcrtile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Stigma large, 4dobed. Nut smooth, 4 - 6-angled, incompletely 4-cclled ; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or comjjletely 4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fruit loundish. * Epicarp verij thick, 4-valved : seid thick, edible. 1. C. alba, Nutt. (Shell I5AUK Hickory.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5), lanceolate-oiilong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent he neath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, tliin-siiclled, compressed, 4-anglcd, slightly pointed. — Rich woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark. 2. C. Stllcata, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fruit oval, 4-angled above; nut oblong, thick-shelkd, conspicuously pointed, sliginly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. March and April. — A large tree, with scaly bark. 3. C. Olivseformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate- oblong, serrate falcate, acuminate ; nut olive-shaped, smooth, thin-shelled, some- what 4-anglcd. — River-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. — A large tree with smoothish bark. JUGLANDACE^. ("WALNUT FAMILY.) 419 * * Epicarp pnrlhj i-valvtd: seed thin : hark not sculj. 4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hickory.) Leaflets 7-9 (mostly 7), large, oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath ; sterile aments tomentose ; fruit large, globose; epicarp thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base; nut thick-shelled, oval, somewhat 6-angled. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree with rough bark. 5. C. glabra, Torr. (Pig-nut.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth ; fruit obovate, obcordate, or pear-shaped ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle, coriaceous ; nut tliick-sliellcd, sometimes angled. (C. por- cina, Nutt.) — Woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A large tree with smoothish bark. 6. C. microearpa, Nutt. Leaflets .5 - 7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glan- dular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth ; fruit roundish ; epicarp thin ; nut thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — A large tree. Fruit %' \\\ diameter. 7. C myristicseformis, Michx. "Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile ; fruit oval, rugose, rough ; nut oval, slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard." — South Carolina, at Goose Creek, Micltaux. Berkeley District, Ravenel. Nuts resembling nutmegs. 8. C. amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smoothish ; fruit globular; epicarp thin, parted to the middle; nut thin- shelled, obcordate; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground, Florida, and north- ward. March and April. — A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark, and very bitter and astringent seeds. 9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9 - 13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ser- rate, smootii ; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4-parted to the base ; nut compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled; seed much wrinkled. — lliver-swamps, Flor- ida to South Carolina. March and April. — A small tree with rougli bark. Seeds very bitter and astringent. 2. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. Butternut. Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens numerous. Fertile flowers terminal. Caly.x 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long, recurved. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehiscent. Nut incompletely 4-eelled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees with naked buds. Leaflets serrate. 1. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or oblique ; fruit globose, rough-dotted; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — A tree 30° -50° high. 2. J. cinerea, L. (Butternut) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base, pubescent ; the petioles, fruit, &c. viscid ; fruit oblong ; nut deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. March and April. — A tree 3U° - 40° high. 420 Cl riMlF.U.K. (o.VK lAMII.Y.) Okdku 12.S. CI'PULIFEK.'T:. (Oak Family.) Tri'os or slirul)s, witli altrrnato entire (ir Inlied strai;ilil-\eiiu'(l stipulate leaves, and niomuelous apetahjus flcjwers. Sterile (lowers in pemhilous 8len'AOUS. Nuts 2, 3-anpk"d, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valTcd inyolucre : sterile aments capitate, pendulous. 4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. * « Fertile flowers spiked. 5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1 - 2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 6. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. Sterile amcnt slender, bractlcss, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6 - 8-parted. Stamens 6- 12, slender : anthers 2-cclled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or few in a cluster. Caly.x 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the .3 - 4-cellcd ovary. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (Acorn) oblong or liemispherical, partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly involucre. Cotyledons very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves. Stipules caducous. § 1. Fruit biennial. * Leaves entire, short-petioled ; those on vi( K riir.sTXi:T-OAK.) ((2. montaiiM, HV//J.) A smalirr trre {.■K)°-40° lii^jli), witli more ('ei'sistcnt, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments minute, ovoid, fe\v-flowcred. — Sandy pine barrens. 2. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins rcvolute ; sterile aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the back; stamens about 10, monadcTphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonly soli- tary. — Margins of pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida, common near the coast. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree, with whitish bark. Leaves about 2' long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long. 2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. Flowers monoecious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acnmi- nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary surrounded by 5-6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous. Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stijiules. 1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and north- ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3' -4' long, resembling those of a fern. 3. LEITNERIA, N. Gen. Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts ovate, acuminate, imbricated, staminiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones empty; stamens 5-10, free: anthers 2-cellcd, introrse. {"eitile ament few- many-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, ap- proximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. 42B BKTrL.vn^T:. (niiicii i vmii.v.) Dni]io ol)Ionp, ohtiiso, nnrrowcd at the ba<(' : o])ioftri) tliii-k, roriarcous, Bmoofh ; I'ndofiirp cTUstuceous. Allmiiion none. Kinlnyo laij;c', (illiii;j; ilic cell. Coty- li'er, Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-braeteoIate, 1 - 3-flow- ercd. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celIed. Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of four minute scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting ament woody, persistent. Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, serrate, the stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments racemed. 1. A. serrulata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abraptly pointed, serru- late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petiolod ; stipules oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-pedunclcd; fruit ovate, wingless. — Banks of streams, Florida, and northward. Jan. -March. — Shrub 3° -12° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. 2. A. viridis, DC Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique at the base, t\nc\y and sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, or only on the veins and petiole , stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers scale-like ; fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Order 131. SALICACE^. (Willow Family.) Trees or shrubs, with sofl wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, and dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each solitary in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 - many. Ovary 1-celled or im- perfectly 2-celled, Avith numerous erect anatropous ovules in each celL Styles 2, very short, more or less united : stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flattened. Radicle point- ing downward. 1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Stamens 2-6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. — Leaves commonly narrow, short-petiolcd. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Amcuts mostly erect, appearing with or before the leaves. 430 8ALICACE.E. (willow FAMILY.) ♦ Ameiits small, scsxl/d : o'-ni-y silky : stamens 2. — T.ow ranrsccnt shrubs, with small leaves. Amenta devtlojttd bij'ore the leaven. 1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, liinceolatc, obtuse or acute, entire or wavy, nt least on the marfxins, tajjering at the base, nearly sessile, cov- ered with a grayish down, at length ^niootliish above ; stipules minute, caducous; flowering aments small, glol)uiar; the oval bracts hairy on the margins; style short; ovary slender, ioiig-beaked. — Dry liarren soil, in the ujjper districts of Georgia, and nortiiward. ^larcli and April. — fcjlirub l°-2'^ high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. S. humilis, Marsiiall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, naiTowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often slightly SLrratc near the summit ; stipules small, semi-cordate or lunate, entire or toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the lanceolate bracts villous ; style conspicuous ; ovary slender. (S. cotiifcra, .!////(/. S. Mnh- Icnbergiana. Willd.) — Barren soil in the upper districts, and northward. March. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, often bearing cone-like excrescences. 3. S. rosmarinifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, flat, pubescent altovc, silireccding. (Arum polymorplium, Buclcli'ij. A. quinatum, Xutt. ?) — Mountains of North Carolina. — Plant 1°- 1^° high. 3. A. Draeontium, Schott. (Dragon-root.) Leaf solitary, pcdately 9 - 13-foliolatc; leaflets pctioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; spathe tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender S]>adix. (Arum Draeontium, L.) — Pich woods, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Plant 1°- 1^° high. Berries numerous on the flat rhachis, 1 - 3-secded. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow-Arum. Spathe elongated, fleshy, convolute throughout, wavy on the margins, curved at the apex, persistent at the base. Spadix long, wholly covered by the mo- noecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 5-6, imbedded ih the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1 -celled, with sev- eral orthotropous ovules. Beny I - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, without albu- men. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — A fleshy stcniless marsh herb, from a creeping rhizotna. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole sheathing the base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the fleshy persistent base of the spathe. 1. P. Virginica, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, finely veined, and with 2-3 intramarginal nerves, the lobes obtuse ; scapes shorter than the leaves recurved in fruit; spathe lanceolate, acute, longer than the cylindrical spadix, both early decaying above the fertile flowers ; berries green, in a globose cluster, 1-seoded. (Arum Virginicum, /).) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Plant 1° high. Spatbcs 2'- 4' long. 3. XANTHOSOMA, Schott. Spathe convolute at the base, straight. Spadix sterile in the middle. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells numerous, adnate to the conical truncate ARACE^. (arum family.) 441 connective, opening at the apex. Ovaries numerous, crowded, somewhat 4-celled, with numerous horizontal ovules in each cell. Style short and tiiick : stigma broad, depressed, lobed. Berry red, many-seeded. — Herbs. Petioles of the sagittate leaves sheathing the base of the scape. 1. X. sagittifolium, Schott. Stemless ; leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate, the lobes oblong, obtuse ; spathe hooded at the summit, oval-lanceo- late, white, longer than the spadix. — Marshes and springy places, near Savan- nah, Elliott, and Wilmington, Curtis. May and June. y. — Root tuberous. Petioles 12'- 15' long. Leaves 5' -7' long, the lobes somewhat spreading and generally obtuse. Scape as long as the petioles. 4. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular .it the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. Flowers few, moniecious, tiie upper ones staminate and supported by a cup-sliaped invo- lucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther-cells 3 - 8, opening transversely. Ovary 1-celIed, with several erect orthotropous ovules. Style thick: stigma disk-like. Berry few -many-seeded. Embryo at the apex of the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 1. P. spathulata, INIichx. Leaves arranged in a circle, round-obovate, abruptly contracted into a short petiole, with tlie nerves projecting beneath (la- melliform) ; roots numerous, elongated; spathe short-peduncled, white. — In still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves \' -2' long. 6. SYMFLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk-Cabbage. Spathe hooded- shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix pedun- cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, lioodcd, berry-like in fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-eelled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries with the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented herbs, from a deep and thick rhizoma, with large stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, appearing be- fore the leaves. 1 . S. foetidus, Salish. Leaves thin, oval, cordate, short-petiolcd ; spatho ovate, incurved, spotted with purple and yellow ; spadix dull-purple, much shorter than the spathe, enlarged in fruit. (Pothos foetidus, Michx.) — Bogs and swamps, North Carolina, and northward. Feb. and March. — Leaves l°-2° long. Spathe 2' - 4' long. Spadix in fruit 2' - 3' in diameter. Seeds about the size of a pea. 6. ORONTIUM, L. Goldex-Club. Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, covered with the yellow j)erfect flowers. Sepals and stamens 4-6. Authers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, 442 LEMNACEiE. (duckwi:i:i) family.) with a 8in;;lc nmpliitrojious ovule. Stij^ma minute, sessile. Fruit green. Seed without alliuiiuii. iMuhryo thick and ikshy. — A jjcrenniul utiuatic licrh, with ol)lonj; lonii-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadi.K terminating tiie club- shaped scape. 1. O. aquaticum, L. Rhizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on stout terete pvtioles ; sca|)e terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, sheathed lirlow, commonly curved. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, and nortliward. March and Ainil. — Leaves about 1° long. Seapo l°-2° long. Spadix 1'- 2' long; the u))pcr flowers mostly tetrandrous. 7. ACORUS, L. Calamus. Sweet Flag. Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the per- fect flowers. Spathc none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Filaments slender: anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2-3- celled, witii several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of the albu- men.— Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves erect, long, flattened, 2-cdged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. L A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, Florida, and northward, apparently in- troduced. April. — lliiizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high, linear-lanceolate. Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellow- ish, 2' -3' long, spreading. Order 136. LEMNACE^. (Duckweed Family.) Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems (fronds), and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers monoecious, mostl}- from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe membranaceous, pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unecjual lobes, soon vanishing, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to single slender filaments bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 1-celled ovary, which forms in fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricU-. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed Spathcs marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely Stigma funnel- form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell, anatropous or half-anatropous. — Stems increasing by lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calyptre-like append- age. — The flowers of these plants are seldom seen. 1. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate. flattened, single or variously clustered ; root single ; ovule solitaiy, half-anatropous ; seed horizontal. — Pools, ditches, &c., Florida, and northward ; common near the coast, and probably intermixed with L. perpusilla, Torr — Stems l"-2" long. TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FAMILY.) 443 2. L. polyrlliza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and pa'ie above, convex and dark purple beneatli, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward — Less common than the preceding. Stems 2" -4" long. Order 137. TYPHACE^E. (Cat-tail Family.) Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved leaves, and monoecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, desti- tute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary l~celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Embryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the fertile, continuous or distant. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail. Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped in copious pappus-like hairs ; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the spa- dix, the fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. Embryo cylin- drical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Stems straight, from a thick rhizoma, clothed below with the sheathing bases of the elongated linear leaves. Spathes bract-like and deciduous, or none. 1. T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below; leaves nearly as long ns the stem, erect, flat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile por- tions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 4° - 6° high, scape-like above. Leaves about 1' wide, Spadix about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, L., if found within our limits, may be known by narrower leaves which arc channelled near the base, and by the interval which separates the sterile and fertile portions of the spadix. 2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reed. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, surrounded by several scales like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly bractcd. Ovary sessile, pointed by the short persistent style. Stigma lateral. Fruit nut- like. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Marsh or aquatic plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile leaves, the lowest ones sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 1 . S. ramosum, Huds. ? Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper ones gradually shorter, concave and clasping at the base, the lower sheathing and elongated ; heads .5-9, disposed in axillary and terminal interrupted spikes ; the lowest one larger and pistillate, the others wholly staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma subulate, simple. (S. Americanum, Ell.) — Lagoons and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves as long as the stem, 8" -12" wide. Heads of fertile flowers 8" - 10" in diameter. 444 NAIADACK.K. (I'UNMWKKU lA.MILV.) Ordkr m.S. NAIADACEyTi:. (roNDWKEi) Family.) A(iuatic lit-rbs, with sU'iidcr jointed leafy immersed stems, and perfect monceeious or dioEeious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or with scale-like sepals. Stamens 1-4: anthers 1-4-celled. Ovary Ineljed, forming a l-seeded aehenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed without al- bumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers couimonly enclosed in a spathe. Synopsis. • Flow rs monoecious or dioecious. 1. NAIAS. Stiginas2-4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spatbe. Leaves alternate. 3. ZANNICUELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. * * Flowers perfect. 4. RUPPTA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 5. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, f piked. Calyx 4-leaved. 1. NAIAS, L. Flowers monopcions or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and co- rolla. Sterile Hower monuudrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-cellcd, open- ing at the apex, the filament lengthening. Feriilc flower naked ; the sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2-4, subulate. Ovule erect. Aehenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior — Stems filiform, fork- ing. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath at the base Flowers solitary, minute. 1. N. flexilis, Tlo-stk. Stem immersed (1°- 2° long); leaves 3 in a whorl, narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the margins, the lower ones often remote; stigmas 3-4; aehenium elliptical, acute, smooth, yellowish. (Caulinia flexiHs, WiUd.) — In ponds and still water, South Caro- lina, and northward. July and Aug. — Leaves about 1' long. Var. ■? fusiformis. Stem (6' -12' long) almost capillary, veiy leafy throughout; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2"-4" long) ; aehenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — Brackish water along tlic coast. West Florida. July and Aug. 2. ZOSTERA, L. Eel-gras.s. Flowers monoecious, naked ; tiie sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in the sheath-like base of tHe leaves. Anthers oblong, I-cellcd, filled with fine filaments instead of pollen-grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a single pen- dulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent style. Stig- mas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. Cotyledons in- flexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo — Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated sheathing leaves. XAIADACE^. (pond WEED FAMILY.) 445 1. Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointeil; leaves thin and tender, faintly 3 - 5-nerved ; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- water coves. West Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. Flowers monoecious, axillaiy. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- posed of 2-6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule suspended, orthotropous. Aehenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slenIi. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly branched; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile; stipules free from the leaves, connate, sheathing; spikes short-pedunclcd, 4 - G-Howercd, globose in fiuit ; aehenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Lcuvls 1'- 2' long. Peduncles ^'- 1' long. H- H- Leaves lanceolate or cordate : stipules free, sheathing. 3. P. perfoliatUS, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, cordate, clasping, obttise, many-nerved, those at tiie branches and peduncles opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on stout peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; aehenium obliquely obovate, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or bracki,-h water. West Florida, and north- ward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6" - 8" long. 4. P. lucens, L. ? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, acnte, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, S-Q-nervcd, wavy on the margins; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back ; spikes cylindrical, many-flow- ercd, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; aehenium (immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, shoi't-pointcd. — Freshwater, Apalachicola, Florida. Aug. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, equalling the spikes. * * Leaves of ta-o forms ; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the fioatimj ones long- petiolcd and somewhat coriaceous. 5. P. fluitans, TJoth. Stem simple ; leaves many-nerved ; the floating ones varying from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute at each end, or obtuse or cordate at the base ; the others large, oblong, gradually or abruptly short- pctioled, undulate ; stipules connate and keeled on the hack ; peduncles stout, tliiekened upward ; spikes long, cylindrical, dense-flowered ; aehenium smooth, 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — Fresh-water ponds and streams, Florida, and north- ward. June - Aug. — Leaves 2' - 9' long. P. KATANS, L. probably occurs within our limits, but I have not seen specimens. It may be known by longcr-petioled (4'- 12') leaves, more slender peduncles, and rounded stipules and achenia. 6. P. heterophyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; floating leaves small, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles; immersed leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed; ])cduncles thickened up- ward ; spikes narrowly cylindrical ; aehenium smooth, slightly keeled on the back. — Shallow ])onds. North Carolina, and northward. July. — Floating leaves 1'- 2' long. Immersed leaves 4' - C long. 7. P. hybl'idus, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched; floating leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and strongly AMSMACE^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 447 impressed-nerved, longer than the filiform petioles ; immersed leaves filiform, scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-pedunded ; achenium nearly circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 - 3-ridged on the back ; embryo coiled. (P. setaceus, Pursh. P. heterophyllus, Ell. ?) — Shallow ponds, Florida, and northward. June - Aug. — Floating leaves 6" - 8" long, com- monly 5-nerved. Order 139. ALISMACE^. (Water-Plantain Family.) Marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like stems, bearing the perfect or monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or numerous : anthers 2- celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Achenium coriaceous, 1 -2-seeded. Em- bryo straight or curved, without albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. JUNCAGINE^E. Sepals and petals (when present) greenish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 1. TRI6L0CHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. Suborder II. ALISME^. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule cam- pylotropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 3. ECIIINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 4. SAGITTAIIIA. Flowers monoecious. Achenia clustered in a head. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, like the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3-6, united around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. Flowers small, bractless. 1. T. triandrum, Michx. Leaves erect, linear-subulate, semi-terete, di- lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers very numer- ous, on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthers and ovaries 3 ; fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-winged by the compressed 3-ribbed achenia; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast, West Florida to North Carolina. Aug. -Sept. — Scape and leaves ^° - 1° high. 2. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. Flowers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 6-12. Ovaries numerous in a simple whorl. Style 4i.S AUISMACE.E. (WATKU-l'LAN TAIN lAMIl.V.) short. Aclu'iiium 1 -sri-ded, 2 - O-keclt'd on tlic back. — IJoots fil)rouj;less, tlie interior lobes linear, erect ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. (Tri|iterella ea))itata, Mi8 onciiinACK.F.. (ouciiis familv.) * * Sepals (hrowii) linear, spreading, much loitt/cr than the. en el prtals : lip ciuttbd, 3-Io!>e(l. 3. P. divaricata, K. r.r. Leaves 2, sessile, laneeolnte, one near the miilille of the stem,, tlic otlicr smaller and hraet-likc at the hasc of the solitary terminal flower; sepals purplish-hrown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- colored lanceolate petals, recurved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and crenulatc on the marj,'ins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purple; crest beardless. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Stem l°-20 high. Leaves 2'- 5' long. Sepals 1'- U' long. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, whorled at the base of the solitary reddish-brown flower ; sepals linear, spread- ing, 3 times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3-Iobcd wavy lip. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 10. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and connivcnt over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated and bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, expanded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells appro.xi- mate. Pollen-masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a sohd globular tuber, sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of CaroVina., Michaux, and northward. May. — Scai)C G'-9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost enclosing a linear late-developed leaf. Flower 1'- 2' long, 2-bracted, bright purple and fragrant. IL ORCHIS, L. Orchis. Sepals and petals nearly equal, arcliing and connivent over the column, or the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depending, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. 1. O. Speetabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oblong, about as long as the 3 - 5-flowered 5-anglcd scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, entire, crenulatc, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts, and northward. May. — Root of thick clustered libres. Scapo 4'- 6' high. Flowers 6" -8" long. 12. GYMNADENIA, R. Brown. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip ORCHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 459 p.dnate to the bajo of the column, spurred at the base. Anther ci-ect, tlie cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen-masses Kaxy, tixed by a stalk to the naked glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. * Ovari/ twisted ; the Up there/ore anterior. 1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (1° high); lowest leaf (4'-(;' long) lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into the subulate bracts of the short (I' -2' long) oblong densely many-flowered spike ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filifoiTn, depending, shorter than the ovary. (Orchis flava, Nutt., not of Linn.) — Open grassv swamps in the pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9'- 12' high) scape-like above; lowest leaf (4'-G' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (1'- 2' long) loosely 4- 12-flowered; flowers yellowish-gi-een ; lip truncate, 3-tootlied at the apex, longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving upward, longer than the ovary. (Orchis clavellata, il/iicAa;. ) — Low shady woods in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July. * * Ocari/ straiijld : I'p posterior. 3. G. nivea, Gray & Engelm. Stem slender (l°-lio high); leaves nu- merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and bract-like ; spike (2' - 4' long) cyHndrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white ; lateral sepals ovate, slightly cared at the base ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong ; spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. (Orchis nivea, Nutt.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 13. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or reflexed. Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column short. Anther-cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands naked. — Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers spiked or racemed, commonly sliowy. * Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed. 1. P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-liko bracted stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery beneath ; flowers greenish-white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the bracts ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular; petals narrower; lip linear-spatulate, entire, recurved ; spur very long, club-shaped, curved. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July and Aug. — Scape 1° - 11° high. Leaves 5' -8' in diameter. * * Lip ^-toothed or 3-lolied: Jloioers spiked: stem hafij. 2. P. flava, Gray. Leaves 3 -4; the two lower ones lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate (4' - 8' long), the others small and bract-like ; flowers small, brownish green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike; sepals and petals oval ; lip oblong, hastate - 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one 400 OKnilDACK^,. (oi{< MIS rAMII.V.) cromilafc nt tlio apex and licariny a tootli-likc appcndajjo at the throat ; spur elub-sliaped, mostly sliorter than the sliort ovary. (Orchis fiava, L. 0. fiires- cens, and O. hidontata, Kll.) — Low shady hanks, Florida, and northward. July and Au{x. — Stem 1° hij,'h. Flowers 2" in diameter. 3. P. bracteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovatc, the others smaller, lanceo- late ; flowers small, Al)ed, the margins entire; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, few- flowered; stigmas 3; berry 3-secdcd, glaucous. (S. caduca, Willd.) — Shady margins of swamps, Florida, and northward. May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. •♦- +- Peduncles terete : herri/ whitish. 4. S. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent; stem low (1°- 3° high), terete, un- armed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly discolored and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbcd ; peduncles about twice as long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, whitish, 1-sccdcd. (S. pubera, Michx ) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, in the lower districts. October. — Eootstock creeping. Leaves 2'- 4' long. * * Peduncles not lonyer than the petioles. ■*- Berries red. 5. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, armed with a few scattered prickles near the base, otherwise unarmed ; branches obscurely 4-angled ; leaves deciduous, membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanccolatc to oval, mucronate, acute, round- ed or rarely slightly cordate at the base, S-riblied ; peduncles flattened, as long as the petioles and pedicels ; perianth rather large (3" long), brownish ; stigmas 3 ; berry (acuminate, Walt.) globular, 3-sccded. (S. caduca, Ell.) — Pine-barren ponds and swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem seldom more than 6° long. Leaves 2' -4' long. 6 S. lauceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; branches terete ; leaves evergreen, rather thin, varying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute at each end, ."i-ribbed, paler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, many-flowered ; stigmas 3; berry globular, 3-seeded. — Rich woods and margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Stem sometimes 20° -30° long. Root- stock tuberous. Leaves 3' -4' long. -t- •♦- Berries Hack. 7. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branchlets 1 -angled, unarmed; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, varying from ovate to lance- olate, obtu.-ie, mucronate, 3-nerved ; peduncles shorter than the pedicels ; stigma solitary ; berry globular, 1-seeded. (S. alba. Ph. ?) — Swamps and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Berries maturing in the fall of the succeeding year, very abundant. 8. S. auriculata, Walt Stem commonly low and straggling, slender, armed with short prickles ; branches flexuous, 4-anglcd ; leaves evergreen, rigid, small, strongly 3-ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate -3-lobed, acute at each end; peduncles shorter than the pedicels, many-flowered ; stigmas SMILACEiE. (SIIILAX FAMILY.) 477 2-3 ; berry small, globular 2 -3-seedcd. (S. ovata, Pursh? Ell.) — Dry sand- ridges along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem trail- ing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 1'- 2' long, strongly reticulated. Flowers small, very fragrant. 9. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered prickles ; brauchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, abruptly pointed, mostly rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; peduncles few-flowered, rather longer than the pedicels, flattened; berry globular, 3-seeded, blue-black. (S. caduca, L. S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Swamps in the middle and upper dis- tricts, and northward. June. — Plant yellowish green. Leaves 2' -4' long. 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Stems herbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 1. C. herbaceus, Kunth. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy above ; leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-nei-ved, the upper ones whorled, the lower bract-like; peduncles few (3' -4' long), below the leaves; berry 2 -.3-seeded. (Smilax herbacea, L.) — Dry fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Flowers fetid. 2. C. peduncularis, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (.3°- 5° long), branched, leafy ; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles numerous, axillary (4' -6' long) ; berry 6-seeded. (Smilax peduncularis, Muhl.) — Rich soil in the upper districts, and northward. June. — Flowers fetid. 3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing ; leaves hastate, cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun- cles longer than the petioles; berry 2 -3-seeded. (Smilax tamnifolia, il//cAx.) — Pine barrens. South Carolina, and northward. July. 3. TRILLIUM, L. Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, per- sistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. Filaments short: anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 3-cellcd, with numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, slen- der, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 6-sidcd many- seeded purple berry. — Low perennial herbs, with tuberous rootstocks, and simple stems, which are sheathed at the base, and terminated with a whorl of three broad leaves and a single sessile or peduncled showy flower. * Flower sessile, erect. 1. T. sessile, L. Rootstock horizontal ; stems slender, commonly two or more in a cluster ; leaves sessile, broadly oval, widest in the middle, abruptly short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3 ■ 5-nerved, variegated above with paler and deeper green ; petals dark purple, lanceolate, erect, much longer than the lanceolate spreading sepals — Rich shady woods, in the upper districts, and 478 SMILAC'K.K. (^MII.AX lA.Mll.'k.) nortliwanl. Maivli ami April. — Stems C- 12' liigli. Leaves 1 '- 3' long. Pet hKs lu"- 15" long. 2. T. discolor, Wray? Rootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout, solitary ; leaves Bes>ile, varying from ovate-laneeolate to hroadly ovate, tapering from near the base to the apex, ;5-7-nerved, variegated above with green and brown or dark. ])urj)lc ; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark pur](Ie varjing into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; fdaments very short, purple. — Kich woods, in the middle and lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. Peb. and ilareh. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. Petals l^'-2' lung. * * Flower on an erect or decliniiif/ pedtincle. 3. T. pusillum, Michx. Stem slender; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, 3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals lanceolate, pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse sepals ; filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a slender style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of Carolina, Michaux. North Carolina, Curtis. — Stem C- 8' high. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Flower 8" - 10" long. 4. T. erectum, L. Stem solitary ; leaves sessile, broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, acute at the base ; peduncles longer than the spreading flowers (l^'-3' long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or acutish, dark -purple, rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals ; fila- ments shorter than the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. {T. rhomboi- deum, Michx.) — Varies with smaller white or yellowisii flowers. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long, and of the same width. Flowers 1'- 1^' long, fetid. 5. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Stem solitary ; leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, nearly sessile ; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading flower, erect or slightly declined ; petals obovate, white, much longer and broader than the lanceolate acutish sepals ; filaments slender, shorter than the anthers, nearly equalling the short recurved stigmas — Sliady woods on the mountains of Carolina, Elliott, and northward. jMay — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 3'- h' long Petals 2' long, changing to rose-color. 6. T. erythrocarpum, ISIichx. Stem solitary ; leaves ovate, long- acuminate, rounded at the ba.sc, short-petioled : peduncle (l'-2' long) erect, longer than the widely-spreading flower ; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much longer than the lanceolate sepals, white, striped with pin-ple at the base ; stigmas slender, longer than the anthers; berry red. — Eich shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers 9 " - 1 2" long. * * * Flower on a recurved peduncle. 7. T. cernuum, L. Stems 2-3 together ; leaves broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, short-pctioled ; peduncle mostly shorter than the small flower ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than ROXBURGHIACK.E. (rOXBUROHIA FAMILY.) 479 the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers. — Shady M'oods in the npper districts, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1°- 1|° high. Leaves 2'- 6' long, and nearly as broad. Petals 8" - 12" long, 8. T. Stylosum, Nutt. Stem solitary, slender ; leaves oval or oblong, acute, short-petioled ; peduncle shorter than the large flower ; petals rose-color, oblong, obtuse or abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader than the lanceolate sepals ; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much shorter than the long recurved anthers. (T. nervosum, and T. Catesbeei, Ell.) — Low shady woods in the upper districts, Georgia to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 1° - U° high. Leaves 4' long. Petals \^' - 2' long. 4. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6, erect, hypogynous : anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, inti-orsc. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender, recurved, stigmatic within. Berry globose. 1 IM. Virginiea, L. Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous ; stem simple, slen- der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the middle a whorl of 6 - 8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a smaller whorl of 3 - 4 ovate leaves, which surround the 2-8 small greenish nodding flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northward. June. — Stem 2° high. Order 150. ROXBURGH! AC E.^. (Roxburghia Family.) Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or 4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1 -celled. Stigma sessile. Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibrillous cords, erect or pendulous. Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen. 1. CROOMIA, Torr. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent, the spreading nerveless oval divisions imbricated in the bud. Filaments separate, thick, erect, inserted on the base of the perianth opposite its lobes : anthers short, oblique, with the connective mi- nute or wanting. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 4 -6. Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, obovate, sus- pended from the apex of the nerve like, at length free placenta, nearly covered by the fibres of the cord. Embryo miuute, obovate. — A lew i>ercnnial herb, 4H<> LIMACK.K. (l.lI.Y KAMII.V.) from ft sIimkUt nnpiii;; rlii/.oina. Stom simple, slii-ailicd at llic l)as(', leafy at the summit. Lciivcs 4-6, nltoriuito, ohloiiKconlate, 5- 9-ril)lH'd. rcdundcs few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish, on jointed nodding pedieels, which aro thickened upward. I. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Goor«:ia, and Alabama. April. — Stem 6' - l:i' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, thin, sj)reading. Ohdkr lol. LILIACEiE. (Lily Family.) Chiefly herb.s, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and per- fect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, G- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypo;jrynous or peripy- nous : anthers introrse (except in No. 0). Styles united. Stigmas 3, distinct or united. Fruit a capsule or berry, few - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy or hard albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. ASPARAGE^. Fruit a berry. Divisions of t' c perianth more or less united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad 1 rOLYGON.\TUM Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 2. SMILACINA. Flowers in a terminal rareme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. .S. rONVALLAKIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth C- lobed. Scape naked. 4. CLINXOXIA. Flowers umbellcd. Perianth 6-leaved. Scape naked. Tribe II. ASPHODELiE^E. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at the base. — Stems scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. * Root a coated bulb. 5- ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, froA a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 6- NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. * » Root a tuberous rhizoma. 7. SCIKENOLIRIOX. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves equitant. Tribe III. TUL1IPACE.E. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- ciduous. — Stems leafy. • Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 8. ERYTHROXIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage at the apex. Stem 2 -leayed. 9. LILIL'M. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged- Stem many-leaved. « * Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 10. YUCCA Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spiny-pointed. 1. POLYGONATUM, Desf. Perianth tul)ular, 6-elcft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, in- cluded: anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-eeIled, with 3-6 ovules in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — Rhizoma creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 1 - few-flowered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels. LILIACE.E. (lily FAMILY.) 481 1. P. biflorum, Ell. Stem terete or furrowed, smooth, curving above; leaves 2-raiiked, sessile or slightly clasping, oblong, 3 - 7-ncrvcd, smooth, or pubescent beneath; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1-4-flowered; flowers greenish ; filaments granular-roughened ; berry dark -blue. (P. pubes- cens, and P. multiflorum, Pursh.) — Shady banks, Florida, and northward. May. — Stem I'' -2° high, naked below. Leaves 3' -4' long, acute or obtuse. Flowers 4" - 5" long. 2. SMILACINA, Desf. Solomon's Se.\l. Porianth 4- or 6-parted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted on the base of the perianth anthers ovate. Ovary 2-3-cened, with two ovules in each cell. Style short and thick : stigma obscurely 3-lobcd. Berry globular, 1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simple, erect, leafy. Flowers small, Avhite, in a terminal raceme or panicle. ^1. S.^IILACINA. Divisions of the perianth and afnmens &. Ovary ^-celled. 1. S. racernosa, Desf Pubescent; rhizoma thick, stem flexuous, curv- ing and leafy above , leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oblong, acuminate, nearly sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers numerous, in a close raceme or panicle ; berry red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts, and noitliward. June and July, — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. § 2. Maianthemum. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ovary 2-ceUed. 2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth; rhizoma slender; stem low, erect, 2-leaved above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, few-flowered; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 3'- 6' hig-h. Leaves 1'- 2' lone. 3. CONVALLARIA, L. Lily of the Yalley. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth, included ; anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into the thick style. Ovules 4-6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Beny globose, few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and white racemose flowers. 1 C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — Smooth. Rhizoma slender Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convolute, one within the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1 -sided raceme of fragrant nodding flowers. Berry red. 4. CLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments filiform; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. Berry 2 - many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large radical sheath- 41 .JH2 LILIACEyE. (r.lI.V FAMILY.) \ng leaves, iiiul an uiiiIhI of wliitc or gi(.uiii>li Howtis terminating the nukeil scape. Berries blue. 1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oMong, eiliate on the keel and margins; scape i)ul)eseent ; umbel many-flowci-cd ; flowers small (3" -4'' long), wiiite spotted with gi-ceii or purple ; ovules 2 in each cell. (Smilacina umbel- lata, iJisf.) — Shady woods on the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Juno. — Scape 8'- 12' high, rather longer than the leaves. 2 C. borealis, Kaf. Leaves obovate-oblong, eiliate on the margins, acute ; scape and 2 - 7-flowered umbel pubescent; flowers (6"- 9" long) greenish yel- low ; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North Caro- lina, and northward. June. — Scape and leaves 8'- 10' high. 5. ALLIUM, L. Oxiov. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at the base. Ovary 3-cclled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each cell, an'ded, black. — Strong-scented stcmless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a naked .scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 2 - 3-leaved spathc. — Flow- ers sometimes changed into bulblcts. * Ovules solitarji in the cells. 1. A. tricoccura, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-taper- ing toward the base, early withering; nnibcl small, dense, many -flowered, erect; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stan)ens. — jNlountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. Flowers white. * * Ovules 2 in each cell. 2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled; scape angled; umbel manv-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute; stamens exscrtcd ; ovary 6-tootbed — Mountains of South Carolina, and northward. July. — Scape 10-1^° high. Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 3. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape terete , umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulbets, intermingled with a few stalked rose- colored flowers ; spathe 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves of the perianth obtuse, as long as the stamens ; ovary 6-tootlied. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. June. — Sca])e 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 4. A. mutabile, Miehx. Leaves very narrow, concave ; scape terete , umbel erect, many-flowered; spathe 3-leaved; leaves of the perianth acute, as long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color — Dry sandy .=oil, Florida to North Carolina M:iy and June. — Scape \° high. Outer coats of the bulb composed of a network of fine fibres. * * * Ovules several in each cell. 5. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave ; umbel erect, 3-10-flow- ered ; spathe 2-leavcd , perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 483 leaves green on the keci. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Marcli and April. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Pedicels 1'- 2' long. Flowers 5" long. Leaves streaked on tlie back. 6. A. Carolinianum, Red. Scape naked ; leaves linear, even beneath ; spathe 2-leaved ; umliL-I fastigiate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse ; sta- mens subulate, twice as long as the perianth ; capsule many-seeded. — In Caro- lina. — Bulbs clustered. Flowers white, rose-color without. ( * ) 6. NOLINA, Michx. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent ; the divisions similar, oblong- lanceolate, 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth; filaments subulate . anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent : stigmas 3, recurved. Ovary S-angled, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule membranaceous, obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly 1-seeded. Seed oblong-obovate, dull brown and roughish, slightly incurved; longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo slender, straight, shorter tlian the fleshy albumen. — Root large, bulbous. Leaves numerous, all radical, very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch- ing above. Flowers small, white, crowded in long bracted racemes. Pedicels jointed, rcflcxcd in fruit. 1. N. Georgiana, Michx. — Dry sand-hiUs in the middle districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April and May. — Bulb very large, tunicated. Scape 2°-3° high, with a few scales near the base. Leaves l°-2° long, dry and harsh. 7. SCHCENOLIRION", Torr. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent; the divisions 3-.5-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers cor- date-sagittate, introrse. Style subulate, persistent: stigma minutely 3-lobed. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anatropous ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved, 1-6-seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, and shining. Embryo straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbs. Root a tuberous rliizoma. Scape branching above. Radical leaves smooth, equitant, sheathing, linear, concave, rounded on tlie back, the others small and bract-like. Flowers small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed. 1. S. Michauxii, Torr. Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the bracts ; divis- ions of the i>erianth oblong, the nerves somewhat distant. (Phalangium croceum, Michx. Ornithogalum croceum, Ell.) — Swamps, chiefly in the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May and June. — Rliizoma cylindrical. Scape 2° high, slender. Leaves 1° long. 8. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Dog's-tooth Violet. Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous separate leaves; the three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base. Stamens C, 481 I.II.IACK.K. (l.II.Y lAMILY.) slender- o'lMiors ol>lonfr-liiiC!ir, erect. Style slender: sti^rmii 3-l(d>i(l. Capsule ol)ovnte, a-iiiigled, ninny-see- Ijcaves of the perianth glandless. C. STEXAXTTITUM. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens 7. VEil.\TRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer than the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous. 8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed. 9. St'IKEXOCAULON. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked. * » Anther-cells distinct ■I- Capsule loculicidal. 10. XEKOPUYLHIM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like. 11. CHAM J5LIRICM. Flowers dioecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate. — -I- Capsule septicidal. Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse. 12. PLEE.\. Stamens 9-12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like. 13. TOFIELDLA. Stamens 6. Anthers erect. Bracts short. 1. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base within, deciduous. Fii.'unents .short : anthers linear, adnate. Stvle deeply 3- oleft: stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, lorulicidally 3-valvcd at the apex. Seeds few, obovoid, half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low herbs. melanthacejE. (colchicum family.) 487 from a slender, creeping rhizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers nod- ding, solitary, lateral or at the apex of a 1-leaved branch, yellow. * Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate. 1. TJ. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous beneath, the sides revolute whc-u young ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, granular-rough- ened within, pale yellow; capsule obovate, truncate. (U. flava. Smith.) — Woods and thickets, Florida, and northward. April. — Stem 8' -12' high. Leaves \^' -2^' long. Flowers 1' long. 2. U. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear- lanceolate, acute, smooth within, greenish yellow ; anthers obtuse ; capsule obovate. — Woods and thickets, in the upper districts of Georgia, and north- ward. April — Larger than the preceding. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Flowers 1^' long. * * Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile. 3. TJ. sessilif olia, L Smooth , leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be- neath ; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; anthers obtuse; gapsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and upper districts, and northward. April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves I'-lj' long. Flowers 8" long. 4. U. Floridana, n. sp. Smooth ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, glau- cous beneath ; flowers on a slender 1-leaved branch ; leaves of the perianth linear-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the 3-cleft style; anthers pointed. — Low shady woods, Middle Florida, March. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves thin, 1' long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow. 5. TJ. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; leaves green on both sides, oval, rounded at tlie base and somewhat clasping, rough on the margins ; style 3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule ovate, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish-white. 2. PROSARTES, Don. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Filaments filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles united : stigmas spreadmg. Berry ovoid, acute, 3-6-seeded. — A low forking herb. Peduncles termmal, not bent nor twisted. 1. P. lanuginosa, Don. (Streptopus lanuginosus, Michx.) — High moun- tains of North Carolina. June. — Leaves 2' -3' long, sessile, ovate-oblong, acu- minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Peduncles 1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth j' long, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth Berry red. 3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-po)nted at 488 ^ MKLANTIIACEyK. (COI,* II KIM lAMII.Y.; tlio apex, li)iij,'cr fliaii tlio filaments. Styles united : stigma .^-eleft or entire. Berry nearly gloltose, iniiny-seeded — Ereet herbs, with spreadiiij^ hraiieliutt. Leaves elius])ing. IVduneles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted in the middle. 1. S. rOSeUS, Michx. Stem nuuli hranebed, wiili the liratuhes flexuous and sjjrinkled witii liai^s ; leaves ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5 - 7-nerved ; flowers mostly solitary, small, rose-color, nodding; anthers 2-pointed at the apex; stigma 3-(lift. — Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. — Stem 2° hiijh. Leaves 2' -4' long, green on both sides. Flowers 3" - 4" long. 4. MELANTHIUM, L. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Divisions of the perianth spreading, long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base ; the fila- ments partly adhering to their claws : anthers reniform, becoming peltate, the cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. Seeds flat, winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves long, lin- ear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish. 1. M. Virginieum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, like the loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary , lowest leaves long, broadly lin- ear and clasping, the upper small and sessile ; flowers shorter than the pedicels, the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, often acute, the slender claw adnatc to the lower half of the filaments ; glands conspicuous. (M. hybridum, Walt., the claws concave and adnate to the filaments below the middle ; glands connivent or obscure.) — Swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 1° - 1^° long. 5. ZIGADENUS, Michx. Flowers perfect Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile or nearly so, 1 - 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, and of equal length : anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, slender, spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined. — Stems smooth and simple. Lowest leaves crowded, linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles. 1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx Stem rigid, leafy; lowest leaves broadly linear, elongated, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small, rigid ; bracts ovate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-clawed, often with a white callus on one or both sides at the base; glands prominent ; stamens and styles subulate; seeds oblong — Pme-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves JO-l^o long. Panicle 6' -12' long, commonly dense. Flowers 1' in diameter, as long as the pedicels. 2. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above; leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides; panicle slender; bracts lanceolate; leaves of the perianth oval or obovate, sessile, the glands obscure or wanting; MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 489 stamens and styles filiform ; seeds naiTowly margined, winged at the ap5x. (Heionias graminea, Ell.) — Mountain swamps, Georgia, and nortlnvard. July and Aug. — Stem 2°-4° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 8' - 12' long. Elowers 4" in diameter, much shorter than the slender pedicels. 6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the stamens. Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, subulate : stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the apex, several- seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid at the base. Lowest leaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish-white, in a simple panicle. 1. S. angUStifolium, Gray. ( Veratrum angustifolium, P«rs/j.) — Shady woods and banks, Florida, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves lo-2° long. Panicle l°-2° long, cor.iposed of simple spiked racemes ; the lower flowers often sterile. Perianth about 4" in diameter> nearly sessile, twice as long as the stamens, 7. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-pointed, the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. — Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish-brown. 1. V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, acute, strongly plaited, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of numerous dense racemes ; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish green, longer than the pedicels and twice as long as the stamens. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Stem 3°-"° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large. — The plant is possessed of active, but deleterious properties. 2. V. intermedium, n. sp. Stem slender, leafy ; lowest leaves nearly- smooth, lanceolate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, strongly plaited , the upper ones small, lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneatli ; panicle large, composed of long and slender loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves of the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark brown within, hoary puberulent without, as long as the pedicels, rather longer than the stamens ; ovary woolly ; lobes of the capsule winged; seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Rich shady hummocks. Middle Florida. July. — Stem 3°- !i° high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers 6"- 8" wide. Intermediate between V. Woodii, Robbins, and the next, of which it may prove to be a variety. 3. v. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above ; leaves varying from lanceolate to oval, smooth, slightly plaited, narrowed into sheathing peti- •i'JO Ml.I.AMlIACE-K. (COLCIIICUM lAMIl.V.) olcs ; panicle slender, lonf: and s]in'adin;.', lin)>eiy flowered ; leaves cf (lio peri- aiitli j^reenish, spatulate, miiddiIi, ratlier sliorier tlian tlic pedieels, twice ils long as tlic stamens; ovary smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' lonjr. Flowers 4" - ."j" wide. 8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fi.y-Poisox. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the jicriaiitli oblonp or oliovate, sessile, spreadinp, glandlcss, shorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Styles slender : stigmas minute. Cai)sule membranaceous, 3-lobcd, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. Seeds oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smooth, tumid or bulbous at the base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers white, in a simple raceme. 1. A. muscaetoxicuin, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat angled ; lowest k'a\es strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red. (Helonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Rich woods, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, turning greenish. 2. A. angUStifolium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete; leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewiiat glaucous, the lowest very long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds linear. (Helonias angustifolia, Michx.) — Low ))inc barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning purple. 3. A. ? aspericaule, Gray. Stem and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, flat; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like panicle, composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina, Cwtts. — Plant imperfectly known. 9. SCHCENOCAULON, Gray. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, lincar-oblong, glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6 - 8-ovuled. Styles very short : stig- mas minute. Capsule and seeds unknown. — Scape veiy slender, bulbous at the base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers small, pale green, crowded in a slender spike. 1. S. gracilis, Gray. (Helonias'? duhia, Michx.) — Dry sands, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1" wide. Scape Z° - 3° high, rush-like. Spike 3' - 4' long. 10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-ceIled. Styles filiform; MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 491 Stigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, loculicidally S-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at the base, simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very narrow, dilated at the base ; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. Flowers white, in a simple dense raceme. 1. X. asphodeloid.es, Gray. (Hclonias asphodeloides,Z.) — Dry sandy soil. North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Radical leaves spreading, 1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2" long. Stamens dilated below, 11. CHAMJELIRIUM, WiUd. Flowers dioecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-spatulate, shorter than the filiform filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish. Styles club-shaped : stigmas decurrent. Capsule ovoid, 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends. — Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, leafy. Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the others linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in a simple spiked raceme. 1. C. luteum, Gray. (Hclonias dioica, P«rs/i.) — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the uppermost small and bract-like. Racemes 6' -12' long, the sterile ones slender and drooping at the summit; the fertile rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. 12. PLEEA, Michx. Flowers perfect Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceolate, rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth: filaments slender: anthers linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate . stigmas simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded ; the cells opening down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems smooth and slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very narrow, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts spathe-like, clasping. 1. P. tenuifolia, Michx. — Pine-barren swamps and bogs, Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid, perennial, 6' -9' long. Raceme rigid, 6-9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without. 13. TOPIELDIA, Hudson. Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obovate. Filaments subulate • anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subulate : stig- mas terminal. Capsule 3-anglcd, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedicels commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. 492 juNCACEiE. (rush family.) f) 1. ToFiEl.niA proper. Ixacenies sim/tlr, the Jlourrs surcessivilij Ofxming Jrom the Itase upuxird (centripetal) : aiUlurg introrse : seeds willtoul appendages. — Sinootli herbs. 1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above; leaves linear ; racemes densely flowered ; stamens sliglitly cxscrted ; styles very short. (T. i^^Uxhcrvma, Machridc.) — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower dis- tricts of North and South Carolina. Oct. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Raceme 2'- 4' long. Flowers white. § 2. Triantiia. Racemes compound; the flowers successively opening from the apex dotcmcurd (centrifufjal) : anthers innate: seeds with tail-like appeudar/es at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rougli-pubcrulent ; leaves long, linear; racemes (3'-G' long) loosely flowered; pedicels mostly three in a clus- ter, longer than the greenisii-white flowers ; capsule as long as the perianth. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 1^° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. 3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent; leaves short, lincar-sword-shaped ; racemes (1' long) dense-flowered , pedicels 3 - 5 in a cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the perianth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Order 153. JUNCACE^. (Rush Family.) Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat or terete leaves, and regular cymose-clustered or panicled flowers. — Peri- anth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, fixed at the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 - 3-celled, 3 - niany-ovuled. Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds anatroi)ous. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. 1. LUZULA. Capsule l-cc11ed, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 2. JUNCUS. Capsule many seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth herbs, with alternate leaves. 8. CEPH.4L0XYS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae united into a 3-winged central col- umn. Stem-leaves nearly opposite. 1. LUZULA, DC. WooD-Rusn. Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short: stigmas filifomi, villous. Cap- sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — Ferea- nial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked flowers. jtTNCACE^. (rush family.) 493 1. Ii. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy; flowers in dense ovoid umbellate spikes ; capsule roundish ; seeds with a conical append- age at the base. (Juncus campestris, L.) — Dry woods and banks, P'lorida, and northward. March and April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy; flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate ; seeds with a curved appendage at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May. — Plant 6' -9' high. 2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short : stigmas villous. Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves, and bearing the placentae at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often append- aged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted by cross partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymo.se, or panicled. § 1. Stems scape-like, jointless, sheathed or leafy at the base: stamens 6 or (in No. 1) sometimes 3. * Panicles lateral : stem sheathed at the base. 1. J. effusus, L. Stem soft and spongy; sheaths dark brown; panicle diffuse or contracted ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the ohovate obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward ; common. May- Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° - 4° high. * * Panicles lateral : stem leafij at the base : leaves terete, pungent. 2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender ; sheaths light brown ; panicle simple, fow-flowered ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate, rather longer than the globose pointed green capsule. — Low grounds and swamps, Florida, and northward. May -July. — Stems growing in small tuft.s, l°-3° high. Capsule coriaceous. 3. J. maritimus, Lam. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard-pointed; panicle compound; flowers small, 4-8 in a cluster; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. (J. acutus, ^fuhl.) — Brackish marshes along the coast, Florida, and northward. April and May. — Stem 4° - 5° high. * * * Panicles terminal , forking : leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones form- ing an involucre under the panicle. 4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ; leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. Panicle small, the flowers mostly on one side of the branches. Capsule light green. 5. J. diehotomus. Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1-3-leaved; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; involucre mostly shorter than the cymose panicle ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 42 11' I JUNCACR.r.. (rush r.VMII.V.) very acute, as loiijf as tlic ploliosc dark jxrocn capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to Korth Carolina. May and .luiie. — Stem 1° - 3° lii},di. Taniclc dense or clou- gated. ^ 2. Steins jointnl, hafij : clusters or paniel()2 KKlOCAULONACEii:. (I'lrKWUUT 1-AMII.V.) tumid and dark lnowii at tlie base. Sjiikcs I' iVloii;^. Totuls 9" long, ex- punding at midday. * * * Sterile Jihiwcnls beardless : haccs jUiJ'orm. ir>. X. tenuifolia, n. sp. Smooth ; scape slender, terete or 1-nnglcd ; leaves filiform or liristk-like, tomjjresscd ; spikes ovoid, few-flowered ; lateral sepals laneeolatc, the narrowly winjjjed keel out-seiTate ; petals ohovate ; seeds linear- ohlonfj, smooth. — Open grassy ])inc-harrcn swaini)S, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Seapes clustered, 10'- 12' liigh. Leaves 4'- 6' long. Spikes 2"- 4" long. Petals 3" long. 16. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. (X juncca, ZiaWa-.) "Root perennial; scnpc terete, shcatlicd at the base, 6' -12' high ; leaves 4' -8' long, terete, hol- low, acute ; head oval ; bracts nearly round ; calyx about as long as the bracts, the keel slightly toothed, filaments naked." DuUhrin in Ell. — Damp pine bar- rens, near St. Mary's, Georgia. May and June. ( » ) Order 158. ERIOCAULOXACEiE. (Pipewort Family.) Perennial chiefly stemlcss marsh herbs, ■with narrow tufted leaves, and minute monoicious or dia'cious flowers, collected in a dense hairy chafi'y- bracted head. — le 2 -3-parted, the lobes entire, or 2-cleft. 1. ERIOCAULON, L. Piiewort. Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3. Co- rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the pistillate flowers 2-3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6 : anthers 2-celled. Style 2 -3-partcd: stigmas 2-3. Capsule 2- 3-celled, 1 -3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous, mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of the corolla furnished with a blackish irland on the inner face, commonly bearded with cliib-shaped hairs. — The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 2-celled capsule. ERIOCAULONACE^. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 503 1- E. decangulare, L. Leaves mostly rigid, varying from lanceolate to linear-subulate, concave, obtuse ; scapes commonly several from a thick and creep- ing rootstock, stout, smooth, 10- 12-furrowed; head (2" -7" in diameter) com- pact, hemispherical, at length globose ; scales of the involucre numerous, small, oblong, acutish, closely imbricated, straw-colored, or light chestnut, passing into the linear-spatulate acuminate bearded bracts, which are longer than the flower. (E. gnaphalodes, £//., not of Mc7ix.) — Boggy places, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scapes 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 12' long, 2" - 6" wide. 2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very acute, rigid, or the immersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes few or single, slender, 9 - 11-furrowcd; head hemispherical (4" -8" wide) ; scales of the involucre few, ob- long or roundish, very obtuse, turning lead-color; bracts shorter than the flower, spatulate, their broad and bearded summit obtuse or more or less mucronate- pointed, turning bhickish. (E. compressum, Lam) — Swamps and sliallow ponds, Florida, and northward. April-June. — Scapes 1^°- 2° high. Leaves 2'-6' long, concave at the base. 3. E. Ravenelii, n. sp. Smooth throughout; root fibrous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, thin, and pellucid ; scapes low and slender, clustered, slightly furrowed ; heads small (I" -2" in diameter), globose, few or many-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, in one or two rows, oblong, very obtuse, whitish, pellucid, longer than the immature head, and, like the oblong ob- tuse or barely pointed dark brown scales, beardless ; flowers naked, or with few hairs at the base, dark brown, shorter than the bracts ; style occasionally simple; seeds minutely pubescent. — Wet places, St. John's (Berkeley) Parish, South Car- olina, H. W. Ravenel. — Scapes weak, l'-6' high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. PJEPALANTHUS, Martins. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the pre- ceding. 1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (l'-2'long), subulate, smooth, or sparingly pubescent; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-furrowed, and like the sheaths hairy ; heads hemispherical, yellowish-white ; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth and shining ; flowers slender, pedicelled ; sepals linear, acute ; corolla of the staminate flowers funnel-shaped ; of the pistillate flowers composed of 3 slender petals, cohering above the ovnr}-; stamens and styles exscrted. (Eriocaulon flavidulum, Michx.) — Low sandy pine ban-ens, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scapes 6'- 12' high. 3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube: anthers 1- celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted hairs. Style club-shaped, 2 - 3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2-6. Cap- 50-4 CYPEUACK^. (SKl)GE FAMILY.) sale 2-3-(t11c(1. — Hal)it of the two preceding. IJracts and sepals blackiih. fi'iiiged with cliili-.'-lmpid liairs. 1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (l'-2' long), liairy, becoming sniootliisli ; Kcupes slender, luiiry, 4-furrowed (l^liigh); heads globose; bracts ond sepals spatulute, obtuse, fringed with white hairs; divisions of the style 3, each 2-cleft. (Kriocniilon viliosum, Mlchx.) — Low grassy pine l)arrens, Florida to North Carolina. May and June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2" wide. 2. Ij. glabrum, Kornickc. I^eaves linear, smooth (1' long) ; scapes numer- ous, smootli, 5-furrowed (3'- 5' high); heads globose, becoming oblong, dark brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly fringed with short brownish haii-s; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy springy places, St. An- drews Bay, West Florida. Oct. — Scapes 30 or more in a cluster. Heads 3" long, not unlike those of Elcocharis obtusa. Order 159. CYPERACE^. (Sedge Family.) Slender herbs, -with simple solid mostly 3-angled stems (culms), and grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the axil of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth composed of hypogvnous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticular or 3-angled achenium (nut), which is often crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. Style 2-3-cleft. or parted. Embryo minute at the base of the albumen. Synopsis. Tribe I. CYPERE.E.— Flowers perfect: ppikelets 1 - many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none. • Perianth none : nut beakles.s. 1. CYPERL'P. Spikelcts few -many-flowered: inflorescence terminal. 2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate. • * Perianth bristly : nut beaked. 3. DCLICHIUM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many -flowered. Tribe 11. LIPOCARPHE.K. — Flowers perfect: spikes many-flowered: scales 2-4 to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none. 4. HEMICARPIIjV. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 5. LIPOCARPIIA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. Tribe III. SCIRPE.^. — Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest empty : perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. • Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 8 stalked scales. 6. FUIRENA. Kut pointed ; scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. • » Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 7. ELEOCIIARIS. Nut tuberclcd : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one terminal spike. CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 505 8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes com- monly few or many : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. 9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Scirpug. « * * Perianth none : style tumid at the base. ■4- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete. 10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : nut lenticular or globose. 11. TRICHELOSTYUS. Style dsciduous : stigmas 3: nut 3-angled. 12 ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 8: nut 3-angled. ^- -t- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed. 13. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut. Tribe IV RII YIVCHOSPORE^E. — Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few-several rows, the lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile : perianth bristly, or none. * Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, dilated and persistent at the base : nut lenticular or globose. 15. CERATOSCH(ENUS. Style entire or minutely 2-cleft, the lower half persistent : nut flat. 16. CHiETOSPOllA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. # * Perianth none. 17. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose: flowers perfect. 18. DICUROJIEXA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 19. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. Tribe V. SCLiKRIE.^. — Flowers moncecious : sterile spike many-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few rows : fertile spike l-flowered, with two or more scales; perianth none. 20. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. Tribe VI. CARICEiE. — Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious: sterile and fertile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few -many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : perianth none. 21. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 1. CYPEEUS, L. Spikelets 2 -many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbricated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular or 3-angled. — Culms 3-angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays sheathed. § 1. PYCREUS. St/jk 2-cleft: nut lenticular; spikes more or less umbelled. Annuals: spikelets linear or linear-oblonrj, flat, many- (ID -40-) flowered: rachis nanvwly manjined: scales compressed-keeled, 5-nerved. * Spikelets clustered on the common rachis. 1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets 3 -several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 20- 30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis margined ; stamens 3; nut orbicular, black, smooth and shining; culms clustered, 4' -10' 43 50G CYPKRArK^E. (sr.i>nK family.) liijili ; loaves ami .l-lcavid iiivoliirrc narvfiwly liiicnr. (C. fasciculatus, Ell.l) — Low grounds, Florida, and iiortliwaid. July and Aug. 2. C rivulai'is, Kumh. Umbel of 3 - 4 rays, one or two of tlum lon';cr than the spikelcts ; spikelcts 3-6 in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, many-flow- ered ; scales pale straw-color, ovate, obtuse, apprcssed ; racliis margined ; sta- mens 2; nut round-obovate, transversely roughened, black and shining; culms 6'- 12' iiigh, slender ; leaves and 3-lcaved involucre linear. — Marshy banks of streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Aug. 3. C. diandrus, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the longer ones longer than the spikelets ; spikclets lanceolate-oblong, acute, brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, apprcssed, green on the keel ; rachis margined; stamens 2; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull gray. — Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. — Culms 4'- 10' high. Invo- lucre 3-leaved. This and the preceding arc ])robably only diandrous forms of No. 1. * * Sjiikrlets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 4. C. Nuttallii, Ton-. Umbel sessile or of 3-6 rays, l'-2' long; spikc- lets numerous on the rays, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20-flowcrcd, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, ob- long-ovate, acute or mucronate, apprcssed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, very obtuse, grayish and minutely pitted; culms clustered, 3-anglcd, 4' -15' high ; leaves and involucre narrowly linear. (C. flavescens. Ell. C. hoiosericeus, Link.?) — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. — Plant commonly yellowish and glossy throughout. Spikelcts rarely crowded in a terminal head. 5. C. flavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets very numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 12-30-flowcred; scales loosely imbricated, yel- lowish, round-obovate, cmarginate, with broad and scarious margins, at length spreading ; rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, barely shorter than the scale; culms thick, obtuse-angled, l°-3° high; leaves broadly linear, glaucous beneath, as long as the culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and South Carolina. May -Sept — Involucre 3 - .'3-leavcd. Spikelcts 6" - 9" long. 6. C. microdontUS, Torr. Umbel of 4 - 8 rays, simple or somewhat compound; spikelets numerous, crowded, linear, acute, 15 -25-flowered, pale brown; scales thin, ovate, acute, closely imbricated; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2 ; nut lincarohlong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish and minutely pittid; culms filiform. 3-anglcd, 6' -12' high; leaves and elon- gated involucre very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Rays 1 ' - 2' long. Spikelets 4" - 7" long. ^ 2. CYPERUS Propkh. StifJe 3-clpft: nut 3-anfjled : joints of the rachis winged by the adnute decuirent scales, rarely wingless. 1. SriCATi. Umhl simple or compound: spikelets few -mamj-flowei-ed, distinct, spreading, formimj looae or compact spikes at the summit of the rays : scales rigid, 7-U-nerf;ed; joints of the rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. cyperacea;, (sedge family.) 507 * Spilcelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common ruchis,forminfj ohlong or ajUmlrical spikes. 7. C. strigOSUS, L. Umbel large, 4 - S-rayed, simple or compound, much shorter than tlie involucre ; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong spikes ; spikelets j'ellowish, linear, acute, compressed, 6 - 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely appresscd, much longer than the lincai'-oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (l°-3° high) tumid at tlic base, as long as the broadly linear leaves. — Swamps and damp soil, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. — Rays 4' -C long. Spikelets ^' - |' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 8. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-rayed, shorter than the 3 - G-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the rays truncate ; involucels bristly, shorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets yellowish, linear, acute, com- pressed, 5-8-flowered; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much longer than the oblong-linear acute dull and minutely pitted nut; culms smootli (2° - 3° high) ; leaves very rough on the margins, whitish beneath. — Swamps and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Stem rather slender, longer than the leaves. Sjiikelets 6"- 8" long. 9. C. Michauxianus, Schultes. Umbel compound, 4-C-rayed; rays short Avith tiie sheaths pointed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter than the leafy in- volucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, terete, 10-12-flow- ered ; scales scattered on the short-jointed broadly-winged rachis, oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed ; nut oblong, compressed-3-angled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled; involucre 4-6-leaved. (C. speciosus, Valdl) — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. (l) — Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets 6" - 8" long, flexuous in fruit. Var. 1 elongatUS, Torr. " Culm tall and slender ; rays elongated ; spike- lets subulate, obtusely quadrangular ; scales lanceolate, acute." Torr. — North Carolina, Curtis. — Rays 3' - 5' long;. Spikelets crowded, 6 - 8-flowered. 10. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel simple or compound, of 6 - 12 slender rays; spikes cylindrical, loose; spikelets horizontal, short (2"-3" long), oblong, 4-angled, 4- 6-flowered; scales ovate, mucronate, appressed, 9 - 11 -nerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut; culms mostly slender, 1° -2° high, acutely rough-angled at the summit, as long as the green rough-edged leaves ; invo- lucre many-leaved. — Dry sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. Aug. and Sept. U — Spikes 1'- \\' long, 5" wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. Rays 3' - 5' long. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 11. C. ligularis, L. Umbel compound, of 4-6 rays; spikes ovate or ob- long, dense ; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, compressed-4-an- gled, 8 -10-flowered, acute; scales oblong-ovate, acute, spreading, 9-11-nerved, thrice the length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse- angled, shorter than the (3° -4° long) whitish long-tapering leaves. — Sandy shores at Key West. Oct. U — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves rough-edged. Rays 2' - 3' long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 508 CYiM-.UACK-i:. (sr.ixn: ivmii.v.) ♦ * Spikelets compressed, somewhat l-rankid, mostly few and scattered on the com- mon rachis : fieretmials, with creeping tiihcr-bcarini/ rootslocks : Jfowcrs mostly abortive. 12. C. repens, Ell. I'mlicl mostly simple, erect, 5- C-iMycd. sliortcr tlmn the 3-5-lcavcd involucre; spikelets linear, 8j)reailin'^, 12 - 24-Ho\veretem- ber. 0 * * Uinht'l simple or sessile : spikflifs Innrpohte or linear, compressed: scales 8 -\0- nerved, taperiufj into a loty spraidiny or recurved point : nut oborute-olilong : low tujled anmuds. 23. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel of 1-2 shoit rays or sessile, much shorter than the 2-3-leaved involucre; spikcleta very numerous in the dusters (green), oblong-linear (2" long), 10-20-flowcred; scales thin, oblong, 8-nerved, gradu- ally pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as the "smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places, Apalachicola, Florida, (apparently introduced.) to North Carolina, and northward. July -Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves green. 24. C. COnfei'tu.S, Swartz. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, shorter than the 2-Ieavcd involucre; spikclcts 8-20 in a cluster, lanceolate, 12-20-flow- ered, reddish brown (3" long) ; scales rigid, oblong, 10-ncrved, abruptly pointed ; culms acute-angled (l'-4'high), as long as the linear smooth leaves; sheaths dark brown. — South Floridtu November. Spikclets less crowded than in the preceding. 5. Capitati. Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets inserted on all sides of the common racltis, forming clusters or heads: joints of the rachis mostly wimjtd: scales rigid, ^-\l-7ierved: stamens 3. * Spikelets few in loose clusters. 2.'). C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete, subulate, 6- 12-flowered; scales scattered, appresscd, oblong, mucronate, finely nerved; rachis very slender, flexuous; nut oblong, acute; culms tufted, filiform, acute-angled, longer than the bristle-like leaves; involucre 2-Icaved, the lower one elongated and erect. — Key West. November Ij. — Culms 4' - 10' high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4"- 6" long. 26. C. COmpresSUS, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, .shorter than the 4-6-leaved involucre; spikclets spreading, linear, flat, 12-30-flowered ; scales ovate, acuminate, closely imbricated, keeled , nut broadly obovatc, acute- angled, black and shining; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale green leaves. — Cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. (i, — Culms 4'- 12' high. Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) Oll spik^'lets or a single one. Spikelets somewhat glaucous, 4" - 6" long, serrated by the projecting points of the scales. 27. C. traehynotus, Torr. Umbel simple, of 3-5 short erect rays; in' volucre elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 1 2 - 20-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, hispid-serrulate on the keel, the broad margins embracing the pear-shaped acutely angled nut; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long as the slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil, South Florida. May -Nov. — Culms 'J'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets ^' long. * * Spikelets numerous in compact (jlobuJar or oblong heads. -t- Perennials : culms tumid or tuberous at the base. 28. C. fuligineus, n. sp. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 2-leaved involucre; spikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8- 12-flowered ; scales (black) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate ; nut oblong-obovate ; culms filiform, obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key West. No- vember.— Culms |°-1° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackioh. Head 5" in diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 29. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1 - 2 spreading rays or none ; invo- lucre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, Hnear-lanceolate, 6-lO-flowei'ed ; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; culms ( 10' - 15' high ), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. (C. mariscoides. Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Heads ^' in diameter. 30. C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- late, 5 - 7-flovvered ; joints of the rachis winged; scales (brownish) closely im- bricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms (8'- 12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. 31. C. OVUlaris, Torr. Umbel 3 - 6-rayed, rarely wanting ; heads small, globose or oblong; spikelets (l2^"-2" long) angular, obtuse, 2-4-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated ; nut oblong ; culms filiform, smooth; rather acute-angled, much longer than the rigid filiform leaves. (Mariscus ovularis, Vahl. M. cylindricus. Ell.) — Wet or dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms ^"-2° high. Heads 2" -3" in diameter. 32. C. retrofraetus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long) rays, longer than the involucre ; heads obovate ; spikelets subulate, reflexed, terete ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, acute; nut linear-oblong: culm tall (2° -4°), downy and roughish. like the broadly linear leaves. (Mariscus retrofraetus, Vahl.) — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Leaves much shorter than the culm. •<- -1- Annuals: roots fibrous. 33. C. Baldwinii, Torr. Umbel 6- 12-rayed, shorter than the involucre; heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compres.sed, acute, 6-12- 512 cyPERACEiE. (sedge fa:mii.v.) flowoivd ; scales (frrccnisli or ycllowisli) olilonpr, ohtiiso, iinirionatc, closely im- bricatcil ; nut ohloiij;; ; culms (l°--2° lii;.^li) oI)tuse-iin;;le(i, l<)n;.'er tli;in tlie linear leaves. (Marisciis ediiiiatus, Ell.) — Cultivated f,'roiin(l, Florida to North Caro- lina, and westward. July - Sept. — 8i)ikelets 3"- G" long. 34. C. divergens, Knnth. Umbel none ; head gloijose, shorter tlian the 4-leavcd involucre; .>-iiikelets ovatc-laneeolate, flat, acute, 5-7-flowered; scales ovate, mueronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scarious sides broadly dccur- rcnt; style deeply 2- 3-parted ; stamens 2-3; nut (immature) oblong, lenticu- lar or 3-anglcd; culms low (2'- 3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle Florida. August. — Head 3" - 4" in diameter, composed of 3 - 4 compact clusters ; spike- lets 1" long, white. ^3. PAPYKUS. Sli/le 3-clf/t: nut H-anr/kd : scales of ihe rachis at length free and deciduous. Iiijiorescence as m No. 7. 35. C. erythrorhizos, Midd. Umbel 3- 12-rayed, simple or compound, shorter than the 3-10-Ieaved involucre; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, compressed, spreading, 12-50-flowered ; scales minute, oblong-ovate, obtuse, greenish and faintly nerved on the back, yellowish and glossy on the sides; ecales of the rachis lanceolate, acute ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled, smootli and shining; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves rough on the margins, pale beneath ; involucels leafy, longer than tlie spikes. (C. tenuiflorus, Ell.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. (I) — Culms ^° - 4° high. Leaves 1" - 14" wide. Spikelets 2" - 8" long. 2. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikelets compressed, mostly 1-flowcrcd. Scales commonly 4, imbricated in two rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth im- perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut lentic- ular.— Culms jointlcss, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre 3-5-leaved. Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants odorous. 1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike- lets l-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; scales 3, the lowest minute, the middle one ovate, compressed, mueronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, en- closing the upper one ; nut obovate ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute-angled ; leaves and 3-4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet plac-es, Florida to North Caro- lina. July- Sept. ®— Culms tufted, 4' - 10' high. 2. K. sesquiflora, Torr. Heads (white) 1 -3, ovate or oblong; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute, l-flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the Hfth en- closed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; leaves and 3 - 5-leaved involucre broadly linear. — Low exposed j)laccs and along roads. Middle Florida. Aug. -Sept. U — Culms 4'- 12' high. Plant pale green, pleasant-scented. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 513 3. K. monocephala, L. " Heads single, globose, compact ; spikclets l-flowered, moiiaiulrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly smooth on the sides, serrulate-ciliate on the keel, the 2 inferior minute ; nut somewhat orbicular ; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves erect, the others hori- zontal." Torr. — Low moist places near Darien and Sunbury, Georgia. — Rhi- zoma creeping Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. Leaves abruptly pointed. 3. DULICHIUM, Richard. Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, dccurrcnt on the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6 -9 downwardly hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lanceolate, compressed, long-beaked. — Perennial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 3-ranked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, solitary in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8- 14, 2-ranked, spreading, 6 - 10-flowcred. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely imbricated- Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave nut. 1. D. spathaeeum, Ricliard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- ward. Aug.-Sept.— Culms 1°- 2° high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Spikelets 6" - 12" long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer tlian the sheaths. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Spikes many-flowcrcd, ovate, one or few in a terminal (apparently lateral) cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or ohovate. Inner scale single, behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-clcft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, and an erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre. 1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Culms erect, nearly terete (2'- 4' high); leaf solitary, linear-subulate, concave, smooth, shorter than the culm ; -involucre 1-2-lcaved, the lower one erect and continuous with the culm, much longer than the spikes, the other short and reflexed or wanting ; spikes 2 (rarely one), seemingly lateral ; scales brown, ovate-oblong, reticulated, the stout and greenish midrib prolonged into a thick and obtuse erect point ; stamens 2 ; style deeply 2-parted, smooth; nut oblong-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2" -3'' long. 5. LIPOCARPHA, R. Brown. Spikes many-flowcrcd, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in many rows, deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the e.xterior ones, membranaceous, enclosing the flower and nut. Stamens 1 - 2. Style 2 -3-clcft. Nut compressed, 3-angled. — Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 1 L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete; leaves much shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2-C-leaved, spreading 514 L vri:i{AcK-K. (skdgk family.) or recurved ; spikes small, ovate, .'l - 'J in a cluster; scales spotted; scales ii( the perianth very thin, the nerves at leii;;th free and bristle-like below ; nut ob- lon;;, contracted into a short nock. (K\lliii;.'ia niaculata, Mirftx.) — S])rin{^y or miry places, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. — Culms 4' - 8' liij;h. Spikes l"-2" long, green. 6. FUIRENA, Kottb. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awncd at the apex. Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many bristles. Stamens 3. Style .3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and pointed with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes single or clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 1. F. seirpoidea, Vahl. Khi/.oma thick and civeping; culms slender; leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1-3, terminal, ovate, sup- ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with a short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed pctal-likc scales longer than the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places, near the coast, Florida and Georgia. May Sejit. y.— Culms 1° high. 2. F. squarrosa, Micbx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near the summit; loaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate, the marnins, like the lower sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong- obovatc, with the long pale awn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute; bristles as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. hispida. (F. hispida, Ell.) Leaves, sheaths, and iippcr portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; pctal-likc scales acuminate; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and north- ward. July - Sc'])t. U — Culms ^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Terminal cluster occasionally compound. 7. ELEOCHARIS, E. Brown. Spike-Rush. Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and persistent. Perianth of 3-8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style 2- 3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with the persistent jointed base of the style (tuberded). — Commonly perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing at the apex a single spike. ^ 1. ELEOCHARIS Proper. Spikes mamj-Jlowered : scales imbricated in several rows. * Splices cylmdricdl , scarcely thicker than the soft cellular culms : ivd biconvex, pitted or wrinkled in lone/itudinal lines. -t- Scales rounded, thick and faintly nerved : sli/le 3-cleft : bristles (i, sparinyly bearded or smoothish, as long as the nut. (Limnoehloa, Nees.) 1- E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, terete, knotted by cross parti- tions, rougliish ; scales pale, rouiid-jvate, obtuse or the upper acute, scarious on CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 515 the margins ; bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, shining, crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scirpus equisctoides. Ell.) — Ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. Ij.— Culms \°-2° high, 3" in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long. 2. E. quadrangulata, R Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, with the angles acute ; scales pale, roundish^ very obtuse, scarious on the margins ; bristles slen- der, bearded, unequal ; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white ; tubercle ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. (Scirpus quadrangulatus, Michx.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. li.— Culm 2° -3° high, 1"- 2" in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes 1' long. 3. E. cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above ; scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins ; bristles rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Apalachi- cola, Florida, and westward, near the coast. Aug. and Sept. IJ. — Rootstocks creeping, slender. Culms l°-2° high, 1^" in diameter. Upper sheath elon- gated. Spikes j' - 1' long, spirally twisted. -I- -1- Scales oblong, tierved on the buck, thin on the margins : style 2 - 3-cleft: bristles 7, stromjljj bearded, longer than the nut. 4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, intermixed with hair-like abortive ones; spike 6-8-flowered, acute; scales greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, closely imbricated ; style 2-cleft; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) deeply pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow ponds, near Quincy, Florida, and in New England, Oakes, Olneg ; but not as yet de- tected at any intermediate point. Aug. — Rhizoma filiform. Culms 6' -12' high. Spikes ^' long. 5. E. elongata, n. sp. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with hair- hke abortive ones; spike 12 - 20-flowered, acute; scales rather distant on the compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown on the sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex or some- what 3-angled faintly pitted nut; tubercle minute. — In still water, near Apala- chicola. July. 11. — Rootstocks filiform. Cidms 2° -3° long, all but the summit immersed. Spikes 6"- 9" long. Nut |" long. * * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-clffl : nut 3-angled. H— Bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle : nut longitudinally furrowed and pitted. 6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and wiry; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1 -nerved; nut obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-anglcd tubercle ; bristles rigid, his- pid.— Varies with larger spikes and pubescent bristles. (Scirpus tuberculosus, Michx.) — Wet places, chiefly along the coast, Florida, and northward. March - Sept. U — Culms 6' - 12' high. Spikes 3" - 4" long (6" - 8" in the var.). Nut shinincr. 51G CVriCRACE.E. (SEDGli FAMILY.) 7. E. simplex, Torr. Culms uurfjiially .^-sidcd, uiiUc-anj,'Ic(l ; spikes sliort, ovate, acute ; sealos ovate-oblon<;, wliitisli, with Itrownisii siiles ; nut oliuvate, flat on tiic inner faee, twice as lony as the conical-beaked conijiressed acute tubercle; bristles ri>^'id. (E. tortilis, Scliult. Seirpus simplex, /lV/.) — Miry places along streams, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. U — Culms l°-li° liigli, very slender, twisted when dry. Si)ikes 2" -3" lony;, angular, few-flowered. 8. E. prolifera, Torr. (Cyp. p. 315, not of p. 442). Culms filiform, dif- fuse or prostrate, comi)ressed ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or rooting; scales whitish, thin, oval, obtuse; nut obovate, compressed-3-anjj;led ; tubercle half as long as the nut, conical, 3-angled, free at tbe base ; bristles stout. (E. vivipara, L/zii.) — Marshy banks of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. May -Sept. U — Culms 10' -20' long, tough and wiry. Spikes 2" - 4" long, very rarely fruiting. -I- -1- Bristles 4-6, Joivjer than the smooth nut. 9. E. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle-form, diffuse, furrowed ; spikes oblong-ovate, acute, 8 - 10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin, brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the inner face, beaked with the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, stout, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and northward. — Culms h° loii;,'. Spikes 2" -3" long. Nut minutely striate. 10. E. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, white or brownish ; nut broadly obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining ; tubercle minute, free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut. — Wet sandy places along the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May -Sept. y. — Rhizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 2'- 6' high. Spikes 2" -3" long. 11. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, wiry; spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 -20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ; nut obovate, fiat on the inner faee, tapering into the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°- U° high. Spikes 3" -4" long. ■t- -i- ^- Bristles 2-6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting. 12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, funowed, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, ovate, obtuse, white on the broad margins; style 2-3-eleft; nut black, obconical, 3- angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular minutely pointed \vhite tulicrcle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes want- ing. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. y. — Culms 1<^ - 1 ^° high. Spikes 4" - 5" long, 2" thick, occasionally proliferous. 13. E. arenicola, Torr. Rhizoma long and creeping; culms slender, slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at the summit, white on the margins ; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed-3-angled. CYPERACE.E. (sedge FAMILY.) 517 contracted into a neck fit the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-shore, "West Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. ^ — Rhizoma and sheaths hhick. Culms 6'- 13' high. Spikes 3"- 6" long, occasionally 2- 3-cleff. Nut minutely pitted. 14. E. tricostata, Torr. Rhizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, striate, wiry ; spikes cylindrical-oblong, acutish, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical tubercle; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May- Sept. U — Rliizoma and sheaths pale. Culms 1°- 1^-° high. Spikes 2" -4" long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths purple ; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut obovate, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the broad depressed short-pointed tubercle ; bristles 2 -3, much shorter than the nut, fugacious. — "Wet places. North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 8' -12' high, almost bristle-form. Spikes 3" -4" long. Nut pale brown. 16. E. microcarpa, Torr. Culms bristle or hair-like, 4-angled ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 -many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, with white margins ; nut very minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasionally wanting. Var. ? flliculmis, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown ; nut obovate- oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled tubercle ; bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and (the var.) northward, chiefly near the coast. May- Sept. — ' Culms tufted, 3' -9' high. Spikes l"-2" long. Lowest scale larger and per- sistent. Nut strongly 3-angled. * * * Spikes thicker than the culm : stijle 2 - 3-cleft : nut lenticular. -I- Calms '^-ancjled, brisilc-like. 17. E. bicolor, n. sp. Culms erector procumbent, 4-angled or 4-furrowed ; spikes ovate, obtuse, 8 - 1 2-flowcred ; scales thin, loosely imbricated, ovate, ob- tuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as the three fuga- cious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third as long as the nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quiucy, Florida. Aug (T" — Culms tufted, l'-6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes H'' long. 18. E. multiflora, n. sp. Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the sheaths dark brown; sijikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at length very many- (70-100-) flowered ; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white on the mar- gins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, tijiped with the somewhat peltate tubercle; bristles 44 518 CYrKu.vci.,1:. (skdck ia.mii.y.) none. — Mar^rins of ponds and stronms, West Florida. June -Aug. ® — Culms 3'-5' lii;.'li. Spikes 1" -2" lung, the lower scale.s deciduous as new flowers are developed. Nut blaek, smooth and shining. ■*- ■*- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 10. E. capitata, R. Brown. Khizoma slender, eroeping; culms com- pres.sed; sjiikes short, ovate, 12 - 16-flowered ; scales nienihranaccous, whitish, oMoug, obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovatc, biconvex, tipped with the short conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy or miry places, Florida, Georgia, and westward. June -Sept. IJ. — Culms l'-4'high. Spikes I "-a" long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very small. 20. E. olivacea, Torr. Cnlms compressed, furrowed, diffuse ; spikes ovate, acutish, many-Howered ; scales ovate, ol)tuse, thin, pur|)lish on the sides, green on the keel, the margins white ; nut obovatc, dull, dark olive ; tui)ercle distinct, conical-beaked; bristles 6-8, about half as long as the nut. — "Wet sandy places, North Carolina, and northward. Aug. aud Sept. — Culms 2' -5' long. Spikes 3" long, 20-30-flowcred. 21. E. palustris, R Brown, llhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, striate; spikes obloug-laiiceolate, mostly acute, many-flowered; scales oblong, membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute ; nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- ovate, compressed; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. (Scirpus palustris, L.) — Marshes and wet places, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. y. — Khizoma black. Culms l°-3° l6ng. Spikes 3" -5" long. 22. E. obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins; style 2-3-cleft; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely wider than the short com])ressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the length of the nut. (Scirpus capitatus. Ell.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. Common. June -Sept. — Culms C- 18' high. Sjnkes 2" - 4" long. ^ 2. CH.(ETOCYPERUS. Spikes Jew-Jlowered, compressed: scales membranaceous, imbricated in 2-3 rows: style 3-cleft. Culms capillary. 23. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms (2' -12' high) angled; spikes ovate, 5-C-flowcred, acute; scales oblong, with reddish sides, nut oblong, white, nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with the conical or de- pressed tubercle ; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometmics wanting. (Scir- l)us trichodes, Muhl.) — Margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. June- Sept. 24. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short (r-2' high), grooved on one side; spikes ovate, 3- G-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently 3-angled, smooth and shining, narrowed above into the minute tubercle; bristles 6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. (Scirpus capillaceus, Ell.} — Muddy CTPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 or sandy hanks near the coast, Florida, and northward. April -July. — Rhi/oma very slender, bearing minute tuber-like buds. Spikes l"-2" long. 25. E. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms (4' -G' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry; spikes oblong, flat, 3 -5-flo\vered, proliferous and rooting; scales 4-6, 2-ranked, lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, the lower ones longer; nut smooth, oblong, strongly 3-angled, crowned with the conical 3-angled sessile tubercle; bristles 4-6, unequal, the longest as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia. June - Sept. H. — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long. 8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended by a 1 -many-leaved involucre. Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut obtuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. — Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise like Eleo- charis. — All perennial except Ko. 2. ^ 1. Culms joiiilless: leaves or sheaths radical. * Spike solitary, terminal. 1. S. eaespitOSUS, L. Culms tufted (6'- lO' high), terete, wiry; sheaths numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf ; spike 3-8- flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bristles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. Spike l"-2'' long. * * Spikes 2 - viamj , apparently lateral : the \-leaved involucre erect and continuous with the culm. -t- Spikes in sessile clusters. 2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms terete, slender, commonly leafless ; spikes 2-5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical; involucre elongated; scales round-ovate, obtuse mucronate; style 2-3-cleft; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, South Carolina, and northward. ® — Culms 2°-lj° high. Spikes 3" -5" long. 3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culms stout, acutely Sanglcd, two of the sides concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slender (3' -4' long); spikes 3-6, light brown, oblong; scales membranaceous, oval, 2-clcft, mucronatc-awned, slightly ciliate ; anthers slender-pointed ; style 2-cleft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 hispid bristles. (S. Amcricanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, We.st Florida, and northward. June -Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Leaves 2-3, mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4"- 6" long. 4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culms stout, with three-winged angles, and three deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves; invo- lucre short (^'-I'long) rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; scalei 520 CYPr.uACK.E. (sedge family.) smootli, orliicular, 2-('hft, imicnmato ; iintlicrs oliiii^c ; stylo 2-clfft ; nut round- oliovato, ])l;mi)-('oiivc-x, us lonjj us tlie G hispid bristles. — ]5r!U'ki
  • ov:ito fi'otn u slalk-liki" Ituse, Icntiriiliir ; tiilxTcle siilmlato, ns lonj^ ns the rut, with its dihitcd base equiilliii"^ it in width ; hristh.>s C, stout, nearly as long Bs the nut and tubercle. — Var. I'Axirui.ATA. (R. jianieuhita, C/«//.) Culms stout (3°--4° liigli) ; leaves flat (2"-3" wide) ; corymbs compound, panieulatc, with tlie very numerous spikes clustered at tiic summit of tiie brunches. — Hogs and springy ])hues, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. 27. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2°-3° high) nearly terete ; leaves nar- rowly linear ; curvnibs 4-8, mostly by pairs, gloliose, compact; sjiikes numer- ous, lanceolate-ol)long, dark brown; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like base, compressed, almost truncate at the apex, and mueh wider than tiie base of the subulate tul>ercle; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and shady swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. ^ 3. HALOSCIICEXUS. PerUinth none. 28. R. pusilla, n. sp. Culms (6'- 12'high) and leaves bristle-form ; cor}'mbs 2-3, distant, crect-spil'ading, the ujjjjer one compound; spikes minute, ovate, mostly scattered on the brandies, 3-flowered; scales ovate, brown; nut wliite, oblong-obovatc, compressed-lenticular, contracted at the base, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-conical, free at the base. — Margins of pine-barren ponds, Middle and AVest Florida. June. 29. R. divergens, n sp. Culms (6'- 12' higli) and leaves filiform or bristle- form; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading; spikes small, scattered, pedicelled, 3- flowered; scales brown, ovate ; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely pitted ; tubercle depressed, sessile, minutely pointed in the centre. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June. 30. R, Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12'- 20' high) densely tufted, erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely elu.«tered, I -flowered ; scales 5, the uppcnnost fertile ; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining; tubercle short, ses- sile, broadly conical; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine baiTcns, Florida to South Caro- lina. July and Aug. 15. CERATOSCHCENUS, Necs. Horned Rush. Spikes few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty, the upper with staminate or abortive flowers. Perianth of 4-6 bristles, wliicli arc dilated and connate at the base. Stamens 3. Style elongated, entire or slightly 2-cleft at the apex. Xut compressed, crowned with the persistent and hispid lower half of the style. — Perennials. Culms jointed, leafy. Spikes scattered in an open corymb, or clustered in a globose head. 1. C. corniculatus, Nees. Culms stout (3°-4° high), 3-angled ; leaves flat, scabrous on the edges (6"- 10" wide) ; corymbs 3 -5, erect, compound ; spikes brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent portion up- wardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and minutely dotted ; bristles 5-6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut ; tubercle subulate, 3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longirostris, Ell) — Ponds CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY ) 529 ami ditches, Florida, and northward. Jidy- Sept. — Leaves l°-2° long. Nut and tubercle nearly 1 ' long. 2. C. macrostaehyus, Gray, var. patulus. Corymbs very large, decompound, diffuse; style minutely 2-cleft; nut broadly ohovate ; bristles slen- der, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like No. 1. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° in diameter. 3. C, capitatus, n. sp. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete, straight, like the long narrow erect and channelled leaves; spikes densely clustered in 1-G globular heads, the lateral heads long peduncled and somewhat corymbose ; scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish; style very long, minutely 2-cleft; nut obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins above, shorter than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl shaped, twice as long as the nut. — Pine-barren | omls, IMiddle and West Florida June - Aug. '— Leaves 2"-4" wide, as long as the culm. Head composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and tubercle 3" long. 16. CH^TOSPORA, R.Brown. Spikes few- (1 -8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows ; the lower ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or plumose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly deciduous. Nut triangular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. — Leaves radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2-leaved in- volucre. 1- C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect, slightly compressed, smooth and rigid, jointed near the summit ; leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, rough on the margins, shorter than the culms; sheaths black; involucre 2-leavcd, the lowest longer than the ovoid dark brown head; spikes ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, compressed-keeled, the lowest mucronate ; rachis zigzag; bristles 6, unequal, compressed, dilated at the base, hispid upward, longer than the globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schoenus nigricans, L.) — Damp soil, near INIarianna, West Florida, and salt marshes, near St. Mark, Middle Florida. May. y.— Culms 1°- U° high. Altiiough differing in some particidars, the Florida plant is probably not distinct from that of the eastern hemisphere. 17. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, membrana- ceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent base of the style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral and terminal corymbs. 1. P. rhynchosporoides, Ton-. Culms nearly terete (^°-2° high); leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm ; corymbs 2-3, widely sjjreading, the terminal one mostly compound ; sjjikcs pedicelled ; scales ovate, acute ; nut 45 530 CYrKUACK-i:. (skdck i amu.v.) orliic'ular, stronf;l_v writikli'd ; tiibcrtlf (Muniircssi'd, vny sliort, sessile, but not lUiunriit on tlio I'dgi's of the nut. (Stir|)iis niteiis, Vditi ) — Shiillow ])iiK'- l)iinvn ponds, Florida to Nortli Carolimi. July. (J) — Culms conuuoMly root- ing at the lower joints. 1'. sriiJfoiuKS, Torr., if within our limits, may be known hy its ncurly smooth nut, and slender beak-like decurrent tubercle. 18. DICHROMENA, IJicbanl. Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a teniiinal head, and sur- rounded l)y an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the base. Scales imbricated in few rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. Stamens 3. Style 2-clcft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and persist- ent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 1. D. leucoeephala, Michx. Culms (1°-1^° high) slender, 3-anglcd ; leaves narrowly linear ; involucre of 4 - 7 narrow leaves ; nut orbicular, wrinkled ; tubercle flat, iiroadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Involucre unchanged in drying. 2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete ; leaves broadly linear, elongated; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the broad (3"_4" wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round-obovate, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, obtuse, the sides decurrent on the edges of the nut. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May -July. — Heads larger than those of the preceding. 19. CLADIUM, Browne. Spikes ovate, 1 - 2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, the divisions often 2- 3-cleft, de- ciduous. Nut globo.sc-ovatc, the pericarp thickened and corky near the apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary and terminal cyme- like panicles. 1. C. effusum, Torr. (Sa\v-Gk.\s.s.) Culms (4° - 8° high) nearly terete; leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 3-4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a perfect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty ; nut ovate, pointed, wrinkled. (Schfcnus cffusus, Siraiis.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and Aug. 20. SCLERIA, L. Nut Rush. Flowers moncccious. Sterile spike few - many-flowered. Scales loosely im- bricated in 2 - 3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the sterile spike. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-clefi:. Nut globose or ovate, stony or bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy culms. Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. CYPERACE.E. (sedge FAMILY.) 531 § 1. SCLERIA Peoper. Nut sup/torted by mi annular or 3 - 6-lobed disk. * Nut smooth : stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3° high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy ; spikes disposed in 3 - 6 clusters at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow ring at the base of the globose- ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. June- August. 2. S. Oligantha, Ell., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves; spikes 3-5, sin- gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 distant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles ; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July. * * Nut reticulated : disk of 3 flattened lobes : stamens 2. 3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1°- 1^° high), scabrous below ; leaves narrowly linear ; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. 4. S. laxa, Torr. Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping peduncle ; nut globose, wrinkled and somewliat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the nut. (S. reticularis,^//.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Aug.-Oct. —Culms 1°-U° long. Nut l^"-2" in diameter. * * * Nut waiiij : disk bearing 3-6 (/lobular lobes : stamens 3. 5. S. ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid (U''-2° high), smooth below, sparingly fringed on the angles above ; leaves 2, narrowly linear (I" wide), rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters ter- minal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of tiie nut and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — Dry jjine bar- rens. Florida to South Carolina. June -Aug. — Rhizoma thick and creeping. 6. S. EUiottii. Culms stout (i°-l° high), densely rough-fringed on the angles tin-oughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2"-3" wide), closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clusters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle; sterile spike small, few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty projections at the base ; lobes of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella, Ell., Miclix. 1 not of Swartz.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. 7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous througliout ; culms (6'- 12' high) slender; leaves narrowly linear; clusters small, of 1 -few spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle; ster- ile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with minute 532 CYPEnACK^. (SEDGK FAMII.V.) Avnrts, tliosc nt (lie base clonfjaU-d , lohcs of tlio (li>k fi, distinct, globose. (S Carolinian;!, Willd., tiic villous form ) Var. glabra. Smootb tbroii'^'liinit, or tlir- liaves anil bracts scabrous at tlic summit ; culms erect (1° bijjb), rij,'i(l, but slcmkr, like the erect leaves , cluster.-t terminal ; sjiikes many-flowered , lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobcd. This also varies, with longer (2°-'2h°) ditfuse culms, and with 1 -2 distant axillary clus- ters on long (5'- 10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy ))inc barrens, Florida, and northward , the varieties ehiclly southward. May- Aug. ^ 2. IIYl'OrORUM. Disk none: nut concave and often pitied at the sides of the triavijulur base. * Clusters ofsiiifces terminal, leafij-hracted. 8. S. Baldwinii, Torn. Culms rough above (2° -3° high) ; leaves mostly 2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2" long) dull white, globose-ovate, ob.scurely angled, longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly contracted base, slightly pointed. — Pmc-barren swamps, Florida aiul Georgia, near the coast June and July. 9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform leaves; nut small (I" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides at the base concave and pitted. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina June and July. — Plant brownish, tufted. * * Clusters of spikes (small) numerous, scattered near ike simimit of tlte culm, form- iwj an interrupted compound spike : bracts mostly short. 10. S. flliformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (I^°-20 high), smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowTred, the lowest remote, leafy -bracted ; scales lanceolate, rough-])ointed ; stamens 3; nut obovate, obscurely 3-anglcd, smooth and glas.sy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (G'-12' high), smooth, like the narrowly linear or tiliform leaves and sheaths; clusters 3-5, erect; scales smooth ; nut very small, globosc-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- ous (6-9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. 12. S. Michauxii. Culms (6'- 12' high) smooth; leaves linear, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4-6, nodding; scales bristlc-awned ; nut globo.se- 3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. (S. interrnf)ta, MicJix., not of Richard ) — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July and Aug. 21. CAREX, L. Skoge. Flowers monoecious, rarely dieecious, spiked. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spike (androifijnous), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few- many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, e.xserted from a sac (peri(ji/nium) which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut.— Peren- CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 533 nials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or leaf-like bracts, simple or compound. § 1. VIGNEA. Stigmas two: 7int lenticular, or more or less compressed. A. Spikes beariny both sterile and fertile flowers. * Spikes icith the sterile and fertile floweis varioushf disposed. 1. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-G, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending- in a long flat rough- margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March and April. — Culms tufted, weak and slender, 1° - H° high. Leaves narrowly linear Spikes occasionally wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked * * Spikes with the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. -t— Spikes indefinite, disposed in a close panicle. ++ Perigynia sessile. 2. C. deeomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike-like branches densely clustered, the lower elongated, distinct, and spreading; perigy- nia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length of the ovate pointed white-margined scale. — Wet margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and northward. May — Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high. Panicle 4'- 6' long. Bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at maturity. 3. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect ; clusters of spikes 8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded; perigynia small, ovate, compressed, short-beaked, 2-clcft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the broad base; scales yellowish, mucronate. (C. multiflora, MiM.) — Swamps, South Caro- lina, and northward. May. — Culms l|^°-2° high. Panicle 2' -3' long, cylin- drical. Bracts of the lower spikes setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle. Perigynia yellowish at maturity. ++ ++ Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base. 4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender rough-edged deeply 2-clcft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate scale. — River- swamps, West Florida, and westward. May. — Culms thick and spongy, sliarp- angled, and, like the broad (j'-|' wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4'- 9' long, oblong or spike-like. Perigynia widely spreading, brown at maturity. 5. C. Stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong; the short ovate branches densely clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout rough-edged erect-spreading 2-eleft beak, 2-3 times the lengtli of the scale. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Plant yel- lowish. Culms P - 2° high, sharp-angled, thick and spongy. Leaves 4"- 9 broad. 45* .534 CYPKRACE.f.. (SKDGK I AMILY.) *- *- Spikes 4-10, (lIsjMscd in a simjilr sjil/.f «r licdil, or (in ^Vt>. 6) the lowest ones cumpouiitl 6 C. sparganioides, Mulil. Spikes C- lo, ovuiil, the upper ones crowd- ed, tlic lower scattered and often conipoinnl ; prriLrynia flattened, ovate, acute at the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, witii a short and rough 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as tiie culm. Common spike 2' -4' long. Perigynia yellowish. 7. C. Muhlenbergii, Selikr. 8i)ikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or crowd- ed in an oblong head ; ])i'rigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly nerved, with a sliort and broad rough-edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate short-pointed scale. — Dry sterile soil, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 12'- 18' high, rigid, rough above, twice a.s long as the narrow leaves. Head or spike 1' long. Bracts bristle-form, longer than the spikes. 8. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rong]i-l)eaked, as long as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 9'- 1.")' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. Leaves nar- row. Head ^' long. Bracts bristle-like. 9 C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4 -6, 8- 10-flowcred, the two upper ones ap- ])roximate, the others scattered , perigynia oblong, plano-convex, rough-beaked, spreading at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse or short-mucronate scale. (C. radiata. Dew, a form with more slender culms, and 3 - 4-flowcred spikes.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° high, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves. Common spike 2' - 3' long. Bract of the lowest spike commonly exceeding the culm. 10. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4 -5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bractcd ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, sinooth-i)eaked, 2clcft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, barely longer than tiie ovate long- pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Common spike about 1' long. * * * SpiL'es ivith the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 11. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost club-sliai)ed at the base , perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Shady river-swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high, weak. Leaves narrow and tender. Spikes small. Var sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of them cither sterile or fertile on the same culm, othcnvise like the preceding, and grow- ing in similar places. (C. sterilis, Wilhl.) Var. eonfei'ta. Cnlms taller (2° high) and stouter ; spikes larger and more crowded ; perigynia rotind-ovatc, twice as long as the broadly ovate barely pointed scale. — Pine-barren swamps. CYPERACK.E. (sEDGE FAMILY.) 535 12. C. caneseens, L, var. vitilis, C;uvy. Spikes 5-7, small, scat- tered, roundish, 6 - 10-fiowercd ; perigviiia ovate, plano-convex, short and rough- beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate acute wliite scale. (C. spha?rostachya, Dew.) — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms weak and slender, 10' - 15' high, longer than the nar- row and tender leaves. 13. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, many- flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the base, ta- pering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than tlie ovate-lanceolate pointed scale, turning light brown at maturity. — Swamps, South Carolina, and north- ward. — Cuhns l°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow leaves. Var. lagopodioides. Spikes 10-15, obovoid ; perigynia lanceolate, re- maining pale green at maturity, nearly twice as long as the rather obtuse scale. (C. lagopodioides, Schk.) — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms commonly taller than the preceding. 14. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 3-6, distinct, ovoid; perigjMua ovate or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak, somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. Var. festucacea. Spikes 6-8, pale, obovoid or somewhat club-shaped, scattered ; perigynia ovate, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender beak, erect and pale green at maturity. (C. festucacea, ScJik. C. famea, Tor?-., ^-c, a form with more rigid culms, and more crowded and glaucous spikes.) — Swamps, very common. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter than the culm. 15. C. foenea, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, large (6" -8" long), ovoid, approxi- mate ; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted into a very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale; nut oval, stalked. (C. alata, Ton-.) — Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 3° high, leafy below the middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Periirynia 2j" long. B. Terminal spikes sterile: the others fertile or with few sterile flowers at the summit : perigijnia beakless. * Scales awnless, black or brown : bracts scarcely exceeding the culm : leaves narrowly linear, glaucous. 16. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes mostly 3, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest peduncled ; perigynia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved at the apex, nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms smooth (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear. (C. verrucosa, Schw., not o{ Ell.) — Mountain swamps, North Carolina, and northward. 17. C. Stricta, Good. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; fertile spikes 2-4, linear-cylin- drical, sessile or the lowest short-pedunded, erect, dense-flowered; perigynia elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse reddish- brown .scale; culms (2° high) rough-angled ; leaves linear. (C. acuta, Ell.^ ^-c, not of Linnceus.) — Swamps in the upper districts, and northward. 530 CYrKUACi:;.E. (.skdge family.) * * Si'dlis oH-ned, rjrirn : frtile spiles on twillinrj pnlitiiclts : brur/.i long and Uaj. like : leiiffs broadly linear. 18. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often witli fertile flowers intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-eylindrieal, dense-flowered, on long drooping peduncles; pen;.'yniii round-ovate or obovute, somewhat inflated, 2 nerved, ab- rn])tly siiort-pointed, shorter than the long and rough-awned scale ; culms rough- angled above (2° -3° high). — Swamps in the upijer districts, and northward. — Spikes U'-3' long. 10. C. Mitohelliana, M.A.Curtis. " Spikes in threes, peduncled, some- what distant, oblong, slightly nodding ; terminal spike staminatc at the base and summit; the lowest peduncle scarcely sheathed; perigynia ovate, acute, gla- brous ; scales oblong, the lowest with a long cusp mu- Perigynia beakless. ** Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense flowered, sessile, or on short and erect peduncles : bracts short. 27. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, oblong, the upper one pedun- cled, the others sessile or nearly so ; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, com- pressed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the ape.x, commonly shorter than the ovate acute or awn-pointed blackish scale. — jMountains of Georgia, and north- ward — Culms l°-lj° high, rough above, longer than the narrow glaucous leaves. 28. C. hirsuta, AVilld. Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, ovoid or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, ovate, compresscd-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, about as long as the oblong mucronate white scale. — Damp soil, Florida to Missis- sippi, and northward. — Culms erect, 1°-1^° high, rough-angled, and, like the narrow leaves and sheaths, more or less pubescent. 29. C. triceps, Michx. ^ Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow- ered ; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved, contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely pointed white scale. — North Carolina {Curtis), Tennessee, and northward. — Culms \° high, very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth. 30. C. virescens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-peduncled, dense- ly many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 3-angled, acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white scale. — Low grassy meadows. North Carolina, and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough. Leaves and sheaths hairy. 538 CYrKrwVCK.K. (sedge fa:\iii,y.) ** ■>->■ S/iikrs remote, liiiiar or ri/Iiiidn'cnl, rather loose! 1/ ^flowered, on long and mostJj droftjiinff peduncles : bnicts Ioikj and l((i/-lil.:c : periiji/niu smooth, someivhnt inflated, few and jliintJfi nerved. 31. C. OXylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4 - 5, linear, all on lonfr bristit- like partly iiU'luiU'd noildinj^ peduncles, distant; perigyiiia oiiloii;;, aeute-angled, cmarginatc at the ])ointed a])ex, longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed white scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms plender, l^°-2°liigh, the lower i)art, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent. 32. C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely flowered, erect, the lowest on nearly cxserted peduncles, the upper almost sessile ; perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long as the ovate obtuse or eniarginate scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- ward.— Culms 1° - 1^° high, smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent. 33. C. gracillima, Schw. Spikes 3 -.5, distant, linear, on slender and nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, entire and oblique at the orifice, about twice as long as the oblong ol)tuse short-awncd scale. — Wet meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culm l°-2° high. Spikes I'-l^' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Sheaths .smooth. 34. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical, all on slender nearly exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, in- flated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the oblong awncd scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward — Culms li°-2° high. Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather dense-flowered. 35. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding peduncles, the terminal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, compresscd- 3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly emarginate point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Culms weak, 1°-1^° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower perigynia scattered. * * Terminal spikes sterile, (he others fertile, or with few sterile flowers at the summit. •1- Perigynia small ( 1 " - 3" long), slightly or not at all inflated, obtuse or short-beaked. ++ Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, dense-flowered; perigynia pubescent, short- beaked or pointed. 36. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-pcduncled ; fertile spikes 1 - 3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, densely pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate point, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and swamps. South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elongated. Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 37. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 -2, thick, short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-2, approximate, ovoid or oblong ; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3-anglcd, densely pubescent, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with a white membranaceous 2-eleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and nonhward. — Culms rigid, acute- CVPKRACK^. (SEDOE FAMILY.) Oo^J angled, l°-2 high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the xijiper one shorter than the spikes. 38. C. dasycarpa, Muiil. Sterile spike single, sliort-pcdnncled , fertile spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, scarcely beaked, with the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely pointed pale scale; nut stalked. — Siiady woods, Florida to South Carolina — Culms 6'- !2' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. 39. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' higli) and rigid channelled leaves rough, but not pubescent; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent perigynia larger ; nut sessile ; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a stouter form of it. — Dry sand-ridges. Middle Florida. 40. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes mostly 2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowercd, the lower one with a short or scale-like colored bract ; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown scale. (C. margi- nata, Jl/((///.) — Var. Muhlexbergii, Torr. ^ Gray. Fertile spikes mostly 3, 6 - lO-flowered, distinct, the lowest leafy-bracted ; perigynia ovate, tapering into a short beak; scales light l)rown. (C. varia, Muhl.) — Dry woods, in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward — Culms 4' -8' high, longer than the leaves. 41. C. lucorum, Willd. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 3 -4, ovoid, few-flowered, approximate, or the lowest remote and usually leafy-bracted ; peri- gynia ovoid, more or less pubescent, acute at the base, tapering into a slender rough 2-cIeft beak, about the length of the ovate-oblong acute scale ; leaves narrowly linear. — Var. xiGROOtARGiN.vTA. (C. nigro-marginata, Schw ) Peri- gynia 3-angled; scales with brown or black sides; culms l'-2' high. — Var. Floridaxa. (C. Floridana, Schw.) Perigynia compressed-3-anglcd or lentic- ular (but the stigmas 3); scales white or margined with black; culms 2'- 12' long, prostrate or erect. — Var. Emjionsii. (C. Emmonsii, ZJew ) Perigynia 3-angled, acuminate at each end, nearly smooth ; scales white ; culms bristle- form, prostrate. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. ++ ++ Fertile spikes linear or ajlindrical , remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct and commonlji elongated peduncles. = Perigifnia striated with numerous Jine nerves: sterile spike always simjle. t Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or lively pointed: bracts long and leuj'-likc : spikes erect. 42. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3 - 4, lin- ear-oblong, rather loosely-flowered (4" -8'' long), the upper one nearly sessile; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as the wliitc ovate rough-awned scale. — Varies (C. flaccosperma, Z^eit;.), with longer (I'or more) cylindrical spikes, and nearly awnless scales. — Low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — Culms smooth, 1° - \^° high. Leaves and bracts broadly linear. Upper spikes commonly approximate, the lowest very remote, ou a long erect peduncle. Perigynia often indented near the apex. 51(1 CVlM-.HACK.r.. (sr.Dr.K FAMILY.) Viir. angUStifolia, lioott Sterile spike lon;^-pc-* Sterile spike single: stgles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes many- flowered {except No. 66). 60. C. COmosa, Boott. -Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on cx- serted nodding peduncles (l^'-2^'' long) : perig3'niii (2" long) oblong, spreading or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with bristly, spread- ing teeth, longer than the awned scale. (C. furcata, Ell.) — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 61. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on nod- ding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, tapering into a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut obovate, smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1°-1^° high, rough above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1 ' - 1 ^' long. 62. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes I - 3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-pcduncled, ovate or cylin- drical-oblong; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate beak cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the lanceolate awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, Florida, and northward. — Culms 1° - 1|° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 63. C. gigantea, Rudge. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong or cylindrical; the upper approximate and neaily sessile, the lowest distant and short-pedunded, erect; perigynia (6"- 7" long) widely spreading, strongly many-nerved, taper- ing from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft beak, with hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut depressed, 3- angled. — Pine-barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. — Culms 2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves and bracts. 64. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3-4, approximate, sessile, or the lowest short-pcduncled, erect, oblong, thick (1' in diameter); perigynia (G ' -1" long) erect-spreading, tapering f.om the ovoid acutish base into a subulate smooth or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — Deep river-swamps, Flori- da, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the preceding. 65. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (I' in diameter), erect, the lowest commonly on a partly exscrted peduncle, the others nearly sessile ; perigynia large (6" long), tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a smooth and slender 2- cleft beak, witii smooth and S])reaiiiti.d scale. — Deep swamps, l-'aveltcville. North Carolina {Cmiis), ami noitliwaid. — Culms siiioolli, lilil'oiin, 1*^-1^° liigli, longer tliaii tlic linear lea\es. •«-» •* JSlcrilc sjtike siiiijlc: style deciduous, slranj/U or niaihj so: f rt He spikes JtW' Jiotreied. G7. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, remote, S-lO-flowcrcd, on crcet peiluiieles, sterile at the summit ; peri^yiiia (6" lony) iiorizontal, laiuo- olate, tapering into a smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, one third lon<^er than the lanceolate rough-pointed scale. — Wet margins of streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms smooth, 2° high, commonly exceeding iiio linear and Hat leaves. 68. C. turgescens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short in- cluded peduncles, ovoid, 8- 12-flowcred ; perigvnia erect-spreading (4" long), lance-ovatc, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-eielt beak, with hispid erect teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° -3° high, longer than the narrow rigid and channelled leaves. 69. C. EUiottii, Sclnv. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, a|>proximatc and nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peiluneled, globose, 8- IG-llowered, sterile at the apex ; pcrigynia small (3" long), oblong-ovate, compressed, spread- ing, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. (C Castanea, Ell.) — Boggy margins of pine- barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above; longer than the narrowly linear leaves. 70. C. intumeseens, lludge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, tlic up- per sessile, the lower i)e(Uincled, globose, 10-1.5 flowered; perigynia large (6'' long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into a short and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale. (C. folliculata. Ell.) — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms lo_ jio high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear dccp-grecn leaves and bracts. *+*+*+ Sterile spilces 2 or more: fertile spiLe^ many-JloicfreJ. =-■ Perifjijiua pubescent. 71. C. trichocarpa, Mnhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long-pcdun- cled ; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included peduncles; pcri- gynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a rather slender rough beak, with long and spiny teeth, longer tli;in the oblong acute awnless scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2° -3° high, rough above. Leaves linear, elongated. 72. C. striata, Michx Sterile spikes 2 -4, long-podunclcd ; fertile spikes 1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled, oblong or cylin- drical ; pcrigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted into a short and whitish 2-clcft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong acute scale. (JKAMINE.E. (GKASS FAMILY.) 545 {V. bii'.lata, Jilt.) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms lj°-2° high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Perigynia occa- sionally nearly smooth. = = Periyijma smooth. 73. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4-6, dark brown; fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong cylindrical, sterile at the summit (H'-2' long), on erect peduncles, perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms stout, 2''-3° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (.V) smoothish and glaucous leaves and bracts. 74. C. buUata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3, long-pcdunclcd ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong or oval ( I' long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles ; peri- gynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and siiining, slender- beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°- 1^° high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. Order 160. GRAMIi\E^. (Grass Family.) Chiefly herbs. Stem (culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints. Leaves alternate, 2-rauked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open or split on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed appendage (Uc/ula) at the base of the blade. Flowers in sjjiked or panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales; of which the exterior or lower ones, subtending one or more flowers, arc called fjlumes^ and the two inner ones, enclosing the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, and 1-11 (commonly 3) liypogynous stamens, are called palece. Perianth none, or composed of I - 3 minute hypogynous scales (squamu- Ice). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, with hairy or plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (grain). Embryo placed on the outside and near the base of mealy albumen. — Root fibrous. Synopsis. Tribe I. OR YZE^:. — Spikelets 1 flowered, mostly imperfect. Glumes none. Pale»2. Stamens 1 - 11. 1 LEEHSIA. Flowers perfect, compressed, panicled. Pale's unequal, ciliate. 2. ZIZAXIA. Flowers monoecious : the pistillate and staniinate one.s in the same panicle. 59. LUZIOIiA Flowers monoecious; the pistillate and staniinate ones in fcparate panicles 3. IIYDHOrilLOA. Flowers monoecious ; the pistillate and staniinate ones in separate spikes. 60. MOXANTIIOCHLOE Flowers dioecious, in terminal spikes. Tritie II. A GROSTIDEjE. — Spikelets 1-fiowered, or with the pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2. Paleap mostly 2, the lower one often awned. Stamens 1-3. Spikelets in open or closely spiked panicles * Glumes united at the ba.'se, strongly compressed -keeled. 4. ALOPECURUS. Lower palea awned on the back, the upper wanting. Flowers spiked. 46* 510 GKAMINK.K, (gUASS lAMILV.) t • Glumes dl.»tinot, conciivo or kcclpil. Pnlnse mcmhmnnrpous. Ornln free. Spikeli-U In opuu or coDtracteii paDiclutt- 6. SPOKOBOLUS. Flowers awnless. Seed loasc in the globose or obovoid |iericarp. 6. TILFA. Flowers awnless. Seed adherio); to the closely investing pericarp. 7. AOUOSTl.S. I'aleiu shorter than the nearly equal glumes, the lower uwned oil the bark, the upper sometimes wanting. 8. I'OLYPOGON. Palcte much 8hort<"r than the long-awncd glumes, the lower one truncated and toothed. Stamens 3. Panicle spike-like. 9. OINNA. PaleoB rather longer than the acute glumes, the lower one awned under the apex. Stamen 1. Panicle loose. 10. MUHLENBERGIA Lower glume smaller than the upper one. Paloco bearded at the ba.se. the lower one muoronato or awn pointed. Stamens 3. 11. BKACIIYEIiYTRUM. Lower glume obsolete Lower palea lor.g-awncd. A pedicel of a second tlower at the back of the upper palea?. Stamens '2. 12. CAL.\MAGKOSTIS. Paleoe surrounded with a tuft of long hairs, the lower awued on the back. » * • Palete rai.scd on a hairy stalk ; the lower one awned, indurated, and involute, closely investing the grain. 13. STIPA Lower palea with a single contorted awn jointed with its apex Panicle short. 14. STKEPTACIINE. Lower palea with a single straight or curved awn continuous with its apex. Panicle elongated. 15. AKISTIDA. Lower palea triple-awned. Panicle elongated. TninE ITT. CHCORIDE^E. — Spikelets 2 -several-flowered (in No. 16 one-flowered), in 1-sided spikes. Kachis jointless. Upper tlowers imperfect- Glumes and paleuc 2. Spikes racemed or digitate, rarely single. * Spikelets strictly 1 flowered. (See Paspalum.) 16. SPARTINA. Spikelets flat, imbricated in alternate spikes. * * Spikelets 2-3-flowered, only the lowest flower perfect. 17. GYMXOPOOOX. Spikelets linear, scattered. Lower palea and rudiment awned. Spikes raoenied. 18. EUSTACUYS. Spikelets roundi.sh, crowded. Lower palea mncronate. Spikes digitate. 19. CY'NODON. Lower palea awnless. Culms creeping. Spikes digitate. * * • Spikelets 4 -• 5-flowered, one of the middle ones only perfect. 20. CTENIUM. Lower palea stout-awned on the back. Spike solitary. » » » * Spikelets mostly several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect. 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Spikes digitate. Upper glume awned. Palese pointed. 22. ELEUSINE. Spike.s digitate. Glumes and paleoD awnless. 23. LEPTOCIILOA. Spikes racemed, long and slender. Glumes awnless. Tride IV. FESTUCACEjE. — Spikelets panicled, few -many flowered : thouppernnd (in No. .30 and 37) the lower flowers also imperfect. Glumes 2. Palea; 2, membranaceous or rarely indurated, awnless, or the lower one with a straight awn at or near the apex. Stamens 1-3 • Grain smooth, free from tlie palefc. Lower flowers perfect. ^- Lower palea 3 - 5-toothed or awned. 24. TIITCUSPIS. Spikelets 5-7 tlowered. Lower palea slightly 2-cleft, the 3 hairy nerves percurrent. 25. TRTPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower pa.ea deeply 2-cleff, and with a plumose awn between the teeth. GRAMINEJE. (gRASS FAMILY.) 547 ■1- 1- Lower palea entire, awnless or (in No 33) awn-pointed. ^■* Glumes unlike, the lower one linear, the upper obovate. 26. EATON I A. Spikelets 1-5-flowered. Culms slender, tufted. ■H- +* Glumes alike. Lower palea roxinded on the back, not keeled. 27. MELICA. Spikelets 3- 5-flowered. Lower palea many-nerved. 28. GLYCEIITA. Spikelets 5 -many -flowered. Lo-.ver palea strongly 7-nerved. 29. ARUXDIXARIA. Spikelets loosely many -flowered. Culms woody. 30. i^UlZOPYRUM. Spikelets dioecious. Lower palea rigid. ++++++ Glumes alike. Lower palea keeled. 31. POA. Paleas falling away together, the lower one 5-nerved, and with cobwebby hairs at the base. Spikelets 3-6-flowered. .32. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea falling before the upper one, 3-nerved, not hairy. 33. DACTYLIS. Lower palea awn-poiuted. Panicle contracted, composed of 1-sided clusters. » * Grain adherent to the upper palea, downy at the apex. 34. FESTUC.\. Lower palea entire, acute or awn-pointed. 35. BROMUS. Lower palea 2 cleft, awned between the teeth « * « Grain free, smooth. Lowest flowers of the spikelet imperfect. 36. UNIOL.\. Spikelets broad and flat, many-flowered. Paleae coriaceous. 37 PHRAGMITES. Spikelets 3-6 flowered, silky bearded on the rachis. Palese thin. Tribe V. HORDE ACE jE. — Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, sessile, on opposite sides of the jointed rachis, spiked. Glumes 1-2, rarely wanting. Paleae 2. 38. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2 - 4 at each juint of the rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets. 39. GYMXOSTICIIUM. Spikelets 2 - 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes none. 40. LOLIUII. Spikelet solitary at each joint of the rachis. Glume 1. Tribe VI. AVEIVACE.aE. — Spikelets panicled, 2 - several-flowered, the terminal flow- ers mostly imperfect. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Lower palea with a twisted, bent, or straight awn on the back, or below the apex 41. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower palea thin, r unded on the back, awned below the middle. 42. TIIISETCM. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palea thin, compressed-keeled, bear- ing a bent awn below the 2-cleft apex. 43. DANTII0NI.4. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palea rigid, many -nerved, bearing a flattened and twisted awn at the 2-cleft apex. 44. ARIUIEXATIIEIIUM. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, and bearing a long bent awn below the middle. Tribe VIL PIlALARIDEiE. — Spikelets in spike-like panicles 3 flowered, the upper or middle flower perfect, the two lateral ones imperfect or mere rudiments. Glumes 2. Palese 2, indurated in fruit. 45. ANTHOXANTIIU.M. Lateral flowers neutral, each of one awned palea. Perfect flower diandrous. 46. PU.^LAIllS Lateral flowers rudimentary. Perfect flower triandrous. Tribe VIIL PANICEjE. — Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, or the lower wanting. Lower flower imperfect, either staminate or neutral, with the lower palea membrana- ceous and .'similar to the upper glume, the upper one mostly wanting. Palea; of the perfect flower coriaceous. Grain mostly grooved or flattened on the outside. Flowers in spikes or panicles. • Lower glume and upper palea of the sterile flower wanting (the spikelet appearing like a single flower, with 2 glumes and 2 palese). 47 PASPALUM. Spikelets alike, plano-convex, in 1 sided spikes. 548 GltAMlNK.lC. (r.lt.VSS lAMIl.V.) 48. AMPUICARPl M. Ppikelfts of two kind* ; ono aisposcJ in a tcrmlnnl |!qd1cIo, perfect but M>Mom fruiting ; tlie other fruitful, on long solitary radical iictliinclcii. • • Glume!) 2, tho lower one often minute, rarely wanting. 49. PAXICUM. Spikclets single, without a bristly or spiny involucre. CO. ?KT.VUI.\. Spikclets crowded in Kjiike-like panicle.s, subtended by a bristlc-liko liiTolucro. 51. CKNl'linUS. Sjiikeleta single, or few iu a cluster, enclosed in an induniti-d and spiny in- volucre. Spikclets spiked. 52. STKNOTAI'IIRUM. Spikes and spikclets mostly us in llottba'liiu, but the flowers as in Panioum. Tribe IX. ROTTBCELI.iI AC EiE. — Spikclets 1 - 2-flowcri'd, by pairs, imbedded in an excavation nf the thick and juinted nichis, one stalked and imperfect, tho other sessile and perfect ; or the upper spikclets all staminate and the lower pistillate. I.,ower glume coriaceous or cartilaginous. I'aleoc awiiless. 53. ROTTBfELLI.\. Spikclets 2 on each joint, one stalked and sterile, the other se.ssilo and perfect. 64. MAXISURIS. Spikclets 2 on each joint, the one at the top of the joint sterile, tho other at the base globose and fertile. 55. TUIPSACUM. Upper .spikclets by pairs, all staminate ; the lower ones single, and pis- tillate. Tribe X. AXDROPOGONEjE. — Spikclets 2-3 on each jaint of the slender hairy or plumose rachis. Glumes more rigid than the thin-awued palca;. 66. ANDllOPOGO.V. Spikclets 2 on each joint of the plumose or hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other stalked and imperfect or rudimentary. 57. KlUAXTIIUS. Spikclets 2 on each joint of the rachis, both fertile and surrounded by a hairy involucre. 68. SOUGIIUM. Spikelets panicled, 2-3 together, the lateral ones rudimentary. 1. LEERSIA, Swartz. False Rice." Perennial aquatic or niarsii grasses, with tlie leaves and sheaths roughened with minute recurved points, the l-flowered (whitish) spiicelcts crowded in 1-sided panicled racemes. Pedicels jointed. Glumes none. Palca; 2, charta- ceous, strongly compressed, fringed on the keel, the lower one much wider. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas 2. Grain compressed. 1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle large, diffuse; spikelets oblong, flat, loosely imbricated ; stamens 3. — Ditches and swamps, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culm 3° -4° long, commonly prostrate at the base. Leaves spreading. Base of the panicle mostly enclosed in the sheath of the subtending leaf Spikclets strongly fringed, about 3" long. 2. L. Virginiea, WiUd. Panicle nearly simple, the lower branches spread- ing ; spikclets small, concave, sparingly fringed, closely imbricated; stamens 1-2. (L. imbricata. Lam.?) — Swamps and margins of streams, Florida, and northward July and Aug. — More slender than the last, and with spikelets half as large. 3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets oval, flat, strongly fringed, clo.scly imbricated ; stamens 2. — I'onds and swamps Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Aug —Culm 2° -3° long. Leaves widely spread- ing, somewhat glaucous. Spikelets 3" long. GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549 4. L. hexandra, Swartz. Panicle contracted, erect, simple ; spikclets lanceolate or oblong ; stamens 6. — In lakes and ponds, often in deep water, Florida, and westward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, l°-6° long, mostly branching. Leaves narrow, rather rigid. Panicle 2' - 3' long, exscrtcd. Spike- lets short-fringed, 2'' long, loosely imbricated. 2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of mo- noecious 1-flowercd spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes none, or reduced to a cup-siiaped ring at the base of the spikelet. Palea) 2, membrana- ceous, the lower one rough-awned in the pistillate spikelet. Stamens G. Stig- mas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 1. Z. aQUatica, L Lower portion of the panicle staminate and widely spreading, the upper pistillate and erect, with straight branches ; awn straight, elongated ; styles 2 ; grain linear. — Deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July. — Culms 4° - 8° high. Leaves rough beneath. Panicle 1°- 2° long. 2. Z. railiacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike- lets intermixed ; awns short ; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with rough edges; grain oval. — With the preceding. April and May. — Culms 4°- &° high. Lea\i3s somewhat glaucous. 3. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and simple spikes of small monoecious 1-flowered (white) spikelets, mostly included in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Spikelets 3-4 in a spike, the upper one Btamiiiate and exserted. Glumes none. Paleae 2, hyaline, the lower one emar- ginate, the upper acute. Stamens 6. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated. Grain ovoid, free. 1. H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, il//c/i.r.) — Floating in still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culm filiform, branching, ^°-2° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 4. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail Grass. Flat-leaved grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets closely crowded in a simple spike-like cylindrical panicle. Glumes 2, compressed, boat-shaped, sharply keeled, united below, awnless. Lower palca compressed, awned on the back below the middle, the upper wanting. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rarely united be- low. Grain free, smooth and lenticular. 1. A. geniculatus, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at tlie lower joints; awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, Florida and northward. April. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, with the sheaths shorter than the joints. Spikes 1' - 1|' long. 650 GnAMiNE^. (grass family.) Tho MK.\t>ow FoxTAii. (A. iiiatciisis, /..), a taller species (20-30 Iiij:h), with ncutt' glumes, is scari-ely s])oniaiieous at the Soiiili. The same observation applies to the Timutiiv or liEUu's-Git.vsa (Phleuni pratense, L.), which differs from Alopccunis in liavinj; two [laleai and awned glumes. 5. SPOROBOLUS, Brown. ])itoi-si;i;n fiRASS. Tough wiry and tufted or crec])in<; perennial gra.sscs, with narrow leaves, and 1-flowered nwnless spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Paleae 2. mostly longer than the glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens .3. Styles 2. Grain oval or globose, loose in the thin memb)anuceous jjeriearp, deciduous. Panicles exsertcd. * Panicles open. 1. S. junceus, Kunth. (Wiise-Grass.) Panicle narroAV, the short and spreading luMnches whorled ; spikelets on one side of the branches, short-stalked ; glumes smooth, the upper one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about equal to the obtuse paletv ; culms (l°-^° high) erect; leaves chiefly radical, fili- form and elongated, involute, tho;e of the culm short and remote. (Agrostis juncea, Midix.) — Dry pine barrens, common. A\)n\ and May, and often in October. 2. S. Floridanus, n. sp. Panicle diffuse, large; spikelets (purplish) on long hair-like stalks; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the obtuse paleae, the upper one a third longer ; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, very rough on the edges. — Low ]nne l)arrens, Middle and West Florida. September. — Culm 2° -4° high. Leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 1°- IP long. * * Panicles spiked. 3. S. IndicUS, Brown. Culms erect; panicle elongated, linear; leaves long, flat ; paleas twice as long as the glumes, the upper one truncated. (Agrostis Indica, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. May- Sept. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves with bristle-like summits. Panicle 6' -18' long, turning blackish. Spikelets crowded on the short apprcsscd branches. 4. S. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms creeping, sluna-jointed, the short and mostly clustered branches erect; leaves 2-rankcd, soon convolute, short and rigid; panicle small, lanceolate; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather longer than the paletE. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Saline marshes and hanks along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Flowering stems G'-la' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Panicle l'-2' long, pale or purple. 6. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. Panicles contracted or spiked, more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves. Grain oblong or linear, adherent to the closely investing pericarp. Otherwise as in Sporobolus. 1. V. aspera, Bcauv. Perennial; culms tall and slender; leaves elon- gated, rough above, bristle-like at the summit; panicles partly included in the GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 551 tipper sheaths ; palese rough-hairy, unequal, awl-pointed, 2 - 3 times as long as the rough-keeled glumes and linear grain. (Agrostis aspera, Mic/ix. A. clan- destina, jSprenr/.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2°- 3° high. Sheaths hairy at the throat. 2. V. vaginseflora, Ton*. Annual; culms low, clustered, bearing con- cealed panicles at every joint, the terminal one partly exseited ; leaves siiort, smoothish ; palea3 ovate, smooth, one third longer tlian tlie smooth glumes and oval grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Mii/il. Crypsis Virginica, A^«^<.) — Dry bar- ren soil, North Carolina, and northward. September. — Culms 6' -1 2' high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 7. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. Tuficd usually tender grasses, with flat and narrow leaves ; the small 1 -flowered spikelets racemose on the liair-like clustered branches of the open panicle, on thickened pedicels. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the palese. Palece 2, the lower one commonly awncd on the back, 3-5-nervcd, the upper 2-nerved, occasionally minute or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles or stigmas 2. Grain free. § 1. TRICHODIUM. Upper pulea vtinute or wanting, the lower awnless, shorter than the unequal acute rough-keeled glumes. 1. A. elata, Trin. Culms stout, erect ; leaves flat (1"- 2" wide) ; branches of the panicle flower-bearing above the middle. (A. dispar, Michx.1) — Swamps, Xortli Carolina, C«r^(s. September. Ij. — Culms 2°-3° iiigh. Panicles large and diffuse. 2. A. perennans, Gray. Culms slender, dccuml)ent at the base ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; branches of the panicle short, flower-bearing from l)elow the middle ; spikelets whitish. (T. perennans. Ell.) — Swamps and river-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. \ — Culms l°-2° high. 3. A. SCabra, Wilkl. Culms slender, erect; leaves short; branches of the panicle long, hair like, hispid, bearing the purple spikelets near their summits. (T. laxiflorum, Ell.) — Sterile soil, Florida, and northward. June and July. ■3) — Panicle usually as long as the culm. ^ 2. AGROSTIS Pkopeu. L'jiper palea manifest: the lower commonig aicned on the back. 4. A. alba, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base ; panicle spreading in flower, contracted in fruit; glumes (whitish) nearly equal, rough-keeled; pa- lese hairy at the base, the lower twice as long as the upper one, a^vnless or short- awned. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Introduced. — Culms lO-S" long. 5. A. rupestris. All. Culms slender, erect; panicle small, oblong, with erect smootli branches ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, rough-kcclcd ; lower palea one third shorter than the glumes, short-awned below ti»c middle, the uppet one minute. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms 1° high. 552 GUAMINlCli:. (gKASS lAMILV.) G. A. nrachnoidos, Ell. Culms and loaves very slendiT ; panido con- tr:icti-t!, wi'uk iiiul ilroopiiii^ ; gluiiu-s nearly e(|ual, lanceolate, rou'j;!! on llic keel and niar;.Mns; ni)i)er paleii minute, the lower with two minute bristles nt the truneated apex, and a lonjj and very fine awn on the hack nhove the middle. — Near ()ran>;ehur{^, South Carolina, Elliott, and westward. Ajjril and May. Ij. — Culms \° high. 8. POLYPOGON, Dcsf. Be-vud-Grass. Flat-leaved cliielly annual j^rasf^es, wiili the 1-flowcred spikelcts stalked, and crowded in close clusters into a tcrminol spiked ])aniclc. Glumes 2, equal, awncd, and much lonjrcr than the ))ale.T?, of which the lower one is truncated and toothed at the ajjcx, and often short-awned. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain elliptical, free. 1. P. maritimus, AViUd. Culms .simple (6'- 8' high); glumes pubescent, Iiispid on the keel, one third as long as the slender awns ; lower palea 4-toothed, unawned. (Phlcum pratcnse, Ell., Herb) — Sea-shore of North and South Carolina. Introduced. 9. CINNA, L. Tall perennial grasses, Avith broad leaves, bearing the 1 -flowered compressed spikclcts in a large compound terminal panicle. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, the sharp keel liispid-scrrulatc. Palea; 2, raised on a stalk, smooth, the lower one short-awned on the back below tlie apex. Stamen 1. Grain linear- oblong, free. 1. C. arundinacea, L. Culms (2° -7° high) simple; leaves linear- lanceolate (^' wide) ; branches of the panicle in fours or fives, erect in fruit; spikclcts often purplisli (2i"-3" long). — Shaded swamps, Georgia, and north- ward. — Panicle 6'- 1.5' long, rather dense. — Var. pendit-a. Gray. Culms and branches of the drooping panicle more slender; pedicels very I'ough ; spikclcts smaller; glumes and ])ulecc thinner. — Mountains of North Carolina, Curtis. 10. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop seed Grass. Spikclcts 1-flowcred. Glumes persistent, pointed or awncd, equal, or the lower one smaller. Puleee 2, sessile in the glumes, commonly hairy at the base, deciduous with the enclosed grain ; the lower one 3-nervcd and mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. fj 1. MUHLENBERGIA Proper. — Spikiht!^ conimonli/ much crowded, in lat- eral and ti-r ml mt I panicles, short-stcdked : culms branching: leaves Jiat. 1. M. Mexicana, Trin. Panicles oblong, dense ; glumes unequal, lance- olate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the upper one as long as the awnless palei r.RAMixi:.i:. (cuass iamii.v.) palcii 5-iu'rvccl, rouyli-koelcil, about as loiif; us tlic awn, imi(!i l()ii;,'(r llian the liairs at tlie Imsc. — Swamps, Xortli Carolina, and nortliward. Auj^. and Sept. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves somi-what glaucous. Panide fj° long, puri)lisii. § 2. AMMOPIIILA. — dhimes and jmlexK somewhat corhccous: panicle spike-like. 2. C. arenaria, Eoth. Culms and elongated convolute leaves rigid ; pan- icle long (5' -9'), cylindriral; lower palca 5-ncrved, obscurely awncd, 3 times as long as the liairs at the base. — Sandy sca-shorc, North Carolina, and north- •vvard. Aug. — Rootstock creeping. Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelcts, like the whole plant, whitish, ^' long, 13. STIPA, L. rKATMEK-GRASS. Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1 -flowered spikelcts, with very long awns. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awn- Icss and persistent. Paleoe coriaceous, involute, raised on an obconical bearded stalk, the lower one with a twisted or contorted awn jointe concave, very rough on the margins. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. — Culms stout, 4° -8° high. Spikes 2' -3' long, racemed. 4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common raehis ; upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, and, like the paleae, very smooth ; leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Loaves nar- rower than the last, elongated. 17. GYMNOPOGON, BeauT. Low perennial grasses, with short and crowded distichous spreading leaves. Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflcxed branches of the simple panicle, consisting of one perfect flower, and the awn-like pedicel of a second flower above. Glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. I'aleae 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower one awncd under the apex. Stamens 3. 1. G. racemosus, Beau v. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate (l^'-2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the base to the summit ; awn 2-3 times the length of the palenc and the pedicel of the sterile flower. ( Andropogon ambiguus, Michr.) — Var. fimformis has nar- rower leaves, the spikelets borne above the middle of the branches, and the awns and sterile pedicel sliorter than the palea;. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. and Oct. GRAMINE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 557 18. EUSTACHYS, Dcsv. Chiefly trcpical gi'asses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat or folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - 3-flo\vcred, imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; the lowest flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and stalked. Glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) one short-awned. Paleae coriaceous, the lower one boat-shaped, mucronate-awned under the apex, the upper (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. E. petrsea, Dcsv. Culms (l°-2°high) clustered, erect; leaves glau- cous ; spikes 3 - 5 ; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper oblong, deeply emarginate ; lower palca dark brown, hairy on the keel and margins, .bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — Damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -Aug. y. — Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes erect. Spikelets roundish. 2. E. glauca, n. sp. Culms stout (3° - 5° high), and, like the broad (6" -8" long) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about 20; spikelets roundish, 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire ; palea; dark brown, smooth ; upper flower ohovatc, short-awned. — Brackish ni irshcs, West Florida, Aug. and Sept. ^ — Culms ^' wide at the base. Leaves lj°- 2° long. 3. E. Floridana, n. sp. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2' -4' long) glaucous ; spikes single or by pairs ; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the mid- dle flower staminate ; glumes smootliish, truncate, oblong ; lower palea of the perfect flower hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly awned ; sterile flowers obovate, smooth, the lower one short-awned. — Dry pine barrens, Middle Flor- ida. July- Sept. Tj. — Spikelets larger than in the two preceding. 19. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda-Grass. Diffusely creeping grasses, with short and erect flowering stems, and flat leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets crowded, awnless, 2-flowered; the lower flower perfect, the upper an awn-like pedicel. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Paleae 2, membranaceous, the lower one larger and keeled. Sta- mens 3. Grain free. \. C Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough- keeled ; pales longer than the glumes, the lower one boat-shaped, and liairv on the keel ; anthers and stigmas purple. (Digitaria Dactylon, £■//.) — Waste places. Introduced. — Culms perennial. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes l'-2' long, filiform. 20. CTENIUM, Panz. Flat-leaved grasses, with the erect culms terminated by a single falcate spike. Spikelets 4-5-flowered, crowded in two rows on the lower side of the flattened rachis ; the two lower sterile, of 1 - 2 paleae which are awned under the apex, and similar to the third peifect one; the upper ones (1-2) abortive and awn- ."»f)8 GKAMINK.K. ((JHASS FAMILY.) less. Glumes 2, incmliranaccoiis. very iincqtuil ; tlie larfjjcr tipper one with a sprcadiiif; a.\vn or tulK'rele on the liaek. I'alea; of ilie perfect ilower nieinliruiia- ceous ; tlie lower one awned l)elo\v the apex, and di'iisely eiliate on the niar;;ins. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth. Styles terminal : stit,'mas elongated, plumose, with simple liairs. Grain free. 1. C. Americanum, Sprang. Koot pungent ; culm (2°-3<' iiigh) rough, like the narrow leaves j spike at length recurved or coiled (3' -4' long) ; upper j^lume granular on tiie back ; the stout awn spreading horizontally. (Mono<'era aromatica, Kll) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. U- 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Ckowfoot-Guass. Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side of the flattened racliis ; the upjjennost flower imperfect. Glumes 2, comjjressed-keeled, membranaceous ; the upper (exterior) awn-iK)inte(l. Palese 2, boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, with branciiing hairs. Grain round- ish, rugose, free. 1. D. .fflgyptiacum, Willd. Culms ascending from a creeping base; leaves fringed ; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed ; spikelets 3-flowere(l. (Eleu- sine ? cruciata, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, comniou. Introduced. — Culms nu- merous, 1° high. Spikes l'-2' long. 22. ELEUSINE, G.Trt. Characters chiefly of Dactylottenium, but the narrower glumes and {)aleie obtuse and awnless. Stigmas plumose, with simple hairs. Spikelets closely imbricated. — Low annuals. 1. E. Indica, Grert. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. Culms (G'- 18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 2 -several, the lower ones sometimes scattered (2'- 4' long) ; spikelets 6-flowered. 23. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. Flat-Icaved grasses, with the numerous spikes disposed in a terminal raceme. Spikelets sessile, loose on one side of the elongated filiform rachis, 3 - many- flowered. Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, keeled. Pale^e 2, membrana- ceous ; the lower one longer than the upper, 3-nervcd, awned or unawned. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. § 1. LEPTOCHLOA Proper. — Lower paka unawned. 1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Culms 20-3° high ; sheaths of the broad (4"- 6" wide) rough leaves hairy; spikes numerous, in an elongated raceme, 2' -4' long, spreading; spikelets minute, 3-4-flowered ; glumes mucronate, longer or shorter than the flowers : lower palea smooth, eraarginate. (Eleusine mucro- nata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. -Sept. ® GRAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.) 559 2. Ii. dubia, Nees. Culms 2® liigh, slender; leaves elongated, filiform, with smooth slieaths ; spikes 6 - 10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets distant on the filiform rachis, 6-flo\vered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on the keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading flowers ; palese fringed on the miu- gins, the lower one truncate or emarginate. — South Florida, §2. l>i¥LACRWE. — Lowerpalea2-clfft,l-3-aivned. 3. L. polystachya, Kunth. Culms ^°-4° long, mostly prostrate and rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the sheaths of the elongated leaves; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3' -5' long; spikelets lanceolate, 8 - 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than thv flowers ; low^er palea hairy on the margins below, 3-awned ; the lateral awns minute, the middle one about as long as the palea. (Festuca polystachya, Michx.) — Brackish swamps along the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (J) 4. Ij. Domingensis, Link? Culms erect, simple, straight and slender; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm ; spikes 6-12, scattered, cxserted; spikelets lanceolate, 6-8-flowered; glumes unequal, acute, rough- keeled ; lower palea hairy on the margins, much longer than the single rough awn. — South Florida. Oct. — Culms l^ - Uo iiigh_ 24. TRICUSPIS, Beauv. Perenrtial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly root- stock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered stalked spike- lets, disposed in a simple orcomjjound open panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- ginate, shorter than the crowded flowers. Palea; 2, 2-cleft, the lower one shortly 3-awncd by the pcrcurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the ba^e. Stamens 3. Grain obovate-oblong, free. 1. T. sesslerioides, Torr. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and erect, bearded in the axils ; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple ; lower palea with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. (Poa quinquifida. Pnrsh.) — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 3°-5° high. Sheaths often hairy. 2. T. ambigua. Panicle short, nearly simple, spreading, smooth in the axils, clammy ; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed ; teeth of the lower palea obtuse, wider than the three short awns. (Poa ambigua, Ell.) — Low pine bar- rens, Florida to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° -3^ high. 25. TRIPLASIS, Bcauv. Low tufted fibrous-rooted grasses, with branching culms, linear-subulate leaves, and few 4-flowered purple spikelets, disposed m reduced lateral and terminal panicles. Flowers scattered on the slender rachis. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smootlu Paleae 2, hairy on the margins ; the lower one 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumose awn between the teeth ; the upper concave, 3-toothed. Stamens 3. Grain free. I. T. Americana, Beauv. Culms erect, 1° - li° high ; leaves and sheathe hairy; lateral panicles included ; awn of the lower palea plumose, much longer r>GO gu.\mim:.i:. ((;kass kamilv.) tliiiii till' ii\Mi-|i(iintcil tci'tli. (Uralc'pis coriiutii, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Moitli t'aruliiiu. Auj;. and Sept. y.. 2. T. purpurea. Culms procumhcnt or asfondinp, l°-lJ°long; leaves and slicatlis smooth or rougliisii ; lateral panicles incluiled ; awn of the lower palea lieardo. Culms terete, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves mostlv abruptly pointed ; branches of the panicle expanding, about .5 in a clus- ter ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered, crowded ; flowers closely imbricated ; lowei GRAMINE^. (GKASS FASflLY.) 563 palea acutish, strongly nerved, hairy. (P. viridis and P. angustifolia, jp//.) — Rich soil, mostly around dwellings. Introduced. May. — Culm l°-2° high. 5. P. compressa, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base, geniculate, and, like the sheaths, compressed ; panicle contracted, 1-sided, the short erect branches 2 - 4 in a cluster ; spikelets 4 - 8-flowercd ; lower palea rather obtuse, hairy below, faintly nerved. — With the preceding. May. — Culms 1° high. Leaves bluish green. 32. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Spikelets few -many-flowered, compressed. Lower palea 3-nerved, not hairy nor woolly ; the upper one remaining after the rest of the flower has fallen. Otherwise as in Poa. — Culms often branched. Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. * Culms prostrate and creepivg, diffuselij branched. 1. E. reptans, Nees. Culms filiform, the flowering branches erect (4' -6' high), leaves short (1' -2' long), linear ; sheaths downy at the base ; panicle small (2'-3' long), ovate or oblong, often contracted ; spikelets linear, 10-30-flowered, nearly sessile, imperfectly dioecious ; palese acute. (Poa reptans, Michx.) — Low sandy places, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. ® — Plant pale green. * * Cidms branching, erect or ascendiny : annuals. 2. E. megastaehya, Link. Culms prostrate and geniculate at the base, ascending ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle oblong or pyramidal, con- tracted or spreading; spikelets oblong or at length linear (3''-.5" long), 10-30- flowered, often lead-color; lower palea ovate, obtuse. (Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Cultivated or waste grounds, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. 3. E. ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate ; leaves (2'-3' long) linear, smooth ; sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; panicle spiked, cylindrical, the riiinute (j" long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the short appressed branches, 5 - 7-flowered ; lower palea obtuse, mucronate, rough or ciliate on the back ; the upper one fringed on the margins with long bristly hairs. — Varies with the culms nearly erect, open lanceolate or oblong panicle, dis- tinct pale spikelets, and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Wa.ste places and along roads, Florida to South Carolina ; the var. at Key West. — Culms 6' -12' long. Spikelets purple. 4. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the base, 6'- 12' long; leaves narrowly linear, with the sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle 3' - 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ; spikelets linear, 5 - 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appressed, and mostly longer than their pedicels ; lower palea ovate, 3-nerved. (Poa pectinata, and P. tenella, o/" ou/Aors.) — Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. June - Sept. 5. E. conferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, 2° - 3° high ; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated (l°-2° long), linear or lanceolate, the very numerous clustered branches and small oblong 8-10-flowored spikelets erect or 564 GKAMINK.i:. ((iKASS FAMILY.) approssfil , fk)\v("rs ininuto, ineinlinmacioiis, ratlicr tlisiaiit on ilio racliis ; lower pulfji ohtuM-, ;j-iiervtai. (Toa (.oiifirta, Kll.) — Hivi-r-liaiiks, I'loriihi to Souili Carolina. Auj;;. and Supt. — Panicle wliitisli. Spikelets 1"- I^" long. * * * Cnlins siiitfilc, erect, shorter than the large and sjirtadimj jntnicle, 6. E. tenuis, Gray. " Tanielc virj;ately elongated (I°-2^° long), very loose, the spreading branelies bearded in sonic of the lower a\\h, their remote divisions and long diverging pedieels capillary ; spikelets 2-6- (.sometimes 7 - 12-) flowered, pale or greenish; glumes lanceolate or awl-shajjcd, very acute (lJ"-2" long), memhranaceou.s, as arc the oblong-lanceolate acute fl(nvcrs ; lower palea distinctly S-ncrved ; the upper, ciliate-scal)rous." (j')ai/. (Poa te- nuis, Ell.) — Greenville, South Carolina, Elliott; North Caiolina, Curtis. Aug. and Sept. 11. ? — Leaves (li° - 2° long) and sheaths smooth or hairy. 7. E. capillaris, Necs. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils mostly bearded : spikelets very small (1"- 1^" long), 2-4-flowercd, mostly purple, on long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute ; lower palea obscurely 3-nerved. (Poa, L. P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Dry uncultivated fields, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. Panicle 1^- 2° long. 8. E. nitida. Panicle (l^°-3° long) reclining, the hristle-likc or capil- lary blanches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, flat (3" -4" long), 8-12-flowered, on erect-spreading pedicels l'-2' long; lower palea acute, 3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths very smooth and shin- ing. (Poa nitida, Ell.) — Low grassy places along the coast, West Fioiida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. H. — Leaves narrowly linear, longer than the short (6' -9' high) culm. 9. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely sjjrcading, or the rather rigid and hairy branches at length reflcxed ; spikelets purple, flat, about 8-flow- cred, shorter than the erect or slightly spreading pedicels ; lower palea ovate, acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough-keeled. (Poa pectinacea, Mich.v. V. hirsuta. Ell., ^-c, not o{ Michr.) — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Panicle l°-l^°long. Leaves and sheaths mostly clothed with long soft hairs. Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid leaves bearded at the throat; panicle (6'- 12' long) with the branches reflcxed ; spikelets sessile or nearly so, 15 - 20-flowered ; lower palea faintly 3-nerved. (Poa refracta, Ell.) — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Spikelets about 5" long. 33. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard-Grass. Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2 - 7-flowercd spikelets crowded in a 1-sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 5-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free. 1. D. glomerata, L. — Near Charleston, Elliott, and northward. Intro- duced. Ma v and June. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. GRAMINEiE. (gRASS FAMILY.) 565 Spikelets in close clusters at the end of the short branches, 2 - 4-flowered. Glumes and flowers lanceolate. 34. PESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. Grasses with flat or setaceous leaves, and panicled 3 - many-flowered mostly awned spikelets. Rachis jointdd as in Glyceria. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palece nearly coriaceous ; the lower one naked, rounded on the hack, 3-5-nerved, acute or bristle-awned ; the upper commonly adhering at maturity to the enclosed '^rain. Stamens 1 -3. * F lowers awned : panicle contracted : annuals. 1. F. Myui'US, L. Culms erect, very slender, concealed in the sheaths of the bristle-like leaves; panicle elongated, linear, 1-sided, partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spikelets com- pressed, 6-flowered; awn 3-4 times the length of the subulate sparsely hairy palea. Stamen 1. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. March and April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4'- 6' long. 2. P. tenella, WiUd. Culms (2'- 12' high) erect or ascending; leaves narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, spiked, or the branches slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, oblong, 8 - 12-flowered ; awn not longer than the subulate hispid palea. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. 3. P. duriuscula, L. Culms erect, 1°- 1^° high; leaves filifoi-m; panicle simple, I-sidcd, mostly bending, spreading ; spikelets oblong, about 6-flowered , awn shorter than the smooth lanceolate palea. — Around dwellings, Florida, and northward. Introduced. April -May. 4. P. parviflora, Ell. " Panicle equal, slender, appressed ; spikelets terete, sul)ulate, 5-flowered, awned; calyx (glumes) unawned." Ell. — Near Orangeburg, South Carolina. ApriL Ij. ? — Culms 12'- 18' high. Awu as long as the j)alea. ( ♦ ) * * Flowers awnless: panicle spreading: perennials. 5. P. elatior, L. Culms l°-2° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle long, narrow, erect, the erect branches beai'ing the loosely 5 - 10-flowered spikelets throughout ; palea oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 6. P. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° - 4° high, and, like the broadly linear leaves, rough, or the latter hairy ; panicle 1-sided, simple, erect or bending, the iM'anches mos.tly by pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spikelets near tlieir summits, at length reflcxed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; lower palea ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks, Florida, and northward. Aug. 7. P. grandiflora, Lam. " Panicle simple, erect ; spikelets very few, generally 7-flowered ; flowers acute, distant." — Carolina, Frazer. (*) 8. P. unioloides, Willd, Panicle contracted ; spikelets compressed, 8-flow- ered, awnless ; sheaths of the leaves bearded at the summit. — Carolina, Willd, — Panicle nodding, expanding. Spikes oblong-laneeolate. Root fibrous. (*) 48 5G6 GRAM1NF.,«. (ORASS FAMILY.) 35. BROMUS, L. Buome-Gr.vss. Grasses with fliit k-avt-s, and long-stalkcd spikt-lcfs in loose panicles, Spik& lets lar^'e, :i - inaiiy-flowcixd. (iluines membranaceous, unequal, commonly keeled. Lower palea usually awned under the apex, convex on the back, about 7-iicrved at the base. Stamens 3. Grain flattened and grooved on the inner face, and adherent to the upper palea. 1 . B. ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Perennial ; panicle diffuse, the sk'iidir (hooping l)ranches mostly by jjairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 10-1 2-flowered ; lower glume l-ncrved, the upper 3-nei-ved ; lower palea convex on the back, 7-nerved, hairy, about as long as the awn; culms 2° -4° high; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Kiver-banks and rich soil, Florida, and northward. June. 2. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Annual; panicle .spreading, ■with clustered, at length drooping branches ; spikelets (i'- 1' long) 8 - 10-flow- cred, oblong-ovate ; lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; palea; smooth, the lower one convex, 7-nerved, awnless or shoit-awned ; culms l°-2°high; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain-fields, &c. Introduced. 36. UNIOLA, L. Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and mostly broad, flat many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with one or more of the lower flowers glumc-like and neutral, and the upper imper- fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea rather risrid. stronglv compressed-keeled, nerved, awnless, much larger than the 2-keeled upper one. Grain free. Stamens 1-3. * Spikelets long-pcdicelled, droojiing : flowers oppressed. 1. TJ. latifolia, Michx. Culms 20-3° high ; leaves flat, lanceolate (|'- 1' wide) ; panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10- 15-flow- ered ; lower paica one third longer than the upper, fringed on tlie keel, acutish ; stamen 1. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Spike- lets I2''-15" long. 2. U. paniculata, L. Culms stout, .3° -5° high ; leaves very long, rigid, soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong-ovate, about 1 2-flowered ; paloae equal, the lower one notched at the apex, serrulate on the keel ; stamens 3. — Drifting sands along the coast. West Florida, and north- ward. July and Aug. — Plant pale. Leaves 2° - 4° long. * * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : flowers at lenqth spreading. 3. TJ. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, with the branches ap- pressed ; spikelets small (2"- 3"), wedge-shaped, 4 - 6-flowered ; lower palea longer than the upper one, smooth on the keel, obtuse; stamen \. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 6'' wide. Sheaths smooth or downy. GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 567 4. U. nitlda, Buldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches ; spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, 6-8-flowered; paleaB equal, the lower acute, seiTulate near the apex ; stamen 1 . — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. Aug. — Culms slender, l°-2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. 37. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad and flat leaves and panicled spike- lets. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, with the rachis bearded with long and silky hairs. Lowest flower with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, the others triandrous and perfect. Glumes unequal, pointed. Lower p.alea narrowly awl-shaped, 2-3 times as long as the 2-cleft upper one. Stigmas 2. Grain free. 1. P. communis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, l'-2' wide; panicle diffuse, nodding ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. 38. ELYMUS, L. Lyme-Grass. Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single spike of 2-7-flowcred s])ikelets, arranged 2-4 in a cluster at each joint of the zigzag rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, unequal-sided, mostly awned. PalcjE of the same texture as the glumes, the lower convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn ; the upper enclosing the linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 1. E. Virginieus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually included in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 2 - 3-flowered, smoottiish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. July and Aug. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves rough. Sheaths smooth. 2. E. StriatUS, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3'- 5' long), long-pedunclcd ; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 -3-flowered, hairy, long-awned; glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — Rocky woods and banks in the upper districts, and northward. July -Sept. — Culms slender, 2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 39. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk. Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus. 1. G. HystriX, Schreb. Spike erect, 3' - 6' long, lax-flowered ; spikelets yellowish, 3 - 4-flowered, smooth or rough-hairy, long-awned ; leaves and sheaths smoothish. (Elymus Hystrix, Z.) — Upper districts, Georgia, and northward July. — Culms 2^ - 3« high. Rachis 2-edged. 5G8 GKAMIN'K.K. (OUASS FAMILY.) 40. LOLIUM, L. Dahnel. Ri7t GRAMINr„K. (grass FAMII.Y.) glumes loTip;-poinlo(l, tlio uppor "-norvod, one third longer than tiio ohtiisn per feet flower; sterile flower .'i-aiulrous. — tSaiuly soil, Florida, and northward. Auj;. and Sept. y. — Culms .several in a cluster. Leaves smooth, flat (j^rcen), 1° or more long. Glumes purplish. 10. P. axnarum, Ell. (ilaucous; culms stout; hranches of the slender contracted panicle smooth, apjiressed ; leaves long and rigid, soon convolute ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2" long), short-stalked ; upper glume pointed, strongly 7-nerved, one third longer than the oljlong ohtusc perfect flower, and equalling the 3-anilrous sterile flower. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida, and north- ward. Sept. y. — Plant salt and hitter to the taste. 11. P. fascieulatum, Swartz. Smooth; culms erect (1° high), branch- ing; leaves membranaceous, linear-lanceolate; panicle contracted, 3' -4' long, with the mostly simple branches erect ; spikelets deep green, obovate, acute ; glumes smooth, the upper one strongly 7-nerved and reticulated, 2-3 times as long as the lower one, barely longer than the tumid rugose perfect flower; sterile flower neutral. (P. fuscorubens, Zam.) — South Florida. Oct. Ij. •t- •»- Sterile flower of one pakn , veiitrnl. 12. P, proliferum, Lam. Smooth ; culms thick and succulent, ascending, branched, geniculate ; panicles lateral and terminal, diff'use ; spikelets lanceolate- ovate, acute, somewhat crowded on the straight branches ; upper glume 7-nervcd, 3-4 times as long as the lower; perfect flower pointed. (P. genieulatum, Muld.) — Wet places near the coast, Florida, and northward. Sept. (1) — Culms 1° - 3° long. 13. P. capillare, L. Culms erect, simple or branched ; leaves and sheaths hirsute ; panicles lateral and terminal, the very slender branches at length re- flexed ; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, scattered on long and capillary pedicels ; upper glume 5-ncrved, pointed, twice as long as the lower; perfect flower obtuse. (P. strigosiim, J?//. ?) — Sandy fields, Florida, and northward. Sept. Q\ — Culms l°-2° high. 14. P. divergens, ^fnhl. Culms .slender, fragile, sparinglj' branched ; leaves sulmlatc, rough on the upper surface and margins ; the smooth sheaths longer than the joints ; panicle diff'use, bearded at the axils ; spikelets small, spindle-shaped, solitary at the summit of very long (2' -4') and rough pedun- cles; lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oldong, acute, nearly as long as the upper glume and neutral palea. (P. autumnalc. Base.) — Dry sandy soil. South Carolina, and northward. Aug. T\. — Culms 1° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. 1 5. P. veiTUCOSUm, Muhl. Smooth ; culms very slender, branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate; panicles terminal, pyramidal, the slender scattered and often simple branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, obtuse ; glumes obtuse, roughened with fine warts, the upper one at length shorter than the perfect flower, the lower minute. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. % — Culms 2°- 4° long. Spikelets ^-" long. 16. P. angUStifolium, Fll.' Culms weak, diflfuscly branched; leaves linear; panicle simple, the few elongated and scattered branches bearing 2-4 GRAMlNEuE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575 oblong-obovato acute spikelcts near the summit ; glumes papillose-hispid, the upper one 5-nervcd, longer than the pointed granular-rougliened perfect flower ; tlie lower minute, obtuse. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. — Culms 1°- 2° long. Spikelets 1^" long. * * * Spikelets single, on a spreading pedicel, disfMsed in open panicles : sterile flower consisting of two unequal palece, neutral (except No. 17): perennials: culms at length much branched. 17. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly smooth, the shcatiis, especially at the joints, villous; panicle nearly sim- ple ; spikelets large (2" long), obovate ; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. May. — Culms l°--l|-° high. Leaves and panicles 3' -4' long, the latter exserted. 18. P. clandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1° high), branched, naked at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute ; panicles small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spikelets ob- long, pubescent (H" long) ; lower glume half the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Dry sterile soil, North Carolina, and northward. Sept. H. — Varies with the sheaths smooth, or merely pubescent, and the terminal panicle some- times exserted. 19. P. SCOparium, L. Hairy or woolly all over, except the upper sur- face of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (1° - \^° high), mostly simple; panicle terminal, exserted; spikelets obovate (1^" long), obtuse, pubes- cent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower one ; sterile flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. May. 20. P. pauciflorum, Ell. "Panicle expanding, few-flowered; flowers very large ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy." Ell. — In close damp soils, Georgia, Elliott. May. — Culm 12'- 18' high, roughish and branching at the joints. Leaves 3' -4' long, 3" -4" wide, smooth above. Spikelets oval, the lower glume very small. Resembles P. scoparium in fruit, and P. villosum somewhat in habit. ( * ) 21. P. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth; culms reclining, with short and spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the persistent sheaths ; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the branches ; spikelets (2" long) obovate, tumid, nodding ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, and, like the lower palea of the sterile flower, tipped with a tuft of down ; paleoe of the sterile flower nearly equal. — South Florida, Dr. Blodgett. — Leaves lj'-2' long. Branches of the panicle short and diverging. 22. P. viscidum, Ell. Soft-liairy or downy all over, except a narrow ring below each joint of the culm ; leaves lanceolate ; sheaths viscid ; panicle (4' -6' long) compound, diff"use ; spikelets (1" long) ovate, pubescent; upper glume 9-nerved, many times longer than the minute lower one. — Varies with the leaves, sheaths, and purple spikelets smooth. — Wet swamps and bogs, near the 57G f;i!.\MiNK-i:. (grass i'amii.y.) coast, Florida, and iioiiliwanl. May. — Culms .3° -4° liij;li, soon niiicli liranclicd. Li-nves G'-lo' long. Branches of the ])anicli' smooth. — In the smooth form ot this s|)ccics I notice a rcmarkaUlc deviation from the generic cluuacter. Tlic two glumes and lower palea of the sterile Hower arc ns usual in the genus, while the upper ])alea of the latter is developed into an apparently perfect flower, in all respects similar to the upper one. 2.'}. P. scabriusculum, F>il. Culm (.3° -4° long), sheaths, and lower surface of tiie liiicar-lanccolatc leaves rough and more or less pubescent ; panicle ample, compound, diffuse, pubescent below, the divisions gmooth ; spikelets small, ovate, rough, but not pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, the lower minute. ^- Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. May. — Probably a form of the last. 24. P. microearpon, Muhl. Culm and leaves smooth ; the latter lance- olate, tapering from a broad cordate base, strongly nerved, fringed on the mar- gins near the base ; panicle compound, diffuse ; spikelets very numerous, small (^" long), oval, pubescent ; upper glume .5-nerved, 3 times the length of the mi- nute lower one. (P. multiflorum, Ell., not of Poir. P. ovale. Ell. ?) — Dry soil, South Carolina, and northward. May. — Culms 2° -2^° high. Leaves 4' -6' long, 8" -10" wide. 25. P. dichotomuni, L. Culms at length much branched ; panicle nearly simple, few-flowered ; leaves linear-lanceolate, bearded at the base, or vil- lous all over. (P. villosum. Ell.) — Var. 1. Panicles compound, diffuse; spikelets small ; leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like culm, sheaths, and panicle, soft hairy (P. lanuginosum, Ell.), or only at the joints of the culm (P. barbula- tum, ]\fichx.), or smooth throughout (P. nitidum, Eli, spikelets purple and very minute). — Var. 2. Culms weak; panicle loose, compound ; sheaths and pale-grccn thin leaves soft hairy (P. pubescens. Ell.), or the margins of the otherwise smooth leaves fringed with long hairs (P. ciliatum, Eli). — Var. 3. Culms (2° higli) smooth ; leaves large (6' -8' long), lanceolate, rough or downy above, margins near the base and sheaths fringed ; panicle large, diffuse ; spike- lets (1" long) oblong, nearly smooth. (P. nervosum, Ell. ?) — Var. T 4. Culms smooth and rigid (1°- 1^° high) ; leaves pale, rigid, lanceolate, fringed ; panicle oblong, diffuse ; spikelets minute, oval, very hairy. (P. sphserocarpon, Ell.) — Woods, fields, and swamps, everywhere, in some one of its numerous forms. March - May. 26. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms low (2' -12' high), simple, erect, like the linear leaves ; panicle sim])lc, few-flowcrcd, with the branches erect, often shorter than the subtending leaf; spikelets oval-obovate (1" long), mostly acute ; upper ghime 9-nervcd, smootbisb, three times the length of the ovate lower one. (P. strictum, Pursh.) — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Leaves rigid, 2' - G' long, smoothish or hairy. 27. P. melicarium, Michx. " Culm weak ; leaves narrow ; panicle con- tracted ; glumes meniliranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal ; rudiment of a flower stalked. — In Carolina and Georgia. Very smooth. Leaves long. Panicle slender, long, with few branches." Michx. ( * ) GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 577 ^ 3. AULAXANTIIUS. — Spikelets awnless, single, loose! ij racemose on tlie eject branches of the compound contracted panicle : lower (jlunie wanting, the upper one 5-rihbed, verij liairtj : perennials. 28. P. ignoratum, Kuutli. Culms erect, simple, smooth ; leaves linear- lanceolate, pungent, strongly nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones widely spreading ; panicle racemose ; spikelets obovate ; sterile flower 3-androus ; anthers and stigmas yellow. (Aulaxanthus ciliatns, £"//.) — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North Carolina. July and Aug. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and spikelets pale. 29. P. rufum, Kunth. Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated ; sterile flower neutral ; anthers and stigmas purple ; otherwise like the preceding. (Au- laxanthus rufus, Ell) — Pine-barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Leaves and spikelets purplish. § 4. ECHINOCHLOA. — Spikelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pnni- ckd spikes: glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower hispid-pointed or awned. 30. P. Crus-galli, L. Culm stout (2° -4° high), branching ; leaves very long, broadly linear, rough; sheaths smooth, rough, or hispid; spikes (l'-2' long) very numerous, crowded in a long raceme ; spikelets clustered ; glumes and lower palea of the sterile flower strongly hispid on the nerves, awn-pointed or long-awned ; fertile flower rough-pointed. — Wet places, Florida, and north- ward. Aug. and Sept. (1) — Awns pale or purple. 31. P. Waltei'i, Ell. Culms (l°-2° higii) branching; leaves linear, smooth, like the sheaths; spikes 5-12, distant, erect or apprcssed (^'-1' long), bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes and lower palea his- pid on the nerves, pointed ; fertile flower barely pointed ; rachis rough. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. Qj — Spikelets purplish. 32. P.? moUe, Michx. "Spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, flower- ing on one side ; spikelets approximate, pedicillate, on one side, awnless," Ell. — Sea islands of South Carolina, Elliott. Aug. and Sept. H. — Culm 4° - 6° high, smooth below, downy above. Leaves 12'- 18' long, smooth, fringed at the throat. Spikelets 2-3 together on a villous rachis, hairy. Plant salt and bitter. § 5. ORTHOPOGON. — Panicle simple, spiked: spikes fewflowered, distant: glumes equal, hairy, the lower one long-awned : upper and lower paleoi of the sterile flower short-awned. 33. P. hirtellum, L. Culms slender, ascending from a creeping base ; leaves (l'-2' long) ovate-lanceolate, thin; sheaths hairy; spikes about .5, dis- tant, 5-8-flowercd; awns (often purple) clammy. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. Aug. and Sept. H. — Culms l°-2° long, branched, the erect portion 6' -12' high. 50. SETARIA, Bcauv. Erect annual grasses, with flat leaves and the spikelets of Panicum proper, but crowded in cylindrical spike-like panicles ; the short pedicels bearing one or more bristles, which usually exceed the spikelets. 49 578 ORAMiNEii-:. (r.iiAss family.) * Bristies rowjliened dowiiwayJ. 1. S. verticillata, Beuuv. Culms s|)iirinj,'ly bianolicd ; leaves lincar- laneeoliite, loiif^h above ; s|)ikc cvlindiical, comijact, somewhat inierru)jteil be- low (2' -3' lonjx) ; bristles short, single or by pairs. — Around dwellings, North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. — Culm 2° high. * * Bristles rowjhened upward. 2. S. glauca, Beauv. Culms smootii, slightly compressed ; leaves lincar- lanccolatc, riiugli above; spike nearly simple, cylindrical; bristles 6-10, in 2 clusters, longer than the spikdets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Var. LjEvigatum (Panicuni Uevigatum, Ell.) has a more flattened culm, longer, nar- rower and smooth leaves, and the perfect flower obscurely wrinkled. — Culti- vated ground, the var. in damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms l°-30 high. Spikes 2' -3' long, pale or purplish. 3. S. viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, terete ; leaves lanceolate or lipear- lanceolatc, rough ; spikes compound, cylindrical, dense ; bristles 1 - 3 to each spikelet; perfect flower finely striate and dotted lengthwise. — Around dwell- ings. Introduced. June -Sept. — Culms 1°- 2° high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 4. S. COrrugata, Schult. Culms, narrow (2" wide) leaves, and sheaths rough: spikes compound, cylindrical, dense, erect or bending; spikelets 6-10 in a cluster ; bristles one to each spikelet, elongated ; perfect flower obtuse, strongly wrinkled. (Panicum corrugatum. Ell.) — Dry soil, Florida and Georgia. July and Aug. — Culms 2° -3° high. Spikes 3' -6' long, purple. 5. S. composita, Kuntb. Culms smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the fringed sheaths rough-hairy at the throat; spikes loose, compound, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles single or by pairs, many times longer than the spike- lets ; perfect flower acute, with faint transverse lines. — Dry sandy soil along the west coast of Florida, Apalachicola to Key West. Juno -Aug. — Culms 2° -4° long. Leaves 1° or more long. Spikes C- 12' long. 6. S. Italica, Kunth. Culms tall (4° -8° high), smooth, branched ; leaves (^'-1' wide) very rough; spikes compound (6'- 18' long), cylindrical, dense, the lower clusters scattered ; bristles 1 - 2 to each spikelet, elongated ; fertile flower smooth and even. — Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. — This, and Penicillaria spicata, Willd., avc commonly cultivated, under the name of Miixet, as green food for cattle. The latter seems to be the Panicum cenchroides, Ell. 51. CENCHRUS, L. CocK-spun. Prostrate or creeping grasses, with the spikelets of Panicum proper, but en- closed, 1 -several together, in spiny or bristly, at length indurated and decid- uous involucres ; the latter burr-like, and arranged in a terminal spike. Stamens 3. Styles united below. 1. C. echinatus, L. Spikes cylindrical, composed of 20 or more globular involucres (3' -4' long) ; involucre downy, spiny above, and with a row of rigid barbed bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered ; culms ascending. — Fields and GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 579 waste grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. Q) — Culms l°-2° long. Involucre purplish. 2. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres whitish, 10-15 in a spike, wedge-shaped at the base, armed above with stout compressed broadly subulate erect or spread- ing spines ; bristles none ; spikelets mostly by pairs. — Sands along the coast, Florida, and nortli ward. July - Oct. (j) — Culms prostrate, 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves linear. Spikes I' -2' long. 52. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. A creeping and branching grass, with the awnless spikelets sunk in excavations of the continuous flattened i-achis. Spikelets by pairs, one pedieelled and imper- fect, the other sessile, and with the structure of Panicum. 1. S. Americanuni, Schrank. (Rottboellia dimidiata, Ell.) — Damp sandy places along tlie coast, Florida to South Carolina. June - Sept. y. — Smooth throughout. Culms flattened, creeping, the branches nearly opposite ; flowering culms erect, 6'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -6' long, linear, obtuse, flat or folded, contracted at the base. Spikes lateral and terminal, peduncled, 2' - 5' long. Sterile spikelet neutral or rudimentary. Fertile spikelet sessile; the up- per glume 7-nerved, 3 times the length of the lower one. Palea of the sterile flower coriaceous, like those of the perfect one. 53. E-OTTBCELLIA, Brown. Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves and spiked inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, borne by pairs at the base of each joint ; one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed ped- icel ; the other sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2-flowered. Glumes 2, the exterior one flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression at the base, the interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. Palea; hyaline, 1 -2 in the staminate or neutral lower flower, and 2 in the upper and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and terminal peduncles or branches. 1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches clustered, short, included in the sheaths of the elongated upper leaves ; spikes spreading, slightly compressed ; sessile spikelet shorter than the joint; lower glume lance- olate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neutral. — Pine-barren swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green, lJ'-2' long, 1" in diameter. 2. R. corrugata, Baldw. ? Culm stout, compressed ; peduncles mostly single, elongated; spikes slightly compressed, erect; spikelets longer than the joint; lower glume longitudinally grooved and somewhat reticulated, ovate; sterile flower staminate. — Low pine l)arrens, Georgia and Florida, near the coast. Sept. and Oct. — Culm 2° -4° high. Spikes 4' -6' long, 2" in diam- eter, purplish. 3. R, cylindrica. Culm slender, terete ; leaves narrowly linear ; peduncles single, elongated; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved; spikelets as long as 580 cnAMiNK,!;. ((;u.vss iamii.y.) the joint ; lower plume ovate, obtuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; sterile spikelct nuiinu'iitinv. ('rripsacmn cvliMdricuni, Muhx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida. July -Sept. — Culms \°-2° \\\\i,\\. Spikes 2'-G' long, 1" iu diameter, purplish. 54. MANISURIS, L. Annual grasses, Avith branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, clustered, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in sjjathe-likc .sheaths. Spikelets 1 -flowered, placed one at each end of the joints of the sjjike ; the upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly ctpial hispid mem- branaceous plumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave, tiie lower reticulated, the upper smootii. Talea! 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain included. 1 . M. granularis, Swartz. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the sheaths, hairy; spikes G"- 10" long; spikelets minute, turning black — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to South Carolina. Aug. and Sept. Introduced. — Culms P- 2° high. 55. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. A tall perennial grass, with solid culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikelets awnlcss, monoecious, in jointed spikes, the upper ones staminate, the lower fertile, 2-flowercd. Staminate flowers by pairs on each short triangular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; palea; hyaline. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of the thick and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner membranaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both with hyaline palea;. Anthers opening by terminal jjores. Stigmas elongated. Grain free. 1. T. dactyloides, L. — Rich soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms erect, from tufted creeping rootstocks, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 1' wide. Spikes 4' - 8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, 2-4 in a cluster or sometimes solitaiy. (T. monostachyum, Willd.) 56. ANDROPOGON, L. Bkoom-Grass. Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves, and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose rachis ; one of them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary ; the other sessile, 2- flowered, the lower flower consisting of one palea, and neutral ; the upper of 2 palea;, mostly perfect, shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the lower one mostly awnod at the apex (except No. 1 ). Stamens 1-3. Grain free. § 1. A.^T>B,OVOGO^ V-ROvis.^. — Upper flower perfect. * Peduncle solitary, hearincj a single spike. \ A. Nuttallii. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth, like the long linear leaves ; spikes rigid, long-pedunclcd, the rachis and pedicel of the sterile GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 581 flower frin-^ed witli closely appressed white hairs ; spikclcts awulcss ; glumes hispid above ; sterile flower of 2 paleoe, 3-androus. (Rottboellia ciliata, Nutt.) — ■ Low pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — Spikes 3' - 6' long. 2. A. oligOStaehyus. Culms rigid, erect ; leaves linear, smooth, glau- cous ; spikes 3 - 4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary with short spread- ing hairs ; lower glume pubescent, ^- J as long as the contorted awn; sterile flower neutral, short-awned. — Dry sand-ridges, Middle Florida. Aug. and Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikes 2' - 3' long. 3. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute leaves ; spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smooth ; spikelets ap- pressed, half as long as the bent awn ; glumes rough above ; upper palea minute ; pedicel of the awnless neutral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Culms 2° -3° long. Spikes slender, 1'- 2' long. Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat. * * Peduncles clustered, each bearing a sini/le spike. 4. A. SCOparius, Michx. Leaves smooth or rough-hairy ; spikes numer- ous, on exscrted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned or awnless staminate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per- fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with elevated points. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Aug. and Sept. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikes 1' - 2' long. * * * Peduncles or branches mostly clustered, bearivfj 2-4 rigid (green) digitate spikes : rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile flower fringed with scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 5. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° - 5° high ; leaves rough, fringed at the base ; peduncles or branches commonly several at each upper joint; spikelets appressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent awn. — Open woods and margins of fields, Florida, and northward, Sept. — Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long. * * * * Peduncles or branches 1 - several from each upper joint, often included in the dilated sheaths : spikelets slender, hoary with long silky spreading hairs : sterile flower reduced to an awn-like glume at the apex of the very slender pedicel, or obsolete : stamen 1 . 6. A. tetrastaehyus, Ell. Culms 3° - 4° high ; leaves and sheaths very hairy ; branches short, the lower ones by pairs, the upper single ; spikes 4 ; glumes bristly-serrulate, one fourth as long as the straight awn ; pedicel of the awn-like sterile flower barely exceeding the fertile flower. — Var. distachyus. Leaves and sheaths less hairy or snioothish ; spikes by pairs, more rigid, on long-exserted branches ; pedicel of the sterile flower much longer than the smoother glumes. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 7. A. EUiottii. Culms 1°- 2° liigli, bearded at the upper joints ; leaves purplish, narrow, hairy at the base ; sheaths hairy, the upper ones inflated and often crowded or imbricated ; branches single or by pairs ; spikes by pairs (rarely 49* 582 GUAMINE.t. (<;UASS FAMILY.) 3-4), cxsortcd, or included in the upper slicuths ; awn 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; luiirs of the very slender riichis long und glossy. (A. urgenteus, Ell., not of DC.) — Wet or dry pine hiirrens, Florida to North Carolina. ScpL and Oit. — Somewhat variable, hut distinguislied hy the dilated clustered sheaths, mid by the silvery hairs of the spikes. 8. A. Virginicus, L. Culms mostly tall, erect or bending, with the joints remote and bearded ; branches 1-2 from the uj>pcr dilated sheaths, compound and forming a long and loose panicle ; spikes by pairs (rarely by fours), shorter than the sheaths ; awn straight, four times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower none. (A. vaginatus. Ell., the short branches or peduncles included in the more inflated sheaths. A. dissitiflorus, Miclir. ? A. gracilis, Carpenter, the spikes borne at the summit of eloTigatcd simjiie liranehes.^ — Barren soil, Florida to Missiisii>pi, and nortinvard. Sept. and Oct. 9. A. macrourus, Michx. Spikes by pairs, exceedingly numerous, crowd- ed in a large and close panicle ; awns 3-4 times the length of the glumes ; sterile flower an awn-like glume. — Varies with the whole plant glaucous and more slender, branches and spikes more scattered. — Low barren soils, Florida, and northward. Sejit. — Culms 2° - 5° high. lU. A. ternariUS, Michx. "Branches remote, alternate, solitary, simple, bearing mostly three distant alternate 2-cleft spikes ; hairs of the involucre shorter than the glume; flowers 3-androus ; paleae somewhat villous; awn long, con- torted." Michx. In Carolina. ( * ) § 2. HETEUOrOGOX. — Upper Jlower stamt'nate or pistillate. 11. A. melanocarpus, Ell. Culms tall (4°-8° high) panicled above; leaves elongated ; sjjikes numerous, approximate, 1-sided, shorter than their slender filiform-pointed sheaths ; spikelets large, the two lowest pairs glume-like, persistent, sterile, the others deciduous ; sterile flower 3-androus, with the lower glume lanceolate, membranaceous, twisted, much longer than the fertile spikelet and the smooth and short pedicel ; fertile spikelet rusty bearded ; the coriaceous glumes obtuse, many times shorter than the very long (4') contorted and hairy awn. — Indian old fields, Florida and Georgia. Introduced? — Glume of the sterile spikelet, like the sheaths, rugose on the back. Perhaps identical with A. polystachyns, Roxb. 57. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Tall reed-like grasses, with long and flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other ses- sile, both with a hairy involucre at the base. Lower flower of one palea, neutral ; the upper of two palea;, perfect, shorter than the membranaceous nearly equal glumes, the lower one awned. Stamens 2-3. 1. E. alopeeuroides, Ell Culms 4°-10° high; sheaths of the broad (6" - 12") very rough leaves woolly above, rough below ; panicle (1° - 2" long) woolly, expanding, pyramidal; hairs of the involucre copious, twice as long as the sparsely hairy glumes ; awn straight. — Var. coxtortus. (E. contortus, Ell.) GRAMmE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 583 Smaller (2°-4° liiijh) ; leaves and shoatlis smooth ; panicle (0'- 12' long) ohlong ; awns s!;ort and twisted. — Var. BRiiViii.\Ri$is. (E. brcvibarhis, Miclix.) Smootk or nearly so; rachis of the oblong panicle rough (not woolly) ; hairs of the in- volucre shorter than the glumes. — Dry or wet soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. and Oct. 2. E. strictUS, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly roughened; panicle (10'- 15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; glumes rough ; awns straight. — River-banks, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° - 8° high. Leaves 3" -6" wide. Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 58. SORGHUM, Pers. Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle ; the lat- eral ones sterile or a mere pedicel ; the middle or terminal one fertile. Glumes coriaceous or indurated, closely bearded, sometimes awidess. Otherwise like Andropogon. 1. S. avenaceum. Panicle erect; glumes yellowish, lanceolate, the lower one hairy ; one palea to each flower, linear, ciliate ; awn rough, slender, twice as long as the glumes ; sterile flowers reduced to one or two slender hairy pedicels. (Andropogon avenaceus, Mkkx. A ciiiatus, Ell.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Nortii Carolina. Sept. y. — Culms (2° - 4° high) and leaves smootlv. Panicle oblong, 6' - 12' long. 2. S. nutans, Gray. Panicle long and narrow, nodding ; glumes dark brown, the upper sparingly, the lower denselj' hairy ; palese of the upper flower 2, unequal ; awn 4 times the length of the glumes, bent in the middle, rough above, twisted and hairy below ; sterile spikelets mostly rudiments. (A. nutans, L.) — Dry barren soil, Florida and northward. Sept. y. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Panicle l°-2° long. 3. S. secundum. Panicle erect, contracted, l-.sided; spikelets nodding; glumes light brown, very hairy all over; otherwise like the last, and probably a variety of it. (Andropogon secundus, Ell.) — Dry sand-ridges in the pine bar- rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. and Oct. — Culms 2° - 3° high. S. vuLGARE, Pers., is the Durra Corn ; S saccharatum, the Broom Corn; S. cernuum, Willd., the Guinea Corn. S. halapense, Pers., is sometimes cultivated under the name of Cuba Grass. 59. LUZIOLA, Juss. Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- icled monoecious flowers ; the pistillate and smaller staminate spikelets borne on separate panicles. — Spikelets scattered, on jointed pedicels, nearly terete, 1-fiowered. Glumes none. Palere 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, concave, obtuse, strongly nerved. Squamulse 2. Stamens 5-11 : anthers linear, 2-lobed at the base, much longer than the short filaments. Styles 2, short ; stigmas plumose. Grain free, ovoid. Pericarp crustaccous. 584 oraminkj:. (crass kamilv.) 1. L. Alabamensis, n. sp. Smooth tliioujrliout ; culms low (4' -C high), simpli', jointed in'ur the base ; leaves mostly two ; the lowest one 3-4 times the length of the culm ; the elonjrated purple sheath eiiclosin;; the shoit ineinhrana- ccous upper one, and the stalk of the simple few-flowered panicle ; spikelets pale, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the erect or oppressed capillary pedicels ; the staminatc and pistillate ones borne on separate culms ; pnlciu of staminate spikelet lanceolate, 7-nerved ; those of the pistillate ovatc-hinccolatc, 11-13- ncrved, much lonijer than the smooth grain. — Brooklyn, Conecuh County, Alabama, ./. /•'. Beaumont. 60. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. A low maritime branching grass, with very short rigid crowded leaves, and dioecious flowers in solitary terminal sessile spikes. Glumes none. — Spikes short, 3-5-flowered ; the lowest flower, or the two lower ones, neutral, of 1 -2 palece ; the uppermost abortive ; the intermediate ones, composed of two paleae, triandrous in the staminate, digynous in the pistillate spike. Palea: convolute, scarious and obtuse at the apex ; the lower one rigid, ovate-lanceolate, 9-12- nerved above ; the upper rather longer, 2-keelcd or 2-wingcd on the back. Squamula; none. Anthers longer than the short filaments, 2-lobcd at each end. Ovary lanceolate-linear, 3-angled. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated, plumose with simple hairs. Grain 3-angled, free. 1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores, South Florida, and west- ward.— Culms much branched, 5' -8' high, smooth and somewhat woody, erect, or at length prostrate and rooting. Leaves 3" long, very rigid, ob- tuse, many-nerved, rough on the margins, mostly crowded at the summit of the short branches, and enclosing the short (3" - 4") sessile spikes. Flowers pedicelled. riLiCES. (ferns.) 585 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Vegetables destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in the place of seeds, minute homogeneous bodies (spores) containing no embryo. Class III. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, containing woody fibre and vessels. Order 161. EQUISETACE^E. (Horsetail Family.) Comprises only the genus 1. EQUISETITM, L. Scouring Rush. Fructification terminal, spikeJ or cone-like. Spore-cases {sporangia) 6-7, borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, I-celled, opening on the inner side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed joints a toothed sheath. I. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly simple, the obtuse ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appressed, with numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil, North Carolina, and northward. — Stem l^°-i° high. Order 162. FILICES. (Ferns.*) Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), which in this climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes ascending, but in the tropics oflen grow many feet high, with a diameter of several inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (Tree-ferns'). Leaves (fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation (except the last Suborder), and raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporangia) one- * By Daniel C. Eaton. i>^^'> FILICES. (fERNP,> ct'lli'air lar;,a'St, distant ; ])innulcs oldonj:, cirnatcly incised or tootiied, obtuse; indusiuni roiindisii, truncate. (Aspidiimi hnlliiferuni, .SVtnV; ) — Rocks on the mountains of Nortli Carolina, and norlliward. — Fronds l°-3° long. The bulblets fall to the ground, and form new plants, wliieli are about two years in coming to maturity. 13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fern. Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the dei)resRcd centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins and 1 - 3-pinnatc fronds. Ij 1. LASTREA, Bory. Indusium round-kuhcy-shapi:d, fixed at the siuus. * Fronds thin and delicate, decnifing in autumn; ultimate ser/meuts entire or neaili/ so; veins simple or once forked. 1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate; pinna; lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs rather .smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones witii a strongly rcvolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusiuni minute, smooth. — Swamps and bogs, Florida, and nortliward. — Fronds 10'- 18' long, with an elongated stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked rootstocks, which creep several inches in advance of the fronds. 2. A. Noveboracense, AVilld. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways from the.middie, pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib ; the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant ay the areuate base, o])eii oi)li(iuely toward the niar;;iii of tlic itinntE. Fronds |)innatc, eloii