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A

FLORA

OF THE

STATE OF NEW-YORK,

COMPRISING

<

FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS HITHERTO
DISCOVERED IN THE STATE;

WITH REMARKS ON THEIR ECONOMICAL AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES,

By JOHN TORREY, M.D., F.L.S.

VOL. II.

ALBANY:

CARROLL AND COOK, PRINTERS TO THE ASSEMBLY.

accocecce

The copyright of this work is secured for the benefit of the People of the State of New-York.
SAMUEL YOUNG,

Secretary of State.
Albany, 18438.

FLOR A

OF THE

STATE OF NEW-YORK.

Monoretatous Exocrenous Prants (Continued ).

Group 5. Ovary free, or rarely coherent with the calyx, several-celled, with a single
ovule in each cell. Seeds with or without albumen. Stamens inserted on the
tube of the regular corolla: anthers not opening by pores or chinks.

Orver LIX. AQUIFOLIACEA. DC. Tue Hotty Trise.

Calyx of 4 to 6 sepals, imbricated in estivation. Corolla 4 - 6-parted or cleft,
deciduous; the stamens as many as its segments, and alternate with them.
Ovary 2 — 6- (rarely many-) celled ; each cell with a single suspended ovule:
stigma nearly or quite sessile, lobed. Fruit drupaceous, with 2 — 6 stones or
nucules. Embryo minute, at the extremity of fleshy albumen. — Trees or
shrubs, mostly with coriaceous evergreen Jeaves. Flowers small, axillary,
solitary or fasciculate, by abortion often polygamous.

{Fiora — Vol. 2.] 1

2 AQUIFOLIACE. TEx.

1. ILEX. Linn.; Endl. gen. 5705. HOLLY.
[ Etymology uncertain. ]

Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4 — 5-parted nearly to the
base, rotate. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4 — 5-celled: stigmas as many as the cells, nearly
sessile, distinct or united. Fruit with 4 or 5 bony ribbed or veined nucules. Embryo very
minute, nearly globose.— Evergreen (sometimes deciduous) shrubs or small trees. Leaves

usually coriaceous, entire, toothed, or with spiny teeth. Peduncles many-flowered.

1. Inex opaca, Até. American Holly.

Leaves ovate, coriaceous, acute, flat, sharply spinose-toothed, smooth ; flowers scattered at
the base of the young branches. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 177; Miche. fl. 1. p. 228, and
Ff. sylv. 2.1; 84, Pursh, fl. 1. ps 117; ..Bigel. fl. Bost. p.62; Ell sk. 2. p. 679, Dorr.
fi. 1, p.194; DC. prodr. 2. p. 14; Beck, bot. p. 230; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 121;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 114. I. Aquifolium, Walt. fl. Car. p. 241.

A tree 10 — 30 feet high, with spreading branches and smooth light gray bark ; the trunk
sometimes nearly a foot in diameter. Leaves about two inches long, thick and tough, nearly
plane, somewhat shining, bright and deep green above, yellowish green underneath. Flowers
solitary or in small loose fascicles ; the pedicels with minute bracts at the base. Calyx small;
the segments ovate, acuminate, ciliolate. Corolla yellowish white ; the segments (or nearly
distinct petals) usually 4 but sometimes 5 or 6, oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the
corolla: anthers oblong. Stigmas mostly 4, small, connivent. Drupes about the size of a
large pea, nearly spherical, bright red, persistent.

Sandy soils. On the north side of Long Island, and on the hills near Kingsbridge, Island
of New-York. Fl. June. Fr. September. This species is very closely allied to the European
Holly, and possesses similar properties. ‘The copious alburnum is white, and the heart brown.
The grain is fine and compact. Cabinet-makers sometimes use the wood, which is very
brilliant when polished. Of the inner bark, the material called birdlime is prepared. The
berries are purgative and emetic, but are seldom employed medicinally.

2. ILEx AMBIGUUS. Ambiguous Ilex.

Leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, obtuse or acute at the base, thin, smooth, serrate ;
flowers tetramerous, on short pedicels, aggregated at the extremity of short lateral branches.—
Prinos ambiguus, Micha. fl. 2. p. 23? not of Ell. or Nutt.

A shrub about six feet high; the younger branches marked with numerous closely ap-
proximated scales of fallen petioles. Leaves clustered at the extremity of the branches,
2 — 34 inches long and often two inches wide, very thin and membranaceous, acute, obtuse or
sometimes cordate at the base, perfectly smooth on both sides ; the serratures acuminate and
appressed : petioles 5 —8 lines long. Flowers polygamous, 3-5 at the extremity of each

ILrx. AQUIFOLIACE. 3

branch ; the pedicels only one or two lines long. Calyx-segments short, acute, finely ciliate.
Corolla white, 4-parted nearly to the base, rotate: segments oblong. Stamens 4: filaments
short and broad; cells of the anther distinct, adnate to the sides of the filament. Ovary
ovate-conical: stigmas 4, obtuse, distinct, erect. Fruit globular, red, the size of a small pea,
smooth: nucules bony, strongly costate-veiny. Embryo very minute, spherical, at the
extremity of fleshy albumen.

On the Catskill mountains (Mr. Carey). ‘This species is probably not rare, and yet if it
be not the Prinos ambiguus of Michaux, it must be undescribed. I have received it from Mr.
Wolle of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, who found it on the mountains in the neighborhood of
that town. Dr. Gray and Mr. J. Carey, in their recent botanical journey to the mountains of
North-Carolina, found a plant nearly allied to this, and perhaps not differing essentially.
The pedicels, however (I have only seen the fruit), arise from lateral buds, and not from the
extremity of the branches, and the persistent calyx is 5 — 6-parted. Neither the New-York
nor the Southern plant can be the Prinos ambiguus of Elliott; and P. ambiguus of Nuttall
seems to be distinct from both. I have referred this species to [Lex on account of the sulcate
nucules, but perhaps the two genera ought to be united.

2. PRINOS. Linn.; Endl. gen..5706. WINTER-BERRY.

[Prinos is the Greek name of the Quercus Ilex, and is said to be derived from prio, to saw; the leaves being serrated.]

Flowers mostly dicecious or polygamous. Calyx 4 — 6-toothed, persistent. Corolla mostly
6-cleft (sometimes 4- or 5-cleft), rotate. Stamens usually 6. Ovary 4 —- 6-celled: stigmas
4 —6, sessile, distinct or united. Fruit with 4-6 bony smooth nucules. Embryo very
minute.—Shrubs, often with evergreen leaves. Peduncles axillary, solitary or aggregated.

This genus is too nearly related to Ibex.

1. Prinos verticituatus, Linn. Black Alder. Common Winter-berry.

Leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, serrate, acuminate, pubescent and prominently veined
underneath ; flowers mostly 6-parted, the staminiferous somewhat umbellate, the pistilliferous
aggregated or solitary ; calyx-segments ciliate.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 130; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 220;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 129, and med. bot. 3. p. 141. t.55; Bart. veg. mat. med. t.17; Torr.
fl.1. p. 3837; DC. prodr, 2. p.17; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 1. p.121; Beck, bot. p. 230;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 214. P. Gronovii, Michx. fl. 2. p. 236.

A shrub 6 — 8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 —- 3 inches long, uncinately serrate,
with prominent veins underneath: petioles about half an inch long. Flowers numerous, white,
dicecious. STAMINIFEROUS FL. in small axillary umbels ; the common peduncle rather longer
than the pedicels, which are about one-fourth of an inch in length. Stamens usually as many
as 6, and sometimes 7: ovary abortive. Ferrite ru. mostly perfect, on shorter pedicels,
and with scarcely any common peduncle. Ovary conical, about 6-celled : stigmas 4 — 6-lobed.

Fruit globose, the size of a large pea, scarlet when ripe, crowded on the branches so as to
4*

4 . AQUIFOLIACE. PRINos.

appear verticillate, remaining on the plant part of the winter. Nucules about 6, smooth.
Embryo extremely minute, nearly globose.

Low grounds, and in moist thickets; common. Fl. June. Fr. October. The bark of
this plant is tonic and astringent. A decoction of it is used for washing ill-conditioned ulcers.

(See Wood g- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 534.)

2. Prinos Ltavicatus, Pursh? Smooth Winter-berry.

Leaves deciduous, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth or slightly
pubescent on the veins underneath; flowers 6 —'7-parted, the fertile (perfect) on slender
pedicels, solitary or 2 - 3 together ; calyx-segments smooth ; stigmas distinct.—Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 220? Muhl. cat. p. 36; Torr. fl. 1. p. 338.

A shrub 4 — 7 feet high, much branched. Leaves about two inches long and three-fourths
of an inch wide, thin, acute at the base, with appressed and commonly mucronate serratures,
somewhat shining above, the under surface pubescent only on the veins. Sterile flowers not
seen. Fertile or rather perfect flowers axillary, on pedicels which are about half an inch long.
Calyx-segments acuminate, not ciliate. Corolla greenish white ; the segments oval. Stamens
as many as the segments of the corolla. Ovary conical, crowned with 6 —7 erect distinct
stigmas. Fruit larger than in P. verticillatus, bright red : nucules smooth.

Cedar swamps, Long Island. Fl. June. Fr. September. Although this species is in
general easily distinguished from the preceding, there are occasionally found specimens that
seem to connect the two. Indeed all the North American species, both of this genus and of
Itex, require a thorough revision.

3. Prinos ciaBer, Linn. (Pl. \xxu.) = Evergreen Winter-berry. Ink-berry.

Leaves sempervirent, coriaceous, cuneate-oblanceolate, smooth and shining, sparingly
toothed at the summit ; peduncles axillary, mostly 3-flowered. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 830; Ait.
Kew. (ed-1.) 1. p. 478; Michz. fi.:2. p. 2363. Pursh, fi. 1. p. 220; Ell, sk. 2. p."107;
Torr. fi. 1. p.-338; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 129; Beck, bot. p, 231:. DC. prodr. (2. p.17;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 122.

A shrub 2 —4 feet high, much branched, with dark grayish bark. Leaves crowded, about
an inch and a half long, of a thick and leathery texture, bright green above, paler underneath,
with a few appressed teeth toward the summit. Flowers numerous, at the base of the young
branches, solitary, or more commonly three together on a common peduncle, which is rather
longer than the pedicels. Calyx-segments semiovate, acute, smooth. Corolla white, 6-cleft ;
the segments oval, spreading. Stamens about half as long as the corolla: filaments slender :
anthers large, oblong, innate. Ovary conical: stigmas minute. Fruit the size of a small pea,
black when ripe, shining. Nucules usually 6, bony-cartilaginous, smooth. ‘Testa of the seed
reddish. Embryo extremely minute, at the extremity of firm albumen.

Swamps, Long Island, &c.; not found in the interior of the State. Fl. July. Fr. Sep-
tember.

NEMOPANTHES. AQUIFOLIACE. 5

38. NEMOPANTHES. Raf. journ. phys. 1819. p. 96; DC. mem. soc. Genev. 1. p. 44.
MOUNTAIN HOLLY:

[From the Greek, nemos, a grove, ops, eye, and anthos, a flower. LinpLEy in Loudon Enc, pl.]

Flowers (by abortion) dicecious or polygamous. Calyx very minute. Petals 4 — 5, distinct,
linear-oblong, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, longer than the petals. Ovary in the sterile
flowers fleshy and abortive, without stigmas: in the fertile, hemispherical ; style none ;
stigmas 3-5. Fruit somewhat quadrangular, red: nucules usually 4, smooth, bony.
Embryo very minute, at the extremity of fleshy albumen.— A shrub with smooth ovate
entire or denticulate deciduous leaves, and minute flowers on long filiform axillary peduncles.
Fruit red.

1. Nemopantues Canapensis, DC. Mountain Folly. Black Alder.

DC. 1. ¢., plant. rar, hort. Genev. t. 3, and prodr. 2. p.18; Beck, bot. p. 230; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 122. N. fascicularis, Raf. in Sill. journ. 1. p. 377. Ilex Canadensis,
Miche. fl. 2. p. 229. t.49; Pursh, fl. 1. p.118; Torr. fl. 1. p.194; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 62.

A shrub 3 - 6 feet high. Leaves 1 - 14 inch long, ovate or oval, fascicled at the extremity
of short branches, acute at each end, membranaceous when young, but at length somewhat
coriaceous, usually entire, but sometimes with several acute denticulations toward the summit :
petioles half an inch long. Flowers on slender pedicels of about an inch in length, which
spring from among the fascicles of leaves. Calyx a mere narrow margin. Corolla minute ;
the petals spreading. Stamens sometimes 3: filaments slender: anthers oblong. Fruit the
size of a large pea, rather dry, bright scarlet.

Swamps, or sometimes in rather dry situations ; frequent on mountains, but not uncommon
in low grounds. Northern and western part of the State, and on the Catskill mountains.

Fil. May - June. Fr. September. I have found this plant on the borders of Hackensack
meadows, about one mile from Hoboken.

Orper LX. EBENACES. Vent.

Tue Exsony T rise.

Flowers usually polygamous. Calyx 3 - 6-leaved, free from the ovary, persistent.
Corolla 3 — 6-cleft, deciduous, somewhat coriaceous, mostly pubescent. Sta-
mens twice to four times as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 3 - many-
celled, with one or two pendulous ovules in each cell: styles united or distinct :
stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit a kind of berry, dry or

6 EBENACEZ. Diosryros.

succulent. Seeds few, with a smooth coriaceous testa. Embryo in the axis of
cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons foliaceous. — Tees or shrubs, destitute of
milky juice, with alternate mostly entire leaves.

1. DIOSPYROS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4249. PERSIMMON.
{ From the Greek, dis, dios, Jupiter, and pyros, fruit; meaning heavenly fruit.]

Calyx deeply 4 —- 6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4—-6-cleft. Srerire ry. Stamens 8 - 16.
Ovary rudimentary. Prrrecr rr. Stamens abortive. Ovary 8 - 12-celled, with a single
ovule in each cell: styles 2 - 4, more or less united at the base : stigmas simple or 2-cleft.
Fruit globose, 8 —- 12-seeded. Seeds compressed. Embryo straight. — Trees or shrubs,

with entire leaves. Flowers axillary, nearly sessile. Peduncles few-flowered.

1. Diospyros Vireintana, Linn. Persimmon.

Leaves ovate or oval, acuminate, nearly smooth above, more or less pubescent underneath ;
petioles pubescent; buds smooth ; flowers tetramerous.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 1057; Micha. fl. 2.
p. 258, and f. sylv. 2. t. 93; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 265; Ell. sk. 2. p.'712; Wats. dendr. Brit.
t. 146; Beck, bot. p. 229; Audub. birds Am. t. 87; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 244; DC. prodr.
8. p. 228.

A tree 15 - 40 feet high and: seldom (in this State) more than 6 or 10 inches in diameter,
irregularly branched, with a dark-colored furrowed bark. Leaves 2-4 inches or more in
length, varying from ovate to oblong, often cordate at the base, somewhat coriaceous, nearly
smooth on both sides when old, paler and a little glaucous underneath. Flowers axillary,
1-3 together. SreriLe ru. Calyx hairy externally ; the segments lanceolate. Corolla pale
greenish yellow, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat coriaceous. Stamens 16, in a double series ;
the inner series opposite the exterior, and their filaments united with them at the base in
pairs: filaments very short: anthers large, lanceolate, acute, villous at the base; the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary abortive, with a slender 4-cleft style. Frrrire ri. Calyx
larger than in the sterile flowers. Stamens usualiy 8: anthers abortive, villous. Ovary about
8-celled: style short: stigmas 4. Fruit roundish, about an inch in diameter, reddish orange
when ripe, fleshy, very astringent until it has been acted on by frost, and then soft and luscious.
Seeds 6 — 8, large, dark purple.

Rich moist lands; southern part of the State ; not found north or west of the Highlands.
Fl. June. Fr. October and November. The bark of the tree, like the unripe fruit, is very
astringent. An infusion is employed as a gargle for ulcerated sore throat, and it is said also
to cure intermittent fevers. ‘The sapwood is of a greenish color, and the heart is brownish,
close-grained and tough. In the Southern States, where the tree attains a considerable size,
the wood is sometimes employed for articles requiring the qualities of strength and elasticity.
The ripe fruit, after having been frozen and rendered palatable, is often seen in the New-York
markets.

PRIMULA. PRIMULACEZ. ve

Group 6. Ovary free (superior), or with only the base coherent with the tube of
the calyx, one-celled, with a free central placenta! Stamens inserted into the
regular corolla opposite its lobes.

Orver LXI. PRIMULACE. Vent. Tue Primrose TRIBE.

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla rotate, salver-form or campanulate.
Stamens equal in number to and opposite the lobes of the corolla. Style and
stigma single. Capsule one-celled, with a fleshy central placenta. Seeds
usually numerous and amphitropous (peltate). Embryo straight, in the axis
of fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with alternate, opposite or whorled
leaves; often with naked scapes, and the leaves crowded at the base.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

§ 1. Capsule opening by valves. Seeds amphitropous,
1, Parmura. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a cylindrical tube. Stamens 5, Stigma globose,
Capsule opening with ten teeth,
2, Lystmacnia, Calyx 5-parted, Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Capsule globose, 5 or 10-valved, few- or many-
seeded.
3, Trienratis. Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla rotate, about 7-cleft. Stamens 7-8, Capsule globose, 5-valved,
Seeds few.

§ 2, Capsule opening transversely all around, Seeds amphitropous.
4, AnaGaLiis. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5: filaments hairy. Capsule many-seeded,

§ 3. Capsule opening by valves. Seeds anatropous,
5. Horronia, Calyx 5-parted, Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Capsule ovate, acute, 5-valved.

§ 4. Capsule half inferior, opening by valves, Seeds anatropous.
6. Samotus. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, with 5 perfect stamens opposite the lobes, and 5 scales or abortive
stamens alternate with them. Capsule 5-toothed.

§ 1. Primutesz, Endl. Capsule opening by valves. Seeds amphitropous.

1. PRIMULA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4199. PRIMROSE.
[ From the Latin, primus, first; many of the species flowering early in the spring. ]

Calyx tubular or somewhat campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a cylindrical

tube, the orifice open. Stamens 5, not exserted. Stigma capitate. Capsule opening with

10 teeth. — Leaves radical. Scape simple. Flowers umbelled, involucrate, for the most

part showy.

1. Primuta Mistassintca, Micha. Dwarf Canadian Primrose.

Leaves obovate-spatulate, sparingly toothed, smooth, or sometimes (with the scape and
calyx) powdery ; scape slender, elongated ; umbel few-flowered ; segments of the corolla

8 PRIMULACE. PRIMULA.

cuneate-obovate, obtusely 2-cleft, about two-thirds the length of the tube. — Miche. fl. 1.
p. 124; Pursh, fl.1. p. 137; Lehm. Prim. p. 63. t.7; Hook. bot. mag. t. 2973 ; Duby in
DC. prodr. 8. p. 43. P. pusilla, Hook. in Edin. phil. jour. 6. p. 322. t. 11. f. 2, and exot.
fi. 1. t.68; Bot. mag. t. 3020. P. stricta, Hornem. fl. Dan. t. 1385. P. Hornemanniana,
Lehm. l. c. p. 55. t.4; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 120.

Perennial. Plant usually smooth. Leaves 6 - 10 lines long, obtuse, repandly toothed.
Scape 3 — 5 inches high. Umbel usually about 3-flowered. Involucre consisting of several
short lanceolate scales or leaflets. Pedicels 4 - 6 lines long. Calyx tubular-funnelform ; the
segments oblong, obtuse. Corolla pale purple; the border about one-third of an inch in
diameter. Capsule oblong.

Yates county (Dr. Sartwell), the only known locality of this neat little Primrose in the
United States. J have retained Michaux’s name of this species, though objectionable, on
account of its priority.

2. LYSIMACHIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4207. LOOSESTRIFE.

[ By some, the name is said to have been given in honor of King Lysimaches: others derive it from lucis, dissolving, and
mache, battle; equivalent to the English name.]

Calyx 5- (rarely 6 —'7-) parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5-parted. Stamens 5 (rarely
6 — 7), sometimes with intermediate teeth or short sterile filaments. Capsule ovate-globose,
mucronate, 5-valved; the valves entire or 2-cleft. — Perennial caulescent herbs, with
opposite, alternate or verticillate leaves, which are often dotted with minute oblong or linear
vesicles, containing a dark terebinthine matter. Flowers axillary and solitary or racemose,
mostly yellow.

1. Lysimacuia stricta, Ait. Ltacemed Loosestrife.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, dotted ;
flowers in a long loose terminal raceme ; pedicels long and slender. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1.
p. 199; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.76; Torr. fl. 1. p. 210; Beck, bot. p. 290; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 123; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 122; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 64. L. racemosa, Lam.
enc. 8. p. STL, Miche. fil.1. p.128; Pursh; fl.1..p.135; Bart. fi. N. Am.t.1.— lL,
bulbifera, Curt. bot. mag.t. 104. Viscum terrestre, Linn.

Whole plant smooth. Stem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, with a few short branches. Leaves
2 —3 inches long and 5 — 8 lines wide, often with small bulbs or abortive branches in the
axils, marked with numerous small oblong black dots or glands, which are imbedded in the
substance of the leaf. Raceme 3 - 8 inches long, many-flowered ; the pedicels half an inch
or more in length, slender, with a linear-subulate bract at the base. Segments of the calyx
lanceolate, acute. Corolla about three times as long as the calyx, yellow, with purple lines ;
the lobes lanceolate-oblong. Stamens unequal (two shorter), without intermediate teeth :

LysIMACHIA. PRIMULACE. 9

filaments glandular-hairy, united into a ring at the base. Capsule nearly globose, 5-valved ;
the valves entire, spotted with purple, by abortion 5-seeded.

Wet grounds; common. July. The axillary bodies resembling buds which sometimes
occur in this species, are certainly abortive branches. ‘They vary in length from a line to
half an inch or more, and are seldom found except in sterile specimens.

2. LysIMacHIA QuapRIFOLIA, Linn. Whorled Loosestrife.

Stem simple ; leaves whorled, mostly in fours and fives, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly
sessile, punctate ; peduncles axillary, filiform, one-flowered, as numerous as the leaves ; lobes
of the corolla ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 147; Lam. ill. t. 105. f. 2;
Pursh, fl. 1..p.13853 2 skol. p. 233; Nutt. genel. p.121; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 75;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 210; Beck, bot. p. 290; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 124; Duby in DC. prodr. 8.
p. 64. L. hirsuta, Miche. fl. 1. p. 127. L. punctata, Walt. fl. Car. p. 92.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, erect, slightly hairy. Leaves usually in whorls of fours, but some-
times in threes, fives, sixes and even sevens, marked with numerous black oblong dots as in
the preceding species. Peduncles 1 — 14 inch long, very slender. Calyx 5-parted: segments
linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla large, yellow ; the lobes sometimes slightly acuminate,
crenulate. Stamens unequal (2 shorter): filaments dilated and united into a short tube at the
base, glandular-hairy, without intermediate teeth. Capsule 5-valved, 5-seeded.

Thickets and low grounds; common. fv. June - July. Fr. August.

3. Lystmacuta criata, Linn. Fringed Loosestrife.

Stem smooth ; leaves opposite (rarely in fours), on long ciliate petioles, subcordate-ovate,
acuminate ; peduncles mostly in pairs, one-flowered ; flowers somewhat nodding ; segments
of the corolla crenulate, mucronate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 147; “* Walth. hort. t. 12 ;” Micha.
fil. p: 1263, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 136; Eu. sk. 1. 9.2333. Bigel. fl, Bost: p. 74; Torr. fi.1.
p- 210; Beck, bot. p. 290; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 124; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 64. L.
quadrifolia, f. ciliata, Welld. sp. 1. p. 818.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, with a few short branches near the middle. Leaves 3 —5 inches
long and 1 — 2 inches wide, usually more or less cordate at the base, smooth, not punctate ;
the margin serrulate-scabrous : petioles 6 - 10 lines long, the fringing hairs extending round
the stem. Peduncles 1 - 2 inches long, produced from short axillary branches. Flowers
nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate.
Corolla pale yellow ; the lobes ovate, often with a short acumination, minutely glandular.
Stamens nearly equal: filaments glandular, inserted into a narrow purple ring at the base of
the corolla, with intermediate subulate teeth : anthers linear-oblong, at length recurved.
Capsule globose-ovate, splitting longitudinally and somewhat irregularly into two valves when
mature, but not in the direction of the sutures. Seeds 15 — 20.

Moist thickets and borders of woods. Fv. June-July. Fr. August.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 2

10 PRIMULACE. - LysIMAcHia.

4. Lystmacuia uyspripa, Micha. Hybrid Loosestrife.

Stem smooth ; leaves opposite, on longish slightly ciliate petioles, lanceolate, acute at each
end; peduncles mostly in pairs, one-flowered ; flowers somewhat nodding. — Micha. i Pot
p. 126; Pursh, fl.1.p. 136; Torr. fl.1.p. 211; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'75; Beck, bot. p. 290;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 125; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.122. LL, heterophylla, Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 121, not of Miche.

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, branching above, angular. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long and 4 - 6 lines
wide, tapering at the base into a petiole, not dotted; the margin rough, but not serrulate.
Peduncles from the leafy summits of the branches, about an inch long. Calyx-segments
lanceolate, acute. Corolla pale yellow, smaller than in the preceding species, minutely
glandular at the base : segments abruptly acuminate, crenulate. Stamens as in L. ciliata.

Wet grassy meadows and borders of salt marshes. F7. July - August. Nearly allied to
the preceding species, but I have never met with intermediate forms. It is readily distinguished
by its narrower leaves, which are acute at the base, and the less ciliate petioles.

5. Lysmmacuia tonerroiia, Pursh. Revolute Loosestrife.

Stem quadrangular, branched above ; leaves opposite, sessile, narrowly linear, revolute on
the margin, not dotted ; peduncles 1-flowered, somewhat terminal, nodding. — Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 135; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p.63. LL. revoluta, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 122; Torr. fi. 1.
p. 212; Beck, bot. p. 291; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 122.

Plant smooth. Stem 12-18 inches high. Leaves somewhat coriaceous ; the radical ones
spatulate, on long petioles; those of the stem about 3 inches long and 2 lines broad, with
smaller ones in the axils, giving them the appearance of being verticillate. Peduncles mostly
at the summit of the stem and at the extremity of the branches, slender. Segments of the
calyx ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla yellow; the lobes broadly ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate, undulate. Stamens nearly equal: filaments . ' : : . with intermediate
teeth : anthers linear-oblong, very large. Capsule 5-valved, many-seeded.

On calcareous rocks about the Falls of Niagara (Dr. Eddy, Mr. Cooper §- Dr. Sartwell).
August. A very ornamental species.

6. Lysimacuia THYRSIFLORA, Linn. Tufted Loosestrife.

Nearly smooth; stem simple; leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, dotted; flowers in
axillary pedunculate capitate racemes, 5 — 7-parted. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 147; Micha. fl. 1.
p. 1273 Engl. bot. t.'761; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.74. L. capitata, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 135; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 212; Beck, bot. p. 290. Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 60.

Stem assurgent, 1 - 2 feet high, terete, sometimes a little pubescent ; the lower and sub-
merged part jointed, naked or with scales instead of leaves. Leaves 3 - 6 inches long and
from half an inch to an inch or more broad, minutely dotted with black glands, slightly villous

LysIMacuia.: PRIMULACE. 11

underneath. Racemes ovate or capitate, about an inch long; the peduncle villous, an inch
or more in length. Calyx 6 —7- (rarely 5-) parted, spotted with orange: segments linear-
lanceolate. Corolla yellow, deeply divided into 6 or 7 linear segments, which are often
scarcely at all spotted. Stamens 6 - 7, longer than the corolla: filaments slender, smooth,
united into a very short tube at the base, the intermediate teeth very minute : anthers small,
ovate. Ovary globose-ovate, spotted: style slender, about as long as the stamens: stigma
capitate. Capsule 5-valved, 5-seeded.

Swamps, particularly where Sphagnum abounds ; not common. June. ‘This agrees in all
essential characters with the European plant. Endlicher and Duby have revived the old
genus Naumseraia, which was established on this plant, but I think it is scarcely more than
a section of Lystmacuta. The intermediate teeth or abortive stamens differ much in different

species, and in some they are wanting.

3. TRIENTALIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4208. CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN.
[ From the Latin, ¢riens, the third part of a thing; but the application of the name is not apparent. ]

Calyx 6 — 8-parted, spreading. Corolla rotate, 6 —8-parted. Stamens 6-8: filaments
slender: anthers oblong or linear. Ovary globose: style filiform: stigma obtuse. Capsule
globose, somewhat fleshy, 5-valved ; the valves revolute and deciduous. Seeds few, with
a reticulate membranaceous testa.— Humble, smooth, perennial herbs, with entire ovate or
lanceolate leaves which are mostly aggregated in a whorl at the summit of the simple stem.

Peduncles one-flowered, slender, arising from the bosom of the leaves.

J. Trrenratis Americana, Pursh. Chickweed Wintergreen.

Leaves all terminal, lanceolate, acuminate, minutely serrulate ; lobes of the corolla acumi-
nate.— Pursh, fl. 1. p. 256; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 145; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 48; Beck, bot.
p. 48; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 238; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 121; Duby in DC. prodr. 8.
p. 59. T. Europea, Miche. fl. 1. p. 220, not of Linn. T. Europea, 8. angustifolia, Torr.
fi. 1. p. 383.

Root (or rhizoma) creeping, throwing up simple erect slender stems about a span high.
Leaves in a terminal imperfect whorl, with 2-3 smaller or scale-like ones on the stem,
thin, tapering at the base, 6 — 8 lines wide, finely scrrulate under a lens. Peduncles 3 - 4,
filiform, 1—2 inches long. Calyx-segments subulate, cuspidate. Corolla white, deeply
7 — 8-parted ; the segments obovate-lanceolate, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Stamens
shorter than the corolla: filaments smooth: anthers linear, involute after flowering. Capsule
about half the size of a peppercorn, very thin, coriaceous, . F

Low shady woods, and in sphagnous swamps. JV. May. fr. July.

o*

12 PRIMULACE. ANAGALLIs.

§ 2, AnacaLttipEs, Endl. Capsule opening transversely. Seeds amphitropous.

4, ANAGALLIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4213. PIMPERNEL.
{ From the Greek, anageleo, to laugh; from its supposed exhilarating qualities. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 5: filaments hairy. Capsule
globose, opening horizontally all round. Seeds numerous.— Herbs, with square mostly
procumbent stems and opposite entire leaves. Peduncles axillary, opposite, one-flowered,

without bracts. Corolla blue or red.

1. ANAGALLIS aRVENsIS, Linn. Scarlet Pimpernel. Red Chickweed.

Stem procumbent; leaves ovate, sessile, dotted underneath; segments of the corolla
crenate, and glandular-ciliate on the margin.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 148; Engl. bot. t.529; Pursh,
file pe135; Hil. sk. 1. p. 235; Bigel. fl. Bost. .p. 74; Torr. fl.xl. p. 209; Beck, bot.
p. 291; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 123; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 69.

Annual. Stem 4 — 12 inches long, branching, smooth. Leaves about half an inch long,
often clasping, rather acute, with blackish dots underneath. Flowers on axillary peduncles,
which are longer than the leaves, and at length recurved. Calyx-segments lanceolate-subulate,
rough on the margin. Corolla scarlet with a purple centre, longer than the calyx. Stamens
scarcely half the length of the corolla: filaments purple. Capsule spherical, smooth ; the
upper portion separating from the lower like the lid of a box.

Sandy fields, cultivated grounds ; rather common, particularly near New-York, and on
Long Island and Staten Island. Introduced from Europe. June —- October. The flowers
open about 8 o’clock in the morning, and close about 2 o’clock in the afternoon: hence the
plant is often called the Poor-man’s Weatherglass.

§ 3. Horronrem, Endl. Capsule opening by valves. Seeds anatropous.

5. HOTTONIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4214. WATER-FEATHER.
[In honor of Pierre Horton, a Professor of Leyden, who lived in the 17th century. ]

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the

tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule globose ; the valves cohering at the base
and apex. Sceds numerous. — Aquatic herbs, with pectinate submerged leaves. Scapes

jointed. Flowers white or pale purple, verticillate.

1. Horronta inruata, Ed. American Water-feather.

Internodes of the scape inflated ; whorls 3 - 5-flowered, the flowers pedicellate.— Ell. sk.
1..p. 234; -Nuti. gen.1. p. 120;, Torr. fl. 1. p. 216; Bigel. fl. Bost. .p. 17 ;- Beck, bot.
p. 289; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 33. H. palustris, Pursh, fl. 1. p.120; Mull. cat. p. 19.

Horronta. PRIMULACE. 13

Stem submerged, spongy. Leaves numerous, irregularly disposed, 2-5 inches long,
pectinately cut iato numerous long narrow segments. Scapes or peduncles several (2 — 8),
partly emersed, arising from the summit of the stem and 3 — 8 inches long, divided into several
hollow joints, the lowest of which is much the longest and ventricose-clavate ; the others
more or less inflated. Flowers small, on pedicels 2 ~3 lines long. Calyx 5-parted nearly
to the base ; the segments lanceolate-linear. Bracts linear, obtuse. Corolla shorter than the
calyx, white, scarcely more than two lines long ; the segments obtuse or emarginate. Stamens
shorter than the tube of the corolla: anthers ovate. Style short: stigma large. Capsule
much shorter than the calyx. Seeds 60 or more, oval, scarcely angular, shining, inserted on
a globose placenta.

Shallow stagnant waters. Ponds in several parts of Westchester county (Dr. Mead).
Fl. July. Differs from H. palustris, in the inflated internodes, longer calyx, etc.

§ 4. Samotem, Endl. Capsule half superior, opening by valves. Seeds anatropous.

6. SAMOLUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 4215. WATER PIMPERNEL.

[ Said to be derived from the Island of Samos, because gathered there by Valerandus, a botanist of the 16th century. ]

Tube of the calyx adhering to the lower half of the ovary, 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-
salverform, 5-lobed, with five scales or abortive stamens in the throat alternating with the
lobes. Fertile stamens 5, included. Style short: stigma obtuse. Seeds numerous. —

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs.

1. Samotus Vateranpt, Linn. Common Water Pimpernel.

Stem erect ; leaves obovate ; racemes elongated ; pedicels bracteolate near the middle. —
Linn.sp. 1. p. 177; Engl, bot.'t.'703; Miche. fl. 1. p..1093. Pursh, fl. 1: p.158; il.
sk. 1. p. 263; Torr. fl.1. p. 216; Bugel. fl. Bost. p. 84; Beck, bot. p. 291; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 595; Duby in DC. prodr. 8. p. 73.

Perennial. Stem 6 — 10 inches high, slender, smooth, simple or with a few branches above.
Leaves about an inch long, somewhat fleshy, tapering at the base into a short petiole. Raceme
many-flowered ; the pedicels slender, elongated, with a minute subulate bract near the middle.
Flowers scarcely more than a line in diameter. Segments of the calyx acute. Corolla
nearly twice as long as the calyx; the lobes obtuse. Filaments very short : anthers cordate.
Capsule roundish-obovoid, bursting at the summit, with 5 spreading teeth. Seeds roundish.

Wet grounds ; rather common in the vicinity of salt water; rare in the western counties.
Fl. July — September. This plant is a native of most parts of the world.

14 PLANTAGINACE. Priantaco.

Groupe 7. Ovary free, one-celled, with a single ovule ; or 2-celled, with several
ovules attached to a thick central placenta. Stamens as many as the lobes of
the regular corolla, or the nearly distinct petals.

Orper LXIT. PLANTAGINACE. Juss. Tue Puanrain TRIBE.

Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular or urn-shaped, membranaceous and
persistent ; the limb 4-parted. Stamens 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla,
and alternate with its segments ; the filaments usually long and flaccid : anthers
versatile. Ovary 2- or rarely 4-celled: style single. Fruit a membranaceous
capsule, opening transversely, with the cells 1- or several-seeded, or a bony
1-seeded nucule. Seeds peltate. — Herbs or rarely suffruticose plants, with
short stems, and the leaves mostly radical and ribbed. Peduncles radical.
Flowers in spikes, small, destitute of beauty.

1. PLANTAGO. = Linn.; Endl. gen. 2170. PLANTAIN,
[A name of uncertain origin. ]

Flowers complete. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 3-parted). Corolla tubular; the limb
reflexed. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2 — 4-celled, membranaceous, opening
transversely. Testa of the seed mucilaginous. [Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of dense
fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with the leaves mostly radical, and the flowers in

dense spikes.
* Cells of the capsule many-sceded,

1. Pranraco masor, Linn. Broad lzaved or Common Plantain.

Leaves ovate or oval, smoothish, somewhat toothed, usually shorter than the petioles ; scape
terete ; spike cylindrical or a little tapering, slender ; flowers imbricated.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 42;
Engl. bot. t. 1558; Pursh, fl.1. p.98; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.51; Torr. fl. 1. p.183; Beck,
bot. p. 293; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 110.

Perennial. Leaves 4 - 6 inches or more in length and 3 — 4 broad, about 5-nerved, some-
times pubescent, with coarse obscure teeth. Scapes several, 10 —- 18 inches long. Spikes
3-10 inches long. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Segments of the calyx ovate, acute,
carinate. Corolla urn-shaped, whitish; the segments acute, reflexed. Stamens twice as long
as the corolla. Capsule ovoid-oblong, rather acute.

Fields, road-sides, etc.; common. Introduced from Europe. May — August. The leaves
are often used for dressing blisters.

PLANTAGO. PLANTAGINACE. 15

** Cells of the capsule 1-seeded.
2. PLanTaGo corpaTa, Lam. Fleart-leaved Plantain.

Plant very smooth; leaves broadly ovate, cordate, obscurely toothed ; spike elongated,
loosely imbricate, the lower flowers scattered; bracts and calyx-segments roundish-ovate,
obtuse ; seeds membranaceously margined. — Lam enc. 5. p. 369; ‘ Jacq. eclog. fasc. 8.
p- 106. t. 72,” ex Rem. & Schult. 3. p.114; Pursh, fl.1.p.98; MuAl. cat. p.15; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 182; Beck, bot. p. 292. P. Kentuckensis, Micha. fl. 1. p. 94.

Perennial. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long and 2 — 4 inches wide, thin, usually cordate at the
base, obtuse: petiole longer than the lamina. Scapes 12-18 inches high (including the
spike), thick and somewhat succulent. Bracts concave, shorter than the flowers. Segments
of the corolla ovate, reflexed. Stamens 2 — 3 times as long as the corolla: anthers very large.
Style slightly pubescent. Capsule globose-ovoid, apiculate ; the dissepiment separating at
maturity. Seeds 2, oval, flat on the face, convex on the back, with a distinct membranaceous
border.

Borders of creeks, wet meadows, etc. Manhattanville on the Island of New-York, and
near Fishkill in Dutchess county. June —- July. A rare plant in the Northern States, but
frequent in Kentucky, Ohio, &c.

3. PLanraco LaNncEouata, Linn. Rib-grass. English Plantain.

Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end; spike short and dense, ovate-cylindrical ; scape
elongated, grooved ; the two lower sepals confluent to the summit. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 113;
Engl. bot. t.507; Pursh, fl. 1. p.98; Torr. fl. 1. p. 184; Bugel. fl. Bost. p. 51; Beck,
bot. p. 293; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 110.

Perennial. Leaves 4-8 inches long and about an inch wide, strongly 3 — 5-nerved,
smoothish or a little pubescent, remotely denticulate, tapering at the base into a petiole.
Scape much longer than the leaves, deeply grooved. Spike usually about an inch long.
Bracts ovate, acuminate, brownish. Calyx consisting of apparently three sepals, which are
scarcely united at the base, but the lower two are combined into one, which is oval, emarginate,
and marked with two distinct lines or heels ; the two upper sepals are narrower, with a single
line in the middle, and hairy towards the summit. Segments of the corolla ovate, very acute,
at length reflexed. Stamens very long. Capsule roundish-obovate. Seeds oblong, concavo-
convex, shining.

Fields and upland meadows ; very common. Introduced from Europe. May — October.
This plant is eaten by all kinds of stock, and in some countries it is cultivated for herbage,
but in general it is lightly esteemed by agriculturalists.

16 PLANTAGINACE. PLANTAGo.

4. Puantaco Virernica, Linn. White Plantain.

Biennial ; whole plant hoary-pubescent ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, remotely and obscurely
denticulate ; spike cylindrical, with the flowers rather distant ; segments of the corolla erect.
—. Linn. sp. 1. p.113; Miche. fl. 1. p94; Pursh, fi.1..p. 98; -Ell.sk. 1. p 201; Torr.
fi. 1. -p. 183; Beck, bot. p..293 ; Darlingt. fl, Cest. p. 110.

Root fibrous. Leaves 2-3 inches long and about an inch wide, obtuse, 3 — 5-nerved,
attenuated at the base into a short petiole. Scape longer than the leaves, clothed with spreading
hairs. Spike at first short, but in fruit 2-4 inches long. Flowers slightly imbricated.
Calyx as long as the lanceolate bract; the two lower segments narrower than the others,
Corolla yellowish ; the segments lanceolate, acute, erect or connivent. Stamens (always?)
included. Style hairy. Capsule ovoid. Seeds plano-convex, bordered.

Sandy fields and stony hill-sides ; rare in the interior of the State. May-June. This
species seems (occasionally at least) to be polygamous or dicecious by abortion. In many of
the flowers that I have examined, the stamens were sterile, but the seeds were matured.

5. Prantaco maritima, Linn. Sea Plantain.

Leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the base ; scape terete ; spike cylindrical ; bracts
rather acute. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 113; Engl. bot. t.175; Miche. fl. 1. p. 94; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.99; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.52; Torr. fl. 1. p. 184; Beck, bot. p. 293; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 123.

Root perennial, thick and somewhat woody. Leaves 2—5 inches long and 1 - 2 lines
wide, rounded on the under side, deeply channelled above ; the margin entire. Scape variable
in length, sometimes shorter, at other times longer than the leaves. Spike 1 - 3 inches long ;
the flowers loosely imbricated, at length somewhat remote. Bracts about as long as the calyx,
ovate, sometimes obtuse. Segments of the calyx obtuse; those of the corolla acute and
reflexed. Stamens exserted. Capsule ovoid. Seeds elliptical.

Salt-marshes, Long Island; also on the Island of New-York, and in Westchester county.
July -September. A native also of Europe.

6. Pranraco pusitia, Nuté. Dwarf Plantain.

Annual, minutely pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute; scape terete,
slender, longer than the leaves ; spike cylindrical, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate, acute, as
long as the calyx; stamens included. — Nutt. gen. 1. p. 100; Torr. fl. 1. p. 184. P
hybrida, Bart. fl. Philad. 2. p. 214, and fl. N. Am. t. 98. f.1. PP. linearifolia, Muhl. cat.
p. 152 . |

Root fibrous. Leaves from half an inch to an inch in length, and scarcely half a line wide.
Scape 1 - 3 inches high, very slender ; the flowers often somewhat remote. Sepals obovate,

PLANTAGO. PLANTAGINACES. 17

obtuse. Segments of the corolla ovate, acute, erect. Stamens only two in all the specimens
that I examined. Style short, pubescent. Capsule ovoid, 2-seeded. Seeds oval, not margined.

Sterile rocky hills on the Island of New-York, particularly in the neighborhood of Bloom-
ingdale. April— May. Probably the smallest species of the genus, the scape often flowering
when scarcely more than half an inch high. It is widely diffused to the west, extending to
the upper Missouri.

Orver LXIII. PLUMBAGINACEZ. Juss. Tue Leapwort Tree.

Calyx tubular, plaited, 5-toothed, scarious, persistent. Corolla salver-form, with
the limb 5-parted, or of five nearly distinct unguiculate petals. Stamens 5,
inserted on the receptacle when the petals are combined, but inserted into the
claws of the petals when these are distinct. Ovary one-celled, with a single
ovule suspended from a cord arising from the bottom of the cell: styles 5,
united nearly to the top when the corolla is monopetalous, distinct when the
petals are separate. Fruit an utricle, or capsular and opening at the summit
by five valves. Seed oblong. Embryo in the midst of scanty albumen :
cotyledons oblong.—Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, entire
or rarely toothed, mostly crowded about the root, and clasping or sheathing.
Flowers usually on scapes, which are simple or branching, each with 2-38
bracts at the base.

1. STATICE. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 2172. MARSH ROSEMARY,
[ From the Greek, statizo, to arrest; because, from its astringent qualities, it stops diarrhcea.]

Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-petalled or deeply 5-parted. Stamens inserted on
the claws of the petals. Styles distinct. Fruit a membranaceous utricle. — Leaves all

radical, from the summit of the rhizoma. Scapes branching ; the flowers in secund spikes.

1. Statice Limonium, Linn. Common Marsh Rosemary.

Scape terete, paniculately branched ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, petiolate, mucronate,
smooth ; calyx with lanceolate acute segments and intermediate teeth.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 274 ;
Engl. bot. t.102; Ell. sk.1.p.374; Torr. fl. 1. p.329; Beck, bot. p.292. S. Caroliniana,
Walt. fl. Car. p.118; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 212; Bigel. med. bot. 2. p. 51. t. 25, and fl. Bost.
p. 124; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 123.

Rhizoma thick, fusiform or branched, fleshy or somewhat woody, very astringent. Leaves
growing in a radical tuft, 4 — 8 inches long and three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 3

18 PLUMBAGINACEZ. STATICE.

wide; the midrib prominent, but the veins indistinct, with a small recurved mucro at the tip;
the margin either flat or undulate. Scape longer than the leaves, nearly terete, striate, with
several lanceolate clasping scales. Flowers in a corymbose panicle, sessile, erect, usually
two together with a clasping bract at the base, the upper one expanding first. Calyx colored;
the segments minutely toothed ; the intermediate teeth sometimes wanting. Corolla pale
purple ; the petals spatulate. Ovary obovate, with five spreading filiform styles.
Salt-marshes. Long Island, on the Island of New-York, and in Westchester county as far
as the salt water reaches. August —- October. The root is a valuable astringent, and is kept

in the shops. (See Bigelow, 1. c., and Wood § Bache’s U. S. Dispens.)

Group 8. Ovary free, 1 — 2- (sometimes spuriously 4-) celled, with numerous ovules,
Corolla 2-lipped or irregular ; the stamens inserted upon its tube, and mostly
Jewer than its lobes, or often didynamous.

Orver LXIV. LENTIBULACE. L.C. Rich. Tue BuappEerwort TRrIse.

Calyx of two sepals, or unequally 5-parted. Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped,
personate ; the tube very short, spurred. Stamens 2, inserted on the upper
lip of the corolla: anthers one-celled. Ovary one-celled, with a free central
placenta and numerous ovules: style single ; stigma mostly 2-lipped. Fruit a
capsule. Seeds without albumen. — Herbaceous plants, growing in water or
wet places, with the flowers on scapes. Leaves radical and entire, or sub-
mersed and divided into numerous root-like branches, and then usually
furnished with small oval air-bladders by which the plant is suspended in the
water.

1. PINGUICULA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 4195. BUT'TERWORT.

{ From the Latin, pinguis, fat; the leaves being thick and greasy to the touch.]

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, unequal. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred at the base underneath. Stamens 2,
included : filaments ascending : anthers transversely 2-valved.— Perennial herbs, growing
in wet places. Leaves in a radical spreading cluster, entire, fleshy, very smooth. Scape

naked, one-flowered. Flowers showy.

1. Pineuicuta vuutearis, Linn. Common Butterwort.

Segments of the corolla very unequal, rounded, entire, veinless ; the stamens subulate-

PINGUICULA. LENTIBULACE. 19

cylindrical, as long as the corolla.— Linn. sp. 1. p.17; Engl. bot. t. 70; Beck, bot. p. 286 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.118; Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p. 28. _P. acutifolia, Micha. fl. 1.
Pet?

Root fibrous. Leaves forming a radical cluster, obovate-oblong, fleshy, obtuse, involute on
the margin. Scape 3 - 5 inches high. Flower purple, drooping. Upper lip of the corolla
smaller than the lower, 2-lobed ; lower lip unequally 3-lobed : palate covered with white hairs.

Wet rocks about Genesce Falls, Rochester. May. Michaux’s specimens of P. pumila
were only gathered in fruit, but they almost certainly belong to this species. A very rare
plant within the limits of the United States, having hitherto been found only in New-York,
Michigan and Wisconsin. Jt is a common species in Europe.

2. UTRICULARIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4193. BLADDERWORT.
[So named from wtriculus, a little bladder ; the submerged leaves of many species being furnished with air-vesicles, ]

Calyx of two nearly equal entire sepals. Corolla personate, spurred at the base underneath.
Stamens 2: filaments connivent, incurved : anthers often constricted in the middle, opening
longitudinally. -- Herbaceous (always perennial?) plants, growing in water or in very wet
places ; the radical submersed leaves furnished with small air-bladders, which at first are
filled with water ; but about the flowering time, this is replaced with air, so as to raise the
scape out of the water. After flowering, the air escapes, and the plant sinks to ripen its
fruit at the bottom. Roots often confounded with the leaves. ‘The scapes are naked, or

furnished with a few scales; and the flowers are in racemes, spikes, or solitary.

1. Urricutaria inriata, Walt. Spongy-leaved Bladderwort.

Floating ; upper leaves verticillate, with inflated and spongy petioles, dichotomously
branching at the extremity and furnished with air-bladders ; lower lip of the corolla 3-lobed ;
spur conical, flattened, emarginate. — Walt. fl. Car. p.54; Ell. sk. 1. p.20; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 18; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.8; Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p.4. U. ceratophylla, Miche. fl. 1.
p-12; Pursh, fl. 1. p.153 Le Conte, N. Amer. Utric. in ann. lyc. N. Y. 1. p. 73. t. 6.
f. 1; Beck, bot. p. 286.

Perennial. Stem long and slender. Lower leaves (roots?) finely divided, and furnished
with air-bladders : uppermost leaves 4-6 in a whorl near the surface of the water; the
petiole oblong-cylindrical, finely branched at the extremity, of a delicate spongy texture.
Scape 6 — 8 inches long, 5 — 7-flowered ; the lower pedicels elongated, so as to give the
flowers a corymbose appearance. Sepals ovate, concave. Corolla yellow, about three-fourths
of an inch in diameter; upper lip broadly ovate, obscurely lobed or crenate ; lobes of the
lower lip crenate : spur about half the length of the lower lip, to which it is appressed, marked
with three strie. Fruit nodding.

Ponds on Long Island ; not found hitherto in any other part of the State. FV. August.

3*

20 LENTIBULACEZ. UrRICULARIA.

2. Urricunaria purRPUREA, Walt. Purple Bladderwort.

Floating ; leaves (or roots?) verticillately branched, the capillary branches furnished with
air-bladders ; scapes mostly 1- (sometimes 2 — 3-) flowered ; upper lip of the corolla truncate
and emarginate, the lower 3-lobed, the lateral lobes concave ; spur conical, flattened, entire,
appressed to the lower lip, and half its length.—Walt. fl. Car. p. 64; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 15;
Nutt gen. 1. p. 18% Torr. fl. 1. p. 20; Bigel. fl. Bost..p: 8; Le. Conte, 1c. p. 11; 7.9 5
Beck, bot. p. 288; Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p.5. U. saccata, Ell. sk. 1. p. 21.

Stem often 2-3 feet long. Scapes 2-4 inches long, axillary, naked. Sepals obtuse or
emarginate. Corolla purple; the lower lip large, and moderately lobed; the middle lobe
pressed upperward by the spur: palate small.

In the State of New-York (Nuttall). I have not found this species within our limits; but
there can be little doubt that it grows in some of the ponds on Long Island, as it is common
in the neighboring parts of New-Jersey. Fl. August.

3. Urricunaria vuLearis, Linn. Common Bladderwort.

Floating ; stems branching; leaves many-parted, furnished with air-bladders; scapes
5 - 9-flowered, bracteate ; upper lip of the corolla entire or obscurely lobed, broadly ovate ;
lower lip entire, with the sides deflected ; spur conical at the base, attenuated and entire at
the tip, incurved. — Linn. sp. 1. p.18; Engl: bot. t. 253; Pursh, fl. 1. p.16; Bigel. ft.
Bost. p.8; Torr. fl.1. p.18; Beck, bot. p. 287; Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p.6. U. macro-
rhiza, Le Conte, l. c. p. 73. f. 2; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 7.

Stems often 2-4 feet long, branching. Scape 6 — 10 inches long, usually from 5- to 6-
flowered. Leaves pinnately and dichotomously divided into numerous capillary segments,
which are copiously supplied with air-bladders. Pedicels about half an inch long, with large
ovate membranaceous bracts at the base, recurved after flowering. Calyx persistent; the
sepals concave, obtuse ; lower one somewhat emarginate. Corolla yellow, two-thirds of an
inch in diameter ; lower lip crenulate on the margin, faintly striate with red : palate large and
prominent, striate with red. Style as long as the stamens: stigma 2-lipped ; the upper lip
small and truncate, the lower fringed.

Ponds and slowly flowing streams ; rather common. £7. June-July. Fr. August. I
am not able to discover any essential difference between our plant and the U. vulgaris of

Europe.

4. Urricutaria cornuta, Miche. Sharp-horned Bladderwort.

Scape rooting, erect, slender, strict and rather rigid, 2 — 3-flowered ; the flowers sessile ;
lower lip of the corolla very broad, somewhat 3-lobed ; spur very acute, projecting.— Micha.
filop. 125 Pursh, fi. lo p..t6; Nutt: gen. Lp. 143 Bisel. fl. Bost. 9-8; "Vor: fl. t-
p. 20; Beck, bot. p. 287; Alph.in DC. prodr. 8. p. 22. U. personata, Le Conte, I. c.
pat, beck, Lc

Urricunaria. | LENTIBULACE. Pak

Annual? Scape rooting in wet ground, 8 — 12 inches high, furnished with minute appressed
scales. Flowers closely approximated, as large as those of U. vulgaris. Pedicels with a
small ovate bract, and two bracteoles at the base. Sepals ovate, acute, yellowish. Corolla
of a firmer texture than in any other North American species, yellow ; the upper lip reflexed
at the sides ; lower lip much larger: palate large and prominent: spur projecting from the
flower, and rather dependent, very slender and tapering.

Wet grounds, particularly about calcareous rocks. Highlands of New-York ; near Troy ;
about the Falls of Niagara, and sparingly in the northern and western counties. July - August.

5. Urricutaria striata, Le Conte. Striated Bladderwort.

Floating, or sometimes rooting in mud ; scape 4 — 7-flowered, slender, weak ; upper lip of
the corolla ovate-roundish, obscurely 3-lobed, somewhat emarginate, the margin waved ; lower
lip 3-lobed, reflexed at the sides, the intermediate lobe striate ; spur straight, obtuse, shorter
than the lower lip, and appressed to it. — Le Conte in Torr. cat. pl. N. York, p. 89 (1819),
and anann. lye: N. Vode: f.4 3 Porr: fl. b. 9.205 Beck, bot. p, 2875 Tuckerm. i. Sill,
jour. 45. p. 29 (1843); Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p. 8.

Annual? Leaves few and usually short, sparingly furnished with air-bladders. Scape
6 - 10 inches high, furnished with 2 or 3 minute scales. Pedicels half an inch or more in
length. Flowers as large as in U. vulgaris, yellow. Margin of the corolla crenulate. Spur
straight, a little dilated in the middle, emarginate.

Swamps and shallow waters. New-York (Le Conte); Long Island (Mr. Willis). Fl. July.

6. Urricunarta INTERMEDIA, Heyne. Intermediate Bladderwort.

Floating ; scape 2 — 3-flowered ; leaves distichous, dichotomously many-parted ; segments
setaceous, spinulous-denticulate ; upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate ; spur conical ;
peduncles of the fruit erect.— Koch, syn. fl. Germ. p. 579; Richards. app. Frankl. narr.
p. 23 Gray in ann. lyc. nat. hist. N. York, 4. p. 227; Engl. bot. t. 3489; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p.118; Tuckerm.l.c.; Alph. DC. in prodr. 8. p. 7. U. Millefolium, Nutt. mss.

Perennial. Leaves oblong, cut into numerous segments like those of Yarrow. The air-
bladders grow on separate root-like branches. Scapes 4-8 inches high. Flowers about
half as large as in U. vulgaris, yellow.

Swamps, Jefferson county (Dr. Crawe § Dr. Gray), Fl. June - July. A northern species,
agreeing in all respects with my European specimens.

7. Urricutarta minor, Willd. Lesser Bladderwort.

Floating ; scape about 2-flowered; leaves somewhat 3-parted, the segments linear and
dichotomous , the lower obovate-flattish ; upper lip as long as the palate ; spur very short,

obtuse, keeled, deflexed.— Willd. sp. 1. p. 112; Engl. bot, t. 254; Gray, l. c.; Alph. DC,

22 LENTIBULACE. UTRICULARIA.

in prodr. 8. p.'7. U. gibba, Torr. fl. 1. p. 19, not of Linn. U. fornicata, Le Conte, l. c. 7

Perennial. Leaves furnished with air-bladders. Scape 2 — 3 inches high. Flowers scarcely
one-fourth as large as in U. vulgaris, dull yellow. Lower lip nearly flat.

In ponds and swamps. Near Albany and Schenectady (Dr. L. C. Beck §- Mr. Tracy).
Fl. June. This species also is a native of Europe.

I have another species of Urricuxarta, collected near Utica by Dr. Knieskern, which I am
unable to determine, from the dried and rather imperfect specimens. Its general appearance
is that of U. vulgaris, but the flowers are scarcely one-third as large as in that species. The
spur is short, thick, and very obtuse. At the base of the scape, and along the submerged
stem, there are scattered 1-flowered peduncles. The same plant has been found near Boston,

by B. D. Greene, Esq.

Orver LXV. OROBANCHACEE. L. C. Rich. Tue Broom-rare TRrise.

Calyx persistent, 4 — 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla withering or
persistent, tubular or tubular-campanulate, with a 2-lipped or irregular limb.
Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary one-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentz.
Capsule enclosed in the persistent corolla, 2-valved. Seeds very numerous,
minute. Embryo minute, at the apex of fleshy transparent albumen.— Para-
sitical herbs, growing on the roots of other plants, destitute of green foliage,
and with brownish or colored scales instead of leaves. Flowers solitary or in
spikes, sometimes polygamous.

1. OROBANCHE. Linn.; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 91. BROOM-RAPE.
{ From the Greek, orobos, a vetch or leguminous plant, and anchein, to strangle; from its supposed injurious effects.]

Flowers perfect. Calyx 2 —5-cleft; the segments often unequal. Corolla tubular; the limb
somewhat ringent: upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled.
Stigma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid: placente 2 or 4.—Scapes mostly simple : flowers
solitary or spiked.

* Conopnouis, Wallr, Flowers perfect. Calyx ventricose-tubular, with two bracteoles at the base, irregularly 4 — 5-toothed,

Corolla ringent : upper lip 2-lobed ; lower equally 3-lobed, Anther-cells somewhat diverging at the base, mucronate.
Placenta 4, approximated in pairs,

1. Oropancne Americana, Linn. Squaw-root.

Stem clothed with ovai-lanceolate acute scales ; flowers in a thick smooth spike; calyx
unequally 4 = 5-cleft ; corolla a little curved, unequally 5-lobed, ventricose below ; stamens

OroBANCHE. OROBANCHACE. PA)

longer than the corolla.— Willd. sp. 3. p. 351; Walt. fl. Car. p. 166; Micha. fl. 2. p. 26;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 431; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 58; E/l. sk. 2. p.135; Beck, bot. p. 260; Darlingt.
fu. Cest. p. 376. Conophilis Americana, Endl. iconogr. t. 81.

Perennial. Root roundish, composed of matted fleshy fibres. Plant 3 — 6 inches high, of
a light brown color and usually growing in clusters, thick and fleshy, clothed with imbricated
scales. Flowers sessile, with lanceolate bracts at the base. Calyx irregularly 4 — 5-cleft ;
the segments lacerately toothed : upper lip much longer than the lower. Corolla rather longer
than the calyx, yellowish-white. Anthers sagittate. Style scarcely exserted : stigma capitate.
Capsule ovoid, acuminate.

Shady woods in rich soil, often forming patches a foot or more in diameter ; rather rare.
On the Island of New-York, and in the Highlands of the Hudson; Oriskany (Mr. Vasey);
Greece, Monroe county (Dr. Bradley) ; Schoharie county (Dr. Knieskern). It is sometimes
called Cancer-root, and was formerly in repute as a remedy for cancer. (See Wood g- Bache’s

U. S. Dispens. app. 1098.)

*# AnopLantuus, Endl, Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla almost equally 5-lobed. Anther-cells distinct, mucronate.
Placenta 4, distant.—Stems short, with one or several elongated 1-flowered peduncles at the summit,

2. ORoBANCHE UNIFLORA, Linn. Long-stalked Broom-rape.

Stem very short, covered with oblong scales, usually with two single-flowered scape-like
pubescent peduncles at the summit, the scales smoothish, concave ; calyx equally 5-cleft ;
lobes of the corolla nearly equal, oblong-oval, entire, with a colored pubescent margin ;
stamens included, smooth; anthers ciliate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 433, Walt. fl. Car. p. 166;
Micha. fl. 2. p. 26; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 431; Ell. sk. 2. p.135; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 244;
Beck, bot. p. 260; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 377. | O. biflora, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 59; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 93. Anoplanthus uniflora, Endl. iconog. t. 72.

Root perennial, composed of matted fleshy fibres, which are attached to the living rootlets
of other plants. Whole plant of a yellowish-white color. Stems usually fasciculate and
somewhat branched, imbricated with scales. Peduncles 2 — 5 inches long, slender, viscidly
pubescent, usually two together, but sometimes more, or solitary. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the
segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla pubescent, incurved, three times as long as the calyx,
marked with blue veins ; the segments fringed with a delicate blue border; the palate with
two yellow ridges. Stamens short: anthers white, sagittate. Sugma bilamellate. Capsule
ovoid ; the numerous seeds attached to four narrow parietal placenta.

Shady woods ; frequent. F/. May-June. F'r. July.

24 OROBANCHACE®. Eprruecus.

2. EPIPHEGUS. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 60; Endl. gen. 4182. BEECH-DROPS.
[ From the Greek, epi, upon, and phegos, the beech ; because it grows on the roots of that tree.]

Flowers polygamous ; the upper complete, but sterile ; the lower imperfect, fertile. SrmriLe
Fu. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, compressed, curved ; upper lip emarginate ; lower
lip 3-toothed. Stamens as long as the corolla. Style exserted: ovary abortive. Frrrine
Fi. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla small, rarely expanding, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 4,
al] but one usually sterile. Ovary with a glandular disk on one side of the base : placente
2, each 2-lobed. Capsule roundish-ovoid, gibbous, opening on the upper side. — Parasitic
on the roots of Beech trees. Stem virgately branched ; the branches simple, slender,

bearing scattered sessile flowers the whole length.

1. Epipnecus Americana, JVutt. Beechdrops. Cancer-root.

Nutt. l. c.; Beck, bot. p. 260; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 377; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 93;
Endl. iconogr. t. 80. E. Virginiana, Bart. fl. Phil. 2. p. 50; Torr. compend. p. 244.
Orobanche Virginiana, Linn. sp. 2. p. 633; Miche. fl. 2. p. 26; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 431; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 186; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 245.

Plant of a yellowish brown color, smooth, 6 — 10 inches high. Root somewhat tuberous
and fleshy, throwing off shert branching fragile fibres, some of which form a connexion with
the roots of the beech, on which the plant is parasitic. Stem angular, branching from near
the base ; the branches erect, with lanceolate appressed scales at the base. Flowers rather
distant, scattered, nearly sessile ; the bracts acute. Srerite Fx. Calyx short, membrana-
ceous, with small acute teeth. Corolla half an inch long, slender, 2-lipped, white with purple
strie : lower lip without prominent ridges or palate underneath; the teeth acute. Anthers
pubescent ; the cells distinct, mucronate. Style simple, curved: stigma capitate. Ferrine
Fu. Calyx as in the sterile flowers. Upper part of the corolla at length separating from the
base, and lifted up by the enlarging ovary like a calyptra. Ovary ovate, increasing in size
with great rapidity after fertilization: style short, but distinct : stigma capitate. Capsule
opening like a cup after the seeds are discharged. Seeds very numerous, pale yellow, oblong,
striate.

Shady beech woods. Fl. September. Fr. October. 'The whole plant is astringent, and
has long been celebrated as a remedy for cancers, dysentery and other diseases ; but its
virtues are greatly overrated. (See Wood ¢- Bache, U. S. Dispens. app. 1098.)

CaTALPA. BIGNONIACE. 25

Orpver LXVI. BIGNONIACEZ. Juss. Tue Trumpet-rLower TRIBrE.

Calyx somewhat campanulate or spathaceous; the hmb 5-lobed, 2-parted or
2-lipped. Corolla usually irregular, 4 — 5-lobed ; the throat large. Stamens
5, unequal; one of them always, and sometimes three, sterile or rudimentary :
when four are fertile, they are didynamous. Ovary 2-celled, with a fleshy
annular disk at the base ; the placenta in the axis: style single: stigma capitate
or bilamellate. Capsule woody or coriaceous, pod-shaped, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds flatly compressed, usually winged, without albumen. Cotyledons
large, roundish, leafy.

1, CATALPA. Juss. p. 138; Endl. gen. 4113. INDIAN BEAN.

[Catalpa is said to be a corruption of catawba, the Indian name of this tree.]

Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; the tube ventricose ; border unequally 5-lobed.
Stamens 2 fertile, and 2 or 3 abortive: cells of the anther spreading. Capsule elongated,
pod-like, cylindrical: dissepiments contrary to the valves. Seeds membranaceous, mar-
gined, and finely lacerate at the extremity. — Trees, Leaves opposite or verticillate in

threes, simple, cordate or oblong. Flowers in terminal panicles.

1. CATALPA SYRINGZFOLIA, Sims. Catalpa. Indian Bean.

Leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, entire, petiolate ; flowers in panicles. — Sims in bot.
mag.t. 1094; Pursh, fl. 1. p.10. CC. bignonioides, Walt. fl. Car. p.64. C. cordifolia,
“ Duham. arb. ed. 2. fasc. 15.t.5;” Ell. sk. 1. p. 24; Nutt. gen. 1. p..10; Torr. fi. 1.
p.16; Beck, bot. p. 245; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 363. Bignonia Catalpa, Linn. sp. 2. p. 622 ;
Miche. fi. 2. p. 25, and f. arb. 1. p. 329. t. 64. ‘

A tree 20 - 30 feet high, with few large irregular branches, and bark of a light gray color.
Leaves 5 —8 inches in diameter, smooth above, pubescent underneath, especially on the
veins ; the petioles 3-6 inches long. Flowers large and showy, in pyramidal panicles,
which are trichotomously branched. Segments of the calyx ovate, mucronate. Corolla white
externally, handsomely variegated with yellow and purple inside ; the lobes crenate and waved.
-Stamens sometimes didynamous, but usually 2 perfect and 3 small and sterile ; the former
incurved, and as long as the tube of the corolla. Capsule 6 — 12 inches long and about half
an inch in diameter, pendulous, remaining on the tree all winter.

About habitations ; introduced from the South, and nowhere indigenous in this State. FV.
July. Fr. October. The Catalpa is more esteemed for ornament than for use ; but the wood
is of a fine texture, and takes a good polish. It is of a grayish white color, and very light
when seasoned.

[FLtora — Vol 2.] 4

26 PEDALIACEA. Marrynia.

Orpver LXVII. PEDALIACE. R. Br. Tue O1L-sEED TRIBE.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ; the segments nearly equal. Corolla irregular ; the
tube ventricose ; limb somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous
(two of them sometimes sterile), with the rudiment of a filth. Ovary seated
on a glandular disk, formed of 2 carpels, 2-celled, or sometimes 1-celled from
the dissepiments not reaching the axis; or with several (4 — 8) spurious cells,
from adhesions between the placente and walls of the ovary: style single:
stigma bilamellate. Ovules few or solitary in each spurious cell. Fruit in-
durated or drupaceous, often with a horn at the summit, which at length splits
into two. Seeds few, large, pendulous or erect, not winged. Albumen none.
Embryo straight. — Mostly viscid herbs, with opposite or alternate (often
angular or sinuate) leaves and axillary flowers.

1. MARTYNIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4175. MARTYNIA.

{ In honor of Joun Martyn, Professor of Botany in Cambridge, England.]

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat campanulate. Fruit woody, corticate, 4-celled, with a long
hooked beak, which splits into two horns at maturity : axis perforated: — Viscid annuals,

with opposite or alternate leaves, and large axillary flowers.

1. Marrynta ProposcipEa, Widld. Unicorn-plant.

Leaves alternate, cordate, entire, villous ; flowers on long peduncles.— Willd. sp. 3. p. 264;
Bot. mag. t. 1056; Mull. ic t. 286; Pursh, fl. 2. p.428; Torr. compend. p. 243; Beck,
bot. p. 246. M. alternifolia, Lam. enc. 2. p. 112. M. annua, Linn. sp. 2. p. 618.

Stem thick, decumbent, viscidly pubescent, 1— 2 feet long. Leaves roundish-cordate,
3-5 inches in diameter. Flowers large, dull yellowish white and spotted. Fruit (including
the horn) 4 — 5 inches long, oblong, acuminate, tapering into a very long curved point, of a
woody texture, with a coriaceous bark, at length splitting into two valves, each of which
terminates in a long horn. Seeds few in each spurious cell, inserted one over the other,
pendulous ; the testa thick and rough.

Banks of rivers and cultivated grounds, occurring sometimes as a weed. On the Hudson
above Albany, &c. Introduced from the Southwestern States. 7. August — September.
A fetid plant, but showy when in flower, and remarkable for its singular fruit.

s

DIANTHERA. ACANTHACES. are

Orpver LXVILL. ACANTHACE. Juss. Tue Justicia TRIBE.

Calyx of 5 sepals, distinct or variously combined, persistent. Corolla mostly
2-lipped, sometimes one-lipped or somewhat equally 5-lobed; the estivation
twisted. Stamens 4 and cidynamous, or often only 2, the anterior pair being
abortive or wanting. Ovary 2-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell ;
the placentz in the axis: style filiform: stigma 2-lobed or entire. Capsule
2-celled, bursting elastically and loculicidally, with 2 valves. Seeds roundish
or compressed, each usually supported by a retinaculum, or subulate process
of the placente. Albumen none.—Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with opposite
simple leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers in spikes, racemes or fascicles,
rarely solitary, often showy.

1. DIANTHERA. Gronov. ; Linn. (in part); Schreb. gen. pl. 36 (in part). DIANTHERA,
| From the Greek, dis, double, and anthera, an anther; each stamen appearing to be furnished with two anthers, in
consequence of a separation of the cells. ]

Calyx 5-parted ; the segments equal. Corolla 2-lipped, not resupinate ; upper lip deeply
emarginate ; the lower deeply and equally 3-parted. Stamens 2 (the upper one and two
lower ones wanting), inserted into the tube of the corolla: anthers two-celled; the cells
semioval, smooth, placed one above the other; the upper one terminal and oblique ; the
lower parallel with the filament. Ovary two-celled, with two ovules in each cell: style
slender: stigma minute, slightly 2-cleft. Capsule obovate, attenuated into a stipe at the
base, loculicidal. Seeds 2 in each cell, each supported by a hooked retinaculum.—Herbs,

with narrow entire leaves, and flowers in pedunculate heads.

1. Dianruera AmERIcANA, Linn. Water Willow.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; spikes oblong, axillary, on elongated mostly alternate branches ;
flowers crowded. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 27. D. ensiformis, Walt. fl. Car. p. 63. Justicia
Americana, Willd. sp.1. p.92; Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 38. J. linearifolia, Lam. ill. 1.
p.41. J. pedunculosa, Miche. fl. 1. p.'7; Pursh, fl. 1. p.138; Torr. fl.1. p.17; Bot.
mag. t. 2367; Beck, bot. p. 285; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 591.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 2 feet high, slender, straight, simple or a little branched
above, sulcate. Leaves 3 — 6 incl.es long and 4 — 8 lines wide, acute, attenuated at the base
into a short petiole. Peduncles 3 - 5 inches long. Spikes about an inch in length. Bracts
and segments of the nearly equal calyx lanceolate-linear. Corolla pale violet-purple, about
half an inch long, smooth: upper lip deeply emarginate ; lower of 3 nearly equal obovate-
oblong rounded lobes. Filaments as long as the tube of the corolla: anther-cells distinct ;

4*

28 ACANTHACE. DIANTHERA.

one of them terminal, horizontal ; the other lower down and vertical. Ovary surrounded by
a fleshy disk at the base. Style filiform, exserted, articulated: stigma small, emarginate.

Capsule obovate, compressed contrary to the dissepiment ; the base attenuated into a stipe.
Seeds roundish, compressed.

In water. Niagara river, Oneida lake, Oswego river, and other places in the western parts
of the State. FV. July. Fr. August.

I have not been able to refer this plant to any of the genera of ACANTHACEA, as they have
lately been reformed by Nees; and have therefore restored and modified the old genus
DianTuera, to which it formerly belonged, and in which it is again placed.

Orver LXIX. SCROPHULARIACE. R. Br. Tue Ficwort Trips.

Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla personate, 2-
lipped, or more or less irregular, with an imbricated estivation. Stamens
usually 4 and didynamous, rarely equal; the posterior or fifth stamen some-
times present, either as an abortive filament or perfect; sometimes only 2 (the
three posterior being abortive or rudimentary). Ovary 2-celled; the placentz
in the axis. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds numerous. Embryo straight, in the

axis of fleshy albumen.—Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants. Leaves usually
opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

Tribe 1. VERBASCE/E. Tube of the corolla very short or globose; the limb rotate and somewhat equally 5-

lobed, or 2-lipped, Fertile stamens 2 - 5, mostly declined: anther-cells divaricate, confluent. Capsule
septicidal, 2-valved. ‘Testa solid.

1. VerzBascum. Corolla rotate, almost equally 5-lobed.

. ScropuuLaria, Corolla somewhat globose ; the limb contr:cted, with 2 short lips.

tw)

Tribe 2, ANTIRRHINE. Corolla tubular; the limb personate or ringent. Stamens 4, didynamous: anthers
2-celled, approximated by pairs. Capsule opening by teeth or rarely by a lid, sometimes irregularly
bursting. ‘Testa solid or arillate.

3. Livarra. Corolla personate ; upper lip 2-cleft and reflexed, the lower 3-cleft ; tube inflated, with a spur at the base.
Capsule opening by 5 teeth.

4, Coxuinsta. Corolla personate, without a spur; the middle lobe of the lower lip saccate, and embracing the stamens,
Capsule 1 - 2-seeded,

Tribe 3. DIGITALE, Corolla tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens 4, with sometimes a fifth sterile one, declined at the
base, and usually ascending above: anther-cells divaricate. Capsule septicidal ; the valves 2-cleft,
5, Cuetone. Corolla ventricose, gibbous above. Fertile stamens 4, with a fifth short sterile filament. Seeds mem-
branaccously margined,

6. Penrstemon. Corolla ventricose, The fifth or sterile filament longer than the fertile, and bearded on the upper side.
Seeds angular,

VERBASCUM. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 29

Tribe 4. GRATIOLE/, Corolla nearly equal, or 2-lipped; the lobes flattish, Fertile stamens 2 or 4, ascending :
anthers 2-celled. Dissepiment of the capsule bearing the placenta, and at length free.

7. Mrimoutvus. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent: upper lip reflexed at the sides; lower 3-cleft; the palate
prominent.

8. Gratiota, Calyx 5-parted, with two bracteoles at the base. Corolla tubular, slightly 2-lipped. Fertile stamens
usually only 2; the other two abortive or wanting,

9. LinperntA. Calyx 5-parted, without bracteoles, Corella 2-lipped ; the upper lip short and reflexed. Stamens 4;
the two longer forked and sterile ; the two shorter fertile.

Tribe 5. BUCHNEREA. Corolla 5- or unequally 4-lobed, never 2-lipped; the lobes flat, Stamens usually 4:
anthers one-celled.
10. Bucunera. Corolla somewhat salver-form, with a long and slender tube ; the limb almost equally 5-lobed ; the lobes
cuneate-obcordate,

Tribe 6. VERONICE/. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, or often only 2,
without rudimentary sterile ones, Capsule loculicidal; the valves usually also splitting at the dis-
sepiment.

11, Lrmosetia. Corolla rotate-campanulate, equally 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4, nearly equal: anthers I-celled. Capsule
globose, 1-celled.

12. Veronica. Calyx 4-parted, Corolla rotate, Stamens 2. Capsule obcordate.

13. Pmprerota, Calyx 5-parted, Corolla tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, or somewhat 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid.

Tribe 7, GERARDIE. Corolla campanulate, funnel-form or tubular, somewhat spreading ; the lobes flat and
rounded, Stamens 4, all fertile, ascending; anther-cells distinct, Capsule 2-celled, either loculicidal
or septicidal. Seeds commonly with a loose reticulate testa,

14, Gerarpra, Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or -cleft. Corolla somewhat campanulate; the border almost equally
5-lobed. Stamens included, Capsule loculicidal. Seeds with a loose testa,

Tribe 8. RHINANTHEZ, Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave, galeate or linear, Stamens 4 (rarely 2),
ascending: anther-cells distinct. Capsule loculicidal; the valves commonly entire,

15, Castinursa. Calyx ventricos, spathe-like. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip very long and narrow. Stamens 4:
anther-cells divaricate, Seeds with a loose testa,

16. Pepicutaris, Calyx ventricose, unequally 5-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla ringent; the upper lip galeate, and often
rostrate. Seeds with a closely adhering testa,

17. Mevampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft, 4-toothed, campanulate. Corolla ringent or personate; upper lip laterally compressed,
with the sides reflexed ; the lower with two gibbosities,

Trise I VERBASCEZ. Benth.

Tube of the corolla short, or somewhat globose; the limb rotate and somewhat equally
5-lobed, or 2-lipped ; not ringent. Fertile stamens 2-5, mostly declined: anthers
approximated or cohering, mostly 2- (rarely 1-) celled ; the cells divaricate, confluent.
Capsule 2-valved, septicidal. Testa of the seed solid.

1. VERBASCUM. JLinn.; Endl. gen. 3878. MULLEIN.
[Altered from Barbascum; the leaves being covered with a barba or beard ]

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 5,

all perfect, declined, often hairy; the anterior ones longer. Capsule ovoid or globose,

septicidal ; the valves 2-cleft at the summit.— Herbs, often woolly, with alternate leaves

and the flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes.

30 SCROPHULARIACE. VERBASCUM.

1. Versascum Tnapsus, Linn. Common Mullein.

Densely woolly ; stem simple; leaves ovate-oblong, decurrent; flowers in a long dense
terminal spike ; two of the stamens smooth.—Linn. sp.1. p.177; Engl. bot. t.549; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 1423 Ell. sk: 1. p. 274; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 813, Torr fl. 1. -p. 222; Beck, -bot.
p. 259; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 184.

Biennial. Whole plant of a pale green color, and clothed with soft wool. Stem 3 —- 6 feet
high, winged with the decurrent leaves, very straight. Leaves 6 - 12 inches long and 2 - 4
inches wide, rather acute, entire or somewhat crenate. Spike 1 - 2 feet long. Segments of
the calyx lanceolate, acute. Corolla bright yellow ; the segments erect-spreading. Stamens
unequal ; three of them shorter, with wooliy filaments ; the others smooth.

Fields, road-sides, etc.; very common. Introduced from Europe. The flowers, when
dried in the sun, are said to yield a fatty matter which is useful in piles. FU. June — October.

2. Verpascum Buarraria, Linn. Moth Mullein.

Nearly smooth ; leaves clasping, oblong, crenate-serrate ; flowers pedicellate, in an elongated
raceme.—Linn. sp. 1. p.178; Engl. bot. t. 393; Micha. fl.1. p. 148; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 142;
Ell.'sk. 1. p. 274; Bigel. fil. Bost. p. 82 ;° Torr. fl..1. p. 223.5; Beck, bot. p. 259; Darlingt.
jl. Cest. p. 134. V. Claytoni, Micha. 1. c. ?

Biennial. Stem about 2 feet high, angular, smooth. Leaves acute, coarsely and irregularly
serrate or toothed ; the radical ones somewhat lyrate. Raceme simple or compound ; the
rachis and pedicels glandularly pubescent. Pedicels about an inch long. Segments of the
calyx linear-lanceolate. Corolla yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. Stamens unequal ;
all the filaments feathered with purple hairs.

Old fields and road-sides ; common. Introduced from Europe. June - July. The yellow
and white-flowered varieties often grow together, but they never pass into each othier.

3. Verspascum Lycunitis, Linn. White Mullein.

Leaves oblong-wedgeshaped, nearly smooth above ; stem angular, panicled ; spikes rather
loose. — Linn. sp. 1. p.177; Engl. bot. t.58; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 142; Ell. sk. 1. p. 274;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 223; Beck,.bot. p. 259.

Biennial. Stem 2-5 feet high. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long and 1 - 24 inches wide, white
and woolly underneath. Flowers cream-colored. Filaments hairy.

Old sandy fields near Oneida lake. Introduced from Europe. June - July. Intermixed
with this plant there are two hybrid varieties, one of which has the stalks simple or slightly
branched at ihe top, with yellow flowers, and leaves resembling those of V. Thapsus ; the

other has the tops much branched, whitish flowers, and leaves more like those of V. Lychnitis.
These were first noticed by Dr. Knieskern.

ScroPHULARIA. SCROPHULARIACEM. ~— 31

2. SCROPHULARIA. Tourn.; Wydl. mon. Scroph. in mem. soc. phys. §-c. Genev. 4.
p. 129; Endl. gen. 3883. FIGWORT.

[ So named from its supposed power of healing scrophula.]
Calyx 5-lobed (rarely 5-cleft). Corolla nearly globose ; the limb contracted, with two short
lips: upper lip 2-lobed, and often with a scale or abortive stamen within ; the lower 3-lobed.
Capsule 2-celled, globose or ovoid, septicidal.— Herbs, or rarely suffrutescent plants, with

mostly opposite leaves, and the flowers in panicles or cymes.

1. Scropuunaria Maritanpica, Linn. Figwort.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute, serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base ;
petioles ciliate ; panicle oblong; the branches and pedicles loosely cymose-fasciculate. —
Linn. sp. 2. p.619; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 419; Ell. sk. 2. p.106; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 242;
Wydl. l.c.; Beck, bot. p. 263; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 370. 8. nodosa, var. Americana,
Miche. fl. 2. p..21. 8. lanceolata, Pursh, l. c.

Root perennial. Stem 2-5 feet high, rather obtusely 4-angled, nearly smooth, branching
above. Leaves 2-4 inches long, varying from ovate to nearly lanceolate, unequally and
sharply serrate, slightly pubescent underneath. Panicle large and loose ; the subdivisions
3 - 6-flowered. Calyx with ovate obtuse equal lobes. Corolla greenish externally, brownish
purple inside ; the upper lip with a small abortive svale-like stamen attached to its base within.
Stamens declined, longer than the tube of the corolla ; the filaments pubescent, dilated above :
anthers one-celled, opening transversely at the summit. Style exserted, and curved over the
reflexed lower segment of the corolla. Capsule globose-ovoid.. Seeds black, rough and
punctate.

Borders of woods and along fences; common. June — September. Very nearly allied to
S. nodosa of Europe. ‘The bruised root is employed as a poultice for reducing inflammation
in tumors.

Tripe Il. ANTIRRHINEZ. Chavan.; Benth.

Corolla tubular ; the limb personate or ringent, rarely equal. Stamens 4, didynamous :
anthers 2-celled, approximated by pairs. Capsule 2-celled, opening by teeth or by a lid,
sometimes bursting wregularly. Testa of the seed solid, or loose and arilliform.

3. LINARIA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3891. TOAD-FLAX.
[ From the Latin, linwm, flax; which the leaves of some species resemble. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate ; the upper lip 2-cleft and reflexed, lower 3-cleft; the
throat closed by the prominent palate ; the tube inflated, with a spur at its base. Stamens
4, didynamous. Capsule thin, nearly globose or ovoid, usually opening at the summit by
several valves. Seeds with a dilated margin. — Herbaceous plants, with the leaves mostly
alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, and the flowers axillary, solitary, or in terminal leafy
racemes.

32 SCROPHULARIACE. Linaria.

* Evatrnoipes, Chavan. Spur of the corolla as long as the tube. Capsule with an oblique circumscribed opening, or one-
valved at the apex.

1. Linarta Exatine, Desf. Traling Hairy Toad-flax.
Procumbent, hairy ; leaves broadly hastate, acute , the lowest ovate, opposite ; peduncles
solitary, axillary, very long; spur straight, subulate. — Azt. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 20. Antir-
rhinum Elatine, Linn.; Engl. bot. t. 692; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 421; Torr. compend. p. 240;
Beck, bot. p. 264.

Annual. Stem throwing out long spreading branches, very hairy. Leaves diminishing
regularly in size from the base to the extremity of the branches ; the lowest with a few remote
teeth : petioles about an inch long. Peduncles slender; one from the axil of nearly every
leaf, and diverging horizontally from the stem. Flowers twice as large as in L. Canadense.
Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla yellowish, with the upper lip purple: spur extended.
Capsule depressed ; the cells 5 — 6-seeded.

Sandy fields ; near Albany (Dr. Beck), and shore of Cayuga lake (Dr. Gray). Probably
introduced from Europe. Fi. July.

** Linarrastrum, Chavan. Spur of the corolla about as long as the tube, Capsule opening at the summit by 4 — 10 teeth
or valves,

2. Linarta vuuearis, Mench. Common Toad-flax, or Ransted.

Erect ; leaves linear, verticillate and scattered ; flowers imbricated in a terminal spiked
raceme ; calyx smooth, shorter than the spur of the corolla. — Azt. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 17;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 368. Antirrhinum Linaria, Linn. sp. 2. p. 618; Engl. bot. t. 658 3
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 421; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 243; Torr. compend. p. 240; Beck, bot. p. 264.

Whole plant of a glaucous hue and smooth. Root perennial. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, some-
times a little branched, but usually simple. Leaves numerous, 1 —- 2 inches long and 1 — 2
lines wide, acute. Flowers large and rather showy, in a dense raceme. Calyx-segments
oblong, acute. Corolla pale pellow ; the palate tinged with orange. Spur subulate. Capsule
ovoid-oblong. Seeds conspicuously margined.

Road-sides, fields, ete ; very common. June - October. <A pernicious weed, doubtless
of European origin, and now spread over the northern and middle regions of the United States.
It is sometimes called Snapdragon, and Continental-weed. I have found at West-Point a
variety with 3 spurs. Another form, called Peloria, with 5 spurs, 5 stamens and a regular
corolla, has been occasionally seen, but is very rare.

3. Linarta Canapensis, Spreng. Canadian Toad-flaz.

Stem erect or assurgent, mostly simple ; leaves linear, scattered, obtuse ; flowers racemose ;
scions procumbent. — Spreng. syst. 2. p....; Bot. mag. t. 3473; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 94. Antirrhinum Canadense, Linn. sp.1.p. 618; Vent. hort. Cels. t. 49; Walt. fl. Car.
p- 169; Michx. fl. 2. p.20; Pursh, fl. 2. p.421; Hill. sk. 2. p.113; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 243 ; Beck, bot. p. 264.

Linaria. SCROPHULARIACE. 33

Annual or biennial. Stem a foot high, very slender, smooth, often throwing out from its
base a number of prostrate scions or abortive branches two or three inches in length. Leaves
about three-fourths of an inch long and one line wide; the lowest somewhat spatulate.
Tlowers in a naked raceme, rather distant, on pedicels about 2 lines long, which are furnished
with a short subulate bract at the base. Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla small, pale
blue ; the spur descending, straight and very slender. Capsule roundish-ovoid, as long as
the calyx, opening by five teeth. Seeds numerous, blackish, quadrangular and somewhat
wedge-shaped.

Fields and meadows ; most commonly in sandy soils, either wet or dry: not rare. Fl.
May — August.

4. COLLINSIA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad, 1. p. 190. t.9; Endl. gen. 3897.
COLLINSIA.

[ In honor of the late ZaccuEeus Couuins of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist, and promoter of natural science. }

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla personate : upper lip 2-cleft; the lower 3-cleft; the middle lobe
saccate-carinate, and surrounding the stamens. Capsule globose, membranaccous ; the
dissepiment early breaking away from the valves. Seeds usualiy 2 (sometimes by abortion
only one) in each cell, obliquely superimposed, umbilicate. — Annual herbs, with opposite

or ternate leaves, and axillary one-flowered opposite or verticillate peduncles. Flowers

ornamental.

1. Couuinsta veRNA, JVutt. Early Particolored Collinsia.

Assurgent, nearly smooth ; leaves remotely and rather obtusely serrate ; the radical oblong
or cordate and petiolate ; cauline opposite, ovate-oblong, sessile or clasping , the uppermost
ternate. — Nutt. l.c.; Torr. compend. p. 241; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. t. 220; Beck, bot.
p. 267.

Stem 6 — 12 inches high, slightly pubescent, at length branching. Leaves about an inch
long, mostly obtuse ; the lower and radical ones on petioles which are half an inch or more
in length. Pedicels pubescent, about an inch long. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, minute.
Corolla particolored : the upper lip erect, deeply 2-cleft ; the lobes broadly obovate, yellowish
white : lower lip 3-cleft ; the middle lobe saccate or cucullate, and keeled on the underside,
enclosing the declinate stamens; lateral lobes blue. Stamens didynamous, approximated :
filaments slightly pubescent : anthers cordate-reniform ; the cells opening along the margin, at
length confluent. Abortive stamen in the form of a short spur at the base of the corolla. Ovary
ovoid, 2-celled; the dissepiment placentiferous. Ovules 2 in each cell, one obliquely above
the other: style almost capillary, included: stigma minute, 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved; the
valves 2-cleft, early separating from the dissepiment. Seeds oblong, obtuse at each end, concave
on the face. Embryo straight, in the axis of firm albumen: cotyledons flat and foliaceous.

In rich alluvial soil. Near Utica (Dr. Gray) ; Ithaca (Dr. Atkin). May. An ornamental
plant, not uncommon in gardens. Several other species occur west of the Mississippi.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 5

34 SCROPHULARIACES. CHELONE.

Tripe Ill. DIGITALEZ. Benth.
Corolla tubular, mostly ventricose, 2-lipped. Stamens 4 fertile and often a fifth sterile one,
declined at the base, and mostly ascending at the extremity : anthers 2-celled ; the lobes

finally divaricate and confluent. Capsule hard, 2-valved, septicidal ; the valves 2-cleft
or 2-parted.

5. CHELONE. Linn.; Endl. gen. 2908. SHELL-FLOWER.

{ From the Greek, chelone, a tortoise; the flowers somewhat resembling the head of that animal.]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ringent, ventricose and gibbous on the upper part : upper lip 2-lobed
or entire, broad and concave ; lower 3-lobed, bearded internally. Stamens 4, didynamous,
with a fifth shorter sterile filament: anthers woolly. Capsule 2-celled, septicidal; the
placent adnate to the dissepiment. Seeds numerous, with a membranaceous margin. —

Perennial herbs, with opposite serrated leaves, and large flowers in thick terminal spikes,

1. Cuetone ciaBra, Linn. Shell-flower. Snake-head.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile, smooth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 611;
Miche. fl. 2. p. 24; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 427; Nutt. gen. 2. p.51; Ell. sk. 2. p. 126; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 248; Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 76 (poor); Beck, bot. p. 266; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 369;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 94.

Root creeping. Stem 2 ~ 3 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, erect, nearly simple. Leaves
2 —4 inches long, of a firm texture, sharply serrate, somewhat rugous. Spikes terminal and
axillary in the upper part of the stem, very thick and compact, but few-flowered. Bracts and
bracteoles broad and concave, acuminate. Calyx 5-parted to the base ; the segments roundish,
concave and obtuse. Corolla more than an inch in length, white or pale purple ; the upper
lip obtuse, entire ; lobes of the lower lip of nearly equal length, but the middle one narrowest.
Stamens included: filaments flattened, pubescent: anthers connected by a copious wool :
rudimentary filament one-third the length of the others, smooth. Style filiform: stigma small,
obtuse. Capsule ovoid, with 2 opposite grooves. Seeds numerous, conspicuously margined.

Margin of swamps; common. August - September. Used by the Thomsonian doctors
as a tonic, etc., under the name of Balmony. C. obliqua of authors seems to be scarcely a
distinct species from this.

PENTSTEMON. SCROPHULARIACE. 35

6. PENTSTEMON. L’Herit.; Schreb. gen. pl. 1758; Endl. gen. 3909. PENTSTEMON.
[ From the Greek, pente, five, and stemon, a stamen; the fifth or abortive stamen being large.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted, or of 5 sepals. Corolla 2-lipped, ventricose. The fifth or sterile
filament longer than the fertile, and bearded on the upper side. Anthers smooth. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds angular. — Perennial or rarely suffruticose herbs, with opposite

leaves and paniculate (mostly purplish) flowers.

1. PentsteMon pusescens, Welld. Pubescent Pentstemon.

Stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, repandly serrulate or serrate, sessile and clasping ;
sterile filament bearded from the summit to below the middle.— Willd. sp. 3. p. 227 ; Micha.
fl. 2. p. 21; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 428; Nutt. gen. 2. p.52; Ell. sk. 2. p. 129; Bart. fl. N. Am.
t.103; Beck, bot. p. 266; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 369; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am., 2. p. 97.

Stem 12-15 inches high, obtusely quadrangular, simple or branching from the base.
Leaves nearly smooth, 2 - 5 inches long and 4 — 6 lines wide: radical ones longer and at-
tenuated at the base, often nearly entire ; those of the stem sessile, the uppermost broader.
Flowers in a loose trichotomous panicle. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent.
Corolla about an inch long, pubescent, tapering below : upper lip 2-lobed, compressed ; lower
3-cleft, plaited, hairy inside. Stamens smooth: anther-lobes divaricate: sterile filament
without an anther, beautifully plumose. Style about the length of the stamens : stigma small.
Capsule ovoid, smooth.

Hills and borders of woods ; north and west of Catskill. June — July.

Trizse IV. GRATIOLEZ. Benth.

Corolla nearly equal, or 2-lipped ; the lobes flattish. Fertile stamens 2 or 4: anthers 2-
celled, pointless. Capsule 2-celled; the dissepiment placentiferous, at length free.
Seeds wingless.

7. MIMULUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3935. MONKEY-FLOWER.
[ So named from the Greek, mimo, a monkey; in allusion to its grinning flowers,]

Calyx tubular, prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent; the upper lip reflexed at the sides :
lower lip 3-cleft, with the palate prominent. Stigma thick, 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled,
many-seeded. Seeds minute.— Perennial! or annual herbaceous plants, with quadrangular
stems and opposite leaves. Flowers axillary and solitary, without bracts, mostly violet or

yellow.
5*

36 SCROPHULARIACE. Mimvtts.

1. Mimutus rincens, Linn. Common Monkey-flower.

Erect, smooth ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; peduncles longer than the
flower ; segments of the calyx lanceolate-ovate, acuminate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 634; Walt.
fl. Car. p.172; Micha. fl. 2. p. 23; Bot. mag. t. 283; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 426; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 125; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 248; Beck, bot. p. 264; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 367.

Perennial. Stem about two feet high, somewhat branching, 4-angled but not winged.
Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, closely sessile and a little clasping ; the nerves prominent. Flowers
axillary in the upper part of the stem. Calyx strongly prismatic ; the teeth about one-fourth
the length of the tube. Corolla three-fourths of an inch in length, pale violet-purple ; the
tube rather longer than the calyx: lower lip larger than the upper. Stamens included ; the
anthers with divaricate lobes. Style filiform, included: stigma obtuse. Capsule oblong-ovoid,
membranaceous. Seeds very numerous, ovoid.

Wet meadows and margins of streams; common. Fl. July — August.

2. Mimutus axatus, Aiz. Wing-stemmed Monkey-flower.

Erect, smooth; stem with winged angles; leaves petiolate, ovate, acuminate, dentate-
serrate ; peduncles shorter than the flowers ; teeth of the calyx very short and broad,
mucronate.— Az. Kew. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 361; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 426; Ell. sk. 2. p. 125; Bart.
fl. N. Am. t. 94; Bot. cab. t. 410; Beck, bot. p. 264; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 368.

Perennial. Stem about two feet high, often somewhat branching, slightly winged on the
angles. Leaves 3 - 4 inches long and 1 — 2 inches wide, rather toothed than serrated, tapering
at the base into a petiole which is nearly one-third the length of the lamina. Flowers axillary
in the upper part of the stem, and also somewhat paniculate at the summit. Peduncles 2 - 3
lines long. Calyx appearing as if truncate, tapering to the base. Corolla and capsule nearly
as in the preceding species.

Wet meadows; rarer than M. ringens. July — August.

8. GRATIOLA. Linn.; R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 435; Endl. gen. 3946. HEDGE HYSSOP.
[ From the Latin, gratia, grace or favor; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues ]

Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bracteoles at the base. Corolla tubular, somewhat 2-lipped : upper
lip 2-lobed or emarginate ; the lower almost equally 3-lobed. Stamens 4, of which 2 (the
upper or posterior) are fertile, and usually the other 2 abortive. Stigma obliquely bi-
lamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; the valves at length 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, —

Herbaceous piants, with opposite leaves and axillary one-flowered peduncles.

GRATIOLA. SCROPHULARIACE. 37

1. Gratiota Virernica, Linn. Common Hedge Hyssop.

Stem assurgent, terete, pubescent above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth,
sparingly dentate-serrate, narrowed and connate at the base ; segments of the calyx linear-
lanceolate, equal ; sterile filaments almost wanting. — Linn. sp. 1. p.17; Walt. fl. Car.
p.62; Pursh, fl. 1. p.12; Ell. sk. 1. p.12; Torr. fi. 1. p.13; Le Conte in ann. lyc.
N. York, 1. p.106; Beck, bot. p. 265; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 363. G. neglecta, Torr.
cat. pl. N. York, p. 89. G. viscosa, Le Conte, I. c.

Root annual? Stem 4 - 8 inches high, branching from near the base, often smooth below.

Leaves about an inch long, rather obtuse or acute. Bracteoles at first about the length of the
calyx, finally longer. ‘Tube of the corolla curved, dull yellow ; the throat hairy ; the limb
cream-colored, or sometimes tinged with purple: upper lip broad and obscurely 2-lobed :
segments of the lower lip all emarginate. Fertile stamens inserted about the middle of the
tube of the corolla, included : sterile filaments very minute, at the base of the tube. Capsule
roundish-ovoid, about as long as the calyx. Seeds numerous, minute, rough and striate.

Low muddy places; common. July. In my Flora of the Northern States, the flowers of
this plant are described as destitute of sterile filaments. This is a mistake ; for although very
minute, I now find them to be constantly present. The pubescence of the stem is variable ;
being sometimes almost wanting, and again very copious and viscid. G. viscosa of Schweinitz
does not appear to be distinct from this species,

2. GRaTIoLa aurEA, Aluhi. Golden Hedge Hyssop.

Smooth ; stem assurgent, obtusely 4-angled, creeping at the base ; leaves linear-oblong,
partly clasping, obscurely toothed or entire, dotted ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate,
equal, longer than the bracteoles ; sterile filaments minute. — Muhl. cat. p. 2; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 12; Ell. sk..1. p. 133. Bigel. fl. Bost. p.6; Torr. ft. 1. p. 123; Le Conte, 1.¢.; Beck,
bot. p. 264. G. officinalis, Micha. fl. 1. p. 6.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 4 — 8 inches high, branching. Leaves half an inch long,
acute or rather obtuse, marked with minute pellucid dots. Peduncles often longer than the
leaves, slender, pubescent, usually alternate. Bracts about one-third shorter than the calyx.
Corolla golden yellow: upper lip emarginate ; lower equally three-lobed; the middle lobe
emarginate. Capsule ovoid. Seeds minute, rough.

Wet grounds, particularly in sandy swamps. Long Island. July — August.

38 SCROPHULARIACES. LInDERNIA.

9. LINDERNIA. Allioni, fl. Pedem. 3. p.178; Endl. gen. 3958. LINDERNIA.
[ Named in honor of F. B. von Linpern, a German botanist.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted, without bracteoles. Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip short, reflexed ;
lower 3-lobed , the middle lobe larger and emarginate : tube ventricose. Stamens 4; the
two longer, forked and sterile ; the two shorter, fertile. Ovary 2-celled; the. dissepiment
placentiferous, early separating from the walls of the ovary: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
ovoid-oblong, membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves entire, not inflexed: dis-
sepiment thin and plane. Seeds very numerous, oblong, rough, attached to the free
ancipital-fusiform placenta. — Annual smooth herbs, with opposite ovate serrate or toothed
leaves, and axillary one-flowered peduncles. Flowers blue.

J. Linpernia pinatata, Muh. Long-stalked Lindernia.

Leaves ovate or oblong, dilated at the base, clasping, remotely toothed ; peduncles longer
than the leaves. — Hil. sk. 1. p. 16; Muhl. cat. p.61; Bart. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 109. ¢. 31;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 14. Li. Pyxidaria, Pursh, fl. 2. p.419; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'7. Gratiola
anagallidea, Micha. fl. 1. p. 6 (in part). G. inequalis, Walt. fl. Car. p. 61.

Stem erect or assurgent, 4 - 8 inches high, slender, branching (often much so), quadrangular.
Leaves 6 — 8 lines long, 3 - 5-nerved. Peduncles at first about as long, or only a little longer
than the leaves; finally elongated, filiform, spreading horizontally when old. Segments of
the calyx nearly equal, ciliolate. Corolla pale purplish blue: upper lip broad, entire, only a
little emarginate : segments of the lower lip oval, obtuse. ‘The two upper stamens as long
as the corolla ; filaments forked and sterile : the two lower (anterior) fertile ; anthers 2-lobed.
Ovary oblong, acute, 2-celled ; the dissepiment placentiferous nearly its whole length : ovules
numerous : style as long as the fertile stamens. Capsule a little longer than the calyx, be-
coming imperfectly one-celled soon after the fertilization of the ovules, in consequence of the
placenta separating from the walls of the ovary.

Low moist grounds, and borders of rivulets ; frequent. July - August.

2. LinperNIA aTTENUATA, Muhi. Short-stalked Lindernia.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate and obovate, narrowed at the base, serrate-denticulate ; peduncles
shorter than the leaves.— Ell. sk. 1. p. 17; Muhl. cat. p.61; Torr. fl. 1. p. 14; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 364. L. Pyxidaria, var. major, Pursh, fl. 2. p.419. Gratiola anagallidea,
Miche. fl. 1. p. 6 (in part).

Stem 4-angled, erect or assurgent, branching, stouter than in the preceding species. Leaves
half ar inch to an inch in length; the lower ones sometims spatulate. Peduncles at first
shorter than the leaves, but finally equalling them. Flowers and capsule as in L. dilatata.

With the preceding, and more common than that species, July - September. ‘These two
species are by some botanists united into one. They are certainly very nearly related, but I
have not seen them passing into each other.

Bucunera. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 39

Trine V. BUCHNEREZ. Benth.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla 5- or unequally 4-cleft (never 2-lipped) ; the lobes all

flat. Stamens 4, ascending: anthers one-celled. Stigma small, somewhat capitate.
Capsule 2-valved ; the valves entire or 2-cleft.

10. BUCHNERA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3960; Benth. syn. Buch. in Hook. comp. bot. mag.

1. p. 365. BUCHNERA.
[ In honor of Joun GorrrrigD Bucuner, a German botanist. ]

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat salver-form, with a long and slender tube ; the
limb flat, almost equally 5-lobed ; the lobes cuneate-obcordate. Stamens didynamous, all
perfect, included : anthers 1-celled. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, loculicidal, opening elastically ;
the valves entire. Seeds rather numerous, angular.— Perennial herbs, turning black in

drying. Leaves opposite, mostly rough. Flowers opposite, in a terminal spike.

1. Bucunera Americana, Linn. Blue Hearts.

Hairy-hispid ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, sessile, rough; spike
finally elongated, with the flowers rather distant ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the
calyx. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 630; Walt. fl. Car. p. 169; Miche. fl. 2. p.18; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 421; Ell. sk. 2. p.112; Torr. compend. p. 240; Beck, bot. p. 263; Benth. l.c.; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 371.

Whole plant clothed with short rough hairs, turning grayish black in drying. Stem 1 - 2
feet high, straight ; the upper part nearly naked. Leaves 3-nerved ; the lowest often ovate-
or oblong-lanceolate ; the cauline diminishing in breadth upward, remotely and often obscurely
toothed. Flowers at first approximated, but finally remote. Bracts much shorter than the
calyx, ovate. Calyx-tube oblong-tubular, slightly curved ; the teeth short and acuminate.
Corolla purple ; the tube about twice as long as the calyx: border half an inch in diameter ;
the two upper lobes shortest. Stamens much shorter than the tube of the corolla: anthers
oblong, acute. Style included: stigma obtuse. Capsule ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, enclosed
in the enlarged ventricose calyx ; the placenta extending into the cavity of the cells. Seeds
minute, black.

Moist meadows. Gorham, Ontario county (Dr. Gray); on the Genesee river, north of
Rochester (Dr. Bradley). Fl. August. Fr. October.

40 SCROPHULARIACEZ. LimoseEta.

Trine VI. VERONICEZ. Benth.

Corolla rotate, funnel-form, rarely tubular or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, all of them
fertile ; or often only 2, without abortive rudiments. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidal ; the
valves often 2-cleft at the dissepiment.

11. LIMOSELLA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3977, MUDWORT.
{ Named from the Latin, Jimus, mud; the plant growing in muddy places.]

Calyx 5-cleft, equal. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, somewhat campanulate ; the lobes equal. Stamens
4, nearly equal: anthers distant, 1-celled. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 1-celled,
2-valved ; the valves entire. Seeds several, oblong, longitudinally sulcate and transversely
striate.—Small annual herbs, with creeping filiform stems, which throw up tufts of narrow

leaves and one-flowered peduncles. Flowers minute, blue or white.

1. Limosetia aquatica, var. TENUIFOLIA, Hoff: Common Mudwort.

Leaves linear, very narrow.—Hoff. fl. Germ. 2. p. 29; Pers. syn. 2. p.167. L. subulata,
Ives in trans. phys. med. soc. N. York, 1. p. 439, with a figure; Torr. compend. p. 239 ;
Beck, bot. p. 267. LL. tenuifolia, Nutt. in your. acad, Philad. 1. p. 115, and gen. 2. p. 43.

Plant rooting and creeping in the mud. Leaves about an inch long and half a line wide,
scarcely dilated at the extremity, somewhat succulent. Peduncles usually longer than the
leaves. Flowers minute. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth acute. Corolla pale blue externally,

white inside, often 4-lobed.
Muddy banks of the Hudson. Near West-Point (Prof. Bailey) ; Peekskill (Dr. Mead).
July — September.

12. VERONICA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3979. SPEEDWELL.,

[Origin of the name uncertain.]

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed ; the lower segment narrower. Stamens
2: anthers 2-celled. Capsule 2-celled, obcordate. Seeds usually few, plano-convex,
or roundish and hollowed on one side. — Herbs or suffruticose plants, with opposite or
verticillate (rarely alternate) leaves, which are often serrate or incised. Flowers axillary,

spiked or racemose, mostly blue or white.
* Veronica proper. Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) parted, Corolla rotate. Seeds plano-convex.

1. VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Linn. Paul’s Betony.

Stem ascending ; leaves ovate or elliptical, crenate, smooth; raceme elongated, many-
flowered ; capsule inversely reniform, as long as the style. — Linn. sp. 1. p.12; Walt. fl.
Car. p.60; Mich. fl. 1. p.4; Engl. bot. t.1075; Pursh, fl. 1. p.11; Bugel. fl. Bost.
p.5; Torr. fl. 1. p.8; Beck, bot. p. 261; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 3.

VERONICA. SCROPHULARIACLE. 4]

Perennial. Stems 3 —8 inches long, rooting at the base. Leaves 4-6 lines long; the
lower ones on short petioles, rather fieshy. Raceme erect; the flowers on short pedicels,
sometimes opposite. Bracts elliptical. Corolla pale blue, or sometimes nearly white. Capsule
broader than long, much compressed, ciliate on the margin. Seeds 15 — 20, ovate, light
brown, flattened on one side.

Pastures, meadows, road-sides, etc.; very common. Introduced from Europe, and now
completely naturalized throughout the United States. May — August.

2. Veronica oFFicinaLis, Linn. Common Speedwell.

Stems procumbent, rooting at the base, pubescent; leaves broadly ovate and obovate,
serrate, roughly pubescent ; racemes spiked, axillary, pedunculate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 12;
Emel. bot.t. 765; Miche. fl.1.p.5; Pursh, fl. ep.10; Torr. fl. \.p. 8; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p.5; Beck, bot. p. 262; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 4.

Perennial. Stems diffuse, 6 — 10 inches long; the branches ascending. Leaves opposite,
on short petioles, pale green. Spikes on long peduncles, which mostly arise from the lower
part of the stem. Corolla pale blue, with darker veins. Capsule pubescent. Seeds 8 - 10,
nearly round, fat on one side, yellowish.

Dry woods and pastures ; not common. Introduced from Europe? May-July. This
and some other species were formerly employed medicinally as tonics, and have also been
used as a substitute for tea.

38. Veronica Beccasunea, Linn. Brooklime.

Stems procumbent and rooting at the base; leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat serrate,
smooth ; racemes opposite. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 12; Engl. bot. t. 655.

- var. Americana: leaves ovate-lanceolate, all on short petioles, rather acute. V. Becca-
bunga, Pursh, fi. 1. p.11;. Torr. fl. 1.p, 9; Bigel. fi. Bost. p..5; “Beck, bot. p: 262 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.4. V. intermedia, Schwein. in Sill. journ. 8. p. 268.

Whole plant smooth, rather succulent. Stem 8 - 15 inches high, rooting at the lower
joints. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long and half an inch to an inch or more in breadth, sometimes
slightly cordate, but usually abruptly narrowed to a short petiole, never clasping ; the lowest
obtuse. Racemes axillary, slender, many-flowered ; the bracts lanceolate, shorter than the
finally diverging pedicels. Calyx-lobes oblong, acute. Corolla bright blue. Capsule roundish-
obcordate, compressed. Seeds numerous, ovoid, compressed.

Muddy borders of small streams, and about springs; frequent. July. This plant differs
in several respects from the European V. Beccabunga, and Mr. Schweinitz was perhaps
correct in regarding it as a distinct species. It is nearly allied to the following, and is doubt-
less often confounded with it by our botanists.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 6

42 SCROPHULARIACE. VERONICA.

4. Veronica ANAGALLIS, Linn. Water Speedwell.
Stem erect; leaves lanceolate, clasping, serrate ; the upper closely sessile and clasping ,
lowest on short petioles ; racemes opposite.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 12; Miche. fl. 1. p.5; Engl.
bot. t. 721; Pursh, fi. 1. p.11; El. sk. 1.p.9% Torr. fl. 1. p. 9 » Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 5 ;
Beck, bot. p. 261; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 4.

Perennial. Stem somewhat succulent, a foot or more high. Leaves 1 - 23 inches long,
tapering gradually from a broad base to a sharp point, very smooth. Racemes mostly opposite,
elongated, many-flowered. Pedicels as long as the flower, never reflexed. Segments of the
calyx acute. Corolla pale blue, with purple veins. Capsule deeply emarginate, tumid. Seeds
rather numerous, ovoid, compressed.

Muddy borders of streams and ponds ; common. June — August. This species is a native
also of Europe. It is best distinguished from the preceding by its narrower, more acute,
sessile and clasping leaves.

5. VERONICA SCUTELLATA, Linn. Marsh or Scullcap Speedwell.
Stem nearly erect, slender ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, sessile, denticulate ; racemes
lateral, alternate ; pedicels divaricate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 12; Micha. fl. 1. p.5; Engl. bot.
t.726; Pursh, fia. p. 11;. Biel. fi. Bost. po 63% Torr. fl..lip. 9 sBeck, bot. 261 5
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 5.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem weak, often branched and diffuse, about a foot long,
smooth. Leaves opposite, 1 — 3 inches long and usually 2-3 lines wide, but sometimes
almost lanceolate, remote and minutely denticulate, rarely almost entire, somewhat fleshy.
Racemes filiform, many-flowered, spreading or pendulous ; the slender pedicels divaricate
after flowering. Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla pale blue or flesh-colored. Capsule
reniform-obcordate, much compressed. Seeds about seven in each cell. :

Wet places; frequent. May-June. A common European species, and doubtless in-
digenous here. °

6. Veronica PEREGRINA, Linn. Nech-weed.

Smooth ; stem erect ; leaves oblong, rather obtuse, dentate-serrate ; flowers solitary,
axillary, sessile. — Linn. sp.1.p.14; Fl. Dan. t. 407; Miche. fl. 1. p.4; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 115 Ell. sk. 1. p.10; Torr. fl. 1. p.10; Beck, bot. p. 262; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 5;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.101. V. Marilandica, Murr. comm. Gett. 1782. t. 3 (excl. syn.).
V. Caroliniana, Walt. fl. Car. p. 61. V.carnulosa, Lam. enc. 1. p. 47. V. Romana, Linn.
f. supp. YV. Xalapensis, Chilensis and Peruviana, H. B. § K. fide Cham. §- Schlecht.

Annual. Stems simple or branching from the base, 4-8 inches high. Leaves rather
fleshy ; radical ones narrowed at the base into a short petiole ; upper ones sessile and much
narrower. Segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate. Corolla very small, white. Capsule
obcordate. Seeds 20 or more in each cell.

Moist grounds and cultivated fields; very common. Introduced from Europe. May -
June. Formerly considered a valuable remedy for scrophulous affections, but probably of
little value. (See Bart. med. g- phys. jour. 3. p. 24.)

VERONICA. SCROPHULARIACE. ‘ 43

7. VERONICA ARVENSIS, Lann. Corn Specdwell.

Stems assurgent, hairy ; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate , the lower ones petiolate ;
the upper bract-like, lanceolate, sessile, alternate ; flowers axillary and solitary, nearly sessile.
— Linn, sp.1. p. 13; Walt. fi. Car. p. 61; Micha. fl. 1. p.4; Pursh, fl. 1, p-11; Ell.
sk. 1. p.9; Torr. fl.1. p.10; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.6; Borr. in Engl. bot. suppl. t. 2603 ;
Beck, bot. p. 262; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 5.

Annual. Stems often branching from the root. Leaves pubescent, 4 — 6 lines long. Flowers
axillary, or rather in a leafy raceme. Corolla pale blue, shorter than the unequal calyx,
pale purple. Capsule much compressed, obcordate, ciliate on the margin. Seeds 6-8 in
each cell, oval, plano-convex.

Dry fields and hill-sides ; rather common. Introduced from Europe. FV. April - August.

** COCHLIDIOSPERMUM, Reich. Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) parted, Corolla rotate. Seeds with a deep pit on one side,

8. Veronica aGrestis, Linn. Procumbent Field Speedwell.

Stem procumbent, hairy ; leaves all petiolate, cordate-ovate, incisely serrate, as long as the
pedicels ; flowers axillary, solitary, pedicellate ; segments of the calyx equal. — Linn. sp. 1.
p. 18; Engl. bot. t.'783; Muhl. cat. p.2; Ell. sk. 1. p.9; Torr. fl.1. p.10; Bagel. fl.
Bost. p.6; Beck, bot. p. 262.

Annual. Stems 3 —4 inches long, slightly hairy, slender. Leaves alternate, roundish-
ovate, shorter than the petioles. Peduncles about the length of the leaves, recurved after the
fruit is formed. Segments of the calyx 3-nerved, ciliate. Corolla pale blue with deep blue
veins, sometimes nearly white. Lobes of the capsule roundish and tumid. Seeds about 8
in each cell, each with a deep pit on one side.

Dry sandy fields ; rare. Introduced from Europe. May.

9, VERONICA HEDERIFOLIA, Linn. Lvy-leaved Speedwell.

Stems procumbent, diffuse, pubescent ; leaves all petiolate, cordate, 5 — 7-lobed, the upper
ones 3-lobed ; flowers axillary, solitary ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute. —
Linn. sp.1. p.13; Engl. bot. t.784; Muhl. cat. p.2; Torr. fl. 1. p.10; Beck, bot.
p. 262; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 5.

Annual. Stems slender, 4 — 10 inches long; the pubescence somewhat in lines. Leaves
almost reniform-cordate, a little fleshy ; the primordial ones persistent, on long petioles.
Pedicels longer than the leaves, slender. Calyx finally somewhat 4-sided, longer than the
fruit ; the segments converging. Corolla blue, smaller than the calyx. Lobes of the capsule
very turgid, black, wrinkled. Seeds 2 in each cell, large and cupped.

Hill-sides, near Brooklyn, Long Island. Introduced. FJ. Latter part of March - April.

6*

44 SCROPHULARIACE. PxDEROTA.

13. PE DEROTA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3980. PZEDEROTA.

Lepranpra, Nutt.; Cauuistacnya, Raf.

{An ancient name of a species of Acanthus, applied by Linneus to this genus. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular; the limb unequally 4-5 lobed, or somewhat 2-lipped.
Stamens 2, inserted into the upper part of the corolla, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Capsule
ovoid, acute, 2-celled, loculicidal ; the valves at length 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, obovoid

or terete. — Leaves opposite or verticillate, serrate. Flowers in terminal spikes.

1. Paperota Virainica, Culver’s Physic.

Stem erect ; leaves verticillate, mostly in fours and fives, lanceolate ; spikes aggregated ;
flowers unequally 4-lobed. — Veronica Virginica, Linn. sp.1. p.9; Micha. fl. 1. p. 5;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.10; Ell. sd. 1. p.10. lLeptandra Virginica, Nutt. gen.1. p.7; Torr.
fl.1.p.11; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.6; Beck, bot. p. 263; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 6. Callistachya
Virginica, Raf. in. med. repos. 5. p. 60.

Perennial. Stem strict, simple, 2 — 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves sometimes as many as
six, and rarely only three, 2 or 3 inches long, tapering to a long sharp point, acutely serrate,
smooth above, pubescent on the veins underneath. Flowers sessile, in long spikes, of which
the principal one terminal; the others clustered and verticillate in the upper part of the stem.
Corolla white, pubescent inside. Stamens much longer than the corolla, at length diverging :
anthers cordate, whitish. Style finally exceeding the stamens: stigma capitate, somewhat
2-lobed. Capsule acuminate, opening about half way down by four teeth. Seeds numerous,
obovoid, compressed.

Rich low grounds ; rather common. July. ‘The root is cathartic and diaphoretic, and has
obtained some reputation as a domestic medicine. It is sometimes called Culver’s-root. (See

Wood §- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 688.)

Tripe VIL GERARDIEZ. Benth.

Corolla campanulate, funnel-form or tubular ; the limb 5-cleft, with flat rounded lobes.
Stamens four, all fertile and ascending. Anthers 2-celled ; the cells distinct, often
acuminate. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal. Seeds usually with a loose re-
ticulated testa.

14, GERARDIA. Linn.; Benth. in Hook. comp. bot. mag. 1. p. 204; Endl. gen. 3996.

GERARDIA.
[ In honor of Jonw Gerarp, an old English botanist, author of “A General History of Plants,”]

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat campanulate; the border unequally

5-lobed ; the segments rounded, flat, partly spreading, entire. Stamens 4, didynamous,

GERARDIA. SCROPHULARIACEX. 45

included. Capsule ovoid or roundish, loculicidal ; the valves usually entire. Seeds
numerous, with a loose reticulated testa. — Herbs or rarely undershrubs, with the leaves
opposite, or sometimes alternate, pinnatifid or entire. Flowers large and showy, axillary

and solitary, yellow or purple. Most of the species turn blackish in drying.

* Evcerarpia, Benth. Flowers purple: calyx 5-toothed ; lobes of the corolla entire: anthers acute, all equally 2-lobed and
fertile, not spurred at the base. — Leaves entire.

1. Gerarpia TENUIFOLIA, Vahl. Slender- stalked Gerardia.

Much branched ; leaves linear, acute, smoothish ; peduncles axillary, longer than the
flowers ; teeth of the calyx short, acute; corolla slightly pubescent.— Vahl, symb. 3. p. 79 ;
Nutt. gen. 2. p.47; Pursh, fl. 2. p.422; HEIL sk. 2.p.117; Bart. fl. N..Am. t. 82; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 247; Beck, bot. p. 268; Benth. l.c. p. 209; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 365. G.
erecta, Walt. fl. Car. p. 170; Michz. fl. 2. p. 20.

Annual. Stem 8 — 15 inches high, 4-angled, smoothish, with numerous spreading filiform
branches. Leaves an inch or more in length, usually very narrow, but sometimes approaching
to lanceolate, attenuate at each end, slightly rough on the margin. Peduncles filiform, often
an inch or more in length. Teeth of the calyx scarcely as long as the tube, slightly ciliate ;
the sinuses obtuse. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, pale purple, spotted inside; the seg-
ments broad, rarely equal. Anthers cordate, villous on the face ; the lobes acuminate at the
base : filaments slightly hairy. Capsule nearly globose, not exceeding the calyx.

Dry woods ; rather common throughout the State, except in the northern counties. FV.
August — September. Fr. October.

2. GERARDIA PURPUREA, Linn. Rough-leaved Gerardia.

Stem rough on the angles ; leaves linear, very rough; peduncles very short; teeth of the
calyx lanceolate-subulate.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 610; Walt. fl. Car. p.170; Miche. fl. 2. p.19;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 422; Nutt. gen-2. p. 46; Ell, sk. 2. p.1173; Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 97;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 247; Beck, bot. p. 267; Benth. 1. c. p. 208; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 365;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am, 2. p. 104.

Annual or biennial. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, often much branched, quadrangular. Leaves
1 — 14 inch long and 1 - 2 lines wide, tapering to a point, and curling as the plant dries.
Peduncles 1 - 2 lines long. Calyx smoothish ; the teeth nearly as long as the tube, acuminate :
sinuses acute. Corolla about an inch long, bright purple; the lobes ciliate: inside of the
upper ones, and of the throat almost woolly: lower side of the throat speckled with deeper
purple, and marked with two long obscurely yellowish stripes. Stamens shorter than the tube
of the corolla; filaments very villous: anthers cordate-ovate, hairy; the lobes acute at the
base. Capsule nearly globose.

Swamps and low moist grounds, particularly where the water is brackish. Southern part
of the State, and on Long Island. FV. August - September, Jr. October,

46 SCROPHULARIACE. GrERARDIA.

3. GerarpIA MARITIMA, Jaf. Salt-marsh Gerardia.

Stem smooth ; leaves linear, short, fleshy, somewhat obtuse ; peduncles much shorter than
the flower; calyx turbinate , the teeth very short and rounded.—Raf. in med. repos. 2. p.361;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 46; Bigel. fl. Bost.-p. 247; Torr. compend. p. 241; Beck, bot. p. 268;
Benth. l. c. p. 208. G. purpurea, var. crassifolia, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 422.

Annual. Stem 6 — 10 inches high, 4-angled, branching. Leaves 6 — 8 lines long, convex
above, and decidedly fleshy. Flowers few, situated chiefly toward the summit of the stem
and branches. Calyx appearing as if truncate ; the teeth often scarcely apparent. Corolla
half as large as in the preceding species, pale purple ; the upper lobes conspicuously ciliate,
dotted inside. Filaments hairy: anthers oblong; the lobes acute at the base. Capsule
globose.

Salt marshes on the Island of New-York, and on Long Island. Fl. August - September.
Some botanists regard this as a state of G. purpurea, altered by salt water ; but I have not
observed any intermediate forms. It is easily distinguished by its fleshy rather obtuse leaves
and very short calyx-teeth.

+* PepicuLarioIpEs, Benth. Calyx half 5-cleft. Corolla yellow, tubular-campanulate. Cells of the anthers spurred at
the base. — Leaves mostly lobed or pinnatifid,

4, Gerarpia Pepicutaria, Linn. Bushy Gerardia.

Stem paniculately branched, slightly pubescent; leaves smoothish, oblong, pinnatifid-
incised ; the lobes oblong, incisely toothed ; flowers rather longer than the pedicels ; segments
of the calyx leafy, incisely toothed.—Linn. sp 2. p. 611; Micha. fl. 2. p.19; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 424; Nutt. gen. 2. p.48; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 246; Torr. compend. p. 242; Beck, bot.
p. 268; Benth l.c. p. 206; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 367. .

Root perennial. Stem 2 - 4 feet high, much branched from the base upward, nearly terete,
purplish, clothed with a minute close pubescence, viscid when young. Leaves 1 — 3 inches
long, pinnatifidly cut into numerous oblong or ovate segments, uncinately toothed. Peduncles
5 — 10 lines Jong, glandularly pubescent, thickened upward. Calyx campanulate ; the segments
spreading and deeply toothed or incised. Corolla scarcely half as large as in G. flava, bright
yellow, very caducous ; the segments broad and rounded. Filaments slightly hairy: anther-
lobes with a subulate horn at the base. Capsule globose-ovoid, with a short acumination.

Dry woods and rocky hill-sides ; rather common throughout the State. Fl. August. Fr.
October. This species is replaced at the South by G. pectinata, Torr. (G. Pedicularia, El. ;
G. Pedicularia, var. pectinata, Nutt.).

GERARDIA. SCROPHULARIACE. 47

5. Gerarpia FLAva, Pursh. (Plate LXXIV.) Pubescent False Foxglove.

Pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; upper ones entire
or sinuate-toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower incised or somewhat pinnatifid, on longer pe-
tioles ; flowers mostly on very short pedicels ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate. —
Michx. fl. 2.p.19; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 423; Ell. sk. 2.p.119; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 246; Torr.
compend. p. 241; Beck, bol. p. 268; Benth. 1. c. p. 205; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 366. G.
villosa, Muhl. cat. p. 60. Rhinanthus Virginicus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 603.

Perennial. Stem 2 - 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, and, like the rest of the plant, densely
and minutely pubescent, sometimes a little branched. Leaves 2 — 5 inches long and half an
inch to an inch and a half wide, narrowed at the base into a short petiole ; the lowest ones
usually more or less deeply toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid; but sometimes all the leaves are
entire, except the lower ones, which are furnished with one or two teeth near the base.
Flowers an inch and a half long, on pedicels 1 - 2 lines in length. Segments of the calyx
unequal. Corolla bright yellow. Filaments very hairy : anther-lobes with a subulate horn
at the base. Capsule ovoid, acuminate. ‘Testa of the seed with cristate winged ridges.

Fertile woods and copses, particularly in hilly situations ; frequent. August.

6. GERARDIA QUERCIFOLIA, Pursh. Glaucous False Foxglove.

Stem paniculately branched, glaucous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate , the lower ones
pinnatifid ; flowers conspicuously pedicellate ; calyx smooth, the segments lanceolate-linear.
— Pursh, fi. 2. p. 423. ¢.19; Ell. sk.2. p.120; Benth. lc. p. 205. G. flava, Linn. sp.
2. p. 610, g- herb. G. glauca, Eddy in med repos. 11. p. 126 (without a character); Bigel.
fi. Bost. p. 246; Torr. compend. p. 241; Beck, bot. p. 268; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 366.

Perennial. Stem 3 - 5 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, purplish, and clothed with a glaucous
bloom. Leaves 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches wide: upper ones coarsely toothed or
entire ; the lower more or less deeply pinnatifid, and the segments also sometimes toothed.
Pedicels 3 — 5 lines long. Calyx with the segments about the length of the tube. Corolla
nearly as in the preceding species. Filaments nearly smooth: anthers hairy. Capsule
roundish-ovoid, acuminate.

Rocky woods ; rather less frequent than G. flava. Fl. August. This is the original G.
flava of Linneus, but it would cause too much confusion at this late day to restore the name,

48 SCROPITULARIACEX. CasTILLEJA.

Trise VIIL RHINANTHE AL, Benth.
Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip concave, galeate or linear ; the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4 (rarely
2), ascending : anthers 2-celled ; the cells distinct, parallel, often acuminate. Capsule

loculicidal ; the valves mostly entire. Seeds with a solid or loose arilliform testa, often
winged.

15. CASTILLEJA. Mutis; Endl. gen. 4004. PAINTED-CUP.

Evcuroma, Nutt,

[ Named by Mutis after his friend Castillejo, of whom little is known.]

Calyx tubular-ventricose, spathe-like, 2 - 4-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ; the tube compressed :
upper lip very long and narrow ; lower short and 3-cleft or 3-toothed. Stamens 4: cells
of the anthers divaricate, unequal. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidal ; the
dissepiment bearing the seeds. Seeds with a loose transparent reticulated testa. — Herbs
or shrubby plants, with alternate 3 — 5-cleft or entire leaves, of which the floral ones are
bract-like and usually colored. Flowers axillary and solitary, or in a terminal spike : corolla

greenish or whitish.

1. CasTILLEJA coccinea, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup. Red-robin.

Leaves and bracts pinnately 3 — 5-cleft, the segments linear and divaricate ; calyx 2-cleft,
nearly as long as the corolla, the segments retuse and emarginate —Spreng. syst. 2. p.'775;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 105. Bartsia coccinea, Linn. sp. 2. p. 602; Walt. fl. Car. p. 167;
Micha. fl. 2. p.17; Pursh, fil. 2. p. 429; Bigel. fl. Bost. (subgen. Castiuursa), ps 244.
Euchroma coccinea, Nutt. gen. 2. p.55; Ell. sk. 2. p.132; Torr. compend. p. 243; Beck,
bot. p. 270; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 375.

Perennial. Stem 8 - 15 inches high, simple, dull red, pubescent. Leaves sessile, pubes-
cent; the radical ones spatulate-oblong, entire, or toothed at the summit; the cauline mostly
5-cleft: the two lower segments very narrow and divaricate ; upper ones near the summit,
and much shorter. Spike composed of alternate closely sessile flowers. Bracts of a bright
scarlet color towards the summit, 3-lobed and obtuse, at first nearly concealing the flowers.
Calyx long and tubular, thin and membranaceous below ; the lobes slightly retuse and tipped
with scarlet. Corolla dull greenish yellow ; the upper lip nearly three times longer than the
lower, straight, truncate at the tip, concave and embracing the stamens and style; the lower
with short acute segments. Anthers smooth, at first cohering, finally distinct. Style long
and very slender, a little exserted: stigma incurved, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule enclosed
in the calyx, ovoid, acute, compressed.

Wet meadows; rather rare. FU. April-May. Fr. June.

PEDICULARIS. SCROPIIULARIACE. 49

16. PEDICULARIS. Linn. ; Stev. in mem. soc. hist. nat. Mosq. vol. 6; Endl. gen. 4015.
LOUSE-WORT.
[From the Latin, pediculus, a louse ; so named, it is said, because it produces the lousy disease in sheep which feed on it. }

Calyx ventricose, unequally 5-toothed, or 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-toothed or entire ; the
lower 3-toothed, or sometimes obliquely truncate. Corolla ringent; the upper lip galeate
and often rostrate, emarginate ; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest. Capsule
oblique, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, loculicidal ; the dissepiment bearing the seeds
towards its base. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a prominent raphe ; the testa con-
formed to the nucleus. — Herbs, usually with simple stems. Leaves alternate, opposite or
verticillate, pinnatifid or incisely toothed. Flowers in dense or interrupie: ierminal bracteate

spikes.

1. Peprcutarts Canapensis, Linn. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.

Stem simple, oblique ; leaves pinnatifid , the segments crenate-toothed ; spike leafy at the
base ; calyx obliquely truncate ; galea of the corolla with two setaceous teeth.— Linn. mant.
p86; Walt. ft. Car. 9.171; Micha. fl. 2.p.18; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 425; Ellosk. 2.9. 124;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 425; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. t. 67; Beck, bot. p. 269; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 374; Stev.l.c. p.41. P. gladiata, Micha. Ll. c.

Perennial. Stems 6 — 12 inches high, often several from one root, pubescent. Radical
leaves crowded, 2 — 4 inches long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, hoary pubescent when young,
but nearly smooth when old: stem-leaves alternate and opposite. Flowers at first in an oblong
leafy head, which is gradually elongated, and in fruit becomes a spike several inches in length.
Calyx gibbous, obliquely truncate from above downward. Corolla brownish yellow, often
mixed with dull purple. Style exserted between the teeth of the galea. Capsule somewhat
ensiform.

Meadows, woods and moist thickets; very common. Fil. May. fr. June.

2. Pepicunaris LanceotaTa, Michz. (Plate LXXV.) Tall Lousewort.

Stem erect, mostly branching, smoothish; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, crenately
incised, with the segments denticulate-serrate, rough on the margin; calyx 2-cleft, with the
lubes roundish-ovate and leafy, toothed; galea of the corolla truncate at the apex ; capsule
roundish-ovate. — Miche. fl. 2. p.18; Muhl. cat. p. 58; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 424. P. pallida,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 424; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 50; Torr. compend. p. 242; Beck, bot. p. 269; Dar-
lingt. fi. Cestt p. 374; “ Stev.l.c. p. 18. t. 4. f.2;” Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 107. P.
Virginica, Powr. (ex Hook.).

Perennial. Plant 1 — 3 feet high, commonly with a pubescent line running alternately from
joint to joint, sometimes simple, but usually more or less branched. Leaves 2-4 inches

| Frora — Vol. 2.] ‘4

50 SCROPHULARIACEZ. PEpIcuLaRIs.

long, somewhat coriaceous, rather distant, mostly opposite, the uppermost sometimes ternate,
the base tapering into a short petiole. Calyx nearly smooth. Corolla closed, nearly an inch
long, greenish yellow ; the lower lip dilated towards the summit, its lateral segments rounded,
the middle one somewhat saccate and carinate: upper lip less galeate than in the preceding
species. Capsule scarcely exserted beyond the calyx.

Swamps; near New-York, and on Long Island and Staten Island. Troy (Prof. Hail) ;

Niagara river (Dr. Knieskern § Prof. Dewey) ; near Albany (Dr. L. C. Beck). Fl. August
— September. Jr. October.

17. MELAMPYRUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4018. COW-WHEAT,
[ From the Greek, melas, black, and pyros, wheat: the seeds resemble grains of wheat, and are said, when mixed with
flour, to make the bread black.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, not inflated, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla ringent or personate :
upper lip laterally compressed, with the sides reflexed ; the lower almost equally 3-cleft or
3-toothed, with two gibbosiies. Stamens 4. Capsule ovoid, compressed, somewhat
acuminate, 2-celled, loculicidal. Seeds usually two, but sometimes only one, in each cell,
cylindrical-oblong, smooth. — Annual herbs, with opposite narrow entire lower leaves; the
floral leaves or bracts toothed. Flowers axillary, in a leafy raceme.

1. Metampyrum Americanum, Micha. American Cow-wheat.

Leaves lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, the floral ones with setaceous teeth at the
base.— Micha. fl. 2. p. 16; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 242; Beck, bot. p. 270; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 373. M. lineare, Lam. dict. 4. p. 33; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 430; Ell. sk. 2. p. 133. M.
latifolium, Muhl. cat. p. 59; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 46.

Stem 8-- 15 inches high, with spreading opposite branches. Leaves more or less lanceo-
late, sometimes linear; the floral ones with several spreading setaceous teeth at the base.
Flowers on short pedicels. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-linear. Corolla yellowish-
white, with a tinge of purple ; the lower lip yellow inside. Capsule membranaceous, some-
what lunate ; the apex pointing downward, opening on the upper edge. Seeds 2 in each cell.

Dry woods ; common. June — August. Bentham and Hooker consider this plant as
identical with M. sylvaticum of Europe.

VERBENA VERBENACE. ol

Group 9. Ovary free from the calyx, either 2 - 4-lobed and becoming as many
one-seeded achenia or little nuts, or else entire and drupaceous, including as
many one-seeded nucules ; sometimes dry and separable, but the cells never more
than 2-ovuled. Corolla regular or irregular ; the stamens inserted on its tube,
equalling its lobes or fewer in number.

Orper LXX. VERBENACEZ. Juss. Tue Vervain TRIBE.

Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-toothed, often irregular, persistent. Corolla more or less
irregular ; the limb 4 — 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens usually 4 and
didynamous ; the 2 upper (posterior) ones sometimes either sterile or wanting.
Ovary entire, 2 — 4- (rarely 1-) celled, with 1 - 2 ascending ovules in each
cel]. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or dry and splitting into 2 —- 4 one-seeded
carpels; rarely one-celled and indehiscent, with a single seed. Seeds with
little or no albumen. — Herbs, shrubs or sometimes trees, with 4-angled stems
and opposite leaves. Flowers mostly in spikes, heads or racemes.

1, VERBENA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3685. VERVAIN,
{ The name is said to be an alteration of the Celtic word ferfaen, which is derived from fer, to drive away, and faen, a
stone ; in allusion to its medicinal virtues. ]

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular or
somewhat funnel-form, with the limb rather unequally 5-lobed. Stamens sometimes only
2, or the upper pair abortive. Drupe with a thin evanescent epicarp, at length splitting
into four 1-seeded carpels. Endocarp crustaceous. — Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers

sessile, mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate.

1. VerBena wastata, Linn. Tall Blue Vervain. Simpler’s Joy.

Erect ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, incisely serrate, the
lower ones often lobed or somewhat hastate at the base; spikes linear, erect, corymbose-
paniculate, rather densely imbricated.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 10; Micha. fl 2. p. 14; Pursh, fi. 2.
p-416; Ell. sk. 2. p.98; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 238; Beck, bot. p. 283; Darlingt. fi. Cest.
Poole. YVapaniculata, Lam 2. p.0ls Pers: snag, p. 1385 Pursh, 1.0.5, Llib. co;
Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1102; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 117.

Root perennial. Stem 3-6 feet high, straight and somewhat rigid, rough and hairy,
4-sided. Leaves 3—5 inches long, rough; the lowest ones often with a lobe on each side

7*

52 VERBENACE. VERBENA.

near the base, so as to appear somewhat hastate. Spikes numerous, 2-5 inches long,

tapering at the summit, forming a large terminal panicle, which is often corymbose. Flowers

at first densely imbricated, but the lower ones finally somewhat distant. Bracts ovate,

acuminate, shorter than the 5-toothed calyx. Corolla about 2 lines long, deep purplish blue.

Stamens 4. Fruit at length splitting into 4 oblong 3-sided carpels, usually regarded as seeds.
Wet meadows and margin of creeks. July — September.

2. VERBENA URTICIFOLIA, Linn. Common Vervain.

Erect ; leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform,
axillary and terminal ; flowers distinct.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 10; Walt. fl. Car. p. 162; Engl.
bot. t. 767; Miche. fl. 2. p.15; Pursh, fl. 2. p.416; Ell. sk. 2. p.99; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 239; Beck, bot. p. 284; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 372.

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, rather rough and pubescent, with slender spreading
branches. Leaves 3-4 inches long and an inch and a half broad, thin, acutely serrate,
abruptly narrowed into a petiole at the base. Spikes numerous, forming loose panicles, in
fruit nearly a foot in length. Flowers much scattered. Bracts subulate, shorter than the
calyx. Teeth of the calyx nearly equal, very acute. Corolla 2 lines long, white or sometimes
slightly tinged with rose-color. Stamens 4. Fruit 4-carpelled.

Road-sides, old fields, ete.; very common. Probably introduced from Europe. July -
September. This plant was held sacred among the ancients, and used in making leagues by
ambassadors, sacrificial rites, incantations, etc. (Loudon).

Between this species and the preceding there are several intermediate hybrid forms, which,
as well as other hybrid Verbenas, have been carefully and accurately described by Dr.
Engelman in Silliman’s Journal, vol. 46.

3. Verpena spurts, Linn. Procumbent Vervain.

Stem prostrate, divaricately branched ; leaves incisely pinnatifid ; spikes filiform, loose.—
Linn. sp.1. p.10; Micha. fl. 2. p.14; Pursh, fl. 2. p.416; Ell. sk. 2. p.97; Torr.
compend. p. 238; Beck, bot. p. 284.

Annual or biennial. Stem (when old) much branched, smoothish except on the angles,
which are roughened with remote minute appressed prickles. Leaves sessile, hairy (particular-
ly underneath), divided nearly to the midrib into numerous oblong rather obtuse segments
which are laciniately toothed. Spikes numerous, forming loose panicles. Flowers at first
close and imbricated, but at length remote and scattered. Bracts acute, one-third longer than
the flower. Corolla rose-colored or purplish blue, with a manifest tube ; the border unequally
5-lobed. Stamens 4; two of them apparently sterile. Fruit 4-carpelled.

Sandy fields in the suburbs of New-York, and near Albany. August - November,

VERBENA. VERBENACE®. 53

4. VERBENA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Micha. Narrow-leaved Vervain.

Stems erect or inclined, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the base,
remotely toothed, with elevated veins ; spikes filiform. — Micha. fl. 2. p.14; Pers. syn. 2.
p- 138; Torr. compend. p. 338; Beck, bot. p. 284. V. rugosa, Willd. enum. 1. p. 663 ;

Pursh, fi. 2. p. ALT.
Perennial. Stem about a foot high, sometimes sparingly branched, rough with minute stiff

hairs on the angles. Leaves 14 - 3 inches long and 3 — 5 lines wide, with a long cuneate
base, rough. Spike terminal, solitary, or several when the stem is branched, 2 — 6 inches
long. Flowers at first somewhat imbricate, but finally loose, and the lower ones rather remote.
Bracts lanceolate, as long as the calyx. Corolla twice as large as in V. hastata, purplish
blue ; the segments obovate. Stamens 4. Fruit 4-carpelled, striate and pitted.

Sandy fields and dry hill-sides cn the Island of New-York. July - August.

2. PHRYMA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 516; Juss. gen. p. 117. LOP-SEED.
{Origin of the name uncertain. ]

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped : upper lip longer, of three subulate bristly teeth ; lower shorter,
2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip short, emarginate ; lower much larger, flat, 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, included. Ovary oblong, one-celled, with a solitary ascending ovule, tapering
into a slender style: stigma 2-lobed. Fruit narrowly oblong, membranaceous but rather
thick, enclosed in the calyx; the persistent style arising from a little below the obtuse
summit. Seed conformed to the cavity of the pericarp. Cotyledons large and foliaceous,
replicate and folded one within the other. Albumen none. — Herbaceous, with opposite
ovate leaves. Flowers opposite, in long slender simple and terminal spikes. Calyx reflexed

after flowering, and bent close to the rachis.
Endlicher has unaccountably referred this genus to Priva of Adanson, to which it has scarcely any resemblance.

1. Puryma Leprostracuya, Linn. Lopseed.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 601; Walt. fl. Car. p. 166; Miche. fl. 2. p.13; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 415;
Ell. sk. 2. p.96; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 241; Torr. compend. p. 238; Beck, bot. p. 284;
Darlingt. fl. Cest, p. 371.

Perennial. Stem about two feet high, with two or more spreading virgate branches above,
pubescent, slender. Leaves ovate, 3-5 inches long, spreading, coarsely and unequally
toothed, thin ; the lower ones abruptly narrowed at the base, and furnished with long petioles ;
the uppermost nearly or quite sessile. Spikes 3-6 inches long. Flowers small and de-
licate, nearly sessile, mostly opposite but occasionally alternate, at first somewhat erect, then
spreading horizontally, bent abruptly downward. Calyx smooth, at first cylindrical, but at
length dilated toward the base ; the teeth of the upper lip purplish, rigid, recurved : lower lip

54 VERBENACE. PuryMa.

of 2 short pubescent teeth. Corolla pale purple, or Jight rose-color ; the lower lip spreading,
with obtuse lobes, veined. Fruit oblong, closely covered with the persistent calyx; the
pericarp of a leathery consistence, its cavity completely filled with the seed. esta thin and

membranaceous.
Borders of woods and in copses, usually in rich moist soils; frequent. FU. July. Fr.

August.

Orpver LXXI. LABIAT. Juss. Tue Mint TRrise.

Calyx tubular, persistent, 2-lipped, or 5-toothed or -cleft. Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens 4, didynamous, or only 2 (the upper pair being abortive or wanting).
Ovary deeply 4-lobed; the style proceeding from the base of the lobes, and
uniting them together. Fruit consisting of 4 (or by abortion fewer) little nuts
or achenia, which are included in the persistent calyx. Seeds with little or
no albumen. — Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, with 4-angled stems, and
opposite or sometimes whorled leaves which are destitute of stipules. Flowers
in axillary or terminal cymules, which are often spuriously whorled. — The
leaves, calyces, and often other parts of the plant are abundantly furnished
with minute glands or receptacles, which are filled with aromatic volatile oil.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Tribe I. Menruoipe®, Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-form ; the tube scarcely longer than the calyx; the
limb almost equally 4 —5-cleft. Stamens distant, straight or diverging, nearly equal, or the upper pair
sometimes wanting.

Tribe IT, Monarpem. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2 fertile (rarely 4), ascending: anthers linear and confluent at the
summit; or halved, the cel!s separated by a long linear connective, which is transversely articulated to the
summit of the filament.

Tribe III. Sarurerse®. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the lips plane. Stamens 4 (sometimes 2), straight, diverging ;
tue lower pair longer: anthers not dimidiate.

Tribe [V. Mevissinrm. Calyx mostly (3-nerved, 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the divisions flattish, or the upper lip
rarely galeate. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, ascending.

Tribe V. Scuretuarinem. Upper lip of the calyx truncate, entire or somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper
lip galeate. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair longer,

3)

Tribe VI. Neperem. Calyx oblique or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip galeate. Stamens 4; the
upper pair longer.

Tribe VII. Sracnynem. Calyx 5 -10- (never 13-) nerved, or irregularly veined. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4; the
lower pair longer. Achenia smooth when dry,

Tribe VIII. Asucorpem. Stamens 4, ascending from the very short or cleft upper lip of the corolla, and generally
much exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose,

IsanTHuUS. LABIATZ. 55

TripE I. MENTHOIDE 2 Benth.

Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-form ; the limb almost equally 4 -— 5-cleft : tube
scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens four (or the upper pair sometimes wanting),
straight or diverging, nearly equal.

1. ISANTHUS. Miche. fl. 2. p.3; Benth. Lab. p. 166. FALSE PENNYROYAL.
[ From the Greek, isos, equal, and anthos, a flower; the corolla being nearly regular. ]

Calyx campanuiate, 10-nerved, deeply 5-toothed; the throat naked inside. Corolla about as
long as the calyx; the tube straight and short: limb campanulate, of five equal obtuse
somewhat spreading lobes. Stamens 4, nearly equal, distant, erect, as long as the corolla:
cells of the anthers parallel, or at length diverging. Style 2-cleft at the summit; the lobes
subulate. Achenia large, rough with little pits.— An annual, much branched, viscidly

pubescent herb, with few-flowered cymules and entire leaves.

1. Isanruus carueus, Alichz. False Pennyroyal.

Miche. 1. c. t. 30; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 405; Muhl. cat. p. 58; Torr. compend. p. 233; Beck,

bot. p. 271; Benth. Lab. p. 167. Trichostema brachiata, Linn. sp. 2. p. 598; Willd.
sp. 3.9: 1705, Pursh, 1, c.

Stem 8 - 15 inches high, obtusely 4-angled, with numerous opposite spreading branches.
Leaves about an inch long, elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed at each end, strongly 3-nerved.
Cymules numerous, axillary, on short peduncles, 1 — 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves.
Calyx-segments acuminate, rough and somewhat glandular. Corolla scarcely two lines long,
pale blue. Achenia ovoid-oblong.

Sandy and gravelly banks of rivers ; common on the Hudson, from the Highlands upward.
Banks of the Erie canal between Albany and Schenectady (Dr. Knieskern) ; Jefferson county
(Dr. Crawe). July — August. In the form of the corolla, this genus resembles Menvua ;
but in habit, and in the rugose-pitted achenia, it is nearly related to Trichostema of the tribe

AJUGOIDER.

2. MENTHA. Dinn.; Benth. Lab. p. 168, Endl. gen. 3954. MINT.
From Minthe, a daughter of Cocytus; who, according to fable, was changed into this plant, ]

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla nearly regular,

4-lobed ; the broadest lobe emarginate. Stamens 4, erect, distant. Achenia smooth. —

Herbaceous, very odorous plants, with the cymules verticillate, capitate, or in whorled

spikes.

56 LABIATZ. MEnTha.

1. Mentua viripis, Linn. Spearmint.

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, smoothish ;
flowers in a verticillate slender spike , the whorls approximated, or the lower ones rather
remote ; teeth of the calyx and bracts hairy. — Engl. bot. t. 2424; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 234;
Torr. compend. p. 233; Beck, bot. p. 272; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 339; Benth. Lab. p.173.
M. tenuis, Michx. fl. 2. p.2; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 405; Ell. sk. 2. p. 72.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branching. Leaves 14 - 3 inches long,
sharply serrate, sometimes a little pubescent underneath. Spikes numerous, forming a sort
of panicle, 2 - 4 inches long, tapering to a point. Bracts subulate, with a bristle-like point.
Calyx usually smoothish, except the hispid teeth. Corolla pale purple. Stamens mostly
shorter than the corolla, but sometimes exserted. Style much exserted, a little cleft at the
summit.

Wet meadows, particularly along the margin of brooks ; common. Introduced from Europe,
but now perfectly naturalized. July - August. This plant has long been a popular remedy
for flatulence ; and is too well known throughout the country as an ingredient of intoxicating
juleps.

2. Menrna piperita, Linn. Peppermint.

Stem smooth; leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, smoothish ; spikes oblong ;
pedicels and base of the calyx smooth ; calyx-teeth hispid.— Linn. sp. 2. p. 576; Engl. bot.
t. 687; Beck, bot. p. 272; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 339; Benth. Lab. p. 175.

Root perennial. Stem ascending, branching, mostly of a purplish color. Leaves 1 -— 2
inches long, dark green, rounded at the base ; the petioles 2 — 3 lines long. Spikes about an
inch long, composed of few whorls. Bracts linear-lanceolate, hispid. Corolla pale purple.
Stamens mostly included. Style exserted.

Moist grounds, and shores of rivers. Banks of the Hudson, particularly in the Highlands ;
also in the western counties. Introduced from Europe, but rarer than the preceding. Its
odor and other properties are known to every one.

8. Mentua Canapensis, Linn. Canadian Mint.

Stem ascending, pubescent; leaves oval-lanceolate, petiolate, serrate, acute at each end;
whorls globose, many-flowered, remote ; bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as the calyx;
stamens exserted. — Linn. sp. 2. p.577; Pursh, fl. 2. p.405; Torr. compend. p. 233 ;
Beck, bot. p. 272; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 340; Benth. Lab. p. 181. M. borealis, Micha.
fil. 2. p. 2; Pursh, l.c.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 234; Torr. compend. l.c.; Beck, bot. t.c.

Plant of a grayish green color, with an odor resembling that of Pennyroyal (Hedeoma
pulegioides). Stem 1-2 feet high, retrorsely hairy or pubescent and white on the angles,

MeEnNTHA. LABIATA. 57

usually almost simple, but sometimes branching, rather stout. Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and
three-fourths of an inch wide, hairy, particularly underneath. Flowers in dense axillary
whorls ; the peduncles of the cymules 2 — 3 lines long. Calyx hairy. Corolla pale purple.
Stamens nearly twice as long as the corolla.

Low grounds along rivulets ; rather common. July — September. This is probably the
only species of Mint native of North America.

3. LYCOPUS. Linn ; Benth, Lab. p. 184; Endl. gen. 3595. WATER HOREHOUND.
[ From the Greek, lykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot; from a supposed resemblance of its leaves to the foot of that animal.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 — 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla tubular-campanulate,
about as long as the calyx; the limb almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant (some-
times with the upper pair rudimentary). Achenia 4, smooth, obliquely truncate at the apex.
—Herbs, mostly growing in wet places, with acutely toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small

flowers in dense axillary whorls.

1. Lycorus sinuatus, Ell. Common Water Horehound.

Stem erect, acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, sinuately toothed, the
lower ones more or less pinnatifidly incised ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx 5-toothed , the
teeth acuminated with a short spine, much longer than the achenia. —- Ell. sk. 1. p. 187;
Benth. Lab. p. 187; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 341; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.111. L. Euro-
peus, Mich». fl. 1. p. 14; Pursh, fl.1. p.16;- Bogzel. fl. Bost. p.93 Beck, bot. p. 271,
L. Europeus, var. angustifolius, Torr. fl. 1. p.21. LL. Americanus, Muhl. cat. p. 3; Bart.
fi. Palad. 1. p. 12. . di: exaltatus, Pursh,.l.-c. p. 727 5° Ell. sk. 1. p. 26, not of Linn:

Perennial. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, much branched; the sides concave. Leaves 2 — 3 inches
long, narrowed at the base, acute, nearly smooth, sprinkled with minute glandular dots ; the
teeth coarse and acute ; the lower ones. often finely pinnatifid. Whorls densely flowered.
Calyx smoothish ; the teeth 3-nerved, tapering into a spine-like or subulate point. Corolla
white or sometimes with a tinge of red, pubescent inside. Stamens shorter than the corolla.
Style 2-cleft ; the lobes very unequal, the longer one flattened and somewhat dilated.

Low wet grounds; common. July —- August. Mr. Bentham notices a pair of capitate

rudimentary sterile stamens in this species, but I did not find them in the specimens that [
examined.

2. Lycopus Virernicus, Linn. Bugle-weed.

Stem stoloniferous at the base ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed, narrowed
at each end; calyx mostly 4-toothed , the teeth ovate, spineless.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 21; Walt.
ji. Car. p. 64; Miche. fl. 1. p. 14; Pursh, fl.1. p.16; Ell. sk. 1. p. 25; Bigel. fl. Bost.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 8

58 LABIATA. Lycopvs.

p.9; Torr. fl. 1. p. 21; Beck, bot. p. 271; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 340; Benth. Lab. p. 185;
Hook. fi-Bor.-Am. 2. p. 111. 1b. uniflorus,, Miche. l.c.; ‘Torr. loc.; Beck, lic. - LL.
pumilus, Vahl, enum. 1. p. 211; Pursh, l. c.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 10 - 18 inches high, often throwing out (particularly late
in the season) long filiform suckers, mostly purplish, obtusely angled with the sides concave,
simple or sparingly branched. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, often of a dark purplish color ; the
base long, cuneate and entire. Flowers very minute, in close compact whorls ; sometimes
(in dwarf specimens) almost solitary. Calyx much shorter than the corolla ; the teeth rather
acute, but terminating in little spines. Corolla white, slightly dotted; the tube a little
ventricose. Achenes rather longer than the calyx when mature.

Shady wet grounds, and in moist woods ; common. July - August. This plant is a mild
astringent and narcotic, and has at different times been celebrated as a remedy for bleeding
of the lungs; but its virtues have been greatly overrated. (See Wood and Bache’s U.S.
Dispens. pp. 428 & 430.)

Trise Il. MONARDEZE. Benth.

Calyx 2-lipped. Stamens two fertile (the upper pair wanting), ascending : anthers linear,
with two contiguous cells which are divaricate at the base and confluent at the apex ;
or halved, and the cells united by a long slender connective which is transversely

articulated to the summit of the filament.

4. MONARDA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 315; Endl. gen. 36U0. SAGE.

{In honor of Nicnonas Monarvez, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century. ]

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent: upper lip
linear, involving the filaments ; lower broader, reflexed, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes ovate,
obtuse ; middle lobe narrower, oblong: tube slender. Stamens 2, exserted from the upper

lip of the corolla. Achenia smooth. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or crenate leaves.

Flowers large, in few dense whorls, with conspicuous bracts.

J. Monarpa pipyma, Linn. Oswego Tea.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the
base, a little hairy , the floral ones and large exterior bracts colored ; calyx smooth, incurved,
naked in the throat; corolla smoothish—Linn. sp. 1. p. 22; Bot. mag. t. 546 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.16; Torr. fl. 1. p. 24; Beck, bot. p. 275; Benth. Lab. p. 315; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 112. M. coccinea, Micha. fl. 1. p.16. M. purpurea, Lam. dict. 4. p. 256. M. Kal-
miana, Pursh, 1. c. t. 1.

Monarpa. LABIATA. 59

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, prominently 4-angled, a little pubescent, branching ; the joints villous.
Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and 1 — 2 inches broad, somewhat hairy on both sides, particularly
on the veins underneath, sometimes acute at the base : petioles half an inch or more in length.
Flowers in one or two (rarely in three) whorls, which resemble proliferous heads. Practs
large and purplish. Calyx about half an inch long, smooth, scarlet; the teeth subulate.
Corolla bright scarlet, an inch and a half in length, with the tube tapering downward.
Stamens exserted a little beyond the upper lip of the corolla.

Moist fertile meadows and borders of streams: northern and western parts of the State.
July - August. A highly ornamental plant, and frequently cultivated in gardens.

2. Monanpa FistuLosa, Linn. Horse-mint. Wild Bergamot.

Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, rounded and somewhat cordate at the base, smooth on
both sides, or pubescent-hispid , the floral ones and exterior bracts a little colored ; calyx
somewhat curved and scarcely colored, the throat hispid inside ; corolla smooth or villous
(Benth.).— Linn. sp. 1. p. 20; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 18; Ell. sk. 1. p. 29; Bot. mag. t. 3310;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 26; Beck, bot. p. 276; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 343; Reich. ic. exot. 2. t. 170;
Benth. Lab. p. 317; Hook. l.c. M. rugosa & oblongata, A7t. Kew. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 52;
Pursh, l.c. M. clinopodia, Linn. 1.c.; Pursh, l.c.; Ell.l.c. M. allophylla, Miche.
fi. 1. gp. 16; Bigel. fl. Bost. -p. 9.

Stem 2 - 3 feet high, branched, smooth or a little hairy (particularly the branches), com-
monly of a purple color, either fistular or filled with pith. Leaves 2-4 inches long and
1 — 2 inches wide, rather coarsely and uncinately serrate: petiole 4-8 lines long, hairy,
ciliate. Heads 2 inches in diameter when the flowers are expanded, terminal or proliferous.
Outer bracts varying from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, partly colored with purple and
greenish white. Corolla violet-purple or pale rose-color, pubescent and covered with shining
glandular dots : upper lip long and linear, somewhat falcate, a little villous at the tip; the
tube slender, about half*an inch long.

Hill-sides, and rocky banks of rivers ; frequent in the western counties. July — August.
I have followed Bentham in uniting to M. fistulosa several species of other authors, being
convinced that they are inconstant forms produced by variations of soil and situation.

3. Monarpa punctata, Linn. Horse-mint.

Minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate, remotely serrate, narrowed at the base ;
flowers in dense remote capitate whorls ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at the base, colored ; calyx
pubescent, with short rigid teeth ; corolla smooth, the lower lip spotted—Linn. sp. 1. p. 22;
Walt. fl. Car. p. 64; Pursh, fl... p.18; Ell. sk. 1. p.30; Torr. fl. 1. p. 26; Bot. reg.
t. 87; Beck, bot. p. 276. M. lutea, Miche. fl. 1. p. 16.

g*

60 LABIATZ. Monarpa.

Stem 2 - 3 feet high, branching, rather obtusely 4-angled, white with a very short pubes-
cence. Leaves varying from rather narrowly- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point ; the
teeth short. Bracts large, colored with yellow and purplish red. Flowers in several whorled
heads. Calyx somewhat curved, with a short beard in the throat ; the teeth lanceolate-subulate,
a little spreading. Corolla dull yellow ; the upper lip villous at the tip.

Sandy fields and dry banks ; common on Long Island. Jefferson county (Mr. G. Vasey) ;
Near Owego, Susquehannah valley (Dr. Knieskern). August - September. This plant has
a strong odor of pennyroyal. An essential oil is extracted from it, which is much esteemed
as an external remedy for rheumatism, and is also employed for sick stomach and flatulent
colic. (See the Phil. Med. Recorder, vol. 2. p. 494, with an accurate figure.)

5. BLEPHILIA. . Raf. in journ. phys. 89. p. 98; Benth. Lab. p. 319. BLEPHILIA.,
Species of Monarpa, Linn, &c.

[ From diepharis, the Greek for eyeiash ; probably in allusion to the fringed calyx-tecth.]

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat: upper lip of 3 awned teeth ;
lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; the lips nearly equal in length : upper erect, entire ;
lower spreading, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes ovate-roundish ; middle one oblong, retuse :
tube dilated in the throat. Stamens 2: anther-lobes at length widely divaricate. Style
unequally 2-cleft at the summit.— Herbs with the habit of Monarpa, Flowers in several

dense globose whorls.

1. Biepniia uirsuta, Benth. Hairy Blephilia.

Plant hairy ; leaves ovate, on long petioles, rounded and more or less cordate at the base ;
lower teeth of the calyx very short, awnless.—Benth. Lab. p. 320. Monarda hirsuta, Pursh,
fl. 1. p.193; Torr, fl. 1, p. 27; Beck, bot. p. 277. M. ciliata, Micha. fl. 1. p. 16, not of
Linn.

Perennial, Stem 2-3 feet high, with spreading branches, clothed with spreading or
retrorse villous hairs. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1 - 2 inches broad, thin, hairy on both
sides, serrate, acuminate: petioles 4 - 10 lines long, hairy. Whorls about three-fourths of
an inch in diameter, often somewhat approximate toward the summit of the stem and branches
in a kind of spike ; at other times remote. Tube of the calyx smooth ; the lower lip distant
from the upper; the teeth short and acuminate ; those of the upper lip with long subulate
points : all the teeth fringed with several long spreading hairs. Corolla small, pale bluish
purple, with darker spots.

Borders of moist woods in the northern parts of the State. August.

PycNANTHEMUM. LABIAT A. 61

Trise II] SATUREINE. Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed and equal ; or 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-toothed and the lower 2-cleft.
Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, entire, or deeply emarginate ;
lower spreading, 3-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal : tube about as long as the calyx.
Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, distant, diverging.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* Fertile stamens 4.

6. Pycnanruemum. Calyx equal or 2-lipped, naked inside. Upper lip of the corolla oblong, entire or emarginate. —
Herbs, with the whorls many-flowered and _bracteate.

7. Oricanum, Calyx almost equally 5-toothed, villous in the throat, Spikelets imbricate, with broad bracts,

** Fertile stamens 2.

8, CotuinsoniA. Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed; the three upper lobes nearly equal ;
the lower larger, toothed or fimbriate,

9. Cunma. Calyx almost equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the others, emarginate or
nearly entire.

6. PYCNANTHEMUM. Miche. fl. 2. p.1; Benth. Lab. p. 326. MOUNTAIN MINT.

[ From the Greek, pyknos, dense, and anthemon, a flower; the flowers being in close heads or clusters. ]

Calyx oblong-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or more or less 2-lipped. Corolla
somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip flat, entire or slightly emarginate : lower lip almost
equally 3-lobed ; the lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 4, nearly equal, distant: anthers with
parallel cells. — Perennial herbs, corymbosely paniculate. Flowers small, white or flesh-

colored, in dense cymulose bracteate heads which are mostly terminal.
* Calyx 2-lipped: flowers in rather loose cymose heads. Leaves petioled,

1. Pycnanruemum incanum, Michx. Common Mountain Mint. Welsh Mint.

Leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate, acute, remotely serrate, pubescent, hoary-tomentose under-
neath, the floral ones white on both sides ; flowers in compound cymose heads; bracts linear-
subulate ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate.—Micha. fl. 2. p.7; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 409 ;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 33; Ell. sk. 2. p.79; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 238; Beck, bot. p. 272; Benth.
Lab. p. 327; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 344; Gray, in Sill. jour. 42. p. 45. Clinopodium
incanum, Linn. ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 132. Origanum incanum, Wait. fl. Car. p. 165; Diil.
hort. Elth. t. 74. f. 85; Pluk. mant. t. 344. f. 7.

Stem 2-4 feet high, branching, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 14 - 2 inches long, acute
at the base, with small distant salient teeth ; the lower ones pale green above, and whitish,
velvety-pubescent underneath : petioles 4 — 8 lines long. Flowers in pedunculate compound
fastigiate heads or cymes. Bracts subulate, awned. Calyx hoary, pretty distincily 2-lipped ;
the teeth with one or two bristles at the summit. Corolla white or pale rose-color, spotted

with purple, pubescent ; the upper lip small, oblong. Stamens a little exserted. Ovary
bearded.

62 LABIAT A. PyYcNANTHEMUM.

Dry rocky woods and hill-sides ; rather common, particularly in the southern part of the
State. August —- September. This and most of the other species have a taste intermediate
to that of Pennyroyal and Spearmint.

2. PycnanrHemum cLinopopioipes, 7. & G. — Basil-leaved Mountain Mint.

Cymose heads contracted ; teeth of the calyx somewhat equal, short, subulate, and with
the summit canescently hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly serrate,
smooth above, the under surface (and also the stem) softly villous-pubescent ; petioles short ;
bracts linear-subulate ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate. — Gray, I. c.

Stem 14 - 2 feet high, clothed with a soft loose pubescence, sparingly branched. Leaves
2-3 inches long and 3 — 8 lines wide, pale green but never hoary (except the floral ones in
a slight degree), remotely denticulate-serrate, dotted, smoothish above. Heads more than
half an inch in diameter. Teeth of the calyx with bristly hairs at the summit. Corolla white :
upper lip entire or slightly emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower lip longest. Stamens
moderately exserted. Ovary bearded.

Dry rocky hill-sides. Kingsbridge on the Island of New-York. August - September. The
broader leaved forms of this species make an approach to the narrow-leaved varieties of P.
incanum, but are easily distinguished by the other characters enumerated above, particularly
the want of hoariness in the foliage, and the small size of the heads.

*% Calyx almost equally toothed ; the cymules rather loosely capitate, mostly terminal in a corymbose panicle : bracts shorter
than the flowers, Leaves sessile, or on very short petioles.

3. Pycnanruemum Torres, Benth. Torrey’s Pycnanthemum.

Stem strict, pubescent ; leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-linear, smoothish,
acute, remotely denticulate, narrowed at tlie base into a short petiole ; cymose heads contracted,
depressed-hemispherical ; calyx with nearly equal lanceolate acuminate teeth, and the bracts
whitish pubescent.— Benth Lab. p. 329; Gray, l.c. P. Virginicum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 33?

Stem about 2 feet high, slender, purplish, clothed with a short soft spreading pubescence,
moderately branching. Leaves 2 ~- 3 inches long and about one-third of an inch wide, thin,
pubescent-ciliolate on the margin and a little downy on the veins underneath, pale green on
both sides. Heads rather more than half an inch in diameter, rarely proliferous, formed of
densely aggregated cymules not truly capitate. ‘Teeth of the calyx with several bristly hairs
at the summit. Corolla 2-lipped, white ; the upper lip emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower
lip longest. Stamens exserted. Ovary naked at the summit.

Dry rocky hill-sides, near Kingsbridge on the Island of New-York. August - September.
Intermediate between the preceding and P. lanceolatum. From the former it differs in its
narrow leaves, as well as in the smaller and more compact heads; from the latter, in the
broader and petiolate leaves, narrow loose bracts, the flowers in clustered cymules (not in
dense heads), the larger and more ringent corolla, and in the exserted stamens. It is a rare
species, and has hitherto been found only in the above mentioned locality and in two other
places in New-Jersey.

PycNANTHEMUM. LABIAT. 63

4, PycnantuEmum muticum, Pers. Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint.

Stem fastigiately paniculate at the summit, minutely pubescent or nearly smooth ; leaves
nearly sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rigid, usually denticulate-serrate, prominently veined,
nearly smooth, obtuse at the base, the upper ones canescent; flowers in dense cymulose
heads ; calyx canescent, the teeth equal, triangular-ovate, short. — Pers. syn. 2. p. 128;
Pursh, fl. 2. p.410; Ell. sk. 2. p. 83; Torr. compend. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 273; Benth.
Lab. p. 329; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 344. Brachystemum muticum, Miche. fl. 2. p. 6. t. 32.
P. aristatum, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 238, not of Miche. Satureja Virginiana, Linn, sp. 2. p. 598%

Stem about 2 feet high, rigid, greenish ; the branches widely spreading, and usually level-
topped. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long and three-fourths of an inch wide, sometimes entire, at
length quite smooth ; the lower ones on very short petioles ; the uppermost, as well as the
heads and summit of the branches, canescent. Heads usually solitary, but sometimes
proliferous, hemispherical, nearly half an inch in diameter, very dense, but composed of
numerous short cymules. Wxterior bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla pubescent,
pale flesh-color spotted with purple ; the middle segment of the lower lip oblong and
emarginate. Stamens included. Style equally 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary smooth.

Dry hill-sides. Island of New-York. August.

wee Teeth of the calyx equal: flowers in numerous small dense terminal heads: bracts rigid and appressed : lips of the corolla
short: ovary naked. Leaves sessile, narrow, thick,

5. PycNANTHEMUM LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Virginian Thyme.

Stem pubescent on the angles ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, entire, rigid ; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx villous, the teeth triangular-ovate, short. — Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 410; Torr. compend. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 273; Benth. Lab. p. 330, excl. var. «. ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p..345, excl. var. latifolium ; Gray, l.c. PP. Virginicum, Pers. syn. 2.
p. 128; Art. Kew. (ed. 2.) 3. p. 377; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 33. Nepeta Virginica, Willd. sp. 3.
p. 56. Brachystemum Virginicum, Miche. fl, 2. p.6; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 237 (in part? ).

Stem two feet high, straight, fastigiately branched, minutely pubescent, especially on the
angles. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long and 2 — 5 lines wide, sessile or with very short petioles,
broad at the base and tapering to a rather obtuse point, distinctly punctate under a lens, often
perfectly smooth on both sides, but sometimes a little pubescent on the margins and the veins.
Heads numerous, about one-third of an inch in diameter. Bracts pubescent, with the margin
villous-ciliate, strongly acuminate but scarcely awned. Corolla hairy, white or pale rose-color,
spotted ; the middle segment of the lower lip oblong and somewhat incurved. Stamens usually
included.

Moist thickets; common. Latter part of July - August. P. verticillatum, Pers. (Bra-
chystemum verticillatum, Miche.) is regarded by Bentham as a variety of this species, but it
differs much from the plant described above. Neither Dr. Gray nor I have seen it, except in
the herbarium of Michaux.

64 LABIATA. PycNANTHEMUM.

6. PycnanTHEMUM LINIFoLIUM, Pursh. Narrow-leaved Virginian Thyme.

Stem smooth; leaves narrowly linear, rigid, entire ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
awned ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subulate. — Pursh, fl. 2. p. 409; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 33;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 32; Torr. compend. p. 234; Beck, bot. p. 273; Benth. Lab. p. 330; Gray,
l.c. Thymus Virginicus, Linn. syst. p. 453 (fide Benth.). Brachystemum linifolium,
Willd. enum. p. 623.

Stem 1 — 2 feet high, much branched in a fastigiate manner. Leaves crowded, about an
inch long and 1 - 2 lines wide, 3 — 5-nerved, acute, sprinkled with brownish dots. Heads
very numerous, about one-third of an inch in diameter, hemispherical ; the flowers much
crowded. Bracts closely imbricated ; the midrib produced into a cusp or short awn. Corolla
pubescent, white spotted with purple: upper lip notched. Stamens usually a little exserted,
but sometimes shorter than the corolla.

Moist thickets and exsiccated swamps. July —- August ; beginning to flower about two
weeks earlier than the preceding species.

7. ORIGANUM. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 334. WILD MARJORAM.

[ From the Greek, ovos, a mountain, and ganos, joy ; because many of the species are fragrant and handsome, and
abound in hilly places.]

Calyx ovate-tubular, villous in the throat, 5-toothed ; the teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla
somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip somewhat erect, emarginate ; the lower spreading, almost
equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4; the lower pair somewhat longer. — Herbs, with entire or
somewhat toothed leaves, and flowers in cylindrical or oblong spikes which are rather loosely

imbricated with mostly colored bracts.

1. OrIGANUM VULGARE, Linn. Common Wild Marjoram.

Erect, villous ; leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, obtuse, broad and rounded at the base, green
on both sides, obscurely toothed ; spikes roundish, glomerate, corymbose-paniculate ; bracts
ovate, obtuse, colored, longer than the calyx. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 590; Engl. bot. t. 1143;
Pursh, fl. 2. p.135; Torr. compend. p. 236; Beck, bot. p. 274; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 346 ;
Benth. Lab. p. 335.

Root perennial, creeping. Stem about a foot high, corymbosely branched at the summit,
usually of a purplish color. Leaves an inch long, with several indistinct serratures on each
side ; the petiole 3 — 5 lines long. Panicles terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves,
composed of numerous small closely aggregated heads or spikes. Bracts variable in length,
but usually a little longer than the calyxes, tinged with purple. Calyx pubescent, with a
dense tuft of white hairs in the throat. Corolla pale purple, pubescent. Stamens and style
exserted. :

Rocky banks and thickets ; common on the Hudson as high as Troy ; not frequent in the

ORIGANUM. LABIATA. 65

western counties. Probably introduced. June - October. This plant is aromatic and rather
ornamental, It yields an acrid essential oil that is sometimes employed for curing toothache.
The leaves are used as a tea ; and also for dyeing woollen and linen of a brown and purple
color.

8. COLLINSONIA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 357. HORSE BALM.
[ Named in honor of Perer Coxiinson of London, a distinguished patron of Botany.]

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly plane, 3-toothed ; lower 2-toothed. Corolla
somewhat campanulate ; the throat large and open, somewhat 2-lipped; the lower lobe
declined, longer than the others, and lacerately fimbriate or toothed. Stamens 2 or rarely
4, spreading, much exserted: anthers 2-celled ; the cells divaricate. — Herbs of a heavy

odor, with large leaves, and flowers in panicles or sometimes simple racemes.

1. Cotuinsonta Canapensis, Linn. Common Horse-balm. Knot-root.

Stem nearly smooth; leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; flowers numerous, in a
terminal loose panicle, diandrous. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 28; Miche. fl. 1. p.17; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.20; Ell. sk. 1.p.34; Torr. fl. 1. p.29; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.10; Beck, bot. p. 275;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 349; Benth. Lab. p. 358. C. ovata, Pursh, 1. c. fide Benth. ; Ell.
Si sc

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat branching, obtusely 4-angled, often more or
less pubescent at the summit. Leaves opposite, 3-8 inches long and 3 - 4 broad, thin,
cordate or sometimes obtusely cuneate at the base ; the lower ones on long petioles ; upper-
most on short petioles, or sessile. Racemes of flowers disposed in a large panicle ; the
branches and pedicels opposite. Bracts shorter than the pedicels. Calyx smoothish ; teeth
of the upper lip shorter than those of the lower. Corolla greenish yellow, half an inch or
more in length ; the lower lip beautifully fringed.

Woods, in rich soil; common. July - August. The flowers have a strong odor of limes.
The root is sold by the Shakers under the name of Stone-root, and an infusion of it is reputed
to possess diuretic and tonic powers.

9. CUNILA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 360. DITTANY.
[An ancient Roman name, applied by Linneus to this genus.]

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, villous in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip
erect, flattish, often emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal and
entire, or the middle one larger and emarginate. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; the
cells parallel, or at length divaricate. — Herbs or shrubby plants. Cymules loose, few- or

many-flowered, usualiy axillary, sometimes capitate or spiked.
{FLrora — Vol. 2.] 9

66 LABIATA. CunILa.

1, Cuntrna Marrana, Linn. (Plate LXXVI.) Common Dittany.

Herbaceous ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile, rounded or cordate at the base ; cymules axillary
and terminal, pedunculate, loosely corymbose.—Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 30; Miche. fl. 1. p.13;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 406; Ell. sk. 1. p. 27; Bart. veg. mat. med. t.42; Torr. fl. 1. p. 22;
Beck, bot. p. 277; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 351; Benth. Lab. p. 360. Satureja origanoides,
Linn. sp. ed. 1. p. 568. Ziziphora Mariana, Rem. § Schult. syst. 1. p. 208.

Perennial. Stems 8 —12 inches high (often several together), with numerous opposite
spreading branches, nearly smooth, purplish. Leaves about an inch long, dotted with little
glands ; some of the dots larger and brownish ; others (more numerous) minute and pellucid.
Flowers in numerous fasciculate cymules in the upper part and extremity of the branches.
Calyx strongly 10-striate, smooth externally, sprinkled with resinous dots ; teeth lanceolate,
acute : throat closed with copious white hairs. Corolla rose-colored, pubescent ; middle lobe ©
of the lower lip longer than the others.

Dry hilly places ; southern part of the State. July -September. A popular remedy in
fevers and colds, being an aromatic diaphoretic.

Trize IV. MELISSINEZ. Benth.

Calyx 13- or rarely 10-nerved, 2-lipped: upper lip 3-toothed ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-
lipped: upper lip straight, entire, flattish, emarginate or slightly bifid ; lower spreading,
3-lobed ; the lobes flat ; middle one often broader. Stamens 4, or sometimes only 2,
ascending.

10. HEDEOMA. Pers. syn. 2. p. 134; Benth. Lab. p. 365. PENNYROYAL.
[ From the Greek, hedys, sweet, and osme, odor; some of the species being fragrant. ]

Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the underside near the base, 2-lipped: upper lip 3-toothed ,
the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip erect, flat ; the lower spreading, of 3 equal
lobes. Fertile stamens 2, ascending, about as long as the corolla: cells of the anther
diverging : sterile stamens rudimentary or wanting.—Herbs or suffruticose plants. Cymules

axillary, loose, few-flowered. Flowers small.

1. Hepreoma pueaiorwEs, Pers. Pennyroyal.

Annual ; stern erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat serrate, petiolate,
narrowed at the base ; whorls few-flowered ; upper lip of the calyx of three ovate-lanceolate
teeth ; corolla about as long as the calyx. — Pers. 1. c.; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 414; Ell. sk. 1.
p.28; Nutt. gen.1. p.16; Torr. fl.1. p. 24; Beck, bot. p. 280; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 350; Benth. Lab. p. 366. Melissa pulegioides, Linn. sp. 2. p. 593. Cunila pulegioides,
Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 30; Micha. fl.1. p.13; Bigel. fil. Bost. p.10; Bart. veg. mat.
med, t.41. Ziziphora pulegioides, Ram. g& Schult. syst. 1. p. 209.

Heproma. LABIATA. 67

Stem 6 — 12 inches high, retrorsely pubescent, obtusely 4-angled, branching above. Leaves
half an inch to an inch long, rather obtuse, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole,
sparingly toothed, dotted. Flowers about three in a cymule, on short pubescent pedicels.
Calyx hairy below, glandularly dotted, distinctly gibbous at the base ; the upper teeth smooth ;
the lower subulate and strongly ciliate : throat slightly villous. Corolla pale blue, pubescent :
upper lip slightly emarginate ; lobes of the lower lip equal and entire. Fertile stamens
scarcely exserted ; the sterile (upper) pair distinct, with small capitate abortive anthers. Style
very unequally 2-lobed at the summit.

Dry hills, open barren woods, and road-sides ; common. July - August. This plant is
well known for its strong aromatic smell and warm pungent taste, resembling the Mentha
pulegium of Europe. It is extensively employed as an aromatic stimulant, diaphoretic and
emmenagogue. An essential oil is extracted from it, which is kept in all the apothecaries’

shops. (See Wood §- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 344.)

11. MICROMERIA. Benth Lab. p. 368. MICROMERIA.,

[ From the Greek, micros, small, and meris, a part.]

Calyx tubular, almost equaily 5-toothed, or somewhat 2-lipped ; the throat usually villous.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading :
the lobes flat and nearly equal, or the middle one broader. Stamens 4, all fertile, didyna-
mous ; the lower pair longer and ascending.—Suflrutescent or herbaceous plants. Cymules
axillary or spiked, rarely many-flowered and panicled. Flowers usually small, purplish or

white.

1. Micromerta GLABELLA, Benth. var. angustifolia. Magara Thyme.

Smooth ; stem herbaceous, erect, with prostrate stolons at the base ; leaves sessile , those
of the stem oblong-linear, obtuse, entire , of the stolons ovate (small), petiolate ; cymules
1 — 3 — 5-flowered, the pedicels elongated, naked ; calyx obscurely 2-lipped , the teeth subu-
late. — M. glabella, Benth. Lab. p. 371, excl. syn. Miche. §- Pers.; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2.
p. 114. Hedeoma glabra, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 16, not of Pers. Cunila glabra, Torr. fl. 1.
p. 23, not of Miche; Beck, bot. p. 277.

Root creeping. Stems 4-8 inches high, branching below, throwing out long slender
suckers from the base, often purplish. Leaves of the stems 5 — 8 lines long and 1 — 2 lines
broad, narrowed at the base, dotted ; the veins indistinct: leaves of the stolons 3 — 4 lines
long, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole, often purplish underneath. Upper flowers
all solitary ; the lower ones in 3- (rarely 5-) flowered cymules : pedicels filiform. Calyx
13-nerved ; the teeth all lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal: throat closed with dense white
hairs. Corolla pale violet, twice as long as the calyx: upper lip entire ; lower with the middle

Q*

68 LABIATA. Micromertia.

lobe longest. Stamens all fertile ; the lower pair slightly exserted , the upper shorter : anther-
cells oblong, at length widely divaricate. Style almost equally 2-cleft at the summit.

On calcareous rocks, about the Falls of Niagara; Goat Island, and on Table Rock. Au-
gust. The Cunila glabella of Michaux, which occurs on rocks in Tennessee, differs from
the Niagara plant in being much larger ; the leaves all ovate- or obovate-oblong, and toothed.
I should have described the latter as a distinct species, had I not received some Ohio
specimens, collected by Mr. Sullivant, which connect the two forms.

12. MELISSA. Linn. (in part); Benth. Lab. p. 383. BALM.
{ From the Greek, melissa, a bee; because its flowers are much sought after by that insect. ]

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped : upper lip mostly spreading, 3-toothed ; the lower 2-cleft.
Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect, flattish ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe
mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly approximated in pairs at the summit: cells
of the anther at first parallel, finally divaricate. — Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence

various.

* Cuinopopium, Benth. Cymules many-flowered or loosely few-flowered, nearly sessile: bracts subulate: calyx naked in the
throat, or slightly villous.

1. Mexissa Cuiinopropium, Benth. Wild Basil. Field Thyme.

Herbaceous, erect, villous; leaves petiolate, ovate, rather obtuse, slightly repand-denticulate ;
cymules clustered in many-flowered, globose, axillary and terminal heads ; bracts subulate,
as long as the calyx.— Benth. l. c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 351. Clinopodium vulgare, Linn.
sp. 2. p. 587; Engl. bot. t. 1401; Pursh, fl. 2. p.410; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 239; Beck, bot.
p. 20l.

Stem 1-14 foot high, sparingly branched or simple, clothed with a hoary pubescence.
Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, pale green, hairy on both sides. Flowers in 2 - 3 roundish heads
which are about an inch in diameter, and composed of crowded clusters. Bracts and calyx
almost hispid with whitish spreading hairs. Corolla pale purple or rose-color.

Borders of woods, old fields, etc. ; frequent. A naturalized plant of European origin,
July - August.

MELIssa. LABIAT., 69

** MetipHyLuum, Benth. Cymules few-flowered, secund: bracts few, mostly ovate: calyx gibbous at the base ; the wpper
lip smoothish; the throat naked or slightly villous.

2. Meuissa OFFICINALIS, Linn. Common Balm.

Herbaceous, erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugous , the lower ones
often obtuse at the base; cymules axillary, loose, secund ; bracts few, lanceolate -ovate,
petiolate.— Linn. sp. 2. p. 592; Beck, bot. p. 280; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 351; Benth. Lab.
p. 393.

Perennial. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, branching, a little pubescent. Leaves 2 inches or more
in length and 1 — 2 inches broad, petiolate ; the upper ones obtusely cuneate at the base.
Flowers in small slightly peduncled axillary cymules. Bracts resembling the leaves, only
much smaller, ciliate. Calyx tubular-campanulate ; the upper lip truncate, with three short
acute teeth : lower lip rather longer than the upper ; the teeth with subulate points : the throat
open. Corolla white or cream-colored.

Road-sides and borders of woods ; rare. An European plant, naturalized in a few places.
July — August. Common Balm is often cultivated in gardens, and an infusion of it is used
as a grateful drink in fevers. The fresh plant has the odor of lemons, which is lost in drying.

Trisg V. SCUTELLARINE. Benth.

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip truncate, entire or somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ;
the upper lip vaulted : tube ascending, exserted. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the
upper lip of the corolla ; the lower pair longer.

13. PRUNELLA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 416. SELF-HEAL,
Brunewua, Ray ; Juss.

{Altered by Linneus from Brunella of older authors, which again is derived from the German word brawne, signifying
quinsy, which the plant was supposed to cure, |

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth ;
lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, vaulted ; lower depending, 3-lobed :
the tube annulate within near the base. Stamens 4: filaments with 2 tecth at the extremity,
the lower one bearing the anther. — Herbaceous plants, with the flowers in dense spikes.

Floral leaves bract-like, roundish, imbricated.

1. Prunetua vuiearis, Linn. Common Self-heal. Healall.

Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed or nearly entire, sometimes
incisely toothed, petiolate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 600; Engl. bot. t.961; Micha. fl. 2. p.11;
Pursh,. fl. 2, p. 412; Hill. sk, 2. p. 88; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 240; Torr. compend, p, 236 ;
Beck, bot. p. 281; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 352; Benth. Lab. p. 417. P. ovata, Pers. syn. 2,

710 LABIAT. PRUNELLA.

p. 137. P. Pennsylvanica, Willd. hort. Berol. p.9.t.9; Pursh, l.c.; Bart. fl. Am. sept.
t. 60.

Perennial. Stem erect, ascending or decumbent, often branching at the base, 8 — 12 inches
high; the upper part pubescent. Leaves dull green, variable in breadth; the nerves and
petioles a little hairy. Spikes ovate or oblong-cylindrical, thick, terminal. Bracts mostly
reniform, with a short abrupt point, ciliate, often purplish. Calyx large, closed in fruit ; the
upper lip broad, with 3 short points : teeth of the lower lip lanceolate, pointed. Corolla violet,
sometimes pale : middle lobe of the lower lip finely toothed. Anthers approximated by pairs
beneath the upper lip.

Woods, road-sides, etc.; very common. July - September. A variable plant, and divided
into many species by some European botanists. Jt seems to be an introduced plant in the
United States, but it has been found in nearly all parts of the world.

14. SCUTELLARIA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 419. SCULLCAP.

[ From the Latin, scutelia, a little disk or cup; from the appearance of the calyx.]

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped; the lips entire ; upper one with a galeate appendage on the
back, deciduous. Corolla 2-lipped; the tube elongated : upper lip vaulted; lower one
dilated, convex. Stamens 4, ascending. — Herbs, with the flowers in terminal or axillary

spikes or racemes, sometimes axillary and solitary.

* Flowers terminal, racemose,
1. Scuretiaria pitosa, Michz. (Plate LXXVII.) Hairy Scullcap.

Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy-pubescent; leaves rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate,
lowest ones truncate or cordate at the base ; raceme terminal, loose, somewhat branched ;
bracts elliptical-ovate ; calyx hairy.— Michx. fl. 2. p.11; Pursh, fl. 2. p.413; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 91; Beck, bot. p. 282; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 352; Benth. Lab. p. 434. 8. ovalifolia,
Torr. compend. p. 237, not of Pers. ?

Perennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, acutely 4-angled. Leaves 3-4 distant pairs,
1 -— 2 inches long and an inch or more wide, abruptly tapering into a petiole at the base, naked
in the axils; the lowest pair smaller and broader in proportion, usually more or less cordate
at the base, sprinkled with appressed hairs above; the under surface (particularly on the
veins) slightly pubescent and marked with impressed dots. Flowers in a loose somewhat
paniculate terminal raceme. Pedicels 1 — 2 lines long. Corolla 6 — 8 lines long, pubescent,
purplish blue above ; the tube pale or nearly white.

Open woods and thickets, in the southern part of the State, and on Long Island and Staten
Island. June — July.

ScureLLaRia. LABIATA. “1

2. ScuTetiaria inTEGRIFOLIA, Linn. (PI. lxxvii.) Entire-leaved Scullcap.

Stem erect, nearly simple, densely and minutely pubescent ; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, tapering into short petioles, entire, rather obtuse ; lowest ones ovate-
oblong, distinctly petiolate, obtuse at the base ; racemes paniculate, terminal, loose, leafy ;
bracts lanceolate ; calyx pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 599; Micha. fl. 2. p. 12; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 88; Torr. compend. p. 237; Beck, bot. p. 282; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 353; Benth. Lab.
p. 435. 8. hyssopifolia, Linn. l.c.; Bart. fl. Am. sept. t.2; Torr. l.c.; Beck, ic. S.
Caroliniana, Lam. dict. 7. p. 706; Pursh, l.c.; Ell. lc.

Perennial. Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long and 3 - 6 lines wide, finely
sprinkled with resinous dots, sometimes obscurely and repandly toothed ; axils of the upper
ones leafy. Racemes few-flowered ; the bracts longer than the pedicels, leaf-like. Corolla
an inch in length, bright purplish blue.

Open woods and borders of moist thickets ; near New-York, and on Long Island. June -
July. A very ornamental species. The whole plant is bitter.

** Flowers axillary, either in leafy racemes or solitary,

3. Scurettaria parvuLa, Miche. Small Scullcap.

Stems assurgent or somewhat decumbent, branching from the base, smooth or minutely
pubescent ; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate, sessile or nearly so, somewhat cordate at the
base, mostly entire, prominently veined ; flowers axillary, solitary. — Micha. fl. 2. p. 11;
Pursh, fl. 2. p.412; Hook. exot. fl. 2. t.106; Benth. Lab. p. 440; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 353; Eat. man. (ed. 8.) p. 420. S. ambigua, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 37; Beck, bot. p. 282.

Root (or rather rhizoma) perennial, creeping, consisting of small tubers connected together
in a moniliform manner, and throwing out fibres from the joints. Stem 3-8 inches long,
sometimes simple, but usually branching from the root and spreading, often of a purple color,
as is likewise the under surface of the leaves. Leaves 4-8 lines long, mostly obtuse,
pubescent above and smooth underneath, rarely with a few remote teeth. Flowers about 3
lines long, opposite, on short pubescent pedicels, Calyx often purplish. Corolla violet.

Dry sterile places, particularly on hill-sides. Shores of Lake Ontario (Dr. Gray) ; near
Buffalo (Dr. Atkin). May - June.

4, ScuTELLARIA NERVOSA, Pursh. Nerved Scullcap.

Stem erect or assurgent, mostly simple, slender and weak, nearly smooth; lower leaves
roundish-cordate, petioled ; middle ones broadly ovate, sessile, crenate-toothed ; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, entire ; flowers axillary and solitary. — Pursh, fl. 2. p. 412; Benth. Lab.
p. 441; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 354. 8. teucrifolia, Smith in Rees, cyclop. 32. no. 15. S,
gracilis, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 37; Torr. compend. p. 237; Beck, bot. p, 281.

72 LABIATZ. ScuTELLARIA.

Root perennial, fibrous. Stem 8 - 12 inches high, often with runners at the base, acutely
angled. Leaves about an inch long, strongly nerved, thin, roughish on the margin. Pedicels
opposite, in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla pale blue, 4 ~6 lines long. Achenia
somewhat tuberculate.

Moist thickets near Poughkeepsie (Mr. J. Carey). June.

5. Scure.narta Garericuiata, Linn. Common Scullcap.

Stem more or less divaricately branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, on very short petioles,
roundish and cordate at the base, acute, crenately toothed ; flowers axillary, opposite, the
pedicels about the length of the petioles. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 599; Engl. bot. 1. 523; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 412; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 37; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 240; Torr. compend. p. 236; Beck,
bot. p. 281; Benth. Lab. p. 437; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 603.

Perennial. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, smooth or minutely pubescent, often nearly simple.
Leaves 14 —2 inches long and 6-8 lines wide, either nearly smooth on both sides, or
pubescent and paler underneath : petioles only one or two lines long. Flowers half an inch
or more in length. Calyx pubescent. Corolla violet blue, downy.

Wet meadows and damp shady places ; common in the western and northern parts of the
State. A native also of Europe and Asia.

6. ScuTELLARIA LATERIFLORA, Linn. Mad-dog Scullcap.

Smooth; stem nearly erect, much branched; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, petiolate, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base ; racemes axillary, leafy.
—Linn. sp. 2. p. 598; Miche. fl. 2. p.11; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 412; Hil. sk. 2. p. 92; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 239; Beck, bot. p. 282; Benth. Lab. p. 444; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 354.

Root perennial, fibrous. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, smooth except on the angles, which are
slightly pubescent, often of a purplish color. Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and an inch or more
broad: petioles of the lower ones an inch in length; of the upper ones shorter. Racemes
numerous, formed of opposite and somewhat one-sided flowers with small lanceolate leaves at
the base; the pedicels short. Corolla about one-fourth of an inch long, violet-purple or
sometimes pale, pubescent.

Wet meadows and borders of small streams ; common. July - August. About twenty
years ago this plant excited much attention from its supposed virtue in curing hydrophobia,

but it is now quite neglected. (See a memoir by Dr. W. P. C. Barton in the Philad. med.
phys. jour. vol. 1.)

LopPHANTHUS. LABIATA. 43

Trise VI. NEPETE. Benth.

Calyx oblique or somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper teeth larger. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper
lip somewhat vaulted ; lower one spreading : throat mostly inflated. Stamens four,
didynamous ; the upper pair longer.

15. LOPHANTHUS. Benth. Lab. p. 462. GIANT HYSSOP.

Species of Hyssopus, Linn. and older authors,

[ From the Greek, lophos, a crest, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the appearance of the flowers. ]

Calyx campanulate-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-cleft ; the upper segments longer. Corolla
2-lipped : upper lip somewhat erect, emarginately 2-cleft ; lower lip 3-lobed ; the middle
lobe broader and crenate. Stamens diverging; the upper pair longer: ceils of the anther
at length somewhat diverging. — Herbs, with the flowers in terminal spikes, or in axillary

pedunculate cymes.

1. Lorpuanruus NEPETOIDES, Benth. Yellow Giant Hyssop.

Smooth ; leaves ovate, rather acute, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, smooth or scarcely
pubescent underneath ; spikes cylindrical, interrupted at the base ; teeth of the calyx ovate,
rather obtuse. — Benth. Lab. p. 464; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 355. Hyssopus nepetoides,
dann sp. 2. p. 5695. “Jacq. hort. Vind. 1. p.28.%.69'>” Michay fi. 2. p, 1; Pursh, fl. 2:
p. 406; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 27; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 274.

Stem 4-6 feet high, branching; the angles acute and often almost winged, of a pale
yellowish green color. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long and 14 - 24 wide, acuminate, serrate except
towards the tip, very slightly and softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous dots under-
neath ; the base sometimes cordate, especially when the plant grows in the shade : petiole
nearly smooth. Spikes 2-4 inches long, thick and compact; the bracts broadly ovate and
acuminate, strongly veined and a little ciliate: lower whorls of flowers often separate from
the rest of the spike. Calyx nearly smooth, green; the teeth lanceolate-oblong and usually
rather obtuse, but sometimes acute. Corolla pale greenish yellow, about one-fourth longer
than the calyx. Stamens and styles exserted; the latter equally 2-cleft at the summit.
Achenia villous at the summit.

Borders of woods, in thickets, and along fences ; rather frequent. July — August.

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 10

44 LABIATA. LopuaNnTuvUs.

2. LopHaANTHUS SCROPHULARLEFOLIUS, Benth. Purple Giant Hyssop.

Stem pubescent ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, smooth above,
pubescent underneath ; spikes cylindrical, interrupted at the base ; teeth of the calyx lanceo-
late, acute.—Benth. Lab. p. 463; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 355. Hyssopus scrophularizfolius,
Willd. sp. 3. p.48; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 406; Ell. sk. 2. -p.'71; Beck, bot. p. 274.

Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, the angles obtuse with the sides concave, branched, more or
less pubescent, usually of a purple color. Leaves 3 - 5 inches long and 2 — 8 inches wide,
often cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; the petiole pubescent, an inch or more
in length. Spikes 2-4 inches long, thick ; the bracts broadly ovate and acuminate. Calyx
tinged with purple ; the segments oblong-lanceolate and usually acute. Corolla pale purple.
Stamens and style exserted. Achenia villous at the summit.

Thickets and borders of woods ; less frequent than the preceding. FV. August. These
two species are very nearly allied, and I have sometimes found specimens in which the
characters of both were blended.

16. NEPETA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 464. CATNEP.

[ Said by some to be named from Nepi, a town in Italy: others derive it from nepa, a scorpion; for the bite of which,
one of the species was considered a cure. |

Calyx tubular or somewhat ovoid, 13 — 15-nerved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped :
upper lip erect, somewhat concave, emarginate or 2-cleft; lower one spreading, 3-lobed ;
the middle lobe largest: tube slender below ; the throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending ;
the lower part longest : anthers mostly approximated by pairs ; the cells diverging, at length

divaricate. — Herbs of various habit.

1. Nepeta Cararia, Linn. Common Catnep, or Cat-mint.

Hoary-pubescent ; stem erect; leaves oblong-cordate, acute, crenate-serrate, rugose ;
whorls many-flowered , the lower ones pedunculate , upper ones crowded in a spike ; bracts
about as long as the pedicels ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subulate ; corolla one half longer
than the calyx. — Linn. sp. 2. p.570; Engl. bot. t. 137; Micha. fl. 2. p.2; Ell. sk. 2.
Dealer Ursh, fl. 249: 406 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 237; Beck, bot. p. 279 ; Benth. Lab. p. 477;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 356.

Perennial. Whole plant clothed with a soft whitish pubescence. Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaves 2-3 inches long, petiolate. Whorls somewhat globose ; the lower ones on short
peduncles ; upper ones in a compound interrupted spike. Calyx tubular, pubescent. Corolla
whitish or cream-colored ; the middle lobe of the lower lip crenate and speckled with purple.

Old fields, along fences, and cultivated grounds ; introduced from Europe. June — August.
Every one is familiar with this plant, and its uses as a domestic medicine.

NeEpeta. LABIATA. 715

2. Nereta Guecuoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill.

Stem procumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves reniform-cordate, crenate ; whorls axillary,
few-flowered ; corolla three times as long as the calyx. — Benth. Lab. p. 485; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 356. Glechoma hederacea, Linn. sp. 2. p. 578; Engl. bot, t. 583; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 408; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 234; Beck, bot. p. 280.

Perennial. Stems 6 — 12 inches long, smooth; the branches ascending. Leaves broader
than wide, on long petioles, green and a little hairy on both sides. Whorls distant; the
pedicels short. Calyx tubular; the teeth lanceolate, with a subulate point. Corolla bright
blue, about half an inch long; the lobes rounded.

Road-sides, door-yards, and along fences : introduced from Europe. May — June.

17. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linz. (in part); Benth. Lab. p. 490. DRAGON’S-HEAD.

[ From drakon, a dragon, and kephale, a head ; in allusion to the flowers. ]

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : upper tooth broader and often largest ; the three upper sometimes
approximated. Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip erect, somewhat concave, emarginate ; the
lower spreading, 3-lobed; middle lobe slightly 2-cleft: throat dilated. Stames 4; the
lower pair shorter: anthers approximated by pairs; the cells divaricate. — Perennial or
biennial herbs. Whorls many-flowered, axillary or aggregated in a terminal spike. Bracts

mostly leafy, with bristle-pointed teeth.

1. DracocEPHALUM PaRVIFLoRUM, Nutt. Small-flowered Dragon’s- head.

Stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely or incisely mucronate-
serrate, petiolate, green on both sides; whorls in a terminal capitate spike ; upper tooth of
the calyx much broader than the others ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.— Nutt. gen.
2. p. 35; Benth. Lab. p. 496; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 115.

Biennial. Whole plant nearly smooth. Stem 8 - 15 inches high, rather stout, obtusely
4-angled. Leaves 14 - 3 inches long, obtuse at the base or somewhat cuneate, acute; the
serratures deep and very acute: petiole half an inch to an inch or more in length. Spikes
globose or ovoid, about an inch in diameter ; the exterior floral leaves sessile, acute, with
subulate serratures. Bracts strongly veined, and fringed with rigid bristles. Calyx hairy,
15-nerved : teeth mucronate ; upper one ovate ; the others lanceolate and shorter. Corolla
4 —5 lines long, pale blue ; the tube slender: upper lip emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower
lip much the largest, and emarginate. Achenia large, black, smooth.

Barren fields and woods, Watertown, Jefferson county (Dr. Gray). Rocky banks of small
lakes and rivers, St. Lawrence county. May - August. This plant occurs also in various
parts of British America ; and on the Upper Missouri, where it was discovered by Mr. Nuttall.

10*

76 LABIATA. PuysostTEGIA.

Trispe VII STACHYDE. Benth.

Calyx irregularly veined or 5 —10-nerved, equal or rarely somewhat 2-lipped, 3 — 10-toothed.
Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip galeate or arched, entire or emarginate ; the lower variously
3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending : upper pair shorter.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

18, Puysostecia. Calyx obscurely veined, 5-toothed, at length inflated-campanulate. Corolla with a long exserted
tube; the throat dilated,

19. Lamium. Calyx 5-nerved: teeth 5, not spiny. Upper lip of the corolla vaulted or galeate. Stamens longer than
the tube. Achenia acutely 3-angled, truncate. '

20, Leonurus. Calyx 5-nerved, with five rigid somewhat spiny teeth. Upper lip of the corolla flattish or vaulted.
Achenia sharply 3-angled, truncate.

21. Gaueopsis, Calyx 5-nerved, with five mucronate teeth. Upper lip of the corolla arched : throat inflated. Anther-
cells opening transversely by two valves.

22, Stacnys. Calyx mostly 10-nerved, 5-toothed, Corolla with the throat scarcely dilated: upper lip arched. Stamens
longer than the tube.

23. Marrusium. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, with 5 or 10 spreading teeth, Corolla with the tube longer than the calyx ;
the upper lip straight, narrow, 2-cleft. Stamens included.

18. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth. Lab. p. 504. PHYSOSTEGIA.

[ From the Greek, physa, a bladder, and sfege, a covering ; the calyx becoming inflated. ]

Calyx obscurely 10-veined, 5-toothed or truncate and obscurely toothed, finally inflated-
campanulate. Corolla 2-lipped ; the tube much longer than the calyx, destitute of a ring
within ; the throat inflated : upper lip nearly erect, somewhat concave, entire or emarginate ;
the lower spreading, with 3 rounded lobes, of which the middle one is larger and emarginate.
Stamens ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair rather longer : anthers parallel, 2-
celled; the cells distinct. — Erect perennial herbs with lanceolate leaves, and the flowers

in a simple or compound terminal spike. Corolla large, purple.

1. Puysosrecia Virerintana, Benth. Dragon’s-head.

Calyx acutely 5-toothed. — Benth. 1.c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 603. Dracocephalum
Virginianum, Linn. sp. 2. p.594; Michx. fl. 2. p.10; Bot. mag. t. 467; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 411; Ell. sk. 2. p. 84; Torr. compend. p. 236; Beck, bot. p. 278. OD. denticulatum,
Art. Kew.ed. 2. p 3173 Bot.mag, t. 214% Pursh, lc.; bil, 1. ¢.> Beck, 1..c) “Prasium
purpureum, Walt. fl. Car. p. 166.

Stem about 2 feet high, smooth, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long
and 4 — 8 lines wide, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, smooth, remotely and mucronately serrate.
Spikes leafless, 4 — 8 inches long; the flowers mostly opposite and nearly sessile. Bracts
shorter than the calyx, ovate, acuminate. Calyx at first tubular-campanulate, but inflated
after flowering, pubescent, tinged with purple ; the teeth nearly equal. Corolla about three-

an

PuysosTEGIA. LABIATZ. 17

fourths of an inch long, pale purple or sometimes variegated ; the tube much dilated : upper
lip nearly entire ; lobes of the lower lip slightly emarginate. Stamens a little longer than the
tube of the corolla ; anther-cells distinct ; the margins spinulose-denticulate toward the base.
Achenia with a small abrupt point.

19. LAMIUM. lLinn.; Benth. Lab. p. 507. DEAD-NETTLE.

{ Named from the Greek, /aimos, the throat ; on account of the shape of the flower. ]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved ; the mouth equal, or often oblique, with 5 nearly
equal subulately pointed teeth. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip ovate or oblong, galeate or
arched, usually narrowed at the base; the throat dilated: lateral lobes at the margin of the
throat truncate or rarely oblong, sometimes with a tooth-like process ; middle lobe broad
and emarginate, contracted at the base and somewhat stipitate. Stamens 4; the lower pair
longer: anthers approximated by pairs. — Herbs (often annual), with the stems assurgent.
Lower leaves on long petioles ; upper ones larger, and often cordate at the base, incisely

toothed or crenate. Flowers in whorls; the lower ones remote.

1. Lamium aMpPLEXicau.Le, Linn. Common Dead-nettle. Hen-bit.

Leaves orbicular, crenately incised , the lower ones petioled, upper ones clasping ; tube of
the corolla naked within , the throat dilated ; upper lip oblong, entire ; anthers hairy.— Linn.
sp. 2. p. 579; Engl. bot. ¢.'770; Pursh, fil. 2. p. 206; Ell. sk. 2. p.73; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 2385; Beck, bot. p. 278; Benth. Lab. p. 511; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 357.

Annual. Stems much branching from the base, 6 - 10 inches high. Lower leaves about
half an inch long, and of rather greater breadth ; the petioles usually longer than the lamina:
floral leaves larger, closely sessile. Whorls many-flowered ; the upper ones approximated.
Calyx hairy. Corolla nearly half an inch long, bright purple, pubescent; the upper lip
densely villous : throat and lower lip spotted.

Fields and cultivated grounds ; very common. Introduced from Europe. April - November.

20. LEONURUS. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 517. MOTHERWORT.

{ From the Greek, Zeon, a lion, and owra, a tail; from a fancied resemblance of the plant.]

Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with five nearly equal teeth, which are subulate, with somewhat
spiny tips, and finally spreading. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip oblong and entire, either
flattish or vaulted ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed : lateral lobes oblong ; middle one obcordate.

Stamens ascending ;

g ; the lower pair longer. Anthers approximated by pairs.—Erect herbs,

with incisely lobed leaves, and the flowers in dense whorls.

78 LABIATAE. Lronvrus.

1. Leonurus Carptiaca, Linn. Common Motherwort.

Lower stem-leaves palmately lobed; the upper ovate, lobed ; floral ones 3-cleft, narrowed
at the base; the lobes lanceolate ; tube of the corolla with a villous ring inside ; upper lip
flattish ; middle lobe of the lower lip entire.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 584; Engl. bot. t.410; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 408; Ell. sk. 2 p.77; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 278; Benth. Lab.
p. 518; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 358.

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, branching; the angles pubescent. Leaves on long
petioles, spreading or-somewhat pendulous, dull green above, pale and pubescent underneath.
Whorls numerous. Calyx with sharp rigid spreading teeth. Corolla small, reddish white ;
the upper lip pubescent.

Waste places and about walls; common. Introduced from Europe. July — August.
Formerly a medicine of some repute, but now neglected.

21. MARRUBIUM. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 585. HOREHOUND.
[ Supposed to have been named from a town in Italy.]

Calyx tubular, 5 -10-nerved, with 5-10 nearly equal erect or finally spreading teeth.
Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or slightly 2-cleft ; lower lip
spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe broader, and often emarginate. Stamens 4; the lower
pair longer, included within the tube of the corolla: anther-cells divaricate and somewhat
confluent.—Perennial herbs, mostly woolly, with rugose and often incised leaves. Whorls

many- or few-flowered.

1. Marrusium vuLeareE, Linn. Common Horehound.

Stem ascending, hoary-tomentose ; leaves roundish-ovate, toothed-crenate ; whorls many-
flowered ; calyx with 10 subulate recurved teeth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 583; Engl. bot. t. 410;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 408; Ell. sk. 2. p.'76; Beck, bot. p. 280; Benth. Lab. p. 591; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 360.

Plant white and woolly. Stems numerous, 12-18 inches high. Leaves petiolate, very
rugose, about two inches long, narrowed at the base. Flowers in distant compact whorls.
Calyx 10-neived. Corolla small, white, pubescent.

Stony banks of rivers, and about houses: introduced from Europe. July - August. A
popular medicine, in very general use for colds, and as a mild tonic. It is now much em-
ployed as an ingredient of certain candies.

GALEOPSIS8. LABIATA. 719

22. GALEOPSIS. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 522. HEMP-NETTLE.

[ From the Greek, galeos, a weasel, and opsis, appearance ; the flowers having some resemblance to the head of that
animal. |

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed ; the teeth with spine-like tips, nearly
equal, or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped ; the throat dilated: upper lip ovate,
entire, arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed : lateral lobes ovate ; lower one obcordate, or
somewhat 2-cleft: the palate with two teeth on the upper side. Stamens 4, ascending ;
the lower pair longer: anther-cells opposite, transversely 2-valved ; inner valve of each
cell hispidly ciliate, the outer valve naked. — Annual herbs, with the whorls several- or

many-flowered. Flowers red, yellowish or variegated.

1. Gateorsts Terranir, Linn. Common EHemp-nettle.

Stem hispid, swollen below the joints ; leaves ovate, hairy on the upper surface. — Linn.
sp. 2. p. 579; Benth. Lab. p. 524.

var. 1. parviflora, Benth.: corolla 14 — 3 times the length of the calyx. Benth. l.c. G.
Tetrahit, Engl. bot. t. 207; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 407; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 236 ; Torr. compend.
p. 234; Beck, bot. p. 277.

var. 2. grandiflora, Benth.: corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. Benth. l.c. G.
versicoler, Curt. fl. Lond. 2. ic.; Engl. bot. t. 667. G. Ladanum, Bigel. 1. c.?

Stem 1 - 2 feet high, covered with stiff retrorse hairs, more or less branching, erect; the
branches thickened just below the joints. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1 —- 2 inches wide,
thin, rather coarsely serrate, often unequal at the base, slightly pubescent underneath ; the
upper surface clothed with scattered appressed hairs : petiole an inch or more in length.
Whorls approximated towards the summit of the stem and branches. Teeth of the calyx
spreading, usually longer than the tube, hispid, and terminating in a long spinescent point.
Corolla in var. 1. about twice the length of the calyx, purplish or sometimes pale ; in var. 2.
yellow with a large purple spot on the lower lip, more than twice as large as in the other
variety.

Old fields, road-sides, etc. : the first variety very common north and west of Albany ; the
large-flowered form only in the northern counties. The latter is what I called (without suf-
ficient examination) G. Ladanum, in my Catalogue of New-York plants in 1844.

23. STACHYS. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 525. HEDGE-NETTLE.,
[So named from the Greek, stachys, a spike; in allusion to its mode of flowering. ]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5 — 10-nerved, somewhat equally 5-toothed, or indistinctly 2-

lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect or somewhat spreading, often arched, entire

80 LABIATA. STAcHYs.

or emarginate : lower lip mostly longer, spreading, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe largest, entire
or emarginate. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower ones longer: anthers approximated by
pairs.—Herbaceous or frutescent plants ; the whorls 2 — many-flowered, often in a terminal

spike.

1. Sracnys aspera, Micha. Rough Hedge-nettle.

Stem retrorsely hispid ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short petioles, acute, often rounded at
the base, serrate, smoothish or with scattered rigid hairs above, and naked except on the veins
underneath ; whorls about 6-flowered ; teeth of the calyx divaricate and spine-like. — Micha.
fl. 2. p.5; Pursh, fl. 2. p.407; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 236; Torr. compend. p. 234; Beck,
bot. p. 279; Benth. Lab. p. 543; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 359. S. hispida, Pursh, l. c.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, sparingly branched, rather slender ; the angles usually
very hispid with stiff hairs, which are spreading and partly reflexed ; the concave sides often
smooth. Leaves 2 —5 inches long, thin, more or less hispidulous above with appressed hairs ;
the under surface smooth, except the few hairs that are sprinkled on the veins. Whorls rather
approximated, and forming interrupted terminal leafy spikes 6 - 8 inches long, each whorl
about 6- (but sometimes 8-) flowered. Calyx tubular-campanulate ; the teeth more than half
the length of the (often smoothish) tube, hispid-ciliate. Corolla pale violet-purple, more or
less pubescent externally, with a hairy ring in the tube. Achenia roundish-obovoid, brown,
nearly smooth.

Wet thickets and borders of rivulets; rather common. July - August. Nearly allied to
S. palustris.

2. Sracuys pauustris, Linn. Marsh Hedge-nettle.

Herbaceous, erect ; stem pubescent, the angles with spreading or reversed hairs ; leaves
somewhat sessile, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, serrate-crenate, rounded or cordate at the base,
rugose, hispid, or the lower ones smooth; whorls 6 — 10-flowered, distinct, the uppermost
somewhat approximated ; calyx campanulate, hispid, the teeth lanceolate, acute and rather
spiny ; corolla twice as long as the calyx (Benth.).—Linn. sp. 2. p.580; Engl. bot. t. 1675;
Benth. Lab. p. 543. 8. hispida, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 30? S. sylvatica, Darlingt. fi. Cest.
p. 360.

Perennial. Stem 2 - 3 feet high, branching, sometimes nearly smooth except at the joints.
Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and 1 — 2 inches wide, pubescent or smoothish, acute ; the petioles
3 - 6 lines long. Whorls numerous, mostly 6-flowered, forming a long terminal interrupted
spike. Calyx rather sparingly hispid, 10-nerved ; the teeth divaricate and spinescent at the
tip. Corolla purplish, more than twice as long as the calyx.

Borders of woods and river banks ; in the western part of the State. July - August. —
This plant differs in several respects from my European specimens, and may be only a variety
of S. aspera.

Sracuys. LABIAT. 81

3. Sracuys uyssopirouia, Micha. Smooth Narrow-leaved Hedge-nettle.

Herbaceous, very smooth; stem slender, ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate ; whorls about 4-flowered, somewhat approximated
in a terminal interrupted spike ; calyx campanulate, very smooth , the teeth lanceolate, acute
but scarcely spiny ; corolla about twice as long as the calyx. — Micha. fl. 2. p.4; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 407; Ell. sk. 2. p.'74; Torr. compend. p. 234; Beck, bot. p. 279; Benth. Lab.
p. 534. S. tenuifolia, Wild. sp. 3. p. 100?

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 - 15 inches high, mostly simple ; the nodes slightly
hairy between the bases of the leaves. Leaves 1 — 14 inch long and often not more than 2
lines wide, obtuse or rather acute, either obtuse or narrowed at the base, denticulate toward
the summit; the base entire. Whorls seldom more than 4-flowered. Calyx obscurely nerved ;
the teeth often purplish. Corolla about as large as in the preceding species, violet-purp’e,
slightly pubescent. Stamens longer than the throat of the corolla: anther-cells roundish,
divaricate. Style equally 2-cleft at the summit. Anchenia roundish-3-angled, nearly sm .oth

Borders of salt-marshes, Long Island, particularly’about Flushing and Bath. July - August.

Phlomis tuberosa, Linn, has been found by Prof, Dewey on the shore of Lake Ontario, near the mouth of Genesee
river ; but it can hardly yet be considered as a naturalized plant.

Trise VIII AJUGOIDE. Benth.

Corolla with the upper lip very short, sometimes cleft, with the segments depending, very
rarely erect and vaulted : lower lip elongated. Stamens 2 or 4, ascending, exserted.
Achenia more or less reticulated-rugose.

24. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 658. BLUE CURLS.

[ From the Greek, thrix, trichos, a hair, and stema, a stamen ; the stamens being very long and hair-like.]

Calyx campanulate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft, resupinate by the twisting of the pedicel; the
three lower (or true upper) teeth elongated ; the other two very short. Corolla somewhat
2-lipped ; the upper lip becoming the lower by resupination, falcate ; the other linear-
oblong, consisting of three united lobes. Stamens 4, much exserted and curved: anther-
cells divaricate and at length confluent. Achenia rugose-pitted. — Herbs (mostly annual),

with entire leaves and axillary or racemose flowers.

1. Trichostema picnotoma, Linn. Blue Curls. False Pennyroyal.

Pubescent and somewhat viscid ; leaves lanceolate-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, attenuated
at the base into a short petiole— Linn. sp. 2. p. 598; Walt. fl. Car. p. 164; Micha. fi: 2,
p. 10; Pursh, fl. 2.p.414; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 39; Ell. sk. 2. p. 94; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 240;
Bart. fl. N. Am. 3. t. 93; Beck, bot. p.275; Benth. Lab. p. 658 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 361.

| FLtora — Vol. 2.] 11

82 LABIATZ. TRICHOSTEMA.

Annual. Stem 8 - 12 inhces or more in height, very obtusely 4-angled, often purplish,
paniculately much branched. Leaves about an inch long and 3 — 5 lines wide. Pedicels in
the axils of small bract-like leaves, 2 — 3 lines long, one-flowered, twisting about the time of
the opening of the flower, which thus becomes inverted, 5-nerved : three of the teeth of the
calyx united except towards the summit, acute but scarcely mucronate ; the other two much
shorter, ovate. Corolla bright blue, or sometimes pale. Stamens half an inch or more in
length, beautifully curved. Achenia large, conspicuously reticulated and pitted. Style equally
2-cleft at the summit.

Sandy fields ; common along the Hudson and on Long Island, but somewhat rare in the
northern and western counties. July - September. The plant has a rather agreeable balsamic
scent.

25. TEUCRIUM. Linn.; Benth. Lab. p. 660. GERMANDER.
{So named from Teucer, a prince of Troy; because he is said to have first used the plant medicinally.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, almost equally 5-toothed, or somewhat 2-lipped and the upper
tooth broader. Corolla with the tube short ; the four upper lobes nearly equal, oblong and
declined, or very short and nearly erect ; the lowest lobe largest, oblong, declined. Stamens
exserted from a cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla: cells of the anther con-

fluent. Achenia rugose. — Herbs or shrubby plants of various inflorescence and habit.

1. Teucrium Canapense, Linn. Woodsage. Germander.

Hoary-pubescent, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, hoary underneath ;
flowers in a simple terminal spike, the whorls about 6-flowered ; bracts subulate ; calyx
campanulate , the three upper teeth much broader.— Linn. sp. 2. p. 564; Micha. fl. 2. p.1;
Pursh, fl. 2. p.405; Ell. sk. 2.p.69; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 235; Torr. compend. p. 232;
Beck, bot. p. 274; Benth. Lab. p. 672; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 362. T. Virginicum, Linn.
Lochs “(Schk, nond..t. 160)" Pugh. 1. c.8 Uc. Port, 1.0.9 Bech. i. ¢.

Perennial. Stem about two feet high, mostly simple, 4-angled. Leaves 3 - 4 inches long,
varying from nearly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, pale green above,
soit and canescent underneath ; the petioles 2 — 4 lines long. Spikes solitary, or sometimes
with two or more smaller ones at its base, 3 — 6 inches long; the flowers often imperfectly
whorled, on short pedicels. Calyx downy, sometimes purplish; the uppermost tooth rather
acute ; lateral ones obtuse ; the two lower acuminate. Corolla pale purple; the upper lip
apparently wanting, owing to a deep cleft between the two lobes: middle lobe of the lower
lip remote from the others, and much larger, oblong and concave. Stamens ascending,
curved, shorter than the corolla. Style equally 2-cleft at the extremity. Achenes obovoid
and somewhat 3-sided, reticulated.

Low and rather shady grounds ; frequent. July.

OnosMoDIUM. BORAGINACEZ. 83

Orprer LXXII. BORAGINACEA. Juss. Tue Borace Trine.

Calyx of five leafy persistent equal sepals, which are more or less united at the
base. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, often with a row of scales in the throat.
Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ;
each division with a single suspended ovule: style single, proceeding from the
base of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit consisting of four little nuts or achenia.
Seeds with little or no albumen: cotyledons plano-convex. — Herbaceous or
sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems and alternate usually rough leaves.
Flowers often in one-sided racemes which are spirally ievolute before expan-
sion, mostly without bracts.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* Nuts fixed to the receptacle.
+ Throat of the corolla naked.

1. ONosmopium. Calyx deeply 5-parted, Corolla tubular-campanulate; the lobes acute, connivent. Style much
exserted. Nuts ovoid, shining, not perforate at the base.

2. Ecurum. Corolla irregular, somewhat campanulate ; the limb obliquely 5-lobed. Nuts tuberculate, not perforate at
the base, obliquely acuminate.

3. Purmonarta, Calyx 5-parted, somewhat prismatic, Corolla (large) salver-funnelform. Nuts not perforate at the
base, very smooth.

4, Lirnospermum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla (small) funnelform. Nuts not perforate at the base, very smooth or
rarely rugose,

5, Barscnia. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla (large) salverform; the limb nearly flat; the tube closed at the base by
a bearded ring. Nuts not perforate at the base, smooth and shining.

+t Throat of the corolla more or less clothed with scales.
6. Lycopsis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube. Nuts concave at the base.
7. Myosoris, Calyx 5-cleft, Corolla salver-shaped ; the throat half closed with convex scales. Nuts perforated at
the base.
8. Sympuyrum, Calyx 5-parted. Corolla cylindrical-campanulate; the throat closed with subulate scales, Nuts
rugous, perforated at the base,

** Nuts fixed to the style or central column.
9. CynocLossum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform ; the throat closed with convex scales, Nuts depressed, covered
with rigid prickles,
10, Ecninosrpermum. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat salverform ; the throat closed with convex scales. Nuts com-
pressed or angular, muricate on the margin.

1. ONOSMODIUM. Micha. fl. 1. p. 132; Endl. gen. 3755. ONOSMODIUM.
[So named from its resemblance to Onosma, another genus of this order. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-campanulate, naked in the throat; the lobes acute and

connivent. Style much exserted. Nuts ovoid, shining, fixed by a flat base to the receptacle.

— More or less hispid herbaceous plants, with the flowers in terminal leafy racemes.
1

84 BORAGINACE. OnosMmopiIuM.

1. Onosmopium utspipum, Michz. (P]. LXXIX.) False Gromwell.

Whole plant hispid; leaves obovate-lanceolate, papillose-dotted ; segments of the corolla
lanceolate-subulate.— Micha. fl. 1. p. 132; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 182; Ell. sk. 1. p. 226; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 204; Beck, bot. p. 252; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 119. Lithospermum Virginianum,
Linn. sp. 1. p. 182; Willd. sp. 1. p. 752. Purshia hispida, Spreng. in Lehm. Asperif.
p. 382.

Perennial. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, branching, rough. Leaves 2-3 inches long, varying
from oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, strongly nerved, clothed with short stiff
hairs which proceed from minute warts or papilla. Racemes at first recurved and nodding,
finally erect. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the segments narrowly lanceolate, very hispid. Corolla
pale greenish yellow, finally more than twice as long as the calyx, pubescent ; the lobes hairy
at the summit. Stamens included: filaments very short : anthers large, sagittate. Style

nearly twice as long as the corolla: stigma small, simple. Nuts ovoid, gray, shining, marked
with a few impressions, angular on the inside ; one or more of them often abortive.

Borders of fields, and hill-sides. £7. June-July. Fr. August.

2. ECHIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3757. VIPER’S BUGLOSS.
[So named from echis, the Greek for viper; the seeds resembling the head of that animal, ]

Calyx 5-parted ; the segments subulate, erect. Corolla irregular, somewhat campanulate ;
the limb unequally 5-lobed : throat open: tube short. Stigma 2-cleft. Nuts tuberculate,
not perforate at the base.—Herbaceous, or sometimes frutescent, more or less hispid plants.

Flowers rather showy, in spikes which are at length recurved.

1. Ecurum vuteasre, Linn. Blue-weed. Viper’s Bugloss. Blue Thistle.

Stem herbaceous, mostly simple, hispid and tuberculose ; leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid ;
flowers in short lateral spikes ; stamens longer than the corolla.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 139; Engl.
bot. t.181; Pursh, fl..1. 9.130; Torn. fi. 1. 'p. 205;. Bigel. fl. Bost. p..70; Beck,;-bot.
p. 253; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 119.

Root biennial. Stem 1} — 24 feet long, erect or assurgent, covered with stiff hairs which
stand on minute tubercles. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, hispid; those of the stem sessile ; the
radical ones on long petioles, and spreading. Spikes numerous, secund, at first recurved,
finally erect, forming a long compound spike or raceme. Corolla at first reddish purple, then
of a bright blue, sometimes pale, hairy externally. Stamens unequal. Nuts grayish, acumi-
nate, rough with little tubercles.

Dry fields, road-sides, etc. ; rare: introduced from Europe. June - July. A very
ornamental plant when in full flower, but sometimes a troublesome weed.

PUuLMONARIA. BORAGINACE. 85

3. PULMONARIA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3759. LUNGWORT.

[ So named from the Latin, pulmones, the lungs; having formerly been used as a remedy for pulmonary discases. ]
Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat campanulate in fruit. Corolla salver-funnelform ; the throat pervious.
Nuts ovoid, smooth, not perforate at the base. — Herbaceous plants, sometimes nearly

smooth. Radical leaves often spotted. Flowers somewhat paniculate.
Lehmann has united this genus with Lirnospermom, from which, indeed, it differs in characters of but little importance.

1. Putmonaria Virartntca, Linn. Virginian Cowslip. Virginian Lungwort.

Smooth; stem erect ; calyx three times shorter than the tube of the corolla ; radical leaves
obovate- oblong, obtuse ; stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 135; Bot. mag.
£1605 Miche. fils pl3l; Pursh, fl. Ve p) 130% Lu. sk. Ie p..228 5 Porr, fl. 1. p. 201.4
Beck, bot. p. 255. Lithospermum pulchrum, Lehm. Asperif. p. 207. Hippoglossum Vir-
ginicum, Lilja, “fl. ovf. odl. 5. p. 18,” ex Linnea, 15. p. 265, g- 17. p. 111.

Perennial. Stem about a foot high, succulent, mostly simple. Radical and lower leaves
3 — 6 inches long, more or less obovate, tapering at the base into rather long petioles : stem-
leaves smaller; the uppermost nearly sessile. Flowers in a loose racemose panicle. Segments
of the calyx ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla three-fourths of an inch long, bright purplish blue ;
the limb obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens shorter than the corolla: anthers sagittate. Style
included: stigma small, simple.

Borders of Oneida creek and Fish creek, Oneida county. Near Albany (Prof. Eaton). A
showy plant, frequently cultivated in gardens. May.

4, LITHOSPERMUM. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 3761. GROMWELL.

[ From the Greek, Jithos, a stone, and sperma, seed ; the nuts (formerly regarded as seeds) being very hard. ]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform ; the throat naked (sometimes with very minute scales).
Nuts not perforate at the base, mostly very smooth. — Herbs, or somewhat shrubby rough

plants, with the habit of the order.

1. LiruospeRMUM ARVENSE, Linn. Corn Gromwell. Stone-weed.

Stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, acute, hairy; calyx a little shorter than the corolla,
at length spreading ; seeds rugose. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 1382; Engl. bot. t. 123; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 131; Ell. sk. 1. p. 225; Torr. fl. 1. p. 202; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 71; Beck, bot. p; 251;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 118.

Annual. Whole plant covered with short stiff rather appressed hairs. Stem 8 — 12 inches
high, more or less branched. Leaves about an inch long, sessile ; the veins indistinct. Flowers
axillary, nearly sessile. Calyx with linear acute segments, which finally are much elongated
and spreading. Corolla small, yellowish white. Nuts grayish brown, ovoid, acuminate, with
the point oblique, rugose and cellular.

Dry fields, road-sides, etc,; rather common. Introduced from Europe. May — June.

86 BORAGINACE. LITHOsPERMUM.

2. LirnosPpERMUM OFFICINALE, Linn. Common Gromwell.

Stem erect, much branched ; leaves broadly or ovate-lanceolate, acute, prominently nerved,
rough above, hairy underneath ; tube of the corolla as long as the calyx; nuts smooth and
polished. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 132; Engl. bot. t.134; Torr. fl. 1. p. 202; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 71; Beck, bot. p. 251; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 88.

Perennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, often branched from the root and somewhat diffuse,
rough with appressed hairs. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, and from one half to three quarters
of an inch wide; the hairs on the upper surface growing out of small depressed tubercles.
Flowers in leafy spike-like racemes. Pedicels 2-3 lines long. Segments of the calyx
subulate-lanceolate. Corolla pale yellow. Nuts ovoid, often with a number of small de-
pressions.

Dry waste places, river-banks, road-sides, etc.; near Singsing, and in the western part of
the State. Probably of European origin. June.

5. BATSCHIA. Gmel. syst.315; Micha. fl. 1. p. 129: PUCCOON,
{ In honor of Jonn Georce Barscn, a German botanist of the last century.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla somewhat salverform ; the limb nearly flat, with 5 rounded
lobes: throat naked: tube longer than the calyx, with a bearded ring at the base. Stamens
very short. Style included: stigma capitate and somewhat 2-lobed. Nuts smooth and
shining, not perforate at the base.—Herbaceous hairy or villous plants ; the flowers axillary

and crowded near the summit of the stem and branches, yellow, large.

1. Batscura canescens, Michz. Common Puccoon. Alkanet.

Stem villous ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, silky pubescent above, almost villous underneath ;
tube of the corolla about twice as long as the calyx.— Micha. fl. 1. p. 30. t. 14; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 182; Bart. fl. N. Am. t.58; Beck, bot. p. 252; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 118. - Anchusa
Virginica, Linn. sp. 1. p. 133. A. canescens, Muhl. cat. p. 18. Lithospermum canescens,
Lehm. Asperif. p. 305; Torr. fl. 1. p. 203; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 88.

Root large, descending obliquely, red. Stems 8 — 12 inches high, often several from one
root, sometimes trichotomously branched at the summit, clothed with rather stiff spreading
hairs. Leaves about an inch and a half long and 3 — 5 lines wide, pale green, rather obtuse
or sometimes slightly emarginate ; the pubescence of the upper surface more silky and ap-
pressed than that of the lower. Flowers usually in two short unequal leafy racemes, which
are circinate, with the flowers much crowded. Segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, villose.
Corolla more than half an inch long, bright orange-yellow. Stamens nearly sessile, about
one-third the length of the tube of the corolla. Style included: stigma distinctly capitate,
and cleft into two lobes. Nuts ovoid, hard and smooth.

Northern part of the State (Prof. Hadley). May. The root of this plant is used by the
Indians of Canada and the Northwest, for painting red.

Lycopsis. BORAGINACE. 87

6. LYCOPSIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3767. BUGLOSS.

[ So named from the Greek, lykos, a wolf, and opsis, a face, or appearance; from a fancied resemblance to the head of
that animal.]

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube; the mouth closed with convex
connivent scales. Nuts rugose, concave at the base.— Herbaceous hairy plants. Flowers

TaccmMmose.

1. Lycopsis arvensis, Linn. Small Bugloss.

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, repandly denticulate, very hispid ; racemes leafy ;
calyx erect when in flower. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 139; Engl. bot. t. 938; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 132;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 207; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'71; Beck, bot. p. 253.

Annual. Whole plant rough and almost bristly. Stem 12-18 inches high, simple or
somewhat branched. Leaves 2 — 5 inches long ; the lower ones tapering into a petiole at the
base. Flowers in one or more leafy racemes ; the pedicels 2 - 3 lines long. Calyx as long
as the tube of the corolla ; the segments lanceolate. Corolla small, bright blue. Nuts large,
rough and coarsely reticulated with elevated veins.

Sandy fields, hill-sides, etc. Washington county (Dr. Stevenson). Doubtless an introduced
plant, June - July.

7. MYOSOTIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3772. SCORPION-GRASS.

[ From the Greek, mys, myos, a mouse, and ous, otos, an ear; in allusion to the form of its leaves, }

Calyx 5-parted, salverform ; the lobes obtuse or emarginate: throat closed with six short
connivent scales: tube short. Stigma capitate. Nuts smooth or rugose, with a cavity at

the base. — Herbs, with the flowers in simple racemes.

1. Myosotis patustris, Loth. Marsh Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong, slightly rough with appressed hairs ; peduncles diverging when
in fruit, about twice as long as the spreading calyx ; limb of the corolla flat, longer than the
tube. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 133; Lehm. Asperif. p. 88; Torr. fl. 1. p. 206; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p.'72; Beck, bot. p. 253; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 120; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.2. p.81. M.
laxa, Lehm.l.c. M. strigillosa, Bertol. in Giorn. ligust. sc. et art. Jan, 1827, p. 9?

Perennial. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, slender and weak, erect or oblique, branching above,
usually nearly smooth, but sometimes slightly hairy. Leaves 1 - 3 inches long and 3-6
lines wide, rather obtuse ; the lower ones smooth, but the upper ones sprinkled with appressed
hairs. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, but finally become much lengthened ;
the pedicels 1-4 lines long, filiform. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, rather acute.

88 BORAGINACE. Myosoris.

Flowers scarcely more than two lines long. Corolla bright blue with a yellow centre. Nuts
ovate, lenticularly compressed, margined, dark brown and shining.

Small streams and springy grounds ; very common. April - September. Our plant differs
from the European in its smaller flowers. It seems to be the var. micrantha of Lehmann in
Hooker’s fl. Bor -Am. l.c.

2. Myosoris arvensis, Szbth. Field Scorpion-grass.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; pedicels somewhat erect when in fruit, about as long as
the closed calyx ; limb of the corolla erect-spreading, as long as the tube. — Lehm. Asperif.
p.90; Pursh, fl. 1. p.133; Torr. fl. 1. p. 207; Borrer in Engl. bot. suppl. t. 2629 ;
Beck, bot. p. 253; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 120. M: scorpioides («.), Micha. fl. 1. p. 129.
M. verna, Nutt. gen. 2. suppl. Lycopsis Virginica, Pursh, l. c. p. 1337 excl. syn.; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 71.

Annual. Whole plant grayish-pubescent. Stem 3 - 8 inches high, erect, at first nearly
simple, finally branching. Leaves 4 — 8 lines long, rather obtuse. Raceme elongated in fruit.
Pedicels of the flowers 1 - 2 lines long. Calyx clothed with spreading hairs ; the segments
narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla very small, white. Nuts resembling those of the pre-
ceding species.

Sandy fields, hill-sides and dry open woods ; rather common. May — June.

8. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3776. COMFREY.

[ Named from the Greek, symphyo, to grow together; because of its healing virtues.]

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla tubular-campanulate : throat closed with five connivent
subulate scales ; the limb with five short lobes. Nuts ovoid, rugose, not perforate at the

base. — Perennial herbs, with the racemes of flowers solitary or in pairs.

1. SympHyTuM OFFICINALE, Lann. Common Comfrey.

Stem winged above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base and decurrent ; racemes
nodding.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 136; Engl. bot. t. 817; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 121.

Root large and thick. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves 6 — 10 inches long,
acuminate, rough ; those of the root petioled: upper ones sessile. Racemes many-flowered.
Segments of the calyx lanceolate, bristly. Corolla large, yellowish white or rarely purplish.
Style slightly exserted. Nuts acuminate, dark and shining.

Wet meadows and borders of small streams in the western parts of the State. June. An
European plant, which has become naturalized in many places. It has long been celebrated

for its medicinal virtues, but it seems to be of very little value except for its mucilaginous
qualities.

CyNnocGLossuM. BORAGINACE. 89

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 3784. HOUND’S-TONGUE.
{ From the Greek, kyon, a dog, and gilossa, a tongue; from the form of the leaves, |

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform ; the throat closed by 5 connivent scales: limb with 5
obtuse lobes. Nuts depressed, covered with rigid prickles. —- Herbs, with the racemes

simple or paniculate.

1. CynoGLossuM OFFICINALE, Linn. Common Hound’s-tongue.

Whole plant silky-pubescent ; radical leaves lanceolate-oblong, attenuate at the base ;
stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile ; racemes paniculate, without bracts; stamens included. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 184; Engl. bot. t. 921; Pursh, fl. 1. p.123; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'72; Torr.
fi. 1. p. 208; Beck, bot. p. 254; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 122; Lehm. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 85.

Biennial. Whole plant of a dull green color, and clothed with a soft pubescence. Stem
1-2 feet high, branching. Lower leaves on long petioles. Racemes numerous, naked.
Calyx-segments spreading in fruit. Corolla purplish red. Nuts large, densely covered with
rigid prickles.

Road-sides and waste grounds; common. June - July. Introduced. The plant has an
unpleasant smell, which has been compared to that of mice. It is quite annoying to wool-
growers, owing to its rough adhering nuts, which resemble little burs.

2. Cynoatossum Virainicum, Linn. Wild Comfrey. Hound’s-tongue.

Plant hairy ; radical leaves oval-oblong, petiolate ; stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping
and cordate at the base ; racemes corymbose, on a long naked peduncle.—Linn. sp.1. p. 139;
Lehm. Asperif. p. 156; Torr. fl. 1. p. 208; Beck, bot. p. 254; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 122;
Hook, fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 85. C.amplexicaule, Micha. fl. 1. p. 132; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 133;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 228.

Perennial. Stem 2 - 3 feet high, erect, simple, clothed with whitish spreading or retrorse
hairs. Radical-leaves 6 — 8 inches long and 2 — 4 inches wide, narrowed at the base into a
petiole : stem-leaves smaller, and somewhat auriculate at the base. Peduncle 3 - 6 inches
long. Flowers in a terminal corymb or panicle, which consists of two or three divisions ; the
lower flowers in each division a raceme, on elongated pedicels. Segments of the calyx oblong.
Corolla pale blue or nearly white ; the tube as long as the calyx; the throat closed by five
little connivent pouches, which are formed by the protrusion of the corolla inward, having pits
or Cavities on the outside. Nuts as in the preceding species.

Rocky woods in rich soils; on the Hudson, above the Highlands. May-June. The
mucilaginous root is used-for colds, and as a poultice for sprains, etc. As Dr. Darlington
remarks, it serves very well to amuse the patient.

[Lora — Vol. 2.] 12

90 BORAGINACE. EcuInosPERMUM.

10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Schwartz, ex Lehm. Asperif. p. 118. STICKSEED.
[ From the Greek, echinos, a hedgehog, and sperma, a seed; the fruit being covered with prickles. ]

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat salverform ; the throat closed with convex scales. Nuts
compressed or angular, muricate on the margin.— Hairy herbaceous plants, with the habit
of Myosorts, but differing in the fruit.

1. Ecutnospermum Lappuua, Lehm. Narrow-leaved Stickseed.

Stem paniculately branched above ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, rough and hairy ;
corolla longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading ; fruit erect, the angles armed with
hooked prickles in a double row. — Lehm. Asperif. p. 121; Beck, bot. p. 254; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 84. Myosotis Lappula, Linn. sp. 1. p. 181; Flor. Dan. t. 692; Miche.
fl. 1. p. 129; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 134. Rochelia Lappula, Ram. §- Schult. syst. 4. p. 109;
Torr, fl. 1s pe 208.

Annual. Stem a foot or more high, covered with greyish spreading hairs, simple below.
Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, very hairy ; the hairs mostly tuberculate at the base. Flowers in
leafy racemes; the pedicels very short. Segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla about one-third longer than the calyx, blue. Prickles of the fruit barbed (glochidate)
at the tip.

Road-sides, and on dry hills ; common in the northern and western parts of the State ; not
observed below the Highlands of the Hudson. Probably introduced from Europe. July -
August.

2. EcuinosPpERMuM Virainicum, Lehm. Broad-leaved Stickseed.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thinly covered with appressed hairs above, pubescent
underneath ; racemes divaricate ; fruit deflexed, covered with hooked prickles. — Lehm.
Asperif. p. 117; Beck, bot. p. 254; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 121; Lehm.in Hook. fl. Bor.
Am. 2. p. 88. Myosotis Virginiana, Linn. sp. 1. p.131; Miche. fl. 1. p.129; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 1384; Ell. sk. 1. p. 224; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'73. Rochelia Virginiana, Rem. ¢-
Schult. 4. p: 108; Torr. fl. 1. p. 209.

Biennial. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, divaricately branched at the summit, hairy. Leaves 3 - 4
inches long and an inch or more wide, acute at each end, thin and membranaceous ; the lower
ones petioled. Racemes mostly forked, bracteate. Pedicels nearly as long as the flower, at
length deflexed. Segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate. Corolla very small, white. Fruit
nearly as in the preceding species, but the nuts more depressed.

Borders of woods, along fences, and hill-sides ; rather common. July. The nuts of this
and the preceding species resemble small burs, and adhere to the covering of sheep, so as to
cause some trouble where the plants abound.

—

HypropuyLiuM. HYDROPHYLLACEZ. 91

Group 10. Ovary free (superior), either compound or the carpels distinct, with
several or numerous (rarely solitary) ovules in each cell. Fruit capsular,
follicular or baccate. Corolla regular ; the stamens inserted upon its tube, as
many as its lobes and alternate with them.

Orpver LXXIII. HYDROPHYLLACE. R. Br. Ture Wartertear Trine.

Calyx 5-cleft; the sinuses often with appendages, persistent. Corolla regular,
usually furnished with scales or honey-bearing grooves on the inside of each
lobe. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla. Ovary with 2 parietal
placentze, sometimes separating from the walls: styles united into one. Fruit
a capsule. Seeds few; the testa crustaceous. Embryo small, in cartilaginous
albumen. — Herbs, often hairy, with alternate and lobed or pinnatifid leaves.
Flowers in cymose clusters, or in one-sided racemes.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 4827. WATER-LEAF.
{ From the Greek, hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf; but the allusion is not evident. ]

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked, or with small reflexed appendages. Corolla somewhat
campanulate, 5-cleft, with five longitudinal linear adnate scales inside, alternating with the
lobes. Stamens exserted. Ovary with two large fleshy placente which are attached to
the walls by a narrow dorsal line, each bearing two ovules on the face: style filiform :
stigma 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 4-seeded ; three of the seeds usually abortive :
placenta at length free, and resembling an interior pericarp. — Leaves broad, pinnately or

palmately lobed. Racemes corymbose, scorpioid and dichotomous.

* Sinuses of the calyx without appendages.

1. Hypropuytium Vireinicum, Linn. Virginian Waterleaf.

Stem smoothish ; leaves pinnately divided, the lobes oval-lanceolate, deeply serrate ;
peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves ; calyx-segments hairy-ciliate— Linn.
sp.1. p. 146; Lam. ill.:t. 97. f..14; Miche. fl. 1. p. 184; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 134; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 232; Torr. fl. 1. p. 219; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'73; Bot. reg. t. 331; Beck, bot. p. 255;
Turp. atl. dict. sc. nat. 4. t. 46; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.127; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 78.

Perennial. Rhizoma creeping. Stems 12-18 inches high, growing in clusters, often
branched at the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 — 7 segments ; petioles of the lower ones

12*

92 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. HypropHyLuvuM.

4-6 inches long. Peduncles 3-5 inches long, usually forked ; each division bearing a
dense cymose cluster of racemes: pedicels 3-6 lines long. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the
segments linear, hispidly fringed with long spreading white hairs. Corolla white, with purplish
veins ; the lobes ovate, obtuse : on the inside of each, and extending about half its length, is
a linear process or scale, with a longitudinal closed chink. Stamens nearly twice the length
of the corolla: filaments bearded: anthers linear-oblong. Ovary ovate-globose, hairy ; the
large placenta nearly filling up the cell, and surrounding the ovules. Capsule the size of a
small pea; only one of the seeds usually arriving at perfection. ‘Testa of the seed areolate.
Embryo very small, excentric.

Moist shady places, in rich soil. FU. May. Fr. July. The young leaves are said to be
eaten as a potherb, under the name of John’s Cabbage.

2. Hypropuytuum CanapENseE, Linn. Canadian Burr Waterleaf.

Somewhat hairy ; leaves palmately and angularly somewhat 5-lobed ; peduncles shorter
than the leaves ; calyx slightly hairy. — Willd. sp.1. p. 815; Lam, ill. t. 97. f. 2; Michx.
fl. 1. p. 1843 Pursh, fl. 1. p.1384; Torr. fl. 1. p. 220; Beck, bot. p. 255 ; Benth. in Linn,
trans. 17. p. 273; Hook. fl. Bor “im, ey ator

Perennial. Riczorn creeping. Stem 12-18 inches high. Leaves on very long petioles,
mostly cordate at the base, slightly hairy above ; the lobes broad, cut and toothed. Flowers in
rather crowded corymbose racemes. Segments of the calyx linear-subulate. Corolla white,
veined with purple. Stamens, etc. as in the preceding species.

In rich shady soils, northern and western parts of the State; common. June. This, like
the preceding, is used as a potherb, being one of the numerous vegetables known as greens.

** Decemium, Raf. Sinuses of the calyx appendiculate.

8. HypropnyLium appEenpicuLtatum, Miche. Hairy Waterleaf.

Stem hairy ; lower leaves pinnately divided ; upper ones palmately lobed; sinuses of the
calyx with small reflex appendages. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 134; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 134; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 220; Benth. l.c.; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.'78. Nemophila paniculata, Spreng.;
Beck, bot. p. 256.

Perennial? Stem about a foot high, branching at the summit, clothed with rather stiff
spreading hairs. Leaves all on long petioles, the breadth as great as the length, hairy above,
pubescent underneath ; the lobes coarsely serrate and toothed. Peduncles shorter than the
leaves. Racemes crowded in a corymbose cluster. Calyx hairy; the segments linear-
lanceolate, acute: sinuses with small ovate appendages. Corolla pale purplish blue; the
lobes with a longitudinal adnate scale inside, the edges of which are free and folded inward,
thus forming a chink or groove. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Ovary as in the preceding.

Woods. Greece, and near Rochester, Monroe county (Dr. Bradley).

Puuox. . POLEMONIACE. 93

Orpver LXXIV. POLEMONIACEE. Juss. Tue Greex-Vaterian TRIBE.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, imbricated or twisted in estivation.
Stamens 5, often unequal, inserted into the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3-
celled, with a thick axis and numerous ovules: style single: stigmas three.
Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal; the valves separating from the 3-winged axis.
Seeds angular or compressed ; the testa spongy, sometimes mucilaginous and
furnished with spiral threads. Embryo straight, in fleshy or horny albumen.
—Herbs or rarely somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves,
and panicled, corymbose or clustered flowers.

1. PHLOX. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3819. PHLOX.

{Phlox is the Greek for flame, and is said to have been applied by the ancients to a species of Lycunie: Linneus
transferred the name to this genus. ]

Calyx prismatic ; the segments mostly erect. Corolla salverform; the limb flat, 5-lobed :
tube long, more or less curved. Stamens very unequal, inserted about the middle of the
tube of the corolla. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell. Capsule globose-ovate, 3-
seeded. Seeds plano-convex.— Perennial herbs ; the leaves mostly opposite and sessile.

Flowers more or less corymbose-paniculate.

1. Puuox pivaricata, Linn. Diwvaricate Phlox.

Stem pubescent, decumbent, with spreading branches ; leaves oval-lanceolate or lanceolate-
ovate, the upper ones alternate ; panicles loose, few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla obcordate ;
teeth of the calyx subulate-linear. — Linn. sp. 1.p.152; Bot. mag. t. 163; Miche. fl. 1.
p. 144; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 150; Ell. sk. 1. p. 248; Torr. fl. 1. p. 229; Beck, bot. p. 247;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 129; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 72.

Root creeping. Stems numerous, about a foot long, spreading and some of them prostrate,
with erect branches. Leaves an inch and a half long and 5 — 8 lines wide, thin, sparingly
hairy ; some of them obtuse, others rather acute at the base ; the uppermost almost clasping
and often alternate. Panicles irregular, usually trichotomous with spreading divisions.
Segments of the calyx at first erect, finally spreading. Corolla bluish purple ; the tube about
three-fourths of an inch long, slightly curved.

Banks of rivers, mostly in rich damp soils: northern and western counties. FT. May.
Fr. July.

94 POLEMONIACE. Puuox.

2. Puiox suputata, Linn. Mountain Pink.

Stems procumbent, cespitose, pubescent, much branched, the branches assurgent ; leaves
linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate ; corymbs few-flowered ; calyx-segments subulate ; lobes of the
corolla cuneate, emarginate.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 152; Bot. mag. t. 411; Miche. fl. 1. p. 145;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 151; Ell. sk. 1. p. 249; Torr. fl. 1. p. 229; Beck, bot. p. 247; Darlingt.
Jl. Cest. p. 129.

Root creeping. Stems 6 — 12 inches long, forming little tufts ; the branches 3 — 4 inches
high. Leaves about half an inch long and scarcely more than a line wide, with tufts of smaller
leaves or rudimentary branches in the axils. Corymbs or rather cymes 3 — 5-flowered. Calyx
hairy ; the segments rigid like the leaves. Corolla pink or bright purple, with a darker centre
(sometimes pale or almost white); the tube about one-third longer than the calyx.

Rocky banks and hill-sides, particularly along rivers. April-May. I am not sure that
I have found this plant strictly within the limits of the State, but it is abundant on our
immediate borders in New-Jersey, and Muhlenberg records it as a native of New-York.

2. POLEMONIUM. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3822. GREEK VALERIAN.

[ From the Greek, polemos, war. According to Pliny, the plant to which this name was first given, was the cause of a
war between two kings, who could not agree which of them first discovered its virtues. ]

Calyx campanulate. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; the limb 5-lobed: tube short, closed by
the dilated bases of the filaments. Ovary with many ovules in each cell. Capsule globose-
ovoid; the cells many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately

divided leaves, and flowers in terminal columns.

1. Potemonrum reprans, Linn. Jacob's Ladder.

Stem slender, erect or declined ; leaflets 7 - 9 (rarely 11); flowers terminal, nodding. —
Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p..2380; Mill. ic. ¢.209; Micha. fl.1. p. 142; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 151;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 261; Nutt. gen. 1.p.127; Torr. fl. 1. p. 230; Beck, bot. p. 248; Darlingt.
fi. Cest. p, 127,

Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12-18 inches high, branching, smooth. Leaves nearly
smooth ; the segments opposite or irregular, ovate-lanceolate, about an inch long, acute ; the
petiole winged. Flowers terminating the branches, in small corymbs. Pedicels nearly half
an inch long. Calyx smooth, veiny, finally somewhat inflated ; the lobes ovate, acute. Corolla
blue, nearly three times as long as the calyx ; the lobes short, rounded. Stamens shorter than
the corolla: anthers roundish. Style longer than the stamens. Capsule (by abortion) mostly
3-seeded. Seeds emitting, when moistened, an innumerable multitude of spiral threads, which
to the naked eye appear like a thick mucus.

Moist woods and meadows. Cattaraugus county (Dr. Bradley). May. The seeds of this
plant emit the spiral threads from the surface of the testa almost as copiously as those of
CoLLoMia.

DIAPENSIA. DIAPENSIACE. 95

Orper LXXV. DIAPENSIACE ZL. Lindi. Tue Diarensia TRIBE.

Calyx of five imbricated sepals, persistent, with three bracts at the base. Corolla
somewhat salverform, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, with broad petaloid filaments
which are inserted into the throat of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes:
anthers transversely or obliquely 2-valved. Ovary 3-celled, with few or many
ovules in each cell. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds pitted. Embryo
in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Low prostrate evergreens, growing in tufts,
with crowded leaves and solitary terminal flowers. Pollen simple, spherical.

1. DIAPENSIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 4345. DIAPENSIA.

{A Greek name for the Sanicle, and applied to this plant by Linnzus,]

Calyx herbaceous ; the segments unequal, smooth. Corolla 5-lobed. Filaments broadly
linear: anther-cells distinct, oblong, opening obliquely. Ovary with numerous ovules. —
A densely tufted evergreen, with a woody caudex, thick spatulate leaves, and peduncled

solitary flowers.

1. Diapensta Lapponica, Linn. Lapland Diapensia.

Linn. fl. Lapp. no. 88. t.1.f.1; Wahl. fl. Lapp. p.58.¢.9; Torr. fl. 1. p. 230; Bigel.
fi. Bost. p. 83; Beck, bot. p. 250; Brit. fl. gard. (ser. 2.) t. 251; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 76. D. obtusifolia, Salish. parad. Lond. t. 104; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 147.

Caudex woody, buried in the ground; the branches very densely covered with leaves,
forming thick firm tufts. Leaves about half an inch long and rather more than a line broad,
spatulate, imbricate, very smooth, a little recurved. Flowers on short peduncles. Bracts
resembling the segments of the calyx ; the outer one sometimes rather remote. Calyx parted
to the base ; the segments somewhat unequal in length and breadth, very obtuse. Corolla
white ; the lobes short and rounded. Stamens shorter than the corolla: filaments smooth :
anthers of two roundish lobes, opening obliquely by a slit. Ovary roundish-ovoid, with
numerous ovules in each cell, attached to the outside of fleshy placent : style straight, about
as long as the stamens: stigma small, obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule cartilaginous, obtusely
3-angled : seeds somewhat angular, pitted.

Summit of Mount Marcy and Mount McIntyre, Essex county. Fl. Early in July. Fr.
September. This plant has not been found elsewhere in the United States, except on the
highest peaks of the White Mountains of New-Hampshire. It occurs in Labrador, in Arctic
America, and in the northern regions of Europe.

96 CONVOLVULACE. ConvoLvuLws.

Orver LXXVI. CONVOLVULACES. Juss. Tue Binpweep Tribe.

Calyx of five imbricated more or less united sepals, persistent. Corolla regular,
plaited and twisted in estivation; the border 5-lobed, or nearly entire.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla near the base. Ovary free,
2 — 4-celled, with one or two erect ovules in each cell: styles united, or more
or less distinct: stigmas simple or capitate. Capsule 2 - 4- (or by abortion
1-) celled; the valves separating from the dissepiments. Seeds large, with
but little mucilaginous albumen. Embryo curved ; the cotyledons leafy, folded
and crumpled.—T wining or trailing (rarely erect) herbs or shrubs, often with
milky juice. Leaves alternate, very often cordate, entire or lobed. Flowers
large and showy.

1. CONVOLVULUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3803. BINDWEED.

{ From the Latin, convolvo, to entwine.]

Sepals equal, naked at the base. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, obscurely 5-lobed.
Stamens mostly included: filaments dilated at the base. Style single: stigmas 2, linear,
flattened or globose. Capsule 2-celled.— Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants. Stem mostly

twining. Leaves usually cordate or sagittate.

1. ConvoLvuLus ARVENSIS, Linn. Common Bindweed.

Stem twining, angular and striate; leaves sagittate and somewhat hastate at the base ;
peduncles usually one-flowered, with two small bracts towards the summit remote from the
flower ; sepals rounded ; lobes of the stigma linear and elongated. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 153 ;
Engl. bot. t. 312; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 144; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.50; Torr. fl. 1. p. 224; Beck,
bot. p. 248; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 181; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.'77.

Root perennial, creeping extensively. Stems 2 — 3 feet long, a little hairy, climbing over
other plants or spreading on the ground. Leaves 1 — 1} inch long, ovate-oblong ; the lobes
at the base acute: petiole about half an inch long. Peduncles mostly longer than the leaves,
with two small bracts half an inch or more below the flower. Corolla pale red or nearly white,
about an inch long.

Sandy fields and cultivated grounds: about Albany and in the northern part of the State.
Introduced from Europe. June - July. This is often a troublesome weed ; the roots being
very deep and spreading, as well as highly tenacious of life.

ConvoLvULus. CONVOLVULACE. 97

2. ConvoLvuLuUS panpuRATUS, Linn. Man of the earth. Wild Potato-vine.

Stem twining ; leaves cordate or panduriform, acuminate , the lobes rounded ; peduncles
1 - 5-flowered ; calyx smooth, slightly mucronate , the two outer sepals obtuse; corolla
tubular-campanulate.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 153; Micha. fl. 1. p. 138; Ell. sk. 1. p. 254; Bart.
veg. mat. med. t.23; Torr. fl.1. p. 225; Beck, bot. p. 249; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 131;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 77.

Root perennial, very thick and often weighing from 10 to 20 pounds, variable in form.
Stem 4 - 8 feet long, generally trailing on the ground, pubescent when young, finally almost
smooth. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, smooth, roundish-cordate, acuminate, often contracted at
the sides and more or less panduriform ; the lobes rounded : petioles 1 - 2 inches long.
Flowers often solitary, particularly toward the upper part of the stem, but usually several in
a fascicle ; the common peduncle jointed to the pedicels. Sepals unequal; the three inner
longer, and usually tipped with an abrupt subulate point ; the others mostly obtuse. Corolla
nearly two inches long, white, with a purplish tube. Stigma short, somewhat globose.

Dry fields and borders of woods ; southern part of the State, and on Staten Island. FY.
July - August. Fr. September. The root has long been employed as a domestic medicine,
and is a favorite remedy of some ‘botanic doctors.”
and, like many other species of the genus, is somewhat cathartic. According to Dr. Barton,
it is also diuretic, and is useful in gravel. (See Wood §- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 259.)

It is bitterish and somewhat astringent,

2. CALYSTEGIA. R. Brown, prodr. p. 483; Endl. gen. 3801. CALYSTEGIA,
{ From the Greek, alos, pretty, and stege, a covering ; in allusion to the two large bracts which enclose the calyx.]
Calyx enclosed in two large leafy bracts. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, obscurely 5-lobed.,

Stamens included. Style single: stigmas 2, obtuse, terete or globose. Capsule 1-celled,

4-seeded. — Herbs, with reniform or sagittate leaves and axillary 1-flowered peduncles.

1. Catystecia Sepium, R. Br. Great Bindweed,

Stem twining ; leaves sagittate, very acute , the lobes obliquely truncate ; peduncles 4-
angled ; bracts longer than the calyx, acute.—K. Br. prodr. 1. p. 483; Pursh, jel, plae:
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 77. Convolvulus Sepium, Linn. sp. 1. p. 153; Engl. bot. t. 313;
Torr. fl. 1. p.225; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'78; Beck, bot. p. 249; Darlingt. fl. Cest. Daou:
C. repens, Linn..l.c.; Miche. fl. 1. p. 137; Ell. sk. 1. p. 238.

Root perennial, descending deep into the earth. Stem smoothish, 4 - 12 feet long, often
purplish. Leaves about 3 inches long and 14 broad, oblong ; the lobes more or less obliquely
truncate : petioles 1 - 2 inches long. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Bracts oblong-
cordate, green bordered with purple, about one half the length of the corolla, with a longitudinal
carinate fold, covering the unequal sepals. Corolla white, with the border pale purple or rose-
color, nearly three inches long. Stigmas 2, hemispherical, white and granulated.

Moist grounds, climbing over bushes ; sometimes as a weed in cultivated grounds ; common,
particularly in the northern and western counties. June - July.

{Firora — Vol. 2.] 13

98 CONVOLVULACE. Caystecia.

2. CaLYSTEGIA spITHAmMmA, Pursh. Upright Bindweed.

Erect, oblique or sometimes nearly procumbent, hoary-pubescent ; leaves obovate-oblong,
obtuse or acute ; peduncles usually longer than the leaves ; bracts-ovate, acute ; calyx two-
thirds the length of the bracts , its sepals lanceolate-—Pursh, fl. 1. p. 143 ; Hook. exot. fl. 1.
t. 97, and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 77. C. tomentosa, Pursh, l.c. Convolvulus spithameus,

Linn. sp. 1. p.158; Ell. sk. 1. p. 251; Torr. fl. 1. p. 225. C.stans, Micha. fl. 1. p. 136;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 79.

Perennial. Stem 8 inches - 2 feet long, sparingly branched, never twining. Leaves
varying from acuminate to obtuse. Peduncles one or two from the lower part of the stem,
not often shorter than the leaves. Bracts completely covering the calyx. Corolla white,
nearly two inches long. Styles sometimes cleft one-third of the way down: stigmas oblong.

Dry woods and copses; not common. June. A somewhat variable species, especially as
to height ; but there can be little doubt that C. stans of Michaux is one of its forms,

Suzorper CUSCUTINEA. Link. Tue Dopper TRIBE.

Capsule opening all round, or bursting irregularly. Embryo spirally coiled
around mucilaginous albumen, without cotyledons.—Parasitical twining plants,
destitute of verdure, but furnished with little scales instead of leaves, usually
of a reddish or orange color. Flowers in small cymules, which are often
densely aggregated. All the species first spring from the ground, but soon
attach themselves to other plants, from whence they draw their nourishment
by means of numerous papillose roots, and thus become truly parasitic.

3. CUSCUTA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3816; Choisy in mem. soc. phys. et hist. nat. Genev.
9. (1841 — 2); Englemann in Sill. gourn. 43. (Oct. 1842), p. 335.* DODDER.
[ Etymology uncertain. ]

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla urceolate-campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Filaments often with scales
at the base. Styles 2, distinct or rarely united: stigmas filiform or (as in all the indigenous
North American species) capitate. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded ; one or more
of the seeds often abortive. — Habit that of the suborder.

* See Dr. Englemann’s elaborate and accurate monograph of the North American Cuscutinee, in the work here quoted,
The author had been anticipated in several of his species by Choisy, whose memoir appeared a short time earlier, so that
some changes in the nomenclature were required. ‘These were made in Dr, Englemann’s additional paper, in Sil. jour.
vol, 45, July 1843,

Cuscura. CONVOLVULACE. 99

1. Cuscura Gronovu, Choisy. Common Dodder.

Stem branched ; flowers pedunculate or more lax, generally 5-parted ; tube of the corolla
deeply campanulate, longer than the pellucid-punctate open (finally reflexed) lobes of the
roundish carinate obtuse and slightly crenulate calyx-segments ; scales convergent, fimbriate,
united at the base ; styles about as long as the ovary ; the remains of the corolla persistent at
the base of the oval capsule. — Choisy, l. c. t. 4. f. 3. C. vulgivaga, Englem. l. c. p. 338.
C. Americana, Linn. sp. 1. p. 124 (in part), and of most other authors ?

Stems filiform, orange-colored, closely twining about the stems of other plants, and partly
hanging loosely. Flowers sometimes rather loose, in small cymules or nearly solitary, but
more commonly much crowded. Calyx and corolla (particularly the latter) marked with
pretty conspicuous little roundish glands, which are filled with a terebinthine matter. Styles
erect, mostly unequal, elongated after flowering: stigmas capitate. Capsule ovoid; one or
two of the seeds often abortive.

Low grounds; very common. July - September.

2. Cuscuta umBrosa, Beyrich. Smooth-flowered Dodder.

Stem low, branching ; flowers 5-parted, somewhat pedunculate, at length in spikes ; tube
of the corolla campanulate, equal to the somewhat obtuse campanulate or spreading lobes, and
longer than the obtuse calycine segments ; stamens as long as the limb; scales pinnatifid-
laciniate, convergent, covering the ovary ; styles as long as the ovoid-globose ovary with the
stylopodium ; the remains of the corolla persistent at the base of the subglobose capsule. —
Engelm. l. c. p. 339 (under C. Saururt); Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 78.

Distinguished from the preceding by the more open campanulate corolla, which is destitute
of pellucid glands, and the form of its lobes as well as those of the calyx, which are more or
less orbicular in C. vulgivaga (Englem.).

Western part of the State (Dr. Gray; Dr. Englemann).

3. Cuscuta Epitinum, Weithe ? Flax-vine. Flax Dodder.

Heads of about five sessile flowers ; pentamerous styles included ; stigmas acute ; corolla
with a globose tube, scarcely longer than the spreading campanulate calyx ; lobes of the calyx
broad, acuminate. — Reich. ic. bot. t. 500, ex Hook. Brit. fl. p. 109% C. Europea, Torr.
fl. 1. p. 290 ; Beck, bot p. 250; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 167, not of Linn.

Stem orange-colored, slender, filiform. Flowers in small dense heads, closely sessile.
Calyx rather succulent ; the lobes with a short but distinct acumination. Corolla nearly
globose, pale yellow or rose-colored ; the lobes semiovate, obtuse or rather acute, somewhat
spongy at the extremity. Stamens nearly as long as the lobes of the corolla. Scales very
thin and transparent, oblong, crenate-laciniate. Styles diverging. Capsule globose-turbinate.
Seeds 2 — 4, margined when young, nearly globose, reddish brown, rough.

Cultivated fields, parasitic on flax and other plants. Near Schenectady, &c. (Dr. Beck).
I have not had an opportunity of comparing this plant with authentic specimens of C. Epilinum,
but it agrees very well with the description of that species as given in the books.

13*

100 SOLANACE. NIcoTiaNa.

Orper LXXVII. SOLANACE. Juss. Tue Nigursuape TRrise.

Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent, or the upper part rarely
falling off. Corolla regular or rarely a little irregular, mostly plaited in
estivation. Stamens 5 (rarely 4 or 6). Ovary 2-celled; the placente in the
axis: style single: stigma undivided or somewhat 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule
or berry. Seeds numerous. Embryo usually curved, in fleshy albumen.—
Herbs or shrubs, with a watery juice. Inflorescence various: pedicels without
bracts.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA,

* Fruit a capsule or dry berry.
1. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-campanulate, Corolla funnelform, with a slender tube and spreading limb. Capsule
2-valved ; the valves sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds minute.

2. Datura. Calyx tubular, mostly angular, deciduous, leaving an orbicular base. Corolla funnelform, Capsule 2-
celled, 4-valved; the cells divided into two by a spurious dissepiment.

3. Hyoscyamus. Corolla funnelform, oblique. Capsule opening by a lid.

4. Nicanpra. Corolla campanulate. Stamens curved, distant. Capsule or dry berry 3 —- 4-celled, covered by the
inflated calyx.
** Fruit a berry.

5. Puysauis. Corolla campanulate-rotate. Stamens connivent: anthers opening longitudinally. Berry covered by
the inflated calyx.

6. Souanum. Calyx 5- (rarely 10-) cleft. Corolla rotate, mostly 5-cleft, plaited. Anther-cells opening by a terminal
pore. Berry not covered by the calyx.

1. NICOTIANA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 3841. TOBACCO,

[ Named after John Nicol, ambassador from France to Portugal in 1560, who introduced the abominable weed into
Europe. ]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform or salverform ; the limb 5-lobed and
plaited. Stamens equal: anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-
celled, loculicidal ; the valves at length 2-cleft—Herbs or rarely undershrubs, often viscidly

pubescent, with entire leaves, and the flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

1. Nicotiana rustica, Linn. Wild Tobacco.

Stem terete ; leaves petiolate, ovate ; tube of the corolla cylindrical, longer than the calyx,
the lobes rounded. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 180; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 1382; Lehm. hist. Nicot. p. 13;
Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 25; Torr. fl. 1. p. 223; Beck, bot. p. 258.

Annual, viscidly pubescent. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, somewhat branching above. Leaves
3 - 8 inches long; the radical ones largest. Flowers in a terminal paniculate raceme ; the
pedicels bracteate. Calyx about one-third the length of the corolla; the lobes short and

NIcoriaNa. SOLANACE. 101

rounded. Corolla dull greenish yellow. Stamens included : filaments bearded at the base.
Capsule globose-ovoid.

Old fields in the western parts of the State and on Long Island. A naturalized plant in
a few localities, and doubtless introduced by ihe Indians. It contains the same poisonous
principle (mzcotine) that exists in common tobacco.

2. DATURA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3845. THORN-APPLE.

[According to Forskal, the name is an alteration of Tatérah, the Arabic appellation of the plant. In some parts of the
East Indies, it is called Daturo.]

Calyx tubular and usually prismatic, separating from the circular persistent base. Corolla
funnelform ; the limb large, spreading and plaited, 5-toothed. Capsule globose-ovoid,
usually prickly or muricate, 2-celled, 4-valved ; each cell (except the upper part) divided
into two by a false dissepiment extending from the placenta to the walls, so that the capsule
{except near the top) has four cells. — Mostly herbaceous plants (sometimes undershrubs
or even trees), with ovate often angularly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers in the
forks of the stem.

1. Datura Stramonium, Linn. Jamestown- or Jimson-weed. Stinkweed.

Leaves ovate, smooth, angularly toothed ; capsule spiny, erect. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 179;
Engl. bot. t. 1288; Pursh, fl. 1. p.141; Ell. sk. 1. p. 275; Bugel. med. bot. t.1, and fi.
Bost. p.79; Tully in Sill. jour. 6. p. 258; Torr. fl. 1. p. 232; Beck, bot. p. 259; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 133.

var. Latula: stem and flowers purple. Torr. l.c.; Beck, l.c. D. Tatula, Linn. ; Willd.
sp. 1. p. 1008; Pursh, l.c.; Ell.l.c.; Tully, Lac,

Annual. Stem 2-7 feet high, yellowish green (in the var. Tatula, dark purple), di-
chotomously branching, very smooth. Leaves 4-8 inches long and 3-5 inches wide,
alternate or sometimes in opposite pairs ; the base somewhat cordate. Flowers on pedicels
which are about half an inch long. Corolla about three inches long, white (bluish purple in
Tatula); the border with five acuminate teeth. Stamens included: anthers linear- oblong.
Style filiform: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, an inch and a half long, armed with sharp
spreading spines. Seeds numerous, black, somewhat kidney-form and rugose.

Waste grounds, road-sides, etc.; common. Introduced. July - September. This well
known plant is said to be of Abyssinian origin, but is now spread over most parts of the world.
It is a powerful narcotic, and has iong been employed medicinally. ‘The seeds (and in a less
degree the leaves) contain an active principle called daturia. An extract is kept in the shops,
which is used in various spasmodic and painful diseases, but it should be administered with
caution. Children are frequently poisoned by eating the seeds. (See Wood ¢§ Bache’s U.S.
Dispens. p 638.)

102 SOLANACES. Hyoscyamus.

3. HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3847. HENBANE.

[ From hys, hyos, a hog, and kyames, a bean; because hogs are said to feed on the fruit, which has some resemblance to
a bean.]

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, oblique ; the border 5-lobed. Stamens declined.
Capsule usually covered with the persistent calyx, opening by a lid. — Herbs of a rank
smell and often viscid, with toothed or angular leaves. Flowers axillary and solitary, or in

leafy spikes.

1. Hyoscyamus nicer, Linn. Common Henbane.

Leaves clasping, sinuate and angularly toothed ; flowers sessile ; corolla reticulate.—Linn.
sp. 1. p. 179; Engl. bot. t. 591; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 144; Bigel. med, bot. t. 17, and fl. Bost.
p. 81;. Torr. fl. 1. p. 224; Beck, bot. p. 259.

Annual or biennial. Whole plant viscid and hairy, of a glaucous hue and fetid. Stem
1 - 2 feet high, rigid. Lower leaves large, spreading on the ground, oblong, acute, with large
angular teeth ; upper ones mostly entire. Flowers in terminal recurved leafy spikes. Calyx
reticulate ; the segments short and acute, at length prickly. Corolla of a dull yellowish
color, reticulated with purple veins. Capsule covered with the persistent calyx, opening by
a terminal lid which separates all round.

Road-sides, and among rubbish : Westchester county, &c. Introduced from Europe. June
- July. A powerful narcotic ; the poisonous effects depending on an active principle called
hyoscyamine. Its operation is narcotic, anodyne and antispasmodic. An extract of the plant,
and the dried leaves, are kept in the shops.

4. NICANDRA. Adans.; Endl. gen. 3850. NICANDRA.
{ Named in honor of Nicander, a Greek physician who lived about a century and a half before Christ.]

Calyx 5-parted, prismatic ; the lobes sagittate. Corolla campanulate ; the limb plaited and
nearly entire. Stamens connivent : anthers opening longitudinally. Berry dry, covered by
the calyx, 3 — 4-celled—An annual herb, with sinuate angular leaves, and single-flowered

peduncles which are axillary and in the forks of the stem.

J. NicaANDRA PHYSALOIDES, Gert. NNicandra.

Gert. de fruct. 2. p. 237. t. 181; Pers. syn. 1. p. 219; Pursh, fl.1. p.158; Nutt.
gen. 1. p. 130; Beck, bot. p. 258. Atropa physaloides, Linn. ; ‘Jacq. obs. 4. t. 98.”

Stem 2 - 3 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves 2 - 4 inches long, ovate, petiolate,
more or less deeply toothed and. sinuate. Flowers on short peduncles, which mostly arise
from the forks of the stem. Calyx somewhat reticulate. Corolla about an inch in diameter,

pale blue ; the border spreading. Fruit a kind of dry berry.

NICANDRA. SOLANACEZ. 103

Road-sides, vacant lots, and about gardens ; almost naturalized in the neighborhood of
New-York and in some other places. Originally from Peru. July - September. The Indians
of Peru are said to have used this plant as a narcotic in several painful affections.

5. PHYSALIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3851. GROUND CHERRY. WINTER CHERRY.

[ From the Greek, physa, a bladder; in allusion to the inflated calyx.]

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally large and enclosing the fruit. Corolla campanulate-rotate ;
the limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed ; the tube very short, usually marked with five concave
spots at the base. Stamens 5, connivent: anthers opening longitudinally. Berry 2-celled.
— Mosily herbaceous but sometimes shrubby plants, with the leaves alternate or in pairs,

and solitary, gemmate, or rarely fascicled lateral flowers.

]. Puysauis viscosa, Linn. Ground Cherry.

Herbaceous, pubescent and more or less viscid; stem dichotomously branched, at first
erect, then spreading ; leaves solitary or in pairs, varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate-
ovate, cordate or acute at the base, repand-dentate or sometimes nearly entire ; flowers solitary,
axillary, pendulous ; calyx cleft to the middle, closed in fruit ; corolla with 5 brownish spots
at the base. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 183; Art. in Eaton’s man. ed.'7. p. 436; Beck, bot. p. 258;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 138. P. obscura, Michx. fl. 1. p. 149; Pursh, fl.1.‘p.157; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 233; Nees, mon. Phys. in Linnea, 6, p. 457. PP. heterophylla, Nees, l.c. P.
Pennsylvanica, Linn. sp. (ed. 2. app.) p. 1670.

Root perennial. Stem seldom rising more than a few inches from the ground, but usually
spreading in a circular manner. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 2-3 inches wide, acute,
acuminate or sometimes obtuse, coarsely toothed or with the margin only waved, often very
unequal at the base: petioles 1 — 2 inches long, often with small leaves in the axils. Flowers
on short pedicels, extra-axillary. Calyx campanulate, hairy, 5-angled, veiny, finally large,
membranaceous, and loosely enclosing the fruit; the segments ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, dull greenish yellow, with five oblong
pale brownish spots in the throat; the limb obscurely 5-toothed. Filaments flattened : anthers
oblong, blue. Berry completely enclosed in the very large inflated and membranaceous calyx,
globose, viscid, yellowish or orange when mature, and of an acid taste.

Fields, borders of woods and hill-sides ; rather common. July — August. All the specimens
of Physalis that I have collected in the State, or received from my botanical friends from
within our limits, must clearly be referred to one species. I cannot see that P. heterophylla,
Ness, differs in any important respects from P. viscosa.

104 SOLANACEZ. SoLaNuUM.

6. SOLANUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3855. NIGHTSHADE.
[ Etymology uncertain. ]

Calyx 5 - 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate ; the limb plaited,
5 — 10-cleft. Stamens 5: filaments very short: anthers large, connivent, opening by two
terminal pores. Berry 2 —- 6-celled. — Herbs or undershrubs, and in hot countries shrubs
or even trees, often prickly. Leaves solitary or in pairs, entire or variously divided.
Inflorescence various. — Many of the species are more or less poisonous, and contain an
active principle called solanine.

1. Sonanum Dutcamara, Linn. Bittersweet. Wood Nightshade.

Stem shrubby, flexuous, climbing, unarmed ; leaves ovate-cordate, the upper ones hastate ;
flowers in lateral cymes. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 185; Engl. bot. t. 565; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 156 ;
Bigel. med. bot. t. 18, and fl. Bost. p. 84; Torr. fl. 1. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 257; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 136.

Stem 6 — 8 feet long, smooth or a little pubescent. Lower leaves entire ; the upper ones
either hastate, or with two ear-like lobes at the base. Flowers in small cymes, which are
opposite the leaves. Calyx with short acute teeth. Corolla purple. Anthers connivent in a
pyramidal form. Berries oval, bright scarlet.

Moist hedges and banks. June - August. Introduced. This plant once had reputation
as a remedy for rheumatism and scurvy, but is now seldom used. The root, when chewed,
is first bitter, then sweetish ; hence the common English name.

2. SoLanum nigrum, Linn. Common Nightshade.

Herbaceous, unarmed; stem angular, rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, repand - toothed
and waved ; flowers somewhat umbelled, drooping.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 186; Engl. bot. t. 566 ;
Dunal, Solan. p. 140; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 156; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 84. S. nigrum, var. Vir-
ginianum, Linn. l.c.; Torr. fl. 1. p. 234; Beck, bot. p. 257; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 136.
S.alatum, Mench, meth. p. 474, ex Pers. 8S. pterocaule, Dunal, Solan. p. 153, ex Rem.
§- Schult. syst. 4. p. 588.

Annual. Stem 1 - 2 feet high, much branched and often spreading ; the angles sometimes
slightly winged. Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and 1 —- 2 inches wide, varying from nearly entire
to coarsely repand-toothed, abruptly narrowed at the base. Umbels few-flowered. Teeth of
the calyx ovate, acutish. Corolla white, small; the segments oblong-lanceolate, spreading or
reflexed. Berries globose, black when mature.

Old fields, waste places, and about houses; common. Introduced from Europe. July —

August. This is a poisonous species. It differs in no important characters from the European
plant.

SoLanumM. SOLANACE. 105

3. Sotanum Caro.inianum, Linn. Horse-nettle.

Herbaceous, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, often somewhat hastate, sinuate-angular,
densely stellate-pubescent ; racemes simple, loose.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 187; Miche. fl. 1. p. 150;
Dunal, Solan. p. 227; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 156; Ell. sk. 1. p. 282; Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 23 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 235; Beck, bot. p. 257; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 138.

Perennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, firm and somewhat woody, armed with sharp
spreading prickles. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long, prickly along the midrib and larger veins on
both sides : petioles about an inch long. Racemes lateral, few-flowered, opposite the leaves,
and often exceeding them in length; the pedicels about half an inch long. Calyx prickly ;
the segments acuminate. Corolla large, bluish white ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Berries globose, orange-yellow.

Fields on Long Island, near Newtown (Mr. Cooley); Rye, Westchester county (Dr. Mead).
Fl. Latter part of June - July. In some places this plant is a pernicious weed, and is very
difficult to eradicate.

+ Atropa Belladonna has been found by Dr. Bradley in Parma, Monroe county ; but it had probably escaped from some
garden,

Orver LXXVIII. GENTIANACE. Juss. Tue Gentian TRIBE.

Calyx consisting usually of 4 or 5 (rarely 6 — 8) more or less united sepals.
Corolla mostly funnelform or salverform, twisted in estivation (or rarely
induplicate) ; its lobes equal in number to the sepals. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted
in the tube of the corolla. Ovary one-celled, but sometimes imperfectly or
almost completely 2-celled; the two parietal placentse being more or less
introflexed, with numerous ovules: styles united or wanting : stigmas 2-lobed.
Capsule many-seeded. Seeds small; the embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy
albumen. — Herbs, usually bitter, with a watery juice, and almost always
(except in Menyanrne#) opposite and entire leaves. Flowers showy.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

§1. True GEnTIANACEaR. stivation of the corolla twisted.
1, GentTiAna, Corolla tubular or funnelform, 4 -5-cleft, without fringed glandular pits inside; the orifice naked.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
2. Frasers. Corolla mostly 4- (sometimes 5-) cleft, rotate; the segments with glandular fringed pits in the middle,
Style short, with two stigmas, Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved,
3, Havenia. Corolla campanulate-rotate, 4-cleft; the segments spurred and glanduliferous at the base. Stigmas 2.
nearly sessile. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.

[FLora — Vol 2.] 14

106 GENTIANACES. GENTIANA.

4, Erytor@a. Corolla tubular-funnelform ; the limb short, 5- (or sometimes 4-) cleft. Anthers at length spirally
twisted, opening longitudinally. Style straight: stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule oblong-linear, 1-celled or partly
2-celled,

5. Barronia. Flowers 4-parted; the segments erect. Corolla funnelform, Anthers not twisted after flowering.
Stigma thick, glandular, sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved.

6. Sappatia. Flowers 5 - 12-parted. Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, linear, finally spiral. Capsule 1-celled,
2-valved.

§ 2. MenyanTHER. istivation of the corolla induplicate.

7. Menyantues. Corolla funnelform, 5-parted; the segments bearded inside. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves
ternately divided.

8. LimnanruEemuMm. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5-parted; the segments not bearded. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved or
valveless. Leaves cordate.

§ 1. GENTIANACE® proper. Mstivation of the corolla twisted.

1. GENTIANA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3528; Griseb. Gent. p. 210. GENTIAN.
[ Named from Gentius, a king of Illyria, who is said to have brought the ordinary medicinal species into use. ]
Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnelform or somewhat salver-shaped ; the
limb 4 — 5-cleft, often with intermediate teeth or secondary lobes (plice), without nectari-
ferous glands. Filaments equal at the base. Styles 2, sometimes combined into one.
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, sessile or stipitate ; the stipe often elongated, and in some
species nearly or quite exserted from the withered corolla.— Perennial or biennial herbs of

various habit.

* Cyane, Ren, Corolla somewhat tubular ; the intermediate lobes or plice usually large: no glands at the base of the
jilaments : stigmas distinct, revolute: capsule stipitate: seeds often winged,

1. Gentiana Saponaria, Linn. (Plate LXXXI.) Soap Gentian.

Stem ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate and obovate, rough on the margin; flowers
aggregated, somewhat sessile, bracteate ; lobes of the calyx about as long as the tube ; corolla
clavate , the lobes ovate, obtuse, twice as long as the (cleft) plice ; anthers connate ; seeds
narrowly winged. Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 55, and Gent. p. 286. 8? linearis :
leaves linear-lanceolate ; the anthers at length distinct. Griseb. 1. c. G. linearis, Freel. mon.
Gent. p. 37 (ex Griseb.); Pursh, fl. 1. p. 186. G. Pneumonanthe, Miche. fl. 1. p. 176 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p.105; Torr. fl. 1. p. 287; Beck, bot. p. 239, not of Linn. G. Pseudo-
pneumonanthe, Ram. g- Schult. syst. 6. p. 146.

Root perennial. Stem terete, slender, simple, very smooth. Leaves 2-3 inches long,
linear-lanceolate or almost linear, tapering to a point, slightly rough on the margin, the rest
very smooth. Flowers 3 — 5 in a terminal fascicle, and one or more in the axils of the next
pair of leaves below. Segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, smooth on the margin. Corolla
tubular-campanulate, about an inch and a quarter long, bright purplish blue ; the orifice open ;
the lobes ovate : intermediate teeth or plaits scarcely one-third the length of the lobes, mostly
entire, but sometimes unequally 2-cleft or notched. Anthers at first cohering, but finally
distinct. Ovary oblong: styles short, distinct : stigmas revolute. Capsule stipitate. Seeds
oblong, with a narrow wing all round.

GENTIANA. GENTIANACE. 107

Valleys of the Adirondack mountains, Essex county. J. Early in August. I have fol-
lowed Hooker and Grisebach in referring this plant to G. Saponaria of Linneus, though I
still think it scarcely distinct from G. Pneumonanthe. I have never met with the broad-leaved
forms described by these learned botanists.

2. Gentrana AnpReEwsu, G'riseb. Andrews’s Gentian.

Stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin; flowers ag-
gregated, nearly sessile, bracteate ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube, ciliolate-rough ;
corolla clavate, with the orifice connivent, the plicee somewhat 2-lobed and cut, larger than the
nearly obliterated lobes of the corolla; anthers connate ; seeds broadly winged. Griseb. 1. c.
G. Saponaria, Freel. Gent. p. 32, ex Griseb. Gent. p. 287; Bart. fl. N. Am. t.'79; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 286; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 105; Beck, bot. p. 239; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 165.

Root biennial? Stem 12-18 inches high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves about three
inches long and an inch or more in breadth, 3-nerved, very smooth except on the margin,
which is a little rough. Flowers crowded in a terminal fascicle or head, with one or two in
axils of the upper pairs of leaves. Segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, about half the
length of the tube, minutely ciliate. Corolla about an inch and a half long, tubular-ventricose,
nearly closed at the orifice, bright blue, sometimes pale ; the primary lobes very short or
almost wanting, and the secondary ones or inner folds broad, semiovate. Anthers sagittate.
Stigmas oblong-lanceolate, at length diverging or recurved. Capsule stipitate. Seeds oblong,
with a distinct broad thick opake wing, which is obtuse at one end and rather acute at the
other.

Low grounds and moist woods ; frequent. September - October. The expanded corolla,
represented in our plate 80, fig. 3, was incorrectly drawn with the primary lobes laciniate.
They are sometimes, particularly in withered flowers, slightly 1- or 2-toothed. The secondary
lobes or plice can easily be distinguished by their being opposite the stamens, whereas the
primary ones alternate with them.

3. GENTIANA OCHROLEUCA, Frei. Ochroleucous G'zntian.

Stem ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate and obovate, rough on the margin ; flowers
aggregated, sessile, bracteate ; lobes of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube; corolla
(ochroleucous) with the lobes acute ; intermediate plice entire, acute, very short; anthers
distinct ; seeds not winged. Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 56, and Gent. p. 288; Freel.
Gent. p. 35; Bot. mag. t. 1531; Pursh, fl. 1. p.185; Ell. sk.1. p.340; Torr. fl. 1. p. 286;
Beck, bot. p. 239 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 165. G. Saponaria, Micha. fl. 1. p. 176 (ex Griseb.).

Leaves most frequently obovate, but often broadest at the base, or cordate-lanceolate.
Corolla variable (G'riseb.).

On Long Island (Dr. Eddy); Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). I have no specimens of this
species from within our limits, and suspect that what has been taken for it is one of the forms

of G. Andrewsit.
14*

108 GENTIANACE. GENTIANA.

+* ArcTOPHILA, Griseb. Corolla funnelform, without plice: no glands at the base of the filaments: stigmas distinct,
revolute: capsule sessile; seeds globose, not winged.

4. GENTIANA QUINQUEFLORA, Lam. Fwe-flowered Gentian.

Stem quadrangular, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, 5-nerved ;
flowers pedicellate, in a rather loose terminal fascicle, and axillary; calyx about one-third the
length of the corolla, the segments subulate and twice as long as the tube; corolla tubular-
funnelform, 5-cleft, without plice , the lobes triangular and very setaceously acuminate. —
Lam, enc. 2. p. 643; Ell. sk. 1. p. 341; Torr. fl. 1. p. 288; Beck, bot. p..239; Bot. mag.
t. 83496; Grah. in Edinb. new ph. jour. Jan. 1836 ; Griseb. l. c. p. 63, G Gent. p. 251. G.
quinquefolia, Linn. sp. 1. p. 230. G. amarelloides, Micha. fl. 1. p.175; Pursh, fl.1. p. 186.

Root perennial? Stem about a foot high, often branching from the base, with prominent
angles. Fascicles 3 — 5-flowered. Pedicels 4-6 lines long. Corolla nearly three-fourths
of an inch long, pale blue, slightly ventricose, smooth. Stamens two-thirds as long as the
corolla: anthers oblong. Stigmas 2, oblong, finally recurved. Capsule stipitate. Seeds
roundish, not winged. Z

Woods and borders of rivers; north and west of Hudson; rare. September — October.

*+* CRASSOPETALUM, Freel. Corolla fimbriate on the margin, without pice, with 4-5 glands near the base: stigmas
broadly orbicular, distinct : capsule stipitate, or attenuate at the base: sceds scaly-hispid.

5. GENTIANA DETONSA, Lrivs. (Plate LXAXXITL.) Smaller Fringed Gentian.

Stem strict ; peduncles elongated, naked ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, narrow at the
base ; corolla 4- (rarely 5-) lobed, the lobes without intermediate plice, oblong, rounded,
ciliate on the sides, toothed at the summit; stigmas orbicular ; seeds scaly-hispid.— Friis in
act. Hafn. 10. p. 436. t. 1. f. 3, ex Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 64, g- Gent. p. 256.
6. barbata: stem-leaves with a very long acumination, the radical ones spatulate ; corolla
larger. Griseb. l.c. G. barbata, Freel. Gent. p. 114; Sims, bot. mag. t. 639. G. ciliata,
Pall. Ross. 2. t. 92. f. 2 (all from Griseb.).

Root annual or biennial. Stem simple or somewhat branched, 8 - 12 inches or more high,
mostly simple and 1 — 3-flowered. Leaves 1 — 2} inches long and 2 — 3 lines wide. Peduncles
elongated, angular. Segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, with a long acumination, rough
on the midrib, less than half the length of the calyx. Corolla with the limb bright blue ; the
tube yellowish and white : lobes ciliate, but considerably less so than in G. crinita. Capsule
attenuated at the base. Seeds hispid with little brown scales.

On wet limestone rocks, Goat Island, Niagara Falls (Dr. Barratt); at the same place, and
near Irondequoit Mills (Dr. Knieskern). September. This species grows in various parts
of British America; and J have received from Mr. Lapham, beautiful specimens which he
collected in Wisconsin. Allied to the following species, but readily distinguished by the
narrow leaves, and the smaller and much less fringed corolla.

GENTIANA. GENTIANACE. 109

6. GentTiana crinita, Frei. Large Fringed Gentian.

Stem branching, leafy ; the branches elongated, naked above, one-flowered ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, upper ones acute, the radical and
lower obovate, obtuse ; flowers tetramerous ; lobes of the corolla without intermediate plice,
cuneate -obovate, conspicuously ciliate, particularly on the sides ; stigmas roundish-ovate ;
seeds scaly-hispid. — Fral. Gent. p.112; Bot. mag. t. 2031; Pursh, fl. 1. p.185; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 341; Bigel. fi. Bost. p..105; Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 80; Torr. fl. 1. p. 288; Beck,
bot. p. 240; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 166; Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 65, and Gent.
p. 256. G. fimbriata, Bot. rep. t. 509.

Biennial or annual. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect, terete below, somewhat 4-angled above,
branching at the summit. Radical leaves clustered, less than an inch long, obovate, and
narrowed at the base: upper leaves about two inches long and 6 — 8 lines wide, obscurely
nerved. Peduncles 2 — 5 inches long, quadrangular. Calyx smooth, acutely 4-angled ; the
angles winged : inner segments lanceolate ; outer ones ovate, with a long tapering point ; the
midrib slightly rough. Corolla bright blue, about two inches long, beautifully fringed at the
top and upper part of the sides. Anthers linear-oblong. Capsule tapering to a short stipe at
the base. Seeds hispid with brown scales.

Woods, low grounds, etc.; frequent. September - October. A very beautiful plant, but
a biennial or annual, and not easily raised from seed. It has, however, been cultivated in

England.

2. FRASERA. Wait. fl. Car. p. 87; Endl. gen. 3534; Griseb. Gent. p. 328. FRASERA.

{ In honor of Joun Fraser, an indefatigable collector of North American plants. ]

Flowers tetramerous. Corolla rotate, deciduous, deeply 4-parted, with one or two fringed
glands on each lobe. Styles united: stigmas 2. Capsule 1-celled, compressed. Seeds
few, large, winged, attached to the sutures of the valves. — Leaves opposite and whorled.
Flowers in a terminal leafy panicle formed of numerous pedunculate cymules, and axillary

in the upper part of the stem.

1. Frasera Carouinensis, Walt. American Columbo.

Stem smooth; leaves opposite and whorled ; panicle elongated ; calyx nearly as long as
the corolla ; glands oval-orbicular, one on each lobe of the corolla. — Walt. fl. Car. p. 87;
Pers. syn.1. p.187; Torr. fl. 1. p. 187; Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 66, and
Gent. p. 329. F. Walteri, Micha. fl. 1. p.67; Pursh, fl.1. p.101; Ell. sk. 1. p. 205;
Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 35; Beck, bot. p. 241. F. verticillata, MuAl. cat. p. 17.

Root biennial. Stem 3 - 5 feet high, erect, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ;

110 GENTIANACE. FRASERA.

lower ones a foot long and 2-3 inches wide; the upper gradually smaller. Flowers nu-
merous, forming a long pyramidal leafy compound panicle. Pedicels from half an inch to
an inch in length. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the segments linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla,
when expanded, about an inch in diameter, greenish yellow speckled with purple, deeply 4-
parted ; the segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with a large oval beautifully fringed gland
in the centre of each. Stamens shorter than the corolla: anthers large, oblong, yellow.
Ovary sessile, attenuated above into a short style: stigma of two oblong finally spreading
lobes. Capsule about three-fourths of an inch long, oval, much compressed. Seeds about
six, one-fourth of an inch long, flattened, with a narrow winged border. Embryo minute, at
the extremity of fleshy albumen: cotyledons oval: radicle short and thick.

On West-Canada creek (Prof. J. Hadley); Moscow, Livingston county (Dr. Bradley).
Borders of lakes, New-York (Pursh). July. The root of this plant is esteemed a good bitter
tonic. It is administered both in the form of powder and infusion. (See Wood g- Bache’s
U. S. Dispens. p. 214.)

3. HALENIA. Borkh. in Rem. arch. 1. p. 22, ex Endl. gen. 3535. HALENIA.
[ Etymology uncertain. ]

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft ; the segments with a glanduliferous spur at
the base. Stigma 2-lobed, nearly sessile. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-
(or few-) seeded ; the seeds fixed to the sutures.— Herbs, with the flowers in terminal and

axillary pedunculate cymuies, which are more or less paniculate.

1. Haventa pEFLexa, Griseb. Deflexed Halenia.

Stem erect, leafy ; leaves 3 - 5-nerved ; radical ones oblong-spatulate, the base attenuated
into a petiole as long as the lamina ; those of the stem oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly sessile ;
spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the length of the corolla. Griseb. in
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 67. t. 153, & Gent. p. 324. Swertia deflexa, Sm. in Rees’s cycl. ;
Gold. in Edinb. phil. mag. 6. p. 321; Torr. fl. 1. p. 186; Beck, bot. p. 240. S. corniculata,
Micha. fl. 1. p. 97; Pursh, fl. 1. p.100. S. Michauxiana, Rem. §- Schult. syst. 6. p. 130.
S. Americana, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 861.

Biennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, 4-angled, simple or somewhat branched above.
Leaves about an inch long. Flowers in terminal cymules; the pedicels 3 - 8 lines long.
Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Corolla blue; the segments ovate, acuminate : horns
descending and curved outwards. Stamens half as long as the corolla: anthers small, oval.
Capsule elliptical, acute. Seeds oblong-cylindrical.

Borders of small lakes in the northern part of the State (Prof. Hadley). Very near H.
Sibirica.

ERryTHREA. GENTIANACE. 111

4. ERYTHRAA. Reneaulme, ex Endl. gen. 3543 ; Griseb. Gent. p. 136. CENTAURY.

[ From the Greek, erythros, red, which is the prevailing color of the flower in this genus, ]

Calyx tubular, carinate-angular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, withering: limb short, 5-cleft.
Anthers at length spirally twisted. Style erect: stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule linear,
partly 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very small. — Mostly small annuals, with dichotomously

branching stems, and flowers in corymbose or fasciculate panicles.

1. Erytura#a Centaurium, Pers. Common Centaury.

Leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers nearly or quite sessile, fasciculate-cymose ; calyx rather
more than half as long as the tube of the corolla.— Pers. syn. 1. p. 283; Beck, bot. p. 242;
Hook. Brit. fl. (ed. 4.) p. 96; Griseb. Gent. p.140. KE. Pickeringii, Oakes in Hovey’s hort.
mag. May, 1841? Gentiana Centaurium, Linn. ; Engl. bot. t.417. Chironia Centaurium,
Willd. sp. 1. p. 1067.

Annual. Stem 4 —- 10 inches high, either nearly simple or branching corymbosely (often
from the root upward), prominently 4-angled. Leaves in remote or approximate pairs, from
half an inch to an inch or more in length and 3 — 5 lines wide, rather obtuse, 3-nerved.
Inflorescence rather open; the cymes aggregated, and forming a sort of corymb. Calyx with
five prominent angles ; the segments subulate. Corolla about half an inch long; the tube a
little contracted above the ovary : limb bright rose-color ; the segments oblong, obtuse, erect-
spreading. Stamens exserted : anthers linear-oblong. Style distinct, straight, slightly 2-cleft
at the summit: stigmas large, roundish. Capsule somewhat compressed, rather acute ; the
margins of the valves inflexed nearly to the centre. Seeds very numerous and minute,
roundish, reticulate-pitted.

Fields near the old French Fort, Oswego (Dr. Avkin) ; Putnam county. August.

2. Eryrur@#a Muutenserau, Giriseb. Muhlenberg’s Centaury.

Stem simple or branching ; leaves ovate-oblong, rather obtuse ; flowers in loose cymes, the
dichotomal ones pedicellate ; calyx (after flowering) about two-thirds the length of the corolla.
—Griseb. Gent. p. 146. E. pulchella, Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 126.

Annual. Stem 2-6 inches high, slender, sharply 4-angled. Leaves 4-6 lines long,
3-nerved. Cymes open and rather naked. Flowers about half as large as in the preceding
species ; the limb bright purple, rarely 4-parted ; the lobes erect. Capsule with the valves
introflexed half way to the centre.

Wet meadows, Flushing, Long Island. July. A var. of the preceding’

112 GENTIANACE. BarTonia.

5. BARTONIA. Muhl. ex Willd. in neue schrift. ges. nat. fr. Berol. 3. p. 444 (1801);
Torr. fl. 1. p. 85, not of Pursh. BARTONIA,

CENTAURELLA, Miche, CeENTAvuRIUM, Pers, ANDREWSIA, Spreng.

[ In honor of Bens, F. Barron, professor of botany in Philadelphia ]

Calyx deeply 4-parted, appressed. Corolla somewhat campanulate, withering ; the tube
short: limb 4-parted, with nearly erect lobes. Style short: stigma 2-lobed ; the lobes
decurrent on the style. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, minute. — Small

slender annual plants, with minute scale-like leaves and terminal flowers.

1. Bartonia TENELLA, Muh. _ Late-flowered Bartonia.

Stem paniculately branched, strict, many-flowered ; peduncles opposite ; style much shorter
than the ovary. — Muhl.l.c.; Pers. syn. 1. p.141; Torr. fl.1, p. 185. B. paniculata,
Muhl. cat. p. 15; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.111. Saguia Virginica, Linn. sp. 1. p. 128; Willd.
sp. 1. p.'719. Centaurella paniculata, Micha. fl. 1. p. 98. t. 12. f.1; Ell. sk. 1. p. 204;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p.52; Beck, bot. p. 243. C. autumnalis, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 110; Griseb.
Gent. p. 308. Centaurium autumnale, Pers. l. c. p. 137. Andrewsia paniculata, Spreng.
anleit. kenn. gew. p. 474, ex Bart. fl. Phil. 1. p. 89; fl. N. Am. t. 53. f. 2.

Stem slender and wiry, ,4-angled, 3 - 10 inches or more in height, of a yellowish-green
color, often twisted. Leaves subulate, rigid, scarcely an eighth of an inch long, closely
appressed, opposite or nearly so. Flowers mostly opposite and terminating the branches ;
the pedicels 2 — 3 lines long. Calyx about two-thirds the length of the corolla ; the segments
linear-lanceolate. Corolla pale greenish yellow, less than 2 lines long ; the segments oblong,
rather acute or obtuse. Stamens included. Ovary 4-sided: style covered on two opposite
sides with the decurrent lobes of the stigma. Seeds extremely numerous.

Sterile moist grounds, and in dry swamps. August-September. ‘The original name of
this plant is employed, because it is the oldest; and besides, the Barronia of Pursh and
Nuttall is now merged in Menrzetta. (See Torr. g- Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 532.)

6. SABBATIA. Adans. fam. fl. 2. p. 503; Endl. gen. 3546. AMERICAN CENTAURY.

[ Named after Liperatus Sappati, an Italian botanist of the last century. ]

Calyx deeply 5- (rarely 8 - 12-) parted; the segments narrow. Corolla somewhat rotate,
5- (or 8 — 12-) parted. Stamens 5-12: anthers at length revolute. Ovary one-celled :
style short: stigmas linear, spirally twisted after flowering. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ;
the sutures introflexed, bearing the 2-lobed placenta. Seeds very numerous. — Smooth
herbs, with corymbose flowers.

SABBATIA. GENTIANACEZ. 113

1. SaBBATIA STELLARIS, Pursh. Salt-marsh Centaury.

Stem somewhat angular, sparingly and dichotomously branched ; the branches elongated,
one-flowered ; leaves lanceolate and obovate-lanceolate, rather acute ; segments of the calyx
linear-subulate, about half as long as the obovate segments of the corolla. — Pursh, jl. 1.
p.187; Torr. fl. 1. p. 217; Beck, bot. p. 241; Giriseb. Gent. p.122. 8S. gracilis, Eid.
sk. 1. p. 284. Chironia stellata, Muhl. cat. p. 231

Biennial. Stem usually about a foot high, often branching from near the root, marked with
prominent lines which descend from the bases of the leaves. Lower leaves obovate-spatulate,
narrowed into a short petiole at the base : upper leaves about an inch long, varying from
narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers at the extremity of the long branches, forming
a loose corymb. Tube of the calyx turbinate ; the segments sometimes two-thirds as long as
the corolla, narrow and very acute. Corolla bright rose-color, with a yellow star in the centre,
surrounded with a deep red border. Anthers linear ; the cells opening longitudinally. Style
elongated after flowering : stigmas very long, at first erect, finally twisted.

Brackish marshes in the neighborhood of New-York and on Long Island. Fi, August -
September. On the borders of sandy swamps, this species is sometimes only from one to
three inches high, and the stem one-flowered.

2. SappaTia ancuLaRis, Pursh. (Pl. LXXXIIT.) American Centaury.

Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged ; leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles elongated,
corymbed ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, much shorter than the obovate-elliptical lobes of
the corolla , the tube 5-angled.— Pursh, fl. 1. p. 187; Ell. sk. 1. p. 285; Torr. fl. 1. p. 218;
Beck, bot. p. 241; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 125; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.'70; Griseb. Gent.
p. 124. Chironia angularis, Linn. sp. 1. p.190; Walt. fl. Car. p.95; Miche. fl. 1. p. 146.

Biennial. Stem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves about
an inch long, closely embracing the stem and slightly connate at the base, acute or obtuse,
indistinctly 5-nerved. Calyx usually less than half the length of the corolla; the segments
somewhat carinate, acute. Corolla rose-colored, with a yellowish-green 5-rayed star in the
centre. Capsule oblong-ovoid, obtuse, mucronate. Seeds very numerous.

Old fields, copses, etc.; frequent in the southern part of the State, but not found in the
interior. 7. July - August. This plant, like most others of the order, is very bitter, and
is used in domestic practice as a tonic. (See Wood g- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 565.)

3. SappaTia cuLoroiwes, Pursh. (Pl. LXXXIV.) Large-flowered Sabbatia.

Stem somewhat angular, with few one-flowered elongated branches ; leaves lanceolate,
erect; flowers 7 — 12-parted ; segments of the calyx linear, less than half the length of the
[FLora — Vol, 2.] 15

114 GENTIANACE. SABBATIA.

elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 138; Ell. sk. 1. p. 286; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 218; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.76; Beck, bot. p. 242; Griseb. Gent. p. 124. Chlora
dodecandra, Linn. sp. 1. p. 190. Chironia chloroides, Micha. fl. 1. p. 147.

Biennial. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, sometimes simp'e and one-flowered, but usually more or
less branched and bearing from 3 to 10 flowers. Radical leaves obovate-spatulate : upper
ones lanceolate, 1 — 2 inches long, acute or obtuse. Flowers often two inches in diameter.
Corolla bright rose-color ; the segments rather acute or obtuse.

Brackish bog meadows on the Island of New-York, and on Long Island. August. A very
showy plant.

§ 2. MenvantTHE®, Endl. istivation of the corolla induplicate.

7, MENYANTHES. JLinn.; Endl. gen. 3564; Griseb. Gent. p. 340. BUCKBEAN.

[So named from the Greek, mene, a month, and anthos, a flower ; in allusion to its emmenagogue virtues. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform, 5-cleft; the border spreading, 5-lobed, hairy inside.
Style filiform : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled: placente in the middle of the
valves (loculicidal)—An herbaceous plant, growing in swamps, with a creeping rhizoma,

ternately divided leaves, and the flowers in a simple raceme.

1. MenyanTues TRIFOLIATA, Linn. Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil.

Linn. sp. 1. p. 145; Engl. bot. t. 495 ; Miche. fl. 1. p.125; Pursh, fl.1. p.139; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 77, and med. bot. t.46; Torr. fl. 1. p. 214; Beck, bot. p. 244; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p.'10; Greseb. 1: c.

Perennial. Rhizoma thick, creeping horizontally to a considerable distance, marked at
intervals with scars left by the former petioles. Leaves on long petioles, which are sheathing
at the base: leaflets obovate, obscurely toothed or nearly entire. Peduncles scape-like,
ascending, longer than the leaves. Raceme 10 — 15-flowered ; the pedicels thick, straight ;
lower ones about half an inch long. Calyx much shorter than the corolla; the segments
oblong, obtuse. Corolla white tinged with red, beautifully bearded with white hairs on the
inside. Stamens scarcely half the length of the corolla: anthers oblong-sagittate. Style
exserted, persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid. Seeds numerous, minute, rough.

Swamps and margins of ponds ; not common. May. A popular as well as officinal medicine.
It is tonic, diuretic or purgative, according to the dose ; and has been employed in intermit-
tents, chronic rheumatism, etc.

LIMNANTHEMUM. GENTIANACE. 115

8. LIMNANTHEMUM. S. P. Gel. in act. acad. Petrop. 15. p. 567. t. 17. f. 2 (1769),
ex Endl. ; Griseb. Gent. p. 341.

Vitiarsia, Vent., R. Br., Endl. Vitvarsia & Limnanruemum, Grieseb.

[ From the Greek, limnos, a marsh, and anthemon, a flower ; in allusion to its place of growth.]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5-parted ; the lobes bearded or scaly at the base ;
the upper part usually smooth. Stamens 5, alternating with five glands which are inserted
in the throat of the corolla. Ovary roundish ; the sutures not introflexed : ovules rather
numerous or few. Style single or none: stigma small, 2-lobed. Capsule one-celled, 2-
valved, or obscurely valved and opening (regularly or irregularly) only in decay. Seeds
rather numerous or few —Floating or marsh plants, with simple, often cordate or somewhat
peltate leaves. Flowers in fasciculate umbels, either produced from the upper part of the

petiole near the leaf, or forming a terminal panicle, yellow or rarely white.

1. LimnanTHEMUM LacuNnosum, G'riseb. Floating Heart.

Floating ; leaves reniform-cordate, smoothish above, spongy-rough underneath, deeply
cloven at the base; flowers (white) fasciculate, produced from the petiole near the leaf ;
glands of the corolla stipitate ; style none; capsule scarcely as long as the calyx; seeds
muricate.—Griseb. in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 71, and Gent. p. 347. Villarsia lacunosa,
Vent. choix, p.9?; Torr. fl. 1. p. 214; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.'78, excl. syn.?; Graham in
Edinb. new phil. jour. Oct. 1828. V. cordata, Ell. sk. 1. p. 215.

Stem prostrate and rooting in mud at the bottom of the water, about as thick as a goose-
quill. Leaves about an inch long, rather fleshy, exactly cordate or somewhat reniform ; the
sinus at the base either narrow or open, very entire or obscurely crenate: lobes somewhat
acute, bright green above, and variegated with white spots ; the lower either pale or purplish,
roughened with minute spongy granulations : petiole elongated according to the depth of the
water, bearing about half an inch below the leaf a cluster of unequal one-flowered peduncles,
and (usually) a number of slender conical (often elongated) root-like tubers which are capable
of producing new plants. One or more of the flowers rise above the surface at a time, and
fade in a day or two; then ripen their fruit under water. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the segments
ovate-lanceolate, rather acute. Corolla pure white, about one-third of an inch in diameter ;
the segments obovate, slightly emarginate, undulate on the margin ; the central part pubescent
in lines near the extremity: throat yellow. Stamens less than half the length of the corolla,
and inserted into its tube: anthers oblong: glands alternating with the stamens, and inserted
lower down, yellow, hairy. Ovary ovoid, a little compressed, surrounded at the base with a
5-lobed glandular disk : stigma small, 2-lobed. Capsule covered with the connivent calyx-
lobes, ovoid: placente 2 (rarely 3), each bearing 6 — 10 roundish compressed rough seeds.

Ponds and lakes ; frequent. July - August. The germination of this plant is very re-

15”

116 GENTIANACES. LIMNANTHEMUM.

markable, and a full account of it is given by Grisebach in the Annals of Natural History,
for March, 1838. One of the cotyledons remains in the seed, and is connected with the radicle
by a short petiole ; the other is furnished with a very long petiole, from which, at its upper
part, other petioles and true roots arise, the proper radicle perishing early. One of the petioles
attains a greater length than the others, and from its upper part flowers and roots are put forth.

Orver LXXIX. APOCYNACEZ. Juss.; R. Br. Tue Doapane TRIBE.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, twisted in estivation. Stamens
5: filaments distinct: anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally, sometimes
slightly connected: pollen granular. Ovaries 2, distinct or rarely united ; the
styles or stigmas combined into one, in fruit usually forming two follicles.
Seeds often with a tuft of hairs at one or both ends, albuminous. — Trees,
shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, with a milky juice, mostly with opposite
entire leaves, destitute of stipules, and the flowers cymose or paniculate.

1, APOCYNUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3422. DOG'S-BANE.
[ From the Greek, apo, far from, and yon, a dog ; it being thought poisonous to that animal. ]

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes not glandular, acute. Corolla campanulate ; the lower part
furnished with five adnate triangular nectariferous scales, which are opposite the lobes.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla: filaments ligulate, pubescent inside, alternating
with the scales: anthers sagittate, with an acute cartilaginous summit, adhering by their
face to a narrow zone near the middle of the stigma. Ovaries 2, oblong: stigma nearly
sessile, ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated. Seeds numerous,
with a long coma at the summit. — Perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and the

flowers in terminal and axillary paniculate cymes.

1. ApocynuM anpRos&miro.ium, Linn. Dog’s-bane. Black Indian-hemp.

Leaves ovate, mostly obtuse at the base ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute, about
half as long as the tube of the corolla; limb of the corolla spreading. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 2138;
Miche. fl. 1. p. 121; Bot. mag. t. 280; R. Br. in Wern. trans. 1. p. 68; Bigel. med. bot.
t. 36, and fi. Bost. p. 99; Ell. sk. 1. p. 314; Torr. fl. 1. p. 275; Beck, bot. p. 233;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 167; Griscom in Amer. jour. med. sc. May, 1838, with a figure.

ApocyNnuM. APOCYNACES. 117

Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 2 — 3 inches
long, acute, mucronate, smooth above, more or less pubescent (sometimes white and almost
velvety) underneath : petiole one-fourth of an inch long. Flowers in rather loose paniculate
cymes, which are terminal, and axillary in the upper part of the stem: pedicels 2 — 3 lines
long, with subulate bracts at the base. Calyx smooth. Corolla (as in the rest of the genus,
with a twisted exstivation to the left) white or pale rose-color, with reddish stripes ; the
nectariferous scales at the base free only at the tip : limb somewhat spreading ; the lobes
ovate, obtuse. Follicles about four inches long, terete, tapering to a point. Seeds crowned
with a silky pappus.

Borders of woods and along fences ; common. June-July. This and the following
species are emetic, cathartic or diaphoretic, according to the dose (See Wood g- Bache’s U.
S. Dispens. p. 98). ‘They are extensively used by the Thomsonian doctors as a mild emetic,
under the names of American Ipecac, Bitter-root, and Wandering Milkweed (Dr. Knieskern).

2. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM, Linn. Indian Hemp.

Leaves varying from oblong to lanceolate, mostly acute at each end; lobes of the calyx
lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ; limb of the corolla erect.—Linn. sp. 1.
p. 2135 hn. Br. tne. p. 68; Micha. fl. 1. p.122; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 179; Hl. sk. 1. p. 179;
Torr, fl. 1. p. 276; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 100; Beck, bot. p. 234; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 168;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 51. 4.139. A. pubescens, R. Br.i.c.?; Ell. l.c.; Torr. l.c.;
Beck, l. c.

Stem 2-3 feet high, sometimes oblique or even decumbent, but usually erect. Leaves
2 — 4 inches long and varying from two inches to less than half an inch wide, usually smoothish
underneath, but often more or less pubescent, never hoary, mucronate ; the lowest ones often
somewhat cordate at the base: petiole 2-3 lines long. Cymes mostly terminal, rather
crowded, either shorter or longer than the leaves. Flowers only about half as large as in the
preceding species, but very similar in their structure. Corolla greenish white. Follicles
about four inches long, very slender.

Borders of fields and woods, and on the banks of rivers; not so common as A. androsemi-
folium. Fl. July - August. I suspect that A. hypericifolium of Aiton is nothing more than
a variety of this species, but I have never seen the leaves so nearly sessile as they are
represented by Hooker in fl. Bor.-Am. t. 140.

118 ASCLEPIADACE. ASCLEPIAS.

Orper LXXX. ASCLEPIADACE. R. Br. Tue Mirkweep TRIBE.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, deciduous, the estivation
contorted ; the throat naked, or often furnished with five appendages which
adhere to the connate filaments, forming a crown (nectary, Linn.; lepanthium,
Nutt.). Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla: filaments mostly
connate, and surrounding the pistil: anthers erect, introrse, 2-celled or in-
completely 4-celled: pollen, when the anther bursts, cohering into wax-like
masses, which are as numerous as the cells, or confluent by pairs, and finally
adhering through the intervention of the corpuscles and their arms to the five
angles of the stigma, by twos, by fours, or singly. Ovaries 2: styles 2, ap-
proximated : stigma single, common to both styles, large and fleshy, 5-angled;
the angles alternating with the stamens, each of them bearing a small cloven
cartilaginous gland (corpuscle), with its two descending arms or processes.
Follicles 2, one of which is sometimes abortive. Seeds numerous, compressed,
imbricated, usually margined, with a long silky coma at the summit. Embryo
straight, with foliaceous cotyledons. Albumen thin.— Herbaceous or shrubby
lactescent plants, with mostly opposite entire leaves. Stipules none, but hairs
in their place between the leaves. Inflorescence umbellate, racemose or
corymbose ; the peduncles proceeding from between the leaves.

For an account of the manner in which fecundation is effected in this singular order, see Mr. Brown’s admirable
paper in the 16th volume of the Linnean Transactions.

1, ASCLEPIAS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 3490; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 564.
SILKWEED, SWALLOW-WORT.

[ The Greek name of Asculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.]

Calyx deeply 5-parted ; the segments lanceolate, spreading. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted ;
the lobes lanceolate, refracted. Stamineal crown seated on the tube of the stamens, and
consisting of five cucullate lobes, each producing from its base a horn-like or subulate
averted process. Anthers with a membranaceous appendage at the summit. Pollen-masses
5 distinct pairs, pyriform, compressed, suspended by their attenuated summit in the cells of
the anthers. Stigma depressed. Follicles smooth, or muricate with soft spines.—Perennial
herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate or alternate) leaves. Umbels between the petioles.

Roots thick and creeping, very tenacious of life.

ASCLEPIAS. ASCLEPIADACE. 119

* Follicles muricate with soft spines.

1. AscLepias Cornutt, Decaisne. Silkweed. Milkweed.

Stem mostly simple, thick, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-elliptical, obtuse or with a short
abrupt point, velvety pubescent underneath, the petioles short; umbels lateral and terminal,
somewhat nodding, many-flowered ; lobes of the crown ovate, the margin 2-toothed at the
base ; horn as long as the lobe.— Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 564. A. Syriaca, Linn. sp.
1. p. 214; Pursh, fl.1. p.181; Torr. fl. 1. p. 273; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 101; Beck, bot.
p. 235; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 169; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.52. A. Syriaca, 8., Miche.
fl..1. p. 114. A. Syriaca, 8. Illinoensis, Pers. syn. 1. p. 275.

Root long and fleshy, branching. Stem 3-4 feet high, erect. Leaves 4 - 8 inches long
and 2 — 3 inches wide, nearly smooth above, whitish pubescent underneath. Umbels 2 — 3,
or sometimes rather numerous, each bearing from 50 to 100 flowers ; the pedicels an inch or
more in length, hairy. Flowers sweet-scented. Calyx about half as long as the corolla,
hairy ; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla dull greenish purple, sometimes pale; the segments
oblong-lanceolate, at first spreading, but soon turned downward. Stamineal crown erect-
spreading ; the lobes thick and fleshy, concave, the margin 1- (or sometimes 2-) toothed on
each side: horn curved, broad at the base and sharp-pointed, resembling the claw of a cat,
the point just reaching the margin of the stigma. Stamens closely surrounding the pistils ;
the filaments united into a tube: anthers united to the stigma at the upper part, 2-celled on
the inside, with a projecting wing-like cartilaginous margin or appendage, which is broader
below ; a longitudinal chink appearing between the margins of each contiguous pair of anthers.
Pollen-masses yellowish and waxy, suspended by pairs in the cells of the anthers ; each pair
being lodged in the cells of two adjoining anthers, and connected with the arms or processes
of the gland: terminal membrane of the anthers inflexed over the top of the stigma. Ovaries
2, tapering into short styles, which are surmounted by a large 5-angled stigma, to the angles
of which are attached the glands with their processes. In the young flower-bud, the pollen-
masses are quite unconnected with the stigma ; but before the expansion of the flower, they
become firmly united with the arms of the glands or corpuscles. Follicles 3 - 5 inches long
and an inch or more in diameter, erect, woolly, of a papery texture, ventricose and acuminate,
armed with flexible spines about one-fourth of an inch long. Seeds closely imbricated, flat,
ovate, with a winged margin, crowned with a tuft of long white silky hairs.

Old fields and road-sides ; common. June - July. I have followed Decaisne in changing
the name of this species, it not being a native of Syria as was once supposed. It has, how-
ever, become naturalized in some parts of Europe. The silky hair of the seeds is sometimes
used for beds, as a substitute for feathers. The young shoots are said to resemble asparagus.
Dr. Knieskern informs me that the dried leaves are employed in preparing the indigo dye in
woollen manufactories.

120 ASCLEPIADACE. ASCLEPIAS.

** Follicles smooth.

t Leaves opposite.

2. ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS, Linn. (Pl. LXXXV.) Purple Silkweed.

Stem simple, with two opposite lines of pubescence ; leaves ovate-elliptical, acute,
mucronate, abruptly attenuated into a short petiole, smoothish above, softly pubescent and
pale underneath ; peduncles and pedicels pubescent on one side ; lobes of the crown oblong,
abruptly narrowed above, nearly twice as long as the stamineal column ; horn broadly falcate,
with the acuminate point horizontal, much shorter than the lobe. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 214;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.181; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 103; Beck, bot. p. 235; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8.
p. 564. A.ameena, Miche. fl. 1. p.118; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 166; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 69.

Stem 2 - 3 feet high, erect, rather slender. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and 14 — 23 inches
wide, soft and almost velvety underneath ; the midrib on the upper surface of a purplish
color. Umbels 10 - 25-flowered, usually two at the summit of the stem, but there are often
two or more lateral ones, about half as long as the leaves: peduncles 1 — 2 inches and the
pedicels about one inch in length. Flowers erect. Calyx less than half the length of the
corolla ; the segments lanceolate. Corolla dark crimson-purple ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate,
acute. Lobes of the crown purplish, abruptly acuminate, but obtuse at the summit; the horn
very broad at the base, with a narrow point which is bent at a right angle toward the stigma.
Stamens, style and ovaries nearly as in the preceding species. Follicles oblong, tapering to
a point, erect, smooth.

Borders of woods, and thickets ; not uncommon in the southern part of the State, but I
have not met with it in the northern or western counties. July. This species is easily dis-
tinguished at a distance by its deep purple flowers ; but its most remarkable character is the
broad abruptly bent horn of the stamineal crown. A. ame@na of Michaux seems to be the
same as this plant, as far as the description goes ; but there are no specimens of it in his
herbarium.

3. ASCLEPIAS PHYTOLACCOIDES, Pursh. Poke-leaved Milkweed.

Stem simple, with 2 opposite lines of pubescence, elliptical-oblong, acuminate at each end,
petiolate, smooth above, somewhat pubescent underneath ; umbels loosely flowered, on long
peduncles ; pedicels slender ; lobes of the crown truncated obliquely outward, the inflexed
margins 2-toothed at the summit ; horn much exserted, with a long subulate curved point. —
Pursh, fl. 1.p.180; Ell. sk. 1. p. 319; Nutt. gen. 1. p.166; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 102;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 280; H. H. Eaton in Transylv. jour. med. 1832; Beck, bot. p. 235; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 171; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 565. A. exaltata, Muhl. cat. p. 37.
A. nivea, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 53, not of Linn.?

Stem 3-6 feet high, rather slender. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long and 2 - 3 inches wide,
thin, on petioles about half an inch long. Umbels lateral and terminal, somewhat nodding,

ASCLEPIAS. ASCLEPIADACE. 1 |

15 — 30-flowered : peduncle 2-3 inches long: pedicels about an inch and a half long,
pubescent on one side. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Corolla greenish white, often
tinged with purple; the segments oblong, rather acute. Stamineal crown stipitate on the
contracted tube of the filaments ; the lobes erect, short and truncate ; the inner margin with
an acute tooth on each side, and two or more shorter teeth on the summit: horn with the
exserted slender point curved over the summit of the stigma. Follicles lanceolate, acuminate,
4 -6 inches long, minutely pubescent.
Moist rocky soils and bushy places ; not common. June ~ July.

4. Asciepias ostusiroiia, Miche. Wawed-leaved Milkweed.

Stem simple, somewhat flexuous, smooth and glaucous; leaves oblong, obtuse, waved,
sessile, somewhat cordate and clasping, glaucous underneath, transversely and reticulately
veined ; umbel usually solitary, on a long terminal peduncle, densely many-flowered ; lobes
of the crown truncate, toothed at the summit; horns exserted, with a long subulate point. —
Micha. fil..l. p.115; Pursh, fl. \..p.1823 -Bil..sk. 1.-p, 321; Bigel. fl- Bost. p..102;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 281; Beck, bot. p. 236; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.170; Decaisne in DC. prodr.
8. p. 565.

Stem 2-3 fect high. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and about 2 inches wide, usually obtuse
and often emarginate, but with a slight point at the extremity ; the two lower pairs sometimes
closely approximated. Peduncle 6 - 12 inches long. Umbel many-flowered ; the flowers
larger than in any other of our species. Calyx ovate-lanceolate. Corolla 4 — 5 times longer
than the calyx, greenish purple ; the lobes oblong. 'Tube of the stamens rather conspicuous.
Lobes of the crown more or less toothed at the summit, one-third longer than the stigma :
horn distinctly exserted. Follicles about four inches long, smoothish, rather slender.

Sandy woods and fields. Long Island; in the valley of the Hudson; and north as far as
Washington county. June - July.

5. Ascuepias variecata, Linn. (Pl. LXXXVI.) Variegated Silkweed.

Stem simple, with two opposite lines of pubescence ; leaves ovate or obovate, somewhat
waved, rather thick, attenuated at the base into a petiole, smooth ; umbels on short peduncles,
the peduncles and pedicels woolly ; lobes of the crown nearly orbicular, without teeth ; horn
broadly lunate, with a horizontal point. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 215; Bot. mag. t. 1182; Pursh,
fi. 1. p- 1815 EU. sk. 1. p.3173. Nutt. gen. 12 p. 167; Torr. fil. 1. p. 280; Beck,, bot.
p. 236; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.170; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 52. t. 141; Decaisne in DC.
prodr. 8. p. 565, A. hybrida, Miche. fl. 1.p.115. A. citrifolia, Jacq. coll. 2. p. 290, and
ic. rar. t. 343, ex Decaisne.

Stem about two feet high, sometimes with a short solitary branch near the summit, obtusely
4-sided. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long ; the lowest obovate ; upper ones ovate or oblong, obtusish
or with a short acumination ; the veins horizontal and reticulated. Umbels 1 - 4, terminal
and in the upper part of the stem, densely flowered. Corolla white or slightly tinged with
purple, greenish externally. Stamineal crown white, purplish at the base: lobes twice as

| FLora — Vol. 2.] 16

122 ASCLEPIADACE. ASCLEPIAS.

long as the stigma. Follicles 4-5 inches long, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly pubescent.

Dry woods ; rather common on Long Island and on the Island of New-York. June — July.
This is a beautiful species ; the compact umbels of nearly white flowers, much resembling
those of Hoya.

6. ASCLEPIAS QUADRIFOLIA, Jacq. Four-leaved Silkweed.

Stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves ovate, petiolate, the upper and lower ones opposite ,
the four larger ones verticillate, near the middle of the stem ; umbels usually two, terminal,
erect, loose ; pedicels capillary ; lobes of the crown oblong, 2-toothed on the margin, the horn
very short. — Jacq. obs. t. 33, ex Pursh, fl. 1. p. 183; Ell. sk. 1. p. 319; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 167; Bart. fl. N. Am. t.43; Torr. fl. 1. p. 283; Bigel. fl. Bost: p.104; Beck, bot.
p. 236; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.172; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 54; Decaisne in DC. prodr.
8. p. 566.

Stem about a foot and a half high. Leaves smooth, thin, usually 8 or 10 in number; the
lowest pair, when present, often very small and obovate ; the next above ovate and obtuse ;
* the four larger ones are verticillate and acute, and may be regarded as two closely approximated
pairs ; the two uppermost are opposite, and narrower than the others. Umbels on slender
peduncles, sometimes solitary, many-flowered. Flowers scarcely half as large as in A.
Cornuti. Corolla and crown white or pale purple: lobes of the latter about twice as long as
the stigma. Follicles 3 — 5 inches long, lanceolate-linear, acute, smooth.

Dry woods and rocky hills, commonly in rich soils. June.

7. AscLepias IncarnATA, Linn. Swamp Silkweed,

Stem somewhat corymbosely branched above, more or less pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, pubescent, on short petioles ; umbels numerous, erect, mostly in pairs and terminal;
lobes of the crown oblong, scarcely exceeding the stigma, not toothed ; horn subulate, exserted.
— Linn. sp.1.-p. 215; . Micha, fl.1..p.115; Pursh, fl. 1. p..1813 Eil. sk. 1p. 320;
Bot. reg. t. 250; Torr. fl. 1. p. 281; Beck, bot. p. 235; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 172; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 53; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 567. A. pulchra, Ehrh.; Willd. sp. 1.
p. 1207; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 163; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. (ser. 2.) t. 18.

Stem 2-4 feet high, with erect branches, either nearly smooth (except two pubescent
lines), or hairy-tomentose. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, smoothish above, more or less pubescent
(sometimes woolly) underneath, very acute ; the base obtuse or somewhat cordate : petioles
3 — 5 lines long. Umbels on hairy peduncles : pedicels three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers
half as large as in A. Cornutt. Corolla bright purple (or sometimes pale) ; the lobes lanceolate.
Lobes of the crown truncated obliquely inward: horns erect, slightly curved. ‘Tube of the
stamens contracted into a slender neck under the crown. Follicles linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
pubescent.

Low grounds, particularly on the borders of brackish marshes, but not confined to the sea-
board; common. July - August. This is the most abundant species next to A. Cornutt.
It affords but little milky juice when wounded. It is sometimes employed in domestic practice,

and is consideged anodyne and diaphoretic. (See Wood §- Bache, U. S. disp. p. 117.)

ASCLEPIAS. ASCLEPIADACE. 123

tt Leaves alternate or verticillate.

8. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, Linn. Pleurisy-root. Butter fly-weed.

Hairy ; stem erect, oblique or decumbent, with spreading or often recurved branches ;
leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear, mostly alternate, on very
short petioles ; umbels numerous, often corymbose ; lobes of the crown lanceolate-oblong ;
horn subulate, rather erect. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 316; Micha. fl.1. p.117; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 183; Bigel. med. bot. 2. p. 89. t. 6, and fl. Bost. p.100; Ell. sk. 1. p. 325; Bart.
veg. mat. med. 1. t. 22; Torr. fl. 1. p. 285; Beck, bot. p. 237; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. (ser.
2.) t.24; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 173; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 567. A. decumbens,
Linn. sp. (ed. 1.) 1+ p.°216.

Plant destitute of a milky juice. Root large and fleshy, branching or fusiform. Stems
commonly numerous, usually ascending or procumbent, 1-2 feet long. Leaves mostly
scattered, but sometimes (particularly the lower ones) opposite, 2 — 4 inches long and half an
inch to an inch wide, acute or rather obtuse : petioles about two lines long. Umbels many-
flowered. Flowers bright orange. Lobes of the crown about twice as long as the stigma,
erect: horn about as long as the lobe. ‘Tube of the stamens contracted into a narrow neck
under the crown. Follicles lanceolate, acuminate, about four inches long.

Sandy fields ; frequent. July - August. This species has long been celebrated for its
medicinal virtues, but its use is now almost confined to the Botanic doctors. It is considered
diaphoretic, cathartic and expectorant. (See the works quoted above, and Wood g- Bache’s
U. S. Dispens. p. 118.)

9. ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA, Linn. (P]. LXXXVII.) Whorled Silkweed.

Stem simple or branched, marked with pubescent lines, slender ; leaves mostly verticillate,
narrowly linear, revolute on the margin ; umbels lateral and terminal ; lobes of the crown
short, very obtuse, 2-toothed ; horns falcate, much exserted. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 217; Miche.
fl. 1. p. 116; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 183; Ell. sk. 1. p. 324; Nutt. gen.1. p. 168; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 104; Torr. fl. 1. p. 284; Beck, bot. p. 236; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 173; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p, 54. t. 144; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p. 569.

Stem 1 — 3 feet high, marked with 4 - 6 downy lines, very slender, usually more or less
branched towards the summit. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long and about one line wide, crowded,
more or less perfectly verticillate, but often scattered ; the margin narrowly revolute. Umbels
about an inch in diameter: peduncle about half an inch long, and the pedicels about the same
length. Flowers small. Corolla greenish white. Stamineal crown white, elevated on the
contracted tube of the stamens: lobes almost equalling the stigma, concavely truncate, with
a large acute tooth on each side. Follicles about two inches long, linear-lanceolate, tapering
to a long point, smooth.

Dry hill-sides ; frequent. July - September.

16*

124 ASCLEPIADACES. ACERATES.

2, ACERATES. Ell. sk. 1. p. 316; Endl. gen. 3488 ; Decaisne in DC. prodr. 8. p.521.
{ From the Greek, a, privative, and keras, a horn; the stamineal crown being without horns. ]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; the limb spreading or reflexed. Stamineal crown
5-parted ; the lobes erect or curved, concave, without an awn. Anthers terminated by a
membrane. Pollen-masses clavated, suspended by their slender attenuated summit. Styles
slender. Stigma flattish-depressed. Follicles smooth or muricate. — Herbs with the habit
of Asciepras, from which they differ chiefly in wanting the horns of the nectary. Flowers

mostly greenish.

1. Acerates viripirtora, Ed. (Pl. LUXXXVIIL.) Green-flowered Sitkweed.

Stem erect or ascending, pubescent; leaves varying from ovate or obovate to lanceolate,
rather thick, pubescent on both sides, nearly sessile; umbels somewhat globose, many-
flowered, almost sessile, nodding ; segments of the corolla oblong, reflexed; lobes of the
crown oblong, equalling the stamineal column.—Ell. sk. 1. p. 317; Decaisne in DC. prodr.
8, p. 522. Asclepias viridiflora, Raf. in med. repos. 11. p. 360; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 181;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 284; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 104; Beck, bot. p. 237; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 174;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 53. t. 143. A. lanceolata, Ives in Sill. jour. 4. p. 252, with a plate.
A. obovata, Hil. sk. 1. p. 321. Polyotus heterophyllus, Nutt. in trans. Am. phil. soc. (n.
ser. eo, 7 duo.

Stems often clustered, 1 — 2 feet high, rigid. Leaves 2 —- 3 inches long and from half an
inch to an inch and a half or more in width, acute or obtuse, sometimes emarginate. Umbels
2 — 4 terminal and in the upper part of the stem, 1 — 14 inch in diameter, on very short thick
pubescent peduncles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Corolla greenish; the oblong
segments reflexed close against the pedicel. Lobes of the crown appressed to the stamineal
column ; the lobes obtuse, not cucullate : horn entirely wanting. Pollen-masses much more
slender, and with a much longer neck, than in Ascrepias. Follicles 3 — 4 inches long,
lanceolate, somewhat ventricose, nearly smooth ; the point long and tapering.

Dry hills and sandy fields : southern part of the State. July.

FRAxInvs. OLEACE. 125

Group 11. Ovary free (superior ), 2-celled, with 1 - 3 ovules in each cell ; in fruit
1 — 2-seeded. Corolla regular, sometimes nearly polypetalous, occasionally
wanting. Stamens 2, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube
or on the receptacle. — Shrubs or trees.

Orver LXXXI. OLEACE. Hoffmannsegge. Tue Ouive TRIBE.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4-toothed, persistent, sometimes wanting. Corolla 4-cleft or
of four separate petals, deciduous; the estivation mostly valvate, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 —- 4): anthers bursting longitudinally. Ovary
2-celled, with two pendulous collateral ovules in each cell: style single or
none: stigma either undivided or 2-cleft. Fruit by suppression usually one-
celled and 1 — 2-seeded. Seed with copious dense albumen. Embryo straight :
cotyledons foliaceous.— Trees or shrubs, with opposite undivided or pinnated
leaves.

1, FRAXINUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3353; DC. prodr. 8. p. 274. ASH,

[ Named from the Greek, phraxis, a separation; in allusion to the facility with which the wood splits. ]

Flowers polygamous or dicecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft or none. Petals 4, cohering in pairs
at the base, oblong or linear, often wanting. Stamens 2, sometimes 3-4. Style single,
erect: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a samara, 2-celled, compressed, winged above, by abortion
one-seeded. Albumen fleshy, slender. Cotyledons elliptical : radicle linear. — Trees or

shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and the flowers in racemes or panicles.

1. Fraxinus Americana, Linn. (Pl. LXXXIX.) White Ash.

Young branches smooth ; petioles and branches terete ; leaflets in 3 - 4 pairs, with partial
footstalks, elliptical or oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate or nearly entire, glaucous underneath ;
samara linear-spatulate, obtuse, with a long narrow terete base. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1051;
Willd. sp. 4. p. 1102; Micha. sylv. 2. p.191.t.118; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 180; Beck, bot.
p. 232; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 8; Loud. arb. 2. p. 1232. t. 1055; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 51; DC. prodr. 8. p. 277. F. acuminata, Lam. dict. 2. p. 542; Pursh, fl.l. p.9. F.
discolor, Muhl. cat. p. 101.

A tall tree (40 — 60 feet high and 1 — 2 feet in diameter; but sometimes, according to the
younger Michaux, attaining a height of 80 fect and a diameter of 3 feet), with a light gray
bark, which is generally furrowed, with transverse cracks. The heart-wood of old trees is
reddish, and the sap white. Young branches marked with small whitish warts. Leaves at

126 OLEACE. FRAXINUS.

first pubescent, but finally almost smooth except on the midrib and larger veins, pale under-
neath : leaflets 2-4 inches long, varying from ovate to narrowly elliptical, more or less
abruptly narrowed at the base into a partial petiole, remotely denticulate-serrate, particularly
towards the summit, but sometimes entire or only waved on the margin (described by Michaux
as entire, but serrate in his figure): petiole pubescent on one side. Flowers mostly triandrous,
in trichotomously divided panicles ; the divisions with sheathing deciduous bracts at the base.
Sterile panicles at first dense, at length more expanded. Pedicels slender, smooth. Calyx
campanulate, lacerately many-toothed at the summit. Petals none. Ovary oblong, 2-celled
with 2 ovules in each cell, tapering into a long deciduous style which is 2-cleft at the summit :
stigmas revolute. Samara 14 — 2 inches long, and the wing about one-fourth of an inch wide,
often very slightly emarginate ; the lower part terete, and tapering to the base.

Woods and banks of rivers ; common in most parts of the State, but most abundant in the
western counties. JV. April-May. Fr. July. The wood of this tree, being tough and
highly elastic, is employed for a great variety of purposes; such as the shafts of carriages,
felloes of wheels, handles of scythes, rakes, etc., as well as for many parts of machinery.

2. Fraxinus sambBucirouia, Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash.

Young branches and petioles nearly smooth ; leaflets usually in 4 pairs, broadly lanceolate,
sessile, obtuse at the base, serrate, acuminate, smooth above, more or less pubescent on the
veins underneath ; samara narrowly elliptical-oblong, obtuse, scarcely tapering at the base.—
Lam. dict. 2. p. 549; Michzx. sylv. 2. p. 201. t. 122; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 8; Beck, bot. p. 232;
Loud, arb. 2. p. 1334. f. 1257 & 1258; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.50; DC. prodr. 8. p. 278.

A large tree, but commonly inferior in size to the preceding, and the bark of a darker grey
color ; the heart-wood of a brownish tinge. Young branches of a grayish color, sprinkled
with a few whitish warts and numeyous little black dots: buds bluish. Leaflets sometimes
in only three pairs, 3 — 4 inches long, mostly smooth (except a pretty copious rusty wool on
the midrib, especially towards the base), deep bright green above, and but little paler under-
neath. Flowers much as in the preceding species. Samara an inch and a quarter long and
4 —5 lines wide, emarginate ; the wing extending to the base.

Wet woods and swamps; rather scarce in the southern part of the State, but common in
the northern and western counties. J. May. Fr. July. The wood is tough and compact,
but is less durable than the White Ash.

3. Fraxinus puBescens, Walt.? (Plate XC.) Gray Ash.

Young branches terete and (as well as the petioles) smooth ; leaflets in about three pairs,
with partial footstalks, lanceolate and elliptical-lanceolate, with a iong acumination, remotely
and obtusely serrate-denticulate, green on both sides, smooth except the axils of the veins and
along the midrib underneath ; samara linear-spatulate, the wing tapering on the narrow base.
—Walt. fl. Car. p. 254? F. tomentosa, Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 119?

FRAXINUS. OLEACE. 127

A tree 20 - 25 feet high, with slender branches ; the twigs of a grayish color, and quite
smooth. Leaflets usually in three pairs, 3 — 5 inches long and three-fourths of an inch to an
inch and a half wide, green on both sides but darker and shining above, abruptly contracted
at the base into a stalk which is 4 — 6 lines long and nearly smooth (except along the upper
side), often obscurely serrate, attenuate above into a long sharp point. Flowers nearly as
in F. Americana. Samara about 1? inch long; the wing a little dilated in the middle,
truncate and emarginate at the summit ; the base narrow and rather long, but margined nearly
the whole way with the decurrent wing.

Margin of rivulets, and in situations that are often overflowed. Fl. May. Fr. July. This
species I have not found actually within the limits of the State, but it is frequent in the
adjoining parts of New-Jersey. I cannot refer it with certainty to any of the species in
Michaux’s Sylva. It differs from the F’. tomentosa of that work, in its smooth branches and
petioles, and in the narrower wing of the samara, as well as in other characters of less im-
portance. It is noticed and figured here, that it may be further examined. Michaux thinks
there are several undescribed species of Ash east of the Mississippi.

2. LIGUSTRUM. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 3352; DC. prodr. 8. p. 293. PRIVET,
[ From the Latin, ligare, to tie; its pliable branches being sometimes used as cords.]

Calyx minutely 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 2, included.
Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell: style short: stigma 2-cleft, obtuse. Berry
globose, 2-celled ; the cells 2- (or by abortion 1-) seeded. — Shrubs with opposite entire

leaves, and the flowers in a panicle or thyrsus.

1. Ligustrum vuLeareE, Linn. Common Privet, or Prim.

Branchlets slightly pubescent ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate ; panicles crowded. — Linn. sp.
1. p. 71; Engl. bot. t.'764; Micha. fl. 1. p.3; Pursh, fl. 1. p.'7; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.4;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 1; Beck, bot. p. 231; Darlingt. fil. Cest. p.2; DC. prodr. 8. p. 293.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long,
varying from acute to obtuse and from elliptical to obovate, smooth on both sides. Flowers
in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Calyx obscurely toothed or almost truncate. Corolla white ;
the lobes ovate, obtuse. Berries black, ovoid-globose.

Borders of woods, and along fences. Introduced from Europe, and now thoroughly na-
turalized in many places, particularly near New-York and on Long Island. £. End of May.
Fr. July. This shrub is often cultivated for hedges. ‘The leaves were formerly thought to
be useful for ulcers in the mouth and throat,

128 GROUPS AND ORDERS OF APETALOUS EXOGENS.

Susctass HI. Aperatous Exogenous Puanrts.

Corolla none; the floral envelopes consisting of a single series (which is
regarded as calyx, but often called perigonium), or sometimes entirely
wanting (or achlamydeous).

CONSPECTUS OF THE GROUPS AND ORDERS.

_Grovr 1, Flowers perfect, with a conspicuous or colored calyx. Ovary several-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule or berry
many-seeded.— Herbs or climbing shrubs,
Order 82. Artstotocu1acrm. Calyx often petaloid; the estivation valvate. Stamens adherent to the base of the
style: stigmas radiate. Capsule or berry 3 — 6-celled, many-sceded.

Grovp 2. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, with a regular and often petaloid calyx: ovules solitary in each ovary
or cell, Embryo curved around mealy albumen, rarely in the axis.— Chiefly herbs.
* Ovary one-celled, with a single ovule.

83. CHENOPODIACEm. Calyx persistent; the stamens as many as its lobes, or fewer, and inserted at their base,
Fruit an utricle-— Chiefly weed-like herbs, with small flowers.

84, AMARANTHACER. Calyx of 3~5 dry scarious sepals. Stamens 5 or more, distinct or monadelphous, hypo-
gynous : anthers often one-celled. Fruit an utricle-— Herbs; the flowers imbricated with scarious
bracts,

85, PoLyGoNAcem®. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Fruit a caryopsis or achenium, compressed or triangular.
Embryo curved or sometimes nearly straight, on the outside (rarely in the midst) of starchy albumen.
— Herbs, with sheathing stipules (ochree),

** Ovary compound, consisting of a whorl of several one-seeded carpels.
86. PuyroLaccacem. Berry 7 - 10-celled; the cells 1-seeded.

Group 3. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, not disposed in aments. Calyx regular and often petaloid, Ovary
1- (rarely 2-) celled, with a solitary ovule, or but one in each cell. Embryo not coiled around albumen.—
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs.

87, Lauracem. Calyx of 4-6 somewhat united sepals, in a double series, free from the ovary. Stamens usually
more numerous than the sepals: anthers opening by recurved valves, Fruit a berry or drupe. —
Trees or shrubs.

88. SANTALACER. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; the limb valvate; the base lined with a fleshy often lobed
disk. Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx. Ovary one-celled, Fruit indehiscent, crowned with
the limb of the calyx. Seeds albuminous.— Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs, Leaves alternate,
entire.

89, THYMELACEm®. Calyx petaloid, imbricated in estivation ; the tube free. Stamens often twice as many as the
lobes of the calyx. Ovary with a single pendulous ovule. Seed without albumen.—Shrubs with
a tough bark.

90. ExzEAGNACER®. Flowers mostly diwcious. Calyx-tube free. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate
with them, or twice as many. Ovary one-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fruit an achenium,
enclosed in the berry-like calyx-tube. Seeds albuminous.—Shrubs ; the foliage and branches scaly.

91, Utmacrm. Calyx free from the ovary, 4 —5-cleft, imbricated in estivation, Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with a single
suspended ovule in each cell: styles or stigmas 2, Fruit a samara or drupe.— Trees or shrubs, with
rough alternate leaves, and small flowers in axillary clusters.

Group 4. Flowers perfect, destitute of both calyx and corolla, Embryo minute, included in the persistent sac. of the
amnios at the apex of the albumen.— Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants.

92, SAuRURACEm. Stamens definite. Ovary of 3-5 partly united carpels, each with few ascending ovules, Fruit
dry or somewhat baccate, with one or few seeds in each carpel.— Herbs with alternate entire leaves,
and flowers in racemes or spikes.

GROUPS AND ORDERS OF APETALOUS EXOGENS. 129

Group 5. Ovary simple, or of 2-4 combined carpels, Flowers small, bracteate or involucrate, but usually destitute of
calyx and corolla.— Submerged or floating aquatic herbs.

93, CERATOPHYLLACER. Flowers monecious, axillary. Stamens numerous: anthers sessile. Ovary one-celled,
with a single suspended ovule, becoming a beaked achenium in fruit.—Leaves whorled and dissected,
with filiform segments,

94. CaLiirRicHAcesz. Flowers polygamous, axillary, with a calyx-like 2leaved involucre. Stamen 1 (rarely 2),
with a slender filament. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled, with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell, in-
dehiscent in fruit.— Leaves opposite.

95. PopostemAcem. [lowers arising from a spathe. Calyx mostly wanting. Stamens often solitary, or if more,
usually monadelphous. Ovary 2 - 3-celied, with as many distinct styles as cells. Capsule ribbed,
with numerous seeds.— Leaves mostly cut into capillary segments.

Group 6. Flowers monecious or dicecious, sometimes furnished with both petals and calyx, but often destitute of both,
not amentaceous. Ovary 2 -several-celled, with one or two ovules in each cell. Fruit capsular or drupa-
ceous, with two or more cells.

96. EvpHorpiacrem. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes none. Corolla very often wanting the petals; when
present, distinct. Styles distinct. Fruit capsular, separating into several (often three) carpels or
cocci, which open elastically by one or both sutures,— Juice often milky.

97. Emperracem®. Calyx consisting of imbricated sepals. Stamens few, as many as the inner sepals. Ovary
free, 2-—9-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell, Fruit drupaceous (sometimes dry), with
2-10 bony nucules.

Group 7. Flowers moneecious or dicecious ; the sterile and often the fertile also in aments, or in heads or spikes, either
furnished with a calyx or achlamydeous. Ovary one - several-celled, but the fruit always one-celled (except
in LiquipaMBaR).— Trees or shrubs, except in Ord, 131, many of which are herbs.

98. JuGLANnacem. Flowers monecious, Sterile flowers in aments. Fertile flowers few, clustered. Calyx
adherent. Ovary imperfectly 2 ~ 4-celled, but with a single ovule. Fruit drupaceous; the epicarp
somewhat fleshy and coherent, or coriaceous and dehiscent. Endocarp bony. Seed oily, without
albumen.— Leaves pinnated, i

99. CuruLIFeERm. Sterile flowers in aments. Fertile flowers solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre
which at length either includes the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Fruit a 1-celled or 1-seeded
nut. Seed without albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.— Leaves simple.

100. Myricacem. Flowers monecious, both kinds in aments and achlamydeous. Ovary one-celled, with a single
ovule. F'ruit dry or drupaceous.— Shrubs, with simple leaves, dotted with resinous glands,

101, BeTutacem. Flowers monecious, both kinds in aments and commonly achlamydeous. Ovary 2-celled, with
a single ovule in each cell. Fruit membranaceous or samara-like, one-celled, one-seeded.— Trees
or shrubs, with simple leaves.

102. Saticacem. F'lowers dicecious, both kinds in aments and achlamydeous. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, with
many ovules: styles or stigmas 2. Fruit follicular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, with a silky coma.
— Leaves simple.

103. BarsAmirLum. Flowers monecious, achlamydeous; the sterile in conical, the fertile in globose heads or aments,

: Capsules 2-beaked, opening between the beaks, several-seeded, collected with the scales into a hard
ball.— Leaves palmately lobed.

104, PraTaNnacex. Flowers monecious, in globose heads, achlamydeous. Fruit a one-sceded nut, with bristly
hairs at the base, collected into a compact ball_— Leaves palmately lobed,

105. Urticacem. Flowers various, often in aments or fleshy heads. Ovary free from the calyx, with a solitary
ovule. Fruit an achenium or utricle.

{FLora — Vol. 2.] 17

130 ARISTOLOCHIACE. ARISTOLOCHIA.

Group 1. Flowers perfect, with a conspicuous or petaloid calyx. Ovary of several
cells, with numerous ovules in each cell_—Herbs or climbing shrubs.

Orper LXXXII. ARISTOLOCHIACESA. Juss. Tue Birtuwort Trips.

Calyx (corolla of Linnzan botanists) with the base more or less united with the
ovary ; the limb coriaceous, valvate. Stamens 6 — 12, inserted on an epigynous
disk, or confluent with the base of the style: filaments very short: anthers
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 6- (rarely 3 -4-) celled: stigmas
radiate. Fruit a capsule or berry, 3 — 6-celled, many-seeded. Seeds with a
prominent raphe. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 2161. BIRTHWORT.

[ Named from the Greek, in allusion to its supposed medicinal powers. ]

Calyx tubular, ventricose above the ovary, often variously curved ; the limb dilated, oblique,
often extended into a lip which is entire or 2 — 3-lobed. Stamens 6 (rarely 127), inserted
on an epigynous disk, and adhering to the sides of the style : anthers sessile or nearly so.
Ovary 6-celled : ovules numerous, horizontal: style short and thick: stigma 6-parted or
-lobed and radiate. Capsule 6-celled, coriaceous, septicidal. Seeds numerous, ovoid, with
a large fungous raphe.— Herbs or shrubs, erect or twining. Leaves more or less cordate,
often lobed. Peduncles one- or many-flowered ; the flowers often large, and mostly of a
brownish or greenish color.

1. AristoLtocuia Serpentaria, Linn. (Plate XCLI.) Virginia Snakeroot.

Herbaceous ; stem erect, flexuous ; leaves cordate-ovblong, acuminate ; peduncles nearly
radical ; calyx sigmoid, the orifice 2-lipped.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 961; “Jacq. hort. Schenb. 3.
t. 385 ;” Micha. fl. 1. p. 162; Pursh, fl-l. p. 596; Ell. sk. 2.:p. 511; Bigel. med, bot.
t. 49, and fl. Bost. p. 328; Torr. compend. p. 323; Beck, bot. p. 309; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 515.

Root perennial, consisting of a bunch of long coarse fibres, of a strong aromatic and
bitterish taste. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, simple or branched at the base, nearly naked below,
slender, pubescent. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, on short petioles, 3-nerved, cordate and some-
times a little auriculate at the base. Flowers on crooked scaly peduncles, often concealed
among decaying leaves. Calyx about an inch long ; the tube bent like the letter S, purplish
brown ; the orifice somewhat 3-lobed. Anthers 12 (or 6, each 2-lobed and the lobes 2-celled?),

ARISTOLOCHIA. ARISTOLOCHIACE. 131

sessile. Style short and fleshy: stigma irregularly lobed and waved, thick, projecting over
the anthers. Capsule three-fourths of an inch long, roundish-obovoid, 6-angled. Seeds
compressed, horizontal.

Woods, in rich soil; not common. 7. June. Fr. August. This well known plant has
long been celebrated for its medicinal powers, and is used by physicians in most parts of the
world. It is stimulant, tonic and diaphoretic. (See Bigelow, 1. c.; also Wood g- Bache’s
U. S. Dispens. p. 607.

2. ASARUM. Tourn.; Linn. (excl. spec.); A. Gray in Sill. jour. 42. p. 18. ASARABACCA.

[ From the Greek, a, not, and seira, a band; because it was rejected from the garlands of flowers employed by the
ancients. |

Calyx campanulate ; the limb 3-parted. Stamens 12: filaments subulate, free or somewhat
united to the base of the style: anthers short, extrorse ; the connective produced into a
long subulate point. Ovary adhering to the calyx: styles united into a thick column, 6-
lobed at the summit: stigmas papillose.— Rhizoma creeping, aromatic, throwing up short
branches, each bearing two long-petioled cordate-reniform leaves, with a one-flowered
peduncle in the fork of the petioles.

1. Asarum Canapense, Linn. (Plate XCIL.) Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot.

Stamens adhering to the lower part of the style. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 442; Micha. fi. 1.
p. 279; Pursh, fl.1. p. 596; Ell. sk.1. p. 531; Bigel. med. bot. t. 15, and fl. Bost. p. 187;
Torr. compend. p. 324; Beck, bot. p. 309; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 515; A. Gray, l.c.

Rhizoma about the thickness of a goosequill, branching, jointed, throwing out numerous
fibrous roots. Leaves usually two at the extremity of each branch, spreading, 2 — 4 inches
long, the breadth somewhat greater than the length, very obtuse or sometimes with a blunt
point, pubescent on both sides: petioles 4-8 inches long, hairy. Flower on a peduncle
about an inch long, often partly buried in the ground or concealed by dead leaves. Calyx
dull purplish brown internally, woolly and yellowish green externally ; the tube closely ad-
hering to the ovary: limb deeply 3-parted ; the lobes broad, with a slender acumination ; the
margins and finally the lobes also revolute. Stamens about the length of the style: filaments
broadly linear, smooth: anther-cells oblong, distinct ; the subulate point of the connective
produced beyond the cells. Stigmas linear-oblong, purplish, recurved. Capsule ovoid, woolly,
crowned with the calyx-lobes. Seeds ovoid, with a large fleshy raphe.

Shady woods, in rich soil. Fl. May. Fr. July. The root is a popular medicine. It is
aromatic, and has somewhat the taste of ginger. (See Wood g- Bache, U. S. Disp. p. 116.)

1S fad

132 CHENOPODIACES.

G

C

LS)

rouP 2. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, with a regular and often petaloid
calyx, and a one-celled one-ovuled ovary ; or else with a whorl of one-ovuled
carpels. Embryo curved or coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, or
spiral, rarely in the axis.—Mostly herbs.

Orpver LXXXIIILCHENOPODIACE. Vent. Tut Goostroot Tripe.

alyx of 5 (rarely 4, 3 or 2) sepals which are more or less united; the base
sometimes tubular, often capsular, fleshy, winged or spiny in fruit. Stamens
usually as many as the lobes of the calyx, and inserted at their bases: anthers
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary with a single ovule at its base: styles
mostly 2, and distinct : stigmas simple. Fruit an utricle, or rarely an achenium.
Embryo curved, annular or spiral.—Mostly herbs, but sometimes undershrubs,
almost always of a homely aspect. Leaves alternate, often fleshy, simple,
sometimes wanting or reduced to scales.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

Division 1. CycLoLope%. Embryo annular.

Tribe 1, ANSERINEZE. Flowers perfect, all similar in form, Seed with a double integument, free from the
pericarp.

. CueNopopium. Calyx not becoming succulent. Stamens 5. Seed horizontal, lenticulary Embryo forming a

complete ring.— Herbs, sprinkled with a mealy powder,

. AmBrina. Calyx not becoming succulent. €tamens 5, Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular, Embryo forming

an incomplete ring.— Herbs, not mealy, usually strong-scented.

. Buirum. Calyx often becoming succulent and baccate. Stamens solitary. Seed vertical, somewhat globose, un-

equally compressed.

Tribe 2. SPINACIE,. Flowers diclinous ; the fertile and sterile differing in form. Integument of the seed single
or double.

. ATRIPLEX. Flowers polygamous, STERILE and PERFECT FL, without bracts. Calyx 3 — 5-sepalled. Stamens 3 - 5,

FERTILE FL, with two bracts at the base, which are at length dilated, Calyx none. Fruit compressed, included
in the rhombic or hastate bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular, with a double integument.

. Oztong. Flowers moneecious or diecious. STERILE FL. without bracts, Calyx 4-5-sepalled. Stamens 4-5,

FERTILE FL. with two more or less united bracts at the base, which are at length inflated, and either indurated
orcorky, Calyx none. Fruit compressed, covered with the enlarged capsule-like bracts, Seed ovate, rostellate,
with a double membranous testa.

. Acnipa. Flowers dicecious, without bracts. StTerite FL. Calyx 5-sepalled; the sepals equal, appendiculate, Sta-

mens 5, very short. FERTILE ru. Calyx 3-sepalled. Stigmas3-5, Achenium triangular.
) vy y if g g

Tribe 3. SALICORNIE, Flowers mostly perfect, or, if diclincus, the sterile and f-rtile similar, either without
bracts, and then immersed in excavations of the rachis; or partly concealed in the joints; or scaly.
Seed vertical. Fruit an utricle or achenium. Embryo conduplicate, or half a circle-— Stems jointed.
Leaves very short and fleshy, or none.
. Sanicornta- Flowers without scales, immersed in hollows of the rachis, Calyx utriculate. Stamens one or two.

CHENOPODIUM. CHENOPODIACE. 133

Division 2, SprroLopem. Embryo spiral.

Tribe 4. SUEDINE/, Embryo in a flat spiral. Seeds with a double integument.

8. Suepa. Calyx urceolate, 5-parted, usually baccate in fruit, not appendiculate. Styles united, Seed vertical or
horizontal,

Tribe 5. SALSOLE/. Embryo in a conical spiral. Seeds with a single integument.
9, Satsoua, Calyx with a winged border when in fruit. Stamens inserted into a hypogynous disk, Scales none.
Seed horizontal,

Division 1. CYCLOLOBE. C. A. Meyer. |

Embryo curved into a more or less complete ring, around a copious (seldom scanty) central
albumen.— Leaves usually dilated, flat.

Tripe lL. ANSERINEZA. Moq-Tand.
Flowers perfect, without bracts. Fruit an utricle or achenium, rarely somewhat baccate.

Seed vertical or horizontal, with a double integument. Embryo nearly or quite annular.
—Leaves usually more or less triangular-rhomboid.

1. CHENOPODIUM. = Linn. ; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 20. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED,
[So named from the Greek, chen, chenos, a goose, and pous, a foot; in allusion to the shape of the leaf in some species.]

Calyx 5-parted, not becoming succulent, closed upon the fruit but not wholly covering it,
without appendages. Utriculus depressed. Stamens 5. Seed horizontal, lenticular.
Embryo perfectly annular.— Herbs or rarely undershrubs, often sprinkled with a mealy or

scaly powder. Leaves mostly petiolate and triangular-rhomboid or hastate, toothed or entire.

1. Cuenopopium atbum, Linn. Goosefoot. Lamb’ s-quarters.

Stem herbaceous, erect, branched; leaves rhomboid-ovate, entire and obtusely cuneate
at the base, coarsely sinuate-toothed, pale underneath , the uppermost oblong or narrowly
lanceolate, and nearly or quite entire ; racemes paniculate, somewhat spiked, often nearly
leafless ; segments of the calyx prominently keeled ; seeds smooth and shining, acute on the
margin.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 219; Engl. bot. t. 1723; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 198; Ell. sk. 1. p. 330;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p.107; Torr. fl. 1. p. 294; Beck, bot. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 176;
Moq.-Tand, Chenop. p. 29.

Annual. Stem 2 — 5 feet high, pyramidally or paniculately branched, angular.and grooved.
Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, rather fleshy, strongly 3-nerved ; the under surface (and partly also
the upper) covered with very minute whitish cup-like scales. Flowers in roundish clusters,
which are collected in spiked panicles. Calyx green, depressed, 5-angled; the segments
roundish, inflexed. Seeds nearly black.

Gardens, waste grounds, etc. Introduced from Europe. July - September. Sometimes
the leaves are more entire, when it appears to be the C. viride of Linnzus.

134 CHENOPODIACE#. CHENOPODIUM.

2. CHENoPpopIUM HyBRIDUM, Linn. Maple-leaved G'oosefoot.

Stem herbaceous, branched ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, angularly toothed, green on
both sides , the uppermost deltoid ; racemes paniculately branched, loose, leafless ; lobes of
the calyx carinate ; seeds lenticular, rugulose, acute on the margin. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 219;
Engl. bot. ¢.1919; Pursh, fl. 1. p.198; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.107; Torr. fl..1. p. 295;
Beck, bot. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 177; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 33.

Annual. Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves 2-4 inches long, very broad at the base, with
2 — 3 large angular teeth on each side, the point long and very acute ; the upper ones smaller,
deltoid and nearly entire. Flowers in large terminal panicles, which at length are very loose
and divaricate. Glomerules small, few-flowered. Calyx green; the segments roundish.
Seed twice as large as in the preceding species, purplish black, flatly lenticular.

About houses and along rivulets ; very common. Introduced from Europe. July — August.

2. AMBRINA. Spach, veg. phan. 5. p. 297 § 299; Mogq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 36.
AMBRINA.

[ Etymology uncertain.]
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5. Styles 2 (rarely 3), united below. Utricle compressed or
depressed, covered by the persistent calyx. Seed lenticular, horizontal or vertical. Embryo
forming an incomplete ring —More or less glandular and often pubescent herbs, of a strong

balsamic odor. Leaves toothed, sinuate or pinnatifid.

1. Amprina Botrys, Mog.- Tand. Jerusalem Oak.

Erect or assurgent ; leaves oblong, pinnatifidly sinuate, obtuse , the upper ones spatulate-
oblong ; racemes cymose, rather dense, axillary and terminal, leafless ; lobes of the fructiferous
calyx not carinate ; seed horizontal, smooth, the margin obtuse —Mogq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 37.
Chenopodium Botrys, Linn. sp. 1. p. 219; Pursh, fl. 1. p.198; Ell. sk. 1. p. 130; Torr.
fi. 1. p. 296; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 108; Beck, bot. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.177.

Annual; glandularly pubescent, and a little viscid. Stem about a foot high, flexuous, with
somewhat rigid branches. Leaves numerous, 1 — 2 inches long, lobed somewhat like those
of the White Oak ; the upper ones much smaller and narrower in proportion. Flowers
minute, in small divaricate cymes. Lobes of the calyx oblong, rather acute. Seed dark
purple ; the albumen forming about three-fourths of a circle.

Dry soils, roadsides and old fields ; probably introduced. July - August. The whole plant
has a strong balsamic and rather agreeable odor, especially when it is bruised. Mr. Nuttall
remarks that it is indigenous to the banks of the Missouri and Mississippi; and it is alsoa
native of the south of Europe, Siberia and Persia.

AMBRINA. CHENOPODIACE. 135

2. AMBRINA ANTHELMINTICA, Spach. Wormseed.

Stem erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at the base into a petiole, unequally and incisely
serrate ; racemes spike-like, simple, elongated, slender, leafless; lobes of the calyx not
carinate ; seed horizontal, globose-lenticular, rounded on the margin.—Spach, I. c., ex Moq.-
Tand. Chenop. p. 41. Chenopodium anthelminticum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 220; Micha. fl. 1.
p.173; Pursh, fl.1. p.198; Ell. sk. 1. p. 331; Bart. veg. mat. med. 2. t.44; Torr.
fi. 1. p.' 296; Beck, bot. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 177.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, angular and grooved, somewhat glandularly pubescent.
Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and 1 — 2 inches wide, very coarsely and sometimes sinuate-serrate.
Racemes numerous, axillary and terminal, formed of small glomerules of flowers arranged
along a filiform rachis, which in fruit is 1 - 2 inches long. Lobes of the calyx oval, obtuse.
Styles 3, united at the base. Seed very small, dark purplish brown, smooth and shining ;
the embryo forming about three-fourths of a circle.

Road-sides, near New-York. Fv. July. Fr. September - October. The plant has a
strong terebinthine odor. ‘The seeds yield the well-known vermifuge, called wormseed oil.
This oil resides in minute oblong transparent vesicles which are situated about the summit of
the utricle, to which they are only slightly attached, so that they easily separate at maturity.

3. AMBRINA AMBROsSIOIDES, Spach. Mexican Tea.

Stem erect, much branched ; leaves oblong, remotely sinuate-toothed or nearly entire,
the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; racemes axillary, somewhat spiked, nearly simple,
leafy ; lobes of the calyx somewhat keeled ; seed horizontal? (vertical, Mog.-Tand.), obtuse
on the margin, smooth.— Spach, 1. c. p. 297, ex Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 39. Chenopodium
ambrosioides, Linn. sp.l. 9: 219; Pursh, fl. 1.p. 198; Zul. sk. 1.-p.3305 Torr, jt. 1.
p. 295; Beck, bot. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 175.

Annual. Whole plant yellowish green, slightly and glandularly pubescent. Leaves 1 - 2
inches long: lower ones 5 — 8 lines wide, the upper 3 - 5 lines. Spikes about an inch long,
with small linear-spatulate leaves. Lobes of the calyx oblong, rather obtuse. Styles 3, united
at the base. Utricle covered with oblong vesicles which contain oil, as in the preceding species.
Seeds (in my immature specimens) apparently horizontal.

Road-sides and waste places ; common near New-York and along the Hudson. F/. August.
Fr. October. 'The whole plant has an agreeable aromatic odor.

3. BLITUM. Linn. ; Moqg.-Tand. Chenop. p. 48. STRAWBERRY BLITE.
[So named, it is said, from the Greek, dliton, insipid; or from the Celtic, bith, of the same meaning. ]
Calyx of 5 sepals, which are nearly distinct or somewhat united at the base, baccate in fruit
or nearly dry, without appendages. Stamens usually solitary. Styles 2, united below,
subulate-capillary. Utricle compressed, covered with the calyx. Seed vertical, somewhat
globose, unequally compressed. Embryo completely annular.—Mostly annual herbs, with

triangular-hastate toothed leaves. Flowers in glomerate (often berry-like) heads.

136 CHENOPODIACE. Buirum.

1. Buirum!? maririmum, JVutt. Salt-marsh Blite.

Stem erect, angular ; leaves deltate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, incisely toothed,
succulent, the upper ones linear-lanceolate ; glomerules in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx deeply
3-parted, not becoming succulent ; seed lenticular, vertical, smooth. — Nutt. gen. 2. add.
(without page); Torr. fl. 1. p.5; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 44.

Annual. Stem erect, 1 — 2 (- 3, Nuttall) feet high, much branched, smooth, angular and
sulcate. Leaves about two inches long, attenuate into a petiole at the base, with a few coarse
teeth : upper ones with only one or two teeth, or nearly entire. Spikes much shorter than
the leaves, consisting of a few densely capitate clusters about the size of a peppercorn, which
are arranged ina leafy spike. Flowers polygamous in each head? Calyx longer than the
ovary, of three obovate sepals which are nearly distinct to the base. Stamen solitary. Style
single, short, slightly 2-cleft at the summit. Utricle obovate, of rather firm texture. Seed
(immature) much compressed.

Salt-marshes, Long Island. Near New-York (Nuttall). My specimens, which are im-
mature, are from Hoboken. This species turns blackish in drying. It has much the aspect
of an Atriplex, and hardly belongs to the present genus.

2. Birrum cariratum, Linn. Strawberry Blite.

Stem procumbent or assurgent ; leaves triangular-hastate, acute, sinuately toothed ; heads
alternate, in terminal spikes which are leafless above ; calyx at length baccate ; seeds smooth,
the margin acutely keeled —Linn. sp. 1. p.4; Miche. fl.1.p.2; Pursh, fl.1.p.4; Torr.
fl. 1. p.4; Beck, bot. p. 299; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 48.

Annual. Stem about a foot long, diffusely branched. Leaves acutely angular, smooth.
Flowers in dense roundish clusters, which are collected towards the summit of the branches.
Calyx finally becoming red and succulent. Stamen longer than the ovary.

On grounds recently burned over ; not uncommon in the western part of the State, parti-
cularly in Oneida county: probably introduced. June. ‘The heads of flowers, when arrived
at maturity, somewhat resemble strawberries.

3. Buirum Bonus-Henricus, C_.A.Mey. English Mercury. Good King Henry.

Stem ascending, angular, nearly simple ; leaves petiolate, hastate-triangular, obtuse or
acute, somewhat sinuate or entire ; clusters of flowers approximated in a terminal leafless
spike ; calyx 5-sepalled ; seed minutely dotted, obtuse on the margin.—C. A. Mey. in Ledeb.
fl. Alt. 1. p. 11, ex Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p.46. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn. sp.
1. p. 219; Engl. bot. t. 1030; Pursh, fl.1.p.197; Muhl. cat. p. 28; Torr. fl. 1. p. 294;
Beck, bot. p. 295. Atriplex Bonus-Henricus, “‘Crantz, inst. 1. p. 206,” ex Mogq.-Tand.

Perennial. Stem about one foot high, smooth. Leaves 2-3 inches long, the breadth at
the base equal to the length, nearly entire or somewhat repand, smooth: petiole 1 - 2 inches

BuiTuM. CHENOPODIACE. 137

long. Flowers in small roundish glomerules which are arranged in a terminal spike ; the
fertile and sterile mixed, similar in form. Sepals oblong or obovate, mucronate, often truncate
or irregularly toothed at the summit. Fertile flowers (in my specimens) always without
stamens. Ovary obovate: styles thickish-subulate, longer than the ovary, diverging. Sterile
flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 5, shorter than the calyx: anthers large.
Ripe seed not seen.

Oriskany, Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern) ; New-York (Muhlenberg). This plant seems
to be intermediate between ATRIPLEX and CuENopopium ; resembling the former in its vertical
seed, and the latter in the structure of the flower.

Trise I]. SPINACIE. Moq.-Tand.
Flowers diclinous, often polygamous ; the sterile and fertile dissimilar in form. Seed

vertical. Fruit either an utricle or an achenium. Integument of the seed usually
double. Embryo annular —Leaves membranaceous, flat, more or less triangular-hastate.

4. ATRIPLEX. Tourn.; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 50. ORACH.
[ From the Greek, @, not, and traphein, to nourish ; because most of the species are unfit for food,]

Flowers moneecious or dicecious, very rarely perfect. Srrrine ru. without bracts. Calyx
3 - 5-sepalled, without appendages. Stamens 3-5. Ferrtine rx. with two distinct or
more or less united bracts at the base. Calyx none. Styles 2, united below. Utricle
compressed, partly included in the rhombic-ovate or hastate bracts. Seed vertical, some-
what lenticular, with a double integument. Embryo completely annular. — Herbs or
sometimes undershrubs, often clothed with bran-like scales. Leaves petiolate, more or

less hastate or triangular, toothed or entire. Flowers crowded in glomerate spikes.

1. ATRIPLEX PATULA, Linn. Halberd-leaved Orach.

Stem herbaceous, much branched, procumbent; leaves deltoid-hastate, petiolate, nearly
entire or sinuately toothed, glaucous underneath ; bracts rhomboid, acute, often finely toothed
at the base, the sides slightly muricate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1053; Engl. bot. t. 936; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 373; Ell. sk. 2. p. 577; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 54. A. laciniata, Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 199. A. laciniata, 8. Americana, Torr. fl. 1. p. 293. <A. Purshiana, Mog.-Tand. l. c.
p. 55.

Annual. Stem much branched from the root, spreading on the ground ; the branches 1 — 2
feet long. Leaves a little fleshy, mealy underneath ; the lower ones two inches or more in
length, often triangular, sometimes entire ; upper ones triangular-lanceolate. Flowers in
glomerate spikes; the fertile and perfect intermixed. Bracts of the fertile flowers usually
covered on the outer face with subulate or conical points. Stamens sometimes only 4.

Salt-marshes, and sandy shores as far as the salt water extends ; apparently native. August
— September.

[FLora — Vol 2.] 18

138 CHENOPODIACE. OBIONE.

5, OBIONE. Gert. fruct. 2. p. 198. t. 126. f.5; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p.'78. OBIONE.

[ Etymology uncertain.]

Flowers moneecious or dicecious. STERILE FL. without bracts. Calyx 4 — 5-sepalled. Stamens
4-5. Ferrite with two bracts at the base, more or less united below, at length inflexed,
indurated or corky, connivent. Calyx none. Styles 2, united below. Fruit compressed,
covered with the bracts, muricate or naked: utricle membranacéous. Seed vertical, ovate,
with a short beak ; the integument double. Embryo completely annular. — Herbs or

undershrubs. Leaves elliptical or more or less ovate. Flowers crowded in small glomerules.

1. OproneE arenariaA, Mog.- Tand. Seabeach Orach.

Stem herbaceous, diffuse ; leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, silvery-mealy
underneath, very entire , upper ones acute or acuminate ; bracts of the fruit united below,
cuneate, retuse, toothed on the margin and muricate on the sides. — Moq.-Tand. Chenop.
p. 71. Atriplex arenaria, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 198; Torr. fl. 1. p. 293; Beck, bot. p. 297.

Annual. The whole plant covered with a silvery mealiness. Stem spreading ; the branches
a foot or more in length, assurgent or procumbent. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, rather pale
green above ; the lower ones very obtuse, or sometimes retuse. Perfect flowers mostly in
terminal glomerate spikes. Fertile flowers crowded and axillary. Bracts of the fruit broad
and closely applied to each other, 2 — 3-toothed on each side. Seed lenticular.

On the seabeach of Long Island. August — September.

6. ACNIDA. Linn.; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 78. COMMON WATER-HEMP.

{ From the Greek, a, without, and xnide, a nettle; because it resembles a nettle, but does not sting.]

Flowers dicecious, without bracts. Sepals membranaceous. Srerive ru. Calyx of five
somewhat equal sepals. Stamens 5, very short, inserted into the receptacle. FrErriLe FL.
Calyx of three unequal sepals. Ovary 3 — 5-angled: stigmas 3 —- 5, linear, spreading.
Achenium 3 - 5-angled. Seed vertical, compressed, with a double integument. Embryo
nearly annular.—Annual, smooth herbs, growing in swamps, with alternate lanceolate entire
leaves, and the flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, which are more or less paniculate.
The apparent bracts in this genus are abortive or undeveloped flowers.

1. AcnIDA CANNABINA, Linn. Common Water-hemp.

Fruit acute-angled, smooth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1027; Micha. fl. 2. p. 234; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 208; Ell. sk. 2. p. 694; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 367; Torr. compend. p. 373; Beck, bot.
p. 297; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p.'79.

AcNIDA. CHENOPODIACE. 139

Stem 3-6 feet high, more or less branching, rather succulent. Leaves varying from
ovate- to linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long rather obtuse point, acute at the base, petiolate.
Racemes or spikes 3 — 8 inches long, leafy ; the flowers sessile. Srerite ru. Sepals oblong,
obtuse, somewhat concave. Stamens as long as the calyx: filaments short: anthers large,
oblong, rather obtuse. Frrtinge Fy. Stamens none. Sepals ovate, acute, small. Ovary
oblong, longer than the calyx: styles somewhat plumose, varying from 3-5. Achenium
coriaceous, with as many angles as there are stigmas. Seed obovate, compressed, black.
Embryo horseshoe-form, but closed.

Borders of salt-marshes, and along the Hudson as far as the waiter is brackish. Fl. August.
Fr. September. I have not found this plant in the interior of the State, but in Pennsylvania
and in the Western States it sometimes occurs in freshwater swamps.

2. Acnipa RusocaRpa, Miche. Rough-fruited Water-hemp.

Fruit with the angles rather obtuse and corrugated. — Micha. fl. 2. p. 234. t. 50; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 208; Ell. sk. 2. p. 694; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 79. A. rhyssocarpa, Spreng.
syst. 3. p. 903.*

Resembles the preceding in almost every respect except the fruit. This has the angles
thickened, and wrinkled or somewhat tuberculate.

Borders of salt-marshes near New-York. August-September. It is probable that this
plant is only a variety or particular state of A. cannabina. In Michaux’s figure, the fruit is
not represented as rugose.

Tribe III. SALICORNIEZE. C. A. Mey.

Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous, without bracts, immersed in excavations of the rachis,
or concealed between its joints ; all similar in form. Seed vertical. Fruit an utriculus
or an achenium. Integument double or simple. Embryo conduplicate or semiannular.
— Stems mostly jointed. Leaves fleshy and very short, or none.

7. SALICORNIA. Tourn. ; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 113. GLASSWORT.
[ From the Latin, sad, salt, and cornu, a horn; a saline plant, with horn-like branches. ]

Flowers perfect (or by abortion polygamous), immersed in excavations of the rachis. Calyx
utriculate, toothed on the margin, at length spongy and furnished with a narrow winged
border. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the
calyx. Embryo annular, conduplicate. — Fleshy smooth herbs or undershrubs, jointed,
leafless or sometimes with very short leaves : branches opposite, terete ; the joints truncate
or 2-toothed ; terminal ones floriferous. Flowers minute, three together ; the lateral ones

sometimes sterile.

* “A. rusocarpa, Gallice pronunciatur ; ruscocarpa, Willd., hallucinatione dicitur.” Spreng, l. c.

1S*

140 CHENOPODIACE. SALICORNIA.

1. SaALIcoRNIA HERBACEA, Linn. Common Saltwort, or Samphire.

Herbaceous, annual, erect or assurgent, the joints somewhat thickened at the summit and
emarginately 2-toothed ; spikes elongated, tapering and rather obtuse at the summit.—Linn.
sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p.5; Micha. fl.l.p.1; Pursh, fi. 1. p.2; Ell. sk. 1. p.8; Torr. fl. 1.
p.1; Beck, bot. p. 298; Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 114. 8. Virginiaca, Linn. sp. 1. p.4;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 2.

Stem 8-12 inches high, more or less branched, but almost or quite simple, succulent,
obscurely 4-sided ; the branches with numerous joints, which are somewhat truncate at the
summit, and furnished with two short usually obtuse teeth. Flowers placed in little hollows
at the base of the upper joints, which thus form very long slender terminal spikes; each
consisting of an inflated succulent calyx, enclosing two stamens and the pistil. The stamens
expand at different times, and are slightly exserted : anther-cells ovoid, distinct. Ovary ovoid,
acute, terminating above in two short styles.

Salt-marshes, Long Island, Staten Island, near New-York, and as far up the Hudson as the
salt water extends ; also at Syracuse and Salina. JV. August - September. Jr. October.
The North American plant was once regarded as a distinct species, but it does not differ from
the S. herbacea of Europe.

2. Saticornia mucronata, Lag.? Dwarf Saliwort.

Herbaceous, annual, erect; the joints 4-angled at the base, with two acute ovate mucronate
teeth at the summit; spikes very thick, obtuse. — Lag. pl. Barill. p. 52? Bugel. fl. Bost.
p. 2. §. Virginica, Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 115%

Stem 4 — 8 inches high, moderately branched, thick and succulent: joints of the branches
and spikes short, terminating above in two broad ear-like scales or rudimentary leaves, which
are very distinct in dried specimens. Spikes 4-6 times as long as they are wide, nearly
three lines in diameter. Calyx turbinate, very narrowly margined. Ovary ovate, acute.
Styles 2, nearly distinct. Albumen very scanty. Embryo annular.

Salt-marshes on Long Island. FV. September. Easily distinguished from the preceding
by its low stem and short thick spikes, as well as the mucronate joints. J] am not able to
determine whether Lagasca’s plant is identical with Bigelow’s. It is remarkable that Moquin-
Tandon should have described it under the name of S. Virginica, Nuttall, (in whose work it
stands without a character,) and that he should have appended the sign of verification (an ! ),
while the only habitat he gives is Grenada near Nijar. ‘The Spanish plant is described as
suffruticose, while ovrs is certainly annual; but I have specimens of a Salicornia from Key
West, which agrees very well with the northern S. mucronata, except that the stem is woody
below : this, however, may be the effect of climate or age, as S. herbacea itself becomes
ligneous at the base late in the season. ‘This and the preceding species are sometimes made
into pickles. They are often called Samphire, or Pigeon’s-foot.

SALICORNIA. CHENOPODIACE. 141

3. Saticornia amBiIcua, Micha. Perennial Saitwort.

Perennial ; stem procumbent, with long flexuous ascending branches ; the joints truncate,
dilated upward, with lunate obtuse teeth Micha. fl. 1. p. 2; Ell. sk. 1. p.4; Torr. fl. 1.
p.2. Arthocnemum? ambiguum, Moqg.-Tand. Chenop. p. 112.

Root long, creeping extensively in the sand. Stem prostrate, woody at the base, throwing
up numerous long usually curved branches ; the joints compressed, slightly 2-toothed. Calyx
truncate, scarcely margined. Ovary smooth, ovoid, acute. Stigmas 3, glandular-plumose.

Seabeach and borders of salt-marshes, Glencove, Long Island (Mr. J. Carey); also about
Rockaway Bay, &c. Fl. September. A well marked species, and a genuine Sauicornta.

Division 2. SPIROLOBEZ:. C. A. Mey.

Embryo spiral. Albumen none, or in very small quantity, Leaves mostly narrow, somewhat
cylindrical and fleshy.

Trize IV. SUEDINEZE. Mog.-Tand.
Flowers perfect, minutely bracteolate, all of similar form. Seed vertical or horizontal.
Pericarp an utricle. Integument of the seed double. Albumen none, or small in quantity
and 2-lobed. Embryo ina flat spiral. — Leaves often narrow and succulent.

8. SUEDA. Forsk.; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 120. SUEDA,
Species of Scnoperia, C, A. Mey.
L Etymology unknown. }

Calyx urceolate, 5-parted, fleshy, often becoming baccate, not appendiculate. Stamens 5.
Styles united : stigmas 2 — 3, rarely 4 or 5, distinct, divaricate. Utricle depressed. Seed
vertical or horizontal, lenticular ; the integument double. Embryo terete, coiled in a flat
spiral.—Herbs or undershrubs, with sessile more or less terete and fleshy leaves. Flowers

mostly in axillary glomerules.

1. Suepa maritima, Mogq.- Tand. Smooth Glasswort.

Herbaceous, branching, erect, diffuse or assurgent ; leaves elongated, linear, semicylindrical,
fleshy, rather acute ; flowers 2-3 together; calyx succulent, inflated in fruit, the lobes
somewhat carinate ; seed horizontal, rugulose and shining. — Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 127.
Chenopodium maritimum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 221; Engl. bot. t.633; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 198;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 296; Beck, bot. p. 296. Salsola maritima, Poir. dict. 7. p. 290. 5S. salsa,
Micha. fl. 1. p. 174; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 197; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 107. 8. salsa, 8. Americana,
Pers. syn. 1. p. 296. S. linearis, Ell. sk. 1. p. 332. Schoberia maritima, “C. A. Mey. in
Ledeb, fl. Alt. 1. p. 400,” ex Mog.-Tand.

142 CHENOPODIACE. Suepa.

Annual. Stem 1 —- 2 feet high, commonly erect, but often decumbent, with numerous erect
or spreading branches. Leaves about an inch long and a line in diameter, very acute. Flowers
very small, usually three together. Segments of the calyx rounded, concave, connivent.
Utricle very thin. Seed black. Embryo distinctly spiral.

Salt-marshes, Island of New-York and on Long Island. August - September. Cheno-
podium salsum, Linn. (Sueda salsa, Pall. = Shoberia salsa, C. A. Mey.) is considered by
Moquin-Tandon as only a variety of S. maritima.

TriseE V. SALSOLEZ. Moq.-Tand.

Flowers perfect, bracteate, all similar in form. Seed vertical or horizontal. Pericarp an
utricle. Integument of the seed simple, membranaceous. Albumen none. Embryo
conico-spiral (mostly green). — Leaves mostly semiterete.

9. SALSOLA. Linn. (in part); Moq.-Tand. Chenop. p. 134. SALTWORT.
[ From the Latin, sa/, salt; many of the species yielding abundance of alkaline salt.]

Calyx 5-sepalled ; the sepals finally with a broad horizontal scarious wing on the back.
Stamens usually 5, without intermediate scales. Styles 2, mostly united at the base.
Utricle depressed, covered with the persistent calyx, which is crowned with a winged border.
Seed horizontal, somewhat globose. Embryo cochleate (like a minute snailshell).— Herbs

or undershrubs, with fleshy mostly terete leaves and axillary sessile flowers.

1. Satsora Kaui, Linn. Common Saltwort.

Herbaceous, somewhat erect or procumbent, with ascending branches ; leaves subulate,
spiny at the tip ; bracts shorter than the floral leaves; flowers solitary; wing of the fructiferous
calyx broad, nearly orbicular, spreading. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 222; Engl. bot. t. 634; Pursh,
fl. 1. p.197; Torr. fl. 1. p. 297; Beck, bot. p.298; Mog.-Tand. Chenop. p. 136. SS.
Carolina, Miche. fl. 1. p.174; Ell. sk. 1. p. 331; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.106. 8S. Kali, var.
Caroliniana, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 199.

Annual. Stem branched, erect when young, but at length diffuse and very much branched,
forming a very prickly bush-like plant, pubescent or nearly smooth. Leaves broad at the
base, half an inch to an inch in length, with a pungent spiny tip ; the lower ones falling off
late in the season. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, each with two bracts or rather
bracteoles at the base, which resemble the leaves, but one smaller. Sepals acuminate ; the
summits connivent, forming a sort of beak ; the wing, in fruit, about as long as the sepal,
purplish. Stamens 5, longer than the calyx: anthers roundish, purple. Styles filiform :
stigmas simple. Utricle thin. Embryo green.

Sandy seacoast, and about the harbor of New-York ; also along the Hudson as far as the
Highlands. £7, August - September.

AMARANTHUS. AMARANTHACEZ. 143

Orper LXXXIV. AMARANTHACE A. Tue AMARANTH TRIBE.

Calyx of 3-5 scarious bract-like sepals. Stamens 5 or some multiple of that
number, hypogynous, distinct or monadelphous: anthers often one-celled.
Ovary mostly one- (sometimes several-) ovuled. Fruit commonly an utricle.
Seeds lenticular, vertical. Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Herbs
or sometimes undershrubs ; the flowers (often moncecious or dicecious) in spikes,
heads or dense clusters, imbricated with dry scarious and mostly colored bracts.
Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, petiolate.

1. AMARANTHUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1972. AMARANTH.

AvBersia, Kunth,

[ From the Greek, a, not, mraino, to fade, and anthos, a flower; or flowers which do not fade, ]

Flowers monecious. Calyx of 3~5 sepals. Srerite ru. Stamens 3 - 5: anthers 2-celled.
Fertite Fru. Styles 3. Utricle opening transversely all round, or indehiscent. — Herbs

(mostly annuals), with alternate leaves and minute glomerate or spiked flowers.

* AMARANTHUS proper. Utricle opening transversely all round,

1. AMaRANTHUS HyBRIDUS, Linn. LTybrid Amaranth.

Stem sulcate-angled, roughish pubescent, somewhat branching or simple ; leaves ovate and
lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous, in dense compound erect or somewhat spreading terminal
and axillary spikes ; bracts twice as long as the flower ; utricle nearly smooth.—Lznn. sp. 2.
p- 990; Willd. Amaranth. p. 26. t. 9. f.17; Pursh, fl.1. p.207; Ell. sk. 2. p. 580; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 353; Torr. compend. p. 352; Beck, bot. p. 294; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 526.
A. paniculatus, Willd. l. c. p. 32. t. 2. f. 2%; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 125.

Annual. Stem 2-5 feet high, thick, usually with short erect branches towards the
summit. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long and 1 — 2 inches wide, roughish and somewhat glandularly
pubescent, emarginate and mucronate, abruptly narrowed at the base into a pubescent petiole
which is 1 — 2 inches long. Spikes half an inch or more in diameter; the terminal one
elongated and tapering ; lateral ones shorter, clustered, and often more or less spreading : all
of them composed of numerous closely aggregated greenish flowers (sterile and fertile inter-
mixed, with a great preponderance of the latter), which are furnished with projecting subulate
spinescent bracts. Calyx of five unequal mucronate sepals. Utricle thin; the upper half
separating from the lower all round. Seed orbicular, flatly lenticular, black and shining.

Cultivated grounds, waste places, etc.; very common. Introduced ; perhaps from the
South. July - November.

144 AMARANTHACE. AMARANTHUS.

2. AMARANTHUS GRACIZANS, Linn. Bushy Amaranth.

Stem obtusely angular, smooth, erect, with numerous spreading branches ; leaves obovate
and spatulate-oblong, retuse, mucronate ; flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters ; bracts
twice as long as the flowers ; calyx rugose. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 990; Willd. 1. c. p. 8. t. 4.
f. 13 Push; fl-1.p. 207. Asalbus, Wildl. 6:4, 1.f.. 22; Pursh; lc.; Beck, bot. 9. 382;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 526; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 125. <A. Blitum, Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 343, not of Linn.

Annual. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, pale green or whitish ; the branches usually almost horizon-
tal. Leaves about an inch long, very obtuse or emarginate, tipped with a short bristle, narrowed
at the base into a longish petiole, smoothish ; those of the branches smaller and more spatulate
than the lower ones. Flowers very numerous, pale green; the bracts at the base subulate
and spinescent. Sepals oblong, mucronate. Utricle thin, dehiscing near the middle. Seed
as in the preceding species.

Cultivated grounds, waste grounds and road-sides ; common. August - September. An
introduced plant, which has perhaps wandered from the South.

3. Amarantuus pumitus, Raf. (Pl. XCIIL) Dwarf or Seaside Amaranth.

Very smooth ; stem diffuse ; leaves ovate, obtuse, fleshy, a little rugose ; flowers in axillary
clusters, pentandrous ; calyx 5-sepalled ; bracts short, unarmed ; utricle smoothish. — Raf.
in N. York med. repos. 2. p. 860; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 210; Ell. sk. 2. p. 580; Torr. comp.
p. 353; Beck, bot. p. 295.

Annual. Stem scarcely rising from the ground, but spreading out on all sides. Leaves
about three-fourths of an inch long, bright shining green, with the veins more or less purplish,
often emarginate, mostly clustered toward the extremity of the branches. Flowers greenish
and purple, sessile, in somewhat crowded clusters. Sepals linear-spatulate. Stamens 5.
Utricle oblong-ovoid, opening near the middle. Seed lenticular-ovoid.

Sandy seacoast of New-Jersey, particularly on the beach near Babylon. Fil. August -
September.

** ArBersiA, Kunth. Uldricle indehiscent.

4, AMARANTHUS DEFLEXUS, Weild.? Prostrate Amaranth.

Stem prostrate, branching from the base, pubescent; leaves rhombic-ovate, rather acute,
undulate on the margin, minutely pubescent and roughish ; glomerules axillary, few-flowered,
sessile ; flowers 3 — 5-androus ; bracts short, not spinescent ; utricle smoothish.— Willd. 1. c.
p. 18.4, 3.f. 16} Pers. syn. 2. p. 560?

Annual. Stems numerous, slender, about a foot long. Leaves about three-fourths of an
inch long, strongly waved on the margin, prominently veined underneath, tapering at the base

AMARANTHUS. AMARANTHACE. 145

into a petiole about as long as the lamina. Glomerules 8 - 12-flowered, roundish, loose.
Bracts lanceolate. Sepals 5, spatulate, mucronate or nearly acute. Utricle very slightly
corrugated, opake. Seed lenticular-ovoid.

Suburbs of Albany; doubtless introduced. August-September. I am by no means
positive as to the name of this plant, but it agrees better with the description of A. deflexus
than of any other. All North American Amaranths need a thorough revision.

I have another species of this section, collected by my friend Mr. J. Carey in a swamp
near Whitehall ; but owing to the confusion that exists in the genus, I am unable to determine
it without better materials than I can command at present. The following are its characters :
Stem a foot or more long, smooth, branched. Leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather
obtuse. Flowers in dense roundish axillary glomerules, arranged on numerous branches which
resemble interrupted leafy spikes. All the flowers in my specimen are fertile. FERTive rt.
Calyx of two unequal lanceolate acute sepals. Styles as long as the ovary, almost plumose.
Utricle thin, smooth. Seed roundish-lenticular.

Orprer LXXXV. POLYGONACE. Juss. Tue BuckwHeat TRIBE.

Calyx herbaceous, often petaloid, of 3 - 6 sepals. Stamens 3 — 12, inserted on
the calyx. Ovary with a single orthotropous ovule at the base: styles 2 - 4.
Fruit achenium-like, compressed or triangular. Embryo curved or nearly
straight, usually applied to the outside of, but sometimes within, the albumen.
— Herbs or rarely undershrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and usually
sheathing stipules (ochre). Inflorescence various.

1. POLYGONUM. § Linn.; Meisn. monogr. gen. Polyg. 1826. KNOTWEED.
[ Named from the Greek, polys, many, and gonu, a knee or joint; the stem having numerous joints. ]
Calyx mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent, erect in fruit. Stamens 3-9. Styles 2-3.
Achenium covered with the persistent calyx.—Annual or perennial herbs, with membrana-
ceous sheathing stipules, and the flowers (not involucrate) in spikes, racemes, panicles or

axillary : pedicels jointed.

[Fora — Vol. 2.] 19

146 POLYGONACES. Potyconum.

§ 1. Albumen farinaceous.

* Ampiycopon, Meisn. Stamens 5-7: style 2-cleft: achenium lenticular, acuminate, the margin rounded : cotyledons
accumbent, narrow,— Annual: flowers in crowded spikes: ochree cylindrical.

1. Potyconum OrtenTate, Linn. Prince’ s-feather.

Stem erect, paniculately branched, hairy ; leaves ovate, acuminate ; ochrex salver-form ;
spikes terminal, nodding, on hairy peduncles ; flowers heptandrous. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 362;
Bot. mag. t. 213; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 272; Ell. sk. 1. p. 257; Torr. fl. 1. p. 405; Meisn.
l.c. p.53; Beck, bot. p. 302; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 251.

Stem 4 - 6 feet high, paniculated and loosely branched above. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long
and 2 — 3 inches or more wide, softly pubescent, on long petioles. Ochree hairy and ciliate ;
the limb spreading or reflexed. Spikes numerous, cylindrical; the flowers crowded, large
and spreading, bright rose-color. Styles united below. Achenium nearly orbicular, blackish.

Waste places, cultivated grounds, etc.; almost naturalized in some places. July — Sep-
tember.

** Facopyrum, Tourn, Flowers octandrous: styles 3: achenium triquetrous: cotyledons broad, folded and twisted, —
Flowers in racemes or panicles: ochree@ semicylindrical,

2, Potyconum [acoryrum, Linn. Buckwheat.

Stem erect, paniculately branched, smooth; leaves cordate-sagittate, acute; racemes
paniculate ; flower with eight glands between the insertion of the stamens ; achenium twice
as long as the calyx, the angles acute, entire. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 364; Engl. bot. t. 1044 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 159; Meisn. l.c. p. 61. t.4. f. R.; Beck, bot. p. 303; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 252.

Annual. Stem 2-3 feet high, reddish purple when old, pubescent about the joints.
Leaves broader than long, on long petioles. Flowers white, tinged with green and rose-color.
Achenium dark brown and somewhat clouded.

Fields ; remaining as a weed where the plant has been cultivated. June — September.
Originally from Central Asia.

ve Tintarta, Meisn. FVowers mostly octandrous : styles 3 (rarely 2), or none: stigmas capitate: achenium triquetrous,
(rarely somewhat compressed), covered by the calyx: cotyledons accumbent.—Stems twining or climbing : flowers in
spicate racemes, panicles or heads.

+ Stem twining : leaves cordate or cordate-sagittate : flowers in racemes or racemose panicles : bracts and ochrecs semicylindrical.

3. Potyconum Convo.vu.us, Linn. Black Bindweed.

Stem twining or prostrate, roughish ; leaves somewhat hastate-cordate, acuminate ; flowers
in slender axillary racemes ; calyx-segments keeled, not winged, veinless; ochree naked ;
achenium granular-striate, the sides ovate-triangular.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 364; Engl. bot. t. 941;

PoLyGonuM. POLYGONACE. 147

Miche. fl. 1. p. 241; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 273; Ell. sk. 1. p.459; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 94; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 406; Metsn. 1. c. p. 63.4.4. f. P.; Beck, bot. p. 303; Darlingt. fil. Cest. p. 252.

Annual. Stem 2-6 feet long, either running over the ground, or twining about other
plants. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long ; the lobes at the base often somewhat spreading and acute.
Ochre nearly smooth. Racemes interrupted, leafy. Calyx tinged with green and purple ;
the three exterior segments obtusely keeled, sometimes slightly winged. Stigmas spreading.
Achenium almost equally triquetrous, roughish, purplish black.

Cultivated grounds and sandy fields; very common. July - August. A troublesome
weed : probably of European origin.

4, Potyeonum cruinopE, Micha. Fringe-jointed Polygonum.

Stem twining, retrorsely pubescent ; leaves somewhat hastate-cordate, acuminate ; ochre
retrorsely ciliate at the base ; flowers in axillary paniculate racemes ; calyx-segments slightly
keeled, but not winged; achenium smvoth and shining, the sides elliptical. — Miche. fl. 1.
p. 241; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 273; Torr. fl. 1. p. 406; Meisn. 1. c..p. 63. t. 5. f. 18 - 20; Bigel.
Jl. Bost. p. 159; Beck, bot. p. 303.

Annual. Stem 4 —8 feet long, of a purplish color. Leaves about 24 inches long and 2
inches broad, a little pubescent, especially on the lower surface ; the lobes at the base some-
what acute. Ochre veined, clasping at the base, rather acute, fringed with reflexed hairs
at the base. Racemes slender, nearly naked. Flowers smaller than in the preceding species ;
the pedicels as long as the calyx, recurved. Calyx greenish or pale rose-color ; the 3 inner
segments obtusely keeled. Styles 3, short: stigmas capitate. Achenium sharply triangular,
purplish black.

Sides of rocky hills, and in copses; northern part of the State. July - August. Easily
distinguished from P. Convolvulus by the fringed nodes and long fruit.

5. Potyconum pumMEToRuUM, Linn. Climbing Buckwheat.

Stem twining, smooth ; leaves cordate, acuminate ; ochrex short, smooth, somewhat toothed
at the summit, naked at the base ; racemes axillary, interrupted, leafy ; outer calyx-segments
with a strongly winged keel; achenium triquetrous, smooth, the sides ovate-elliptical. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 364; Meisn. lic. p.63. P. scandens, Linn. l.c.; Micha. fl. 1. p..240;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 273; Ell. sk.1. p. 459; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 159; Torr. fl.1. p. 406; Beck,
bot. p. 303; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 252; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 131.

Annual. Stem 6 — 12 feet long, obtusely angular or nearly terete, climbing over bushes
and other plants. Leaves 2-3 inches long, often slightly hastate, smoothish on both sides.
Racemes long: flowers several from each bract. Calyx greenish, or edged with white and
purple ; the three outer segments at length strongly winged; the wing decurrent on the
pedicel, and also produced upward beyond the summit. Stigmas small, sessile. Achenium
rather acute at each end, black and shining ; the sides concave.

Thickets, borders of woods, etc.; frequent. Fv. August. Fr. September. I follow Meisner

in regarding this species as identical with P. dumetorum of Europe.
ro*

148 POLYGONACEA. Potyconum.

tt Stem prostrate or climbing (not twining) : leaves sagittate or hastate : flowers capitate or somewhat racemose.

6. Potyconum saGcittatum, Linn. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Stem flaccid, retrorsely aculeate, 4-angled; leaves sagittate, acute, on short petioles ;
stipules sheathing ; flowers somewhat capitate, mostly octandrous ; achenium acuminate. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 364; Micha. fl. 1. p. 241; Pursh, fl..1. p. 272; Ell. sk. 1. p. 458; Bigel.
fi. Bost. p..158; Torr. fl. 1, p. 407; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3. t..101; Metsn. 1. c. p, 64;;. Beck,
bot. p. 302; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 251; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 131.

Annual. Stem 2-5 feet long, slender, prostrate or supported by other plants, acutely
4-angled; the angles armed with sharp reflexed prickles. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long and
6 — 8 lines wide ; the midrib and petiole prickly. Ochreee membranaceous, semicylindrical
or sheathing, smooth. Flowers in small terminal pedunculate heads ; the peduncles smooth,
rose-color or nearly white. Achenium nearly as broad as long, smooth, nearly black when
ripe.

Wet thickets; common. July — September.

7. Potyconum arirotium, Linn. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.

Stem flaccid, angular and sulcate ; leaves hastate, acuminate, on long petioles ; stipules
sheathing ; flowers somewhat racemose, distinct, hexandrous; styles 2; achenium ovoid,
somewhat compressed. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 364; Micha. fl. 1. p. 241; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 272;
Ell. sk.1. p. 459; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 158; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3.t.100; Torr. fi..1. p. 407;
Meisn. 1. c. p. 65; Beck, bot. p. 251; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 251.

Annual. Stem 3 — 6 feet long, supported by other plants, purplish red ; the angles armed
with prickles, which are more remote than in the preceding species. Leaves 2 —5 inches
long, triangular in their outline ; the lobes at the base very acute, slightly hairy above, minutely
papillose underneath ; the petiole prickly. Racemes very few-flowered ; the flowers distinct
and finally rather remote, rose-color or nearly white: peduncles glandularly hispid. Calyx
rarely expanding. Styles 2, short, united at the base: stigmas capitate. Achenium large,
doubly convex, smooth. Cotyledons accumbent, oval.

Low swampy grounds. August - September. This species does not agree with the
characters of the section in which it is placed by Meisner.

§ 2. Embryo more or less horny.

x*e* PersicaRiA, Tourn. Flowers 4 - 8-androus: styles 2-3: acheniwm compressed or triangular, covered by the calyx:
cotyledons accumbent, narrow, — Flowers in spikes or heads.

8. PoLyGonum Ampuipium, Linn. Water Persicaria.

Leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or rather obtuse, acute or somewhat
cordate at the base; spikes dense, cylindrical or ovate ; flowers pentandrous ; styles two;

PotycGonvum. POLYGONACEZ. 149

achenium compressed, smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 361; Micha. fl. 1. p. 240; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 403; Meisn. l.c. p. 67; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 131. P. coccineum, Willd. enum. 1.
p. 429; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 271.

var. 1. aquaticum: floating ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth or slightly pubescent. P.
amphibium, §. aquaticum, Linn. 1l.c.; Hook. Brit. fl. (ed. 4.) 1. p. 164; Torr. lc. P.
amphibium, &. natans, Micha. Il. c.; Meisn.l.c.; Beck, bot. p. 301; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
lc. P. coccineum, var. aquaticum, Pursh, l.c. PP. coccineum, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 157.
P. fluitans, Eat. man. bot. ed. 8. p. 368.

var. 2. terrestre : stem erect or ascending ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
clothed on the lower or on both sides with short rigid appressed hairs, or sometimes very
hairy ; ochrez (at least the lower ones) strigose. Torr. 1. c.; Meisn. 1 c.; Hook. l. c.; Beck,
l.c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 250. P. amphibium, Bigel. l.c. P. coccineum, var. emersum,
Michx. l.c. P.coccineum, var. terrestre, Willd. l. c.; Pursh, l. c.

Perennial. Stem in var. 1. long, slender and floating, or thicker and rooting in soft mud ;
in var. 2. rather stout, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 4-6 inches long and 1 — 2 inches wide
(smaller in the floating form): upper ones nearly sessile ; the lower on petioles 3 — 6 lines
long. Ochre truncate. Spikes 1 - 3 inches long; the flowers bright rose-color and showy.
Calyx open. Stamens a little exserted: anthers purplish. Styles slender, exserted, united
below: stigmas capitate. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed, dark brown and a little shining.

Ponds, muddy banks and low grounds ; frequent north and west of the Highlands. The
two varicties appear quite distinct when seen in their extreme forms, but they gradually pass
into each other ; and the North American plant is certainly identical with the P. amphibium
of Europe. It is a troublesome weed in England, in lands reclaimed from marshes.

9. Potyconum Persicaria, Linn. Lady’s-thumb.

Leaves lanceolate ; ochre truncate, ciliate ; spikes ovoid-oblong, dense, erect, on smooth
peduncles ; flowers mostly hexandrous ; styles two; achenium compressed, or sometimes
obtusely triangular.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 361; Engl. bot. t.'756; Micha. fl. 1. p.239; Pursh,
fl.1. p. 271; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.156;, Torr. fl. 1. p.405; Meisn.l.c. p.68; Beck, bot.
p. 302; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 249; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 132.

Annual. Plant not acrid. Stem 12-18 inches long, erect, assurgent or decumbent,
smooth, somewhat branching. Leaves 2-4 inches long, tapering at each end, rough and
hairy on the margin, usually with a darkish lunate or triangular spot near the middle. Stipules
fringed with bristly hairs at the summit. Spikes about an inch long; the bracts turbinate.
Flowers rose-color or crimson. Styles united about one-third of their length. Achenium
ovate, with a short acumination, usually compressed but sometimes triangular, smooth, black
and shining.

Waste places, gardens, and often in low grounds; common. Introduced from Europe.
July - August. To this species Meisner refers P. lapathifolium, Linn., and P. incanum,
Willd.

150 POLYGONACE. PotyGonum.

10. Potyconum Pennsyivanicum, Linn. Hairy-stalked Persicaria.

Stem erect ; leaves lanceolate ; ochrez not ciliate ; spikes oblong, crowded, on glandularly-
hispid peduncles ; flowers mostly octandrous ; styles 2; achenium lenticular, acuminate,
polished. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 361; Micha. fl. 1. p. 240; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 271; Ell. sk. 1,
p. 457; Torr. fl.1. p.404; Meisn. l.c. p. 69; Beck, bot. p. 302; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 250.

Annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, paniculately branched, with tumid joints, smooth (except
the upper part of the branches). Leaves 3 - 6 inches long and 1 — 14 inch wide, acute ; the
under surface, the margins and veins of the upper surface rough with short appressed hairs,
abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole. Ochrez closely embracing the stem, scarious.
Spikes usually numerous, 1 - 2 inches long, erect or somewhat nodding; the peduncles
clothed with short glandular hairs. Flowers rose-color, often pale, larger than in the preceding
species. Stamens sometimes 6. Styles united more than half their length; the free portions
spreading : stigmas capitate. Achenium black and shining.

Low moist places, banks of ditches, and cultivated grounds; common. July — October.
Resembles P. Persicaria, but is easily distinguished by its hispid peduncles.

11. Potyconum mite, Pers. Bearded Persicaria.

Stem erect or ascending ; leaves lanceolate, hairy on the margin; spikes slender or loose,
usually several together ; ochre hairy, fringed with hairs which are nearly as long as the
tube ; flowers usually octandrous ; styles 3; nut triquetrous.— Pers. syn. 1. p. 440; Pursh,
fil. p. 270; Ell. sk... 456 ; Torr. ji. 1. p. 402; Metsn. 1. ¢.p. 75; Beck, bot.p. 301 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p 249. P. hydropiperoides, Micha. fl. 1. p. 239; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 156,
not of Pursh.

Perennial. Stem 2 - 3 feet high, branching, sometimes decumbent and rooting at the joints,
slender, smooth. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long and 4 —- 8 lines wide, narrowed at the base into a
short petiole ; the midrib on both sides, the margin, and often the upper surface clothed with
short appressed hairs ; the under surface rough with minute dots, but not pellucid-punctate.
Ochree fringed with long straight brownish hairs. Spikes sometimes short and rather close,
at other times elongated and slender: flowers 4 — 5 from each ciliate bract, as large as in P.
Persicaria. Calyx rose-color or nearly white, not dotted. Stamens sometimes 7. Styles
united below: stigmas capitate. Achenium depressed, with a short acumination, black and
shining.

Swamps, margins of streams, and ponds; frequent. August — September.

12. Potyconum Hypropirer, Linn. Waier Pepper. Smart-weed.

Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, waved; ochree ciliate ;
spikes terminal and axillary, slender, interrupted, nodding ; calyx dotted with glands ; stamens

PotyGonum. POLYGONACE#. 151

6-8; styles 2-3; achenium lenticular or triquetrous, roughish. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 361 ;
Miche. fl. 1. p. 238; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.155; Meisn. l. c. p. 76. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 270. P. punctatum, Ell. sk. 1. p. 455; Beck, bot. p. 301; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 248.

Annual. Stem 12 - 18 inches high, sometimes assurgent, often flexuous, smooth. Leaves
2 — 4 inches long and about half an inch wide, tapering to a point, narrowed at the base into
a short petiole. Ochree purplish, with scattered appressed hairs on the sides; the fringed
summit about one-third the length of the tube. Spikes almost filiform, at first nodding, finally
almost erect. Bracts turbinate-cylindrical. Calyx greenish white, covered with minute round
flat glands, 3 — 5-parted. Styles united below, recurved above : stigmas capitate. Achenium
ovoid-lenticular or ovoid-triangular, black.

Low moist grounds which are occasionally overflowed, and along ditches ; very common.
August — September. he whole plant is very acrid, and will cause sores if applied to the
skin. In Europe it is sometimes used for dyeing woollen cloth of a yellow color. There
can be little doubt of our plant being identical with the P. Hydropiper of Europe.

«reee Tovara, Adans. Flowers pentandrous: calyx unequally 4-parted, somewhat gibbous: styles 2, distinct, oblique,
recurved at the summit: achenium ovate, biconver.—Flowers in a very long virgate spike, one or two from each bract.

13. Potyconum Vireintanum, Linn. Virgate Persicaria.

Stem simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; spike terminal, very long and slender ;
flowers distant and mostly solitary, pentandrous, somewhat recurved ; calyx a little gibbous ;
styles 2, distinct, rigid, oblique ; achenium obovate, lenticular.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 360; Miche.
fi. 1. p. 238; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 270; Ell. sk. 1. p.454; Torr. fl. 1. p. 403; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 156; Meisn. 1. c. p. 81. ¢. 3. f. N; Beck, bot. p. 301; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p..248; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 132.

Perennial. Stem (including the spike) 2-4 feet high, erect, pubescent above, angular.
Leaves 3-6 inches long and 14-3 inches wide, thin, smoothish except on the margin,
which is bristly-ciliate : petiole about half an inch long. Ochrez truncate, hairy, ciliate at
the summit. Spike 12 - 18 inches long, naked, mostly simple, virgate ; the sheaths 3-6
lines apart, with usually a single pedicel growing from each. Calyx somewhat gibbous above,
of a greenish white or pale rose-color, 4-parted. Stamens 5, somewhat unequal. Styles
rigid, parallel, exserted when in fruit, bent obliquely downward at the base so as to form an
obtuse angle with the ovary ; the summits recurved: stigmas minute. Achenium large,
strongly convex on both sides, brownish and shining when mature, beaked with the persistent
styles: embryo slightly curved against one of the edges of the albumen; the cotyledons
oblong, accumbent.

Woods and thickets, in rich soil; not rare. FI. July —- August. Fr. September. A very
distinct species, and remarkable for the structure of the flower. It was long ago made a
separate genus by Adanson, and more recently by Rafinesque,

152 POLYGONACE. Potyconum.

wetexe AvicutaRtaA, Meisn. lowers axillary: stamens mostly 8: stigmas 3, sessile, capitate: acheniwm triquetrous :
cotyledons incumbent. — Mostly annuals: ochree usually 2 —3-parted, or finally lacerate.

14. Potyconum avicutarE, Linn. Knot-grass. Door-weed.

Stem procumbent or erect, geniculate, herbaceous ; leaves mostly lanceolate or elliptical ;
ochree finally lacerate ; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, 2-3 together; achenium covered
with the calyx, the sides ovate-triangular, rugulose-striate—Linn. sp. 1. p. 362; Engl. bot.
z..1252.; Miche. fl. 1. p. 2373: Pursh,. fi. 1.'p. 269; Nuit. gen. 1. p. 254; Torr.ff. 1,
p. 406 ; Meisn. l. c. p. 87.

var. 1. procumbens : stem prostrate ; leaves lanceolate-oblong. Mersn.1.c. P. aviculare.
Willd. sp. 2. p. 449; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 155; Beck, bot. p. 300; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 247.
P. aviculare, 8. angustifolium, Micha. l.c; Pursh, l.c.; Nutt. l.c.

var. 2. erectum : stem erect or ascending ; leaves oval or elliptical-oblong. Meisn.l.c. P.
erectum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 363; Willd. l.c.; Pers. syn. 1. p. 439; Beck, bot. p. 300; Nutt.
in Amer. phil. trans. v. (n. ser.) p. 163; Darlingt. 1.c. P. aviculare, 8. latifolium, Micha.
eo 3P urs; lice Nuliel,.c.2. 4 ore 16.

Annual. Stems 6 inches to 2 feet long, strong and wiry: in var. 1. spreading flat on the
ground, or the branches somewhat assurgent ; in var. 2. mostly quite erect, with spreading
branches, somewhat thickened at the nodes, striate. Leaves in the first variety mostly
lanceolate, acute, half an inch to an inch long, smooth; in the other, 1 - 3 inches long and
half an inch to an inch broad, obtuse or rather acute, bright green on both sides. Stipules
whitish, at length much lacerated. Flowers small, greenish white, often tinged with purple :
pedicels enclosed in the sheaths, or very slightly exserted. Stamens often five, included :
filaments dilated at the base; three of them broader than the others, and belonging to an
inner series. Stigmas nearly sessile, diverging. Achenium acute, finely striate with rugulose
or somewhat waved lines, rather dull.

About houses, road-sides, gardens, etc.; the erect variety in more damp situations : very
common, and probably introduced from Europe. June (var. 2. July) - November. It is
difficult to belive that the tall erect broad-leaved plant here described is a mere variety of the
narrow-leaved prostrate species, until one finds the intermediate forms that connect them.
Such states can usually be seen where the two plants grow together.

15. Potyconum maritimum, Linn. Seaside Knot-grass.

Stem prostrate, with very short internodes ; leaves lanceolate, glaucous (as is also the
stem), somewhat fleshy, often revolute on the margin; ochree half as long as the leaves,
finally lacerate ; flowers axillary, 2-3 together, the pedicels a little exserted ; achenium
rather longer than the calyx, smooth and shining, the sides ovate-elliptical. — Linn. sp. 1.
p. 361; Hl. sk. 1.-p. 453; Meisn.7.c. p.89.° FP. marinum, -Pursh, fl. 1. p. 269... P.
glaucum, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 254; Torr. fl. 1. p. 401; Beck, bot. p. 300.

Potyconum. POLYGONACE. 153

Annual (in the Southern States apparently perennial, and even suffrutescent as in the plant
of the Mediterranean shores). Stem diffuse and widely spreading, hard and woody towards
the base. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long, thick, lanceolate or elliptical. Stipules
very thin and scarious. Flowers twice as large as in P. aviculare, pale rose-color or nearly
white ; the pedicels often distinctly exserted. ‘Stamens included : filaments dilated at the
base ; three of them broader than the others. Stigmas nearly sessile, diverging. Achenium
triquetrous, more than twice as large as in the preceding species, chestnut-brown, acuminate.

Sandy coast of Long Island. August. It is not improbable that the southern plant may
be only an annual; for I have not seen the root, and ours is hard and woody at the base,
particularly late in the season. 'The European P. maritimum is said to be a perennial, but
this does not constitute a specific difference where the other characters agree.

16. Potyaonum TENUE, Micha. Slender Upright Knotgrass.

Stem erect, acutely angular, slender, branching ; leaves lanceolate-linear, cuspidate ; ochre
tubular, lacerate and bristly at the summit ; flowers axillary, somewhat solitary, nearly sessile;
achenium triquetrous, nearly smooth, shining. — Miche. fl. 1. p. 238; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 270;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 454; Torr. fl. 1. p. 401; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 155; Meisn. 1. c. p.91; Beck,
bot. p. 301; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 248; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 132. P. linifolium, MuAl.
cat. p. 41; Bart. fl. Phil. 1. p. 186, and fl. N. Am. 3. t. 95. f. 2.

Annual. Stem 6 - 12 inches high, roughish on the angles, more or less branched, often
from the base; the branches upright. Leaves sessile, about an inch long and less than one
line wide, rather rigid, serrulate-scabrous on the margin. Ochree cut into numerous long
setaceous segments. Flowers as large as in P. aviculare, solitary or by pairs, on very short
pedicels, greenish white. Stamens 8, short: filaments unequal, five of them subulate, the
other three dilated at the base, Stigmas 3, sessile. Achenium nearly black, acute ; the sides
ovate, concave.

Dry rocky hills and sterile fields ; frequent. July —- August.

#4444%% POLYGONELLA, Michx, Calyx 5-sepalled ; the sepals nearly equal, or the two outer ones smaller and usually reflexed :
stamens 8; filaments of the three that are opposite the sides of the ovary, dilated at the base, and oblusely 1-toothed
on each side: styles 3, very short, spreading ; stigmas capitate: acheniwm triquetrous, smooth : embryo in the axis
of somewhat horny albumen, very slender, a little curved: cotyledons accumbent, — Flowers perfect or polygamous,
in paniculate spikes, one from each bract.

17. Potyconum articuLatum, Linn. Joint-weed.

Annual; leaves linear; ochre truncate, naked; spikes paniculate, filiform; bracts im-
bricated , lower ones mucronate, the upper pointless. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 363; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 272; Torr. fl.1. p. 405; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 157; Beck, bot. p. 304; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 133.

Root often very tortuous. Stem 6-18 inches high, more or less paniculately branched

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 20

154 POLYGONACE. PoLyGonumM.

above, smooth. Leaves 6 — 10 lines long and scarcely a line wide, obtuse, smooth, deciduous
or the lower ones often wanting. Ochre cylindrical, obliquely truncate. Spikes (or rather
racemes) erect, numerous, 1 — 2 inches long ; the rachis consisting of many joints, from each
of the bracts of which arises a slender filiform recurved pedicel. Calyx bright rose-color,
open; the two outer sepals rather broader than the others, and often emarginate. Stamens
shorter than the calyx: 5 of the filaments subulate ; the 3 others with a broad membranaceous
base. Ovary ovate-triquetrous, very acute: styles or stigmas three. Nut chestnut-brown,
triquetrous, acute, polished.

Sandy woods and fields. Sandy plains west of Albany ; shore of Oneida lake (Dr. Gray

and Dr. Knieskern); also on Long Island. August — September.

2. RUMEX. Linn.; Endl. gen, 1993. DOCK.
[ Etymology unknown. ]
Calyx of 6 sepals, which are somewhat united at the base; the three exterior herbaceous,

smaller ; the three interior somewhat colored, larger, naked or with a grain-like tubercle
on the outer surface, closing in a valvate manner over the fruit. Stamens 6, inserted in
pairs opposite the exterior sepals. Ovary triquetrous: styles 3: stigmas pencillate.
Achenium triquetrous. Embryo slightly curved at one of the sides or angles of the
farinaceous albumen, or in the axis: cotyledons narrow, incumbent. — Herbs or rarely
suffrutescent plants, often more or less acid, with alternate leaves, and small flowers in

verticillate fascicles or racemose panicles: pedicels jointed near the base.

* Laparnum, Campt. Flowers perfect or polygamous ; the three inner sepals or valves bearing tubercles.
1. Rumex crispus, Lenn. Curled Dock.

Leaves lanceolate, acute, curled on the margin; upper whorls of flowers leafless ; inner
sepals broadly cordate, entire or crenulate, prominently reticulated, one of them with a large
tubercle , the others with an imperfect tubercle. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 335; Engl. bot. t. 1998 ;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 247; Ell. sk. 1. p. 414; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 142; Torr. fl. 1. p. 378 ;
Beck, bot. p. 3038; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 236.

Root perennial, large, fusiform, yellow. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, sulcate, smooth, paniculately
branched above. Radical leaves in a tuft, about one foot long and 1 — 2 inches or more wide ;
those of the stem much smaller. Flowers in numerous fasciculate whorls, of which the upper
ones are naked, the lower leafy : pedicels filiform, 3-4 lines long. Calyx green: in fruit,
the inner sepals are large, broadly cordate, usually denticulate towards the base ; one of them
(and sometimes more) with a large orange oblong tubercle on the back ; the others with the
midrib swollen, but not usually tubercled. Achenium acuminate, brown and shining. Embryo
applied to the side of the albumen.

Pastures, meadows, and about houses ; very common, and a troublesome weed. Introduced
from Europe. May -July. The root of this species is a popular application for unhealthy
ulcers.

Rumex. POLYGONACE. 155

2. Rumex oprtusirouius, Linn. Broad-leaved Dock.

Stem roughish ; radical leaves cordate-ovate, obtuse ; inner sepals lanceolate-ovate, acutely
toothed near the base, one of them with a conspicuous tubercle. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 335 ;
Engl. bot. t. 1999; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 248; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 143; Torr. fi. 1. p. 879;
Beck, bot. p. 304; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 236.

Root perennial, thick, brown externally, yellow inside. Stem 2—- 4 feet high, angular and
sulcate. Radical leaves often nearly a foot long and 4 —6 inches wide, roughly pubescent
on the veins, thin, slightly waved on the margin. Calyx green, large when in fruit, acutely
denticulate toward the base, prominently reticulate-veined.

Moist meadows, pastures, etc.; frequent: introduced. June - July.

3. Rumex vERTICILLATUS, Linn. Long-stalked Water Dock.

Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, flat, entire ; ochree cylindrical, elongated ; spikes nearly
leafless ; pedicels 3 — 4 times as long as the fruit, diffracted ; inner sepals broadly cordate,
rugosely veined, entire, all of them tuberculose ; sides of the achenium broadly ovate-cordate.
— Linn. sp. 1. p. 334; Micha. fl. 1. p. 217;- Pursh, fl. 1. p. 248; Torr. fl. 1. p. 879;
Beck, bot. p. 304.

Root large, fusiform. Stem about two feet high, somewhat branching above. Leaves
5 — 8 inches long and # to 14 inch wide, acute at each end, perfectly smooth on both sides ;
the petiole about an inch long. Spikes mostly dichotomous ; the semiwhorls or fascicles
rather distant, 10 — 30-flowered. Flowers perfect. Sepals at first nearly equal, oblong,
obtuse, finally nearly as broad as long ; the tubercle very prominent. Styles reflexed : stigmas
digitate-pencillate. Pedicels of the fruit $ of an inch long, rather stout, bent abruptly down-
ward. Achenium broadly ovoid-triquetrous. Embryo slightly curved, applied to the middle
of one of the sides of the albumen, and nearly enclosed in it.

Swamps in the northern and western parts of the State. June-July. This species is
widely diffused in the United States, extending from Canada to Florida, and throughout
Louisiana. It is quite distinct from R. salicifolius, Weinn. and Hook.

4. Rumex Brrrannica, Linn. Yellow-rooted Water Dock.

Smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat or slightly waved ; ochrew lacerated and often almost
wanting ; racemes in a large terminal panicle, elongated, nearly leafless ; semiwhorls many-
flowered, the pedicels capillary ; outer sepals ovate, entire, all of them usually bearmg a
small tubercle ; sides of the achenium elliptical —Lina. sp. 1. p. 384; Micha. fl. 1. p. 217;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 143; Torr. fl. 1. p. 378; Beck, bot. p. 304. KR. Britannicus, Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 248; Ell. sk. 1. p. 414. R. domesticus, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 129?

Root large, fusiform, dark externally, yellow inside. Stem 2-4 feet high, branching
above, stout, fistular. Lower leaves 8 — 12 inches long and 3 ~ 5 inches wide: upper ones

20*

156 POLYGONACE. Rumex.

6 - 8 inches long and 1 - 2 inches wide, often crenulate-waved on the margin. Panicle a
foot or more in length, consisting of numerous racemes with their whorls crowded. Flowers
perfect. Pedicels of the fruit 4 — 6 lines long, at length reflexed. Inner sepals not dilated
at the base, slightly veined. Achenium light brown, acute at each end. Embryo applied to
one side of the albumen.

Swamps and borders of streams in the western part of the State, mostly in shady places ;
frequent. I am not positive that this is the R. Britannicas of Linneus, but it is the plant so
considered by some of our botanists.

** AceTosa, Campt. Lowers diacious, usually minute: inner sepals without tubercles,

5. Rumex Acetoseiya, Linn. Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel.

Lower leaves lanceolate-hastate , the lobes entire, acute ; flowers dicecious ; inner sepals
without tubercles, ovate, entire. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 338; Engl. bot. t. 1674; Micha. fl. 1.
p. 216; Pursh, fl.1. p. 249; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 144; Torr. fi. 1. p. 380; Beck, bot.
p. 304; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 236.

Perennial. Stem 6 — 12 inches high, slender, simple or paniculately somewhat branched
above, angular and furrowed. Radical and lower leaves 1 — 2 inches long: petioles often
longer than the lamina. Ochre lacerated. Racemes paniculate : whorls 6 — 8-flowered.
Sterile flowers with the ovary abortive: anthers very large. Fertile flowers similar in form
to the sterile. Achenium nearly as broad as long, closely invested with the outer valves of the
perianth. Embryo in the axis, nearly straight : cotyledons narrowly elliptical.

Sterile fields, road-sides, etc. May - August. The whole plant is agreeably acid, and,
like many other species of the genus, particularly of this section, contains the binoxalate of
potassa.

PHYTOLACCA. PHYTOLACCACE. 157

Orper LXXXVI. PHYTOLACCACE. R&. Br. Tue Poxewrep Tripe.

Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Corolla none. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the divisions of the calyx, sometimes indefinite, hy pogynous.
Ovary compound, consisting of several more or less united (or sometimes free)
indehiscent carpels, each with a single ovule; rarely consisting of a single
carpel. Fruit baccate, utriculate, an achenium, or samaroid. Seed erect.
Embryo annular, surrounding copious farinaceous albumen ; or straight, with
scanty albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with mostly alternate entire leaves, and
the flowers in spikes or racemes.

1, PHYTOLACCA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 5262. POKEWEED.

[ From the Greek, phyfon, a plant, and lachanon, a potherb ; in allusion to the use made of the young shoots. ]

Calyx petaloid, 5-sepalled. Stamens 7-30. Styles short, as numerous as the carpels,
recurved. Fruit berry-like, globose-depressed, consisting of 5 — 12 closely united carpels.
Embryo circular, surrounding copious farinaceous albumen. — Herbs, with fusiform or

turnip-shaped roots. Flowers in axillary racemes.

1. Puyrotacca pecanpra, Linn. (Plate XCIV.) Common Pokeweed.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers with 10 stamens and 10 styles ; fruit
juicy. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 631; Miche. fl. 1. p. 278; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 324; Bigel.
med. bot. t. 3, and fl. Bost. p. 185; Ell. sk. 1. p. 530; Bart. veg. mat. med. 1. t. 48; Torr.
fi. 1. p. 464; Beck, bot. p. 299; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 283.

Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem 4-6 feet high, stout, branching,
very smooth ; the pith divided into numerous disks, which are thickish at their edges and very
thin in the centre, leaving lenticular spaces between them. Leaves 4-8 inches long and
2-3 broad, very smooth. Racemes axillary or opposite the leaves, 2 — 8 inches long (in-
cluding the peduncle). Flowers on short spreading pedicels, each with a subulate bract at
the base. Calyx white, and resembling a corolla ; the segments ovate, obtuse. Stamens
nearly as long as the calyx: anthers white. Ovary large and green, obtusely 10-ribbed : styles
short, recurved. Fruit dark purple and juicy when ripe.

Borders of fields, hill-sides, etc.; common. July —September. The root is a violent
emetic, and is sometimes used as a substitute for ipecacuanha (See the works quoted above),
The young shoots are said to resemble asparagus, and are often eaten early in the season ;
and the berries are sometimes made into pies. The remarkable pith in this and a few other
plants has been made the subject of an interesting memoir by Morren, which is published in
the London Annals of Natural History, for October, 1839.

158 LAURACE. SASSAFRAS.

Group 3. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, not disposed in aments, furnished
with a regular and often petaloid calyx. Ovary 1- (rarely 2-) celled, with
solitary ovules, or at least a single seed in each cell. Embryo not coiled around
albumen. — Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs.

Orver LXXXVII. LAURACE. Juss. Tue Cinnamon TRIBE.

Calyx of 4-6 somewhat united petaloid sepals, which are imbricated in two
series, free from the ovary. Stamens definite, usually in several series, inserted
on the base of the calyx: anthers 2 - 4-celled, opening by recurved valves.
Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule. Fruit a berry or drupe; the
pedicel often thickened. Seed with a large almond-like embryo, destitute of
albumen. — ‘Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, which are rarely lobed,
but never serrate.

1. SASSAFRAS. WNees, syst. Laurin. p. 487; Endl. gen. 2056. SASSAFRAS.
[Altered from the Spanish word Salsafras, signifying Saxifrage, the virtues of which have been attributed to this plant.]

Flowers dicecious, naked. Calyx 6-parted, membranaceous ; the segments equal, deciduous.
STERILE FL. Stamens 9, in three series, all of them perfect; the three inner ones with a
pair of somewhat stipitate glands at the base of each: anthers oblong, 4-celled. Ovary
abortive. FrRriLe FL. Stamens 6, short, imperfect. Ovary ovoid, acuminate : style short:
stigma capitate. Drupe with a crustaceous endocarp, seated on the thickened and fleshy
pedicel. — Trees, with deciduous, sometimes lobed leaves. Flowers unfolding before the

leaves, in terminal corymbose or racemose clusters, yellow.

1. SassarrRAs OFFICINALE, JVees. Sassafras.

Leaves ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobed ; the younger ones, with the buds and pedicels, silky-
pubescent. — Nees, syst. Laur. p. 488; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.137. Laurus Sassafras,
Linn. sp. 1. p. 871; Miche. fl. 1. p. 244; Miche. sylv. 2. t.81; Pursh, fl. l..p. 277;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 259; Bigel. med. bot. 3. p. 142. t. 35, and fl. Bost. p. 160; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 464; Torr. fl. 1. p. 409; Beck, bot. p. 305; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 254; Audub. birds,
t. 144,

A middle-sized tree ; the trunk rarely one foot in diameter ; the bark gray externally, dull
reddish within ; the younger twigs are greenish yellow. Leaves of two forms ; some of them
ovate and entire ; others 2- or mostly 3-lobed, and cuneate at the base: the former usually

SASSAFRAS. LAURACE. 159

appear earlier than the others. Flowers in clustered corymbose racemes, at the extremity of
the last year’s shoots, greenish yellow: pedicels 3 — 6 lines long, villous, with long linear
villous bracts at the base. Calyx expanded ; the sepals oblong, obtuse. Srerire ri. Stamens
nearly as long as the calyx; each anther opening by four little valves which are recurved
upward ; the three inner ones with six orange-colored roundish glands at their base. Ferrite
FL. Stamens 6, in a single series, half the length of the calyx, imperfect. Fruit ovoid, dark
blue when mature ; the pedicels much thickened below the flower, and of a bright purplish
red color, the pulp thin, and containing a fixed aromatic oil.

Woods and banks of rivers, south and west of ‘Troy. I7. April-May. Ir. September.
The Sassafras has long been an article of the materia medica. Its virtues reside in a volatile
fragrant oil which is contained in every part of the tree, but particularly in the bark of the
root. The roots are chiefly used in the preparation of the compound decoction of guiacum,
and certain diet drinks. The volatile oil is used as a stimulant and sudorific in chronic
rheumatism and other diseases. (See Bigelow’s med. bot.; also Wood and Bache’s U.S.

Dispens. p. 591.)

2. BENZOIN. Nees, syst. Laur. p. 493; Endl. gen. 2057. WILD ALLSPICE.

[ So named because its fragrance resembles that of the resinous substance Lenzoin.]

Flowers dicecious, with deciduous involucrate scales at the base. Calyx 5 - 6-parted,
membranaceous, deciduous. Srerite ru. Fertile stamens 9, in three series : anthers
2-celled ; the six exterior simple; the three (and sometimes the five) inner dilated and
1 — 2-lobed at the base, each lobe bearing a reniform or somewhat peltate gland. “Frrritz
FL. Sterile stamens 15 — 18, filiform, acute, alternating with smaller spatulate ones” (Nees).
Ovary globose-ovoid : style short : stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Drupe obovoid, with a crusta-
ceous endocarp ; the pedicel not thickened.—Trees or shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves.

Flowers greenish yellow, in small fasciculate umbels, appearing before the leaves.

1. Benzo oporirerum, Lees. Wild Allspice. Fever-bush. Spice-bush.

Leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath, nearly smooth; flowers in glomerate minute umbels,
the involucre and pedicels smooth.—Nees, syst. Laur. p. 497 ; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 137.
Laurus Benzoin, Linn. sp. 1. p. 370; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 276; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 259; Ell. sk.
1. p. 463; Bart. veg. mat. med. p. 2. t. 33; Torr. fl. 1. p. 409; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 160;
Beck, bot. p. 305; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 253. LL. Pseudo-Benzoin, Micha. fl. 1. p. 243.

A shrub 6 - 10 feet high, with smooth virgate brittle branches. Leaves 3 - 5 inches long
and 1 — 2 inches wide, acute, acuminate or sometimes rather obtuse, very thin, smooth except
a slight pubescence on the veins. Flowers in numerous small sessile umbels. Involucrate
scales oblong, concave, enclosing 4 — 6 flowers on short pedicels. Sepals 5-6. Stamens
9: filaments of the six exterior mostly subulate ; of the three inner, 2-lobed at the base, or

160 LAURACE. BENzoIN.

rather with two short adnate abortive filaments, each of them bearing a gland-like abortive
anther at the summit: fertile anthers oblong, 2-valved; the valves separating from below,
and turning upward. Furtite ri. not examined. Drupe ovoid, scarlet.

Low moist grounds and borders of rivulets. Fl. April. Fr. September. An aromatic
shrub, known in some places by the name of Benjamin-bush. It is sometimes employed
medicinally as a stimulant. An oil is extracted from the fruit. Dr. Darlington states that a
decoction of the young branches is often used as a medicinal drink for horned cattle in the
spring of the year.

Orper LXXXVIII. SANTALACEA. R. Br. Tue Sanpvers-woop TRIBE.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; the limb petaloid, 4 — 5-cleft; valvate in
eestivation ; the base lined with a fleshy disk, which is often variously lobed.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, inserted on the
edge of the disk. Ovary one-celled, with 1-4 ovules: style single. Fruit
indehiscent, drupaceous, baccate or nut-like, crowned with the limb of the
calyx. Seed albuminous.— ‘Trees, shrubs or sometimes herbs, with alternate
leaves and small (rarely dicecious) flowers.

1. COMANDRA. Nutt. gen. 1. p. 157; Endl. gen. 2076. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

[{ From the Greek, kome, hair, and aver, a man (metaphorically a stamen) ; the anthers being connected with the corolla
by a tuft of hair.]

Calyx urceolate-campanulate ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 5, or sometimes 4 :
anthers adhering by a tuft of hairs on the back, to the lobes of the calyx. Disk 5-lobed,
lining the tube of the calyx; the lobes alternating with the stamens. Ovary with three
suspended ovules: style single: stigma simple. Fruit somewhat drupaceous, dry, one-
seeded, crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx. Embryo straight, at the extremity
of fleshy albumen. — Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in
terminal or axillary umbellate cymes.

1. Comanpra UMBELLATA, JVutt. Bastard Toad-flax.

Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or oblong; cymes in a leafy terminal panicle ;
lobes of the calyx oblong, erect; style slender. — Nutt. gen. 1. p.157; Richards. app.
Frankl. jour, ed. 2. p. 8; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 139. t. 179. f. A. Thesium umbellatum,
Linn. sp. 1. p. 208% Pursh, fl. 1. 9.1773" EU, sk. ly 9. 311; Bagel. fl. Bost,.o. 99>: Torn,

Comanpra. SANTALACES. 161

fl. 1. p. 272; Beck, bot. p. 308; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 163. T. corymbulosum, Micha.
KA eile.

Root (or rhizoma) horizontal, somewhat woody. Stem terete, slender, about one foot high,
branching at the summit. Leaves an inch or more in length, sessile, somewhat glaucous.
Cymes few-flowered, rather numerous, and forming a terminal panicle. Flowers on short
pedicels, which are bracteate at the base. Calyx-tube green, with white acute segments ; the
lining disk fleshy, with five obtuse gland-like teeth. Stamens shorter than the calyx: filaments
subulate : anthers 2-lobed, with a tuft of yellow hairs on the back, by which they are attached
to the calyx-lobes. Ovary adhering to the lower part of the calyx: ovules 3, anatropous,
suspended from the apex of a free tortuous placenta arising from the base of the cell: style
equalling the stamens. Fruit somewhat turbinate, brittle, containing a single roundish seed.

Dry rocky hill-sides, and in woods ; frequent. £7. June - July. Fr. September.

2. NYSSA. Gronov.; Juss. in dict. se. nat. ; Endl. gen. 2086. GUM-TREE.
{Origin of the name obscure. ]

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Sreriie ri. Tube of the calyx short; the limb 5-parted,
deciduous. Stamens 9 — 10 (5 — 12, Darlington), inserted on the outside of a large convex
disk : filaments subulate : anthers roundish, 2-lobed. No trace of an ovary. Prrrect Fu.
Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 — 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens
5, inserted on the outside of a flattish disk: filaments subulate: anthers fertile. Ovary
oblong, with a single ovule suspended from the summit of the cell. Drupe 1-seeded; the
endocarp bony, oval, striate.-—Trees, with alternate entire leaves, and flowers in pedunculate
clusters or solitary.

This genus has been made a separate order by the elder Jussieu (I. c.) ; and Mr. Brown long ago (Prodr. p. 351)
remarked that it hardly belonged to SanraLace#, It differs chiefly in its single ovule, which is attached to the
summit of the cell, and not to a free placenta. I have concluded, however, at least for the present, to retain it in
SaNTALACEE,

1. Nyssa muutirLora, Wang. (Plate XCV.) Sour Gum. Black Gum.

Leaves oval and obovate, acute at each end and often acuminate, very entire ; the petiole,
midrib and margin villous ; fertile peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; nut oval. — Wang. Amer.
p. 46. t. 16. f. 39; Walt. fl. Car. p. 253; Ell. sk. 2. p. 684; Beck, bot. p. 307; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 164. N. sylvatica, Marsh. arbust. p.97; Micha. sylv. 2.t.110. N. villosa,
Willd. sp. 4. p. 1112; Miche. fl. 2. p. 258; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 177; Loud. enc. trees G- shr.
p. 694. t. 13856, 1357,

A tree 25 - 40 feet high, with a trunk 6 - 12 inches or more in diameter ; the wood
remarkably tough, on account of the interlacing of the fibres. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long and
14 — 24 inches in diameter, mostly clustered at the extremity of the branchlets, variable in
form, but mostly obovate with a short acumination, sometimes obovate-lanceolate ; when

| Ftora — Vol. 2.] 21

162 SANTALACEZ. Nyssa.

young, sparsely clothed with longish silky hairs, which finally disappear, except on the midrib,
margins and petioles ; somewhat coriaceous when old, the upper surface of a deep green and
shining. SvreRILe FL. in pedunculate capitate racemes at the extremity of the branchlets, and
from the same buds as the leaves: peduncle about an inch long: pedicels 1 — 2 lines long.
Calyx-tube very short and turbinate : segments of the limb oblong. Stamens spreading, three
times as long as the calyx-segments. Prrrect FL. sessile at the extremity of the peduncle
(which is thicker than in the sterile flowers, and thickened upward), usually 3 together, but
sometimes 4 or only 2, with several ovate involucrate bracts at the base. Segments of the
calyx oblong. Stamens smaller than in the sterile flowers. Ovary oblong, truncate at the
summit, and crowned with the disk : style rather stout, deciduous, incurved or involute at the
extremity : ovule anatropous, nearly filling the cell. Drupes nearly half an inch long, often
only one or two ripening on each peduncle, blackish blue when ripe; the pulp rather thin,
but juicy, acid and bitterish until touched by the frost, when it is somewhat palatable. Nut
very hard and tough, oval, somewhat acute at each end, a little compressed, marked with
three or four obtuse ridges on each side. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen : cotyledons
very broad and thin: radicle short.

Moist woods and borders of swamps ; frequent throughout the State, except in the northern
counties ; very common about New-York and on Long Island. Fl. May - June. Fr. Sep-
tember. I have never been able to distinguish satisfactorily more than one species of this
genus in the State, nor in the neighboring parts of New-Jersey, and this seems unquestionably
to be the N. multiflora (N. sylvatica, Miche. sylv.). Indeed the two species are very closely
allied, and cannot be distinguished by the figures in the Sylva Americana. The author of
that work states that the River Schuylkill may be assumed as the northern boundary of this
tree, and that N. aquatica is abundant in the southern part of New-York. This confusion I
am at present not able to explain. Besides the names of this tree, given above, it is often
called Tupelo, Peperidge, and Gum-tree. 'The leaves are the first to change in the autumn,
turning to bright crimson. The wood, as in the rest of the genus, is remarkable for its tough-
ness, so that it can scarcely be split even in short pieces ; hence it is employed for the naves
of wheels, and for certain parts of heavy machinery, ete.

Dinca. THYMELACE. 163

Orper LXXXIX. THYMELACE. Juss. Tur Mezereum Tribe.

Calyx petaloid; the tube free from the ovary; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) cleft,
sometimes entire, imbricate in estivation. Stamens definite, opposite the
calyx-lobes when equal to them in number. Ovary one-celled, with a single
anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of the cell: style single, lateral
or nearly terminal: stigma capitate. Fruit drupaceous or nut-like. Albumen
none, or very thin and fleshy. — Shrubs, destitute of stipules, with very tough
bark, and opposite or alternate, simple entire leaves. Flowers perfect ; the
inflorescence various.

1. DIRCA. Linn ; Endl. gen. 2091. LEATHER-WOOD.
[ From the Greek, dirke, a fountain; the plant growing near water.]

Calyx tubular-funnelshaped, petaloid ; the border truncate, and erosely toothed at the summit.
Stamens 8, unequal, exserted. Style filiform. Drupe baccate, with a thin dry pulp:
endocarp thin and crustaceous. Seed large, with very thin albumen: embryo almond-like.

—A shrub of a yellow aspect, with oval leaves and axillary 3-flowered peduncles.

1. Dinca patustris, Linn. Leather-wood.

Linn. sp. 1. p. 358, and amen. acad. 4. p. 12. t.1.f.'7; Micha. fl. 1. p. 236; Bot. reg.
t. 292; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 268; Ell. sk. 1. p. 448; Bigel. med. bot. 2. p. 154. t. 37, and fl.
Bost. p. 149; Torr. fl. 1. p. 399; Beck, bot. p. 307; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 243; Hook.
fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 138; Loud. enc. ir. G- shr. p. 692. t. 1353.

A shrub 2-4 feet high, much branched from the base; the branches flexuous, of a yellowish
color. Leaves 3 - 4 inches jong, pale yellowish green, obtuse or rather acute, sometimes a
little cordate at the base, villous underneath when young, but finally almost smooth : petioles
very short. Scales of the buds large, oval, sometimes persistent. Flowers appearing before
the leaves, usually three together on a short thick peduncle, and at first enclosed in a hairy
bud: the peduncle is apparently formed of the confluent pedicels. Calyx about half an inch
long, a little contracted near the base and about the middle. Filaments slender, inserted into
the border of a thin disk that lines the corolla nearly half way up, alternately longer, with
very minute subulate processes alternating with them at the base. Ovary ovoid, somewhat
oblique ; the style subterminal, filiform, longer than the stamens. Fruit oval, acute, about
half an inch long, reddish when ripe.

Woods and marshes, particularly along rivulets ; sometimes in dry situations. Fl. April -
May. ‘The branches of this shrub are so tough that the Indians use them for making cords.

21*

164 ELEAGNACE. SHEPHERDIA.

Orper XC. ELEAGNACEZ.. R. Brown. Tue OLeaster TRIBE.

Flowers mostly dicecious. Calyx 2 - 4-lobed, persistent. Stamens 4 — 8, inserted
into the margin of the torus: filaments almost none: anthers introrse, 2-celled.
Ovary free, but surrounded with the tube of the calyx, with the solitary ovule
ascending from near the base: style short: stigma capitate or unilateral.
Fruit a crustaceous achenium, enclosed in the berry-like persistent calyx-tube.
Seed conformed to the cavity of the fruit. Embryo in the axis of thin or fleshy
albumen: cotyledons thick: radicle short, conical. — Shrubs or small trees,
with the leaves covered with brownish or silvery scurfy scales. Flowers
axillary, solitary, spiked or paniculate.

1. SHEPHERDIA. WNutt. gen. 2. p. 241; Endl. gen. 2113. SHEPHERDIA.,
[ Named in honor of Joun SHEPHERD, late curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. ]

Flowers diwcious. STERILE Fru. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8, alternating with the 8 glandular
processes of the disk. Ferrite ru. Calyx urceolate-campanulate ; the limb 4-cleft; the
tube enclosing the ovary; the orifice closed with the teeth of the torus. Stamens none.
Ovary oval: style single, capitate, oblique. Achenium oval, enclosed in the succulent

berry-like calyx-tube. — Shrubs, with deciduous opposite leaves and aggregated flowers.

1. SHepuerpia Canapensis, Vutt. Canadian Shepherdia.

Leaves elliptical-ovate, nearly naked above, densely clothed with stellate hairs and
ferruginous scales underneath. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 241; Torr. compend. p. 376; Beck, bot.
p. 306; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 1388; Loud. enc. tr. & shr. p. 700. fig. 1732. Hippophaé
Canadensis, Linn. sp. 1. p. 1024; Micha. fl. 2. p. 227; Willd. sp. 4. p. 744; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 119.

A shrub 4 — 8 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long and
from half an inch to nearly an inch wide, on short petioles ; the lower surface densely clothed
with beautifully stellate persistent white hairs, and also with numerous little brownish peltate
deciduous scales which are more or less deeply ciliate all round: the same kinds of scales
and pubescence are found, but in much smaller quantity, on the upper surface, as well as the
young twigs, scales, and even the fruit. Flowers in small axillary fascicles or short racemes,
yellowish. Fruit the size of a small pea, sweetish but not edible, oval, consisting of the
succulent somewhat diaphanous calyx, enclosing the achenium ; the latter oval, compressed,
smooth and polished, with a coriaceo-crustaceous coat. Albumen very thin and fleshy.
Cotyledons oval, flattish : radicle short, obtuse.

Rocky banks of rivers and lakes in the northern and western parts of the State. Fl. May.
Fr, August.

Uxmvs. ULMACE. 165

Orver XCI. ULMACEZ. Mirbel. Tue Exim Trise.

Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes polygamous by abortion. Calyx campanulate
or turbinate, 4 — 8-cleft, imbricate in estivation. Stamens 5 — 10, inserted on
the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite them. Ovary ovoid,
1 — 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell: styles or stigmas 2,
spreading. Fruit a samara, an indehiscent capsule, or a drupe.— Trees, with
alternate roughish penninerved serrate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small
fasciculate or somewhat racemose axillary flowers.

1. ULMUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1850. ELM.

[An ancient Latin name of this tree.]

Flowers perfect. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5 - 10-cleft. Stamens 5 - 8. Ovary
compressed. Fruit a samara, flat, with a broad membranaceous border. — Trees, with

simple deciduous leaves and fasciculate (rarely racemose) flowers.

1. Utmus Americana, Linn. American Elm. White Elm.

Branches smooth ; leaves smooth above, pubescent underneath, very unequal at the base,
acuminate , the serratures uncinately acuminate ; flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose
umbellate clusters ; samara oval, densely villose-ciliate on the margin.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1.
p. 827; Miche. fl. 1. p. 172, and sylv. 2. t.126; Pursh, fl. 1. p.199; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 108; Ell. sk.1. p. 338; Torr. fl. 1. p. 298; Beck, bot. p. 333; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 178; Loud. enc. trees and shrubs, p. 724.

A large tree, sometimes 80 or more feet high and 2 - 4 feet in diameter (Michaux has
seen it 100 feet high and the trunk 5 feet in diameter), with widely spreading branches ; the
branchlets slender, flexuous and pendulous. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long, ovate, rather coarsely
and somewhat doubly serrate : petiole 3 — 5 lines long. Flowers appearing before the leaves
expand, in crowded lateral fascicles : pedicels about half an inch long. Scales of the flower-
bud fringed with hairs. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate, purplish, 8 - 9-cleft ; the
lobes rounded and villous. Stamens about eight, exserted ; the anthers purple. Styles 2,
scarcely exserted, recurved. Fruit half an inch long, reticulately veined, notched at the
summit, tapering at the base into a short stipe, which is included in the calyx.

Moist woods; common. Jl. April. Fr. End of May. The wood of this tree is brown,
but is not so compact and strong as that of the two succeeding species.

166 ULMACE. Uumus.

2. Utmus rutva, Afiche. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Leaves very rough above and somewhat roughly pubescent underneath, unequal and a little
cordate at the base; buds clothed with a brownish wool; flowers nearly sessile, in dense
fascicles ; samara nearly orbicular, pubescent, but scarcely fringed on the margin. — Micha.
fl. 1. p. 172; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 200; Ell. sk. 1. p. 333; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 108; Torr. fi. 1.
p. 299; Beck, bot. p. 333; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.179; Loud. enc. trees g- shrubs, p. 724.
U. rubra, Miche. f. 2. t. 128.

A tree, in favorable situations attaining the height of 50 or 60 feet, with a trunk 18 inches
or more in diameter, but in our State seldom more than 30 or 40 high; the buds, before
expanding, covered with russet wool. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 4-6 inches long,
ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate ; the upper surface covered with very short rigid
hairs which are swollen at the base : petioles one-third of an inch long. Fascicles of flowers
proceeding from numerous lateral buds on the branches of the preceding year. Calyx 7 - 8-
cleft, clothed with brown wool. Stamens 7-9: anthers dark purple. Samara about three-
fourths of an inch long, with radiate and reticulate veins, notched ai the extremity, with the
small lobes mostly overlapping each other.

Rocky woods and banks of rivers, usually in dry soils; common. Fi. April. Fr. End
of May. The inner bark of this tree abounds in a mild mucilage, which is extensively used
as a remedy for dysentery, and for other diseases where a demulcent is required. It is also
employed externally as a poultice. The article is kept in the apothecaries’ shops in the rough
state, and in the form of powder. ‘The dried leaves have somewhat the odor of Melilotus
cerulea. "The wood is of a dull reddish color and coarse-grained, but tough and durable.

3. Utmus racemosa, Thomas. (Plate XCVL) Thomas's Elm. White Elm.

Young branchlets pubescent ; leaves smooth above, slightly and softly pubescent underneath,
acuminate, doubly and uncinately serrate ; flowers in compound racemes, conspicuously
pedicellate , samara elliptical-oval, villose-ciliate on the margin —Thomas in Sill. jour. .
Beck, bot. p. 334; Nutt. sylv. 1. p. 37. t. 12.

A large tree; the branches furnished with numerous irregular corky and almost winged
ridges, as in U. suberosa. Leaves obovate-oblong, 3 — 5 inches long and 2 — 24 inches wide,
unequal and somewhat cordate at the base. Scales of the buds more or less pubescent ; their
margins fringed with reddish hairs. Flowers in racemes, which are finally 1 — 2 inches long:
pedicels solitary or 2 —4 together, slender, with cuneate bearded bracts at the base. Calyx
7 —8-cleft. Stamens 7-8. Samara three-fourths of an inch long, notched at the extremity,
with the lobes incurved.

Le J

Banks of rivers in the western part of the State; rather frequent. FU. April. Fr. June.
This species is often confounded with the White Elm (U. Americana), which it much re-
sembles in the foliage. It seems to be widely diffused, and yet was overlooked until it was

Uumus. ULMACE. 167

described by Mr. Thomas. Mr. Oakes has found it in Vermont, and I have specimens of
what appears to be the same species from the Western States and Louisiana. ‘The wood is
tough, and is employed for axe-helves and whip-stocks.

2. CELTIS. Linn.; Endl gen. 1851. NETTLE-TREE.

[An ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this tree. ]

Flowers polygamous. Sram. ru. Calyx 5 -6-parted. Stamens 5 — 6. Ovary abortive.
Perrect Fu. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule: stigmas 2, elongated. Drupe fleshy, smooth, — ‘Trees, with ovate or oval serrate

mostly rough leaves, small greenish flowers, and globose or ovoid berry-like drupes.

1. CELTIS occIDENTALIS, Linn. Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. Beaver-wood.

Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate, equally serrate ; flowers mostly solitary ; fruit red. —
Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1478; Micha. fl. 1. p..249; Michx. f. sylv. 2.t.114; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.200; Ell. sk. 1. p. 335; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 373; Torr. fl. 1. p. 300; Wats. dendrol.
Brit. t. 147; Beck, bot. p. 334; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 180.

A small tree from 15 to 30 feet high and 3 —8 inches in diameter (much larger in the
Southern States), with numerous slender spreading branches. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long and
1 — 2 inches wide, dark green, somewhat cordate at the base; the serratures uncinate and
acuminate. Flowers appearing before the leaves expand, sometimes in pairs; the pedicels
about an inch long. Calyx dull greenish white ; the segments ovate and obtuse. Stamens
about as long as the corolla. Ovary with a woolly ring at the base: stigmas large, pubescent,
spreading or recurved. Drupe ovoid-globose, the size of a pea, purplish red ; the pulp thin
and sweet.

Woods, particularly in rocky situations on the banks of rivers. Fl, May. Fr. September.

168 SAURURACES. SAURURUS.

Group 4. Flowers perfect, destitute of both calyx and corolla. Embryo minute,
included in the persistent sac of the amnios at the apex of the albumen.—Herbs
or undershrubs, not floating or submerged.

Orpver XCII SAURURACE. LZ. C. Rich. Tue Lizarp’s-TaiL TRIBE.

Stamens definite. Ovary composed of 3-5 more or less united few-ovuled
carpels, with distinct styles or stigmas. Fruit capsular or somewhat baccate,
mostly 3 — 5-celled, with a single seed in each cell (rarely one-celled and
several-seeded). Embryo cordate. — Herbs, growing in wet places, with a
creeping rhizoma and jointed terete leafy stems. Leaves simple, entire.
Flowers in racemes or spikes.

1. SAURURUS. JLinn.; Endl. gen, 1824. LIZARD’S-TAIL.
[ From the Greek, sawra, a lizard, and owra, a tail; in allusion to the form of the raceme.]

Stamens 6-8: filaments free, elongated. Ovaries 3 - 4, connate, each with a recurved
stigma. Fruit somewhat baccate, 3 - 4-celled ; the carpels easily separating at maturity,
1- (rarely 2-) seeded, not opening. Seeds globose-ovoid.— An herb growing in wet places,

with cordate entire leaves, and numerous flowers in a solitary spike.

1. Saururus cernuus, Linn. (Plate XCVII.) Lizard’ s-tail.

Linn. sp.1. p. 341; Miche. fl. 1. p. 218; Mirb. ann. du Mus. 16.t.19; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 432; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 252; Torr. fl. 1. p. 381; Beck, bot. p.317; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 237,

Rhizoma creeping in the mud, about half an inch in diameter, jointed, cylindrical. Stems
1-3 feet high, forked at the top, angular and sulcate, smoothish. Leaves oblong-cordate,
acuminate, 4 — 6 inches long and 2 — 3 inches wide, with several branching from the base :
petiole 1 — 2 inches long; the margin winged. Spike pedunculate, 3 - 6 inches long, slender,
every part white, at first nodding at the summit, erect in fruit: peduncle inserted opposite a
leaf at one of the forks of the stem: rachis, pedicels and lanceolate sheathing acute: bracts
pubescent. Stamens mostly 6, but often 7 or 8, twice as long as the bracts : filaments
gradually dilated upward : anthers innate, oblong ; the cells opening laterally. Ovaries mostly
4, united at the base, each with 2-3 ascending ovules. Fruit somewhat fleshy, strongly -
corrugated.

Swamps, and margins of ponds and streams ; common towards the seaboard, but rare in
the interior in the State. FV. June - July. Fr. September. Dr. Darlington states that the
bruised roots are used in the form of a poultice for inflamed breasts.

CERATOPHYLLUM. CERATOPHYLLACE. 169

Group 5. Flowers either perfect or diclinous, bracteate or involucrate, commonly
destitute of both calyx and corolla. Ovary simple, or of 2 — 4 combined carpels.
— Submersed or floating herbs.

Orver XCIIL CERATOPHYLLACES.. S. F. Gray. Tus Hornworr Trise.

Flowers monecious. Calyx and corolla none. Involucre 8 — 12-cleft. Sreriie
FL. Stamens 12 — 24, without filaments : anthers 2-celled. Ferrine ri. Ovary
simple, one-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule: style filiform, oblique :
stigma simple. Fruit a beaked achenium. Seed with four cotyledons and a
conspicuous plumule.—F'loating herbs, with whorled leaves cut into numerous
filiform segments. Flowers small and sessile, in the axils of the leaves.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1829; A. Gray in ann. lyc. New-York, 4.
p. 41. HORNWORT.

[ From the Greek, keras, a horn, and phyllon, a leaf: so named on account of the forked leaves. ]

Character same as of the order.

], CERATOPHYLLUM ECHINATUM, A. Gray. Rough-fruited Hornwort.

Achenium elliptical, slightly compressed, with 3 short spines, the sides strongly muricated ;
margins slightly winged, not gibbous, armed with blunt teeth, which finally become weak
spines or horns as long as the lateral spines (T. ¢- Gir.). — A. Gray, l. c.; Torr. § Gr. fl.
N. Am. 1. p. 56. C. demersum (wholly or in part) of American botanists.

Whole plant submersed, of a dark green color. Stem branching, filiform, jointed. Leaves
in numerous whorls of 6 — 8, sessile, half an inch or an inch long, cut in a dichotomous or
trichotomous manner ; the segments serrulate, and mostly with 2 sharp teeth at the summit.
Flowers minute, solitary, with a many-cleft involucre at the base, which is often described as
a calyx. Anthers sessile, crowded in the centre of the involucre, 3-pointed at the summit.
Achenium on a short stipe, oblong.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams. Fil. June-July. Fr. August.

[Fiora — Vol. 2.] i)

170 CALLITRICHACE. CaLLITRICHE.

Orv. XCIV. CALLITRICHACE A. Links Tur Watrer-Cuickwerep TRIBE.

Flowers perfect, or sometimes by abortion moneecious or polygamous, destitute
of both calyx and corolla, with a 2-leaved involucre, or naked at the base.
Stamens single (or rarely 2), with an elongated slender filament and reniform
one-celled! anther. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled, with a solitary ovule in each
cell: styles 2, spreading. Fruit laterally compressed, 4-celled and 4-seeded,
indehiscent. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.—Aquatic slender
annual plants, with opposite entire leaves, and minute solitary axillary sessile
flowers.

1. CALLITRICHE. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1830. WATER CHICKWEED.
{ From the Greek, kallos, beautiful, and thriz, hair; in allusion to the slender stems. ]

Character that of the order.

1. CaLLITRICHE VERNA, Linn. Common Water Chickweed.

Leaves 3-nerved ; upper ones aggregated, broader ; fruit sessile, with 2 bracts at the base,
each carpel bluntly keeled on the back.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 6; Micha. fl. 1. p. 2; Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 3; Arn. in Edinb. jour. nat. § geogr. sc. 1. p. 426; DC. prodr. 3. p. 70. C. aquatica,
Smith in Engl. bot. t.722; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 2.

var. 1. vulgaris : leaves all elongated and obovate. — DC. 1. c.

var. 2. intermedia : upper leaves spatulate-obovate ; lower ones linear. — Hoff. fl. Germ.
p. 2, ex DC. 1.c.; Torr. fl.1. p.3; Beck, bot p.123; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.1. C. inter-
media, Willd. sp.1. p. 29; Pers. syn.1. p.6. C. heterophylla, Pursh, fl.1. p.3; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 4.

var. 3. linearis: leaves all linear, or the upper ones linear-elliptical. — DC. lc. C.
autumnalis, Miche. fl.1. p.2; Torr.l.c., not of Linn. C. linearis, Pursh, 1. c.

var. 4. terrestris: stem procumbent, rooting in mud or moist earth; leaves closely ap-
proximated, linear-oblong or elliptical-oblong.—C. terrestris, Raf. in med. repos. 11. p. 358;
Torr. fl. 1. p.4; DC.1.c. C. brevifolia, Pursh, l.c. C. verna, var. cespitosa, DC. 1. c.?

Stem very slender, varying in length with the depth of the water (the var. terrestris growing
in patches, and resembling moss), consisting of two tubes, nearly simple. Uppermost leaves
in var. 1. and 2. more or less obovate, crowded into a stellate tuft, and floating on the surface
of the water ; the rest diminishing in breadth downward, till they are quite linear. Flowers
very minute, particularly those in the upper part of the stem. Bracts oblong, incurved, white.
Stamens lateral, next the stem, finally 2 - 4 times as long as the ovary: anther 4-celled?
Ovary 4-sided: styles subulate, distinct. Fruit consisting of four oblong carpels, united in
pairs, so as to form two flattened disks, with a groove between them.

CALLITRICHE. CALLITRICHACE. 171

Ponds and slow-flowing streams (except the var. terrestris). April — August. The first
variety is not common; the others are frequent. Some botanists consider what are usually
regarded as the solitary perfect flowers in this genus, to consist of two closely approximated
flowers ; the sterile being next the stem, and the pistillate on the outside ; and this is perhaps
the proper view of their structure.

Orper XCV. PODOSTEMACE. L.C. Rich. Tur River-weep Tripe.

Flowers perfect, or by abortion diclinous, arising from a spathe. Calyx none,
or of 2 — several sepals. Stamens |, 2 or many, often monadelphous: anthers
2-celled. Ovary free, 2- (rarely 3-) celled, with numerous ovules attached to
a central fleshy placenta: stigmas 2-3. Capsule ribbed, usually more or
less pedicellate, opening by 2 — 3 valves which fall away from the dissepiment.
Seeds numerous, without albumen. Embryo straight; the cotyledons plano-
convex. — Herbaceous aquatic plants, with alternate leaves, which are some-
times entire, but usually cut into numerous irregular capillary segments.
Flowers minute, axillary or terminal, sometimes solitary, at other times
agoregated, spiked or racemed.

1. PODOSTEMUM. Miche. fl. 2. p. 164; Endl. gen. 1832. RIVER-WEED,

{ From the Greek, pous, podos, a foot, and stemon, a stamen ; the stamens being apparently raised on a footstalk, in
consequence of their filaments being united below. ]

Spathe tubular, entire. Flower pedicellate. Calyx? consisting of two collateral scales.
Stamens 2 (rarely 3): filaments united below: anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled: styles
2, fleshy, stigmatose on the inside. Capsule 2-valved.—Aquatic plants growing on stones

in the bottom of shallow streams, with finely dissected leaves and solitary axillary flowers.

1. PopostemumM cEeRAToPHYLLUM, Micha. (Plate XCVHI) River-weed.

Leaves dichotomously many-parted, the segments linear-setaceous ; filaments united above
the middle.—Micha. 1. c. t.44; Pursh, fl.1.p.3; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 202; Ell. sk. 2. p. 518;
Torr. compend. p. 332; Beck, bot. p.124; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.10. PP. abrotanoides,
Nutt. in jour. acad. Phil. 7. p. 105. Lacis ceratophylla, Bongard, gen. Lacis revis. p. 10,
(ex mém. de l’acad. St. Petersb. 6 ser. tom. 3); Hook. in comp. bot. mag. 2. p. 23. t. 20.

Perennial? Whole plant coriaceous, and of an olive-green color. Root consisting of fleshy

22*

172 PODOSTEMACE. PopostTEMUM.

processes, by which the plant adheres to pebbles with great tenacity. Stem 1-4 inches
long, terete, smooth, creeping ; the branches erect. Leaves numerous, with stipular processes
at the base of the petioles, usually somewhat rigid, varying in length, usually half an inch or
an inch long, but in favorable situations 3-5 inches or more. Spathe cylindrical, at first
enclosing and concealing the flower, but finally bursting irregularly at the summit ; the stipe
or peduncle included in the spathe, or more or less exserted. Calyx, or involucre, of two
subulate flesh-colored leaves, one on each side of the base of the united filaments. Stamens
usually 2; the lower half or two-thirds of the filaments united into one. Ovary dark green,
with 4 strong elevated purple lines on each side: stigmas at first curved towards the stamens,
but finally spreading. Capsule oval, ribbed. Seeds numerous, imbricated on the thick placenta.

At the bottom of shallow pebbly streams. Black River, near Watertown (Dr. Gray) ;
stony streams near Newburgh (Mr. Halsted). Fl. July. Fr. August.

Grour 6. Flowers monecious or diwcious, sometimes furnished with petals as well as
calyx, but often destitute of both, not amentaceous. Ovary 2 — several-celled,
with one or two ovules in each cell. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, with two or
more cells,

Orper XCVI. EUPHORBIACE. Juss. Tue Spurce Tre.

Flowers mostly dicecious or moncecious. Calyx 3- or several-cleft (sometimes
wanting), often with scaly or glandular appendages. Sreri,E ri. Stamens
one or many, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Ferrite ri. Ovary
single, 2 — 3- or many-celled : ovules solitary or in pairs, suspended from the
inner angle of the cell: stigmas equal in number to the cells, sometimes
combined, often 2-cleft. Fruit capsular, separating from the persistent axis
into 2, 3 or more cells or cocci, which commonly open elastically by one or
both sutures. Seeds very often furnished with a caruncle or arillus. Embryo
large, enclosed in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, shrubs, or (in
warm climates) trees, often with milky acrid juice. Leaves commonly simple,
and furnished with stipules. Inflorescence various.

ACALYPHA. , EUPHORBIACE. 173

1. ACALYPHA. Linn.; Adr. Juss. Euphorb. p. 45. t. 14. f. 46; Endl. gen. 2787.
THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

{ The Greek name for the Nettle ; which this genus much resembles. ]

Flowers monecious. STERILE FL. very minute. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8 - 16: filaments
short, united at the base : anther-cells distinct, vermiform, suspended from near the summit
of the filament. Ferrite ri. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, irregularly and finely laciniate.
Capsule tricoccous ; the carpels roundish, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seeds roundish, strophiolate.
— Mostly herbs, but sometimes shrubs or trees, with alternate stipulate serrate leaves.
Flowers axillary or terminal, with an involucre-like bract at the base ; the sterile glomerate,

in stipitate spikes ; the fertile 1 - 3, seated in a large usually lobed bract.

1. Acatypua Virernica, Linn. Common Three-seeded Mercury.

Herbaceous ; leaves ovate, obtusely serrate, on long petioles ; flowers axillary ; bracts
somewhat stipitate, roundish-cordate, concave, unequally and incisely lobed ; staminate spike
shorter than the bract, or only slightly exserted, with the fertile flowers at the base. — Linn.
sp. 2. p. 1003; Miche. fl. 2. p. 215; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 604; Ell. sk. 2. p. 645; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 364; Torr. compend. p. 361; Beck, bot. p. 311; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 550.

var. angustifolia : leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenately serrate, on short petioles ; sterile
spikes longer than the bracts.

Annual. Stem 6 —18 inches high, more or less pubescent, slender, terete, sparingly
branched. Leaves 1 - 3 inches long and 1 — 13 inch wide (in var. angustifolia 3 — 6 lines),
pubescent, except when the plant grows in shady places, when they are nearly smooth :
petiole from three-fourths of an inch to nearly an inch long ; in the var. scarcely half as long.
Spikes androgynous, one or two in each axil, sometimes proliferous. Bract leafy, cleft below
the middle into 5 — 9 unequal lanceolate lobes, enclosing 1 — 3 sessile pistillate flowers and a
spike of staminate flowers ; of the pistillate, usually only one is fertile: styles cut into 3-5
fine segments. Staminate spike on a rather stout peduncle, which sometimes bears a second
bract which is smaller than the first, enclosing one or more pistillate flowers. Sterile flowers
minute, nearly sessile. Segments of the calyx ovate. Stamens about 10. Capsule hairy ;
the carpels opening elastically by two valves. Seeds ovoid, brownish, often spotted, with a
crest or caruncle at the hilum.

Fields, open woods and roadsides ; very common; the var. angustifolia on the Island of

New-York. Fl. July - August. Fr. September.

174 EUPHORBIACE. Evpnorstia.

2. EUPHORBIA. Linn.; Adr. Juss. Euphorb. 57. t. 17. f. 61; Endl. gen. 5766.
SPURGE.
[ Named after Euphorbus, physician to Juba, king of Mauritania, who brought the plant into use. ]

Flowers moncecious, both sterile and fertile included in a 4 — 5-lobed campanulate or turbinate
involucre, the lobes of which usually alternate with peltate glands. Srrriie Fu. several,
destitute of calyx and corolla, each consisting of a single stamen, the filament of which is
articulated to a pedicel. Ferrriie Ft. solitary, naked or sometimes calyculate, elevated on
a long peduncle: styles 3, 2-cleft, or rarely united into one: stigmas 6 (or rarely 3, and
2-lobed). Capsule tricoccous ; the carpels one-seeded, opening elastically by two valves.
Seeds closely invested with a thin arillus, often carunculate. — Plants with a milky juice,
herbaceous (as are all our species) or shrubby, of various habit. Stems often dichotomous.
Leaves mostly alternate ; the floral ones often verticillate. Peduncles axillary, or umbellate
in the forks of the stem.

The involucre was regarded by Linnzus as a lobed calyx, containing numerous stamens; and the glands, or their
appendages, as petals.

* Leaves alternate.

1. Eurnorsia Hevioscoria, Linn. Wart-wort Spurge.

Smooth ; stem erect, simple below ; umbel 3 — 5-cleft, the divisions simple or 2 - 3 times
forked; leaves alternate, broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, serrulate, the bracteal ones broader;
involucres oblong-turbinate, terminal and in the forks of the umbel, nearly sessile ; fruit even ;
seeds rugose-reticulate—Linn. sp. 1. p. 454; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 189. E. obtusata, Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 607; Torr. compend. p. 332; Beck, bot. p. 312.

Annual. Stem 8-15 inches high, umbellately branched at the summit; the divisions
often compoundly 2 - 3-forked. Leaves three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long,
membranaceous, sometimes retuse, entire towards the base, without stipules. Bracts (in-
volucre, Linn.) often nearly orbicular. Involucres thin and membranaceous, 4 — 5-lobed ; the
lobes short and laciniate. Glands about 4, stipitate, peltate, orbicular, alternating with the
lobes of the involucre. Sterile flowers rather numerous. Styles slightly 2-cleft ; the lobes
capitate. Capsule green; the carpels somewhat globose. Seeds ovoid-spherical, brown,
dull, strongly reticulated with elevated lines.

Sandy fields and rocky banks of rivers. New-Paltz, Ulster county (Wr. J. Carey); shore
of Lake Erie (Dr. Sartwell); western part of the State (Dr. Knieskern). July — September.
I see no character of sufficient importance to distinguish HK. obtusata of Pursh, from the
European FE. helioscopia.

EUPHORBIA. EUPHORBIACE. 175

2. Eupnyorpia pLatyenyiia, Linn. Broad-leaved Spurge.

Leaves elliptical or oblanceolate, mostly acute, slightly hairy, the floral ones roundish-
cordate ; umbel 3 — 5-cleft, the divisions 2-38 times forked; involucres hemispherical ;
fruit papillose-muricate and somewhat hairy, the carpels convex on the back ; seeds obovoid,
compressed, smooth and even. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 660; Reap. enum. Euphorb. Germ.
p. 61; Oakes, cat. pl. Verm. p. 24.

Annual. Stem about a foot high, erect, smooth. Leaves an inch or more in length, tapering
to the base, sessile, smooth above, sparsely hairy underneath, finely serrulate except toward
the base, where they are entire ; the bracteal ones shorter but very broad, closely sessile and
somewhat clasping, mucronate. Involucres nearly sessile, hairy externally ; the lobes small,
hairy-ciliate. Glands large, transversely elliptical, entire. Sterile flowers rather nnmerous.
Styles 2-cleft ; the lobes obtuse. Capsule sprinkled with small pointed warts. Carpels with
a shallow groove down the back. Seeds brown when ripe, with a conspicuous caruncle.

Near Portland Harbor, Lake Erie (Dr. Knieskern). Perhaps an introduced plant. Mr.
Oakes found it on the islands of Lake Champlain.

3. Eupnorsia coroiiata, Linn. (Plate XCIX.) Flowering Spurge.

Stem simple, erect; leaves varying from spatulate- to ovate-oblong, obtuse ; umbel about
5-cleft , the divisions 2 — 3-forked, nearly naked ; glands of the involucre with a large obovate
petaloid spreading appendage , the proper lobes minute, inflexed ; capsule and seeds smooth.
— Linn. sp. 1. p.459; Walt. fl. Car. p. 145; Micha. fl. 2. p. 210; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 607;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 659; Bot. mag. t. 2992; Beck, bot. p. 313; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 517.

Perennial. Stem 14 - 3 feet high, slender, nearly smooth. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long and
4 — 8 lines wide, somewhat erect, smooth above, pale and a little hairy underneath. Primary
rays of the umbel mostly 5, slender; the divisions often compoundly forked. Peduncles
3-4 lines long. Involucre turbinate: glands transversely elliptical, usually 5, each seated
on a white spreading membranaceous appendage; the proper lobes alternating with the
appendages, small, laciniate. Sterile flowers numerous. Fertile flower at length exserted on
its pedicel. Capsule rather large ; the carpels obtuse on the back. Styles thick, deeply
2-cleft. Seeds obovoid-oblong.

Rocky banks of the Chemung River (Dr. Knieskern). July - August. This plant is a
favorite medicine among the western Indians. It is emetic, cathartic and diuretic (See Wood

§- Bache, U. S. Dispens. p. 300).
** Leaves opposite.

4, EKupnorpia HyPERICIFOLIA, Linn. Upright Spotted Spurge,

Stem erect-spreading, with dichotomous spreading branches; leaves on short petioles,
oblong-oval, somewhat falcate, serrate ; peduncles solitary in the axils, and corymbose at the
extremity of the branches ; glands of the involucre with petaloid small appendages ; capsules

176 EUPHORBIACEX. EUPHoRBIA.

even ; seeds obovate, obtusely 4-angled, smooth.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 454; Micha. fl. 2. p. 212;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 605; Ell. sk. 2. p. 653; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.90; Torr. compend. p. 331;
Beck, bot. p. 312; Hook. ewxot. fl. t. 36, and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 140; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 516.

&. hirsuta: stem hairy, more slender, often nearly prostrate. — Torr. 1. c. E. maculata,
Miche. l. c.; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 605; Ell. l. c., not of Linn.

Annual. Stem 8 - 18 inches high, nearly smooth or pubescent, with unequal forked
branches from near the root, sometimes almost prostrate. Leaves half an inch to nearly an
inch long, unequal at the base, often marked with blotches of a dark purplish color above,
rather obtuse, sharply serrate : petioles about half a line long, with very short stipules between
them. Involucres on short peduncles, cylindrical-turbinate, 4-lobed ; the lobes laciniate.
Glands 4 - 5, seated on very small, shortly pedicellate, white, roundish or emarginate
appendages. Styles deeply 2-cleft; the segments slender. Capsule even, sometimes
pubescent. Arillus of the seed emitting a mucus when placed in water.

Dry fields, hill-sides, and cultivated grounds ; common. July — September.

5. Eupnorpia macuiata, Linn. Milk Purselane. Small Spurge.

Prostrate, pubescent, dichotomously much branched ; leaves opposite, oval, remotely
serrulate ; peduncles axillary, solitary or somewhat clustered, very short; glands 4, seated
on small petaloid appendages, transversely elliptical ; capsule even; seeds obovate-oblong,
smooth.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 455; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 189; Torr. compend. p. 331; Beck, bot.
p. 312; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 316. E. depressa, Torr. in Ell. sk. 2. p. 655. E. thymifolia,
Miche. fl. 2. p. 212, also of Linn.?

Annual. Stem lying flat on the ground, and forming patches often a foot or more in
diameter. Leaves 3 - 6 lines long, closely approximated, mostly obtuse, unequal at the base,
smoothish and marked with dull purplish blotches above, more or less hairy underneath :
petioles scarcely a line long. Stipules subulate, between the petioles, distinct. Involucres
somewhat crowded on short lateral branches, turbinate, 4-lobed ; the glands sessile ; their
appendages white, somewhat reniform, obscurely 3-toothed : proper lobes minute, incurved.
Staminate flowers few (4 — 5). Capsule hairy ; the carpels rather acutely angled on the back.
Arillus of the seeds emitting a geiatinous coat when moistened.

Fields, cultivated grounds and roadsides, usually in dry soils; common. July — September.

Many years ago, | sent specimens of this and the preceding species to Sir J. E. Smith, who
assured me that the former agrees precisely with the original E. hypericifolia of Herb. Linn.,
and that the latter is as certainly H. maculata. He also stated, that “‘Linneus seems sub-
sequently to have confounded his original smooth specimen of FE. hypericifolia (numbered 17,
as in sp. pl. ed.1) with E. maculata ; not that they are at all alike, nor is there any foundation
for his remark in the 2nd mantissa, p. 392. The Ist edition of the Sp. pl. is here decisive
authority. The original specimen of E. maculata is smooth, but there is a downy variety
from Jamaica, from Browne’s herbarium.”

Evpuorsia. EUPHORBIACE. 177

6. Euruorsia Ipecacuanna, Linn. Wild Ipecac.

Procumbent or sometimes assurgent, smooth ; leaves opposite, varying from obovate to
linear-lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, in the forks of the stem, elongated ; glands large,
reniform ; capsules very minutely papillose ; seeds ovoid, smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 455 ;
Miche. fl. 2. p. 212; Bot. mag. t. 1494; Pursh, fl. 2. p.606; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 227; Ell.
sk. 2. p.657; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 18; Torr. compend. p. 331; Beck, bot. p, 312.

Perennial. Root tapering, very long. Stem often partly buried in the sand ; the branches
6 — 12 inches long. Leaves extremely variable, sometimes quite linear, but usually more or less
obovate, obtuse or retuse, often of a dull purple color; the broader ones an inch or an inch
and a half long ; the narrower forms commonly longer. Peduncles 8 — 12 lines long, slender.
Involucre turbinate ; the lobes small and laciniate : glands without appendages, sessile.
Sterile flowers numerous. Capsule much exserted ; the carpels obtuse on the back. Arillus
of the seed becoming gelatinous in water.

Sandy fields near Babylon on Long Island (Dr. Knieskern). June - July. This plant, as
truly remarked by Pursh, has a deeper root than most other perennial herbs. It is emetic,
and is sometimes used as a substitute for the Ipecacuanha of the shops.

7, EKupnorpia potyGonirotia, Linn. Seaside Spurge.

Procumbent, dichotomously much branched and very smooth ; leaves oblong and linear-
oblong, petiolate ; stipules simple or nearly so; peduncles solitary in the forks, short ; glands
transversely oblong, stipitate ; lobes 5, acuminate, entire ; capsule and obovoid seeds smooth.
— Linn. sp. 1. p. 455; Jacq. collect. suppl. t. 13. f. 3, ex Pursh, fl. 2. p. 606; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 656; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 189; Torr. compend. p. 331; Beck, bot. p. 312; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 140. E. maritima, Nutt. in Am. phil. trans. (n. ser.) 5. p. 171.

Annual. Stem diffuse ; the branches 4 — 10 inches long. Leaves about half an inch long
and scarcely two lines wide, rather obtuse, oblique and sometimes a little cordate at the base :
petiole nearly a line in length. Stipules subulate, entire or simply cloven. Peduncles rather
longer than the petioles. Involucre turbinate, with 4 glands on short stipes ; the lobes erect.
Styles short, 2-cleft. Capsule obtusely carinate at the angles. Seeds with a rather loose
pale arillus, which emits abundance of long fibro-gelatinous threads when moistened.

Sandy shores of Long Island, Staten Island, and of the Hudson as far as the salt water
extends ; also on Lake Erie (Dr. Knieskern). July - August.

[FLora — Vol 2.] 23

178 EMPETRACE. Empetrum.

Orver XCVII. EMPETRACE. Nuttall. Tue Crowperry TRIBE.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Calyx consisting of several imbricated sepals,
or else of bract-like scales, of which the innermost are petaloid. Stamens as
numerous as the inner sepals, persistent. Ovary free, 2 — 9-celled, with a
single erect ovule in each cell: style short or almost wanting : stigma radiately
lobed ; the lobes often laciniate. Fruit a berry-like drupe, or sometimes dry,
containing 2 — 9 bony nucules. — Low heath-like evergreen shrubs, with
crowded narrow leaves, and small flowers in me upper axils. Seeds with a
membranaceous testa, albuminous.

1. EMPETRUM. Tourn.; Don in Edinb. new phil. jour. 2. p. 82; Endl. gen. 5761.

CROWBERRY.
[ From the Greek, en, in, and petros, a stone; because the plants mostly grow in rocky places. ]

Calyx consisting of several imbricated scales, of which the three innermost are commonly
regular-spreading and petaloid. Srerite ru. Stamens 3. Ovary rudimentary, with a
many-cleft stigma. Ferrite ri. Stamens none. Ovary globose: stigma nearly sessile,
somewhat peltate, with 6 - 9 laciniate rays. Fruit globose, with 6 - 9 nucules. — Low
shrubby plants, with the habit of the order. Berries black or red.

1. Emperrum nigrum, Linn. Common Crowberry.

Procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong ; berries black. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1022; Engl. bot.
t. 526; Miche. fl. 2. p. 255; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 93; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 365; Torr. compend.
p. 372; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 140.

Much branched and diffuse. Leaves crowded, dark green, about three lines long, obtuse,
thick ; the margins so much revolute as to meet at the back; the spurious margins rather
acute, rough. Flowers very small, axillary towards the summit of the branches, purplish.
Stamens exserted. Fruit the size of a peppercorn.

Summit of Mount Marcy and Mount McIntyre, Essex county ; also on the highest parts
of the Whiteface Mountain (Dr. Emmons § Prof. Hall). Fl. End of June. Fr. August.
This species occurs also on the White Hills, and in the colder parts of British America. It
seems to be identical with the European plant.

JuGLANs. JUGLANDACE. 179

Group 7. Flowers monecious or diecious ; the sterile, and sometimes the fertile also,
in aments, or in heads or spikes, either furnished with a calyx or achlamydeous.

Ovary several-celled, but the fruit always (except in LiqutpamBar) one-celled.
— Trees or shrubs, or (in Urticacea) herbs.

Orpver XCVIIL JUGLANDACE. DC. Tue Watnout TRIBE.

Flowers moneecious, incomplete. STERILE FL. in aments. Calyx adnate to the
bracts or scales of the ament, oblique, unequally 2 -6-parted. Stamens
indefinite. T'rrtite ri. few, clustered or sometimes racemose. Calyx ad-
herent to the ovary; the limb minute, 3 — 5-parted. Petals none, or rarely
3-5and minute. Ovary 2 - 4-celled below, 1-celled above, with a single
ovule: styles 1 — 2, very short: stigmas 2 — 4, unequal, elongated, sometimes
discoid and lobed. Fruit drupaceous; the epicarp fibrous-fleshy or coriaceous,
not opening, or separating into 4 valves: endocarp (nut-shell) bony, smooth or
rugose-furrowed, 2 — 4-celled below, 1-celled above. Seed without albumen,
4-lobed ; the cotyledons fleshy and cily, sinuous: radicle very short.— Trees,
with alternate pinnated leaves, destitute of stipules.

1. JUGLANS. Linn. (excl. spec.); Nutt. gen. 2. p. 220; Endl. gen. 5890. WALNUT.
[ So named from the Latin, Jovis glans, or the nut of Jupiter ; on account of its excellence.]

Strerire ru. Aments simple, cylindrical, imbricated. Bracts entire. Calyx 5 — 6-parted.
Stamens 8-40. Ferrite Ft. solitary or several together on a peduncle at the extremity
of the branches. Bracts none or minute. Calyx 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla 4-petalled,
inserted at the summit of the calyx, between its teeth. Styles 2, very short: stigmas 2,
somewhat clavate. Drupe fibrous-fleshy, indehiscent ; the nut-shell rugose and irregularly
furrowed. — Trees, with unequally pinnate leaves. Sterile and fertile flowers proceeding

from separate buds. Pith separating into numerous thin disks.

1. Juauans nicra, Linn. Black Walnut.

Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at the base, the under surface and petioles
slightly pubescent ; drupe globose, roughly dotted, spongy ; nut nearly globose, corrugated.
—Linn. sp. 2. p.997; Micha. fl. 2. p.191; Micha. f. sylv. 1. t. 30; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 636;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 220; Ell. sk. 2. p. 622; Torr. compend. p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 335; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 543; Loud. enc. trees §- shr. p. 734.

23*

180 JUGLANDACE. JuGLANS.

A tree 30 — 60 feet high, with a trunk 1 - 2 feet or more in diameter (in the Western
States the younger Michaux found it from 3 to 6 or 7 feet in diameter) ; when growing alone,
forming a large spreading head; the bark thick and blackish. Leaves a foot or more in
length ; the leaflets in 6-9 pairs with an odd leaflet, 2-4 inches long, on short partial
footstalks, serrate. Sterile aments pendulous, cylindrical ; the flowers at length rather distant.
Scales or bracts ovate, acute, hairy. Calyx orbicular, unequally and obtusely 5-cleft.
Stamens 30 — 40: filaments very short: anthers oblong ; the cells distinct. Fertile flowers
2—4 together at the extremity of the branches. Ovary cylindrical-ovate, crowned with the
small 4-toothed limb of the calyx and the 4 petals: stigmas 2, nearly sessile, large, diverging,
somewhat clavate, lacerately fringed on the upper surface. Drupe about 2 inches in diameter,
sometimes a little ovoid, greenish yellow when ripe, spongy, decaying without splitting into
valves ; the nut sulcate, with irregular obtuse ridges.

Rich woodlands ; rare above the Highlands, and in the northwestern parts of the State ;
occasionally found in the southwestern counties. Fl. May. JF'r. October. The heart-wood
is of a purplish brown color when fresh, but becomes blackish with age. It is much esteemed
for cabinet work. The immature fruit emits a strong resinous odor when bruised. ‘The ripe
kernel is sweet and wholesome.

According to Loudon, there is in the gardens of the Trianon at Versailles, a hybrid between
this species and Juglans regia, which partakes in an equal degree of the properties of both,
and has ripened fruit from which young plants have been raised possessed of similar charac-
ters. A very large tree of this kind existed until lately on the grounds of Clement Moore,
Esq., on the Island of New-York. Nuts taken from it produced thrifty plants in Prince’s
garden at Flushing. This tree was first observed by Major J. Le Conte, and is noticed in my
catalogue of New-York plants (1819) as Juglans hybrida.

2. JuGLANS CINEREA, Linn. Butternut. White Walnut.

Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, softly pubescent underneath , the petioles
villous ; drupe ovoid-oblong, pubescent and viscid ; nut elliptical-oblong, acuminate, deeply
sculptured and rough. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1415; Miche. fl. 2. p. 191; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 6386; Ell. sk. 2. p. 623; Bigel. med. bot. t. 32, and fl. Bost. p. 352; Torr. compend.
p. 857; Beck, bot. p. 335; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 543. J. cathartica, Micha. fl. sylv. t. 31.

A tree 20 — 40 feet high and 1 — 2 feet in diameter; the branches covered with a smoothish
gray bark. Leaflets in 7 — 8 pairs with an odd one, about 3 inches long, acuminate, serrate :
common petiole 12 - 15 inches long. Sterile flowers pendulous from the last year’s shoots,
3 - 5 inches long. Calyx oblong, deeply 3-cleft. Stamens 8 —- 10; the anthers oblong, nearly
sessile. Fertile flowers 3 - 7 in a short terminal spike, sessile. Limb of the calyx obscurely
4-toothed. Petals 4, narrowly lanceolate. Ovary sessile, viscidly pubescent: style short :
stigmas 2, rose-colored, large, elongated, pubescent and fimbriate. Fruit sessile on an
elongated common peduncle 2 — 3 inches long, at first green, but brown when ripe, very viscid.

JuaGLans. JUGLANDACE. 181

Nut carinate at the sutures, with deep indentations and sharp ragged ridges ; the kernel very
oily, agreeably tasted when fresh, but soon becoming rancid.

Rich woods and banks of rivers; common. IV. May. fr. End of September. The
wood of this tree is of a reddish hue, light, and not so strong as that of the Black Walnut.
An extract is prepared from the inner bark, which is much esteemed as a laxative medicine.
The sap affords sugar ; and the young fruit is used for pickles.

2. CARYA. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 220; Endl. gen. 5889. HICKORY.

{ Karya is an ancient Greek name of the Walnut. ]

Srerite rt. Aments mostly in threes or deeply 3-parted, slender. Bracts none. Calyx
3-parted. Stamens 3-8: anthers sessile. Frrrire ru. 2-3 together at the extremity
of the branches. Calyx a small 4-cleft limb. Corolla none. Drupe coriaceous or some-
what fleshy, 4-valved: nut oval, somewhat quadrangular, smooth. — Trees, with oddly
pinnated leaves ; the pubescence stellate. Sterile and fertile flowers proceeding from the
same buds. The wood is compact, very strong and elastic ; the duramen is dark-colored,

and the alburnum white. The pith is continuous.

1. Carya atpa, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory. Kiskytom.

Leaflets mostly 5, obovate- and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, villous
underneath ; aments somewhat pubescent ; fruit depressed-globose ; pericarp thick, furrowed
at the sutures ; nut compressed. — Nutt. gen. l.c.; Ell. sk. 2. p. 624; Torr. compend.
p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 336; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 544; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 143. C.
squamosa, Bart. fl. Phil. 2. p.179. Juglans alba, Linn. sp. 2. p.9972; Micha. fl. 2.
p. 193; Pursh, fl. 2. p.637. J. compressa, Willd. sp. 4. p.458; Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5.
p. 297. J.squamosa, Miche. f. sylv. 1. t. 36; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 354.

A tree 50 — 80 feet high, with a trunk 10 - 18 inches in diameter ; the bark very rough,
in consequence of the outer portions exfoliating in long narrow plates, which adhere in the
middle, while they are detached and more or less elevated at each end. Leaflets mostly in 5
(sometimes in 7) pairs, 4 — 8 inches long; the lower pair smaller, finely serrate ; the lateral
ones sessile or nearly so, and more or less obtuse at the base; the terminal cuneate at the
base, supported on a footstalk 3-4 lines long: pubescence of the petiole partly stellate.
Sterile aments pendulous, 3 together or 3-parted, long and slender ; the two lateral ones with
a large lanceolate bract at the base. Calyx without bracts at the base, somewhat equally
3-cleft : middle segment longer, lanceolate and acuminate ; the lateral ones obtuse. Anthers
4, large, pubescent. Fertile flowers 2 — 3 together on a terminal peduncle. Drupe nearly
2 inches in diameter, depressed at the centre, and with a groove at each suture ; the valves

182 JUGLANDACE. Carya.

nearly half an inch thick. Nut about an inch long, whitish, compressed and angular, the
breadth often equal to the length: shell thin and fragile.

Rich moist woods; common. Fl. May. Fr. October. The nuts of this species are
more esteemed than those of the other hickories, except the C. sulcata. The wood is very
strong and elastic ; and being easily split, is often used for making baskets. It composes a
large portion of the hickory sold for fuel in New-York and other large towns.

2. Carya Tomentosa, WVutt. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut.

Leaflets mostly 7, oblong- and obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, roughly
pubescent underneath ; sterile aments hairy ; drupes globose-ovoid or oblong ; nut somewhat
6-angled , the shell thick and very hard. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 220; Beck, bot. p. 336; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 546. Juglans tomentosa, Micha. fl. 2. p.192; Micha. sylv. 1. t. 35;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 637. J. alba, Willd. sp. 4. p. 457; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 353, not of Linn.?

var. integrifolia (Plate C.): leaflets 3 - 4 pairs, nearly entire ; fruit small.

A tall tree; the trunk being often 50 to 80 feet high, and the diameter 12 — 18 inches.
Bark rough and cracked, but not scaly. Leaflets 2 — 6 inches long ; the lower pairs smaller
than the others ; terminal one cuneate at the base, and stalked : petiole and under surface of
the leaves clothed with a roughish stellate pubescence. Sterile aments long and pendulous,
with a pair of connate bracts at the base. Middle lobe of the calyx-scales longer and acute ;
lateral ones obtuse, and sometimes toothed. Anthers 3-4. Pistillate flowers 2 — 3 together.
Limb of the calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes lanceolate, conspicuous. Drupes 14 - 2 inches or more
in length (in the variety much smaller), roundish or a little oblong ; the valves scarcely more
than half as thick as in the preceding species. Nut light brown ; the kernel good, but small.

Fertile moist woods ; frequent. FV. May. Fr. October. The wood of this species is the
best of all the hickories for fuel. It is white throughout, until it becomes 6 —8 inches in
diameter. In consequence of the abundance of its sweet sap, it is liable to the depredations
of insects, particularly the larve of Callidium flecuosum. (See a figure of the insect in
Michaux’s plate, /. c.)

3. Carya GLaBRa. (Plate CI.) Pig-nut. Broom Hickory.
Leaflets about 7, lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the base, smooth on both sides ; drupes
pyriform or nearly globose, the valves thin; nut compressed, hard. — Juglans glabra, MuAl.

in Willd. sp. 4. p. 458, and cat. p. 92; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 354. J. porcina, Miche. sylv.
i. p. 38; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 638; Muhl. cot.l.c. J. obcordata, Willd. l.c. Carya porcina,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 222; Ell. sk. 2. p. 627; Beck, bot. p. 336; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 546.
Trunk 40 — 100 feet high and 12 — 18 inches in diameter (much larger in the Southern and
Western States), with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 7, but sometimes 9 or only 5, 2-5
inches long, with a long acumination, serrate ; the under surface sometimes a little pubescent,

Carya. JUGLANDACEZ. 183

particularly when young; the terminal leaflet with a tapering cuneate base. Sterile aments
3 — 4 inches long, somewhat pubescent ; the bracts at their junction linear-lanceolate, spreading.
Calyx-scales somewhat equally 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes obtuse ; middle one acute : anthers
hairy, 4-celled. Drupes of two forms, which are pretty constant in the same tree: one of
them pyriform, and resembling small unripe figs ; the other roundish-obovate, splitting about
half way down into four valves, which are coriaceous and rather thin, Nut slightly angular ;
the kernel small, but rather sweet.

Rich woodlands, in rather dry soil. Fl. May. Fr. October. The wood of this tree is
considered the toughest of all the hickories. It is the kind most frequently used for making
splint brooms. Michaux remarks that it is distinguished in the winter from other species of
the genus, by its brown slender shoots.

4. Carya amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.

Leaflets 7 — 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, conspicuously serrate, smooth on both sides ;
drupes ovoid-spherical, with prominent sutures above ; nuts smooth and even, with a thin
brittle shell.— Nutt. gen. 2. p. 220; Ell. sk. 2. p. 626; Beck, bot. p. 336; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 144. Juglans amara, Miche. f. sylv. 1. t. 33.

A large tree. Leaflets mostly 7, and sometimes as few as 5; the lateral one and upper
pairs 4-6 inches long, rather broad at the base, sharply serrate, of a deep green color.
Sterile aments long and slender, growing from the sides of the young shoots. Drupes dark
green, an inch and a half long, coriaceous ; the valves separating about half way down. Nut
obcordate ; the shell very thin: kernel bitter and astringent.

Wet woods, and on the borders of rivers and swamps; frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October.
The wood of this species is considered as not equal in strength to the other hickories, and
far inferior to them for fuel.

Besides the above species, it is probable that C. sulcata, Nutt. (Juglans laciniosa, Micha.
f. sylv.) is a native of New-York, but I have not found it within the limits of the State. The
hickories are extremely difficult to determine without the ripe fruit. According to Michaux,
the Bitter-nut may be known in winter by its large yellow naked buds.

184 CUPULIFERZ. OstrYA.

Orper XCIX. CUPULIFER. Rich. Tue Nutr Trips.

Flowers usually moncecious. STERILE FL. in aments, with a scale-like or regular
calyx, and the stamens equal in number to its lobes, or 2 — 3 times as many.
Ferrite FL. solitary, 2 — 3 together or clustered, seated in an involucre which
is usually echinate or scaly externally, and encloses the fruit at maturity, or
forms a cup at its base. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the summit of which is
crowned with its minute toothed limb. Ovary 2 - 3- (rarely 6-) celled, with
1 — 2 pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming in fruit a one-celled one-seeded
nut. Albumen none. Embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons, and a short often
retracted radicie. — ‘Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather - veined
leaves and deciduous stipules.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA,

1, Ostrya. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments, without bracts; each flower consisting of a fringed scale and about
12 stamens: filaments branched. Fertile flowers in close strobiles. Involucral scales in pairs, growing together
at their opposite edges, and forming an inflated covering to the fruit. :

2, Carpinus. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments, without bracts; each flower consisting of a scale and about 12
stamens: filaments simple. Fertile flowers in loose strobiles. Involucral scales in pairs, free, 3-lobed, finally
large and foliaceous.

3. Corynus. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments; the scales 3-lobed, each consisting of a bract and two sepals.
Stamens 8. Fertile flowers in a terminal scaly bud. Nut finally enclosed in a lacerated involucre.

4. Quercus, Sterile flowers in slender pendulous aments. Calyx 6-8-parted. Stamens 5-10. Fertile flowers in
axillary buds, or sessile on a rachis, Involucre of numerous imbricated scales, at length forming an indurated cup
which surrounds the base or sides of the nut. i

5, Facus. Sterile flowers in a loose pedunculate pendulous head, with minute bracts. Calyx campanulate, 5 - 6-cleft.
Stamens about 8, Fertile flowers 2, in a 4-lobed involucre, which in fruit is echinate with soft simple spines.

6. Castanea. Sterile flowers glomerate, in very long cylindrical bracteate aments. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens
5-20. Fertile flowers about 3, in a 4-valved involucre, which in fruit is covered with branching rigid prickles.

1. OSTRYA. Michel.; Endl. gen. 1842. HOP HORNBEAM.

[ So named from the Greek, ostrcon, a scale or shell; in allusion to the fruit.]

Srerite Fi. Ament cylindrical, without bracts. Calyx consisting of a fringed scale. Stamens
8-10 or more: filaments branched: anthers 1-celled. Frrtiue rt. in a loose bracteate
ament ; the bracts small and deciduous. Each flower enclosed in a membranaceous sac-

like involucre. Ovary 2-celled, crowned with the small entire fringed limb of the calyx :
style short: stigmas 2, filiform. Nut oblong, included in the bladdery involucre. — Small
trees, with ovate or oblong leaves, and the fruit in pendulous hop-like strobiles.

OstTrya. CUPULIFER. 185

1. Ostrya Vireinica, Willd. (Plate CII.) Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; buds acute; strobiles oblong-ovoid. — Willd. sp. 4.
p. 469; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 623; Ell. sk. 2. p.618; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 358; Beck, bot. p. 327;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 541. Carpinus Ostrya-Americana, Micha. fl. 2. p. 202. C. Ostrya,
Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 109.

A tree 20 - 30 feet high and 4 —8 inches in diameter, with a brownish bark, which is
slightly furrowed with narrow divisions. Leaves about three inches long, somewhat cordate,
sharply and unequally serrate, smoothish above, pubescent on the veins underneath : petioles
hairy, 3 - 4 lines long. Flowers in terminal aments, appearing before the leaves ; the barren
ones 1 — 2 inches long, with the scales entire and conspicuously fringed: anthers bearded at
the tip. Fertile aments solitary ; the flowers in pairs, with a caducous cordate or lanceolate
bract at the base of each pair. Involucres utriculate, oblong-lanceolate, hoary-pubescent,
the base clothed with rigid hairs, bladder-like in fruit; the numerous involucres forming an
ovoid or oblong strobile, which is usually pendulous, but sometimes extended, never erect.
Nut about one-fourth of an inch long, acute, ribbed at the summit and on each edge.

Woods, commonly in shady fertile soils on the banks of rivers. F7. April - May. Fr.
August — September. The wood of this tree is white, very compact, and of great strength.
It is often used for levers, and is hence called Lever-wood in some places. Owing to its small
size, and its not occurring in large quantities, the tree is not very important. The older botanists
confounded this species with the European O. vulgaris, which indeed it much resembles,

2. CARPINUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1843. HORNBEAM.

[ From the Celtic words car, wood, and pin, the head ; because the wood is fit for the yokes of cattle.]

Srerite ry. Aments cylindrical; the calyx-scales ovate, acute, without bracts. Stamens
about 12: filaments simple: anthers ovate. Frrtite ri. Aments loose, terminal. Bracts
ovate, hairy, deciduous. Involucral scales in pairs; each pair 2-flowered, unequally
3-lobed, at length large and foliaceous. Limb of the calyx small, 6-toothed. Style very
short: stigmas 2, filiform. Nut bony, ovoid, acute, ribbed. — Trees, with ovate serrate

stipulate leaves.

1. Carpinus Americana, Michz. (Plate CIII.) Hornbeam. Water Beech.

Leaves oblong-ovate ; scales of the pistillate ament 3-lobed, the middle Jobe much the
largest, unequally serrate-toothed on one side.—Micha. fl. 2. p. 210; Willd. sp. 4. p. 468 ;
Michx. f. sylv. 2. t.108; Pursh, fil. 2. p.623; Nuit. gen. 2. p. 218; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 357; Ell. sk. 2. p. 618; Beck, bot. p. 326; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 541.

A tree from 15 to 20 feet high, and the trunk seldom more than 6 inches in diameter ; the
bark smooth and light gray. Leaves about three inches long, acuminate, often cordate at the

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 24

186 CUPULIFER. CaRPINUs.

base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, a little hairy on the veins and in the axils under-
neath. Sterile aments pendulous from the sides of the small twigs, near their extremity.
Anthers ovoid, hairy at the sunimit. Fertile aments about two inches long. Bracts small,
ovate, acuminate. Involucral scales on short stalks, loosely imbricated, finally almost an inch
long ; in pairs, the scales of which are applied base to base. Nut one-fourth of an inch long,
broad at the base, compressed, dark brown, marked with about four narrow ribs on each stde.

Woods, particularly along rivulets. Fi. April. Fr. October. The wood of this tree is
whitish, very compact and fine-grained ; but it is seldom employed in the arts, on account of
its small size. The nearly allied C. Betulus of Europe grows somewhat larger.

3. CORYLUS. Tourn.; Endl gen. 1844. HAZEL-NUT.
[ From the Greek word korys, a helmet or cap; in allusion to the form of the involucre.]

SrTerite Ft. in slender cylindrical aments. Bracts and calyx combined into 3-cleft scales ;
the middle lobe covering the two lateral ones. Stamens 8: filaments short: anthers ovoid,
l-celled. Ferrite FL. in terminal capitate clusters, bracteate. Involucres 1 — 2-flowered,
formed of 2-3 scales which are united below, and at length become large and enclose the
fruit. Ovary 2-celled: stigmas 2, filiform. Nut roundish-ovoid, bony, enclosed in the
large leafy-coriaceous lacerated involucre. — Shrubs, with roundish-cordate or obovate

leaves, which appear after the flowers have unfolded.

1. Corytus Americana, Walt. American Hazel-nut. Wild Filbert.

Leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate ; involucres globose-campanulate ; the limb dilated,
foliaceous, coarsely toothed and lacerated. — Walt. fl. Car. p. 236; Micha. fl. 2. p. 201;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 634; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 356; Ell. sk. 2. p.611; Torr. compend. p. 354
(bis); Beck, bot. p. 332; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 539. C. Americana humilis, Wang. Amer.
p. 88. t. 29. f. 63.

A shrub 4 - 6 feet high, with slender branches and numerous suckers ; the young twigs
pubescent and glandular. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long, coarsely and unequally serrate, pubescent,
on short petioles: stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. Sterile aments long and pendulous,
slender; the scales imbricated, ciliate ; the middle lobe acuminate. Fertile flowers in
pedunculate clusters ; the scales at first lanceolate, finally coalescing, and forming a cam-
panulate glandularly pubescent involucre which extends beyond the nut ; the border unequally
cut and toothed. Nut from half an inch to three-fourths of an inch long, and often of greater
breadth than length, a little compressed ; the kernel of excellent flavor.

Borders of woods, thickets, etc.; growing usually in bunches ; common in most parts of
the State. Fl. April. Fr. September. The nuts greatly resemble those of the common
European Hazel-nut, but they are smaller, and the shell thicker. ‘They are frequently seen
in our markets and fruit-stores.

Cory.vs. CUPULIFER. 187

2. CoryLus RosTRATA, At. Beaked Hazel-nut.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate ; involucre prolonged above the fruit into
a narrow tubular beak, which is laciniately toothed at the summit. — Azt. Kew. (ed. 2.) 2.

p. 364; “ Willd. arb. p. 80. t. Lif. 23" Miche. fl. 2.-p. 201; Pursh, fl. 2. p: 635; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 216; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 357; Ell. sk. 2. p. 612; Torr. compend. p. 354 (bis) ;
Beck, bot. p. 332; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 160; Loud. enc. tr. §- shr. p. 925.

A shrub 2 — 5 feet high, with slender smooth branches, Leaves about three inches long,
somewhat cordate at the base, pubescent (especially on the veins) underneath, smoothish
above : petioles hairy, 3-5 lines long. Involucre of the fruit nearly two inches long ; the
lower part closely enveloping the nut, and densely clothed-with stiff hairs ; the upper part
tubular and smoothish, cut at the extremity into several unequal acute teeth.

Mountain woods and banks of rivers ; frequent north and west of the Highlands. Fi.
April. Fr. September. Easily distinguished from ihe preceding by its narrow leaves and

the long beak of the involucre.

4. QUERCUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1845. OAK.
[ Said to be derived from the Celtic words quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree.].

Srerite FL. in long slender pendulous amenis, without bracts. Calyx 6 - 8-parted ; the
segments unequal, mostly entire. Stamens 6 — 10: filaments slender: anthers 2-celled.
FertiLte FL. Several together on erect axillary peduncles, or sessile on a rachis. Involucre
1-flowered, consisting of numerous closely imbricated scales, in fruit becoming an indurated
cup surrounding the base of the nut. Ovary 3-celled, with two suspended collateral ovules
in each cell, becoming in fruit an ovoid or roundish 1-seeded nut. — Trees or shrubs, with
stipulate often lobed or serrated leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish white ; the sterile

aments usually several together. Pubescence stellate.

* Fruit biennial, sessile.
R + Leaves entire.
1. Quercus Puetios, Linn. (Plate CIV.) Wellow Oak. Peach-leaved Oak.
Leaves deciduous, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, very entire ; cup saucer-shaped ;
nut somewhat globose. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 994; Ablot, ins. Georg. 2. t.91; Michx. Querc.
t. 12, and fl. 2. p.97; Micha. f. sylv. 1. t.14; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 625; Torr. compend.
p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 328. .
A tree 30 - 50 fect high and 12 - 18 inches in diameter, with a smoothish bark. Leaves
3 — 4 inches long and 6 —8 lines broad, light green, smooth, often a little undulate on the
margin, sometimes toothed in the young state. Acorns nearly sessile ; the cup shallow ; the
scales closely appressed : nut dark brown when ripe, nearly spherical or somewhat depressed :
kernel bitter.
Sandy rather moist woods : Suffolk county, Long Island. FV. April. Fr. October. The
wood of this Oak is reddish and coarse-grained. It is not much esteemed.

24"

188 CUPULIFERZ. Quercus.

tt Leaves toothed or lobed.
2. Quercus nigra, Linn. (Plate CV.) Black Jack Oak.

Leaves coriaceous, obtusely cuneate, dilatéd and retusely 3-lobed above, the lobes mucronate
when young, rusty-pulverulent underneath ; nut roundish-ovoid, nearly half immersed in the
turbinate cup. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 995; Michx. Querc. t. 22 — 23, and fl. 2. p. 198; Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 629 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 60; Torr. compend. p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 328. Q. ferruginea,
Miche. sylv. 1.4. 20,

A tree 10 - 25 feet high, with a trunk 4 — 8 inches in diameter, with spreading crooked
branches and a rough blackish bark. Leaves 3-4 inches long (on young sprouts much
larger), smooth, shining and dark green above, sprinkled with very minute rusty-colored scales
underneath ; the lower part cuneate, but usually obtuse or even slightly cordate at the base ;
the summit dilated and obtusely 3- or sometimes 5-lobed : lobes in the young leaves tipped
with a short bristle. Acorn of middle size: scales of the cup closely appressed: nut rather
dark brown.

Sandy soils, Hempstead Plains, Long Island. Fl. April-May. Fr. October. The
wood of this tree is compact; but in consequence of its small size, it is of little value as
timber. When of sufficient size, it is much esteemed for fuel. In the city of New-York, it
often occurs among the oak wood brought from New-Jersey, in the pine region of which it is
abundant.

3. Quercus TiINcTORIA, Bartram. Black Oak. Quercitron.

Leaves moderately lobed, somewhat rusty-pubescent underneath (particularly in the axils),
obtusely sinuate, mucronate ; nuts ovoid-globose, nearly one-third immersed in the thick
turbinate cup. — Bartr. trav. p. 37; Michx. Querc. t. 24 — 25, and fl. 2. p. 198; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 629; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 350; Ell. sk. 2. p. 601; Micha. f. sylv.1. t. 24%;* Torr.
compend. p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 328; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 531. Q. discolor, Willd. sp. 4.
p. 444?

Trunk 50 — 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter, with rough blackish bark. Leaves
5 — 8 inches long and 3 — 5 inches wide, obovate, more or less deeply lobed, but usually not
haif way to the midrib, with the lobes somewhat toothed and setaceously mucronate when
young, clothed with rusty pubescence underneath, which, however, mostly disappears by
midsummer, except in the axils of the veins: petioles 1 — 2 inches long. Acorns on very
short peduncles. Cup abruptly contracted at the base ; the scales distinct, but pretty closely
pressed. Nut rather small, brownish, often nearly globose, somewhat depressed at the
summit. Kernel yellowish. .

Woods; common. Fl. May. Fr. October. I have not found the leaves of this oak so

* The acorns of this plate belong to the Scarlet Oak, and those of plate 25 to the Black Oak. (See N. Amer. Sylv,
pp. 94 § 97.)

QUERCUS. CUPULIFER. 189

deeply lobed as they are represented in the North American Sylva. The figure in that work
is thought by Elliott and some other botanists to belong to a distinct species. The bark of
the Black Oak yields the valuable yellow dye called quercitron, and is also much used in
tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, and possesses considerable strength, but is
much inferior to the White Oak. It constitutes a good part of our oak firewood.

4, Quercus coccinea, Waugh. Scarlet Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth on both sides ; the lobes divaricate,
toothed, setaceously mucronate ; nut roundish-ovoid, about one-third immersed in the turbinate
cup. — Wang. Amer. t. 4. f.5; Miche. Querc. t. 31 - 32, and fl. 2. p. 199; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 630; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 351; Ell. sk. 2. p. 602; Micha. f. sylv. 1. t. 25 (fruit, pl. 24) ;
Torr. compend. p. 358; Beck, bot. p. 329; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 532.

A tree 50 — 80 feet high and 2 - 3 feet or more in diameter. Leaves 4 — 8 inches long,
oblong in the outline, smooth and shining on both sides, bright green, with 3 or 4 lobes on
each side ; the sinuses extending two-thirds of the way to the midrib, broad or truncate at
the base: petioles 14-3 inches long. Acorns nearly sessile; the cup very thick, with
conspicuous triangular-ovate scales: nut middle-sized, sometimes nearly one-half immersed
in the cup. Kernel white.

Moist rich woods ; common. Fl. May. Fr. October. The bark of this oak is valuable for
tanning. The wood is much used by coopers, but is not durable when exposed to the weather.

5. Quercus ruBRa, Linn. (Plate CVI.) | fed Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, deeply sinuate-lobed, the sinuses rather acute, smooth on both
sides ; the lobes spreading, somewhat toothed and setaceously mucronate ; cup saucer-shaped,
nearly smooth ; nut oblong-ovoid. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 996; Michx. Querc. t. 35 - 36, and fi.
2. p. 200; Pursh, fl. 2. p.630; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 351; Ell. sk. 2. p. 602; Miche. f.
sylv. 1. t. 28; Torr. compend. p. 358; Beck, bot. p. 329; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 532; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 158.

A tree 50 — 80 feet high and 2 — 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 — 9 inches long and 3 — 5
inches wide, the outline oblong ; the lobes extending about half way to the midrib, with narrow
sinuses, smooth on both sides, except a little pubescence in the axils underneath : petioles
1 — 2 inches long. Acorns closely sessile ; the cup flat and very shallow ; the scales small
and very closely imbricated : nut often an inch or more in length, rounded at the summit.

Rocky woods, particularly below the Highlands; common near New-York. JU. May.
Fr. October. The bark is good-for tanning ; but the wood is not durable, though it is much
used as cooper’s stuff. ,

190 CUPULIFER. QUERCUS.
6. Quercus paLustRis, Du foi. (Pl. CVIL) Pin Oak. Water Spanish Oak.

Leaves on long petioles, deeply sinuate-lobed with broad obtuse sinuses, smooth on both
sides ; the lobes toothed, setaceously mucronate ; cup saucer-shaped ; nut nearly globose
(small).—‘*Du Rot, harbk. 2. t. 5. f. 4;” Miche. Querc. t. 33 - 34, and fl. 2. p. 200; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 631; Miche. sylv. 1. t. 27; Torr. compend. p. 358 ; Beck, bot. p. 329; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 532.

A tree 40 — 80 feet high and 2 — 3 feet in diameter, with numerous spreading slender
branches and smoothish bark. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long, and broader in proportion than in
any of the preceding species, bright green and shining ; the sinuses extending three-fourths
of the way to the midrib, and very broad: petioles 1 — 2 inches long. Acorns numerous, on
short peduncles ; the cup shallow and smoothish, slightly turbinate : nut less than half an inch
long, mostly globose, light brown.

Low woods, particularly on the borders of streams ; common in the southern part of the
State. Fl. May. Fr. October. The wood is strong, and held in estimation by wheelwrights,
but it is not considered durable. It is sometimes called Swamp Spanish Oak.

7. Quercus iLicirotia, Wang. | Bear Oak. Barren Scrub Oak.

Leaves on rather short petioles, cuneate-obovate, angularly about 5-lobed, grayish-tomentose
underneath ; lobes entire, mucronate ; cup somewhat turbinate ; nut roundish-ovoid.— Wang.
Amer..p, 79, t. 6. f. 17; Ast. Kew, (ed, 2.) 5. p. 292; Bigel. fl. Bost, p. 3525 Ellsk, 2.
p- 605. Q. Banisteri, Michx. Querc. t. 27, and fl. 2. p.199; Miche. f sylv. 1. t. 21;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 631 ; Beck, bot. p. 330; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 533.

A straggling much branched shrub, 3-8 feet high, usually growing in dense masses.
Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, obtusely cuneate at the base and tapering into a petiole about half
an inch in length, mostly 5-lobed; the lobes short and angular. Acorns numerous : scales
of the cup obtuse, minutely pubescent, closely imbricated: nut half an inch long, roundish
or somewhat ovoid, dark brown and striate with pale lines.

Sterile sandy soils, and on rocky hills. Abundant on Long Island ; summit of the Fishkill
mountains, and other parts of the Highlands; sandy plains near Schenectady, Rome, &c.
Fl. May. Fr. September. A worthless species. In some places it is called Black Scrub
Oak.

** Fructification annual: fruit mostly pedunculate.

} Leaves sinuate-lobed-; the lobes not mucronate.
8. QueRcus ostusiLoBa, Miche. Post Oak. Box White Oak.

Leaves deeply sinuate-lobed, cuneate at the base, grayish-pubescent underneath ; lobes
obtuse, the upper ones dilated and retuse ; cup hemispherical; nut ovoid. — Miche. Querc.
t. 1, and fil. 2.p. 194; Pursh, fl. 2. p..631; Ell. sk. 2. p. 606; Micha. sylu. 1.5; Torr.
compend. p. 359; Beck, bot. p. 330; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 533. Q. stellata, Willd. sp. 4.
p. 452; Muhl. cat. p. 87.

QuERcUS. CUPULIFER. 191

A tree 20 — 40 feet high and 8 — 15 inches in diameter (in the Southern States much larger),
with large irregular branches and a light gray bark. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long, rather thick
and coriaceous, of a dull green above, and grayish or somewhat rusty colored underneath ;
the upper lobes broad and notched or obtuse : petioles tawny, 5-8 lines long. Acorns
usually numerous, nearly sessile, or 2 — 3 together on a peduncle: cup grayish, rather thin ;
the scales very small: nut half an inch long, more than one-third immersed in the cup.

Sandy soils : Hempstead Plains, &c., Long Island. Fl. May. I’r. September. The wood
of this species is pretty close-grained, of a yellowish color, and very durable. It is used for
posts, and is employed also by coopers and wheelwrights. In shipbuilding, it is used for the
knees of the frame. As a fuel, it is highly esteemed.

9. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. (Plate CVI.) Over-cup White Oak.

Leaves deeply and somewhat lyrately sinuate-lobed, pubescent underneath, the lobes
obtuse, repand ; acorn very large ; cup hemispherical, fringed above ; nut ovoid, more than
half immersed in the cup.— Micha. Querc. t. 2-3, and fl. 2. p.194; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 632;
Miche. sylv. 1. t. 4; Torr. compend. p. 359; Beck, bot. p. 330.

Trunk 40 — 60 feet high: bark of the branches somewhat corky, in ridges. Leaves 6 — 12
inches or more in length, obovate in the outline : lobes obtuse and spreading ; the upper ones
larger and dilated. Acorns pedunculate, often larger than a pigeon’s egg; the cup con-
spicuously imbricated, and commonly fringed with soft filaments round the margin: nut one-
half or two-thirds immersed in the cup, rounded at the summit.

Woods near Schenectady (Mr. Tuckerman); also on the islands of Lake Champlain
(Oakes and Robbins), and probably on the New-York shores of the lake. Michaux states
that the wood is inferior to that of the White Oak ; but according to Pursh, it is excellent.

10. Quercus oLiverormis, Michz. Mossy-cup Oak.

Leaves oblong, smooth, glaucous underneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-lobed ; cup
very deep, ciliate on the margin; nut elliptical-oval, three-fourths enclosed in the cup. —
Miche. f. sylv. 1. p. 32.4.3; Pursh, fl. 2. p.631; Torr. compend. p. 359; Beck, bot.
p. 330.

A tree 60 - 70 feet high, with a spacious summit; the smaller branches slender and
recurved: bark white and laminated. Acorns about an inch and a quarter long; the length
about twice as great as the breadth: scales loose ; the upper ones terminating in flexible
filaments : nut somewhat pointed at each end (Micha. f.).

Banks of the Hudson above Albany, and in the western part of the State (Michaux). A
very rare species, which I have never been able to detect in the State. Little is known

respecting the properties of the wood, but Michaux thinks it as good as that of the White
Oak.

192 CUPULIFER. QuERcvs.

11. Quercus atBa, Linn. White Oak.
Leaves obovate-oblong, somewhat equally pinnatifid-sinuate , the segments oblong, obtuse,
mostly entire ; cup hemispherical, thin, tuberculate-scabrous ; nut ovoid or oblong. — Linn.

sp. 2. p. 996; Michx. Querc. t. 5, and fl. 2. p. 195; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 633; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 349; Micha. sylv.1. p.1; Ell. sk. 2. p. 607; Beck, bot. p. 329; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 534.

Trunk 50 — 80 feet or more in height, and 2 — 4 feet in diameter ; the bark of a light gray
color. Leaves 4-6 inches long, pinnately and obliquely cut on each side into 3 — 5 more
or less deep lobes, smooth and bright green above, pale and somewhat glaucous underneath.
Acorns mostly in pairs, on a peduncle about three-fourths of an inch long ; the cup rough with
little tubercles : nut often an inch long: nucleus sweet, with but little bitterness.

Woods, preferring rather fertile damp soils. £7. May. Fr. October. This is one of the
most valuable timber trees in the world; the wood being compact, elastic, strong and durable.
These properties cause it to be in great demand for a great variety of purposes, so that it is
rapidly disappearing from our forests. Most of the leaves remain on the tree after they wither
in the autumn, sometimes until the following spring.

tt Leaves coarsely serrate o7 toothed, not lobed.
12. Quercus BicoLor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.

Leaves oblong-obovate, whitish tomentose underneath, cuneate and entire at the base,
coarsely and obtusely (8 — 15-) toothed; fruit on along peduncle ; cup hemispherical ; nut
oblong-ovoid. — Willd. sp. 4. p. 440; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 632; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 350; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 215; Beck, bot. p. 331; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 534. Q. Prinus tomentosa, Micha.
Querc. t. 9. f.9. Q. Prinus discolor, Micha. f. sylv. 1. t. 7.

Trunk 30 — 60 feet high, and 1 - 2 feet or more in diameter ; the bark grayish white and
scaly. Leaves 5 —-8 inches long, often dilated above, unequally toothed, the teeth dilated at
the base: upper surface smooth and bright green ; the under softly pubescent, and sometimes
slightly ferruginous : petiole 6 — 8 lines long. Peduncles 1 — 2 inches long, usually bearing
two large acorns: cup rather thin, pubescent inside; the margin somewhat toothed with the
pointed inner scales.

Wet woods and margins of swamps; not rare. Fl. May. Fr. October. Mr. Nuttall
considers the Q. Prinus discolor of Michaux’s Sylva as a distinct species from Willdenow’s
Q. bicolor, and has named it Q. Michauai ; but it seems to be scarcely more than a variety.
Michaux thinks the timber is superior to that of the White Oak.

13. Quercus montana, Willd. Rock Chestnut Oak.

Leaves broadly obovate, pubescent and somewhat glaucous underneath, coarsely and almost
equally toothed ; teeth broad and obtuse, slightly mucronate ; acorn on short peduncles; cup

QUERCUS. CUPULIFERZ. 193

hemispherical-turbinate ; nut elliptical-oblong.— Willd. sp. 4. p. 440; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 634 ;
Torr. compend. p. 354 (bis); Beck, bot. p. 331; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.535. Q. Prinus
monticola, Michx. Querc. t. 7, and fl. 2. p. 196; Michex. fl. sylv. 1. t. 9.

A tree 40 — 60 feet high, and 1 — 2 feet or more in diameter (sometimes 3 feet according
to Michaux); the bark furrowed. Leaves 4 — 7 inches long and 2 — 33 inches wide, acute.
either cuneate or obtuse at the base, smooth above, paler and pubescent underneath ; the
teeth more numerous than in the preceding species: petioles 6 — 10 lines long. Peduncles
3 - 6 lines long, usually bearing two acorns : cup embracing about one-third of the nut; the
scales appressed, very minute: nut an inch or more in length, somewhat pointed ; the kernel
sweet and rather pleasant.

Rocky banks of the Hudson, particularly in the Highlands ; also on Lake Champlain, and
in the southwestern counties. Fv. May. Fr. Middle of September. The wood of this
species much resembles that of the White Oak, but is heavier. It is also excellent fuel, being
not much inferior to hickory. The bark of the branches and smaller trunks is highly valued
by tanners.

14. Quercus Castanea, Willd. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on long petioles, pubescent and grayish underneath, equally and
rather acutely toothed, the teeth callous at the tip ; acorns nearly sessile ; cup hemispherical ;
nut roundish-ovoid.— Willd. sp. 4. p. 441; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 634; Ell. sk. 2. p.610; Beck,
bot. p. 331; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 535. Q. Prinus acuminata, Michex. Querc. t. 7, G- fl. 2.
‘p. 1964 Mickm. 7. sylv. 1. t..10,

A tree 40 — 60 feet high and 1 — 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and 1 - 2
inches wide, varying from oblong-lanceolate to elliptical-lanceolate, with 8 — 10 coarse teeth
on each side, smooth and yellowish green above, finely pubescent and light colored underneath.
Acorns middle sized, usually almost sessile : cup embracing about one-third of the nut; the
scales minute, appressed, obtuse : nut light brown.

Chemung county (Dr. Knieskern). My specimens are young, but I have little doubt of
their belonging to this species. The wood is yellowish, but little is known respecting its
mechanical qualities and durability.

15. Quercus prinoipEs, Willd. (Plate CIX.) Chinquapin Oak.

Leaves obovate and lanceolate-oblong, on short petioles, sinuately and sometimes indistinctly
toothed, pubescent underneath , the teeth somewhat equal, callous at the tip ; acorns sessile,
the cup hemispherical ; nut ovoid.— Willd. sp. 4. p. 440; Pers. syn. 2. p. 568; MuAl. cat.
p-91. Q. Prinus pumila, Miche. fl. 2. p. 196. Q. Prinus Chincapin, Miche. f. sylv. 1.
t.11. Q. Chinquapin, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 634; Ell. sk. 2. p. 611; Beck, bot. p. 331; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 536.

[Fitora — Vol. 2.] 25

194 CUPULIFER. QUERCUS.

A shrub 3 - 6 feet high, with numerous slender branches. Leaves 3 - 4 inches long and
14 — 23 inches wide, the teeth obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and light green above,
whitish or with a glaucous tinge underneath: petioles 3-5 lines long. Acorns numerous,
large for the size of the plant; the cup thin, closely imbricated with minute obtuse scales :
nut rather obtuse ; the kernel sweetish, white.

Sandy woods: Long Island, and between Albany and Schenectady. Fl. May. Fr. End
of September. ‘This species, which is often called Dwarf Chestnut Oak, grows in large
patches, but is too small to be applied to any use. The acorns are devoured by squirrels and
other animals, so that it is rare to find them lying on the ground.

5. FAGUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1847. BEECH,
[ From the Greek word phago, to eat; because the nuts were formerly used as food.]

STERILE FL. capitate, on a long drooping peduncle, with small deciduous bracts. Calyx
campanulate, 5 — 6-cleft. Stamens 8 — 12, exserted. FERriie FL. two or more together
in an urceolate somewhat 4-lobed involucre, which consists of numerous subulate scales
grown together at their bases. Limb of the calyx produced above the ovary, and 4 — 5-cleft.
Ovary triquetrous, 3-celled: styles 3, filiform. Involucre finally coriaceous, muricated
with subulate points, and deeply 4-parted. Nuts triquetrous, 1 - 2 in each involucre. —

Trees with a smooth grayish bark, and stipular feather-veined toothed leaves.

1. Facus rerrueinea, Att. (Plate CX.) Beech.

Leaves elliptical-ovate, acuminate, conspicuously toothed, ciliate on the margin ; nut acute.
—Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 362; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 624; Beck, bot. p. 333; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 588. F. sylvatica, var. Americana, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 216?; Ell. sk. 2. p.613; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 348. F. sylvestris, Micha. fl. 2. p. 194; Micha. fl. sylv. t. 107.

A beautiful tree, often 50 — 60 feet high and 2 feet or more in diameter; the trunk clothed
with a thick smooth gray bark. Leaves 3 - 5 inches long and 14 ~ 24 inches wide, strongly
and remotely toothed, bright green and shining above, silky underneath when young, but
finally almost smooth: petioles pubescent, 3 — 5 lines long. Sterile heads roundish or ovoid,
consisting of 20 - 30 flowers : peduncle filiform, about two inches long, slightly silky-
pubescent. Calyx tubular-campanulate, light brown, villous, mostly 5-cleft ; the segments
oblong. Stamens 10 — 12: anthers oblong. Fertile flowers 2 — 3 on a stout peduncle, which
is 5 —6 lines long. Ovary acutely triangular: styles elongated, stigmatose on the inside.
Nuts nearly three-fourths of an inch long when mature, sharply 3-angled, with the sides a
little concave, mostly acute but sometimes rather obtuse, with a small abrupt acumination.
Involucre finally coriaceous and splitting nearly to the base into four lobes or valves, clothed
with soft prickles which are mostly spreading or recurved.

Fertile woods ; common in most parts of the State, but forming the greater parts of extensive

Fagus. CUPULIFERZ. 195

forests in the western counties. F7. May. Ir. October. I have seen but one species of
Beech in the State. There are two varieties distinguished by mechanics who use the wood,
one called Red, the other White Beech ; the difference being probably caused by the greater
or less humidity of the soil. F. ferruginea of Michaux’s Sylva (not of Azt.), if a distinct
species, has not come under my observation. The European Beech (IF. sylvatica) differs
from ours in its much smaller broadly ovate leaves, which are also far less deeply toothed ;
the prickles of the fruit are more numerous, and straight ; the peduncle of the sterile head of
flowers shorter and more hairy.

6. CASTANEA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1848. CHESTNUT,

{ Named from Castanea, in Thessaly, celebrated for its Chestnut trees. ]

Flowers moncecious, or rarely perfect. STERILE FL. very numerous, interruptedly clustered
in long cylindrical aments. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted. Stamens 8-15. Frrrize or
PERFECT FL. 2-3, in an ovoid or campanulate scaly or muricate involucre. Stamens
5 — 12, minute and mostly abortive. Ovary crowned with the 5 — 6-cleft limb of the calyx,
3 — 6-celled, with a single ovule in each cell, in fruit becoming a 1-seeded coriaceous nut.
Involucre of the fruit coriaceous, echinate, 4-lobed, containing 1 - 3 nuts.—Trees or shrubs,

with serrate or entire feather-veined leaves ; the sterile aments clustered and very long.

1. Castanea vesca, var. AmErIcANA, Michz. (Plate CX1.) Chestnut.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth on both sides.—Michz.
fl. 2. p. 193; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 624; Ell. sk. 2. p. 614; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 217; Torr. com-
pend. p. 355; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 536. C. vesca, Miche. f. sylv. 2. t.104; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p. 349; Beck, bot. p. 332.

A tall tree, sometimes 60 — 80 feet high and 3 — 4 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 — 8 inches
long and about two inches wide, bright green, pubescent when young, but quite smooth when
old. Sterile aments 4 — 8 inches long ; the numerous flowers white or cream color, emitting
an unpleasant odor. Calyx 6-parted. Stamens mostly 12, longer than the calyx. Fertile
involucres solitary or several in a cluster, scaly, at length very large, globose, and covered
with slender compound rigid prickles, enclosing three nuts, one or two of which are often
abortive. Limb of the calyx produced above the ovary into a slender tube, which is 6 - 8-
parted at the summit. Nuts varying in form according to the number in an involucre: when
there are two, each will be compressed on the inside ; and when three are perfected, the
middle one will be flattened on each side.

Woods ; common south of Lake Champlain, but scarce in the northern and western parts
of the State. FU. June. Fr. October. The American Chestnut differs from the European
chiefly in the much smaller nuts. The wood is coarse-grained, light and very durable, and
is much valued for fencing. It makes very poor fuel, on account of its violent snapping while

it burns.
Dass

196 CUPULIFER. CasTANEA.

2. Castanea pumita, Miche. Chinquapin.
Leaves oblong, acute, mucronately serrate, hoary-pubescent underneath. — Micha. fl. 2.
p. 193; Micha. sylv. 2. t. 105; Pursh, fl. 2. p.624; Ell. sk. 2. p. 615; Beck, bot. p. 332;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 537; Loud. enc. trees §- shrubs, p.914. Fagus pumila, Linn. sp. 2.
p. 998; Wang. Amer. p. 57. t. 19. f. 44. F. pumila, var. serotina, Walt. fl. Car. p. 233.
I’, Castanea pumila, Marsh. arbust. p. 47.

A shrub 6 - 12 feet high (in the Southern States sometimes 30 ~ 40 feet high and a foot
or more in diameter). Leaves 3 — 4 inches long and about an inch and a half wide, sharply
serrate, similar to those of the preceding species, only much smaller, and white on the under
surface. Sterile aments 2-3 inches long. Involucre of the fruit about an inch and a half
in diameter, covered with short prickles, opening at the summit by four valves. Nut solitary,
ovoid, convex on both sides, about half as large as the common chestnut.

Sandy woods, Long Island (Mr. W. R. Prince).

Orver C. MYRICACEA. ZL. C. Rich. Tue Gate TRIBE.

lowers in aments, moncecious or dicecious, destitute of both calyx and corolla.
SvERILE FL. consisting of 2 - 6 free or monadelphous stamens in the axil of a
bract, forming a slender ament. FeErtiLe FL. in an oval or cylindrical head,
each consisting of an ovary of one cell and a single ovule, surrounded at the
base with scales: stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit drupaceous or dry, indehiscent.
Albumen none. — Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, which are dotted with
resinous glands.

1. MYRICA. Linn.; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 235. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.
{ from the Greek word myro, to flow; the species first known being found on the banks of rivers. ]

Flowers dicecious. STERILE FL. in cylindrical aments. Stamens mostly 4. Ferrite FL. in
sinall ovoid aments, closely imbricated. Bracts small. Involucral scales 3, at the base of

each ovary. Styles filiform. — Leaves deciduous or evergreen, more or less serrate.

|. Myrica Gaus, Linn. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle.

Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, slightly serrate towards the point ; sterile aments closely
imbricated, the bracts fringed ; fruit in imbricated heads , the involucral scales thick, pointed,

Myrica. MYRICACEZ. 197

longer than the nut.—Lznn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1453; Engl. bot. t.562; Miche. fl. 2. p. 227;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 620; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 366; Torr. compend. p. 372; Beck, bot. p. 324.

A shrub 3-5 feet high, much branched. Leaves about two inches long and 5 — 6 lines
wide, somewhat coriaceous, with several sharp serratures at the summit. Aments growing
from the sides of the last year’s shoots, appearing before the leaves are expanded. Bracts of
the sterile aments brown and shining, slightly fringed with ferruginous hairs. Fruit in oval-
oblong heads, which are covered with resinous grains; the scales lanceolate, acute, and
forming an involucre which encloses the nut.

Borders of ponds and lakes, particularly in mountainous tracts ; rare in the southern part
of the State, but common in the northern counties. £7. April-May. Fr. July. A native
also of Europe and the north of Asia.

2. Myrica cerirera, Linn. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.

Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrated towards the summit or entire ; sterile aments loose, the
bracts naked ; fruit spherical, naked, distinct.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 1453; Micha. fl. 2. p. 227;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 620; Bigel. med. bot. t. 43, and fl. Bost. p. 366; Ell. sk. 2. p. 678; Torr.
compend. p. 372; Beck, bot. p. 324.

A shrub from 3 to 8 feet high, much branched at the summit. Leaves 2 - 4 inches long
and from half an inch to nearly an inch wide, sometimes entire, pubescent underneath.
Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully expanded. Sterile aments about half an inch
long, scattered along the sides of the last year’s twigs. Bracts rhombic. Stamens mostly 4,
longer than the bracts ; the filaments united below: anthers large. Fertile aments smaller
than the sterile ones. Ovary ovoid, with about 3 cuneate scales at the base: styles filiform.
Fruit aggregated, spherical and about the size of a peppercorn, consisting of a little nut with
a hard and thick shell, which is thickly studded over with black hispid deciduous grains, and
these again are encrusted with a dry white wax.

Dry soils, in thickets, etc.; common in the southern part of the State and on the sandy
seacoast of Long Island, but rare in the interior. FV. May. Fr. August - September. This
species differs so much from the preceding, that it might with propriety be separated as the
type of a distinct genus. The wax of the fruit consists chiefly of that peculiar ingredient of
beeswax called myricin. Jt is obtained by boiling the berries in water, when it separates and
is skimmed from the surface. It is employed for making candles, and as the basis of a kind of
soap. In France and Germany, the plant has been cultivated for the sake of its wax. The
singular black grains of the fruit are seen to advantage when the crust of wax has been
removed from their surface by means of ether.

198 MYRICACE. Compronta.

2. COMPTONIA. Soland.; Gert. fruct. 2. p. 58. t. 90. SWEET FERN.

[ In honor of Henry Compton, a Bishop of London of the last century, who was a cultivator of plants and a patron
of botany.]

Flowers monecious. STERILE FL. in cylindrical closely imbricated aments ; the scales
reniform-cordate, acuminate, 1-flowered. Calyx of two minute scarious sepals, persistent.
Stamens 3 —5; the anther-cells distinct, with a narrow connective. FERTILE FL. in
globose aments : scales reniform, acute. Involucral scales 5 — 6, unequal, united at the
base, subulate-linear, much longer than the ovary. Styles 2. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth.
— A fragrant shrub, with stipulate pinnatifid leaves.

1. ComMPpToONIA ASPLENIFOLIA, A?t. Sweet Fern.

Ait. Kew. 3. 9.334; Gert. l.c.; Miche. fle 2. p. 203; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 635; Hil. sk. 2.
p. 562; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 340; Torr. compend. p. 349; Beck, bot. p. 324; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 52. Liquidambar asplenifolia, Linn. sp. 2. p. 999.

A shrub about two feet high, with numerous brownish shining branches. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, 3-4 inches long, acute, pinnatifid, with rounded lobes : stipules semicordate,
acuminate, often auriculate. Sterile aments terminal, several together, at first erect, finally
incurved. Bracts hairy. Fertile aments lateral, presenting the appearance of a small bur,
being covered with numerous long involucral scales. Nut brownish, compressed.

Dry woods and hill-sides. #7. April-May. Fr. September. The plant emits a strong

resinous aromatic scent, especially when bruised. It is a popular remedy in dysentery, but
probably of little efficacy.

Orver Cl. BETULACEA. LZ. C. Rich. Tue Bircu Trine.

Flowers moncecious, in aments. StTerite ri. Bracts peltate, stipitate, scale-like,
bracteolate on each side, 3-flowered. Calyx consisting of a single scale, or
4-sepalled. Stamens 4: filaments very short, distinct: anthers 1- or 2-celled.
Fertite Fu. Bracts sessile, entire or 3-lobed, 2 — 3-flowered. Calyx none.
Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule suspended from near the summit of each
cell: style none: stigmas 2, long and filiform. Fruit a little one-celled nut,

which is often winged.— Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate leaves
and free caducous stipules.

BETuLa. BETULACE. 199

1, BETULA. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 1840 ; Spach in ann. sc. nat. 1841, p. 193. BIRCH.
[ Derived from batw, the Celtic name for the Birch.]

SreriLe FL. Bracts with two bracteoles. Calyx consisting of a single scale. Anthers one-
celled. Ferrive ru. Bracts 3-lobed, deciduous, 3-flowered. Nut lenticular, winged on

each side. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile aments lateral, solitary.

1. Beruna poputiroura, Ait. (Plate CXIT.) White Birch.

Leaves deltoid, much acuminated, unequally serrate, smooth on both sides ; fertile aments
on long peduncles, pendulous, cylindrical ; lateral lobes of the bracts oblong, decurved-
falcate. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 336; Micha. sylv. t.71; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 620; Bigel.
fil. Bost. p. 355; Torr. compend. p. 355 (bis); Beck, bot. p. 325; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 155. B. alba, var. populifolia, Spach, 1. c.

A tree 20 - 25 feet high and seldom more than six inches in diameter, with numerous
slender branches, and a thin white epidermis which cannot easily be split into lamine. The
leaves are 2 — 3 inches long, somewhat cordate at the base, conspicuously acuminate, smooth
and shining: petiole about half an inch long. Sterile and fertile aments pedunculate ; the
latter at first erect, but at length mostly pendulous. Bracts with the lateral lobes a little curved
backwards, minutely pubescent. Wings of the nut very thin and membranaceous, broader
than the disk.

In poor soils, both in wet and in dry situations. #7. April. Fr. August. The wood of
this species is soft and white, speedily decaying when exposed to the weather, and unfit even
for fuel.

2. BETULA PAPYRACEA, At. Canoe Birch. Paper Birch.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, somewhat doubly serrate, hairy on the veins underneath ; fertile
aments on short peduncles, pendulous, cylindrical ; lateral lobes of the bracts short and
rounded.—Aizt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 381; Micha, sylv. 1. t. 69; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 621; Bigel.
fi. Bost. p. 355 ; Torr, compend. p. 355 (bis); Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 155. B. papyri-
fera, Michx. fl. 2. p 180. B. alba, var. papyracea, Spach, l. c.

A tree 40 — 70 feet high and 1 - 3 feet in diameter, with numerous slender shining branches
which are dotted with white ; the epidermis of the bark is white externally, thick, and divisible
into numerous thin layers of a reddish tinge internally. Leaves 2- 2% inches long, slightly
cordate, of a dark green color: petioles one-third of an inch long, smooth. Fertile aments
an inch or more in length, and 4 — 5 lines in diameter. Bracts slightly pubescent ; the lateral
lobes much shorter than the middle one, scarcely diverging.

Woods in the northern parts of the State, abundant ; also on the Catskill mountains, but
scarce. Fl. April-May. Fr. Early in August. The wood of this species is excellent
fuel. It has a close shining grain, and possesses considerable strength, but it is liable to
rapid decay when exposed to the weather. Sometimes it is employed for making common
furniture. The bark is used by the northern Indians for making their canoes.

200 BETULACE. BETULA.

3. Beruta venta, Linn. (Plate CXIIL) Cherry Birch. Black Birch.

Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate , the nerves underneath and the petioles
hairy ; fertile aments elliptical-ovoid, erect, or with the short peduncles recurved ; bracts
roughly pubescent , the lobes nearly equal, rather obiuse, diverging, prominently veined. —
Linn, sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1894; Miche. sylv. 1. t.'74; Pursh, fl. 2. p.621; Ell. sk. 2. p. 617;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 356 ; Torr. compend. p. 356; Beck, bot. p. 325; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 540; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 156. B. carpinifolia, “ Ehrh. bectr. 6. p. 99 ;” Miche.
fl. 2. p. 181.

A tree 30 — 60 feet high and 1 - 2 feet in diameter, with numerous slender branches, which
are of a dark chestnut-brown and speckled with white scars: cuticle of the bark smooth,
grayish, and resembling that of the common cherry-tree. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, more or
less cordate at the base ; when young, clothed with silky hairs, but finally smooth, except on
the veins underneath and the petiole. Sterile aments 3 - 4 inches long, pendulous, terminal.
Fertile aments (when in fruit) about an inch long, and half an inch or more in diameter; the
peduncle 1 — 3 lines long, usually erect, but sometimes a little curved, so that the ament is
horizontal. Bracts deeply 3-cleft, cuneate at the base. Nut elliptical, with a broad mem-
branaceous margin which is somewhat fringed towards the summit.

In moist rich soils, throughout the State, except in the western counties, where it is rare.
Fl. April. Fr. August. <A very useful tree. The wood is of a reddish tint, close-grained
and susceptible of a fine polish, so that it is much used for cabinet work. The young twigs
give out a pleasant aromatic odor when bruised, on which account this species is often called
Sweet Birch.

4. Betuta EXxcELsa, At. Yellow Birch.

Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides, the petiole pubescent ; fertile aments
ovoid-oblong, erect, on short peduncles ; lobes of the bracts somewhat equal, acute, slightly
diverging. — Azt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 337; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 261; ‘ Duham. arb. 3. p. 208.
t.52;” Buigel. fl. Bost. p. 356; Torr. compend. p. 355; Beck, bot. p. 325. B. lutea,
Miche. sylv. 1. t. 73.

A tree 40 — 60 feet high and 1 — 2 feet in diameter. The epidermis is of a yellow color,
and separates in narrow transverse ribbons which roll outwards at the ends. Leaves about
3 inches long, downy when young, but smooth (except the petiole) when fully grown. Fertile
aments about an inch long and half an inch in diameter; the short peduncle sometimes bent
at a right angle to the branch.

Woods and swamps in the northern and western parts of the State; common. FY. April.
Fr. August. ‘The young twigs and bark are sweet-scented, but less so than in the preceding
species. ‘The wood is inferior in quality to that of the Black Birch, but is nevertheless much
employed for cabinet work. Much of the firewood used in Boston is of the Yellow Birch ;
and the bark is excellent for tanning.

Beruta. BETULACE. 201

5. Beruta nicra, Linn. Red Birch.

Leaves rhomboidal-ovate, not acuminate, doubly serrate with the primary serratures coarse
and angular, pubescent underneath, entire at the base ; fertile aments ovoid-oblong, on short
peduncles, erect ; the bracts villous, with short oblong somewhat equal lobes. — Linn. sp.
(ed. 2.) 2. p. 1394; Pursh, fl. 2. p.621; Ell. sk. 2. p. 616; Torr. compend. p..355;
Beck, bot. p. 325; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 539. B. lanulosa, Micha. fl. 2. p.181. B. rubra,
Miche. f. sylv. 1. t.' 72. B. angulata, Lodd. bot. cab. t. 1248.

A tree 40 —70 feet high and 1 — 24 feet in diameter, with long slender and pendulous
branches ; the epidermis of the smaller trunks of a reddish brown color, splitting (but not
readily) into thin layers. Leaves about 3 inches long and 2 wide, often obtusely cuneate at
the base, coarsely and somewhat angularly toothed, with the teeth serrated, light green above,
pale underneath ; the short petioles (and also the younger twigs) pubescent. Fertile aments
about three-fourths of an inch long. Bracts cuneate at the base, pubescent, 3-lobed halfway
to the base. Nut ovate, with a very broad thin winged margin.

Low grounds, particularly along rivers. Saugerties (Mr. J. Carey). Fl. April. Fr. June.
A common species in New-Jersey, where it often attains a large size. The fruit of this
species ripens earlier than that of any other of our Birches. The wood is light-colored and
compact. The twigs are used for making birch brooms.

6. Beruta nana, Linn. (Plate CXIV.) Dwarf Birch.

Dwarfish ; branches often covered with resinous dots; leaves nearly orbicular, coarsely
toothed, smooth ; fertile aments oblong, on short erect peduncles ; bracts deeply 3-cleft , the
lobes oblong-obovate, nearly equal.—Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1346 ; Engl. bot. t. 349 ; Micha.
jl. 2. p. 1802; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 622; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 356; Torr. compend. p. 256 ; Beck,
bot. p. 326; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.157; Tuckerman in Sill. journ. 45. p. 31.

A shrub from one to two feet high, branching. Leaves from four lines to three-fourths of
an inch in length, and nearly as broad as long, on very short petioles. Fertile aments less
than half an inch long. Bracts somewhat veined underneath. Fruit broadly ovate, with a
distinct and rather broad winged margin.

High mountains of Essex county. Fr. August. This dwarf species is also found on the
White Hills, and about Hudson’s Bay. It seems to be identical with the European plant.
Spach, on account of the nearly wingless fruit, considers Michaux’s B. nana as a distinct
species, to which (/. c. p. 195) he has given the name of B. Michauaxii. I find, however,
the wing to vary in breadth, even in my European specimens.

Pursh states that the B. pumila grows in the high mountains of New-York and Pennsylvania,
but I have seen no specimens collected within our limits. B. glandulosa seems to differ from
it only in the glandularly dotted branches, a character which is probably not constant.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 26

202 BETULACE£. ALNUs.

2. ALNUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1841. ALDER.
[ Name derived from the Celtic words, al, near, and law, the bank of a river.]

Srerite ru. Bracts with five bracteoles. Calyx 4-parted. Anthers 2-celled. Ferrite rt.
Bracts cuneate, truncate, persistent, thick, 2-flowered. Calyx consisting of four scales,
which are adnate to the bracts, except at the summit. Fruit compressed, wingless, or

rarely with a winged margin.—Trees or shrubs. Fertile aments ovoid or oblong, paniculate.

* Kuatnus. Fruit not winged.

1. Atnus sERRuLATA, Willd. (Plate CXV.) Common Alder.

Leaves obovate, somewhat coriaceous, finely and somewhat doubly denticulate-serrate , the
veins underneath and their axils villous ; fructiferous aments oblong-ovoid ; stipules oval,
obtuse ; fruit ovate, not winged. — Willd. sp. 4. p. 336; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 623; Miche. f.
sylv.1. t. 75. f.1; Buigel. fl. Bost. p. 342; Ell. sk. 2. p. 567; Beck, bot. p. 326; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 525. A. rubra, Tuckerm. in Sill. jour. 45. p. 33. Betula-Alnus rubra,
Marshall, arbust. p. 20. B. serrulata, Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 338. B.-Alnus serrulata,
Miche. fl. 2. p. 181.

A shrub 6 - 12 feet high, irregularly branched, and usually growing in dense thickets.
Leaves 2-5 inches long, more or less obovate, with a short acumination or obtuse, pro-
minently veined, smooth above, paler and sprinkled with resinous dots underneath ; the
pubescence of the veins and axils mostly ferruginous: stipules caducous. Sterile aments
appearing before the leaves, about two inches long, several together at the extremity of the
branches: anthers bright yellow. Fertile aments somewhat paniculate on short naked
branches, usually 3 — 4 together, densely flowered ; in fruit, about half an inch long. Scales
of the calyx free at the summit, so that the bracts appear 5-lobed at the apex. Fruit wingless,
slightly margined.

Swamps and wet thickets; very common. J. March - April. Fr. September.

2. Atnus incana, Willd. Black Alder.

Leaves thin, ovate or oblong, rather acute, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base, slightly
lobed, acutely serrate, glaucous and pubescent underneath, naked in the axils of the veins ;
stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fertile aments oval ; fruit orbicular, not winged. — Willd. sp. 4.
p. 335; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 157 (in part); Tuckerm. l.c. p. 32. A. incana, var.
vulgaris, Spach, 1. c. p. 206. A. glauca, Micha. f. sylv. 1. t. 75. f. 2. A. crispa, Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 623 (in part). Betula incana, Linn. suppl. p. 417.

A shrub 8 - 20 feet high; the stem sometimes 3 —4 inches in diameter, with a smooth
brown bark. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, often broadly ovate, pale glaucous green underneath,

ALNUs. BETULACE. 203

slightly lobed or rather coarsely and obtusely toothed on the margin; the teeth finely serrate ;
the secondary veins strong and prominent. Stipule brown, pubescent. Fertile aments usually
4 —5, in a paniculate raceme. Scales or bracts thickened at the tip ; the scales of the calyx
closely adnate, except at the summit. Fruit with a thin but not winged margin.

Borders of rivulets in the Catskill mountains. Banks of Esopus creek, near Saugerties
(Mr. J. Carey). Fr. August. This species is also indigenous to Europe, and the northern
parts of New-England and Canada.

** ALNASTER, Spach. Fyuit winged,

3. Anus viripis, DC. (Plate CXVLI.) Mountain Alder.

Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute, rather obtuse at the base, doubly serrate, glutinous
and pubescent underneath, or only the veins and axils pubescent; stipules broadly ovate ;
fertile aments on long pedicels ; fruit with a broad winged margin. — DC. fl. Fr. 3. p. 304 ;
Cham. in Linnea, 6. p. 538; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 156. A. incana, Hook. 1. c. (in part),
A. undulata, Willd. sp. 4. p. 336. A. ovata, Lodd. bot. cab. t. 1141 (ex Loud.). A. crispa,
Tuckerm. l.c. p. 33. A. Mitchelliana, Custis, ms. (ex Gray in Sill. journ. 42. p. 42).
“Betula viridis, Vill. Delph. 8B. ovata, Schrank, fl. Bavar. 1. p. 419.” B. crispa, Aut.
Kew, (ed. 1.) 3. p. 339. B.-Alnus crispa, Micha. fl. 2. p. 181. Alnaster viridis, Spach,
Ll. c. p. 200.

A shrub 4-8 feet high, much branched ; the branches often sprinkled with little warts.
Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, varying from oblong-ovate to broadly cordate, deep green above ;
the under surface more or less pubescent (particularly on the veins), and covered with a thin
resinous substance which causes the leaves to adhere to the paper when they are pressed ;
the margin sometimes obscurely lobed, finely and very sharply serrate. Fertile aments ovoid,
obtuse, nearly three-fourths of an inch long; the pedicels often nearly an inch in length.
Fruit with a broad membranaceous margin like that of a Betula.

Along the mountain streams of Essex county. Fr. August. Our plant agrees well with
my European specimens, but differs somewhat from the A. viridis of the Northwest Coast,
in the leaves being only doubly serrate, and not somewhat incisely lobed. It is the type of
Spach’s genus ALNasTER ; but notwithstanding the peculiarity of the fruit, it is a true ALNus.
In A. rubra, Bong. (of Sitcha), the fruit is also winged, but less broadly than in A. viridis.

26*

204 SALICACEA. SaLix.

Orper CII. SALICACE. L. C. Rich. Tue Wititow Trine.

Flowers dicecious, amentaceous, destitute of calyx and corolla, one under each
bract. SreriLe ri. Stamens 2 — 12 or more, sometimes monadelphous.
Frrtite ru. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, with numerous ascending
ovules ; styles 2, more or less united, very short: stigmas often 2-cleft or
2-parted. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves finally revolute. Seeds
numerous, furnished with a long silky coma. Albumen none.— Trees or
shrubs, with alternate simple (serrated or entire) leaves which are furnished
with stipules. The bark is usually bitter, and contains more or less of a
peculiar principle called salicine. The wood is light, and of rapid growth.

1. SALIX. Tourn. ; Endl. gen. 1903. WILLOW. OSIER. SALLOW.
[ Derived from the Celtic words sal, near, and lis, water ; in allusion to their place of growth.]

Bracts of the aments entire. Calyx and corolla none. Srerine ru. Torus gland-like.
Stamens mostly 2, but often 3-5: filaments sometimes united at the base. Frrriue Fu.

Ovary with a gland at the base: styles short, united: stigmas small. — Trees or shrubs.

In describing the Willows of New-York, I have followed pretty closely the arrangement of Dr. Barratt, as given
in Hooker’s Morw Boreali-Americana, and afterwards in the printed descriptions accompanying the sets of North
American Willows so generously distributed by this zealous botanist among his botanical friends,

* CineRE®, Barratt. Aments oval or somewhat culindrical, appearing before the leaves. Stamens 2. Ovary pedicellate.
Leaves ovate, obovate or lanceolate, mostly entire, hoary, cinereous or woolly, often rugose, and the margin revolute,
— Shrubs.

1, Sanrx canpipa, Willd. (Plate CXVII.) W hite-leaved Willow.

Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely serrulate towards the
summit, the upper surface as well as the twigs clothed with a web-like pubescence, densely
woolly and white underneath ; stipules lunate, small ; aments oblong-cylindrical, erect, densely
flowered ; scales obovate, obtuse, brown, clothed with long villous hairs ; ovary ovoid-oblong,
on a short pedicel, densely woolly ; style short ; lobes of the stigma 2-cleft.— Willd. sp. 4.
p. 708; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 608; Torr. compend. p. 365; Salict. Wob. t.90; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 144. S.incana, Micha. fl. 2. p. 225, not of Schrank.

A shrub five feet or more in height; the young twigs of a reddish color, at first covered
with a light woel, but finally smooth and shining. Leaves 3 - 4 inches long and about three-
fourths of an inch wide, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short petiole, somewhat rugose ;
the upper surface of a dull grayish green, very white and woolly underneath : stipules shorter
than the petioles. Aments about an inch long and one-fourth of an inch in diameter, on short

Sauix. SALICACE. 205

peduncles ; the upper flowers (as in most of this section) expanding first : scales of the sterile
aments much shorter than the woolly hairs that cover them. Ovaries covered with white
wool, somewhat recurved, much longer than the scales: styles about one-fourth the length of
the ovary.

Western part of the State (Dr. Knieskern). Michaux’s name for this willow must yield
to that of Willdenow, as S. incana of Schrank is an older species. JI have what appears to
be a variety of S. candida, collected by Dr. Sartwell near Penn-Yan, probably in a shady
place. The leaves are pubescent and of a dull grayish green color underneath ; the stipules
are larger, obliquely ovate, with a short acumination ; but in other respects the plants are
alike.

2. Satix Muuvensererana, Barratt. Muhlenberg’s Willow.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely and obscurely denticulate, acute or slightly
acuminate, even, smoothish above, grayish-tomentose underneath ; stipules semiovate or
lunate, half the length of the petiole ; aments ovoid-cylindrical, densely flowered ; scales
ovate, obtuse, blackish, villous ; ovary lanceolate, with a long slender beak ; lobes of the
stigma 2-cleft—Barratt, Sal. Amer. no. 1 (not of Willd.). S. conifera, Muhl. in neue Berl.
schrift. 4. p. 240. t. 6. f.9; Willd. sp.4. p.705; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 612, excl. syn. Micha. ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 558 (not of Wang.).

A shrub 4 — 8 (or sometimes as much as 10) feet high; the branches brittle ; the young
twigs clothed with a close grayish pubescence, and often bearing small cones. Leaves 2 - 5
inches long and from three-fourths of an inch to more than an inch in diameter, prominently
veined and densely tomentose underneath, acute at the base ; the margin usually entire, but
often somewhat waved or marked with a few obscure teeth, smootl: and shining above :
stipules acuminate. Buds dark brown. Sterile aments about three-fourths of an inch long ;
the upper flowers expanding first. Scales distinctly seen through the silky hairs that clothe
them. ‘Torus purple. Filaments white: anthers yellow. Fertile aments finally more than
an inch long. Capsules spreading ; their pedicels shorter than the scales, tapering into a
long slender beak.

Borders of woods, and in copses ; frequent. 7. April. Fr. May. I have specimens of
a variety of this species with obtuse and even emarginate leaves, collected by Dr. Sartwell
near Penn-Yan. Dr. Barratt thinks S. recurvata of Pursh is only a narrow-leaved form of
this species.

3. Satix tristis, Ai. (Plate CXVIIL) Dwarf Downy Willow.

Leaves narrowly cuneate-oblanceolate, acute at each end, strongly veined underneath and
grayish-pubescent both sides or finally smoothish above , the margin nearly or quite entire,
revolute ; stipules none or caducous; aments globose-ovoid ; scales roundish-obovate ;
stigmas 2-lobed ; capsules on short pedicels, with a long beak.—Azt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 398 ;

206 SALICACEA. Satx.

Mudhl. l. c. & cat. p. 95; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 609; Ell. sk. 2. p. 668; Beck, bot. p.318. S.
tristis §- Muhlenbergiana, Willd. sp. 4. pp. 692 & 693. S. longirostris, Micha. fl. 2. p. 226;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 558; Barratt, Sal. no. 2. S. villosa, Sal. Wob. p. 183. t. 92.

A low much branched shrub, 1 - 2 feet high, of a gray aspect, sometimes procumbent ;
the branches brittle and grayish-pubescent when young, sometimes with small cones at the
extremity. Buds pubescent. Leaves 1-2 inches long and 2-6 lines wide, somewhat
rugose and densely woolly underneath ; the upper surface finally smoothish, but dull and of a
gray color. Stipules never seen by me. Aments very small, loosely flowered and numerous,
about one-third of an inch long when first expanded, but the fertile half an inch in length when
in fruit. Buds brown and pubescent. Scales very villous, obovate, blackish at the tip. Anthers
at first reddish, changing to yellow. Ovaries white and villous: style very short: stigmas
oblong, deeply 2-lobed.

‘Dry sandy soils, and on hill-sides ; frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May. The smallest of our
lowland willows.

** Discotores, Barratt. Aments oval or cylindrical, appearing before the leaves, clothed with silky hairs or smoothish.
Scales blackish. Slamens 2; the filaments distinct, or united below, Ovary pedicellate. Leaves deciduous, some-
what coriaceous, serrate or denticulale, smooth and shining above, glaucous or pubescent underneath. — Trees or
shrubs.

4. Sauix piscotor, Muhi. Glaucous Willow.

Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, rather obtuse or with a short acumination, remotely
serrulate-toothed, at first somewhat pubescent, but finally smooth, glaucous underneath ;
stipules lunate, acuminate ; aments oblong-cylindrical, the sterile very silky and white ;
scales obovate ; ovaries on pedicels shorter than the scales, with a long tapering beak; style
conspicuous ; lobes of the stigma deeply 2-parted.— Muhl. l. c. p. 234. t. 6. fig. 1, and cat.
p.95; Pursh, fl. 2. p.613; Ell. sk. 2. p.669; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 364; Torr. compend.
p. 369; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 559; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.147; Sal. Wob. p. 279. f. 147;
Barratt, Sal. no. 3.

Stem six feet or more in height, with brownish or greenish tough branches which are
pubescent when young. Flower-buds large and smooth, each formed of one dark brown
exterior scale and three linear silky bracts. Leaves 2-5 inches long and from an inch to
nearly two inches wide, with the serratures more or less distinct, deep green and somewhat
shining above, strongly glaucous underneath, sometimes obtuse and unequal at the base :
petioles half an inch or more in length. Stipules often toothed. Aments an inch long, thick
and compact ; the sterile beautifully silky and white, with the black scales indistinctly visible
through the hairs, expanding (as in most of this section) from above downward. Stamens
distinct. Capsules spreading, white. Style longer than the lobes of the stigma.

Swamps and borders of rivers; frequent. FU. Early in April. Fr. May.

Sazix. SALICACE. 207

*#* GrisEE, Barratt. Aments ovoid-cylindrical, appearing before the leaves. Stamens 2, Ovaries sessile or stipitate,
silky-gray. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, silky-gray wnderneath, drying black.— Shrubs with brittle branches,

5. Saurx petrotaris, Smith. Dark Long-leaved Willow.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, grayish underneath, with short silky hairs, finally almost naked
above ; stipules lunate, deciduous ; fertile aments loose ; scales black at the tip; ovaries
pedicellate, ovoid-lanceolate, very silky ; stigmas nearly sessile, 2-parted ; scales scarcely
longer than the pedicel.— Smith in Linn. trans. 6. p. 122; Willd. sp. 4. p. 665 ; Engl. bot.
t. 1147; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 616; Sal. Wob. t. 23; Barratt, Sal. no.9; Loud. enc. tr. - shr.
p. 765. SS. grisea, var. subglabrata, Koch, comm. p. 21 (ex Loud.).

var. grisea: leaves more silky underneath ; aments cylindrical. — S. grisea, Willd. sp. 4.
p- 699; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 616; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 516; Barratt, Sal. no. 10. S. sericea,
Muhl. 1. c. (not of Villars). S. Pennsylvanica, Sal. Wob. t. 95 (ex Barratt).

Stem 4 - 10 feet high; the twigs varying from greenish to purple, tough and elastic, but
brittle at the base. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long and 6 — 9 lines wide, finely and rather sharply
serrate, the serratures tipped with a minute gland, nearly or quite smooth above except on the
midrib ; the underside more or less silky-pubescent, and of a glaucous hue: petioles 3 - 6
lines long: stipules small, toothed. Buds brown and smooth. Sterile aments from half an
inch to three-fourths of an inch long, with a few rudimentary leaves at the base ; the middle
flowers usually expanding first. Scales obovate, very obtuse. Anthers at first reddish, then
yellow and finally brown. Fertile aments dense, sometimes recurved, in fruit about an inch
long ; the peduncles at first naked, finally somewhat leafy. Ovaries remarkably white and
silky, tapering to a conical point but not rostrate, crowned with the short but usually distinct
style and small 2-lobed stigmas.

Sandy banks of rivers ; frequent in the western parts of the State, but somewhat rare along
the Hudson. Fv. Middle of April. Jr. May. This species was many years ago adopted
by mistake as a native of Scotland, and has even since obtained a place in British Floras ; but
there can be little doubt that the plant described by Sir J. E. Smith was of North American
origin, as Pursh and Lindley have both asserted. I can find no essential characters in which
S. grisea differs from S. petiolaris ; and as the latter name is the older, it has been adopted.
Koch and Borrer are of opinion that the two are not specifically distinct ; and I suspect that
S. fuscata of Pursh must be joined with them. — The twigs and branches are very tough,
and are much valued by the basket-maker.

6. SaLix myricoipes, Muh. . Gale-leaved Willow

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather sharply serrulate, smooth, glaucous
underneath ; stipules lunate-ovate; aments leafy at the base; scales black and villous ;
ovaries lanceolate, on a long pedicel, smooth; style distinct ; stigmas 2-lobed. — Muh. l. c.
p. 235. t. 6. f.2; Willd. sp. 4. p. 666; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 613; Barratt, Sal. no. 11.

208 SALICACEZ. Saurx.

A shrub 6-9 feet high: branches tough; the larger ones green, and the small twigs
purplish. Buds large, purplish brown, smooth. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long and an inch or more
wide, mostly acuminate, rather acute at the base, a little coriaceous, bright green and some-
what shining above, glaucous and either quite smooth or only sprinkled with a few appressed
hairs underneath: serratures tipped with a minute gland. Stipules conspicuous, serrate.
Aments flowering from above downward. Scales obtuse. Anthers yellow. Gland elongated.
Pedicel of the ovary very conspicuous.

Swamps and wet places. Flowers about the middle of April.

etek Viminaues, Borrer. Aments appearing before the leaves. Stamens 2. Ovaries nearly sessile, hairy or silky: styles
elongated : stigmas mostly entire. Leaves lanceolate, — Trees or shrubs, with long pliant branches,

7. Saux vimina.is, Linn. Basket Osier.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, white and silky underneath; stipules very
small, lanceolate ; ovaries nearly sessile, lanceolate-subulate ; style elongated ; stigmas long
and linear, mostly undivided. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1448; Engl. bot. t. 1898; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 608; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 365; Sal. Wob. t. 133; Barratt, Sal. no. 13.

A large shrub or small bushy tree, with long straight and slender branches; the young
twigs yellowish and pubescent. Buds light colored, pubescent. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long,
of a satiny lustre underneath, tapering to a long point. Aments numerous, cylindrical-ovate,
thick and densely clothed with long silky hair, the upper flowers expanding first : anthers
yellow. Ovaries silky, long and narrow ; the style as long as the stigmas.

Wet meadows. Introduced from Europe, and considered the best willow for basket-work
and small hoops. Jl. April.

exxe* Braaites, Barratt. Aments pedunculate, cylindrical, loose, acuminate, appearing either before or with the leaves,
Scales greenish yellow. Stamens 2-5, Ovaries smooth. Leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire.— Trees.

8. Saurx Lucipa, Muhl. (Plate CXiX.) Glossy Broad-leaved Willow.

Leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, glandularly serrate, smooth and shining on both
sides ; stipules roundish or oblong, serrate ; aments accompanying the leaves ; stamens 3 — 5,
bearded at the base ; scales oblong, hairy at the base, smooth at the apex, obtusely toothed ;
ovaries lanceolate-subulate, smooth, their pedicels about half the length of the scales ; stigmas
2-lobed, about as long as the style. — Muhl. l. c. t.6.f.7; Willd. sp. 4. p. 667; Micha.
sylv. 2. t. 125. f. 3; Pursh, fl. 2. p.615; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.560; Sal. Wob. t. 32 (mas);
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 148; Barratt, Sal. no. 17.

A shrub 8 - 15 feet high, with shining yellowish brown bark. Buds yellowish, smooth.
Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and an inch or more in width, rather obtuse when young, but at
maturity tapering to a long slender point, rather acute at the base ; the serratures tipped with
minute glands, which are blackish late in the season ; besides which, there are usually several
stipitate glands at the base: petiole nearly half an inch long. Sterile aments an inch and a

Salix. SALICACE. 209

half long, on short leafy branches ; the scales pale yellow, obtuse, hairy on the inside and
below the middle; the upper part smooth on the outside. Stamens mostly 5. Fertile aments
an inch long, rather loose. Ovaries slender, with a long tapering beak : lobes of the stigmas
oblong. Mature capsules with ovoid base and a conical beak.

Banks of rivers which are frequently overflowed ; not uncommon. JV. Middle of May.
Fr. June. A very handsome willow ; nearly allied to S. pentandra of Europe, and perhaps
not distinct from that species.

9. Saurx nigra, Marshall. Black Willow.

Leaves lanceolate, very acute, serrulate, smooth and green on both sides, the petiole and
upper side of the midrib woolly ; stipules small, lunate, caducous; aments appearing with
the leaves; scales oblong, very villous ; stamens 3 — 6, bearded at the base ; ovaries oblong,
smooth, their pedicels about one-third the length of the scales; stigmas short, 2-lobed, nearly
sessile. — Marsh. arbust. p. 293; Muhl. l.c.t.6.f.5; Willd. sp. 4. p. 657; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 614; Ell. sk. 2. p. 670; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 559; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 148; Bar-
ratt, Sal. no.20. S. pentandra, Walt. fl. Car. p. 243. 8S. Caroliniana, Micha. fl. 2. p. 226;
Miche. f. sylv. t. 125, f. 1?

var. falcata: leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less falcate. —S. nigra, Pursh, l.c.; Sal.
Wob. t.148; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 149. 8S. Purshiana, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 608; Beck,
bot. p. 320; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 560; Barratt, Sal. no. 21.

A tree of the height of 15 or 20 feet, and sometimes a foot or more in diameter, with a
dark rough bark. The branches are very brittle at the base, but the small twigs are tough,
and of a purplish or sometimes yellowish color. Leaves about three inches long and half
an inch wide, with a long slender point, finely serrulate, pubescent when young, but smooth
when fully grown, except the petiole and along the midrib on the upper side. Stipules broadly
lunate or semiorbicular, serrate. Sterile aments 14 — 24 inches long. Scales oblong, obtuse,
villous all over. Stamens mostly 5. Fertile aments 1 - 14 inch long, slender. Capsules with
a long obtuse conical point from an ovoid base ; their pedicels finally more than half the length
of the scale.

Banks of rivers, and in low grounds; frequent. 7. About the middle of May. Fr. June.
After a careful examination of S. falcata, I cannot find sufficient characters for keeping it
separate from S. nigra. ‘The form of the leaves is not constant, for they are by no means
always falcate.

10. Satix Lonairoiia, Muh. Long-leaved Sand Willow.

Leaves lanceolate-linear, elongated, acute at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate
with salient teeth, green on both sides and finally almost smooth ; stipules small, lanceolate ;
aments expanding with the leaves, on villous leafy peduncles, sometimes androgynous ; scales

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 27

210 SALICACE. SaLix.

hairy, mostly retuse or toothed at the summit, in the fertile aments nearly as long as the ovary ;
stamens 2; ovaries lanceolate, pubescent ; stigmas large, sessile, 2-parted.—Muhil. l. c. t. 6.
f.6; Willd. sp. 4. p. 670; Pursh, fl. 2. p.613; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.148; Barratt,
Sal. no. 23.

This shrub is usually about two feet high; but in favorable situations, according to Dr.
Barratt, it occasionally rises to the height of from 8 to 12 feet : the stems or branches often
prostrate, and rooting extensively. ‘The bark is purplish brown, grayish-pubescent on the
young twigs, but smooth late in the season. Leaves on the long upright shoots 3 — 4 inches
long, smaller on the short suckers which arise from the prostrate stems, at first sparsely
clothed with short appressed grayish hairs, tapering at the base and nearly sessile ; the margin
furnished with minute sharp projecting teeth, which are tipped with a black gland. Sterile
aments an inch and a half in length, cylindrical ; the scales broadly obovate and moderately
villous all over. Stamens about half the length of the scale: filaments hairy below : anthers
yellow. Fertile aments an inch long, loose ; the scales naked at the tip. Ovaries on short
pedicels.

Banks of rivers. Rochester (Prof. Dewey). Fl. Early in May ; sometimes flowering
again from the ends of the twigs late in the season. The sterile plant only was found by
Prof. Dewey. ‘The favorite situation of this species is the drifting sand of rivers, in which it
spreads extensively and rapidly ; so that Dr. Barratt has recommended it for protecting sandy
embankments.

xereee ALBEE, Borrer, Aments loose. Stamens 2. Ovaries smooth. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, silky-pubescent underneath ;
the serratures glandular,— Trees,

11. Sauix virevuina, Linn. Yellow Willow.

Leaves lanceolate, with glandular serratures, acuminate, tapering at the base, more or less
silky-pubescent underneath and often also above ; aments accompanying the leaves ; ovaries
lanceolate, sessile, smooth, about the length of the scale ; style short; stigmas 2-lobed. —
Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1442; Willd. sp. 4. p. 668; Engl. bot. t. 1389; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 616; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 365; Sal. Wob.t.20; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 562; Barratt,
Sal. no. 24.

A large tree (30 — 40 feet high); the branches numerous, rather erect ; the twigs yellowish,
smooth and shining. Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and 6 — 8 lines wide; the young ones often
obtuse, at first silky both sides, but finally smooth above, silky and glaucous underneath :
petioles about one-third of an inch long. Stipules minute, lanceolate, deciduous. Sterile
aments not seen. Fertile aments 1 — 2 inches long, on peduncles or short branches which
are leafy at the base. Scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, mostly a little longer than the
ovaries.

About houses and in wet meadows ; introduced from Europe, and now common throughout

the United States. FU. May. Fr. June. Koch unites this species with S. alba.

Sauix. SALICACEZ. 211

sxe HuLvE, Barratt. Aments cylindrical, expanding with the young leaves, fulvous, Scales yellow. Sane, the
jilaments distinct. Capsules on long pedicels, loose, rostrate.

12. Sauix rostrata, Lechards. Ochre-flowered Willow.

Leaves oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, toothed or waved on the margin, hoary-
pubescent and glaucous underneath, smoothish above ; stipules lunate or ovate, toothed ;
sterile aments densely flowered, the fertile at length much elongated ; capsules with the
pedicels longer than the scales, attenuated into a long slender beak ; style almost wanting ;
stigmas 2-cleft. — Richards. app. Frank. 1st jour. (ed. 2.) p. 37, excl. syn. Sm.; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 147; Barratt, Sal. no, 25.

A shrub 4-15 feet high, with numerous straight tough reddish brown twigs, which are
pubescent when young, but finally smooth. Leaves 2~- 4 inches long, prominently veined
and almost velvety underneath, sometimes rather obtuse, varying from almost entire to pretty
sharply serrate-toothed : petiole 3-5 lines long. Aments on leafy peduncles ; the sterile
very densely flowered, about an inch long; the scales oblong, longer than the hairs which
clothe them. Tertile aments (when mature) nearly two inches long ; the capsules loose and
spreading, on very long and slender pedicels.

Borders of swamps. Western part of the State (Dr. Knieskern and Dr. Sartwell). Fl.
Middle of April. Near Oriskany, and at Rome, Dr. Knieskern found small trees of this
species, which, in April, were loaded with sterile aments ; and about the middle of May, when
the leaves were fully grown, there appeared a second set of aments, which were androgynous,
being fertile above and staminiferous below. In some of the aments there were perfect flowers,
with from one to three stamens, and one, two or three ovaries.

eeekxeK* CORDATH, Barratt. Aments on short peduncles, ovate-cylindraceous, appearing with the leaves ; the scales somewhat
ciliate. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovaries pedicellate, smooth. Leaves often cordate at the base, smooth, Stipules scmi-
cordate, serrate. — Large shrubs with smooth flexible branches,

13. Satix corpata, Muh/. Heart-leaved Willow.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at the base, acutely serrate, smooth, paler
underneath ; stipules large, roundish-ovate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales ovate-
lanceolate, woolly, black ; stamens niostly 2; ovaries pedicellate, ovoid-oblong, tapering
above, smooth ; style very short; stigmas 2-cleft——Muhl. l. c. p. 236. t. 6. f.3; Willd. sp.
4, p. 666; Pursh, fl. 2. p.615; Sal. Wob. t. 142; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 149; Beck,
bot. p. 321; Barratt, Sal. no. 26. oe St

A shrub 3 - 6 feet high, with smooth yellowish green pretty tough branches ; flowering twigs
smoothish and red ; the young sterile twigs pubescent or villous. Buds brownish. Leaves
3-5 inches long, and from three-fourths of an inch to an inch wide, pubescent on the
midrib underneath, the base mostly unequal and cordate or somewhat auriculate : serratures
glandular or callous: petioles more or less pubescent, 4-6 lines long, without glands.

27*

212 SALICACEZ. : SaLix.

Stipules conspicuous, sharply serrate. Sterile aments about an inch long, on short leafy
peduncles, the flowers at the summit opening first. Scales shorter than the hairs that clothe
them. Stamens unequal: anthers yellow. Fertile aments, when half mature, an inch and a
half long. Ovaries rather obtuse, the pedicels nearly twice the length of the scale: stigmas
shortly 2-lobed.

Banks of rivers that are often overflowed. Fl. April. Fr. May. A widely diffused and
handsome willow; the twigs of which, according to Dr. Barratt, are very suitable for basket-
work.

14, Sauix rieipa, Muh. Rigid Heart-leaved Willow.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at the base, serrate, smooth, paler under-
neath ; stipules very large, reniform-ovate, serrate ; aments elongated, appearing with the
leaves ; stamens mostly 2; scales lanceolate, very silky; ovaries conspicuously pedicellate,
lanceolate, smooth ; style distinct ; stigmas 2-parted.—Mu2l. l. c. p. 237. t. 6. f. 4; Willd.
sp. 4. p. 667; Pursh, fl. 2. p.615; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.149; Barratt, Sal. no. 27.
S. cordata, Micha. fl. 2. p. 225.

A shrub or small tree from 6 -15 feet high, throwing up strong and tough twigs which are
of a reddish color, Leaves 4-6 inches long and 1 - 2 inches wide, very smooth on both
sides, finely denticulate-serrate, with the serratures incurved : petiole 6-8 lines long, not
glandular, slightly pubescent along the upper side. Stipules conspicuous. Aments on short
leafy peduncles ; the sterile ones 1 —- 14 inch long, very silky : scales reddish brown, shorter
than the silky hairs, Fertile aments 14 - 2 inches long. Ovaries tapering to a long slender
summit : stigmas small, the lobes moderately 2-cleft: pedicels about one-third longer than
the scales at their base.

Wet places along rivers. Fl. Middle of April. Jr. May. A handsome species, which,
as Dr. Barratt remarks, is well suited for heavy kinds of baskets.

eekexxeee ARBUSCULE, Barratt. Small ercct shrubs, with late flowers.

15. Satrx pepicetiaris, Pursh. (Plate CXX.) Long-stalked Willow.

Leaves obovate-elliptical, rather acute or obtuse, entire, smooth on both sides, reticulately
veined and slightly glaucous underneath; stipules none ; aments accompanying the leaves,
pedunculate ; stamens 2; capsules oblong-conical, smooth, the pedicels twice as long as the
slightly hairy scale ; style very short ; stigmas 2-cleft—Pursh. fl. 2. p. 611; Torr. compend.
p. 866 ; Beck, bot. p. 319; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 450. 8S. myrtilloides, Tuckerman in
Sill. journ. 45. p. 34, not of Linn.?

A shrub with an ascending virgate stem which rises to the height of from 1 — 3 feet,
usually naked, simple below and furnished with short leafy branches above ; the bark smooth
and brownish. Leaves 12-18 lines long, usually more or less obtuse at each end, some-

Saurx. SALICACEA. pA in

what coriaceous: petioles 1-2 lines long. Aments terminating the leafy branches, about
three-fourths of an inch long, rather few-flowered: capsules of a reddish color mixed with
green, tapering from an obtuse base ; the pedicels very slender.

Sphagnous swamps. Catskill mountains (Pursh); Lodi, Seneca county (Dr. Folwell) ;
near Oriskany (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. May. A low, very distinct and neat species, which
my friend Mr. Tuckerman thinks is not distinct from S. myrtilloides, Linn., but I am not yet
satisfied that they are the same.

xeeeeeeeee PRoSTRATA, Barratt. Aments pedwneulate, appearing with the leaves, Humble, somewhat creeping or prostrate
shrubs,

16. Saux Cutieri, Tuckerman. Cutler's Willow.

Depressed ; leaves elliptical and acute, or obovate and obtuse, always acute at the base,
glandularly denticulate, smooth and somewhat shining above, glaucous underneath; aments
appearing with the leaves, pedunculate, oblong-cylindrical, compact; stamens solitary; cap-
sules ovoid-conical, on short pedicels, smooth ; scales obovate (blackish), silky ; style distinct ;
lobes of the stigma 2-cleft.— Tuckerman, l. c. p. 36. S. Uva Ursi, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 6102;
Torr. in Geol. report for 1840; Oakes pl. N. Eng. in Hovey’s Mag. June, 1841.

Stem depressed and much branched, smooth. Leaves mostly obovate, from half an inch
to an inch long and 3-6 lines wide, usualiy obtuse at the summit, tapering at the base into
a short petiole. Aments about half an inch long and 2 lines wide, on short leafy peduncles,
very silky when young. Scales of the sterile aments bearing a single stamen: anther
roundish. Capsules tapering into a distinct style, very small.

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county. Also on Whiteface (Prof. Hail). Fl. June.

The aments of this species sometimes produce an anomalous inflorescence. In the female
plant (as it seems to be) the ovary is abortive, and in its place is a stipe bearing a perfect
2-celled anther at its summit with the cells opening in the usual way, and discharging pollen ;
the apparent connective being produced into a short style, which is tipped with an entire
stigma. In the same ament are found 2-lobed pedicellate abortive ovaries, each with a short
style and simple stigma.

2. POPULUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1904. POPLAR.
[From the Latin, populus, the people; having been used in ancient times as a shade tree for public walks. ]

Bracts of the aments laciniated at the extremity. Torus urceolate, obliquely truncated.
Stamens 8 — 12 or more.—Trees, often with pyramidal heads, and usually broad, more or
less ovate or cordate toothed leaves. Buds.covered with a resinous varnish. Flowers

appearing before the leaves.

214 SALICACE. Porvuuus.

1. PopuLtus Tremu.orpes, Michz. American Aspen.

Leaves cordate-orbicular, with a short abrupt acumination, serrulate-dentate, pubescent
on the margin, green and smooth on both sides; bracts of the ament mostly 3-parted, silky
at the tip; stigmas 2, sessile—Michax. fl. 2. p. 243; Michx. f sylv. 2. t.99.f.1; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 369; Torr. compend. p. 375; Beck, bot. p. 323; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 568 ; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 154.

A tree 20-50 feet high and 6-12 inches in diameter; the bark (except on large trunks)
smooth and whitish. Leaves about 2 inches long, the breadth usually rather greater than the
length, smooth on both sides when mature, the margin slightly ciliate, rarely with two glands
at the base: petiole about as long as the leaf, very slender, laterally compressed so as to be
almost ancipital. Aments 2-3 inches long, pendulous, villous when young ; the scales brown,
cuneate-oblong, divided below the middle into three parallel lobes, and often a small lateral
lobe on each side. Stamens about 12. Stigmas with 2 divaricate linear lobes. Capsule
oblong-ovoid, about 2 lines long, distinctly pedicellate.

Woods and hill-sides, both in moist and dry situations; common. fF. March — April.
Fr. May.

Pursh, Hooker, Darlington and Loudon consider P. trepida of Willdenow as identical with
this species, while Muhlenberg regards it the same as P. grandidentata. We have adopted
the latter view.

2. Poputus aranpipenrata, Michz. (Plate CXXI.) Large Aspen.

Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, coarsely sinuate-toothed, smooth on both sides when mature
(white and woolly when young); ovary ovoid-lanceolate ; lobes of the stigma linear.—Michz.
fl. 2. p. 243; Miche. f. sylv. 2. t.99. f.2; Pursh, fl. 2.p. 619; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 369 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p.710; Torr. compend. p. 175; Beck, bot. p. 323; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 569 ;
Hook, fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 154; P. trepida, Willd. sp. 4. p. 803.

A tree 30 — 50 feet high, sparingly branched, with a trunk 8 — 18 inches in diameter, and
smoothish gray bark. Twigs terete. Leaves 3 - 5 inches in diameter, when young clothed
with a dense whitish woolly pubescence, obtuse or truncate at the base, sometimes with 2
small glands near the insertion of the petiole, the margin furnished with large unequal teeth :
petioles about 2 inches long, compressed towards the lamina (as is usual in this genus).
Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers appearing long before the leaves. Aments 3-4
inches long, villous. Rachis, pedicels and torus hairy. Bracts cuneate-fanshaped ; the
summit laciniately 5-cleft, and fringed with silky hairs. Fertile ament shorter than the
sterile. Stamens mostly 12. Capsules on short pedicels.

Moist woods ; common in many parts of the State, particularly in the southern counties
and along the Hudson river. FU. April. Fr. May.

Poputws. SALICACE. 215

3. Porutus moninirera, Ait. Virginian Poplar.

Young branches scarcely angled, broadly deltoid-subcordate, acuminate, serrate-toothed,
smooth on both sides, nearly entire at the base ; scales of the ament lacerately ciliate, not
hairy ; rachis and pedicels smooth; ovary globose-ovoid ; stigmas 3 - 4, nearly sessile, very
large and dilated —Ait. Kew. (ed.1.) 3. p. 406; Micha. f. sylv. 2. p. 113. t. 96. fig. 2; Loud.
enc. tr. g shr. p. 825; Willd. sp. 4. p. 805; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 618; Beck, bot. p. 313.

A tree 40 — 70 feet high and 1 - 3 feet in diameter, with spreading terete branches; the
young shoots with slight angles, which finally are obliterated. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, the
breadth equaling the length, truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, which is either even
or only furnished with a few obscure gland-like teeth: serratures of the margin rather blunt
and a little incurved. Sterile aments not seen. Fertile aments finally 2 - 6 inches long.
Scales light brown, roundish, cut round the margin into numerous irregular narrow segments.
Torus smooth. Stigmas 3 - 4 (or 2 and deeply 2-parted, one of the lobes often wanting),
much dilated, undulate-toothed.

Western part of the State, particularly near Oneida lake and along the Genesee river. Fi.
April. Fr, May. It is remarkable that neither the elder nor younger Michaux found this
poplar in any part of North America, for it is by no means a rare species.

4, PopuLus HETEROPHYLLA, Linn. Cotton-tree.

Branches terete ; leaves ovate or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, cordate at the base, with
the small sinus closed by the overlapping lobes, clothed with a white tomentum when young,
but finally almost or quite smooth except on the veins ; ovaries globose-ovoid, on long pedicels ;
style conspicuous ; stigmas deeply 2-lobed, rather large.—Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1464;
Miche. fl. 2. p. 244; Pursh, fl. 2. p.619; Torr. compend. p. 375; Beck, bot. p. 323. P.
argentea, Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 97.

A tree 40 — 60 feet high and 1 - 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3-6 inches long (on young
sprouts sometimes 8 - 10 inches long and 7 - 9 inches wide), more or less ovate, never
acuminate and usually quite blunt, when young covered with a thick white down, which at
length disappears entirely from the upper surface, and even from the under side except on the
veins, mostly cordate, with the small auriculate lobes folded over each other so as to conceal
the insertion of the petiole: serratures small and obtuse: petiole nearly round. Sterile aments
not seen, but, according to the elder Michaux, the flowers are polyandrous. Fertile aments
very smooth, in fruit about 6 inches long, the pedicels nearly as long as the distant capsules :
style somewhat persistent, longer than in any other North American Poplar.

Swamps, Staten Island, about three miles south of the Quarantine, and on Long Island ;
Putnam county (Dr. Barratt).

216 SALICACE. Poputus.

5. PopuLus NIGRA, Vd7. BETULIFOLIA. Birch-leaved Poplar.

Young branches pubescent; leaves deltoid-rhomboid, conspicuously acuminate, finely
crenate-serrate, smooth on both sides.—P. nigra, Micha. fl. 2. p.244? P. Hudsonica, Micha.
f. sylv. 2. p. 114. t. 96. fig. 1; Torr. compend. p. 375; Beck, bot. p. 323. P. betulefolia,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 619; Loud. enc. tr. §- shr. p. 825.

A tree 30 - 50 feet high and 1 — 2 feet in diameter, with a large spreading head; the
young branches yellowish. Buds brown. Leaves about 24 inches long, tapering to a long
point, serrate at the obtusely cuneate base, as well as on the rest of the margin: petiole
rather more than half the length of the lamina, moderately compressed except at the base,
which is nearly terete. Aments not seen, but according to Michaux they are 4 — 5 inches
long, and destitute of the hairs that occur in several other species.

Banks of the Hudson, above Albany (Michaux). Ihave not seen this species within the
limits of the State, and Michaux himself never found the tree except in the locality just
mentioned, where it would seem it was not indigenous. Some years ago there were many
large trees of this Poplar at Hoboken, on the road leading 6 Hackensack, but few of them
are now left. I have not been able to ascertain their origin. ‘There can be little doubt of
the tree being a mere variety of P. nigra ; and according to Mr. Loudon (J. c.), Michaux, in
1840, was of this opinion also. It is probably not a native of North America.

6. PopuLus BALSAMIFERA, Linn. Balsam Poplar. Tackamahac.

Branches terete ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth on both sides, pale and reticulate
underneath ; bracts of the ament dilated, laciniately fimbriate, slightly hairy ; stamens very
numerous ; ovary ovoid-globose; lobes of the stigma very large and dilated.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.)
2. p. 1464; Miche. fl. 2. p. 244; Miche. f. sylv. 2. t.98; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 619; Beck, bot.
p. 322; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 154. ,

Stem 30 - 80 feet high and I - 2 feet or more in diameter. Leaves about 3 inches long,
usually more or less ovate, of a yellowish color when young, but bright green above in the
adult state; the serratures small and rather sharp: petiole nearly smooth, the upper half
slightly compressed, the lower terete. Sterile aments 2 - 3 inches long; the bracts nearly
orbicular, light brown, irregularly cut into numerous narrow segments: stamens 40 — 50:
anthers deep purple. Fertile aments finally 4 — 6 inches long; the rachis smooth: ovaries
on very short pedicels, smooth.

Banks of rivers and borders of swamps. Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern) ; near Niagara
(Dr. Kinnicutt); shores of Lake Champlain (Michaux). 'The localities here given are pro-
bably the southern limits of this tree. ‘To the north it is found as far as Great Slave Lake.
On the Northwest Coast, according to the late Mr. Douglas, it sometimes attains the height
of 140 feet, with a trunk from 9 — 20 feet in diameter. ‘The buds in the spring are large,
yellow, and covered with a fragrant varnish.

Porvuuvs. SALICACE. 217

7. Popu.us canpioans, Ait. Heart-leaved Balsam Poplar.

Branches terete ; leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, whitish and reticulated underneath ;
petiole mostly hairy ; ovary ovoid-globose ; lobes of the stigma large and dilated. — Ait.
Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 406 ; Micha. sylv. 2. t. 98. fig. 2; Pursh fl. 2. p. 618; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 370.

Stem 40 — 50 fect high and 12 - 18 inches in diameter ; the bark smooth and greenish :
branches spreading and somewhat fastigiate. Leaves 4-6 inches long and of nearly the
same breadth, yellowish when young, but finally deep green above and whitish underneath :
petiole slender, a little compressed above. Sterile aments not seen. Fertile aments finally
6 inches or more in length; the rachis and very short pedicels quite smooth.

This poplar is said by Muhlenberg to growin New-York, but I have not found it indigenous
within our limits. It has been seen, however, by Dr. Robbins and Mr. Oakes, in various
parts of Vermont, bordering on this State, and it doubtless grows on the western shores of
Lake Champlain. It is nearly allied to the common Balsam Poplar, but differs in its cordate
much larger leaves. The buds in both species are covered with an odoriferous adhesive
resin.

Orver CII. BALSAMIFLUAL. Blume. Tue Sweet-cum TRIBE.

Flowers moneecious, destitute of calyx and corolla, in aments which are furnished
with a caducous 4-leaved involucre. STERILE FL. in conical, sometimes com-
pound aments. Stamens numerous. FErtite ri. in globose aments: ovaries
numerous, surrounded by small scales which finally become consolidated, 2-
celled, many-ovuled : styles 2, subulate or thick, stigmatose on one side. Cap-
sules immersed in the united scales, and forming a kind of globose strobile,
2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds mostly abortive; the
few fertile with a membranaceous margin. Albumen thin. Embryo straight,
with fuliaceous cotyledons. -—~ Trees, with alternate usually palmately lobed
leaves and deciduous stipules.

e
1. LIQUIDAMBAR. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1902. SWEET-GUM.
[From the Latin, iguidum, fluid, and ambar, amber ; in allusion to the terebinthine fluid that exudes from the tree.}

Character same as that of the order.

1. Liqurpampar styracirLua, Linn. Common Sweet-gum. Bilsted.

Leaves with acuminate serrate lobes ; axils of the primary veins villous.—Lznn. sp. (ed. 2.)

2. p.418; Miche. fl. 2. p. 202; Micha. f. sylv. 1. t. 62; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 6385; Nutt. gen.
[FLora — Vol 2.] 28

218 BALSAMIFLUZ. LiquiDAMBAR.

2. p. 219; Ell. sk. 2. p. 621; Torr. compend. p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 327. L. peregrina, sp.
pl. (ed. 1.) 2. p. 999. L. styraciflua, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1418.

A large tree, frequently attaining the height 60 - 70 fect and 1 - 2 feet in diameter (in
the Southern States much greater); the smaller branches often furnished with thick corky
ridges. Leaves 3 — 5 inches in diameter, dark green and shining, usually with 5 — 7 large
unequal spreading lobes, which are very acute and finely serrate, often sparingly toothed.
Sterile aments erect, consisting of several small globular heads which are aggregated in a
conical cluster. Fertile aments near the base of the sterile, pedunculate and finally pendu-
lous ; in fruit about an inch in diameter, forming a ligneous prickly strobile of a brownish
color. Capsules closely connected in a globose head, each containing a very few winged
fertile seeds, and a great number of infertile ones resembling coarse sawdust.

Moist woods and borders of swamps : common in the southern part of the State; not often
seen north or west of Albany. J. April. Fr. September. The wood of this ornamental
tree is fine-grained, and is sometimes employed for cabinet work; but it is apt to warp.
Exposed to moisture, it soon decays. In New-York, it is chiefly used for making coffins. The
leaves are fragrant when bruised ; and when touched by the frosts of autumn, assume a fine
purplish red color. I believe it is only in the Southern States that the tree exudes the aromatic
turpentine from which it derives its name. ‘This matter contains no benzoic acid, and is there-
fore not a balsam.

Orpver CIV. PLATANACE. Lestib. Tue PLaNne-TREE TRIBE.

Flowers moncecious, in globose pedunculate aments, destitute of floral envelopes.
Srerite ri. Stamens numerous, mixed with clavate scales, densely crowded.
Fertive ri. Ovaries numerous, crowded, hairy at the base, mixed with clavate
scales, one-celled, with one or two ovules in each: styles subulate: stigma
small. [Fruit a small coriaceous one-seeded nut, with pappus-like hairs at the
base. Seeds albuminous. — Large trees, with alternate palmately veined and
lobed leaves with sheathing stipules. Buds concealed within the swollen base
of the petioles.

1, PLATANUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1901. PLANE TREE. BUTTON-WOOD,

[So named from the Greek, platys, broad ; in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage.]

Character same as that of the order.

1. PLaranus occmentatis, Linn. Button-wood. Sycamore.

Leaves angularly lobed or obscurely palmate, sinuate-toothed, pubescent underneath ;

PuaTanvs. PLATANACE. 219

branches whitish ; fertile heads solitary.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 999; Micha. fl. 2. p. 163; Micha.
sylv. 1.t.63; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 635; Ell. sk. 2. p. 620; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 358; Beck,-bot.
p. 327; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 542; Loud. enc. tr. §- shr. p. 931.

A very large tree, often 60 - 80 feet high and 2 - 5 feet or more in diameter, with thick
spreading branches. The bark separates in tuin hard plates, leaving a whitish surface under-
neath. Leaves roundish in the outline, longer than broad, 4-8 inches wide, truncate or
cordate at the base, clothed with a deciduous pubescence : teeth acuminate: petioles 1 -3
inches long, pubescent when young, smoothish when old. Stipules sheathing, with a spread-
ing leafy toothed border. Sterile heads in small globose beads, deciduous. Fertile heads
consisting of numerous naked pistils aggregated on a globose receptacle: ovary oblong, taper-
ing into a long subulate style. Fruiting ament about an inch in diameter, forming a compact
ball, which hangs on a tough slender peduncle 3-4 inches long, and remains through the
winter. Nuts slender, clavate, tapering to the base, and clothed with numerous long tawny
hairs.

Banks of rivers; common in nearly all parts of the State. Fv. May. Ir. September.
The wood of this well known shade tree is little used either for timber or fuel. It is liable
to warp, and soon decays in moist places. It is said, that many years ago, a Button-wood tree
grew in the western part of this State (I think on the Genesee river), the trunk of which was
more than fifteen feet in diameter.

OrpEer CV. URTICACE. DC. Tue Nerrre Trise.

Flowers moncecious, dicecious or polygamous, sometimes collected in aments or
fleshy heads, furnished with a regular calyx, but destitute of corolla. Stamens
definite: anthers curved inward in estivation. Ovary free from the calyx,
simple, one-celled with a solitary ovule, or very rarely 2-celled and an ovule in
each cell. Fruit an achenium or utricle, often enclosed in a fleshy or baccate
calyx.— Trees or shrubs with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice, often
stinging. Leaves often stipulate.

SuporpvEerR I. MORE AL. Endl. THE Moteuan® TRIBE.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or aments, which finally be-
come succulent, forming a compound fruit ; or intermixed and enclosed in the
same hollow and fleshy receptacle. Seeds albuminous.—Mostly trees or shrubs

with a milky juice.
23*

220 URTICACE. Morvs.

1. MORUS. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1856. MULBERRY.
[From the Greek, morea ; the mulberry.]

Flowers in spikes, usually moncecious. Staminate spikes loose. Calyx 4-parted; the
segments ovate, concave. Stamens 4. Fertile spikes dense. Calyx 4-parted, becoming
baccate. Ovary one-celled, or 2-celled with one of the cells smaller: ovule suspended :
styles 2. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent calyx.— Trees, with
alternate stipular leaves.

1. Morus rusra, Linn. Red Mulberry.

Leaves cordate-ovate (on the young sprouts more or less palmately lobed), serrate, rough
above, pubescent underneath ; flowers mostly dicecious ; fruit dark purple.—Lznn. sp. 2. p.
986; Miche. fl. 2. p.179; Micha. sylv. 2.t.116; Pursh fl. 2. p. 639; Ell. sk, 2. p. 575;
Torr. compend. p. 352; Beck, bot. p. 316; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.524; Loud. enc. tr. g
Ce eee

A tree 15 — 25 feet high and 4 — 8 inches in diameter, with spreading branches. Leaves
3-7 inches long, thin, more or less cordate at the base, acuminate, undivided or variously
lobed: petioles 4-14 inch long. Stipules linear, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers
greenish, in axillary pedunculate spikes: sterile spike cylindrical, an inch or more in length,
pendulous ; pistillate spike thick, becoming in maturity an oblong dark purple juicy fruit of
a pleasant sweetish taste.

Woods, inrich soil; frequent in the valley of the Hudson, but rare in the western counties,
Fl. May. Fr. July. The wood is of a yellowish tinge, fine grained, and though light, is
very durable. It is a small tree, however, in the State of New-York, and its wood is not
much used.

2. Morus apa, Linn. White Mulberry.

Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate or somewhat lobed, acute, serrate, smooth and shining ;
fruit whitish—Linn. sp. 2. p. 986; Ell. sk. 2. p.574; Beck, bot. p. 316; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 524.

A tree 20 - 30 feet high and 6 - 12 inches in diameter, much branched. Leaves about
3 inches long, with a short acumination, crenately serrate, sometimes a little lobed. Fruit
shorter than in the preceding species, yellowish white or rarely purple, of a sweetish and
somewhat nauseous taste.

About habitations, and borders of old fields ; frequent in many places, having been intro-
duced many years ago as food for silkworms. Other species of mulberry have superseded
it for this purpose. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Urrica. URTICACE. 221

Suporper I]. URTICEA. Endl. Tue Nettie Trise proper.

Calyx membranaceous, 4 — 5- (rarely 2 - 3-) sepalled : sepals free or partly
united. Stamens equal in number to the sepals. Style single or none.
Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. Herbs (often shrubs or trees in warm
countries) with watery juice, often furnished with stinging hairs. Flowers
mostly paniculate or spicate.

2. URTICA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1879. NETTLE.
[From the Latin, w7o, to burn; from its stinging property.]
Flowers moneecious or dicecious. Sram. ri. Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) sepalled ; the sepals

roundish, finally spreading. Stamens as many as the sepals. Rudimentary ovary cup-

shaped. Pist. rx. Calyx mostly of 4 sepals; the 2 exterior sepals smaller, or sometimes

wanting. Ovary one-celled, with a single erect orthotropous ovule at the base. Achenium
oblong, more or less compressed.—Herbs, or rarely undershrubs, with stinging hairs.
Leaves alternate or opposite, incisely serrate. Flowers in panicles, or in axillary racemes

or spikes, sometimes capitate.

§ 1. Urrica proper, Gaud. Calyx of the sterile and fertile flowers 4-parted, foliaceous: stamens 4:
stigma pencillate : acheniwm lenticularly compressed.

* Leaves opposite.
1. Urtica piorca, Linn. Common Stinging Nettle.

Stem and leaves hispid; leaves ovate, acuminate, mostly cordate at the base; clusters
much branched ; flowers usually dicecious.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 984; Miche. fl. 2. p.179; Eng.
bot. t. 1750; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 1183 Ell. sk. 2. p. 571; -Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 8413 Torr.
compend. p. 351; Beck, bot. p. 314; Darlingt. fl. Cest.

Perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, simple or branching, erect, obtusely 4-angled, hispid
with stinging hairs. Leaves 2-4 inches long and 1-14 inch wide. Racemes in pairs,
axillary, branching, spreading. Flowers minute, green. Calyx of the fertile flower 4-sepalled,
the two exterior sepals very small.

Road-sides, and waste places: rather common. Fl. July —- August. Introduced from
Europe. A troublesome weed, which often produces painful effects when incautiously
touched. ‘The bark of the stems (as in most plants of this tribe) affords a tough fibre, like
hemp, and the root boiled with alum dyes yellow.

222 URTICACEZ. Urtica.

2. Urtica urens, Linn. Small Stinging Nettle.

Leaves opposite, varying from elliptical to roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, coarsely
and acutely dentate-serrate ; clusters of flowers nearly simple, axillary, shorter than the leaves.
—Linn. sp. 2. p. 284; Engl. bot. t. 1236; Pursh, fl. 1. p.113; Ell. sk. 2. p. 570; Beck,
bot. p. 314.

Annual. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, stinging, erect. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, obtuse or
somewhat cordate at the base ; the serratures coarse and spreading. Flowers mostly dicecious,
in short dense clusters. Ovary ovate: style nearly terminal.

Waste grounds and sandy fields. Long Island; near Troy (Dr. Wright). Fl. July. Fr.
September. Introduced from Europe.

§ 2. LaportEea, Gaud. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted: stamens 5. Calyx of the fertile
flowers 2-sepalled, foliaceous in fruit: stigma subulate, elongated: achenium obliquely lenticular-
ovate.

** Leaves aliernate.

3. Urtica Canapensis, Linn. Canadian Nettle.

Hispid and stinging ; leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate; panicles axillary, loosely and
divaricately branched, the lower ones sterile, upper ones fertile. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 985 ;
Miche. fl. 2. p.178; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 114; Ell. sk. 2. p. 573; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 341;
Beck, bot. p. 314; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 523; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 142. U. divaricata,
Pursh, l. c. p. 113; Beck, bot. p. 314. U. Whitlowi, Muhl. in Green’s cat. pl. N. York.

Perennial. Stem 2-5 feet high, erect, branching. Leaves 3-6 inches or more in
length and 2 - 4 inches wide, thin, with coarse acute serratures, sometimes cordate, sprinkled
with hairs. Panicles longer than the petioles; the lower ones mostly staminate : upper ones
large and widely spreading, with very hispid branches. Srerriz ru. Calyx 5-parted ; the
segments roundish, concave. Stamens short, incurved. Rudimentary ovary hemispherical.
Frrtite ru. Calyx of 2 oblong concave sepals. Achenium much compressed, smooth, very
oblique, finally refracted on the short broadly winged pedicel : persistent style lateral. Seed
ovate-lenticular. Embryo large, in the midst of thin fleshy albumen: cotyledon orbicular,
flatuish.

Moist shady soils, particularly along rivers. FU. July. Fr. September. This (like several
other species of the genus) affords a strong fibre like hemp, and has been proposed to be used
as a substitute for that article, but it is hardly worth the trouble of cultivation.

ADIKE. URTICACEZ. 223

3. ADIKE. Raf. new fl. N. Am. p. 63. RICHWEED.
Avicra, Raf, Species of Urtica, euct,
([‘‘An ancient Greek name of some nettles.” RaF,1

Flowers dicecious, or somewhat moneecious. Calyx 3- (rarely 4-) sepalled: sepals nearly
equal, oblong or lanceolate. Sreriie ry. Stamens 3. Rudimentary ovary wanting. Ferr.
FL. Sepals with a petaloid cucullate scale at the base of each inside, membranaceous in
fruit. Ovary ovate, compressed : stigma minute, capitate, sessile. Achenium minutely
papillose, straight——Smooth annual herbs, with opposite ovate 3-nerved leaves, and the

flowers in axillary clusters.

1. Apixe pumita, Raf. (Plate CXXII.) Richweed. Coolweed.

Raf. new fl. N. Am. p. 63. Urtica pumila, Linn. sp. 2. p. 984; Miche. fl. 2. p. 178;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.112; Ell. sk. 2. p. 569; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 341; Beck, bot. p. 314;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 523. Adike glaberrima, lanceolata & rhomboide, Raf. l.c. Adicea
pumila, trinerva, etc., Raf. in herb. Torr.

Stem 3 - 18 inches high, simple or branching from the base, smooth, succulent and trans-
lucent, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 1 — 3 inches long, varying from broadly ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate. Smooth, or only sprinkled with short appressed
hairs: petiole 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers very small, greenish, in axillary corymbose clusters
which are shorter than the petioles ; the sterile and fertile often intermixed. Sepals of the
sterile flower oblong, concave ; of the fertile, lanceolate, erect; the scale on the inside of each
oblong, finally involute. Achenium roughened with minute dots, acutish, tipped with the
minute stigma.

Moist shady places, particularly in cool ravines : extremely variable in size. Common.
Fil. June - July. Fr. September. This species differs so much from the common stinging
nettles, that Rafinesque long ago proposed it as a separate genus. In some places it is known
by the name of Clearweed, from ihe semitransparency of its stems.

4. BOSHMERIA. Jacq. Amer. t. 157. FALSE NETTLE.

[Named after Georce Rupotpu Baumer, a German botanist.]

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, minute. SteriLe. Calyx 4- (sometimes 5-) parted. Stamens
4, rarely 5. Rudimentary ovary roundish, minute. Ferrite. Calyx tubular-ventricose,
surrounding the ovary, the orifice somewhat 4-toothed or entire. Ovary ovate, compressed :
style subulate : stigma unilateral. Achenium ovate, pointed with the subulate style,
covered with the membranaceous or baccate calyx.—Hlerbs, or (in tropical climates) shrubby

plants, with opposite or alternate leaves and flowers in axillary glomerate elongated spikes.

224 URTICACE. Baumeria.

1. Basumerta cyuinprica, Willd. False Nettle.

Herbaceous ; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate-toothed,
3-nerved, smoothish; stcrile spikes interrupted, the fertile mostly continuous, cylindrical.—
Willd sp. 4. p. 340; Pursh, fl. 1. p.112; Ell. sk. 2. p. 668; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 342;
Beck, bot. p. 316; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 522; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 142. Urtica cylin-
drica, Linn. sp. 2. p. 984; Micha. fl. 2. p. 179.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, simple, obtusely 4-angled, smoothish or slightly pu- -
bescent, often of a reddish tinge. Leaves 2 - 4 inches long, rarely alternate, usually of a
thin texture, sprinkled with a few short hairs : petiole varying from less than half an inch to
2 inches or more in length (being short in dry open situations). Spikes slender, often leafy
at the summit, often dicecious. Flowers sessile or nearly so, each with a small ovate bract
at the base; the fertile apparently naked, but the calyx closely invesis the ovary to the
summit. Fructiferous calyx somewhat hispid, and rather fleshy. Achenium ovoid, com-
pressed, crustaceous.

Moist grounds, usually in shady places: frequent. FV. July - August. Fr. September.
B. cylindrica, Muhl., seems to be scarcely distinct from this species.

5. PARIETARIA. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1885. PELLITORY.
[From the Latin, paries, a wall; in allusion to the place of growth.]

Flowers moncecious or polygamous. Srerine. Calyx 4-sepalled. Stamens 4. Rudimentary
ovary stipitate ; the ovule abortive. Frrritz. Calyx ventricose-tubular or campanulate,
4-toothed or 4-cleft; the segments nearly equal, or two opposite ones smaller. Ovary
ovate : style very short, or none: stigma capitate-pencilled. Achenium more or less
covered by the dry or slightly fleshy calyx. — Herbs or undershrubs, destitute of stinging
hairs. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary involucrate fascicles or cymules, sometimes

perfect.

1. Parietarta Pennsytvanica, Muhi. Pennsylvanian Pellitory,

Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, veiny, opake, dotted ; involucral leaves longer than the
flowers ; calyx campanulate, 4-parted.—Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 955; Pursh, fl. 1. p.114;
Ell.. sk. 2. p. 575; Torr. compend. p. 352; Beck, bot. p. 315; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 118.
P. Americana, Muhl. cat. p. 95.

Annual. Stem about a span high, weak, simple or sparingly branched near the base,
pubescent. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, tapering to each end, very thin, slightly hairy, and
roughened with minute points, ciliate on the margin. Flowers mostly perfect, in small axillary
clusters, with linear-lanceolate leafy hispid bracts at the base. Calyx campanulate, cleft to
the middle into four acute 3-nerved segments, minutely hispid. Stigma sessile, hairy.
Achenium oval, a little compressed, smooth and shining, light brown.

Shady rocky banks, particularly in the western and northern parts of the State. Fl. May -
July. #r. September. A small homely weed-like plant.

CANNABIS. URTICACE. 225

Suzorper Ill. CANNABINE AL. Endl. Tue Heme Trise.

Flowers dicecious. STeriLte. Calyx 5-sepalled, membranaceous. Stamens 5.
Ferrite. Calyx monosepalous, dry and membranaceous, embracing or en-
closing the ovary. Styles 2. Embryo curved, without albumen.— Herbs with
watery juice : the sterile flowers racemose or paniculate ; the fertile glomerate,
or imbricated with sepals, forming an ament-like spike.

6. CANNABIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1890. HEMP.
[An ancient name of obscure etymology. ]

STERILE FL. Calyx equally 5-sepalled. Frrrine rz. Calyx oblong, acuminate, convolute ;

the base ventricose and including the ovary. Caryopsis 2-valved.—An erect, annual herb,

with digitate leaves : the sterile flowers in loose axillary pedunculate clusters; the fertile

axillary and sessile.

1. CANNABIS SATIVA, Linn. Common Hemp.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 1027; Pursh, fl.1. p.199; Beck, bot. p. 315; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 564.

Stem 5 - 10 feet high, roughly pubescent. Leaves petiolate, digitately parted into 5 — 7
lanceolate serrate divisions. Sterile flowers in numerous axillary clusters, which together
form a large panicle. Iertile flowers mostly by pairs. Calyx greenish. Styles long, subulate.
Caryopsis ovoid, smooth, surrounded by the persistent calyx.

Waste places and along fences: scarcely naturalized. Fl. June. Fr. August. This
well known plant is cultivated throughout the world, for the sake of its tough fibre. A variety
occurs in India, which affords a valuable narcotic.

7. HUMULUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1891. HOP.
[From humus, moist earth ; because it prefers damp soils.]

STERILE FL. racemose or paniculate. Calyx 5-sepalled. Stamens 5. Ferrius rt. in aments.
Bracts foliaceous, imbricated, in several rows, 2-flowered. Calyx 1-sepalled, embracing
the ovary, and enlarging in fruit. Styles long and spreading. Achenia invested with the
enlarged calyx, and forming a membranaceous strobile—A rough twining perennial herb,

with mostly opposite cordate 3 — 5-lobed leaves and ovate stipules.

1. Humutus Lurvutus, Linn. Hop.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 1028; Micha. fl. 2. p. 230; Pursh fl.1. p. 199; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 237;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 695; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 367, and med, bot. t. 60; Torr. compend. p. 373 ;
Beck, bot. p. 315; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 563.

{FLora — Vol. 2.] 29

226 URTICACE. Humu.ws.

Stems twining with the sun, usually several from one root, very rough downward with
minute prickles. Leaves 3-5 inches long, with the lobes acuminate and serrate, very
rough. Stipules between the petioles, reflexed. Sterile flowers in oblong panicles from short
axillary branches. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Fertile flowers in oblong aments. Bracts ovate,
acute. Calyx-scales in fruit covered with orange-colored resinous grains. Strobile in maturity
1 — 2 inches long, and about an inch in diameter.

Borders of woods, hedges, etc. : notrare, and apparently native. Fl. July. Fr. September.
The peculiar principle of the hop resides in the yellow granular matter of the strobiles, and is
known by the name of lupulin. It is employed in medicine as an anodyne.

ADDI III" PIII LPLPD PF

CLASS If. GYMNOSPERMOUS PLANTS.

Stem similar to that of exogenous plants. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary ;
the carpel being either altogether wanting, or represented by an open scale.
Embryo with two opposite, or several whorled cotyledons.

Orver .CV. CONIFER. Juss. Tue Pint Triste.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, commonly amentaceous, destitute of calyx and
corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of one or more (often monadelphous)
stamens, arranged ona rachis so as to form a loose ament or spike. Ovules
seated on scales (which may be regarded as flat and open carpels), or in an
open disk. — Trees or shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in resinous
juice; the wood mostly destitute of proper spiral vessels, and consisting of
fibres which are marked with circular disks. Leaves scattered, fascicled,
sometimes opposite, usually rigid and needle-shaped, entire.

Suporper lL. ABIE TINEA! ZL. C. Rich. ‘ue Pine Tripe proper.

Flowers usually monecious. Fertile aments formed of imbricated carpellary
scales, each with a pair of inverted ovules adherent to their base. Scales
subtended by bracts. [ruit a strobile or cone, the scales of which are woody
or coriaceuus, and usually persistent. Integument of the seed coriaceous or
woody, often produced into a membranaceous wing. Embryo in the axis of
fleshy or oily albumen, with 2 - 15 cotyledons.

Pinus. CONIFER. 227

1. PINUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1795. PINE.

[Said to be derived from the Celtic word pin, or pen, signifying a crag or rocky mountain, whcre many of the species
delight to grow.]

STERILE FL. in racemose aments. Stamens numerous, with short filaments : anthers 2-celled;
the connective scale-like. Frrrite Fru. in a more or less conical or cylindrical ament ; the
scales usually adnate to the bracts. Cone formed of scales which are excavated at the
base for the reception of the seeds, often mucronate below the tip. — Mostly trees.

* Pinus proper, Link. Sterile aments aggregated in a terminal cluster. Anther-cells opening longitudinally, Scales of
the cone thickencd at the lip, persistent, wtihout bracts. Leaves evergreen, linear, 2,3 or 5in a fascicle which is sur-
rounded at the base with a short scarious sheath.

1. Pinus resinosa, Soland. Red Pine.

Leaves in pairs, shorter than the cones; cones ovate-conical, rounded at the base ; scales
dilated in the middle, unarmed.—Soland. in Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 367; Lamb. Pin. p. 20.
t.14; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 642; Torr. compend. p. 359; Beck, bot. p. 339 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 161; Loud. enc, tr. §- shr. p. 972. P. rubra, Miche. f. sylv. 2. t. 134.

A tree 70 — 80 feet high, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, and of nearly uniform diameter
for two-thirds of its length ; the bark of a brighter red than in any other Pine of the United
States. Leaves dark green, 5 — 6 inches long. Cones about 2 inches long, abruptly pointed
(Miche. f.).

Dry soils. Helderberg mountain (Dr. L. C. Beck). Yates county, (Dr. Sartwell). I have
not found this pine within the limits of our State. According to Michaux the wood is
compact, with a fine grain, and is heavy in consequence of the resinous matter with which it is
impregnated. It is highly esteemed for strength and durability, and is often employed for the
decks and masts of vessels.

2. Pinus riaipa, Ail. Pitch Pine.

Leaves in threes ; cones ovoid, mostly clustered in threes and fours, much shorter than
the leaves ; the scales terminated by a short acute reflexed point.—Mull. dict.no.10; Micha.
f. sylv. 2. t. 144; Lamb. Pin. t. 16.17; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 643; Ell. sk. 2. p. 634; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 359 ; Beck, bot. p. 339 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 519 ; Loud. enc. tr. §- shr. p. 977.

A tree 30 - 50 feet high and a foot or more in diameter, with numerous branches ; the
bark thick, fissured and blackish. Leaves 2 —4 inches long; the sheath short and pale
brown. Sterile aments ovoid-oblong, clustered. Crest of the anther dilated, roundish.
Cones 2 — 4 inches long: scales cuneate-oblong, with a somewhat pyramidal summit, and a
rigid spreading or reflexed point.

AS hs

228 CONIFER. Pinus.

Light sandy soils, sometimes in wet places : abundant in many parts of the State, as on
Long Island, where it covers extensive tracts of land ; between Albany and Schenectady ;
and the Pine plains of Rome. Fl. May. Fr. September. In dry situations the wood abounds
in turpentine. It is not much valued for lumber, on account of its numerous knots. Its chief
use is for fuel ; a large part of the pine wood sold in our cities, being of this species.

3. Pinus Strrosus, Linn. White Pine. Weymouth Pine.

Leaves in fives, very slender, glaucous, scarcely sheathed at the base ; cones much longer
than the leaves, cylindrical-oblong, pendulous ; scales loose, flattish, without spines. — Linn.
sp. 2. p. 1001; Miche. fl. 2. p. 205; Miche. f. sylv. 2.t. 145; Lamb. Pin. t. 32; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p. 359; Ell. sk. 2. p. 638; Beck, bot. p. 339; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 549; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 161.

A noble tree, often attaining the height of 130 feet. The trunk is from 1-3 feet in
diameter,* straight and unbranched for two-thirds of its height, and usually with short and
somewhat verticillate branches. In good soil it spreads more at the summit, but does not
grow so tall. ‘The bark, in trees of only moderate size, is smooth, but on old trunks it is
cracked and furrowed. ‘The leaves are sharply triangular, 3 - 5 inches long, and more slender
than in any other North American pine. Sterile aments 5 or 6 together, ovoid, about one-
third of an inch long. ‘The cones are 4 — 6 inches long and about an inch in diameter before
the scales are unloosed, nearly cylindrical, and a little curved: scales broadly obovate, thinnish,
rather loosely imbricated, slightly thickened at the summit. Seed (including the wing) about
three fourths of an inch long.

In almost all soils, but preferring cool damp mountainous places. Fl. May. Fr. September.
The White Pine is found in most parts of the State, but our chief extensive forests of this
noble and most valuable tree are in four places : Furst, on the head waters of the Hudson,
and on the rivers which empty into the St. Lawrence ; secondly, on the Salmon and Black
rivers, which empty into Lake Ontario; thirdly, on the head waters of the Delaware and
Susquehannah ; fourthly, on the head waters of the Allegany and Genesee. These forests
are rapidly disappearing under the axe, and it is thought will be nearly destroyed in about
twenty or thirty years. A late writer states that 650,000,000 of feet of pine lumber are
annually obtained from the State of New-York, exclusive of alarge quantity that is sent
down the St. Lawrence. To supply this large demand, the timber of no less than 65,000
acres must be taken away every year.

* Michaux f. states that he measured two trunks that were felled; one of which was 154 feet long, and 54 inches in
diameter ; the other 142 feet long and 44 inches in diameter. He also saw a stump in Maine, that was more than 6 feet
in diameter. Belknap, in his History of New-Hampshire, notices a White Pine that was 7 feet in diameter.

Pinus. CONIFER. 229

4. Pinus mitis, Michz. Yellow Pine.

Leaves elongated, slender, usually in pairs, but often in threes, channelled, the sheaths
long ; cones ovoid-conical (small); scales slightly prominent, with a small slender mucro
pointing outward. — Micha. fl. 2. p. 204; Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 137; Loud. enc. tr. g- shr.
p. 974. P. variabilis, Lamb. Pin. t.14; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 643; Ell. sk. 2. p. 633; Beck,
bot. p. 339.

A tree from 40 - 60 feet high and 12-18 inches in diameter, with a regular pyramidal
head. Leaves 24 —5 inches long, dark green. Cones about 2 inches long ; the prickle at the
extremity of the scale very slender.

Sandy soils. On the Hudson, near Albany (Michaux f.). I have not detected this species
within the limits of the State, but it is very abundant in New-Jersey. The timber is fine
grained, only moderately resinous, and durable. It is extensively employed in the United
States, particularly for the flooring of houses; and great quantities of it are exported to
Europe and other countries.

** Abres, Tourn. Sterile aments axillary, aggregated towards the extremity of the branches, Cells of the anthers trans-
versely lacerated. Cones scattered, erect. Bracts persistent. Scales somewhat ligneous, at length separating from
the axis. Leaves evergreen, solitary, distinctly 2-ranked (Picea, D. Don).

5. Pinus Barsamea, Linn. Balm of Gilead Fir. Balsam Fir.

Leaves silvery underneath, emarginate or entire, somewhat recurved and spreading ; cones
cylindrical, erect, violet-colored; bracts short, obovate, serrulate and conspicuously mu-
cronate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1003; Lamb. Pin. t.41. f. 2; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 639; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 639 ; Beck, bot. p. 340; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 163. Pinus-Abies balsamea, Marsh.
arb. Amer. p.102. A. balsainifera, Micha. fl. 2. p. 207; Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 150. Picea
balsamea, Loud. enc. tr. G- shr. p. 1044.

A beautiful tree, which is seldom more than 20 — 40 feet high and 6 — 12 inches in diameter,
but sometimes attaining a height of 50 - 60 feet witha trunk 18 inches in diameter. The wood
is light colored, with a yellowish heart. Leaves about 6-8 lines long anda line and a
half wide, bright green above and silvery white underneath. Cones 3 — 4 inches long and
about an inch in diameter; the scales very broad and rounded. Bracts slightly projecting,
erect, with a slender mucro. Seed small, surrounded by a broad obovate wing.

On the Catskill mountains, and in the northern counties, particularly among the Essex
mountains. Oriskany swamp (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June. In the Hudson river counties,
I have not found this species south of Catskill, and it there attains but a moderate stature.
In the vallies of the Essex mountains, however, it becomes a large tree ; while on the highest
summits of these mountains it dwindles to the height of only a few inches. ‘The wood is
seldom employed for lumber; but the turpentine, which is obtained by puncturing the blisters
of the bark, is used medicinally under the name of Canada balsam : it is also used for optical

230 CONIFER. Pinus.

purposes. As an ornamental evergreen, the Balsam Fir has been long cultivated, both in this
country and in Europe. The Pinus Frasert of Pursh, which is nearly allied to this species,
and is by many botanists regarded as only a variety of it, grows in Vermont, and probably
also on the mountains of Essex county, but I did not observe it when I explored that region.

*** Picea, Link. Slerile aments scattered towards the extremily of the branches. Cells of the anthers opening longitudinally.
Cones scatlered, pendant. Bracts very small at maturity : scales nol thickened at the tip, igneous, smooth, persistent.
Leaves evergreen, solitary, more cr less 2-ranked.

6. Pinus Canapensis, Linn. Hemlock Spruce.

Leaves distichous, solitary, flat, obtuse, minutely denticulate towards the apex; cones
elliptical-ovoid, a little longer than the leaves.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1421; Lamb. Pin. t.45;
Pursh, fl.2. p. 640; Ell. sk.2. p. 639; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 360; Beck, bot. p.340; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 548. Pinus-Abies Canadensis, Marsh. arb. Amer. p. 103. Abies Canadensis,
Miche. fl. 2. p. 207; Micha. f. sylv. 2. t. 149 ; Loud. enc. tr. g shr. p. 1035.

A large tree: in favorable situations, rising to the height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk
2 — 3 feet or more in diameter ; the branches widely spreading, and horizontal or pendulous.
Leaves distinctly 2-ranked, about half an inch long and scarcely a line wide, more or less
distinctly serrulate towards the point. Sterile aments globose, about the size of a peppercorn,
on short stalks which are surrounded at the base by brownish scales. Cones about three-
fourths of an inch long, consisting of a few closely imbricated rather thin roundish scales,
scattered towards the extremity of the branches. Seed (including the wing) three-fourths
the length of the scaie.

Woods, particularly on the sides of mountains, and along the rocky banks of streams: found
in all parts of the State, but most abundant and of the greatest size in the northern coun-
ties. Large quantities of it occur on the Catskill mountains, where its bark is employed
in numerous tanneries. ‘The wood of the Hemlock is soft, coarse grained, and possesses
little strength, but is durable if protected from the weather. It is much used for joists, in
building houses. The bark is inferior to that of oak for tanning, but it makes excellent
leather.

7. Pinus nigra, Ait. Black or Double Spruce.

Leaves solitary, scattered all around the branches, erect, short, somewhat quadrangular,
entire ; cones ovoid, the scales somewhat undulated, crenulated or toothed at the apex. —
Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 370; Lamb. Pin. t. 27; Pursh, fl. 2.-p. 640; Ell. sk. 2. p. 640;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 360; Beck, bot. p. 340; Hook. fl. Bor -Am. 2. p. 163. Abies denticulata,
Miche, fl. 2. p. 206. A. nigra, Potr. dict. 6. p.520; Michx. f. sylv.2. t. 147; Loud. enc.
tr. §- shr. p. 1031.

Pinus. CONIFER. 231

A tree usually from 30 — 60 feet high, with a straight and tapering trunk 8 ~ 15 inches in
diameter, but occasionally 25 feet or more. Leaves very dark green, 5 —6 lines long, and
scarcely a line broad. The cones vary in length from three-fourths of an inch to an inch and
a half. The scales are rather thin, of a dark purple when young, but reddish brown when
ripe, sometimes ay deeply toothed at the apex. Seed (with the wing) about two-thirds
the length of the scale.

Sphagnous swamps, and cold rocky mountainous situations. Found in many parts of the
State (even as far south as New-York), but only abundant in the northern counties. The
largest trees of Black Spruce that [ ever saw, were in the valleys of the Essex mountains,
particularly near the iron works of Archibald McIntyre, Esq., where there were several that
measured nearly three fect in diameter. ‘The wood is light, tough and elastic, and is very
much used for the yards and spars of vessels, for which it is said to be more suitable than
any other tree known. From the young twigs is prepared an extract that is known by the
name of essence of spruce, which is used for flavoring spruce beer. The fresh twigs are also
employed for the same purpose, being boiled with water, then mixed with molasses or sugar,
and !eft to ferment.

8. Pinus aupa, Ait. White or Single Spruce.

Leaves solitary, scattered around the branches, erect, quadrangular, somewhat glaucous,
entire ; cones oblong-cylindrical, loose; scales entire. — Azt. Kew. 3. p. 371; Lamb. Pin.
t. 37; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 641; Ell. sk. 2. p.610; Beck, bot. p. 340; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p- 161. Abies alba, Micha. fl. 2. p. 207; Michx. f. sylv. 2.t. 148; Loud. enc. tr. g- shr.
p- 1030.

A small tree, seldom rising to the height of more than 40 — 50 feet, with a trunk about
one foot in Giameter ; the bark of the branches light brown. Leaves more slender and acute
than in the Black Spruce, as well as of a much lighter and bluish green color, 5 — 8 lines
long. Cones 1-2 inches long and half an inch or three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
pale green when young, brownish when mature ; the scale obovate-cuneate, rounded at the
extremity. Bracts minute, cuneate, ciliate at the tip. Seed small, with an obovate wing.

Swamps, and on the sides of mountains : rare south of Catskill, and much less frequent
in the northern counties than the preceding species. Fl. May. The wood resembles that of
the Black Spruce. The northern Indians use the tough slender roots for sewing together the
pieces of birch bark of which they make their canoes, and the turpentine that exudes from
the trunk serves to make the seams water-tight. Dr. Richardson says it is the last tree that
disappears in approaching the pole.

232 CONIFER. Pinus.

*4* Tarrx, Tourn. Sterile aments bud-like, scattered over the branches, Cells of the anthers opening longitudinally.
Cones roundish or ovoid-conical, erect. Bracts (colored) and scales persistent, Leaves annual, linear, slender,
fasciculate and dwerging, produced from globose buds.

9. Pinus PpENDULA, Aizé. Tamarack. American Larch.

Leaves fascicled, deciduous, short ; cones ovoid-roundish, consisting of few nearly orbicular
thin scales ; bracts broadly ovate.—Azt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 369; Lamb. Pin. t. 49; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 645; Beck, bot. p. 339; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.164. P. microcarpa, Lamb. l.
c. t.50; Pursh, 1. c.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 360; Hook. t.c. Larix Americana, Micha. fi.
2. p. 203; Miche. f. sylv. 2.t. 153; Audub. birds of Amer. t.4; Loud. enc. tr. g shr.
p. 1056. :

A tall straight tree (50-80 feet or more in height and 1-3 feet in diameter), with
smooth bark and horizontal branches. Leaves soft and flexible, growing in numerous tufts
which are scattered along the sides of the branches. Aments yellow or reddish ; the sterile
small, oblong. Cones about half an inch long, green or violet-colored when young, brownish
when old. Scales about 20, loosely imbricated, somewhat woody, flattish, entire. Bracts
less than half the length of the scale, usually emarginate, with a short straight mucro.

Swamps : abundant in the northern counties, and some parts of western New-York, as
between Utica and Syracuse. Fl. May. The wood is strong and durable, but is very heavy.
It is chiefly employed in ship-building. Many European botanists consider P. pendula and
P. microcarpa as distinct species, but they seem to be mere varieties, caused by differences
of soil and exposure.

Suporper II. CUPRESSINA. LL. C. Rich. Tue Cypress TRIBE.

Aments moncecious or dicecious, imbricated, without bracts, few-flowered.
Anthers with 4-12 cells; the connective peltate, or attached at the base.
Ovules 1-2 or more, at the base of the carpellary scales, erect. Cones
indurated, or the scales concreted and fleshy. Integument of the seed bony
or membranous. — Leaves mostly evergreen.

2. CUPRESSUS. Tourn.; End!. gen. 1791. CYPRESS.

[From the Island of Cyprus, where one species of the tree is abundant. ]

Sterile aments solitary. Anthers 2-4 celled. Fertile aments subglobose, with peltate
scales. Ovules 8 or more, bottle-shaped. Cones globose ; the scales ligneous, protuberant

CupREssus. CONIFER. he

or mucronate in the centre, at first connate, finally separating. Seeds compressed, angular,
affixed to the contracted bases of the scales. Cotyledons 2.— Evergreen trees, with small

scale-like closely imbricated appressed leaves.

1. Cupressus THUYOIDES, Linn. White Cedar.

Branchlets compressed ; leaves imbricated in 4 rows, ovate, each with a small glandular
tubercle on the back. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1003; Micha. fl. 2. p. 208; Miche. f. sylv. 2.
p. 152; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 646; Ell. sk. 2. p. 644; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 361; Beck, bot. p. 338;
Ffook. fl. Bor.-Am, 2. p. 165; Loud. enc. tr. §- shr. p. 1074. Thuya spheroidalis, L. C.
Rich. mem. conif. p. 45.

A tree 30 — 70 feet high and 8 inches to 2 feet or more in diameter ; the bark fibrous, and
separating in long shreds. Leaves in very young plants (seedlings of one or two years
growth) linear, about one-fourth of an inch long, distinct and spreading, mostly in close
whorls of three together ; but in the mature plant only about a line in length, very closely
imbricated, of a dull glaucous green hue; the middle of the back furnished with a small
protuberant vesicle which is filled with a thin turpentine. Sterile aments globose, minute,
solitary at the extremity of the branchlets, each consisting of 6 — 8 ovate concave brownish
scales, which are attached by the base to a short filament : anther-cells 2 under each scale.
Cones the size of an ordinary pea, purplish when mature, consisting of a few thick somewhat
fleshy scales, which are furnished with a short flat point. Seeds 2? under each scale, oval,
compressed, surrounded with a narrow winged border.

Sphagnous swamps. Long Island, where, in several places (as near Rockaway, Hempstead,
Babylon and Islip) it occurs in considerable quantities. Also at Peach Pond, Putnam county
(Dr. Mead). ‘The wood of this tree is light, fine-grained, and exceedingly durable. It is
used like the Cypress, for shingles, cedar-ware, fence-rails, etc. It is also sawed into boards.
The tree is of very slow growth, a stock only a foot in diameter showing one or two hundred
annual circles.

8. THUYA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1790. ARBOR VIT#.

[From the Greek, iiyon, sacrifice ; the resin of the Eastern species having been used as incense in sacrifices.]

Flowers monecious. Sterile aments terminal, very small, ovoid. Anther-cells 4, opening
longitudinally. Fertile aments consisting of a few imbricated scales, each with 2 erect
ovules at the base. Cone ovoid or roundish ; the scales somewhat peltate or ovate, im-
bricated, smooth or with a recurved beak near the tip. Seeds 2 (or by abortion one) under
each scale, usually more or less winged. Cotyledons 2.—Evergreen trees or shrubs, with

scale-like leaves, which are closely imbricated in two or four rows, and compressed.

[FLrora — Voi. 2.] 30

234 CONIFER. Tuuva.

1. Tuuya occrpDENTALIS, Linn. Common Arbor Vite.

Branchlets 2-edged, spreading; leaves imbricated in 4 rows, ovate-rhomboid, closely ap-
pressed, with a small flattened gland on the back ; cones nodding, obovoid, the scales few
(5 —7), inferior ones truncate, gibbous at the tip; seeds compressed, winged all round. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 1002; Micha. fl. 2. p. 226; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 646; Micha. sylv. 2. p. 156;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 644; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 361; Beck, bot. p. 338; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
165; Loud. enc. tr. g shr. p. 1068.

A tree with a narrowly conical and tapering head, seldom (within our limits) more than 30
or 35 feet high and 6 — 12 inches in diameter, much branched ; the ultimate divisions flattened
and covered with numerous obtuse shining leaves, each furnished with a little vesicle which
(as in the White Cedar) is filled with a thin aromatic turpentine. Sterile aments minute at
the extremity of the branchlets, consisting of a few concave scale-like anthers. Cones about
five lines long, yellowish brown ; the scales loosely imbricated, opening to the base. Seeds
conspicuously winged, emarginate, one under each scale.

Rocky banks of rivers and hill-sides, also in swamps: abundant and very conspicuous on
the Hudson above Newburgh; Oriskany swamp; and various parts of the northern and
western counties. 7. May. The wood is light, of a reddish color, and, though soft, is very
durable. It is not much used for lumber, as its trunk does not afford pieces of sufficient
length. It is often planted about houses and in pleasure grounds. In some parts of the
country itis known by the name of White Cedar, and in New-England it is often called
Hackmatack.

4. JUNIPERUS. Linn,; Endl. gen. 1789. JUNIPER.

[So named from juncprus, the Celtic word for rough or rude; which is the character of the genus. ]

Flowers dicecious. Sterile aments very small, axillary or terminal. Anther-cells 3 - 6,
attached to the lower edge of the excentrically peltate scale, opening longitudinally. Fertile
aments axillary, ovoid, with imbricated bracts at the base. Involucre formed of 3 - 6
scales which are united at the base, bearing 1 — 3 ovules. Fruit drupaceous, formed of the
succulent involucre, which encloses 1 — 3 crustaceous seeds. — Evergreen trees or shrubs,

with rigid, scale-like or acicular, opposite or ternate leaves.

1. JunrpERUS communis, Linn. Common Juniper.

Leaves in threes, subulate, spreading, mucronate ; berries somewhat ovoid.—Linn. sp. 2.
p. 1040; Miche. fl. 2. p. 245; Engl. bot. t.1100; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 647; Bigel. med. bot.
t. 44, g- fl. Bost. p. 371; Beck, bot. p. 337; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 571; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 165; Loud. enc. tr. g& shr. p. 1081.

JUNIPERUS. CONIFER. 235

A rigid shrub, usually spreading flat on the ground, but sometimes rising to the height of
from 2-8 feet. Leaves 4-7 lines long, sharply mucronate, flattish, bright green and
shining underneath, glaucous along the midrib above. Sterile aments numerous, in the axils
of the leaves, about 2 lines long; the anther-scales cuspidate upward: cells 2-4 under
each scale. Berries the size of a small pea, dark purplish, containing from 1 — 3 seeds.

Dry woods and hills : rather rare. ‘The berries are well known for their stimulating and
diuretic properties, as well as for being employed in the distillation of gin (See Bigel. med.

bot. l.c.).

2, Juniperus Virerniana, Linn. Red Cedar.

Leaves imbricated in 4 rows; those of the small twigs ovate and closely imbricated ; those
of the older branches, and of very young plants, subulate, cuspidate, and somewhat spreading.
— Linn. sp. 2. p. 1040; Walt. fl. Car. p. 243; Miche. fl. 2. p. 245; Miche. f. sylv. 2.
t. 155; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 647; Bigel. med. bot. t. 45, ¢ fl. Bost. p. 370; Ell. sk. 2. p. 117;
Beck, bot. p. 337; Audub., birds of Amer. t. 43 ; Loud. enc. tr. g- shr. p. 1084. J. Sabina,
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 166, not of Linn. ?

var. prostrata ; small, trailing on the ground and rooting. J. prostrata, Micha. l. c. ;
Pers. syn. 2. p. 632? J.repens, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 245.

A tree 15 — 80 feet high and 8 - 15 inches in diameter, tapering rapidly upward, with
numerous horizontal branches, the lowest of which are close to the ground. Leaves of
young bushes subulate, frequently acute and in distinct pairs, more or less spreading ; on the
small twigs of the mature plant, more or less ovate and closely imbricate, but increasing in
length with the growth of the branch till they become subulate like those of the young plant,
but are usually more or less appressed. The short imbricated leaves are marked with a
more or less distinct glandular vesicle on the back. Anthers excentrically peltate. Berries
a little larger than a peppercorn, roundish-ovoid, 1 — 3-seeded, purple, and covered with a
bright bluish powder.

Dry hill-sides, in rocky sterile soil : common in most parts of the State ; the creeping
variety on the banks of the Genesee river (Dr. Bradley). Fil. April. Fr. October. The
wood of this tree is extremely compact and durable. The heart is red, and the sap white.
In the Northern States, on account of its small size, it is chiefly used for posts, most of the
Red Cedar which is employed for ship timber being brought from the South. Sir William
Hooker considers the J. Virginiana as identical with the Savin (J. Sabina) of Europe, to
which he also unites J. Bermudiana, J. Barbadensis, and J. prostrata of Europe, but I have
not yet had an opportunity for making the comparisons that would be necessary before adopt-
ing his views. ‘The leaves of the Red Cedar are generally believed to possess the medicinal

properties of Savin.
30*

236 CONIFER. Taxus.

Suporper III. TAXINEZ. L. C. Rich. Tue Yew Trive.

Flowers dicecious, or sometimes moncecious ; the sterile in small aments, which
are surrounded with scale-lke bracts at the base. Anthers mostly 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Fertile flowers solitary, terminal, consisting of an erect
or inverted ovule, which is bracteate at the base, surrounded with and sometimes
entirely enclosed in a disk, which at maturity is fleshy and drupaceous.
Embryo with 2 cotyledons.

5. TAXUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1799. YEW.

{Said to be derived from toxon, the Greek word for a bow; on account of the use made of the wood.]

Flowers dicecious. Sterile flowers consisting of peltate anthers in an ament: anther-cells
3 — 6 or more, inserted in the lobes of the connective. Fertile flower an erect ovule, with
an annular disk at its base, and invested with imbricated scales. Seed nut-like, seated in
the disk, which becomes a fleshy open cup. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with linear acute

rigid leaves, which are more or less distinctly 2-rowed.

5. Taxus Canapvensis, Willd. American Yew. Ground Hemlock.

Leaves distinctly 2-ranked, crowded, revolute ; sterile aments solitary, globose.— Willd.
sp. 4. p. 856; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 647; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 371 ; Beck, bot. p. 341; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 572; Audub. birds of Amer.t.117. 'T. baccata, var. minor, Micha, fl. 2. p. 245;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 167.

Stem rigid, usually straggling and diffuse, but sometimes rising | ~ 4 feet from the ground.
Leaves 6 — 8 lines long and about a line wide, of a deep shining green. Sterile aments
axillary, arising from little yellowish buds of imbricated scales. Fruit consisting of a naked
ovoid compressed seed, more or less deeply immersed in a bright red juicy cup or disk.

Rocky banks, and in woods, particularly under the shade of evergreen trees. Fl. April.
Fr. August - September. Always a humble shrub with us, but in Oregon (if indeed that be
not a distinct species) 1t becomes a tree. Hooker and Michaux have regarded it as identical
with the European Yew. In the northern part of the State this plant is abundant, and it is
sparingly found in the valley of the Hudson. Mr. L. Ménard found it as far south as Man-
hattanville, on the Island of New-York.

GROUPS AND ORDERS OF ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 237

CLASS III. ENDOGENOUS or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stem with no distinction of bark, pith and wood, and without medullary rays or
concentric rings; the woody matter consisting of bundles of fibres and vessels
imbedded in cellular tissue, increasing in diameter by the addition of new
matter to the centre. Leaves mostly alternate, with no evident articulation,
commonly sheathing at the base and entire, generally with parallel veins.
Flowers usually with a single perianth, or the calyx and corolla undistinguish-
able, the parts arranged in a ternary manner. Ovules enclosed in an ovary,
and fertilized through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with a single
cotyleden ; or, if two, one is smaller and alternate with the other.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GROUPS AND ORDERS.

Group 1. Flowers mostly on a spadix ; with the perianth simple and scale-like or wanting. — Chiefly herbs.

Order 106. Aracem. Flowers usually without a perianth, seated ona spadix, which is surrounded by a spatha, or
sometimes naked; the fertile ones commonly below. Ovary 1 —- several-celled, with one or more
ovules,

107. Lemnacem®. Flowers produced from the margin of a frond. Fruit an utricle. — Minute floating plants.

108. TypHacex. Flowers in dense spikes or heads, without a perianth. Stamens numerous, intermixed with
simple filaments or scales, Ovary with a single suspended ovule. Fruit somewhat drupaceous.—
Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear leaves.

109. Nasapacem®. Perianth simple or none. Stamens definite, Ovaries single, or 2-4 and distinct, one-sceded.
Water plants with cellular leaves and sheathing stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, moneecious or
perfect.

Group 2. Flowers not on a spadix, furnished with a double perianth (calyx and corolla). Ovaries 3 - 6 or numerous,
free, distinct or more or less united. — Aquatic or marsh plants.
110, Artsmacez. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamous, mostly in racemes or panicles, Sepals and petals 3.
Seeds usually solitary in each carpel.— Marsh plants, with ribbed leaves and flowers on scapes.
Rhizoma usually creeping.

Group 3. Flowers with a single or double perianth, which coheres with the lower part, or with the whole surface of the
ovary. — Herbs.

111. Hyprocuaripacex. Ilowers with regular calyx and corolla, adherent to the ovary. Seeds numerous.—
Water plants.

112. Orcuipacem. Flowers perfect, irregular; the perianth of 6 parts. Ovary inferior; the single fertile stamen
(or in Cypripedium the two stamens) coherent with the style. Pollen of 2 or more waxy masses.
Ovary inferior, one-celled, with 3 parietal placente, Seeds very numerous. — Herbs.

113. Hypoxipem. Flowers perfect, regular, on scapes. Perigonium petaloid, 6-parted, the centre adherent to the
ovary. Stamens 6. Fruit indehiscent, many-seeded. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy al-
bumen, — Herbs with grass-like leaves.

114, InrpAcew®. Flowers mostly regular and showy. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series. Anthers extrorse. Stigmas
dilated or petaloid. — Herbs, with bulbs, corms or rhizomas. Leaves equitant.

115. Dioscorzace®, Flower small and dicecious. Perianth 6-parted, Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled.—T wining
plants ; the leaves ribbed and reticulately veined.

238 GROUPS AND ORDERS OF ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Group 4. Flowers with regular perianth, often in two series which are more or less petaloid (rarely glumaceous), free
from the 3-celled ovary. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs ; rarely climbing or shrubby plants.

116, Smitacem. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6, Stigmas 3, Berry few- or many-seeded. Albumen hard.— Herbs
or shrubby plants, often climbing and prickly. Leaves reticulately veined.

117. Litracem. Perianth colored. Stamens 6. Styles united. Fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy. Albumen
fleshy. — Herbs with the leaves sheathing or clasping at the base.

118. PonreDERIACE®. Flowers arising from the spatha, or from a fissure of the petiole. Perianth 6-cleft and
persistent, or withering. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsules often one-celled, Albumen farinaceous, —
Aquatic plants. =

119. Mevantuacem. Perianth regular, ina double series. Stamens 6, Capsules 3-parted. Embryo fleshy.—
Herbs, with bulbs, corms, or fasciculated roots,

120. Juncacem. Perianth 6-leaved, glumaceous, Capsules 1 ~ 3-celled.— Herbaceous grass-like plants.

Group 5. Flowers with a double or_imbricated perianth; the exterior glumaceous or herbaccous ; the interior petaloid.
Ovary free, 1 - 3-celled. — Herbs, often grass-like.

121, CommeLtynacem. Calyx herbaceous. Filaments often hairy. Styles and stigmas united. Capsules 2 - 3-
celled, few-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with fibrous or. tuberous roots.

122. Xyripacem. Calyx glumaceous. Petals with claws. Stamens 6, 3 of them sterile. Capsules 1-celled,
many-seeded. — Rush-like plants, with scapes, and the flowers in heads.

123, ErtocauLinem. Flowers minute, dicecious or moneecious, in dense heads intermixed with scales or hairs,
Calyx glumaceous. Corolla 3-cleft. Stamens 6, the alternate ones imperfect, Capsules 2 — 3-celled,
2 — 3-seeded. — Aquatic or marsh rush-like plants.

Grouvr 6. Flowers imbricated with bracts (glumes and scales), and disposed in spikelets; the proper perianth either
wanting, or taking the form of bristles or scales. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule, becoming an
achenium or caryopsis in fruit. Embryo at the extremity of albumen next the hilum.

124. Cyperacem. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Perianth none, or in the form of bristles or scales
Styles 2-3, commonly united. Fruit an achenium,— Culms usually solid. Sheaths of the leaves

entire.

125. Graminem. Flowers in 2-ranked spikelets, usually several bracts to each flower, the inner 2 usually more
delicate than the others. Perianth none, or in the form of 1-3 very minute scales, Styles or
stigmas 2. Fruit a caryopsis.— Culms hollow, closed at the nodes : sheaths of the leaves split.

Group 1. Flowers mostly on a spadix, with the perianth either wanting or scale-
like, rarely regular and simple. — Chiefly herbs ; often aquatic.

Orver CVI. ARACE. Juss. Tue Arum Tribe.

Spadix often naked at the extremity, usually surrounded by a spatha. Flowers
usually moncecious on the same spadix, and destitute of floral envelopes; in a
few genera, furnished with a more or less distinct perianth. Sterile flowers
above: anthers commonly with a thick truncate connective. Ovary one- to
several-celled, with one or several ovules. Seeds mostly with fleshy albumen,
rarely destitute of albumen when the embryo is large and globular.— Herbs
with a fleshy cormus or rhizoma (in tropical countries sometimes shrubby or
climbing). Leaves with sheathing petioles ; the lamina mostly large, compound
or divided.

ARISZMA. ARACE. 239

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

*Spadix surrounded by a spatha.
+ Flowers monecious or (sometimes polygamous) ; the sterile above the fertile.

1, Arisema, Spathe convolute below. Spadix naked above. Flowers without a perianth. Anthers distinct. Ovules
orthotropous. Berries distinct, 1 — several-seeded.

2. Petranpra, Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none.
Anthers 5 - 6-celled ; the cells surrounding a thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovules ana-
tropous. Berries distinct, 1 — 2-celled.

tt Flowers perfect.

3. Catia. Spathe ovate, expanding. Spadix covered with perfect flowers which are destitute of a perianth. Ovules
anatropous. Berries distinct, several-seeded.

4. Symprocarpus. Spathe convolute and cuculiate. Spadix on a short peduncle, oval, covered with perfect flowers.
Perianth of 4 cucullate leaflets, Ovary with a single ovule, Berries united, and immersed in the spongy spadix.

** Spadix naked.
5. Orontium. Spadix terminating the scape, covered with perfect flowers, Ovary one-celled.
6. Acorus. Spadix bursting from the side of a leaf-like scape, covered with perfect flowers. Ovary 2 - 3-celled.

1, ARISAUMA. Mart. “in Flora, 1831, p. 459”; Endl. gen. 1674. DRAGON ARUM,

[Meaning of the name uncertain. ]

Flowers moncecious or polygamous. Spathe convoluted below, the limb arched or flattish.
Spadix naked above and sometimes exserted ; the lower part covered with flowers, of which
the upper ones are sterile and the lower fertile, or, in some plants, wholly sterile. Perianth
wanting. Anthers somewhat verticillate and distinct, with very short filaments, 2 — 4-celled ;
the cells opening by a pore or chink. Ovaries 1-celled, numerous, distinct, turbinate.
Ovules 5 — 6, erect from the base of the ovary, orthotropous : style almost wanting: stigma
capitate-peltate. Berry one- to several-seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Herbs
with a tuberous rhizoma or corm, and stalks formed of the united scapes and petioles.
Leaves divided.

1. ARISEMA TRIPHYLLUM. Indian Turnip.

Leaves ternately divided ; segments elliptical-ovate ; spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than
the spathe. A. atrorubens, Blume; Kunth, enum. 3. p.17. Arum triphyllum, Linn. sp. 2.
p. 965; Miche. fl. 2. p. 188; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 399; Ell. sk. 2. p. 629; Bot. mag. t. 950 ;
Bigel. med. bot. t. 4, §- fl. Bost. p. 347; Torr. compend. p. 358; Bot. cab. t. 320; Beck,
bot. p. 381; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 530; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 168. A. atrorubens, Ade.
Kew. 3. p. 315. .

Corm fleshy, round and flattened, 1-3 inches in diameter, wrinkled ; the upper part
covered with scaly sheaths. Leaves mostly two (sometimes solitary), so deeply divided as
to appear trifoliate; the segments 3 — 8 inches long, variable in breadth, acuminate, sessile :
petiole 6 — 12 inches or more in length; their sheathing petioles surrounding the lower part

240 ARACES. ARISEMA.

of the scape, and exceeding it in length. Spathe ovate ; the lower half convolute into a tube ;
the upper portion flattened and arched over at the top, dark purple, greenish or variegated ;
the petioles and scape having the same color as the spathe. Spadix much shorter than the
spathe ; the club-shaped naked portion abruptly contracted into a neck below, a little longer
than the tube of the spathe ; the lower part covered with flowers, which in the green spathes
are usually sterile, and in the purple or variegated they are fertile or androgynous. Anthers
2 — 4- (and sometimes 5 - 6-) celled; the cells roundish, opening by a large circular orifice.
Often in place of the anthers there are 3 — 6 depressed purple reniform bodies which open
excentrically, but contain no pollen. Ovaries crowded, tipped with a glovose stigma: ovules
5-6. Berries forming a dense ovoid head, of a bright scarlet color, smooth and shining.
Seed solitary or several, globose, with a large hilum at the base. Embryo in the axis of
farinaceous albumen.

Moist shady places. Fl. May. Fr. August - September. The recent tuber is extremely
acrid, so that when applied to the tongue it causes violent pain, and often much swelling; but
in a dry state it is mild, and yields abundance of a nutritious starch resembling sago. Dr. Bige-
low has shown that the active principle is a volatile inflammable matter, which is soluble in
both water and alcohol (See his med. bot. 1. c. ; also Wood §- Bache’s U. S. Dispens. p. 114).

Blume considers the Arum triphylium of Linneus as including two species, one a Brazilian
plant, the other ours ; the former he calls Arisema Brasilianum, the latter A. atrorubens.

2. Aris@#mMa Dracontium, Schott. (Plate CXXIII.) Greendragon.

Leaf usually solitary, pedate; the segments lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire ; spadix
subulate, much longer than the oblong acuminate convolute spathe.—Schott, melet. 1. p. 17,
ex Kunth, enum, 3. p. 18, and A. Boscii of the same authors. Arum Dracontium, Linn.
sp. 2. p. 9645 Micha. fl. 2. p. 188; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 399; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 222; Ell: sk. 2.
p. 629; Bot. reg. t. 668; Beck, bot. p. 381; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 529.

Corms roundish, often clustered, throwing up bunches of leaves and scapes. Leaf with
7 — 11 segments, which are spreading, 2 - 6 inches in length and 1 - 2 inches or more wide,
sessile or tapering at the base into short stalks : common petiole 8 — 15 inches long.
Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Spathe 1 - 2 inches long, greenish. Spadix polygamous,
bearing flowers only toward the base ; in some plants wholly sterile, in others androgynous,
the fertile below ; the upper part tapering into a slender point, which is exserted 2 — 4 inches
beyond the summit of the spathe. Stamens distinct, with very short filaments, 4-celled.
Ovaries numerous, turbinate, with scarcely any style : stigma peltate-capitate : ovules 6 — 8,
bottle-shaped, erect. Ripe berries not examined, but, according to Dr. Darlington, they form
an ovoid cluster of a reddish orange when mature.

Low grounds, particularly along rivers : valley of the Mohawk, etc. Fl. April —- May.
Fr. September. It is known in some places by the name of Dragon-root.

PELTANDRA. ARACE. 241

2. PELTANDRA. Raf. in jour. de phys. 89. p. 103; Endl. gen. 1685. ARROW ARUM.

[From pelle, a target or shield, and aner, an anther; in allusion to the form of the sterile organs.]

Lecontia, W. Coop., not of A. Rich,

Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, curved at the apex. Spadix covered
with flowers. Perianth none, Anthers sessile, closely covering all the upper part of the
spadix in a tessellated manner, sessile, with 5 — 6 cells surrounding the margin of a thick
truncate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries onc-celled, clustered on the
lower part of the spadix, each containing 5 — 6 sessile erect anatropous ovules. Berry
ovoid, forming a dense greenish cluster, 1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovoid-globose, surrounded
with a very tenacious jelly. Embryo in fleshy albumen. — Stemless herbs, with sagittate

leaves and green spathes.

1. Petranpra Virainica, Raf lc. (Plate CXXIV.) = Arrow-leaved Arum.

Kunth, enum. 3. p. 44. P. undulata, Raf. l.c.; Kunth, l.c. Arum Virginicum, Linn. sp.
2. p. 966; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 399; Ell. sk. 2. p. 630. Calla Virginica, Michx. fl. 2. p. 187;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 348. Lecontia Virginica, Torr. compend. p. 358; Eut. man. (ed. 6.)
p. 200. Caladium Virginicum, Hook. ewot, fl. t. 182. Rensselaria Virginica, Beck, bot.
p. 382 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 530.

Root a tuft of thick fibres. Leaves all radical, 12 — 15 inches long (including the petiole),
of a deep and shining green, hastate-sagittate, acuminate ; the lobes at the base more or less
spreading and of variable breadth, usually obtuse. Scapes several from one root, about the
length of the leaves. Spathe 3-5 inches long, narrow and cylindrical, somewhat fleshy,
closely surrounding the spadix, tapering to an acute point; the margin more or less waved; the
upper part finally separating, and the lower swelling into an ovoid form by the growth of the
fruit. Spadix nearly as long as the spathe, tapering, and covered all over with flowers ; the
stamens occupying the greater portion, and presenting a tessellated appearance. Anthers from
mutual compression presenting the form of elongated hexagons, peltately attached to the axis,
flatly truncate ; the cells close to the margin, but imbedded in the substance of the connective.
Ovaries numerous. Berries in an ovoid head at the extremity of the finally recurved scape,
covered by the persistent base of the spathe, green when ripe.

Swamps and borders of ponds: common. Fl. June — July. Fr. September.

3. CALLA. Linn.; L. C. Rich. in Guill. arch, 1. p. 15. t. 2.; Endl. gen. 1697.

WATER ARUM.
{An ancient name of some plant allied to Arum. ]

Spathe ovate, expanding, persistent. Spadix covered with flowers, which are destitute of a

perianth, and consist of pistils surrounded by stamens. Anthers with slender filaments,
[fora — Vol. 2.] 31

242 ARACE. Catia:

2-celled; the cells distinct, opening longitudinally. Ovaries one-celled, with 5 —6 ana-
tropous ovules : stigma sessile, discoid. Berries distinct, depressed, few-seeded, oblong-
ovoid, striate. Embryo conspicuous, in the axis of a somewhat horny albumen. — An

aquatic herb, with a prostrate and creeping rhizoma, cordate leaves, and a whitish spathe.

1. Catxa paLustris, Linn. Water Arum.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 968; Michx. fl. 2. p. 187; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 399; Bot. mag. ¢t. 1831;

Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 348; Torr. compend. p. 358 ; Beck, bot. p. 382; L. C. Rich. l. c.;
Kunth, enum. 3. p. 59.

Rhizoma thick, jointed. Leaves on long stout footstalks ; the lamina 3 — 5 inches long
and 2-4 inches wide, abruptly acuminate, with an involute mucro; the veins undivided,
and curving from the base to the summit. Scape about as long as the leaves. Spathe 1-2
inches long, spreading or flattish, clasping at the base, with a short abrupt involute point, green
outside, whitish within. Spadix oblong, covered with crowded flowers. Stamens indefinite :
anthers didymous; the cells obliquely attached to the summit of the filament. Berries
ovoid, red.

Sphagnous swamps : frequent in the northern and western parts of the State. The most
southern station known to me is that of Coldenham, in Orange county, where it was found
by Mr. M. B. Halsted. Fl. June. Like many other Aracea, it is acrid, but loses this
quality by drying.

4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb.; O. Rich, gen. N. Am. pl. p. 17 (1814); Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 105; Endl. gen. 1'705.* SKUNK CABBAGE.
[From the Greek words, symploke, connexion, and karpos, fruit; the berries being united.]}

Ictopes, Bigel, Sratuyema, Raf.

Spathe cucullate-shellform, acuminate. Spadix on a short thick peduncle, ovoid-globose,
covered with perfect flowers, which are furnished with a 4-leaved perianth. Stamens 4,
opposite the cucullate leaves of the perianth : anthers 2-celled ; the cells oblong, parallel,
extrorse. Ovary one-celled, with a single anatropous suspended ovule: style 4-angled,
pyramidal: stigma minute. Berries immersed in the spongy spadix, and, with the finally
succulent perianth, forming a kind of compound fruit. Seed ovoid, destitute of albumen,
but with a large fleshy globular embryo, consisting chiefly of radicle, with one or some-
times several plumules. — Fetid stemless herbs, with a straight rhizoma, short nearly
sessile spathe, and entire leaves.

(A Oa ee ee ee ee

* This genus was indicated by R, Brown, in Prodr. p. 337, and the peculiarities of the seed described.

SyMPLOCARPUS. ARACE. 243

1. SympLocarpus ratipus, Salis. Common Skunk Cabbage.

Leaves ovate, cordate ; spadix oval, much shorter than the spathe.—Nutt. gen. 1. p. 105 ;
Bart. veg. mat. med. t.10 and 11; Torr. fl. 1. p. 181; Hook, in bot. mag. t. 3224; Beck,
bot. p. 382; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 112; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 168; Kunth, enum. 3.
p. 84. Dracontium feetidum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 967. Pothos feetidus, Michx. fl. 2. p. 186;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 398; Bot. mag. t. 836. Ictodes feetida, Bigel. med. bot. t. 24, and fl. Bost.
p. 59.

Rhizoma thick, descending, abruptly terminating in whorls of numerous fleshy fibres.
Leaves appearing several weeks after the spathe, and forming large bunches, petiolate; the
lamina from 8 — 18 inches or more in length, with large oblong sheaths. Spathe ovate,
convolute, spotted and striped with purplish brown, green and yellow, incurved at the summit,
of a thick and fleshy texture. Spadix about an inch long, densely covered with purplish
flowers. Leaflets of the perianth cuneate, truncate, fleshy. Stamens a little exserted ; the
anthers oblong, with parallel cells. Ovaries immersed in the spadix; the style straight, 4-sided
and tapering to a point. Seed the size of a large pea, purplish and green; the plumule near
the base.

Low wet grounds: common. JU. February —- March. Fr. September. This plant is
universally known for its rank odor, and, as remarked by Dr. Bigelow, “it is exceedingly
meritorious of the name it bears.” It contains a volatile principle which has not been insulated,
besides the acrid matter which is common to many of the Aracem. The plant is a domestic
remedy for asthma and other spasmodic diseases. A second species (S. Kamtschaticus)
grows on the Northwest Coast.

5. ORONTIUM. Linn.; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 226; Endl. gen. 1706. GOLDEN-CLUB.

[An ancient name, supposed to allude to the river O7ontes.]

Spathe none. Spadix cylindrical, continuous with the scape, covered with perfect flowers.
Sepals 4 — 6, truncate, concave. Stamens 4 - 6; the filaments broad : anthers 2-celled ;
the cells opening from the summit obliquely downward. Ovary one-celled, amphitropous,
transverse. Fruit an utricle. Seed without albumen; the embryo large and fleshy.
Plumule lying in a groove on the outside of the thick radicle-— An aquatic herb, with

entire floating leaves, and the spadix on a long terete peduncle.

]. Orontium aquaticum, Linn. Golden-club. Floating Arum.

Linn, sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 463; Amen. acad. 3. p. 17. 1.1. f.33 Miche. ‘fl. 1. p. 194;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 235; Ell.sk. 1. p. 404; Bart. fl. Am. Sept. 2. t. 37; Hook. exot. fl. t.19;
Lodd, bot. cab. t. 402; Torr. fl. 1. p. 358; Beck, bot. p. 381; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 226;
Kunth, enum. 3. p. 85.

31*

244 ARACEZ. OronTiIvM.

Leaves on long petioles, floating; the lamina varying from oblong-lanceclate to elliptical-
ovate, at first small, but finally 8 - 10 inches long and 2 — 3 inches wide, deep green and
dull above, pale underneath, abruptly coalescing with the petiole. Scape 8 — 18 inches long.
Spadix 1 - 2 inches long, yellow, somewhat tapering ; the lower flowers hexamerous, the
upper tetramerous. Sepals dilated. Stamens about the length of the sepals ; the filaments
broadly flat : anthers of 2 roundish lobes, which open on the margin on the upper part.
Ovary roundish, with a minute sessile stigma. Ovule solitary, arising from the base and
lying transversely. Utricle roundish, the size of a pea, green. Seed surrounded with a
tough gelatinous coat, consisting chiefly of a thick fleshy embryo which is destitute of albumen,
with a large concealed cavity at the summit; the plumule curved in a groove on the outside,
and consisting of three sheathing leaves.

Marshes and pools; chiefly within the limits of salt or brackish water, but occasionally
found in the interior of the State. Fl. April-May Fr. August.

6. ACORUS. Linn.; L. C. Rich. in Guill. arch. 1. p. 22. t. 3; Endl. gen. 1708.
SWEET-FLAG, or CALAMUS.
[From the Greek, a, without, and fore, the pupil of the eye; having been used for sore eyes. ]

Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix terete, covered with perfect flowers.
Calyx of 6 concave sepals. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the sepals; the filaments
linear: anthers reniform, one-celled, opening transversely. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with several
pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell: stigma minute. Fruit baccate or capsular,
gelatinous inside, 1 — few-seeded ; the seed oblong-ovoid. Embryo in the axis of albumen.
— Marsh plants, with a creeping thick aromatic rhizoma, and distichous ensiform leaves.

Spadix lateral from a leaf-like scape, the upper portion of which is regarded as an open
spathe.

1. Acorus Catamus, Linn. Common Calamus, or Sweet Flag.

Scape ancipital, with a very long ensiform leaf-like spathe above the spadix.—Linn. sp. 1.
p. 324; Engl. bot. t. 356; Micha. fl. 1. p. 194; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 235; Ell. sk. 1. p. 408;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 137; Torr. fl. 1. p. 359; Beck, bot. p. 381; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 226 ;
Kunth, enum. 3. p. 87.

Rhizoma branching horizontally, aromatic. Leaves 2 —- 3 feet long and 6 - 8 lines wide.
Scape resembling the leaves, acute on the outer edge, the inner channelled. Spadix sessile,
15-3 inches long, yellowish-green, thickly covered with small flowers in a tessellated
manner. Sepals oblong, thickened at the apex. Capsules 2 —- 3-celled, with several seeds
in each cell.

Wet meadows, and on the borders of rivulets and ponds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr.
August. A well known medicinal plant ; common to Europe and America. It is easily
distinguished from Typha (even when not in flower) by its aromatic odor.

Lemna. LEMNACE. 245

Orver CVII. LEMNACEZE. Duby. Tue Duckweep Triste.

Flowers moncecious, two (rarely one) sterile and one fertile, produced from the
margin of a flat frond, and bursting through a membranous urceolate spathe,
without envelopes ; the sterile consisting of one or two stamens; the fertile of
a one-celled ovary, which contains one or several amphitropous or orthotropous
ovules. Fruit an utricle— Minute floating plants. Fronds destitute of proper
stem and leaves, and chiefly increasing by lateral offsets, with roots suspended
from the bottom of the frond, which are furnished with a calyptra or sheath-
like appendage at the extremity.

The plants of this order are generally regarded as a kind of reduced ARACEE.

1, LEMNA. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 1668. DUCK’S-MEAT.

[Lemna is the Greek name of these little floating plants. ]
Sterile flowers two in each spathe : filaments longer than the style, curved. Style usually

elongated. — In other respects the character is that of the order.

]. Lemna minor, Linn. Lesser Duckweed, or Duckmeat.

Fronds obovate, roundish, thickish; roots solitary. — Engl. bot. t. 1095; Linn. sp. 2. p.
970; Micha. fil. 2. p. 163; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 22; Hook. fl. Lond. t. 120; Ell..sk. 2. p. 518;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 31; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 334; Brongn. in Guill. arch. 2. p. 98. t.12. f. 1;
Schleid. in Linnea, 13. p. 390; Beck, bot. p. 383; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.9; Kunth, enum.
3. p. 4.

Fronds about 2 lines long, often several ina cluster, throwing down from the centre of
each disk underneath a long slender root which consists of a single fibre. Flowers not seen.
In the European plant the seeds are amphitropous and horizontal.

Stagnant waters, covering the surface with a green mantle. I have no North American
specimens cf this plant in flower, and it is therefore still uncertain whether it is the true
LL. minor. According to Hooker, the young fronds constitute the L. arrhiza of French
botanists.

2, LEMNA PERPUSILLA. Smallest Duckweed.

Fronds obovate, thin ; roots solitary ; seed erect.

Root a long solitary fibre. Fronds a line ora line and a half long, bright green on both
sides, grouped or single. Flowers bursting from a cleft in the side of the frond ; the
spathe cyathiform, Stamens one or two in each spathe, arriving at maturity in succession ;
the filaments filiform. Ovary roundish-ovoid, gibbous, obliquely acuminaie, with a short
style which terminates in a simple stigma. Ovule single, anatropous, sessile at the base of
the ovary. Seed oblong, a little compressed, striate, erect ; the testa thick.

246 LEMNACEX. Lemna.

Ponds on Staten Island. Fl. and Fr. August. This species is much smaller than the
usual state of L. minor, and differs essentially in the ovary and fruit. It seems to connect
the genus Wolfia with Lemna.

3. Lemna tTRisuLtca, Linn. Star Duckweed.

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, stipitate, thin, denticulate at the tip; roots solitary.—Linn. sp. 2.
p- 970; Engl. bot. t. 926; Hook. fl. Lond. t.119; Muhl. cat. p. 86; Torr. fl. 1. p. 30;
Beck, bot. p. 383; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.9; Schleid. in Linn. l. c. p. 393; Kunth, enum.
3. p. 5.

Fronds half an inch to three-fourths of an inch long, membranaceous, translucent, atte-
nuated at the base into a stipe or tail, proliferous from the sides near the middle, at right
angles to the primary frond, and thus appearing cruciate. Flowers not seen.

Ponds and stagnant waters. ‘The flowers seem to be produced very seldom, and are very
little known even to European botanists.

4. Lemna cipsBa, Linn. Gibbous Duckweed.

Frond obovate, nearly flat above, hemispherical underneath.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 970 ; Pursh,
fi. 1. p. 22; Torr. fl. 1. p. 31; L. C. Rich. in Guill, arch. 1..p. 200. t. 6 > Brongn. ¢., ¢.1.
p. 99. t.12. f. 2; Wils.2n Hook. bot. misc. 1. p. 145 ; Beck, bot. p. 383. 'Telmatophace
gibba, Schleid. in Linnea, 13. p. 391; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 6.

“Fronds tumid and spongy underneath, each with a single root. Spathe very short.
Stamens 2; the filaments curved : anthers didymous; the cells subglobose. Ovary roundish,
one-celled: style about the length of the ovary: stigma concave, simple. Ovules several,
erect, anatropous. Fruit roundish, indehiscent, somewhat compressed. Seeds 1 — 5, ovoid ;
testa coriaceous, costate.” L. C. Richard.

Stagnant waters near Liverpool, Onondaga county : found in flower (Pursh). Braddock’s
Bay, Lake Ontario : not in flower.

5. Lemna potyrruiza, Linn. Greater Duckweed.

Fronds roundish-obovate, palmately veined, flat above, slightly convex underneath ; roots
numerous, fasciculate.—Lznn. sp. 2. p. 970; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 22; Engl. bot. t. 2458 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 519; Torr. fl. 1. p. 31; Beck, bot. p. 383; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 9. Spirodela
polyrrhiza, Schleid. l. c. p. 392; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 7.

Fronds 3 — 4 lines long, succulent, throwing down a tuft of roots from near the centre ;
the under surface often dark purple. ‘Stamens 2. Ovary with 2 erect anatropous ovules.”
Schleiden.

Stagnant waters : much less common than L. minor. Never yet found in flower in North
America.

Typna. TYPHACKH 2. 247

Orpen CVIIL TYPHACEAN. Juss | me feaC ta anian Dates

Flowers in dense spikes or heads, moncecious, without a perianth, but inter-
mixed with scales or bristles. Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct, or
united below : anthers erect, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a single sus-
pended anatropous ovule: style simple : stigma lanceolate, unilateral. Fruit
dry and indehiscent. Seed with a thin membranaceous testa : embryo straight,
in the axis of fleshy albumen.— Aquatic or marsh plants, with alternate linear
entire leaves, the bases of which at first sheathe the inflorescence like a spathe,

1. TYPHA. Linn.; L. C. Rich. in Guill. arch, de bot.1. p.193 t.5; Endl. gen. 1709.

CAT-TAIL, REED-MACE.
[ Typhos is the Greek name for a bog-marsh. ]

Flowers in a long dense cylindrical spike. Srerive ry. above naked : stamens numerous,
intermixed with simple hairs, inserted directly on the rachis or axis ; the filaments slender,
simple, or 2 — 3 - 4-forked at the summit. FeErrriie ru. on the same axis with the sterile,
and immediately below them, or with a naked part of the axis between. Ovaries numerous,
either seated immediately on the rachis, or several together on little processes of the same,
surrounded with numerous clavate bristles. Fruit oblong, very small, stipitate. — Marsh
plants, with a thick creeping rhizoma, and simple, cylindrical, culm-like stalks which are

destitute of joints. Leaves erect, very long.

1. Typna Latirouia, Linn. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Reed-mace.

Leaves somewhat cuneiform, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes closely approximated. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 971; Engl. bot. t. 1455; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 34; Ell. sk. 2. p. 520; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 339; Torr. compend. p. 333; L. C. Rich. l.c.; Beck, bat. p. 380; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 519; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 90.

Stems clustered, 4 — 5 feet high, leafy at the base. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch
wide. Inflorescence consisting of two closely approximated spikes or spadices on the upper
part of one scape; the flowers of both kinds innumerable. Sterile spike appearing shagg
from the projecting stamens. Anthers linear, yellowish-brown. Fertile spike 6 — 8 lines in
diameter, of a brownish color, very dense.

Borders of ponds and swamps: common. Fil. June - July. Fr. September. The leaves
are used for making the bottoms of chairs, but not so frequently as those of the Scirpus
triqueter ; and also by coopers, who place them between the staves of casks to prevent
leakage. The hairs of the fruit are also employed as a substitute for feathers in beds, but
they are heavy, and soon lose their elasticity. ‘The plant is found in most parts of the world,

248 TYPHACE. Typna.

2, Typna aNcustiro.ia, Linn. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail.

Leaves flat above, channelled toward the base ; staminate and pistillate distant. — Linn.
sp. 2. p. 971; Engl. bot. t. 1456; Pursh, fl.1. p. 34; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 340; Torr.
compend. p. 323; Beck, bot. p. 380; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 520; Kunth, syn. 3. 91.

Stems and spikes much more slender, and the leaves narrower than in the preceding species ;
- the naked space between the two spikes varying from 2 inches to about half an inch.

Borders of ponds and swamps. Fl. June. Fr. September. Richard (J. c.) remarks, that
he has found, in the same swamps, and side by side, specimens that seemed to connect these
two species of Typha ; some of them having narrow leaves with the spikes close together,
and others broad leaves with the spikes separated. I have also found similar intermediate
forms in New-York. As to the flowering of the two species, there seems to be no essential
difference.

2. SPARGANIUM. Tourn. ; Mirb. in ann. du mus. 16. t. 18; Endl. gen. 1710.

BUR-REED.
[From the Greek, sparganon, a fillet or band; in allusion to its narrow leaves. ]}

Flowers in dense globose heads, intermixed with membranaceous scales (abortive stamens *);
the upper ones sterile, and the lower fertile. Stamens numerous ; the accompanying scales
irregularly disposed : filaments slender : anthers oblong or linear-oblong, 2-celled. Pistils
numerous, sessile, each surrounded with 3-6 scales which resemble a perianth : style
short : stigma linear-lanceolate, unilateral. Fruit sessile-— Marsh plants, with fibrous roots.
Stem simple, or branched above. Heads arranged at intervals on the simple or branching

summit of the stem or rachis.

lL. Sparcanrum ramosum, fHuds. Branching Bur-reed.

Stem erect, branching above ; leaves triangular at the base, the sides concave; stigma
linear; scales of the fertile heads thickened and dilated at the summit. — Huds. fl. Angl. p.
401; Engl. bot. t. 745; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 33; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 203; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 339;
Torr. compend. p. 333; Beck, bot. p. 379 ; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 89. 8. erectum, Linn. sp.
(cd. 2.) 2. p. 1878.

Stem erect, 14 — 2 feet high, terete, dividing above into several flowering branches which
are a little flexuous at the divisions. Leaves 12 - 18 inches long and 4 — 6 lines wide, several
at the root and lower part of the stem, and one below cach of the principal heads, which are
of the nature of spathes. Heads sessile, alternate, consisting of numerous naked flowers
mixed with scales, and clustered on a small roundish receptacle ; the sterile ones smaller and
more numerous than the fertile. Filaments long and capillary : anthers linear-oblong. Scales
of the sterile heads cuncate-obovate ; of the fertile dilated at the summit, and thickened in
the middle. Stigmas often 2, longer than the style.

Ditches and borders of swamps: common. Fl. July. Fr. September. Our plant is not
usually so much branched as the European.

SPARGANIUM. TYPHACE. 249

2. SpaARGANIUM SIMPLEX, Huds. Smaller Bur-reed.

Stem erect, simple or nearly so ; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat ; stigma linear;
scales of the fertile heads not dilated at the summit. — Huds. fl. Angl. p. 401; Engl. bot. t.
745 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 34; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 169; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 89. S. erectum,
B. Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) p. 1378. S. Americanum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 203; Beck, bot. p. 380;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 520; Kunth, l. c.

var.? angustifolium : leaves very narrow, floating ; scales of the fertile heads dilated at the
summit. S. angustifolium, Miche. fl. 2. p. 189; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 339? S. natans, 8.
angustifolium, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 34; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 89. 8S. natans, Beck, bot. p. 380;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 169?

Stem 9 — 18 inches long, slender, mostly simple, but sometimes a little branched. Leaves
2 — 4 lines wide (narrowest in the floating variety), the lower ones considerably overtopping
the stem. Fertile heads usually 2, sometimes 3 or only one: scales scarious, oblong, in (3.
dilated at the summit. Style shorter than the narrow stigma. Fruit obovoid, acuminate with
the persistent style, the upper part solid and corky, the lower part indurated and containing
the seed. Embryo slender, in the axis of farinaceous albumen.

Ponds, lakes, and slow-flowing streams, in the interior of the State, particularly in the
western counties. July - August.

The plant which is considered by most of our botanists as S. s¢mplex, is the S. Americanum
of Nuttall, but I have not been able to find characters that will distinguish ours from the
European species. I am also in doubt, for want of sufficient materials, what dependence is
to be placed on the form of the floral scales as a mark of distinction. The floating form of
the plant seems to be a mere variety, but it may prove to be identical with S. natans of
Europe. It is not probable S. angustifolium of R. Brown is the same species as Michaux’s.

Orver CIX. NAJADACEZ. Juss. ‘Tue Ponpweep Trips.

Flowers usually diclinous, sometimes perfect, naked, or rarely furnished with a
regular perianth. Ovaries superior, 1 — 4 distinct : stigma simple or peltate.
Ovule solitary, suspended, orthotropous (very rarely erect and anatropous).
Fruit a little nut or indehiscent capsule. Seed with a very thin membrana-
ceous testa, destitute cf albumen.— Aquatic plants, with simple cellular leaves
and sheathing spathe-like stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, often in spikes or
on a kind of spadix, sometimes axillary.

{FLora — Vol. 2.] 32

250 NAJADACE. Nagas.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1. Nagas. Flowers dicecious, mostly solitary, axillary, naked: the sterile consisting of a solitary stamen; the fertile of
a pistil containing a single ovule. Style short: stigmas 2 — 3 or rarely 4, subulate.

2, Zostera. Flowers monecious, naked, in two rows on a linear spadix. Style single: stigmas 2,

3. Ruppia. Flowers perfect, 2 or several on a spadix, naked, with 4 stamens and 4 ovaries ; the latter at first sessile,
but in fruit on long pedicels.

4, 'ZANNICHELLIA- Flowers moneecious, naked, axillary : the sterile solitary, or consisting of a single stamen; the
fertile 2 - 6 from a short cup-like sheath, nearly sessile: stigma peltate.

5. Poramoceron. Flowers perfect, sessile, in spikes. Perianth of 4 scales, Stigma simple. Pistils 4, which become
4 small nuts,

1, NAJAS. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 111. WATER-NYMPH.
[So named from the Latin, mais, a water nymph; in allusion to its place of growth.]

Flowers dicecious, naked; the staminate reduced to a single stamen, each included in a
calyptriform spatha : anthers at first nearly sessile, but the filament is elongated after
flowering, either 4-celled and bursting at the summit by 4 revolute valves, or 1 — 2-celled :
pollen globose. Fertile flowers reduced to asingle pistil, without a spatha. Ovary sessile :
ovule erect, anatropous : styie short: stigmas 2 — 3, subulate. Fruit drupaceous, a little
nut enclosed ina loose epicarp, the shell crustaceous. Seed conformed to the nucule,
straight, the radicular extremity inferior—Submersed aquatic herbs, with slender branching
stems, and ternate or opposite sessile leaves which are dilated and sheathing at the base.

Flowers axillary, mostly solitary, inconspicuous.

1. Nagas Canapensis, Michz. Canadian Water-nymph.

Leaves narrowly linear, membranaceous, fasciculate in the axils, one-nerved, remotely and
minutely spinutose-denticulate or entire ; sheaths denticulate ; style unequally 4-cleft; nut
elliptical-fusiform, thin and crustaceous. — Miche. fl. 2. p. 220; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 620; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am, 2. p.170. t. 184; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 115. Caulinia flexilis, Willd. in act. acad.
Berol. 1798, p. 89. t. 1. f. 1; Pursh, l.c.1. p.2; Muhl. cat. p. 86; Torr. compend. p. 330;
Ell. sk.2. p. 515; Beck, bot. p. 114; Kunth, l. c. (in part).

Annual? Stem 6-18 inches long, much branched in a dichotomous manner. Leaves
opposite, but appearing verticillate from the short leafy branches in the axils, half an inch to
an inch long and scarcely a line wide, marked with an indistinct midrib, the margin (particu-
larly towards the apex) very finely denticulate, spreading and more or less recurved. Sterile
flowers not seen. Fertile flowers sessile in the axils, solitary, but sometimes several approxi-
mated, lanceolate, tapering to the summit, and ending in 4 subulate unequal stigmas : ovule
arising from the base, sessile. I*ruit apparently an utricle, containing a narrow smooth seed ;
but, according to most authors, the latter is a nucule, the endocarp of which has separated at
an early stage from the membranaceous epicarp : shell (testa?) pale brown, slightly pointed

i 2°

Nagas. NAJADACE. 251

at each end. ‘Testa (or rather tegmen?) very thin. Embryoa fleshy mass entirely filling
the shell, the lower end the radicular.

Ponds and slowly flowing waters : common. July — September.

Willdenow separated from Najas several species, of which he formed his genus Caulinia,
and some distinguished botanists have adopted it; but R. Brown and Kunth have reunited
the two genera. J have but once seen what I take to be the staminate flowers of the American
plant, but have not had an opportunity of examining those of any foreign species of Najas.
In Caulinia, according to Endlicher, the ovary is invested with an adherent cellular tunic,
which is not the case in Najas. If there is such a tunic in N. Canadensis, perhaps the two
longer and exterior of the subulate bodies that I have considered divisions of the style, belong
to it, while the shorter ones (which have certainly a more stigmatose look than the others)
are the real styles or stigmas.

2, ZOSTERA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1659. GRASS-WRACK,

[From the Greek word zoster, signifying a girdle or ribbon, which the leaves somewhat resemble. ]

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, naked and without bracts, seated in two rows on the side of
a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile, opening longitudinally ; the pollen confervoid. Pistils
alternating with the anthers, ovate: style subulate : stigmas 2, capillary. Ovule pendulous,
orthotropous. Utricle membranaceous, bursting irregularly. Seed pendulous, globose.—
A marine submersed herb, with a jointed creeping rhizoma, and very long linear and narrow

leaves. Spadix arising from a sheathing base of the leaf.

1. ZosTerA MARINA, Linn. Eel-grass. Common Grass-wrack.

Leaves somewhat 3-nerved, entire ; stem roundish. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 968; Engl. bot. t.
467; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 2; Ell. sk. 2. p. 514; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 334; Torr. compend.
p. 330; Beck, bot. p. 384; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 116.

Perennial. Stems rooting at the joints. Leaves 1 - 2 feet or more in length and usually
about two lines wide, rather obtuse, membranaceous. ‘ Spadix linear, arising from a sheathing
portion of the leaf, which thus forms the spathe. Flowers green. Pistils and anthers alter-
nate ; generally 2 anthers and then one pistil, both ovate or oblong-ovate.” Hooker.

Saltwater bays, and thrown upon the seashore in great abundance during storms. I have
never found it in flower. In Europe it is employed for packing bottles and earthenware, as

well as for mattrasses.
Ayhs

252 NAJADACE. Ruppia.

3. RUPPIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1661. DITCH-GRASS.
[Named in honor of Henry Bernarp Ruppivs, a German botanist. ]

Flowers perfect, 2 or more ona spadix, naked. Stamens 2, opposite : anthers large, peltate,
clasping the spadix, 2-celled; the cells paratlel, disjointed, opening horizontally by two
valves : pollen elongated, curved, with three protuberances. Ovaries mostly 4, at first
sessile, stipitate in fruit : stigma sessile, peltate. Ovule pendulous, campulitropous. Fruit
drupaceous, on long pedicels, obliquely ovoid, more or less beaked ; the endocarp thin and
crustaceous. — A floating herb, growing in salt or brackish water, with slender branching
stems and linear entire leaves. Flowers on a spadix, which is at first short and included in

the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, but finally becomes much elongated.

1. Ruppia maritima, Linn. Ditch-grass.

Linn. sp. 1. p. 127; Hook. in fl. Lond. t. 50; Miche. fl.1. p. 102; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 121;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 581; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 64; Torr. compend. p. 89; Beck, bot. p. 385 ; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 170; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 123.

Perennial. Stems of variable length. Leaves linear-setaceous, alternate, 1-3 inches
long, much dilated and sheathing at the base. Spadix included in the transparent sheath, at
first sessile, but in fruit elevated on a filiform peduncle which is from 2-6 inches long.
Flowers 2 on each spadix, consisting of 2 sessile anthers each of which is 2-celled, or,
according to others, of 4 one-celled anthers, surrounding 4 minute sessile ovaries. Anther-
cells roundish, opening transversely by 2 hemispherical valves. Ovaries very minute, usually
4, but sometimes 3 or 5. After flowering, the base of the spadix elongates, and supports the
fruit on slender pedicels. Drupes olive-green, smooth, acuminate with a short oblique beak.
Epicarp thick and crustaceous, black.

In saltwater bays and ditches : common in the neighborhood of New-York and on Long
Island. June — August.

4. ZANNICHELLIA. Michz.; Endl. gen. 1662. HORNED PONDWEED.
[In honor of Joun Jerome ZANNICHELLI, a Venetian botanist. ]}

Flowers monecious, naked, without bracts. Sterile flowers consisting of a single stamen :
filament slender: anther of 2 oblong parallel cells ; the connective produced at the summit.
Fertile flowers consisting of 2 — 4 sessile pistils, arising from a cupshaped sheath, tapering
upward into a short style : stigma large and disk-form. Ovule pendulous, orthotropous.
Fruit ona short stipe, obliquely oblong, rostrate, somewhat coriaceous. — A submersed
aquatic herb, with a branching slender stem, narrow linear entire leaves, and solitary

axillary flowers.

ZANNICHELLIA. NAJADACEZ. 253

1. ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Horned Pondweed.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 969; Engl. bot. t. 1844: Pursh, fl. 1. p.4; MuAl. cat. p. 86; Torr.
compend. p. 330; Beck, bot. p. 384; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.170; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 124.
Z. intermedia, Torr. 1. c.; Beck, l. c.

Annual. Stem submerged, filiform, much branched. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, extremely
narrow, entire. Flowers moncecious, usually both kinds from one axil. Stamen longer than
the pistils; the filament slender: anthers large, 2-celled; the connective produced beyond
the cells into a short point. Ovaries usually 4, but sometimes 2, 3 or 5, arising froma
membranaceous cupshaped involucre, which is 2-lobed at the orifice : stigmas excentrically
peltate, obliquely inserted on the style, repandly toothed or entire. Fruit a little incurved ;
the sides compressed, mostly entire, but sometimes a little toothed on the back ; the persis-
tent style or beak variable in length, sometimes as long as the fruit, at other times much
shorter : epicarp membranaccous : endocarp coriaceo-crustaceous, thin. Seed oblong, cy-
lindrical : integument simple, membranaceous. Embryo with the radicular extremity inferior
and somewhat bulbous; the upper extremity (cotyledonous) tapering to a long point, and

circinately involute.
Ponds and slow-flowing waters, often in those which are brackish. Staten Island, &c. Near

Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartweil). Lake Champlain (Mr. Oakes). Fl. July — August.

5. POTAMOGETON. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1664. PONDWEED.

{From the Greek words potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbor; in allusion to its place of growth.]

Flowers perfect. Perianth 4-leaved ; the estivation valvate. Scpals unguiculate. Stamens
4: filaments short : anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Pistils 4, sessile, convex on
the back : style short or none : stigma simple : ovule ascending. Nucules 4, compressed,
tricarinate; the shell coriaceous or ligneous. Seed curved, with a thin testa. — Aquatic
herbs ; the leaves submerged, or the upper ones floating, distichous, alternate or rarely

opposite, membranaceous. Flowers in pedunculate axillary or terminal spikes.

§ 1. Stipules connate, free from the petiole.

* Upper leaves floating, broadcr than the submersed ones.
1. PoramoGreton natans, Linn. Broad-leaved Floating Pondweed.

Stem simple; leaves on long petioles, many-nerved ; the floating ones (large) ovate or
oblong, coriaceous, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; the submersed ones linear or
lanceolate, membranaccous (often wanting); fruit keeled. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 126; Engl. bot.
t. 1822; Michx. fl. 1. p. 101; Pursh, fl. 1. p.120; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.63; Torr. fi. 1.

254 NAJADACE. PoTaMOGETON.

p. 196; Cham. g- Schlecht. in Linnea, 2. p. 217; Beck, bot. p. 385; Kunth, enum. 3.
pA2T,

var. fluitans : floating leaves elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, coriaceous, tapering at the
base, longer than the petiole ; submersed ones very thin, membranaceous and sessile, linear,
with many narrow reticulations along the midrib. — P. fluitans, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 120; Ell.
sk.-2. p. 221; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.63; Torr. fl. 1. p. 196; Beck, bot. p. 385. P. rufescens,
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 172.

Perennial. Stem varying in length according to the depth of the water. Floating leaves
variable in size and form, but usually from 2-3 inches long and 1 ~ 2 inches broad; in the
proper P. natans, mostly obtuse at the base and often cordate; but in the variety rather acute
or tapering at the base, marked with numerous parallel veins wuich extend from the base to
the apex, acute or obtuse, mostly of a firm texture and opake : submerged leaves much
narrower and thinner than the floating ones, sometimes altogether wanting ; the reticulations
along each side of the midrib elongated, particularly in the var. fluztans. Stipules conspi-
cuous, ovate or lanceolate, acute. Peduncles sheathed at the base by the stipules, longer or
shorter than the leaves, often stouter than the stem. Spike about an inch long, closely covered
with flowers. Sepals roundish. Fruit laterally compressed, slightly margined on the back ;
the longitudinal section, as in most of the species, exhibiting the appearance of the human ear
in miniature.

Slow streams and ponds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. August - September.

The plant which is called by most of our botanists P. fluitans, I have little doubt is only
a variety of P. natans. It is perhaps also P. rufescens of Schreb. & Chamisso. The species
of this section are extremely difficult to characterize, and it is possible that most of them are
states of P. natans.

2. PoTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb. ? Various-leaved Pondweed.

Stem branching ; floating leaves elliptical, on long petioles, slightly coriaceous, many-nerved,
rather obtuse at the base ; submerged ones lanceolate, very thin, obscurely 5-nerved, without
linear reticulations along the midrib; peduncles much thicker than the stem, somewhat swollen
upward ; spikes cylindrical, dense. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 172? P. Proteus, var.
heterophyllus, Cham. g Schlecht. l. c. ?

Stem usually slender, more or less branching. Floating leaves (sometimes wanting), 1 - 12
inch long and 4 — 5 lines wide, acute, rather obtuse at the base ; the petioles about the length
of the lamina : submerged leaves 1 — 2 inches long, variable in breadth, but always more or
less lanceolate ; the linear reticulations along the midrib either wanting, or minute and
obscure. Spikes about an inch long, thick, mostly shorter than the leaves. Fruit roundish-
ovoid, compressed, slightly crested on the back.

Slow streams and lakes: rather frequent, particularly in the western part of the State.
Fl. July. Fr. August.

PoraMocETON. NAJADACEZ. 255

3. PoramoGETon uysrinus, Micha. Small Floating Pondweed.

Stem sparingly branched, filiform ; floating leaves (small) oval, coriaceous, petiolate, 5 — '7-
nerved ; submerged leaves setaceously linear; spikes short, dense ; the peduncle thick and
somewhat clavate ; fruit crested, very obtuse, flat on the sides. — Miche. fl. 2. p. 101;
Cham. g- Schlecht. l.c. p. 208. t.5. f.17; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 132. P. diversifolium,
Bart. compend. fl. Phil. 1. p. 96. and fl. Amer. Sept. 3.t. 84; Torr. fl. 1. p. 197; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p.172. P. porcatum, Muhl. cat.p.177? P. heterophyllum, Pursh, 1. p. 120;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 2227; Beck, bot. p. 385, not of Willd.

A slender neat species. Floating leaves from three-fourths to an inch in length, distinctly
7-nerved, rather obtuse ; the petiole shorter than the lamina: submerged leaves scarcely a
line wide, 1 —2 inches long, 1-nerved, veinless, without linear reticulations. Stipule lanceolate.
Spikes about one-third of an inch long, on short thick peduncles. Fruit minute, roundish-
truncate, keeled and somewhat winged on the back. Seed cochleate, forming nearly two
complete turns.

Shallow slow streams: frequent. 7. July. Fr. August. This species resembles P.
natans in miniature. The fruit differs from that of most other species ; a cross section of it
exhibits three portions of the seed,

** Leaves all submerged and similar (the upper ones sometimes petiolate), membranaccous and pellucida, reticulately nerved,

4. PoramMoGEToN LucEeNs, Linn. Shining Pondweed.

Leaves elliptical and elliptical-lanceolate ; the upper ones sometimes petiolate, mucronate,
coarsely reticulated, the nerves arising from the midrib ; spikes cylindrical, dense, supported
on thick peduncles ; fruit compressed, slightly carinate-—Linn. sp. 1. p. 126; Miche. fl. 2.
gp 101% Pursh, fi, V.<p. 120; Torr. ft. 1. p. 197; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 63 ; Beck; bot.
p. 386 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 116; Kunth, enum. 3. p.132. P. Proteus, Cham. g. Schlecht.
lc. p. 196. t. 5. f. 16.

A polymorphous species. Stem a little penne rather slender. Leaves usually all
submersed, thin and shining, 2 — 4 inches long; the upper often abruptly narrowed at the base
into a petiole, from three-quarters of an inch to more than an inch wide, mucronate and often
acuminate, marked with 12-17 nerves which are connected by strong transverse veins :
petiole half an inch to an inch long : submersed leaves lanceolate, sessile but attenuate at the
base. Stipules elongated and narrow. Peduncles shorter, or sometimes much longer than
the leaves, usually much stouter than the stem. Spikes about an inch long.

Small streams and outlets of lakes. JF. August. Fr. September. The lower leaves are
usually sessile and lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, but often (in shallow water) they are
petiolate ; sometimes very large (5 — 6 inches long), at other times quite small. They are
spreading or recurved. ‘The margin is slightly rough.

256 NAJADACE. PoTaMoGETON.

5. PoTaMoGETON PERFOLIATUS, Linn. Perfoliate Pondweed.

Stem somewhat branched ; leaves all submersed, oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat cordate
at the base, sessile and clasping, membranaceous and pellucid, a little rough on the margin;
spikes oblong, few-flowered ; fruit slightly keeled.—Lznn. sp. 1. p. 126; Micha. fl. 2. p.101;
Pursh, fil. 1. p. 120; Yorr. fl. 1. p. 197; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.63; Cham. ¢- Schlecht.t..c.
p. 188. t. 5. f. 13; Beck, bot. p. 386; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.115; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 172; Kunth, syn. 3. p. 133.

Stem slender, dichotomously branched. Leaves usually about an inch long, sometimes
ovate-lanceolate and acute, slightly waved on the margin, obscurely marked with 5 — 7 larger
and several intermediate nerves. Stipules membranaceous and pellucid like the leaves, often
“ wanting. Peduncles stout, about an inch long. Fruit obliquely ovate, the sides compressed ;
the seed uncinately curved.

Ponds and streams : common. 7. August. Fr. September.

*** Leaves all submersed and linear,
6. PorTAMOGETON ZOSTERIFOLIUS, Schumach. Grass-leaved Pondweed.

Stem flatly compressed, branching ; leaves all linear and grass-like, pellucid, with three
primary and many smaller nerves, acuminate ; spikes cylindrical, on longish thick peduncles.
—Cham. §- Schlecht. 1. c. p. 182. t. 4. f. 10; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 172; Kunth, enum.
8. p. 184. P. compressum, Torr: fl. 1. p. 198. P. acutifolium, H. H. Hat, in Trans.
journ. med. March, 1832, not of Link. P. Robbinsii, Oakes in Hovey’s mag. May, 1841?

Stem almost winged, 2-4 feet long. Leaves 3 - 6 inches long and a line and a half or
2 lines wide, with a small abrupt acumination, marked with 3 pretty strong nerves besides
many much finer ones, but with very obscure connecting veins. Stipules free. Spike 6 —9
lines long, on short peduncles which vary from 1 — 2 inches in length. Fruit obovate, some-
what lenticular, apiculate at the summit ; the keel obtuse.

In the Hudson river above the Highlands, and in the western part of the State. Fl. August,
Fr. September.

7. PoramoGcEtTon pusiLius, Linn. Small Pondweed.

Stem somewhat compressed ; leaves narrowly linear, 3 — 5-nerved, with distant and obscure
connecting veins, rather obtuse, pellucid; spikes oblong, few-flowered, somewhat interrupted,
much shorter than the peduncles.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 127; Cham. § Schlecht. 1. c. p. 170. t. 4.
f.5; Kunth, enum, 3. p. 136.

Stem branching, slender, flexuous. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long, about a line and a half wide,
mostly 5-nerved. Stipules membranaceous, large, obtuse, with a minute callosity or gland at
the base on each side. Spikes about half an inch long, mostly 6-flowered. Peduncles an
inch or more in length, thicker than the stem. ‘“ Fruit elliptical, oblique, the sides convex,
apiculate, with a very short style : keel obtuse.” Cham. §- Schlecht.

PoTaMOGETON. NAJADACE#. 257

Crooked lake (Dr. Sartwell). Fl. August. I have not seen the ripe fruit of this plant, but
there can be little doubt of its being the P. pusillus of Chamisso and Schlechtendal, the var.
A. (/. c.) agreeing very minutely with our specimens.

8. PoramocreTon paucirLorus, Pursh. Few-flowered Pondweed.

Stem slender, much branched, compressed ; leaves very narrow and linear, acute, membra-
naceous, 3-nerved without connecting veins; spikes capitate, few- (4 — 6-) flowered ; fruit
obovoid, convex on the side, apiculate at the summit, cristate on the back. — Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 121; Torr. fl. l. p. 98; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 64; Cham. §- Schlecht. l. c. p.176. t. 4. f.'7;
Beck, bot. p. 386; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 116; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 136. P. gramineum,
Miche. fil. 1. p. 102.

A very slender species, wholly submersed ; the stem almost filiform. Leaves 1 - 2 inches
long, and rarely more than a line wide ; the lateral nerves indistinct. Stipuies membranaceous,
obtuse or mucronulate, linear-oblong, furnished with a very minute gland on each side at the
base. Spikes very short, seldom more than 6-flowered, on a clavate peduncle about half an
inch long. Fruit rather large for the size of the plant, somewhat acuminate, distinctly crested
on the back ; the shell thick and hard.

Ponds, lakes and slow streams. August. Distinguished from the preceding by its smaller
stems, narrower leaves, short capitate few-flowered spikes, and crested fruit.

§ 2. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves, which are all submerged and similar in form.

9. PoTAMOGETON PECTINATUS, Linn. Fennel-leaved Pondweed.

Leaves setaceous-filiform, channelled, with a longitudinal cavity each side of the midrib ;
spikes on long peduncles, interrupted.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 127; Pursh fl. 1. p.121; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 198; Cham. § Schlecht. l.c. p. 164.t. 4. f.2; Beck, bot. p. 386; Kunth, enum.
3. p.137. P. marinum, Linn. l.c.; Micha. fl. 1.p.102. P. exstipulatum, Mul. cat. p. 17.

Stem filiform, much branched, dichotomous. Leaves distichous, very numerous, very
slender, with a tube-like cavity running the whole length on each side of the midrib, attenuated
to a fine point. Stipules membranaceous, adnate to the base of the leaf, and forming a
sheath. Peduncles mostly elongated. Spike three-fourths of an inch to an inch long, with
distinct intervals (which are sometimes considerable) between the clusters of flowers.

Saltwater ditches and shallow bays, near New-York, and on Long Island. Also in fresh
water, near Watertown (Dr. Gray). Fl. August. Fr. October.

[FLora — Vol 2.] 33

258 ALISMACE. ALI8MA.

Group 2. Flowers not arranged on a spadix, furnished with a double perianth
consisting of calyx and corolla. Ovaries 3 — 6 or numerous, free, distinct or
more or less united. — Herbs, growing in water or in swamps.

Orver CX. ALISMACEA. L. C. Rich. Tue Warer-Piantain TRIBE.

Flowers regular, perfect or polygamous, furnished with distinct calyx and
corolla. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 6 — 12, or numer-
ous : anthers in the perfect flowers introrse. Ovaries numerous or rarely few,
one-celled, with one or rarely two campylotropous ovules in each : styles
distinct, persistent. Carpels usually distinct and crowded in a head, or dis-
posed in a circle, dry, 1-celled, indehiscent, mostly one-seeded. Embryo
curved like a horseshoe, without albumen. — Marsh or aquatic plants, with
fasciculate roots. Leaves radical, with long petioles which are sheathed at
the base, and a flat lamina.

1. ALISMA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1041. WATER PLANTAIN.

[Said to be derived from the Celtic word alis, water; which is its place of growth.]

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3, deciduous; the estivation involute.
Stamens 6 (rarely more). Ovaries numerous, disposed in a circle, or crowded in a head:
stigmas simple. Carpels distinct, mucronate or awned with the persistent style. — Marsh
or aquatic plants, mostly stemless. Flowers pedicellate, usually in verticillate panicles or

racemes, white or rose-colored.

1. Auisma Prantaco, Linn. Common Water Plantain.

Stemless ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute ; stamens 6 ; scape many-flowered, with compound
whorled branches ; carpels 12 — 20, obliquely obovate, obtuse. —Linn. sp. 1. p. 342; Miche.
fl. 1. p. 218; Torr. fl. 1. p. 381; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 144; Beck, bot. p. 378; Hook. fi.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 68; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 148. A. trivialis & parviflora, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 252;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 4384. A. parviflora, Kunth, 1. c.

Root fibrous, perennial. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, mostly ovate and more or
less cordate at the base, 3-6 inches long, mostly 9-nerved; the petiole longer than the
lamina. Scape 1 - 2 feet high, obtusely triangular, much branched in a verticillate manner,
with small ovate acuminate bracts at the divisions. Calyx much smaller than the corolla ;
the sepals ovate. Petals orbicular, usually white, but sometimes pale rose-color. Stamens
shorter than the corolla. Carpels arranged in a circle, and forming an obtusely triangular
truncate head.

ALISMA. ALISMACE. 259
Borders of ponds, and overflowed miry places. Fv. July - August. Fr. September.

Variable in size, and in the number of nerves in the leaves. I can discover no essential
difference between the European plant and ours, though Pursh considered them distinct, and
even made two distinct species of the latter.

2. SAGITTARIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1042. ARROWHEAD.

[From sagitta, the Latin for arrow ; the leaves being mostly of that form.]

Flowers usually moneecious or polygamo-moneecious. Calyx of 3 persistent sepals. Petals
3, deciduous; the estivation imbricate. Stamens numerous. Ovaries very numerous,
.crowded into a head, distinct, each with a single erect campulitropous ovule. Carpels
compressed, rostrate with the short persistent style-—— Marsh or aquatic plants, with radical
petiolate and mostly sagittate or hastate leaves and a milky juice. Scapes many-flowered,

with the flowers usually verticillate in threes ; the staminate ones above.

1. SaAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA, Linn. Common Arrowhead.

Leaves sagittate, or sometimes entire ; scape simple. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 993; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 167.

var. 1. vulgaris: leaves ovate, acute or acuminate ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, straight,
acuminate. — Hook,l.c. S. sagittifolia, Michx. fl. 2. p.189; Pursh, fl.2. p. 395; Ell. sk.
2. p. 589; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 344; Beck, bot. p. 377; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 528.

var. 2. latifolia: leaves very large and broad, more or less obtuse; the lobes ovate-
lanceolate and spreading. — Torr. compend. p. 355; Beck, l.c.; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 156.
P. sagittifolia, var. macrophylla, Hook, . c. S. latifolia, Willd. sp. 4. p. 408; Pursh, fl. 2.

p. 396.

var. 3. hastata: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lobes divaricate, lanceolate, elongated ;
flowers mostly dicecious. — Torr. 1. c.; Beck, l.c.; Kunth, l.c. 8S. hastata, Pursh, l. c. ;
Bieta,

var. 4. gracilis : leaves lanceolate-linear ; the Jobes much divaricate, linear, very long,
acute, or sometimes wanting.— Torr. l. c.; Beck, 1 c.; Kunth, l.c. S. gracilis, Pursh, 1. c.
S. heterophylla.

var. 5. pubescens : leaves and scape pubescent — Torr.1.c. ; Beck, l. c. ; Darlingt. l.c.;
Kuni, ic. ©. pubescens, Pursh, 1. ¢.; Kunth, L. c.

var. 6. simplex: leaves all with the lamina linear-lanceolate, and destitute of lobes. —
Hook. 1. c. S. simplex; S. graminea; and 8S. acutifolia, Pursh, 1. c.; Kunth, l. c.

var. 7. rigida : leaves narrowly lanceolate, very acute at each end, carinate below. S.
rigida, Pursh, l. c.

Root perennial, consisting of thick fibres, and producing oval fleshy tubers which abound in
starch. Leaves extremely variable ; the lamina being sometimes 8 — 10 inches long (including

33*

260 ALISMACE. SAGITTARIA.

the lobes), and 2 — 6 inches wide ; but in var. 4, much smaller : in 6th var. it is reduced to
an undivided blade sometimes not more than 2 — 3 lines wide. Scape 6 inches high; the
flowers pedicellate, in whorls of 3 together. Pedicels bracteate at the base, from one-fourth
of an inch to an inch or more in length. Petals orbicular, large and white, very thin and
fugacious. Stamens very numerous. Ovaries crowded, in depressed globose heads.

Low watery places: common. Fl. July - August. Fr. September. I am convinced that
all the above forms belong to one species, as they pass by insensible gradations into each other.
The most remarkable variety is the one which I take to be S. rigida of Pursh. It grows in
pretty deep water, but does not float. The whole plant, except the small blades of the leaves
and the flowering part of the scape, is submerged. Nuttall seems to be the only botanist who
has noticed the milky juice of Sagittaria. It exudes in small quantities when the leaves or
tubers are wounded, and soon dries into a transparent gummy mass.

2. Sacirtaria pusiLua, Lute. Least Arrowhead.

Leaves linear, short and obtuse, the lamina very small; scape simple, few- flowered,
moneecious, mostly shorter than the leaves ; fertile flower usually solitary. — Nutt. gen. 2.
p- 213; Torr. compend. p. 356; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 160. 8S. subulata, Bart. compend. fi.
Phil. 2. p. 166. Alisma subulata, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 487; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 253.

Annual? Leaves 1 - 3 inches high, and about a line wide; the lamina consisting of a
flattened portion of the summit, or sometimes wanting. Scape 1 — 2 inches high, often only
3 — 4-flowered ; the fertile flower usually solitary. Fruit not seen.

Muddy banks of the Hudson, where the water is a little brackish, as at West-Point and
Peekskill. FU. July - August. I am suspicious that this plant is only a very reduced form
of S, sagittifolia.

SuporpER JUNCAGINACE A. Tue Arrow-crass TRIBE.

Flowers regular. Perianth single, consisting of 6 sepaloid leaflets; the 3 inner
ones narrower. Stamens 6, opposite the leaflets of the perianth. Ovaries
3 — 6, united around a central axis, or partly distinct, 1-celled, each with 1 or
2 erect or ascending anatropous ovules: stigmas plumose or papillose. Carpels
more or less distinct, or united around an axis from which they separate at
maturity, 1-2-seeded. Seeds erect, marked with a strong longitudinal raphe.
Embryo straight. — Smooth marsh plants, with simple (usually scape-like)
stems and narrow linear leaves. Flowers in spikes or racemes.

TRIGLOCHIN. JUNCAGINACEA. 261

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1039. ARROWHEAD.
[From the Greek, ére7s, three, and glochis, a point ; the capsules being mostly 3-pointed.]

Perianth somewhat colored, deciduous. Stamens 6; anthers sessile, one under each concave
leaf of the perianth, extrorse. Ovary of 3 - 6 united carpels, of which the alternate ones
are sometimes abortive, and thus appearing 3 — 6-celled ; the stigmas as numerous as the
fertile cells. Ovules solitary, arising from the base of the cell. Fruit 3 — 6-coccous. —
Marsh plants with scape-like stems. Leaves narrow, flattish or semiterete, sheathing at

the base. Flowers small, in a terminal spike.

1. TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE, Linn. Marsh Arrow-grass.

Root somewhat fibrous ; leaves semiterete, much shorter than the scape ; fruit slender and
clavate, tricoccous, carpels subulate at the base. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 338; Engl. bot. t. 366;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 247; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 237; Torr. fl.1. p. 373; Beck, bot. p. 379; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 168; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 143.

Root perennial ? Leaves all radical or nearly so, very narrow, somewhat fleshy. Scape a
foot or eighteen inches high, slender. Flowers in a long spike ; the pedicels erect, filiform,
2-3 lines long, naked at the base. Fruit linear, attenuated below, crowned with three short
recurved points, finally separating at the apex into 3 slender carpels, and suspended ona
filiform axis.

Marshes around Onondaga lake (Pursh); near Niagara (Mr. Cooper); Junius, Seneca
county (Dr. Sartwell) ; near Buffalo (Dr. Kinnicutt). Fl. August.

2. 'TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM, Linn. Seaside Arrow-grass.

Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, shorter than the scape ; fruit ovate, sulcate, of 6 united
oblong carpels, the angles of which are not projecting. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 338; Engl. bot.
t. 255; Miche. fl. 1. p. 208; Pursh, fil. 1. p. 247; Torr. fl. 1. p. 373; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 142; Beck, bot. p. 379 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 168; Kunth, enum. p. 145.

Root horizontal, perennial. Leaves radical, 6 — 12 inches long, rush-like, sheathing at the
base. Scapes 12 — 18 inches high, stouter than in the preceding species. Flowers on pedicels
1 — 2 lines long, greenish. Fruit sometimes ovate, 6-pointed at the summit, consisting of six
carpels united to a central axis, and not suspended from its summit.

Salt marshes on the Island of New-York, and on Long Island. Also about Salina (Mr.
Cooper). Fl. July - August.

262 JUNCAGINACE. TRIGLOCHIN.

3. TrIGLocHIN ELATUM, ute. Tall Arrow-grass.

Leaves semicylindrical, much shorter than the scape; fruit ovate ; 4, 5 and 6 six carpels
oblong-linear, deeply sulcate on the back, the margins prominent and acute. — Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 237; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 145.

Root somewhat bulbous. Leaves all radical, very narrow. Scape 18 inches to 2 feet high,
obscurely 3-sided. Spike elongated (in fruit nearly a foot long). Pedicels of the flowers
about a line long. Fruit 24 lines long, obtuse at the base, sharply angular by the projecting
edges of the carpels.

Freshwater swamps in the western part of this State. Near Bridgewater, &c. (Dr. Gray) ;
Gorham (Dr. Atkin). Fl. June - July. Fr. August. I insert this species with considerable
hesitation, as it does not appear to be very distinct from T. maritimum. In my undoubted
specimens of the latter, however, found in salt marshes, the carpels are triangular, without
projecting acute edges ; but these characters may not be constant.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1040. SCHEUCHZERIA,

[Named in memory of the two brothers ScnEucHZER, Swiss botanists. ]

Perianth of 6 regular somewhat petaloid persistent leaflets ; the 3 interior narrower. Anthers
on slender filaments, extrorse. Ovaries 3, each with 3 anatropous ascending ovules.
Carpels 3 (rarely 4), one of them sometimes abortive, ovate, inflated, united at the base,
diverging, 1 — 2-seeded. — A perennial smooth herb, with a creeping rhizoma, flexuous

stem and linear leaves. Flowers in a loose raceme.

1]. ScHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Marsh Scheuchzeria.

Linn. sp.1. p. 338; Engl. bot.t. 1801; Michx. fl. 2. p. 209; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 247;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 236; Torr. fl. 1. p.372; Beck, bot. p. 380; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 168;
Kunth, enum. 3. p. 146.

Rhizoma horizontal. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, erect, angular. Leaves somewhat disti-
chous, sheathing at the base, linear and semiterete, with a small depression on the upper
surface a little below the tip. Raceme few-flowered ; the lower pedicels longest, subtended
by sheathing leaves, which diminish upward into bracts. Perianth greenish yellow ; the
leaflets oblong. Stamens usually 6: filaments about as long as the large linear anthers.
Ovaries obtuse, slightly united at the base. Carpels coriaceous, large. Seeds mostly 2,
oblong, obtusely triangular, black.

Sphagnous swamps in the western and northern parts of the State: rare. FU. July.
Fr, August. ‘The North American plant seems to be no way different from the European.

Hyprocuaris. HYDROCHARIDACE. 263

Group 3. Flowers with a simple or double perianth, which coheres with the lower
part, or with the whole surface of the ovary. — Herbs.

Orver CXI. HYDROCHARIDACE.. Juss. Tue Froa’s-zit TRripe.

Flowers mostly dicecious. Perianth regular, 3 - 6-parted; the inner segments
petaloid. Stamens 3-12. Ovary one-celled, with 3 - 6 parietal placente,
or 6-celled : stigmas 3 —6 or 9, entire or 2-cleft, usually large. Ovules ana-
tropous or orthotropous. I[*ruit coriaceous or somewhat fleshy, indehiscent.
Seeds numerous. Embryo straight, without albumen. — Aquatic herbs; the
leaves mostly radical, sometimes opposite or verticillate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA,

1, Hyprocuaris. Diccious or monecious. Stamens 9. Stigmas 6, each 2-horned. Capsule roundish, 6-celled,

2. Upora. Polygamous. Srer. rx. Stamens 9-12; 3 of them interior, Prrrect ru, Stamens 3-6. Tube of
the perianth very long and filiform, Stigmas 3, 2-cleft. Fruit one-celled.— Leaves caulescent, verticillate.

3. VautisneriaA. Diccious. Stamens 3, one of them often abortive. Stigmas 3, 2-cleft, seated on the summit of the
ovary. Fruit one-celled. — Leaves radical.

1. HYDROCHARIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1216. FROG ’S-BIT.

[From the Greek, hydor, water, and charo, to rejoice ; because these plants live in the water.

Flowers dicecious or moneecious. STERILE. Spathe at the summit of a short scape, 2-leaved,
about 3-flowered. Calyx deeply 3-parted; the segments oval. Corolla of 3 roundish
petals. Stamens 9-12: filaments united into a column below. Rudimentary ovary 3-
lobed. Frrtite. Spathe radical, one-leaved. Flower on a long peduncle. Calyx deeply
3-parted. Petals 3. Abortive stamens 6, subulate. Style very short, thick : stigmas 6,
oblong-cuneate, divaricately 2-horned. Fruit ovoid, 6-celled. Seeds attached to the sides
of the dissepiment. — Perennial herbs, with floating stolons, reniform or cordate petiolate

leaves, and rather conspicuous white flowers.

1. Hyprocnaris corpirouia, Nutt. Heart-leaved Frog’s-bit.

“‘ Moneecious ” (Nutt.) ; leaves roundish-cordate ; sterile flowers on long peduncles ; fertile
on short peduncles ; anthers linear ; stigmas 6 — 7, two-parted nearly to the base, the seg-
ments lanceolate-subulate. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 241. H. spongiosa, Bosc in ann. du mus. 9.
p. 396. t. 30; Ell. sk. 2. p. 714.

Perennial, producing stolons from which new plants arise. Roots fibrillose. Leaves

264 HYDROCHARIDACE. Hyprocnaris.

petiolate ; the lamina 1 - 2 inches in diameter, with about 5 primary nerves which curve from
the base towards the apex, and are connected by horizontal veins; the under surface often
purplish, and the central part lacunose-reticulated, the sinus at the base deep or almost wanting.
Spathes hyaline. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3 inches long. Sepals oval, green.
Stamens about 12: filaments united into a short thick column: anthers linear. Peduncle of
the fertile flower an inch and a half long, thick. Ovary oblong : stigmas apparently 12 — 13,
but rather 6 - 7, which are very deeply parted ; the segments papillose-fibrillose. Ovules
numerous, orthotropous.

Braddock’s bay, near Lake Erie, Greece, Monroe county (Dr. S. B. Bradley). Fl. August.
I have adopted Mr. Nuttall’s name, because Bosc’s is inappropriate. The description here
given is taken from imperfect specimens sent by Dr. Bradley, and I have no better from any
part of the country.

2. UDORA. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 242; Endl. gen. 1206. UDORA,
[From the Greek, hydor, or udor, water; its place of growth. }

Flowers polygamous (dicecious, Nutt. ; perfect, Endl.), solitary, from a tubular bifid spathe.
Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Srzrite ru. Stamens 9: anthers oval, nearly sessile.
Perrect ru. Tube of the perianth produced above the ovary into a very long slender
tube. Stamens 3 - 6: filaments short, subulate : anthers oblong, innate ; the cells parallel,
distinct. Ovary oblong, one-celled, with 3 projecting parietal placenta, which in the upper
part meet in the centre: ovules orthotropous,* ascending. Style long and filiform, cohering
with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, spreading, oblong-cuneiform, 2-lobed,
papillose. Fruit (immature) oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. Seeds elliptical, smooth. —

A submersed aquatic, with verticillate serrulate leaves and minute flowers.

1. Upora Canapensis, Nutt. (Plate CX XV.) Little Water Snakeweed.

Nutt. l.c.; Beck, bot. p. 342; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.570. U. verticillata, Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p.193. Elodea Canadensis, Micha. fl. 1. p. 20; Torr. compend. p. 376. Serpicula
verticillata, Muhl. cat. p. 84. S. occidentalis, Pursh fl. 1. p. 33.

Perennial? Stem dichotomously much branching, slender. Leaves usually verticillate in
threes, sometimes in fours, or the lower ones opposite, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-
linear, acute or obtuse, finely serrulate, one-nerved. Flowers axillary ; the sterile ones ona
separate plant, minute, sessile, usually breaking off connection with the parent plant, when
they float on the surface of the water, and the granular pollen escapes. These grains consist

* “Ovules anatropous,” Endl.; but they are certainly orthotropous in our plant, and so they are clearly represented in
the plate of the nearly allled Lagarosiphon of Harvey in Hook. jour, bot, t, 22, but which in the description (by inadver-
tence?) are called anatropous!

Upora. HYDROCHARIDACE. 265

of 4 minute globules cohering together. Perfect flowers expanding on the surface, which
they reach by means of their filiform perianth-tube, which varies in length according to the
depth of the water, being sometimes a foot long. Spathe cleft about half way down; the
segments acute. Lobes of the perianth roundish-obovate, spreading, the three inner ones
less petaloid than the others. Stamens mostly 3, but varying to 5, 6 or more : anthers
yellow, oblong, nearly sessile. Ovary oblong, attenuated upward; the 3 placente projecting,
each bearing 2 — 3 ovoid ascending orthotropous ovules : stigmas usually three, spreading,
purple, more or less deeply 2-lobed. Ripe fruit not seen.

Sluggish streams and shallow lakes: frequent. £7. July and August. I have never been
so fortunate as to detect the sterile flowers of this plant, and have described them from speci-
mens communicated to me by Dr. Engelmann of St. Louis. I have found, near Princeton,
New Jersey, the Upora bearing flowers which presented a remarkable anomaly. The ovary
appears of the ordinary form ; but on laying it open, there are seen three and sometimes four
bodies resembling styles, which originate at the base of the piacente, and, after rising some
distance, make a double curvature, and then terminate in a long papillose extremity, having
every appearance of a stigma, the latter being lodged in the slender tubular portion of the
ovary, just above the swollen base. ‘These bodies (particularly the stigma-like portion) are of
bright purple color. The placente bear ovules as usual, and at the summit of the flower
there are the regular segments of the perianth, stamens, and 3 large purple 2-lobed stigmas
as in the ordinary state of the plant.

3. VALISNERIA. Michel. ; Endl. gen. 1209. TAPE-GRASS.

[In honor of AnTon1o VauisNneRI, an Italian botanist.) —

Dicecious. STERILE FL. Spathe on a short scape, 2 - 3-parted. Flowers numerous, nearly
sessile, crowded on a conical receptacle. Perianth 3-parted. Ferrite ri. Scape very
long, flexuous or spiral. “Spathe tubular, 2-cleft, one-flowered. Perigonium 3-parted.
Staminodia 3 (petals of most authors), linear, one of them often 2-cleft. Ovary linear,
one-celled, with 3 parietal placente : stigmas 3, nearly sessile, ligulate, 2-lobed. Fruit
elongated, cylindrical, crowned with the limb of the perianth. Seeds oblong-cylindrical.—

Stemless water-plants, with long narrow linear leaves.

1. VALISNERIA spiraLis, Linn. Tape-grass. Lel-grass.

Leaves linear, obtuse, minutely serrulate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1015; Hook. bot. misc. t. 30
(fertile), g- t. 33 (barren), and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 192. V. Americana, Micha. fl. 2. p. 220;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 602; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 230; Ell. sk. 2. p. 666; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 364.
V. spiralis, var. Americana, Torr. compend. p. 365; Beck, bot. p.342; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 557.

[FLora — Voi. 2.] 34

266 HYDROCHARIDACEA:. VALISNERIA.

Plant rooting in the mud, and producing stolons. Leaves 1 — 2 feet or more in length and
2-5 lines wide, grass-like, membranaceous and deep green, obscurely 3-nerved. Sterile
flowers scarcely larger than the anthers of the rose, at length breaking connection with the
parent plant, rising to the surface, and, after floating around the fertile flower, quickly perish.
Fertile flowers on slender peduncles which vary in length with the depth of the water, usually
flexuous or spiral, rising to the surface of the water when ready to expand. Spathe about
half an inch long, membranaceous. Perianth white tinged with purple. Staminodia (or
abortive stamens) linear, alternating with the divisions of the perianth. Ovary linear, slender :
style none : stigmas large, oval, 2-cleft.

Slow-flowing rivers and shallow bays : very common in the Hudson from the Highlands
upward ; also in the western part of the State. FV. August. Fr. September — October.
This plant is so abundant in the shoal waters of the Hudson, that in many places, during the
months of August and September, it is difficult to row a boat through it. There can no longer
be any doubt of its being the same as the European plant. Sir William Hooker examined
living North American specimens that were cultivated in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, and
found them to be identical with V. spiralis. It is generally believed that the roots of this
plant are the favorite food of the Canvass-back Duck, and give to the flesh of that bird its
delicious flavor.

Orver CXIL ORCHIDACE. Juss. ‘Ine Orcuts TRIBE.

Flowers irregular. Perianth of 6 segments in two series, the outer (calyx)
usually colored and petaloid like the inner; the lowest one (dip ) differing in
form from the others, and often spurred. The solitary fertile stamen (or in
Cyprirepium the two fertile stamens) united with the style, and thus forming
the column : anther often deciduous. Pollen cohering in two or more masses,
which are either powdery or of the consistence of wax. Ovary cohering
with the tube of the perianth (inferior), mostly 6-ribbed and often twisted,
one-celled, with 3 parietal placentee, which are covered with ovules: style
forming part of the column: stigma a viscid concave spot in front of the
column. Seeds extremely numerous and minute, invested with a reticulated
coat.—Herbs of varied aspect, often with tuberous roots, and generally hand-
some flowers in spikes or racemes.

For convenience I call the three outer leaflets of the perianth sepals, the two lateral of the inner series petals, and the
lowest one of the same series is named the lip.

ORCHIDACE. 267

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

Tribe 1, MALAXIDE/E. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, without any of the cellular substance by
which the grains are connected, remaining under the form of a distinct gland lying upon the
stigma, or of a transparent caudicula between the pollen masses and the gland,

l. Microsrytis. Lip flat, sagittate or deeply cordate. Column very small, round. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 4,
. CoRALLORuIZA. Sepals and petals connivent. Lip mostly produced behind. Column free, Masses of pollen 4,
oblique (not parallel).
3. APLECTRUM. Sepals and petals connivent, equal. Lip with a claw, not produced at the base. Anther below the
summit of the column, Masses of the pollen 4, oblique.
4, Liparis. Sepals spreading. Lip flat, expanded, entire. Column winged. Pollen-masses 4.

iw)

Tribe 2, VANDE. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, Caudicles separating along with the glands of
the stigma, and forming a close adhesion to the pollen-masses, Anther terminal, rarely dorsal,
opercular.

. Tiputaria, Sepals spatulate, spreading. Lip spurred underneath at the base, Column projecting. Pollen-masses
4, parallel.

on

Tribe 3, OPHRYDE. Pollen cohering in very numerous grains which are collected on a cobweb-like
tissue, and fixed to the glands of the stigma. Anther terminal, erect or resupinate, persistent ;
the cells complete,

{Flower ringent. Lip with a spur at the base underneath. Pollen-masses stalked, with a gland at the base.
6. Orcuts. Glands of the stalks of pollen-masses in a common little pouch,
. GymnapentA, Glands of the stalk of the pollen-masses approximated, naked.
8. PLATANTHERA. Cells of the anther widely separated. Glands of the pollen-masses naked,

wt

Tribe 4, ARETHUSE, Anther opercular, terminal. Pollen-masses farinaceous, or consisting of
loosely cohering grains.
9. AretTuusa. Lip united at the base with the column, cucullate above, crested inside. Pollen angular,
10, Poconia, Perianth without glands. Lip cucullate, crested inside. Pollen farinaceous.
11, Cauopocon, Lip at the back of the flower, unguiculate, bearded on the face, Pollen angular.

Tribe 5. NEOTTIE, Anther parallel with the stigma, erect, Pollen as in the preceding tribe.
12, Sprrantues. Spike spiral, Lip sessile, beardless, the base covered by the two lateral exterior sepals. Column
wingless, Pollen farinaceous.
13, GoopyEera. Lip entire at the extremity, the base gibbous and included in the lateral exterior sepals. Pollen
angular.
14, Lisrera. Lip 2-lobed. Column wingless. Anther fixed by its base. Pollen farinaceous,

Tribe 6. CYPRIPEDIE/®. Anthers 2, with a dilated petaloid lobe between them. Lip large, inflated
and saccate,
15, Cypripepium. Character that of the tribe,

Trine 1 MALAXIDE. Lindi.

Pollen cohering in masses of a waxy texture, without any of the cellular connecting tissue,
or of a transparent tail-like process. Anther terminal or operculate.

34*

268 ORCHIDACE. MicrostTv.is.

1. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 196; (subgenus of Mataxis), Lindl. gen. g- sp.

Orch. pl. p. 18. ADDER'S-MOUTH.
[From micros, little, and stylos, a column, ]

Sepals spreading, distinct ; the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear,
spreading. Lip widely spreading, excavated and sagittate or auriculate at the base, not
tuberculate. Column very small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit. Anthers two-
celled. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the apex.—Pseudobulbous. Stem

with one or two leaves. Flowers minute, racemose.

1. MicrostyLis MoNoPHYLLOS, Lind. Short-stalked Adder s-mouth.

Stem with a single leaf near the base ; raceme spicate, slender, elongated ; flowers about
as long as the pedicels. — Lindl. Orch. p. 19; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.193. M. brachy-
poda, Gray in ann, lyc. New-York, 3. p. 228. Tipularia discolor, Beck, bot. p. 350, not of
Nutt. Malaxis monophyllos, Willd. sp. 4. p. 90. Ophrys monophyllos, Linn. sp. 2. p. 946.

Pseudobulb ovoid. Stem 2-8 inches high, triangular, with two of the angles somewhat
winged. Leaf solitary (rarely two), ovate-elliptical, about 2 inches long, contracted into a
petiole at the base, and sheathing the lower part of the stem. Raceme 20 — 40-flowered ;
many of the flowers often abortive. Bracts minute, subulate, shorter than pedicels, which
are 1 — 2 lines long and erect. Sepals spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Lateral petals
linear, attenuate upwards, appressed to the ovary. Lip triangular-hastate, with a long acu-
mination ; the lateral lobes obtuse.

Deep shady swamps: Fairfield, Herkimer county (Prof. J. Hadley); Bridgewater, Oneida
county (Dr. Gray §- Dr. Bradley). Fl. July.

2. MicrostyLis opHioGLossorpEs, Nutt. Long-stalked Adder’s-mouth.

Stem with a single ovate clasping leaf near the middle ; raceme obtuse, many-flowered ; the
pedicels much longer than the flowers.—Nut. gen. 2. p. 196; Lindl. in bot. reg. t. 12907and-*
sp. Orch. p. 19; Beck, bot. p.513; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 193; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 193.
Malaxis ophioglossoides, Willd. sp.4. p. 90; Pursh, fl.2. p. 592; Ell. sk. 2. p. 503; Bart.
fl. N. Amer. 3.t. 92. f.2; Torr. compend. p. 322. M. unifolia, Michx. fl. 2. p. 157;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 324.

Pseudobulb ovoid. Stem or scape 4-10 inches long, slender, angular. Leaf about 2
inches long, rather acute, sessile and sheathing or clasping. Flowers very numerous, about
2 lines in diameter, pale green, collected into a short raceme, many of them abortive, the
lower ones distant : pedicels 3 — 6 lines long. Bracts much shorter than the pedicels, ovate-
lanceolate. Sepals oblong Lateral petals narrowly linear. Lip erect, obtusely auriculate
on each side at the base, 3-toothed at the summit, the intermediate tooth small. Column very
small, slightly projected. Capsules small, nearly globose.

Low moist grounds, particularly about the roots of trees: not common. Fil. July. Fr.
October.

CoRALLORHIZA. ORCHIDACE. 269

2. CORALLORHIZA. Haller ; Endl. gen. 1339 (excl. APLECTRUM). CORAL-ROOT.
[From the Greek, korailion, coral, and rhiza, a root ; the roots being coral-like. ]

Sepals and petals connivent, nearly equal. Lip produced at the base underneath ; the spur

short and adnate to the ovary. Column free. Masses of pollen 4, oblique (not parallel),

somewhat lenticular. — Plant leafless. Root coral-like. Scape sheathed. Flowers in a

terminal raceme.

1. Corattoruiza InnATA, Lt. Brown. Vernal Coral-root.

Scape few- (5 — 10-) flowered ; lip oblong, somewhat 2-toothed toward the base, deflexed ;
spur obsolete, adnate ; capsules elliptical-obovoid. — R. Br. in Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 209 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 194 (excluding the syn. C. odontorrhiza, Nutt). C.verna, Nutt. in
jour. acad, Phil. 3. p. 136.t.'7; Torr. compend, p. 322; Beck, bot. p. 345; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 510. Cymbidium Corallorhizon, Willd. sp. 4. p. 110. Ophrys Corallorhiza, Linn.
Saas Pend aDs

Root (as in the other species of the genus) consisting of very thick fleshy fibres, which
are branched and toothed like some corals. Scape about a span high, slender, not swollen at
the base, clothed with several leafless acute sheaths, of a tawny purplish color. Flowers
rather distant, at first erect, but at length spreading, of a dull purple. Sepals lanceolate. Lip
nearly spotless, whitish, with a more or less distinct tooth on each side : spur almost wanting,
adnate to the ovary. Capsules reflexed.

Woods, inrich soil. Fl. May - June : rare.

2. CoraLLoruiza oponTorruiza, Nutt. (Pl. cxxvi.) Small Late Corai-root.

Scape few-flowered, somewhat bulbous at the base; lip oval or obovate, crenulate and
waved ; spur obsolete ; capsules nearly globose. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 197; Torr. compend.
p. 322; Beck, bot. p. 345; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.510. Ophrys Corallorhiza, Miche. fl. 2.
p. 158. Cymbidium Corallorhizon, Willd. sp. 4. p. 110. C. Wisteriana, Conrad in jour.
acad. Phil. 6. p. 145?

Root as in the preceding. Scape about a span high, usually swollen into a roundish fleshy
tuber at the base. Raceme 8 — 12-flowered. Flowers about as large as in C. innata, of a
tawny and purplish color. Sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate. Lip whitish margined with
purple ; the palate marked with 2 oval protuberances near the middle : spur entirely wanting.
Capsules roundish oval or nearly globose, 3 —- 4 lines long, finally pendulous.

Woods, in rich soil : rather frequent. Fl. August - September. Fr. October.

3, CoraLtoruiza muLTIFLoRA, Nutt. (Plate CXXVL) Large Coral-root.

Scape many- (10 — 30-) flowered; lip cuneiform-oval, spotted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
recurved ; spur prominent, adnate; capsules elliptical-obovoid. — Nutt. in jour. acad. Phal.
3.t.7; Torr. compend. p. 354 ; Beck, bot. p. 345 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 511; Hook. fl.

270 ORCHIDACE. CoRALLORUIZA.

Bor.-Am. 3. p. 194. C. innata, Nutt. gen. 2. p.194; Ell. sk. 2. p. 504, not of R. Br.

Root as in the preceding. Scape 9-15 inches high, stout, dull brown and purplish.
Flowers nearly twice as large as in the preceding, purplish brown. Pedicels 1 — 2 lines long,
with short obtuse bracts at the base. Sepals lanceolate. Lip whitish, irregularly spotted
with purple, very unequally 3-lobed, the lateral lobes tooth-like. Spur a manifest little
protuberance. Capsules large, pendulous.

Woods, in rich soil : the most common species in New-York. Fl. Middle of July - Sep-
tember. Fr. October.

3. APLECTRUM. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 197 (subgenus of CoratLoruiza), and Jour. acad.
Phil. 3. p. 139. PUTTY-ROOT.

[From the Greek, a, without, and plektron, a spur.]
Petals and sepals nearly equal. Lip unguiculate, not produced at the base. Column free ;
the anther situated a little below the summit. Pollen-masses 4, oblique, lenticular. —
Pseudobulbs 2 - 4, connected. Leaf solitary, radical. Scape sheathed. Flowers ra-

cemose.

1. ApLectruM HyeMALE, uit. (Plate CXXVIT.) Adam & Eve. Putty-root.

Nutt. gen. l.c., and in jour. acad.l.c.; Torr. compend. p. 322; Beck, bot. p. 346;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 511; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 194. Cymbidium hyemale, Willd. sp.
4. p. 107; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 593. Corallorhiza hyemalis, Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 52.

Pseudobulbs roundish, commonly 2, but sometimes 3 or 4 and rarely as many as 5, con-
nected in a string by a thick fibre. Leaf 4 - 6 inches long and 14 — 3 inches wide, elliptical,
acute, petiolate, plaited and marked with numerous prominent nerves which converge at each
end : petiole inserted on the summit of the bulb. Scape 12 - 15 inches high, arising from
the side of the bulb, with 3 rather loose acute sheaths, purplish. Flowers 10 — 20 in a loose
raceme, of a dull yellowish brown mixed with purple : pedicels with small lanceolate bracts
at the base. Sepals and petals linear-oblong. Lip shorter than the petals, 3-lobed, obtuse :
middle lobe undulate and crenulate on the margin ; the palate prominently ridged, white
speckled with purple. Column slightly curved, shorter than the lip. Lid of the anther
roundish, caducous.

Woods, in rich vegetable mould : rare. Western and northern part of the State (Dr. Gray
§- Dr. Bradley) ; Washington county (Dr. M. Stevenson) ; north part of Westchester county,
near Long Island Sound (Dr. Mead). Fl. middle of May. Fr. October. A new bulb, which is
connected with the preceding one by a thick fibre, is produced every year, and the old usually
remains till a third bulb is formed at the end of the season, when the first withers away ;
but sometimes they last for several years. ‘The new leaf is formed in midsummer, remains
through the winter, and withers away about the time of flowering. ‘The bulbs contain a large
quantity of viscid matter, which does not, however, answer as a cement, as asserted by Pursh.

APLECTRUM. ORCHIDACE. yaya |

4, LIPARIS. L. C. Rich. ; Lindl. Orchid. p. 26. TWAYBLADE.
[So named from the Greek, liparos, fat; the leaves being unctuous to the touch. }

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, spreading. Lip flat, dilated, entire. Column elongated,
semitercte. Pollen-masses in 2 pairs. — Leaves mostly 2, radical, with a pseudobulb at

the base. Flowers pale green or greenish purple, in racemes, with slender pedicels.

1. Liparis LILIIFOLIA, L. C. Rich. Common Twayblade.

Leaves 2, ovate, rather acute, much shorter than the few-flowered raceme ; lip very large,
obovate, mucronate, colored; petals filiform, deflected.—Lznd1. in bot. reg. p. 882, §- Orchid.
p. 28; Beck, bot. p. 350; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 512; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 193. Malaxis
liliifolia, Willd. sp. 4. p. 92; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 592; Bot. mag. t. 2004; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 196; Ell. sk. 2. p. 503; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 324; Torr. compend. p. 321.

Pseudobulb ovoid. Leaves opposite, somewhat spreading, 2-4 inches long and about
14 or 2 inches wide, strongly but obtusely keeled. Scape 5-angled, erect. Flowers spreading ;
the ovary purplish. Sepals lanceolate-linear ; the two lower ones supporting the lip : upper
one deflected. Petals very narrow, dull purplish red, deflected. Lip dull purplish and
translucent. Column incurved, with 2 glands at the base. Anthers with a terminal lid.
Ovary with many winged ridges.

Moist forests : not common. 7. June.

2. Liparis Lasevu, DL. C. Rich. Smaller Twayblade.

Leaves 2, ovate-lanceolate, plicate, erect, much shorter than the few-flowered raceme ;
scape 3 — 5-angled; lip obovate, entire, of the same color on both sides; sepals and petals
linear, unequal.— Lind. in bot. reg. t. 882, and Orchid. p. 28; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 194.
L. Correana, Spreng. syst. 2. p.740; Graham in Edinb. new phil. jour. Oct. 1828 ;
Beck, bot. p. 350; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 512. Malaxis Correana, Bart. prodr. fl. Phil.
p. 86; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 512. M. longifolia, Bart. fl. Phil. 2. p. 142, and fl. N. Amer. 3.
t.'75. Ophrys Leeseli, Linn. sp. 2. p. 947.

Pseudobulb ovate. Leaves 3-5 inches long, sharply keeled underneath. Scape 5-8
inches high, prominently angled. Raceme rather crowded ; the flowers erect, on pedicels
about as long as the ovary, scarcely more than half as large as in the preceding species, but
more numerous. Sepals lanceolate-linear, spreading equally. Petals linear, somewhat
reflexed, yellowish green, revolute on the margin. Lip mucronate and incurved at the tip,
waved on the margin, yellowish green. Column incurved, half the length of the lip. Ovary
with many winged angles.

Moist woods, in rich soil: rare. Clinton, Oneida county (Dr. Bradley) ; North-Salem,
Westchester county (Dr. Mead). Fl. June.

242 ORCHIDACE. TIPULARIA.

Tripe Il. VANDEL. Lindl.

Pollen cohering in waxy masses. Caudicles separating along with the gland of the stigma,
and adhering closely to the pollen-masses. Anther terminal, rarely dorsal, opercular.

5. TIPULARIA. Nutt. gen. 2. p.195; Lindl. Orchid. p. 262. CGRANE-FLY ORCHIS.
AntuERIciis, Raf. & Endl.

Sepals obovate-spatulate, spreading. Petals lanceolate-linear. Lip oblong, sessile, 3-lobed ;
the intermediate lobe elongated, with a filiform spur at the base. Column wingless, free.
Anther 2-celled, operculate. Pollen-masses 4, parallel: caudicle linear : glands small,
transverse. — Pseudobulbs several, connected by a thick fibre. Leaf solitary, plicate.

Flowers nodding, in a loose raceme, without bracts.

}. Treutarta pviscotor, Nuit. Crane-fly Orchis.

Nutt. 1. c.; Ell. sk. 2. p. 502; Torr. compend. p 321; Lindl. Orchid. 1. c.. Orchis
discolor, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 586. Limodorum unifolium, Muhl. cat. p. 84.

Pseudobulbs connected horizontally. Leaf about two inches long, ovate, petiolate, strongly
nerved. Scape 10-15 inches high, slender. Raceme few-flowered ; the flowers greenish
with a tinge of purple. Pedicels slender. Sepals about the length of the petals. Lip nearly
as long as the petals, the middle lobe linear-oblong : spur slender, nearly twice as long as
the ovary. Column erect, semiterete. Lid of the anther deciduous.

Parma, Monroe county (Dr. Bradley). Fl. July. ‘This singular plant has a wide range
in the Atlantic States. Its northern limit, so far as I know, is Martha’s Vineyard, where
(I believe) it was found by Mr. Oakes. It has been detected at Deerfield, Massachusetts, by
Prof. Hitchcock.

Trize III]. OPHRYDE. Lindl.

Pollen cohering in numerous waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like tissue, and
fixed to the glands of the stigma. Anther terminal, erect or resupinate, persistent, with
complete cells.

6. ORCHIS. Linn.; Lindl. Orchid. p. 258. ORCHIS.
[An ancient Greek name for plants of this genus,]
Lip with a spur at the base underneath. Pollen-masses pedicellate, the glands at the base
of the pedicels contained in one common little pouch. — Flowers showy, in spikes.

1. Orcuis specTaABILis, Lenn. Showy Orchis.

Leaves 2, radical, elliptical-obovate, obtuse; scape few-flowered; bracts large and foliaceous,

Orculs. ORCHIDACE. wie

lanceolate : spur thick and clavate, a little shorter than the ovate entire lip, and about the
length of the ovary. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 943; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 587; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 189;
Hook, exot. fl. p. 69; Ell. sk. 2. p. 487; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 320; Torr. compend. p. 316 ;
Beck, bot. p. 347; Lindl. Orchid. p. 267 Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 505; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am, 2.
p. 195. O. humilis, Micha, fl. 2. p.155. Habenaria spectabilis, Spreng. syst. 2. p. 689.

Root consisting of a few thick fleshy fibres or tubers. Leaves usually two, 3 — 5 inches
long and 2 — 3 inches wide, sometimes nearly orbicular, of a bluish green, narrowed at the
base but hardly petiolate. Scape acutely 5-angled, 4 — 7 inches high, naked, or sometimes
furnished with a leaf which is smaller than the radical ones. Spike 4 —- 6-flowered ; the
flowers large. Bracts usually longer, but sometimes shorter than the flowers. Sepals and
petals connivent and vaulted, of a violet purple color. Lip and spur white. Spur obtuse.
Stalks of the pollen as long as the masses,

Woods, in rich vegetable mould : frequent. Fl. May.

7. GYMNADENIA. R. Brown in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 191; Lindl. Orchid. p. 275.
GYMNADENIA
[From the Greek, gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland.]

Lip with a spur at the base. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked, approximated.
— Habit that of Orchis.

1. GymnapEnia TRIDENTATA, Lind. Three-toothed Gymnadenia.

Lower leaf oblong, rather obtuse, upper leaves much smaller; flowers few, in a short
oblong spike ; lip cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex; sepals and petals oblong-ovate,
obtuse, as long as the lip ; spur filiform-clavate, incurved, longer than the ovary. — Lindl.
Orchid. p. 227; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 195. Orchis tridentata, Willd. sp. 4. p. 41;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 587; Bart. fl. N. Am. 1. t.15; Torr. compend. p. 317. Habenaria tri-
dentata. Hook. exot. fl. p. 81; Beck, bot. p. 348; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 507. Orchis
clavellata, var. tridentata, Muhl. cat. p. 80; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 189. O. clavellata, Ell. sk. 2.
p- 505.

Root consisting of a few thick fleshy fibres. Stem 8 - 12 inches high, slender, angular.
Principal leaf situated near the base, 3 — 4 inches long and three-fourths of an inch wide,
tapering at the base ; the other leaves much smaller, lanceolate and bract-like. Spike 6 -12-
flowered, rather compact. Flowers pale yellowish green. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
shorter than the ovary. Sepals and petals nearly alike, about 2 lines long. Lip with 3 short
equal teeth at the apex.

Moist shady places, and swamps : rather rare. FV. July. If Orchis clavellata of Michaux
be only a variety of this plant with the lip entire, its specific name ought (being the older one)
to have been adopted when it was removed to another genus. his plant is, as Hooker
remarks, a doubtful congener of G, conopsea, Rich.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 35

274 ORCHIDACE. PLATANTHERA.

8. PLATANTHERA. L.C. Rich. ; Lindl. Orchid. p. 284. PLATANTHERA.
[From the Greek, platys, broad, and anthera, an anther. ]

Lip entire, with a spur at the base. Cells of the anther widely separated. Glands of the
pollen-masses pedicellate ; the glands naked.— Habit that of Orchis.

+t Lip undivided.

1. Puarantuera oprusata, Lindl. Obtuse-leaved Platanthera.

Leaf solitary, oblong-obovate, radical ; spike rather loose ; upper sepal very broad ; petals
somewhat triangular, narrowed upward, truncate at the apex; lip linear, with two minute
tubercles at the base, as long as the curved subulate-conical spur. — Lindl. Orchid. p. 284 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 196. t.199. Orchis obtusata, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 588. Habenaria
obtusata, Richards. app. Frankl. narr. (ed. 2.) p. 33; Spreng. syst. 3. p. 689.

Root fasciculate. Stem 5-8 inches high, slender. Leaf solitary towards the base of
the stem, 2-3 inches long and about three-fourths of an inch wide, mostly obtuse. Spike
5 — 8-flowered ; the flower greenish, erect, on short pedicels with lanceolate bracts at the
base, which are longer than the ovary. Upper sepal roundish-cordate ; lateral ones oblong,
obtuse, about 3 lines long. Column very short.

Sphagnous woods on the sides of the Essex mountains. Borders of Cranberry lake
(Dr. Emmons). Fl. early in August.

2. PLATANTHERA oORBICULATA, Lindl. Lar ge-leaved Orchis.

Radical leaves 2, nearly orbicular (very large), spreading; scape bracteate ; raceme
loose, many-flowered ; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ones ovate; lip linear-spatulate,
one half longer than the sepals; spur lnear-clavate, curved, nearly twice as long as the
ovary. — Lindl. Orchid. p. 286; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 196. t. 200. Orchis orbiculata,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 588. Habenaria orbiculata, Torr. compend. p. 318; Gray in ann. lyc. N.
York, 3. p. 228. H. macrophylla, Goldie in Edin. phil. jour. 6. p. 331.

Root fasciculate. Leaves 4 - 8 inches in diameter, spreading flat on the ground, somewhat
fleshy (thin and membranaceous when dry), shining. Scape 1 - 2 feet high, furnished with
several small appressed bract-like scales. Raceme 10 — 20-flowered ; the flowers greenish-
white, spreading. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than the ovaries. Sepals strongly nerved ; the
upper one nearly orbicular, erect; the lateral ones ovate, longer than the upper. Petals
ovate, smaller than the sepals, reflexed. Lip obtuse, depending. Lobes of the anther pro-
duced on each side at the base.

Fertile woods : rather rare. Fl. July.

PLATANTHERA. ORCHIDACE. 275

3. Puarantuera Hooxert, Lind. Hooker's Orchis.

Radical leaves 2, nearly orbicular or oval (large), spreading ; scape nearly naked; spike
strict, many-flowered ; sepals all ovate-lanceolate, the lower ones acute, the upper rather
acute ; petals linear, dilated at the base, shorter than the sepals ; lip lanceolate, acuminate,
a little shorter than the ovary. — Lindl. Orchid. p. 286; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 196.
Habenaria orbiculata, Goldie, 1. c.; Hook. exot. fl. t. 145 (not of Pursh). H. Hookeri,
Torr. g& Gr. in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 229.

Root fasciculate. Leaves 3-4 inches long, somewhat fleshy, smooth and shining, varying
from nearly orbicular to obovate or oval. Scape 8-12 inches high, sometimes bearing a
small lanceolate leaf. Spike 10 - 20-flowered ; the flowers much closer and not spreading,
yellowish-green, on very short pedicels. Bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the flowers.
Petals acute. Lip projecting anda little incurved. Anther triangular; the angles at the
base obtuse, and scarcely produced.

Fertile woods, north and west of the Highlands : more common than the preceding, from
which it is easily distinguished by its closer spike, projecting spurs and narrow upper sepal.

4, PLATANTHERA FLAVA, Gray. Small Pale-yellow Platanthera.

Stem leafy ; lower leaves oblong, acute, the upper lanceolate ; spike somewhat dense ;
bracts acuminate, longer than the (small) flowers ; lip oblong, 2-toothed toward the base,
and a single tubercle in the middle, about half the length of the clavate spur. — Gray in
Sill. jour. 37. p. 308. Orchis flava, Linn. sp. 2. p. 942, not of Nutt. O. virescens,
Willd. sp. 4. p. 37. O. fuscescens, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 587. O. herbiola, Pursh, l.c. O. bi-
dentata, Ell. sk. 2. p. 448. Habenaria herbiola, R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 198 ;
Beck, bot. p. 347; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 506. H. virescens, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 688.
H. fuscescens, Torr. compend. p. 318. Platanthera herbiola, Lindl. Orchid. p. 287; Hook.
ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 197.

Root consisting of fasciculate fleshy fibres. Stem 12 —- 18 inches high, clothed with 3-5
clasping leaves which are 3 — 6 inches long and one or two inches wide. Flowers numerous,
the lower ones considerably shorter than the leafy bracts at their base. Sepals greenish,
ovate, nearly equal. Petals greenish yellow, ovate. Lip obtuse or emarginate, furnished
with a tooth on each side toward the base, and a protuberance on the palate. Spur rather
shorter than the ovary.

Wet borders of streams and thickets: frequent. JV. June. Dr. Gray has proved that
this is the original Orchis flava of Linneus, and therefore very properly restored the specific

name.
35*

2716 ORCHIDACE. PLATANTHERA.

5. PLATANTHERA HYPERBOREA, Lindl. Northern Platanthera.

Stem leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike many-flowered, the lanceolate bracts about as
long as the flowers ; sepals ovate, the upper one rather shorter and broader ; lip and petals
lanceolate, somewhat equal; spur thick and obtuse, about half the length of the ovary. —
Lindl. Orchid. p. 287; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 197. Orchis hyperborea, Willd. sp. 4.
p. 37? Pursh, fl. 2. p. 588. Habenaria hyperborea, R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5.
p. 193; Richards. in Frank. jour. app. (ed. 2.) p. 33; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, l. c.
p. 232. H. dilatata, Torr. compend. p. 318. Platanthera dilatata, Beck, bot. p. 347.

Root consisting of thick fibres or tubers. Stem varying from 6 or 8 inches to 2 feet or
more in height, slender or very stout (sometimes nearly an inch in diameter at the base).
Leaves 3 — 8 inches long, and from half an inch to nearly two inches in breadth. Spike in
the smaller and slender forms rather loose and short, in the larger state close and elongated.
Bracts gradually diminishing in size towards the top, where they are scarcely as long as the
flowers. Petals and sepals greenish yellow. Lip not dilated at the base. Cells of the
anther approximated at the base.

Sphagnous swamps : frequent in the northern and western part of the State. JV. June —-
July. P. Huronensis, Lindl. (Orchis Huronensis, Nutt.), is probably not distinct from this
species.

6. PLaTanTHERA DILATATA, Lindl. Small White-flowered Orchis.

Stem leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; spike somewhat loosely flowered, cylindrical ; bracts linear-
lanceolate, the lower ones about as long as the flowers ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; lip lanceolate-
linear, entire, dilated at the base, about as long as the thick obtuse spur. — Lindl. Orchid.
p. 287; Hook, fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 198% Orchis dilatata, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 588. Habenaria
dilatata, Hook. exot. fl. t. 95? Gray, l. c. p. 231.

Root fasciculated and fleshy. Stem 1 —- 2 feet high, angular. Leaves lanceolate, 4 - 6
inches long, and half to three-fourths of an inch wide, acute. Spike many-flowered, 2-5
inches long. Bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower ones often longer than the flowers; the
uppermost much shorter. Flowers white. Upper sepal broader and rather shorter than the
lateral ones, which are oblique and spreading or reflexed. Petals linear-lanceolate, connivent
with the upper sepal. Lip somewhat rhomboidal-lanceolate. Spur rather shorter than the
ovary. Cells of the anther a little distant at the base.

Sphagnous swanips, in the northern and middle parts of the State. FV. June —- July.
With us this and the preceding species seem sufficiently distinct, the latter being easily known
by its white flowers, and the lip, which is dilated at the base; but Sir William Hooker
suspects that it is only a form of P. hyperborea, if indeed his plant be the same as ours.

PLATANTHERA. ORCHIDACE. 277

tt Lip incised.

6. PLATANTHERA BLEPHARIGLOTTIS, Lend. Fringed White Orchis.

Stem leafy, the leaves lanceolate and acute ; spike oblong, dense, many-flowered, with
lanceolate bracts which are shorter than the ovary ; sepals roundish oblong, the lateral ones
reflexed ; petals spatulate, slightly incised at the summit; lip oblong, flat, fimbriate, about
one-third as long as the spur ; ovary with a very long beak.— Lindl. Orchid. p. 199 ; Hook.
fi. Bor. Am. 2. p. 199. Orchis blephariglottis, Willd. sp.4. p.9; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 585;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 483; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 318. O. ciliaris, var. alba, Micha. fl. 2. p. 156.
Habenaria blephariglottis, Torr. compend. p. 317; Beck, bot. p. 348.

var. holopetala : petals entire. Platanthera holopetala, Lindi. /. c. Habenaria blephari-
glottis, Hook. exot. bot. t. 87.

Root fasciculate. Stem 14-2 feet high. Lower leaves 6 — 8 inches long and 1 - 14
inch wide, the upper ones gradually smaller. Spike 2-4 inches long. Bracts lanceolate,
leafy. Flowers pure white. Sepals about 34 lines long. Petals very small, a little incised
or slightly ciliate at the summit (in var. holopetala entire). Lip about one third of an inch
long, beautifully cut and fringed; the little segments capillary. Spur nearly an inch long,
somewhat incurved, particularly towards the extremity. Tail of the pollen-masses very long
and slender : gland small. Capsule tapering above into a long slender beak.

Swamps : not common. FV. July. One of the most beautiful North American plants of
this tribe. I entirely agree with Sir William Hooker in considering the P. holopetala of
Lindley as only a variety of this species, which again scarcely differs from the following,
except in the white flowers. Lindley has even a white variety of P. ciliaris !

7. Puatantuera ciuiaris, Lindl. Fringed Yellow Orchis.

Stem leafy ; leaves lanceolate and acute ; spike oblong, dense, many-flowered, the lan-
ceolate bracts shorter than the ovary ; sepals roundish-ovate, the lateral ones reflexed ; petals
linear, incised ; lip oblong, deeply and finely cut and fringed, about one third as long as the
spur; ovary with along beak. — Lindl. Orchid. p. 292; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 199.
Orchis ciliaris, Linn. sp. 2. p. 939; Micha. fl. 2. p. 156 (var. lutea); Pursh, fl. 2. p. 585 ;
Bot. mag. t. 1668; Ell. sk. 2. p.483; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 319. UHabenaria ciliaris, R. Br.
in hort. Kew (ed. 2.) 5. p. 192; Torr. compend. p. 317; Beck, bot. p. 348; Gray, l. c. p. 230.

Root, stem, leaves and spike as in the preceding. Flowers bright orange-yellow. Petals
distinctly incised. Lip larger and more conspicuously ciliate than in P. blephariglottis.

Open swamps: not rare. Fl. July. A very ornamental plant.

278 ORCHIDACE. PLATANTHERA.

8. PLaTANTHERA PSYCODES, Gray. Purple Swamp Orchis.

Stem leafy ; leaves oblong ; raceme oblong, many-flowered ; bracts linear-lanceolate, the
lower ones as long as the flowers, the upper scarcely equal to the ovary ; sepals ovate, obtuse,
the lateral ones deflexed ; petals fimbriate-toothed, cuneate, oblong, obtuse, incised ; lip un-
guiculated, roundish, flabelliform, 3-parted, the segments cuneate and incisely toothed, the
intermediate one larger ; spur incurved, about twice the length of the lip.—Gray, 1. c. p. 310.
Orchis physodes, Linn. sp. 2. p. 493, not of Willd. Orchis fimbriata, A7t. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3.
p. 297; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 320. O.incisa, Muhl. in Willd. sp 4. p. 40, not of Pursh or
Nuttall. O. fissa, Muhl. in Willd. l. c. not of Pursh. WHabenaria fimbriata, R. Br. in hort.
Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 193, and H. incisa & fissa, Torr. compend. p. 319; Spreng. syst. 3.
p. 692; Beck, bot. p. 349. H. racemosa, Raf. ann. of nat. 1820, p. 15. Platanthera fim-
briata, Lindl. Orchid. p. 293; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 200.

var. grandiflora : flowers larger : segments of the lip (particularly the lateral ones) fim-
briate, with capillary segments (Gray, l. c.). Orchis fimbriata, Willd. 1. c. O. grandiflora,
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 321. Habenaria grandiflora, Torr. compend. p. 319 ; Beck, bot. p. 349;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 509.

Root fasciculate. Stem 13-3 feet high, stout, angular. Leaves 3 - 8 inches long and
1 — 3 inches wide, the lower ones often obtuse. Flowers bright purple, in a spike which is
from 2-6 inches long and often compact; those of the var. considerably larger than the
ordinary form. Upper sepal broadly ovate ; lower ones broader. Petals longer than the
sepals, moderately cut-toothed. Lip large, 3-parted to the base ; the segments dilated at the
apex, and cut into numerous short lobes. Spur filiform-clavate, longer than the ovary, which
is attenuated at the base into a pedicel. Cells of the anther rather distant.

Wet meadows and borders of streams, particularly in mountainous districts. FU. July -
August. A beautiful but somewhat variable species, the synonomy of which was in great
confusion till Dr. Gray published his valuable paper on some North American Orcuipacra,
in Silliman’s Journal.

9, PLATANTHERA LACERA, G'ray. Ragged Orchis.

Stem leafy ; raceme loose, many-flowered, with the bracts shorter than the flowers ; sepals
ovate ; petals oblong-linear, obtuse, entire ; lip unguiculated, slender, 3-parted, the lobes cut
into capillary segments ; spur filiform-clavate, rather longer than the sessile ovary. — Gray,
lc. p. 311. Orchis psycodes, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 39, not of Linn.; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 585; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 319. O.lacera, Micha. fl. 2. p. 156; Pursh, l. c.; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 484. Habenaria psycodes, Torr. compend. p. 317; Spreng. syst. 3. p.693 (and H.
lacera of the same author); Beck, bot. p. 349; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.509. H. lacera, R.
Br. 1. c. p. 193. Platanthera psycodes, Lindl. Orchid. p. 294 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20.
Audubon’s birds, t. 164.

Root fasciculate. Stem 14-24 feet high, rather slender, sparingly clothed with leaves,

PLATANTHERA. ORCHIDACEA. 279

angular. Leaves 3 — 8 inches long and from half an inch to an inch and a half wide, mostly
acute, but sometimes obtuse. Flowers pale greenish yellow, middle sized. Upper sepal
obtuse ; the lateral ones oblique or twisted, and rather acute. Petals often a little retuse,
longer than the sepals. Lip more than twice as long as the sepals; the middle segment with
a long slender base, and, as well as the others, cut into a few capillary segments. Spur con-
siderably thickened towards the extremity, rather acute.

Moist meadows and thickets : frequent. £7. June - July. An unobtrusive species, often
overlooked among other tall herbs.

10. PLATANTHERA BRACTEATA. Green-flowered Orchis.

Stem leafy ; spike loose, the bracts leafy, 2-3 times longer than the flowers ; petals
linear-lanceolate, erect; lip obiong-linear, slightly bifid at the apex, with a minute central
tooth ; spur very short, obtuse and somewhat inflated.— Orchis bracteata, Willd. sp. 4. p. 34;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 587; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 320. Satyrium bracteatum, Pers. syn. 2. p. 507 ;
Muhl. cat. p. 80. Habenaria bracteata, R. Br.in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 192; Torr.
compend. p. 318; Beck, bot. p. 348; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 507. Peristylis bracteatus,
Lindl. Orchid. p. 298; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 201.

Root fasciculate or tuberous. Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves 3 - 4 inches long, broadly
lanceolate, acute, or the lowest one sometimes obtuse. Spike few-flowered, 2 - 3 inches long ;
the flowers small, greenish. Bracts linear-lanceolate, spreading and conspicuous. Sepals ovate,
erect. Petals rather shorter than the sepals. Lip sometimes spatulate, truncate at the tip,
and furnished with 3 teeth, of which the middle one is very small, or sometimes almost
wanting. Spur less than half the length of the lip, somewhat 2-lobed, saccate and trans-
lucent.

Shady woods: rare. End of May-June. I have not adopted the genus Peristy is,
because it seems to differ from PLaTanTHeERa in scarcely any thing except the short spur.
Our plant is so nearly related to Peristylis viridis of Lindley (Satyrium viride, Linn.),
that Lindley and Sir William Hooker think it is hardly distinct.

Trise 1V. ARETHUSEZE. Lindi.
Anther opercular, terminal. Pollen-masses farinaceous, or consisting of loosely cohering

grains.

9. ARETHUSA. Gronov. ; Lindl. Orchid. p. 426. ARETHUSA.

{So named from Avethusa, a nymph of Diana. ]
Flower somewhat ringent. Sepals and petals somewhat equal, connivent and cucullate
above, cohering at the base. Lip deflected at the apex, bearded inside. Pollen-masses 4,
angular. — A small plant with a bulbous root, and single large terminal flower; the leaf

nearly concealed in the sheathing scales of the scape.

280 ORCHIDACEE. ARETHUSA.

1. AretTnusa BULBOosaA, Linn. Arethusa.

Linn. sp. 2. p..950;-Michex. fl. 25 p. 160; -Pursh, fl. 2. p. 590; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 194;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 500; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 325; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 53. f. 1; Hook. exot. fi.
t.170; Torr. compend. p. 521; Bot. mag. t. 2204; Beck, bot. p. 346; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 502; Lindl. l.c.; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 200.

Pseudobulb ovoid, about the size of a filbert. Scape arising from the base of the bulb, 4-8
“inches high, erect, clothed with 3 ~ 4 loosely sheathing scales. From the uppermost sheath
proceeds a linear nerved leaf, which originates near the base of the scape : it is at first almost
entirely concealed, but finally is protruded an inch or more. Flower an inch and a half long,
bright purple, fragrant, with 2 small unequal bracts at the base. Sepals and petals lanceolate.
Lip broader, conduplicate near the middle, waved on the margin, variegated with yellow and
white, and handsomely bearded in the middle. Column incurved, dilated and membranaceous
above the anther. Pollen-masses oblong, 2 in each cell of the anther, collateral.

Sphagnous swamps : frequent. May. A small but highly ornamental plant. ‘The scape
is very rarely 2-flowered.

10. POGONIA. Juss. gen. p. 65; Lindl. gen. p. 413. POGONIA.
Poconia and Tripyora, Nutt.

[From the Greek, pogon, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip of the flower. }
Petals and sepals nearly equal, more or less erect. Lip sessile or unguiculate, cucullate,
mostly crested on the inside. Column wingless. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 2,

farinaceous. — Habit various. Flowers purple.

1. PoGonta opHIOGLOSSOIDES, Jer. Single-leaved Pogonia.

Scape mostly one-flowered, with a single leaf near the middle and a foliaceous bract near
the flower ; lip spatulate-oblong, crested and fringed. — Ker in bot. reg. t. 148; Nutt. gen.
2. p. 192; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3. t.77; Hook. exot. fl. t.'70; Torr. compend. p. 320; Beck,
bot. p. 344; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 502; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 201. Arethusa ophioglos-
soides, Linn. sp. 2. p. 951; Micha. fl. 2. p. 159; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 590; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 325.

Root fasciculate. Scape 9-15 inches high, slender. Leaf 1 — 3 inches long, varying
from lanceolate to ovate, erect, rather acute. Bract leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, about an inch
long. Flowers large, mostly solitary (sometimes 2 or 3), pale purple, a little nodding ; the
sepals and petals nearly equal, narrowly oblong, obtuse. Column much shorter than the
petals, thick and clavate.

Swamps, particularly where Spuacnum abounds : frequent.“ June — July.

Poconta. ORCHIDACE. 281

2. Poconta verTiciLuata, WVutt. Verticillate Pogonia.

Scape with a whorl of leaves at the summit, 1 — 2-flowered ; sepals very long and lanceo-
late-linear ;_ petals small, elliptical ; lip 3-lobed ; the middle lobe dilated and undulate. —
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 192; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 67; Ell. sk. 2. p.497 ; Torr. compend. p. 321 ;
Beck, bot. p. 345; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 503. Arethusa verticillata, Walld. sp. 4. p. 81;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 591; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 325. A. medeoloides, Pursh, 1. c. A. stellata,
Muhl. cat. p. 84%

Root consisting of long thick succulent fibres. Scape 8 — 12 inches high, dull purplish,
quite naked except 2-3 lanceolate scales at the base, and the verticillate leaves at the
summit. Leaves oval or elliptical-obovate, 1-2 inches long, sessile, abruptly pointed at
each end. Flowers mostly solitary (rarely 2 or 3 on a scape), pedunculate, inclined or some-
what nodding. Petals varying from three-fourths of an inch to 2 inches in length, and about
2 lines wide, of a dull greenish brown. Petals much shorter than the sepals and paler, mostly
obtuse, but sometimes acute. Lip shorter than the petals, crested along the middle. Column
thick and clavate : anther large and horizontal. Pollen-masses 2, oblong, with a longitudinal
groove on the inside.

Swamps and moist woods : rare. Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern) ; Eaton, Madison county

(Dr. Bradley). Fl. May — June.

3. Poconta PENDULA, Lindi. Nodding Pogonia.

Stem about 3-flowered near the summit ; leaves ovate (small), distant, clasping ; flowers
axillary, pendulous ; lip unguiculate and somewhat 3-lobed, not crested.— Lindl. in bot. reg.
t. 908 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 202. Arethusa parviflora, Micha. fl. 2. p.160. A. pendula,
Willd. sp. 4. p. 82; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 590. ‘ A. trianthophorus, Swartz, act. Holm. 1800,
p. 230.” Triphora pendula, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 193; Ell. sk. 2. p. 498; Torr. compend.
p. 321; Beck, bot. p. 346; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 504.

Pseudobulbs oblong, buried deep in the ground. Stems often growing in clusters, 3 - 8
inches high, tender and somewhat succulent. Leaves 3 —- 5, about half an inch long, the
lowest obtuse, the others rather acute. Flowers 1 - 4, pale purple, on axillary pedicels, at
first somewhat erect, but soon pendulous. Sepals and petals nearly equal, connivent. Lip
cucullate, about as long as the petals, rough but not crested; the middle lobe oblong. Column
spatulate, cucullate. Capsules elliptical, half an inch long.

Fertile woods, in black vegetable mould : rare. FU. August - September.

[FLora — Vol. 2.]} 36

282 ORCHIDACE. CALOPOGON.

11. CALOPOGON. R. Brown in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 204; Lindl. Orchid. p. 474.
CALOPOGON.

[From the Greek, kalos, beautiful, and pogon, beard ; in allusion to the beautiful bearded lip.]
Flower (apparently) inverted. Sepals and petals somewhat equal, spreading, distinct. Lip
on the upper side of the flower, erect, unguiculate, conspicuously bearded. Pollen angular.

— Root pseudobulbous. Leaves nearly radical, ensiform. Flowers few, large, racemose.

1. CaLopoGon puLcHELLus, Rt. Br. Calopogon.

R. Brown, l.c.; Nutt. gen. p. 194; Ell. sk. 2. p. 499; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t.68; Sweet,
Br. fl. gard. t. 115; Torr. compend. p.321; Beck, bot. p. 345 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 504;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 202. Limodorum tuberosum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 950; Micha. fl. 2.
p. 159. Cymbidium pulchellum, Willd. sp. 4. p. 105; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 592; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 326.

Scape swollen at the base into a small roundish tuber, 12 — 18 inches high, slender. Leaf
usually solitary, situated on the lower part of the scape, 6 — 8 inches long and 4 - 3 of an
inch wide, somewhat rigid, marked with numerous nerves. Flowers 3 — 8, about an inch
in diameter, bright purple, fragrant. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than the ovary. Sepals and
petals ovate-lanceolate, acute. Lip above! broadly dilated at the summit, conspicuously
bearded with white, orange-colored and purplish clavate hairs. Column on the lower side of
the flower incurved, dilated and winged above.

Sphagnous swamps: frequent. Fv. June - July. <A highly ornamental plant.

Trine V. NEOTTIEZ. Lindl.

Anther parallel with the stigma, erect. Pollen consisting of loosely cohering grains.

12. SPIRANTHES. LZ. C. Rich. ; Lindl. Orchid. p. 463. LADY’S-TRESSES.

[From the Greek, spezra, a cord, and anthos, a flower; the spike of flowers being twisted like the strands of a rope.]

Flowers ringent ; exterior sepals oblique, and including the base of the lip. Petals and upper
sepal connivent. Lip parallel with the column, the lower part of which is embraced by
its base, oblong, channelled, with 2 callosities at the base. Column curved : stigma ovate,
mostly with a short acuminate beak, finally 2-cleft. Pollen-masses 2, powdery, 2-lobed. —

Flowers small, in a close spiral spike.

1. SprrantHes GRACILIS, Bigel. (Plate CXXVIIL.) Slender Lady’s-tresses.

Radical leaves small, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, petiolate (fugacious) ; scape slender,
elongated, sheathed with several leafless sheaths; spike slender, the flowers longer than the

SPrraNTHES. ORCHIDACE. 283

bracts ; lateral sepals free ; lip oblong-spatulate, crenulate. — Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 322 (under
Neortra, subgenus Spiranthes); Beck, bot. p. 343 (including S. tortilis) ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 202. t. 203. S. tortilis? & var. gracilis, Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 501. Neottia
tortilis, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 589; Muhl. cat. p. 80; Ell. sk. 2. p. 491; Torr. compend (in-
cluding var. gracilis) p. 320, not of Swartz. Ophrys estivalis, Micha. fl. 2. p. 157.

Root consisting of several fasciculate oblong tubers. Radical leaves spreading, 1 - 14
inch long, often solitary, acute, varying from ovate to almost lanceolate, often absent, or
disappearing very early, so that the plant appears leafless. Scape strong and wiry, but very
slender, often flexuous, about a foot high, furnished with 3 - 6 sheathing acute scales. Spike
2-4 inches long, slender and beautifully spiral, the flower sweet-scented, small, white and
nearly smooth. Bracts ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, appressed to the flower. Sepals and
petals oblong. Lip recurved, nearly sessile ; the margin finely crenulate and waved. Column
very short, with a short acumination above the stigma, behind which is placed the anther.

Meadows and dry open woods: common. July — August. Dr. Darlington finds linear
radical leaves in his S. fortis, but remarks that they mostly wither and disappear before the
flowers expand. If that plant is the same as ours, it must be extremely variable as to the
form of the leaves ; but he quotes the figure of N. tortilis, Bart. fl. N. Am. t. 35. f. 2,
which surely belongs to the following species,

2. Sprrantues cernua, L. C. Rich. (Plate CX XIX.) Nodding Lady’ s-tresses.

Leaves nearly radical, lanceolate-linear ; scape rather stout, sheathed, the lower sheaths
bearing short leaves ; spike dense, the flowers obliquely recurved and cernuous ; lip oblong,
obtuse, crisped and crenate. — Lindl. in bot. reg. t. 283; Beck, bot. p. 344; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 501; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 202. Ophrys cernua, Linn. sp. 2. p. 946; Miche.
fl. 2. p. 158. Neottia cernua, Willd. sp. 4. p.'75; Pursh. fl. 2. p. 589 ; Bot. mag. t. 1658 ;
Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 322; Torr. compend. p. 320. N. tortilis, Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 35. f. 2.

Root consisting of fleshy tubers. Leaves radical or frora the lower part of the scape, 3 — 10
inches long and 2 - 4 lines wide. Scape 8 - 18 inches high, somewhat succulent, smoothish
and obscurely 3-sided below, pubescent above, the lower sheaths usually bearing leaves from
one to two inches long. Spike 2-4 inches long, the flowers white or ochroleucous, larger,
sweeter scented and more cernuous than in the preceding species, but less numerous. Bracts
two-thirds the length of the flower, with a long slender acumination, pubescent. Lateral
sepals a little spreading, the upper one closely connivent with the petals and arching. Lip
nearly white, conspicuously waved and crenulate, longer than the lateral sepals. Column
nearly as in S. gracilis.

Wet meadows and moist thickets : common. Fl. August - October. I have occasionally
found solitary specimens of this plant, nearly three feet high,

36*

284 ORCHIDACE. SPIRANTHES.

3. SPIRANTHES PLANTAGINEA. Lady’s-tresses.

Entirely smooth ; leaves mostly radical, oblong-lanceolate, 3 — 7-nerved ; scape somewhat
succulent, with 2-3 nearly leafless sheaths ; spike loosely spiral; bracts lanceolate, the
lower ones equalling the flowers, which are slender and recurved-cernuous ; lip oblong,
obtuse, crenulate on the margin, about 5-nerved. — S. estivalis, Oakes in cat. Vermont, pl.
p- 28 (not of Rich). Neottia plantaginea, Raf. in Amer. month. mag. 2. p. 206. N. cernua,
var.? latifolia, Torr. compend. p. 320. N. (Gyrostachys) lucida, H. H. Eaton in Transylv.
jour. med. March, 1832. S. cernua, var.? latifolia, Torr. in geol. report of N. York, 1841.

Root consisting of oblong fascicled tubers. Leaves 3-4, radical or nearly so, 2-4
inches long and 4 — 8 lines wide, rather acute, smooth and shining. Scape 5 — 10 inches
high, with 2 - 3 sheaths which are produced into short linear leaves. Spike about 2 inches
long. Flowers intermediate in size between those of the two preceding species. Petals and
sepals white. Lip pale yellow with green lines, very obtuse, nearly sessile, with an oblong
callosity on each side of the base, marked with 5 pretty distinct longitudinal lines, distinctly
crenulate towards the extremity. Column nearly as in S. gracilis.

Moist woods and banks of rivers ; also on mountains : frequent north and west of Catskill,
but not found in the lower part of the Hudson valley. Fl. June. The characters of this plant
seem to be pretty constant. It was first noticed nearly thirty years ago by Mr. Rafinesque,
who collected it with Mr. Knevels, on the Catskill mountains (not near Fishkill as stated in
the description of Mr. R. above quoted), where it flowers in June. Mr. Oakes considers it
identical with S. e@stivalis of Europe.

13. GOODYERA. R. Brown in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 198; Lindl. Orchid. p. 492.

GOOD YERA.
{In honor of Joun Goopyer, an old English botanist. ]

Flower ringent. Calyx herbaceous; the upper sepal united with the petals and vaulted; the
two lateral ones supporting the saccate entire lip. Column small, straight : stigma mem-
branaceous, rounded or rostrate. Anther dorsal. Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular

grains. — Rhizoma creeping. Leaves more or less ovate, radical. Flowers in spikes.

1. Goopyera puBeEscens, Lt. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain.

Leaves ovate, reticulate with whitish veins; scape, as well as the sheathing scales and
flowers, pubescent ; lip roundish-ovate, with a short reflexed acumination ; column obscurely
2-toothed at the summit. — R. Br. l.c.; Nutt. gen. 2. p.190; Ell. sk. 2. p.191; Torr.
compend. p. 319 ; Lindl. collect. bot. t. 25; Beck, bot. p. 343; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 500 ;
Bot. mag. t. 2540; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 204; Brit. fl. gard. ber. 2.t.47. Satyrium
repens, Micha. fl. 2. p. 157 (in part). Neottia pubescens, Willd. sp. 4. p.76; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 590; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 323.

GooDYERA. ORCHIDACE. 285

Rhizoma somewhat branching, throwing off thick fleshy fibrous roots. Leaves 1 — 2 inches
long, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole, of a dark dull green, marked with whitish
coarsely reticulated veins. Scape 8-12 inches or more in height, terete, pubescent, bearing
from 5 — 8 lanceolate scales. Flowers small, greenish white, in a close spike which is from
2-4 inches long. Bracts longer than the ovary, lanceolate, acuminate. Sepals broadly
ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals obliquely obovate. Lip deeply saccate, with a small abrupt
recurved acumination. Anther not mucronate. Summit of the column obscurely 2-toothed
and mucronate.

Shady fertile woods : frequent. #7. July — August.

2. GoopyERA REPENS, Lt. Br. Smaller Goodyera.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obscurely reticulate ; scales and flowers slightly pubescent ; lip
ovate, with an oblong obtuse acumination; column acutely 2-toothed at the summit.—R. Brown,
l.c.; Nutt. gen.2. p.190; Torr. compend. p. 319; Beck, bot. p-343 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 203. Satyrium repens, Linn. sp. 2. p. 945; Miche. fl. 2. p. 157 (in part). Neottia
repens, Willd. sp. 4. p. 76; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 589 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 323.

Rhizoma creeping and branching. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, acute, entirely green, or much
less reticulated than in the preceding species, tapering at the base into a petiole. Scape
slender, bracteate. Spike 2 - 3 inches long; the bracts and flowers more or less pubescent.
Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals oblong. Lip moderately saccate, somewhat fleshy, with a
rather long slightly recurved acumination. Stigma with 2 teeth or short horns at the summit.

Shady woods in the northern counties, and on the higher parts of the Catskill mountains.
Fl. July and August. Our specimens from the northern part of the State agree very well
with the European G. repens, but the Catskill plant differs in several points. The anther is
distinctly mucronate, and the summit of the column terminates in two long subulate processes.

14. LISTERA. R. Brown in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 201; Lindl. Orchid. p. 455.

TWAYBLADE.
{In honor of Dr. Martin LisTEr, a learned British naturalist. ]

Sepals and petals somewhat equal, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly pendulous, 2-lobed or
2-cleft. Column short, wingless; the beak rounded. Anther dorsal, ovate. Pollen

powdery. — Stem mostly with 2 opposite leaves. Flowers small, in a slender spike.

1. Listera corpata, R. Brown. Heart-leaved Twayblade.

Stem with two cordate opposite leaves about the middle ; column very short, without a
crest; sepals ovate-oblong ; lip linear, about 24 times longer than the sepals, with a single
tooth on each side at the base, cleft to near the middle, the segments linear. — R. br. Ll. c. ;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 1902; Torr. compend. p. 321; Beck, bot. p. 344; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 204. Ophrys cordata, Linn. sp. 2. p. 946; Micha. fl. 2. p. 158. Epipactis cordata,

286 ORCHIDACE. LisTERA.

Willd. sp. 4. p. 88. E. convallarioides, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 591; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 323, not
of Swartz.

Root consisting of thick horizontal branching fibres. Stem 4 — 8 inches high, 4 - 5-angled,
almost filiform, with one or two small scales at the base. Leaves roundish-cordate, sessile,
half an inch long; sometimes there is a third leaf above the other two. Peduncles slightly
pubescent, usually with a single small scale. Spike 10 — 20-flowered ; the flowers minute,
on slender pedicels which are about a line in length : bracts minute, ovate. Sepals greenish,
elliptical-ovate. Petals and lip pale dull purple. Lip with 2 small subulate spreading teeth
near the base : segments slender, acute. .

Sphagnous swamps : frequent. June-July. This plant seems to be identical with the
L. cordata of Europe, but in the Southern States it is replaced by a nearly allied species,
the L. Elliottii, Hook. The latter extends as far north as the neighborhood of Philadelphia,
in New-Jersey. It is the L. convallarioides, Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 39. f. 1, and probably
also L. cordata, Nutt.

Trize VI. CYPRIPEDIEZ. Lindl.

Anthers 2, with a large dilated lobe (abortive stamen) between them.

15. CYPRIPEDIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1618. LADY’S-SLIPPER.
[From the Greek, Kypris, Venus, and podion, a shoe; i. e. Venus’s slipper.)

The two outer sepals usually combined. Lip large and inflated. Column short, cernuous,
3-lobed, the lateral lobes antheriferous underneath ; the middle lobe (abortive stamen or
‘appendage of the column”) dilated and petaloid. Pollen farinaceous. — Root consisting

of thick fibres. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy.

1. CypRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS, Swartz. Large Yellow Lady’s-slipper.

Stem leafy ; sepals lanceolate ; lip shorter than the petals, convex and gibbous above and
below, laterally compressed ; sterile stamen triangular, acute (Hook.).— Swartz in act. acad.
Holm. 1800; Willd. hort. Berol. 1. t. 13; Pursh, fl. 2. p.594; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3.t. 74;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 507; Beck, bot. p. 351; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 513 ; Hook. in bot. mag.
t. 3024. A, and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 205.

Root consisting of numerous thick fibres. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple, pubescent.
Leaves 4 — 7 inches long, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on both sides,
contracted and sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or in pairs, with a large foliaceous
bract at the base. Sepals and petals greenish stained with purple, 14 - 24 inches long.
_ Upper sepal rather broadly lanceolate ; the two lower ones commonly united nearly to the tip,
but sometimes distinct. Petals lanceolate-linear, undulate and twisted. Lip yellow, 1 - 14
inch long, somewhat obovoid, much inflated.

Moist shady woods, and inswamps. JF. May — June.

CyprIPEDIUM. ORCHIDACE. 287

2. CypRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM, Sadisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s-slipper.

Stem leafy; sepals broadly ovate ; lip shorter than the petals, flattish above and below ;
sterile stamen triangular, acute (Hook.). — Salish. in Lin. trans. |. p. 77. t. 2. f. 2; Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 594; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 327; Ell. sk. 2. p. 507; Hook. in bot. mag. t. 3024, and
fil. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 205. C. Calceolus, Micha. fl. 2. p. 161.

Root consisting of thick fibres. Stem about a foot and a half high, pubescent. Leaves
4-6 inches long, ovate, clasping at the base, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown mixed with green. Petals much narrower and rather
larger, undulate and twisted, green, spotted with purplish brown, or sometimes wholly pur-
plish. Lip 1 - 14 inch long, somewhat flattened above and below, the sides swelling out.

Woods, swamps, and hill sides : not common. May — June.

This and the preceding species are very nearly allied, and many of our botanists do not
consider them distinct. Since my attention has been particularly directed to these plants,
I have had no opportunities of comparing them in the living state. ‘The diagnostic characters
given above are those of Hooker, who has no doubt (having examined cultivated specimens)

that they are perfectly distinct.

3. CypRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE, Salish. Showy Lady’s-slipper.

Stem leafy ; sepals somewhat equal, ovate, obtuse, longer than the flat lanceolate petals ;
lip longer than the petals ; sterile stamen cordate-ovate, obtuse. — Salish. in Linn. trans. 1.
p. 78. ¢t. 3. f.3; Walld. sp. 4. p. 143; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 594; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 328; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 509; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 65; Torr. compend. p. 523; Beck, bot. p. 352; Lindl.
in bot. reg. t. 1666 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 205. C. album, Azt, Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 303.
C. Canadense, Michx. fl. 2. p. 161. C. calceolus, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1847.

Root consisting of numerous thick fleshy fibres. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, pubescent (as are
likewise the leaves), stout. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-6 inches long and 2-8 inches
wide, nerved and plaited, with a pretty strong nerve close to the margin all around. Flowers
solitary or two (sometimes 3) together, very large. The two lower sepals united their whole
length and appearing like a single sepal, which resembles the upper one; both white like the
narrower petals. Lip much inflated, more than an inch long, variegated with stripes of purple
and white.

Swamps, and sometimes in woods : rather rare. June — July.

4. CypRIPEDIUM ACAULE, Alt. Noah's Ark. Purple Lady’s-slipper.

Leaves 2, radical, oblong ; scape leafless, one-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about the
length of the linear petals; lip with a longitudinal cleft in front; sterile stamen roundish-

288 ORCHIDACE. CyPRIPEDIUM.

rhomboid, acuminate, deflected. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 161; Micha. fl. 2. p. 161; Bot.
mag. t. 192; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.327; Torr. compend. p. 323; Beck, bot. p. 352; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 514. C.humile, Salisb. I. c. 1. t. 3. f. 4; Willd. sp. 4. p. 144; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 595; Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 327; Ell. sk. 2. p. 509; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3.t. 83; Hook. fi.
Bor.-Am., 2. p. 204.

Leaves nearly radical, 3 - 6 inches long, pubescent, obtuse or with a short acumination,
at first erect, but finally spreading. Scape 8 —- 12 inches high. Flower larger than in the
preceding species ; the bract at its base large, linear-lanceolate. Sepals elliptical-lanceolate
(the two lower ones united their whole length), shorter than the lip, and, like the petals,
greenish mixed with purple. Lip 14-2 inches long, somewhat obovoid, purple, veined,
pendulous, with a shallow fissure or indentation in front. Sterile stamen acuminate, keeled
inside. Capsule elliptical-oblong, about an inch and a half in length.

Woods, in both dry and moist situations : not rare. FU. May. Fr. August.

™-

5. Cypripepium arietinum, It. Brown. Ram s-head.

Stem leafy ; lower sepals distinct, linear, upper one ovate-lanceolate ; petals linear; sterile
stamen orbicular-spatulate ; lip acute. — R. Brown in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 5. p. 222, and in
bot. mag. t. 1569 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p.595; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 199; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 328; Torr.
compend. p. 323. Cryosanthes borealis, Raf. in jour. de phys. 79. p. 102. Arietinum
Americanum, Beck, bot. p. 352.

Stem 6 — 10 inches high, sheathed with scales below, the upper part leafy, slightly pu-
bescent. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, nearly smooth. Flower
solitary, much smaller than in any of the preceding species. Sepals and petals about three-
fourths of an inch long, greenish brown. Lip red and white, reticulated, the lower part ending
in a conical point or short obtuse spur.

Near Oneida lake (Dr. Gray); Oneida county (Dr. Douglas §- Dr. Whaley); Amster-
dam, Montgomery county (Mr. J. D. B. Skillman). This very rare plant was first found
near Montreal, about forty years ago; and since that time, one new station for it has been
discovered in British America, and about half a dozen in the United States. The flower has
been compared in shape to a ram’s head, the petals representing the horns.

Hypoxis. HYPOXIDACE. 289

Orver CXIIL HYPOXIDACE. R. Brown. Tue Srar-crass TRIBE.

Perianth regular, 6-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 6: anthers introrse,
erect. Ovary cohering with the tube of the perianth (or inferior), 3-celled,
with numerous ovules in each cell: style simple : stigmas 3, or united. Fruit
dry and capsular or baccate, indehiscent, 3- (or by abortion one-) celled,

several- or many-seeded. Seeds roundish. Embryo straight, in the axis of
fleshy albumen.

1. HYPOXIS. Linn. ; Endl. gen. 1264. STAR-GRASS.

[From the Greek, hypo, beneath, and oxys, sharp; the base of the fruit being acute. ]

Segments of the perianth persistent. Capsule 3-celled, elongated, crowned with the withered

perianth, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, of varions habit, and probably including more

than one genus ; the North American species with linear radical leaves, and 2 — 4-flowered
scapes.

1. Hypoxis erecta, Linn. Common Star-grass.

Hairy ; leaves linear and grass-like ; scape mostly shorter than the leaves, 3 — 4-flowered ;
the flower somewhat umbellate.— Lznn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 439; Bot. mag.t.710; Pursh,
fl. 1. pr224; Ell. sk. 1. p. 396; Bart. fl. N. Am. 1.1%. 35. f. 1; Torr. fl. 1. p. 342; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 1380; Beck, bot. p. 355; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 219.
Jide e188.

Root bulbous, solid, ovoid. Leaves all radical, about 2 lines wide. Scape 4 — 6 inches
high, slender, mostly 4-flowered, rarely one-flowered ; the pedicels with subulate bracts at
the base. Perianth yellow inside, hairy and greenish outside : segments spreading, oblong,
rather obtuse. Stamens much shorter than the corolla, unequal : anthers linear-oblong, the
cells separate at each extremity. Style rather shorter than the stamens, triangular : stigmas
decurrent on the angles of the style. Capsule 3-celled, not opening.
angular, black.

Dry open woods : common. Fl, May — October.

H. Carolinianum, Miche.

Seeds numerous, ovoid,

{FLrora — Vol. 2.] 37

290 IRIDACEZ. IRIs.

Orver CXIV. IRIDACELZ. Juss. Tue Iris Trine.

Perianth with the limb 6-parted in a double series, sometimes irregular; the
tube adherent to the 3-celled ovary, and usually elongated above it. Stamens
3; the filaments sometimes monadelphous: anthers extrorse. Style single :
stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. Ovary 3-celled, with numerous anatropous
ovules. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds roundish, with hard
albumen. — Mostly perennial herbs, with flowering stems which spring from
rhizomas, bulbs or corms. Leaves equitant. Flowers spathaceous, usually
large and showy.

1. IRIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1226. IRIS. FLOWER DE LUCE.
[So named from the beautiful and varied colors of its flowers. ]

Perianth 6-cleft ; the alternate segments larger and reflexed, the others erect. Stamens distinct.

Stigmas 3, very large and petaloid, covering the stamens.—Herbs with large showy flowers,

mostly growing in wet places ; the rhizoma tuberous and horizontal, rarely bulbous.

1. Irn1ts versrcotor, Linn. Blue Flag.

Stem terete or slightly compressed, more or less flexuous ; leaves broadly linear; flowers
beardless ; ovary obtusely triangular, with the sides flat; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded
angles. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 39; Bot. mag. t. 21; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 29; Ell. sk. 1. p. 45;
Bigel. med. bot. t. 16, §- fl. Bost. p.15; Torr. fl. 1. p. 35; Beck, bot. p. 353; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 13. I. Virginica, Pursh, l. c.; Bot. mag. t.'703, not of Linn.

Rhizoma fleshy and horizontal, throwing down numerous fibrous roots. Stem 2-83 feet
high, rather stout, simple or sometimes branched, 2 - 6-flowered at the summit. Leaves
12-18 inches long, and half an inch or more in breadth. Flowers blue, variegated with
green, yellow and white at the base: outer segments of the perianth spatulate; the inner
ones narrower. Style short : stigmas very large and resembling petals, ligulate, violet blue,
2-lipped, crenate and 2-lobed at the extremity. Capsule obscurely 3-sided. Seed flat, tri-
angular.

Wet meadows, borders of swamps, etc.: common. May — June. The root, according to
Dr. Bigelow, is a violent emetic. Inthe South its properties seem to be somewhat different :
it is there a popular remedy for dropsy. Elliott states that it is decidedly diuretic; the
efficacy of the flag being promoted by mixing it with one-fourth part of the root of Eryngium
yuccefolium.

Iris. IRIDACE. 291

2. Iris Virerinica, Linn. Slender Blue Flag.

Stem terete, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers beardless ; ovary 3-sided, with pro-
minent angles, each side deeply 2-grooved ; capsule triangular, acute at each end. — Linn.
sp. 1. p. 39; Muhl. cat. p.4; Torr. fl. 1. p. 36. I. prismatica, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 30; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p.16; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3. t.853; Beck, bot. p. 353. I. gracilis, Bigel. fl. Bost.
(ed, 15) p. 12:

Rhizoma horizontal, tuberous. Stem 14 — 3 feet high, somewhat flexuous, solid. Leaves
about one-fourth or one-third of an inch wide. Flowers 1 — 3 at the summit of the stem,
blue, veined with yellow in the middle, about as large as those of J. versicolor, but more
delicate. Outer segments of the perianth broadly spatulate ; inner ones narrower and more
lanceolate. The ovary is, by Bigelow, well compared to ‘a cylinder with three smaller ones
attached to its sides.” Capsule distinctly triangular.

Borders of brackish marshes, Long Island. £7. June. This plant was sent by Muhlen-
berg to Sir James E. Smith, who pronounced it I. Virginica of the Linnean herbarium.
The I. Virginica of most botanists is a mere variety of JL. versicolor.

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1220. BLUE-EYED GRASS.
{From the Greek, sus, a hog, and rhynchos, a snout ; because it was supposed that hogs were fond of rooting it up.]

Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored, regular; the limb flat, 6-lobed : tube short.
Filaments usually monadelphous below. Style short: stigmas 3, filiform and involute.
Capsule pedicellate, roundish-triangular, membranaceous. — Roots mostly fibrous. Stem

ancipital. Leaves equitant. Flowers small.

i. Stisyrincuium Bermupiana, Linn. Common Blue-eyed Grass.

Scape winged, simple or somewhat branched above ; leaves narrow and grass-like ; spathe
2-valved, the valves mucronate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 954.

var. 1. Stem broadly winged; valves of the spathe nearly equal, shorter than the flowers.
— 8. Bermudiana, Michx. fl. 2. p. 33; Ell. sk. 2. p. 152.. S. anceps, “ Cavan. diss. 6.
p. 345,” ex Pursh, fl. p. 31; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 256; Torr. fl. 1.42; Beck, bot: p. 354;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 13. 8S. gramineum, Lam. enc. 1. p.403?; Bot. mag. t. 464.

var. 2. Stem narrowly winged ; valves of the spathe very unequal (often colored), the outer
one longer than the flowers. —S. mucronatum, Miche. 1. c.; Pursh, l.c.; Ell. sk. l.c.;
Tort: fi..t.¢.; Beck, 1, ¢.;-Darlingt. 1. c,

Root fibrous. Stems somewhat cespitose, about a foot high, slender, with a winged margin
on each side, which is broader in var. 1 ; when branched, there is a linear bracteal leaf at the
bifurcation. Leaves mostly radical or nearly so, variable in breadth, but usually about 2 lines
wide ; sometimes (particularly in var. 2) almost setaceous. Spathe 2-leaved, equitant; the

37*

292 DIOSCOREACE. SisyRINCHIUM.

leaflets linear-lanceolate, tapering to a mucronate point; in var. 1, they are about three-fourths
of an inch long, somewhat equal, and shorter than the flower, but often longer than the
pedicels, sometimes purplish; in var. 2, the outer leaf is often 14 - 2 inches long, ex-
ceeding the flowers, and more frequently tinged with purple or violet. Flowers 2 - 5 from
each spathe, opening in succession, fugacious. ‘They are about half an inch in diameter, of
a delicate purplish-violet, with a small yellow centre, and are supported on slender pedicels.
Segments of the perianth emarginate, with a central cusp. Stamens shorter than the perianth ;
the filaments at first cohering : anthers linear; the cells distinct at the base. Style closely
surrounded by the stamens : stigmas a little spreading. Capsule globose and obscurely 3-sided,
the size of a small pea. Seeds about 8 in each cell, in a double row, globose-angular.

In moist meadows, among grass, and in woods. Fi. End of May-June. Fr. July. The
two plants which I have here described as varieties, are considered distinct species by most
of our botanists, but there are many intermediate forms which seem to connect them.

OrvER CXV. DIOSCOREACE. R. Brown. Tue Yam TRIBE.

Flowers mostly dicecious. Perianth 6-cleft or -parted, in a double series. Stamens
6, or sometimes 3. Ovary adherent to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled,
with one or two anatropous ovules in each cell: styles 3, united below or
distinct. Fruit capsular, often 3-lobed or 3-winged ; two of the cells some-
times abortive. Seeds flat, sometimes winged. Embryo minute, lying ina
cavity of the cartilaginous albumen. — Twining herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
with reticulated veins, petiolate. I lowers inconspicuous.

1, DIOSCOREA. Plum.; Endl. gen. 1201; Griseb. Smil. §- Diosc. in Endl. §- Mart.
Sl. Bras. p. 24. YAM.

[Dedicated to the ancient Greek naturalist DioscoripEs. ]

Dicecious. STeriLe ri. Stamens 6 (3 of them sometimes barren) or only 3 : filament subu-
late : anthers globose-didymous. Ferrite ry. Styles distinct nearly to the base : stigmas
linear, spreading. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule membranaceous,
3-celled, triangular, with broad somewhat winged angles. Seeds membranaceously winged.
— Twining herbs or undershrubs. Rhizoma tuberous, often very large. Leaves mostly
alternate, sometimes opposite, cordate or hastate. Flowers very small, numerous, in

axillary panicles or spikes.

DioscorEa. DIOSCOREACE. 293

1. Dioscorea vitLosa, Linn. Wild Yam-root.

Herbaceous ; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, or rarely in whorls of 4,
cordate, acuminate, entire, pubescent underneath, 9 — 11-nerved ; fertile stamens 6.— Linn.
sp. 2. p. 1033; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 251; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 368; Ell. sk. 2. p.'704; Torr.
compend. p. 374; Beck, bot. p. 355; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 567; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 207. D. paniculata, ‘‘ Jacq. ic. t. 626 ;” Miche. fl. 2. p. 239.

Rhizoma half an inch in diameter, horizontal, woody, somewhat knotted, with horizontal spurs.
Stem 6 — 10 feet long, slender, twining over bushes and other plants, smooth. Leaves 2-3
inches long, cordate or truncate at the base, conspicuously acuminate, marked with 9— 11 strong
nerves which diverge from the base and curve towards the apex ; the two lateral ones confluent,
more or less pubescent and of a pale grayish color underneath. Flowers very small, pale
greenish yellow. Sveri/e fl. in pendulous panicles. Perianth deeply 5 - 6-parted ; the
segments ovate, sessile. Stamens much shorter than the perianth : filaments terete: anthers
introrse ; the cells roundish, distinct. Abortive ovary minute. J*ertzle fl. in pendulous simple
racemes. Segments of the perianth roundish, very short. Abortive stamens 6. Ovary
oblong, acutely triangular, 3-celled, with one or two pendulous anatropous ovules in each
cell. Styles very short, bifid. Capsule about three-fourths of an inch long, with 3 broad
semioval wings, which are of a dull yellowish green color, bordered with brown. Seeds one
or two in each cell, flatly lenticular, with a pale broad membranaceous margin. Embryo
somewhat pyriform, compressed, situated in a large thin cavity of the firm fleshy albumen,
near the hilum.

Thickets, borders of woods, etc. Fil. June - July. Fr. October.

Grovur 4. Flowers with a regular perianth, which is more or less petaloid (in Jun-
cacEm, glumaceous); ¢he segments often in a double series. Ovary free.
Embryo surrounded by albumem. — Herbs, rarely climbing or shrubby plants.

Orver CXVI. SMILACEZ. R. Brown. Tue Smimax Tripe.

Flowers perfect or dicecious. Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-parted or 6-leaved
in a double series. Stamens 6, hypogynous, or inserted into the perianth :
anthers mostly introrse, innate. Ovary free, 3- (or rarely 2-) celled, with one
— many ovules in each cell: the ovules either orthotropous, anatropous, or
hemitropous : styles 3, distinct to the base, or united into one. I'ruit baccate.
Seed with horny albumen. — Shrubs (usually climbing), or perennial herbs.
Leaves simple, mostly entire, often with reticulated veins. Tlowers umbellate,
racemose or solitary, usually axillary ; the pedicels often jointed.

294 SMILACE. MeEpEo.La.

Trise Il. PARIDEZ. Baril.

Styles distinct. — Leaves mostly with reticulated veins. Flowers terminal.

1. MEDEOLA. Gronov.; Endl. gen. 1178. INDIAN CUCUMBER.

[From Medea, the name of a sorceress ; because the plant was thought to possess great medicinal virtues.]

Gyromia, Nutt.

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, deciduous; the segments revolute. Stamens 6, inserted into the
the base of the perianth : anthers linear-oblong, slightly introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with
several anatropous ovules in each cell : style 3, filiform, elongated, divaricate, obscurely
stigmatose along the upper side. Berry 3-celled; the celis 1 —- 3-seeded. Seeds roundish,
compressed. — A perennial herb, with a tuberous horizontal rhizoma,, simple stem, and

verticillate leaves. Flowers terminal, aggregated ; the pedicels without bracts.

1. Mepeora Viraeinica, Linn. Indian Cucumber. Cucumber-root.

Linn. sp. 1. p. 339; Miche. fl. 1. p. 214; Bot. mag. t.1306; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 244;
Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 38; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 141; Ell. sk. 1. p. 425; Beck, bot. p. 360;
Hook. fil. Bor.-Am. 2. p.179. Gyromia Virginica, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 238; Torr. fl.1. p.374;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 234; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 277.

Rhizoma oblong, white, 1-2 inches long, fleshy. Stem about a foot and a half high,
clothed with a brownish deciduous wool. Leaves in two whorls, with 3 principal nerves and
intermediate reticulated and branching veins ; the lower whorl above the middle of the stem,
consisting of 6 — 8 (sometimes 5 or 9) oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves ; the upper whorl
of 2-3 smaller ovate leaves, which are often stained with crimson when the plant is in fruit.
Peduncles 3 — 6 (sometimes more), about half an inch long, arising from the centre of the
upper whorl, and recurved between the leaves. Perianth pale greenish yellow ; the segments
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the perianth, erect: filaments slender, smooth : anthers
obtuse. Styles sometimes 4, purple, longer than the stamens, grooved and slightly glandular
along the upper side. Ovary roundish, with about 4 ovules in each cell in a double series.
Berry globose, dark purple : seeds compressed, somewhat 3-sided, seldom more than a single
perfect one in each cell.

Moist woods and shady places, usually in rich soil: frequent. F%. May-June. Fr.
September. The reputed medicinal virtues of this plant are altogether imaginary. The
flavor of the root or rhizoma, in a slight degree, resembles that of cucumbers. It was shown
long ago by Michaux, that the African M. asparagoides belonged 1o a different genus from
this; but M. Virginica being the original species, the generic name of Gronovius must be
retained for the North American plant.

TriLuium. SMILACE. 295

2. TRILLIUM. Muill.; Endl. gen. 1177. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE.

{From the Latin ¢riliz, triple ; most parts of the plant being in threes. ]

Calyx of 3 spreading sepals. Petals 3. Stamens 6: anthers elongated, linear, introrse.
Ovary 3-celled, with several anatropous ovules in a double series : styles 3, usually dis-
tinct, or rarely united at the base, spreading or recurved, stigmatose on the inside. Berry
ovoid and somewhat 3-sided, 3-celled. Seeds several in each cell, obovoid or roundish ;
the raphe tumid. Embryo minute, in fleshy dense albumen. — Perennial smooth herbs,
with a tuberous abrupt rhizoma abounding in starch, and numerous thick fibrous roots.
Stem simple, with 3 reticulately veined leaves in a whorl at its summit, from the centre of

which arises a large solitary pedunculate (or rarely sessile) flower.

1. Trivtium EryTHRocarpum, Michx. Ied-berried Three-leaved Nightshade.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, obtuse at the base, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ;
peduncle somewhat erect; petals varying from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undulate on the
margin, acute, recurved, nearly twice as long as the lanceolate sepals. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 216;
Fl sk. 1p, A28 ; Nutt. gen. 1. 7.2395 Torr.. fi. 1. p.31b; ot. mas. t: 3002 > Beck,
bot. p. 360; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 180. T. pictum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 244; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p. 142. T. undulatum, Willd. hort. Berol. 1. p. 55.

Stem 8 - 12 inches high. Leaves 3~—5 inches long, rounded at the base ; the petiole from
one-third to half an inch in length, 3-nerved, with numerous reticulated veins. Peduncle 1-2
inches long, inclined to one side. Sepals rather acute. Petals white, with purplish veins
toward the base. Berry ovoid, obtusely triangular, scarlet; the cells many-seeded. Seeds
globose-ovoid, reddish brown, striate ; the raphe prominent and fleshy.

Shady woods and swamps : not rare in the northern and western counties. Fl. May. Fr.

August,

2. Trittium cernuum, Linn. Nodding Three-leaved Nightshade.

Leaves dilated, rhomboid, acuminate, nearly sessile ; peduncle short, recurved, the flower
pendulous ; petals ovate, acuminate, flat, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate acuminate
sepals. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 339; Bot. mag. t. 945; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 245; Nutt. gen. 1.
p- 239; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2.t.40; Torr. fl. 1. p. 376 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 141; Beck, bot.
p- 361. T. pendulum, Muhl. in Willd. hort. Bero!.1.t. 35; Torr. fl. l.c.; Beck, l.c.;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 235.

Stem 9-15 inches high. Leaves 25 -4 inches long, the breadth often equal to the length,
with a short acumination ; the base abruptly contracted into a very short petiole. Peduncle
6 — 8 lines long, recurved so that the flower is partly concealed by the leaves. Sepals three-
fourths of an inch long. Petals white. Stamens shorter than the styles : anthers about the

296 SMILACE. Trinuium.

length of the linear-subulate filaments : connective scarcely produced beyond the apex.
Styles distinct to the base, stigmatose the whole length on the inside. Berry ovoid, obscurely
3-sided, nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and dark purple when mature. Seeds
oblong-ovoid, striate, purple ; the raphe thick and fleshy.

Moist shady woods. Near Troy (Dr. Atkin). Fl. May. IF’r. August.

3. TRILLIUM EREcTUM, Jinn. False Wakerobin.

Leaves broadly rhomboid, acuminate, sessile; peduncle inclined, the flower a little nodding ;
petals ovate, acute or acuminate, flat, spreading, usually a little longer than the ovate lan-
ceolate sepals. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 340; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 245; Ell. sk. 1. p. 427; Torr. fl.
1. p. 376; Beck, bot. p. 361; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 180.

var. 1, atropurpureum : petals dark purple. Pursh,1.c. T. atropurpureum, Bot. mag.
t.470. 'T. rhomboideum, var. atropurpureum, Miche. fl. 1. p. 215. 'T. foetidum, Salisb.
parid. Lond. t. 35.

Var. 2; album: petals white. Pursh,l.¢:5 -eulcsk,.f. 6.3 Lorn, fl. 1, C.; Bechet, c. ;
Hook. l. c. T. rhomboideum, var. album, Miche. 1. c.

var. 3, flavum : petals white.

Stem 10 -15 inches high, rather stout. Leaves mostly broader than long, variable in size,
with a short abrupt acumination. Peduncle 1 - 3 inches long, inclined more or less to one
side. Flower 1 — 24 inches in diameter, of an unpleasant odor. Stamens and styles as in
the preceding species. Ripe fruit not seen.

Shady moist woods : var. 1, frequent in most parts of the State : var. 2, western counties,
particularly along the Mohawk, where it is more common than the preceding form: var. 3,
Hamilton, Madison county, and Norwich, Chenango county : frequent (Dr. Douglas). Fl.

May.

4. Trittium GRANDIFLoRUM, Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium.

Leaves broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile ; peduncle inclined ; flower somewhat erect ; petals
obovate, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Salish. parad. Lond. t.1; Pursh,
fl.1. p. 246; Ell. sk. 1. p. 427; Nutt. gén..1. p. 239; Torr. fl. 1. p. 377; Hook. fi. Bor
Am. 2. p.180. 'T. rhomboideum, var. grandiflorum, Micha. fl. 1. p. 216. T. erythrocarpum,
Bot. mag. t. 835 (not of Michz.).

Stem 10-15 inches high. Leaves 2- 4 inches long, acuminate, roundish-rhomboid.
Peduncle 13 —3 inches long. Sepals usually about two-thirds the length of the corolla.
Petals white, often nearly two inches in length, with a short blunt point, or obtuse. Stamens
one-third the length of the corolla ; the anthers obtuse : connective not produced at the
summit. Styles distinct to the base.

Woods : western and southwestern counties: rare. Fl. May.

SMILACINA. SMILACE. 297

Trise Il. CONVALLARIEM. Endl.

Styles united (except in Sminax, in which they are usually distinct nearly or quite to the
base). — Leaves nerved (except in Sminax). LI lowers mostly axillary.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* Flowers perfect.
3. Sminacina. Perianth deeply 4-6-parted, spreading. Stamens inserted at the base of the segments. Stigmas 2 -3-
lobed. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 1 — 2 orthotropous ovules in each cell. — Flowers in a raceme.
4. Potyconatum. Perianth tubular, the limb 6-cleft, erect. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 orthotropous
horizontal ovules in each cell. — Flowers axillary.
5. Crinronia. Perianih 6-leaved, campanulate or somewhat spreading. Stamens hypogynous. Stigma obtuse. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each cell. — Flowers in a terminal umbel.
** Flowers dicwcious.
6. Smizax. Perianth campanulate-spreading, deeply 6-parted. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments.
Ovary 3-celled, with 1 — 2 orthotropous ovules in each cell: style very short or none: stigmas 3, recurved. Berry
mostly 3-celled, 1 - 3-seeded.

3. SMILACINA. Desf. in ann. du mus. 9. p. 54; Endl. gen. 1183. SMILACINA.
[A diminutive of Smilax; to which genus, however, this has but little resemblance. |

Perianth 6- (or rarely 4-) parted ; the segments equal, spreading. Stamens equal in number
to the segments of the perianth, and inserted at their base : filaments subulate or some-
what dilated : anthers ovate; the cells opening on the outer edge, or somewhat extrorse.
Ovary globose, 2 - 3-celled, with 2 orthotropous ovules which are inserted at the inner
angle of each cell : style thick, short: stigma obscurely 2 - 3-lobed. Berry globose,
pulpy, 1 - 3-seeded. Seed globose when single, hemispherical when there are two or
more, brownish, with a conspicuous hilum. Embryo small, at the extremity of dense fleshy
or almost horny albumen. — Perennial herbs, with a creeping (often thick and fleshy)

rhizoma, and flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme.

* SmiLacina proper. Segments of the perianth and stamens 6.

1. Smitacina sTELLata, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon’s-seal.

Leaves 7 — 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, somewhat clasping ; raceme simple, few-flowered.
— Desf. l.c. p.52; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 233; Red. Lil. 4. t. 185; Beck, bot. p. 358 ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 221; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 176. Convallaria stellata, Linn. sp. 1. p. 316 ;
Miche. fl. 1. p. 202; Bot. mag. t. 1043; Torr. fl.1. p. 354; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 133.

Rhizoma thick and fleshy. Stem 9-12 inches high, terete, smooth. Leaves usually
8 or 9, 3 —5 inches long, ciliolate-scabrous on the margin, slightly pubescent on the nerves
underneath ; the upper surface smooth. Raceme 4 — 9-flowered : pedicels 3 — 8 lines long,
each with a minute ovate bract at the base. Flowers about one-third of an inch in diameter,
white: segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens about half as

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 38

298 SMILACE. SMILACINA.

long as the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers oval; the cells opening laterally. Ovary
oblong, 2-celled, with 2 orthotropous ovules in each cell: style about the length of the ovary :
stigma slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose, nearly black, 2 - 3-seeded.

Banks of rivers, etc. : frequent in the northern and western part of the State : not seen
below the Highlands of the Hudson. FV. May - June. Fr. August.

2. Smitacina rriroiia, Desf. Three-leaved Smilacina.

Stem about 3-leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed and somewhat clasping at
the base ; raceme simple, few-flowered. — Desf. 1. c. p.52; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 233; Beck,
bot. p. 358; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.175. Convallaria trifolia, Linn. sp. 1. p. 316; Gmel.
fi. Sib. 1. p. 36.¢.6; Micha. fl. 1. p. 202; Torr. fl. 1. p. 354; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 132.

Rhizoma creeping, jointed. Stem terete, 6 — 8 inches high, smooth. Leaves usually 8,
but sometimes only 2, nearly smooth on the margin. Raceme 4 —6-flowered : pedicels about
2 lines long. Flowers white ; the segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally reflexed.
Stamens about two-thirds the length of the perianth: anthers oblong, introrse. Ovary trian-
gular-globose, 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell: style as long as the ovary : stigma slightly
3-lobed. Berry 2-seeded, black. Seeds globose : radicle remote from the hilum.

Sphagnous swamps : northern and western counties. Fl. May. A native also of the
northern parts of Europe.

3. Smiiacina racemosa, Desf. (Plate CXXX.) Wild Spikenard.

Leaves numerous, oval-oblong, acuminate, strongly nerved, pubescent ; raceme compound,
paniculate. — Desf. 1. c. p. 52; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 233; Nutt. gen: 1. p. 234; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 395 ; Beck, bot. p. 358; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 222; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.176. S.
ciliata, Desf. l. c.; Pursh,l.c. Convallaria racemosa, Linn. sp.1. p. 315; Bot. mag. t. 399 ;
Miche. fl. 1. p. 202; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 133; Torr. fl. 1. p. 354, “ Majanthemum race-
mosum, Link, enum. 1. p. 343.”

Rhizoma creeping, thick and fleshy. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slightly angular, a
little flexuous, smoothish below, pubescent above. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long and 2 inches or
more in breadth, conspicuously acuminate ; three of the nerves stronger than the others, and
all of them pubescent underneath ; the margin minutely ciliate. Flowers small, white, sweet-
scented, very numerous, in an oblong panicled compound raceme, the divisions alternate and
pubescent : pedicels about a line long. Segments of the perianth spreading, oblong. Stamens
about as long as the perianth : filaments flat and rather broad : anthers ovate-sagittate. Ovary
ovoid-globose, 3-celled; the cells with 2 ovules: style very short, thick : stigma slightly
3-lobed. Berries red, dotted, somewhat translucent when ripe, 1 — 2-seeded. Seeds the
size of a peppercorn : embryo remote from the hilum.

Moist grounds, thickets, etc.: frequent. Fv. May - June. Fr. September.

SMILACINA. SMILACEZ. 299

** Masantuemum, Manch. (Styrandra, Raf.). Segments of the perianth and stamens 4.
4. SMILACINA BIFOLIA, Schultes. Two-leaved Solomon’ s-seal.

Stem mostly 2-leaved ; leaves cordate-oblong, nearly sessile or petiolate, usually smooth
on both sides ; raceme simple, terminal. — Schult. syst. 7. p. 507; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 221;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 176. 8S. Canadensis, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 233; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2.
t. 70; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 225. Convallaria bifolia, Linn. sp. 1. p. 316; Micha. fl. 1. p. 201;
Bigel fl. Bost. p. 132; Torr. fl. 1. p. 353. Majanthemum bifolium, Lam. §- DC. fl. Fran.
3. p. 277; Desf. I. c. p. 53. M. Canadense, Desf. 1. c.; Red. Lil, 4. t. 216. f. 1. Sty-
randra bifolia, Raf. ; Beck, bot. p. 357.

Rhizoma slender, creeping. Stem 4 — 6 inches high, mostly with 2 (sometimes 3) leaves
near the summit, and often with a larger radical leaf on a long petiole : stem-leaves about 2
inches long, the lower one (and sometimes also the upper) often furnished with a short petiole.
Flowers sweet-scented, having the odor of Convallaria mayjalis, but less intense, white, in an
oblong raceme ; the pedicels usually by pairs or in threes, 2 — 4 lines long. Segments of
the perianth oblong, obtuse, reflexed. Stamens rather shorter than the perianth : anthers
oblong, somewhat introrse. Ovary globose, depressed, 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell :
style a little longer than the ovary, simple, or sometimes cleft nearly to the base; stigma
(in the undivided style) more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Berries globose, pale red speckled
with crimson, 1 — 2-seeded.

Moist shady woods, particularly around the roots of trees: common. Fl. May. Fr. August.
Our plant does not differ essentially from the European species.

4, POLYGONATUM. Tourn. ; Desf. in ann. du mus. 9. p. 48; Endl. gen. 1181.
SOLOMON’S-SEAL,

[From the Greek, polys, many, and gonu, a knee or joint; in allusion to the numerous joints of the rhizoma, ]
Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6; the filaments inserted on the upper part of the perianth.
Ovary 3-celled, with 2 - 6 orthotropous ovules in each cell. Berry globose, 3-celled ; the
cells 1 — 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves sessile or clasping, alternate, or some-

times in whorls. Flowers axillary, nodding.

1. PoLyGonatumM mMULTIFLORUM, Adlionz. Common Solomon’s-seal.

Stem nearly terete; leaves ovate-elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, clasping ; peduncles
1 - 6-flowered ; filaments smooth, or slightly pubescent ; ovules 3-6 in each cell of the
ovary.— Desf. 1. c. p.50? P. multiflorum 8., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.176. P. multiflorum,
Beck, bot. p. 359; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 220. P. pubescens, P. multiflorum, P. canalicu-
latum, P. angustifolium, P. hirtum, and P. latifolium, Pursh, l.c.; Beck, l.c. P. latifolium,

38*

3090 SMILACEZ. PoLyGoNaTuM.

Desf. 1. c. Convallaria biflora, Walt. fl. Car. p. 122. C. multiflora, Miche. fl. 1. p. 202.
C. pubescens, Willd. hort. Berol. t.45 ; Muhl. cat. p. 35. C. canaliculata, Willd. 1. c. ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 134. C. hirta, Bosc, act. soc. hist. nat. Par.? C. parviflora, Poir. enc.
suppl. 4. p. 29. C. multiflora, C. biflora, C. pubescens, C. canaliculata and C. latifolia,
Torr. fl. 1. p. 356 — 7.

Rhizoma horizontal, creeping, thick and fleshy, marked with scars on the upper side.
Stem 1-3 feet high, simple, a little curved, terete or slightly angular, smooth. Leaves
variable in size and form, but usually more or Jess ovate or elliptical, 2-5 inches long
and 1 — 24 inches wide, acute, usually smooth on both sides, but sometimes pubescent
on the nerves underneath. Peduncles half an inch to an inch or more in length, recurved,
mostly 2 - 4- (but sometimes 5 - 6-) flowered, rarely one-flowered ; the pedicels 5 - 8 lines
long. Perianth tubular and somewhat funnel-form, half an inch to three-fourths of an inch
in length, greenish white. Filaments mostly smooth, but sometimes rough or minutely and
glandularly pubescent : anthers oblong, sagittate. Style about as long as the perianth:
stigma obtuse, somewhat capitate, triangular. Ovary 3-celled, with 3-6 ovules. Berry
globular, the size of a pea: bluish black, 3- (or by abortion 2-) celled, 3 —- several-seeded.

Rocky woods, banks of rivers, etc. Fl. June. Fr. September. Among my numerous
specimens of Potyeonatum from all parts of the United States, I am unable to distinguish
satisfactorily more than one species, and this differs in some respects, but I think not speci-
fically, from P. multiflorum of Europe. The latter, however, has more slender flowers,
decidedly pubescent filaments, and only 2 ovules in each cell of the ovary.

5. CLINTONIA. Raf. in jour. phys. 89. p. 102; Beck, bot. p. 358, not of Dougl.

CLINTONIA.
[In honor of the late distinguished Governor Dewirr Cuinton, of New-York.]

Perianth 6-parted to the base, campanulate, deciduous. Stamens 6: filaments filiform, inserted
at the base of the segments of the perianth : anthers linear-oblong, somewhat versatile.
Ovary oblong, 2-celled, with 10-12 horizontal anatropous ovules in each cell: style
filiform, compressed: stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, with a creeping rhizoma, 2 — 4 large radical leaves, and the flowers in a

simple umbel (rarely solitary) on a scape. Berries blue.

1. Curmntronia BorEALis, Laf. Large-flowered Clintonia.

Umbel 2 — 5-flowered ; pedicels without bracts ; segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate ;
style about as long as the stamens. — Raf. in Atl. jour. p. 120; Beck, l.c. Dracena
borealis, Azt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1.t.5; Muhl. cat. p. 35; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 1385. Smilacina
borealis, Gawler in bot. mag. t. 1403; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 232; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 225; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 175. Convallaria umbellulata, Torr. fl. 1. p. 355, not of Miche.

CLINTONIA. SMILACEZ. 301

Rhizoma rather thick. Leaves usually 3, varying from oval to narrowly oblong and obovate,
4-6 inches long, with a short abrupt acumination, hairy-ciliate on the margin, contracted
and somewhat clasping at the base, smooth along the midrib, with very numerous fine nerves
which are connected by horizontal veins. Scape 6 —8 inches long, pubescent or nearly
smooth, terete. Umbel about 3- (seldom more than 4-) flowered : pedicels half an inch long.
Flowers rather longer then the pedicels, yellowish green; the segments obtuse and a little
spreading, ciliate towards the base. Stamens as long as the perianth: filaments smooth,
slender : anthers large, attached by the face to the filament about one-third of their lengths
above the base: cells opening laterally their whole length. Ovary oblong, 2-celled ; the
ovules in a double row in each cell: style rather thick : stigma more or less oblique, obscurely
lobed. Berry globose-oblong, about one-third of an inch in diameter, of a deep clear blue
color. Seeds obovoid and angular, reddish brown. Embryo minute, next the hilum. Albumen
fleshy and firm.

Moist rocky woods, and swamps ; northern and western parts of the State; in the Hudson
valley. Ihave not found this plant south of Catskill. Fv. June. Fr. August. The genus
Curronta of Rafinesque, which was founded on this species, is, I now think, sufficiently
distinct from its allies, and is therefore adopted in this work, with a new character. The
Curntonta of D. Don, which was established many years after this, must receive another
name. Itis almost needless to remark here, that the numerous species of Curnronta de-
scribed by Mr. Rafinesque in his various works, are all mere forms of C. borealis and C.
umbellulata.

2. CLINTONIA UMBELLATA. Small-flowered Clintonia.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the margin and keel ciliate ; umbel many-flowered ; ceils of the
berry 2-seeded.— C. ciliata 8., Raf. in jour. de phys. 89. p. 102. C. parviflora, odorata, etc.
Raf. in new fl. N. Am. p. 82. C. multiflora, Beck, bot. p. 358, excl. syn. Torr. §- Bigel.
Convallaria umbellulata, Miche. fl. 1. p. 202. C.umbellata, Poir. enc. suppl. 4. p. 30.
Smilacina umbellata, Desf. l.c. p. 53. t.8; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 232; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 225;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 855. 8. borealis 8., Gawl. in bot. mag. t. 1155.

Leaves several (2 — 5), all of them radical or nearly so, 6 — 9 inches long and 14 inch
broad, acute or acuminate ; the margin, and usually also the midrib underneath, ciliate with
short weak hairs. Scape iostly longer than the leaves, slender, pubescent. Umbel (or
rather corymb) 15 — 30-flowered : pedicels about half an inch long, slender, spreading.
Flowers white, odorous, much smaller than in the preceding species. Leaflets of the perianth
spatulate-oblong. Stamens hypogynous : filaments somewhat’ dilated downward : anthers
‘ oblong. Ovary ovoid-globose, 2-celled, with two collateral suspended ovules in each cell :
style straight, rather stout : stigma truncate, and very slightly 2-lobed.

Jamestown, Chautauque county (Miss. C. Hazeltine). This rare plant has been con-
founded by many of our botanists with the preceding, owing to the imperfect descriptions of
the two species in our Floras. The C. wmbellata is easily distinguished by its numerous
white and much smaller flowers.

302 SMILACE. SMILAX.

6. SMILAX. Tourn.; Endl. gen. 1184; Griseb. Smil. et Dioscor. in Endl. §-. Mart. fl.
Bras. p- 3. GREEN-BRIER, ROUGH BINDWEED.

{From the Greek, smile, a grater; most of the species being rough with prickles. ]

Flowers dicecious. Perianth campanulate, of 6 leaflets in a double series, somewhat petaloid.
Stamens usually 6 (sometimes 5 or 7): filaments short : anthers linear, innate, introrse.
Ovary 3-celled; ovules orthotropous, one (rarely 2) suspended from the inner angle of each
cell : style very short : stigmas 3, thick and spreading. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1 - 2-)
celled, 1 — 3-seeded. Seeds globose. Embryo minute, at the extremity of horny albumen.
— Shrubby (rarely herbaceous), twining, and mostly prickly plants. Leaves alternate,
reticulately veined, more or less cordate, hastate or ovate: stipules bearing tendrils.
Flowers small, in little umbels, which are simple, racemose or somewhat paniculate.

In Smilax pumila of Walter, the ovary is only one-celled, with a single ovule.

* Shrubby.
1. Smrzax rotunpiroira, Linn. Common Greenbrier, or Cat-brier.

Stem nearly terete. the branchlets more or less quadrangular ; leaves orbicular-ovate, with
a short abrupt acumination, more or less cordate at the base, 5-nerved ; prickles stout, distant,
straight or slightly recurved; peduncles a little longer than the petiole. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 1030; Micha. fl. 2. p. 237; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 250; Ell. sk. 2.p.'700; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 368; Torr. compend. p. 373; Beck, bot. p. 256; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 566.

Stem 10 — 30 feet or more in length, slender, branching, climbing by numerous tendrils,
armed with strong sharp prickles, which are about one-third of an inch in length, and dark
colored towards the tip. Leaves 2 —- 3 inches long; the old ones on the main stem larger,
often broader than long, and somewhat coriaceous ; the short acumination sometimes abruptly
inflexed, so that the leaf appears notched : petioles 4 — 7 lines long, margined with the ad-
herent stipules, from the summit of which, on each side, springs a strong tendril. Peduncles
slender, 6 — 12-flowered, about the length of the pedicels. Flowers yellowish green : leaves
of the perianth equal, oblanceolate. Stamens a little shorter than the ovary : anthers linear-
oblong. Berries spherical, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, bluish black and covered
with a glaucous bloom, usually perfecting but a single seed.

Moist thickets and woods : very common. FY. June. F'r. October.

2. Smivax uispipa, Muh. ENspid Greenbrier.

Stem terete, green, the lower part very hispid, with slender rather soft prickles ; branchlets
angular ; leaves ovate, acute, mostly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, smooth and green on both
sides, the margin very minutely erose-crenulate ; peduncles twice as long as the petioles. —
Muhl. cat. p. 97, and fl. Lancast. ined. p. 785.

Sminax. SMILACE. 303

Stem climbing; the upper part either unarmed, or very sparingly furnished with short
slender prickles. Leaves more or less broadly ovate, membranaceous, 14 — 24 inches long,
mostly somewhat cordate, acute and mucronate ; the margin (under a lens) finely eroded and
somewhat crenulate. Peduncle an inch or more in length ; the umbel 4 — 6-flowered. Sterile
flowers resembling those of the preceding species. f'ertile flowers about 6 in an umbel.
Sterile filaments 6, subulate. Stigmas clavate, obtuse. ‘‘ Berries black, with 1 - 3 globose
reddish seeds.” Muhl.

Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern), and probably elsewhere in the western part of the State.
Fl. June. The fertile flowers are described from Michigan specimens. In the manuscript
work of Muhlenberg, noticed above, the S. rotundifolia of Willdenow is quoted as a synonym.

3. SMILAX sPINULOSA, Smith. Spinulose G'reenbrier.

Stem terete, very prickly with slightly recurved and rigid but rather slender prickles ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate (on young plants often somewhat panduriform), smooth on both sides,
glaucous underneath, 3 — 5-nerved.— J. EL. Smith in Muhl. fl. Lancast. ined. p. 788. S.
Sarsaparilla, Linn. sp. 1. p. 1030 (in part) ?

Stem 3 - 6 feet long, trailing or sometimes climbing, armed with numerous prickles, par-
ticularly on the lower part. Leaves 2-3 inches long, somewhat coriaceous, cuspidate, often
dilated at the base, and sometimes also contracted in the middle. Flowers and fruit not seen.

Dry sandy woods and thickets: Long Island. This is by no means a rare plant, as it
occurs in many places on Long Island, and I have seen it also in New Jersey, but have not
yet detected it in flower or fruit.

é
** CoprosManTHuS. Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Ovcules 2 in each cell of the ovary.
4, Smiuax HERBACEA, Linn. Carrion-flower.

Stem erect or climbing, nearly simple, angular; leaves ovate, acuminate (or sometimes
rather obtuse) ; peduncles very long. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1030; Micha. fl. 2. p. 238 ; Pursh,
fi. 1. p. 251 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 228; Ell. sk. 2. p.'703; Torr. compend. p. 374; Beck, bot.
p. 357; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 566. 8S. peduncularis, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p.'786; Pursh,
l.c.; Nutt. l.c.; Ell.l.c.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 368; Torr. compend. l.c.; Beck, l.c.;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 173. t. 187. f. B.S. pulverulenta, Miche. fl. 2. p. 238. S. la-
sioneuron, Hook. I. c. t. 187. f. A.

Perennial. Stem 3-6 feet long, climbing by its tendrils, or leaning on other plants,
sparingly branched. Leaves variable in size and form, usually ovate, and from 2 - 3 (but
sometimes 6) inches long, membranaceous, obtuse, cordate or rather acute at the base, often
conspicuously acuminated, at other times with an abrupt point, or obtuse and mucronate,
5 — 9-nerved, smooth on both sides, or pubescent on the veinlets underneath : petiole 1 - 14
inch long. Tendrils often wanting in many of the petioles. Flowers yellowish green, very
fcetid. Peduncles compressed, either shorter or considerably longer than the leaves, usually
longer in the sterile than in the fertile plant. Umbel 30 - 40-flowered. Pedicels about half

304 SMILACEZ. SmMIbLax.

an inch long. Segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate. Sterile fl. Stamens commonly
6, sometimes 4, 5 or 7, shorter than the perianth : filaments subulate : anthers linear-oblong,
finally revolute. Fertile fl. Ovary globose-ovoid, 3-celled, with two collateral orthotropous
ovules suspended from the inner angle of each cell near the summit : stigmas 3, spreading,
linear, obtuse and notched at the extremity. Berry the size of a pea, bluish black when ripe,
2-4-seeded. Seeds globose or somewhat compressed, dull reddish purple.

Meadows, thickets and borders of woods. Fv. May - June. Fr. September. I have not
been able to find any permanent characters for distinguishing more than one herbaceous
species of Smiax.

Orver CXVII. LILIACEAE. Juss. Tue Lity Trise.

Perianth colored, 6-parted or 6-leaved, regular. Stamens 6, hypogynous, or
inserted into the base of the perianth-leaflets : anthers introrse. Ovary not
adherent, 3-celled : styles united : stigma often 3-lobed. Fruit usually cap-
sular, sometimes baccate. Seeds few or many in each cell. Embryo small,
in the axis of copious fleshy albumen : radicle next the hilum. — Herbs with
the flowering stems springing from bulbs, tubers, rhizomas, or with fasciculate
or fibrous roots. Leaves simple, entire, mostly narrow. Inflorescence various:
flowers often showy.

Suporper I. TULIPACE. End. Tue Turre Tre.

Leaflets of the perianth distinct, or slightly coherent at the base. Stamens
hypogynous. fruit capsular. Seeds mostly compressed ; the testa pale or
brown, spongy or hard.— Stems arising from bulbs.

1. LILIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1098. LILY.
[Said to be derived from the Celtic word Ji, white ; that being the color of one of the principal species.]
Perianth 6-leaved, funnelform-campanulate ; the leaflets somewhat cohering at the base,
spreading or revolute, with a nectariferous furrow at the base. Stamens 6, adhering to
the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with numerous anatropous ovules horizontally
arranged in a double series : style elongated, somewhat clavate : stigma slightly 3-lobed.
Capsule oblong, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, in a double series, flatly com-
pressed. Embryo straight or curved, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs, with simple
stems springing from bulbs, and alternate or verticillate leaves. Flowers large and showy,

erect or nodding.

Liviu. LILIACES. 305

1. Lit1um Putuapetpuicum, Linn. Red Lily.

Leaves verticillate, linear-lanceolate ; stem 1 — 3-flowered ; flower erect, campanulate,
spreading, the segments unguiculate.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 435; Bot. mag. t. 519;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 229; Ell. sk. 1. p. 387; Bagel. fl. Bost. p. 1386; Torr. fl. 1. p. 348 ;
Beck, bot. p. 364; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 224; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 263.

Stem 2 — 3 feet high, terete. Leaves 2 - 3 inches long and 4 — 6 lines wide, acute ; the
lowest ones scattered, the upper in whorls of 5 — 8, and occasionally scattered intermediate
ones. Flowers mostly solitary, but often 2 and sometimes as many as 3, pedunculate.
Perianth orange-red, with purplish spots inside towards the base, about 24 inches long;
the segments or leaflets with conspicuous claws, lanceolate. Stamens nearly the length of
the perianth : anthers large and linear. Style slender : stigma large and thick. Capsule
oblong, an inch or more in length, obtusely triangular.

Bushy places, borders of woods, etc. : frequent. Jl. June-July. Fr. September. This
and the two following species are highly ornamental plants, and deserve a place in every
garden.

2. Littum Canapvense, Linn. Wild Yellow Lily.

Leaves mostly verticillate, lanceolate, strongly nerved, the nerves rough underneath ;
peduncles 2 — 3 or sometimes more, elongated ; flowers nodding, companulate, the segments
slightly revolute. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 303; Micha. fl. 1. p. 198; Bot. mag. t. 300 and 858 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 388; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 136; Torr. fl. 1. p.348; Beck, bot. p. 365 ; Darlingt.
fi. Cest. p. 224; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 258.

Stem 2-3 feet high. Whorls mostly 4—-6-leaved. Leaves 3-4 inches long, the nerves
and margin rough with minute cartilaginous processes or short hairs. Peduncles mostly three,
sometimes solitary, 3-6 inches long, yellow, spotted inside with purple; the segments
sessile, spreading and recurved (but not reflexed) from about the middle.

Moist meadows : frequent. Fl. June-July. Fr. September.

38. Litium surersum, Linn. Turk s-cap, or Superb Lily.

Leaves mostly verticillate, linear-lanceolate, the nerves often rough underneath ; flowers in
a pyramidal raceme, campanulate, nodding ; the segments revolute. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1.
p. 435 ; Bot. mag. t. 936 ; Red. Lil. t. 103; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 230; Ell. sk. 1. p. 389 ; Torr.

fl. 1. p. 349; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 137; Beck, bot. p. 365; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 224;
Kunth, enum. 4. p. 258.

Stem 3 - 6 feet high. Leaves 5 — 8 in a whorl, 2-4 inches long and 6 - 8 lines wide,
smooth or roughly pubescent on the nerves underneath. Flowers varying from 3 — 20 or in
very luxuriant plants to 30 or 40, arranged in a pyramidal manner or in the form of a chan-

[FLtora — Vol. 2.] 39

306 LILIACE. Litium

delier. Perianth bright orange, with numerous roundish purple spots; the segments about
3 inches long, tapering to the apex, and revolute when the flower is fully expanded. Stamens,
style and stigma nearly as in the first species.

Moist meadows. Fl. Latter part of July - August. Fr. September. This in favorable
situations is a truly magnificent plant. Some botanists regard it as only a variety of the pre-
ceding, but its characters seem to be constant.

2. ERYTHRONIUM. = Linn.; Endl. gen. 1090; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 216.
DOG’S-TOOTH VIOLET.
[From the Greek, erythros, red; probably from the purple spots on the leaves. ]

Perianth regular, 6-leaved, campanulate ; the segments recurved; the 8 interior with a callous
tooth on each side near the base, and a longitudinal groove in the middle. Stamens 6 :
anthers linear-oblong ; the cells opening along the outer edge. Ovary triangular, 3-celled,
with numerous anatropous ovules in a double series : style elongated : stigma triangular,
entire or 3-parted. Capsule somewhat turbinate or obovate, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds
ovoid, with a prominent raphe ; the apex invested with a loose membranaceous appendage.
Embryo minute, next the hilum, in hard fleshy albumen. — Herbs, with a solid bulb.

Leaves 2, nearly radical. Scape bearing usually a single nodding flower.

1. Eryruronium Americanum, Gawi. American Dog’s-tooth Violet.

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, minutely dotted; peduncle one-flowered ; segments of the
perianth oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse ; style clavate ; stigma entire. — Gawl. in bot. mag.
t. 1113; Bigel. med. bot. t.58, and fl. Bost. p. 137; Ell. sk. 1. p. 389; Nutt. gen. 1.
p- 223; Bart. fl. N. Am. 1. t.33; Torr. fl. 1. p. 350; Beck, bot. p. 365; Darlingt. fi.
Cest. p. 223; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 182; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 218. E. Dens-canis y.,
Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 487; Red. Lil. t. 194. E. Dens-canis, Miche. fl. 1. p. 198; E.
lanceolatum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 230.

Bulb ovoid, scaly, situated deep in the ground. Leaves 3-8 inches long and 1 — 1}
inch wide, smooth and shining, spotted with dull purple, the apex thickened and rather obtuse.
Scape 6 — 10 inches long, naked, recurved near the extremity, and bearing a single large
flower. Perianth yellow, spotted near the base ; the three outer leaflets recurved from about
the middle, tinged with crimson externally : inner ones furnished with a short obtuse tooth on
each side towards the base. Stamens about half the length of the perianth : filaments sub-
ulate, as long as the oblong-linear anthers. Ovary obovoid: style triangular, gradually
thickened upward: stigmas 3, occupying the summit of the style, but not separating. Capsule
cbovate, contracted at the base. Seeds numerous, many of them often abortive.

Low moist grounds, and shady thickets. /U. April-May. Fr. June.

ERYTHRONIUM. LILIACE. 307

2. EryTHRONIUM aLBiIpuM, JVutt. White Dog’s-tooth Violet.

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not dotted ; peduncle one-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth
narrowly lanceolate, rather obtuse, the inner ones without lateral teeth, somewhat unguiculate ;
style clavate ; stigma 3-cleft.— Nutt. gen. 1. p. 223; Torr. fl. 1. p. 350; Beck, bot.
p. 365; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 218.

Plant about the size of the preceding. Flowers white with a shade of blue. Style
moderately clavate ; the stigma distinctly 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or recurved.

Wet meadows near Albany (Dr. Beck, Dr. Eights). Fl. April- May. It is possible that
this is a variety of E. Americanum ; but I have seen no intermediate forms.

Suporper I]. ASPHODELE. Endl. Tue Asrpnuopet TRIBE.

Perianth tubular or 6-parted. Stamens hypogynous or inserted into the perianth.
Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds globose or angular; the testa black and
crustaceous. — Herbs with the stem springing from bulbs or tubers, or with
fasciculate-fibrous roots.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

3. OrniTHOGALUM. Leaflets of the perianth several-nerved. Ovules 6 - 8 in each cell. Flowers in corymbose racemes.
4, Atuium. Leaflets of the perianth one-nerved. Ovules 2, rarely 3 - 6 in each cell. Flowers umbellate,

5. Asparacus, Stigmas 3. Berry globose.— Branching herbs, Flowers axillary.

62 Axetris. Perianth tubular, rugose. Stamens perigynous. Flowers in spikes.

3. ORNITHOGALUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1132. STAR OF BETHLEHEM.

[From the Greek, ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk; but the application of the name is uncertain.]

Perianth 6-leaved, petaloid; the leaflets spreading, several-nerved. Stamens 6, hypogynous :
filaments subulate above, flattened below, the 3 inner ones often broader. Ovules anatropous,
6 — 18 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule roundish-angular, membranaceous, 3-celled.
Seeds few in each cell, roundish or angular, black and rough. Embryo straight.— Bulbous

herbs, with radical leaves. Scape naked. Flowers in corymbose racemes.

1. OrnnITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM, Linn. Common Star of Bethlehem.

Corymb few-flowered; the pedicels very long and spreading ; filaments lanceolate-subulate.
— Linn. sp.1. p. 307; Engl. bot. t. 1830; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 227; Torr. fl. 1. p. 348;
Beck, bot. p. 362; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p.219; Kunth, enum. 4, p. 362.

39*

308 LILIACE. ORNITHOGALUM.

Bulb small, ovoid. Leaves all radical, linear, channelled, smooth. Scape about a span
high, 6 — 8-flowered. Pedicels 1 —- 2 inches long, each with a lanceolate bract at the base.
Segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, white inside, green bordered with white externally.
Stamens shorter than the perianth. Capsule obtusely triangular and somewhat turbinate.

Moist meadows, and borders of fields : frequent in the southern part of the State. FI.
May — June. Introduced from Europe.

4, ALLIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1187. ONION, GARLIC, &c.
[Said to be from the Celtic word ail ; signifying hot or acrid.]

Perianth 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading or campanulate ; the segments equal, one-
nerved. Stamens 6: filaments often tricuspidate. Ovary 3-celled, with few (2, very
rarely 3 — 6) amphitropous ovules in each cell : style filiform : stigma simple. Capsule
3- (or sometimes one-) celled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary or very few in each cell, ovoid-
reniform, black and rough. Embryo curved.— Herbs with a rank odor, springing from
bulbs. Leaves mostly radical, fistular or flat. Flowers ina terminal umbel, which is sub-

tended by a 1 — 2-valved spatha.

1. Anytium Canapvense, Kalm. Meadow Garlic.

Stem terete, leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat; umbel few-flowered, bulbiferous ; fila-
ments simple, about as long as the perianth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1195; Micha. fl.1. p. 1947;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 223; Ell. sk. 1. p. 385; Torr. fl. 1. p. 340; Bigel. fi. Bost. p. 130;
Beck, bot. p.363; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 217; Kunth, enum. p. 450.

Bulb ovoid, small. Stem 12-18 inches high, leafy only at the base. Leaves 8 - 12
inches long, about 2 lines wide, rather obtuse, flattish above, slightly convex underneath.
Spathe of 2 broadly ovate acuminate leaves. Umbel sometimes consisting almost wholly of
densely aggregated ovoid bulbs, but usually bearing flowers also. Pedicels half an inch long.
Perianth pale rose-color ; the leaflets oblong-lanceolate. Filaments much dilated at the base.
Style slender : stigma simple, minute.

Moist meadows : not common. FJ. May - June.

2. ALLIUM VINEALE, Linn. Wild Garlic. Field Garlic.

Stem somewhat leafy ; leaves terete, fistulous, channelled above ; umbel often bulbiferous ;
stamens longer than the perianth ; filaments alternately tricuspidate, the middle cusp bearing
an anther. — Linn..sp. 1. p. 299; Engl. bot. t. 1974; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 222; Torr: fl. 1.
p. 340; Beck, bot. p. 363; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 215; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 382.

Bulb ovoid, the size of a hazel nut. Stem 14-3 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy to about
the middle. Spathe of two small deciduous leaves. Umbel sometimes bearing bulbs only,
but usually producing also several pedicellate flowers ; the pedicels slender, 4 — 6 lines long.

ALLIUM. LILIACE. 309

Perianth deep rose-color, mixed with green; leaflets ovate-lanceolate. Stamens exserted :
filaments flattened ; the 3 interior ones deeply 3-cleft ; the two lateral segments naked at the
summit. Capsule obtusely triangular.

Meadows and pastures: common. Fl. June. fr. August. <A pernicious weed, which is
very difficult to extirpate when it has once taken possession of a field.

3. ALLIUM TRICOCCUM, AZé. Wild Leek.

Bulb ovoid; leaves lanceolate-oblong or elliptical, flat; umbel somewhat crowded ; leaflets
of the perianth oblong, obtuse, about as long as the stamens ; filaments simple, dilated down-
ward ; cells of the capsule one-seeded. — Azt. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 428; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 223;
Torr. fl. 1. p.341; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 130; Beck, bot. p. 363 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 217;
Kunth, enum. 4. p. 444.

Bulb about an inch long. Leaves 4 ~ 8 inches long and 1 — 3 inches wide, acute. Scape
naked, 9 — 12 inches high, nearly terete, or sometimes slightly ancipital. Spathe of 2 mem-
branaceous acuminate leaves, deciduous. Umbel globose, about an inch and a half in diameter.
Perianth white ; the leaflets somewhat spreading. Filaments ovate lanceolate : anthers
oblong. Ovary 3-lobed : style about the length of the stamens. Capsule obtusely triangular
and somewhat 3-lobed, green. Seeds obovoid, black and shining.

Moist shady woods, in rich soil: not rare in the northern and western part of the State.
Fl. June - July. Fr. August. The leaves of this species wither and disappear early in the
season, before the time of flowering. It has a strong resemblance to the A. ursinum of

Europe.

4, Autuium cernuum, Roth. Wild Onion.

Bulb oblong-ovoid ; leaves linear, acutely carinate ; scape elongated, angular ; umbel
nodding, many-flowered, loose ; leaflets of the perianth oblong-ovate, acute, about half the
length of the stamens ; filaments simple ; ovary 6-toothed at the summit ; cells of the capsule
1 - 2 seeded. —“‘ Roth. cat. fasc. 2. t. 2,” (ex Pursh); Bot. mag. t. 1324; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 732; Ell. sk. 1. p. 385; Torr. fl. 1. p. 341 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 184; Kunth,
enum. 4. p. 435, A. tricorne, Poir, enc. suppl. 1. p. 270.

Bulb ovoid, about an inch long. Leaves shorter than the stem, narrowly linear, obtuse.
Scape 1 — 2 feet high, marked with several prominent lines which give it an angular ap-
pearance, more or less curved or nodding very near the summit. Spathe 2-leaved, very short.
Umbel about 20-flowered ; the pedicels nearly an inch long. Perianth rose-color ; the
segments about 3 lines long. Stamens somewhat unequal : filaments slender, much exserted,
scarcely dilated at the summit: anthers oval. Ovary roundish ; each cell furnished with 2
conspicuous teeth at the summit: style slender: stigma minute. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed ;
each lobe crowned with a pair of obtuse teeth or short horns. Seeds large, black,

Chemung valley (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. July - August,

310 LILIACE. ASPARAGUS.

5. ASPARAGUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1164. ASPARAGUS.

[Said to be from the Greek, asparagos, a young shoot or turion. ]

Perianth 6-parted, somewhat campanuiate ; the segments spreading at the apex. Stamens
6: anthers peltate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 amphitropous ovules in each cell: style short:
stigma 3-lobed. Berry 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded.— Perennial herbs, or sometimes under-
shrubs, branching ; the branches often spiny. Leaves narrow, fasciculate. Flowers small,

mostly axillary and solitary ; the pedicels articulated in the middle.

5. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, Linn. Common Asparagus.
Unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, much branched ; leaves setaceous, flexible. — Linn. sp.
1. p. 313; Engl. bot. t. 339; Pursh, fl. 1. p.235; Torr. fl. 1. p. 357; Beck, bot. p. 363 ;

Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 218.
Root creeping. Stem 2-5 feet high, very smooth ; leaves in numerous small fascicles.

Flowers axillary or in pairs, drooping, greenish yellow, deeply 6-parted ; the segments lan-
ceolate. Berry globose, red when mature. Seeds black.

Gravelly and rocky shores, within the reach of salt water : not uncommon in the vicinity
of New-York and on Long Island: thoroughly naturalized in some places : originally from

Europe. Fil. June-July. Ir. September.

6? ALETRIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1259. STAR-GRASS.
[From the Greek, aletar, meal ; because of the mealy appearance of the flowers. ]

Perianth tubular or tubular-campanulate, rugose, 6-cleft, persistent ; the tube cohering with
the ovary at the base. Stamens 6, included : filaments short, inserted at the base of the
segments of the perianth: anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled: ovules
numerous, anatropous, arranged in a double series and somewhat ascending. Style formed
of the tapering summit of the ovary, triangular, 3-lobed at the summit, and finally separable
into 3 parts : stigmas minute. Capsule invested with the rough persistent perianth, ovoid-
triangular, coriaceous ; the 3 carpels separating at the summit loculicidally, each with a
portion of the style. Seeds obovoid-oblong, slightly curved, striate. Embryo minute,
roundish, next the hilum, in fleshy and oily albumen.— Perennial herbs, with a thick abrupt
rhizoma. Leaves all radical, in a spreading cluster, linear-lanceolate, entire. Scape

elongated, simple. Flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme.

1. ALETRIS FaRINOSA, Linn. Star-grass. Colic-root.

Flowers distinctly pedicellate, oblong-tubular.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p.456; Bot. mag.

ALETRIS. LILIACE. 311

t. 1418; Bigel. med. bot. 3. p. 94. t. 50, and fl. Bost. p. 131; Ell. sk. 1. p. 398; Torr.
fil. 1. p. 344; Beck, bot. p. 364; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 219. A.alba, Micha. fl. 1. p. 189;
Pursh, fl. 1. p..225.

Rhizoma tuberous, throwing down numerous tough fibres. Leaves smooth, 3 - 6 inches
long, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, pale yellowish green and of a dry texture. Scape
2-3 feet high, slender, terete, smooth, sparingly furnished with small narrow bract-like
leaves. Racemes 6 — 12 inches long (still more elongated in fruit), erect. Pedicels about a
line in length, with one or two subulate bracts at the base. Perianth about one-third of a line
long, rugose-muricate, and appearing as if covered with a rough powder externally ; the tube
white : segments oblong, yellowish at the summit, the alternate ones a little narrower and
thickened at the tip. Stamens equal : filaments short, subulate, attached to the middle of the
back of the anthers. Ovary roundish, nearly all the lower half adhering to the perianth.
Style about as long as the stamens. Capsule nearly one-fourth of an inch long, opening
loculicidally about one-third of its length, a portion of the style remaining attached to each
lobe. Seeds numerous, minute, reddish, striate or ribbed.

Dry woods and thickets, sometimes in dry swamps : not uncommon in the southern part of
the State and on Long Island, but rare in the interior. Fl. July. Fr. September. The root
or rhizoma is very bitter, and is employed as a domestic remedy for intermittents and colic.
This genus has generally been referred to AspHopELE®, but it differs in several important
points ; nor does it agree better with any other division of the great order of Liztacza.
Endlicher places it among Hzmoporacrs, to which it has some affinity, but can hardly
belong to that tribe. In its tripartite style, and in some other characters, it makes a near
approach to MELANTHACES.

\

Orver CXVIII. PONTEDERIACE. Kunth. ‘lure PickerEt-weep TRIBE.

Flowers perfect. Perianth colored, funnel-form or salver-form; the limb 6-cleft
or 6-parted, more or less irregular, often 2-lipped : sestivation convolute.
Stamens 3 — 6, usually unequal, inserted into the tube of the perianth. Ovary
free, or sometimes partly adherent to the tube of the perianth, more or less
completely 3-celled, two of the cells (in PonrepERIA) sometimes smaller and
empty. Ovules anatropous in a double series, ascending or inverted ; in
Ponteperta, the fertile cell with a solitary suspended ovule: sytle single :
stigma 3 — 6-cleft or -toothed. Fruit covered with the persistent tube of the
perianth, 3- or 1-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded, sometimes utricular, 1-seeded
and indehiscent. Seeds usually ribbed, with a thin testa. Embryo cylindrical,

S12 PONTEDERIACE. PoNTEDERIA.

in the axis of dense mealy albumen. — Marsh or water plants, with a creeping
rhizoma. Leaves sheathing at the base, usually on long petioles, rarely linear
and sessile. [lowers in spikes or racemes, sometimes axillary and solitary.

1. PONTEDERTA. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 123. PICKEREL-WEED,
[In honor of Jutius PonrepEra, Professor of Botany at Padua. ]
Unisema, Raf.

Perianth funnel-form ; the tube curved, with 8 slits on the inner curve : limb 6-cleft, 2-lipped.
Stamens 6 ; the 3 lower opposite the 3 segments of the lower lip, and somewhat exserted ;
the 3 upper much shorter, inserted lower down opposite the segments of the upper lip :
anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled; 2 of the cells empty; the fertile cell with a single sus-
pended ovule. Stigma of 6 small erect acute lobes. Utricle one-seeded. — Marsh plants,
with flowering stems springing from a perpendicular rhizoma. Radical leaves on long

petioles, mostly cordate. Flowers in dense spikes, blue.

1. Ponreperia corpata, Linn. (Plate CXXXI.) = Common Pickerel-weed.

Leaves oblong-cordate ; spike cylindrical, dense. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 288; Mich. fl. 1.
p. 194; Bot. mag. t. 1156; Red. Lil. t.'72; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 223; Hill. sk. 1. p. 382;
Rasp. ann. du mus. 14.t. 9. f.1-6; Mirb. 1. c. 16. t. 16; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 130; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 342; Beck, bot. p. 368; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 215; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 124.

var. angustifolia : leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and somewhat cordate at the base.
Torr. l.c. P. angustifolia, Pursh, l.c.; Nutt. l.c.; Beck, l.c.; Kunth, lc. P. cordata 8.,
Red. 1. c. P. mucronata, Raf. in N. York med. rep. 11. p. 352.

Stem erect, stout, cylindrical, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4-6 inches long and 2-3
inches wide (in the var. much narrower), usually obtuse, sagittate-cordate at the base, very
smooth, and somewhat fleshy : petiole 3-6 inches long, the lower part dilated and sheathing.
Spathe (or rather naked sheath of the upper leaf) surrounding the peduncle. Spike 2-3
inches long. Flowers crowded, somewhat fasciculate, glandularly pubescent. Perianth
bright blue; the tube with 3 longitudinal gashes on the lower side : upper lip flat, 3-cleft :
segments oblong; the middle one broader, and usually marked with a yellow spot : lower lip
deeply divided into 3 linear-oblong segments. Stamens 6: filaments slender : anthers blue.
Ovary oblong, tapering into a slender style, which is shorter than the longer stamens : stigma
minute, 6-toothed. Fruit an utricle, enclosed in the persistent tube of the perianth, which is
at length thick, and furnished with 6 crested ridges. Seed smooth, oblong, acute. Embryo
cylindrical, in the axis of farinaceous albumen.

Borders of ponds and rivers: common. FV. July - August. IF’r. September. The var.
angustifolia in Peach Pond, North Salem, Westchester county (Dr. Mead), Mountain lakes,
Pursh, Nuttall.

HereraNTHERA. PONTEDERIACE. 313

2. HETERANTHERA. Ruiz G- Pav. fl. Peruv. 1. p. 43. HETERANTHERA.
[ From the Greek, heteros, different, and ancr, anther.]

Perianth salver-form ; the segments nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 3, equal or unequal.
Ovary cylindrical-fusiform, 3-celled, but the dissepiments scarcely cohering in the axis :
stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Ovules very numerous, in a double series in each cell, ascending.
Capsule surrounded by the withered perianth-tube, incompletely 3-celled, loculicidal.
Seeds ovoid.—Herbs, growing in miry places, or floating, with creeping stems, and reniform-
ovate or -cordate leaves on long petioles, sometimes linear. Spathe 1 — 15-flowered ; the

flowers small, white, blue or yellow.

* Hereranpra, Beauv. Stamens wnequal : two of them with somewhat thickened filaments and small ovate anthers ; the
other with a dilated filament and large sagittate anther, Sligma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Spathe 2 - 15-flowered ;
the flowers white or blue, Leaves ovate or cordate,

1. Hererantuera renirormis, Ruiz & Pav. (Pl. CXXXII.) Mud Plantain.

Leaves cordate-reniform ; spikes 3 -— 5-flowered. — Ruiz § Pav. l.c.t.71; Torr, fl. 1.
p. 41; Beck, bot. p. 369; Darlingt. fl. Cest p. 14; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 123. H. acuta,
Willd. in nov. act. soc. amic. hist. nat. 3. p. 438; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 32. Heterandra reni-
formis, P. de Beauv. in Am. phil. trans. 4. p. 173. Leptanthus reniformis, Micha. fl. 1.
p. 24. L. Peruviana & Virginica, Pers. syn. 1. p. 56. :

Stem creeping and rooting in the mud or partly floating, branching, 6 — 12 inches long.
Leaves about $ths of an inch wide ; the petioles 2 — 3 inches long. Spathe oblong, acuminate
and cuspidate, enclosing a spike of from 3 to 5 flowers, which unfold and protrude successive-
ly, and are very fugacious. Perianth white, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter when
expanded ; the segments oblong, acute: tube nearly twice the length of the segments.
Stamens much shorter than the perianth : two of them with small ovate anthers; the other
taller, with a large anther which usually embraces the style. Style longer than the stamens ;
the stigma capitate and slightly 3-lobed. Ovary acuminate, surrounded by the tube of the
perianth, but not adhering to it: ovules very numerous. Capsule oblong, membranaceous.
Seeds oblong.

Muddy banks of rivers : rare on the Hudson, above Fishkill Landing. JV. July - Sep-
tember. J'r. September — October.

** ScooLLera, Willd. Stamens nearly equal: filaments lanceolate-subulate : anthers similar, oblong-sagitlate. Stigma
3-lobed : style clavate above.— Herb submerged. Leaves sessile, linear, Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow.

2. HeTERANTHERA GRAMINEA, Vahl. (Pl. CX XXIIL) Water Star-grass.

Stem submerged ; leaves linear, flat, sessile, rather acute ; spathe axillary, sessile, one-
flowered.— Vahl, enum. 2. p. 45; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 32; Kunth, enum. 4. p.122. Leptanthus
gramineus, Miche. fl. 1. p. 25. t. 5. f. 2; Nutt. gen.1. p. 29; Hook. exot. fl. t. 94. Schol-
lera graminifolia, Willd. l.c.; Muhl. cat. p.5; Torr. fl. 1.p.41. §S. graminea, Bart. fi.
N. Am. 2. t.54; Beck, bot. p. 369; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 14.

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 40

314 PONTEDERIACES. HetTerANTHERA.

Stem much branched, varying in length with the depth of the water, rooting at the lower
joints. Leaves 2-8 inches or more in length, and 1 — 3 lines wide. Spathe about an inch
long, acuminate. Perianth with a very long slender tube, which is somewhat curved : segments
of the border equal, lanceolate-linear, pale yellow. Stamens more than half the length of the
perianth, usually 3 but sometimes 4, a little unequal : filaments somewhat dilated : anthers
yellow, narrowly oblong, sagittate at the base. Ovary incompletely 3-celled, conical-lanceolate,
tapering into a long slender style, which, above the tube of the flower, is thickened and some-
what clavate : stigma small, consisting of 3 hairy spreading lobes. Ovules numerous, erect.

Flowing waters: frequent. Fv. July - August. Fr. September. ‘This species differs
so much from the preceding in character and habit, that I should have adopted the genus
Scnontera of Willdenow, were it not that Het. zosterifolia of Martius connects it with the
present genus.

Orpver CXIX. MELANTHACE. R. Brown. Tue Cotcuicum T rise.

Flowers often polygamous or dicecious. Perianth more or less colored, 6-leaved
or deeply 6-parted, regular, mostly persistent ; the zestivation often involute.
Stamens 6 (in PLeza 9 — 12): anthers extrorse, or very rarely introrse. Ovaries
3, more or less united : styles distinct, stigmatose on the inside, or with a simple
stigma at the summit. Ovules in a double series, ascending, anatropous.
Capsule membranaceous or coriaceous, more or less completely separable into
3 carpels, and dehiscing at the ventral suture, sometimes loculicidal. Seeds
5 — 20 (rarely 2) in each carpel, angular or compressed : testa membranaceous,
often winged or margined. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen; the radicle next
the hilum.— Perennial herbs, with simple stems or scapes arising from corms,
bulbs, or a horizontal rhizoma. Leaves sessile, linear or dilated, more or less
clasping or sheathing at the base. Flowers mostly in racemes, panicles or
spikes, sometimes solitary or fasciculate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

1, Anthers spuriously one-celled, shield-form after dehiscence.
* Leaflets of the perianth bearing 2 glands, which are sometimes connate.
1. Zycapenus. Flowers perfect. Leaflets of the perianth without claws. Filaments free.
2, Menanturum. Flowers mostly polygamous. Filaments inserted on the claws of the perianth,
** Leaflets of the perianth without glands or claws.
3. VeratRuM. Flowers polygamous, in compound racemes, Stamens shorter than the perianth.

2. Anthers 2-celled.
4, Henonias, § CoamMmLinIum. Flowers diecious. Filaments not dilated. Capsule ovoid, many-seeded.

ZYGADENUS. MELANTHACE®. 315

1. ZYGADENUS. Mich. fl. 1. p. 213; Gray, Melanth. Amer. sept. in ann. lyc. N. York,
4. p. 111, ZYGADENUS.
{ From the Greek, zygos, a yoke, and aden, a gland; the glands of the perianth being in pairs. ]

ANTICLEA, Kunth.

Flowers perfect (or rarely polygamous). Leaflets of the perianth united at the base, spreading,
without claws ; the lower part of each furnished with two (sometimes connate) glands.
Stamens 6 ; the filaments dilated at the base, and inserted with the leaflets of the perianth,
which they equal in length : anthers cordate, with the cells confluent at the apex, shield-
form after dehiscence. Styles 3, slender : stigmas simple and somewhat capitate. Capsule
ovoid-conical, 3-lobed ; the carpels finally separating at the summit, and opening on the
inside : cells 6 — 10-seeded. Seeds oblong, narrowly winged on one side, and sometimes
with a membranaceous appendage at the summit.—Stems bulbous at the base, or springing
from a creeping rhizoma, leafy. Leaves linear. Inflorescence paniculate : flowers white

or greenish.

1. Zyeapenus auiaucus, Nutt. Glaucous-leaved Zygadenus.

Bulb tunicated ; leaves shorter than the stem ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels ;
leaflets of the perianth oval or obovate, obtuse ; glands single, obcordate.—Nutt. in jour. acad.
Phil. 7. p. 56; Gray, l.c. p. 113. Z.commutatus, Ram. g- Schult. syst. 7. p. 1559. Z.
chloranthus, Richards. app. Frankl. nar. (ed. 2.) p. 12; Torr. in ann. lyc. N. Y. 2. p. 251;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.177. Melanthium glaucum, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 232; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 367; Beck, bot. p. 366. Anticlea glauca, Kunth, enum. 4. p. 192.

Stem 1 — 2 feet high, naked above, slender. Leaves mostly radical, finely nerved, 2 - 4
lines wide, rather obtuse, very smooth. Panicle with few erect branches, or reduced to almost
a simple raceme. Pedicels from half an inch to an inch in length. Flowers nearly three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, sometimes polygamous. Perianth greenish, turbinate and
adherent to the ovary at the base; each leaflet with a conspicuous adnate gland. Stamens
about the length of the perianth : filaments slender : anthers somewhat reniform. Ovary
oblong : styles finally recurved, stigmatose at the extremity. Capsule membranaceous. Seeds
(immature) compressed, 7 — 10 in each cell, winged on one side, and with an appendage at
the summit; the chalaza very conspicuous.

Gravelly banks of the St. Lawrence, in calcareous soil; also about the Falls of Niagara,
and on Lake Erie (Vuttall). A widely diffused species, but rare in this State.

40*

316 MELANTHACE. MELANTHIUM.

2. MELANTHIUM. Linn. gen. no. 454; Mich. fl. 2. p. 250. MELANTHIUM.

[ From the Greek, melas, black, and anthos, a flower; the flowers turning dark in decay.]

Lemmantuium, Willd.; Zy@apvENnus (chiefly), Kunth.

Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaflets of the perianth rotate, petaloid, each with 2 glands;
the claws bearing the stamens. Stamens 6, shorter than the perianth : anthers reniform ;
the cells confluent at the apex, shield-form after dehiscence. Styles short, subulate :
stigmas simple, minute. Capsule ovoid-conical, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels
distinct at the summit and finally separable their whole length, opening on the inside,
4-—10-seeded. Seeds compressed, with a broad membranaceous wing. — Stem usually
tall and puberulent. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in a pyramidal panicle, ochro-
leucous or dull yellowish green.

The genus Meranruium was founded on M. Virginicum ; the name must therefore be retained for that species,
and the nearly allied MM. hybridwm, as has been suggested by Dr. Gray in Sill. jour. 42. p. 27.

1. Mevantuium Vireinicum, Linn. (Pl. CXXXIV.) Virginian Melanthium.

Leaflets of the perianth ovate, auriculate-cordate at the base ; glands approximated, the
claws bearing the stamens above the middle. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 339; Micha. fl. 2. p. 251;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 240; Ell. sk. 1. p. 4185 Torr. fl. 1. p. 267; Beck, bot. p. 366; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 231. Helonias Virginica, Sims in bot. mag. t. 285. Leimanthium Virginicum,
Willd. in mag. naturf. fr. 2. p. 24, ex Schult, syst. 7. p. 1549; Gray, l. c. p.115. Zygadenus
Virginicus, Kunth, enum. 4. p. 195.

Stem 3 - 4 feet high, leafy, minutely pubescent. Leaves 8 - 15 inches long and 4-1
inch wide, pale green, narrowed and clasping at the base. Panicle a foot or more in length ;
the branches few, simple and racemose : perfect and sterile flowers mixed. Pedicels 6 - 8
lines long, with ovate bracts at the base. Perianth about half an inch in diameter, dull greenish
yellow, finally becoming brown ; the leaflets stellately spreading, at first broadly ovate, but at
length narrower, somewhat hastate at the base, abruptly narrowed into a distinct claw ; the
glands oval, approximated but not united. Filaments cohering with the claws of the perianth
above the middle. Ovary in the sterile flower only rudimentary, but the styles distinct. Cap-
sule about half an inch long, consisting of 3 united follicular carpels, which are distinct at the
summit. Seeds much compressed, 4 — 10 in each carpel, with a broad winged margin.

Wet meadows, Staten Island. Orange county (Dr. Horton). Fl. July. Fr. September.
I suspect that the Orange county plant is M. hybridum, as that species is frequent in the
neighboring county of Sussex in New-Jersey. I have not seen Dr. Horton’s specimens.

VERATRUM. MELANTHACEZ. 317

3. VERATRUM. Linn.; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 4. p. 117. VERATRUM.
[ From the Latin, veré atrwm, truly black ; in allusion to the color of the root. ]

Flowers polygamous. Leaflets of the perianth more or less united at the base, spreading or
somewhat erect, without claws or glands. Anthers reniform-globose ; the cells confluent at
the apex, shield-form after flowering. Styles short, subulate. Capsule ovoid, membrana-
ceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels distinct at the summit. Seeds 8 — 20 in each cell, with a broad

membranaceous wing.

Subgenus Veratrum proper, Gray. Leaflets of the perianth obovate or oblong, scarcely acute, more
or less narrowed at the base, twice the length of the stamens.—S‘ems robust, leafy : leaves ovate
or oblong, plicate, sheathing the stem at the base: panicle pyramidal, the branches mostly simple
and racemose : flowers yellowish green or dark purple.— Gray.

1. VERATRUM VIRIDE, Az. White Hellebore. Indian Poke.

Branches of the panicle finally spreading ; perianth spreading-campanulate ; the leaflets
oblong, somewhat narrowed at the base, about one-third longer than the stamens.—Azt. Kew.
(ed. 1.) 3. p. 896; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 242; Bigel. med. bot. t. 33, and fl. Bost. p. 374; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 419; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 233; Torr. fl. 1. p. 368; Beck, bot. p. 368; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 232; Gray, lc. p. 118; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 178; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 188.
V. album, Micha. fl. 1. p. 249, not of Linn. Helonias viridis, Bot. mag. t. 1096 (excl. syn.).

Root thick and fleshy ; the lower part giving off numerous whitish fleshy fibres. Stem
2-4 feet high, very leafy, stout, pubescent. Leaves 6 — 10 inches long and 3 — 5 inches
wide, pubescent, strongly plaited and nerved, acuminate, clasping ; the upper ones gradually
diminishing in size till they become lanceolate bracts. Panicle 8 — 12 inches long; the
branches simple or somewhat compound. Pedicels about 3 lines long. Flowers yellowish
green. Leaflets of the perianth denticulate on the thickened margin. Stamens rather longer
in the perfect than in the abortive flowers ; the filaments recurved. Styles about 2 lines long,
recurved. Capsule nearly an inch long, consisting of 3 follicular carpels united on the inner
side, and finally separating about half way down. Seeds 10-18 in each carpel, oblong
(including the broad wing), pale, acute at the apex ; the nucleus linear-oblong. Embryo oval,
in fleshy albumen.

Swamps: common. Fl. May. Fr. July. This plant is nearly allied to the V. album of
Europe, and possesses similar active qualities. It is popular throughout the country as an
external remedy for cutaneous affections ; but it is dangerous when swallowed, even in small
quantities. Like many other plants of this natural order, it contains the very poisonous
principle called veratrine.

318 MELANTHACE. HeELonias.

4. HELONIAS. Luna. (in part); Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 4. p. 130. HELONIAS.

[ Said to be derived from helos, the Greek for marsh ; some of the species growing in wet grounds. ]

Flowers perfect (sometimes polygamous or dicecious). Leaflets of the perianth narrow, without
claws or glands, spreading. Stamens 6, hypogynous, and finally exceeding the perianth.
Anthers roundish, 2-celled, forked at the base. Styles 3, spreading, flat and stigmatose on
the inside the whole length. Capsule obcordate or ovoid ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds

winged at each end. — Smooth perennial herbs. Pedicels without bracts.

Subgenus Cuamazuirium, Willd. Flowers diacious. Capsule ovoid, septicidal ; the cells 5 -9-
seeded. — Root premorse : stem slender : flowers white, in a long (finally virgate) spike-like
raceme.

1. Hetonias (Cuama.irium) pioica, Pursh. Devil’s-bit. Unicorn-plant.

Stem leafy ; sterile raceme nodding at first ; the fertile mostly erect.—Pursh, fl. 1. p. 243;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 423; Torr. fl. 1. p. 370; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 141; Beck, bot. p. 367; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 233; Gray, l. c. p. 132; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 178. H. pumila, Jacq.
ic. rar. 2, t. 253. H. lutea, Azt. Kew. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 330; Bot. mag. t. 1062. Veratrum
luteum, Linn. sp. 2 p. 1044, et amen. acad. 3. t.1. f.2. Chamelirium Carolinianum, Willd.
in mag. naturf. 2. p. 23; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 176. Ophiostachys Virginica, Delile in Red.
Til. t. 464.

Root thick and bitter. Sterile plant 1 - 2 feet high ; the fertile often three feet or more.
Radical leaves in a tuft 4 — 8 inches long and half an inch to an inch broad, tapering to a long
narrow base : stem-leaves much smaller, and linear-lanceolate. Sterile raceme usually nod-
ding or recurved, 3 — 8 inches long; the pedicels spreading, 1 — 2 lines long : fertile raceme
longer, and commonly erect; the pedicels erect, 2-3 lines long. Flowers white. Leaflets
of the perianth narrowly linear-spatulate. Stamens unequal, white, longer than the perianth
in the sterile flowers, short and imperfect in the fertile. Ovary green, usually entirely wanting
in the staminate flowers. Styles somewhat clavate, nearly the length of the ovary. Capsule
oblong-ovoid or obovoid, 3-lobed, 3-partible at the summit ; the carpels opening on the inside.
Seeds 6 — 10 in each cell, with a winged margin which is broadest at each end.

Meadows, and moist woods. FV. May -June. Fr. September. Dr. Darlington states
that he has found perfect flowers on the staminate racemes, and sometimes the ovary composed
of 4 carpels. The root is a popular tonic and anthelmintic.

Uvunarta. MELANTHACE. 319

Susorper UVULARIA. A. Gray; Kunth.

Flowers perfect. Perianth deciduous, 6-leaved ; the estivation imbricate.
Stamens inserted at the base of the leaflets of the perianth : anthers extrorse
(the back turned inward). Ovary 3-celled, with 2 or many anatropous ovules
in each cell: style single: stigma entire, 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Fruit capsular
and loculicidal, or baccate. Seeds solitary or several in each cell; the testa
thin: raphe filiform or very tumid. Albumen mostly fleshy, sometimes car-
tilaginous. — Perennial herbs, with leafy forked stems. Leaves sessile, and
often clasping or perfoliate. Peduncles terminal, axillary or extra-axillary,
solitary, 1 — 2 — several-flowered; the flowers nodding.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
5. Uvuvaria. Anthers linear, elongated. Ovary 3-celled, with 4-6 ovules in each cell: stigma 3-cleft. Capsule
3-celled ; the cells 2 - 6-seeded. Seeds smooth, with a tumid raphe.
6. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules in each cell : style 3-cleft. Berry

globose-elliptical, 1 — 2-seeded.
7, Strepropus. Anthers subulate or 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary 3-celled, with 7 - 15 ovules in each cell: stigma
nearly entire or 3-cleft, Berry 3-celled, many-seeded.

5. UVULARIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1080; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 200. BELL-WORT.
[ From the Latin, diminutive of wva, a cluster, or wvula, the appendage to the palate; but the application is not very
evident. ]

Perianth deeply 6-parted, somewhat campanulate ; segments with a nectariferous cleft at the
base. Stamens 6: filaments very short : anthers linear, erect, adnate and extrorse. Ovary
3-celled, with several anatropous ovules in a double series in each cell: style single,
3-cleft : stigmas 3, recurved. Capsule triangular, 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds few, nearly
globose, with a large tumid raphe. Embryo minute, next the hilum : albumen fleshy. —
Perennial herbs, with alternate, entire, clasping or sometimes perfoliate leaves. Flowers

solitary, on axillary peduncles, nodding.

1. Uvunaria pERFouIATA, Linn. Perfoliate Bellwort.

Leaves perfoliate, elliptical, mostly acute ; perianth tuberculate-rough within ; anthers
cuspidate ; capsule truncate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 304; J. E. Smith, exot. bot. 1. p. 95. t. 49;
Bot. mag. t. 995; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 231; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 81.; ‘Ell. sk. 1. p. 390; Bart.
fi. NicAm. 1. t.32; Torr. fl. 1. 9. 351; Beck, bot. p. 361; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 222 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 174; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 200. U. perfoliata, var. minor, Micha.
fi. Aap. 199,

Root a tuft of fleshy fibres. Stem erect, 8— 10 inches high, sheathed toward the base,
forked above, smooth. Leaves about two inches long, perfoliate near the base. Flowers
mostly pendulous and solitary, from one of the forks of the stem, about three-fourths of an

320 MELANTHACEA. Uvunartia.

inch long, pale yellow, roughened on the inside with little granular tubercles. Filaments
inserted at the base of the corolla: anthers long and linear, with an abrupt acumination.
Ovary obovoid-triangular, obtuse: style slender, triangular: stigmas filiform, reflexed.
Capsule with 3 concave sides, and as many projecting deeply grooved angles. Seeds several
in each cell, nearly globose, at first half surrounded by the large tumid raphe, but which is
finally retracted on each side.

Moist woods and shady thickets. £7. May. Fr. September.

2. Uvutaria GRANDIFLORA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.

Leaves perfoliate, elliptical or ovate-elliptical, acute; perianth smooth within ; anthers
obtuse ; capsule truncate. — J. EH. Smith, exot. fl. p. 99. t.51; Bot. mag. t. 1212; Pursh,
fll. p. 391; Ell. sk. 1. p. 3917; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 134; Torr. fl. 1. p. 351; Beck, bot,
p. 362; Hook. fl. Bor. Am. 2. p.175; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 201. U. perfoliata, var. major,
Miche. fl. 1. p. 199. U. lanceolata, Willd. sp. 2. p.94?

Roots consisting of numerous fasciculate thick fibres. Stem 12 - 15 inches high, sheathed
below, once or twice forked above ; one of the principal forks with a single or sometimes two
flowers, the other with a single flower or none. Leaves 2 — 34 inches long and | ~ 2 inches
wide, acute or slightly acuminate. Flowers twice as large as in the preceding species, and
of a brighter yellow. Segments of the perianth narrowly lanceolate, contracted at the base.
Stamens about half the length of the perianth : filaments very short, dilated in the middle :
anthers 6 — 8 lines long, the connective produced into a slight blunt point. Style cleft to the
middle ; the segments slender : stigmas linear, recurved. Ovary obovate-triangular. Capsule
(immature) triangular ; the angles not so projecting as in U. perfoliata. Young seeds almost
surrounded by the membranaceous appendage of the raphe, or perhaps arillus.

Fertile woods and hill-sides : frequent in the western and northern parts of the State.
Troy (Eaton). Fl. May — June.

3. Uvuntaria sessiuirouia, Linn. Sessile-leaved Bellwort.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat glaucous underneath ; segments of the perianth smooth
inside ; anthers obtuse ; capsule acute at each end, stipitate.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 305; Micha.
fl.1. p. 199; J. E. Smith, exot. bot. p. 101. t. 52; Bot. mag. t. 1402; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 233 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 292; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 54. f.1; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.135 ; © Torr. fl. 1.
p. 352; Beck, bot. p. 362; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 223; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 175;
Kunth, enum. 4. p. 201.

Stem 8 - 12 inches high, sheathed below, mostly 2-forked above, with a single pendulous
flower on one of the forks. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, acute, smooth. Flower pale yellow
or cream-colored, about three-fourths of an inch long. Stamens about two-thirds the length
of the perianth : filaments narrowly linear, half the length of the anthers. Style 3-cleft one-
third of its length : stigmas linear and revolute. Capsule triangular-obovoid, tapering at the
base.

Woods: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. August.

PRosARTES. MELANTHACEZ. 321

6. PROSARTES. D. Don in Linn. trans. 18. p. 531. PROSARTES.

{ From the Greek, prosartao, to hang upon; in allusion to the suspended ovules. ]
Species of SrREPToPus, auct,

Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate-spreading, deciduous ; the leaflets with a nectariferous pit, or
saccate at the base. Stamens 6 ; the filaments inserted at the base of the perianth : anthers
adnate ; the cells opening along the outer edge. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 anatropous ovules
suspended from the summit of each cell : style single : stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry
ovoid, 3-celled. Seeds 1 or rarely 2 in each cell, oblong, without a strophiole : radicle next
the hilum. — Perennial pubescent herbs, with the stems dichotomously branched above.

Leaves alternate, sessile. lowers terminal; the pedicels solitary, in pairs, or umbellate.

1. Prosartes tanucinosa, D. Don. Pale-flowered Prosartes.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, clasping, ciliolate, minutely pubescerft underneath ; pedicels
in pairs ; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate ; style smooth. — D. Don, 1. c. p. 532;
Kunth, enum. 4. p. 203. Streptopus lanuginosus, Micha. fl. 1. p. 201; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 132;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 224; Ell. sk. 1. p. 393; Torr. fl. 1. p. 353; Beck, bot. p. 360. Uvularia
lanuginosa, Pers. syn. 1. p. 360; Bot. mag. 1409; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.174. U. pu-
berula, Richards. in app. Frankl. narr. p. 10, not of Micha.

Root a tuft of thick fibres. Stem 12-18 inches high, clothed with sheaths below ; the
upper part unequally twice- or thrice-forked, sparsely clothed with slender crisped simple
hairs. Leaves 14 - 3 inches long, thin, marked with 9 - 15 longitudinal nerves which are
connected by cross veins ; 3 — 5 of the nerves stronger than the others. Pedicels 6 — 8 lines
long, often connected at the base, pubescent. Flowers about three-fourths of an inch in dia-
meter, yellowish green (not spotted). Segments of the perianth a little dilated in the middle,
and tapering to a long point, with a small nectariferous pit at the base, at first campanulate
but finally spreading. Stamens half the length of the flower : filaments compressed, linear,
smooth : anthers linear-oblong, obtuse. Ovary obovoid, tapering into a long slender style,
triangular : stigmas recurved. Berry ovoid, red, obtusely triangular ; the cells mostly one-
seeded. Embryo minute, oblong, next the hilum.

Woods. Cattaraugus and Monroe counties (Dr. Bradley) ; Chautauque and Erie counties
(Dr. Knieskern); near Buffalo (Dr. Kinnicutt); Auburn (Mr. J. Carey); near Rochester
(Dr. Harris). Fl. May-June. Fr. August.

To this genus belongs Streptopus maculatus of Mr. Buckley* (P. maculata, Torr. & Gr.),
a native of the Cumberland mountains, Tennessee.

* Silliman’s Journal, 44. p, 170.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 41

322 MELANTHACE. SrREPTOPUS.

7. STREPTOPUS. Miche. fl. 1. p. 200; Endl. gen. 1180. TWISTED-STALK.

From the Greck, streptos, twisted, and pous, foot; there being a peculiar twist in the pedicels.
r Pp ] ? p ? iz [4 P' P'

Hexorima, Raf., Kunth.

Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate at the base ; the leaves spreading or recurved, the 3 interior
carinate. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments : filaments very short : anthers
sagittate, innate, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled, with many anatropous ovules in a double row in
each cell : style single, tapering : stigma simple, obtuse. Berry 3-celled. Seeds numerous,
imbricated, oblong, many-ribbed, without a strophiole. Embryo cylindrical, next the hilum.
Albumen firm and fleshy. — Perennial herbs, with a horizontal creeping rhizoma. Stems
forked. Leaves clasping. Peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-flowered, geniculate and contorted

near the middle. Flowers nodding.

1. Srreptropus AMPLEXIFoLIUs, DC. Smooth Twisted-stalk.

Leaves oblong-ovatg, glaucous underneath, the margin naked ; pedicels elongated, distorted
and geniculate above the middle; sepals reflexed ; anthers with a long acumination, entire ;
stigma undivided, truncate.— DC. fl. Fran. 3. p. 174, and in Red. Lil. t. 259. S. distortus,
Miche. fl. 1. p. 200; Torr. fl. 1. p. 353; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 131; Beck, bot. p. 359; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 173. t. 188 A.; Kunth, enum. 4. p.205. 8. amplexifolius, var. Americanus,
Schult. syst. 7. p. 311; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 232. Uvularia amplexifolia, Linn.
sp. 304; Pers. syn. 1. p. 360.

Stem about two feet high, smooth, terete, once or twice forked. Leaves 2 - 4 inches long,
acuminate, remarkably clasping so as to appear almost perfoliate, very smooth, many-nerved.
Pedicels 1 — 2 inches long, distorted and furnished with a minute bract or callosity above the
middle, and sometimes forked there ; each division bearing a flower, and one of them distorted.
Perianth greenish white ; the segments linear-lanceolate, gibbous at the base. Filaments
short : anthers sagittate, with a long tapering entire point. Ovary ovoid, sessile : style rather
stout : stigma simple. Berry oblong, about half an inch in length, scarlet. Seeds about 12
in each cell, in a double row, obovoid-oblong, strongly ribbed.

Swamps and deep shady woods: rare. Fairfield, Herkimer county (Dr. Hadley); near
Utica (Dr. Gray); Oriskany, and on Mount Marcy (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June. Fr. August.
The European plant seems to be identical with ours.

2. Srrertropus roseEus, Miche. Rose Twisted-stalk.

Leaves ovate-oblong, ciliate on the margin, green on both sides ; pedicels less than twice
the length of the flower, slightly geniculate near the middle ; sepals spreading ; anthers 2-cleft
at the summit ; stigma 3-cleft.—Micha. fl. 1. p. 201, t.18; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 232; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 392; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 224; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.132; Torr. fl. 1. p. 352; Beck, bot. p..359 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 173. t. 188. B. Uvularia rosea, Pers. syn. 1. p. 360; Bot. mag.
t. 1489. Hekorima dichotoma, Raf. in N. Y. med. rep. 5. p. 350; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 204.

STREPTOPUS. MELANTHACE. i 4s |

Stem about 18 inches high, once or twice forked above, terete, very smooth. Leaves 2-3
inches long, thin and membranaceous, clasping, acuminate, the margin finely but distinctly
ciliate with short cartilaginous hairs. Pedicels extra-axillary, one- (sometimes 2-, Nutt.)
flowered, nodding, from one half to three fourths of an inch in length, smooth or pubescent,
usually furnished near the middle with a short process or callosity. Flowers rather smaller
than in the preceding species, purplish rose-color : segments lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens
about half the length of the perianth : filaments short : anthers ovate-sagittate, terminating
above in two subulate points ; the cells opening along the outer edge. Ovary obovoid, 3-
celled, with several ovules in each cell : style rather slender : stigmas linear, short, somewhat
spreading. Ripe fruit not seen.

Woods and swamps, particularly on mountains : frequent in the western part of the State,
and in some of the northern counties. Catskill mountains. Fv. May — June.

Orper CXX. JUNCACE. De Cand. Tue Rusu Trise.

Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth dry and glumaceous or rarely somewhat
petaloid, 6-leaved in a double series, persistent. Stamens 6 or rarely 3, inserted
into the base of the leaflets. Ovary 3-celled, or one-celled from the placente
not reaching the axis: style single, sometimes very short or almost wanting :
stigmas 3, filiform. Capsule 1 - 3-celled, loculicidal, 3- or many-seeded.
Testa of the seed sometimes loose, forming an apendage at one or both ends.
Albumen fleshy. — Mostly grass-like herbs ; the flowers small, greenish or
brownish, in cymes or heads.

1. LUZULA. De Cand. fl. Fran. 3. p. 158; Endl. gen. 1047. WOOD-RUSH.

[ Said to be derived from the Italian word ducciola, a gloworm ; because, when moistened with dew, the spikelets
glitter like that insect. |

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Siamens 6: filaments smooth. Ovary one-celled, with 3
erect ovules at the bottom of the cell. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Seeds 3, sometimes

with an appendage at one end. Leaves soft, flat, mostly hairy.

1. Luzuta campestris, Linn. Common Wood-rush.

Cespitose ; leaves hairy ; spikes several, ovoid, somewhat umbelled ; leaflets of the perianth
acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsules ; seeds with an appendage at the base.— DC. 1. c.
p. 161; Torr. fl. 1. p. 365; Beck, bot. p. 373; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 231; Hook. fl. Bor.-

41*

324 JUNCACE. Luzuta.

Am. 2. p. 188; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 307. Juncus campestris, Linn. sp. 1. p. 329; Micha.
fl. 1. p. 190; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 238; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 140; Ell. sk. 1. p. 410.

Rhizoma creeping, sometimes tuberous. Culm 6 —- 12 inches high, leafy. Leaves 2-3
lines long ; the margin ciliate with long loose white hairs, and a tuft of similar hairs in the
throat of the sheath. Spikes 4 —- 8, many-flowered, ovoid or sometimes oblong : one or more
of them nearly sessile ; the others on unequal peduncles, forming a sort of umbel, which is
subtended by 1 - 3 leafy bracts. Perianth brownish, with scarious bracts at the base ; the
leaflets with a long mucronate tip. Stamens rather shorter than the perianth : anthers large,
linear-oblong, yellow. Style exserted, filiform : stigmas slender. Capsule membranaceous,
trigonous-obovoid. Seeds ovoid, dark brown, with a conical appendage at the base.

Fields, dry woods, etc.: common. 7. April-May. fr. June.

2. Luzuta pitosa, Willd. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood-rush.

Cespitose ; leaves broadly linear, hairy ; peduncles numerous, in an umbellate corymb,
mostly one-flowered, the upper ones bent downward after flowering ; leaflets of the perianth
acuminate, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a curved appendage at the tip. —
Willd. enum. 3. p.393; Torr. fl. 1. p. 365; Beck, bot. p.373; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 188.
L. vernalis, Desv. jour. de bot, p. 138, ex Kunth, enum. 3. p. 297. Juncus pilosus, Linn.
sp. 1. p. 329 (in part); Muhl gram. p. 200.

Rhizoma creeping. Stem 6 - 10 inches high, slender. Leaves with long white hairs on
the margin and towards the base ; the radical ones broadly linear. Peduncles 8 — 12, varying
from half an inch to three-fourths of an inch long, filiform, several of them finally bent down-
ward ; the leafy bracts at the base short. Perianth brown, scarious on the margin. Stamens
included. Seed with a falcate appendage at the summit.

Open woods and banks of rivers : northern and western counties. Jl. May.

3. Luzuta parvirtora, Desv. Small-flowered Wood-rush.

Smooth ; stems elongated ; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose, the peduncles
elongated, capillary ; pedicels one-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth ovate, acute and mucro-
nate, about the length of the oval obtuse apiculate capsule ; seeds without an appendage. —
Desv. jour. de bot. 1. p. 144; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 300. L. melanocarpa, Desv. Ll. c. p. 142.
t.5.f. 23: Torr. fi. 1. p. 366; Beck, bot. p. 373-3 Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 187; Kunth,
l.c. p. 299. Juncus parviflorus, “Rostk. junc. 26. t. 1. f. 1, ex Bong.” J. melanocarpus,
Miche. fl. 1. p. 190; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 238; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 140.

Stems 12 - 18 inches high, leafy, slender, usually growing scattered. Leaves 2 — 4 lines
wide. Flowers in a loose corymbose panicle, nodding ; the longer branches often 2 inches in
length : pedicels about 3 lines long. Leaflets of the perianth usually a little shorter than the
mature carpel. Capsule with a short abrupt point. Seeds oval, brown, smooth.

Mountains in the northern part of the State, particularly those of Essex county. Fl. July.
Our plant agrees in every essential character with L. parviflora of the north of Europe.

Juncus. JUNCACE. 325

2. JUNCUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1049. RUSH.
{ From the Latin word jungo, to join; the stems and leaves having been used for cordage. ]

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3: filaments smooth. Ovary
3-celled, with numerous ovules. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds sometimes with
an appendage at one or both ends, Leaves terete, channelled or flat. Inflorescence cymose

or paniculate, sometimes apparently lateral.

* Stems (scapes) naked, with leafless sheaths at the base : inflorescence lateral.+

1. Juncus Errusus, Linn. Bog-rush. Soft Rush.

Scape minutely striate, soft ; panicle loose, much branched ; flowers triandrous ; leaflets
of the perianth lanceolate, spreading, very acute, as long as the obovoid obtuse capsule. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 326; Engl. bot. t. 836; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 236; Muhl. gram. p. 204; Ell.
sk. 1. p.405; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 138; Torr. fl. 1. p. 359; Beck, bot. p. 371; Darlingt.
fi. Cest. p. 227. J. communis, EL. Mey. Junc. no. 12, ex Kunth, enum. 3. p. 320.

Scapes 2-3 feet high, growing in dense bunches, many of them barren and resembling
cylindrical leaves, of a soft and pliable texture, filled with a spongy pith, and tapering above
into a long slender point. Panicle bursting from the side of the scape above the middle,
sessile ; the flowers green. Leaflets of the perianth very acute. Style extremely short :
stigmas filiform, spreading. Capsule obtusely triangular. Seeds oblong, acute at each end,
but without appendages.

Low moist grounds: very common. Fl. June. Fr. August. The stalks are sometimes
used in making mats, and for the bottoms of chairs.

2. Juncus Fitirormis, Linn. Slender Rush.

Scape filiform, smooth ; panicle few- (6 — 10-) flowered ; stamens 6 ; leaflets of the perianth
lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the obovoid, obtuse, apiculate capsule. — Linn. sp. 1.
p. 326; Engl.. bot. t. 1175.5 Mocha. fl. 1..p.191;-Pursh, fi. 1. p. 236; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 138; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.190; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 318. J. setaceus, Torr. fl. 1.
p. 360; Beck, bot. p. 371, excl. syn.

Rhizoma creeping. Scapes 1§ - 2 feet high, scarcely half a line in diameter, clothed at
the base with several brown acute sheaths. Panicle bursting from the side of the scape
above the middle, contracted and usually erect. Flowers on short pedicels (those in the forks
sessile). Capsule shining, obtuse, but pointed with the persistent base of the style. Seeds
ovoid-oblong, slightly pointed at each end.

Borders of lakes in the northern and western parts of the State. &7. July. Resembles
the European plant very closely.

t The inflorescence in this section, according to Kunth and others, may be regarded as terminal, and subtended by 2

leaves : the exterior being apparently a continuation of the scape, and very long ; the inner one reduced to a scale,

326 JUNCACE. Tana

3. Juncus Bauticus, Willd. Baltic Rush.

Scape very faintly striate; panicle decompound, erect; flowers hexandrous ; leaflets of
the perianth ovate-lanceolate, very acute and mucronate, as long as the elliptical mucronate
capsule ; style conspicuous ; seeds without appendages.— Willd. in Berl. mag. 1809. p. 298 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.189; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 317. J. glaucus, Richards. app. Frankl.
nar. p. 11.

Rhizoma creeping extensively. Scape 2 — 4 feet high, very smooth and even, often flexuous
or twisted, in the dry state minutely striate, clothed at the base with several long brownish
sheaths. Panicle loose ; the branches flexuous, slender and very unequal. Flowers shining ;
the segments of the perianth dark chestnut-colored, with a pale midrib. Capsule triangular,
shining, chestnut-colored. Seeds oblong, light brown.

Gravelly shores of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario. Fv. July. A native also of
the northern parts of Europe.

** Culm leafy : leaves terete, nodose : inflorescence terminal : flowers mostly in heads.

4. Juncus noposus, Linn. Smaller Round-headed Rush.

Stem nearly terete, leafy ; leaves conspicuously nodose, terete ; inflorescence terminal ;
heads few, globose, many-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, with a long
subulate point; stamens 3; capsule triquetrous, attenuated at the summit, about the length
of the perianth ; seeds oblong, rather acute at each end.—Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 466? Mudl.
gram. -p:.-206; Torr. f.1.p-3635 Beck, bot: p. 371,

var. 1. vulgaris : heads few (sometimes only 1 or 2), 10 — 20-flowered, rather loose ;
perianth light brownish purple ; stamens 6; capsules a little longer than the perianth, brown.
J. nodosus, Rostk. Junc. p. 38. t. 2. f. 2% J. Rostkovii, Kunth, enum. 3. p. 332. J. poly-
cephalus, 8. g- y., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 190.

var. 2. multiflorus : heads rather numerous, in a more or less compound panicle, many-
(20 — 50-) flowered, compact ; stamens 3 ; capsules rather shorter than the greenish perianth.
J. echinatus, Kunth, 1. c. p. 339; Ell. sk. 1. p. 410?

var. 3. megacephalus : heads very large, in a dense cluster, 50 — 60-flowered ; stamens
6; capsules a little longer than the tawny perianth.

Rhizoma creeping. Stem, in the first two varieties, 8 — 15 inches high, slender ; in var.
8, about 2 feet high, and stout. Leaves distinctly nodose. Heads about one-third of an inch
in diameter in varieties 1 and 2; about half an inch in the other. Leaflets of the perianth
terminating in a long almost awned point. Capsule slender, tapering to a long and very acute
summit, opening at the sides and usually closed at the apex. Seeds yellowish, slightly ribbed.

Sandy borders of lakes and rivers; var. 3, on the shores of Lake Ontario (Dr. Gray).
Fl. July. Fr. September. All the varieties are easily distinguished from J. polycephalus,
by the attenuate capsules, and oblong (not tailed) seeds.

Juncus. JUNCACE. get

5. Juncus potycepuatus, Miche. Many-headed Rush.

Stem terete, leafy ; leaves terete, compressed, nodose ; inflorescence terminal, compound,
longer than the involucral leaves ; heads many-flowered, globose ; leaflets of the perianth
lanceolate, tapering to a slender mucronate point; stamens 3; capsules oblong-triangular,
abruptly acuminate, about the length of the perianth or sometimes longer ; seeds tailed at each
end.— Miche. fl. 1. p. 192; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 237; Torr. fl. 1. p. 364; Ell. sk. 1. p. 409 ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 140; Beck, bot. p. 273; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 228; Hook. fl. Bor-Am.
2. p. 190 (in part). J. echinatus, Muhl. gram. p. 207.

var. 1. crassifolius : leaves thick, conspicuously compressed ; inflorescence rather compact,
very compound ; heads 8 — 15-flowered ; capsule longer than the perianth, brown.— Miche.
l.c. J. scirpoides, Lam. enc. 3. p. 2672; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 340 (var.@.). J. macrostemon,
J. Gay in Laharpe, Junc. p. 52 (fide Kunth). J. Canadensis, J. Gay in Laharpe, June.
p. 64? ex Kunth, l. c.

var. 2. paradocus : leaves thick ; inflorescence very compound, loose ; heads many-
flowered ; capsule about the length of the perianth. J. paradoxus, EL. Mey. Junc. p. 307;
Kunth, l.c. p. 341? J. fraternus, Kunth, 1. c. p. 340?

var.? 3. depauperatus : leaves slender; inflorescence loose and spreading ; heads small,

4 — 8-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth a little shorter than the capsule, acute but not cuspi-
date ; seeds elliptical, scarcely tailed.
_ Rhizoma creeping. Stem 1 — 23 feet high, fistular, erect, somewhat rigid. Leaves distinctly
nodose. Inflorescence more or less compound. Heads, in vars. 1 and 2, about one-third of
an inch in diameter; in var. 3, much smaller. Perianth greenish ; the leaflets rigid, and
terminating in a subulate point, except in var. 3, where they are merely acute. Capsule
prismatic, with a short abrupt acumination, chestnut-colored. Seeds elliptical, with a con-
spicuous subulate appendage or tail at each end.

Wet places : var. 1, borders of ponds and rivers, frequent; var. 2, deep swamps ; var. 3,
Buffalo creek (Dr. Kinnicutt §- Dr. Gray). Fl. July. Fr. September. The third variety
differs so much from the others in its perianth and seeds, that I was at first inclined to describe
it as a distinct species, but have concluded to leave it for further examination.

6. Juncus aouminatus, Miche. Sharp-fruited Rush.

Stem erect, terete ; leaves somewhat compressed, with distant nodes ; inflorescence de-
compound, rather dense ; heads 3 — 6-flowered, the flowers erect; leaflets of the perianth
linear-lanceolate, equal, acute ; stamens 3; capsule prismatic, acutely triangular, abruptly
acute, one-third longer than the perianth ; seed tailed at each end. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 192 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 237; Ell. sk. 1. p. 409; Torr. fl. 1. p. 363; Beck, bot. p. 372; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 227; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 335. J. sylvaticus, Muhl. gram. p. 206, not of Willd,
J. acutiflorus, 8., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am, 2. p. 190,

328 JUNCACE. Juncus.

Stem 10 - 15 inches high. Leaves rather distantly nodose, terete-compressed, usually one
near the middle of the culm and another near the base. Panicle more or less compound ; the
branches slightly spreading. Heads mostly about 3-flowered, but sometimes more, rarely
less. Leaflets of the perianth very acute, but not cuspidate. Style distinct. Capsule narrow,
with flattish sides, chestnut-color and shining when ripe. Seeds with a subulate appendage
at each end.

Sandy borders of lakes, and in bogs : frequent.

7. Juncus pevocarrus, L. Mey. Brownish-fruited Rush.

Stem erect, bearing a single leaf, compressed ; leaves setaceous, compressed, obscurely
nodose ; panicle pyramidal, spreading ; heads about 2-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth oblong,
obtuse, the inner ones a little longer, shorter than the wiquetrous-ovate capsule (Kunth). —
E. Mey. syn. Luz. p. 30; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 333. J. acutiflorus, «., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
D. 190.

Stem 15 — 18 inches high. Leaves with distant indistinct nodes, tapering to a sharp point.
Inflorescence loose and elongated. Heads few, 3 - 6-flowered. Leaflets of the calyx rather
obtuse. Stamens 6. Capsule oblong, sharply triangular, mucronate but somewhat obtuse,
a little longer than the perianth. Seeds obovoid-oblong, slightly apiculate at each end, pale
brown.

New-York (Jacquemont). Among my numerous specimens of Juncr collected in this
State, I find none that I can with confidence refer to J. pelocarpus of Meyer. ‘The detailed
description given above is drawn from two specimens presented to me by Mr. Tuckerman :
one of them a Vermont plant, which he compared with an authentic specimen of Meyer’s in
Sir William Hooker’s herbarium; the other a specimen of J. acutiflorus, 8., Hook. (l. c.),
which Mr. Tuckerman obtained from Sir William himself, and which that distinguished
botanist regards as identical with J. pelocarpus.

8. Juncus Conrapi, Tuckerm. (mst. ). Conrad’s Rush.

Stem erect, leafy ; leaves erect, compressed, slightly nodose ; inflorescence terminal, de-
compound, divaricate ; flowers solitary ; leaflets of the perianth lanceolate-acute, shorter than

the oblong acuminate-rostrate capsule. — J. viviparus, Conrad in jour. acad. Phil. 5. p. .

Annual. Stems usually cespitose, 6 ~ 10 inches high, slender, tough. Leaves few, 2 - 4
inches long, with slight transverse partitions. Inflorescence spreading ; the branches slender.
Involucral leaves short. Flowers often abortive, or viviparous; the perianth of a reddish
brown color. Stamens 6. Style short : stigmas very long. Capsule one-celled ; the placente
parietal, very narrow. Seeds ovoid, without appendages.

Borders of ponds, in sandy soil. Long Island. FU. July - August. This well-marked
species is very abundant in the pine region of New-Jersey, and has also been found by Mr.
Tuckerman in Massachusetts and on the White Mountains.

Juncus. JUNCACES. 329

*** Leaves flat, or channelled on the wpper side,
9. Juncus sBuronius, Linn. Toad Rush.

Stems diffuse, leafy, dichotomous above ; leaves setaceous, channelled ; inflorescence loose,
the flowers mostly solitary and remote ; leaflets of the perianth lanceolate, conspicuously
acuminate, much longer than the oblong obtuse capsule. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 328; Engl. bot.
t. 802; Miche. fl. 1.p.191; Pursh, fl.1. p. 238; Muhl. gram. p. 203; Ell. sk. 1. p. 407;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 363; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 1389; Beck, bot. p. 372; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 229;
Kunth, enum. 3. p. 353.

Annual. Stems cespitose, 3 - 6 inches high, terete. Leaves few, shorter than the stem,
with membranaceous sheaths. Panicle large, spreading, few-flowered. Perianth pale green,
with conspicuous whitish bracts at the base, about one-third longer than the capsule. Stamens
6. Style short, but distinct. Capsule mucronate. Seeds ovoid, brown, striate.

Low grounds, and around ponds: common. FV. June - August. Our plant agrees in
all its characters with the European J. bufonius.

10. Juncus renuis, Willd. Slender Rush,

Stems cespitose, slender, nearly naked, leafy at the base, erect, somewhat compressed,
rigid ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled; inflorescence terminal, cymose, more or less
compound, sherter than the erect involucral leaves ; flowers solitary, unilateral ; leaflets of the
perianth lanceolate, about one-third longer than the obtuse capsule. ~ Willd. sp. 2. p. 214;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 238; Ell. sk. 1. p.406; Muhl. gram. p. 200; Torr. fl. 1. p. 361 (excl.
syn. Engl. bot. §- Bich.); Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 138; Beck, bot. p. 372; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p-» 229; Kunth, enum. p. 348. J. bicornis, Miche. fl. 1. p. 191; Pursh, 1. c.

Perennial. Stem 8 — 15 inches high, tough, leafy only near the base. Leaves striate,
somewhat rounded on the back, channelled on the upper surface. Inflorescence consisting of
several cymes, with very unequal peduncles ; the flowers somewhat racemose or unilateral on
the branchlets. Leaflets of the perianth narrow and very acute, shining, greenish. Stamens
6. Style short, but distinct. Capsule globose-ovoid. Seeds ovoid-oblong, with a minute
appendage at one end.

Low grounds, road-sides, etc.: common. Fil. June —- August. I have found a Juncus
on the seacoast of Long Island, which is perhaps a variety of J. tenuis altered by a saline
soil. ‘The leaves are nearly terete, with scarcely any traces of a channel, and the panicle is
much contracted. In other respects it does not differ essentially from the ordinary form.

11. Juncus Greener, Tuckerm. & Oakes. Greene’s Rush.

Stem erect, nearly naked, leafy at the base, terete, rigid ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled
above, rounded on the back ; inflorescence terminal, compound, cymose, contracted, shorter
than the erect involucral leaves ; flowers solitary, erect, unilateral ; leaflets of the perianth
lanceolate, shorter than the ovoid-oblong rather obtuse capsule.—Tuckerm., in Sill. jour. 45.

Ds Ole
[FLora — Vol. 2.] 42

330 JUNCACEZ. Juncus.

Stems cespitose, 12-18 inches high, striate. Leaves nearly cylindrical, with a deep
narrow channel on the upper side. Inflorescence consisting of several much contracted unequal
cymes, the flowers of which are distinctly unilateral. Leaflets of the perianth very acute,
greenish, about one-third shorter than the ripe capsule. Stamens 6. Style short, but distinct.
Capsule obtusely triangular, shining, completely 3-celled. Seeds elliptical, a little curved,
somewhat acute at each end.

Sandy borders of salt marshes on the seacoast of Long Island? Fil. July. Fr. August.
I have received from Mr. Tuckerman and Mr. Greene, specimens of this plant, collected at
Cambridge, Nahant and Plymouth, Massachusetts ; and both of these botanists considered it
an undescribed species. It is nearly allied to the preceding, but differs in its contracted
panicle, nearly terete leaves, short perianth and ovoid-oblong capsule, as well as the more
slender pointed seeds. I am not certain that this species grows on Long Island; but I have
noticed there, without collecting it, a plant which I supposed was the Juncus here described.

12. Juncus Gerarp1, Loisel. Black Grass.

Stem simple, leafy, compressed ; leaves linear-setaceous, channelled ; panicle terminal,
compound, cymose, longer than the bracteal leaves ; leaflets of the perianth oblong, rather
obtuse, a little shorter than the obovoid obtuse mucronate triangular capsule ; stamens 6 ;
seeds oblong-ovoid, without appendages, strongly ribbed. — Loisel. not. p. 60, fide Kunth,
enum. p. 352. J. bulbosus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 237% Muhl. gram. p. 201; Torr. fl. 1. p. 363;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 139; Beck, bot. p. 372. J. ccenosus, Bich. in Linn. trans. 12. p. 309,
and in Engl. bot. suppl. t. 2680.

Rhizoma creeping. Stems simple, slender, rigid, distinctly compressed. Leaves 2 — 6
inches long, scarcely half a line wide, rounded and striate underneath, channelled and minutely
reticulated above. Panicle rather crowded; the branches very unequal; the leaves at the
base resembling those of the stem, only much smaller. Exterior leaflets of the perianth
somewhat gibbous, the margin deep chestnut-brown; inner ones with scarious margins.
Bracts small, obtuse. Style very distinct. Capsule dark brown when ripe, minutely pointed.
Seeds grayish brown, obtuse at each end.

Borders of creeks and ditches in salt marshes : common on Long Island and Staten Island.
Fl. August. Fr. September. ‘This species forms extensive patches, generally following the
course of the small rivers that meander through the salt marshes, and is easily distinguished
at a distance by its deep green foliage and the dark color of its flowers and fruit. It forms a
considerable part of our salt hay.

13. Juncus marcinatus, Jostkh. Grass-leaved Rush.

Stem leafy, jointed ; leaves flat and grass-like ; panicle corymbose, compound ; flowers in
capitate clusters ; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the outer segments and bracts
somewhat awned, the inner ones obtuse.—‘“‘Rostk. junc. 38. t. 2. f.3;” Pursh, fl. 1. p. 236;
Muhl. gram. p. 202; Torr. fl. 1. p. 362; Beck, bot. p. 372; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 230.

Juncus. JUNCACE. 331

J. aristulatus, Miche. fl. 1. p. 192; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 345. J. aristatus, Pers. syn. 1.
p. 885; Ell. sk. 1. p. 408; Pursh, l.c. J. biflorus, Ell. 1. c.

Stems tuberous at the base, 1 — 3 feet high, erect, compressed. Leaves few, 14 - 3 lines
wide, acute, finely nerved. Panicle often very compound and elongated, longer than the erect
involucral leaves at the base. Heads 3 — 6-flowered; the bracts at the base with subulate
points. Perianth with the three outer segments narrower, and tapering to a long sharp point ;
the others mostly obtuse. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the outer segments. Capsule
trigonous-obovoid, very obtuse. Seed oblong-fusiform.

Moist grounds, attaining the greatest size in sandy swamps : frequent in the southern part
‘of the State and on Long Island.

14. Juncus styeius, Linn. Lar ge-fruited Rush.

Stem filiform, erect, rigid, leafy ; leaves setaceous, slightly flattened ; flowers about 3 in a
terminal head ; leaflets of the perianth shorter than the oblong elliptical acute capsule ; seeds
with an appendage at each end.— Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 467; Willd. sp. 2. p. 215; Wahl.
fl. Suec. 1. p. 213; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 233; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 359.

Root fibrous. Stem 6 — 12 inches high, simple. Leaves usually 3, a little rounded on the
back and flat or slightly channelled above, marked internally with slight transverse partitions.
Flowers larger than in any of the preceding species ; the head subtended by 2 — 3 bracts, the
longer of which nearly equals the head: the exterior about as long as the flowers, rigid and
mucronate ; the inner one membranaceous. Exterior leaflets of the perianth lanceolate, some-
what carinate ; inner ones pale and broader. Stamens 6: anthers small, yellow. Ovary
tapering at the summit into a distinct style. Capsule triangular, pale brown, acute and some-
what beaked. Seeds about a line long; the loose testa produced into an appendage at each
end, so that they are somewhat fusiform.

In an extensive sphagnous swamp, bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson county (Dr. Gray).
This interesting species has been found nowhere else in North America, except in New-
foundland.

15. Juncus triripus, Linn. Slender-fringed Rush.

Stem naked, filiform, 1 — 3-flowered; sheaths ciliate at the throat, the lower ones leafless,
upper one with a short setaceous leaf; involucral leaves 1 - 3 ; capsule elliptical, acuminate-
rostrate. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 326; Engl. bot. t. 1482; Torr. fl. 1. p. 362; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 138; Beck, bot. p. 372; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 355.

Rhizoma creeping. Stem 6 — 10 inches high, rather rigid. Leaf usually solitary near the
summit : sheaths with the ligule finely laciniate ; the lower ones with only rudimentary leaves.
Flowers mostly in a single head, with 2 long setaceous bracts at the base, reseinbling the leaf
of the stem. Leaflets of the perianth ovate, acute. Capsule about as long as the perianth.
Seeds elliptical.

Summit of Mount Marcy, Hssex county. Fil. August. This is a common species in the

northern parts of Europe.
42*

Joa COMMELYNACE®. CoMMELYNA.

Group 5. Flowers with a double or imbricated perianth : the exterior (calyx)
glumaceous or herbaceous ; the interior with the ordinary texture of petals.
Ovary free, 1 — 3-celled. Seeds orthotropous. — Herbs, often grass-like.

Orver CXXI. COMMELYNACES. R. Br. Tue Sprperwort TRIBE.

Calyx of three herbaceous sepals. Petals 3, colored. Stamens 6 or fewer,
hypogynous, some of them abortive or deformed ( nectaries, Linn.) ; the
filaments often clothed with jointed hairs. Ovary 2 — 3-celled : style single :
stigma mostly entire. — Mucilaginous herbs. Leaves usually sheathed at the
base.

1. COMMELYNA. Dillen.; Endl. gen. 1028. DAY-FLOWER.
[ Named in honor of two Dutch botanists, Joun and Gaspar ComMMELYN.]

Petals unguiculate, deciduous ; one of them often differing in form from the others, or abortive.
Stamens 6 ; 3 or 4 of them abortive, with cruciform anthers. Capsule 3-celled ; the cells

1 — several-seeded.— Diffuse herbs, with lanceolate or ovate leaves and fasciculate flowers.

1. ComMELyna ancoustiroLia, Michz. Narrow-leaved Day-flower.

Assurgent ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; stems slender, rather smooth ; petals unequal, one of
them minute ; bracts broadly cordate, pedunculate—Michz. fl. 1. p. 24; Pursh, fl... p. 31;
Muhl. cat. p.4; Beck, bot. p. 375; Torr. fl. 1. p. 39; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 53.

Root perennial, with fleshy fibres. Stem about a foot high, somewhat branching from the
base. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long and half an inch wide ; the border of the sheaths fringed with
ferruginous hairs. Involucre or bract somewhat falcate. Petals sky-blue, cordate ; the lower
one much smaller. Abortive stamens 4, consisting of blue filaments supporting cruciform
yellow anthers which produce no pollen ; one of them smaller than the others. Fertile stamens
2. Style slender: stigma simple. .

Borders of swamps about two miles from Flushing (Mr. P. Dudgeon). I have examined
specimens of this plant collected by Mr. Dudgeon many years ago, but never was so fortunate
as to find it myself.

2. TRADESCANTIA. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1031. SPIDER-WORT.
[ In honor of Jonn Trapescant, gardener to Charles I.]

Petals 3, sessile, marcescent. Stamens 6, all fertile ; the filaments bearded. Stigma obtuse,

triangular or dilated. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, with few seeds in each cell. — Flowers in

umbels or racemes, terminal or axillary.

TRADESCANTIA. COMMELYNACE. 333

1. Trapescantia Virainica, Linn. Virginian Spiderwort.

Stem erect or assurgent, often somewhat branching ; leaves lanceolate-linear, smooth or
hairy ; flowers in a terminal umbellate cluster ; calyx pubescent.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 288 ; Bot.
mag.t. 105; Micha. fl. 1. p.193; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 218; Ell. sk. 1. p. 380; Bart. fi. N.
Am. 2.t.41; Torr. fl. 1. p. 335; Beck, bot. p. 376; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 213; Kunth,
enum. 4. p. 81.

Root perennial, consisting of thick fleshy fibres. Stem often in clusters, about a foot high.
Leaves about as long as the stem, variable as to breadth and smoothness, sometimes decidedly
hairy : pedicels recurved after flowering. Sepals lanceolate-ovate. Corolla usually bright
blue, about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens shorter than the corolla : filaments densely
clothed with jointed hairs : anthers large and crescent-shaped, yellow. Stigma capitate.
Capsule obtusely triangular, covered by the connivent persistent sepals. Seeds 2 — 3 in each

cell.

Near Buffalo (Dr. Kinnicutt), This is a common plant in gardens. It varies much in the
breadth of its leaves, the pubescence, and the color of its flowers. The jointed hairs of the
filaments exhibit a remarkable circulation under the microscope.

Orver CXXII. XYRIDACEA. Kunth. Tur YeLuow-tvep Grass TRIBE.

Calyx glumaceous, of 3 sepals: 2 of the sepals lateral, somewhat boat-shaped
and persistent ; the inner one larger, membranaceous and surrounding (in the
unexpanded flower) the corolla, caducous. Corolla of 3 unguiculate petals ;
the claws sometimes more or less united. Stamens 6, inserted into the claws
of the petals: 3 of them fertile, with the anthers extrorse ; the others sterile
and plumose, or wanting. Ovary one-celled with three parietal placentz, or
3-celled : styles partly united: stigmas often lobed. Ovules orthotropous.
Capsule many-seeded. — Rush-like plants, with ensiform or filiform radical
leaves, and simple scapes, bearing at the summit a head of flowers imbricated
with bracts.

1. XYRIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 1025. VELLOW-EYED GRASS.
{ From the Greek, zyros, acute; in allusion to the pointed leaves.]

Petals with the lamina dilated, entire ; the claws nearly distinct. Fertile stamens 3, with

linear anthers : abortive stamens (staminodia) laciniate and plumose. Capsule 1- or rarely

imperfectly 3-celled. Seeds elliptical or oblong. — Swamp plants, with mostly ensiform

leaves and yellow flowers.

304 XYRIDACES. Xyris.

1. Xyris Carouiniana, Wait. Common Yellow-eyed Grass.

Smooth ; leaves linear, gladiate ; scape somewhat ancipital, much longer than the leaves ;
head roundish-ovoid ; bracts orbicular-obovate ; lateral sepals lanceolate, ciliate on the upper
part of the keel.— Walt. fl. Car. p. 69; Pursh, fl.1. p. 33; Torr. fl. 1. p. 40; Beck, bot.
p. 870; Dariingt. fl. Cest. p.12; Kunth, enum. 4. p. 11. X. Jupacai, Miche. fl. 1. p. 23;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p.17. X. flexuosa & anceps, Muhl. cat. p.5. X. flexuosa, Ell. sk. 1.
p. 51. X. bulbosa, Kunth, 1. c.

Scape often somewhat bulbous at the base, 6 - 18 inches high, distinctly ancipital parti-
cularly on the upper part, often twisted or flexuous. Leaves variable in length, sometimes
scarcely one-fourth the length of the scape, at other times (particularly in very wet places)
more than half its length, 1 — 2 lines wide, flat or twisted. Head about one-third of an inch
long ; the scales rigid and convex, dull green in the centre, with a yellowish brown margin ;
the lower ones empty. Lateral sepals strongly carinate, somewhat incurved ; the inner one
of a thin delicate texture, involving the unexpanded corolla. Petals ovate, crenate ; the claws
nearly as long as the bracts. Fertile stamens short : anther-cells linear, distinct : filaments
cohering with the claws of the petals. Abortive stamens alternating with the fertile ones,
purple, laciniate ; the segments tufted with jointed hairs. Style as long as the stamens, deeply
3-parted ; the stigmas obtuse’and entire. Capsule oblong, membranaceous. Seeds minute,
numerous, oblong.

Sandy swamps, Long Island ; Troy (Prof. Eaton). Fl. July - August. Fr. September.

Orper CXXIII. ERIOCAULONACES. ZL. C. Rich. Tue Pirewort Trise.

Flowers mixed with hairs or scales, in compact heads, moncecious or dicecious.
Calyx of 2-3 sepals. Corolla somewhat petaloid. Srerime ri. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form; the limb more or less deeply 2 - 3-cleft. Stamens
6 or sometimes only 3: anthers introrse. Pistil rudimentary. Ferrite rt.
Corolla of 2 - 3 petals. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-) celled, with a solitary suspended
ovule in each cell: style short: stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary,
elongated. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, loculicidal, with a single seed in each cell.
Embryo at the extremity of farinaceous albumen. — Herbs, growing in water
or swamps, with fasciculate-fibrous roots, linear and mostly radical leaves, and
the flowers collected in a dense solitary head at the summit of the scape.

ERIOCAULON. ERIOCAULONACE. 33D

1. ERIOCAULON. Linn. ; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 539. PIPEWORT.
[ From the Greek, erton, wool, and kaulos, stem; in allusion to the downy stems or scapes of the species first known.]

Heads moneecious or rarely dicecious : the central flowers sterile ; the marginal fertile, each
with a bract at the base. Calyx of 2-3 sepals. Sreriue ru. Corolla tubular; the limb
2 — 3-lipped ; the segments often with a tubercle or gland on the inside. Stamens 6, rarely
3-4. Ferrite ru. Corolla 2 - 3-sepalled, each with a gland below the apex. Ovary
2 - 3-celled : styles distinct or united at the base. — Habit that of the order.

1. ErrocauULON SEPTANGULARE, With. Pellucid Pipewort.

Leaves subulate-ensiform, shorter than the striate smooth scape ; flowers and scales hairy
at the summit ; sepals 2; petals 2, in the sterile flowers partly united ; stamens 4; capsule
2-celled— Hook. in fl. Lond. n. ser. t. 52, § Brit. fl. (ed. 4.) p. 346 ; Kunth, enum. 3. p. 540.
E. pellucidum, Miche. fl. 2. p. 166; Pursh fl. 1. p.92; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 335; Torr. com-
pend. p. 350; Beck, bot. p. 369.

Root throwing down long whitish fibres into the mud. Leaves broad and clasping at the
base, tapering into a long subulate point, conspicuously cellular, and reticulated with trans-
verse bands. Scape very variable in length; on muddy banks, sometimes only an inch or
two high, and in deep water (when only the head of flowers rises above the surface) often
3 -— 6 feet long, usually marked with 6 — 7 strie. Head from one-third to a fourth of an inch
in diameter, hemispherical, crowded with numerous flowers ; the scales or bracts of a dull
lead-color (as are the sepals), obovate and membranaceous. Sepals obovate, conduplicate,
crowned (as are also the bracts and petals) with short stout white hairs. Corolla white ; the
sepals of the sterile flower combined below into a funnel-form tube, the limb of each bearing
a small black gland, and in the centre of the flower are two other glands which seem to be
abortive ovaries. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal : filaments short : anthers roundish-oval,
lead-color. Petals of the fertile flower distinct to the base. Styles 2, distinct nearly to the
base, subulate.

Lakes and swamps : frequent. F/. August. In Lake George, I have found this species
with the scape full 6 feet long. Hooker has clearly proved the identity of the American plant
with the rare HE. septangulare of Scotland.

336 CYPERACE.

Group 6. Flowers imbricated with bracts (glumes, scales ), and disposed in spikelets ;

but with no proper floral envelopes or perianth, except in the form of bristles
or scales. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule ; in fruit, an achenium or
caryopsis. Embryo at the extremity of the albumen next the hilum.— Grasses,
sedges, or rush-like plants.

Orper CXXIV. CYPERACE. Juss. Tue Sepce ‘T'rise.

Flowers often moncecious or dicecious; one in the axis of each scale. Perianth

—

CSanNAanAS

10.

11.

12.

13,

14,

none, or consisting of bristles or scales. Stamens mostly 3, hypogynous. Styles
2 or 3, mostly united. Fruit an achenium. — Culms usually solid, and’ often
triangular. Sheaths of the leaves entire.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.
Tribe 1, CYPERE. Flowers perfect. Spikelets distichously imbricated,

. Duticurum. Bristles of the perigynium 6 — 9.
. Cyperus. Bristles none.

Tribe 2, FUIRENE A. Flowers perfect. Scales imbricated on all sides. Perigynium of three scales or
leaflets, often alternating with three bristles. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3.

. Furrena. Character that of the tribe.

Tribe 3. SCIRPEA. Flowers perfect. Scales imbricated on all sides (rarely bi-trifarious). Perigynium
composed of bristles, hairs or scales, sometimes wanting.

. Evrocuaris. Achenium with bristles at the base, crowned with the bulbous base of the style.
_ Scirpus. Style simple at the base. Achenium surrounded with bristles.
. ErropHorum. Style simple at the base. Achenium surrounded with very long (usually numerous) capillary hairs.

Fimsristyits. Style 2-cleft, compressed and dilated at the base, deciduous. Bristles none.

. Isouepis. Style simple at the base or somewhat bulbous, deciduous. Bristles none.
. TRicHEeLosTyLis. Style 3-cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, deciduous, Bristles none.

Tribe 4. HYPOLYTRE. Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikes imbricated on all sides, each one-
flowered ; the flowers with a 1 - 4-valved perigynium,
HemicarpuHa. Spikes ovoid; the scales very numerous. Flowers with a single valve, which is sometimes adherent
to the fruit. Stamen single. Style 2-cleft. Achenium oblong, biconvex or nearly terete.

Tribe 5. RHYNCHOSPORE. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikes mostly few-flowered ; the scales
irregularly imbricated. Perigynium usually setiform, rarely wanting. Achenium crowned with
the beaked or articulated base of the style, mostly corrugated.

Ruyncuospora. Spikes few-flowered; tle lower scales empty or staminate. Perigynium of 6 or more plumose or
rough bristles. Achenium crowned with the articulated persistent base of the style.

Tribe 6. CLADIEZ. Flowers usually perfect. Scales of the spike irregularly imbricated : one or several
of the upper ones fertile; the others empty.

Cuapium. Spike few-flowered. Bristles none. Stamens 2, Achenium subglobose ; the pericarp thickened and corky
towards the summit.

Tribe 7, SCLERIE/ZE. Flowers diclinous. Fertile spikelets one- or rarely 2-flowered. Scales fasciculate ;
the lower ones empty. Perigynium of 3 scales, distinct from the disk or combined with it, often
wanting, Achenium with a bony or crustaceous shell, often seated in a cup-shaped or lobed disk.

Scueria. Fertile spikelets one-flowered. Achenium globose or ovoid, Disk lobed, annular, or nearly wanting.

Tribe 8. CARICE/. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes membranaceous, imbricated on alli sides,
Achenium wholly enclosed in an urccolate perigynium, which is pervious at the summit.
Carex. Fertile flowers destitute of a setiform appendage.

Dvuicuium. CYPERACE. 337

Trise I. CYPEREZ. Nees.

Flowers perfect. Spikelets distichously umbricated, mostly naked, many- (rarely 1-) flowered.
Perigynium none or setaceous. Achenium compressed or triangular, rarely beaked with
the persistent base of the style.

1, DULICHIUM. Rich. in Pers. syn.1. p.65; Torr. North Amer. Cyp. in ann. lyc. N.
York, 3. p. 247. DULICHIUM.

[Dulichium is the name of a Grecian island mentioned by Homer; but why applied to this genus, we know not.]

Spikelets elongated, compressed, many-flowered ; the scales 2-ranked. Bristles 6 - 9, rigid,
retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3. Style very long, 2-cleft. Achenium compressed, linear-
oblong, pointed with the long persistent style-—Culm nearly terete, clothed with spreading

leaves. Spikes axillary, compound ; the spikelets distichously arranged on a common rachis.

1. Duticuium spatHaceum, Pers. Dulichium.

Pers. cs Pursh, fi Vo 9. 085 Bil sk. 1. pe 18a. 2. F-85" Lorr. ft. t: p. G8 Beck:
bot. p. 442; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.17; Torr. Cyp. l.c. p. 247; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 329.
D. Canadense, Pers. 1.c; Pursh, l.c. Schcenus spathaceus, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 63.
S. angustifolius, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 225. Scirpus spathaceus, Micha. fl. 1. p. 32. Cyperus
spathaceus, Linn. syst. p. 84; Willd. sp. 1. p. 289; Muhl. gram. p. 26; Bigel. fl. Bost.
pelo:

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, terete below, obscurely triangular above. Leaves flat, linear,
spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikes or racemes on short exserted pe-
duncles which proceed from the sheaths of the leaves, each bearing from 8 - 14 narrowly
lanceolate spreading spikelets, which are about three-fourths of an inch long. Spikelets
6 - 10-flowered ; the rachis flexuous, excavated by the pressure of the achenia. Scales
lanceolate, acute, yellowish-ferruginous, with a green keel. Bristles seldom less than 7 and
often 9, slightly exserted at maturity. Style attenuated to a long point. Achenium about a
line and a half long, smooth and dull, contracted at the base, crowned with the persistent style,
which is not articulate.

Borders of ponds, and in swamps: common. Fl. July. Fr. September. Resembles
Cyprre in its distichous spikelets ; but in its bristles, and rostrate fruit, it recedes from that
tribe.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 43

338 CYPERACE. Cyrprrus.

2. CYPERUS. Linn.; Torr. Cyp.1.c. p. 249. GALINGALE.

[An ancient Greek name for some plant of this genus, ]

Cyperus, Pycreus and Papyrus, Lestib., Nees.

Spikelets with the scales nearly all fertile, and distichously imbricated ; the rachilla* usually
more or less winged on the angles by the decurrent margin of the scales. Stamens 2 or 3
(rarely solitary), deciduous. Style 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium compressed or tri-
angular. — Culms mostly triangular (rarely terete), simple, leafy at the base. Spikelets

terminal, capitate or spicate ; the spikes or heads disposed in simple or compound umbels ;
the rays sheathed at the base.

* Pycreus, P. de Beauv. Style 2-cleft. Acheniwm lenticular.

1. Cyperus FLAVEScENS, Linn. Yellowish Dwarf Galingale.

Umbel of 2 - 4 short rays; spikelets linear, 14 — 20-flowered, rather obtuse, clustered at
the extremity of the rays ; stamens 3; scales obtuse, 1-nerved ; achenium minutely wrinkled
transversely, nearly orbicular, shining.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 46; Muhl. gram. p. 16; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 6772; Torr. fl. 1. p. 60, and Cyp. p. 250; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.18; Beck, bot. p. 421;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 5.

Perennial. Culm 4 - 10 inches high. Rays of the umbel sometimes very short, so that
the spikelets appear fasciculate ; the longer ones commonly from half an inch to an inch in
length, each bearing from 4 - 10 spikelets, which are crowded mostly in fascicles of 3 - 4
on the rachis of the ray. Spikelets 5 — 8 lines long, of a yellowish color, slightly tapering
towards the summit but not acute, sometimes as many as 30-flowered. Scales broadly ovate,
thin and membranaceous except on the keel. Stamens always 3, sometimes remaining
attached to the rachilla after the fall of the scale.

Boggy places : most frequent in the vicinity of salt water. Fl. August - September. Our
plant agrees in all respects with the European C. flavescens.

2. Cyperus pianpRus, Lorr. Diandrous Galingale.

Umbel of 2-5 short rays ; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, much compressed, rather acute,
many- (14 — 24-) flowered, scattered or fasciculate on the rachis ; stamens 2; scales oblong,
rather obtuse, one-nerved, membranaceous ; achenium oblong-obovate, slightly scabrous, dull ;
style much exserted, 3 — 4 times the length of the achenium.— Torr. cat. pl. N. York (1819),
p- 90; fl. 1. p. 61, and Cyp. p. 251; Spreng. syst. 1. p. 217; Beck, bot. p. 421 ; Darlingt.
Jl. Cest. p. 15; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 232; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 6.

* This is a term applied to the axis of the spikelets.

CypreERus. CYPERACES. 339

var. castaneus : scales oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, shining, very closely imbricated ;
style scarcely exserted ; achenium orbicular-obovate, minutely wrinkled transversely.— Torr.
l.c. OC. flavescens, 8. castaneus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 52. C.castaneus, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 18.
C. bicolor, Bart. fl. Phil. 1. p. 27 (not of Vahl).

Culms cespitose, obtusely triangular, 4 — 10 inches high, often weak and reclining. In-
volucre of 3 very unequal leaves, two of which are 3 - 7 inches long. Umbel often much
contracted, so that the clusters of spikelets are nearly sessile ; the rays, when elongated, very
unequal, each bearing 6 — 12 spikelets : these are flatly compressed, but in the var. they are
less so. Scales with a broad light brown margin, with yellowish sides and a green keel ; in
the var. longer and narrower, of a dark chestnut-color, and the texture much firmer. Stamens
sometimes three in the upper flowers. Style 2-cleft nearly to the base, straight; in the var.
about twice the length of the achenium, less deeply cleft, and usually making a short double
curvature toward the base.

Wet grounds : frequent where the water is brackish ; the var. castanevs most abundant in
the interior of the State. Fl. August. Fr. September.

3. Cyperus Nurtauuu, Torr. (Plate CXXXV.) Nuttall’s Galingale.

Culms cespitose, triquetrous ; rays few, short or nearly sessile, loose ; spikelets linear-
lanceolate, much compressed, acute ; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated ;
stamens 2; achenium oblong-obovate, very obtuse, dull. — Torr. in Spreng. neue entd. 1.
p. 240; fl. 1. p. 60, and Cyp. p.252; Spreng. syst. 1. p. 222; Beck, bot. p.142._ C.
filicinus, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 382? Kunth, enum. 2. p. 14. C. cespitosus,- Torr. cat. pl. N.
York, p. 89 (not of Poir.); Spreng. syst. 1. p. 224.

Perennial. Culms 4 — 12 inches high, forming dense tufts. Umbel sometimes with very
distinct rays, but usually they are very short. Spikelets sometimes compound, closely ap-
proximated on the rachis, nearly an inch long and a line and a half wide. Scales distinct at
the tips, giving the spikelets a serrate appearance, yellowish brown on the sides; the keel
‘green. Rachilla narrowly winged. Stamens always 2. Style 2-parted to the middle. Achenium
gray or brown.

Borders of brackish meadows, near New-York, and on Long Island. Fi. August. Fr.
September. This may be the C. filicinus of Vahl, but the description of that species is in-
sufficient for identifying the plant.

a.

** Cyperus proper. Style 3-cleft. Acheniwm triangular.

+ Spikelets alternate, or disposed towards the summit of the rays in a distichous or spiciform manner ; the lowest ones often
compound.
4. Cyperus Micuauxianus, Schultes. Michauz’s Galingale.
Culm acutely triangular, rather stout ; umbel compound, the rays short ; involucels 1 - 2-
43*

340 CYPERACE. Cyrrrvs.

leaved and setaceous, or wanting ; spikelets linear, somewhat terete, 6 — 8-flowered, the lower
ones compound; rachilla very broad, easily separating at the joints; scales ovate, rather
obtuse ; nut triquetrous, partly enclosed in the broad winged margin of the rachilla.—Schule.
mant. 2. p. 123; Torr. Cyp. p. 259. C. strigosus, Lam. ill. 1. no. 726 (not of Linn.) ;
Miche. fl. 1. p. 28. C. erythrorhizus, Torr. fl. 1. p.61; Beck, bot. p. 421 (not of Muhil.).

Annual? Culm 8 - 15 inches high, firm and erect, thickened and reddish toward the root.
Leaves commonly shorter than the culm. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved, many times longer than
the umbel. Rays 4-6; the naked portion scarcely more than an inch long, sometimes
compound. Spikelets much crowded on the rays ; the lower ones compound, 6 — 8 lines long,
at first compressed, but nearly terete when mature. Scales of a firm texture, not scarious on
the margin, loosely imbricated, striate. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft more than half way down.
Achenium light brown, slightly acuminate, partly embraced by the auriculate winged margins
of the rachilla, irregularly puncticulate.

Borders of salt marshes : common in the neighborhood of New-York, and on Long Island.
I have also specimens from Rochester, collected by Dr. Knieskern. Fl. August. Fr. Oc-
tober. JCunth erroneously refers C. Michausxianus, Schult., to C. strigosus.

5. Cyperus stricosus, Linn. (Plate CXXXVI.) Tall Galingale.

Umbel simple or compound ; rays numerous, elongated ; involucels mostly wanting, or
setaceous ; spikes ovate ; spikelets 8 — 10-flowered, linear-lanceolate, flattened, much crowded,
spreading horizontally or somewhat refracted ; rachilla slender, narrowly winged ; scales
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously nerved, rather acute ; achenium linear-oblong, triquetrous.—
Linn. sp. 1. p. 47; Vahl, enum. 2. p. 253; Pursh, fl. 1. p.52; Ell. sk. 1. p.'70; Muhl.
gram. p.21; Torr. fl. 1. p. 62 (excl. syn. Miche.), G Cyp. p. 261; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.19;
Beck, bot. p. 421; Darlingt. fl. Cest.p.15; C. A. Mey. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. (sér. 6.)
1. p. 201. t. 3; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 87; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 232. C. Euslenii, Pursh,
lic. p.53; Ell. sk. 1. p. 73.

Culm triquetrous, 1 - 3 feet high; the base somewhat tumid. Umbel 5 — 9-rayed, some-
what spreading ; the rays 2 — 6 inches or more in length, sometimes with one or two partial
rays ; the sheaths at the base terminating above in two bristles. Involucre 5 — 9-leaved, very
long. Spikes 1 - 2 inches long and more than an inch in diameter, each consisting of 20 - 80
spikelets which spread on all sides, and, in a mature state, are refracted on the rachis.
Spikelets about three-fourths of an inch long, deciduous when old. Scales somewhat loosely
imbricated, with a narrow scarious margin ; the sides yellowish. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft
about one-fourth of its length. Achenium not half the length of the scale, grayish brown,
longitudinaily striated with elevated dots arranged in lines.

Wet meadows and low grounds : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. In sterile soils,
this species sometimes occurs not more than 2 or 3 inches high, with the spikelets clustered
and nearly sessile.

Cyperus. CYPERACE. 341

6. Cyperus repens, EU. (Plate CXXXVIL.) Creeping Galingale.

Rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel simple, 4 — 6-rayed ; involucre much longer than
the rays; spikes distichous ; spikelets 10 — 14, approximated, linear, compressed, obtuse,
somewhat spreading, 12 —- 20-flowered ; scales oblong, rather acute, slightly mucronate,
scarious on the margin ; nut oblong, triquetrous ; style cleft about half way down.— Ell. sk.
1. p. 69; Spreng. syst. 1. p. 224; Torr. Cyp. p. 264; Hook. fl- Bor.-Am. 2. p. 232. C.
phymatodes, Muhl. gram. p. 23; Torr. fl. 1. p. 62; Beck, bot. p. 42; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 592; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 62. C.tuberosus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 52 (excl. syn.).

Rhizoma creeping extensively ; the branches often terminating in small oval or roundish
tubers, about the size of a large pea. These abound in starch, have a swectish nut-like taste,
and are capable of producing new plants. Culm 12-18 inches high, acutely triangular.
Leaves a little recurved, broad, strongly carinate, of a yellowish green color. Umbel rather
erect; the rays 2-4 inches long. Spikelets about three-fourths of an inch long, for the
most part distichously arranged on the rachis ; the lowest ones on the spike often in pairs or
fasciculate. Scales yellowish, conspicuously striate, at length a little spreading at the tips.
Stamens 3, Achenium acute.

Moist sandy places, particularly on banks of rivers and along the seashore. FV. August.
Fr. September.

tt Spikelets aggregated in a capitate or somewhat wmbellate manner at the summit of the rays.

7. Cyperus Fiticuumis, Vahd. Slender-stalked Gralingale.

Culm triangular, tuberous at the base, often inclined ; leaves linear; umbel simple, of
1 - 2 divaricate rays, or wanting; sheaths of the rays pointless; heads globose, dense,
composed of 15 — 20 spikelets, which are linear-lanceolate, rather convex, 6 — 10-flowered ;
rachilla naked ; scales loose, ovate, obtuse or emarginate, slightly mucronate, scarious on the
margin; achenium obovate-triquetrous, with a short acuminate point.— Vahl, enum. 2. p. 328 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.51; Spreng. syst. 1. p. 218; Torr. Cyp. p.267;. Kanth, enum. 2. p: 953
not of Schrad. §- Nees, Cyp. in Endl. §- Mart. fl. Bras. p. 40. C. mariscoides, Ell. sk. 1.
p.67; Torr. fl.1. p.63; Bugel. fl. Bost. p.19; Beck, bot. p. 422; Darlingt. fi. Cest.
p. 16. C. Killingeoides, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 50 (excl. syn.). Scirpus cyperiformis, Muhl. gram.
p. 4.

Rhizoma creeping. Culms cespitose, rigid and strong, about a foot high, often diverging
or almost prostrate, with a cluster of small globose reddish tubers at the base ; the sides striate
and rather convex. Leaves 1 — 2 lines wide, dull green. Spikes very often clustered in a
single sessile head; but there are usually also one, two, and sometimes three rays, each
bearing a loose head of spikelets ; the heads about an inch in diameter. Spikelets acute.
Scales rather open, somewhat coriaceous, with a broad scarious margin, strongly nerved, of a
dull yellowish green color. Stamens 3. Style deeply 3-cleft. Achenium two-thirds the length
of the scale, striate with dotted lines.

Dry sterile soils : frequent. JV. August. Fr. October.

342 CYPERACE. CyPeErvus.

8. Cyperus Gray, Torr. (Plate CXXXVIIL.,) Gray's Galingale.

Culm filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at the base; leaves setaceous ; umbel
4 — 6-rayed, somewhat erect ; sheaths of the rays truncate, pointless ; heads composed of
5 — 10 spikelets, loose ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, compressed, 5 —- 7-flowered ; rachilla
winged ; scales ovate, rather obtuse when old, loosely imbricated, hardly scarious on the
margin ; achenium obovate-triquetrous, abruptly mucronate. — Torr. Cyp. p 269. C. ma-
riscoides, var. setifolius, Torr. in Gray’s Gram. § Cyp. part 1. no. 75.

Rhizoma creeping. Culms 8 - 12 inches high, cespitose, tough and rigid. Leaves all
radical, channelled, scarcely half a line wide. Rays of the umbel 1 —- 3 inches long, slightly
diverging, each bearing a small loose head of chestnut-colored spikelets. Leaflets of the
involucre setaceous. Spikelets 3-5 lines long, slightly convex. Scales strongly nerved,
not mucronate. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft to the middle. Achenium two-thirds the length of
the scale, finely dotted in lines, gray.

Barren sandy soils, Long Island. Fl. August. Fr. September - October. Nearly allied
to the preceding, but differs in its very slender culm and leaves, umbel of many rays, smaller
heads of few spikelets, and winged rachilla.

9. Cyperus pentatus, Torr. Toothed Galingale.

Rhizoma bearing tubers; umbel compound; the rays 4-7, somewhat erect; spikelets
3-6 on each partial ray, clustered, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, ancipital, much com-
pressed, many- (6 — 30) flowered ; rachilla naked ; scales very acute or mucronate, carinate,
a little spreading at the tip ; nut depressed-obovate, triquetrous.— Torr. fl. 1. p. 61, g& Cyp.
p. 271; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 18; Beck, bot. p. 421; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 34. C. parviflorus,
Muhl. gram. p. 19 (not of Vahl). C. micranthus, Schult. mant. 2. p. 121.

Rhizoma creeping extensively, and bearing small roundish tubers. Culm 6 - 12 inches
high ; the angles rather obtuse. Leaves somewhat rigid, strongly keeled, pale yellowish
green. Rays of the umbel usually 1 - 2 inches long, but often very short : secondary rays
about half an inch long. Sheaths of the rays obliquely truncate. Spikelets 3 — 7 lines long,
varying from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or broadly linear. Scales closely imbricated, but distinct
at the tips, giving the edge of the spikelets a finely serrated appearance ; the sides of a bright
reddish brown; the keel and part of the back green. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut minute,
grayish brown, very obtuse, the breadth about two-thirds as great as the length.

Sandy swamps, Long Island. Fv. August. Fr. September. A neat and very distinct
species.

Cyperus. CYPERACE. 343

10. Cyperus 1nrLexus, Muh. Dwarf Odorous Galingale.

Umbel contracted, the rays 1-3; involucre very long; spikelets collected into ovoid
heads, oblong-linear, about 8-flowered ; rachilla laterally compressed, straight, winged : scales
cuspidate, squarrose at the tip, strongly nerved ; stamen solitary ; nut obovoid-triquetrous.—
Muhl. gram. p.16; Torr. fl. 1. p. 59, and Cyp. p. 273; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 18; Beck, bot.
p. 421; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 16; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 22; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 232.
C. uncinatus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 50 (not of Pozr.). C. Purshii, Ram. §- Schult. syst. 2. p. 177.
C. pygmeus, Nutt. in Amer. phil. trans. (n. ser.) 5. p. 142, not of Cavan. or Rottb.

Annual? Culms densely cespitose, 1 — 3 inches high. Umbel often sessile, the inflorescence
then consisting of aggregated heads of spikelets ; but more commonly there are 2 - 3 short
rays. Involucre many times longer than the umbel. Spikelets collected in heads of 8 — 16
or more. Scales oblong, gradually attenuated into a long squarrose or recurved point, not
scarious on the margin. Stamen always solitary in each flower. Style 3-parted. Achenium
gray, triangular, with the sides a little convex.

Banks of rivers and sandy shores of lakes; northern and western parts of the State. Fl.
August. This little plant exhales, when dried, a strong and durable odor altogether like that
of Trifolium ceruleum. It is widely diffused throughout North America.

tit Spikelets few, linear or linear-lanceolate, looscly flowered, somewhat convex, inserted in an irregular manner toward the
summit of the rays: achenium nearly as long as the scale,

11. Cyperus Scuwernitzu, Torr. Schweinitz’s Galingale.

Culm triquetrous, with rough angles; umbel simple; rays elongated ; spikelets 6 — 8,
lanceolate, alternate, approximated, somewhat appressed, 6 — 8-flowered, with a setaceous
bract at the base of each; scales ovate, acuminate, mucronate, keeled; style 3-cleft to the
base ; nut ovale-triquetrous, acute.— Torr. Cyp. p. 276. C. alterniflorus, Schwein. in Long’s
2d exped. append. 2. p. 881 (not of R. Brown).

Rhizoma tuberous and knotty. Culm 8 — 18 inches high, slender ; the upper part rough
on the angles. Umbel of 4-6 rays, very unequal, the longest rays 2 — 3 inches in length ;
their sheaths truncate, entire. Spikelets irregularly inserted, and somewhat imbricated toward
the summit of the ray, forming a loose oblong head. Scales rather rigid, with a broad some-
what membranaceous margin, yellowish, slightly mucronate below the tip. Rachilla very
narrowly winged. Stamens 3. Style about as long as the nut; the segments slender and
smooth. Achenium light brown, slightly pointed, rather shorter than the scale.

Dry sandy shore of Lake Ontario, near Braddock’s Bay (Dr. Bradley). Fl. August,

344 CYPERACE. Cyrrrvs.

ttt Spikelets somewhat terete or angular, 2 —4- (rarely 1-) flowered, forming dense ovate or globose heads at the summit of
the rays ; the two lowest scales commonly empty.

12. Cyperus ovutaris, Torr. Oval-headed Galinglae.

Culm acutely triangular ; umbel of 1 - 6 rays; involucre 3 —4-leaved; heads globose,
compact; spikelets 2 - 4-flowered (usually only 2 of the flowers fertile), radiated ; rachilla
winged ; scales ovate, rather obtuse, the 2 lowest short and empty ; achenium oblong-obovoid,
triangular.— Torr. Cyp. p. 278. Scirpus echinatus, Linn. sp. 1. p.50?; Muhl. gram. p. 40.
Kyllingia ovularis, Micha. fl. 1. p. 29. Mariscus ovularis, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 374; Pursh,
fl. 1. p.58; Torr. fl. 1. p. 58 (excl. syn. Ell.); Beck, bot. p.429 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 16;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 121.

Rhizoma short and tuberous. Culm 6 - 18 inches high, smooth on the angles. Rays of
the umbel simple, 1 — 2 inches long, sometimes contracted so that the heads are almost sessile ;
the sheaths at the base obtuse. Heads 4 — 6 lines in diameter, composed of 50 — 100 spike-
lets which radiate in every direction from the rachis. Spikelets commonly about 3-flowered,
short and thick, rather quadrangular than terete. Scales appressed, slightly mucronate,
somewhat scarious on the margin; the 2 lowest much shorter than the others. Stamens 3.
Achenium dull grayish brown, flattened on the back.

Sandy soils, in both moist and dry situations. £7, August — October.

13. CyPpERUS RETROFRACTUS. Beni-flowered Galingale.

Umbel simple, the rays numerous, elongated ; heads cbovate, retrorsely imbricated ;
spikelets nearly terete, subulate, 1-flowered, the two lowest scales very short, the uppermost
one very narrow and involute.—Scirpus retrofractus, Linn. sp. 1. p.50; Willd. sp. 1. p. 304;
Muhl. gram. p.40. Mariscus retrofractus, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 273; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 58;
Hil. sh. lap. (43 -Torr, fll. p87; Beck, bot. p. 429; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 592; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 122.

Culm 2-3 feet high, tumid at the base, pubescent, obtusely triangular; the sides very
convex. Rays 6-10, unequal, 2-6 inches long; the sheaths 2-awned. Heads nearly an
inch long and haif an inch in diameter, very obtuse, obovate or rather turbinate, acute at the
base. Spikelets very numerous (50 - 100), slender : the uppermost ones spreading horizon-
tally ; the rest bent backward against the peduncle. Scales usually 4 in each spikelet: the
two lowest short, ovate, empty ; the third lanceolate, fertile ; the uppermost one subulate,
involving the attenuated summit of the rachilla. Style 3-cleft. Achenium linear, triquetrous,
a little shorter than the scale, roughened with very minute elevated dots.

Sandy fields. I am pretty confident that I found this species many years ago on the island
of New-York and on Long Island. It grows sparingly about Hoboken, and is not uncommon
in pine barrens of New-Jersey.

Furrena. CYPERACE. 345

Tribe Il. FUIRENEZ. Nees.

Spikelets perfect. Scales imbricated on all sides, aristate-mucronate. Perigynium of 3
sessile or unguiculate scales, which are inserted at the angles of the achenium, and
sometimes also of three bristles alternating with the scales. Stamens three, opposite the
perigynium-scales. Style 3-cleft. Caryopsis triangular.— Spikelets capitate ; the heads
aggregated or umbellate, axillary and terminal.

3. FUIRENA. Rottb.; Endl. gen. 995; Nees, Cyp. in Endl. § Mart. fl. Bras. p. 107.
FUIRENA.
[ In honor of G. Furren, a Danish botanist.] ;

Character that of the tribe.

1. Furrena squarrosa, Miche. Squarrose Fuirena.

Culm obtusely triangular, sulcate ; leaves ciliate ; sheaths hairy ; spikes clustered (3 — 6
-— 12), ovoid; awn as long as the scale; bristles none ; perigynium-scales cordate or ovate,
unguiculate—Miche. fl. 1. p. 37 (in part); Torr. Cyp. p. 290; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 184.

var. 1: achenium about twice the length of its stipe ; perigynium-scales ovate, rounded
at the base, cuspidate and tipped with a short awn, the claw shorter than the retrorsely
scabrous bristle ; leaves and sheaths hairy. — Torr. 1.c. F. squarrosa, Torr. fl. 1. p. 67;
Beck, bot. p. 129.

var. 2 (pumila) : achenium somewhat obovoid, gradually attenuated at the base into a stipe ;
perigynium-scales ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, obscurely 3-nerved, tapering at the
summit into a long cusp or short awn; bristles longer than the nut, retrorsely scabrous ;
spikes 2 — 6, mostly terminal, sessile ; leaves smoothish.—Torr. fl. 1. p. 68, and Cyp. l. c.
F. pumila, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 237; Schult. mant. 3. p. 546. F. Torreyana, Beck, bot.
p. 429.

Culm in var. 1 a foot or 18 inches high ; the spikes 6 — 12 in an irregular terminal umbel
or cluster, with occasionally several lateral ones : in var. 2, 3 - 6 inches high. Spikes 4 - 6
lines long ; the scales hairy, tipped with a slender recurved bristle which is nearly the length
of the lamina. :

Sandy swamps and bogs. Both varieties occur on Long Island. Fil. August. Fr. Sep-
tember.

[Fiora — Vol. 2.] 44

346 CYPERACE. ELrocHaris.

Triste II] SCIRPEE. Nees; Torr.

Flowers perfect. Scales of the spike imbricated on all sides (rarely, by the torsion of the

rachilla, bi-trifarious). Perigynium consisting of several (mostly 6) bristles, hairs or
linear scales ; sometimes wanting.

* With a perigynium.

4. ELEOCHARIS. R. Br. prodr. 1. D. 224; Torr. Cyp. p. 296. SPIKE-RUSH.

{ From the Greek, elos, eleos, a marsh, and chairo, to delight; from the place of growth.]

Scales of the spike imbricated on all sides, or sometimes imperfectly bifarious. Bristles of
the perigynium 3 - 12 (commonly 6, rarely wanting), rigid and persistent, usually rough
or hispid. Style 2 - 3-cleft; the base bulbous and persistent, articulated to the ovary.
Achenium either lenticular or obtusely triangular, crowned with the bulbous base of the

style or tubercle——Culms simple, leafless, with truncate or mucronate sheaths at the base :
spike terminal, solitary, naked.

* ELEocHaris proper. Spike ovate or oblong : scales membranaceous (rarely coriaceous), very numerous, irregularly
imbricated, Style mostly 2-cleft, Achenium obovoid, bieonvex, smooth : tubercle somewhat corky.

1. Eveocuaris pauustris, ft. Brown. Common Sprke-rush.

Culm terete, striate, spongy ; spike oblong-lanceolate ; scales somewhat obtuse , the two
lowest large, orbicular and empty ; bristles hispid, longer than the achenium ; style 2-cleft ;
nut lenticular, smooth (fulvous) ; tubercle conical-rostrate, acute, distinct —R. Br. prodr. 1.
p- 224 (in obs.); Smith, Engl. fl. 1. p.63; Torr. Cyp. p. 299; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 147.
Scirpus palustris, Linn. sp. 1. p.47; Pursh, fl. 1. p.54; Ell. sk. 1. p.'77; Muhl. gram.
p. 28; Torr. fl. 1. p.45; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 20; Beck, bot. p. 425; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 19. 8. glancus, Torr. fi: 1.-p. 44.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm erect, 1 — 2 feet high, of a soft texture, varying in diameter from
filiform to a line and a half. Spike 3-6 lines long, many-flowered. Scales fuscous in the
middle, with a broad scarious and generally lacerated margin. Bristles 3 — 6, overtopping
the tubercle, retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3. Achenium compressed, smooth but dull. Tubercle
rostrate-conical, acute, nearly half the length of the achenium, which is contracted into a short
neck beneath it.

Swamps and low grounds ; the taller and stouter forms growing in water, but sometimes in
sand along the shores of rivers and lakes. Fl. August. F’r. September. I have specimens
of an Exgsocuaris from the western part of the State, which resembles L. palustris in many
respects ; but there are no bristles surrounding the achenium, and the tubercle is very short.
It grows from 3 to 10 inches high; the culm slender and nearly terete : the spikes are ovoid-
conical, It may be regarded as a provisional species, under the name of EF. calva.

ELEocuaris. CYPERACEZ. 347

2. E.eocuaris ouivacea, Zor. Olive-fruited Spike-rush.

Culms filiform (often diffuse), compressed, sulcate, soft; spike ovate, usually somewhat
obtuse, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, membranaceous ; bristles 6 — 8, nearly twice
as long as the nut; style 2-cleft; achenium obovoid-lenticular (olivaceous), dull; tubercle
conical, rostrate, distinct.— Torr. Cyp. p. 300. Scirpus intermedius, Gray, Gram. §- Cyp.
part 1. no. 80 (excl. syn.).

Culms cespitose, erect, diffuse or somewhat decumbent, usually about a span long and
nearly a line in diameter, but often dwarfish and slender, of a soft flexible texture, with
mucronate sheaths at the base. Spikes 3 - 4 lines long, 20 — 30-flowered, sometimes rather
acute. Scales closely or somewhat loosely imbricated : one or two of the lowest shorter and
bract-like ; the others with a narrow scarious margin. Bristles pretty stout, retrorsely hispid.
Stamens 3. Achenium smooth, sometimes a little shining, dark olive when ripe. Tubercle
rather free around the base, acute or somewhat obtuse, about one-third the length of the
achenium.

Wet sandy places, generally partly under water; Long Island, near Babylon, &c. Fi.
August. Jr. September.

3. ELEOCHARIS ROSTELLATA. Beaked Spike-rush.

Culm compressed, sulcate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute; scales ovate, obtuse, loose,
somewhat cartilaginous, with a scarious margin; bristles 4 — 6, longer than the achenium,

strong ; style 3-cleft ; achenium biconvex, shining ; tubercle conical-rostrate, confluent, rather

5?
obtuse, discolored. — Scirpus rostellatus, Torr. Cyp. p. 318.

Culm 12-165 inches high, firm and tough, distinctly compressed and deeply striate or
sulcate. Spike 3 - 4 lines long, 12 - 15-flowered. Scales a little open by the protrusion of
the ripe fruit, light brown. Bristles conspicuously hispid downward. Stamens 3 : filaments
twice as long as the achenium, and unusually broad : anthers large and elongated, exserted.
Achenium very convex in front but scarcely triangular, shining, but, under the lens, uneven
with obscure longitudinal ridges ; the tubercle appearing like a discolored corky continuation
of the achenium.

Penn-Yan, Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). I have concluded to remove this plant from the
genus Scirpus to ELgocuaris, as it agrees with the latter in habit, and the discolored summit
of the achenium may be regarded as a confluent tubercle.

4. ELeocuaRis INTERMEDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Sprke-rush.

Culm setaceous, diffuse, compressed, angular and sulcate ; spike lanceolate-ovoid, 8 - 10-
flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute ; bristles longer than the achenium ; style
3-cleft ; achenium obovoid, compressed, with an obtuse angle in front, attenuated at the base,

44*

348 CYPERACE. ELrocuaris.

dull; tubercle distinct, rostrate, slender.— Schult. mant. 2. p. 91; Torr. Cyp. p. 91; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 141. Scirpus intermedius, Muhl. gram. p. 31; Torr. fl. 1. p. 46.

Culms very numerous, cespitose, mostly diffuse or recurved-prostrate, of a firm wiry texture,
conspicuously sulcate and somewhat angular, pale green. Sheaths cuspidate. Spike about 2
lines long, rather acute. Scales membranaceous, not scarious on the margin : margin narrow
and green; the sides reddish brown. Bristles 6, strong, whitish, retrorsely hispid, a little
overtopping the tubercle. Stamens 3. Achenium light brown, very finely striated longitudinal-
ly, remarkably attenuated at the base. Tubercle quite free around the base, very slender
and acute.

Wet places, particularly in shallow running water : frequent in the northern and western
parts of the State. Fl. July. Fr. August - September.

5. ELeocuaris optusa, Schultes. Obtuse-headed Spike-rush.

Culm terete or slightly compressed, spongy ; spike globose-ovoid or globose-oblong, many-
flowered ; scales very obtuse ; bristles longer than the achenium ; style 3-cleft ; achenium
obovate, lenticular, margined, smooth and shining ; tubercle much dilated at the base, rather
acute, compressed. — Schult. mant. 2. p. 89; Torr. Cyp. p. 302; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 152.
Scirpus obtusus, Willd. enum. hort. Berol. 1. p.76; Ram. § Schult. syst. 2. p.126; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p.19. S. capitatus, Walt. fl. Car. p.70; Pursh, fl.1. p. 55; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 77; Muhl. gram. p. 30; Torr. fl. 1. p. 45; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.20; Beck, bot. p. 424.
S. ovatus, Pursh, l.c.; Muhl. cat. p. 6. ,

Culms cespitose, 8 — 15 inches high, erect, contracted immediately below the spike, soft
and spongy, clothed at the base with one or more purplish truncate sheaths. Spike thick and
obtuse, 50 -— 80-flowered, often nearly globose, and sometimes elongated so as to be nearly
cylindrical. Scales membranaceous, with a scarious margin and green midrib. Bristles 6,
stout and rigid, retrorsely hispid, nearly twice as long as the nut. Stamens 3. Achenium
doubly convex, light brown; the margin tumid. ‘Tubercle somewhat axe-form (the breadth
greater than the length), with a short obtuse-angled summit.

Bogs, and muddy borders of ponds and rivers: common. Fl. June — July. Fr. August.

** Mirrocarpa, Torr. Spike ovoid; the scales coriaceous. Bristles 6, rigid. Achenium obtusely triangular, Tubercle
muriform, spongy, nearly as large as the acheniwm. Style 3-cleft.

6. ELzocuaris TuBercutosa, ft. Br. Large-tubercled Spike-rush.

Culm terete, filiform, striate ; spike globose-ovoid, somewhat acute ; scales broadly ovate,
very obtuse, loose, coriaceous ; achenium oblong, striate and pitted longitudinally ; tubercle
ovoid, obtuse, nearly as large as the achenium. — R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 224 (in obs.); Rem.
§- Schult. syst. p.152; Torr. Cyp. p. 307; Kunth, enum, 2. p.145. Scirpus tuberculosus,
Miche. fl. 1. p. 30; Pursh, fl.1. p.54; Beck, bot. p.424. SS. tuberculatus, Ell. sk. 1.
p18.

ELrocuaris. CYPERACEX. 349

Culm 8 — 12 inches high, slender and wiry, pale green; the base clothed with one or two
obliquely truncated sheaths. Spike 3 - 4 lines long, 12 - 16-flowered. Scales pale green or
whitish mixed with light brown, of a firm cartilaginous texture. Bristles 6, strong, longer than
the achenium, hispid downward. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium large and bulging out
the scale, shining, marked with longitudinal lines and intermediate rows of shallow indenta-
tions ; thus appearing somewhat reticulated. ‘Tubercle shaped like a cap, mostly obtuse, of
a soft spongy texture, whitish, free around the base.

Sandy swamps, Long Island. Fil. August. Fr. September.

4** Scrrpipium, Nees. (Spike ovate or elongated, Scales membranaccous. Bristles 1-4, slender and brittle (rarely
wanting). Style 3-cleft. Acheniwm triangular ; the angles often ribbed.

7. Evrocuarts acicuuaris, &. Br. Capillary Spike-rush.

Culm setaceous, angular and sulcate ; spike ovoid, compressed, acute, few-flowered ; scales
oblong, rather obtuse ; bristles 3-4, short and very slender (sometimes none); achenium
obovate-oblong, rather acute at each end, obscurely triangular; the angles prominent, with
less distinct intermediate ribs, and transversely striate ; tubercle minute, conical-triangular.—
R. Brown, prodr. 1. p. 224 (in obs.); Rem. § Schult. syst. 2. p.154; Torr. Cyp. p. 308 ;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 141. Scirpus acicularis, Linn. sp. 1. p.48; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 54; Torr.
fi. 1. p. 45; Beck, bot. p. 424; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 20. SS. trichodes, Mul. gram. p. 30;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 76; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 20. 8. capillaceus, Mich. fl. 1. p. 30. Scirpidium
aciculare, Nees in Linnea, 9. p. 293. Chetocyperus acicularis, Nees, Cyp. in Endl. &-
Mart. fl. Bras. p. 95.

Annual? Culm 1 = 8 inches long, commonly very slender and hair-like. Spike 2 - 3 lines
long, seldom more than 5 — 8-flowered. Scales often barren, greenish, with a purple stripe on
each side. Bristles shorter than the nut, very slender and fragile. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft
about half its length. Achenium whitish or pale straw-color, shining, often contracted at the
neck, tumid, with ribbed angles, and usually the sides with two ridges and conspicuous trans-
verse lines. ‘Tubercle broad at the base, with a short abrupt triangular beak.

In water, and on the muddy margins of ponds. Fv. June-July. Fr. August. After a
new examination of this plant (which Nees refers to his Chetocyperus polymorpha), I cannot
find that it differs from S. acicularis of Europe. When growing in water, the culms are
quite capillary ; but in drier situations, they are stouter and dwarfish, being sometimes scarcely
more than an inch high, and forming large patches,

8. ELEocHARIS TENUIS, Schult. Slender Spike-rush.

Culm filiform, quadrangular, with the sides concave ; spike elliptical, somewhat acute at
each end; scales ovate, obtuse ; bristles 2 — 3, or none; achenium obovoid-triangular, with
the angles prominent, strongly pitted and somewhat corrugated transversely, often slightly

390 CYPERACE. ELrocuaris.

papillose, crowned with a minute short triangular tubercle. — Schult. mant. 2. p. 89; Torr.
Cyp. p. 309; Kunth, enum. 2. p.145. Scirpus tenuis, Willd. enum. 1. p. 76; Muhl. gram.
p.27; Torr. fl. 1. p.44; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 21; Beck, bot. p. 425; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 20. S. quadrangulatus, Muhl. cat. p. 6 (not of Michz.).

Culms scarcely thicker than a horsehair, erect, 6 - 15 inches long, acutely quadrangular ;
the base clothed with one or two purple truncate sheaths. Spike, when young, rather obtuse.
Scales dark chestnut-colored, with a white scarious margin ; several of the lowest ones larger
and empty. Bristles short, slender and fugacious. Style 3-cleft. Achenium whitish or of a
light brown color, much shorter than the scale, distinctly triangular, with the sides strongly
pitted in transverse rows, and marked likewise with fine longitudinal lines; the summit
abruptly contracted into a short neck, on which the minute tubercle stands.

Bogs and wet meadows; usually growing partly in the water. Fl. July. Fr. August.

9, ELeocnaris pyemma, Torr. Dwarf Spike-rush.

Culm setaceous or acicular, much compressed and sulcate ; spike ovate-compressed, few-
flowered ; scales ovate; bristles mostly longer than the achenium (sometimes wanting),
retrorsely scabrous ; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining ; tubercle very
minute and confluent, or almost wanting.— Torr. Cyp. p. 313. Scirpus pusillus, Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 54; Torr. fl. 1. p. 46 (not of Vahl). S. capillaceus, Ell. sk. 1. p. 75 (excl. syn. Miche.).

Culms 1 - 2 inches high, often destitute of spikes, and then appearing like subulate leaves.
Spike about a line and a half in length, broadly ovate, 3 — 8-flowered, but seldom perfecting
more than one or two achenia: the lowest scale empty, very obtuse ; the others more or less
acute, especially when old. Bristles 6, whitish, slender. Nut rather acute at each end, but
broad in proportion to the length, grayish white. Tubercle extremely minute, forming a mere
triangular apex to the achenium.

Salt marshes, and on the banks of rivers as far as the salt water reaches : common near
New-York, and on Long Island. Fl. August. Fr. September.

5. SCIRPUS. R. Br. prodr.1. p. 223; Torr. Cyp. 1. c. p. 316. CLUB-RUSH.
[Scirpus is an ancient Latin name for the bulrush.]

Spikes many-flowered ; the scales imbricated on all sides. Bristles of the perigynium 3 - 6,
rigid, persistent, for the most part retrorsely hispid or denticulate. Style 2 — 3-cleft, simple
at the base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular.—Culms mostly triangular, simple,
often with leafless sheaths. Spikes conglomerated or corymbose, lateral or terminal, rarely

solitary and terminal.

Scirpus. CYPERACEZ. 351

* Spike solitary, terminal.
1. Scirpus pianirouius, Muhl. Small Flat-leaved Clubrush.

Culm triquetrous ; leaves flat, linear, about as long as the culm ; spike oblong, compressed ;
scales carinate, cuspidate, the lowest one longer than the spike; nut triangular. — Muhl.
gram. p. 32; Torr. fl. 1. p. 46, g& Cyp. p. 316; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 20; Beck, bot. p. 424;
Bart. prodr. fl. Phil. 1. p. 33, and fl. N. Am. 3. t. 86. f.1; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 20;
Kunth, enum, 2. p. 159. Isolepis planifolia, Spreng. neue entd. 3. p. 10. Eleocharis plani-
folia, Nees in Linnea, 9. p. 294.

Culms cespitose, about a span high, rough on the angles. Leaves grass-like, carinate, rough
on the margin; the lowest ones shorter and broader. Spike about one-fourth of an inch long,
at first lanceolate but finally rather ovate, 6 — 7-flowered. Scales somewhat 3-rowed, ovate-
lanceolate, yellowish, with a green keel, which is continued beyond the summit into a sharp
cusp ; the lowest one terminating ina short bristle, usually longer than the spike. Bristles
4-6, slender, nearly as long as the achenium, somewhat hairy upward. Stamens 3. Achenium
oblong, dull, rather obtuse, minutely puncticulate. Style compressed, pubescent or ciliate,
3-cleft, separating entirely from the achenium.

Woods, and in bogs. Fl. June. Fr. July. A well characterized and remarkable little
species,

2. Scirpus SUBTERMINALIS, Torr. Floating Clubrush.

Culm submersed, filiform, leafy at the base; spike oblong-lanceolate (emersed), shorter
than the bract at its base ; scales ovate-lanceolate ; achenium triangular, abruptly acuminated;
style 3-cleft. — Torr. fl. 1. p. 47, and Cyp. p. 317; Beck, bot. p. 425; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 173; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 229.

Culm 1-3 feet long, growing under water, often roughened when dry by the irregular
contraction of the pith. Leaves 6 — 18 inches long, filiform, channelled. Spike 3 - 4 lines
long, with a narrow straight bract at the base, extending 3-8 lines beyond the spike, and
appearing like a continuation of the culm. Scales membranaceous, somewhat mucronate.
Bristles 6, rigid, retrorsely hispid, nearly as long as the achenium. Stamens 3. Style cleft
nearly half way down into 3 smooth divisions. Achenium large for the size of the spike, dark
brown, smooth and somewhat shining.

Slow-flowing streams: rare. J, August. J'r. September.

3. Scirpus casptrosus, Linn. Scaly-stalked Clubrush,

Culm cespitose, filiform, terete, the sheaths furnished with rudimentary leaves ; spike
ovoid, few-flowered ; the two lowest scales bract-like, as long as the spike ; bristles smooth ;
style 3-cleft ; achenium obtusely triangular, acute.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 48; Engl. bot. t. 1029 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 47, and Cyp. p. 319; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 20; Beck, bot. p. 424; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 159. Eleocharis cespitosa, Nees in Linnea, 9. p. 294.

352 CYPERACEZ. Scirpus.

Culm 2 - 10 inches high, rather rigid, finely striate, densely clothed towards the base with
imbricated sheaths, of which the upper ones bear rudimentary leaves: Spikes 2 lines long,
4 — 5-flowered, somewhat compressed. Scales of a yellowish brown color : the lowest one
narrow, and usually overtopping the spike ; the next a little shorter ; the others ovate, obtuse.
Bristles 6, longer than the achenium.

Wet places on the high mountains of Essex county. Fl. July.

** Culm many-spiked,

+ Spikes lateral.

4, Scirpus pesiiis, Pursh. (Plate CX XXIX.) Weak-stalked Clubrush.

Culm terete, with naked sheaths or leaves at the base, striate ; spikes 3 — 5, ovoid, closely
sessile, the culm continued far beyond them; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, mucronulate ;
style 2 - 3-cleft ; achenium broadly obovate, plano-convex, slightly punctate and obscurely
rugulose (dark brown and shining), shorter than the rigid bristles. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 55;
Muhl. gram. p. 34; Ell. sk.1. p. 79; Buigel. fl. Bost. p.21; Torr. fl.1. p. 48; Beck,
bot. p. 425; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 21; Torr. Cyp. p. 320; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 159.

Culms 6 — 18 inches high, cespitose, usually with a few radical flattish or compressed
leaves at the base, and one or two naked sheaths. Spikes often solitary, but more commonly
3 (sometimes 5 or 6) growing from the side of the culm several inches below the summit,
3-5 lines long. Scales nearly orbicular, concave, membranaceous, mostly obtuse with a
small mucronate tip, yellowish on the sides, the centre green. Bristles 4 - 6, strong, some-
times only rudimentary. Stamens 3. Style mostly 2-cleft. Achenium much compressed, very
obtuse, the breadth nearly equal\to the length, slightly mucronate, dark brown or nearly black
when mature ; the surface, when magnified, appearing a little rugulose, or waved transversely.

Borders of lakes and rivulets, particularly in sandy soils : northern and western counties ;

also on Long Island. Fl. July. Fr. August.

5. ScirPuSs TRIQUETER, Linn. Chairmaker’s Rush.

Culm triquetrous or slightly winged, two of the sides concave, the other flat, nearly leafless,
or the sheaths at the base bearing one or two short leaves; spikes 1 — 6, aggregated and
sessile, ovoid-oblong; scales orbicular-ovate, membranaceous, mucronate, pubescent on the
margin; anthers with a subulate fringed tip; bristles slender, shorter than the achenium ;
style 2-cleft ; achenium doubly convex, acuminate.— Linn. mant. p. 29 ; Willd. sp. 1. p. 302;
R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 223; Micha, fl. 1. p.47; Muhl. gram. p. 33; Torr. Cyp. p. 322 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 592 (suppl.); Kunth, enum. 2. p. 163. 8S. Americanus, Pers. syn. 1.
p.68; Pursh, fl. \.p. 56; Hil. sk. 1. p. 80; Bigel. fi. Bost: p.213 Torr. fl. 1. p. 47;
Beck, bot. p. 425. 8. pungens, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 255. S. mucronatus, Pursh, l. c.

Culm 3-5 feet high, slender, mucronate at the extremity, very acutely triangular, and

Scrrpvs. CYPERACEZ. 353

sometimes almost winged ; the sheaths often bearing one or more leaves several inches in
length. Spikes in a dense cluster, either near the summit, or some distance from the same.
Scales often emarginate, with the midrib produced into a point nearly a line in length; the
sides rusty colored : margin scarious and somewhat pubescent. Bristles 3 —5, slender, fragile,
retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3: anthers with a flat subulate slightly fringed point. Achenium
dark brown and rather dull, even, very convex but scarcely angular in fruit, abruptly pointed.

Swamps and wet meadows, both salt and fresh: common. Fl. August. Fr. September.
A native of many parts of the world. The culms are extensively used for making rush-bottom
chairs.

6. Scirpus mucronatus, Linn. Long-headed Triangular Rush.

Culm triquetrous, the sides concave and nearly equal, leafy at the base; spikes 2-4,
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; scales ovate, somewhat coriaceous, mucronate, smooth ;
anthers acute (not fringed at the tip); bristles longer than the achenium; style 3-cleft ;
achenium angular-convex externally, acuminate. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 737; R. Brown,
prodr. 1. p. 223; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 161.

Culm about two feet high, with one or two leaves at the base, which are sometimes more
than a foot in length : these are channelled, obtusely keeled, and attenuated and flattish to-
wards the point. Spikes clustered, 4 — 6 lines long, more elongated and of a lighter color than
in S. traqueter ; the culm continued beyond them for several inches, and flattened. Scales
distinctly carinate above, acute, and terminating in a short thick mucro. Bristles 6, rather
slender, hispid downward, one-third longer than the achenium. Stamens 3: anthers acute,
but without a subulate appendage. Achenium obovate, flattish on the inside, prominent and
somewhat angular externally, brown.

Margin of ponds near West-Point (Prof. Bailey). Fl. July. Fr. August. I have received
this rare species also from Michigan, and from Boston.

7. Scirpus Lacustris, Linn. Bulrush.

Culm terete, leafless ; umbel compound, growing from the side of the culm near the summit;
spikes ovoid or ovoid-oblong; scales ovate, mucronulate, ciliate; style 2-cleft ; achenium
obovate, plano-convex, shorter than the bristles. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 48; Micha. fl. 1. p. 31;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 55; Ell. sk. 1. p.31; Muhl. gram. p. 32; Torr. fl. 1. p.48; Beck, bot.
p. 425; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 21; Torr. Cyp. p. 321; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 164. S. acutus,
Muhl. l.c.; Bigel fl. Bost. p.31; Torr. fl.l.c; Beck, lc. §. validus, Vahl, enum. 2.
p. 268; Pursh, l.c.; Vahl, l.c. S. orgyalis, Raf. ann. nat. 1820.

Culm 3-8 feet high, gradually tapering upward, smooth, tough, filled with pith, sometimes
marked with oblong dark brown spots ; the base clothed with several sheaths, which occasion-
ally bear short sheaths. Umbel (or rather cyme) growing from one to three inches below the
summit of the culm. Spikes nearly one-third of an inch long, mostly ovoid but sometimes

[FLora — Voi. 2.] 45

304 CYPERACE®. Scirpus.

oblong, aggregated in threes at the summit of the peduncles or divisions of the umbel. Scales
often emarginate, brown, minutely pubescent, generally marked with two or more curved
wrinkles. Bristles 4 — 6, stout, hispid downward. Stamens 8. Achenium dark brown when
mature, strongly convex in front, flat internally.

Lakes, freshwater ponds, and swamps: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. August. A native of
most parts of the world.

tt Spikes terminal,
8. Scirpus maritimus, Linn. Sea Clubrush.

Culm triquetrous, leafy ; umbel simple or compound, often of few spikes and sessile,
shorter than the involucre ; spikes ovoid-oblong (large and thick), rather obtuse ; scales ovate,
lacerately 3-cleft or 3-toothed, the midrib produced into a short recurved bristle ; style 3-cleft;
achenium broadly obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, much longer than the slender bristles.
—Linn. sp. 1. p. 51; R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 224; Nees in Wight’s contrib. p. 111, and Cyp.
in Endl. §- Mart. fl. Bras. p. 105; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 21; Beck, bot. p. 426; Gray, Gram.
§ Cyp. part 1. no. 82 (in part); Torr. Cyp. p. 322; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 167. S. macro
stachyos, Muhl. gram. p. 45 (in part); Torr. fl. 1. p. 50 (in part). S. maritimus, 8. macro-
stachyos, Micha. fl. 1. p. 32 (in part). S. robustus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 56 (in part).

Culm 1-4 feet high, thick, smooth, leafy below. Leaves 2-5 lines wide, carinate.
Involucre about 2-leaved, foliaceous. Spikes 3 — 20, nearly an inch in length and very thick,
sometimes aggregated and sessile, but usually forming somewhat compound corymbs. Scales
membranaceous, somewhat pubescent, chestnut-colored ; the summit a little cleft each side of
the midrib, which is produced into a recurved cusp or bristle about two lines long, giving the
spike a squarrose appearance. Bristles 3 - 4, very slender, about two-thirds the length of the
achenium, hispid downward. Achenium large, nearly orbicular, much compressed, dark brown
and polished, tipped with the minute persistent base of the style.

var.? FLUVIATILIS : umbel somewhat compound ; spikes ovoid (large and thick), acute ; nut
obovoid-triangular, narrowed downward (dull), acuminate, as long as the (6) rigid bristles. —
Torr. Cyp.l.c. 8. maritimus, Ell. sk. 1. p. 862; Gray, Gram. §- Cyp. l. c. (in part). S.
macrostachyos, Muhl. gram. 1. c. (in part). S. badius, Pres]? Kunth, enum. 2. p. 168?

Culm and leaves as in the preceding. Umbel composed of 10 - 20 spikes ; the principal
rays about 5; the divisions bearing 2 — 3 or more clustered spikes. Involucre 3 — 5-leaved.
Spikes nearly an inch long and about half an inch in diameter, rather acute, even in fruit.
Scales pale brown, with a recurved cusp or bristle. Bristles mostly 6, straight and stout ; the
longest somewhat exceeding the point of the achenium. Style unequally 3-cleft. Achenium
about 2 lines long, the sides flattish, gradually narrowed toward the base.

Salt marshes and ditches : never far from salt water : common near New-York and on
Long Island. Var. fluviatilis in swamps on the borders of lakes and rivers, always in fresh
or only slightly brackish water ; common in the western part of the State. FY. August. Fr.
September. I am still uncertain whether the freshwater variety of this plant should not be

Scirpus. CYPERACE. 355

regarded as a distinct species. ‘The European S. maritimus (of which my specimens are
not good), seems to embrace the same two forms as ours.

9. Scirpus arrovinens, Muh. Dark Green Clubrush.

Culm triangular, leafy ; umbel compound, proliferous ; involucre about 3-leaved ; spikes
ovoid, acute, glomerated in dense heads of 15 to 20; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ;
bristles as long as the achenium ; style 3-cleft ; achenium obovoid, compressed-triangular,
tapering towards the base, acuminate, dull. — Muhl. gram. p.43; Torr. fl. 1. p. 49, and
Cyp. p. 325; Beck, bot. p. 426; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 22; Kunth, enum. 2. p.170. S.
polyphyllus, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 2747; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 57 (excl. syn.).

Culm obtusely triangular, about two feet high, leafy nearly to the summit, smooth. Leaves
about one-fourth of an inch wide, mostly shorter than the culms, rough on the margin. Umbel
very unequal; one or more of the rays elongated and erect. Spikes many-flowered, 2-3
lines long. Scales broadly ovate, keeled, abruptly acuminate and mucronate, at first olive-
green and somewhat pubescent, but, when old, fuscous and nearly smooth. Bristles 6, slender,
hispid downward, sometimes one or two of them a little longer than the achenium. Stamens
3. Style moderately 3-cleft. Achenium whitish, sharply acuminate, flat, the inside very
convex, and obtusely angular externally.

Wet meadows and swamps: common, Fl. July. Fr. August.

10. Scirpus Brunneus, Muhi. Brown-headed Clubrush.

Culm triangular, leafy ; umbel decompound ; involucre 3 - 4-leaved; spikes short-ovoid
and ovoid-oblong, somewhat loosely clustered in heads of 5 to 8; scales broadly ovate, rather
obtuse, slightly mucronate ; style 3-cleft; achenium minute, obovate, plano-convex, with a
short acumination, dull, shorter than the somewhat crisped bristles. — Muhl. gram. p. 43;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 49, and Cyp. p. 326; Beck, bot. p. 426; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 22. 8S. ex-
altatus, Pursh, fl. 1. p.56; Ell. sk. 1. p. 87. 8S. polyphyllus, Kunth, enum. 2. p. 170;
also of Vahl?

Stem 2 - 4 feet high, obwsely triangular below, acutely triangular above. Leaves broad,
as tall as the umbel ; the principal rays about 5, two to three inches or more in length. Spikes
commonly rather longer than in the preceding species. Scales keeled, mostly of a brownish
color; when old, slightly acute and mucronate. Bristles 6, slender, pubescent downwards,
nearly twice as long as the achenium. Stamens 3. Achenium whitish, acuminate with a very
short point, flat behind, convex or very obtusely angular in front.

Swamps and borders of ponds, usually in shady places: rare. Fl. July. Fr. August.
Although this species can, in general, be readily distinguished, there sometimes occur what
seem 10 be intermediate forms. S. atrovirens is known by its dark green foliage and spikes,
more simple umbel, and one or two of the rays elongated and nearly erect, as well as by its
denser heads of spikes. In S. brunneus, the umbel is larger, the spikes brownish, fewer in

a head and less closely aggregated.
45*

356 CYPERACE. Scirpus.

Subgenus TRICHOPHORUM. L. C. Rich.; Torr. Cyp. p. 330.

Bristles 6, much longer than the achenium, capillary, tortuous, smooth or merely pubescent
(not hispid). Style 3-cleft, simple at the base, deciduous. Achenium triangular, somewhat
compressed. — Culm leafy. Umbel decompound. Scales of the spike membranaceous.

As TricHopnorun differs from Scirpus only in its very long tortuous and nearly smooth bristles of the perigynium,
and is moreover connected with the latter by S. brunneus and S. divaricatus, it cannot rank higher than a sub-
genus.

11. Scirpus (Tricnornorum) Eriopnorum, Michz. Brown Woel-grass.

Culm obtusely triangular above, nearly terete below; umbel terminal, very compound ;
involucre many-leaved, very long ; spikes ovate ; scales lanceolate, appressed ; bristles much
exserted, and investing the mature spikes ; achenium smooth. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 33; Torr.
fil. 1. p. 50, and Cyp. p. 330; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 22; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 23; Kunth,
enum. 2. p.170. S. eriophorus, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 282. SS. thyrsiflorus, Willd. enum. 1.
p. 78. S.cyperinus, Kunth, l.c. Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers. syn. 1. p. 69; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 57; Muhl. gram. p. 47; Ell. sk. 1. p. 91. t. 3. f. 4; Beck, bot. p. 426. Eriophorum
eyperinum, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 77.

Culm 18 inches to 5 feet high, leafy nearly to the summit. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, flat
above, carinate toward the base, rough on the margin; the sheaths brownish and scarious at
the throat. Involucre of several very long leaves ; their sheathing bases brownish or nearly
black. Umbel or panicle usually very large, loose and more or less pendulous, but in the
smaller forms somewhat contracted ; the spikes all distinct and pedunculate, or clustered
3 - 5 together at the extremity of the rays. Scales rusty colored when mature, with a green
keel. Bristles (when extended) 8 -- 10 times the length of the achenium, brownish, completely
covering the spike, and thus giving it a woolly appearance. Stamens 3. Achenium flat on the
inside, obtuse-angled externally, white or brownish, acuminate, dull.

Swamps and wet meadows : common. Fl. July. Fr. August-September. A very
conspicuous plant: easily recognized by its large panicle of very numerous spikes, covered
with woolly hairs.

12. Scirpus (Tricnornorvm) tineatus, Michx. Loose-flowered Wool-grass.

Culm triangular ; umbels terminal and lateral, at length nodding ; involucre 1 — 2-leaved,
shorter than the umbels; spikes oblong, pedunculate ; scales ovate, acuminate, somewhat
patulous at the tip, carinate ; bristles a little exserted. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 82; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 56; Ell. sk. 1. p. 87;..Torr. fl. 1. p. 51, and Cyp. p. 322; Kunth, enum: 2. p.171. S.
pendulus, Muhl. gram. p. 44. 'Trichophorum lineatum, Pers. syn. 1. p. 69 ; Beck, bot.
p. 427. Isolepis lineata, Rem. g Schult. syst. 2. p. 117.

Culm 1 - 23 feet high, very leafy, distinctly triangular. Leaves rough on the margin; the

Scirpus. CYPERACE. 357

sheaths loose at the throat, several of the upper ones bearing umbels. Terminal umbel largest,
somewhat paniculate, at first erect but finally pendulous ; the lateral ones sometimes wanting.
Spikes 3 — 4 lines long. Scales loosely imbricated at the tip so as to appear somewhat squar-
rose, ferruginous, with a somewhat prominent keel. Bristles very slender, smooth, crisped
and entangled, at maturity projecting a little beyond the scale. Stamens 3. Style somewhat
unequally 3-cleft, smooth. Achenium obovate, acuminate, obtusely angular externally, flattish
on the outer side, minutely papillose, pale brown when ripe.

Boggy places ; near Poughkeepsie (Mr. P. Dudgeon). I have seen no specimens of this
plant, collected within the limits of our State, except those gathered by Mr. Dudgeon many
years ago; but it will probably yet be found abundantly in some of the counties bordering
Pennsylvania.

6. ERIOPHORUM. Linn.; Torr. Cyp. p. 334. COTTON-GRASS.
[ Named from the Greek, crion, wool, and phero, to bear; the achenia being surrounded with long soft hairs.]

Scales of the spike imbricated on all sides, usually membranaceous, numerous. Bristles
(hairs) of the perigynium numerous (rarely as few as 6), capillary, flat, very long, collected
into fascicles at the base of the achenium, and forming a silky or woolly tuft. Stamens 3.
Style 3-cleft, simple at the base, deciduous.—Culms mostly leafy. Spikes terminal, rarely
solitary, usually in a more or less compound umbel or cyme ; when mature, clothed with

long silky hairs.
* Spike solitary.
1. Ertopuorum aupinum, Linn. (Plate CXL.) Alpine Cotton-grass.

Culm acutely triangular, filiform, somewhat rough, with short subulate leaves at the base ;
spike oblong ; scales somewhat coriaceous, keeled ; hairs 6, crisped. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 53;
Engl. bot. t. 311; Torr. fl. i. p. 65, and Cyp. p. 334; Buigel. fl. Bost. p. 23; Beck, bot.
p. 427; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 176. E. Hudsonianum, Micha. fl. 1. p. 334. Trichophorum
alpinum, Pursh, fl. 1. p.57; Muhl. cat. p. 7. 'T. alpinum, 8. Hudsonianum, Pers. syn. 1.
p. 70. 'T. Hudsonianum, Nuit. gen. 1. p. 36.

Rhizoma creeping, throwing up numerous filiform culms, which are naked except near the
base. Leaves 3 — 8 lines long, pungent, erect, triangular and channelled on the upper side :
sheaths closely embracing the culm; the lowest ones nearly naked, or only with cuspidate
rudimentary leaves. Spike 3 lines long, somewhat compressed. Scales oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, yellowish brown ; the lowest one bractlike, somewhat mucronate, and nearly as long
as the spike. Hairs 4 — 5 times as long as the scale, constantly 6, white, flat and membrana-
ceous, more or less crisped. Stamens 3?: filaments capillary, elongated. Style filiform, 3-
cleft to about the middle. Achenium compressed-triangular, acuminated with the base of the
style, pale brown, dull.

358 CYPERACE. ERioPpHorum.

Sphagnous swamps; often on high mountains : northern and western parts of the State.
Fl. May -June. fr. July. The North American E. alpinum seems to be identical with
the European plant.

2. Eriopuorum vacinatum, Linn. (Plate CXLI.) Harestaté.

Culm terete below, obtusely triangular above, somewhat rigid ; sheaths inflated ; spike
oblong-ovate ; scales scarious ; hairs straight, dense ; anthers linear, elongated. — Linn. sp.
1. p.52; Engl. bot. t. 873; Torr. fl. 1. p. 65, and Cyp. p. 335; Beck, bot. p. 427; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 177. HE. cespitosum, Hort. gram. t. 39; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 57.

Rhizoma creeping. Culms densely cespitose, about 8 inches to one or two feet high ; the
lower part clothed with two or three ventricose sheaths, which are mucronate, or bear only
rudimentary (and often discolored) leaves. Radical leaves long, often overtopping the culm,
very narrow and almost setaceous. Spike about three-fourths of an inch long. Scales ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, with a broad scarious margin of silver-gray in the young spike, but of
a dark livid color in fruit ; several of the lower ones empty, and finally reflexed. Hairs about
40, 3-4 times the length of the scale, collected into fascicles of 5 to 7 each, white with a
tinge of yellow. Stamens 3: anthers yellow. Style 3-cleft. Achenium obovate, narrowed
below, brown and dull, very obtuse, flattened on the inside, convex externally.

Deep sphagnous swamps, and on high mountains. Western part of the State, and summit
of Mount Marcy. Ji. July. Fr. August.

*« Spikes numerous.
3. Erropnortm Viraeinicum, Linn. Rusty Cotton-grass.

Culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above ; leaves flat, very long ; spikes
clustered, erect, nearly sessile ; involucre 2 — 3-leaved. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 52; Miche. fl. 1.
p. 34; Pursh, fl.1. p.58; Hill. sk. 1. p.92;.Muhl. gram. p. 49; Torr. fl. 1. p. 66, and
Cyp. p. 338; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 24; Beck, bot. p. 437; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 23; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 179.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 - 4 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy. Leaves 10 - 18 inches
long, 1 — 3 lines wide, rough on the margin, triangular towards the point. Peduncles 3 - 4,
somewhat umbellate ; each bearing several ovoid nearly sessile crowded spikes, which are
about 3 lines long. Scales ovate, acute, striate, pale on the sides, the keel green. Hairs
40 - 50, tawny, about three times as long as the scale. Stamen solitary : anther oblong.
Achenium oblong, triangular, compressed, attenuated downward ; the summit abruptly pointed.

Swamps and bog meadows: frequent. Fl. July - August. Fr. September. Lasily
distinguished from all the other species of the genus, by its clustered erect spikes and tawny
wool

ErropHoruM. CYPERACE. 359

4. ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYUM, Linn. Broad-leaved Cotion-grass.

Culm nearly terete ; leaves flattish, acutely triangular at the point ; involucre about 2-
leaved ; peduncles rough ; spikes nodding ; scales ovate, acute ; achenium obovate, obtuse.—
Linn. sp. 1. p. 52; Engl. bot. t. 563: Pursh, fl. 1. p.58; Ell. sk. 1. p. 92; MuAl. gram.
p.49; Torr. fl. 1. p. 66, and Cyp. p. 339; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 23; Beck, bot. p. 427. E.
polystachyum, 8., Micha. fl. 1. p. 34. E. vulgare, Pers. syn. 1. p. 70. E. latifolium,
Hoppe ; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 178.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, somewhat compressed towards the base, leafy ; the sheaths rather
loose. Leaves 3 —6 inches long, 2 — 4 lines wide, flat, except towards the point, which is
sharply triangular and usually discolored. Peduncle often simple, unequal, at first erect but
finally nodding, rough upward. Spikes 4 — 12, ovoid, 3 — 4 lines long. Scales scarious, of a
livid green color when young, but brown in fruit; the midrib somewhat prominent. Hairs
40 — 50, about three-fourths of an inch long, flat, white with a slight reddish tinge. Stamens
3. Style 3- (rarely 4-) cleft ; the divisions downy. Achenium narrow downward, flat on the
face, angular on the back.

Boggy meadows ; northern and western counties : frequent. JU. June. Fr. July.

5. ErtopHorum anoustiro.ium, Moth. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass.

Culm somewhat triangular, somewhat rough above ; leaves triquetrous, channelled ; in-
volucre commonly 1-leaved; peduncles smoothish, nodding ; scales broadly ovate, somewhat
obtuse, with a strong midrib; achenium elliptical, narrowed at each end, acutely triangular.
— “ Schrad. fl. Germ. b. p. 1533” Engl. bot. t. 564; Pursh, fl. 1. p.158; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 67, and Cyp. p. 339; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 23; R. Brown in app. Parry’s \st voy. p. 27;
Beck, bot. p.427; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 24; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 178. EK. tenellum, Nutt.
gen, suppl.

var. brevifolium : culm quite smooth ; upper jeaves very short, triquetrous ; involucre
much shorter than the spikes, lanceolate (discolored) ; hairs somewhat crisped. Torr. l. c.

Culm about 18 inches high, smooth. Leaves scarcely a line wide, the sides folded so as
to form a triangular channel, and about an inch and a half of the upper extremity sharply
triangular ; the lowest ones 6 — 12 inches long; those of the culm 3 — 6 inches (in the var.
scarcely an inch long). Spikes 4 — 10, ovoid, one or two of them nearly sessile, the others on
simple or divided peduncles (very short in brevifolium). Scales rather obtuse. Hairs 50 — 60,
white, nearly an inch long at maturity (6 — 8 lines in the var.). Stamens 3 : anthers linear,
elongated. Style filiform, deeply 3-cleft. Achenium linear-elliptical, scarcely half as broad as
in E. polystachyum.

Sphagnous swamps, in the western and northern parts of the State ; var. brevifolium, near
Utica (Dr. Gray). Fl. June. Fr. July — August.

360 CYPERACE. FImBRISTYLIS.

** Without a perigynium.

7, FIMBRISTYLIS. Val, enum. 2. p. 285; Torr. Cyp. p. 3438. FIMBRISTYLIS.

[ From the Latin, jimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style.1

Scales imbricated on all sides. Bristles none. Style compressed, 2-cleft, more or less bulbous

at the base, wholly deciduous, mostly ciliate on the margin. — Habit of Scirpus.

1. Fimpristyiis spapicea, Vahl. Tall Brown-spiked Fimbristylis.

Culm somewhat compressed, nearly naked ; leaves semiterete, filiform, channelled ; umbel
of few rays, simple or compound, erect-spreading ; spikes ovoid-oblong or cylindrical-oblong ;
scales rigid, broadly ovate, obtuse ; involucre of 2 — 3 subulate leaves, mostly shorter than
the umbel ; stamens 3 ; style broad, strongly fimbriate, slightly bulbous at the base ; achenium
obovate, unequally biconvex, punctato-striate.— Vahl, enum. 2. p. 2947; Pursh, fl. Lp. 49;
Beck, bot. p. 423; Torr. Cyp. p. 346; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 237. F. cylindrica, Vahl, l. c.;
Kunth, l.c. Scirpus spadiceus, Linn. sp. 1. p.51?; Walt. fl. Car. p. 30; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 84; Muhl. gram. p. 36; Torr. fl. 1. p. 53. 8. puberulus, Micha. fl. 1. p. 31.

Culm 1 - 3 feet high, nearly terete toward the base, compressed and striate above, rigid,
smooth. Leaves nearly radical, 6 - 8 inches long, a little rough on the margin toward the
summit; the sheaths loose and distichous. Spikes 3 - 6 lines long and 2 lines in diameter,
becoming almost cylindrical in fruit. Scales much dilated, somewhat mucronate, pale rusty
colored and minutely pubescent when young ; chestnut-colored, smooth and shining when old.
Stamens 3: filaments broad. Style divided about one-third of its length ; the segments re-
curved. Achenium obtuse, whitish, thin on the margin, marked with lines of impressed dots.

Salt marshes, near New-York: rare. Fl. August. Fr. September.

8. ISOLEPIS. R. Br. prodr. p. 221; Torr. Cyp. p. 348. ISOLEPIS.
{ From the Greek, isos, equal, and lepis, a scale.]
Oncosty.tis, Mart.
Scales of the spike imbricated on all sides. Bristles none. Style 3-cleft, simple at the base,
or with a minute bulb from which it separates. Achenium triangular, often crowned with
the minute tubercular base of the style. — Habit of Scirrvs.

1. Isonepis capitiaris, Ram. & Schult. Hair-like Isolepis.

Culm capillary, angular and sulcate, nearly naked ; leaves setaceous, serrulate-ciliate, much
shorter than the culm; spikes umbelled, terminal, on short rays, usually 4, ovoid-oblong ;
scales somewhat 4-rowed, oblong, obtuse, slightly pubescent ; stamens 2; style 3-cleft ;
achenium triangular, undulately corrugated transversely. — Ram. §- Schultes, 2. p. 118;

TsoLEPIs. CYPERACE. 361

Torr. Cyp. p. 350. Scirpus capillaris, Linn. sp. 1. p. 49; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 37; Muhl.
gram. p. 36; Torr. fl. 1. p. 52(excl. syn. Ell.); Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 23; Beck, bot. p. 426 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 18. 8S. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 207.

Annual. Culms densely cespitose, very slender, 3 — 8 inches high, somewhat quadrangular.
Leaves mostly radical, 2 - 3 inches long ; the sheaths rather loose, membranaccous, hairy at
the throat. Umbel of 2 - 3 short setaceous leaves : longer rays of the umbel about half an
inch long. Spikes 24 lines long, somewhat quadrangular, rather obtuse, one or sometimes two
of them sessile. Scales rusty brown with a green keel, slightly pubescent especially on the
margin, Achenium brown, abruptly contracted at the base, very obtuse, and crowned with a
minute depressed tubercle ; the angles very prominent.

Sandy fields : frequent. F/. July. Fr. August - September. This species belongs to
the genus Oncostytis of Martius and Nees.

9. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Lestib. Cyp. p. 40; Torr. Cyp. p. 355. TRICHELOSTYLIS.

{ From the Greek, trichion, hair, and stylos, style; the style being often hairy. ]

Scales mostly 4 — 8-ranked, keeled. Perigynium none. Style 3-cleft, more or less bulbous
at the base, deciduous below the bulb. Achenium triangular.— Culms simple, leafy at the
base, often flattened. Leaves mostly very narrow and channelled. Spikes usually in

terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary.

1. TrICHELOSTYLIS MUCRONULATA, Torr. Common Trichelostylis.

Culm compressed, ancipital ; umbel more or less compound, spreading ; involucre 2 - 3-
leaved, shorter than the umbel ; spikes oblong, acute, solitary or 2 - 3 at the extremity of the
rays ; scales about 4-rowed, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, the points a little spreading ;
stamens 2 — 3; achenium broadly obovoid-triangular, smooth or minutely verrucose, convex
on the sides, the angles margined.— Torr. Cyp. p. 355; Nees, Cyp. in Endl. §- Mart. fl.
Bras. p. 79. Scirpus autumnalis, Linn. mant. p. 807; Pursh, fl.1. p. 57; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 82; Muhl. gram. p. 37; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 23; Beck, bot. p. 426; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p.19. S.mucronulatus, Micha. fl. 1. p. 31. S. Michauxii, Pers. syn. 1. p. 68. Fimbri-
stylis autumnalis, Rem. g Schult. syst. 2. p. 97 (in part).

Culms cespitose, 2 - 12 inches high, often spreading or decumbent, rough on the edges.
Leaves flat, very acute, about a line in breadth, smooth ; the sheaths slightly bearded at the
throat. Umbel mostly decompound ; the rays about an inch long : secondary rays bearing
1 — 3 pedunculate rays, with one in the fork. Spikes about a line and a half long. Scales
rusty colored, prominently keeled. Style equally 3-cleft, bulbous at the base. Achenium
minute, whitish or pale brown, often covered (especially towards the base and summit) with
depressed capitate warts.

Bogs and low grounds; also on the sandy banks of rivers, rarely in dry situations : not

[Fiora — Vol. 2.] 46

362 CYPERACE. Hemicarpua.

rare. FJ. July — August. Fr. August and September. I suspect that T. geminiflora and
T. autumnalis of Nees, are scarcely distinct from this species. Kunth refers Sc. mucronu-
latus, Michx. to his Fimbristylis autumnalis.

Trise LV. HYPOLYTREZ. Nees.

Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikes imbricated on all sides, each one-flowered ; the flowers
with a | — 4-valved (not bristle-form) perigynium.

10. HEMICARPHA. Nees in Wight §- Arn. contrib. p. 92, and Cyp. in Endl. § Mart.
fl. Bras. p. 61. HEMICARPHA.

[ From the Greek, hemisus, half, and karphos, straw or sedge; in allusion to the flowers having a valve only on one side.]

Spikes ovoid. Scales very numerous, finally deciduous. Flowers with a single valve, which
is situated opposite the scale, and is sometimes adherent to the fruit. Stamen single. Style
2-cleft. Achenium oblong, biconvex or nearly terete.—Spikes very dense, solitary or several

and aggregated, lateral.

1. HemicarpuHa supsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha.

Culms setaceous, compressed and sulcate ; involucre 2-leaved, very long, unequal ; spikes
2 — 3, ovoid, sessile, lateral ; scales rhombic-obovate, with a short mucronate recurved point ;
achenium obovate-oblong, somewhat compressed. — Nees, Cyp. in Endl. §- Mart. fl. Bras.
p.61.t.4.f.1. Isolepis subsquarrosa, Schrad. in Schult. mant. 2. p. 64; Torr. Cyp. p. 348.
I. micrantha, Kunth, enum. 2. p. 203 (in part). Scirpus subsquarrosus, MuAl. gram. p. 39 ;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 51. S. minimus, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 53 (excl. syn.); Hll..sk. 1. p. 82.

Annual. Culms in dense tufts, commonly about two inches high, leafy at the base. Leaves
setaceous. Involucre of 2 leaves : one of them short; the other much longer, and setaceous.
Spikes sometimes solitary, about 2 lines long, closely sessile. Scales very numerous, some-
what coriaceous. Valve of the perigynium very thin, lanceolate or cuneate, often bifid, finally
adhering to the achenium. Stamen solitary. Style shorter than the achenium, simple at the
base ; the divisions recurved. Achenium obtuse, nearly terete, pale brown, smooth and dull,
mucronulate.

Sandy shores of rivers and lakes in the northern and western parts of the State. FU. July.
Fr. August. ‘The valve of the perigynium is so very thin and delicate, that it may easily be
overlooked.

RuayNCHOSPORA. CYPERACES. 363

Trine V. RHYNCHOSPOREE. Nees.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikelets mostly few-flowered. Scales irregularly im-
bricated, obscurely distichous or trifarious. Perigynium usually of several (rough or
plumose) bristles, rarely wanting. Achenium conspicuously beaked with the persistent
base of the style, or crowned with an articulated tubercle, often corrugated or sculptured.

11. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl, enum. 2. p. 229; Gray, mon. Rhynch. in ann. lyc. N.
York, 3. p..193, and in Torr. Cyp. 1. c. 4. p. 363. BEAK-RUSH.

{ From the Greek, rhynchos, a beak, and spora, seed.]

Spikelets mostly few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated : the lowermost smaller and empty ;
1-3 of the others being of perfect flower; the remainder being staminate or empty.
Perigynium composed of 6 (rarely 10 - 12) plumose or rough bristles. Stamens 3 (rarely
2, 6 or 12). Style 2-cleft. Achenium crustaceous, biconvex or nearly globose, smooth or
transversely wrinkled, crowned with the dilated persistent and distinct base of the style.—
Culms more or less triangular, simple, leafy. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, corymbose,

paniculate or fascicled, loosely or densely clustered.

* EurHyncuospora. Nut lenticular, or more or less compressed, Bristles of the perigynium naked, rough or hispid,

1. Ruyncnosrora aba, Vahl. . White Beak-rush.

Culm triquetrous above ; spikelets corymbose-fasciculate (whitish) ; bristles usually 10,
retrorsely hispid; achenium smooth, ovoid-lenticular, narrowed at the base, shorter than the
bristles.— Vahl. enum. 2. p. 236 (var. 4); Pursh, fl. 1. p.49; Ell. sk. 1. p.57; Torr. fi.
1. p. 54; Gray, Rhynch. l. c. no. 24, and in Torr. Cyp. p. 366; Beck, bot. p. 428; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 24; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 295. Schoenus albus, Linn. sp. 1. p. 51; Miche.
fi: Ap: Om Bibel agi, Bost, py Wits

Culm slender, 12-18 inches high, smooth. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm.
Spikelets about 2-flowered, in terminal and axillary clusters, white when young, but becoming
brownish with age. Scales lanceolate. Bristles 9 - 11, with rather long erect hairs near the
base, retrorsely hispid above, about as long as the achenium including the tubercle. Stamens
mostly 2. Achenium biconvex, a little longer than the slender rostrate tubercle.

Sphagnous swamps : common. Fl. July — August. Fr. August - September. This differs
in no respect from the European R. alba.

2. RuyncHospora CAPILLAcEA, Torr. Small Capillary Beak-rush.

Culm triangular, slender ; spikelets 3 — 6, mostly in 2 remote clusters ; achenium smooth,
oblong-ovoid, compressed, about half the length of the retrorsely hispid bristles, and twice as
46*

364 CYPERACE. RuyYNCHOSPORA.

long as the lanceolate-rostrate tubercle—Torr. fl. 1. p. 55; Gray, Rhynch. l. c. no. 25, and
in Torr. Cyp. p. 366; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 302. Schcenus setaceus, Muhl. gram. p. 6.

Culm 6 — 12 inches high, very slender, smooth. Leaves setaceous, channelled. Spikelets
oblong-lanceolate, about 2-flowered ; the terminal ones mostly three ; the lateral ones often
solitary, from the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Scales light brown, oblong, mucronate, keeled.
Bristles 6, stout. Stamens 3. Achenium attenuated into a short stipe at the base. Tubercle
slender and acute.

Swamps, Putnam county (Dr. Barratt) ; Penn-Yan, Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). Lime-
stone rocks, Jefferson county (Dr. Gray). Cranberry marsh near Oneida lake (Dr. Knieskern).
Fl. Suly.

3. Ruyncnospora Fusca, Rem. & Schult. Brown Beak-rush.

Culm obscurely triangular, striate ; leaves setaceous, channelled ; clusters of spikelets
1 ~ 38, somewhat capitate ; achenium obovate, somewhat tumid, a little narrowed at the base,
about half as long as the upwardly hispid bristles, and about the length of the slender acute
tubercle, which is serrulate-scabrous on the margin.—Rem. g§- Schult. syst. 2. p. 81; Hook.
brit. fl. (ed. 4.) 1. p. 25; Gray, Rhynch. 1. c. no. 26, and in Torr. Cyp. p. 366; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 295. R. alba, var. fusca, Vahl, enum. 2. p. 236. Schcenus fuscus, Linn. sp.
(ed. 2.) 2. p. 1664.

Culm 8 — 12 inches high, very slender, smooth. Fascicles of spikelets in rather close heads.
Scales dark brown and shining, mucronate. Bristles 6, very slender, minutely hispid ; three
of them longer than the others. Stamens 3. Achenium smooth, but rather uneven. Tubercle
much compressed, broad at the base, tapering to a long acute summit.

Genesce county (Dr. Bradley); Moriches, Long Island (Dr. Knieskern). A native also of
Europe.

4, RuyncHospora GRACILENTA, Gray. Tall Slender Beak-rush.

Culm and leaves very slender ; clusters of spikelets 2 — 4, small, somewhat crowded, the
terminal one nearly sessile, lateral ones on exserted peduncles ; achenium smooth, ovoid-
lenticular, shorter than the upwardly hispid bristles, and about the length of the slender
acuminate tubercle.—Gray, Rhynch. l. c. no. 27, and in Torr. Cyp. p. 367; Kunth, enum.
2. p. 540.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, almost capillary, obscurely triangular. Leaves linear-setaceous.
Spikelets small and few-flowered, ovoid, sometimes in a single terminal head, but usually with
one or two smaller lateral clusters also. Glumes ovate, acute or mucronate, fuscous. Bristles
6, about half as long again as the achenium, minutely hispid upward. Stamens 3. Tubercle
subulate from a broad base.

Philipstown, Putnam county (Dr. Barratt).

RuyNcuHosPora. CYPERACES. 365

5. Ruyncuosrora GLoMERATA, Vahl. Common Beak-rush.

Culm obtusely triangular ; leaves flat; spikelets ovoid-oblong, in corymbose fasciculate
clusters which are terminal and axillary, distant, often in pairs ; achenium smooth, obovoid-
lenticular, margined, attenuated at the base, as long as the tubercle; bristles 6, retrorsely
hispid, about as long as the achenium and lanceolate tubercle. — Vahl, enum. 2. p. 234 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.48; Ell. sk. 1. p.61; Torr. fl. 1. p.55; Beck, bot. p. 428; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 24; Gray, Rhynch. 1. c. no. 29, and in Torr. Cyp. p. 367; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 296. R. capitellata, Vahl, 1. c.; Ell. l.c. Schcenus glomeratus, Linn. sp. 1. p. 44 ;
Muhl. gram. p. 8. S. capitellatus, Micha. fi. 1. p. 36.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high. Leaves rough on the margin. Heads of spikelets on included or
somewhat exserted peduncles. Scales lanceolate, mucronate, brownish. Bristles stout.
Stamens 3. Achenium attenuated into a short thick stipe, smooth and somewhat polished.
Tubercle subulate-lanceolate, compressed, about as long as the achenium.

Bogs and low grounds: common. FV. July - August. Fr. August - September.

6. RuyncHospoRA CEPHALANTHA, Gay. Round-headed Beak-rush.

Heads somewhat globose, dense, many-flowered, axillary and terminal, often in pairs ;
spikelets oblong-lanceolate ; achenium smooth, orbicular-obovate, margined, narrowed at the
base, about as long as the subulate beak, and half the length of the stout hispid bristles. —
Gray, Rhynch. 1. c. no. 30, and in Torr. Cyp. p. 368; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 540.

Culm obtusely triangular, rather stout. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled. Heads mostly
2 — 3 (rarely more except in the Southern States) ; the upper 2 often in pairs, from one half
to three fourths of an inch in diameter. Scales dark brown, oblong, acute or slightly mucronate.
Bristles mostly hispid downward, but often upward, sometimes in the same spikelet! Ache-
nium nearly twice as large as in R. glomerata, but resembling it in form and in the tubercle,
shining, obscurely waved transversely.

Sandy swamps. Islip, &c. Long Island. Fl. August. Near the preceding species, but the
heads are larger and compact ; the achenium also is larger, and the tubercle broader.

366 CYPERACEZ. CLaDIUM.

Trizze VI. CLADIEZ. Nees.

Flowers perfect (rarely diclinous). Spikelets 1 — 3-flowered ; the scales imbricated in a
somewhat trifarious or quadrifarious order ; the lowest ones empty. Perigynium none.
Stamens 2-12. Style 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous, or sometimes with a persistent bulbous
base. Achenium with a hard thick shell, smooth or irregularly wrinkled, pointless, or
crowned with the persistent base of the style.— Spikelets cymose-paniculate.

12, CLADIUM. Browne, Jam. p. 114; R. Br. prodr. p. 236. TWIG-RUSH.
[ From the Greek, Alados, a branch or twig; but the allusion is not very apparent.]

Spikelets 1 - 2-flowered. Scales few, imbricated in a somewhat trifarious order ; the lowest
ones empty. Bristles none. Stamens mostly 2. Style 2 — 3-cleft ; the divisions often bifid
or trifid. Achenium globose-ovoid; the pericarp thickened and corky toward the summit
Seed smooth. — Culm leafy. Spikelets mostly in compound axillary and terminal panicles

or cymes.

1. Cruaprum mariscorpes, Zorr. Smooth Twig-rush.

Culm obscurely triangular ; leaves nearly smooth on the margin ; cymes compound, 2 - 4-
rayed, nearly naked, the rays elongated ; spikelets aggregated in heads of 3 — 8 together ;
style 3-cleft, the divisions entire——Torr. Cyp. p. 372. C. triglomeratum, Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 304 (excluding all the synonymy but that of Nees).* Schcenus mariscoides, Muhl. gram.
p.5; Torr. fl. 1. p. 54; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.17; Beck, bot. p. 428.

Culm about 2 feet high, scarcely angular, nearly smooth, about a line and a half in diameter
towards the base. Leaves 1 — 2 lines wide, channelled, with a long compressed point, slightly
serrulate-scabrous on the margin. Cymes 2-3, erect; the lateral ones on long exserted
peduncles : primary rays 2 — 4, with several shorter ones. Spikes about 3 lines long, ovoid-
oblong when mature, often many of them abortive. Scales about 6, chestnut-brown ; the 4
lower ones usually empty ; the fifth bearing 2 stamens and an abortive ovary ; the uppermost
perfect, diandrous. Style filiform, deciduous ; the divisions nearly equal, or sometimes two
of them united towards the base. Achenium a little more than a line in length, ovoid, with a
short abrupt point, somewhat wrinkled longitudinally.

Bog meadows and borders of ponds: frequent. Iv. July. Fr. August. Resembles C.
mariscus, R. Brown, in many respects ; but that species is much stouter, the leaves strongly
serrulate-scabrous on the margin and keel, and the cymes more numerous as well as more
compact.

* Nees, by a mistake which he afterwards corrected, referred (in Linnea, 9. p. 301) this plant, which he considered
Scleria triglomerata, to CLapiuM, and named it C. triglomeratum. This error has been strangely adopted by Kunth, who
remarks that he has seen a specimen of mine under the name of Sc, triglomerata. 'This specimen must have had the
wrong ticket attached to it by some accident.

ScLerRia. CYPERACE. 367

Trise VIL SCLERIEZM. Nees.

Flowers diclinous (monecious or rarely diecious). Lertile spikelets one-flowered. Scales
fasciculate or irregularly imbricated ; the lower ones empty, often seated in a cup or
torus. Perigynium 3 — 5-lobed or entire, sometimes consisting of tooth-like processes,
either free or combined with the torus, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 3 (rarely 2).
Achenium nut-like ; the shell usually bony or somewhat crustaceous.—Culms triangular.
Inflorescence in glomerate spikes, or racemose, axillary and terminal.

13. SCLERIA. “Berg. act. Holm. 1765, ex Endl. gen. 964.” NUT-RUSH.
{ From the Greek, skleros, hard ; the achenia of many species being bony.]

Fertile spikelets one-flowered ; the sterile several-flowered. ‘Torus shallow, saucer-like or
lobed. Perigynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. Achenium globose or
ovoid, — Habit that of the tribe.

* ScLeRia proper. Acheniwm pitied, and more or less reticulated, Cupula 3-lobed, Perigynium 3-parted.

1. Scieria reTIcuLaRIs, Mich. Sessile-spiked Nut-rush.

Culm erect, retrorsely scabrous on the angles towards the base ; fascicles lateral and ter-
minal, remote, nearly or quite sessile, somewhat branching, rather loosely flowered ; scales
and bracts smooth ; achenium globose, conspicuously reticulated with elevated lines, and
deeply pitted between the lines ; perigynium 3-lobed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate. — Micha.
fl. 2. p. 167 (not of Pursh, Ell. § Muhl.); Willd. sp. 4. p. 314; Torr. Cyp. p. 375.

Culm about a foot or 15 inches high, triangular, somewhat compressed and slender. Leaves
14 line wide, smooth, flat. Fascicles of spikelets about an inch long ; the lateral ones 2 - 3
in number, and very remote, standing on nearly included peduncles. Spikelets in pairs ; the
sterile lanceolate, on a short stipe at the base of the fertile spikelet, many-flowered ; the scales
distichous, lanceolate, each bearing 2 stamens : fertile spikelets mostly of 3 ovate, mucronate
and carinate scales ; the 2 interior embracing the achenium at its base. Style 3-cleft nearly
to the base. Achenium crustaceous, exactly globose, whitish or pale brown; the surface
strongly reticulated ; the interstices oblong and deeply pitted Perigynium conspicuous,
rigid, of a pale greenish color, equally 3-lobed, closely appressed and partly adherent to the
achenium.

Sandy swamps and borders of ponds. Suffolk county, Long Island. #7. August. F'r.
September. Nearly allied to S. tessellata of the East Indies.

368 CYPERACE. ScLeria.

2. Scieria taxa, Torr. Loose-flowered Nut-rush.

Culm weak, somewhat diffuse, nearly smooth ; fascicles lateral and terminal, remote, on
long slender peduncles, somewhat branched, loosely flowered ; scales and bracts smooth ;
achenium globose, pitted, and marked in a somewhat spiral manner with transverse hairy
ruge ; perigynium 3-lobed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate. —Torr. Cyp. p. 376. S. reticularis,
Muhl. gram. p. 266; Pursh, fl.1. p.45; Ell. sk. 2. p. 601%; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 348,
not of Miche.

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, slender, acutely triangular, with the angles somewhat winged
and slightly rough. Leaves about 2 lines wide, flat, smooth. Peduncles 2-6 lines long,
compressed, slender and often recurved. Spikelets distant, in pairs, disposed as in the pre-
ceding species. Stamens 2. Achenium about a line in diameter (larger than in the preceding
species), crustaceous, somewhat shining, whitish, with narrow brown wrinkles which are more
or less hairy, pitted in an obscurely reticulate manner. Perigynium deeply 3-lobed, rigid,
appressed.

Sandy swamps, Long Island. Fi. August. Fr. September. A common species in the
pine region of New-Jersey, and in some of the Southern States.

** TRacnyLomia, Nees. Acheniwm ovoid, smooth, somewhat crustaceous, Perigyniwm obtusely triangular, narrow, entire,
reflexed, crustaccous.

3. SCLERIA TRIGLOMERATA, Michz. Three-clustered Nut-rush.

Culm rough; leaves broadly linear, smoothish or a little hairy ; fascicles lateral and ter-
minal, triglomerate , the lateral ones remote, pedunculate; bracts slightly ciliate; scales
cuspidate ; nut ovoid-globose, smooth and polished ; perigynium annular, whitish, vesicular-
papillose. — S. triglomerata, Micha. fl. 2. p. 168; Muhl. gram. p. 260; Ell. sk. 2. p. 558 ;
Beck, bot. p. 430; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 26; Torr. Cyp. p. 380. 8S. nitida, Kunth, enum.
2. p. 350. ‘Trachylomia triglomerata, Nees, Cyp. in Endl. §- Mart. fl. Bras. p. 174.

Culm 2-8 feet high, leafy, triquetrous; the angles almost winged. Leaves 2-3 lines
wide, rough on the margin, often a little hairy underneath. ‘Terminal fascicle or head con-
sisting of 3 distinct clusters of spikelets, each with a foliaceous bract at the base : lateral
fascicle composed of few spikelets, remote, usually supported on a long peduncle. Sterile
spikelet seated within the upper fertile scale, many-flowered ; the scales lanceolate, purplish.
Stamens 3. Cupula shallow, entire. Achenium nearly 2 lines in diameter, resembling white
enamel, slightly apiculate. Perigynium an obtusely triangular thickened ring, in which the
achenium is seated.

Swamps and moist thickets: frequent. FU. July. Fr. August.

Scieria. CYPERACE. 369

*#* ODONTOSCLERIA. Achenium verrucose. Cupula saucer-form, obscurely triangular. Perigynium consisting of 3 -9
small tooth-like cellular-cruslaceous processes,

4. Scierta paucirtora, Aluhl. Lew-flowered Nut-rush.

Culm slender, smoothish ; leaves narrow, with pubescent sheaths ; fascicles lateral and
terminal, few-flowered, the lateral ones remote, on long peduncles ; bracts ciliate ; achenium
globose-ovoid, verrucose ; processes of the perigynium 6,— Muhl. gram. p. 267 (in part) ;
Willd. sp. 4. p. 318 (excl. syn. Michx.) ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 46 (excl. syn. Michx.); Ell. sk. 2.
p- 559; Beck, bot. p. 430; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 26; Torr. Cyp. p. 378; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 349.

Culm 9 - 18 inches high, triquetrous, slightly rough towards the summit. Fascicles 2 - 3,
composed of about 3 pairs of spikelets. Sterile spikelet few-flowered, sessile in the second
scale of the fertile. Stamens 3. Fertile spikelet of 3 somewhat coriaceous ovate mucronate
scales, which are somewhat ciliate on the keel. Between the sterile spikelet and the fertile
scale which embraces it, is a filiform process or abortive pedicel. Style 3-cleft. Achenium
white, shining, roughened with minute prominences. At the base are a number of longer
warts, which are usually capitate, and are pointed downward. Perigynium consisting of six
minute roundish white protuberances.

Monroe county (Dr. Bradley). In specimens collected in New-Hampshire by John Carey,
Esq., the processes of the perigynium are closely approximated in pairs.

#*%* Flypoporum, Nees. Achenium triangular at the base; the sides porous, punctate or sulcate. Perigynium none.

5. ScLeria verTiciuyata, Aluhl. Dwarf Verticillate Nut-rush.

Culm filiform, triquetrous, and, with the leaves, smooth ; fascicles 4 6, alternate, sessile,
rather distant, forming an interrupted spike ; bracts minute, setaceous ; achenium globose,
rugose-verrucose, mucronate.— Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 317 (excl. syn.), and gram. p. 266
(excl. syn.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 561; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 353. Hypoporum verticillatum, Nees
in Linnea, 9. p. 303; Torr. Cyp. p. 384.

Culm 6 — 10 inches high. Leaves linear, very narrow, flat, shorter than the culm. Fascicles
composed of 4 — 5 very few-flowered sessile spikelets, and appearing as if verticillate. Bracts
about as long as the fascicles. Scales of the fertile flowers ovate, smooth, purple, with a strong
upwardly scabrous green keel, which is produced into a short cusp. Nut a little more than
half a line in diameter, strongly and somewhat rugosely papillose, conspicuously mucronate
with the base of the style ; the base 3-sided, without pores.

Swamps, Yates county (Dr. Sartwell).

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 47

370 CYPERACE. Carex.

Trise VILL CARICEZ. Nees.

Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbricated on all sides, one-flowered. Stamens 2 - 3.
Stigmas 2-3. Achenium wholly enclosed in an utriculate perigynium, which is con-
tracted and often 2-toothed or 2-lobed at the orifice.

14. CAREX. Linn.; Endl. gen. 957; Torr. Cyp. p. 386. SEDGE.
{ Supposed to be from the Greek word iro, to shear or cut ; on account of its sharp leaves. ]

Spikes one or several, androgynous, moncecious or rarely dicecious. STam. FL. Stamens 3,
rarely 2or1. Puist. rx. Perigynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed,
emarginate or truncate at the apex, without an included bristle. Style single, included :
stigmas 2 — 3, elongated, exserted. Achenium lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned
with the lower portion of the persistent and continuous or rarely articulated style —Culms
triangular, more or less leafy. Spikes terminal or axillary, distant or approximated, or

variously aggregated.

This immense genus (containing, according to Dr, Boott, more than. 550 species) is largely represented in the United
States. Within the limits of the United States, there are probably at least 200 species,

A. Spike single.

* Diecious. Sligmas 2.

J. Carex vioica, Linn. Diacious Sedge.

Culm and leaves smooth ; spike simple, dicecious ; perigynia somewhat erect or spreading,
oblong-ovoid, nerved, hispid toward the summit on the margin.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 1879; Schk.
Car.t. A. f.1; Engl. bot. t. 543; Richards. app. Frankl. nar. p. 834; Schwein. §- Torr.
Car. 1l.c.1. p. 293; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 368.

Rhizoma creeping. Culms 6-8 inches high, filiform, triangular, a little rough on the
angles. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Sterile spikes about three fourths of an
inch long ; the scales ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, brown. Fertile spikes half an inch long,
8 — 12-flowered; the scales ovate. Perigynia somewhat erect or finally spreading almost
horizontally, mostly straight or only slightly curved, obtusely triangular, with a short abrupt
beak, longer than the scale; the orifice obliquely truncate. Achenium obovate-lenticular,
grayish brown.

Swamps, Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). I have the same plant from Michigan, where it
was collected by Mr. Bull. It agrees very well with my European specimens ; but my valued
friend Prof. Dewey thinks that it should rather be referred to C, Davalliana.

Carex. CYPERACE. 3é1

** Spike androgynous.
+ Stgmas 2.
2. Carex EXILis, Dewey. Slender Sedge.

Spikes solitary, androgynous and staminate below or dicecious, densely flowered, simple ;
perigynia finally spreading or recurved, ovate-lanceolate, biconvex, serrulate on the margin,
a little longer than the ovate acute scale. — Dew. Car. 1, c. 14. p. 351. f. 53; Torr. Cyp.
p. 387; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 419.

Culm 10-15 inches high, triangular, very slender, slightly rough on the angles above.
Leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm. Spike from half an inch to an inch long ;
the upper part usually fertile, with the fruit spreading ; the lower part contracted and often
elongated, consisting of closely imbricate staminate scales. Sometimes the whole spike is
sterile ; but the fertile is seldom or never without some staminate flowers at the base. Stigmas
2. Perigynium coriaceous, about 14 line long, acute, 2-toothed at the apex.

Borders*of mountain lakes, in Essex county; also on the borders of salt meadows, near
Sagharbor, Long Island (Dr. Knieskern). Fr. June - July. A neat and well characterized
species.

tt Stigmas 3.
3. Carex paucirtora, Light. Few-flowered Sedge.

Spike simple, few-flowered ; staminate flower mostly solitary ; perigynium lanceolate-
subulate, terete, reflexed ; scales caducous. — Lightf. fl. Scot. 2. p. 543. t. 6. f. 2; Schk.
Car.t. A. f.4; Schwein. g- Torr. 1. c. p. 298; Beck, bot. p. 431; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 424.
C. leucoglochin, Linn. f. suppl. p. 413; Torr. Cyp. p. 404; Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p. 42.

Culm triangular, 3 — 8 inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves mostly subradical, narrowly
linear, somewhat convolute. Spike of about 4 fertile flowers. Sterile flower solitary, with a
lanceolate scale. Perigynium large for the size of the plant, pale yellow, entire at the orifice,
about twice the length of the oblong-lanceolate scale. Stigmas 3. Achenium oblong-cylindrical.

Sphagnous swamps, northern and western counties.

4. Carex potytricuoiweEs, Aluhl. Bristle-stalked Sedge.

%

Culm setaceous ; spike simple, oblong-linear, few-flowered ; perigynium oblong, alternate,
obtusely triangular, somewhat emarginate, entire at the apex, twice as long as the ovate scale.
—Muhl, in Willd. sp. 4. p. 213; Schk. Car. t. li. f. 138; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 29; Muhl. gram.
p. 230; Dew. Car. l.c. 9. p. 258; Schwein. g Torr. l. c. p. 296; Beck, bot. p. 431 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 27; Torr. Cyp. p. 404; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 423. C. leptalea, Wahl.
act. Holm. 1803. p. 139. C. microstachya, Mich. fl. 2. p. 169.

Culm 9 - 15 inches high, very slender, triquetrous. Leaves mostly subradical, setaceous,
shorter than the culm. Spike sterile at the summit ; the staminate flowers 4 — 7, with oblong
rather acute scales. Fertile flowers 3- 8. Scales acute or obtuse. Perigynium smooth,
green, slightly nerved.

Low grounds, and in woods: abundant. FV. May. If'r. June.

4’7*

BY 24 CYPERACE. Carex.

5. Carex Witipenovu, Schk. Willdenow’s Sedge.

Spike simple; sterile portion above, cylindrical, 6 — 12-flowered, the scales closely im-
bricated ; fertile flowers 3 — 8; scales foliaceous, the lowest one with a subulate tip which is
often longer than the spike ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, acuminate-rostrate, the beak serrulate
on the margin; stigmas pubescent; achenium oblong, triangular, finely striate. — Schk. Car.
t. Mmm. f. 145; Willd. sp. 4. p. 211; MuAl. gram. p. 230; Ell. sk. 2. p. 527; Dew. Car.
lc. 11. p. 311; Schw. § Torr. 1. c. 1. p.295; Beck, bot. p. 431; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 480.

Culms (or rather peduncles) 3 — 10 inches high, slender, triquetrous. Leaves flat, 1 - 2
lines wide, overtopping the culm. Spikes usually 3-4 from each root, on nearly radical
peduncles, about three quarters of an inch long ; the sterile portion slender and rather acute,
with obtuse scales which are whitish on the margin : fertile flowers usually 4 or 5. Style
articulated at the base : stigmas 3. Perigynium membranaceous ; the beak as long as the
body and very slender, a little notched at the tip. Achenium pale straw-color, distinctly
triangular, striate with dotted lines.

Moist shady places, Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartwell). Fl. May. Fr. June. I have received
from 'T. G. Lea, Esq. of Cincinnati, a specimen of this plant in an anomalous state. On the
principal culm or peduncle, the lowest flower of the spike is somewhat distant from the others,
and from the orifice of its perigynium there protrudes a slender stalk. This supports a second
and smaller androgynous spike, consisting of two fertile and three sterile flowers. A some-
what similar structure has been noticed in C. phyllostachys of C. A. Meyer (See Torr. Cyp.
p. 404).

6. Carex Backxu, Boott. Backs Sedge.

Spike simple ; sterile flowers above, about 3, the fertile 2-4; fertile scales foliaceous ,
the lower ones much longer than the spike; stigmas smooth; perigynium globose -ovoid,
acuminated with a conical smooth beak, entire at the point; achenium globose-pyriform,
nearly smooth. — Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 210. t. 209. CC. Willdenovii, Gray,
Gram. § Cyp. part 2. no. 139 (in part). a

Culms cespitose. Leaves grass-like, about 2 lines long, longer than the culms, rough on
the margin. Culms (or rather peduncles) 3 — 4 from each shoot; the longest from 3 to 10
inches high; the others 1-3 inches, slender, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Spikes
ripening at different times ; the sterile portion at the summit, consisting of only two or three
minute flowers, with obtuse clasping scales : fertile usually 3. Style articulated : stigmas
rather thick and short, quite smooth. Perigynium rather more than two lines long, smooth,
membranaceous, slightly margined, with 2 prominent ribs ; the beak rather broad at the base.
Achenium rounded at the summit, obscurely 3-sided, abruptly contracted at the base.

Watertown, Jefferson county (Dr. Crawe). Nearly allied to the preceding, but distinguished
by its few sterile flowers, more globose perigynium, smooth beak, stigmas and achenium, as
well as the broader and usually much longer foliaceous scales.

Carex. CYPERACEX. 373

B. Spikelets aggregated, androgynous, sessile. Stigmas 2.

* Spikelets sterile at the summit.
7. Carex visperma, Dew. Two-seeded Sedge.

Spikelets mostly 3, rather remote, usually 2-flowered, the lowest one bracteate ; perigynium
ovate, rather obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, rough on the margin, entire at the point, twice as
long as the ovate-carinate somewhat mucronate scale.— Dew. Car. 1. c. 8. p. 266.t. A. f. 3;
Schwein. § Torr. 1. c. p. 303; Beck, bot. p. 432; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 405.

Culm 6 - 12 inches high, triquetrous, rough above, leafy below. Leaves narrow, mostly
shorter than the culm. Spikes sometimes 2, rarely 4, mostly with only 2 fertile flowers.
Bract of the lowest spikes often with a long slender point. Sterile scales lanceolate, whitish ;
the fertile broadly ovate, scarious, rather obtuse. Perigynium small, slightly narrowed above
but scarcely acute, with a sharp rough margin, tumid in front, a little spreading.

Sphagnous swamps ; frequent on mountains. FV. June. Fr. July. Dr. Boott thinks this
species is hardly distinct from C. loliacea of Europe.

8. Carex cuorporuiza, Ehrh. Long-rooted Sedge.

Culm compressed-terete ; spikelets in an ovoid head ; perigynium ovate, acuminate, striate,
slightly 2-toothed at the point, a little longer than the ovate acute scale. — “‘ Ehrh. phyt. no.
77;” Schk. Car. t. li. f. 31; Gray, Gram. § Cyp. part 2. no. 143; Torr. Cyp. p. 388 ;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 369; Boott in Hook. fl. Bor. Am. 2. p. 211.

Rhizoma creeping and branching in sphagnum, throwing up slender culms which are 6 — 12
inches high. Leaves of the culm short, appressed ; those of the sterile shoots much longer.
Cluster or head of spikelets about three fourths of an inch long, with a short ovate-subulate
bract at the base. Scales concave, appressed, brown. Perigynium plano-convex, very tumid
in front, thick and somewhat spongy, smooth. Achenium obovate, compressed, obtuse,
puncticulate, crowned with the rigid style.

Sphagnous swamps. Oneida county (Dr. Gray and Dr. Knieskern). Fl. May. Fr. June.
A native also of the northern parts of Europe.

9. Carex cepHALopHoRA, Jluhi. Oval-headed Sedge.

Culm triangular with convex sides, rough on the angles near the summit; spikelets ag-
gregated in an oval head; perigynium ovate, compressed, acute, the margin rough towards
the summit, about as long as the ovate mucronate or somewhat awned scale.—MudAl. in Willd.
sp. 4. p. 220; Schk. Car. t. Hbh. f. 153; Muhl. gram. p.118; Ell. sk. 2. p. 516; Dew.
Car. 1. c. 9. p. 269; Schwein. § Torr. l.c. p. 300; Beck, bot. p. 431; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 27; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 387.

Whole plant pale green. Culm usually 1 - 2 feet, high, naked except towards the base,
erect or reclining, rigid, striate. Spikelets collected into a dense head of a more or less
elliptical or ovoid shape, with one or two slender subulate bracts at the base. Scales carinate,

374 CYPERACES. Carex.

rough on the margin, greenish. Style nearly as long as the fruit, somewhat bulbous and
articulated at the base. Perigynium straight, diverging, ovate at the base, with a short
acumination. Achenium orbicular-ovate, lenticular.

Hill-sides and banks of rivers: common. £7. May. Fr. Early in June.

10. Carex Muutenserci, Schh. Muhlenberg’s Sedge.

Spikelets 5 — 7, closely approximated, each with a setaceous bract at the base, which is
usually longer than the spikelet; perigynium broadly ovate, compressed, slightly nerved,
somewhat diverging, 2-cleft at the point, rough on the margin, shorter than the ovate mucronate
scale. — Schk. Car. 2. p. 12. t. Yyy. f.178; Walid. sp. 4. p. 231; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 36;
Muhl. gram. p. 221; Ell. sk. 2. p. 529; Dew. Car. l. c. 8. p: 265; Schwein. g Torr. l. c.
p. 304; Beck, bot. p. 432; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 28; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 381.

Plant dark green. Culm 12 - 18 inches high, rather stout, triangular, striate, rough on the

angles above. Leaves broadly linear. Compound spike about an inch long; the setaceous

8;
bracts generally conspicuous, but sometimes short. Spikelets somewhat distinct. Scales with
a short awn, which is a little longer than the perigynium. Perigynium plano-convex, ciliate-
scabrous on the margin, flat on the back, slightly convex in front, with a short abrupt acumina-
tion, finally diverging ; the margin acute and serrulate about half way down. Achenium
orbicular-obovate, lenticular, crowned with the very short style, which is somewhat bulbous
and articulated at the base.

Rocky hill-sides, and on mountains : frequent. JF. April. Fr. May - June. Resembles
C. cephalophora, but the spikelets are less closely aggregated, and more bracteate ; the fruit

also is broader and less pointed, the scales are longer, and the whole plant is dark green.

11. Carex siccata, Dew. Dry-spiked Sedge.

Spikelets 4 = 8, elliptical, rather acute, approximated ; the highest androgynous, staminate
at the summit; intermediate ones staminate ; the lowest one (sometimes 2 or 3), usually
fertile below and rather distant ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, rough on
the margin, bifid, many-striate, about the length of the ovate-lanceolate scale. — Dew. Car.
lc. 10. p. 353. t. 1. f. 18, and 14..p. 278; Torr. Cyp. p. 391; Beck, bot. p. 4385 ; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 377. C. pallida, C. A. Mey. Cyp. nov. p. 21. t. 8 (fide Boott); Kunth, l.c.
p. 395.

Culm about a foot and a half high, slender, triquetrous, rough. Spikelets usually 6 or 7;
the terminal one much larger than the others ; the sterile closely appressed to the rachis, and
imbricated. Scales light brown, with a pale margin; the lowest larger and bract-like. Peri-
gynium convex externally, flat on the inside, membranaceous, tapering to a long point, distinctly
scabrous on the margin. Achenium broadly ovate, lenticular, crowned with the somewhat
articulated style, which is slightly hispid upward.

Western part of the State (Dr. Sartwell). Professor Dewey correctly remarks that this
species resembles C. intermedia of Goodenough.

Carex. CYPERACE. 370

12. Carex rosea, Schh. Rose Sedge.

Spikelets 4 — 6, remote, 9 — 12-flowered ; bracts setaceous, the lower one exceeding the
spike ; fruit oblong, acuminate, rostrate, narrow at the base, radiate, rough on the distinct
margin, about half the length of the broadly ovate rather obtuse scale.-—Schk. Car. 2. p. 15.
t. Zzz. f. 179; Willd. sp. 4. p. 237; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 36; Muhl. gram. p. 233; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 531; Schwein. g Torr. l.c. p. 302; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 276; Beck, bot. p. 432;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 28; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 386.

Culms usually about a foot or 18 inches high, slender and often decumbent, triquetrous or
unequally 5-angled, naked except towards the base. Leaves very narrow, mostly about the
length of the culm. Spikelets sometimes only 3, but usually about 5; the lower ones 6 — 10
lines asunder ; the upper ones approximated, of a yellowish green color ; the perigynia radiate
when mature. Scales whitish, with a green midrib. Perigynia elliptical-ovate, plano-convex,
acute at the base, tapering to a point, which is slightly 2-cleft. Achenium elliptical-lenticular,
crowned with the short style, which is simple, and not articulated at the base.

Moist woods and low grounds. Fl. May. Fr. June - July. This species is sometimes
dwarfish, with about 3 spikelets, which are 3 — 4-flowered ; in which state it is the C. rosea,
8, radiata, of Dewey.

13. Carex RETROFLEXA, AlLuhl. hetroflexed Sedge.

Spikelets 3 - 6, somewhat approximated, 5 — 8-flowered, the lower ones bracteate ; peri-
gynia ovate, acuminate, 2-toothed at the summit, smooth on the margin, spreading or reflexed,
about two-thirds the length of the ovate acute carinate scale-—Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 235 ;
Schk. Car. t. Kkk. f. 140; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 35; Muhl. gram. p. 219; Ell. sk. 2. p. 529;
Dew. Car. 1. c. 7. p. 271, and 10. p. 277; Schwein. § Torr. l. c. p. 301; Beck, bot. p. 432;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 286. C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr. Cyp. p. 383.

Culm about a foot high, triangular, with the sides convex, slender, a little rough above.
Leaves narrowly linear, pale green. Spikelets mostly 4; the two lower ones a little distant
from the others, and commonly furnished with a setaceous bract, at first ovoid, but the flowers
at length spreading or reflexed, yellowish when mature, sterile at the summit. Scales of the
fertile flowers whitish, with a green keel. Perigynium smooth, with a short compressed point,
which is smooth on the sides. Achenium ovate-lenticular. Style somewhat articulated.

Open woods and most meadows. Fl, May. Fr. June. Resembles the dwarf form of C.
rosea, but differs in its more approximate spikelets, shorter and smooth fruit.

14. Carex sparcanioivEs, JLuhd. Bur-reed Sedge.

Spikelets 6 — 10, ovoid; the upper ones approximate ; lower ones somewhat distant, brac-
teate ; perigynia ovate, compressed, acute, diverging, rough on the narrowly winged margin,
about twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale.—Muhl in Willd. sp. 4. p. 237; Schk. Car.
t. Lil. f. 142; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 36; Muhl. gram. p. 233; Dew. Car. 1. c. 8. p. 265; Ell.

376 CYPERACE#. Carex.

sk. 2. p. 531; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 336; Schwein. §- Torr. l.c. p. 304; Beck, bot. p. 432;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 29; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 381.

Culm 2 feet or more in height, triquetrous, rough on the angles above. Leaves pale green,
broadly linear. Spikelets sometimes as many as 12, but usually about 8 : several of the lowest
from half an inch to an inch apart, and sometimes compound. Bracts lanceolate, often longer
than the spikelets. Scales yellowish green. Perigynium membranaceous, much compressed,
plano-convex, spreading horizontally or a little reflexed, obscurely nerved, yellowish when
mature. Achenium broadly ovate-lenticular, crowned with the short continuous style.

Low swampy grounds: not rare. Fv. Karly in May. Fr. June.

15. Carex stipata, Muhl. Auwl-fruited Sedge.

Spikelets numerous, bracteate, crowded into an oblong compound spike ; bracts subulate,
rough, mostly shorter than the spikelets ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long tapering beak
which is serrulate on the margin, nerved, spreading, nearly twice as long as the ovate-
lanceolate mucronate scale. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 233; Schk. Car. t. Hbh. f. 132;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 35; Muhl. gram. p. 220; Dew. Car.t.c. 7. p. 271; Ell. sk. 2..p. 529;
Schwein. g- Torr. 1. c. p. 304; Beck, bot. p. 432; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 28; Kunth, enum.
2. p. 382. C. vulpinoidea, Torr. Cyp. p. 390; Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 212, not
of Miche.

Culm 1 - 3 feet high, rather thick and succulent, triquetrous, smooth except on the upper
part. Leaves 2-4 lines long, smooth, pale green. Spike about 2 inches long, of a straw
color, composed of 10 - 15 oblong spikelets which are somewhat distinct ; the lower ones with
subulate bracts at the base. Scales tapering to a sharp point. Perigynia plano-convex, slightly
stipitate with a broad truncate corky base, tapering to a long siender beak, 2-cleft at the point,
conspicuously striate. Achenium broadly ovate-lenticular. Style distinctly articulate at the
base.

Swamps and low grounds: very common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

16. Carex vuxirinoipEa, Miche. Fox Sedge.

Spike oblong, decompound, more or less.interrupted, bracteate ; spikelets glomerate, ovoid,
obtuse ; perigynia compressed, ovate, acuminate, bifid at the point, 3-nerved, sparingly hispid
on the margin of the beak, finally diverging, rather shorter than the ovate cuspidate scale.-—
Miche. fl. 2. p.69. C. multiflora, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 243; Schk. Car. t. LIL f. 144;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 36; Muhl. gram. p. 222; Dew. Car.l.c. 9. p. 60; Ell. sk. 2. p. 530;
Schwein. §- Torr. l. c. p. 306; Beck, bot. p. 433; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 29; Kunth, enum.
2. p. 387.

Culm 14 - 2 feet high, acutely triangular and rough on the angles above, nearly terete
below, leafy. Spike 14-24 inches long, formed of numerous small spikelets, which are
crowded into 8 — 10 clusters. Bracts rather foliaceous, often elongated. Scales of the sterile
flowers lanceolate, with a short point; of the fertile ovate, with a rough mucro. Perigynia

Carex. CYPERACEX. 377

diverging almost horizontally, distinctly 3-nerved on the convex side, 2-nerved on the flat side,
yellowish green when mature. Achenium broadly ovate-lenticular, crowned with the somewhat
articulated style.

Low grounds: common. Fil. May. Fr. June.

17. Carex setacra, Dew. Bristly-spiked Sedge.

Spike oblong, decompound, bracteate ; spikelets glomerate, ovoid, obtuse ; perigynia ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid at the point, somewhat diverging, strongly serrulate-
hispid on the margin, about the length of the ovate-lanceolate awned scale. — Dew. Car. I. c.
9. p.61.t.2.f.5; Schwein. g Torr. l.c. p. 307; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 382.

Culm 14 — 2 feet high, triquetrous with the sides striate, very rough on the angles above,
leafy. Leaves 2 - 3 lines wide. Spike about 2 inches long, sometimes dicecious, appearing
bristly from the numerous bracts. Spikelets very numerous, aggregated into several ap-
proximated clusters, tawny when old. Scales light brown, green on the keel; the bristle-like
tip extending to the apex of the fruit. Perigynium plano-convex, obscurely 3 - 5-nerved,
yellowish when mature. Achenium ovate, lenticular. Style somewhat articulated.

Wet meadows, in the western part of the State. Fl. June. Fr. July. Very near the
preceding species, but differs in the more compact spike ; the perigynia also are narrower,
more compressed, less diverging, and the margin more strongly serrulate.

18. Carex BRomoipEs, Schk. Bromus-like Sedge.

Spikes 4 — 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, erect, the uppermost one fertile at the summit,
the others either wholly pistillate or androgynous, with staminate and fertile flowers both at
the base and apex; fruit lanceolate, nerved, erect, acuminate, rough on the margin, longer
than the lanceolate scale.— Schk. Car. 2. p. 8. t. Xxx. f.176; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 135; MuAl.
gram. p. 217; Ell. sk. 2. p. 528; Dew. Car. l. c. 8. p. 264; Schwein. g Torr. 1. c. p. 300;
Beck, bot. p. 431; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 31; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 377.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, slender, triquetrous, rough on the angles above. Spikelets 4 — 6 lines
long, sometimes only 3, but usually 4; the lower ones rather distant ; the uppermost one
mostly with a very few staminate flowers below, or occasionally with 1 or 2 at the summit ;
the others varying, either wholly fertile, or with a few sterile flowers above or below. Oc-
casionally the plant is somewhat dicecious or polygamous ; some individuals being entirely
sterile, while others are fertile. Scales broadly lanceolate, light brown, with an abrupt
mucronate point. Fruit conspicuously striate ; the lower third solid and corky ; the point
slightly bifid. Achenium ovate-oblong, obtuse, crowned with the articulated style.

Wet meadows and swamps. Fl. May. Fr. June.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 48

378 CYPERACE. Carex.

19. Carex atopecorpEa, Tucker. Fox-tail Sedge.

Spike compound, oblong; spikelets 8 — 10, ovoid, aggregated, staminate above ; perigynium
ovate, plano-convex, nearly nerveless, about as long as the ovate mucronate scale ; the beak
of medium length, acuminate, serrulate-scabrous on the margin, bifid at the tip.—Tuckerm.
enum. Car. p. 18, and Sill. jour. 45. p. 39. C. cephalophora, var. maxima, Dew. Car. l. c.
43. p. 92. ;

Culm tall (2 - 4 feet high), triquetrous, rough on the angles, leafy below. Spike about an
inch long, loose, yellowish green. Stgmas 2. Fruit diverging, slightly winged.

Woods, Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartwell). Resembles C. cephalophora, but differs in the peri-
gynium. It is also allied to C. vulpina of Europe, and C. stipata ; but in those species the
perigynium is scarcely margined.

20. Carex Sartwetiiu, Dew. Sartwell’s Sedge.

Spike compound ; spikelets 12 - 25, ovoid and ovoid-oblong, sessile, somewhat closely
bracteate, fertile below , the upper ones often almost wholly staminate, and the lower ones, or
sometimes all of them, chiefly fertile ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convexo-concave, some-
what 2-toothed at the apex, about the length of the ovate acute scale. — Dew. Car. l. c. 43.
p- 91.

Culm 13 - 2 feet high, rather rigid, erect, leafy below, rough on the angles. Leaves flat,
pale green, shorter than the culm. Spike about 2 inches long, lobed, somewhat compressed.
Spikelets very closely approximated : one third or one half of the upper ones commonly sterile ;
the lower ones with a few staminate flowers above, or entirely fertile. Scales light brown.
Perigynium with the margin serrulate-scabrous. Achenium obovate-lenticular, slightly two-
toothed, and often split down in front half its length.

Junius, Seneca county (Dr. Sartwell). As my acute friend Mr. Tuckerman remarks, this
species is scarcely distinct from the European C. disticha.

21. Carex TERETIUSCULA, G'ood. Lesser-panicled Sedge.

Spike decompound, oblong, consisting of ovate crowded spikelets which are finally brownish;
bracts short ; perigynia ovate, stipitate, acuminate, unequally biconvex, 3 — 5-nerved external-
ly, the flat beak serrulate on the margin, longer than the ovate acute scales.— Gooden. in Linn.
trans. 2. p..163.t..19.,f.3 5 Senk. Car. ¢. D. 7,19, and ‘Pf, 69; Dew. Can. 1, ce7: Pp. 225;
Schwein. §- Torr. 1 c. p. 308; Beck, bot. p. 433; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 390. C. paniculata,
8. teretiuscula, Wahl. in act. Holm. 1803. p. 143; Torr. Cyp. p. 390.

Culm 14 - 2 feet or more high, triquetrous and striate, rigid, rough on the angles. Leaves
very narrow, channelled, triquetrous towards the apex. Spike 1 - 13 inch long and one third
of an inch in diameter, often somewhat decompound. Scales brownish, with a pale green keel.
Perigynium chestnut-brown, shining, nerved on the convex surface but not on the back,
thickened and corky at the base, with a short abrupt stipe. Achenium orbicular-obovate,
lenticular.

Swamps: common. Fl. May. Fr. June. A native also of Europe.

Carex. CYPERACE. 379

22. Carex pecomposita, Muhl. (Plate CXLIL.) Large-panicled Sedge.

Spike decompound and paniculate ; spikelets very numerous and crowded, finally brown ;
perigynium broadly ovate, sessile, with a short abrupt beak which is rough on the margin,
5 -—9-nerved en each side, about the length of the ovate acuminate scale. — Muhl. gram.
p. 264; Dew. Car. l. c. 25. p. 140. 4.8. f. 58; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 390. C. paniculata,
var. decomposita, Dew. 1. c. 10. p. 276; Torr. Cyp. p. 390.

Plant pale green. Culm 2 - 3 feet high, obtusely triangular, striate, slightly rough on the
angles, leafy. Leaves broadly linear, rough. Spike or panicle 2 - 4 inches long, more or less
bracteate below ; the branches alternate and nearly erect : spikelets ovoid, androgynous, with
the sterile flowers at the summit. Perigynium almost orbicular-ovate, convex on both surfaces
and distinctly nerved, particularly toward the base, very narrowly margined, of a dark brown
color when mature, the texture thick and corky : beak broad at the base and abruptly pointed,
slightly notched at the point. Style continuous. Achenium ovate, lenticular.

Swamps. Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). ‘This species resembles C. paniculata of Europe ;
but in that species the perigynium is narrower, with a much longer and more deeply bifid beak.

#« Spikelets staminate at the base.
23. Carex TRisperMA, Dew. Three-seeded Sedge.

Spikelets mostly 3, about 3-flowered, remote, alternate, sessile, ovate, the two lower ones
with long setaceous bracts ; perigynia oblong, acute or tapering to a short beak, somewhat
diverging, plano-convex, entire at the apex, finely nerved, nearly smooth on the margin, longer
than the oblong acute whitish scale. — Dew. Car. l. c. 9. p. 63. t. C. f. 12; Schwein.
Torr. Cyp.l.c. p. 311; Beck, bot. p. 434; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 406.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, triangular, rough on the angles, very slender and weak, often pro-
strate, leafy. Leaves very narrow. Spikelets sterile below, 2 - 4-flowered ; the bracts of the
lower ones 2 — 3 inches long, linear-setaceous. Scales very thin and membranaceous ; all but
the green midrib of a whitish color. Perigynium membranaceous, marked with numerous
slender nerves, green, about one third longer than the scale. Achenium obovate-oblong,
compressed. Style continuous.

Sphagnous swamps, and wet mountain woods. Fil. June. Fr. July.

24, Carex Deweyana, Schwein. Dewey's Sedge.

Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovoid, rather distant, the uppermost one without a bract ; ache-
nium oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-rostrate, 2-toothed at the summit, a little rough on the
margin, rather longer than the oblong-lanceolate mucronate or slightly awned hyaline scale.—
Schwein. anal. tab. in ann. lyc. N. York, 1. p. 65; Dew. Car, l.c. 9. p. 62. t. C. fi 11;
Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l.c. p. 110; Beck, bot. p. 433; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 419.

48*

380 CYPERACE. Carex.

Culm 1 - 3 feet high, triquetrous, weak and often somewhat decumbent, rough on the
angles above. Leaves pale yellowish green, mostly radical, 1-2 lines wide. Spikelets
mostly 3, but sometimes 4 or only 2, sterile below ; the two lower ones with a setaceous bract
at the base. Perigynium membranaceous, erect or a little spreading, plano-convex, pale,
distinctly rough on the margin; the convex surface smooth and obscurely nerved. Scales
whitish and translucent, with a rough point or short bristle. Achenium ovate, lenticular.

Moist woods : common in the western parts of the State. Fl. Early in June.

25. Carex CANESCENS, Linn. White Carex.

Spikelets about 6, rather distant, elliptical (pale), with minute bracts at the base ; peri-
gynium broadly ovate, flatly plano-convex, obscurely striate, rather acute, slightly rough on
the margin, nearly entire at the orifice, about the length of the scale.— Linn. sp. 2. p. 974 ;
Schk. Car. t. C. f.13; Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. p. 147; Torr. Cyp. p. 393. CC. curta,
Good. in Linn. trans. 2. p. 145; Muhl. gram. p. 232; Dew. l.c. 8. p. 83; Schwein. &
Torr. Car. l. c. p. 318; Beck, bot. p. 435; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 403. C. Richardi, Michx.
fi. 2p: 170.

var. spherostachya : spikelets 3 - 4, roundish, few-flowered : perigynium narrower, acu-
minated with a conspicuous beak. Tuckerm. in Sill. jour. 45. p. 39. C. canescens, f.,
Torr. l. c.

Culms 15 — 24 inches high, clustered, triquetrous, rough above, striate. Leaves broadly
linear, pale green. Spikelets 4-8, nearly one third of an inch long, alternate ; the lower
ones from 8 lines to nearly an inch apart, staminate below ; the bracts at the base short, with
a very slender setaceous point. Scales ovate, whitish and hyaline, acute with a mucronate
tip, mostly about the length of the perigynium, but sometimes a little longer. Perigynium
somewhat corky below, marked with 6 - 8 faint nerves on both sides ; the orifice very slightly
2-toothed. Achenium obovate, lenticular, crowned with the articulated style.

Wet meadows : frequent; var. spherostachya, Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartwell). Fl. May. Fr.
June. According to Dr. Boott, Linneus confounded this species with C. Buabaumii and C.
alpina ; and the description of C. canescens in the Sp. pl. having been drawn chiefly from C.
Buaxbaumit, he considers that the proper C. canescens. The silvery white color of the mature
spikelets is a good distinguishing mark of this Carrx.

26. Carex STELLULATA, G'ood. Little Prickly Sedge.

Spikelets 3-4, roundish or ovoid, rather approximated ; perigynia ovate, acuminate, ciliate-
scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed at the summit, at length spreading horizontally, a little
longer than the ovate rather obtuse scale. — Good. in Linn. trans. 2. p.1114; Schk. Car.
t.C. f.14; Dew. Car, tl. c.11. p. 306; Schwein. g& Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 317; Beck, bot.
p. 435; Torr. Cyp. p. 392; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 399.

var. sterilis : inflorescence more or less dicecious ; the pistillate spikes bearing very few

Carex. CYPERACE. 381

staminate flowers ; the staminate spikes more or less pistilliferous. Torr. Cyp. l. c. C. sterilis,
Schk. Car. t. Mmm. f. 146; Willd. sp. 4. p. 208; Muhl. gram. p. 217; Dew. Car. l.c. 11.
p. 304; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 293; Kunth, l.c. p. 401.

var. scirpoides : somewhat smaller; spikes (especially the uppermost) with numerous
staminate flowers, thus becoming clavate. Torr. l.c. C. scirpoides, Schk. Car. t. Zzz.
f. 180; Willd. sp. 4. p. 237; Muhl. gram. p. 225; Ell. sk. 2. p. 533; Dew. Car. l. c. 8.
p- 96; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 317.

Culm usually about a span high, but often a foot or more, triangular with the sides convex.
Leaves about a line wide, pale green. Spikelets rarely 5, mostly 4, few-flowered, yellowish
green when mature ; the lower one or two a little distant. Scales light brown. Perigynium
broad at the base, tapering above to a longish beak, convex externally, and marked with 7 - 9
pretty distinct nerves. Achenium roundish ovate.

Wet meadows: common. Fl. in the beginning, and fr. about the end of May. A some-
what variable species, but easily recognized. I cannot distinguish, by any constant and specific
marks, C. scirpoides and C. sterilis from the proper C. stellulata.

27. Carex TENUIFLORA, Wahi. _ Slender Cluster-spiked Sedge.

Spikelets 3, roundish-elliptical, approximated, the lowest one bracteate at the base ; peri-
gynium elliptical, obtuse, compressed, erect, about the length of the broadly ovate rather obtuse
scale.— Wahl. in act. Holm. 1803. p. 147; Schk. Car. t. Keee. f. 187; Dew. Car. l. c. 28.
p. 273, and 39. p.51; Torr. Cyp. p. 392 g 443; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 405.

Culms cespitose, 8 — 12 inches long, very slender and often prostrate, triquetrous, nearly
smooth. Leaves narrowly linear, shorter than the culm. Spikelets closely approximated.
Scales hyaline, with a green keel. Perigynium smooth, obscurely striate, nearly entire at the
orifice. Achenium obovate, lenticular, crowned with the continuous persistent style.

Sphagnous swamps : Oriskany, Oneida county (Dr. Knieskern) ; near Ogdensburgh (Dr.
Crawe). Fl. June. Fr. July. This rare species is a native also of the north of Europe.

28. Carex scoparia, Schk. Broom-like Sedge.

Spikelets 5-10, elliptical or ovoid, acute, approximated, the lowest with a deciduous
setaceous bract at the base ; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, with a rough narrowly winged
margin, bifid, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale-—WSchk. Car. t. Xxx. f. 175; Willd.
sp. 4. p. 230; Muhl. gram. p. 277; Ell. sk. 2. p. 535; Dew. Car.l.c. 8. p.94; Schw.
§ Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 313; Beck, bot. p.434; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 30; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 396 ; Tuckerm. enum. Car. p. 17 (excl. var. y.). C.leporina, Micha. fl. 2. p. 170.

var. lagopodiodes : spikes 10 - 15, crowded, the lowest usually subtended by a long bract.
Torr. l.c.; Tuckerm. enum. Car. p.17. C. lagopodiodes, Schk. Car. t. Yyy. f. 177;
Willd. l.c.; Muhl. gram. l.c.; Ell. l.c.; Dew. l.c. p. 95; Schwein. §- Torr. lc. p. 313;
Beck, bot. p. 434; Darlingt. l. c.; Kunth, l. c. p. 398 (excl. syn. C. cristate).

382 CYPERACE. Carex.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, triquetrous, rough above. Leaves about 24 lines wide, nearly as long
as the culm. Spikelets 4 — 6 lines long, closely approximated in an imbricated oblong cluster,
many-flowered ; each with a very few staminate flowers at the base. Scales a little shorter
than the perigynium, light brown. Perigynium flatly plano-convex, many-nerved on both
sides, tapering to a long very acute point ; the margin distinctly winged, and ciliolate-scabrous.
Achenium elliptical-oblong, crowned with the long continuous style.

Wet meadows and swamps : very common, as is the variety lagopodioides. The latter
has been regarded as a distinct species by most of our botanists, but it seems clearly to pass
into the ordinary form.

29. Carex sTRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge.

Spikelets 3-8, roundish ovoid, approximated ; fruit broadly ovate, much compressed,
abruptly acuminate, with a broadly winged ciliolate-scabrous margin, a little longer than the
lanceolate scale. — Schk. Car. t. C. f. 34, and t. Xxx. f. 174; Willd. sp. 4. p. 242; MuAl.
gram. p. 229; Dew. Car. l.c. 7. p. 276, and 11. p. 157; Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c.
p. 314; Beck, bot. p. 434; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 30; Torr. Cyp. p. 395 ; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 398.

var. fenea : spikelets 4 — 10, ovoid or ovoid-globose, of a glaucous green color, the lower
ones sometimes compound ; perigynium rather broadly winged, erect.— Torr. 1. c.; Tuckerm.
l.c. C. foenea, Muhl. gram. p. 227; Schwein. §- Torr. l. c.; Kunth, l.c. p. 3972

var. moniliformis : spikelets 4 — 12, straw-colored, ovoid or obovoid, rather remote ; peri-
gynia ovate, more or less conspicuously beaked, erect.— Tuckerm.l.c. C. festucacea (in
part), Dew. 1. c.; Schwein. § Torr. l.c. C. tenera, Dew. Car. l.c. 8. p. 97; Schwein. ¢
Torr. Car. l.c. p. 319; Beck, bot. p. 435. C.adusta, Boott in Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 215
(fide Tuckerm.).

var. festucacea : spikelets 4 - 12, green, obovoid, more or less clavate, somewhat approxi-
mate ; perigynia with a less conspicuous beak, erect.— Tuckerm. l. c. C. festucacea, Schk.
Car. t. Www. f. 173; Dew. Ll. c. (in part); Schwein. g- Torr. 1. c. (in part).

var. mirabilis : spikelets 8 — 12, green, roundish-ovoid, closely aggregated ; perigynia

ovate, a little smaller and narrower, finally spreading. — Tuckerm. l.c. C. mirabilis, Dew.
l. c. 3. p. 63.

var. cristata : spikelets 8 — 15, finally straw-colored, closely aggregated in a kind of head;
perigynia ovate, finally spreading. — Tuckerm. l.c. C. cristata, Schwein. anal. tab. l. ¢. ;

Schwein. g§ Torr. l.c. p. 315. t. 25. f.1; Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p. 44.

A variable species, but the numerous forms pass into each other. Perigynium many-
nerved, 2-toothed at the apex. Achenium obovoid or oblong-obovoid, lenticular, crowned with
the continuous style.

Wet meadows and swamps : var. fenea in salt-marshes on the seacoast. Fl. May — June.
Fr. June - July.

Carex. CYPERACE. 383

A
C. Spikes several (rarely solitary), all of them androgynous. Stigmas 3.
* Slaminate at the summit,

30. Carex pepuncutata, Muh. Long-stalked Sedge.

Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote, staminate above, erect ; perigynia obovate-
triquetrous, entire, about the length of the cuspidate scale. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 222;
Schk. Car. t. Ggg. f. 131; Muhl. gram. p. 232; Dew. Car. l.c. 9. p. 259; Schwein. &
Torr. Car. l. c. p. 309; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 48.

Culms cespitose, 4 - 8 inches high, slender, triquetrous, rough downward. Leaves pale
green, 1 line wide, rather rigid, with a triangular point. Spikes usually 4 on one culm, few-
flowered ; the lower ones nearly radical ; all of them on slender peduncles : uppermost with
a larger sterile portion than the others. Sterile scales often dark brown, ovate-lanceolate,
rigidly cuspidate. Fertile scales broader, and with a longer cusp. Perigynium with a long
attenuated base, smooth, membranaceous, nerveless, entire and somewhat recurved at the
orifice. Achenium triquetrous. Style continuous.

Sides of rocky hills, and in dry woods: rare. Fl. April. Fr. May.

** Slaminate at the base.

31. Carex squarrosa, Linn. Squarrose-headed Sedge.

Spikes 1 - 3, oblong or cylindrical-oblong, very thick ; perigynia inflated, with a long
straight beak, numerous, horizontal, squarrose, smooth, 2-toothed at the summit, longer than
the lanceolate glume.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 973 ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 215; Dew. Car. l. c. 8. p. 270.
t. J. f. 29; Schwein. G- Torr. Cyp. 1. c. p. 299. t. 27. f. 2; Beck, bot. p.431; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 27; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 428. C.typhina, Miche. fl. 2. p. 169.

Culm 14 - 2 feet high, triquetrous, leafy, rough. Leaves about 23 lines wide, longer than
the culm. Spikes commonly solitary, but often 2 or 3, very rarely more, 1 — 2 inches long
and nearly three fourths of an inch in diameter, obtuse at each end. Sterile flowers at the base,
closely imbricated, and giving the upper part of the peduncle a clavate appearance. Scales
lanceolate, acute ; the fertile ones almost concealed by the crowded flowers. Perigynia tur-
binate and inflated below, with several strong nerves; the upper ones nearly erect, middle
ones horizontal, and the lowest somewhat reflexed ; the long slender abrupt beaks giving the
spike a squarrose appearance. Achenium oblong, triangular, puncticulate-striate, crowned
with the long stout continuous style, which is often recurved within the perigynium.

Bog meadows : frequent about New-York, but rare in the interior of the State. Fl. May.
Fr. June. A remarkable species, which is recognized at once by its large thick squarrose
spikes.

384 CYPERACE. Carex,

D. Spikes several : terminal one androgynous ; the others fertile. Stigmas 3.

32. Carex Buxpaumu, Wahl. Buxbaum’s Sedge.

Spikes about 4, obovate or oblong, rather remote ; terminal one androgynous, sterile below,
pedunculate , the others nearly sessile ; perigynium elliptical, compressed-triangular, obtuse,
minutely 2-toothed, about as long as the ovate cuspidate (brown) scale-——WadAl. in act. Holm.
1803. p. 163; Muhl. gram. p. 325; Ell. sk. 2. p. 539; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 323;
Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 39; Beck, bot. p. 436; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 432. C. polygama, Schk.
Car. t. X. & Gg. f. 76. C. canescens, Boott in Hook. Brit. fl. (ed. 4.) p. 335, and in Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 216; Linn. sp. 2. p. 974 (in part).

Culm about 2 feet high, triquetrous, nearly smooth, leafy below. Leaves shorter than the
culm. Spikes 3 or sometimes 5, half an inch or more in Jength ; the upper ones rather ap-
proximated ; the lowest distant, and subtended by a long foliaceous bract. Sometimes the
uppermost spike is entirely sterile. Scales of a bright chestnut-brown, with a pale midrib.
Perigynium mostly a little shorter than the scale, nerveless ; the orifice furnished with two
minute but distinct teeth. Achenium triquetrous, oblong, crowned with the continuous style.

Sphagnous swamps ; northern and western counties: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June. Our
plant is in all respects the same as the European C. Buxbaumit.

33. Carex TrRIicEPs, Michz. Three-headed Pubescent Sedge.

Spikes mostly 3, oblong, terminal one pedunculate, the others fertile, sessile and rather
distant ; perigynium broadly obovate, very obtuse, entire at the orifice, strongly nerved, pu-
bescent when young, but finally almost smooth, shorter than the oblong acute scale ; sheaths
and leaves pubescent.— Micha, fl. 2. p.170; Ell. sk. 2. p. 5382; Torr. cat. in geol. surv.
p- 186; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 430. CC. hirsuta, Willd. sp. 4. p. 252; Schk. Car. t. Www.
f.172; Schwein. § Torr. Car. l.c. p. 322; Beck, bot. p. 436; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 32.
C. viridula, Schwein. g Torr. 1. c. (excl. syn. Michz.).

var. pedunculata : spikelets oblong-cylindrical, pedunculate ; leaves scarcely pubescent.—
C. hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schwein. g- Torr. l. c.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, triquetrous, rough, leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, rough on the
margin, more or less pubescent, as are also the sheaths. Spikes sometimes 4 or only 2, 6-8
lines long and about 24 lines in diameter; the terminal one clothed at the base with’ sterile
lanceolate scales ; the others on very short peduncles : lowest one with a leafy bract at the
base. Perigynium marked on each side with 7 — 9 nerves, a little pubescent when young,
but nearly or quite smooth when mature, yellowish green. Achenium triquetrous-obovoid,
puncticulate-striate.

Woods and meadows. Fl. May. Fr. End of June or beginning of July.

Carex. CYPERACE. 385

34. Carex virescens, Muhl. Green-spiked Pubescent Sedge.

Spikes mostly 3, oblong or oblong-cylindrical, approximated, erect, all on short peduncles,
terminal one staminate at the base, the others fertile, with subulate or foliaceous bracts at
the base ; perigynium triangular-ovoid, obtuse, strongly nerved, roughly pubescent, rather
longer than the ovate mucronate scale ; leaves and sheaths pubescent. — Muhl. in Willd. sp.
4. p. 251; Schk. Car. t. Mmm. f. 147; Muhl. gram. p. 233; Dew. Car. l.c. 9. p. 259 ;
Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 321 (and var. costata) ; Beck, bot. p. 436 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 32; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 429. C. costata, Schwein. an. tab. l. c. p. 67.

Culm 1 —- 2 feet high, slender, erect or reclining, leafy, triquetrous, rough above. Leaves
about 2 lines wide, pale green. Spikes sometimes 4 or only 2, half an inch to three fourths
of an inch long ; the terminal one with a few staminate flowers at the base. Fertile scales
whitish, with a green keel. Perigynium green, flattened on the inside, tumid and obtusely
angular in front, marked with several strong nerves or ribs, roughly pubescent, nearly entire
at the orifice. Achenium obovate-triquetrous, crowned with the continuous style.

Woods and hill-sides. FU. May. Fr. June. C. costata, Schwein., is only a luxuriant
state of this species, and can hardly be considered as even a variety.

35. CaREX GRACILLIMA, Schwein. Slender Nodding Sedge.

Spikes usually 4, linear, slender, rather loosely flowered, distant, on filiform nodding
peduncles , the uppermost one androgynous, staminate below , the others all fertile ; peri-
gynium oblong, triangular, obtuse, smooth, entire, longer than the oblong mucronate scale.—
Schwein. an. tab. l. c. p. 66; Dew. Car. l. c. 8. p. 98. t. J. f. 28; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 33;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 454. C. digitalis, Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 324. t. 27. f. 1 (not
of Willd.) ; Beck, bot. p. 436.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, triquetrous, nearly smooth, leafy. Leaves about 2 lines long.
Spikes 1 - 14 inch long; the lowest one with a leafy bract at the base of the peduncle ; the
two next with subulate bracts : terminal one about one half staminate. Sterile scales linear-
lanceolate, scarcely mucronate : fertile scales about one half the length of the perigynia,
whitish, with a green keel, distinctly mucronate. Perigynium green, inconspicuously nerved,
membranaceous ; the orifice slightly oblique. Achenium oblong-obovate, triquetrous ; the
persistent style continuous.

Moist meadows : common. Fil. June. Fr. July. A graceful species.

36. Carex Formosa, Dew. Showy Sedge.

Spikes mostly 4, oblong, distant, on nodding peduncles, the uppermost staminate below,
the others all fertile ; perigynium oblong, smooth, triangular, somewhat inflated, rather acute
at each end, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, twice as long as the ovate acute scale. — Dew.
Car. 1. c. 8. p. 98. t. B. f.6; Schw. §- Torr. Car. l.c. p. 325; Beck, bot. p. 436; Torr.
Cyp. p. 409; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 430.

{FLora — Vol. 2.] 49

386 CYPERACE. Carex.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, triangular, leafy, smooth. Leaves about 24 lines long, smooth
or a little pubescent, pale green. Spikes 4 — 5, from one half to three fourths of an inch long,
8 — 13-flowered ; the lower half of the uppermost one staminate ; the scales whitish, lanceo-
late and rather obtuse. Peduncles filiform and exserted. Fertile scales broader than the
sterile, with a prominent rough keel. Perigynium about 2 lines long, erect, indistinctly nerved ;
the orifice membranaceous and somewhat produced. Achenium triquetrous, oval, crowned
with the continuous style : stigmas short, pubescent.

Wet meadows ; western part of the State: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June.

37. Carex Davisu, Schwein. & Torr. Davis's Sedge.

Spikes mostly 4, somewhat distant, cylindrical-oblong, few-flowered, rather thick, peduncu-
late and somewhat nodding, the uppermost one staminate below, the others all fertile ; peri-
gynium oblong, somewhat inflated, acute, smooth, indistinctly nerved, slightly 2-toothed, about
as long as the awned scale. — Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 326; Torr. Cyp. p. 409. C.
aristata, Dew. Car. l.c.'7. p. 277, and 9.t. A. f. 1 (not of R. Br.). C. Torreyana, Dew.
l.c. 10. p.47; Beck, bot. p. 436; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 468 (excl. syn. C. Davisii and C.
alpestris, Dew.). C.(anonymos) no. 4, Muhl. gram. p. 254.

Culm about a foot and a half high, triquetrous, leafy, rough above. Leaves about 2 lines
wide, rough on the margin, often a little pubescent. Spikes about an inch long, on exserted
peduncles ; the terminal one somewhat clavate from the imbricated slender scales at the base,
rarely all staminate : fertile spikes sometimes only 2. Fertile scales ovate, whitish, acuminate
and tapering into a conspicuous rough bristle, which is often longer than the perigynium ; the
keel greenish. Perigynium about 2% lines long, rather acute at the base, with a short beak,
which is 2-toothed at the orifice. Achenium ovate-triquetrous, puncticulate-striate. Style
continuous.

Wet meadows, along rivers ; valley of the Hudson above the Highlands, and in the northern
and western counties : rather frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. ‘The name under which this
specics was first described by my friend Prof. Dewey, was changed (as there was a C. aristata
of R. Brown) to C. Davisiz, in the monograph of Dr. de Schweinitz and myself, and published
before Prof. Dewey himself named the plant a second time. He was mistaken in supposing
this publication of Schwein. & Torr. was subsequent to his.

E. Spikes several; one or more of the terminal ones entirely staminate; the rest pistillate.

* Sligmas 2.

38. Carex riaIpa, Gooden. Rigid Sedge.

Staminate spike mostly solitary, erect ; fertile spikes 2-4, on short naked peduncles,
rather remote, oblong-cylindrical, few-flowered : perigynium oval-elliptical, rather acute at
each end, smooth, with a short entire beak, about as long as the ovate-oblong (blackish) some-
what obtuse scale-—Gooden. in Linn. trans. 2. p. 193. t. 22. f.10; Schk. Car. t. U. f. 71;

Carex. CYPERACE#. 387

Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 217; Tuckerm. in Sill. jour. 45. p. 40. C. saxatilis, fl.
Dan. t. 159; Schk. Tt. f.40; Pursh, fl. 1. p.38; Torr. Cyp. p. 397; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 410 (not of Linn., which is C. pulla, Good., fide Boott). C. Bigelovii, Torr. in Schwein.
an. tab. 1. c. C. Washingtoniana, Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 272. C. nigra, Schwein. § Torr.
Car. l. c. p. 336.

Culm 6 - 15 inches high, triquetrous, nearly smooth. Leaves abcut a line and a half wide,
somewhat rigid. Fertile spikes variable in number, but most frequently 3 — 4, rarely 5, half
an inch to an inch long; the lowest usua!ly remote; the others often approximated : the
lower peduncles 6 — 10 lines long, with bracts at the base which are destitute of sheaths.
Fertile scales closely applied to the perigynium and equalling it in size, of a blackish brown
color, with a pale narrow margin and keel. Perigynium nerveless, 14 line long; the summit
produced into a very short beak. Achenium obovate, compressed-triquetrous, dull brown, very
minutely striate, crowned with the continuous style. Stigmas mostly 2.

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county. FV. July. Fr. August This somewhat variable
plant is the C. saxatilis of most botanists, but (as has been ascertained by Dr. Boott) not of
Linneus. The original species proves to be C. pulla, Gooden.; while the plant usually called
C. saxatilis, is C. rigida, Gooden. Numerous European specimens of the latter, in my
herbarium, agree very well with those from Mount Marcy.

39. Carex ancustata, Boot?. Large Bog Sedge.

Staminate spikes 1 — 3, cylindrical ; fertile spikes 2-4, distant, cylindrical, usually slender,
often staminate at the summit, spreading or somewhat nodding, the lower one on a short
peduncle, the others nearly sessile ; stigmas 2; perigynium ovate, with a short acumination,
smooth and nerveless, entire at the orifice, mostly longer and broader than the linear-oblong
blackish-ferruginous rather obtuse scale ; culm and leaves rough. — Boott in Hook. fl. Bor -
Am. 2. p. 218. C. acuta, Muhl. gram. p. 263; Ell. sk. 2. p. 237; Schwein. §- Torr. 1. c.
p- 361; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 265; Beck, bot. p. 442; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.41; Linn.
sp. 2. p. 978%; Kunth, enum, 2. p. 412 (in part). C. stricta, Lam. enc. fide Tuckerm. Car.
p. 20.

Culms 14 - 3 feet high, growing in large thick tufts, sharply triquetrous and very rough
on the angles, leafy. Leaves somewhat glaucous, erect. Bracts without sheaths, rough like
the leaves, carinate. Staminate spikes most frequently solitary, but often 2 and rarely 3; the
terminal an inch or more in length ; the others shorter. Sterile scales oblong, obtuse. Fertile
ones from three fourths of an inch to two and a half inches long, and about two and a half
lines in diameter, dense, or the flowers rather loose and scattered toward the base : the lowest
one on a short peduncle, from a sheathless bracteal leaf; the others usually sessile, often
recurved ; sometimes all oblong-cylindrical, sessile and erect ; one or more of them staminate
at the summit. Scales usually rather shorter than the perigynium, but sometimes longer,
blackish brown, with a green keel. Perigynium a little more than a line long, usually nerve-

49*

388 CYPERACES. Carex.

less, rather abruptly acute, with a very short beak. Achenium orbicular-obovate, pointed with
the continuous style. Stigmas long and downy.

Wet meadows; very common. Fil. May. Fr. June. I have adopted the views of my
excellent friend Dr. Boott, respecting this and its allied species. He has studied the genus
Carex with profound attention, and under most favorable circumstances ; yet I must confess
that the C. angustata is very difficult to distinguish from the European C. acuta.

40. Carex caspitosa, Linn. ? Smaller Bog Sedge.

Staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindrical-oblong ; pistillate mostly 3, cylindrical,
obtuse, distant, densely flowered, often staminate at the summit, nearly erect, sessile ; peri-
gynium elliptical or oval, with a very short entire point, obscurely nerved, mostly longer than
the oblong obtuse blackish scale ; culm nearly smooth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 978%; Schk. Car.
t. Aa. & Bb. f.; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 38; MuAl. gram. p. 264; Schwein. §- Torr. 1. c. p. 359;
Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p. 266 ; Beck, bot. p. 442; Boott, l. c. p. 217; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 411.
C. concolor, R. Br. in app. Parry’s 1st voy. pp. 183 §- 308. C. Goodenovii, Gay, fide
Tuckerm. Car. p. 11. C. lenticularis, Micha. fl. 2. p. 1722

Culms 12 - 18 inches high, not cespitose, triquetrous, slightly rough on the angles above.
Leaves light green, smoothish except on the margin. Staminate spikes about an inch long ;
the scales obtuse, brown. Fertile spikes 3 - 4, sometimes staminate at the summit, 1 - 14
inch Jong ; the lowest on a short peduncle from a naked sheath. Bracteal leaves somewhat
auriculate at the base. Fertile scales nearly black, with a green keel. Perigynium with an
entire somewhat tubular orifice, green, compressed. Achenium broadly ovate-lenticular, dull.

Banks of streams, and in swamps ; northern and western counties. Fl. May. Fr. June.
Differs from the preceding (to which, in some of its forms, it is nearly allied) in its smaller
size, thicker spikes, and smoothish culm. It also grows in patches, not in tufts like C. acuta.

41. Carex aquatitis, Wahl. Water Sedge.

Sterile spikes several or sometimes only one, erect; fertile mostly 3, nearly sessile,
cylindrical, dense, somewhat clavate and often staminate at the summit ; perigynium obovate-
elliptical, with a very short beak, the orifice entire, about as long the ovate-lanceolate rather
acute scale ; culm smoothish.— Wahl. act. Holm. 1802, p. 165; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 267.
t.E. f.16; Torr. Cyp. p. 400; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 413; Boott, l. c. 2. p. 219.

Culm about 2 feet high, triquetrous, nearly smooth. Leaves pale green and glaucous,
smoothish. Sterile spikes usually 2 or 3; the scales linear-oblong, rather obtuse. Fertile
spikes 3 — 5, nearly sessile, erect, 1 — 2 inches long, densely flowered, tapering toward the
base. Scales pale brown, with a greenish midrib : lower ones about the length of the peri-
gynium, and often mucronate ; the upper ones shorter. Perigynium smooth, acute at the base,
very obscurely nerved; the beak extremely short and smooth, yellowish green. Achenium
obovate, lenticular, smooth. Stigmas long and very pubescent.

Carex. CYPERACEZ. 389

Borders of lakes, in wet places. Lake Ontario, &c. (Dr. Gray); Niagara Falls, and in
Essex county (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June - July. Fr. August. Our plant agrees very well
with Lapland specimens of C. aquatilis in my herbarium.

42, Carex aurea, Wutt. Golden-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lower ones pe-
dunculate ; perigynium obovate or pyriform, obtuse, nerved, entire at the orifice, longer than
the ovate acute scale. — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 205; Schwein. g- Torr. 1. c. p. 328. t. 25. f. 2;
Beck, bot. p. 437; Kunth, enum. 2. p.408. C. pyriformis, Schwein. anal. tab. l. c.; Dew.
Car. I c. 9. p. 69 ¢ 11.7. 2. f. 30.

Culm 4 — 15 inches long, slender, erect or reclining, striate. Staminate spike 4 — 6 lines
long, pedunculate, often fertile at the summit; the scales oblong, obtuse. Fertile spikes
mostly 3; the lowest one remote, and furnished with a peduncle which is half an inch to an
inch or more in length, sometimes almost pendulous ; the upper ones approximated : fertile
scales whitish, with a broad pale purple margin, often mucronate : rachis flexuous. Peri-
gynium about one lire long, membranaceous, orange-yellow when mature, somewhat ventricose,
the orifice very minute and scarcely prominent. Achenium orbicular-oval, lenticular, finely
striate and a little rough.

Wet borders of streams, and in swamps: not common. Fil. May-June. Fr. July.

43, Carex crinita, Lam. (Plate CXLIII.) Fringed Sedge.

Spikes elongated, cylindrical, cernuous ; the sterile 1 - 2, often fertile at the summit, or
sometimes at the base ; fertile 4 — 5, densely flowered, distant ; perigynium roundish-obovate,
somewhat ventricose, slightly beaked, entire at the orifice ; scales cuneate, with a long much
exserted subulate rough awn. — Lam. enc. 3. p. 379 ; Schk. Car. t. Eee. f. 125, and t. Tt.
f.164; Pursh, fl.1. p. 38; Muhl. gram. p. 229; Ell. sk. 2. p. 536; Schwein. g- Torr.
Car. 1. c. p. 360; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 270; Beck, bot. p. 442; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 40;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 415. C. paleacea, Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. p. 164. C. leonura, WadAl.
(fide Swartz. §- Muhl.).

Culm 2-4 feet high, triquetrous, rough on the angles, leafy below. Leaves pale green,
3 — 4 lines broad. Staminate spikes usually 2, one or two inches long, often with a few fertile
flowers either at the summit or the base : scales lanceolate, with a slender point. Fertile
spikes usually 4 but sometimes 3 or 5, pedunculate, 2 - 3 inches long, often attenuated at the
base ; the scales usually with very long spreading subulate points, which give the spikes a
squarrose appearance. Perigynium membranaceous, smooth, slightly ventricose, sparingly
nerved. Achenium broadly obovate-lenticular, acute, dull, smooth.

Wet meadows, and borders of rivulets : common. Fl. May - June. Fr. July. A variable
species as to the length of the spikes and scales.

390 CYPERACEE. Canex)

** Stigmas 3.

t Perigynium inflated, with a more or less elongated beak.
44. Carex oLicosperma, Michz. Few-fruited Sedge.

Staminate spike solitary, slender, pedunculate ; fertile spikes one or two, ovoid, distant,
bracteate, few-flowered, the lower one on a short peduncle ; perigynium ovoid, obtusely
triangular, somewhat inflated, nerved, smooth, the beak short, entire at the orifice or minutely
2-toothed, rather longer than the ovate acute scale.—Micha. fl. 2. p. 174; Torr. Cyp. p. 421;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 499; Boott, l. c. 2. p. 220. C. Oakesiana, Dew. Car. 1. c. 14. p. 351,
t.Q. f. 55; Kunth, l. c.

Culm 13 — 2 feet high, triangular, slightly rough on the angles. Leaves light green, linear,
becoming involute when old, erect and somewhat rigid : bracts elongated, with short sheaths,
Staminate spike 1 — 14 inch long, very slender ; the scales closely imbricated, oblong, obtuse.
Fertile spikes mostly 2, but often solitary, about half an inch long : scales light brown, usually
a little shorter tban the perigynium, but sometimes equalling it in length. Perigynium 23
lines long, obtuse at the base, acuminate and pointed with a short beak, brownish when mature.
Achenium triquetrous, smooth, acuminate with the rigid continuous style.

Borders of small lakes in Essex county. Fl. June. Fr. Early in August. Found also
on the White mountains, and in the northern parts of British America.

45. Carex BULLATA, Schk. Inflated Sedge.

Staminate spikes 2 - 3; fertile mostly 2, oblong-cylindrical, on exserted peduncles, erect
or somewhat nodding ; perigynia globose-ovoid, inflated, erect, smooth, strongly nerved, the
summit tapering into a long beak which is 2-forked at the extremity and a little hispid, about
twice as long as the lanceolate acute scale. — Schk. Car. 2. p. 85. t. Uuu. f. 166; Pursh,
fl. 1. p.45; Dew. Car. l. c.9. p.'71; Schwein. g& Torr.Car. l. c. p. 367; Torr. Cyp.
p. 421; Beck, bot. p. 444; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 496. C. cylindrica, Schwein. an. tab. l. ¢.
(not of Tuckerm.).

var. cylindracea : fertile spikes elongated, cylindrical, more densely flowered ; perigynium
ovoid, the beak nearly smooth. — Dew. Car. 1. c. 11. p. 315; Torr. §- Gr. in Torr. bot.
report for geol. surv. 1840. C. bullata, 8., Torr. Cyp. p. 422. C.monile, Tuckerm. 1. c.
p: 20 3» Dew. Car. l. c. 49. p. 47. t. 1. f. 116.

Culm 14 - 23 feet high, triquetrous, rough above, leafy. Leaves about 2 lines wide, longer
than the culm. Staminate spikes mostly 3, slender and elongated ; the scales lanceolate, rather
acute, closely imbricated. Fertile spikes often solitary (rarely with a third few-flowered one
at the base of the lowest staminate spike), 13 — 24 inches long, rather thick, nearly crect :
lower one with a peduncle half an inch to an inch or more in length ; the upper one on a short
peduncle ; the scales mostly about half as long as the perigynia, but sometimes about two
thirds as long. Perigynia one third of an inch long, much inflated, strongly nerved ; the beak
long and slender, somewhat hispid (in §. smoothish), distinctly 2-forked. Achenium trique-
trous, with a long and usually tortuous continuous style.

Carex. CYPERACEA. 391

Swamps : not common : the var. cylindracea in the western part of the State. Il. May.
Hr, Jone:

46. Carex cytinprica, Tuckerm. Cylindrical-spiked Sedge.

Staminate spikes 2-3; fertile 1 - 3, remote, oval or oblong-cylindrical, on short pe-
duncles, erect or inclined; perigynia ovoid, inflated, conical-rostrate, spreading, strongly
nerved, smooth, the beak 2-forked at the summit and a little hispid, about twice as long as
the ovate-lanceolate scale —Tuckerm. l. c. p. 20. C.'Tuckermani, Dew. Car. 1. c. 49. p. 48.

Culm 14 - 2 feet high, triquetrous, leafy, smooth below, rough above. Leaves about two
lines wide, overtopping the culm. Fertile spikes often solitary, but more frequently 2 and
rarely 3, an inch or sometimes rather more in length, and from one half to three quarters of an
inch in diameter ; the peduncles short and nearly naked. Perigynia 4 — 5 lines long, inflated,
spreading, tapering to a tubular-conical beak. Scales acute, often less than half the length of
the perigynium. Achenium triquetrous, with a long rigid continuous style.

Wet meadows : not rare in the interior of the State. Differs from the preceding in its
shorter and stouter spikes, and more spreading perigynia. ‘This species has much the ap-
pearance of C. tentaculata ; but that has more compact and longer spikes, and the scales are
tipped with a long rough awn.

47. Carex urricutata, Boott. Bladder-fruited Sedge.

Staminate spikes 2-4, elongated ; fertile 2-4, cylindrical, rather stout, pedunculate ;
perigynia oblong-elliptical, inflated, diverging, acuminate with a slender 2-cleft beak, longer
than the lanceolate roughly awned scale. — Boott, 1. c. 2. p. 221. C. vesicaria, Schwein. &
Torr. Car. l.c. p. 365; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 273; Beck, bot. p. 443, not of Linn. C.,
ampullacea, Dew. Car. 1. c. ‘7. p. 266?

Culm about 2 feet high, stout, triquetrous, rough above, leafy. Leaves 3 —4 lines wide,
longer than the culm. Staminate spikes 1 - 2 inches long, mostly 3, occasionally bearing fruit
at the summit ; the scales lanceolate and acute. Fertile spikes 2 - 4 inches long, and nearly
half an inch in diameter, the uppermost one sometimes staminate at the summit : scales
mostly a little shorter than the fruit ; the point long and awn-like. Perigynia very numerous,
more or less spreading, about 3 lines long, abruptly contracted at the base, strongly nerved ;
the beak moderately 2-forked. Achenium triquetrous, minute.

Wet meadows : northern and western counties. Fv. May. Fr. June. I have followed
Dr. Boott in considering the C. vesicaria of most American botanists as distinct from the
European plant. The former differs in its larger and more inflated perigynia, and shorter
awnless scale.

48. Carex susutata, Michx. (Plate CXLIV.) Aul-fruited Sedge.

Sicrile spike solitary, on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes mostly 3-4, sessile or with

392 CYPERACE. Carex.

included peduncles, very remote, few-flowered, often sparingly staminate at the summit ;
perigynium subulate, reflexed, bifid at the orifice, with the teeth reflexed ; culm very slender.
—Miche. fl. 2. p.173; Pursh, fl. 1.p.40; Schwein. g Torr. Car. l. c. p. 340. t. 26. f.1;
Beck, bot. p. 439; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 500. C. Collinsii, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 205; Dew. Car.
Lc. 11. p. 317; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 36. C. Michauxii, Dew. Car. tl. c. 10. p. 273. t. G.
f.2l.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, almost filiform, often reclining or even decumbent, obtusely triangular,
leafy. Leaves 14 — 3 lines broad, deep green. Sterile spike 3 - 4 lines long; the scales
lanceolate, acute. Fertile spikes usually 4 on the taller culms, but often 3 and rarely 5, and
in the dwarf forms of the plant sometimes only 2, few- (4 — 10-) flowered ; the upper ones
sessile, the lower pedunculate, usually bearing several staminate flowers at the summit; the
distance between the two lowest often 3 — 6 inches or more : fertile scales lanceolate, mucro-
nate, about one third the length of the perigynium, persistent. Perigynia about half an inch
long, very slender, slightly ventricose below, smooth, indistinctly nerved, arranged on the
rachis in a somewhat distichous manner : orifice very oblique, and furnished with 2 subulate
rigid abruptly reflexed teeth. Achenium linear-oblong, triangular, smooth, with a very long
slender style.

Deep cedar swamps, Long Island. £7. End of May. Fr. June - July.

49. Carex FouuicuLaTa, Linn. Tall Yellow Sedge.

Staminate spike solitary ; fertile spikes 3 - 4 (in the dwarf form 2), ovoid, very remote,
pedunculate, few-flowered ; perigynia oblong-conical, somewhat inflated, tapering to a long
point, many-striate, at length diverging, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth mostly erect, about
twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale.— Linn. sp. 2. p. 978; Rudge in Linn. trans. 7.
p- 98.t.9.f.4; Ell. sk. 2. p. 545; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 4. p. 235, not of Schk. C.
xanthophysa, Wahl. Cur. 1. c. no. 73; Dew. Car. Ll. c. 7. p. 274, and 10. t. D. f. 15, and 14.
p. 353. t. R. f. 57 & 58 (varieties nana and minor) ; Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c. p. 330;
Beck, bot. p. 439; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 500. C. folliculata, var. xanthophysa, Muhl. gram.
p. 244. C. rostrata, Mich. fl. 2. p. 273; Dew. Car. l. c. 39. p. 52.

Culm 1 - 4 feet high, erect, slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy. Leaves 3 - 5 lines
wide, flat, very smooth. Sterile spike nearly an inch long, on a short peduncle ; the scales
lanceolate, acute. Fertile spikes 4 in the tallest individuals, 2 or rarely solitary in the dwarf
states of the plant, 8 — 10-flowered ; the peduncles included or exserted ; the rachis produced
beyond the summit. Scales sometimes nearly as long as the perigynium, with a long slender
rough point. Perigynium 6 — 8 lines long, at first nearly erect, but finally spreading ; the
teeth at the summit sometimes a little diverging. Achenium elliptical, triquetrous, crowned
with the long continuous style.

Swamps : not common. FV, June. Fr. July. The whole plant is at first of a bright
green color, but is yellowish in age. There can be no doubt that this is the original C.
folliculata of Linneus. It occurs from the northern parts of Canada to Florida.

Carex. CYPERACE. 393

50. Carex inTUMESCENS, Jtudge. Swollen-fruited Sedge.

Fertile spikes 1 - 2, roundish, approximate, few-flowered, upper one sessile, lower one on
a short peduncle ; perigynia ovoid, acuminate-rostrate, much inflated, diverging, bicuspidate.
— Rudge in Linn. trans. 7. p. 97. t. 9. f. 3; Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 236; Torr.
Cyp. l.c. p. 420; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 36. CC. folliculata, Schk. Car. t. N. f. 52, not of
Linn.; Pursh, fl. 1. p.42; Muhl. gram. p.43; Dew. Car. l.c. 10. p. 32; Schwein. &
Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 338 (excl. syn. Linn., Michx. §- Ell.) ; Beck, bot. p.438 ; Kunth, enum.
2. p. 498.

var. globularis : culm taller and stouter ; fertile spikes many- (20 — 30-) flowered. Gray,
CiiGoe POrmtot:

Culm about a foot and a half high, triquetrous, smooth, slender, leafy. Leaves broadly
linear, dark green, slightly rough on the margin, taller than the culm. Sterile spike 1-2
inches long, erect, slender ; the peduncle 1 — 3 inches long : scales lanceolate, acute. Fertile
spikes mostly 2, but often solitary, rarely 3, usually close together, 6 — 10-flowered ( in the
variety often 25-flowered), more than an inch in diameter, sometimes with a few staminate
flowers at the summit. Scales much shorter than the perigynium, ovate, acuminate. Perigynia
about 7 lines long and 34 lines in diameter at the base, dark green, tapering into a long conical
beak, smooth and nerved, somewhat shining ; the upper ones spreading almost horizontally ;
lower ones a little reflexed. Achenium triquetrous, grayish white, acuminated with the base
of the long continuous style.

Wet meadows and swamps : frequent: var. globularis, meadows near Utica (Dr. Gray).
Fl. June. Fr. July — August.

51. Carex tuputina, Muh. Hop Sedge.

Fertile spikes mostly 3, nearly sessile, ovoid-oblong, very thick, erect, approximate ; peri-
gynia ovoid, inflated, nerved, conical-rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the ovate or
lanceolate scale. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 266, and gram. p. 241; Schk. Car. t. Ddd.
f. 123, and t. li. f. 194; Ell. sk. 2. p. 544; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 337; Dew.
Car, l.c.11. p. 165, t. L. f. 87; Beck, bot. p. 438; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 35; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 497.

var. polystachya : fertile spikes 4 — 5, oblong-cylindrical ; the lowest one remote on a long
peduncle. Torr. 1. c.; Dew. 1. c.; Beck, l.c.; Kunth, l. c.

Culm 2-3 feet high, stout, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves overtopping the culm, 3-4
lines broad, bright green. Sterile spike usually solitary, either nearly sessile or pedunculate ;
in the latter case, furnished with a foliaceous bract : scales narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a
long hispid point. Fertile spikes mostly 3, but often 4, rarely only 2, an inch and a half or
two inches long and as thick as a man’s thumb, the lowest more or less pedunculate ; in the
var. 2-3 inches long, and the lowest on a long exserted peduncle. Scales rather more than
half the length of the perigynium ; the upper ones ovate ; lower lanceolate. Perigynia 6 - 8

[Fiora — Voi. 2.] 50

394 CYPERACE. Carex.

lines long, much inflated below, tapering to a conical beak above ; the apex moderately bi-
cuspidate. Achenium triquetrous, acute at each end, acuminated with the long continuous
tortuous style.

Swamps : common ; the variety in wet mountain meadows, Putnam county (Dr. Barratt).

Fl. June. Fr. July.

52. Carex scaBrata, Schwein. hough-fruited Sedge.

Fertile spikes about 5, rather remote, cylindrical, nearly erect, the lower ones on long
peduncles; perigynia ovoid, acuminate-rostrate, somewhat ventricose, rough, the orifice oblique
and slightly 2-toothed, longer than the ciliolate scale. — Schwein. anal. tab. l. c.; Dew. Car.
l.c. 9. p. 66, and 11. t. K. f. 32; Schwein, § Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 345, t. 26. f.2; Beck,
bot. p. 440; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 455.

Culm erect, about a foot and a half high, rather slender, triquetrous, rough on the angles.
Leaves very rough, about three lines wide, dark green. Sterile spike solitary, an inch long,
pedunculate : scales lanceolate, brown, with a green keel. Fertile spikes mostly 5, seldom
so few as 3, and sometimes as many as 6, densely flowered, 1 — 14 inch long and 28 lines in
diameter ; the upper ones somewhat approximate ; the lowest ones distant from one to three
inches. Scales about two thirds the length of the perigynium, ovate, slightly ciliate on the
margin. Perigynia triangular, strongly nerved, roughened with a short stiff pubescence, acute
at the base, spreading when mature, scarcely two lines long; the beak rather short and
pyramidal. Achenium obovoid, triquetrous.

Wet places, along brooks : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. The whole plant is dark green.

53. Carex Scuweinitzu, Dew Schweinitz’s Sedge.
fe)

Sterile spikes usually 2, the lower one often pistillate at the base ; fertile about 3, oblong-
cylindrical, somewhat pendulous, rather remote, the peduncles included ; perigynium oblong-
ovoid, inflated, acuminate-beaked, bicuspidate at the summit, the peduncle included, about
one third longer than the lanceolate-subulate scale. — Dew. in Schwein. anal. tab. l. c., and
Car. 1. c. 9. p. 68. t. B. f. 8; Schwein. & Torr. Car. |. c. p. 366; Beck, bot. p. 443; Torr.
Cyp.l.c. p. 422; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 518.

Culm 12 - 15 inches high, triquetrous, leafy, rough on the angles above. Leaves 2-3
lines wide, taller than the culm, yellowish green. Staminate spikes 1 or 2 inches long, and
rather slender ; lower one often fertile below ; the upper sometimes pistillate in the middle :
scales lanceolate, acuminate, pale brown. Fertile spikes usually 3, but often 4, somewhat
curved, rather densely flowered, 14 — 24 inches long : uppermost one nearly sessile ; the rest
on included or partly exserted peduncles. Scales lanceolate, with a long subulate rough point.
Perigynia spreading, inflated below, with a long conical-subulate beak, yellowish when mature,
smooth, sparingly nerved ; the orifice distinctly 2-toothed. Achenium triquetrous, crowned
with the long continuous style.

Wet meadows ; western counties. Fl May. Fr. June.

‘CAREX. CYPERACE. 395

54, Carex retrorsa, Schwein. Backward-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spikes 1 - 3; fertile usually 4 or 5, oblong-cylindrical ; the upper ones usually
approximated and appearing fasciculate, the peduncles short or included ; lowest one distant,
with an exserted peduncle ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, reflexed, beaked, bicuspidate, much
longer than the lanceolate scale.— Schwein. anal. tab. 1. c. ; Dew. Car. 9. p. 67, and 11. t. L.
f. 36; Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c. p. 366. t. 28 (bis), f. 2; Beck, bot. p. 443; Kunth, enum.
2. p. 503. C. reversa, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 827.

Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, triquetrous, slightly rough on the angles. Leaves
longer than the culm, about 3 lines wide. Staminate spikes mostly 2 or 3, sometimes solitary,
rarely 4, varying from half an inch to two inches long; the lower ones often fertile at the
base ; the terminal one rarely bearing a few fertile flowers towards the summit : scales oblong,
rather acute. Fertile spikes often 5, rarely as many as 6, erect, an inch and a half or two
inches long, and about half an inch in diameter ; the 3 or 4 upper ones usually crowded to-
gether at the summit of the culm, but sometimes rather distant ; the lowest one commonly
several inches below the others, and supported on a conspicuous peduncle. Scale about half
the length of the perigynium, pale brown, with a green keel. Perigynia very numerous, at
first spreading horizontally, but finally reflexed, acuminate, beaked, strongly but sparingly
nerved. Achenium small, triquetrous, acuminate with the long tortuous style.

Borders of ponds, and marshy borders of rivulets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. In
the young state, and with few spikes, it resembles C. tentaculata. It sometimes also makes
an approach to C. lupulina.

55. Carex tentacutata, Muhl. (Plate CXLIV.) Long-pointed Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, mostly approximate,
spreading, the peduncles included ; perigynia crowded, ovoid, ventricose, nerved, acuminated
with a very long beak, 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the lanceolate-subulate scale. —
Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 266 ; Schk. Car. t. Ggg. f. 130; Pursh, fl. 1. p.41; Muhl. gram.
p. 239 (excl. syn. Michx.); Ell. sk. 2. p. 543; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 34 (excl. syn. Michz.);
Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c. p. 335; Beck, bot. p. 438; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 35. C. ro-
strata, Muhl. in Willd. sp. l. c.; Schk. l. c. t. Hhh. f. 134; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 496 (not of
Michze.).

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, triquetrous, leafy, rough on the angles. Leaves bright green,
longer than the culm, 3 — 4 lines wide. Sterile spike on a short peduncle, long and slender ;
scales linear-lanceolate, pointed with a long rough bristle. Fertile spikes often only 2, rarely
4, approximated or somewhat distant, from three fourths of an inch to two inches in length
and half an inch or more in diameter, yellowish green when mature, spreading almost horizon-
tally ; the uppermost one sessile ; the others on slightly exserted peduncles. Scales about
half the length of the perigynium ; the awn rough. Perigynia spreading, about one third of

50*

396 CYPERACE. Carex.

an inch long, few-nerved, attenuated into a long straight beak. Achenium triquetrous, small,
puncticulate in longitudinal lines, acute at each end, pointed with the very long tortuous style.

Wet meadows : common. Fl. May. Fr. June. Schkuhr’s figure of C. rostrata represents
the ordinary form of the plant. I have from Mr. J. Carey a specimen of what appears to be
a variety of this species, in which there are four distant short ovoid fertile spikes, the lower
ones on long exserted peduncles ; but no staminate spike.

56. Carex uystricina, Willd, Porcupine Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes mostly 3, oblong, cylindrical, thick, finally nodding ;
peduncles of the uppermost one nearly included, of the others long and exserted ; perigynia
crowded and spreading, ovoid, with a long beak, many-nerved, bifid at the orifice, twice as
long as the awned scale. — Willd. sp. 4. p. 282; Schk. Car. t. Fff. f. 127; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.43; Muhl. gram. p. 252; Ell. sk. 2. p. 550; Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p. 25; Schwein.
Torr. Car. l.c. p. 355; Beck, bot. p.441; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 40; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 497.

Culm 15 - 18 inches high, triquetrous, leafy, slightly rough on the angles. Leaves 2-3
lines wide. Sterile spike on a peduncle which is from one inch to three inches long, often
bearing a few fertile flowers either at the base or at the summit; the scales ovate-lanceolate,
mucronate, pale brown. Fertile spikes sometimes 2 or 4; in the latter case, the lowest one
is often remote from the others, which are mostly approximate, about an inch long : peduncles
filiform. Scales oblong, emarginate, with a rough subulate awn. Perigynium marked with
numerous nerves, smooth ; the beak long and slender, distinctly bicuspidate at the summit.
Achenium small, triquetrous, smooth.

Wet meadows : not common. Fil. June. Fr. July - August. Resembles C. tentaculata,
but can readily be distinguished by the exserted peduncles, many-nerved perigynium, and
more strongly bidentate beak.

57. Carex Psrupo-Cyrerus, Linn. Cyperus-like Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 3 - 4, cylindrical, thick, pendulous, approximated and
the upper two somewhat geminate ; peduncles exserted ; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, beaked,
at length reflexed, many-nerved, divergingly 2-cleft at the summit, about one third longer than
the lanceolate awned scale. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 978; Schk. Car. t. Mm. f. 102; Pursh, fl. 1.
p.44; Mull. gram. p. 253; Dew. Car. 8. p.71; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 355 ;
Beck, bot. p. 442; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 501. C. furcata, Ell. sk. 2. p. 552.

Culm 2 - 8 feet high, stout, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves 3 — 5 lines wide,
bright green. Sterile spike 1 —- 2 inches long, on a short peduncle ; the scales loosely im-
bricated, lanceolate-subulate, rough. Fertile spikes 14 - 24 inches long and about half an
inch in diameter, spreading or pendulous ; the lower two more or less distant, on peduncles
which are about an inch in length ; the upper ones usually so much approximated as to appear
geminate. Fertile scales lanceolate, tapering to a long awn-like point. Perigynia nearly one

Carex. CYPERACEX. 397

third of an inch long, slightly curved, strongly marked with numerous nerves ; the summit
2-cleft, with the divisions finally spreading or divaricate. Achenium small, triquetrous, nearly
smooth.

Deep swamps and borders of slow streams : rather common. Fl. June. Fr. July. This
species is a native also of Europe and New-Holland.

58. Carex Loneirostris, Torr. Long-beaked Sedge.

Sterile spikes commonly 8 ; pistillate 2 — 3, rather distant, cylindrical, on long peduncles,
loosely flowered, finally pendulous ; perigynium globose-ovoid, with a very long abrupt beak,
smooth and nearly nerveless, bifid at the apex, a little longer than the lanceolate scale-— Torr
in Schwein. anal. tab. l. c.; Dew. Car. 1. c. 9. p. 257. t. C. f.10; Schwein. §- Torr. Car.
l. c. p. 870; Beck, bot. p. 444; Kunth, enum. 2. p.518. C. Sprengelii, Dew. in Spreng.
syst. 3. p. 837.

Culm about two feet high, slender, triquetrous, nearly smooth. Leaves bright green and
shining, 2 — 3 lines wide. Sterile spikes at the summit of a long slender peduncle, the lowest
one often (and sometimes the others) bearing several fertile flowers ; the scales lanceolate-
acuminate, light brown. Fertile spikes 1 - 14 inch long, spreading and finally pendulous ;
the uppermost one often sterile at the summit : peduncles 2 — 4 inches long. Scales lanceolate
and ovate-lanceolate, pale, with a broad green keel. Perigynium about one fourth of an inch
long, nearly globose at the base ; the beak long, slender, and very abrupt ; the apex obliquely
truncate and slightly bifid. Achenium ovoid-triquetrous, minute, nearly smooth, but dull.

Shady rocky places, Oneida county (Dr. Gray); also in the northern part of the State.
Fi. June. Fr. July.

59. Carex Tricnocarpa, Muh. Hairy-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spikes 2-4; fertile 2-3, distant, pedunculate, erect, oblong-cylindrical, rather
loosely flowered ; perigynium ovoid-conical, beaked, acuminate, pubescent, bicuspidate, longer
than the ovate acuminate scale-—Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 302; Schk. Car. t. Non. f. 148;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.40; Muhl. gram. p. 257; Ell. sk. 2. p. 540; Dew. Car. 1. c.'7. p. 274,
and 11. p. 158; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 362 (excl. syn. Michx.); Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 484.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, a little rough above. Leaves 2-3 lines wide.
Staminate spikes usually 3, but sometimes 4 or even 5, elongated and slender, sometimes
pistillate at the summit ; the scales oblong, obtuse, light brown. Fertile spikes usually 3, on

partly exserted peduncles, 14 - 2 inches long ; the flowers nearly erect. Scale tapering to a

a)
long point, somewhat carinate, brownish purple, with a broad green midrib. Perigynium 3
lines long, densely pubescent and brownish when mature, nerved, inflated below, and tapering
to a rather long beak ; the summit conspicuously bicuspidate, with the segments more or less
spreading. Acheniumn obovoid-triquetrous, very finely striate longitudinally.

In marshes ; frequent in the northern and western parts of the State. Il. June. Fr. July.

398 CYPERACEZ. Carex.
60. Carex aristata, L. Br. Awned Sedge.

Sterile spikes 2 4; fertile 2 - 4, distant, the upper ones sessile, lower on partly exserted
peduncles, cylindrical, erect ; perigynium somewhat inflated, tapering to a long conical beak,
smooth, many-nerved, the beak deeply 2-cleft, with spreading segments, one third longer than
the ovate-lanceolate awned scale ; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. — R.
Br. in Richards. app. Frankl. narr. ed. 2. p. 36; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 364 ;
Dew. Car. 1. c. 11. p. 161, and 27. p. 240. t. 5. f. 67; Gray in ann. lyc. N. Y. 3. p. 237;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 519. C. atherodes, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 828. C.mirata, Dew. l. c. 49.
p. 48.

Culm 2-3 feet high, leafy, smooth, triquetrous. Leaves 2-3 lines wide; the under
surface and the sheaths sparsely pubescent. Staminate spikes elongated, cylindrical, one or
more of them often bearing some fertile flowers ; the scales linear-lanceolate. Fertile spikes
2 — 3 inches long, for the most part rather loosely flowered ; the peduncles of the lower ones
very little exserted. Perigynia about one third of an inch long, many-nerved, ovoid below,
and gradually tapering into a long conical-subulate beak, the extremity of which is con-
spicuously 2-forked. Scale sometimes nearly or quite as long as the perigynium ; the extremity
subulate-bristleform and rough. Achenium oblong-triquetrous, smoothish, somewhat pedicellate.

Watertown, Jefferson county (Dr. Crawe); Shore of Lake Ontario (Dr. Sartwell), ac-
cording to Prof. Dewey. A very rare species ; found also in British America. It is allied
both to C. trichocarpa and C. lacustris,

tt Perigynium villous, not inflated.
61. Carex umMBELLATA, Schh. Umbel-spiked Sedge.

Cespitose ; fertile spikes mostly 4, ovoid, few-flowered, one or two of them nearly sessile on
the upper part of the culm, the others on subradical peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate-
rostrate, somewhat roughly pubescent, obscurely and sparingly nerved, about as long as the
ovate acuminate scale. — Schk. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 290, and Car. t. Www. f. 171; Pursh,
fil. 1. p. 445. Muhl. gram. p. 256; Dew. Car. l.c. 10. p. 31, and 11. p. 316. t. D. f..185
Schwein. § Torr. Car. l.c. p. 352; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 443.

Culms in dense tufts, from scarcely an inch to six inches or more in height. Leaves all
radical, about a line wide, rough, much taller than the culm. Staminate spike single, about
half an inch long, on a short mostly oblique peduncle, at the base of which is a single sessile
fertile spike, and sometimes, a little distance below it, another on a short peduncle. Staminate
scales ovate-lanceolate. Radical fertile spikes mostly 3, on slender erect peduncles of nearly
equal length, and appearing somewhat umbeilate. Sometimes the peduncles are so short that
the spikes are nearly concealed by the leaves. Fertile scales often a little longer than the
perigynium, pale. Perigynium about a line and a half long, with a short abrupt beak, very
thin and membranaceous, attenuated at the base, margined, clothed with a short roughish
sparse pubescence. Achenium rather obtusely triangular, scabrous. Style swollen toward
the base, articulated.

Rocky hillsides : rather frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

CAREX. CYPERACEA. 399

62. Carex Pennsytvanica, Lam. Pennsylvanian Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, mostly pedunculate ; fertile spikes 1 - 3, ovoid, few-flowered, nearly
sessile, approximate ; perigynium ovoid-globose, densely pubescent, with a short beak which
is slightly 2-toothed at the apex, about the length of the ovate mucronate or acuminate scale.
— Lam. enc. 3. p. 388; Gray, Gram. g Cyp. part 2. no. 162; Torr. Cyp. p. 410. C.
marginata, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 261, and gram. p. 237; Schk. Car. t. Lil. f. 143;
Schwein. § Torr. Car. l.c. p. 322; Dew. Car. 1. c. 11. p. 163; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 443.

var. Muhlenbergi : sterile spike sessile ; perigynium more ovoid, the beak longer and
more distinctly 2-toothed at the summit. — Gray, l. c. no. 162; Torr. Cyp.l.c. C. varia,
Mull. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 259; Schk. 1. c. t. Uuu. f. 167; Muhl. gram. p. 236; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 541; Schwein. § Torr. 1. c. p. 329; Dew. 1. c. p. 162; Kunth, l. c.

Culms 6 - 15 inches high, triquetrous, rough above, slender, growing in tufts. Leaves
about a line and a half wide, somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike 6 — 8 lines long, usually on a
short peduncle ; the scales oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, brownish red margined with
white. Fertile spikes commonly 2, 4 — 8-flowered ; the lowest one sometimes pedunculate.
Scale often a little longer than the perigynium, brownish red with a pale margin. Perigynium
roughly pubescent, about a line and a half long, very thin and membranaceous, somewhat
triangular from the three prominent ribs ; the beak often a little oblique. Achenium globose-
triangular, obtuse. Style articulated.

Dry woods and hillsides : common. FV. April. Fr. May. Very near C. pilulifera of
Europe. I have never been able to find sufficient characters for distinguishing C. Penn-
sylvanica from C. varia. To the latter, Dr. Boott ( who retains both species) joins C.
Emmonsii §- collecta of Dewey, and C. Nove-Anghe of Schweinitz.

63. Carex Nova#-Ane.iia, Schwein. New-England Sedge.

Sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, nearly sessile, ovoid, few-flowered,
approximate ; perigynium oblong-ovoid, somewhat triquetrous, attenuate at the base, beaked,
minutely pubescent, rather longer than the ovate mucronate scale; culm filiform, nearly
decumbent. — Schwein. anal. tab. l.c.; Dew. Car. 1. c. 9. p. 64. t. 2. f. 7; Schwein. g
Torr. Car. l. c. p. 328; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 408. C. collecta, Dew. l.c. 11. p. 314. t. 7.
f. 44?

Culm 6 — 8 inches high, very slender, leafy below. Leaves about a line wide, smoothish.
Staminate spike about one third of an inch long; the scales reddish brown, oblong, rather
obtuse. Fertile spikes mostly 2; the lower one on a short peduncle, 4 — 5-flowered. Fertile
scale about two thirds the length of the perigynium, brownish purple, with a green keel.
Perigynium rather more than a line long, attenuate at the base into a short stipe, somewhat
triangular, green ; the beak a little oblique, and slightly 2-toothed at the apex. Achenium
closely invested with the very thin perigynium, ovoid, obtusely triangular. Style articulated
at the base.

Mount Marcy, Essex county, on the Adirondack river (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June July.

400 CYPERACEZ. Carex.

Fr. Early in August. Although very near C. Pennsylvanica, it seems to be pretty constantly
distinct.

64. Carex Fiuirormis, Linn. Slender-leaved Sedge.

Sterile spikes mostly 2; fertile 2, ovoid-oblong, nearly sessile, distant, erect ; perigynium
elliptical, with a short beak, densely woolly, bifid at the apex, about as long as the ovate-
lanceolate somewhat awned scale ; leaves involute. — Linn. sp. 2. p....; Schk. Car. t. K,
f. 45; Dew. Car. 1. c. 7. p. 268; Schwein. § Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 364; Beck, bot. p. 443;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 485.

Culm 2 - 3 feet high, obtusely triangular, nearly smooth, rigid. Leaves principally radical,
forming a tuft, about as tall as the culm, channelled or involute, ending in a long filiform point.
Upper sterile spike elongated and pedunculate ; the lower one much shorter, and sessile :
scales oblong-lanceolate, acute, light brown with a green keel. Fertile spikes sometimes
solitary, but usually 2, an inch or 2 inches distant from each other, varying from half an inch
to 2 inches in length, densely fruited ; the lower one often staminate at the summit. Scales
acute, with a short rough awn or cusp, rather dark brown, with a green keel. Perigynia
nearly two lines long, coriaceous, moderately 2-toothed ; the teeth somewhat diverging.
Achenium obovoid-triquetrous, acute at the base. Style stout, somewhat articulated near the
base.

Bog meadows. Fl. May. Fr. June. Highlands of Putnam county, and in the western
part of the State.

65. Carex Lanucinosa, Michz. Woolly-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spikes 2 ; fertile usually 2, ovoid-cylindrical, remote, erect, nearly sessile ; perigynia
ovoid, somewhat triangular, densely hairy, with a short bicuspidate beak, about the length of
the oblong cuspidate or mucronate scale ; leaves flat. — Micha. fl. 2. p.175; Torr. Cyp.
p. 410. C. pellita, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 302; Schk. Car. t. Nuon. f. 149 §- 150; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 44; Muhl. gram. p. 258; Ell. sk. 2. p. 554; Dew. Car. 1. c.9. p.'70; Schwein.
§- Torr. Car. Ll. c. p. 368 (excl. syn. Miche.) ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.41; Kunth, enum. 2.
p. 483.

Culm about 2 feet high, somewhat terete below, triangular above, a little rough. Leaves
2 — 3 lines wide, rough on the margin. Sterile spikes commonly 2, but sometimes single or
three together ; the uppermost cylindrical and pedunculate, the others sessile. Scales oblong-
lanceolate, brown, acute, obtuse or mucronate. Fertile spikes sometimes 3; the lowest one
on a short peduncle, about an inch long ; one or more of the others occasionally pistilliferous
at the base. Scale tapering to a slender acute point, and commonly mucronate. Perigynium
coriaceous, 2 lines long, clothed with a dense roughish pubescence, brownish when mature,
obscurely nerved. Achenium triquetrous, obtuse ; the style indistinctly articulated near the
base.

Wet meadows and borders of lakes : rather rare. Fl. May —-June. Very near the pre-
ceding species.

Carex. CYPERACE. 401
66. Carex vestita, Willd. Short Woolly-spiked Sedge.

Sterile spikes 1 - 2, cylindrical-oblong ; fertile usually 2, ovoid-oblong, sessile, somewhat
approximated, mostly staminate at the summit ; perigynium short, ovoid, triangular, pubescent,
nerved, with a short bifid beak, a little longer than the ovate mucronate scale — Willd. sp. 4.
p. 263; Schk. Car. t. Bbbb. f. 182; Muhl. gram. p. 238; Ell. sk. 2. p. 542; Dew. Car.
lc. 9. p. 261; Schwein. g- Torr. Car. 1. c. p. 331; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 518.

Culm about 2 feet high, triquetrous, rough on the margin, leafy below. Leaves about 24
lines wide, rough. Sterile spike usually solitary ; the scales linear-oblong, chestnut-colored,
with a pale margin. Fertile spikes 2 or sometimes 3, three fourths of an inch long, commonly
with a few sterile flowers at the summit. Scales chestnut-color, keeled. Perigynium 14 line
long ; the short abrupt beak slightly 2-toothed. Achenium ovoid, triquetrous, dull. Style
continuous.

Moist (or sometimes dry) sandy soils, western counties : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June.

67. Carex pusescens, Muhi. Pubescent Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, sessile ; fertile 3-4, oblong, erect, loosely flowered ; perigynium
obovoid-triquetrous, with an abrupt slender beak, pubescent, nearly entire at the orifice, about
the length of the broadly ovate cuspidate scale ; culm and leaves pubescent.—MuaAl. in Willd.
sp. 4. p. 281; Schk. Car. t. Eee. f. 126; Muhl. gram. p. 244; Dew. Car. 1.c. 9. p. 73;
Schwein. & Torr. Car. l.c. p. 333; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 455,

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, slender, leafy below, erect or somewhat decumbent. Leaves
2-4 lines wide, very pubescent, shorter than the culm. Sterile spike scarcely half an inch
long ; the scales whitish, oblong, keeled, mucronate. Fertile spikes mostly 3, about three
fourths of an inch long, 6 — 10-flowered ; the 2 upper ones (and sometimes all of them) rather
close together ; the lowest a little remote, and furnished with a short peduncle. Scales whitish,
with a pale green prominent keel and a long abrupt acute point. Perigynium about 2 lines
long, acute at the base, thin, densely pubescent ; the short beak very slightly 2-toothed at the
summit. Achenium conformed to the perigynium, minutely striate, crowned with a minute
elevated border. Style distinctly articulated.

Woods and moist meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

ttt Perigynium smooth, short, not inflated : spikes dark purple or black.
68. Carex Limosa, Linn. Mud Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, on a slender peduncle; fertile 2 — 3 (sometimes solitary), ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, rather distant, pendulous ; perigynia roundish-elliptical, compressed-triquetrous
(green), with a very short entre beak, about the length of the ovate mucronate scale.-—Linn.,
sp. 2. p. 977; Wahl. in act. Holm. 1803. p. 156; Schk. Car. t. X. f. 78; Dew. Car, l. ¢.
10. p.41; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 358 (excl. syn. Michx.); Kunth, enum. 2. p. 461.

var. irrigua : scales acuminate, longer than the perigynia. — Wahl. l. c. C. lenticularis,
Dew. Car. l. c.'7. p. 273, and 9. t. A. f. 2, not of Michx. C. paupercula, Miche. fl. 2.
p. 172.

| FLtora — Vol. 2.]} 51

402 CYPERACE. Canex.

Culm usually about a span high, but sometimes two feet, triquetrous, very smooth, leafy
below. Leaves a line or more in breadth, smooth and somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike
6 — 8 lines long, on a straight filiform peduncle : scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, brown
with a green keel. Fertile spikes 6 — 8 lines long and 3 — 4 lines in diameter, rather loosely
flowered, at first horizontal, but finally pendulous. Scales variable in length, sometimes obtuse,
deep chestnut-brown or rarely green. Perigynium angular in front, acutely margined, ob-
scurely few-nerved on the back, minutely beaked. Achenium ovoid-triquetrous, nearly smooth.
Style continuous.

Sphagnous swamps, northern and western counties. Fv. June. Fr. July. A common
species in the northern parts of Europe.

69. Carex uivipa, Willd. Livid Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, oblong, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 1 — 3, on exserted peduncles,
cylindrical-oblong, somewhat distant, rather loosely flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, some-
what triquetrous, smooth, obtusish, entire at the orifice, about the length of the ovate-oblong
mostly obtuse scale. — Willd. sp. 4. p. 285; Schk. Car. t. Ssss. f. 211; Gray in ann. lye.
N. York, 3. p. 235; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 460. C. Grayana, Dew. Car. 1. c. 25. p. 141. t. 8.
f. 59; Kunth, l.c. C. limosa, var. livida, Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. p. 162.

Culm 8 - 15 inches high, obtusely triangular and striate, nearly smooth. Leaves rigid,
glaucous. Sterile spike about three fourths of an inch long ; the scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-
colored. Fertile spikes mostly 2, half an inch or more in length, on short exserted peduncles,
an inch or two apart, or rather approximated. Scales varying from one third shorter to nearly
the length of the perigynia, and from dark chestnut to light brown. Perigynia nearly 2 lines
long, without a beak, but the minute orifice slightly produced, membranaceous, almost nerve-
less. Achenium ovoid-triquetrous, brownish when mature. Style continuous.

Sphagnous swamps, Oriskany (Dr. Gray §- Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June. Fr. July. Our
plant seems to differ in scarcely any respect from C. livida of the north of Europe.

tttt Spikes green.
70. Carex Fuava, Linn. Large Yellow Carex.

Sterile spike solitary, ona short peduncle ; fertile 2 — 3, roundish-ovoid, thick and compact,
rather distant, the peduncles a little longer than the sheaths ; perigynia ovoid, spreading, the
beaks bifid and more or less recurved, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate scale. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 975; Schk. Car. t. H. f. 36; Michx. fl. 2. p.171; Dew. Car. l.c. 9. p. 65; Schwein.
§- Torr. Car. l.c. p. 333; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 446.

Culm 6 — 15 inches high, rather stiff, leafy below, smooth, triquetrous. Leaves 1 — 2 lines
wide, of a yellowish tinge like the rest of the plant. Sterile spike on a more or less distinct
peduncle, sometimes androgynous ; the scales oblong-lanceolate, brown. Fertile spikes 6 — 8
lines long and 5 in diameter, usually 3; the two upper mostly approximated ; the lowest an
inch or two distant, and with a longer peduncle. Often there are but two spikes, which are
either approximated or distant. Scales brownish, scarcely more than half the length of the

CarREX. CYPERACES. 403

perigynium ; the keel green. Perigynium about three lines long, a little inflated at the base,
nerved, attenuated to a long curved slightly bifid beak. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous. Style
continuous.

Wet meadows : frequent. FV. May. Fr. June. ‘This species is common in Europe.

71. Carex Ciperr, Ehrh. (der’s Sedge.

Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile mostly 3, ovoid-oblong, nearly sessile, densely flowered ;
perigynia ovoid-globose, smooth, horizontal, with a short straight beak, longer than the ovate-
lanceolate scale-—Schk. Car. 1. p. 67. t. F. f. 26; Micha. fl. 2. p.171; Dew. Car. l. c. 10.
p- 38; Schwein. §- Torr. l. c. p. 334. C. flava, 8. patula, Schk. 1. c. 2. p. 56. C. flava,
var. Gderi, Kunth, enum. 2. p. 446. C. viridula, Miche. 1. c. p. 170, not of Schwein. ¢
Torr. C. irregularis, Schwein. anal. tab. l. c.

Culm 3 — 12 inches high, rather stiff, obtusely triangular, smoothish. Leaves mostly
radical, shorter than the culm. Sterile spike 4 — 8 lines long, commonly sessile or nearly so,
sometimes androgynous : scales lanceolate, light brown, obtuse. Fertile often 2, sometimes
4, usually approximated, but often (especially the lowest one) more or less remote, about half
an inch long, now and then with a few sterile flowers at the summit. Scales one third longer
than the perigynium, light brown, acute or obtuse. Perigynium about a line and a half long,
strongly nerved, with a conical rostrate point, very slightly bifid at the extremity. Achenium
obovoid-triquetrous. Style continuous.

Shore of Lake Ontario, near Sacket’s Harbor (Dr. Gray); Niagara Falls (Prof. Dewey).
Fl. May. Fr. June. A native also of Europe. Many botanists regard this plant as a variety
of C. flava. It differs, however, in the more densely flowered spikes and much smaller
perigynium, as well as in the shorter and straighter beak. ‘The whole plant, as in that species,
is of a yellowish color.

72. CAREX PALLESCENS, Linn. Pale Pubescent Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, on a short peduncle; fertile 2-3, on exserted peduncles, ovoid-
cylindrical, approximated, densely flowered, finally somewhat cernuous ; perigynium obovoid-
oblong, obtuse, smooth, about as long as the scale ; culm and leaves pubescent.—Linn. sp. 2.
p. 977; Schk. Car. t. Kk. f. 99; Dew. Car. l.c. 7. p. 267; Schwein. g- Torr. Car. l. c.
p. 354; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 458.

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, erect, slender, triquetrous, leafy below. Leaves 1 — 2 lines
wide ; the sheaths retrorsely pubescent. Sterile spike clubshaped, about three fourths of
an inch long; the scales lanceolate, very acute, light brown. Fertile spikes half an inch or
more in length, thick, obtuse, at first erect, when old more or less cernuous. Scales ovate,
acuminate, brown with a green keel. Perigynium 14 line long, very obtuse, pale green when 3
Tipe ; the orifice minute and entire. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous. Style somewhat articulated.

Wet meadows : not common. Fl. May. Fr. June. This species is also a native of

Europe.
51*

404 CYPERACES. Carex.

73. Carex Torrey, Tuckerm. Torrey’s Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, oblong, on a short peduncle ; fertile 2 - 3, erect, the peduncles in-
cluded ; perigynia obovoid, obtuse, somewhat triangular, nerved, smooth, mucronate, with a
short entire orifice, one third longer than the acute mucronate scale ; cuim, leaves and bracts
pubescent. — Tuckerm. enum. Car. p. 21; Dew. Car. l.c. 49. p. 43. t. Ee. f. 109.

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Sterile spike half an inch
long, oblique ; the scales ovate, mucronate, light brown, slightly pubescent on the margin.
Fertile spikes few-flowered, half an inch in length; the short bracteal leaf at the base of the
lower one strongly pubescent, and ciliolate on the margin. Scales ovate, a little pubescent on
the prominent keel. Perigynium about a line and a half long, many-nerved, very obtuse, with
the entire orifice somewhat produced. Achenium filling the cavity of the perigynium, short-
obovoid, triquetrous. Style very short.

State of New-York (Mr. Tuckerman).

74. Carex striata, Michz. Striated Sedge.

Sterile spikes 1 — 2; fertile usually solitary, or rarely two and distant, oblong-cylindrical,
pedunculate, erect, rather loosely flowered ; perigynium oblong-ovoid, somewhat triangular,
nerved, puncticulate-scabrous ; the beak conical-oblique, entire at the orifice, a little longer
than the ovate rather acute scale—Michz. fl. 2. p. 174; Tuckerm. Car. 1. c. C. polymorpha,
Muhl. gram. p. 239 (in part); Torr. Cyp. p. 413 (in part). C. Halseyana, Dew. Car. 1. c.
11. p. 313, and 19.t. N. f. 43; Beck, bot. p. 441; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 518.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, triquetrous, slightly rough. Leaves about 3 lines wide, dark
green. Sterile spikes 1 — 4, the upper one about an inch in length, the others shorter ; the
scales oblong, obtuse, pale reddish brown with a pale border. Fertile spikes about an inch
long, rather loosely flowered. Scales sometimes rather obtuse, purplish brown, with a pale
border and green keel. Perigynia 24 lines long, slightly inflated, few-nerved, roughened with
little elevated dots ; the orifice membranaceous and oblique. Achenium oblong, triquetrous,
very acute, rough like the perigynium. Style continuous.

Swamps, western counties : rare. Fl. May. F'r. June. My much valued friend Dr.
Boott has convinced me that two distinct species have been confounded by Prof. Dewey and
myself (as was done also by Muhlenberg), under the name of C. Halseyana or polymorpha.
The northern plant is clearly the C. striata of Michaux, whose name is here adopted.

75. Carex Granutaris, Juhi. Granular-spiked Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, nearly sessile ; fertile mostly 3, oblong-cylindrical, remote, densely
flowered, the two lower on erect exserted peduncles ; perigynia globose-ovoid, many-nervcd ;
the beak very short, entire and somewhat recurved. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 279; Schk.
Car. t. Vvv. f. 169; Dew. Car. 1. c. 7. p. 272, and 11. p. 156; Schwein. g Torr. Car.
lic. p. 349; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 457.

Culm usually about a foot high, erect or somewhat decumbent, slender, triquetrous, smooth.

Carex. CYPERACE. 405

Leaves 2-3 lines wide, rather glaucous, smooth except a little roughness on the margin.
Sterile spike about three fourths of an inch long, sometimes bearing a few fertile flowers either
at the summit or in the middle ; the scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. Fertile spikes sometimes
4, three fourths of an inch long : upper one sessile ; the lower on elongated filiform peduncles.
Scales about one third shorter than the perigynia, ovate, acuminate and mucronate, whitish
with a pale green keel. Perigynium scarcely more than a line long, somewhat gibbous,
of a dull orange-yellow when mature. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous, dull, smooth. Style
continuous.
Moist meadows : frequent. fv. May. Fr. June.

76. Carex LaxirLora, Lam. Loose-flowered Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, nearly sessile ; fertile mostly 3, oblong, looscly flowered, remote,
pedunculate, erect; perigynia ovoid-oblong, ventricose, obtuse, with the orifice nearly entire,
finely striate, shining, rather longer than the ovate cuspidate scale. — Lam. enc. 3. p. 378 ;
Schk. Car. t. Kkk. f. 141; Muhl. gram. p. 251; Ell. sk. 2. p. 549; Schwein. G Torr.
Car. ic. p. 348; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. -p. 31 (excl. syn. Miche.) ; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 38 ;
Kunth, enum. 2. p. 457. C. grisea, Wahl. in act. Holm. 1803. p. 154 (fide Muhl.).

Culm 12 — 18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, smooth. Leaves deep green, about 3 lines
wide; much taller than the culm. Sterile spike on a short peduncle, slender, scarcely over-
topping the uppermost fertile spike : scales lanceolate, acute, mucronate. Fertile spikes
sometimes 4 or even 5, three fourths of an inch long, 6 — 10-flowered ; the upper two often
approximated, and on short nearly included peduncles ; the lowest from one to four inches
distant, on a longer peduncle. Scales broadly ovate, whitish with a green keel, attenuated
above into a long rough cusp or short awn, which sometimes exceeds the perigynium in length.
Perigynium obscurely triangular, 24 lines long, green when ripe, obtuse at the base ; the
orifice minute and indistinctly 2-toothed. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous, finely striate. Style
continuous.

Meadows and moist woods: common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

77. CanEx conorpEA, Schk. Conical-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spike on a rather long peduncle ; fertile spikes 2-3, cylindrical-oblong, remote,
rather densely fruited, the upper one nearly sessile, the lower on a long peduncle ; pcrigynia
diverging, ovoid-oblong, nerved, somewhat gibbous and oblique at the summit, the orifice
entire, rather longer than the ovate cuspidate scale. — Schk. Car. 2. p. 67. t. Vvv. f. 168;
Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p.47; Ell. sk. 2. p. 548; Torr. Cyp. p. 414. CC. tetanica, Schwein.
§ Torr. Car. l.c. p. 347; Muhl. gram. p. 250, excl. syn. Schk. g-c. C. granularioides,
Schwein. anal. tab. l. c.; Dew. 1. ¢..9. p. 262. t. A. f.4; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 453.

Culm 8 - 12 inches high, slender, triquetrous, rough on the angles. Leaves about two
lines wide, mostly shorter than the culm, bright green. Sterile spike half an inch long ; the
peduncle about the same length ; the scales oblong, rather obtuse. Fertile spikes half an inch

406 CYPERACE. Carex.

long, mostly rather few-flowered, more or less distant. Scales sometimes exceeding the
perigynium, pale with a green keel, ending in a prolonged rough point. Perigynium 2 lines
long, the length nearly twice as great as the diameter, many-nerved, smooth, somewhat obtuse.
Achenium oblong, triquetrous, acuminate, smooth. Style stout and somewhat clavate.

Moist meadows : not frequent. FJ. May. Fr. June. Kunth has confounded this species
with C. tetanica.

78. Carex pigita.is, Willd. Slender Wood Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes usually 3, few-flowered and loose, remote, slender, on
long exserted loose or somewhat cernuous peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, triquetrous, smooth,
striate, with a short beak and a little recurved, entire at the orifice, rather longer than the
ovate mucronate awn. — Willd. sp. 4. p. 298; Muhl. gram. p. 255; Dew. Car. 1. c. 11.
p. 147; Kunth, enum, 2. p. 454, excl. syn. Schwein. §- Torr. and Ell. CC. oligocarpa,
Schwein. §- Torr. l. c. p. 344, not of Schk. ; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 280, and var. Van-
vieckii, t. f. 20. C. Vanvleckii, Schwein. anal. tab. 1. c. C. Vieckii, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 821.

Culm 6 — 15 inches high, slender, sharply triquetrous, with the angles almost winged.
Leaves usually not more than 1 = 2 lines wide, but sometimes from half an inch to nearly an
inch in breadth, light green and somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike on a slender peduncle which
arises from the sheath of the uppermost fertile spike, not bracteate ; the scales lanceolate,
obtusish, pale brown. Fertile spikes 2-3, sometimes 4, half an inch or more in length,
6 — 9-flowered. Scales tawny with a green keel, which is produced into a mucronate point.
Perigynia a line and a half long, sharply triangular, acuminated with a very short slightly
recurved beak. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous, smooth. Style continuous.

Woods and hillsides : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June. Dr. Gray has ascertained this to be the
genuine C. digitalis of Willdenow. A broad-leaved state of the plant was found by Dr. Crawe
in Jefferson county.

79. Carex oLicocarpa, Schk. Small Few-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2 - 3, very few-flowered, distant, erect,
on exserted peduncles ; perigynium oval-triquetrous, attenuate at each end, striate, slightly
recurved at the tip, entire, about as long as the ovate mucronate scale.-—Schk. Car. 2. p. 58.
t. Vvv. f. 170; Muhl. gram. p. 242; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 457, excl. syn. Torr. and Dew.
C. Sartwelliana, Gay.

var. major : taller, and the fruit larger ; culm and leaves minutely and roughly pubescent.
— C. Hitchcockiana, Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p. 274. t. E. f. 17; Beck, bot. p. 442; Kunth, l.c.
p. 457.

Culm about a foot high (15 — 24 inches in the large var.), erect, triquetrous. Leaves 2 — 4
lines wide, dark green, overtopping the culm. Sterile spike about half an inch long, and its
peduncle about the same length : scales oblong, rather obtuse, tawny with a green keel.

Carex. CYPERACES. 407

Fertile spikes mostly 3, sometimes 4, usually remote, but the upper two often somewhat
approximated, 3 — 6-flowered ; the flowers distant. Scale pale with a green keel, often ex-
ceeding the perigynium ; the point rough. Perigynia 2 (in the var. 24) lines long, distinctly
striate. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous, smooth. Style stout.

Woods ; northern and western counties. Fv. May. Fr. June. The smaller form of the
plant is rare in the Northern States, but is common in Kentucky and Ohio. Dr. Gray has
ascertained that it is the true C. oligocarpa of Schkuhr and Willdenow, but the figure of the
former does not represent it very accurately.

80. Carex TeTanica, Schk. Crooked-necked Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, loosely flowered,
remote, the lowest on an elongated peduncle ; perigynium obovoid, smooth, many-nerved,
the apex recurved and entire, shorter than the ovate acute or mucronate scale.-—Schk. Car. 2.
p- 68. t. Qooo. f. 207; Dew. Car. l.c. 11. p. 312, and 19. t. N. f. 49, not of Schwein. ¢-
Torr.; Torr. Cyp. p. 414.

Culm 6 — 10 inches high, slender, erect, triquetrous. Leaves about a line wide, light green,
longer than the culm. Sterile spike three fourths of an inch long, on a slender peduncle ; the
scales oblong, obtuse, reddish brown with a green keel. Fertile spikes 6 — 8 lines long ; the
lowest usually very remote. Scales broadly ovate ; the lowest distinctly mucronate ; the upper
merely acute, purplish brown with a green keel. Perigynia one and a half line long, some-
what spreading and often a little recurved, smooth, acute at each end in the young state,
obovoid when mature. Achenium obovoid, triquetrous, smooth. Style continuous.

Wet meadows : rare. Western part of the State. Fl. May. Fr. June.

81. Carex aNcEPs, Willd. Two-edged Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile mostly 3, slender, remote, loosely flowered ;
peduncles of the lower ones exserted, of the upper included ; perigynium oval, obtusely
triangular, smooth, acute, striate, the point oblique and somewhat recurved, with the orifice
entire, mostly shorter than the ovate mucronate or acute scale.-— Willd. sp. 4. p. 278; Schk.
Car. t. Fff. f. 128; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 36, and 19.t.N. f. 47; Schwein. G- Torr. 1. c.
p. 343; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 37; Kunth, enum. 2. p.455. CC. plantaginea, Schk. Car.
t. Kkkk. f. 195; Muhl. gram. p. 235; Ell. sk. 2. p. 547. C. heterosperma, WaAl. act.
Holm. 1803. p. 151.

Culm 12-15 inches high, triquetrous, often compressed and somewhat 2-edged above,
rough, leafy. Radical leaves broad (sometimes an inch or more), with strong longitudinal
nerves, somewhat glaucous, generally remaining green through the winter : culm-leaves nar-
rower, from two lines to nearly half an inch long. Sterile spike oblong ; the peduncle variable
in length, often short : scales oblong, rather obtuse. Fertile spikes 2 — 5, erect, an inch long,
slender ; the flowers alternate on a flexuous rachis. Peduncles 2-edged. Scales more or less

408 CYPERACE. Carex.

broadly ovate, generally mucronate or acute, but sometimes nearly obtuse, pale tawny with a
green keel. Perigynium 13 line long, distinctly striate, gibbous, with a longish curved point,
acute at the base. Achenium obovoid, triquetrous. Style short, somewhat articulated.

Woods and grassy places : very common. Fl. May. Fr. June. The narrow-leaved
state of the plant usually grows in moist places.

82. Carex BLANDA, Dew. Pale Smooth Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate, triquetrous ; fertile spikes mostly 3, oblong-cylindrical,
rather loosely flowered, the uppermost one nearly sessile, the lowest on a long peduncle ;
perigynia obovoid, somewhat triangular, nerved, smooth, recurved and entire at the point,
scarcely longer than the ovate mucronate scale. — Dew. Car. I. c. 10. p. 45, and 11. t. K.
f. 33; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 453. C. striatula, Micha. fl. 2. p.173. C. conoidea, Muhl. gram.
p- 248, not of Schk,

Culm 8 — 12 inches high, leafy, triquetrous, roughish on the angles. Leaves 2 - 3 lines
wide, pale green and somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike half an inch to an inch or more in
length ; the peduncle sometimes elongated, but usually short : scales oblong, rather obtuse,
pale brown. Fertile spikes 2- 4, about three fourths of an inch long ; the two upper ones
often approximated, the lowest remote : peduncles 2-edged. Scales tawny with a green keel :
lower ones cuspidate, nearly as long as the perigynium ; the upper ones shorter. Perigynium
14 line long, obtuse, with a short recurved point, yellowish when mature. Achenium obovoid-
triquetrous. Style very short, somewhat articulated. . -

Woods, usually in dry soil : common. Fl. May. Fr. June. This plant is difficult to
distinguish from certain forms of C. anceps. If it is a good species, it should take the name
of C. striatula, that being the older name.

83. Carex Crawer, Dew. mss. Crawe’s Sedge.

Sterile spike single, oblong ; fertile 2 — 3, oblong-cylindrical, distant, erect, rather closely
flowered, the lowest on a longish peduncle ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, pointed with a short
beak, slightly nerved, entire at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate scale. — Dew. in lit.

Whole plant light green. Culm 4 - 8 inches high, erect, triquetrous, leafy. Leaves about
2 lines wide, smooth, as long as the culm. Sterile spike pedunculate, about three fourths of
an inch long; the scales lanceolate, rather obtuse, light brown, scarious on the margin, with a
green keel. Fertile spikes 6 — 8 lines long ; the lowest on a short exserted peduncle. Scales
broadly ovate, mostly acute, tawny with a green keel. Perigynium 14 line long, slightly
inflated, obtuse, with a very short beak which is a little recurved. Achenium oblong, trique-
trous, acuminate. Style continuous.

Banks of Black river, near Watertown (Dr. Crawe). This new species was communicated
to me by Prof. Dewey. :

Carex. CYPERACE. 409

84. CarEX PLANTAGINEA, Lam. Plantain-leaved Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate (dark purplish brown) ; fertile 3-4, on exserted or
included peduncles which arise from leafless (mostly colored) sheaths, loosely flowered ;
perigynium ovoid-elliptical, acute at each end, triquetrous, smooth, striate, the point somewhat
recurved, entire, longer than the ovate cuspidate scale. — Lam. enc. 3. p. 398; Micha. fl. 2.
p-178; Pursh, fl. 1. p.42; Dew. Car. lc. 7. p. 273, 11. p. 155, and 19. t. N. f. 46;
Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 342; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 452. C. latifolia, Schk. Car. 1.
p. 104. t. U. f. 702; Wahl. in act. Holm. 1803. p. 156.

Culm 8 — 20 inches high, smooth, triquetrous. Leaves all radical, deep green, shorter than
the culm, from half an inch to an inch broad, with three of the nerves usually much stronger
than the others, smooth and flat. Sheaths leafless, generally of a dark purple color, but some-
times green, in the young state almost concealing the culm, each terminating in a short cusp.
Sterile spike oblong, elevated on a peduncle which is an inch or more in length. Scales ovate-
lanceolate, rather obtuse. Fertile spikes mostly 4, sometimes 5, oblong, few- (3 — 8-) flowered:
peduncles of the upper ones nearly enclosed ; of the lowest, exserted. Scales varying from
one half to the entire length of the perigynium, purplish brown with a green keel. Perigynium
about 23 lines long, green; the orifice entire and open. Achenium obovoid, triquetrous,
smooth. Style continuous.

Shady rocky ravines, in good soil : rare. Fl. April-May. Fr. End of May. A well
characterized species, being easily distinguished by its leafless sheaths ; but the broad-leaved
form of C. anceps is often mistaken for it.

85. Carex Careyana, Jorr. (Plate CXLV.) Carey's Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, oblong; fertile 2-3, oblong, few-flowered, loose, the uppermost
close to the sterile spike, lower ones distant, on exserted peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, acu-
minate, the point nearly straight, triquetrous, smooth, nerved, attenuated at the base, entire
at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale. — Dew. Car. l. c. 30. p. 60.
t. Bb. f. 88; Torr. Cyp. p. 415; Kunze, suppl. t. 27.

Culm 15 — 18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, smooth, somewhat leafy. Radical leaves
4 — 7 lines wide, dark green, strongly nerved : leaves of the culm narrower and much shorter.
Sterile spike about half an inch long, nearly sessile or (when the uppermost spike is abortive)
elevated on a peduncle : scales light chestnut-color, oblong, obtuse. Fertile spikes half an
inch in length, 4 — 8-flowered, and rather distant on the rachis ; upper one with the peduncle
either included or exserted. Scales pale reddish brown, with a green keel. Perigynium nearly
23 lines long, acute at each end ; the point nearly straight. Achenium oval, triquetrous, light
brown. Style slightly articulated near the base.

Shady dry woods, Auburn (J. Carey, Esq.). Fl. Early in May. Nearly allied to C.
plantaginea, and also approaching C. digitalis. This handsome species has been found also
in Ohio, by W. S. Sullivant, Esq.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 52

410 CYPERACEZ. Carex.

86. Carex EBURNEA, Boott. Bristle-leaved White Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary ; fertile 3-4, on exserted peduncles, erect, 3 - 6-flowered ; upper
ones approximated, overtopping the sterile spike ; lowest one commonly remote ; perigynia
obovoid, triquetrous, obscurely nerved, shining, the beak short and acuminate, entire at the
orifice, longer than the hyaline ovate scale ; leaves setaceous. — Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 227. C. alba, Dew. Car. l.c.'7. p. 266; Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c. p. 341, not of
Scopol. C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew. 1. c. 10. p. 280, and 11. p. 316. t. H. f. 26; Kunth,
enum. 2. p. 474. C. paupercula, Torr. Cyp. p. 415, not of Micha.

Culms densely cespitose, 5 — 12 inches long, setaceous, smooth, sulcate, naked; the base
clothed with yellowish sheaths, which terminate above in rudimentary leaves. Leaves shorter
than the culm, forming a radical tuft. Sterile spike 2 - 3 lines long, very slender ; the scales
lanceolate, whitish. Fertile spikes mostly 3, all clustered on the upper part of the culm, and
somewhat corymbose, or one of them (especially when there are 4) a little remote : peduncles
arising from leafless sheaths. Scales whitish and membranaceous, acute or obtuse. Perigynium
scarcely one line long, at first green, but brownish olive when mature, with a short abrupt
beak which is a little oblique ; the orifice whitish. Achenium elliptical, triquetrous, olivaceous
with pale angles.

Limestone hills, Goat Island (Prof. Dewey); Jefferson County (Dr. Crawe); Trenton
Falls (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. May. Fr. June. A delicate little species, nearly allied to C.
alba of Europe, but quite distinct.

87. Carex FLEXILIs, Rudge. Fringed Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, oblong, pcdunculate ; fertile 3-4, oblong-cylindrical, on nodding
naked peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, beaked, 2-toothed, about the length of the ovate ciliolate
scale ; leaves and bracts ciliate. — Rudge in Linn. trans. 7. t. 10. f. 1; Boott in Hook. fi.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 227. C. blepharophora, Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 237; Dew. Car.
l.c. 80. p. 59. t. Aa. f. 85; Torr. Cyp: p. 427.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, erect, smooth, leafy at the base. Leaves about 2 lines wide,
pale green and somewhat glaucous, much shorter than the culm, more or less pubescent
especially on the under surface. Bracts very short, scale-like, not sheathing the peduncles.
Sterile spike three fourths of an inch long, obscurely triangular ; the peduncle about an inch
in length : scales tawny, oblong. Fertile spikes three fourths of an inch in length, rather
densely flowered, on slender filiform peduncles. Scales rather obtuse, tawny; the midrib
prominent. Perigynium smooth, 2 lines long, with an acute slender conical beak. Achenium
oval-triquetrous, smooth. Style continuous.

Moist shady places. Oneida county (Dr. Gray); on the Canal near Rome, and in Essex
county (Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June. Fr. July.

Carex. CYPERACE. 411

88. Carex arcotata, Boott. Short-beaked Wood Sedge.

Sterile spike single, cylindrical ; fertile 3 —- 4, remote, on long nodding peduncles, slender,
rather loosely flowered, attenuate at the base ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical, triquetrous, nerved,
the beak short, slightly 2-toothed at the orifice, longer than the ovate acuminate mucronate
scale. — Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 227. C. sylvatica, Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p. 40;
Schwein. § Torr. Car. l. c. p. 350, not of Huds.

Culm 9 — 18 inches high, slender, leafy, triquetrous. Leaves 2 - 3 lines wide, pale green
and somewhat glaucous, shorter than the culm. Sterile spike about three fourths of an inch
long, slender, sometimes bearing a few fertile flowers : scales lanceolate, pale with a green
keel. Fertile spikes commonly 4, from an inch to an inch and a half long and about 2 lines
in diameter, at first erect, but finally more or less cernuous ; the flowers alternate, and some-
what remote toward the base. Peduncles filiform, much exserted. Scales abruptly acuminate,
the point ending in a cusp or short awn, whitish and membranaceous, with a green keel.
Perigynium about 2 lines long, with a few but distinct nerves, green when young, but finally
brownish, about one third longer than the scale. Achenium obovoid-triquetrous.

Moist woods and meadows ; northern and western parts of the State. Fl. May. Fr. June.
This species was confounded with C. sylvatica, till it was separated by Dr. Boott. The latter
is stouter, the fertile spikes more compact, the beak much longer, etc. Sometimes, however,
I find specimens that seem to be intermediate between this plant and C. debzlis.

89. Carex pesiLis, Micha. Weak Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile mostly 4, on long nodding peduncles, remote,
filiform, the flowers alternate on a flexuous rachis ; perigynium oblong, smooth, attenuated at
each end, slightly bifid, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale.— Miche. fl. 2.
p. 172; Torr. Cyp. p. 416; Boott in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 216. C. tenuis, Rudge in
Linn. trans. 7. p. 96. t. 9. f. 2. C. flexuosa, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 297; Schk. Car.
t. Ddd. g- Aaaa. f. 124; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 43; Muhl. gram. p. 253 ; Dew. Car. l. c. 10. p.40;
Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l. c. p. 351; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 39; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 471.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, weak and slender, leafy, smoothish. Leaves about two lines wide.
Sterile spike very slender, elongated, rarely bearing a few fertile flowers : scales lanceolate,
obtuse, pale. Fertile spikes 3 — 4, an inch and a half or two inches long, 10 — 18-flowered ;
the filiform exserted peduncles an inch or more in length. Scales acuminate, light brown with
the keel green. Perigynium 2% lines long, somewhat fusiform, very acute at each end, ob-
tusely triangular, nerved. Achenium ovoid-triquetrous, smooth, brown when old. Style slender,
continuous.

Moist woods and meadows : common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

52*

412 CYPERACES. Carex.

90. Carex miniacea, ALuhl. Millet-like Sedge.

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile 3, cylindrical, slender, on filiform cernuous
peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, with a short beak, triquetrous, smooth, nerveless, nearly entire
at the tip, about the length of the ovate-lanceolate scale. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 290;
Schk. Car. t. Ooo. f. 151; Muhl. gram. p. 257; Ell. sk. 2. p. 552; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10.
p- 30; Schwein. §- Torr. Car. l.c. p. 353; Kunth, enum, 2. p. 469. C. prasina, WaAl.
in act. Holm. 1803. p. 161.

Culm 12 - 18 inches high, erect, slender, leafy below, nearly smooth. Leaves about two
lines wide, as long as the culm. Sterile spike slender, somewhat ciavate, 1 — 2 inches long,
often bearing fertile flowers at the summit : scales oblong, loosely imbricated, mucronate,
pale brown. Fertile spikes very constantly 3, somewhat approximate, 1 — 2 inches long ; the
flowers close except toward the base, where they are more or less distant : peduncles half an
inch to an inch in length. Scales acuminate, pale with a green keel. Perigynium 14 line
long, very thin and membranaceous, bright green, broadish below and tapering evenly to a
short beak, which is minutely 2-toothed. Achenium ovoid-triquetrous, dull. Style continuous.

Wet meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

91. Carex Lacustris, Willd. Lake Sedge.

Sterile spikes 2-4; ferule 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, on short or scarcely
exserted peduncles ; perigynium narrowly oblong, many-nerved, smooth, somewhat beaked,
2-toothed at the summit, about as long as the oblong mucronate scale.— Willd. sp. 4. p. 306;
Schk. Car. t. Ooo. f. 152; Pursh, fl. 1. p.45; Dew. Car. 1. c. 10. p.43; Schwein. &
Torr. Car. l.c. p. 369; Kunth, enum. 2. p. 489. C. riparia, Muhl. gram. p. 259; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 554.

Culm 3 — 5 feet high, stout, sharply triquetrous, leafy, rough on the angles. Leaves 3-5
lines wide, keeled, somewhat glaucous. Sterile spikes commonly as many as three ; terminal
one 1 — 2 inches long; the others shorter, thick : scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or emargi-
nate, mucronate. Fertile spikes distant, rarely four, 1 — 3 inches long and nearly half an inch
in diameter, narrowed at the base, densely fruited ; the uppermost one, and sometimes the
others, bearing a few sterile flowers at the summit. Scales tapering to a long narrow rough
point. Perigynium one fourth of an inch long, a little inflated, brown when old, gradually
tapering into a sort of stout beak, the apex of which is furnished with two short thick and
somewhat spreading teeth. Achenium obovoid, triquetrous, smoothish. Style centinuous.

Deep swamps and borders of lakes: not rare. Fl. June. Fr. July. This species differs
from C. riparia, chiefly in its narrower fruit. Prof. Dewey states that the true C. riparia
occurs in New-York, but I have seen no specimens.

GRAMINEZ. 413

Orver CXXV. GRAMINE/E. Juss. Tue Grass TRIBE.

Flowers in small spikelets, consisting of bracts or scales imbricated in 2 rows,
the exterior of which (usually 2) are called glumes, and the two that imme-
diately inclose the flower, palee. Calyx and corolla none, or reduced to minute
scales or lodicule, which are usually 2 in number. Stamens mostly 3: anthers
versatile. Styles 2, sometimes united at the base : stigmas feathery. — Stems
(culms ) hollow, closed at the joints. Sheaths of the leaves split, or open on one
side (very rarely entire), often furnished with a membranaceous appendage
(ligule) on one side.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

Tribe 1. ORYZEA. Spikelets either one-flowered, with the glumes mostly abortive; or 2 —3-flowered, one or
both of the lower flowers with a single palea and neuter, the terminal one fertile. Pale somewhat
coriaceous.— Flowers mostly hexandrous,

1, Leersia. Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes none, Palee 2, awnless.
2. Zizania. Monecious. Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes none. Palez of the pistillate flowers awned, membrana-
ceous.

Tribe 2, PHALARIDE/, Spikelets perfect, polygamous or rarely moneecious : either one-flowered, without a
rudimentary stipe-like flower ; or 2-flowered, the flowers perfect or sterile ; or 2-3-flowered, the
terminal flower perfect, the others incomplete. Palex mostly indurated in fruit.

3. Atorecurus. Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes 2, awnless, boat-shaped, united above the base. Upper palea want-
ing : lower one awned on the back.

4, Puteum. Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes distinct, boat-shaped. Paleae awnless.

5. Puavaris. Spikelets 3-flowered, awnless ; the 2 lower flowers scale-like ; upper flower perfect. Glumes 2, keeled.

6. Hoxcus. Spikelets 2-flowered : glumes nearly equal ; lower flower perfect, awnless ; upper one staminate or neuter ;
the lower palee awned on the back.

7. Hierocuyoa. Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers staminate, triandrous, awned; uppermost flower dian-
drous, awnless.

8. AnTHOxANTHUM, Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers neuter, each consisting of a single awned palea ;
upper flower perfect, awniess, diandrous.

Tribe 3. PANICEZE. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower incomplete, usually neuter. Glumes of thinner
texture than the palee; the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Paleew more or less coriaceous,
commonly awnless; the lower one concave.

9. Paspatum. Glume single. Lower flower neuter, of a single palea, membranaceous. Perfect flower of 2 awnless
palez.— Flowers in spikes ; the pedicels jointed,

10. Mizium. Glume single. . Lower flower neuter, of a single palea. Perfect flower awnless.— Flowers in a loose
panicle ; the pedicels not articulated.

11, Panicum, Spikelets naked: glumes 2, very unequal. Lower flower of one or two palex.

12, Penniserum. Spikelets with an involucre of several distinct bristles, 2-flowered : glumes two, unequal, Lower
flower of one or two palex.

13. Cencurus. Spikelets enclosed in an indurated involucre, which is spiny or bristly externally. Glumes 2.

Tribe 4. STIPACE/, Spikelets one-flowered. Lower palea involute, with a simple or 3-cleft mostly twisted
awn at the tip, indurated in fruit. Ovary stipitate.
14, Oryzopsis, Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, awnless. Palew coriaceous, equal in length : awn deciduous,
straight. Scales linear, elongated. Stipe of the ovary short.

4l4 GRAMINEZ.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

20,

21.

22.
23.

24.

26.

33,

34.

35,

Stipa. Glumes 2, membranaceous, awnless, nearly equal. Palew coriaceous, involute : awn twisted. Scales shorter
than the stipitate ovary.
AristipaA, Glumes unequal, mostly awnless. Palea involute; the lower with a 3-parted awn at the tip.

Tribe 5. AGROSTIDE. Spikelets one-flowered, rarely with another rudimentary flower. Glumes and paleas
2, membranaceo-herbaceous ; the lower palea often awned.

Munvensercia. Glumes unequal, Palex lanceolate, mostly hairy at the base ; the lower one mucronate or awned
at the tip.— Panicle more or less contracted.

Vitra. Glumes unequal, not keeled. Palew not bearded ; the lower one awnless,

Acrostis. Glumes unequal. Pale mostly shorter than the glumes : lower one commonly awned on the back ;
the upper one often minute.— Panicle diffuse.

BRACHYELYTRUM. Glumes very minute. Lower palea with a long terminal awn ; upper with a clavate rudimen-
tary flower at the base.— Panicle racemose.

Tribe 6. ARUNDINACE. Spikelets one-flowered, with a rudimentary flower; or many-flowered : the flowers
usually with long hairs at the base. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceo-herbaceous. — Inflorescence
paniculate,

CaLAMaGRostis, Spikelets one-flowered, and sometimes furnished with a pencil-form rudiment, Palexw surrounded
with hairs at the base; the lower one usually with a short awn at the apex or on the back,
AmmopuiLa. Palezx shorter than the carinate glumes, surrounded with hairs at the base, awnless, Scales elongated.

Puracmirtes, Spikelets 3 —6-flowered : flowers perfect, on villous pedicels, except the lowest, which is sessile,
staminate, and naked at the base.

Tribe 7. CHLORIDE. Spikes unilateral : spikelets one-flowered, or many-flowered with the upper flowers
imperfect. Glumes and palee 2, herbaceo-membranaceous, :
Exeusine. Spikes digitate or fasciculate. Spikelets sessile, 2-6-flowered : flowers awnless. Glumes carinate,
Seed transversely rugose,

. Spartina. Spikes disposed in a raceme, or remote and secund. Spikelets unilateral, closely imbricated in 2 rows.

Glumes and pale carinate, compressed, awnless, Styles mostly united below.
Bourrtova. Spikes short, disposed in a unilateral raceme, Spikelets 2 —3-flowered. Glumes carinate ; the upper
one much larger. Lower palea 3-toothed, or with 3 bristles at the summit.

Tribe 8. AVENACE, Spikelets 2 - many-flowered ; the terminal flower usually imperfect. Glumes and palez
2, herbaceo-membranaceous ; the lower palea usually with a twisted awn on the back,

. Ama. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea 2 -4-toothed, awned on the back.
. Triserum. Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Lower palea bicuspidate, with a twisted awn on the back below the cusps,

Caryopsis not sulcate.

. Avena. Spikelets several-flowered ; the flowers remote. Lower palea awned on the back. Caryopsis longitudinally

sulcate on the inside.

. ARRHENATHERUM. Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower flower staminate, with the lower palea awned on the back.

Upper flower perfect ; the lower palea awnless, or with a short awn a little below the tip.

Danruonia. Spikelets 2 — 5-flowered. Glumes longer than the flowers (which are bearded at the base), cuspidate.
Lower palea 2-toothed, with a twisted awn between the teeth.

. UraAueris. Spikelets 3 - 4-flowered, somewhat terete. Glumes short. Palew unequal, villous on the margins : lower

one tricuspidate, the central cusp produced into a short awn; the upper bicarinate and incurved.

Tribe 9. FESTUCACE. Spikelets many-flowered (rarely few-flowered). Glumes and paleew 2, membranaceo-
herbaceous, rarely coriaceous : lower palea often with a short bristle. Inflorescence paniculate, some-
times contracted and spike-like.

Poa. Spikelets ovate, oblong or linear, compressed, 3 — many-flowered. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Palez

awnless, usually membranaceous, often with a web-like pubescence at the base.
GryceriaA. Spikelets terete, elongated, many-flowercd, Palew awnless: upper one somewhat conduplicate, Scales
collateral, connate, Stigmas decompound.

Dacryuis. Spikelets aggregated into a unilateral head, many-flowered. Glumes and palee carinate, mucronate.

LeeErsIa. GRAMINE. 415

36. Bromus. Spikelets oblong, distichous, many-flowered. Inferior palea 2-cleft, with a bristle between the teeth, a
little below the tip. Caryopsis villous at the summit.

37. Kauerra. Spikelets 2 —6-flowered, compressed. Glumes unequal. Palee unequal, membranaceous ; the lower
one pointless, or with a short awn at or below the tip.

38. Festuca. Spikelets often at first more or less terete, finally compressed, several-flowered : rachis jointed. Palew
herbaceous; the lower one acute, mucronate or with a short awn at the tip, rounded on the back.

39, Untota. Spikelets many-flowered, ancipital. Palexw awnless; the lower one boat-shaped.

Trise I. ORYZEZ. Kunth.
Spikelets either one-flowered, with the glumes mostly abortive ; or 2 - 3-flowered, one or

both of the lower flowers with a single palea and neuter, the terminal one fertile. Palee
somewhat coriaceous. — Flowers often imperfect, mostly hexandrous.

1. LEERSIA. Soland.; Endl. gen. 728. WHITE GRASS.

[In honor of J. D.. LEErs, a German botanist. ]
Spikelets one-flowered, compressed. Glumes none. Palex two, awnless, closed, equal in
length, but the lower one much broader, carinate. Stamens 3 - 6 ( rarely solitary). —
Swamp plants. Panicle simple or branched. Spikelets somewhat racemose and unilateral,

on short pedicels.

1. Leersta oryzorpes, Swartz. Cut-grass. White-grass.

Panicle branched, diffuse, often sheathed at the base ; spikelets somewhat spreading ;
flowers triandrous ; palee strongly ciliate on the keel. — Swartz, fl. Ind. occ. 1. p. 132;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 101; Muhl. gram. p.58; Torr. fl. 1. p.'75; Beck, bot. p. 419; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 92; Kunth, enum. 1. p.5. Phalaris oryzoides, Linn. sp. 1. p. 55. Asprella
oryzoides, Lam. ill. no. 858; Rem. §- Schult. syst. 2. p. 266.

Rhizoma creeping, perennial. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, geniculate at the base. Leaves 2-3
lines wide, very rough with minute hooked prickles, as are also the sheaths. Ligule short,
retuse. Panicle with widely spreading and flexuous branches. Flowers greenish white, oval-
oblong. Glumes rough and dotted on the sides, lower one 3-nerved, upper one-nerved ; the
keel ciliate with small spines. Anthers linear, yellow. Styles 2, very short : stigmas feathered,
white. Caryopsis oblong.

Ditches and swamps : common. August — September.

2. Lerrsrta Virainica, Willd. Small-flowered W hite-grass.

Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading ; flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly
ciliate on the keel. — Willd. sp. 1. p. 325; Ell. sk. 1. p.100; Muhl. gram. p.59; Torr.
fl.1. p. 74; Beck, bot. p.419; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.92; Kunth, enum. 1. p.6. Asprella
Virginica, Rem. § Schult. syst. 2. p. 266.

Culm 2-4 feet high, slender, branching, geniculate, erect or decumbent. Leaves 2 -3

416 GRAMINES. ZIZANIA.

lines wide, rough ; the sheaths deeply striate, and also somewhat rough with little prickles,
rarely pubescent. Panicle much exserted ; the branches few and solitary. Flowers racemose,
on short pedicels ; the glumes bent around and partly embracing the rachis, imbricated,
covered with minute impressed dots ; the inferior one boat-shaped, acuminate ; the upper
linear-lanceolate. Stigmas white. Caryopsis oblong.

Swamps and wet shady woods : less common than the preceding. Fl. August - September.

2. ZIZANIA. Gronov.; Endl. gen. 732. WILD RICE. WATER RICE.
{An ancient Greek name for some Grass, supposed to be Lolium perenne. }

Moneecious. Spikelets one-flowered. Straminate : Glumes none, or only rudimentary. Palez
herbaceo-membranaceous, awnless. Stamens 6. Pistituate : Glumes none. Palex
herbaceo-membranaceous ; lower one oblong, keeled, terminating ina straight awn. Styles
short : stigma pencil-form. — Tall marsh grasses, with a large terminal panicle. Flowers

very caducous.

1. Zizanta aquatica, Linn. Tuscarora Rice. Water Oats. Indian Rice.

Lower branches of the panicle staminate, spreading ; upper branches erect, pistillate ; the
spikelets on clavate pedicels ; awns elongated ; caryopsis slender, linear. — Linn. sp. 2.
p. 991; Lamb. in Linn. trans. '7. p. 264, t.13; ~Pursh, fl.1. p.60; Ell. sk. 2. p. 585;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 344; Beck, bot. p.419; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.93. Z. clavulosa, Michzx.
fl. 1. p. 75; Willd. sp. 4. p. 394; Muhl. gram. p. 270. Hydroporum esculentum, Link,
“hort. Berol. 1. p. 252;” Kunth, enum. 1. p. 9.

Annual? Culm 4 - 8 feet high, erect, terete, smooth. Leaves 2 - 3 feet long, and from
half an inch to more than an inch wide, light green, smooth on both sides, rough on the margin.
Panicle 10 — 18 inches long, loose, pyramidal, with verticillate branches ; the lower part
spreading horizontally, and bearing staminate flowers ; the upper erect, or appressed and
fertile. Sterile flowers pendulous ; the palee nearly equal in length, about half an inch long,
purplish, a little hairy ; lower one 5-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Stamens 6 : filaments short :
anthers oblong, greenish yellow. Fertile flowers somewhat racemose, on upwardly thickened
pedicels, about an inch long. Glumes none, or minute and connate, forming a little cup.
Palee unequal, rough, purplish ; lower one longer, 3-nerved. Scales lanceolate. Caryopsis
terete, about half an inch long, blackish when ripe, but white and farinaceous internally.

Swamps, and borders of rivulets and lakes ; in both fresh and brackish waters : frequent.
Fi. August — September. Fr. October. The grain of this plant is a favorite article of food
among the Indians, and cattle are very fond of the herbage. It might probably be cultivated
to advantage for fodder, especially in large inundated tracts that are worth but little for any
other purpose. Z. fluitans, of Michaux, as appears from his herbarium, was not found in
Lake Champlain, as noticed by mistake in the Flora Boreali-Americana, but near Charleston,
South-Carolina.

ALOPECURUS. GRAMINE. 417

TrisE Il. PHALARIDEZ. Kunth.

Spikelets perfect, polygamous or rarely monecious : either one-flowered, with or without a
rudimentary stipe-like flower ; or 2-flowered, the flowers perfect or sterile; or 2 —-3-
flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others incomplete. Glumes mostly equal. Palee
mostly shining, indurated in fruit.

3. ALOPECURUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 747. FOXTAIL GRASS.

[ From the Greek, alopex, a fox, and owra, a tail; in allusion to the form of the spike. ]
Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes 2, boat-shaped and keeled, awnless, nearly equal, united at
the base. Lower palea membranaceous, compressed, with the margins united below, awned
on the back below the middle : upper palea wanting. Styles sometimes connate at the base.

— Flowers in a dense cylindrical terminal spiked panicle.

1. ALorecurus pRATENSIS, Linn. Common Foxtail Grass.

Culm erect, smooth ; spike cylindrical, obtuse ; glumes connate below the middle, lanceo-
late, acute, somewhat hairy, as long as the palea. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 60; Engl. bot. t. 759 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.65; Muhl. gram. p. 80; Torr. fl. 1. p.97; Trin. gram. uni.- et sesq.-fl.
p. 142; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 24.

Perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves smooth, flat. Ligule ovate.
Spike (or rather compact panicle) 1 — 2 inches long, of a yellowish green color; the flowers
crowded on short branches. Glumes and palea hairy and strongly ciliate. Awn about twice
the length of the flower, twisted.

Fields and pastures : rare. Fl. June - July. Doubtless introduced from Europe.

2. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS, Linn. Water Foxtail Grass.

Culm ascending, geniculate at the base ; spike cylindrical, obtuse ; glumes connate at the
base, hairy, obtuse ; awn twice as long as the flower.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 60; Engl. bot. t. 1250;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.65; Muhl. gram. p. 80; Ell. sk. 1.p. 111; Torr. fl..1. p. 97; Trin. gram.
unt.- et sesq -fl. p. 140, and icon. gram. 4. t. 42; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 24.

var. aristulatus : awn scarcely as long as the flower.— Torr. 1. c. A. aristulatus, Micha.
fil. 1. p. 43. A. subaristatus, Pers. syn. 1. p. 80; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 52. A. fulvus, Smith
in Engl. bot. t. 1467?

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 12 —- 18 inches high, geniculate and rooting below, terete, smooth.
Leaves 2-3 inches long, pale green, smooth and flat; the sheaths a little inflated : ligule
elongated. Spike 1 - 2 inches long, slender. Flowers ovate, flat. Glumes very villous on the
margin, and fringed on the keel. Palea smoothish, as long as the glumes ; the awn arising
from below the middle. Stamens 3 : anthers oblong, pale yellow. Styles a little connate at
the base : stigmas plumose. Scales collateral, lanceolate, very minute.

Wet meadows : rather frequent, particularly the short-awned variety. Fl. June, I find
no constant difference between A. geniculatus and A. aristulatus ; even in the length of the

awn.
{FLrora — Vol. 2.] 53

418 GRAMINE. PHLEUM.

4, PHLEUM. Lunn.; Endl. gen. 750. CAT-TAIL GRASS.
[An ancient Greek name, originally applied, it is thought, to Typna.]
Glumes much longer than the pale, distinct, equal, boat-shaped, beaked or mucronate.

Palez awnless, truncate. — Panicle spiked, dense, cylindrical.

1. Puiteum pratense, Linn. | Timothy. Herd’s-grass.

Spike cylindrical ; glumes mucronate-awned, ciliate on the keel, longer than the awn. —
Linn. sp.1. p. 59; Engl. bot. t. 1076; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 65; Ell. sk. 1. p. 110; -Muhl.
gram. p. 82; Torr. fl.1. p.98; Trin. diss. 1. p. 149; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 59; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 29.

Root perennial, fibrous or sometimes tuberous. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat,
3 — 4 lines wide, smooth and glaucous : ligule ovate. Spike 3 — 6 inches long, green. Glumes
3-nerved, fringed with white hairs on the keel. Pale concealed in the base of the glumes ;
the lower one larger, 5-nerved. Stamens 3 : anthers purple. Caryopsis oblong, compressed.

Fields and pastures. #7. June — August. Introduced from Europe. This is a well known
and most valuable grass, and makes the best kind of hay.

5. PHALARIS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 753. CANARY GRASS.
[ From the Greek, phalos, shining; the coriaceous pale being smooth and polished, ]

Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two inferior flowers scale-like and minute ; upper flower perfect.
Glumes 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, gibbous on the back, keeled, awnless. Palew
2, finally coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, awnless ; the upper one surrounded by the
lower. Caryopsis oblong, lenticular, closely covered with the smooth coriaceous palee. —

Panicles dense and spike-like.

1. Puauaris arunpinacea, Linn. feed Canary Grass.

Panicle ovoid, a little spreading when old; glumes boat-shaped, obtusely keeled ; abortive
flowers resembling 2 small exterior glumes, hairy.—Lznn. sp. 1. p. 55; Miche. fl. 1. p.43;
Pursh, fl.1. p. 65; Muhl. gram. p.89; Trin. gram. Pan. p. 256; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 63; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 33. P. Americana, Torr. fl. 1. p. 100; Beck, bot. p. 392, not
of Hil. Calamagrostis colorata, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 46. 7

Perennial. Culm 2 - 4 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves 3 - 4 lines wide, smooth, with a
rough margin. Ligule ovate. Neuter flowers resembling exterior glumes, linear, villous.
Panicle 2 — 4 inches long. Glumes compressed towards the tip, 3-nerved ; lower one fringed
on the margin below the middle ; upper one smooth. Palez a little shorter than the glumes,
clothed with appressed hairs ; the inferior ovate, superior lanceolate. Stamens 3 : anthers
linear, yellow. Scales ovate, entire. Caryopsis oblong, black.

Swamps and wet borders of streams : frequent. Fl. July. A native also of Europe. The
Ribbon-grass of the gardens is a variety of this species.

PHALaRIs. GRAMINE. 419

2. Puataris Canariensis, Linn. Common Canary Grass.

Panicle spike-like, oval ; glumes boat-shaped, entire at the point ; palee hairy ; glumes of
the abortive flowers smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 54; Engl. bot. t.1310; Torr. fl. 1. p. 100;
Trin. gram. Pan. p. 254; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 31.

Annual. Culm 14 - 2 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaves 4 — 5 lines wide, pale green and
glaucous ; the sheaths somewhat inflated. Glumes nearly twice as long as the pale, yellgwish
green, strongly keeled. Palez smooth, lanceolate, acute. Abortive flowers very small, entire.
Caryopsis ovate, invested with the hardened shining palee.

Waste places, and about habitations : introduced from Europe. J. July - September.

6. HOLCUS. Linn.; Endl. gen. 754. SOFT-GRASS.
[ Said to be from holko, to extract; because of its supposed virtue in drawing out thorns.]

Spikelets 2-flowered, polygamous. Glumes membranaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mucro-

nate. Lower flower perfect, awnless : upper one staminate or neuter, pedicellate ; the

lower palea awned on the back above the middle. — Panicle contracted.

1. Hoxtcus tanatus, Linn. Meadow Soft-grass.

Panicle equal; flowers shorter than the rather obtuse mucronate glumes, upper one with a
curved awn; root fibrous.—Linn. sp. 2. p. 1047; Engl. bot. t. 1170; Muhl. gram. p. 274;
Torr. fl.1. p.151; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.44; Beck, bot. p. 404; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 91;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 35.

Whole plant clothed with a soft whitish down. Root perennial. Culm 1 - 2 feet high.
Leaves flat, 3 — 5 lines wide ; the ligule short and truncate. Panicle more or less contracted.
Glumes whitish or tinged with purple, pubescent, ciliate on the keel. Flowers pedicellate.
Palee smooth and shining ; the lower one keeled. Awn of the staminate flower curved or
hooked.

Moist meadows : frequent. Fi. June. Introduced from Europe, and now thoroughly
naturalized in many places. A grass of but little value.

7. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel. HOLY-GRASS.

[ From the Greek, zeros, sacred, and chloa, grass; because, in Prussia, it is used in certain religious festivals. ]
Spikelets 3-flowered : the two lower flowers staminate, triandrous and mostly awned ; the
uppermost one perfect, diandrous, awnless.— Smooth perennial grasses, having the odor of

vanilla. Flowers in open or contracted panicles : spikelets pedicellate.

1. Hirerocuioa Boreatis, Ram. & Schult. Seneca Grass. Vanilla Grass.

Panicle somewhat one-sided, a little spreading ; peduncles smooth ; perfect flower pointless ;
53*

420 GRAMINES. Hrerocutoa-

staminate flowers slightly awned ; root creeping. — Ram. & Schult. syst. 2. p. 513; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 150; Beck, bot. p. 404; Hook. fl. Bor-Am. 2. p. 234; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 36. H.
repens, P. de Beauv. agrost. p. 62. H. fragrans, Rem. g Schult. l.c.; Kunth, l. c.
Holcus odoratus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1047; Michx, fl. 1. p. 56; Muhl. gram. p. 273; Bigel.
fi. Bost. p. 44.

Rhizoma creeping extensively. Culm 12 - 18 inches high, erect, simple. Leaves smooth
and shining ; the radical ones very long ; those of the culm short : ligule lanceolate. Panicle
few-flowered, 2 - 3 inches long, pyramidal, finally spreading ; the primary branches in pairs
or solitary : branchlets flexuous. Spikelets broadly ovate, tumid, yellowish brown and purple.
Glumes mostly a little longer than the flowers, ovate, acuminate, smooth, 3-nerved, purplish
towards the base. Lower palea of the staminate flowers ovate-oblong, hairy, strongly ciliate
on the margin, 5-nerved, the middle nerve produced into a point or short bristle : upper palea
a little longer, lanceolate, bifid. Perfect flower resembling the lateral ones in texture : lower
palea smooth on the sides and margin, villous at the tip.

Boggy meadows, Long Island, &c. Flowers early in May. This remarkably sweet-
scented grass is abundant also in the northern parts of Europe. In some parts of the Prussian
dominions it is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and strewed before the doors of the churches on
festival days. In this country, it is often collected and placed in draws to scent clothes.

2. Hierocutoa aupina, Ram. & Schult. Alpine Holy-grass.

Panicle ovate, contracted ; spikelets oblong, compressed, longer than the pedicels ; glumes
lanceolate, almost nerveless ; lateral flowers obtuse, awned on the back. — Ram. g Schult.
syst. 2. p.515; Torr. fl. 1.p.150; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 234; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 36.
Holcus alpinus, Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 31. t.2; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 45.

Culm 6 — 12 inches high, erect, straight. Leaves 2-3 lines wide; those of the culm
short. Panicle 1 - 2 inches long; the branches mostly in pairs, rather stout, each bearing
2-3 spikelets which are larger than those of the preceding species, shining, brown tinged
with purple. Glumes rather obtuse, thin and membranaceous. Staminate flowers slightly
hairy, the palew eroded at the point; the upper one bicarinate and folded within the lower,
bifid and hairy at the tip : awn of the lower flower one third the length of the palee ; of the
upper flower, longer than the palew. Anthers linear. Perfect flower with nearly equal palee ;
the lower palea mucronate at the tip.

Summit of Mount Marcy, and some other of the highest mountains of Essex county. Fi.
End of June. A rare species, inhabiting the arctic regions of America, Europe and Asia.

8. ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 756. VERNAL GRASS.

[ From the Greek, anthos, a flower, and xanthos, yellow.]
Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers neuter, and each consisting of a single awned
palea ; the upper flower perfect, of 2 palew, awnless and diandrous. — Aromatic grasses,

with fibrous roots and contracted panicles.

ANTHOXANTHUM. GRAMINE. 421

1. ANTHOXANTHUM oporaAtTuM, Linn. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.

Panicle ovoid-oblong ; flowers pubescent, shorter than the awns. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 40 ;
Engl. bot. t. 647; Miche. fl. 1. p. 39; Pursh, fl. 1. p.65; Muhl. gram. p. 2; Ell. sk. 1.
p.3873 Torr. ft. 1. p. 1013 Kunth, enum. 1. p. 38.

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 12-18 inches high, erect, slender. Leaves more or less
pubescent ; the ligule membranaceous, elongated. Panicle usually contracted and almost
spiked, but in shady places loose and open; the flowers somewhat fascicled on the short
branches. Glumes unequal, membranaceous, pubescent ; the inferior shorter and broader.
One of the neuter flowers with a geniculate awn at the base, of the length of the palea; the
other with a shorter straight awn a little below the tip. Styles 2, short : stigmas elongated,
white, plumose. Caryopsis oblong, black and shining.

Meadows, fields, and dry open woods : very common. Jl. May August. Introduced
from Europe, but perfectly naturalized. This grass is well known for its fine perfume when
partially dry.

Trise Ill PANICE. Kunth.

Sptkelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower incomplete, usually neuter (rarely staminate). Glumes
of thinner texture than the pale@ ; the lower one often (and rarely both) abortive. Palee
more or less coriaceous, commonly awnless ; the lower one concave.

9, PASPALUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 761. PASPALUM,

[ From paspalos, the Greek word for millet ; in allusion to the form of the grain]
Spikelets 2-flowered, the glume single : lower flower neuter, of a single palea, membranaceous,
awnless, as long as the glume. Perfect flowers with two coriaceous awnless palee ; the
lower concave, and embracing the upper one. Stamens 3.— Flowers in unilateral linear

spikes, plano-convex ; the rachis not jointed : pedicels articulated.

1. Paspatum Lave, Michz. Smooth Erect Paspalum.

Culm erect, smooth, rather stout ; leaves usually smooth, hairy at the base (and sometimes
also the lower sheaths a little hairy); spikes 3 - 6, alternate ; spikelets in two rows, ovate-
orbicular, smooth. — Michx. fl. 1. p.44; Ell. sk. 1. p.106; Muhl. gram. p.98; Torr.
fl.1. p.'76; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.43; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 53; Trin. Pan. gen. I. c. p. 160.

Perennial. Culm 1} - 3 feet high, simple. Leaves 3 — 5 lines wide, deep green. Spikes
usually 3 or 4 (sometimes only two), 2-3 inches long, spreading horizontally ; the rachis
flexuous, flat on the back, about half a line wide. Spikelets one on each pedicel, nearly
orbicular, 14 line long, smooth or nearly so. Glume and palea of the neuter flower strongly
one-nerved, even. Palez of the perfect flower minutely dotted in lines.

Moist grassy banks and meadows, Long Island, &c. Fl. August. Quite a variable species
as respects the degree of smoothness or pubescence, but easily distinguished from the fol-
lowing by its more numerous spikes and much larger spikelets.

422 GRAMINE. PasPaLuM.

2. Paspatum sETaceum, Michz. Hairy Slender Paspalum.

Culm erect or decumbent, slender ; leaves and sheaths hairy ; spikes mostly two, one of
them on a long, the other on a short peduncle from the same sheath ; spikelets in two rows.
— Miche. fl. 1. p. 43; Ell. sk. 1. p.104; Torr. fl. 1. p.76; Beck, bot. p. 399; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 55 (excl. syn. P. ciliatifolium, Michx.); Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 43; Trin. Pan.
gen. p. 55. P. pubescens, Muhl. gram. p. 92. P. ciliatifolium, Torr. l. c.; Gray, Gram.
§- Cyp. 1. no. 24, not of Micha. P. debile, Micha. I. c.

Perennial. Culm mostly prostrate, 1 - 2 feet long, smoothish. Leaves about 2 lines wide,
commonly very hairy, and ciliate on the margin. Peduncle of the terminal spike 2 — 6 inches
long, arising from the uppermost sheath. From the same sheath usually proceeds another
spike, on a much shorter peduncle, but sometimes it is only partially or not at all exserted.
Rachis very narrow, convex on the back, hairy at the base. Spikelets two, on a short forked
pedicel which is closely appressed to the rachis, less than a line in length. Glume and palexe
of the neuter flower orbicular-ovate. Perfect flower as long as the glume, very smooth and
shining.

Sandy fields : common. August September.

10. MILIUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. 762. MILLET GRASS.
[ Said to be from mile, a thousand ; because of its fertility.]

Spikelets 2-flowered. Glume single, membranaceous, concave. Lower flower neuter, and
consisting of a single palea resembling the glume : upper flower perfect, the pale awnless :
lower palea concave, and embracing the upper. Stamens 3. — Panicle branched, diffuse.

Spikelets pedicellate ; the pedicels not articulated.

1. Mitium errusum, Linn. Millet Grass.

Panicle widely diffuse, compound ; glumes ovate, very obtuse ; leaves flat, smooth ; root
perennial. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 61; Engl. bot.t.1106; Muhl. cat. p.9; Torr. fl. 1. p. 77;
Trin. diss. p. 246, g& Pan. gen. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. (ser. 6.) p. 120; Kunth, enum.
1. p. 66.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 3 - 6 feet high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 8 — 12 inches
long and nearly half an inch wide, smooth underneath, roughish above : ligule oblong. Panicle
oblong, 6 - 10 inches long; the lower branches clustered ; upper ones opposite. Flowers
rather few, and scattered. Glumes roughish, obscurely 3-nerved. Palee nearly equal, rather
acute. Scales ovate-lanceolate, entire.

Mountain meadows, and borders of streams, northern and western counties : frequent.
July — August. Our plant seems to be identical with the M. effusum of Europe.

Panicum. GRAMINE. 423

11. PANICUM. Linn. (in part); Endl. gen.'770 (including OpLisMENUS). PANIC-GRASS,
[ Said to be derived from panis, bread; the grain of some species being used for food ]

Spikelets 2-flowered, naked ; the flowers with or without awns. Glumes 2, mostly very un-
equal, membranaceous, concave. Lower flower of one or two palex, staminate or neuter,
membranaceous. Upper flower perfect ; the palee 2, coriaceous, nearly equal, concave.
Stamens 3.— Grasses of various habit; the inflorescence mostly paniculate or spiked :

rachis not jointed.

* Diairaria, Scop. Spikes linear, wnilateral, digitate, fasciculate or paniculale : flowers not awned.
1. Panicum saneuinaLe, Linn. (Plate CXLVI.) Common Crab-grass.

Spikes digitate, erect-spreading ; leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy ; spikelets oblong ;
flowers pubescent on the margin. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 57; Engl. bot. +. 849; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p.41; Trin. gram. Pan. p.'78, and ic. t.93 & 94; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 82. Digitaria
sanguinalis, Scopol.; Micha. fl. 1. p.45; Pursh, fl. 1. p.69; Muhl. gram. p. 120; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 121; Torr. fl. 1. p. 154; Beck, bot. p. 398; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.44. Syn-
therisma precox, Walt. fl. Car. p. 76.

Annual. Culm 1 - 2 feet long, assurgent or decumbent, branching at the base and rooting
at the lower joints. Leaves often undulate on the margin. Spikes 4 — 6, or sometimes more :
rachis flexuous. Spikelets in pairs, on short peduncles, arranged in two rows on one side of a
very narrow flexuous rachis, to which they are closely appressed : inferior spikelet almost
sessile. Lower glume very minute; the upper lanceolate, acute. Abortive flower without
any trace of a superior palea : inferior palea much longer than the glume. Perfect flower
very smooth, nearly orbicular.

Cultivated grounds, sandy fields, etc. : very common. Fv. August October. A trouble-
some weed in gardens, and doubtless a naturalized foreigner.

2. Panicum cuLaBrum, Graud. Smooth Crab-grass.

Spikes digitate, somewhat alternate (3 — 4), spreading ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; spike-
lets ovoid, crowded ; inferior glume almost wanting, superior as long as the abortive flower,
the two latter hairy— ‘‘Gaud. Agrost. 1. p. 22;” Trin. diss. 2. p. 83, ic. gram. 13. t. 149,
and Pan. gen. l. c. p. 203; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 83. Digitaria glabra, Rem. g- Schult. syst.
2. p.471; Torr. fl. 1. p. 154, excl. syn. Micha. D. humifusa, Pers. syn. 1. p. 85. D.
Ischemum, Schreb.; Muhl. gram. p. 121.

Annual. Culm about a foot long, mostly decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints. Leaves
sometimes with a few hairs on the upper surface. Spikes mostly 3, about two inches long.
Lower glume wanting. Palea of the abortive flower 5-nerved, hairy. Perfect flower smooth :
palez finely striate.

Sandy fields : not rare. FJ. Aug.— September. Perhaps introduced from Europe : certainly
identical with the foreign plant. The lower glume is extremely minute, and easily overlooked.

424 GRAMINE. Panicum.

8. Panicum Fitirorme, Linn. (Plate CXLVIL) Slender Crab-grass.

Culm filiform, erect ; lower sheaths very hairy; spikes 2-4, filiform, alternate and ap-
proximate, rather loosely flowered ; spikelets in twos and threes, all of them pedicellate,
elliptical-oblong, acute, pubescent ; lower glume wanting ; perfect flower as long as the lower
glume.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 57; Trin. diss. 2. p. 54, ic. 13. t. 148, and Pan. gram. l. c. p. 204.
Digitaria filiformis, Beauv.; Muhl. gram. p.131; Ell. sk. 1. p. 132; Torr. fl. 1. p. 155;
Beck, bot. p. 398 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 44. Paspalum filiforme, “ Fliigge, mon. Pasp.
p. 145;” Kunth, enum. 1. p. 46, excl. syn. Swartz.

Annual. Culm 1 - 2 feet high, extremely slender, smooth. Leaves 1 - 2 inches long,
smooth underneath, sometimes a little hairy above : upper sheaths smooth ; the lower ones
sparsely clothed with slender spreading hairs. Spikes mostly 2 or 3, sometimes 4, an inch or
two in length; the rachis very narrow and flexuous. Pedicels divided to the base, bearing
2 - 3 spikelets, which are about three fourths of a line long. No trace of an inferior glume;
the superior a little shorter than the palea of the neuter flower. Perfect flower with the palee
finely striate, nearly black at maturity. |

Dry sandy soils : frequent. JV. August. In the absence of the outer glume, this plant
resembles Paspa.um ; but on account of its habit, I have retained it in the subgenus Dierrarta,

** ECHINOCHLOA, Beauv. Lower flower of the spikelets staminate or neuter. Glumes (wnequal) and lower palee of the
staminate flower awned or mucronate.— Spikelets disposed in spikes, which are usually paniculate,

4. Pantcum Crus-Gauu, Linn. Barnyard Grass.

Spikes alternate and in pairs, simple or compound, the spikelets imbricated ; glumes and
lower palea of the neuter flower hispid, awned or mucronate ; rachis bristly ; sheaths smooth.
— Linn. sp. 1. p. 156; Engl. bot. t.876; Miche. fl. 1. p. 46; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 40;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 66; Muhl. gram. p. 105; Ell. sk. 1. p. 114; Trin. diss. 2. p. 185; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 140; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.49. Echinochloa, Beauv. Agrost. p. 53. Oplismenus
Crus-galli, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 143; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 236.

var. hispidum : sheaths hispid ; awns very long.—Ell. sk. 1. p. 114. P. hispidum, Muh.
gram. p.107; Torr. fl. 1. p.141. P. Walteri, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 66 (not of MuAl. and Ell.).
P. muriatum, Michx. fl. 1. p.47% Oplismenus muricatus, Kunth, 1. c.; Hook. l. ec.

Annual. Culm 2 - 4 feet high, stout, erect or somewhat procumbent. Leaves half an inch
or more in breadth. Panicle dense, pyramidal; the spikelets crowded in dense spike-form
racemes. Glumes acute ; the awn variable in length, and sometimes wanting. Outer palea
of the neuter flower usually awned. Perfect flowers smooth and coriaceous.

Wet places, and about barnyards : common; the rough-sheathed variety along ditches near
the salt water. F7. August — September.

Panicum. GRAMINE. 425

#4#% Spikelets scaltered, in loose panicles,

5. Panicum vireatum, Linn. Tall Smooth Panic-grass.

Whole plant very smooth ; panicle diffuse, very large ; spikelets scattered ; flowers acumi-
nate, the lower one staminate, with two nearly equal palee. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 59; Miche.
fi. 1. 9.48; Muhl. gram. p.120; Ell. sk. 1. p.120; Torr. fl. 1. p. 147; Trin. diss: 2.
p. 190, and ic. gram, t. 228; Kunth, enum. 1. p.100; Beck, bot. p. 396; Darlingt. fi.
Cest. p. 45.

Perennial. Culm 8-5 feet high. Leaves very long, flat, of a yellowish tinge when old.
Panicle at first erect, finally spreading, often a foot or more in length. Spikelets nearly two
lines long ; the flowers a little diverging. Glumes acuminate ; the lower one nearly two thirds
the length of the upper. Sterile flower usually bearing three well-formed stamens, with large
purple anthers ; the upper palea herbaceous. Perfect flower very smooth ; the stigmas purple.
Scales very short.

Wet sandy banks and islands, particularly near the salt water ; sometimes found in rather
dry soils : frequent. FZ. August. This species beautifully illustrates the true structure of
the flowers in Panicum and other allied genera. The lower flower of the spikelet, instead of
being rudimentary or very imperfect, is here well developed, being furnished with two nearly
equal palex and three perfect stamens : the inferior glume, also, is larger than usual in this
genus.

6. Panicum Latiro.ium, Linn. Broad-leaved Panic-grass.

Culm mostly simple, retrorsely bearded at the joints ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, or,
with the sheaths, more or less pubescent; panicle terminal, a little exserted, nearly simple,
pubescent ; spikelets (large) oblong-ovoid ; lower flower staminate, of 2 palee; the upper
palea somewhat herbaceous, nearly as long as the lower, acute.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 59 ; Micha.
fl.1l. p. 49; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 68; Ell. sk. 1. p.119; Muhl. gram. p. 109; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 142; Trin. diss. 2. p. 207? and Pan. gen. l.c. p. 262; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 117; Beck,
bot. p. 394; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.47. P. Walteri, Poir. enc. suppl. 4. p. 282; Kunth, l.c.

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 1 —- 2 feet high, simple or somewhat branching. Leaves
3 - 4 inches long and an inch or more in breadth, cordate and clasping at the base, commonly
smooth but often hairy, spreading horizontally : sheaths about half the length of the internodes,
ciliate at the throat or on the entire margin, often pubescent. Panicle about 2 inches long,
bearing usually but few spikelets, which are about a line and a half long ; the branches clothed
with a short soft pubescence. Lower glume ovate, loose ; upper one strongly nerved. Lower
flower with 3 perfect stamens. Perfect flower acute.

Woods and moist thickets : frequent. Fv. June.

[PLora — Vol. 2.] 54

426 GRAMINE. Panicum.

7. Panicum CLANDESTINUM, Linn. Midden-flowered Panic-grass.

Culm with short axillary branches, the nodes smooth ; leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat
cordate at the base, the sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid
(large), pubescent, the lower flower neuter, with 2 palee.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 58; Muhl. gram.
p- 110; Torr. fl.1. p. 141; Trin. diss. 1. p. 223; Kunth, enum.1. p.117; Beck, bot.
p. 394; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 48. P. latifolium, var. clandestinum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 68.

var. pedunculatum : sheaths less hispid; terminal panicle on a long peduncle. PP. pe-
dunculatum, Torr. l. c.

Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 1-3 feet high, erect, rigid, very leafy; the branches
appressed. Leaves 3-6 inches long and an inch or more in breadth, spreading, strongly
nerved, smooth or slightly hairy above. Sheaths hispid with horizontal hairs, which arise from
little papilla between the strie. Panicles few-flowered, terminal and lateral; the former
either wholly concealed or partly exserted, sometimes on a long peduncle. Glumes rather
acute. Lower flower with inferior palea resembling the glumes : upper palea membranaceous,
oblonz, obtuse, about two thirds the length of the lower one. Perfect flower triandrous ; the
anthers purple. Stigmas large, plumose, purple. Palee ovoid, white and shining.

Moist thickets : frequent. Fl. July - August.

8. Panicum xantuoruysum, Gray. (Plate CXLVI.) Yellow Panic-grass.

Culm simple or branching from the base, erect ; leaves lanceolate, strongly nerved, smooth
(except the ciliate base), the sheaths hairy; panicle nearly simple, few-flowered, the branches
erect and smoothish ; spikelets globose-obovate, pubescent, the inferior glume about one third
the length of the superior ; lower flower staminate, of 2 palez, as long as the obovate perfect
flower. — Gray, Gram. §- Cyp. part 1. no. 28, and in ann, lyc. N. York, 3. p. 234; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am, 2. p. 235.

Perennial. Whole plant light green, becoming yellowish in drying. Culm 12 - 15 inches
high, slender, smooth. Leaves 3-6 inches long, 4-6 lines broad, very acute. Panicle
on a long naked slender peduncle ; the branches a little rough but not pubescent, erect or
appressed. Spikelets about a line and a half long. Lower glume acute : upper one obtuse,
9-nerved. Lower flower with the upper palea membranaceous, and shorter than the lower
one. Perfect flower cartilaginous, smooth and shining, as long as the upper glume.

Dry pine plains near Oneida lake, and Hamilton, Madison county (Dr. J. S. Douglas, Dr.
‘Gray, and Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June and July.

9, Panicum CAPILLARE, Lenn. Hair-stalked Panic-grass.

Culm erect, straight, the sheaths hairy ; panicle large, capillary, expanding, loose ; spike-
lets on long peduncles, acuminate, smooth ; abortive flower without an upper palea. — Linn.

\

Panicum. GRAMINE. 427

sp. 1. 9.58; Miche. fl. 1. p. 47; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 67; Muhl. gram. p. 124; Torr. fi. 1.
p. 149; Trin. diss. 2. p. 215, and Pan. gram. l.c. p. 291; Beck, bot. p. 396; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 45; Kunth, enum. 1. pi 114. P. strigosum, Ell. sk. 1. p..126?

Annual. Culm 1 - 2 feet high, often branching at the base, and forming a tuft. Leaves
flat, 2-5 lines wide, hairy ; the sheaths clothed with rigid spreading hairs. Panicle pyra-
midal, with slender straight branches which are somewhat diffracted when old. Spikelets
scarcely more than half a line long. Glumes often purplish. Perfect flower much shorter than
the neuter one, ovate.

Sandy soils : common in cultivated grounds. FZ. August - September. When it grows in
dry woods, it is much more slender, and the leaves narrower. Late in the autumn, as re-
marked by Dr. Darlington, ‘the dry culms break off, and the divaricate panicles are rolled
over the fields by the winds, until they accumulate in great quantities along fences and hedges.”

10. Panicum pepauperatum, Muh. Few-flowered Panic-grass.

Culms cespitose, erect, mostly simple, hairy ; leaves narrowly linear, hairy underneath ;
sheaths hispid (rarely smooth) ; panicle nearly simple, on a long peduncle, few-flowered, the
branches flexuous ; spikelets (middle-sized) obovate, pedicellate, rather acute, smoothish ;
glumes striate, acute ; lower glume ovate, a little distant, one third the length of the upper
one ; upper palea of the neuter flower very small.—Muhl. gram. p. 112; Torr. fl. 1. p. 144;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 107, not of Trin. P. rectum, Rem. § Schult. syst. 2. p. 457; Torr.
l.c.; Beck, bot. p. 396; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.45; Kunth, l.c. PP. involutum, Torr. 1. c.

Perennial. Culm 8 —15 inches high. Lowest leaves short and approximate ; upper ones
3-6 inches long, 1 — 14 line wide, pale green, more or less hairy underneath, smoothish
above, fringed with a few long hairs toward the base, involute when old : sheaths more or less
villous with rather stiff spreading hairs. Panicle about 2 inches long, on a slender peduncle ;
the branches mostly in pairs, one of them bearing a single spikelet, the other two. Spikelets
about a line long, somewhat acuminate when dry, conspicuously striate. Lower glume broadly
ovate, inserted a little distance below the other. Neuter flower with the lower palea the length
of the larger glume, and one fourth longer than the ovate perfect flower.

Dry sandy soils, particularly on hillsides : common. FV, May - June.

11. Panicum picuoromum, Linn. Polymorphous Panic-grass.

Culm at first nearly simple, with a single pedunculate terminal compound panicle, but at
length more or less branched and fastigiate with small lateral nearly simple panicles ; spike-
lets minute, on long peduncles, obovate, mostly pubescent ; lower glume one third the length
of the upper ; lower flower neuter, the upper palea minute ; primary leaves broadly lanceo-
late, distant ; secondary leaves much smaller, linear-lanceolate, crowded.—Linn. sp. 1. p. 58;

¢ Pursh, fl. 1. p. 367; Ell. sk. 1. p. 124; Muhl. gram. p.112; Torr. fl. 1. p. 145; Beck,
bot. p. 395; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.46; Kunth, enum. 1. p.105. P. nitidum, Lam. enc. 4.
54*

428 GRAMINEZ. Panicum.

p. 749; Miche. fl.1. p.49; Torr. l.c.; Darlingt.l.c. P. barbulatum, Miche. l.c. P.
ramulosum, Miche. l.c. P.microcarpon, Muhl. 1. c.?; Darlingt. 1. c.

Perennial. Culm 8 — 24 inches high, at first simple, mostly erect, but sometimes procum-
bent (especially when growing in tufts in open places), smooth or pubescent. Radical leaves
short and very broad, often purplish and usually smoothish ; those of the culm narrower and
much longer, spreading, smooth or hairy : sheaths pubescent, villous or sometimes smooth.
Primary panicle more or less exserted and usually rather compound, often purplish ; the
branches mostly flexuous. Late in the season, this panicle breaks off, and the culm produces
branches which are usually fastigiate and crowded, with small simple panicles, either exserted,
or partly concealed among the clusters of leaves. Spikelets scarcely more than half a line
long, obtuse. Lower glume broadly ovate; upper one 7-nerved. Neuter flower with the
upper palea less than half the length of the lower. Perfect flower ovate, smooth and shining,
as long as the upper glume.

Moist meadows, fields and woods : common. Fl. July — September. An extremely variable
species ; its size, mode of growth, etc. depending much on the nature of the soil, exposure,
and the age of the plant. In shady thickets it grows very tall, and is at first quite simple,
with a single panicle on a long peduncle. In sterile and more exposed places, it is of much
more humble growth, with the primary panicle but little exserted. At maturity, the spikelets
fall off, and commonly the stalk of the panicle separates in the sheath, while the culm be-
comes branched, often very much so, with numerous secondary and smaller panicles. Some-
times dwarf states of the plant occur, with tlie culms only a few inches high. The leaves and
sheaths vary from nearly or quite smooth to villous. This species was described by Gronovius
and Linneus, in its autumnal state.

12. Panicum verrucosum, Muhi. Warty-flowered Panic-grass.

Culm slender, smooth, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base and often diffuse ;
panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered ; spikelets ovate ; flowers verrucose (dark
green); neuter flower without an upper palea. — Muhl. gram. p.113; Torr. fl. 1. p. 148;
Beck, bot. p. 396; Trin. diss. 2. p. 235, and Pan. gen. 1. c. p. 216. P. debile, Ell. sk. 1.
p. 129.

Annual? Culm 1 — 2 feet long, very slender, much branched ; the nodes smooth. Leaves
2-3 lines wide, spreading, deep green, smooth. Panicles lateral and terminal, loose, con-
sisting of few capillary somewhat flexuous branches. Spikelets. ths of a line long. Lower
glume very short; upper one roughened with minute warts. Palea of the neuter flower
resembling the upper glume. Perfect flower smooth and dull.

Sandy swamps, Long Island. Fl. August - September. A well marked species, easily
distinguished by its capillary loose panicle and verrucose spikelets.

Panicum. GRAMINEZ. 429

x#4% Spikelets somewhat racemose on the branches of the panicle.
13. Panicum acrostorpes, Spreng. (Pl. CXLVIIL) Agrostis-like Panic-grass.

Culm compressed, smooth ; leaves very long; panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal,
spreading ; the spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, appressed and somewhat racemose on the
branchlets ; lower flower neuter, of 2 nearly equal paler. — Spreng. pag. 2. p.4; Muhl.
gram. p.119; Torr. fl. 1. p.146; Beck, bot. p.396; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 48; Trin.
tc. 22. t. 261, and Pan. gen. l.c. p. 178. P. elongatum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 69 (not of Poir.).
P. agrostidiforme, Lam. enc. 4. p.'7487%; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 94.

Perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, smooth at the nodes. Leaves forming a tuft at the base
of the culm, 2 — 4 lines wide : ligule very short, obliquely truncate. Panicles usually several,
the terminal one largest : branches mostly in pairs or somewhat fasciculate, a little flexuous,
finally horizontal. Spikelets three fourths of a line long, mostly purplish, somewhat crowded
and one-sided, smooth. Lower glume about half the length of the upper, very acute ; the
upper one longer than the neuter flower, strongly 5-nerved. Upper palea of the neuter flower
rather herbaceous, acute. Palez of the perfect flower slightly bearded at the tip.

Wet meadows : common near New-York. Jl. July — August.

14. Panicum prouirerum, Lam. Proliferous Panic-grass.

Whole plant smooth ; culm assurgent or procumbent, branching and geniculate at the base;
panicles terminal and lateral, compound ; spikelets somewhat racemose on the branchlets ;
abortive flower without an upper palea. — Lam. enc. 4. p. 747; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 68; Torr.
fi. 1. p. 149; Beck, bot. p. 396 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 49; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 100; Trin.
Pan. gen. l.c. p. 266. P. miliaceum, Walt. fl. Car. p.72. PP. dichotomiflorum, Micha.
fl... p. 48. P. geniculatum, Mul. gram. p. 123.

Annual. Culm 1 - 3 feet long, thick and succulent. Leaves 8 - 12 inches or more in
length, and half an inch wide. Sheaths a little hairy at the throat. Panicles large and pyra-
midal ; the branches much divided, straight and capillary. Lower glume very broad, rather
obtuse ; upper one acute, about 7-nerved. Abortive flower without any trace of an upper
palea. Perfect flower shorter than the glumes, acute, smooth. Anthers orange. Scales oblong,
entire.

Wet meadows and borders of rivers, particularly in sandy brackish soils ; sometimes in dry
places. FJ. August - September. Cattle are very fond of this grass.

430 GRAMINEZ. PENNISETUM.

12. PENNISETUM. L. C. Rich. in Pers. syn. 1. p. 72; R. Br. prodr. p. 195.

BOTTLE-GRASS.
Seraria, Beauv.

[ From penna, a pen, and se/a, a bristle ; in allusion to the involucre.}:

Spikelets 2-flowered, with an involucre of several distinct bristles. Glumes two, unequal,
membranaceous. Lower flower staminate or neuter : paler 1 — 2, the outer one resembling

in texture the glumes : upper flower perfect, coriaceous.— Inflorescence a dense simple or
compound spike-like panicle.

J. Pennisetum eLaucum, Lt. Br. Gottle-grass. Foxtail-grass.

Spike cylindrical, simple (tawny); involucre of 6 — 10 fasciculate bristles which are much
longer than the spikelets ; glumes smooth ; perfect flower transversely rugulose. — R. Br.
prodr. p. 195; Nutt. gen. 1. p.55. Panicum glaucum, Linn. sp. 1. p. 56; Micha. fi. 1.
p- 46; Muhl. gram. p.100; Ell. sk. 1. p.112; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 46; Trin. diss. 2.
p. 162, and ic. 17. t. 195. Setaria glauca, Beauv. Agrost. p.51; Rem. §- Schult. syst. 2.
p. 490; Torr. fl. 1.p.152; Beck, bot. p. 397; Kunth, enum. 1. p.149; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. ol.

Annual. Culm 1-8 feet high. Leaves 3-4 lines wide, hairy at the base : sheaths
smooth : ligule bearded. Spike 2-3 inches long; the rachis angular and hairy. Bristles
of the involucre 2 — 3 times as long as the spikelets, rough upwards, tawny or dull orange-
yellow when old. Palez of the staminate or neuter flower nearly equal.

Fields and cultivated grounds : common. J. July - August. Probably a naturalized
exotic.

2. Pennisetum viripe, R. Br. Green Foxtail. Bottle-grass.

Spike cylindrical (green); involucre of 4-10 fasciculate bristles, much longer than the
spikelets ; perfect flower longitudinally striate, dotted ; margin of the sheaths hairy.—R. Br.
prodr. p.195; Nutt. gen.1. p.55. Panicum viride, Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 83; Pursh,
fl.l. p. 66; Muhl. gram. p.102; Trin. diss. 2. p. 163, and ic. 17. t. 203. Setaria viridis,
Beauv. Agrost. p.51; Rem. g Schult. syst. 2. p.490; Torr. fl. 1. p. 152; Beck, bot.
p. 397; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 151; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 50.

Annual. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect, mostly simple. Leaves smoothish, 3 — 4 lines wide :
ligule bearded. Spike 2 - 3 inches long; the rachis hairy. Bristles of the involucre upwardly
rough. Lower glume broadly ovate, 3-nerved ; upper glume 5-nerved. Lower flower neuter ;
the upper palea small. Palee of the perfect flower smooth, only obscurely rugose transverse-
ly; the longitudinal lines and dots very distinct.

Cultivated grounds : frequent. Fl. July — August. This species also is probably of foreign

origin.

CrNCHRUS. GRAMINEZ. 431

13. CENCHRUS. Linz. (in part); Endl. gen. 783. HEDGEHOG GRASS.

[ From the Greek, enchros, millet ; but why applied to this genus, is not evident. ]

Spikelets 2-flowered, solitary, in pairs, or more, enclosed in a cleft spiny or bristly involucre
which becomes indurated in fruit. Glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous. Lower flower
staminate or neuter, membranacecous, with 1 or 2 palee : upper flower perfect, somewhat
coriaceous. Styles united at the base. — Mostly annual branching grasses, with flat leaves

and terminal spikes.

1. Cencurus TripuLorpeEs, Linn. Bur-grass. Hedgehog Grass.

Involucres globose, pubescent, muricate-spiny, mostly split on one or both sides, enclosing
2 - 3 spikelets.—Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1488; Vahl, enum, 2. p. 395; Miche. fl. 1. p. 61;
Muhl. gram. p.52; Ell. sk. 1. p. 93. t.4. f.3; Trin. diss. 2. p.'74; Beck, bot. p. 399;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 166; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 52. C.echinatus, Muhl. gram. l. c.; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 68 (and var. tribuloides), not of Linn. C. Carolinianus, Walt. fl. Car. p. 79.

Culm erect or procumbent, 1 - 2 feet long, geniculate and branching at the base. Leaves
flat, three lines wide : sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat. Spikes about two inches long,
consisting of 8 — 10 sessile bur-like heads. Involucre beset with rigid retrorsely scabrous
spines, more or less pubescent and whitish, split (when old) nearly to the base in one or two
places, almost wholly enclosing the spikelets. Lower flower neuter. Glumes ovate-lanceolate,
5-nerved. Pale of the perfect flower somewhat cartilaginous. Caryopsis roundish-ovate.

Dry sandy soils, particularly near the salt water; in the latter situation, the spikes are
whitish : common near New-York, and on Long Island. A troublesome weed in some places,
on account of the adhering prickly burs.

Trise [V. STIPACEM®. Kunth.

Spikelets one-flowered. Lower palea involute, mostly indurated in fruit, awned at the tip ;
the awn simple or 3-cleft, mostly twisted and articulated at the base. Ovary more or
less stipitate. Scales mostly 3. -

14. ORYZOPSIS. Micha. fl. 1. p. 51. t. 9. MOUNTAIN RICE.
PipTaTHEeRUM, Bedi: Uracune, Trin.
[ From the Greek, oryza, rice, and opsis, resemblance.]
Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, equal, awnless. Palez elliptical, nearly equal, coriaceous,

with an articulated awn at the tip. Scales linear or lanceolate, as long as the ovary. Styles

sometimes united at the base.— Erect perennial grasses, with the inflorescence paniculate.

432 GRAMINE. Oryzopsts.

1. Oryzorsis asperirouia, Michz. Large White-grained Mountain-rice.

Radical leaves elongated ; sheaths of the culm nearly leafless ; panicle racemose ; awn
rather longer than the flower ; styles united below; mature palee whitish. — Miche. l. c. ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p.60; Torr. fl. 1.p. 71; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 25; Nutt. in jour. acad. Phil. 1.
p. 125; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 176 (in part). Urachne asperifolia, Trin. diss. 1. p. 174, and
Pan. gen. l. c. p. 128. U.leucosperma, Link, hort. Berol. 1. p. 94, fide Kth.

Culm 15 - 18 inches high, simple, smoothish. Radical leaves nearly as long as the culm,
acuminate, glaucous underneath, rough : culm-leaves few (2-3), very short; the upper
sheaths almost naked, and a little swelling. Panicle 2-3 inches long, very simple; the
branches short, mostly appressed, 1 — 2-flowered. Glumes nearly equal in length and breadth,.
acute or acuminate, 7 — 9-nerved, pubescent on the margin. Palew with a short dense tuft
of white hairs at the base ; the lower one involute and surrounding the upper, thinly clothed
with appressed hairs ; the awn 5 —8 lines long, curved, slender : upper palea shorter and
narrower. Scales lanceolate-linear, nearly as long as the upper palea. Stamens 3 : anthers
linear, elongated. Styles united below : stigmas partly exserted, very long. Scales nearly
as long as the inner palea.

Rocky hillsides, and dry woods. Western and northern counties.

2. Oryzopsis MELANocARPA, Muhi. Black-fruited Mountain-rice.

Culm leafy; panicle nearly simple, the lower branches more or less diverging ; flowers
somewhat racemose on the branches ; glumes ovate-lanceolate ; pale blackish when mature,
slightly hairy at the base, acuminate, the awn 3 times as long as the flower. — Muhl. gram.
p. 79. O. asperifolia, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 176 (in part). Milium racemosum, Smith in Rees’
cyclop.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 25. Piptatherum nigrum, Torr. fl. 1. p.'79; Beck, bot. p. 393.
Urachne racemosa, Trin. diss. 1. p. 174, and Pan. gen. l. c. p. 127.

Culm 2-8 feet high, erect, simple. Leaves 8 — 12 inches long and nearly half an inch
wide, dark green, pubescent underneath, smooth above : sheaths with a bearded ring at the
throat. Panicles sparingly branched ; the lower branches often in pairs. Spikelets on clavate
pedicels. Glumes acuminate; the lower 7-nerved; upper one 5-nerved. Palez blackish
when old; the lower one embracing the upper, with a straight awn at the tip, nearly an inch
in length. Stamens 3: anthers linear, yellow. Styles distinct ; the stigmas simply plumose.
Caryopsis oblong, black.

Rocky woods, in the western and northern parts of the State. Fl. August. It is strange
that Kunth should have confounded this with the preceding species, from which it is abun-
dantly distinct.

Oryzopsis. GRAMINE/s. 433

3. Oryzopsis CANADENSIS. Smallest Oryzopsis.

Leaves very short, pungent ; panicle contracted, the branches usually in pairs, ovoid ;
palee hairy ; awn short, often deciduous or wanting. — O. parviflora, Nutt. in jour. acad.
Phil. 3. p. 125 (not Urachne parviflora, Trin.). Stipa juncea, Micha. fl. 1. p. 54. S.
Canadensis, Poir, enc. 7. p. 452; Pursh, fl. 1. p.72; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 180. Milium
pungens, Torr. fl.1. p.78; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 26; Beck, bot. p. 393. Urachne brevicaudata,
Trin, gen Fan, 1. c. pelei:

Culm 8-15 inches high, simple, slender, but rigid. Radical leaves 6 — 8 inches long,
about a line wide, erect, strongly nerved and rough above, smooth underneath, finally
involute : culm-leaves varying from an inch to scarcely a line in length: sheaths a little
swelling, roughish; the ligule ovate, lacerate and bearded. Panicle oblong, about two inches
long, consisting of few spikelets ; the branches flexuous, bearing one or two spikelets at the
extremity. Spikelets 2 lines long. Glumes ovate, membranaceous, concave, obtuse or
abruptly acuminate, obscurely nerved. Palew as long as the glumes, equal, acute, nerveless,
densely clothed with short white appressed hairs: lower one often with a short awn at the
tip. Stamens 3: anthers yellow. Styles united: stigmas white.

Rocky hills, and dry barren plains ; common near Rome, and on the summit of the Crow’s
Nest in the Highlands of the Hudson, £7. May.

15, STIPA. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 179. FEATHER-GRASS.
[From the Greek, stwpe, a feathery material ; some of the species having beautifully feathered awns.]

Spikelets one-flowered ; the flower stipitate. Glumes membranaceous. Palee longer than

the glumes, somewhat coriaceous, cylindrical-involute : lower one awned at the summit ;

the awn twisted at the base. Caryopsis terete. — Inflorescence paniculate ; the spikelets
pedicellate.
1. Sripa AVENACEA, Linn. Black Oat-grass.

Leaves setaceous ; panicle somewhat secund and spreading, the branches mostly in pairs ;
glumes as long as the palee ; awn very long, naked. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 78; Pursh, fi. 1. p.
72; Muhl. gram. p. 181; Ell. sk. 1. p. 139; Torr. fl. 1. p. 80; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 31;
Kunth, enum. 1. p.180. 8S. barbata, Micha. fl. 1. p.53. S. Virginica, Pers. syn. 1. p. 99.

Perennial. Culm 14 — 2 feet high, slender, simple. Leaves mostly radical, 6 - 8 inches
long. Panicle somewhat nodding, at first contracted, but finally diffuse. Glumes nearly
equal, acuminate. Stipe of the flower thickly clothed with brown hairs. Lower palea
brownish, narrowly lanceolate, rough ; the awn at its extremity 2 — 3 inches long, and twisted ;
upper palea smaller, membranaceous, mucronate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short :
stigmas white. Scales 2, lanceolate. Caryopsis dark brown.

Dry sandy or rocky woods, not uncommon in the valley of the Hudson. £7. June.
[Fitora — Vol. 2.] 55

434 GRAMINE. ARISTIDA.

16. ARISTIDA. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 187. THREE-AWNED GRASS.

[From arista, the Latin word for beard. ]

Flower stipitate. Glumes membranaceous, unequal. Palee 2; the lower one terete-involute,
with a 3-parted or 3-cleft awn at the summit: upper palea very small, awnless. Ovary
stipitate, smooth. Scales 2, entire, smooth. — Leaves mostly involute. Spikelets racemose

or paniculate.

1. Aristipa picnotToma, Michz, (Pl.cxlix.) Dichotomous Three-awned Grass.

Culm cespitose, dichotomously branched from the base; panicle contracted, racemose ;
lateral awn very short; the intermediate one nearly as long as the paleaw, contorted. — Micha.
fl.l. p. 41; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 72; Ell. sk. 1. p. 141; Torr. fl. 1. p. 81; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.
31; Trin. diss. 1. p. 178; Beck, bot. p. 400; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.53; Kunth, enum. 1.
p. 188, and “ gram. 2. t. 174.” Curtopogon dichotomus, Beauv. p. 32. t. 8. f. 7.

Annual. Culm 4 - 15 inches high, slender, branching at each joint. Leaves very slender,
erect, smoothish ; the sheaths shut and open. Glumes unequal, linear, serrulate on the keel,
mucronate, or slighily awned a little below the tip. Pale very unequal: lower one closely
involute, smoothish ; the lateral divisions of the awn not half the length of the palee ; the
middle one contorted, or bent horizontally. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Caryopsis linear,
elongated.

Sandy fields and dry sterile hill sides; common. FJ. September.

2. ArisTIDA GRaciLis, Ev. Slender Three-awned Grass.

Culm very slender, erect; panicle spiked, the flowers appressed; lateral awns rather
shorter than the palew, erect ; middle one longer, bent, not twisted ; lower palea spinulose on
the keel. — Ell. sk. 1. p. 142. t. 8. f. 3; Trin. diss. 1. p. 178; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 187.
A. stricta, Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 53, not of Micha.

Annual. Culm 4-15 inches high, smooth. Leaves very narrow, convolute when dry ;
the sheaths with a few long hairs at the throat. Panicle 2-5 inches long, slender; the
branchlets few-flowered and rather remote. Glumes a little unequal, somewhat awned, rough
on the keel. Lower palea rough, and the keel conspicuously serrulate-spinulose, a little
hairy at the base, often spotted or banded with dull purple or gray: lateral awns mostly
rather shorter than the palee ; middle one more than twice as long as the others.

Sandy fields, Suffolk county, Long Island. Fl. September. This species is not uncommon
in the Pine barrens of New-Jersey. It never occurs except in the poorest lands,

MvHLENBERGIA. GRAMINE. 435

Trine V. AGROSTIDE 4. Kunth.

Spikelets one-flowered, rarely with a subulate rudiment of an upper flower. Glumes and
palee 2, membranaceo-herbaceous : lower palea often awned, Stigmas mostly sessile.

17. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb.; Trin. diss. 1. p. 130. MUHLENBERGIA.

[In honor of the late Rev. Dr. Muntensere, a distinguished North American botanist. ]
Cinna, Linn. ; Link.

Glumes mostly awnless ; the lower one shorter. Palez lanceolate ; the lower mucronate or
awned at the tip ; upper one bicarinate. — Culms usually cespitose and branching. Panicle

more or less contracted.

The Linnzan name Cinna, should have been adopted for this genus; but to make the change at this late day
would greatly increase the number of synonymes, without any benefit to the science.

1, Muntenseraia pirrusa, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass.

Culm diffuse, decumbent ; panicle slender; glumes very minute ; bristle about twice as
long as the palee. — Schreb. gram. 2. t. 51; Willd. op. 1. p. 320; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 61;
Ell, sk. 1. p. 98.'t. 5. f.1.; Muhl. gram. p.56; Torr. fl. 1. p. 82; Trin. diss.1. p. 188;
Beck, bot. p. 391; Kunth, enum. p. 200. Dilepyrum minutiflorum, Miche. fl. 1. p. 40.

Root fibrous. Culm 12 - 18 inches long, compressed, somewhat geniculate, much branched ;
the branches more or less assurgent. Leaves flat, 2 — 3 lines wide, pale green, somewhat
rough; sheaths open, smooth. Ligule very short, truncate. Panicles terminating the
branches, very slender; the flowers pedicellate. Glumes not one sixth part as long as the
palez, persistent ; the upper one obtuse or truncate. Palez unequal, entire, hairy at the base ;
the lower one longer, with three prominent scabrous nerves: bristle slender, often purplish.
Stamens 3: anthers pale yellow. Caryopsis linear-oblong.

Dry open woods and hill sides: frequent. J7. August — September. This is a very
abundant grass in the Western States, and is the “‘ Nimble Will” of Kentucky farmers.

2. Munvensercia Cinna, Trin. Tall Muhlenber gia.

Culm simple, erect ; panicle large, loose ; spikelets much compressed ; glumes and palex
rough on the keel; pale stipitate, naked at the base, about the length of the upper glume,
upper one with a very short bristle below the tip. — Tvin. diss. 1. p. 191; Gray, Gram.
and Cyp. 1. no. 16. Cinna arundinacea, Linn. sp. 1. p.'7; Miche. fl. 1. p. 38; Schred.
gram. 1. p.135.t.49; Torr. fl.1. p.91; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.29; Beck, bot. p. 390; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 206; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 53. Agrostis Cinna, Lam. il. 1. p. 162; Pursh,
Jil, 64,

55*

436 GRAMINE. MunLENBERGIA.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 — 5 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves 3 - 5 lines wide, smooth.
Ligule elongated. Panicle 6 —- 10 inches long, somewhat secund or nodding ; the branches
mostly in fours. Spikelets green or purplish, nearly one-fourth of an inch long. Glumes
lanceolate, very acute ; the lower one about one-fourth shorter than the upper. Pale ona
short stipe, entire ; the upper one shorter. Stamen solitary : anther yellow,

Swamps and moist shady woods ; frequent. J. August — September.

3. Muntenseraia WILipenovul, Trin. Willdenow’s Muhlenbergia.

Culm mostly simple, pubescent at the nodes ; ligule nearly wanting ; panicle contracted,
filiform ; palee hairy at the base, about twice as long as the ovate acuminate glumes, the
lower one with an awn three times the length of the spikelet. — Trin. diss. 1. p. 188. t. 5.
f. 3; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 200. Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd. sp. 1. p. 364, and hort. Berol.
t.12; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 63; Muhl. gram. p. 63; Torr. fl. 1. p. 87; Beck, bot. p. 388;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 57. Cinna tenuiflora, Link.

Rhizoma branching and creeping. Culm 2-3 feet or more in height, sometimes with a few
short appressed branches, retrorsely pubescent about the nodes. Leaves 2-4 lines wide, very
thin, spreading horizontally ; the sheaths minutely pubescent. Panicle elongated, very slender
and contracted, often partly sheathed at the base. Glumes a little unequal, mucronate; the
keel prominent. Palez unequal, entire, rough; the lower one hairy on the sides towards the
base ; the awn often 4 times the length of the flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas simply plumose.

Rocky woods: rather common. Fi. August.

4. Munvenpereia sytvatica, Torr. & Gr. Wood Muhlenbergia.

Culm ascending, much branched, diffuse, smooth ; panicle slender, with the branches some-
what spiked ; palew rather longer than the ovate-lanceolate glumes, a little hairy at the base ;
awn about three times the length of the flower. — T. g- Gr. in Gray, Gram. § Cyp. 1. no.
13. Agrostis sylvatica, Torr. fl. 1. p.87; Beck, bot. p. 388; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 57.
A. diffusa, Muhl. gram. p. 64, not of Host.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2-3 feet long; the branches at first erect, but at length diffuse :
nodes swelling. Leaves spreading, broadly linear ; the sheaths open, smooth : ligule lacerate.
Panicles somewhat densely flowered. Glumes a little unequal, white with a green keel, and
slender acumination. Palez usually a little longer than the glume, but sometimes about the
same length, acute, often spotted with purplish gray, with a slender rough awn at the tip.
Stamens 3: anthers pale yellow. Caryopsis oblong, dark brown.

Rocky hills, and borders of woods. Fl. September. Resembles the preceding in many
respects, but differs in being much branched and diffuse. The glumes are also longer and
narrower, and the culm is smooth at the node.

MuHLENBERGIA. GRAMINE. 437

5. MuvLeENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA, Trin. Awnless Muhlenber gia.

Culm erect, somewhat branched ; panicle simple, very slender or filiform, the branches
appressed ; palexw equal, longer than the oblong acute glumes, hairy at the base, awnless, the
lower one mucronate at the tip. — Trin. diss. 1. p. 89. t. 5. f. 4; Gray, Gram. § Cyp. 2.
no. 107. Agrastis sobolifera, Muhl. gram. p.70; Willd. enum. 1. p.95; Torr. fl. 1. p.
87; Beck, bot. p. 388; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 56. Cinna sobolifera, *‘ Link, enum. 1. p. 71,”
ex Kunth, enum. 1. p. 207.

Rhizoma perennial, creeping, woody. Culm erect or assurgent, about two feet high ; the
branches few, erect and slender. Leaves about 2 lines wide, pale green: sheaths open :
ligule nearly wanting. Panicle with the flowers rather crowded, on slender branches. Glumes
somewhat unequal, about one third shorter than the pale. Lower palea conspicuously hairy
at the base, roughish, with a short slender point at the tip. Stamens 3. Stigmas purplish.

Open rocky woods. Fl. August —- September.

6. MunLENBERGIA GLOMERATA, Trin. Cluster-spiked Muhlenber gia.

Panicle oblong, thyrsoid, interrupted at the base ; glumes linear, acuminate, nearly equal,
awned, twice the length of the awnless palee. — Trin. diss. 1. p. 191. t. 5. f. 10; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 200. Polypogon glomeratus, Willd. enum. 1. p. 87. P. setosus, Spreng. mant.
1. p. 31, P. racemosus, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 51; Torr. fi.l. p.97; Beck, bot. p. 390. Agrostis
racemosa, Miche. fl. 1. p.53; Pursh, fl. 1. p.65; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.29. A. setosa, MuAl.
gram. p. 68. Cinna racemosa, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 207.

Culm erect, a little compressed, smooth, mostly naked towards the base, simple, or with a
few erect branches above. Leaves sowewhat distichous, 3-5 inches long, erect, rough, more
or less glaucous : sheaths smooth, a little open : ligule almost wanting. Panicle 2 —3 inches
long : branches thick and spikelike, many flowered, the lower ones remote. Glumes very
slender, terminating in a long rough straight bristle. Palez sessile, hairy on the lower part
and at the base, each 3-nerved. Stamens 3: anthers yellow. Caryopsis oblong-cylindrical.

Swamps, and in dry sandy barrens. Long Island, and the western part of the State. FV.
August - September.

7. Muntenperora Mexicana, Trin. Mexican Muhlenbergia.

Culm erect, branched ; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted, densely flowered ; glumes
unequal, linear-lanceolate, very acute ; palezx hairy at the base, about as long as the glumes,
awnless, very acute. — Trin. diss. 1. p. 189. M. foliosa, Trin. I. c.? Agrostis Mexicana,
Linn. mant. p. 31; Muhl. gram. p. 67. A. lateriflora, Michx. fl. 1. p. 53; Pursh, fl. 1. p.
64; Torr. fl.1. p. 86; Beck, bot. p. 388; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 56. Cinna Mexicana,
Link, enum. 1. p. 71, ex Kunth, enum. 1. p. 206. C. lateriflora, and ? filiformis, Kunth, 1. c.

438 GRAMINE. MuuLENBERGIA.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 feet or more high, much branched, with numerous nodes,
often geniculate ; the branches erect, numerous. Leaves 2—8 lines wide, smooth : sheaths
compressed, loose. Panicles numerous, elongated, with the branches appressed, exserted or
sheathed at the base. Spikelets about 24 lines long, pale green or dull purplish. Glumes
rough on the keel, attenuated to a slender point. Palez either a little longer than the glumes,
or about their length, sometimes spotted; the upper one tapering to a short subulate tip.
Stamens 3. Caryopsis cylindrical-oblong.

Moist meadows, borders of fields, and cultivated grounds: common. August. It is some-
times troublesome in gardens ; its widely spreading perennial roots being very difficult to
eradicate. M. foliosa, Trin. (Agrostis filiformis, Muhl. gram.) seems to be only a variety of
this species.

18. VILFA. Adans.; Trin. diss. 1. p. 120. VILFA.
Sporogo.us, R. Br. Species of Acrostis, Linn. gc.

Glumes carinate ; the lower one smaller. Palexw awnless ; the lower one rather acute, longer
than the glumes : the upper bicarinate. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis deciduous.

— Panicle diffuse, or contracted and spikelike.

1. Vitra vacin@FLora, Torr. Eidden-flowered Vilfa.

Annual. Culms numerous, assurgent; leaves involute and somewhat rigid ; panicles spike-
like, the terminal one more or less exserted, lateral ones concealed in the sheaths ; glumes
equal, about as large as the palee. — Torr. in Gray’s Gram. g- Cyp. part |, no. 3; Gray,
in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 234. A. Virginica, Muhl. gram. p.74; Torr. fl. 1. p. 88;
Beck, bot. p. 389; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 57, not of Linn.

Culms somewhat cespitose, geniculate at the base, simple, rather rigid ; the joints distant.
Leaves 2-3 inches long, hairy at the base, slender at the point ; the sheaths swelled with the
inclosed flowers : ligule wanting. Panicles oblong, few-flowered ; the branches alternate or
in pairs, | —2-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, smooth, acute, carinate ; lower one narrowed,
lanceolate. Palezw ovate-lanceolate, slightly pubescent, one-nerved ; the lower one shorter
than the upper, and about the length of the palew. Stamens 3, in the terminal panicles, minute,
or wanting? in the lateral ones : anthers purple. Caryopsis about two-thirds the length of
the palez.

Sandy arid fields and barren hill sides : frequent. September.

VILFA. GRAMINEAE. 439

2. Vitra asPeRA, Beauv. Rough-leaved Vilfa.

Panicle contracted, spiked, partly exserted from the uppermost sheath ; palee much larger
than the glumes, smooth or hairy ; culm erect ; leaves very long, filiform toward the extremity ;
sheaths bearded at the throat. — Beauv. agrost. p. 16. V. longifolia, Torr. §- Gr. in Gray’s
Gram. § Cyp. Agrostis aspera, Micha. fl. 1. p.53. A. clandestina, Spreng. cent. 1. p.
323 Muhis gram. p. 74s | Ell. sk. 1. p, 138 37 Torr. fl. 1. p..913 Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 29.
A. involuta, Muhl. 1. c., not of Poir ; Torr. 1.c. Sporobolus asper, Kunth, enum. 1. p.
210, excl. syn. Torr. Muhlenbergia clandestina, Trin. diss. 1. p. 190?

Perennial. Culm 2-4 feet high, simple, terete. Lower leaves 1-2 feet long, about 2
lines wide below, tapering to a long thread-like extremity which is often recurved, involute,
very rough on the margin: sheaths smooth, closed, bearded with long whitish hairs at the
throat. Panicles often both lateral and terminal; the latter concealed in the sheaths; the
former more or less exserted, but sometimes wholly enclosed. Spikelets about 23 lines long,
compressed. Glumes lanceolate, scarcely keeled, one-nerved. Palee unequal; the lower
one nearly twice as long as the upper, acute, smooth or hairy toward the base and along the
keel: upper one shorter. Stamens 3: filaments short: anthers small and oblong. Cary-
opsis oblong, brown.

Sandy fields and hill-sides : not common. F7. September. I think there can be little doubt
that the Agrostis aspera of Michaux, includes both A. involuta, Muhl. and A. clandestina,
Spreng.

3. Vitra sERoTINA, Torr. & Gr. Late-flowering Vilfa.

Culm filiform, compressed ; leaves very narrow, keeled ; panicle elongated, capillary, some-
what diffuse ; the branches distant, alternate ; glumes ovate, a little unequal, about half the
length of the oblong obtuse palee.— Torr. g- Gr. in Gray, Gram. §- Cyp. part 1. Agrostis
serotina, Torr. fl. 1. p. 88; Beck, bot. p. 388. :

Annual. Culms 12-18 inches high, growing in dense patches, very slender, sometimes
branching at the base, smooth, often viviparous at the nodes. Leaves 2-3 inches long, and
half a line wide, smooth: sheaths open: ligule ovate, short. Panicle 3-10 inches long ;
the branches flexuous. Spikelets elliptical, scarcely half a line long, on capillary pedicels.
Glumes one-nerved. Palew smooth, the lower one shorter. Stamens 3. Caryopsis obovoid.

Sandy swamps: Suffolk county, Long Island. Fl. September. A common species in some
parts of the pine barrens of New-Jersey. The grain is often in the state of ergot.

440 GRAMINE. VILFA.

4, VILFA HETEROLEPIS, Gray. Strong-scented Vilfa.

Leaves setaceous; panicle pyramidal, sparsely flowered ; lower glume subulate; the
upper one ovate, cuspidate, about twice the length of the lower ; palez nearly equal, point-
less, a little shorter than the upper glume. — Gray in ann. lyc. N. York, 3. p. 233 ; Sullivant,
cat. pl. Columb. p. 61.

Perennial. Culm 1-2 feet high, smooth. Leaves convolute-setaceous, the lower ones
equaling the culm; the upper much shorter: lower sheaths hairy ; upper ones smooth,
Panicle pyramidal, spreading or somewhat contracted ; the branches solitary, nearly simple,
few and loosely flowered. Glumes purplish ; the lower one reduced toa mere bristle: upper
one membranaceous, smooth, ovate or ovate-oblong, one-nerved ; the nerve produced into a
short cusp. Palez rather obtuse, oblong-lanceolate, thin and membranaceous ; the upper one
a little shorter than the lower. Stamens 3: anthers large, linear, orange-red. Styles very
short: stigmas hairy. Caryopsis somewhat globose, smooth and shining.

On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county (Dr. Crawe ; Dr. Gray). Mr. Sullivant remarks
that this grass emits a strong odor like that of Poa Eragrostis, which is perceptible at the
distance of three or four feet.

5. VILFA CRYPTANDRA. Large-panicled Vilfa.

Panicle pyramidal, the base usually inclosed in the upper sheath, with spreading mostly
alternate branches, which are hairy in the axils ; spikelets racemose ; flowers awnless ; lower
glume very short; the upper one as long as the nearly equal lanceolate acute palex ; sheaths
bearded at the throat. — Agrostis cryptandra, Torr. in ann. lyc. N. York, 1. p. 151.

Perennial. Culm 14-8 feet high, simple, leafy, smooth. Leaves 2 — 3 lines long, smooth
on both sides: sheaths pubescent along the margin, and densely bearded at the throat, the
rest smooth. Panicle large, mostly of a dull bluish color, bursting from the upper sheath,
which partly conceals its base; the branches bearing the numerous spikelets in a dense
racemose manner. Glumes smooth, acute ; the lower one about half the length of the upper,
without nerves except the midrib: upper one lanceolate. Palez a little rough on the keel.
Stamens 3: anthers yellowish. Styles distinct: stigmas white. Caryopsis ovoid, reddish
brown. Scales 2, lanceolate, collateral.

Banks of the Erie canal, near Buffalo, in sandy soils (Dr. Atken). Fl. August. This
species was first found by Dr. James, in Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. It has
since been detected in Ipswich, Massachusetts, by Mr. Oakes, and I have specimens of it
from several other parts of the United States.

AcRosTIS. GRAMINE. 441

19. AGROSTIS. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 217. BENT-GRASS.

[From the Greek, agros, a field ; in allusion to the place of growth.]

Glumes 2, somewhat equal, usually much longer than the flower, pointless. Paleew 2: lower
one commonly awned on the back; the upper often minute or nearly wanting. — Culms

cespitose. Panicle diffuse ; the branches fasciculate-verticillate.

1. Agrostis vutcaris, Huds. Red-top. Herd’s-grass.

Panicle oblong, the branches spreading and roughish; flowers awnless; lower palea
3-nerved ; leaves linear; ligule very short and truncate. — Withering. ; Engl. bot. t. 1761 ;
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 63; Muhl. gram. p.'70; Torr. fl. 1. p. 85; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 28; Beck,
bot. p. 387; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.55; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 220. A. alba, Muhl.l.c. A.
polymorpha, «., Trin. diss. 1. p. 202. A. hispida, Willd. sp. 1. 370.

Perennial. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 1 -2 feet high, erect or ascending, smooth. Leaves
2-3 lines wide. Panicle 4 - 6 inches long, usually purplish, the branches slightly hispid.
Glumes lanceolate, rough on the keel; the rest smoothish and shining, expanding. Lower
palea nearly as long as the glumes, smooth at the base, slightly 3-toothed at the summit :
lower one a little more than half the length of the upper.

Pastures and moist meadows: common. Fl. July. Probably introduced from Europe.

2. Acrostis aLBa, Linn. Herd’s-grass. Fiorin-grass.

Culms ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; panicle rather contracted, finally spreading,
the branches hispid ; lower palea 5-nerved ; ligule oblong. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 65; Engl. bot.
t. 1189; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 64; Ell.sk. 1. p.137; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.28; Torr. fl. 1. p. 85;
Beck, bot. p. 387; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 56; Kunth, enum. 1. p.219. A. stolonifera, Linn.
A. decumbens, Muhl. gram. p. 68.

Culms 1 - 2 feet high, sometimes decumbent. Leaves roughish; the sheaths smooth.
Panicle pale green or sometimes purplish. Glumes as in the preceding species. ‘ Lower
palea occasionally awned on the back, near the tip.” Darlingt.

Moist meadows: frequent. Fl. June - July. Apparently introduced. This and the
preceding species are united by Trinius, and it must be confessed that they are not always
readily distinguished. They are both completely naturalized in most parts of the United
States, and afford very good pasture for cattle, but are not much esteemed for hay.

[Frora — Vol. 2.] 56

442 GRAMINE. AaRostTIs.

3. AcrosTis LaxirLora, Richards. Hatr-grass. Thin-grass.

Culms erect, smooth ; leaves linear, the lower ones involute, the sheaths a little rough ;
panicle very loose, with verticillate capillary rough branches; glumes unequal, lanceolate,
aculeolate-hispid on the keel; lower palea oblong, obtuse, about one fourth shorter than the
glumes, awnless, or with a very short appressed awn on the back; upper palea minute or
wanting. — Richards. app. Frankl. narr. p.731; Kunth, “ gram. 2.t. 130,” and enum. 1. p.
224; Tuckerm. in Sill. jour. 45. p.43. A. Michauxii, Trin. diss. 1. p. 206; Gray, Gram.
§- Cyp. part 1.no. 17. Trichodium laxiflorum, Miche. fl. 1. p. 142. t. 8; Muhl. gram. p.
60; Torr. fl.1. p.83; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.27; Beck, bot. p. 389; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 54.

var. cespitosa: cespitose ; panicle ovoid, at length divaricate; glumes equal; palea
awnless ; leaves involute, filiform. — A. laxiflora, 8. montana, Tuckerm. 1. c. ?
montanum, Torr. l. c.

var. scabra: culm often geniculate at the base ; panicle diffuse, the branches flexuous and
divaricate ; glumes unequal ; leaves linear, flat. — A.scabra, Willd. sp.1. p.370; Tuckerm.
l.c. Trichodium:scabrum, Muhl. gram. p. 61; Torr. fl. 1. p. 83.

Trichodium

var. tenuis: culm geniculate at the base; panicle somewhat elongated, with short erect
branches ; leaves flat. — A. scabra, var. tenuis, Tuckerm. 1. c.

Perennial. Culm about a foot and a half high, very slender, terete. Lower leaves 4 - 6

inches long, scarcely half a line wide, becoming involute and almost filiform; the upper ones
shorter and flat. Panicle 6-10 inches long, usually purplish; the branches extremely
slender, with the subdivisions trichotomous, hispid. Spikelets scattered at the extremity of
the branchlets: pedicels clavate. Glumes about a line and a half long, very acute. Lower
palea obtuse, with several very short bristles at the base, sometimes furnished with an incon-
spicuous slender awn. Upper palea usually wanting. Stamens 3: anthers pale yellow.
Stigmas white, plumose. Caryopsis linear, oblong.

Old fields and exsiccated swamps: very common. Var. c@spitosa, rocky precipices ; var.

scabra, in woods ; var. tenuis, on the mountains of Essex county. I am unable to discover
in the plants described above, sufficient characters for constituting them distinct species.
They seem to be only varieties, caused by differences of soil and exposure.
4. Acrostis stricta, Willd. Upright-flowered Bent-grass.
Panicle elongated ; the branches verticillate, nearly erect ; glumes equal, oblong, acute, a
little longer than the flower; pale two: the lower one twice as long as the upper, with a
geniculate awn from near the base, about twice the length of the palea. — Willd. sp. 1. p.
366; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 63; Muhl. gram. p.65; Torr. fl.1. p. 85; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 220.
Trichodium strictum, Roem. g Schult. syst. 2. p. 281.

Culm about a foot high, smooth. Leaves flat, two lines wide, smooth: sheaths close,

striate. Panicle oblong, the primary branches verticillate in fives : ultimate divisions rough,

bearing the spikelets in a somewhat crowded manner. Glumes rough on the keel. Lower

AGRosTIS. GRAMINE. 443

palea oblong, rather acute, with a tuft of short hairs on each side of the base ; the awn very
slender, a little bent near the middle: upper palea very manifest, obtuse. Caryopsis obovate.

Sandy field near the outlet of Oneida Lake. I refer this grass, with some hesitation, to A.
stricta, Willd. It is nearly allied to A. rupestris, Willd., but may be only an awned variety
of A. alba. In the above mentioned locality it seems to be an introduced species.

5. Acrostis canina, Linn. var. ? tenella. Bent-grass.
Panicle loose, somewhat contracted ; the branches mostly in threes, slightly hispid; glumes
nearly equal, lanceolate, very acute, rough on the keel; lower palea narrowly lanceolate,
rather acute, with a geniculate awn rather below the middle ; the awn about twice the length
of the flower; upper palea nearly wanting ; leaves linear, flat.

Culm about a foot high, slender, smooth. Leaves a little more than a line wide, nearly
smooth, as are the sheaths: ligule oblong. Panicle 3 — 4 inches long, very slender; the
branches somewhat flexuous. Spikelets somewhat larger than in A. /aaiflora. Glumes
narrowly lanceolate, smooth on the sides: Lower palea with a few very short hairs at the
base, rather shorter than the glumes ; the awn on the back geniculate near the middle.

Mountains in the northern part of the State. Fil. early in August. This grass differs
from A. canina in its less diffuse panicle, narrow glumes and flat leaves, and yet I know of
no other species to which it is more nearly allied.

20. BRACHYELYTRUM. Beauv. Agrost. p. 39. t. 9. f. 2. ' BRACHYELYTRUM.

[From the Greek, brachys, short, and elytron, a covering ; in allusion to the short glumes. |
Glumes 2, very minute ; the lower one scarcely perceptible. Lower palea with a long bristle
at the summit ; the upper one with a clavate pedicel or rudimentary flower at the base. —

A perennial grass, with a simple contracted panicle.

1. BracuyELyTrum aristatum, Beauv. Awned Brachyelytrum.

Beauv. l.c.; Torr. fl. 1. p. 102. Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb. gram. 2. t. 50; Pursh,
fi. 1.9.61; Ell. sk: 1. .96; Muhl. sram.p. 57; Digel. fi. Bost. p. 27; Beck, bot. p.
391; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.58. M. aristata, Pers. syn. 1. p.'76; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 203.
M. Brachyelytrum, Trin. diss. 1. p. 88. Dilepyrum aristosum, Micha. fl. 1. p. 40.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm simple, 2 - 3 feet high, pubescent about the nodes. Leaves
about 6 inches long and 4 — 6 lines wide, somewhat hairy, ciliate on the margin; sheaths
loose : ligule oblong, lacerated. Panicle racemose, erect. Spikelets nearly half an inch
long (excluding the awn). Lower glume almost wanting ; the upper many times shorter than
the palez, lanceolate. Palew lanceolate-linear, rough, somewhat hairy at the base ; lower
one 5-nerved, terminating in a straight bristle about three-fourths of an inch long; the upper
with a groove on the back, in which is lodged a slender awn-like pedicel. Stamens 2: stigmas
linear, very long. Scales ovate, obtuse. Caryopsis oblong, acute.

Rocky woods and hill-sides : frequent. Fl. June-July.

56*

444 GRAMINE. CALAMAGROSTIS.

TripE VI. ARUNDINACEZE. Kunth.

Spikelets either one-flowered (with or without an abortive pedicel), or many-flowered.
Flowers usually with long soft hairs at the base. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceo-
herbaceous. — Mostly tall perennial grasses.

21. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans. ; Trin. diss. 1. p. 133. SMALL-REED.

{From the Greek, calamos, a reed, and agrostis, a genus of grasses. ]

Deyevxia, Beauv,
Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes longer than the palee. Paleew somewhat equal, with long
hairs at the base, and an abortive pedicel or rudimentary flower ; the lower one with a short

awn near the top or on the back. — Panicle branching ; the spikelets all pedicellate.

1. Catamacrostis Canavensis, Beauv. (Plate CL.) Canadian Smail-reed.

Panicle oblong, loose ; glumes nearly equal, serrulate on the keel, a little rough on the
sides ; palew as long as the glumes, the lower one with a somewhat exserted awn on the back
below the middle; hairs as long as the palee ; culm and leaves smooth. — Beauv. ; Torr.
in Gray's Gram. § Cyp. part 1,no.18; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 62; Kunth, enum. 1~p.
237, not of Nutt. C. Mexicana, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 46 (excl. syn. Pers.) ; Beck, bot. p. 401.
Arundo Canadensis, Micha. fl. 1. p.'73; Pursh, fl.1. p. 86; Torr. fl. 1. p.83; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 38. C. Purshii, Kunth, enum.1. p.208. <A. confinis, Willd, enum. 1. p. 127 (fide
Muhl.). <A. cinnoides, Muhl. gram. p. 187. A. agrostoides, Pursh, 1. e.

Culm 2 - 4 feet high, mostly simple. Leaves a foot long and 3 — 4 lines wide, flat, some-
what glaucous, slightly pubescent above, smoothish underneath ; sheaths close: ligule oblong,
lacerate. Panicle erect, at length somewhat expanding; the branches 4-6 in a whorl,
rough. Glumes lanceolate, very acute, keeled ; the sides purplish. Pale unequal, oblong,
rather obtuse : lower one slightly 2-toothed at the summit, awned a little below the middle,
the awn projecting beyond the flower: upper one entire. Hairs at the base of the palee
copious, white. Rudiment small, clavate, with long hairs at the summit. Stamens 3: anthers
large, yellow.

Wet meadows: common in the interior of the State, but rare near the seaboard. FI.
August.

2. CatamaGrostis coarcTata, Torr. (Plate CLL) Glaucous Smail-reed.

Panicle contracted, thick and somewhat conglomerate ; glumes narrowly lanceolate, nearly
equal, a little longer than the palez, carinate ; lower palea awned a little below the tip ; hairs
two-thirds as long as the flower; leaves glaucous. — Torr. in Gray’s Gram. § Cyp. part 1.
no.19; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 62. C. Canadensis, Nutt. gen.1. p.46; Trin. diss. 1. p.

CALAMAGROSTIS. GRAMINEZ. 445

227.t.4. f. 14; Beck, bot. p. 401. Agrostis glauca, MuAl. gram. p. 76. Arundo coarctata,
Torr. fl. 1. p. 94; Bigel. fl. Cest. p. 39.

Culm 3-5 feet high, simple, erect, terete, somewhat glaucous. Leaves 3 — 4 lines wide,
flat, rough : ligule oblong, obtuse. Panicle 3-4 inches long, erect and compact: branches
short, 3-5 in a fascicle. Glumes nearly equal, about 3 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate,
mostly purplish, rough on the keel, and a little so on the sides : lower one without lateral
nerves ; upper one 3-nerved. Palezx about one-fifth shorter than the glumes, lanceolate, acute;
the lower one 5-nerved, finally split at the summit, with a short straight rigid awn arising
from the back about one-third of the way down. Rudiment stout, with a strong tuft of hairs
at the summit. Stamens 3: anthers yellow. Caryopsis hairy.

Wet meadows and open swamps along rivers : frequent. FJ. August. This and the follow-
ing species have the grain sometimes affected with ergot.

3. CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA, Gray. (Plate CLIL) Close-flowered Smail-reed.

Panicle contracted, elongated ; glumes oblong-lanceolate ; palee nearly equal, as long as
the glumes, the lower one with a scarcely exserted awn inserted below the middle ; hairs
nearly as long as the flower ; culm and leaves smooth.— Gray, Gram. §- Cyp. part 1. no. 20.

Culm about 3 feet high, erect, terete, simple. Leaves 2-3 lines wide, smooth : ligule
oblong. Panicle 4-6 inches long, slender; the branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together,
rough. Glumes about 25 lines long, a little serrulated on the keel, roughish on the sides,
acute, but not acuminate. Pale unequal, rather acute, oblong; the lower one rough, 3-
nerved, notched at the tip: awn inserted half way between the middle and the base of the
palea. Caryopsis oblong, smooth.

Swamps, northern and western parts of the State. F/. July-August. Near the preceding
species ; but distinguished by the more slender panicle, broader and less acute glumes, longer
hairs, and the awn inserted towards the base of the palee.

22. AMMOPHILA. Aost. gram. 4. p. 24; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 245. SEA-REED.
[From ammos, sand, and philos, a lover.]
PsamMa, Beawv.
Glumes nearly equal, keeled. Pale shorter than the glumes, surrounded with short hairs
at the base, keeled, awnless. Abortive pedicel plumose above. — Rhizoma long and creep-

ing. Leaves convolute. Panicle spiked, dense, and cylindrical.

1]. AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA, Host. Common Sea-reed.

Glumes acute ; hairs about one-third the length of the palee. — ‘‘ Host. gram. 4. p. 24. t.
41;” Kunth, enum. 1. p. 245; Hook. fl. Bor, Am. 2. p. 241. Arundo arenaria, Linn. sp.
1. p. 121; Miche. fl.1. p.738; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 87; Muhl. gram. p. 88; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 39. Psamma littoralis, Beauv. agrost. p. 143. t. 6. f. 1. P. arenaria, Ram. g Schult.

446 GRAMINE. AMMOPHILA.

syst. 2. p. 845; Torr. fl. 1. p. 95. Calamagrostis arenaria, Trin. diss. 1. p. 227; Gray’s
Gram. § Cyp. part 1. no. 21.

Rhizoma branching and creeping extensively in the sand. Culm 2-8 feet high, erect, rigid.
Leaves very long, smooth and glaucous, 4-5 lines wide, attenuated to a long slender point :
sheaths smooth : ligule oblong, obtuse. Panicle 6 - 12 inches long, of a whitish color, very
close and spike-like. Spikelets much compressed, about half an inch long. Glumes linear-
lanceolate, rough on the thin keel: lower one with a single nerve; the upper 3-nerved. Pale
resembling the glumes, the hairs at the base scarcely one-third the length of the flower : lower
one often with a slight mucro a little below the tip, obscurely 5-nerved. Stamens 3: anthers
linear, large, yellow. Styles very short: stigmas simply plumose. Scales linear-lanceolate,
somewhat longer than the caryopsis.

Sandy seacoast of Long Island and Staten Island: very abundant. Fl. August. This
grass is common on the coast of Europe and North America. Its long creeping rhizoma
and fibrous roots enable it to confine the loose sands of the shore, and thus to resist the inroads
of the sea. In Holland, France and other countries, it is planted for this purpose. It is used
in Massachusetts for the manufacture of paper.

23. PHRAGMITES. Trin. Agrostog. p.'73; Endl. gen. 823. REED.
[From the Greek, phragmos, a hedge.]

Spikelets 5 —'7-flowered ; the flowers perfect, on villous pedicels, except the lowest, which is
staminate or neuter, naked at the base, and sessile. Glumes and palex very unequal.
Upper palea elongated, acuminate. — Very tall broad-leaved grasses, with the flower in a

large terminal panicle.

1. Puracmites communis, Trin. Common Reed.

Spikelets 3 — 5-flowered ; panicle loose and one-sided. — Trin. fund. p.134; Torr. fl. 1.
p- 103; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 251. Arundo Phragmites, Linn. sp. 1. p.81; Pursh, fl. 1.
p- 86; Muhl. gram. p. 88; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 39; Beck, bot. p. 405; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. Ol.

Culm 6-12 feet high, an inch or more in diameter at the base, very leafy, terete, with
numerous joints. Leaves 12-18 inches long and about 2 inches wide, flat, smooth : ligule
very short, fimbriate. Panicle very large, loose, somewhat nodding. Glumes lanceolate,
acuminate ; the lower one much longer. Lowest flower usually monandrous or neuter; the
other flowers perfect, with the silky hairs about two-thirds as long as the paleew. Lower palea
not one-third the length of the upper.

Borders of ponds and swamps: not common. Fl. August. Thisis the largest grass in the
Northern States, appearing at a distance like broom-corn. It is found in most parts of the
world.

E.evsine. GRAMINEZ. 447

Tre VIL CHLORIDE. Kunth.

Spikelets arranged in unilateral digitate or paniculate (rarely solitary) spikes, 1 - many-
flowered ; the upper flowers imperfect. Glumes and palee 2, membranaceo-herbaceous ;
the latter often awned. — Rachis not articulated.

24. ELEUSINE. Gert. fruct. 1. p. 8. t.1. f. 12; Endl. gen. 841. DOG’S-TAIL GRASS.

[From Eleusis, a name of Ceres, the goddess of harvests. }

Spikes digitate, unilateral. Spikelets sessile, 2-6-flowered. Glumes carinate, shorter than
the flowers ; the lower one interior. Pale unequal, awnless : the lower one keeled ; upper
channelled on the back. Seed transversely rugose. — Mostly annual grasses, gowing in

tufts, or branching from the base.

1. Exeusine Inpica, Gert. Yard-grass. Wire-grass.
Culms oblique, compressed, branching from the base ; leaves smooth ; ligule hairy ; spikes
2-4; spikelets about 5-flowered. — Gert. 1. c.; Lam. ill. 1. p. 203. t. 48. f. 3; Miche.
fi..1. p. 64; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 87; Ell. sk. 1. p.. 175; MuAl. gram. p. 133; Torr. fl..1. p.
134; Beck, bot. p.414; Darlingt. fil. Cest. p.81; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 272. Cynosurus

Indicus, Linn. sp. 1. p. 72.
Annual. Culm 8-15 inches long. Leaves distichous, linear, expanding, pubescent above,

smooth underneath : sheaths loose, hairy at the throat. Spikes sometimes 5 or 6, but more
commonly 2-4, rarely solitary : rachis linear, bearded at the base. Spikelets closely imbri-
cate. Upper glume 5-nerved, broader than the lower. Palew smooth; the lower one-third

longer than the upper. Seed conspicuously wrinkled transversely.
Cultivated grounds, and about houses : common. Flowers through the season. This grass

is found in most parts of the world, but appears to be an introduced species with us.

25. SPARTINA. Schreb. gen. 98; Endl. gen. 846. CORD-GRASS, MARSH-GRASS.
[Said to be named from its resemblance to Lygewm Spartium.]

Limnetis, Pers, ; Tracuynotia, Micha.

Spikelets in unilateral spikes, one-flowered, much compressed. Glumes and pale unequal,

awnless. Styles mostly united below. — Perennial, erect marsh grasses.

448 | GRAMINEZ. SPARTINA.
1. Spartina cynosurowes, Willd. (Plate CLIII.) Tall Marsh-grass.

Spikes numerous (8 —- 40), pedunculate, scattered, forming a long secund panicle ; leaves
very long, tapering to a filiform extremity, at first flat, but at length more or less convolute ;
glumes serrulate on the keel, with a long slender point ; style 2-cleft at the summit. — Willd.
enum. 1. p. 80; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 24; Torr. fl. 1. p. 69; Trin. diss. 1. p. 163; Beck,
bot. p. 405; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 61; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 278. S. polystachya, Muhl.
gram. p. 53. Dactylis cynosuroides, Linn. sp. 1. p. ‘71. Trachynotia cynosuroides and
polystachya, Micha. fl. 1. p. 64. Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya, Pers. syn. 1.
p. 12; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 59.

Culm 3-8 feet high, often nearly an inch in diameter at the base, terete. Leaves 1-2
feet or more in length, 4-8 lines wide, at first flat, but finally (especially in dry weather)
convolute ; sheaths smooth : ligule bearded. Spikes linear, about 3 inches long, scattered or
alternate ; the scabrous peduncles 6 - 10 lines long, spreading at maturity. Spikelets arranged
on two sides of a depressed triangular rachis. Glumes linear-lanceolate, strongly spinulose
on the keel; the lower narrower and sometimes very short: upper one twice or three times
as long as the lower, tapering to a long rough subulate point. Palee mostly longer than
the lower glume, nearly equal ; the lower one spinulose on the keel : upper are only a little
rough toward the summit. Stamens 3: anthers jarge, linear, yellow. Styles connate except
near the summit. Caryopsis linear-oblong, compressed.

Salt marshes, and along the seacoast ; also on the borders of fresh water rivers ard lakes.
Fl. August. Most authors regard S. polystachya as a distinct species from S. cynosuroides ;
but after a new and careful examination of many specimens of these plants from various

localities, I have concluded to let them remain as they stand in my Flora of the Northern and
Middle States.

2. Spartina juncea, Willd. Rush-like Marsh-grass.

Leaves distichous, convolute, spreading ; spikes few (1 -3, rarely 4 or 5), on smooth
peduncles ; glumes rough on the keel; palea nearly smooth; styles distinct almost to the
base. — Willd. enum. 1. p. 81; Muhl. gram. p. 54; Ell. sk. 1. p.94; Torr. fl. 1. p. 70;
Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 24; Trin. diss. 1. p. 162; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 279. S. pumila, Roth.
Trachynotia juncea, Miche. fl. 1. p.64. Limnetis juncea, Pers. syn. 1. p. 72; Pursh, fi.
1. p. 59.

Rhizoma creeping, very long. Culm 1-2 feet high, erect, terete, rigid, smooth. Leaves
6-10 inches long, smooth, very slender : sheaths close, with a bearded ring at the throat.
Spikes mostly 3; the lowest distinctly pedunculate, about an inch and a half long. Glumes
very unequal ; the lower one linear, scarcely one-third of the upper, nearly smooth; the upper
linear-lanceolate, serrulate on the keel. Palez lanceolate, rather obtuse : lower one a little
rough on the keel; the upper smoothish. Stamens 3: anthers large, linear. Styles elon-
gated, distinct except near the base.

Salt marshes, and on the sandy shores of rivers near the salt water. Fl. July - August.
This grass forms a portion of our salt hay.

SPARTINA. GRAMINE. 449

3. SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA, Lovsel. Smooth Marsh-grass.

Leaves channelled, erect; spikes numerous, elongated, sessile, appressed; glumes and
pale nearly smooth ; styles distinct nearly to the base. — Lovsel. fl. Gall. 2. p. 719 (1807),
fide Hook. ; Bromf. in Hook. comp. bot. mag. 2. p. 254. S. glabra, Muhl. gram. p.54; Ell.
sk. 1. p.95; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.25; Torr. fl.1. p.70; Beck, bot. p. 417. S. laevigata,
“ Link, jahrb. 3. p. 92”; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 278. S. polystachya, Trin. diss. 1. p. 163,
not of Willd. Dactylis maritima, Walt. fl. Car. p.'77.

Rhizoma creeping extensively. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, erect, terete, tender and somewhat
succulent, of a yellowish green color. Leaves broad at the base, continuous with the loose
open sheaths, tapering to a long point, mostly overtopping the spikes : ligule a bearded ring.
Spikes 6 — 14, unequal, closely appressed to the common rachis ; each partial rachis produced
beyond the summit of the spike, into a long subulate point. Glumes very unequal; the
upper one-half or one-third longer than the lower, sometimes sparingly and minutely spinulose
on the keel, as seen under a lens. Palez linear-lanceolate, unequal: lower one shorter; the
upper about the length of the larger glume, Stamens 3. Styles filiform, sometimes shining,
but not united except toward the base.

Borders of salt marshes, and muddy places within the reach of salt or brackish water,
mostly in places that are overflowed with the tide. FV. August - September. This species
grows also in France and in England, but only in a single locality in each country, where it
may have been introduced from North America in ballast. It is greedily eaten by horses and
cattle ; but its strong, rancid smell, affects (says Elliott) the breath, milk, butter, and even
the flesh of the cattle that feed on it. Vor thatching, it much outlasts wheat straw.

26. BOUTELOUA. Lagasca, ‘varied. de Cienc.” BOUTELOUA.
[Probably named after some obscure Spanish botanist. ]

Eurriana, Trin.; Dingza, Beauv.; ATHERoPoGoN, Muh.

Spikes short, disposed in a raceme. Spikelets unilateral, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 - 3-
flowered ; the terminal flower imperfect. Glumes 2, membranaceous, keeled ; the upper
one larger, shorter than the flowers. Palez 2, the lower one 3-cleft, the segments subulate

orawned. Abortive flower pedicellate. — Rachis produced beyond the summit of the spikes.

1. BouTeLoua racemosa, Lag. Racemed Bouteloua,
Culm erect ; spikes numerous, racemose, rather distant, somewhat reflexed ; spikelets 2-
(rarely 3-) flowered; lower palea of the perfect flower tricuspidate ; abortive flower with
3 bristles. — Lag. l.c. Chloris curtipendula, Micha, fl. 1. p.159 ; Willd. sp. 4. p. 927.
Atheropogon apludoides, Muhl. in Willd. sp. l. c. and gram. p. 287; Pursh, fl. 1. p.'75;

{Frora — Vol. 2.] 57

450 GRAMINE. BouTetova.

Nutt. gen.1. p..78; Torr. in Sill. jour. 4. p. 58, g fl. 1. p. 189; Beck, bot. p. 414;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. (ed. 1.) p. 17 (with a figure). Eutriana curtipendula, Trin. diss. 1. p.
243; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 280. Cynosurus secundus, Pursh, 1. c. 2. p. 728.

Perennial. Culm 2-8 feet high, geniculate at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves 2-3
lines wide, tapering to a long slender point, involute when dry, rough on the margin, slightly
hairy above: sheaths rather loose, the lowest ones often hairy: ligule short, fimbriate.
Spikes 20 - 40, about one-third of an inch long, on very short peduncles, arranged on two
sides of a common rachis, at length secund ; each containing 6 - 8 spikelets, which are in 2
rows, the partial rachis ending in a long naked point. Lower glume persistent, very narrow ;
the upper lanceolate, hispid on the keel. Perfect flower sessile, lanceolate ; the lower palea
with 3 nearly equal points: upper a little longer, 2-keeled, bifid at the apex. Stamens 3:
anthers bright cinnabar color. Caryopsis oblong. Abortive flower neuter, pedicellate :
lower palea ovate, bifid, with a straight rigid bristle, twice as long as the flower, between the
teeth: lateral bristles shorter, one proceeding from the base on each side of the infolded
margin: upper palea much smaller, 2-cleft, often rudimentary.

Dry rocky lands and hill-sides, Orange and Dutchess counties. £7. August. The large
bright red anthers make this a conspicuous grass at the time of flowering. It is admirably
figured in the work of Dr. Darlington, above quoted.

Trise VIIL AVENACE®. Kunth.

Spikelets 2- 10-flowered: terminal flower commonly imperfect. Glumes and palee 2,
membranaceo-herbaceous : lower palea usually with a twisted awn on the back.

27. AIRA. Linn.; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 61. HAIR-GRASS.

{From the Greek, airo, to destroy, The name was applied by the ancients to Loliwm temulentum, on account of its
poisonous qualities, and is with no propriety given to this genus. ]

DescHAmpsia, Beauv.
Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Glumes unequal. Palee thin and membranaceous; the lower
one awned on the back below the middle. — Panicle compound, usually spreading ; the

third flower, when present, imperfect.

* Arra proper. Lower palea rather acute, nearly entire. Awn twisted below.
1. Aira FLEXxuosa, Linn. Common Hair-grass.
Panicle spreading, trichotomously branching ;, flowers scarcely longer than the glumes ;
awn geniculate, larger than the flower; leaves setaceous. — Linn. sp. 1. p.65; Pursh, fl.

1. p.77; Muhl. gram. p. 85; Ell. sk. 1. p. 151; Torr, fl. 1. p. 182; Beck, bot. p. 402;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 64; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 290.

AIRA. GRAMINE. 451

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves mostly in a radical tuft, 5 — 8 inches long, involute,
very slender. Panicle capillary, loose; the lower branches somewhat verticillate. Glumes
whitish, tinged with purple, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers both perfect, with a tuft of hairs at
the base. Lower palea 2-nerved ; the awn arising from near the base, and about one-half
longer than the flower: upper palea notched at the summit.

Dry rocky places, and in sandy pine woods: very common. fF. June. A native also of
Europe.

2. Aira aTropurPuREA, Wahi. Purple Alpine Hair-grass.

Leaves flat ; panicle divaricate, of few spikelets ; flowers much shorter than the glumes ;
palee a little hairy at the summit ; awn from the middle of the back, nearly twice as long as
the flowers. — Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 37; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 243; Kunth, enum. 1.
p. 201.

Culm 8 - 15 inches high, simple, erect, slender. Leaves 2-3 inches long, 1 — 2 lines
wide, smooth on both sides: sheaths smooth: ligule oblong, obtuse. Panicle loose; the
branches mostly in pairs and flexuous. Spikelets broadly ovate. Glumes about 3 lines long,
often purplish, but sometimes yellowish-green, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, a little roughened
on the sides, and minutely serrulate on the sharp keel. Flowers 2, perfect, with long hairs
at the base ; the upper one ona short, thick pedicel, scarcely half the length of the glumes,
* their awns included. Lower palea ovate, obtuse, with summit a little hairy ; the awn thick,
and slightly twisted below.

High mountains of Essex county. J. early in August. This interesting grass seems to
be identical with the Lapland plant of the same name.

** DescuHaAmpsiA, Beauv. Upper palea somewhat truncate and 4-toothed at the summit, Awn short, straight.
3. Aira caspitosa, Linn. Tufted Hair-grass.

Leaves flat; panicle finally diffuse ; flowers about as long as the glumes; awn short,
straight. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 64; Pursh, fl.1. p. 77; Muhl. gram. p.85; Torr. fl. 1. p.
132; Beck, bot. p. 402; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 65. A. ambigua, Micha. fl. 1. p.61. A.
aristulata, Torr. 1. c. Deschampsia cespitosa, Beauv. Agrost. p. 91. t. 18. f. 3; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 286.

Culm 2-3 feet high, erect. Leaves a line or more in breadth, rough above, smooth
underneath: sheaths smooth. Panicle oblong or pyramidal : lower branches about 5; upper
ones in threes. Glumes rather acute, of a leaden or dull purplish color. Flowers 2, hairy
at the base, both perfect ; the upper one on a hairy pedicel. Lower palea obtuse and tace-
rately toothed at the summit; the slender awn at its base scarcely as long as the flower.
Sometimes there is a plumose abortive pedicel at the base of the upper flower.

Shores of small lakes in the western parts of the State. £7. June. This is a common

European species.
BY fi

452 GRAMINE. TRISETUM.

28. TRISETUM. fPers.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 295. TRISETUM.

[So named from the Latin, in allusion to the three bristles of the flowers. ]

Spikelets 2 - 4-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, awnless. Pale herbaceous:
lower one with 2 long cusps at the summit, and a twisted awn on the back ; upper one
bicarinate. Caryopsis smooth, without a longitudinal groove. — Mostly alpine or sub-alpine

grasses. Leaves flat. Panicle contracted, rarely diffuse.

1. Trisetum mouue, Kunth. (Plate CLIV.) Soft Trisetum.

Whole plant minutely and softly pubescent; panicle contracted and somewhat spiked ;
glumes 2-flowered, the flowers not bearded ; awn about the length of the palea, not twisted,
diverging or recurved. — Kunth, “gram. 1. p. 101,” and enum. 1. p. 298; Trin. act. Petrop.
(1830), 1. p. 64. T. subspicatum, Beck, bot. p. 403. Avena mollis, Michx. fl. 1. p. 72.

Perennial. Culm 12-15 inches high, mostly cespitose, erect, slender ; the pubescence
mostly retrorse. Leaves narrowly linear, 1 — 2 inches long, hairy at the base. Panicle
2-3 inches long; the branches appressed, and rather densely flowered. Glumes a little
unequal, lanceolate, acute, rough on the keel. ower palea with 2 long sharp cusps at the
summit ; the awn arising between the cusps, and about the length of the entire palea.

Rocky banks of rivers, and on mountains ; northern and western parts of the State. Fl.
July. Very nearly allied to T. subspicatum, and regarded by Beck and Hooker as identical
with that species.

29. AVENA. Linn. ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 299. OAT.
[A name of doubtful origin.]

Spikelets 3- many-flowered ; the flowers rather remote, the uppermost imperfect. Glumes

thin and membranaceous. Palee herbaceous; the lower one with a twisted awn above

the base, mostly bifid at the summit. Caryopsis with a longitudinal groove on one side,

hairy at the summit.

1. Avena Pennsytvanica, Linn. Pennsylvania Wild-oat.

Panicle attenuated, loose, nodding, the branches somewhat verticillate ; spikelets 2 -3-
flowered ; the flowers smooth (lowest one often awnless), upper one on a hairy pedicel ;
lower palea with a slender awn below the bifid tip, about twice the length of the flower. —
Linn. sp. 1. p.'79; Willd. sp. 1. p. 445; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 303. A. palustris, Micha.
fil. 1. p. 72; Pursh, fl. 1. p.86; Muhl. gram. p. 186; Kunth, l.c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.
67. ‘Trisetum Pennsylvanicum, Beauv. agrost. p. 154. ‘Trisetum palustris, Torr. fl. 1.
p- 126; Trin. act. Petrop. (1830), 1. p. 67; Beck, bot. p. 403. Aira pallens, Mul, Ll. c. ;
Hil, sk. le pe lol.

AVENA. GRAMINEZ. 453

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high, slender, erect. Leaves flat, 2-3 inches long : ligule oblong.
Panicle oblong, yellowish green. Spikelets ovate, much compressed, mostly 2-flowered, with
an abortive rudiment. Glumes nearly equal, shorter than the flowers, acuminate or mucro-
nate, rough on the keel. Upper perfect flower ona hairy pedicel. Lower palea lanceolate,
acuminate, bicuspidate : awn slender, inserted below the tip, twisted : upper palea shorter,
lacerate at the tip.

Wet meadows : rare. FV. June. This grass does not accord in all respects with the cha-
racters of Avena, but it rather belongs to that genus than to T'R1seTuM or AIRA.

2. Avena striata, Miche. Purple Wild-oat.

Panicle nearly simple, loose, few-flowered ; spikelets 3 — 5-flowered, somewhat terete, the
flowers bearded at the base ; lower palea with a slender nearly straight awn below the tip. —
Mich. fl. 1. p.'73; Beck, bot. p. 403; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 303; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p- 244, not of Lam. Trisetum purpurascens, Torr. fl. 1. p. 127.

Perennial. Culm 2-8 feet high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 3-4 inches long, and
about 2 lines wide, smooth ; the sheaths close, conspicuously striate : ligule short. Panicle
3-6 inches long, consisting of few nearly simple branches, each bearing 1 ~3 spikelets.
Flowers rather remote, each with a tuft of short hairs at the base. Glumes unequal, of a
reddish purple color, acute; the lower one indistinctly 3-nerved; upper 5-nerved. Lower
palea strongly 7-nerved, attenuated and 2-cleft at the summit ; the awn bent obliquely : upper
palea lanceolate, much shorter than the lower, entire, ciliate on the margin.

» Banks of rivers, and moist woods : northern and western counties. Fl. July.

30. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Agrost. p. 55; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 307. OAT-GRASS.

[From the Greek, arrhen, male, and ather, an awn; the staminate flower being awned.]
Spikelets 2-flowered : lower flower staminate ; the lower palea with a twisted awn below the
middle. Upper flower perfect ; the lower palea with a short straight bristle below the tip.

— Panicle loose.

1. ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM, Beauv. Grass of the Andes. Oat-grass.

Beauv. Agrost. p. 55.t.11. f. 5; Torr. fi. 1. p. 130; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 307. A.
Kentuckense, Torr. 7. c. Avena elatior, Linn.; Muhl. gram. p. 185; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.
33; Beck, bot. p. 403; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 66.

Perennial. Rhizoma creeping. Culms 2-3 feet high. Leaves roughish on the margin ;
sheaths smooth : ligule short. Panicle oblong, at first somewhat contracted, finally spreading ;
the branches in threes or semiverticillate. Spikelets brownish. Glumes unequal ; the lower
one shorter than the flowers. Awn of the staminate flower much contorted, Lower palea
of the perfect flower sometimes awnless: upper palea with an awnlike rudiment or continua-
tion of the rachilla at its base.

454 GRAMINE. ARRHENATHERUM.

Pastures and cultivated grounds. Fl. May-June. A tall handsome grass ; originally from
Europe, but naturalized in a few places. It has been cultivated by some of our farmers, but
is of little value either for hay or for pasture.

31. DANTHONIA. DC. fl. Gall. 3. p. 33; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 311. DANTHONIA.
[Named in honor of M. Danruoine, a French botanist.]

Spikelet 2-10-flowered ; the upper flowers often imperfect. Glumes somewhat membrana-
ceous, nearly equal, mostly longer than the flower. Lower palea coriaceo-membranaceous,
many-nerved, 2-toothed at the summit, with a short or a twisted awn between the teeth :

upper palea bicarinate. — Cespitose grasses ; the spikelets pedicellate, usually few, in a
racemose panicle.

1. Danruonta spicata, Beauv. Wild Oat-grass.

Cuim erect; leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy at the throat ; panicle racemose, nearly
simple ; spikelets 7-9, about 7-flowered ; lower palea hairy. — P.de Beauv. l.c.; Nutt.
gen. 1. p. 71; Torr. fl. 1. p. 125; Trin. ic. gram. 5. t. 54; Beck, bot. p. 405; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 68; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 312. Avena spicata, Linn. sp. 1.p.119; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 86; Muhl. gram. p. 184; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 32.

Perennial. Culms 1-14 foot high, slender, mostly erect. Leaves very narrow, flat or
involute, more or less hairy ; the lower ones numerous : sheaths hairy at the base and at the
throat : ligule very short. Panicle secund, the lower branches often a little divided. Glumes
lanceolate ; the lower one 3-nerved, attenuated at the point. Lower palea ovate, obscurely
7-nerved, thinly clothed with long hairs, the margins produced into 2 lanceolate teeth : awn
about twice as long as the palea, flat and spirally twisted at the base : upper palea oblong,
the margin closely inflected. Scales obtuse or truncate. Caryopsis a little corrugated, some-
what 2-horned at the apex.

Dry open woods and in fields. FU. June - July.

32. URALEPIS. Nutt. gen. 1. p.62; Torr. fl. 1. p. 117. URALEPIS.

[From the Greek, owra, a tail, and lepis, a scale ; from the appearance of the lower palea.]

Tripuasis, Beawv.? Diptocea, Raf.
Spikelets 2—- 3-flowered, somewhat terete ; the flowers distant; uppermost one abortive.
Glumes much shorter than the flowers. Pale very unequal, conspicuously villous on the
margin : lower one bicuspidate, with a straight awn between the cusps ; the upper entire,

ovate, incurved. Caryopsis gibbous. — Annual grasses, growing in sand. Panicles simple,
racemose, small ; the spikelets purple.

URALEPIs. GRAMINEZ. 455

1. Uratepis aristuLtata, Nutt. Short-awned Uralepis.

Lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, terminal one more or less exserted ;
spikelets 3-flowered ; awn as long as the lateral cusps. — Nutt. gen. 1. c. and suppl. ; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 117; Spreng. neue entd. 1. p. 245; Beck, bot. p. 404; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 318.
Aira purpurea, Muhl. gram. p. 86, not of Walt. Diplocoa barbata, Raf. in Sill. jour. 1.
p. 252.

Culms numerous, from one root, about a foot high, with numerous bearded joints. Leaves
short, subulate and somewhat pungent, mostly shorter than the joints, hairy above. Ligule a
bearded ring. Upper panicle, when exserted, spreading : lateral ones entirely concealed in
the sheaths of the leaves. Spikelets mostly 3- (rarely 4-) flowered. Glumes often lacerate
at the tip. Palee densely fringed; the lower one with 2 cusps, and a very short intermediate
awn. Stamens 3: anthers purple.

Seacoast of Long Island and Staten Island; also along the shores of the Hudson, within
the reach of salt water. FU. August-September. The whole plant is covered with a viscid
acid secretion, which is perhaps bimalate of lime. _I am suspicious that this species is hardly
distinct from U. purpurea, Nutt.

Tripe IX. FESTUCACE. Kunth.

Spikelets many- (rarely few-) flowered. Gilumes and palee@ 2, membranaceo-herbaceous,
rarely coriaceous. Lower palea mostly awned ; the awn not twisted. Inflorescence
(with few exceptions) paniculate.

33. POA. Linn. ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 324. MEADOW-GRASS,

[Poa is the Greek name for grass or pasturage. ]

Spikes 2 —many-flowered ; the spikelets distichous. Glumes 2, pointless, shorter than the
flowers. Palew membranaceous, awnless ; the lower one keeled, rarely concave and some-
what coriaceous : upper one bicarinate. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis free.— Leaves
mostly flat. Spikelets pedicellate, in diffuse or contracted panicles. Flowers sometimes
dicecious.

*Poa proper. Spikelets paniculate, 2-5-flowered, rather remote, mostly with a cobweb-like pubescence at the base : lower

palea herbaceous, diaphanous on the margin, mostly 5- (rarely 1 -'T-) nerved.
1. Poa annua, Linn. Annual Meadow-grass.
Panicle somewhat secund, divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, 4—- 5-flowered; the flowers
free ; culm oblique, somewhat compressed ; root fibrous. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 68; Ell. sk. 1.

p-. 158; Pursh, fl..1. p.79; Muhl. gram. p. 137; Torr. fl.1. p.107; Beck, bot. p. 409 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 76; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 349.

456 GRAMINE. Poa.

Annual. Culms cespitose, 3-8 inches long, very smooth, oblique or often nearly procum-
bent. Leaves short, bright green, smooth, keeled : sheaths loose, smooth : ligule oblong.
Panicle at length divaricately spreading; the branches mostly solitary. Spikelets rather
crowded towards the summit of the branchlets, sometimes 6-flowered. Glumes nearly equal,
acute, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Pale minutely pubescent; the lower one ovate, rather
obtuse : upper one a little shorter, pale greenish white, with two green marginal keels.

Cultivated grounds, garden paths, roadsides, etc. FU. April—- October. Probably introduced
from Europe.

2. Poa taxa, Henke. Few-flowered Alpine Meadow-grass.

Panicle contracted, somewhat nodding at the apex, the branches smooth, mostly in pairs ;
spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered, the flowers acute, hairy and somewhat webbed at the base ;
leaves narrowly linear, acute ; ligules all lanceolate. — Hanke, “fl. Sudet. p. 118;” Trin.
in act. Petrop. 6. ser. 1. p. 374; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 349. P. flexuosa, Engl. bot. t. 1123.
P. alpina, Torr. in Geol. Report. ;

Root perennial, fibrous. Culms cespitose, 6 —- 8 inches high, erect. Leaves numerous,
mostly less than a line wide, glaucous, smooth. Panicle 1-2 inches long; the branches flexuous,
usually in pairs, but sometimes three together. Spikelets about 24 lines long, sometimes
4-flowered, but the terminal flower often imperfect. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal,
slightly rough on the kee] ; the sides nerveless. Lower palea very hairy below, with indistinct
lateral nerves : upper palea rough on the margin.

Summit of Mount Marcy in Essex county. Fl. early in August. This grass appears to
be identical with the European plant. It is allied to P. alpina, but differs in the contracted
panicle, fewer-flowered spikelets, narrower leaves, and in the ligules being all lanceolate.

3. Poa tTriviatis, Linn. Rough Meadow-grass,

Panicle equal, diffuse ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 3-flowered ; flowers webbed at the
base, 5-nerved ; culm and sheaths roughish ; ligule oblong ; root fibrous. — Linn. sp. 1. p.
67; Engl. bot. t. 1072; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 78: Torr. fl. 1. p.110; Beck, bot. p. 410;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 352; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.'75. P. stolonifera, Muhl. gram. p. 179.

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high, often throwing off suckers at the base. Leaves very
narrow, pale green: ligules elongated, upper ones acute, the lower obtuse. Panicle large,
pyramidal, verticillate ; the branches rough. Spikelets sometimes only 2-flowered. Glumes
unequal, very acute. Lower palea 5-nerved, scarious at the apex.

Moist meadows: frequent. F/. June - August. A naturalized European grass. It is
good for pasturage or hay, but much inferior to P. pratensis. It is easily distinguished from
that species by the rough culms, long ligules, and fibrous roots.

Poa. GRAMINE/. 457

4, Poa pratensis, Linn. Smooth-stalked or Green Meadow-grass.

Panicle diffuse ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 4-flowered ; the flowers acute, 5-nerved,
webbed at the base ; culm and sheaths smooth ; ligule short; rhizoma creeping. — Linn. sp.
1. p.67; Engl. bot. 1073; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 78; Torr. fl.1. p. 109; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 33;
Beck, bot. p. 409; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 352; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 74. P. viridis, Muhl.
gram. p. 188; Ell. sk. 1. p. 159; Kunth, l. c.

Perennial. Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves deep green: lower ones very long ; the upper
much shorter. Panicle pyramidal; the branches 3 — 5 together, a little rough. Spikelets
acute, 3 — 5-flowered, with cobweb-like hairs at the base. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute.

"Lower palea ovate-lanceolate ; the upper one rather shorter.

Meadows, pastures, and road-sides: common. Fl. May-July. Introduced from Europe.
This is considered the best grass for pastures. It so readily takes possession of an enclosed
field, that most of our farmers look upon it as indigenous to the soil, but there can be little
doubt of its foreign origin.

5. Poa compressa, Linn. Blue-grass. Wire-grass.

Culm much compressed, decumbent or oblique, rooting at the base ; rhizoma creeping ;
panicle contracted, somewhat secund ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 4 — 8-flowered ; the flowers
webbed at the base, obscurely nerved. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 69; Engl. bot. t. 365; Miche. fl.
1. p. 69; Pursh, fl. 1. p.79; Muhl. gram. p. 141; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.33; Torr. fl. 1.
p. 110; Beck, bot. p. 410; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 355 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 76.

var. sylvestris: panicle loose, somewhat spreading ; spikelets 2 - 3-flowered ; culm slender,
nearly erect. Torr. l. c.

Perennial. Rhizoma creeping extensively. Culm 12 - 18 inches long, often procumbent
and remarkably geniculate at the base. Leaves short, linear, keeled, smooth, of a bluish
green color: ligule short and truncate. Panicle at flowering time a little expanded, but
commonly contracted and almost spike-like ; the branches in pairs or threes, short, flexuous,
rough. Spikelets mostly 5 — 6-flowered. Glumes about two-thirds the length of the lowest
flower. Lower palea obscurely 5-nerved, a little hairy on the sides and at the base.

Fields, cultivated grounds, and road-sides ; var. sylvestris in woods: common. Fil. June
- July. An introduced grass, which is much esteemed for pasturage.

6. Poa puncens, Nutt. Sharp-leaved Meadow-grass.

Culm compressed ; leaves cuspidate, those of the culm very short ; panicle nearly simple,
spreading ; spikelets lanceolate-ovate, 3 - 4-flowered, crowded at the extremity of the branches ;
flowers webbed at the base, rather obtuse. — Nutt. gen. 1. p. 66 (in obs.) ; Torr. fl. 1. p.
109; Beck, bot. p. 409; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.74. P. autumnalis, Hill. sk. 1. p. 1592;
Nutt. l. c. P. flexuosa, Muhl. gram. p. 148, not of Smith. P. cuspidata, Bart. fl. Phal.
1. p. 61.

[Fitora — Vol. 2.] 58

458 GRAMINEZ. Poa:

Perennial. Culm 1 - 2 feet high, smooth, somewhat cespitose. Radical leaves long and
narrow ; those of the culm usually 2, flat, a little rough on the margin: ligule truncate or
acuminate. Panicle small; the lower branches spreading, mostly in pairs or threes : upper
ones somewhat racemose. Glumes unequal, smooth. Flowers a little distant, slightly
pubescent. Lower palea oblong-lanccolate, indistinctly 5-nerved. Caryopsis linear-oblong,
somewhat channelled on one side.

Moist rocky places, western part of the State (Dr. Sartwell). Fl. April - May.

7. Poa nemora.is, Linn. Wood Meadow-grass.

Panicle slender, a little secund, loose; the branches rough, 2-5 together; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate, about 3-flowered; the flowers rather distant, hairy and slightly webbed at
the base, acute, very obscurely nerved; culm and leaves smooth ; ligule almost wanting. —
Linn. sp. 1. p. 69; Engl. bot. t. 1265; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 79%; Torr. fl. 1. p.111; Beck,
bot. p. 410; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 353.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 feet high, slender. Leaves narrow, pale green. Panicle 5-8
inches long, very loose, sometimes a little nodding ; the branches semiverticillate, usually
several together, flexuous. Spikelets usually 3-flowered, mostly seated on the extremity of the
branches, loose ; the flowers finally rather distant on the rachilla. Glumes linear-lanceolate,
unequal, very acute. Lower palea lanceolate, smooth on the sides, hairy on the back below :
upper one strongly bicarinate. Stamens 3: anthers yellow.

Western part of the State (Dr. Sartwell). Fl. June - July. A native also of Europe.

8, Poa serotina, Ehrh. Red-top.

Panicle elongated, diffuse, at length somewhat nodding at the apex, the branches mostly
verticillate in fives ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 3-flowered ; flowers a little webbed at the
base, yellowish at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved ; culm and leaves smooth ; rhizoma creeping. —
“ Gaud. Agrost. 1. p.108”; Torr. fl.1. p.110; Beck, bot. p.410; Trin. in act. Petrop.
6 ser. 1. p. 385. P. palustris, Muhl. gram. p. 150. P. fertilis, “ Host. Gram. 3. p. 10.
t. 14,” ex Kunth, enum. 1. p. 353. P. crocata, Micha. fl. 1. p. 68?

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high. Leaves flat, 3-6 inches long, about 2 lines wide,
smooth : ligule elongated. Panicle 6 - 10 inches long; the branches rough and flexuous.
Spikelets often 2-flowered. Glumes narrowly lanceolate, very acute, rough on the keel,
nearly as long as the lowest flower. Palew lanceolate ; the lower one rather obtuse, of a
dull yellowish color at the tip, entire, slightly hairy at the base: upper palea very acute.
Stamens 3.

Wet meadows, valley of the Hudson and western parts of the State. FV. June. This
agrees very well with the European P. serotina, and is regarded by most of our botanists as
the P. crocata of Michaux; but in the latter the spikelets are 4 - 5-flowered.

Poa. GRAMINE. 459

9. Poa pDEBILIS. Weak Meadow-grass.

Panicle loose, few-flowered, somewhat spreading ; the branches mostly in pairs, flexuous, a
little rough ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, 3-flowered ; the flowers webbed at the base, smoothish ;
lower palea oblong, obtuse, slightly 3-nerved ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; ligule oblong, acute.

Perennial. Culm 14 —- 2 feet high, erect, slender, terete, smooth. Leaves 1 — 2 lines
wide, pale green, flat, rough on the margin : sheaths closely embracing the culm. Panicle
oblong, somewhat contracted before and after flowering ; the pairs of branches distant cr some-
what divided, bearing a few spikelets towards the extremity. Spikelets sometimes only
2-flowered, broadly ovate and obtuse in the outline, pale green. Glumes a little unequal,
oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers distinctly webbed at the base,
but not elsewhere pubescent. Lower palea slightly discolored at the tip; the keel nearly
smooth: upper palea bicarinate, the keels roughish.

Woods, and rocky banks of rivers ; northern and western counties. JU. May. Fr. June.
This is the undescribed grass alluded to in my preliminary report of 1840. It seems to be
a well-characterized species, but is allied both to P. nemoralis and P. pungens.

** EraGrostis, Beauv. Spikelets paniculate, 5 — many-flowered (rarely 3 - 4-flowered) ; the flowers free, Lower palea
membranaccous, 3-nerved; the wpper with ciliate keels, persistent.

10. Poa Eragrostis, Linn. Strong-scented Meadow-grass.

Panicle spreading, pyramidal, the lower branches and primary divisions hairy in the axils ;
spikelets ovate-oblong and linear-lanceolate, 8 — 20-flowered ; the flowers obtuse, with strong
lateral nerves; glumes nearly equal; culms oblique; sheaths smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p.
68; Pursh, fl. 1. p.80; Ell. sk. 1. p.161; Torr. fl. 1. p. 115; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 35;
Beck, bot. p. 412; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.79. Briza Eragrostis, Linn. sp. 1. p. 103; Miche.
fl. 1. p. 72; Pursh, fl.1. p. 82; Muhl. gram. p. 154; Ell. sk. 1. p. 161. t. 10. f. 1.
Eragrostis major, Host. “gram. 4. t. 24.” Megastachya Eragrostis, Beauv. Agrost. p. 74;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 333.

Annual. Culm 12 - 18 inches long, geniculate and branching at the base. Leaves 2
lines wide, smooth underneath, roughish above, flat: sheaths loose, hairy at the throat : ligule
short and bearded. Panicle pyramidal ; the branches solitary or in pairs. Spikelets varying
from ovate to nearly linear, mostly of a leaden color, sometimes 20-flowered or more.
Glumes nearly equal, rough on the keel. Lower palea ovate, 3-nerved ; the upper one shorter.

Sandy fields, cultivated grounds, road-sides, etc. : frequent. FJ. August — September.
A naturalized grass, now common in many parts of the United States. When fresh, it emits
a peculiar and rather disagreeable odor.

58*

460 GRAMINEAE. Poa.

11. Poa pitosa, Linn. Slender Meadow-grass.

Panicle capillary, pyramidal, the lower branches hairy in the axils ; spikelets linear, 5 —
12-flowered, the flowers not webbed at the base; glumes very unequal ; upper palea per-
sistent; culms cespitose, oblique, geniculate at the base ; leaves hairy at the base. — Linn.
sp. 1. p.68; Muhl. gram. p. 143; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 78; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 329.
P. pectinacea, Micha. fl. 1. p.69; Pursh, fl. 1. p.81; Torr. fl. 1. p.114; Beck, bot. p.
411. P. Eragrostis, Hil. sk. 1. p. 161 (fide Curtis). P. tenella, Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 160? Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv. Agrost. p. 71.

Annual. Culm 6 — 12 inches or more in length, branching from the base and forming
tufts. Leaves 2 - 4 inches long, flat, smooth, with long white hairs at the throat. Panicle
large, loose ; the branches a little flexuous: lower ones semiverticillate. Spikelets 2-4
lines long, often purplish. Glumes without lateral nerves: lower one minute ; the upper
rough on the back. Lower palea obscurely 3-nerved ; the upper slightly ciliate on the margin,
persistent, thus giving the rachis a pectinate or serrated appearance when old. Caryopsis
oblong, brown.

Sandy soils, road-sides, and cultivated grounds, in both dry and wet situations ; frequent
in the neighborhood of New-York, and perhaps introduced from Europe. Fl. August -
September.

12. Poa reptans, Miche. Creeping Meadow-grass.

Culm branched and creeping ; flowers dicecious ; panicle somewhat simple, ovate ; spikelets
approximated on the short branches, linear-lanceolate, flat, 12 — 20-flowered ; flowers acu-
minate, smooth ; lower palea 3-nerved. — Miche. fl. 1. p.69.t.11; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 81;
Muhl. gram. p. 142; Ell. sk. 1. p. 163; Kunth, syn. 1. p. 219, and enum. 1. p. 336; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 114; Beck, bot. p.411. P. hypnoides, Lam. ill. 1. p. 185% Eragrostis reptans,
Nees in Mart. fl. Bras. 1. p. 514; Trin. in act. Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 410.

Annual. Culm 6 —- 15 inches long, creeping and rooting at the joints. Leaves subulate,
flat, minutely pubescent above : sheaths loose, striate, a little hairy on the margin and at the
throat. Panicle 1 - 2 inches long, more or less contracted. Spikelets much compressed.
Glumes unequal, very acute, keeled. Palee very unequal; the lower one ovate, with 3
strong green nerves, smooth: upper palea much shorter, ciliate on the keels.

Sandy banks of rivers: on the upper part of the Hudson, and in the western counties. Fl.
July - August. A delicate and handsome grass. If it should prove to be the P. hypnoides
of Lamarck, that name, being the older, must be adopted.

13. Poa nurrsutra, AMWichz. Hairy Meadow-grass.

Panicle very large, capillary ; the branches at first expanding, finally reflexed, bearded in
the axils; spikelets oblong, 5- 15-flowered ; upper palea ciliate on the double keel; culm
erect, simple, compressed ; lower sheaths hairy. — Micha. fl. 1. p. 68; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 80;

Poa. GRAMINEA. 461

Muhl. gram. p. 145; Ell. sk. 1. p. 157; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.35; Torr. fl. 1. p. 113, and
8. spectabilis, . c., excl. syn. Muhl. et Ell.; Beck, bot. p. 411; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 78;
Kunth, enum. 1. p. 331. P. spectabilis, Pursh, 1. c.

Annual. Culm 1-2 feet high, somewhat rigid, simple or cespitose. Leaves longer than
the culm, 2- 3 lines wide, with a few long hairs towards the base : sheaths bearded at the
throat. Panicle often a foot or more in length, very much branched; the primary branches
with a tuft of long hairs in the axils. Spikelets purplish, often linear and elongated. Glumes
acute, nearly equal, rough on the keel. Lower palea ovate, acute, 3-nerved, roughish ; the
upper strongly ciliate. Stamens 3. Caryopsis oblong, red.

Sandy fields : Long Island. F7. August-September. A very common grass in the sandy
districts of New-Jersey, Panui Mariy seat the salt water.

14. Poa capituaris, Linn. Hair-panicled Meadow-grass.

Panicle very large, loose, expanding ; the branches capillary and much divided, naked in the
axils ; spikelets about 3-flowered, ovate, acute; flowers not webbed ; culm branched at the
base ; sheaths hairy at the throat.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 68; Michx. fl. 1. p. 67; Pursh, fi. 1.
p. 79; Muhl. gram. p. 144; Ell. sk. 1. p. 156; Bagel. fl. Bost. p. 35; Torr. fl. 1. p.
113; Beck, bot. p. 411; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.77; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 331.

Annual. Culms often forming very large tufts, 12-18 inches high (including the panicle),
somewhat compressed. Leaves 1 — 2 lines wide, flat; the sheaths fringed with long hairs
on the margin and at the throat: ligule very short, fringed. Panicle 8-12 inches long,
pyramidal; the branches roughish and very numerous. Spikelets on long capillary pedun-
cles, sometimes 4-flowered. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, rough on the keel. Lower
palea ovate, 3-nerved; the upper shorter, entire. Caryopsis ovoid.

Sandy fields and dry hill-sides : not uncommon on the banks of the Hudson. Fl. August.

wv

15. Poa pentata, Torr. (Plate CLV.) _) Toothed Meadow-grass.

Culms oblique or decumbent ; panicle loose, somewhat spreading; the branches capillary,
flexuous ; spikelets lanceolate and somewhat terete, about 5-flowered, the flowers rather distant
and free ; glumes unequal, the upper one 3-nerved and obtuse ; lower palea strongly 5-nerved,
at length 5-toothed at the apex. — Torr. fl. 1. p. 107; Beck, bot. p.409. Windsoria pallida,
Torr. in cat. pl. N. York (1819), p. 19. ‘'Triodia pallida, Spreng. neue entd. 1. p. 246.
Uralepis? pallida, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 319.

Perennial. Culms often branching from the base, rooting at the lower joints, 1 — 23 feet
long, terete, smooth. Leaves flat, pale green, somewhat glaucous underneath : sheaths
smooth : ligule oblong, obtuse. Panicle weak, nodding when young, with rough branches.
Spikelets at first nearly terete, but lanceolate after flowering, acute, all of them on slender
pedicels, pale green. Glumes scarious on the margin; the lower one rather acute. Palee

462 GRAMINEZ. Poa.

nearly equal, lanceolate, acute ; the lower one with 5 strong nerves, slightly 5-toothed at the
apex : upper palea bifid at the tip. Stamens 3: anthers pale yellow. Stigmas simply
plumose.

Wet sandy places : Island of New-York, and western part of the State ; abundant on the
shores of Oneida lake. FU. August—June. Perhaps this species should rather be referred to
GLYCERIA.

+** ArpLuRopus, Trin. Spikelets in a contracted spikelike panicle. Lower palea coriaceous, many-nerved, not keeled.

16. Poa Micuauxu, Kunth. Spiked Salt-marsh Poa.

Culms cespitose, erect ; leaves distichous, involute, spreading, rigid ; panicle contracted,
spiked; spikelets ovate or ovate-oblong, 5 — 10-flower€d, smooth; flowers naked; lower
palea about 9-nerved.— Kunth, “‘ Gram. 2. p. 533. t. 181,” and enum. 1. p. 325, not of
Linn. Uniola spicata, Linn. sp. 1. p. 71; Ell. sk. 1. p. 166; Muhl. gram. p. 157; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 105; Bagel. fl. Bost. p. 32; Beck, bot. p.413. U.distichophylla, Ram. g- Schult.
syst. 2. p. 596, not of Labill. Festuca distichophylla, Micha. fl. 1. p. 67; Pursh, fl. 1. p.
84. Briza spicata, Lam. enc. 1. p. 405. Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. g Arn. in Beech,
voy. p.403?; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 254%

Rhizoma creeping extensively and throwing up culms, many of which are sterile. Culms
12-18 inches high, terete, branching at the base. Leaves numerous, 2-6 inches long,
slightly glaucous ; the upper ones involute above the middle : sheaths closely embracing the
culm, smooth ; the upper ones hairy at the throat : ligule almost wanting. Panicle oblong,
spikelike, somewhat lobed. Spikelets mostly ovate-oblong, of a yellowish green color; the
flowers all fertile. Glumes very unequal, lanceolate : lower one acute, and keeled ; the upper
rather obtuse. Stamens 3: anthers purple. Style and stigmas elongated. Scales minute,
obovate. Caryopsis acuminate.

Salt-marshes ; Long Island, Staten Island, along the East and Hudson rivers : common.
Fl. August - September. I have followed Kunth, in referring this grass to Poa. It has very
much the appearance of the European P. littoralis. he plant of the Northwest coast differs
in some respects from ours.

33(a). TRICUSPIS. Beauv. Agrost. p.'77.t.15.f.10; Torr. fl.1.p.118. TRICUSPIS.

So named from the three cuspidate points of the lower palea.]

Winpsoria, Nutt.; Tripens, Rem. g¢ Schult.
Spikelets nearly terete, many-flowered. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Lower palea
tricuspidate by the projecting midrib and margins, with intermediate teeth ; the base and
sides villous: upper palea slightly bicuspidate. — Tall perennial grasses, with a large

spreading compound purple panicle.

TRIcUSPIS. GRAMINEA. 463
1. Tricuspis sesterioipEs, Torr. (Plate CLVI.) Tall Red-top.

Panicle loose, the branches flexuous and widely spreading, smooth; spikelets ovate-lan-
ceolate, 5 — 6-flowered, shining. — Torr. jl. 1. p. 118; Beck, bot. p.407; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p- 73. 'T. Noveboracensis, Beauv. Agrost. p. 77 (no description). Poa flava, Linn. sp. 1.
p- 68? P. seslerioides, Michx. fl. 1. p. 68; Muhl. Gram. p. 149. P. quinquefida, Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 164; Ell. sk. 1. p. 164. Triodia cuprea, ‘‘Jacg. eclog. gram. 2. t. 21. f. 16.”
Windsoria poeformis, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 70. Tridens quinquefida, Ram. g- Schult. syst. 2.
p- 599. Eragrostis tricuspis, Trin. in act. Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 414. Uralepis cuprea, Kunth,
“ gram. 1. t. 68,” and enum. 1. p. 318.

Culm 3-5 feet high, erect, very smooth. Leaves 12 —18 inches long, smooth, flat, nerved :
sheaths bearded at the throat ; the lower ones often hairy: ligule very short, bearded.
Panicle very large, at first erect, but finally spreading ; the branches in pairs or alternate,
naked below, hairy in the axils, a little flexuous, and often somewhat nodding. Spikelets
alternate, on short pedicels, somewhat appressed to the branchlets. Glumes unequal, scarious,
mucronate. Lower palea villous on the back and margins toward the base, with three very
strong nerves which are continued beyond the summit, forming cusps, with intermediate teeth ;
the middle cusp longest; thus the palea appears 5-toothed. Upper palea minutely fringed
on the margin. Stamens 3: anthers much exserted. Caryopsis oblong, a little gibbous,
hollowed on one side.

Sandy fields, and dry sterile banks : notrare. Fl. August. A showy, but poor harsh grass.
Pursh states, however, that it is cut for hay in the mountain meadows of Pennsylvania. It
is referred to Uratepis by Kunth, but certainly differs much in habit from the original species
of that genus.

34. GLYCERIA. R. Br. prodr.1. p.179; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 366. MANNA-GRASS.

From the Greek, glykys, sweet; the grains being sweet-tasted.
1 SY KYS, } g &

Spikes many-flowered, mostly terete : rachis jointed. Glumes 2, pointless, nearly equal.
Pale membranaceo-herbaceous, nearly equal, awnless ; the lower usually obtuse, 7-nerved :
upper one bicarinate. Stigmasdecompound. Caryopsis oblong, free. — Perennial grasses,
growing in water or wet places, with creeping rhizomas. Leaves flat; the sheaths com-

monly entire (or not split on one side): ligule membranaceous.

1. Guyceria Fiuitans, Lt. Br. Common Manna-grass.

Panicle secund, slightly: branched, divaricate ; spikelets linear-terete, appressed to the
branches, 8 — 12-flowered ; flowers very obtuse. — R. Br. l.c.; Torr. fl. 1. p. 103; Beck,
bot. p. 412; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 72; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 367. Festuca fluitans, Linn.
sp. 1. p.175; Micha. fl.1. p. 66; Pursh, fl.1. p. 84; Muhl. gram. p. 166; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p. 37. Poa fluitans, Scopol., Engl. bot. t. 1520; Hil. sk. 1. p. 163.

464 GRAMINEAE. GLYCERIA.

Culm 3-5 feet high, compressed, erect or ascending. Leaves 8-12 inches long and 2-4
lines wide, often floating in the young plant, smoothish: ligule elongated, acute or obtuse.
Panicle 8 - 12 inches long, the lower part sometimes concealed in the uppermost sheath ;
the branches nearly simple, bearing the spikelets in a racemose manner. Spikelets nearly
sessile, about three-fourths of an inch long. Glumes unequal, rounded on the back, without
nerves. Palez nearly equal in length; the lower one roughish, scarious on the margin; the
apex eroded : upper palea lanceolate, frequently longer than the lower. Stamens 3: anthers
large, yellow. Styles short: stigmas white. Scales thick, somewhat cordate. Caryopsis
oblong, sulcate on the upper side.

Ponds and ditches: common. Jl. June. This grass is found in many parts of the world.

The grains have a sweetish taste, and are collected largely in Holland, being used as an article
of food.

2. GLYCERIA ACUTIFLORA, Torr. Sharp-flowered Manna-grass.

Panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets linear-terete, 4 — 12-flowered ; the flowers
attenuated and acute, indistinctly nerved ; leaves short, erect. — Torr. fl. 1. p. 104. Festuca
acutiflora, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 37. Festuca brevifolia, Muhl. gram. p. 1672

Culm about a foot and a half high, a little compressed. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long and 2
lines wide, attenuated at the point, smoothish : ligule elongated. Panicle somewhat nodding,
the lower part concealed in the uppermost sheath. Spikelets about 8 lines long ; the flowers
distinct. Glumes unequal, nerveless. Lower palea lanceolate, attenuate to a point; the
upper much longer. Stamens 3: stigmas white. Caryopsis oblong, grooved on the upper
side.

Overflowed meadows and wet woods : Island of New-York, Fishkill, &c. Fl.June. Very

near the preceding species, but easily distinguished by its acute flowers and nerveless palee.

3. GLYCERIA AQuaTica, Smith. Reed Manna-grass.

Panicle equal, diffuse, much branched ; spikelets linear-oblong, 5 — 9-flowered ; flowers
free, oblong, obtuse, prominently 7-nerved ; leaves broadly linear. — Smith, Engl. fl. 1. p.
116; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 867; Hook fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 248. G. spectabilis, Trin. in act.
Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 365. Poa aquatica, Linn. sp. 1. p.67. P. aquatica, 8. Americana, Torr.
fl. 1. p. 108; Beck, bot. p. 409.

Perennial. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 3-5 feet high, stout. Leaves a foot or more in
length and often half an inch wide, flat, usually smooth, but sometimes a little rough ; lower
part of the sheaths entire : ligule short, obtuse. Panicle 8-12 inches long, at first contracted
and somewhat nodding, but finally expanding ; the branches flexuous and smoothish, about
4 inasemiwhorl. Spikelets often purple, mostly 6- 8-flowered. Glumes unequal, ovate,
rather obtuse ; the upper one twice as large as the lower. Lower palea obtuse, shorter than
the upper one. Stamens 3: anthers yellow. Stigmas compound.

GLYCERIA. GRAMINE#. 465

Wet meadows, northern and western parts of the State: not found on the Hudson below
Poughkeepsie. JF. July. This is a very abundant grass in some places. It is good fodder,
and might be cultivated in situations where few other grasses would grow. It is a native
also of various parts of Europe.

4. Guyceria NERVATA, Trin. Nerved Manna- grass.

Panicle diffuse, loose; the branches slender and at length pendulous; spikelets ovate-
oblong, about 5 — 6-flowered ; the flowers obtuse, strongly 7-nerved ; ligule ovate. — Trin.
in act. Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 365; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 248. G. Michauxii, Kunth,
“Gram. 1. p. 343. t. 85,” and enum. 1. p. 367. Poa nervata, Willd. sp..1. p. 389; Pursh,
fl. 1. p..79; Muhl. gram. p. 140; Torr. fl. 1. p.111; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 34; Beck, bot.
p- 411; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 76. P. striata, Michx. fl.1. p.69. P. lineata, Pers. syn. 1.
p. 89. P. parviflora, Pursh, l. c. Briza Canadensis, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 69, not of the suppl.

Perennial. Culm 3-4 feet high. Leaves flat, narrowly linear, smooth : sheaths entire,
a little rough : ligule ovate, lacerate. Panicle large and capillary, erect when young; the
branches 2-3 together, flexuous, roughish. Spikelets about 2 lines long, often purple.
Flowers distinct, caducous. Glumes small, unequal, ovate-lanceolate. Palez nearly equal :
lower one oblong ; the upper lanceolate-obovate. Stamens 3. Stigmas compound.

Wet meadows and margins of ponds: very common. Fl. June.

5. GiycERIA ELoNGATA, Tin. Long-panicled Manna-grass.

Panicle elongated, racemose, the branches mostly solitary, appressed ; spikelets ovate,
obtuse, somewhat tumid, 3 — 4-flowered ; lower palea rather acute; stamens 2; ligule very
short. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 248. Poa elongata, Torr. fl. 1. p. 112; Beck, bot. p.
411; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.77. P.Torreyana, Spreng. neue entd.2. p. 104; Kunth, enum.
1. p. 362.

Perennial. Culm 3-4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves about one foot long and 2 - 3
lines wide, nearly smooth : sheaths entire, smooth : ligule nearly wanting. Panicle 8 - 12
inches long, somewhat nodding ; the branches distant, appressed, flexuous, solitary, or with a
smaller one. Spikelets mostly 3-flowered ; the flowers free. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate,
acute, keeled. Palez unequal; the lower one oblong-ovate, somewhat prominently 7-nerved :
upper one very obtuse, shorter than the lower. Stamens constantly 2. Stigmas compound.

Swamps and wet meadows : northern and western counties. JJ. June - July. <A very
distinct species ; easily distinguished by its long, contracted, racemose panicle. It occurs
also in New England and in Canada.

[FLora — Vol. 2.] 59

466 GRAMINE. GLYCERIA.

6. Giycerta Canapensis, Z7in. Rattlesnake-grass.

Panicle large, effuse, the branches semi-verticillate and finally pendulous ; spikelets broadly
ovate, tumid, 6 — 8-flowered ; lower palea rather acute, 7-nerved ; the upper shorter and very
obtuse ; stamens 2; ligule ovate. — Trin. in act. Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 366; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 249. Briza Canadensis, Michx. fl. 1. p.'71; Pursh, fl.1. p. 82; Mull. gram.
p- 153; Nutt. gen. suppl.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 36; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 372. Poa Cana-
densis, Beauv. Agrost. p.155; Torr. fl. 1. p. 112. P. aquatica, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 80.

Perennial. Culm 2— 3 feet high, erect, terete, leafy. Leaves often longer than the culm,
2 —3 lines wide, roughish : sheaths entire, a little rough : ligule obtuse, lacerate. Panicle
6 — 8 inches long, at first pyramidal, but the virgate branches at length spreading, and pen-
dulous at the extremity. Spikelets ovate before flowering, but afterwards very broad, about
21 lines long; the sides convex. Flowers free. Glumes much shorter than the flowers,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, unequal ; the lower one shorter. Lower palea ovate, distinctly
nerved : upper one not ciliate. Stamens always 2. Styles very short : stigmas purple.
Caryopsis oblong, brown.

Margin of swamps : rather frequent. Fl. July. On account of its large tumid spikes,
this species has by many botanists been placed in Briza, but it certainly belongs to Giycerta,
as that genus is now characterized.

35. DACTYLIS. Linn. ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 385. ORCHARD-GRASS.
[From the Greek, daclylos, a finger; in allusion to the form of the spike. ]

Spikelets 2 - 7-flowered. Glumes unequal ; the larger one kecled, mucronate-awned, the
point somewhat unilateral. Pale herbaceous, mucronate ; the lower one 5-nerved, with a
fringed keel. Stigmas plumose; the hairs simple or 2-parted, denticulate. — Panicle

much contracted, glomerate, secund.

1. Dacrytis GuomeraAta, Linn. Orchard-grass. Cocksfoot-grass.

Branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3 - 4-flowered ; leaves keeled. —
Linn. sp.1. p. 71; Engl. bot. t. 335; Pursh, fl. 1. p.84; Muhl. gram. p.36; Ell. sk. 1.
p-155.1.9. f.3; Torr. fl.1. p. 125; Beck, bot. p.407; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.80; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 386.

Perennial. Culm 2- 4 feet high. Leaves broadly linear, glaucous : ligule elongated.
Panicle thick and compact ; the primary branches 3 — 5, solitary. Spikelets in ovate clusters
at the extremity of the branches. Glumes very unequal, lanceolate ; the upper one strongly
ciliate on the keel. Lower palea ovate-lanceolate, rough, ending in a cusp or short awn :
upper palea ciliate on the keels. Anthers very large, yellow. Caryopsis oblong, acute at
each end.

Dacryuts. GRAMINE. 467

Fields, orchards, etc. : common. Fl. May-June. Introduced from Europe. A valuable
grass, but generally thought to be inferior to timothy. It has an advantage over the latter, in
ripening at the same time with clover. It also thrives well under the shade of trees.

36. BROMUS. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 412. BROME-GRASS.

[From the Greek, broma, food. Bromos was a name originally applied to a species of wild oat.]

Spikelets usually oblong, 3 — many-flowered; the flowers distichous. Glumes unequal,
shorter than the flowers, mostly keeled. Palew herbaceous ; the lower one bifid and usually
with an awn below the tip, convex on the back : upper palea bicarinate, fringed on the
keels. Stigmas simply plumose; the hairs elongated, denticulate. — Panicle diffuse or

contracted : spikelets pedicellate.

1. Bromus secauinus, Linn. (Plate CLVIL) Cheat. Chess.

Panicle spreading, at length nodding, the branches nearly simple ; spikelets ovate-oblong,
compressed, 8 — 10-flowered ; awns shorter than the paleew.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 76; Engl.
bot. t. 1171; Pursh, fl.\. p.85; Ell. sk. 1. p.172; Muhl. gram. p.168; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p.37; Torr. fl. 1. p. 127; Beck, bot. p.408; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 69; Kunth, enum.
1. p. 413.

Annual. Culm 2 - 3 feet high; the nodes pubescent and swollen. Leaves broadly linear,
hairy above : sheaths smooth : ligule oblong. Panicle 4 — 6 inches long ; the branches semi-
verticillate. Spikelets large and thick, a little remote. Glumes ovate-lanceolate ; the lower
one 5-nerved : upper 7-nerved. Lower palea obscurely 7-nerved, pubescent toward the
summit. Awns sometimes wanting. Caryopsis large, oblong, grooved above.

Cultivated grounds, particularly among crops of grain. Fl. June. There is a very pre
valent, but groundless opinion among farmers, that this grass has originated from wheat. 'To
those who are acquainted with the laws of organic life, it is hardly necessary to say that such
a transformation has never been proved.

2. Bromus ciuiatus, Linn. Fringed Brome-grass.

Panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets at first oblong-lanceolate and terete, finally oblong, 8 -
12-flowered ; the flowers clothed with appressed pubescense, longer than the straight awn. —
Linn. sp.1. p.'76; Pursh, fl.1. p.85; Ell. sk. 1. p.173; Muhl. gram. p. 169; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 38; Beck, bot. p.408; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.70; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 419. B.
pubescens, var. 1., Torr. fl. 1. p. 129. B. Canadensis, Michx. fl. 1. p. 65? B. pungens
(in part), Hook, fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 252.

Perennial. Culm 3 - 4 feet high, striate ; the nodes black. Leaves broadly linear (3 — 7
lines wide), smoothish underneath, hairy above : lower sheaths retrorsely pubescent ; upper

59*

468 GRAMINE. Bromus.

ones smooth : ligule short, truncate. Panicle 6 — 8 inches long ; the branches 2 — 5 together,
filiform, rough. Spikelets from three-fourths of an inch to more than an inch in length, about
10-flowered, at first nearly terete and compact, but after flowering much broader and more
open. Glumes lanceolate ; the upper one broader and longer, 3-nerved. Lower palea more
or less pubescent, with closely appressed hairs, particularly along the margin, sometimes
nearly or quite smooth, 7-nerved : awn straight or slightly tortuous, from one-half to three-
fourths the length of the palea : upper palea shorter, linear, strongly ciliate on the margin.
Woods and rocky hills : frequent. FJ. June.

3. Bromus pureans, Linn. Hairy-flowered Brome-grass.

Panicle oblong, somewhat contracted, finally nodding ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, ovate-
oblong when old, 7 — 8-flowered ; the flowers villous, with somewhat spreading hairs ; awn
straight, about one-third the length of the palee. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 76; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 85;
Mull. gram. p. 170; Ell. sk. 1. p.173; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 252 (in part).

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves 3 - 6 lines wide, flat,
hairy on both sides, but only sparingly underneath : lower sheaths retrorsely hairy : ligule
short and truncate. Panicle about 3 inches long ; the branches short and nearly simple, 2 - 4
together. Spikelets mostly about 8-flowered, three-fourths of an inch long, open and
distichous when old. Flowers very hairy, and of a grayish green color. Glumes lanceolate,
rather acute, but not mucronate : lower one 5-nerved. Lower palea oblong-lanceolate ; the
awn seldom more than one-third the length of the palea, 7-nerved.

Woods and river-banks, northern and western counties. £7. June — July. Resembles the
preceding species, but differs in its small rather contracted panicle, very hairy flowers, and

shorter awns. Hooker considers B. pubescens, ciliatus, Canadensis, and purgans, as only
one species.

4. Bromus steritts, Linn. Barren Brome-grass.

Panicle loose, drooping; the branches elongated and nearly simple; spikelets linear-
lanceolate, oblong when old; the flowers remote, lanceolate-subulate ; awn straight and
slender, longer than the palea; leaves pubescent; culm smooth. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 77;
Engl. bot. t. 1030; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 418.

Annual. Culm 14 — 2 feet high, slender. Leaves 2-3 lines wide, a little pubescent
above and on the margin, smooth underneath. Panicle nearly simple, loose and slender ; the
branches 2 — 3 together, rough. Spikelets about 6-flowered. Glumes very unequal, lanceolate-
subulate, tapering to a sharp point, smooth. Lower palea slender, attenuated upward, rough ;
the awn about three-fourths of an inch long. Caryopsis linear, with a deep groove on the

upper side.

Penn-Yan, Yates county (Dr. Sartwell). This is probably an introduced grass. It is a
common species in Europe.

Ke@.ertia. GRAMINEZ:. 469

37. KGELERIA. Pers. syn. 1. p. 97; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 380. KC@LERIA.

[ In honor of M. Ka@xrer, a German botanist ]
Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Glumes shorter than the flowers ; the lower one much narrower,
keeled. Palew membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, unarmed, or with a
short awn below the tip ; the upper 2-keeled. Styles very short. Cespitose erect grasses,

with simple culms, and contracted or spikelike panicles.

1. K@erta? Pennsytvanica, DC Pennsylvanian Keleria.

Panicle long, very slender, rather loose ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; upper glume oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, or slightly pointed ; lower palea rough ; lower leaves and sheaths softly
pubescent. — DC. cat. hort. Monsp. (1813), p. 117; Torr. fl.1. p. 116; Beck, bot. p. 407 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 65. Aira mollis, Muhl. gram. p. 83. A. triflora, Ell. sk. 1. p. 154?
Reboulea gracilis (in part), Kunth, enum. 1. p. 369. Graphephorum Elliotii, Kunth, 1. c.
p. 250?

var. major : taller ; leaves broadly linear, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicle more dense.
K. truncata, 8. major, Torr. l. c,

Perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, slender, simple. Leaves short, flat, about 14 line
wide, pale green ; the lower ones and the sheaths usually clothed with a minute velvety pu-
bescence : ligule short and lacerate. Panicle 3-6 inches long, very slender ; the branches
2-3 together, distant, rather loose. Spikelets somewhat racemose, sometimes 3-flowered,
yellowish green, Lower glume almost linear; the other broader, dilated upward, but scarcely
obtuse ; both of them hispidulous on the back. Lower palea somewhat coriaceous, roughened
with minute crowded dots. Stamens 3: anthers (and also the stigmas) purple. Caryopsis
linear, compressed.

Moist woods and meadows : frequent. Fi. June.

2. Ka@eria truncata, Torr. (Plate CL.) Truncated Keleria.

Panicle oblong, contracted ; the branches short and erect, racemose ; spikelets somewhat
clustered, 2-flowered ; upper glume broadly obovate, very obtuse or truncate ; upper palea
smoothish ; leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. — Torr. fl. 1. p. 116; Beck, bot. p.
408; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 66. Holcus striatus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1486. Aira truncata,
Muhl. gram. p. 83; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.31. A. obtusata, Mich. fl. 1. p. 62? Reboulea
gracilis, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 369 (in part).

Perennial. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves about 14 line wide, flat. Panicle 3-5 inches
long, rather dense, very narrow. Spikelets all 2-flowered. Glumes dissimilar : the lower one
almost subulate ; the other very broad, somewhat coriaceous, scarious on the margin, rough on
the keel. Palez nearly equal in length, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, contracted at the base.
Caryopsis oblong-linear, nearly the length of the upper palea, light brown.

Dry open woods, and fields. FJ. June. This is possibly a mere state of the preceding species,
and the A. truncata of Michaux may be (as Darlington thinks) not specifically distinct. Kunth
regards them all as one plant, and constitutes of them his genus Resoutna.

470 GRAMINES. Festuca.

38. FESTUCA. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 391. FESCUE-GRASS.

[ Said to be derived from the Celtic word fest, signifying food, or pasturage.]

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, free. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled.
Palez herbaceous ; the lower one somewhat rounded on the back, acute, mucronate, or often
terminating in an awn. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis compressed, concave on the

upper side, adhering to the upper palea. — Panicle usually compound, often racemose.

1. Festuca puriuscuta, Linn. Hard Fescue-grass.

Panicle a little contracted, somewhat secund ; spikelets oblong, 5 — 6-flowered, nearly terete,
with short awns ; culm-leaves flat, radical ones setaceous. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 74; Engl. bot.
t.470; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 82; Muhl. gram. p. 163; Ell. sk. 1. p. 171; Torr. fl. 1. p. 120;
Beck, bot. p. 405 ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 399.

Perennial. Culm 12-18 inches high, slender, erect. Leaves smooth ; those of the culm
sometimes involute : sheaths soomth : ligule very short. Panicle 2-3 inches long, more or
less contracted and turned to one side ; the branches usually in pairs. Glumes linear-lanceo-
late, acute ; the upper one broader. Palez lanceolate, nearly equal, smooth ; the upper one
terminating in a short straight bristle.

Dry fields : frequent on Long Island. Fl. June. Probably introduced from Europe. It
sometimes constitutes almost the only grass in extensive sandy fields, but is of little value
except for the pasturage of sheep.

2. Festuca TENELLA, Willd. (Plate CLIV.) Slender Fescue-grass.
Panicle spike-form, simple, somewhat secund ; spikelets 7 —- 9-flowered ; awns shorter than
the subulate flowers; culm filiform ; leaves setaceous. — Willd. enum. 1. p. 113; Pursh,

fl. 1. p. 83; Ell. sk. 1. p. 168; Muhl. gram. p. 159; Torr. fl. 1.p.120; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 36; Beck, bot. p. 405; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.'70; Kunth, enum.1. p, 397. F. bromoides,
Michx. fl. 1. p. 66. F. octoflora, Walt. fl. Car. p. 81. Schenodorus tenellus, Rem. &-
Schult. syst. 2. p. 727.

Annual. Culms often clustered, 6 —- 12 inches high, erect, geniculate at base, very slender,
angular above. Leaves 1-3 inches long, erect: sheaths a little pubescent : ligule short,
toothed. Panicle 2-3 inches long ; the lower branches in pairs, sometimes a little expanding.
Spikelets mostly 7-flowered, brownish when old. Glumes unequal, subulate, very acute.
Lower palea involute, rough, not keeled ; the summit extended into a short bristle, which is
about half or two-thirds the length of the palee : upper palea shorter, linear, acuminate.
Caryopsis linear, with a groove on the upper side.

Dry sterile soils: frequent. Fl. June-July.

Festuca. GRAMINEZ. 471

3. Festuca nutans, Willd. (Plate CLVIIL.) Nodding Fescue-grass.

Panicle diffuse, at length nodding ; the branches long and slender, mostly in pairs, naked
below ; spikelets ovate, 3 -—5-flowered ; the flowers smooth, awnless, very obscurely nerved.
— Willd. enum. 1. p. 116; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 84; Muhl. gram. p. 165; Ell. sk. 1. p. 172;
Torr. fl. 1. p. 122; Beck, bot. p. 406; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.'72; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 407.

Perennial. Culms, 2-3 feet high, erect, simple, terete. Leaves 2-3 lines wide, dark
green, nearly smooth, or sometimes a little hairy: ligule short. Panicle slender ; the branches
nearly simple and rough. Spikelets few, towards the summit of the branches, mostly
3-flowered. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrulate on the keel; the upper one
3-nerved. Palezw coriaceous, smooth, nearly equal: lower one ovate-lanceolate, acute or
rather obtuse, very obscurely 5-nerved, not scarious on the margin; the upper lanceolate,
strongly margined. Stamens 3: anthers yellow.

Woods, and rocky shady banks : frequent. I. June. This species has much the appear-
ance of a Poa, and has been referred to that genus by Link, but it rather belongs to Festuca.

4, Festuca Evatior, Linn. Tall Fescue-grass.

Panicle much branched, loose and rather spreading ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4 —6-
flowered ; the flowers cylindrical, mucronate or acuminate ; rhizoma creeping. — Linn. sp. 1.
p.75; Engl. bot. t. 1593; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 83; Muhl. gram. p. 164; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 86; Torr. fl. 1. p. 121; Beck, bot. p. 406 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.'71; Kunth, enum. 1.
p. 404.

Perennial. Culm 3 —5 feet high. Leaves broadly linear, about a foot long : sheaths smooth,
loose : ligule very short. Panicle 6 - 8 inches long, usually nodding ; the branches mostly in
pairs, rough. Spikelets somewhat racemose on the branches. Glumes unequal: lower one
linear-lanceolate ; upper obscurely 3-nerved. Lower palea lanceolate, acute or mucronate :
upper palea linear. Caryopsis oblong-oval.

Low meadows and pastures : frequent. Fl. June. This grass is probably a foreigner, but
is now extensively naturalized in the United States. It is worth but little, either for hay or
pasture.

5. Festuca pratensis, Huds. Meadow Fescuc-grass.

Panicle spreading, moderately branched, erect ; spikelets linear, 5 —10-flowered ; flowers
cylindrical, awnless ; lower palea rather acute, not mucronate ; leaves linear ; root fibrous. —
Huds. fl. Angl. p. 37; Engl. bot. t. 1592; Torr. fl.1. p.121; Beck, bot. p. 406 ; Darlingt.
fi. Cest. p.'71; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 404.

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high. Leaves about 6 inches long, broadly linear, and with
the sheaths smooth : ligule very short or almost wanting. Panicle 4—6 inches long, a little

472 GRAMINE. Festuca.

secund; the branches solitary or in pairs. Spikelets mostly 7-flowered, racemose toward the
extremity of the branches. Glumes unequal ; the upper larger, and scarious on the margin.
Lower palea slightly 5-nerved.

Meadows and fields. Fl. June. A naturalized grass, of European origin ; now quite com-
mon in the Northern and Middle States. It is considered a much more valuable species than
the preceding.

38(a). DIPLACHNE.* Beauv. Agrost. p. 80. t. 16. f. 9. DIPLACHNE.
[ From the Greek, diploos, double, and achne, chaff ; the outer palea being somewhat divided at the extremity.]

Spikelets at first terete, 7 — 9-flowered. Pale unequal, mucronate, villous on the margins :
lower one slightly bifid at the tip, with a straight bristle between the teeth, 3-nerved ; the
upper bifid, flat on the back. Stamens 3 : anthers small. Stigmas simply plumose.

Pericarp loose! Seed not sulcate. — Panicle somewhat secund ; the branches spikelike,
expanding.
1. Drptacune Fascicutaris, Beauv. Cluster-flowered Diplachne.

Beauv. l. c. Festuca fascicularis, Lam. ill. 1. p. 189; Torr. fl. 1. p. 122; Beck, bot. p.
406. F. multiflora, Walt. fl. Car. p. 81? F. polystachya, Micha. fl. 1. p. 66; Pursh, fl.
1. p. 83; Ell. sk. 1. p. 169.t.10. f.3. F. procumbens, Muhl. gram. p. 160. Leptochloa
polystachya, Kunth, enum. 1. p. 271.

Annual. Culm 8 - 15 inches long, much branched from the base, and procumbent ; the
branches geniculate. Leaves much longer than the culm, narrow, tapering to a long slender
point : sheaths long and loose, compressed, smooth : ligule lacerate. Panicle erect; the
branches composed of many simple spiked racemes. Spikelets secund, on short pedicels,
about 5 lines long. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved, roughish on the keel; the
upper one much longer. Lower palea ovate-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved ; the middle nerve
produced beyond the point into a bristle, which is two-thirds the length of the palea : upper
palea much shorter. Styles very short. Pericarp membranaceous, loosely investing the
oblong seed.

Brackish meadows and sandy soils near the salt water. Seacoast of Long Island, and in
the neighborhood of New-York. J. August. After a careful re-examination of this grass,
IT am convinced that it is not a true Festuca, and that the genus DipLacune of Beauvois, of
which it is the type, should be restored.

* Omitted in the Conspectus,

UnNIo.a. GRAMINEZ. 473

39. UNIOLA. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 424. SPIKE-GRASS.

[Probably so named, because the lower flowers of the spikelets consist of a single palea.]

Spikelets compressed, ancipital, many-flowered ; one or more of the lower flowers sterile,
and consisting of a single palea. Glumes keeled. Palez of the perfect flowers 2, mem-
branaceo-coriaceous ; the lower one boat-shaped ; the upper smaller, doubly-keeled.
Stamens 1-3. Stigmas simply plumose, elongated. Caryopsis smooth. — Erect peren-

nial grasses. Spikelets panicled.

1. Unroxa araciuis, Micha. Slender Spike-grass.

Panicle elongated, racemose ; spikelets 3 — 4-flowered ; the flowers spreading, monandrous.
— Miche. fl.\. p.71; Pursh, fl.1. p. 82; Ell. sk. 1. p.168; Muhl. gram. p.157; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 105; Beck, bot. p. 412; Trin. in act. Petrop. 6 ser. 1. p. 360; Kunth, “ gram.
1. p. 321. t. 72,” ex enum. 1. p. 425. Holcus laxus, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1048; Willd. sp. 4.
p- 934.

Rhizoma creeping. Culms cespitose, 3 - 4 feet high, slender, a little compressed, leafy.
Leaves a foot or more long, 2 — 3 lines wide, attenuated to a fine point, flat, smooth : sheaths
hairy at the throat : ligule very short, ciliate. Panicle 6 - 10 inches long, very slender, with
solitary remote appressed branches. Spikelets acute at the base, 2 — 3 at the extremity of
each branch ; the flowers spreading. Glumes acute, rigid. Lower palea ovate, with a long
acumination, ciliolate on the margin; the upper shorter. Stamen solitary : anthers dark
purple. Styles elongated : stigmas purple. Caryopsis rugose, dark brown.

Borders of sandy swamps near the salt water; Long Island. Fl. August.

Tripe X.* HORDEACEZ. Kunth.

Spikelets 3 — many-flowered (rarely one-flowered), often awned ; the terminal flower imper-
fect. Glumes and pale@ 2, herbaceous ; the former rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile.
Ovary often hairy. — Inflorescence in a simple solitary spike ; the rachis rarely jointed.

* The following Tribes and Genera were omitted in the Conspectus (page 415).

Tribe 10. HORDEACE. Spikelets sessile on a rachis, many-flowered ; upper flower imperfect.
40. Louium. Spikelets many-flowered, distichous, solitary, contrary to the rachis. Inner glume wanting.
41, Triticum. Spikelets solitary, many-flowered. Glumes 2, opposite,
42, Erymus. Spikelets 2 - 4 together, 2 — 7-flowered. Glumes both on one side of the spikelet ; sometimes rudimentary.

Tribe 11, ANDROPOGONE. Spikelets in pairs, one-flowered; the lower one incomplete, on a bearded pedicel.
Palee mostly hyaline. — Habit various,
43, Anpropocon. Lower flower staminate or neuter; the glumes and palew often wanting. Upper flower perfect.
Glumes awnless. Lower palea awned, — Flowers panicled or in spikes.

[ Frora — Vol. 2.] 60

474 GRAMINEZ:. Loxium.

40. LOLIUM. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 435.

{An ancient Latin name, applied to this genus.]

DARNEL.

Spikelets sessile, many-flowered, distichous, contrary to the rachis. Flowers naked at the
base. Inner glume mostly wanting. Lower palea lanceolate, mucronate, or with a short

awn at the tip; upper one bicarinate. — Spike simple : rachis not articulated.

1. Lotium pERENNE, Linn. Ray-grass. Common Darnel.

Perennial ; flowers longer than the glumes, mucronate, or with short awns. — Linn. sp. 1.

p- 83; Muhl. gram. p.196; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.45; Torr. fl.1. p. 133; Beck, bot. p. 416;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 87 ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 436.

Culm 1 - 2 feet high, terete. Leaves broadly linear, smooth and shining : ligule truncate.
Spike about 6 inches long; the rachis flexuous. Spikelets ovate, 12 — 18, alternately
arranged on two opposite sides of the rachis, somewhat distant, 7 - 9-flowered. Glume
solitary (except in the terminal spikelet, which has two), situated externally, linear-lanceolate.
Lower palea lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, 5-nerved : upper one longer, ciliolate on the keels.

Meadows and pastures : somewhat rare. FV. June. Doubtless of European origin; now
pretty widely diffused in the northern and middle States. It is not cultivated, but in some
places constitutes a considerable portion of the meadow-grass.

41. TRITICUM. Linn. ; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 438.

[From the Latin, ¢ritwm ; because it is beaten or ground for food.]

WHEAT.

Spikelets solitary at the joints of the rachis. Glumes 2, opposite and transverse, nearly
equal. Palex lanceolate ; the lower one acuminate or awned at the summit. — Annual

or perennial grasses. Glumes ovate-oblong and somewhat ventricose (TRiTIcUM proper),
- or lanceolate (AGRopyron).

1. Triticum REPENS, Linn. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass.
Spike distichous, compressed ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved,
acuminate ; lower palea with or without an awn; rhizoma creeping. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 86 ;
Engl. bot. t. 909; Muhl. gram. p.195; DBigel. fl. Bost. p.45; Beck, bot. p. 416; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p.86; Kunth, enum. 1. p.440; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 254. Agropyron repens,
Beauv. Agrost. p. 102; Torr. fl. 1. p. 135.

Root or rhizoma creeping extensively, and penetrating deeply into the earth. Culm 1 —- 2
feet high. Leaves sometimes a little glaucous, smooth or somewhat hairy : sheaths usually
smooth : ligule short and truncate. Spike 3-5 inches long ; the rachis flexuous, jointed and
compressed. Glumes nearly equal, keeled, strongly nerved. Flowers rather distant. Lower
palea 5-nerved, oblong, mucronate, or with a short bristle at the tip : upper palea shorter,
ciliate on the keels.

TRITICUM. GRAMINEAE. 495

Fields and cultivated grounds : common. Jl. June —- August. The common variety here
described, is probably an introduced plant; but there are other forms of this grass, found in
Canada and the Northwestern States, that seem to be indigenous.

2. Triticum caninum, Linn. Fibrous-rooted W heat-grass.

Spike distichous ; spikelets about 5-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, 3 — 5-nerved, acute ;
lower palea awned ; root fibrous. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 86; Engl. bot. t. 1372; Muhl. gram.
p- 196; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 442. Agropyrom caninum, Roem. §& Schult. syst. 2. p. 756 ;
Torr, fil. 1, 136. :

Near Penn-Yan (Dr. Sartwell). I have seen no specimen of the plant from this State.
There can scarcely be a doubt of its being an introduced species. It is best distinguished
from the preceding, by its fibrous root.

42. ELYMUS. Linn.; Kunth, enum. |. p. 449. LYME-GRASS.

[ Elymas was a name given by the Greeks to certain species of Panicum, because growing abundantly about Elyma ;
afterwards it was applied to the present genus, ]

ASPRELLA, Cavan.; GyMNosTAcuuM, Schreb,

Spikelets 2-4 ateach joint of the rachis, 2 —'7-flowered, the upper flower imperfect. Glumes
2, both of them situated on one side of the spikelet (sometimes nearly wanting or rudi-
mentary). Palee 2; the lower one usually awned. — Perennial (or sometimes annual)

grasses, nearly allied to Horpeum.

1. E.ymus Virarnicus, Linn. Virginian Lyme-grass. Wild Rye.

Spike erect, dense ; spikelets in pairs, 2-3-flowered, the flowers nearly smooth; glumes
lanceolate, strongly nerved, as long as the spikelet.— Linn. sp. 1. p. 83; Micha. fl. 1.
p. 65; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 89; Ell. sk. 1. p. 180. t. 12. f. 2; Mul. gram. p. 176; Bigel. ae
Bost. p. 46; Torr. fl. 1.p.137; Beck. bot. p. 415; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 83.

Perennial. Culm 2-4 feet high, terete, erect. Leaves broadly linear, bright green, rough ;
sheaths smooth or pubescent : ligule very short. Spike rigidly erect, thick. Glumes colla-
teral, thickened and somewhat cartilaginous, about 5-nerved externally, rough, tapering at the
summit to a short bristle. Lower palea oblong-lanceolate, obscurely nerved, abruptly ending
in a slender bristle which is usually longer than the valve. Stamens 3. Ovary densely
bearded at the summit.

Banks of rivers : frequent along the lower part of the Hudson. FV. July — August. Easily
distinguished from all the following species, by its rigid spike and broad thick glumes.

60*

476 GRAMINE. E.ymus.

2. E:ymus Canapensis, Linn. Canadian Lyme-grass. Wild Rye.

Spike rather loose, and nodding at the extremity; spikelets in pairs, 3 — 5-flowered ; flowers
hairy ; glumes lanceolate-subulate, awned, prominently nerved. ~ Linn. sp. 1. p. 83; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 89; Muhl. gram. p. 178; Torr. fl. 1. p. 1387; Beck, bot..p. 415; Darlingt. fi.
Cest. p. 83; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 451. EE. glaucifolius, Willd. enum. 1. p. 181; Pursh,
l.c.; Muhl. l.c.; Kunth, l.c. E. Canadensis, 6. glaucifolius, Torr. 1. c.

Rhizoma creeping. Culm 3-4 feet high. Leaves broadly linear, flat, often more or less
glaucous : sheaths smooth : ligule short. Spike 6 —8 inches long, commonly a little nodding
at the extremity : spikelets loose and somewhat spreading, the lower ones often three together,
usually with 3 perfect flowers and one or two abortive ones. Glumes scarcely one line wide,
tapering to a long slender awn or bristle, marked with 3 or 4 strong nerves on the outside.
Lower palea oblong-lanceolate, rough with short hairs, terminating in a slender rough awn
which is longer than the palea : upper palea obtuse, ciliolate on the margins. Caryopsis linear-
oblong, bearded at the summit.

Banks of rivers: frequent. Fl. August.

3. E.ymus vittosus, MuAl. Slender Hairy Lyme-grass.

Spike somewhat nodding, loose ; rachis and flowers hispidly hairy ; spikelets mostly in pairs,
1 —3-flowered; glumes narrowly linear, hairy-ciliate, 2 — 3-nerved; culm slender; sheaths
pubescent. — Muhl. in Willd. enum. p. 131, and gram. p. 175; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 89; Torr.
fl. 1. p. 138; Beck, bot. p. 415; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 84; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 451. E.
striatus, Muhl. l.c. ?; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 462%; Kunth. l. c.?

Perennial. Culm 2-3 feet high, erect, terete. Leaves about 3 lines wide, somewhat
pubescent above : lower sheaths hairy ; the upper ones often smooth. Spike about 3 inches
long, at first erect, but at length a little nodding, slender and open. Glumes very narrow,
ciliate with rigid hairs ; the awn at the tip almost capillary. Lower palea conspicuously hispid ;
the slender awn about an inch long.

Banks of rivers, and rocky hill-sides : not common. Fl. July. This is the most slender of
all our species. The spikes strongly resemble small heads of rye.

4. Erymus Hystrix, Linn. Bottle-brush Grass.

Spike erect; spikelets in pairs or ternate, distant, spreading, about 3-flowered ; flowers
awned ; glumes minute and subulate or wanting. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 124; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 181; Muhil. gram. p. 178; Torr. fl. 1. p. 138; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.46; Beck, bot. p.
415; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 84. Asprella Hystrix, Willd. enum. p. 132; Kunth, enum. 1.
p. 454; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 256. <A. angustifolia, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
n. ser. 5. p. 151. Gymnostachum Hystrix, Schreb. gram. t. 47.

E.ymus. GRAMINE. 477

Root perennial, fibrous Culm 2-4 feet high, erect. Leaves broadly linear, flat, often
glaucous. Spike 4-6 inches long. Spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the compressed naked
rachis, at first somewhat erect, but at length spreading almost horizontally, usually 3- (rarely 5-)
flowered. Glumes commonly wanting, but often with 2 callosities in their place. Sometimes,
particularly in the upper part of the spike, there are distinct subulate glumes, a pair at the
base of each spikelet. Lower glume obscurely nerved, smoothish ; the summit furnished with
a long slender bristle.

Moist, rocky woods, and along shady ravines: not rare. Fl. July. This grass, which
several distinguished botanists have separated as a distinct genus, is undoubtedly a true
Exymus, the glumes being often more or less developed. In the advanced state, the spike
has much the appearance of a bottle-brush.

Trine XI. ANDROPOGONEZ. Kunth.

Spikelets in pairs, one-flowered ; the lower one incomplete, on a bearded pedicel. Pale@
mostly hyaline. — Habit various.

43. ANDROPOGON. Linn.; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 485. BEARD-GRASS.
[From the Greek, aner, a man, and pogon, a beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers. ]

Lower flower staminate or neuter ; the glumes and palez often wanting. Upper flower per-

fect. Glumes awnless. Lower palea awned. — Flowers in panicles or spikes.

* Inflorescence panicled.
1. AnDROPOGON NUTANS, Linn. Wood-grass. Indian-grass.

Panicle terminal, oblong, branched, at length nodding ; lower flower reduced to a mere
pedicel, without valves ; outer glume of the perfect flower clothed with brownish hairs ; awn
contorted. — Linn. sp. 1. p. 1045; Pursh, fl. 1. p.'74; Muhl. gram. p. 284; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 146; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.43; Torr. fl. 1. p. 157; Beck, bot. p. 418; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 88; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 604. A. avenaceus, Miche. fl. 1. p. 58; Willd. sp. 4. p. 907;
Pursh, l. c.; Kunth, l. c. excl. syn. Ell.

Perennial. Culm 3-6 feet high, erect, simple, terete. Leaves a foot or more in length
and 4 —6 lines wide, glaucous : sheaths smooth : ligule elongated, membranaceous. Panicle
at first erect, nodding when mature, 6-10 inches long, often loose ; the primary branches
smooth: ultimate branches villous. Perfect spikelet sessile ; the glumes equal, lanceolate,
brownish and shining, coriaceous : lower one very hairy ; the upper (or inner) smooth. Palez
shorter than the glumes, very thin and membranaceous : lower one with a long twisted and
bent awn; the upper ciliate on the margin. Stamens 3: anthers yellow.

Sandy and sterile fields : frequent. JJ. August — September.

478 GRAMINEZ. ANDROPOGON.

** Inflorescence spiked; the spikes simple, in pairs, or fascicled,
2. Anpropocon scoparius, Micha. Purple Wood-grass.

Spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate ; lower flower neuter, awned ; glumes of
the perfect flower smooth ; the awn twisted. — Micha. fl. 1. p.57; Pursh, fl.1. p.'74; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 146; Torr. fl. 1. p. 156; Beck, bot. p. 417; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 89; Kunth,
enum. 1. p. 490. A. purpurascens, Willd. sp. 4. p.913; Muhl. gram. p. 282; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p.48. Pollinia scoparia, Spreng. ; Roem. §- Schult. syst. 2. p. 832.

Perennial. Culm 3 —4 feet high, paniculately branched, a little compressed ; the branches
somewhat fasciculate, long and slender. Leaves flat, a little hairy, sometimes glaucous :
lower sheaths hairy. Spikes terminating the branches, 1 — 2 inches long, often purple ; the
rachis flexuous, compressed, hairy onthe margins. Pairs of spikelets alternate and distichous,
rather distant. Lower or neuter flower small, on a very villous pedicel. Glumes unequal ; the
lower one awned : upper one often wanting. Pale inconspicuous or wanting. Glumes of
the perfect flower lanceolate. Awn 3 — 4 times as long as the flowers. Stamens 3.

Dry barren soils: common. Fl. August. It is often called Broom-grass.

3. AnpRopocon FuRcaTus, Muhl. Finger-spiked Wood-grass.

Spikes digitate, generally by threes or fours; lower flower staminate, awnless ; awn of
the perfect flower contorted. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 4. p. 919, and gram. p. 281; Schreb.
Gram. 1242; Pursh, fl. le p. 155 dell. sk. 1. p. 1505, Borne 4.ae p, 157; Beigel.’ fi.
Bost. p. 43; Beck, bot. p. 418 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.89; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 492.

Perennial. Culm about 4 feet high, simple or somewhat branching. Leaves flat, nearly
smooth ; the lower ones very long: sheaths smooth. Spikes 2-3 inches long, 3 — 5 or more
at the summit of the culm; the lateral ones often in pairs, straight and somewhat rigid ; the
rachis thick and straight. Staminate flower on a short thick pedicel, about half as long as
the glumes, which are lanceolate, pale, roughish pubescent, and nearly as long as in the
perfect flower. Palez lanceolate, shorter than the glumes : awn of the lower one three times
as long as the flower : upper palea minute. Stamens 3. Caryopsis oblong, brown.

Rocky banks and hill-sides : not rare. Fv. August — September.

4, Anpropocon Vireinicus, Linn. Virginian Beard-grass.:

Culm somewhat compressed ; sheaths smooth; spikes short, 2 — 3 together, in slender
somewhat remote appressed fascicles, lateral and terminal; lower flower reduced to a mere
pedicel without glumes ; perfect flower monandrous ; awn straight. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1046; -
Pursh, fl.1. p.75; Muhl. gram. p.277; Torr. fl.1. p.156; Beck, bot. p.418; Darlingt.
fi. Cest. p. 89; Kunth, enum. 1. p. 495. A. dissitiflorum, Miche. fl. 1. p. 55; Ell. sk. 1.

p- 149; Pursh, l.c.; Kunth, l.c. A. vaginatus, Ell. sk. 1. p. 148? Anantherum Virgini-
cum, Spreng.

ANDROPOGON. GRAMINE. 479

Perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, compressed below, with remote short branches above.
Leaves a foot or more in length; the lowest ones hairy on the margin and upper surface.
Fascicles of spikes partly concealed in compressed acuminate bract-like sheaths : rachis
filiform, clothed with long silky hairs. Lower flower a mere awn-like plumose pedicel,
longer than the perfect one. Glumes of the perfect flower linear-lanceolate, equal. Awn of
the lower palea very slender, more than half an inch in length. Anther linear, yellow.
Caryopsis oblong.

Sterile soils and exsiccated swamps : common. FJ. September.

5. AnpRopocon macrorvs, Michz. Cluster-flowered Beard-grass.

Spikes in pairs; the peduncles in dense fastigiate panicles, lateral and terminal; lower
flower a mere rudiment, without valves; perfect flower monandrous, the awn straight. —
Miche. fl. 1. p.'75; Muhl. gram. p. 278; Ell. sk. 1. p. 150; Torr. fl. 1. p. 156; Beck,
bot. p. 418; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.88; Kunth, enum.1. p.495. Cinna glomerata, Walt. fl.
Car. p. 59.

Perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, much branched towards the top ; the nodes smooth.
Leaves roughish : lower ones long ; the upper short and lanceolate : sheaths loose ; the upper
ones often hairy. Spikes about an inch long, very numerous, forming dense leafy clusters,
and partly concealed in the compressed boat-like sheaths. Rachis clothed with long white
hairs. Flowers similar to those of the preceding species.

Low grounds and swamps, particularly near the salt water : not found in the interior of the
State. FJ. September. Very nearly allied to the preceding species ; differing, chiefly, in
the very dense fastigiate clusters of spikes.

Division IT. FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants destitute of proper flowers ; producing (sometimes by two kinds of
organs) reproductive organs called spores, which differ from seeds in having
neither integuments nor embryo.

Orver CXXVI. EQUISETACE. DC. Tue Horserar, TRrIse.

Fructification in terminal cones or spikes, composed of peltate scales, which are
attached to a central axis, and bear on their inner surface several involucres
or thecze which contain the spores. ‘The spores are attached to 4 club-shaped
elastic filaments (elaters) which roll up when moist, and uncoil themselves when
dry. — Leafless herbaceous perennial plants, with creeping rhizomas. Stems
hollow and jointed, striate, either simple or with whorled branches, and fur-
nished at the nodes with toothed sheaths, which may be regarded as united
whorls of leaves. ‘The epidermis contains a large quantity of silex, which is
deposited in a singular and beautiful manner. The intervals between the
striz are perforated with stomata.

1. EQUISETUM. Linn.; Endl. gen. no. 601. HORSETAIL.
[From the Latin, egwus, a horse, and seta, a hair or bristle ; some of the species resembling a horsetail. ]

Character the same as that of the Order.
An excellent account of the North American species of this genus, by Prof. Braun, with additions by Dr. Englemann,

is given in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. 46,

* Fertile stems unbranched, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones.
1. EquiseTumM arveNsE, Linn. Field Horsetail.

Sterile. Stems erect or assurgent, roughish, with 12-14 furrows, the branches 3 - 4-
angled and ascending ; teeth of the sheath lanceolate-subulate ; fertile stems simple, erect; the
sheaths large, loose, remote. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1061; Engl. bot. t. 1874; Pursh, fl. 2. p.
651; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 383; Torr. compend. p. 389; Beck, bot. p. 446; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 573; Braun §- Engl. l. c. p. 83.

EquisETUM. EQUISETACE. 481

Rhizoma creeping extensively. Sterile stems 10-15 inches high, attenuated upward,
with numerous slender whorled branches, which are either simple or somewhat divided, bright
green : all the joints sheathed. Stomata irregularly disposed over the surface of the grooves,
between the ridges. Fertile stems appearing before the sterile ones, easily breaking at the
joints : sheaths dark brownish or purple. Heads or spikes oblong, obtuse ; the scales at first
closely approximated and of an elongated hexahedral form, more open when mature. Spores
(as in the rest of the species) singularly hygrometric, the filaments instantly coiling up if
breathed upon when they are dry.

Moist banks and low grounds: frequent. Fr. April. Our plant is altogether like the Eu-
ropean E. arvense. ‘Towards the passes of the Rocky mountains, this species is abundant,
and constitutes a favorite and nutritious article of food for horses.

** Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification at the same time with the branches.
2. EquiseTUM sYLvaTiIcuM, Linn. Wood Horsetail.

Sterile and fertile stems both branched, about 12-furrowed ; the branches compound, and
curved downward ; sheaths loose, deeply cleft into several broadly lanceolate teeth. — Linn.
sp. 2. p. 1061; Pursh, fl. 2. p.651; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 384; Torr. compend. p. 390;
Beck, bot. p. 446; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 574; Braun § Engl. l.c. p. 84.

Fertile stems 8-12 inches high; the sterile ones taller: branches slender, chiefly from
the uppermost joints in the fertile stems ; all of them gracefully recurved. Stomata irregu-
larly disposed in the epidermis of the grooves. Sterile plants of an elongated conical form.
Spikes oblong.

Low grounds and moist woods: not common. Fl. May. Our plant is exactly like my
European specimens.

3. EquiseTum Limosum, Linn. Smooth Swamp Horsetail. Pipes.

Stem smooth, with from 16-21 strie# (sometimes simple) ; the branches nearly erect,
simple ; teeth of the sheaths subulate, rigid, distinct, short. — Linn. sp. 2. p- 1062; Engl.
bot. t. 929; Torr. compend. p. 390; Beck, bot. p. 446; Braun g- Engl. l.c. p. 86. E.
uliginosum, Muhl. cat. p. 103%; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 383; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 651.

Stems 2-3 feet high, erect; the branches usually simple and short, mostly arising from
the middle joints, sometimes very short or wanting. Stomata scattered over the intervals of
the striz. Sheaths appressed, numerous, with 15 — 20 acute narrow teeth, which are blackish
or bordered with dark brown. Spike oblong, about three-fourths of an inch in length.

Borders of ponds and rivers, usually growing in the water ; sometimes in great quantities.
Fl. June. A common European species.

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 61

482 EQUISETACE. Equisrtrum.

##* Stems simple, or irregularly branched from the root.

4. EquisETUM HYEMALE, Linn. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass.
Stems numerous, simple, naked, erect, very rough; sheaths short, blackish at the base and
top, with about 14-20 very small finally deciduous teeth. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1062; Engl.
bot. t.915; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 652; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 382; Torr. compend. p. oo Beck,
bot. p. 446 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 574; Braun §- Engl. l.c. p. 89.

Stems 15 inches — 3 feet high, persistent through the winter, terete, from one-fourth to one-
third of an inch in diameter ; the ridges roughened with minute concretions of silica, of a pale
somewhat glaucous green. Stomata disposed in 2 distinct ranges. Sheaths 3 - 4 lines long,
with a broadish dark colored band at the base, and usually a narrower one at the upper margin ;
when young, furnished with minute blackish awned teeth, which fall off early, leaving the
sheath truncate, and crenulate or entire. Spike ovate, with black scales.

Swamps and wet banks : frequent. F7. May - June. The epidermis of this species abounds
more in silex than any of the others, so that the stems are often employed for scouring wood
and metals.

5. EquiseETUM vARIEGATUM, Schleich. Variegated Rough Horsetail.
Stems several, usually decumbent or assurgent, simple or only branching at the base, with
4-8 strie ; rough sheaths with membranaceous lanceolate teeth, blackish at the base. —
Engl. bot. t. 1987; Hook. fl. Bor. Am. 2. p. 270; Oakes, cat. pl. Vermont, p. 35; Braun
g- Engl. l. c. p. 90.

Stems 6 — 12 inches long; the little ridges furnished with two rows of siliceous tubercles,
which are separated by a furrow, with a single row of stomata on each side. Sheaths blackish ;
the teeth 4-carinate, persistent, tipped with slender deciduous awns. Heads resembling those
of EL. hyemale, but smaller.

Wet sandy places, among rocks, near Niagara Falls (Dr. Kinnicutt). Our plant agrees
well with European specimens of E. variegatum in my herbarium.

6. EquisETUM scIRPOIDES, Michz. Smallest Rough Horsetail.

Stems cespitose, much branched from the root, ascending, naked, filiform, rough; sheaths
blackish, with few awned teeth. — Michex. fl. 2. p. 281; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 652; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 384; Braun § Engl. l.c. p. 91. E. variegatum, Torr. compend. p. 390; Beck,
bot. p. 446, not of Schleich. HE. variegatum, var. minus, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 270.

Stems growing in dense tufts, 4 — 8 inches long, very slender, persistent through the winter,
often curved or flexuous, 5 — 6-angled, much roughened with siliceous concretions. Stomata
in single rows. Sheaths minute, blackish, with 3 —- 6 subulate whitish awned teeth, the
awns of which are more or less deciduous. Spikes ovate-capitate, 2 — 3 lines long, of a
blackish color.

Rocky shady places, on springy hill-sides ; northern and western counties. This species,
which is the smallest of the genus, grows also in the north of Europe. Hooker considers it.
a small variety of E. variegatum, but I have never seen any intermediate forms.

FILICES. 483

Orver CXXVII. FILICES. R. Brown. Tue Fern Tripe.

Fructification only of one kind on the same individual. Capsules (sporangia)
sessile or pedicellate, free, one-celled, mostly surrounded with a more or less
complete elastic ring, usually collected in clusters (sori) of various shapes,
which arise from veins on the under surface of the leaf or frond, and are either
naked or covered with a scale (involucre or indusium) : sometimes the capsules
are collected into distinct spikes or racemes. Seeds or sporules very minute.
— Trunks or rhizomas mostly creeping (in tropical countries sometimes arbo-
rescent), often scaly. I’ronds circinate before expansion.

Susorper I. POLYPODIACE. RP. Br. Tue Potyropy TRrise.

Sori on the back of the frond, usually distinct, but sometimes confluent, naked or
furnished with an involucre. Capsules nearly surrounded with an articulated
ring, opening elastically and transversely. — Habit various.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* PoLYPODIE&. Sori round or elongated, without a partial involucre.
1. Potypopium. Soriround, Fertile frond leafy.
2, Srrutwiopreris. Fertile frond contracted; the margin of the segments revolute, forming a general involucre :
sori round, confluent. Pedicels of the capsules united into an elevated receptacle.
3. Aunosorus. Sori round or oblong, finally confluent and forming a broad marginal sorus, which is covered by the
inflexed margin of the frond. Veins free.

4* PTERIDE#. Sori roundish or elongated, transverse, marginal or costal, simple or by confluence compound, furnished with a special lateral
involucre, the inner margin of which is free.

4, Aprantum. Sori roundish, reniform or linear, marginal. Involucre formed of the altered reflexed margin of the
frond or crenules, bearing the sori on its underside.

5, Preris. Veinlets of the frond direct ; their apices combined by a transverse receptacle which bears the capsules,
forming a linear continuous or interrupted marginal sorus, which is bordered by the narrow involucre.

6. Pratytoma. Sori oblong, laterally confluent, forming a broad continuous marginal sorus. Involucre marginal and
continuous. Veinlets free at their summits,

7. Doovta. Sori oblong or linear, parallel and near the midrib. Involucre flat; the inner margin free, Veinlets
united near their base, free at the apex.

8. WoopwarniA. Sori oblong or linear, parallel and near the midrib. Involucre vaulted, involute. Veins of the
sterile frond reticulated.

««* ASPLENIEE. Sori elongated, oblique to the axis, simple or double (the twu applied back to back or face to face), each furnished with a
special lateral linear involucre. Capsules attached to the sides of the veinlets.

9. ScororpenDRiuM. Sori linear, confluent in pairs; the free margins of the involucres facing each other. Veins

forked, free.
10, AspLenium. Sori linear, unilateral; the capsules produced on the upper side of the veinlets. Veins forked or

pinnate ; the veinlets free.
11, Anticramma, Sori linear, unilateral, mostly approximate in pairs and facing each other. Veins reticulated,

61*

484 FILICES. PotyPopiumM.

>*** AspIDIES. Sori roundish. Involucres orbicular or reniform ; either peltate or attached to the inner side of the receptacle, sometimes
calyciform and including the capsules.

12. Asprprum. Sori round, seated on the middle or extremity of the veinlets. Involucre peltate or reniform, Fronds
1 - 3-pinnate : veins forked; the veinlets (in N. Amer. species) free.

13. OnocuEa. Fertile frond contracted; the segments incurved and globose, constituting a general involucre.
4 - 6, confluent, each with a proper cucullate involucre.

14, Woonsta. Soriround, Involucre calyx-like, open at the top; the margin irregularly lobed or fringed with hairs,

15. CysropTeris. Sori round, minute. Involucre lateral, oblong-reniform, inflated, cucullate. Veins forked; the
veinlets free.

Sori

***** DicKSONIES. Sori marginal, globose or oblong, furnished with a special involucre, which is attached to the inside of the sorus, and is
combined with the altered margin of the frond.

16. Dicxsonra. Sori arising from the apex of a vein. Involucre 2-valved or entire, sometimes cup-shaped.

* Potypopirez, J.Sm. Sori round or elongated, without a partial involucre.

1. POLYPODIUM. Linn. ; J. Smith, gen. Ferns, in Hook. jour. bot. 4. p. 46.
POLYPODY.
[From the Greek, polys, many, and pous, foot ; from the numerous feet-like branches of the root-stock.]

Sori roundish, scattered on the under surface of the frond. IJIndusium none. — Ferns of

various habit.
* Frond pinnatifid,
1. Potypopium vuLGare, var. Americanum, Hook. Common Polypody.

Frond deeply pinnatifid, smooth ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrulate ; sori
large, distinct. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 208. P. Virginianum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1085.
P. vulgare, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 388; Torr. compend. p. 380; Beck, bot. p. 447; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 575.

Rhizoma thick, creeping, branched, scaly. Fronds 6 — 10 inches long, somewhat coriaceous,
smooth, growing in thick patches, 14 — 2 inches wide : segments mostly alternate, 3 - 4 lines
wide, slightly crenate or serrate. Sori nearly a line in diameter, distinct when young, but at
length touching each other.

Rocky woods and hill-sides : common. Fr. July - August. ‘The American plant differs
from the European only in the fronds being narrower and more oblong, the segments more
distant, and the sori nearer the margin.

** Frond bipinnatifid,
2. Potypoptum Pueeopreris, Linn. Beech Polypody.

Frond bipinnatifid, the two lower pinne deflexed ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, entire,
ciliate, the lower ones adnate-decurrent ; veins hairy ; sori mostly solitary, marginal ; stipe
retrorsely pubescent. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1089; Engl. bot. t. 224; Beck, bot. p. 447; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 258 (var. minus). P. connectile, Micha. fl. 2. p. 271; Willd. sp. 5. p.
200; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 659; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 389; Torr. compend. p. 380.

Poxtypopium. FILICES. 485

Rhizoma long and slender, blackish, Stipe 6 - 10 inches long, sparingly chaffy, and
clothed with a minute retrorse pubescence. Frond triangular in the outline, 3 — 5 inches
long, with numerous opposite linear-lanceolate pinne, the lowest of which are usually more
or less deflexed ; all of them closely approximated, leaving. Rachis and rachille chaffy.
Veins and margin of the segments distinctly hairy. Sori minute, mostly 4 on each segment,
toward the base and near the margin.

Shady woods, chiefly in the northern and western parts of the State, Fl, July.

3. Potypopium HExAGoNoPTERUM, Micha. Winged Polypody.

Frond bipinnatifid ; pinne rather distant, the lowest ones deflexed ; segments lanceolate,
obtuse, ciliate, crenate or toothed, glandularly puberulent underneath, the lowest decurrent
and forming a conspicuous wing to the rachis ; stipe smooth. — Micha. fl. 2. p. 271 ; Willd.
sp. 5. p. 200; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 659; Torr. compend. p. 380; Beck, bot. p. 447; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 575. P. Phegopteris, var. majus, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 258.

Stipe 8 -— 15 inches long, slender, quite smooth. Frond triangular in outline ; the base
6 - 9 inches wide, and usually exceeding the length : pinne connected by the lowest segments,
which unite in pairs on each side of the rachis, upon which they are confluent, forming a
somewhat panduriform membrane ; the under surface minutely glandular, and also pubescent
on the veins and rachis. Sori minute, marginal, and forming a single row on the upper
divisions, but appearing in a double or triple row on the lower pinne, which are more or less
deeply toothed, the sori being seated on the margin of the teeth.

Moist and rather shady woods : common. Fr. July. Differs from the preceding in its
larger size, smooth stipe, glandular under surface of the frond, distant pinnz, and toothed or
crenate segments.

*** Frond ternate, bipinnate,
4. Potyrpopium Dryoprteris, Linn. Three-branched Polypody.

Frond ternate ; the divisions bipinnate, spreading or deflexed, somewhat rigid ; segments
oblong, rather obtuse, nearly entire ; sori marginal, finally in contact. — Linn. sp. pl. (ed. 2.)
2. p. 1555; Engl. bot. t. 616; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 389; Torr. compend. p. 380; Beck,
bot. p. 448; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 259. P.calcareum, Smith, Engl. bot. t. 1525;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 659; Beck, 1. c. Nephrodium Dryopteris, Micha. fl. 2. p. 270.

Rhizoma black, creeping, slender. Stipe 6 — 12 inches long, erect, slender but somewhat
rigid, smooth. Frond ternately divided, 4 — 6 inches wide, triangular in the outline ; the
divisions stipitate, of a light green color, and dull : segments 3 - 4 lines long. Sori small,
light brown.

Moist shady woods, northern and western counties : frequent. Fr. July. This species is
common to Europe and North America.

486 FILICES. STRUTHIOPTERIS.

2, STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd. sp. 5. p. 288; J. Smith, l.c.no. 47. OSTRICH-FERN.

[From the Greek, strouthos, an ostrich, and pteris, a fern; the fronds somewhat resembling the plumes of that bird.]

Fertile fronds contracted ; their margins revolute, connivent, forming a general involucre. Sori
round, confluent, naked; the pedicels of the capsules cohering at the base, forming an
elevated thickened receptacle. — Fronds large, bipinnatifid ; the fertile pinne linear, revo-
lute, moniliform, each segment producing 5 pinnate free veins, bearing clusters of capsules

at their extremity ; the margin of the segments incurved and lacerate.

J]. Srruruioprerts Germanica, Welld. Common Ostrich-fern.

Willd. l. c.; Beck, bot. p.456; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 262. S. Pennsylvanica, Willd.
l.c.; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 666; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 392; Torr. compend. p. 385. Osmunda
Struthiopteris, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1066. Onoclea Struthiopteris, Schk. Fil. t. 105, and O. nodu-
losa, ejusd. t. 104, fide Hook. O. nodulosa, Miche. fl. 1. p. 272?

Sterile fronds 2-3 feet high, forming tufts ; the pinne numerous, deeply pinnatifid, sessile :
segments entire, rather acute; the veins pinnate, unconnected : stipe smooth and angular.
Fertile fronds shorter*than the sterile, but with a thicker stipe. Pinne very numerous and
crowded, 1-2 inches long, almost terete when dry ; the segments incurved, and filled with
the confluent sori. Pedicels of the capsules persistent, united below, and forming a thick
brush-like elevated stalk or receptacle.

Low grounds, and borders of rivers, in rich soil; western part of the State: rare. Fr.
July - August. The North American plant is considered distinct from the European by some
botanists, but I agree with Beck and Hooker in regarding them as one species.

3. ALLOSORUS. Bernh. ; J. Smith, l. c. no. 7. ALLOSORUS.

{From the Greek, allos, various, and sovos, a heap; probably in allusion to the changing appearance of the sori at
different ages of the plant.]

CrypToGramMa, FR. Br.
Sori round or oblong, at first distinct, at length laterally confluent, forming a broad intra-
marginal compound transverse sorus. — Fronds bi-tripinnate ; the fertile ones contracted :
margins free, revolute, connivent, forming a general involucre. Veins forked, free, bearing

the capsules at their apices.

|. ALLosorus GRACILIS, J. Sm. Slender Allosorus.

Frond lanceolate, smooth ; the sterile pinnate, with pinnatifid divisions and few broadly ovate
obtuse segments ; the fertile bipinnate, with linear-oblong acute somewhat crenate segments ;
rachis smooth. — J. Smith, l. c. Pteris gracilis, Mich. fl. 2. p. 262; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 668;
Beck, bot. p. 454; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 264. Cheilanthes gracilis, Spreng.

ALLosoRuS. FILICES. 487

Stipel -3 inches long, dark brown and shining. Frond 2 - 3 inches long, thin and mem-
branaceous ; the sterile with shorter and broader segments than the fertile. Veins of the
sterile segments branched ; of the fertile nearly simple, bearing at their extremities the dis-
tinct but approximated sori. Involucres membranaceous, broad, their free margins (in the
narrowest segments) extending nearly to the midrib.

Rocks, near Whitehall (Dr. L. C. Beck) ; Yates county (Dr. Sartwell) ; and in the northern
part of the State: rare. Fr. July— August. In this genus the apices of the veins, instead
of being combined in a prominent continuous transverse receptacle, as in Pteris Aquilina,
are free, and bear the roundish sori, which are at first quite distinct, but finally confluent.

** PrerIDES, J.Sm. Sort round or elongated, transverse, marginal or costal, simple or by confluence
compound, furnished with a special lateral involucre, the inner margin of which is free.

4. ADIANTUM. Linn.; J. Smith,:l. c. no. 54. MAIDENHAIR.

{From the Greek, adiantos, dry ; because the surface repels moisture. ]

Sori round, oblong, reniform or linear, marginal. Involucres formed of the reflexed and altered
margin of the segments of the frond, bearing the sori on the underside. — Fronds various,
often simple and reniform, or more or less compound : pinne commonly oblique, truncate
or cuneate at the base, their petioles articulated. Veins unilateral or radiating, forked.

Stipe usually black and polished.

1. ADIANTUM PEDATUM, Linn. Maidenhair. Mowhair.

Frond pedate, the divisions pedate; segments dimidiate, triangular-oblong or somewhat
ternate, the upper margin incisely lobed and serrate ; sori lunate. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1095;
Michx. fl. 2. p. 263; ‘‘ Schk. Fil. t. 124 ;” Pursh, fl. 2. p. 670; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 395;
Torr. compend. p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 445; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 583.

Stipe smooth except near the base, blackish and shining, 8 - 12 inches or more in length,
erect, pedately branching at the summit first into 2 primary forks, and then into several
spreading divisions, each of which bears numerous regular alternate segments or leaflets.
The frond is glaucous, green, very smooth, of a thin and delicate texture. Segments on
short stalks, entire on the lower margin, the upper side cut into several teeth or lobes : veins
unilateral ; the forks terminating in the involucre, which bears the capsules on its under

surface.
Shady woods : common. Fr. July. This is perhaps the most graceful and delicate of

North American ferns.

488 FILICES. Preris.

5. PTERIS. Linn.; Agardh, sp. gen. Pterid.; J. Smith, l. c. no. 60. BRAKE.
[From the Greek, pteryx or pteron, a wing or feather ; in allusion to the form of the frond.]

Sori marginal, linear, continuous or interrupted, formed of a transverse receptacle which
connects the apices of the veinlets. Involucre linear, narrow, occupying the margin of the
frond ; the inner side free. — Fronds varying from pinnate to decompound; the segments
usually lobed or pinnatifid. Veins mostly forked ; the branches direct, their apices united

in the receptacle of the capsules.

1. Preris Aquiiina, Linn. Common Brake, or Bracken.

Frond 3-parted, the branches bipinnate ; pinnulz oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones pinnatifid,
upper ones entire ; segments oblong, obtuse. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1075; Miche. fl. 2. p. 262;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 688; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 394; Torr. compend. p. 384; Beck, bot. p.445;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.583; Agardh, l.c. p.49; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 263. P. caudata,
Pursh, 1.0. exel, syn:

Stipe 1 — 2 feet long, smooth, angular, light brown. Frond 1 - 24 feet in diameter,
bi-triternately divided, somewhat coriaceous, dull green; the pinnules 1 — 2 inches long :
lower ones of each division more or less pinnatifid ; some of them with only a few lobes, or
a single lobe on the lower side of the base, giving them an auricled appearance. Sori un-
interrupted ; the receptacle thickened. Involucre narrow.

Woods and thickets : very common. Fr. July — August. Our plant agrees in every
respect with my European specimens.

6. PLATYLOMA. J. Smith, 1. c. no. 53. PLATYLOMA,
[From the Greek, platys, broad, and loma, a fringe; in allusion to the broad marginal sori.]
Species of Prerts, Linn. § others.

Sori oblong, laterally confluent, constituting a broad continuous compound marginal sorus.
Involucre marginal and continuous ; the inner margin free. — Fronds pinnate or bipinnate :
pinne stalked. Veins forked; the veinlets direct, free at their apices, bearing capsules
along a portion of the upper part, and, being closely approximated, form a broad compound

sorus.

Differs from Prerts, in the apices of the veinlets being free, not combined by a transverse receptacle.

1. PLarytoma arropurpureEa, J. Sm. Purple-stalked Rock-brake.

Frond pinnate or somewhat bipinnate, the lower divisions ternate or pinnate ; segments
oblong, obtuse, entire, obliquely truncate or cordate at the base ; stipe a little hairy. — J.
Sm.l.c.; Linn. sp.2. p. 1076; Micha. fl. 2. p. 261; Pursh, fl. 2. p.668; Torr. compend.
p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 454; Agardh, l. c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 583.

PLATYLOMA. FILICES. 489

Stipe 2 - 4 inches long, dark purple, often tortuous, terete, slender, somewhat pubescent
with roughish hairs. Frond 4-8 inches long, of a dull grayish green color, rather coriaceous,
smooth ; the lower divisions often pinnate, with 3, 5 or 7 segments ; the lowest segments
sometimes hastate or auriculate, revolute when young. Sori continuous, forming a prominent
margin. Involucre membranaceous, slightly crenate.

Limestone rocks : not common. Fr. June - July. The segments of the barren fronds
are rather broader than those of the fertile ones.

7. DOODIA. R. Br. prodr. p. 151; Presl, Pterid. p. 99. t.3. f. 18; J. Smith, l. c. no. 65.

DOODIA,
[In memory of SamuEet Doopy, one of the first investigators of Bristish cryptogamous plants. ]

Sori oblong or linear, straight or curved, distinct, parallel and near to the midrib, produced
on the transverse anastomosing veins. Involucre flat, lateral; the free margin opening
inwards. — Frond pinnatifid or pinnate : pinne sometimes pinnatifid ; the margin spinulose-
serrulate. Veins forked; the venules anastomosing near their base and forming large

areole, free toward the margin.

1. Doopra Vireinica, Presi. Virginian Doodia.

Fronds pinnate, fertile and sterile similar ; the pinne pinnatifid, lanceolate. — Presi, l. c.;
J. Smith, l.c. Woodwardia Virginica, Swartz, syn. Fil. ; Willd. sp. 5. p. 418; Pursh,
fl. 2. p.670; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 394; Torr. compend. p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 454. W.
Banisteriana, Michx. fl. 2. p. 263. Blechnum Virginicum, Linn. mant. p. 307. B. Caro-
linianum, Walt. fl. Car. p. 257.

About 2 feet high, growing in tufts, smooth ; the stipe and rachis varying from light to
dark brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate in the outline, of a thickish texture : pinne numerous,
opposite or alternate, 2 - 3 inches long : segments oblong, rather obtuse, slightly incurved ;
the margin serrulate and somewhat cartilaginous. Veins of the segments forking near the
base, where they anastomose with each other and with the veins of the contiguous segments,
and then proceed directly to the margin. On the anastomosing veins, which are near the
midrib, the sori are situated. These are linear, and form a row on each side of the midrib of
the pinne and segments ; when old, they are somewhat confluent.

Swamps, Long Island, &c. : rare in the interior of the State. Fr. July. The genus
Doonta differs from Woopwarpia in its more compound anastomosing veins and revolute
vaulted involucre.

[FLrora — Vol. 2.] 62

490 FILICES Woopwarpia.

8. WOODWARDIA. J. E. Smith, in mém. acad. Tur. 5. p. 411; J. Smith, l. c. no. 66.
WOODWARDIA.

[In compliment to THomas J. Woopwarb, a practical English botanist. ]

Sori oblong or linear, straight, distinct, parallel and near to the midrib, produced on the
transverse anastomosing veins. Involucre involute, vaulted. — Frond pinnate or bipinnatifid ;
the fertile often contracted, serrulate or spinulose on the margin : veins reticulated ; the
veinlets free toward the margin, but forming large oblong areole by anastomoses near their

bases.

1. Woopwarpia ANGUSTIFOLIA, J. L. Smith. Narrow-leaved Woodwardia.

Sterile frond pinnatifid, with lanceolate-serrulate segments ; fertile frond pinnate ; the pinne
linear, entire, acute. —J. E. Smith, 1. c. W. onocleoides, Willd. sp. 5. p. 416; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 669; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 394; Torr. compend. p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 454. W.
Floridana, “ Schk. Fil. t. 111.” Onoclea nodulosa, Miche. fl. 2. p. 272.

About eighteen inches or two feet high. Whole plant smooth, except the lower part of the
stipe, which is somewhat chaffy. Sterile frond deeply pinnatifid ; the segments 8 - 12 on
each side, alternate, about 3 inches long and three-fourths of an inch wide, of a thin and
membranaceous texture, distinctly and sharply serrulate ; the veins much reticulated. Fertile
frond with the pinne 2 - 4 lines wide, remotely and obscurely denticulate ; the margin often
revolute : veins few and slightly reticulated. Sori 3 - 4 lines long, prominent, in pairs which
are parallel with and near the midrib. Involucre with the free edge folded inward upon itself.

Swamps: rare. Staten Island, about 3 miles south of the Quarantine ; Long Island (Mr.
Cooley). Fr. August.

*** AspLENIEX, J.Sm. Sori elongated, oblique to the axis, simple or confluent in pairs, each furnished
with a special lateral linear involucre. Capsules attached to the sides of the veinlets.

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM. J. E. Smith, l. c. 5. p. 411; J. Smith, 1. c. no. 67.
HART’S-TONGUE.

{The under part of the frond presents somewhat the appearance of the insect called Scolopendra.]
Sori linear, confluent in pairs face to face. Involucre apparently double, occupying both sides
of the double sorus ; the margins free on the inside. — Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire or

divided at the apex, sometimes pinnate. Veins forked ; the veinlets free.

1. ScoLopenprium orricinarum, J. £. Sm. Common Hound’s- tongue.

Frond simple, rarely bifid at the extremity, ligulate, entire, cordate at the base. —J. E.
Smith ; Engl. bot. t. 1150; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 667; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 251; Torr. compend.
p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 454. Asplenium Scolopendrium, Linn. sp. 2. p, 1079.

ScoLoPENDRIUM. FILICES. 491

A fern growing in thick tufts. Stipe 3-5 inches long, chaffy. Frond 9 = 15 inches long
and 1 — 2 inches wide, bright green, pale underneath, often waved on the margin; the base
cordate-auriculate ; the apex rarely 2-forked : veins free, parallel, direct. Sori very large,
linear ; each one formed, indeed, of two closely approximated unilateral sori, which are con-
fluent ; the involucres connivent, with their free margins nearly meeting when young, but
finally turned outward by the growth of the capsules.

Limestone rocks along Chittenango creek, near the falls : abundant. Fr. July. This fern
is undoubtedly indigenous in the locality here given, which is the only place where it has
hitherto been found in North America. It was first detected in North America by Pursh,
who found it in ‘‘shady woods among loose rocks near Onondaga, on the plantation of J.
Geddis, Esq.” Nuttall (/. c.) states that he found it in the western part of the State, without
giving the locality ; but according to my friend Dr. Pickering, the specimens of Mr. Nuttail,
in the herbarium of the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, are marked ‘“ near Canandaigua,
at Geddis’s Farm, in a shady wood, with Taxus Canadensis.”

10. ASPLENIUM, Linn. ; J. Smith, l. c. no. 69. SPLEENWORT.

[From the Greek, a, privative, and splen, the spleen ; because of its supposed medicinal virtues. ]

Sori linear, oblique, scattered. Involucre plain or vaulted, opening longitudinally on the side
toward the midrib. — Habit various. Veins of the frond forked or pinnated ; the branches

direct, bearing the capsules on their upper side.

+ AspLentum proper, J. Sm. Fronds simple or pinnate ; the margin entire or crenate. Sori usually equal on both sides of
the midrib.

1. AspLentum TRicnomanes, Linn. Small Rock Spleenwort.

Frond pinnate ; pinne roundish-obovate or oval, cuneate at the base or obliquely truncate,
crenate ; sori linear-oblong, 3-6 on each pinna; stipe and rachis shiny, dark purple. —
Linn. sp. 2. p. 1080 ; Engl. bot. t. 576; Miche. fl. 2. p. 264; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 392;
Torr. compend. p. 382; Beck, bot. p. 453; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 581. A. melanocaulon,
Willd. sp. 5. p. 332; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 666.

Fronds growing in dense spreading tufts, 3-8 inches long. Stipes filiform, smooth and
polished, semiterete. Pinne 3-4 lines long, oblique, entire and more or less cuneate at the
base, sometimes auriculate on the upper side, irregularly crenate, without a distinct midrib ;
the veins branching and forking from the base. Sori mostly 4 or 5 on each pinna, nearly oval
when old.

Shady rocks, particularly on the side towards the north. Fr. July. Our plant seems to be
identical with the European A. Trichomanes.

62*

492 FILICES. ASPLENIUM.

2, ASPLENIUM EBENEUM, Wild. Screw-fern.
Frond pinnate ; pinne Janceolate-cblong, somewhat falcate, serrate, sessile, auriculate at
the base on the upper side ; stipe and rachis dark purple, smooth and shining. — Willd. sp.
5. p. 329; Pursh, fl. 2. 666 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 393; Torr. compend. p. 383; Beck, bot.
p. 453; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 581. A. trichomanoides, Micha. fl. 2. p. 265.

An upright straight fern, 8 - 14 inches high; the frond lanceolate-linear in outline. Pinne
numerous, 5 —8 lines long, often slightly twisted, so that at a distance the frond has a spiral
appearance. Veins pinnate, forked, free. Sori 12-20 on each pinna, oblong, finally confluent.
Involucre very thin and membranaceous.

Rocky woods : common. Fr. July.

3. ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Micha. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
Frond pinnate; pinne linear-lanceolate, acute, crenate-serrulate, somewhat repand; the
base truncate on the lower side, rounded on the upper. — Miche. fl. 2. p. 265; ‘“ Schk. Fil.
t. 67 §- 69”; Pursh, fl.2. p. 666; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 393; Torr. compend. p. 383; Beck,
bot. p. 452.

About 18 inches or 2 feet high, erect. Stipe and rachis minutely dotted. Sterile frond
oblong in outline ; the pinne 2-4 inches long and about half an inch broad, very thin and
delicate, nearly sessile ; the veins forking near their base, and then often again divided, but
never anastomosing. Fertile fronds much narrower, attenuate at the apex : pinne 1-2 inches
long, lanceolate-linear, often somewhat falcate ; the lower ones rather erect. Sori oblong-
linear, arising from the upper fork of the veins, closely approximated, and extending from
near the midrib to within a short distance of the margin, finally confluent. Involucre vaulted,
thick, and somewhat leathery.

Shady moist woods, western and northern parts of the State ; also on Long Island, about
three miles from Brooklyn. Fr. July.

** AcropTeris, Link. Fronds pinnate, bipinnate or forked ; segments laciniate or serrate ; midrib indefinite or wanting ;
the veins radialing from the base.
4. AspLentum Ruvra-muraria, Linn. Wall-rue Spleenwort.

Frond bipinnate below, simply pinnate above ; segments rhomboid-cuneate, toothed at the
extremity. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1081; Engl. bot. t. 150; Micha. fl. 2. p. 268; Pursh, fl. 2.
p- 667; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 393; Torr. compend. p. 383; Beck, bot. p. 453; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 582.

Whole plant 2 - 4 inches long, smooth ; the frond ovate in outline, somewhat rigid, glaucous
green : segments few and distant and somewhat ternate, 2 — 4 lines long, tapering at the base
in a petiole ; the extremity cut into irregular obtuse or acute teeth. Sori linear-oblong, large
for the size of the frond. Involucre membranaceous.

Limestone rocks, usually in shady situations : rare. Fr. July. In all respects similar to
the European plant, except that it is usually smaller.

ASPLENIUM. FILICES. 493

Subgenus Atuyrium, Roth. Fronds bi-tripinnatifid : ultimate segments toothed or deeply
laciniate. Sort short, sometimes double, mostly seated on the middle or lower part of
the venules. Involucre vaulted ; the extremities free.

5. ASPLENIUM THELYPTERIOIDES, Afichz. Silvery Spleenwort.

Frond pinnate ; the pinne linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse,
denticulate-serrate ; sori linear-oblong, nearly straight, in approximated parallel lines. —
Micha. fl. 2. p. 265; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 667; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 393; Torr. compend. p.
383; Beck, bot. p. 453; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 581. Diplazium thelypterioides, Pres.

A smooth fern, 14-2 feet high. Stipe light brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate, glaucous
green ; the pinne numerous, alternate and sessile, pinnatifid nearly to the partial rachis :
segments 4 — 6 lines long ; the veins forked or simple. Sori usually arising only from the
upper side of the veins near the base, but sometimes also the lower side, when the sori are
double and applied back to back, as are likewise the involucres. There are from 10 to 14
sori on each segment, arranged obliquely on both sides of the midrib, forming a double row,
finally almost confluent. ‘The involucre is vaulted, and of a firm texture, and of a whitish
or almost silvery color when young.

Moist rocky woods, commonly in shady places : frequent. Jr. July. In some specimens
a large proportion of the sori are double, in which state the plant was probably examined by
Presl, who referred it to Drptazium.

6. AspLentum Fiitx-ramina, ft. Br. Female-fern.

Frond bipinnate ; pinnules varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate ; segments oblong-
lanceolate, incisely and rather obtusely serrate, the serratures toothed ; sori oblong, at first
nearly straight, finally lunate and recurved. — R. Br. prodr. p. 150; Spreng. syst. 4. p...;
Hook. Brit. fl. (ed. 3.) p. 453; J. Smith, l.c. A. Athyrium, Schk. Fil. t.'78 (ex Hook.) ;
Spreng. 1.c. A. Michauxii, Spreng. l.c. Aspidium Filix-foemina, Swartz ; Eng. bot. t.
1459; Willd. sp. 5. p. 276; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 664; Beck, bot. p. 455. A. asplenioides,
Swartz ; Willd. l.c.; Pursh, l. c.; Torr. compend. p. 382; Beck, l.c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p-. 579. A. angustum, Willd. l. c.; Pursh, l.c. Nephrodium asplenioides & Filix-feemina,
Micha. fl. 2. p. 268. Athyrium Filix-foemina, Roth. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 262.

Whele plant smooth, 13 — 25 feet high. Stipe tawny. Outline of the frond varying from
oblong to lanceolate : pinne 2 — 5 inches long, acuminate : segments 4 — 6 lines long,
decurrent at the base on the secondary rachis, doubly dentate-serrate. Sori 10 — 16 on each
segment, with sometimes an additional sorus on the lowest tooth of the upper side, one
corresponding to each tooth, and seated on the upper side of the lowest veinlet or that which
leads to the sinus, near the midrib; at first linear-oblong, but becoming recurved by the
growth of the capsules, so that the back of the involucre is sometimes doubled upon itself.
Involucre membranaceous, somewhat vaulted ; the upper extremity free.

494 FILICES. ASPLENIUM.

Moist shady woods : common. JF'r. July. This species has been referred to AsprpiuM
by nearly all North American botanists, but it is certainly a congener of the preceding ferns,
and we think an undoubted AspLenrum. Like the European plant, it varies considerably in

the breadth of the frond and in some other unimportant characters, but is always easily
recognized.

1). ANTIGRAMMA. Presl; J. Smith, l. c. no. ‘72. ANTIGRAMMA,
[From the Greek, anti, like, and gramma, writing; in allusion to the appearance of the sori.]

ASPLENII, spp. auct.; Camprosorus, Presi.

Sori linear, unilateral, mostly approximated in pairs and facing each other, scattered. In-
volucre linear ; one margin free. — Fronds simple, lanceolate, cordate, entire or sinuate,
smooth : veins forked, reticulated ; the marginal veinlets free.

Differs from AsPLENIvM in its reticulated veins, and in habit,

1. AnTicgRAMMA RuIzoPHYLLA, J. Smith. (Plate CLIX.) Walking-fern.

Frond lanceolate, somewhat crenate (rarely sinuate), auriculate-cordate at the base; the
point very long and attenuated, often rooting at the extremity. — J. Smith, 1. c. Asplenium
rhizophyllum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1078; Micha. fl. 2. p. 264; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 666; Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 392; Torr. compend. p. 382 ; Beck, bot. p. 452; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 580.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Presi, 1. c.

A prostrate creeping fern, growing in dense patches, often entangled. Frond smooth, 4-8
inches long and from half an inch to an inch wide at the base, tapering to a very long almost
filiform point, which often takes rvot at the end, forming a tuft of new fronds ; the margin
usually entire or obscurely crenate, but sometimes deeply and irregularly sinuate. Sometimes
the frond is bifid, with two long points, and occasionally one of the divisions is again forked.
The base also is often hastate, or conspicuously auricled. Veins reticulated, forming large
oblong areole. Sori scattered ; some of them produced from the upper, others from the under
side of the primary veinlets, often approximating in pairs, which are sometimes confluent
(as in ScoLopeNDRIUM).

Moist rocks, generally on limestone: not common. Fr. July. Endlicher refers this species
to ScoLopeNnpRIvM, of which it forms his section CAMPTOSORUS.

ASPIDIUM. FILICES. 495

**** AspiprEx, J. Sm. Sort roundish. Involucres orbicular, reniform or cucullate, either peltate
or attached to the inner side of the receptacle, rarely calyciform and including the capsules.

12. ASPIDIUM Swartz, synop. Fil. p. 3. SHIELD-F'ERN.

[From the Greek, aspis, a shield; in allusion to the form of the involucre. ]
Lastrea, Borg.; Potysticuum, Roth. ; Hyporeitis, Michz,

Sori round, seated on the middle or extremity of the veinlets. Involucres orbicular and cen-
tral, or reniform and lateral. — Fronds mostly pinnate, or bi-tripinnate : segments often
serrate : veins forked or pinnate ; the veinlets free, direct (sometimes anastomosing, but not
in any of the following species).

1. ASPIDIUM MARGINALE, Swartz. Marginal Shield-fern.

Frond bipinnate ; pinnata lanceolate ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decurrent,
the lower ones nearly distinct ; sori nearly marginal, distinct ; stipe chaffy. — Swartz, l. c. ;
Wild. sp. 5. p. 259; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 662; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 391; Torr. compend. p. 382;
Beck, bot. p. 450; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 578. Polypodium marginale, Linn. sp.2. p. 1091.
Nephrodium marginale, Micha. fl. 2. p. 267. Lastrea marginale, J. Smith, 1. c.

Stipe chaffy, with large brown scales, stout, 5-8 inches long. Trond ovate-oblong, 12 —
18 inches long, and 5-7 inches wide, smooth, bluish-green, of a firm texture : segments
8—10 lines long, often a little falcate ; the lower ones abruptly contracted at the base, and
then decurrent : midrib flexuous, the veins ramified. Sori the size of a common pin’s head,
10-14 on each segment, terminating the veinlets near the sinuses of the teeth. Involucre
peltate-reniform, finally stipitate and somewhat funnel-form by the growth of the capsules
around it.

Rocky moist woods and hill-sides : common. Fr. July.

2. Aspipium Goxpianum, Look. Goldie’s Shield-fern.

Frond pinnate, broadly ovate ; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, lanceolate ; segments oblong, rather
acute, somewhat falcate, with remote appressed serratures ; sori near the midrib; stipe and
rachis somewhat chaffy. — Hook. in Edinb. new phil. jour. 6. p. 333, g- fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p- 260; Hook. § Grev. ic. Fil. t. 102; Torr. compend. p. 381; Beck, bot. p. 450. A.
Filix-mas, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 662, not of Willd. Lastrea Goldiana, J. Smith.

Whole plant, except the stipe, smooth, 2 feet or more in height. Frond 6 - 12 inches wide,
bright yellowish green : pinnz alternate, acute : segments about three-fourths of an inch in
length, closely approximated ; the veins forked, the first fork from the upper side of each
primary vein, bearing a sorus. Sori 12-16 on the lower segments. Involucre reniform-
peltate.

Shady moist woods, in rich soil. Northern and western counties ; also on Long Island.

Fr. July.

496 FILICES. ASPIDIUM.

3. ASPIDIUM CRISTATUM, Swartz. Crested Shield-fern.

Frond pinnate, lanceolate, somewhat rigid ; pinne oblong or triangular-ovate, deeply pin-
natifid, somewhat cordate ; segments oblong, obtuse, doubly serrate ; sori near the midrib,
large ; involucre orbicular-reniform ; stipe nearly naked. — Swartz. syn. Fil. ; Willd. sp.
5. p. 252; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 661; Engl. bot. t. 2125; Beck, bot. p. 449. A. cristatum, f.
Lancastriense, Torr. compend. p.577. A. Lancastriense, Spreng. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.391;
Beck, l.c.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 577; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 261. Lastrea cristata,
Presl.

Stipe rather stout, varying from tawny to brown. Frond 14 — 2 feet long and 3 — 5 inches
wide, somewhat uniform in its breadth, except towards the summit, bright green : pinne
opposite or alternate ; the lowest ones broad at the base : segments 6 — 8 lines long, sharply
(and the lower ones doubly) serrate. Sori rather large, 10 — 14 on each segment, situated as
in the preceding species, finally somewhat confluent. Involucre smooth, becoming funnel-
form and stipitate by the growth of the capsules around it.

Moist woods and borders of swamps : rare. Jr. July. I entirely agree with Hooker in
regarding this fern as identical with the European A. cristatum.

4. AspIpIUM DILATATUM, Swartz. Dilated Shield-fern.

Frond bipinnate ; the pinnules deeply and incisely pinnatifid ; segments or lacinia mucro-
nate-serrate ; sori minute, distinct, situated about the middle of the pinnules, in a double
row ; involucre orbicular-reniform ; stipe chaffy. — Swartz, l. c.; Willd. sp. 5. p. 263;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 663; Torr. compend. p. 3382; Beck, bot. p.450; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.
578. <A. intermedium, Muhl. in Willd. sp. l. c.; Pursh, l.c. A. spinulosum, Willd. J. c. ?
Pursh, l.c. Nephrodium cristatum, Micha. fl. 2. p. 269. Lastrea dilatata, J. Sm.

Stipe 6 - 10 inches long, rather slender, pale brown, more or less chaffy with thin brown
scales. Frond 1-14 foot long, ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, light green : pinne numerous,
mostly opposite : pinnules cut into small ovate or oblong segments or laciniz, which again
are incisely serrate ; the serratures acuminate and mucronate at the tip. Sori scarcely the
size of the smallest pin’s head, situated about the middle of the base of the lacinie. Involucre
light brown, umbilicate in the centre, smooth or slightly glandular-pubescent.

Shady woods and thickets : frequent. fr. July. Hooker refers this species to A. spinu-
losum of Willdenow, to which he also adds A. dumetorum, Sm., and Nephrodium expansum,
Presl.

5. Asprpium THetyprertis, Swartz. Meadow Shield-fern. Lady-fern,

Frond pinnate ; pinne linear-lanceolate, sessile, gradually diminishing in length from below
upward, deeply pinnatifid ; segments ovate-oblong, rather acute, the margin slightly crenulate,

ASPIDIUM. FILICES. 497

revolute when in fruit ; sori small, nearly medial, contiguous and finally confluent. — Swartz,
l.c.; Engl. bot. t. 1018; Willd. sp. 5. p. 249; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 661; Bigel. fl. Bost. p.
390; Torr. compend. p. 381; Beck, bot. p. 449; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 577. Polypodium
Thelypteris, Linn. mant. p. 505. Lastrea Thelypteris, J. Sm.

Stipe about a foot long, smooth and naked. Frond 10 - 12 inches long and 4 — 5 inches
wide, oblong-lanceolate in outline; the pinne mostly opposite, very numerous, pinnatifidly
cut into numerous small segments nearly down to the midrib, the lower ones longest : segments
3 —- 4 lines long, varying from rather acute to obtuse ; the margin obscurely crenulate or
entire, finally revolute, smooth above, a little hairy underneath : veins mostly simple, some-
times forked. Sori situated rather below the middle of the veins, between the margin and
the midrib. Involucres orbicular-reniform.

Swamps and wet thickets : frequent. Fr. July. A common European species.

6. Asprptum Noveporacense, Willd. New-York Shield-fern.

Frond pinnate ; the pinnz linear-lanceolate, sessile, the lowest ones gradually smaller and
usually deflexed, deeply pinnatifid; the segments oblong, obtuse, entire, flat, ciliate ; sori
minute, nearly marginal, distinct. — Willd. sp. 5. p. 248; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 661; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 390; Torr. compend. p. 381; Beck, bot. p. 449; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 577. A.
thelypterioides, Swartz, Fil. p. 57. Polypodium Noveboracense, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1091.
Nephrodium thelypterioides, Mechx. fl. 2. p. 267. Lastrea Noveboracense, J. Sm.

About as large as the preceding species ; the stipe and rachis smooth or a little pubescent.
Frond of a thin and delicate texture, pale green and dull : several of the lowest pinne
gradually diminishing in size downward : veins of the segments always simple, bearing the
sori a short distance from the margin. Involucre orbicular-reniform.

Moist woods and thickets : common : often sterile. Fr. July. This species is certainly
very closely allied to A. Thelypteris, and is considered identical with it by Hooker. If the
characters given above prove to be constant, they must be distinct; but I suspect that inter-
mediate forms sometimes occur.

7. ASPIDIUM ACROSTICHOIDES, Swartz. Terminal Shield-fern.

Frond pinnate ; segments linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute, somewhat falcate, mucro-
nate-serrulate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, the upper ones smaller and fertile ;
sori finally confluent; stipe and rachis chaffy. — Swartz, l.c.; Willd. sp. 5. p. 225; Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 661; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 389; Torr. compend. p.381; Beck, bot. p. 448; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 576. Nephrodium acrostichoides, Micha. fl. 2. p. 267. Polystichum acrosti-
choides, J. Sm. :

var. incisum : segments unequally and incisely toothed ; sori mostly distinct. — Gray, in
ann. lyc. N.-York, 3. p. 238. A. Schweinitzii, Beck, l. c.

[Fora — Vol. 2.] 63

498 FILICES. AsPIDIUM.

An erect straight fern about a foot and a half high, growing in clusters. Stipe and rachis
very chaffy, with lanceolate scales. Frond lanceolate in the outline : sterile pinnules or
segments alternate, 1 — 2 inches long, each on a very short stalk, with a conspicuous triangular
auricle at the base on the upper side ; the serratures ending in a short bristle : fertile segments
much smaller than the sterile, constituting the upper part of the frond. Sori rather large,
arising from the extremity of all the veinlets but the terminal ones, at first somewhat distinct,
finally confluent, and forming a thick covering to the lower part of the segment. Involucre
orbicular-reniform.

Shady rocky hill-sides : common ; the variety inciswm, in shady ravines near Hamilton
College (Dr. Gray). Fr. June - August.

8. AsPIDIUM ACULEATUM, Swartz. Prickly Shield-fern.

Frond bipinnate ; pinnules ovate, somewhat falcate, slightly petioled, acute, mucronately
serrate, truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, obtusely cuneate on the lower,
upper ones fructiferous ; stipe and rachis chaffy. — Swartz, 1. c.; Willd. sp. 5. p. 258;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 662; Hook. Brit. fl. (ed. 4.)1. p. 384, g- fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 261 ; Tuckerm.
in Sill. jour. 45. p. 46.

Stipe 2 - 6 inches long, thickly clothed, as is also the rachis, with long chaffy lanceolate-
subulate scales. Frond 14 — 2 feet long and 4 - 6 inches wide, of a somewhat rigid texture,
broadly lanceolate in the outline ; the pinne lanceolate ; the lower ones gradually diminishing
in size : pinnules or segments 6 — 8 lines long, sparingly chaffy-pilose underneath ; the teeth
ending ina short bristle. Sorirather large, 6 — 8 on each pinnule, near the middle. Involucre
reniform-peltate.

Mountains of Essex county (Dr. W. F'. Macrae). I was not so fortunate as to find this
interesting fern when I explored the Essex mountains ; neither was it detected by Dr.
Knieskern, in his subsequent visit to that region. My specimens are from the Green Mountains
of Vermont (where the plant was first found in N. America, by Pursh), and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire ; the former kindly communicated by Dr. W. F’. Macrae, the
latter by Mr. Tuckerman: both presenting an exact resemblance to the European A. aculeatum.

13. ONOCLEA. Linn.; J. Smith, l. c. no. 82. SENSITIVE FERN.

An ancient name of a Borragineous plant, applicd, without evident reason, to this genus, ]
g plant, applied, ’ g

RaGroprerts, Presi,

Fertile frond bipinnate; the pinnules contracted; the segments incurved and berry-like,
constituting a general involucre. Sori round, 4 — 6, confluent. Proper involucre lateral,
cucullate, thin and membranaceous. Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid ; the segments
sinuous or pinnatifid, with reticulated veins. Fertile fronds small; the pinnules much
contracted, forming an unilateral raceme of globose segments, which are filled with the

capsules of the confluent sori.

ONOCLEA. FILICES. 499

1. OnociEa sEnsrBiiis, Linn. (Plate CLX. var. obtusilobata.) Sensitive Fern.

Linn. sp. 2. p. 1062; Willd. sp. 5. p. 287; Miche. fl. 2. p. 272; “ Schk. Fil, t.102 ;”
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 665; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 391; Torr. compend. p. 384; Beck, bot. p. 448;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 576.

var. obtusilobata : fertile fern deeply bipinnatifid ; segments obovate, very obtuse; the
margin slightly recurved. O. obtusilobata, Schk. Fil. t. 103%; Pursh, l. c.

Stipe 8 - 12 inches long, somewhat angular, smooth except towards the base, where it is
a little chaffy. Sterile frond deeply pinnate, 8 - 12 inches long, triangular in the outline,
thin and delicate : segments an inch or more in breadth, obscurely serrulate on the margin ;
the lower ones toothed or often pinnatifid, and distinct at the base : veins beautifully anasto-
mosing, forming oblong areola. Fertile frond 3 — 6 inches long, bipinnate ; the pinne 1 - 2
inches long, and consisting of numerous triangular-globose distinct segments, which are dark
brown when ripe. In the variety obtuszlobata, the frond is smaller, the segments of the
pinne obovate, and the border only partially recurved or cucullate, so that they retain their
foliaceous character, and the sori are scarcely concealed ; thus exhibiting an intermediate form
between the barren and fertile fronds.

Moist woods and thickets : common. Fr. July. The plant (which I once regarded as a
distinct species, but now consider an undoubted variety of O. senszbilis), is extremely rare,
and has hitherto been obtained in only three localities. It was first detected, many years
ago, by Dr. Jed. Smith, in Salem, Washington county ; and my drawing and engraving were
made from injured and imperfect specimens collected by him, before I knew the plant to be a
variety of the common species. Afterwards I saw it in the herbarium of Dr. Bigelow, who
collected it near Boston ; and lately it was found by Dr. Sartwell, in Yates county. Although
it is so different from the ordinary appearance of O. senszbilis, it is certainly a form of that
species ; for Dr. Sartwell found them growing together, and, in one instance at least, both
grew on the same root. Whether it is identical with the O. obtustlobata of Schkuhr, is
uncertain ; for Dr. Gray could not find the plant in that botantst’s herbarium, nor in any other
’ European collection that he examined. Racropreris of Presl seems to have been founded
on the fertile frond of Onoc.e&a, and the sterile frond of some other fern.

14. WOODSIA. R. Br. in Linn. trans. 11. p. 173; Hook. gen. Fil. t. 119, and sp. Fil.
p- 59. WOODSIA.

[Named in compliment to JosepH Woops, an English botanist. ]

Sori globose. Involucre more or less globose or cup-shaped, seated under the sorus and
sometimes completely enclosing it when young, finally bursting at the top; the margin
irregularly lobed, or fringed with capillary segments. Capsules globose, on short stalks. —

Small cespitose ferns, with pinnated fronds. Veins forked ; the veinlets simple.
63*

500 FILICES. Woopsta.

* Woopsia proper. Involucre minute, concave, covered by the capsules ; the margin fringed with long hairs.
1. Woopsta Itvensis, f. Br. Rusty Rock Polypody.

Frond broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; the pinne oblong, obtuse, broader at the base, deeply
pinnatifid, with oblong obscurely crenate segments ; the under surface, as well as the rachis
and stipe, clothed with rufous chaffy scales. — R. Br. 1. c.; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 660; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 889 ; Torr. compend. p. 381 ; Beck, bot. p. 451; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 579;
Hook. in Engl. bot. suppl. t. 2616, and sp. Fil. p. 63. W. rufidula, Beck, 1. c. Acrosti-
chum Ilvense, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1528. Polypodium Ilvense, Swartz. Nephrodium rufidulum,
Miche. fl. 2. p. 269. Aspidium rufidulum, Willd. sp. 5. p. 282; Pursh, I. c.

Fronds 2 - 4 inches long and about an inch wide, growing in tufts, somewhat coriaceous,
slightly hairy above ; the under surface somewhat thickly clothed with rusty scales. Stipe
1-3 inches long. Sori small, distinct when young, but at length somewhat confluent, and
partly concealed by the chaffy scales, situated near the margin of the segments. Involucre
very small; the margin cut into numerous capillary segments. Capsules slightly pedicellate.

Crevices of rocks, particularly along the banks of rivers. Fr. June. This fern is a native
also of the northern part of Europe.

«* Hypore.tis, Torr. Involucre hemispherical or globose when young, open at the top, with an irregular lobed margin,
2. Woopsia ostusa, Torr. Woodsia.

Frond broadly lanceolate, somewhat bipinnate, minutely and glandularly pilose ; divisions
rather distant, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid ; the segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-dentate ;
sori mostly solitary on each lobule of the segments, and near the sinus; stipe and rachis a
little chaffy.— Torr. cat. pl. in geol. report of New-York, 1840; Hook. sp. Fil. p. 62.
W. Perriniana, Hook. §-. Grev. ic. Fil. 1. t. 68; Beck, bot. p. 452; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.
580. Aspidium obtusum, Willd. sp. 5. p. 254; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 662. Hypopeltis obtusa,
Torr. compend. p. 380. Physematium Perrinianum, Kunze. P. obtusum, Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 259. Alsophila Perriniana, Spreng.

Fronds 6 — 12 inches high, sprinkled with a short glandular pubescence ; the divisions ovate-
oblong, about an inch in length : segments or pinnules 3 - 4 lines long. Stipe and rachis
somewhat chaffy. Sori small, distinct when young, finally approximated but not confluent.
Involucre at first almost enclosing the sori, roundish, at length spreading, larger than the sori.

Rocky woods, banks of rivers : frequent. Fr. July. The Alsophila Perriniana of Spreng.
is certainly our Woodsia obtusa. It was described by Sprengel from specimens which I
sent to him many years ago, placed by mistake ina collection of plants brought from the
West Indies by M. Perrin.

CysTopTrEris. FILICES. 501

15. CYSTOPTERIS. Bernh.; J. Smith, 1. c. no. 91. BLADDER-FERN.
[From the Greek, kyste, a little box, and pleris, a fern.]

Aspipium, Willd.

Sori roundish. Involucre inserted by its broad cucullate base, opening by a broad free
extremity which points towards the apex of the segment (Hook.). — Small ferns, with bi-

tripinnate fronds of a thin and delicate texture. Veins forked ; the venules free.

1. CystopTEris FRAGILIS, Bernh. Brittle Bladder-fern.

Frond bipinnate ; pinne ovate-lanceolate ; pinnules ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; seg-
ments toothed ; rachis winged. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 260. Polypodium fragile, Linn.
sp. 2. p. 1091. Aspidium fragile, Swartz; Willd. sp. 5. p. 280; Beck, bot. p. 450. A.
tenue, Willd. l. c.; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 665 ; Torr. compend. p. 382. Nephrodium tenue, Michx.
ji. 2. p. 269. Cyathea fragilis, Smith, Engl. bot. t. 1587.

A very slender fern, 8-12 inches high, smooth, erect. Outline of the frond oblong-
lanceolate ; the rachis narrowly winged : segments 3-5 lines long, about 5-toothed on each
margin : teeth rather obtuse, often obscure. Sori mostly solitary at the base of each tooth.
Involucre inserted by its broad base at the inside of the sorus, and forming a sort of cup or
hood.

Crevices of moist rocks : not common. Fr. June - July. The North American plant
scarcely differs from the European C. fragilis.

2. CysTopTERIS BULBIFERA, Dernh. Bulb-bearing Bladder-fern.

Frond bipinnate, lanceolate, the upper part attenuated ; segments oblong, obtuse, serrate,
the lower ones pinnatifid ; rachis bulbiferous. — Hook fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 260. Polypodium
bulbiferum, Linn. sp. 2. p. 1091. Aspidium bulbiferum, Swartz ; Schk. Fil. t. 57, ex
Willd. sp. 5. p. 275; Torr. compend. p. 382; Beck, bot. p. 451. Nephrodium bulbiferum,
Miche, fl. 2. p. 268.

Frond 14-2 feet long, slender and graceful, smooth, usually much elongated, and often
incurved or flexuous above ; the rachis, and sometimes the rachille, bearing greenish fleshy
ovate compressed bulbs, which are the size of a peppercorn or larger. Pinne numerous,
opposite or alternate : segments 3-5 lines long, rather acutely serrated. Sori very small,
solitary, situated near the base of the teeth. Indusium exactly as in the preceding species.

Shady rocky places: frequent. Fr. July. There can be no doubt of this species being
a congener of C. fragilis. The bulbs are sometimes wanting. It is easily known by its
very long narrow and tapering frond.

502 FILICES. Dicxksonta.

***** Dicksonig, J. Sm. Sori marginal, globose or oblong, furnished with a special involucre which
is attached to the inner side, and rs combined more or less with the altered margin of the frond,
thus becoming urceolate or 2-lipped.

16. DICKSONIA. L’Herit.; Hook. gen. Fil. t. 61. DICKSONIA.

[In honor of James Dicxson, an English cryptogamic botanist. ]

SitoLosium, Desv.; PatTanta, Presi.

Sori small and roundish, situated at the margin of the frond, and arising from the apex of a
vein. Involucre coriaceous or membranaceous, formed in part of the lobule of the frond
and of the proper involucre more or less united, 2-valved or entire, sometimes cup-shaped.
Receptacle elevated, globose. Frond usually much divided ; the veins pinnated, simple

or forked : veinlets free.

1. Dicxson1a piLosrtuscuLa, Willd. Hairy Dicksonia.

Frond bipinnate ; pinne lanceolate, rather obtuse, deeply pinnatifid; segments incised-
toothed; sori minute, one in the sinus of each segment ; involucre cup-shaped ; rachis and
stipe glandularly pubescent. — Willd. sp. 5. p. 484; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 671; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p- 395; Beck, bot. p. 456; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 584; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 264. D.
punctilobula, Hook. sp. Fil. p.79. D. pubescens, ‘“Schk. Ful. t.13.” Nephrodium puncti-
lobulum, Micha. fl. 2. p. 268. Aspidium punctilobum, Willd. l.c.; Pursh,l.c. A. punc-
tilobulum, Torr. compend. p. 382. Sitolobium pilosiusculum, Desv.; J. Smith, l. c.

Frond 15 — 20 inches high, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat hairy, of a pale green
color, but yellowish when dry ; the lower pinne 3 - 4 inches long and an inch in width: seg-
ments 6—8 lines long. Stipe and rachis sparingly clothed with short somewhat glandular
hairs. Sori minute, one (rarely two) on the upper margin of each lobe of the segments, at
the lowest tooth.

Moist shady places: common. Fr. July. This is the only species of Dicksonia inha-
biting temperate climates. The outer half of the cup-shaped involucre is formed of the
inflexed margin of the frond. It is of a firmer texture than the inner portion, which, indeed,
is the true involucre, and with which the marginal portion is confluent.

Suzorper Il. OSMUNDEZE. Martius. Tue FLoweERInG-FERN TRIBE.

Capsules destitute of a ring, reticulated, pellucid, striated with rays at the apex,
bursting lengthwise on one side. — Rhizoma creeping or short. Fronds mostly
pinnated.

OsMuUNDA. FILICES. 503

17. OSMUNDA. Linn.; Endl. gen. no. 665. FLOWERING-FERN.
[Etymology obscure. }

Capsules minute, subglobose, clustered on the contracted fronds or in terminal paniculate
racemes, pedicellate, radiate-striate, half 2-valved. Involucre none.— Tall handsome ferns ;
the sterile and fertile fronds sometimes distinct, pinnate or bipinnate. Veins forked, straight,

not connected. Spores green.

1. Osmunpa Crayrontana, Linn. Interrupted Flowering-fern.

‘ Frond pinnate ; pinne pinnatifid ; the segments oblong, entire ; some of the intermediate
pinne fertile. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1066; Willd. sp. 5. p. 96; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 568; Muhl.
cat. p. 102. O. interrupta, Micha. fl. 2. p. 273; Pursh, l. c.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 368 ;
Torr. compend. p. 386; Beck, bot. p. 457; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 585.

Stipe nearly smooth, a little woolly at the base, 6 - 8 inches long. Frond 14 — 2 feet long,
linear-oblong in the outline : pinne mostly opposite, sometimes alternate, nearly sessile,
deeply pinnatifid, smooth above, a litle ferruginous-pubescent underneath : veins very con-
spicuous, forking once near the base, and then running undivided obliquely quite to the margin.
Several of the intermediate pinne on each side (usually near the middle) are metamorphosed
into compound pinnate dense clusters of capsules of a dark brown color.

Low moist grounds and thickets : common. f'r. June - July.

2. OsmunpA CINNAMoMEA, Linn. Woolly Flowering-fern.

Sterile frond pinnate, the pinne elongated and pinnatifid ; segments entire ; fertile frond
bipinnate, the pinne contracted, and with the stipe woolly. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1066 ; Miche.
fi. 2. p. 273; Willd. sp. 5.p. 98; Pursh, fl. 2. p.657; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 387; Torr.
compend. p. 385; Beck, bot. p. 457; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 586.

var. frondosa : frond leafy below, fructiferous at the summit; stipe less woolly. — Torr.
§- Gr. in cat. pl. N.-York, in geol. rep. 1841, p. 196. O.Claytoniana, Conrad, in jour.
acad. Phil. 6. p. 39; Beck, bot. 1. c., not of Linn.

A tall fern, growing in large bunches, sometimes attaining a height of five feet ; the sterile
and fertile fronds intermixed. Stipe and rachis clothed with a loose copious reddish wool.
Pinnz 3 — 6 inches long, opposite or alternate, smoothish on both sides ; the margin a little
woolly : segments oblong, mostly obtuse. Fertile fronds with the pinne much smaller, erect,
usually all of them changed into dense clusters of innumerable capsules of a bright ferruginous
or cinnamon color when mature. In the var. frondosa, the frond is leafy below and fructiferous
at the top.

Low grounds and wet thickets : common. The variety occurs near New-York, and has
also been found near Cambridge, in Washington county, by Dr. M. Stevenson, as well as at
Stillwater, by Dr. Fitch. Fr. June.

504 FILICES. OsmuNDA.

3. OsmMUNDA SPECTABILIS, Linn. Flowering-fern.

Frond bipinnate, fertile at the summit; pinnules lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, nearly
equal at the base, slightly petiolate, serrulate ; raceme large, decompound, smooth. — Willd.
sp. 5. p. 98; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 568; Beck, bot. p. 457; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 585; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 265. O. regalis, 8., Linn. sp. 2. p. 1065. O. regalis, Micha. fl. 2. p.
273; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 388; Torr. compend. p. 386.

Whole plant smooth, 3 — 4 feet high, branching, grayish green; the divisions mostly
opposite. Pinnules 1 - 2 inches long and 3 — 6 lines wide, alternate or opposite, distant,
obtusely serrulate ; the veins twice forked, once at the very base and then again unequally.
Raceme or rather panicle 4 — 8 inches long, ferruginous when old; the ultimate segments:
(pinnules) linear, distant, bearing the clusters of capsules on little tooth-like processes.

Wet meadows and thickets : frequent. Fr. July. Differs from the European O. regalis
(which it greatly resembles), in the nearly equal bases of the pinnules, and also in wanting
the auricle on their lower side.

18. LYGODIUM. Swartz, syn. Fil. p. 154. CLIMBING-FERN,

[From the Greek, lygos, a band; in allusion to its twining habit.]}

Hyprociossum, Willd.
Capsules in 2-ranked little spikes, which are produced on the margin of the more or less
metamorphosed frond, sessile, ovate, radiately striate or wrinkled, opening on the inner
side. Involucre scale-like, covering each capsule. — Climbing ferns ; the fronds mostly in

pairs, palmate, lobed or pinnate. Veins radiating from the base, forked, free.

1. Lycopium patmatum, Swartz. (Plate CLXI.) Climbing-fern.

Stems flexuous and twining; fronds conjugate, cordate, palmately 5 — 7-lobed, with the
lobes entire and mostly obtuse ; terminal ones contracted and fructiferous, forming a compound
panicle. — Swartz, l. c.; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 387; Bart. fl. N. Am. 3. t. 88. f.1; Torr.
compend. p. 386; Beck, bot. p. 457. Cteisium paniculatum, Micha. fl. 2. p. 275. Hydro-
glossum palmatum, Willd. sp. 5. p. 84; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 656.

A very delicate fern; the stem almost filiform, 1 - 2 feet or more in length, twining and
tortuous, very smooth. Fronds or pinne petiolate, their petiolioles united near the base,
roundish in the circumscription, 1-2 inches in diameter, deeply lobed, light green above,
paler underneath ; the primary veins diverging from the base, and then repeatedly forked.
Several of the uppermost pairs of fronds or leaflets are reduced in size, and deeply divided
into narrow segments, with the fruit in two imbricated rows on the back. These lobes,
forming little spikes, bear 7-9 ovate slightly stalked capsules, which arise from the veins.

Lycopium. FILICES. 505

Capsules ovate, gibbous on the outside, opening longitudinally on one side, and then 2-valved.*
Involucre membranaceous, attached to the vein on the lower edge ; the upper edge free.
Western part of the State? T inserted this plant in my catalogue, which was printed in
the Geological Report of New-York for 1840, under the impression that it had been found
within our limits. It appears, however, that the specimens to which I alluded, were collected
in the northern part of Pennsylvania, near the New-York line. It grows near the Raritan
river, below New-Brunswick, in New-Jersey, and will doubtless be found in our own State.

Suporper III. OPHIOGLOSSE. R. Br. Tue Anpper’s-roncue TRIBE.

Capsules roundish, one-celled, adnate at the base, coriaceous and opaque, without
a ring, sometimes connate, half 2-valved. — Rhizoma creeping or short, not
scaly : roots often fleshy and fasciculate. Fronds entire or divided, with the
veins reticulated or free. Fructification in simple or compound spikes. Ver-
nation straight.

19. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn. ; Endl. gen. no. 671. ADDER’S-TONGUE.
[From the Greek, ophis, a serpent, and glossa, a tongue; from the appearance of the spike. ]
Capsules roundish, smooth, naked, opening transversely, disposed in a 2-ranked, simple,

linear spike. Involucre none. — Frond entire, with reticulated veins. Spike pedunculate.

1. OpnHiocLossum vuLGatum, Linn. Common Adder’ s-tongue.

Frond oblong or ovate, obtuse ; spike cauline ; root fibrous. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1062 ; Engl.
bot. t. 108; Miche. fl. 2. p. 275; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 655; Bart. fl. N. Am. 2. t. 55. f. 2;
Torr. compend. p. 386; Beck, bot. p.458; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 586.

Root consisting of a tuft of thick fleshy fibres. Stipe smooth and succulent, 6 — 10 inches
long, bearing about the middle the single sessile frond. ‘This is from 1 — 3 inches long,
varying from broadly ovate to ovate-oblong. Spike about an inch long, compressed, appearing
articulated, bearing along each margin a row of small capsules, which are cohering, and finally
open transversely by two valves.

Low moist woods and meadows: rare. Fr. June. Our plant is altogether like the Euro-
pean. A dwarf state of this species has been found on a dry hill at Exeter, Otsego county,
in which the whole plant is not more than one or two inches high ; but my specimens, which
were received from Dr. Gray, are not mature. The spike and its peduncle are shorter than
the ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate frond. ‘This is the plant alluded to by Dr. Beck (dot.
p- 458), as, perhaps, a new species of OpH1oGLossuM.

* In our figure, an irregular transverse dehiscence is represented, instead of the regular one, which is longitudinal.

| Frora — Vol. 2.] 64

506 FILICES. BotrycuHium.

20. BOTRYCHIUM. Swortz, Fil. Pe Lil; Endl. gen. no. 674. MOON-WORT:

[From the Greek, dotrys, a bunch of grapes ; the fructification having somewhat that form. ]

Borrypus, Micha.

Capsules somewhat globose, sessile, smooth, distinct, clustered on a compound pinnated
rachis. Involucre none.

1, Botrycuium Virainicum, Swartz. Rattlesnake Fern.

Somewhat hairy ; stipe or scape bearing the frond about the middle ; frond 3-parted, thin,
the divisions bipinnatifid ; segments oblong, incisely toothed ; spike bipinnate. — Swartz, l.c.;
“ Schk. Fil. t. 156”; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 656; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 387; Torr. compend. p.387;,
Beck, bot. p. 459; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 587. B. gracile, Pursh, l. c.
Linn. sp. 2. p. 1064. Botrypus Virginicus, Micha. fl. 2. p. 274.

Plant more or less hairy, sometimes nearly smooth, 10 — 15 (or sometimes even 18) inches
high. Frond from above the middle of the stipe ; the divisions broadly deltoid in the outline,
deeply bipinnatifid ; the lateral ones rather smaller : segments acutely 2 — 6-toothed. Spike

oblong, loose, of a tawny brown color ; the pinnules bearing the sessile capsules on the teeth
of the margin.

Fertile woods : frequent. Fr. May — July.

Osmunda Virginica,

Pursh’s B. gracile is certainly nothing more
than a smooth form of this species. Sometimes (in very large specimens) the stipe or peduncle
is forked, with a spike on each division.

2. BorrycHIUM LUNARIOIDES, Swartz. Tall Smooth Moonwort.

Scape bearing the petioled frond near the base ; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid ;
segments ovate, crenulate or lunate ; spike bipinnate. — Swartz, Ful. p.172. B. fumarioides,
Willd. sp. 5. p. 63; Pursh, fl. 2. p.655; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 386; Torr. compend. p.
387; Beck, bot. p. 459; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 587. B. obliquum, Willd. 1. c¢.
rioides, var. obliquum, Torr. 1. c. Botrypus lunarioides, Micha. fl. 2. p. 274.

var. dissectum : divisions of the frond deeply tripinnately dissected ; the segments narrow,
2 — 3-toothed or bifid. — Oakes, cat. pl. Vermont. B. dissectum, Muhl. in Willd. sp. I. c.;
Pursh,-l. cx; Beek; c.; Darlynet.i, c.

Root a fascicle of thick fleshy fibres. Scape smooth or slightly hairy, 6 - 15 inches long,
bearing near its base the stalk of the frond, which is from 1 — 6 inches long. Frond broadly
triangular in the outline, smooth or with a few scattered hairs, rather thick and fleshy; the
divisions petioled : pinne cordate and oblique at the base, cut into rather obtuse crenulate
lobes or segments. In the var., the pinne are deeply and finely dissected into short linear

toothed segments. Spike bipinnate ; the capsules inserted on the margin of the pinnules,
which are very narrow and without teeth.

B. fuma-

Borrycuium. FILICES. 507

Moist fertile woods and low grounds. Fr. July-September. The B. dissectum of authors
is surely but a variety of B. fumarioides. ‘The two plants grow together, and intermediate
forms occur.

3. Botrrycuium simpLex, Hitchcock. Dwarf Moonwort.

Frond from the lower part of the scape, oblong, irregularly 3 - 4-lobed or pinnatifid, with
the segments roundish, obovate, cuneate, and entire or somewhat incised; spike pinnate. —
Mitchcock, in Sill. jour. 6. p. 103; Torr. compend. p. 386; Hook. §- Grev. ic. Fil. t. 82,
and fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 265; Beck, bot. p. 458.

A small fern, rarely more than 4 — 5 inches high, and sometimes scarcely more than a
single inch. Frond variable : in the smallest specimens, oblong or obovate, with 3 — 4 large
teeth or lobes ; in the larger specimens, regularly pinnatifid, with 5 —- 7 segments, which are
roundish-obovate and sometimes cut or toothed.

Dry fertile woods; Highlands of the Hudson (Dr. Barratt); Rensselaer county (Dr.
Wass). Fr. June. :

Orver CXXVIII LYCOPODIACEA. DC. Tue Cxius-moss TRIBE.

Fructification axillary or spiked, usually consisting of capsules or antheridia,
which are 1 — 3-celled, and filled with minute spores or granules; some-
times, also, of other capsules (oophoridia, Spring ), which contain larger
grains. — Stems herbaceous or sometimes woody, simple or branched, usually
creeping or prostrate. Leaves small, undivided, often in several rows and
imbricated.

1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn. ; Spring, in nouv. mém. de l Acad. roy. Brux. 1842.
CLUB-MOSS.
[From the Greek, lykos, a wolf, and pous, podos, a foot; from a supposed resemblance. ]
Capsules all of one kind (antheridia), one-celled, reniform, somewhat didymous (sometimes
transversely ovoid), opening transversely at the apex or rarely at the base. — Leaves in
8 — 16 (rarely 4) rows. Fructification axillary or in terminal bracteate spikes. Spores

pale yellow, highly inflammable.
64*

508 LYCOPODIACE. LycopopiuM.

* Sexaco, Dill. Capsules axillary, scattered.
1. Lycopopium Seago, Linn. Fir Clubmoss.

Leaves about 8-rowed, lanceolate, entire, awnless ; stems dichotomous, erect ; fruit axillary.
— Linn. sp. 2. p. 1102; Engl. bot. t. 233; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 386; Torr. compend. p.
389 ; Hook. §- Grev. in Hook. bot. misc. 2. p. 363; Beck, bot. p. 462 ; Hook, fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 266.

Stems erect, fastigiate, dichotomously branched, rigid. Leaves 3 — 5 lines long, spreading,
dark green and shining, rigid, similar in form on every part of the stem. Capsules partly
concealed in the axils of the leaves, reniform, yellowish, opening horizontally by 2 valves.
Sporules very minute.

Summit of Mount Marcy ; also on Whiteface Mountain (Dr. Emmons and Prof. J. Hall).
Fr. July. This rare species has also Leen found on the White Hills of New Hampshire.
In Europe it is quite common.

2. Lycopopium Luciputum, Michz. Shining Clubmoss.

Leaves in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, acute, spreading or reflexed ; stem
twice or thrice forked, the branches ascending ; fruit axillary. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 284; Pursh,
fl.2. p. 654; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 386 ; Torr. compend. p. 389 ; Hook. §- Grev. l. c. p. 365;
Beck, bot. p. 461; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 590. LL. reflexum, “ Schk. Fil. t. 159” ; Swartz,
syn. p. 175.

Stem prostrate ; the forked branches erect, 6 - 12 inches high. Leaves 4 — 5 lines long,
dark green and shining, rigid. Capsules semiorbicular-reniform, compressed from above
downward, sessile in the axils of the leaves, pale yellow.

Moist shady woods and in swamps : rather common. fr. July - August. This species
is peculiar to North America.

** LePIpoTIS, Beauv. Capsules collected in bracteate spikes or aments,

+ Leaves of one kind, surrounding the stem on all sides.

3. Lycoropium InNuNDaTum, Linn. Low Marsh Clubmoss.

Stem prostrate, creeping ; fertile branches solitary, erect, with a single oblong sessile and
leafy spike at the apex; leaves linear, scattered, acute, sparingly denticulate or entire ;
capsules transversely ovoid, opening near the base. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1102; Engl. bot. t.
239; Miche. fl. 2. p. 283; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 653; Torr. compend. p. 388; Hook. §- Grev.
enum. Fil. l. c. p. 372; Beck, bot. p. 461; Tuckerm. in Sill. jour. 45. p. 47. L. Caroli-
nianum, Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 384.

var. alopecuroides : fertile branches elongated ; leaves linear-subulate, ciliolate-denticulate
at the base. — Tuckerm.l.c. LL. alopecuroides, Linn. sp. 2. p.1002; Michx.l.c.; “ Schk.
Fil. t. 160” ; Pursh,l. c.; Torr. compend. l. c.; Hook. § Grev. l. c.; Beck, l.c.; Spring,
in Mart. § Endl. fl. Brasil. fasc.1. p. 114?

Lycopopium. LYCOPODIACE. 509

Whole plant pale yellowish green, Stem creeping close to the ground and adhering by
numerous radicles, throwing up straight and somewhat rigid branches from 2-10 inches or more
in height. Sterile branches short, flaccid. Leaves 3 - 5 lines long, varying from perfectly
entire to strongly denticulate, soft : those of the stem, sterile branches and spike, spreading;
those of the fertile branches more erect. Spikes from half an inch to more than an inch in
length, squarrose with the long subulate leaves, which are dilated at the base. Capsules
(antheridia) membranaceous, opening transversely at the base. Spores very minute, pale
yellow, spherical.

Swamps and wet sandy margins of ponds : northern and western part of the State; the
var. on Long Island. Fr. August. After a careful comparison of L. alopecuroides with
L. inundatum, I have adopted the opinion of Mr. Tuckerman, that the two plants are not
specifically distinct. In both the leaves vary from entire to denticulate, and large specimens
of the former are sometimes elongated,

4, Lycopopium annotinum, Linn. Interrupted Clubmoss.

Stem long and creeping; branches ascending and 2 — 3-forked, the divisions simple ;
leaves in about 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, spreading ; spike oblong-
cylindrical, sessile ; bracts broadly cordate, acuminate, somewhat squarrose. — Linn. sp. 2.
p- 1103; Michx. fl. 2. p. 283; Engl. bot, t. 1727; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 653; Torr. compend.
p. 388; Beck, bot. p. 460; Hook. §& Grev. l.c. p. 370; Tuckerm. l. c.

Stem prostrate and creeping, often several feet in length, throwing off ascending branches,
which are 4 — 8 inches high; the sterile and fertile branches similar. Leaves rigid, light
green : those of the stem shorter and distant ; those of the branches approximated, 3 — 5 lines
long, remotely serrulate, with a sharp cartilaginous tip. Spike about an inch long ; the bracts
closely imbricate, with slightly spreading tips, erosely denticulate, yellowish. Capsules
reniform, sessile, opening by a transverse chink at the apex. Sporules spherical, smooth.

Woods and hill-sides, northern and western counties : frequent. Fr. July. Our plant
agrees, in all respects, with the European L. annotinum.

5. Lycoropium oxpscurum, Linn. Ground-pine.

Stems erect, simple below, much branched above, the branches subdivided and more or
less spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, in 4 — 6 unequal rows, the lateral rows spreading ;
spikes 1 — 3, sessile. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1102; Bugel. fl. Bost. p. 385; Torr. cat. pl. in
geol. report of N.-York, 1841; Oakes, cat. pl. Vermont. LL. dendroideum, Miche. fl. 2. p.
282; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 653; Bigel.l.c.; Hook. exot. fl. t.'7; Hook. g& Grev. 1. c. p. 368;
Beck, bot. p. 460; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 589.

Stems arising from a horizontal subterranean caudex, 6 — 9 inches high; the lower part
clothed with appressed leaves, bushy above : branches 2 — 3 times forked, and crowded.

510 LYCOPODIACE. LycopopiumM.

Leaves 2 — 3 lines long, entire, slightly curved ; the lateral rows longest and spreading :
those of the under side much shorter. Spikes often solitary, but sometimes as many as 4 or
5, about two inches long, tapering at the summit; the scales cordate-ovate, acute, at first
appressed, finally loose. Capsules reniform, sessile. Sporules pale yellow, spherical.

Shady moist woods and thickets : not rare. Fr. July - August. The two forms of this
species, described by most botanists, grow together, and pass into each other by insensible
degrees, so that they cannot be regarded as even varieties.

6. Lycoropium cLavatum, Linn. Common Clubmoss.

Stem creeping, terete, with ascending branches ; leaves scattered, numerous, subulate-
linear, entire or rarely denticulate, pointed with a bristle ; spikes pedunculate, 2 — 3 together
(sometimes solitary, rarely 4); scales ovate, acuminate, short, erosely denticulate. — Linn.
sp. 2. p.1101; Engl. bot. t. 224; Micha. fl. 2. p. 282; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 652; Bigel. fi.
Bost. p. 384; Torr. compend. p. 387; Hook. § Grev. l.c. p. 375; Beck, bot. p. 460;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 588; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 267; Spring, l.c. p. 114. L.
tristachyum, Pursh, 1. c.? LL. integrifolium, Hook. apud Goldie, in Edinb. phil. jour.

Stem several feet long, terete, much branched, striking root at considerable intervals ; the
branches 2 — 5 inches long, often subdivided, very leafy. Leaves 3 —- 4 lines long, light
green, incurved or spreading ; those of the branches mostly entire, those of the prostrate
stem usually denticulate, all of them ending in a fine bristle. Peduncles 3 - 6 inches long,
slender, sparsely clothed with slender somewhat appressed leaves. Spikes 1 — 2 inches
long, mostly in pairs, erect ; the scales somewhat membranaceous, at first closely appressed,
finally open. Capsules reniform, opening from the apex to the base horizontally. Sporules
spherical, pale yellow.

Dry woods : frequent in the interior of the State, but rare near New-York. Fr. July. A
very widely diffused species, being found in many parts of the world. It is chiefly from this
species that the spores are collected in great quanties and sold under the name of “ Lyco-
podium powder,” or ‘‘ Pulvis Lycopodu.” This material is used by apothecaries, and is
likewise employed for making artificial lightning in theatres.

tt Branches flatly compressed.
7. LycopopIUM COMPLANATUM, Linn. Festoon G'round-pine.

Stem trailing ; branches erect or ascending, pedately subdivided, with the branchlets
flattened and spreading ; leaves in 4 rows, the marginal ones somewhat connate and a little
spreading at the tip, the middle rows distinct and appressed ; spikes 2 — 4 on a long common
peduncle. — Linn. sp. 2. p. 1104; Miche. fl. 2. p. 283; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 652; Bigel. fl.
Bost. p. 385; Hook. § Grev. l.c.; Torr. compend. p. 388; Beck, bot. p. 460; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 588 ; Spring, 1. c. p. 116.

LycopopiuM. LYCOPODIACE. Sik

Stem 2 — 6 feet or more in length, slender, terete, sparingly clothed with subulate rigid
leaves : branches 2 — 3 inches long; the summit divided into numerous spreading flat linear
branches. Leaves 1 — 2 lines long, entire ; the row along each margin broad at the base,
acute and a little spreading at the tip, so that they give the branchlets a serrated appearance ;
those of the middle row on each side are narrower and closely appressed. Common peduncles
2-4 inches long, forked at the summit, and the branches commonly again divided. Spikes
an inch or more in length, cylindrical ; the scales broadly ovate, acute, nearly entire.
Capsules reniform, sessile. Sporules pale yellow, spherical.

Dry woods and thickets : frequent. Fl. July. Widely diffused in Europe, Asia, and
America.

2. SELAGINELLA. Spring, in nouv. mem. de Pacad. roy. Brux. 1842. SELAGINELLA.

[The name is a diminutive of Selago.]
Fructification of two kinds, viz. antheridia, which are one-celled, opening at the apex; and
oophoridia, which contain 1 — 4 (rarely 6) globose-angular grains. — Habit various. Spikes

quadrangular ; the bracts in 4 rows.

1. SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS, Spring. Small Rock Clubmoss.

Cespitose, with ascending stems ; leaves all of one kind, crowded, imbricated, linear-
lanceolate, ciliate, bearing a bristle at the tip, the keel sulcate; spikes sessile, distinct,
acutely quadrangular. — Spring, in Mart. § Endl. fl. Bras. fasc. 1. p.118. Lycopodium
rupestre, Linn. sp. 2. p.1101; Micha. fl. 2. p. 284; Pursh, fl. 2. p.654; Bigel. fl. Bost.
p. 385; Torr. compend. p. 389; Hook. §- Grev. Ll. c. p. 373 ; Beck, bot. p. 461; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 589.

Plant of a grayish green color. Stems 1-3 inches long, branching and somewhat fastigiate.
Leaves terminating in a whitish hair; the under surface marked with a furrow. Spikes 3-6
lines long, sessile, terminating the branches. Scales resembling the leaves. Fructification
consisting mostly of oophoridia, which are subglobose, of an orange color, and contain from
one to four roundish smooth grains. Antheridia intermixed with the oophoridia ; the grains
minute, and of a bright reddish color.

Dry rocky places : not rare. Fr. July - August. This species grows also in South
America, Kamschatka, and India.

2. SELAGINELLA aPus, Spring. Moss-like Selaginella.

Cespitose ; stems flaccid, creeping, flat ; leaves in 4 rows, not auricled ; those of the lateral
rows roundish ovate, oblique and spreading ; the intermediate ones on the upper side of
the branches smaller, appressed ; spikes dense, leafy ; grains of the oophoridia reticulated,
scabrous. — Spring, l.c. Lycopodium apodum, Linn. ; Micha. fl. 2. p. 284; Pursh, fl.

512 LYCOPODIACE. SELAGINELLA.

2. p. 654; Torr. compend. p. 389; Hook. §- Grev. l. c. p. 174; Beck, bot. p. 461;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 589. Li. albidulum, Hook. g- Grev. 1. c. (in part); Pursh, l. c.

Annual? Stems numerous, moss-like, 1 — 4 inches long, with somewhat pinnated flattened
branches, throwing down rooting fibres from the forks on the underside. Leaves scarcely
more than a line long, pale green, minutely denticulate as seen under a lens, membranaceous,
rather obtuse or somewhat acute ; those of the lateral rows spreading horizontally, a little
clasping : intermediate ones ovate, acuminate. Spikes terminating the branches, sessile, 2 — 4
lines long : bracts resembling the leaves, except that the upper ones are smaller and more
acute. Oophoridia chiefly occupying the lower part of the spike, tumid, conspicuous : grains
3 — 4, roundish, yellowish white, opening by 2 nearly equal valves ; the surface marked with
minute reticulated wrinkles. Antheridia much smaller, oval, erect, filled with saffron-colored
sporidia or dust.

Moist shady woods : frequent, Fr. July - August. Resembles S. Helvetica of Europe ;
but in that species the spikes are elongated, and the fructiferous scales small and rather distant.

Orpver CXXIX. SALVINIACE. Bart. Tue Satvinia TRIBE.

Fructification of two kinds on the same plant, situated at the base of the leaves
or on leafless submerged branches. Involucres globose, closed, without valves
or opening transversely : one kind filled with numerous or solitary angular or
globose bodies (antheridia?), 1 — 2-celled; the other one-celled, including
pedicellate saccules or capsules, which contain spores or grains. — Stems
swimming and rooting. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire, imbricated, papillose
or with fascicled short bristles above.

1. SALVINIA. Micheli ; Bisch. in nov. act. nat. cur. 14. p. 45. t. 4, 5. SALVINIA.
{In honor of Satvint, an Italian professor.1

Antheridia? spherical, attached to a pencillate central receptacle. Capsules or saccules

several, subglobose, attached to the summit of a clavate pedicel.— Very smali aquatic

plants. Stem floating, filiform. Fructification glomerated on submerged leafless branches.

1. Satvinra natTans, Willd. Floating Salvinia.
Leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat cordate at the base, with fascicles of hairs above. —
Willd. sp. 5. p. 541; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 672; Beck, bot. p. 462.
Floating like Lemna, on the waters of small lakes in the western parts of New-York
(Pursh). Ihave seen no North American specimens of this plant.

AZOLLA. SALVINIACE. 513

2. AZOLLA. Lam. enc. 1. p. 343; R. Br. prodr. p. 166. AZOLLA.
[Said to be from the Greek, azo, to dry, and ollwmi, ollo, to destroy ; being easily killed by dryness. ]
Involucres ovoid, membranaceous, sessile on the underside of the branches; the sterile ones
opening transversely all around, containing an oval somewhat fleshy body arising from the
base, and bearing a short column which supports three anther-like lobes at the summit,
which cohere with a kind of calyptra : fertile? involucres much larger, opening irregularly,
filled with numerous pedicellate globular capsules, each containing about 5 roundish hairy
grains or spores. — Minute floating plants, pinnately or radiately branched. Stems filiform.

Leaves imbricated, alternate.

1. Azotta Carouiniana, Willd. Carolina Azolla.

Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, reddish underneath. — Willd. sp. 5. p- 541;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 672; Torr. compend. p. 390 ; Beck, bot. p. 463.

Whole plant only half an inch or an inch in length, resembling a Juncermannta, dark
green tinged with purple, branching repeatedly in a pinnated or radiating manner. Leaves
scarcely more than one-third of a line in length. Sterile involucres solitary or in pairs, at
the base of the fertile ones ; the upper part discolored, separating transversely, filled with a
body which is by some supposed to perform the office of a stamen; the anther-like lobes
bent down and applied to the short column. Fertile involucres 4 — 5 times larger than the
sterile, containing 25 — 30 spherical capsules, the pedicels of which radiate from the base of
the involucre. Spores or grains roundish, sparingly furnished with radiating hairs.

In slowly flowing waters, island of New-York ; floating on the waters of Lake Ontario
(Pursh); Braddock’s Bay (Dr. Bradley). Sir William Hooker refers A. microphylla of
Kaulfuss to this species, which he suspects is not distinct from the original A. Magellanica.
In the United States it is widely diffused, but very rare north of Georgia.

[Fiora — Vol. 2.] 65

514 ISOETACE. IsoETEs.

Orper CXXX. ISOETACEE. Baril. Tue Quittwort Trips.

Fructification adhering to the dilated bases of the leaves. Involucres membra-
naceous, not opening, one-celled : some of them containing large crustaceous
roundish grains; others a fine powder; both attached to numerous transverse
threads, which are arranged in rows, and divide the cavity of the involucre
into several vertical cells. —Submersed herbs, with a very short stem, which
throws down numerous fasciculate fibres. Leaves numerous, radical, subulate-
linear. Nearly related to LycopopiacEs..

1. ISOETES. Linn.; DC. organog. 2. p. 140. t. 56, 57. QUILLWORT.

[From the Greek, isos, equal or similar, and efos, the year; an evergreen. |

Character that of the Order..

1. Isozres tacustris, Linn. Common Quillwort.

Linn. sp. 2. p.1100; Willd. sp. 5. p.534; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 671; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 258;
Torr. compend. p. 390; Beck, bot. p. 462; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 590.

Roots long and fibrous. Stem very short and succulent. leaves or fronds 2 - 10 inches
long, dilated and imbricate at the base. Involucres oval, membranaceous ; the posterior side
adnate to the dilated base of the leaf, and the upper part somewhat covered with a leafy scale,
which is broad and 2-lobed below, and acute above. ‘The involucres of the exterior leaves
are filled with 50 - 80 spherical bodies, which are whitish when ripe. The integument is
crustaceous, muricate-reticulate externally, and polished within. At the base there are three
prominent radiating lines, which meet another line encircling the globule. The nucleus is
soft and oily. The involucres of the central leaves are divided into more numerous imperfect
cells, filled with exceedingly minute grains, which are whitish at first, but at length dark
colored ; these, when highly magnified, appear roundish oval and nearly smooth.

Bottom of ponds and slow-flowing streams ; Oswego river, near the falls (Pursh). The
large granules of this plant have been observed by several botanists to separate at the
prominent circular and radiating lines, into 4 pieces; but I have never seen them do so.

ADDITIONS.

VotumeE I[., page 150; after Potyeata cruciatTa, add :

2(a). Potycaua LuTea, Linn. Yellow Milkwort.

Spike ovoid-oblong, dense ; flowers distinctly pedicellate ; wings ovate, abruptly acuminate ;
exterior sepals and crest minute; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate ; radical ones obovate,
narrowed at the base. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 990; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 465; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 88; Ell. sk. 2. p. 185; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328; Torr. g& Gr. fl. N.-Am. 1. p.127. P.
lutea, var. elatior, Micha. fl. 2. p. 54.

Biennial. Stem 6 — 12 inches high, either simple or throwing off a few long spreading
branches. Radical leaves in a spreading cluster, obtuse. Heads of flowers from half an
inch to an inch and a half in length, obtuse, retaining their color when dry. Style elongated,
slightly dilated in the middle, near which is a small pedicellate gland. Seed hairy : lobes of
the caruncle collateral, nearly as long as the seed.

Sandy swamps; Raynor, Queens county, Long Island. Fl. June - October. A very
showy plant when in flower.

Vo. I., p. 179; after Desmopium viripirLorum, add :

7 (a). Desmopium Lavieatum, DC. Rigid Upright Desmodium.

Stem erect, stout, smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves on long petioles, rather thick and
coriaceous ; leaflets ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, pubescent on the veins underneath, the
lateral ones narrower and somewhat distant ; stipules subulate, caducous ; racemes paniculate,
roughly pubescent ; bracts ovate, small; legumes of 2 - 4 broadly semi-rhomboidal hispidly
pubescent joints, which are slightly convex on the back, with a stipe nearly the length of the
lowest joint. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 329; Torr. § Gr. fl. 1. p. 361. D. rhombifolium, DC.
l.c.; Torr. §& Gr. l.c. Hedysarum levigatum, Nutt. gen. 2. p.109. HH. rhombifolium,
Ell. sk. 2. p. 216.

Stem 2 - 4 feet high, nearly simple, straight. Petioles 1 -3 inches long. Leaflets about
2 inches long, of a firm texture. Panicle very large. Pedicels as long as the flowers.
Joints of the legume about 3 lines long.

Dry rocky hills ; near Kingsbridge, on the island of New-York. £7. August —- September.
A rare species, which was first peinted out to me in the above lucality, by my friend, Mr.
John Carey.

65*

516 ADDITIONS. Lytnroum.

Vou. I, p. 2293 after Lyrurum Hyssopiro.ia, add :

2. Lyturum Sauicaria, Linn. Common Purple Loosestrife.

Leaves lanceolate, cordate at the base ; flowers nearly sessile, whorled, in a long spike ;
petals 6 —- 7; stamens twice as many as the petals. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 640; Engl.
bot. t. 1061; DC. prodr. 3. p. 82; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.219; Torr. § Gr. fl. N.
Am. 1. p. 482. L. Salicaria, 8. pubescens, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 334.

Stems branching, 3 — 5 feet high, quadrangular, erect. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, opposite,
often a little pubescent on the veins, the upper ones reduced to bracts. Spikes terminal, 4-5
inches long; the flowers large and showy, mostly hexamerous. Calyx striate. Petals bright
purple, oblong-cuneiform, twice the length of the calyx. Stamens included ; the alternate
ones longer. Style exserted. Capsule oblong, surrounded by the tube of the calyx. Seeds
obovoid-oblong. .

Borders of Murderer’s Creek, Orange county, where it occurs in many places for several
miles, and is apparently native (Mr. M. B. Halsted). Fl. June —- July. Our plant is in
every respect like the European L. Salicarva.

Vou. IL, p. 255; after Saxtrraca Pennsytvanica, add :

3. SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES, Linn. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.

Stems cespitose, leafy; leaves linear, more or less ciliate, slightly mucronate, thick ;
flowers panicled or sometimes solitary; sepals ovate-oblong ; petals oblong, yellow, a little
exceeding the calyx; stigmas depressed; capsule thick, as long as the styles; seeds ovoid-
triquetrous, minutely rugose. — Linn. sp. pl. (ed. 2.) 1. p. 576; Engl. bot. t. 39; Seringe
in DC. prodr. 4. p. 47; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 255; Torr. g& Gr. fl. N. Am. 1. p. 565.

Stems numerous, 2 - 4 inches long, spreading. Leaves 4 - 6 lines long, crowded at the
base, scattered above. Flowers few in a loose panicle. Pedicels 4 - 8 lines long. Calyx
adherent to the base of the ovary; the sepals obtuse. Corolla yellow dotted with orange.
Stamens 10: filaments and anthers yellow. Capsule roundish-ovoid, abruptly pointed with
the persistent styles.

Wet rocks, Annsville, Oneida county, on the east branch of Fish creek (Mr. Vasey and
Dr. Knieskern). Fl. June. This interesting little plant has been nowhere found in the United
States except in the locality here given. In the northern parts of Canada, and in Arctic
America, it is not uncommon.

Evparorium. ADDITIONS. 517

Vou. L., p. 327; next to Euparorrum LEucOLEPIS, add :

2 (a). Evrparorium uyssopirotium, Linn. Hyssop-leaved Hempweed.
Stem minutely pubescent, loosely croymbose at the summit; leaves linear, opposite or
verticillate, and often fascicled in the axils, the uppermost alternate, minutely pubescent,
dotted on both sides, 3-nerved ; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the invotucre 10, linear-oblong,
obtuse, shorter than the flowers, very pubescent, glandular ; achenia naked, usually glandular.
— Linn. sp. 2. p. 836; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1749; DC. prodr. 5. p. 177 (chiefly) ; Torr.
Gr. fl. 2. p. 84. E. linearifolium, Walt. fl. Car. p. 199; Micha. fl. 2. p. 84; DC. l.c.
About 2 feet high; the stem simple or branched, very leafy, erect and rigid. Leaves
about 14 inch long, and usually not more than 2 lines wide, of a thickish texture, rather
obtuse ; the lower ones somewhat lanceolate. Corymb often fastigiate ; the heads numerous,
small. Flowers white.
Dry sterile soils, Queens county, Long Island (Mr. O. Willis). Fl. August — September.
A common species in the Southern States, and in New-Jersey.

2(b). Eupatrorium atzum, Linn. White-headed Hempweed.

Stem pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate,
coarsely serrate-toothed, veiny, dotted, more or less pubescent ; heads 5-flowered, glomerate ;
scales of the involucre 10 — 14, closely imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, white
and scarious above, mostly longer than the flowers, the exterior dutted with resinous globules
when old ; achenia glandular. — Linn. mant. p. 111; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1752; Pursh, fl. 2.
p- 513; Ell. sk. 2. p. 296; DC. prodr. 5. p.178; Torr. ¢- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 86. E.
glandulosum, Miche. fi. 2. p. 98.

Stem about 2 feet high, rather stout, erect, sometimes almost villous. Leaves varying
from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, about 2 inches long, roughish, reticulately veined under-
neath. Involucre, corolla and achenia sprinkled with resinous globules when old. Flowers
white. Style either exserted or included.

Sandy fields, Queens county, Long Island (Mr. O. Willis). Fl. August - September.

This, also, is a common plant in the sandy pine districts of New Jersey.

Vou. L., p. 329; after Euparorium sessiLirotium, add :

5 (a). Evpatorium restnosum, Torr. Resinous Hempweed.

Stem minutely and softly pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves opposite, closely
sessile or partly clasping at the base, linear-lanceolate, attenuated above, evenly serrate,
one-nerved, pinnately veined, nearly smooth above, velvety-canescent underneath, dotted with
resinous globules on both sides; heads glomerate, 9 — 15-flowered ; scales of the inyolucre
oblong, obtuse, tomentose-canescent and glandular ; achenia minutely roughened with resinous
dots. — Torr. in DC. prodr. 5. p.176; Torr. g Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 88.

518 ADDITIONS. EvpaTorium.

Stems growing in tufts, 2 - 3 feet high, terete, slender. Leaves 3 - 5 inches long and
4 —5 lines wide, thin, pale green, closely dotted with minute resinous globules. Corymb
fastigiate, compound. Heads about one-third of an inch long. Flowers white. Style exserted.

Swamps, Queens county, Long Island (Mr. O. Willis). Fl. August - September. A
rare species, which has not been found elsewhere, except in the pine barrens of New Jersey,
and perhaps also in Pennsylvania.

Vou. I. p. 348; after Aster Novw#-Aneuia, add :

texevxee Heads racemose ; scales of the involucre rather rigid, silky ; corolla of the disk and rays violet or purple ; achenia
silky villous ; leaves small, closely sessile, oblong or lanceolate, entire, of the same color on both sides,

Aster concoLor, Linn. Racemed Violet Aster.

Stem simple or sparingly branched, virgate; leaves crowded, oblong-lanceolate, mucro-
nulate, minutely silky on both sides, or sometimes nearly smooth when old, the upper ones
appressed ; heads in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
acute, somewhat appressed ; achenia silky villous. — Linn. sp. (ed. 2.) 2. p. 1228; Miche.
fl. 2. p. 111; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 448; Ell. sk. 2. p. 350; Nees, Ast. p. 115; DC. prodr. 5.
p- 243; Torr. §- Gr. fl. N. Am. 2. p. 113.

Stems 2 — 3 feet high, erect or leaning to one side, often clustered, terminating in a long
raceme. Leaves about an inch long, somewhat clasping, gradually diminishing in size
upward. Heads on short bracteate peduncles, middle-sized ; the rays of a rich bluish violet
color. Pappus reddish.

Dry sandy soils, Queens county, Long Island (Mr. O. Willis). Fl. August - September.
This is one of our most ornamental species of Aster; detected for the first time north of
New Jersey, by Mr. Willis.

Vor. IIL., p. 178; after Empetrum, add :

2. OAKESIA. Tuckerm. in Hook. Loud. jour. bot. Aug. 1842; Hook. ic. t. 531; Endl.
gen. suppl. 3. no. 5760. 1. OAKESIA.

[In honor of Witiiam Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Massachusetts, an able botanist, who has long and successfully studied
the plants of New England. ]

TuckermanlA, Klotzsch, not of Nutt. Sp.-of Emperrum, Torr.

Mostly diecious. Sram. ru. Perianth of 5 — 6 leaflets, the 2 innermost ones somewhat
petaloid and often united on one side. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 4, rarely 5), exserted.
Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. Ferrite ru. Perianth nearly as in the sterile flowers.
Disk none. Ovary 3 —- 4-celled : style filiform, 3 - 4-cleft ; the segments subulate. Fruit
dry and drupaceous, globose, minute. — A prostrate much branched evergreen shrub, with
small somewhat verticillate linear leaves. Flowers sessile, inconspicuous, in small terminal

bracteate heads.

OAaKkESIA. ADDITIONS. 519

I. Oaxesta Conrapl, J'uckerm. Conrad’s Oakesia.

Tuckerm. l. c.; Hook. l.c. Empetrum Conradi, Torr. in ann. lyc. N.-York. 4. p. 83.
Tuckermania Conradi, Klotzsch in Erich. arch. 1841. p. 248. Corema Conradi, Torr. in
Loud. enc. tr. § shrubs, p. 1092.

An intricately branched shrub, forming dense circular patches; the branches somewhat
verticillate and fasciculate, ascending at the extremity, invested with a loose grayish bark.
Leaves coriaceous, narrowly linear, about 5 lines long and scarcely half a line wide, crowded
particularly toward the summit of the branches, bright green, hispidulous when young, but
nearly smooth when old, longitudinally grooved on the back; the true margin strongly
revolute ; the apparent margin minutely denticulate. Heads of flowers furnished with several
small concave bracts. Leaflets of the perianth oblong or obovate, purplish brown; the inner
ones slightly denticulate. Stamens twice or three times as long as the perianth : filaments
slender, smooth : anthers roundish, 2-celled. Ovary obovate, smooth : style about three times
as long as the ovary, purplish red, 3 — 4-cleft to the middle; the segments somewhat
spreading, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit about the size of a mustard-seed, depressed-
globose, crustaceous when dry, usually 3-celled, but sometimes 2 or 4-celled : each cell
one-seeded.

Dry sandy woods, between Oyster-Bay and Hempstead, Long Island? (Dr. Emmons).
Fl. April. Fr. July - August. Specimens of this plant were given to me by Dr.
Emmons, who informed me that he collected them on Long Island, and, to the best of his
recollection, on the road from Oyster-Bay to Hempstead, but possibly near Islip. For
particulars respecting its history, see the Annals of the New-York Lyceum of Natural
History, and Mr. Tuckerman’s memoir, as quoted above. The genus is nearer CeraTioLa
or CorrMa, than Emprerrum.

Vou. IL, p. 267; after Trputarta, add :

5(a). CALYPSO. Salisb. “parad. Lond. t. 89”; R. Brown, in hort. Kew (ed. 2.) 5.
p- 208. CALYPSO.
[A poetical name. Calypso was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. ]

Sepals and petals nearly equal, ascending. Lip ventricose, saccate toward the apex. Column
dilated and petaloid. Pollen-masses 2, each 2-parted, sessile. — A small but handsome
plant, growing in marshes, with a bulbous rhizoma. Leaf solitary, radical, petiolate.

Scape 1-flowered, leafless, sheathed.

520 ADDITIONS. Cauypso.

1. CaLypso BOREALIS.

Salisb. l. c. ; Hook. exot. fl. t. 12, & in bot. mag. t. 2763; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 593; Hook.
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 195. C. Americana, R. Br. l. c.; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 195. CC. bulbosa,
Oakes in cat. Vermont pl. p. 28. Cypripedium bulbosum, Linn.

Bulb fleshy, about the size of a small marble. Leaf an inch or more in length, roundish
ovate, smooth, plicate : petiole about the length of the lamina. Scape 3 - 5 inches long,
furnished with two or three leafless sheaths. Flower terminal, about an inch long, variegated
yellow and purplish.

Sphagnous swamps and wet shady woods, near Brownville, Jefferson county (Dr. W. A.
Wood) ; Lowville, Lewis county (Mr. F. B. Hough). This rare and singular plant has not
been found elsewhere in the United States, except in Vermont, where it was detected several
years ago by Mr. John Carey. It occurs in various parts of British America, and is also a
native of Northern Europe, as well as of Asia.

Vou. IIL., p. 350; after ELzocuaris TeEnuts, add :

ELeocuaris MELANocaARPA, Torr. Black-fruited Eleocharis.

Culm compressed, sulcate; spike oblong or cylindrical-oblong; scales ovate, obtuse,
membranaceous ; bristles 3 — 4, mostly as long as the nut, slender; achenium somewhat
turbinate, obtusely triangular (blackish), smooth; style 3-cleft; tubercle broad, triangular,
with a short acumination. — Torr. Cyp. l. c. p. 311.

Culms 12 - 18 inches high, tough, sulcate. Spike 4 — 6 lines long, thick, mostly obtuse,
many-flowered. Scales light brown, with a scarious margin; the lowest ones broader and
usually abortive. Bristles very slender, purplish, sometimes very short. Stamens 3. Style
cleft about halfway down. Achenium half a line long, thick, brownish black and shining.
Tubercle broad at the base; the margin thickened and projecting a little over the top of the
nut; the centre produced into a short triangular point.

Borders of sandy swamps, Suffolk county, Long Island (Dr. Knieskern). The specimens
collected by Dr. Knieskern were immature, but I think they belong to this species.

‘CORRECTIONS.

PREFACE.

‘Page viii, for ‘F.C. Scheffer,” read G. C. Scheffer; for ‘Charles Benner,” read Robert Benner; and for “R. J.

156,
218,
224,
278,
301,
340,
372,
391,
448,
448,

Brownne,” read R. H. Brownne.

VOL. I.
line 21, for ‘ white,” read red.
line 13, after ‘‘ more or less,” add recurved.
line 3, add a comma after ‘ margined.”

, line 25, for ‘‘gentianoides,” read hypericoides.

line 22, erase ‘plate xix.”

line 1, for “xx.,” read xix.

PoLyGALA CRUCIATA, omit from the synonyms, ‘‘ P. brevifolia, Nutt.,” and “ P. cuspidata, Hook.”

line 9, for ‘““P. amprcua,” read P. Nurratuu, not of Torr. & Gr. fl, N. Am. supp, (which is P. fastigiata,
Nutt.). Add after the specific character, P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of Linn. Omit all the references,
except “ Torr. § Gr.’ P. ambigua, Nutt., is a slender species, near P. verticillata, but probably
distinct.

last line but one, after ‘“ neighborhood,” add of New-York.

line 13, for “ C.,” read Glycine.

line 26, add 19. p. 170.

line 4, for ‘‘fl.”-read f. ;

last line, add T. connata, Yves in trans. phys.-med, soc. N.- York, 1817.

line 22, for ‘‘ reddish,’’ read dark purple.

3d line from bottom, for ‘‘ butter,” read button.

line 25, for “ elodes,’’ read paludosus.

line 10, after ‘‘membranaceous,” add, Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, chaffy; the chaff membranaceous,
mostly deciduous with the fruit.

line 20, for ‘‘ preceding,” read succeeding.

line 1, for ‘‘Carpuus,”’ read Cnicvus,

line 11, for‘ Selck.,’’ read Schk.

line 10, for ‘‘vaccrLLANs,” read VACILLANS.

: VOL. Ii.
line 22, for “Ixxii,,”’ read xxiii.
line 15, for “‘Lystmaches,’’ read Lysimachus ; and for “ lucis,” read lycis.
line 28, for ‘“ heels,” read keels,
“Pzperota Vireinica.” I followed Endlicher, and the hint of R. Brown (in Prodr. p. 434), in referring
this plant to Paperota; but I now think Mr. Bentham properly retains it in VERONICA.
after line 4, add Borders of lakes and rivers; western counties, August-~ September.
line 5, for ‘ Virginiaca,” read Virginica.
line 26, for <‘ New Jersey,” read Long Island.
line 7, for ‘ Britannicas,” read Britannica.
line 2, omit ‘TL. styracifiua,” &c,
line 15, for ‘ cylindrica,” read lateriflora.
line 7, for ‘‘physodes,”’ read psycodes.
line 21, for “ wmbellulata,”’ read wmbellata,
line 25, for ‘‘Euslenii,’”? read Enslenii.
line 28, for “long,’’ read wide.
last line but one, for ‘cxliv.,’”? read cxlvii.
line 27, before ‘ palea,” insert lower.
6th line from the bottom, after ‘one-third,” insert the length.

[Fiora — Vol. 2.] 66

LIST OF PLANTS NOT DESCRIBED IN THIS FLORA, BUT WHICH PROBABLY GROW
IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.

Ir was stated in the preface, that further search would doubtless bring to light many plants not:
hitherto observed in New-York; and we have already described cleven additional species in the

supplement.

It will require many years thoroughly to explore so extensive a-field as the whole State.

In the following list, there is annexed to each species the name of the region in which it will probably
be found. It will be seen that the largest accession may be expected from Long Island and the western
counties; while the Hudson river and Northern regions give but little promise of yielding many

additions to our Flora.

Delphinium tricorne, Miche.
Isopyrum biternatum, Torr. & Gr.
Meconopsis diphylla, DC.
Ascyrum Crux-Andree, Linn.
Hypericum prolificam, Linn.
angulosum, Micha,
Negundo aceroides, Manch.

Western District.
ce

ce

a4 73

Long Island,

e

Western District and
Long Island,
Western District.
«and Northern
Districts.
Western District.
c

«e ‘

JEsculus glabra, Wild.
Desmodium humnifusum, Beck.

Baptisia leucophwa, Nutt.
leucantha, Torr. g& Gr.
Darlingtonia brachyloba, DC.
Spiraea Aruncus, Linn.
[This species is said to have heen found on the Catskill moun-
tains, but | have seen no New-York specimens. ]

Geum vernum, Torr. g Gr. Western District.
Agrimonia parviflora, Azt. ee ss
Rhexia Mariana, Linn.
Melothria pendula,
Lythrum alatum, Pursh.
Ludwigia hirtella, Raf.

— linearis, Walt,
Tillea simplex, Nutt.
Sedum ternatum, Miche.
Hydrangea arborescens, Linn.
Eryngium Vircinianum, Lam.
Viscum flavescens, Pursh.
Diodia teres, Walt, sf ;
Hedyctis purpurea, Torr. §- Gr. Western District.
Valeriana ciliata, Torr. §- Gr. e it
Liatris graminifolia, Willd. var. 6,
Eupatorium pubescens, Musi.
Conoclinium celestinum, DC.
Aster gracilis, Nutt.
nemoralis, A7d.
Boltonia glastifolia, 0 Hertt.
Solidago speciosa, Nudt.

a3 ce
a3 c

Long Island.
Western District.

ce ce

Long Island.

ce
Aludson river District,
Western District.

“ “

Bong Island.

Long Island.

ce
Western District.
Long Island.

“
Western District>
Western District,

Solidago virgata, Michx. Long Island,
= puberula, Nutt,
Echinacea purpurea, Moench.
Rudbeckia fulgida, Az.
Helianthus macrocephalus, To77r. g Gr. “ “
angustifolius, Linn. Long Island.
Verbesina Virginica, Linn. Western District.
Siegesbeckia, Michx. we “
Leiophyllum buxifolium, EZ, Long Island,
Asclepias rubra, Linn. (acuminata, Ph.) “

Western District.
ce ce

Obolaria Virginica, Linn. Hudson river and
Western Districts.

Phlox maculata, Linn, Long Island and
Western District.

— aristata, Michz. Hudson river and

Western Districts.
Western District.
Long Island.
Western District.

Dodecatheon integrifolium, Michz.
Pyxidanthera barbulata, Micha.
Gerardia auriculata, Michx.
Castilleja pallida, Kunth. Northern District.
Trichostema linearis, Nutt. Long Island.
Lithospermum angustifolium, Michx. Western District.
Ruellia (Dipteracanthus) strepens, x Ss
Betula glandulosa, Miche. Northern and Western
Districts,
Salix. Several species, Northern District.
Listera convallarioides, Nutt. es s
Eriocaulon decangulare, Linn.
Xerophyllum setifolium, Micha.
Lophiola aurea, Ker. (Conostylis
Americana, Ph.)

Lachnanthes tinctoria, EU. :
Tofieldia pubens, Pwrsh, ee

— glutinosa, Pursh. Northern District.
Ceratoschanus macrostachys, Gray. Long Island.
Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. -
Cyperus erythrorhizos, Mul.
Milium amphicarpon, Pur'sh.

Long Island.

Western District.
Lang Island.

TABLE TI.

‘Eehibiting the Natural Orders of this work, alphabetically arranged, with the number of New-York species

belonging to each, and the proportion which they bear to all the phenogamous plants of the State.

NAMES

OF

THE ORDERS.

Acanthacee
Aceracee
Alismacee
Amaranthacee
Anacardiacee
Anonacee
Apocynacee
Aquifoliacee
Aracee
Araliacee
Aristolochiacee
Asclepiadacee
Balsamiflue
Balsaminacee
Berberidacee .
Betulacee
Bignoniacee
Boraginacee
Cabombacee
Cactacer
Callitrichacee
Campanulacex
Capparidacee
Caprifoliacee .
Caryophyllacee
Celastracee

Ceratophyllacee

Chenopodiacee
Cistaceze
Commelynacee
Composite
Conifere
Convolvulacee
Cornacee
Crassulacee
Crucifere
Cucurbitacee .
Cupuliferee .
Cyperacee
Diapensiacee .
Dioscoriacee
Dipsacewe
Droseracee
Ebenacee

a
Per Ok NW HE

ww W
WOOoTrP Bnew ee

—_
fer)

ww
MMWR was

WwW
Re)

ra

Rob Re

RRR RP Re ee PREP Re Pe ee ee ee ee eee ee ee eS ee ee ee eee

Proportion borne by an

nogamous plants.

Ww
PWAWWAON
x

wom

A i-
NAMES , eae NAMES F gfe
or 3 | 225 oF e| 235
oy a Se | =¥ iS ies
THE ORDERS. a se 2 THE ORDERS. i! S'S 8
=) CcOe ° coed
5 FES 3 easy
Z, a cr vad as on
Elatinacee 1} 1: 1452 |] Oleacee 4) 1: 363
Eleagnacee . Thy) kh 21452 Onagracee 2A! Le 160
Empetracee . 2} 1: 726 || Orchidacee 388) 1: 41
Equisetacee . 6) 1: 242 |) Orobanchacee 3] 1: 484
Ericacee Cita 42) 1: 384%]| Oxalidaceze 3} 1: 484
Eriocaulonacee . 1] 1: 1452 || Papaveracee . ml) Le 126
Euphorbiacee S|} 1: 181 }|-Pedaliacee 1} 1: 1452
Filices 41} 1: 35 || Phytolaccacee 1] 1; 1452
Fumariacee . 7} 1: 207 || Plantaginacee 6} 1: 242
Gentianacee . 16; 1: 91 || Platanacee : 1] 1: 1452
Geraniacee 5} 1: 290 || Plumbaginacee . 1) 1: 1452
Graminee 124; 1: 12 || Podostemacee 1| 1: 1452
Grossulacee . 5} 1: 290 |) Polemoniacee 3] 1: 484
Hamamelacee 1} 1; 1452 |) Polygalacee Ty le 207
Hippocastanacee 1} 1; 1452 || Polygonacee . 22) 1: 65
Hydrocharacee . 3} 1; 484 || Pontederiacee 3] 1: 484
Hydrophyllacewe 3} 1: 484 || Portulacacee 8] 1: 484
Hypericacee . 10] 1: 145 |} Primulacee IE heals sale)
Hypoxidacee 1} 1: 1452 |} Ranunculaceee 38} 1: 41
Illecebracee . 4) 1: 363 || Rhamnacee Ais 1363
Iridacee 3) 1: 484 |} Rosacee 51] 1: 29
Isoetacee . 1} 1: 1452 || Rubiacee . i] als ately
Juglandacee . 6] 1: 242 Salicacee . 25| 1257-58
Juncacee . 18} 1: 80 || Salviniacee 2} 1: 726
Labiate 45) 1: 32 || Santalacee 21 1: 726
Lauracee . 2} 1: 726 || Sarraceniacee 1] 1: 1452
Leguminose . 59| 1: 25 || Saururacee 1) 1: 1452
Lemnacee 5} 1: 290 || Saxifragacee 8} 1: 181
Lentibulacee 2) 1: 726 || Scrophulariacee 38] 1: 41
Liliacee 12} 1: 121 |} Smilacee . 14] 1: 104
Limnanthacee 1} 1: 1452 || Solanacee 8} 1: 181
Linacee 2) 1: 726 || Thymelacee . 1; 1: 1452
Lobeliacee 71 1: 207 || Tiliaceze 1] 1: 1452
Lycopodiacee 9} 1: 161 || Typhacee 4] 1: 363
Lythracee 5} 1: 290 || Ulmacee Als a6
Magnoliacee . 3} 1: 484 || Umbellifere . 30) 1: 48
Malvacee 8} 1: 181 || Urticacese 10] 1: 152
Melanthacee 10} 1: 145 || Valerianacee 2| 1: 726
Melastomacee 1} 1: 1452 |] Verbenacee . 5| 1: 290
Menispermacee 1} 1: 1452 |} Violacez 1G | Pie h
Myricacee 3] 1: 484 || Vitacee 5} 1: 290
Natadacee 13} 1: 112 || Xyridacee 1] 1: 1452
Nelumbiacee 1] 1: 1452 || Zanthoxylacere Ake
Nympheacee 3} 1: 484

66*

TABLE If

EXHIBITING THE NUMBER OF SPECIES BELONGING TO EACH OF THE GRAND DIVISIONS AND CLASSES OF THB.
FLORA OF NEW-YORK.

FLOWERING or PH/ENOGAMOUS PLANTS..........e8- 1452
EIZOGEN Bo iveca sin arse cio cue sense seine osibe seiceeeen wncneees LOZO
POlypetalas sos sivan'e @eaieudursice ae setuancwe swear csse “ee
Monopetale ...26- cess 4s4.0o5.0% errr er ne
Aipctales-s:s5:5/0 evans wale Veaartdennesueeesupeewessmeiumn CLAD

Gy MNOS POTMiE ss i-aiO. scenes oid o sie e Ue ore tabiscelenraie wicteleees 14

ENDO GEIN AN «oie n20'eruie,aisce's-ain cia ofne'e!atele= owine-sinigis cle ate wa ws @ctwen, (ae:

FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS .........-- 59

EXQUISCLACER): a.cies-cc 0 aje'se weer ee saise es eaes ey ses ereees 6
TICES crates vivian w sine wo avg nae waldialeie'@ circa eye mniers iaareaieal cE
Sy COPOUIACED 7 <',:4,0's 2 aialaros 0 signe tips arse. eres inn sie 9
ial WAMIACG rs vere ore ere Seeiets wisiecate Gms ee semeate eases cee ne 2
ERO CACC 13s ain gls'siaic ain cies ness 5 Salen 6 Meslove aves se oisilp nega 1

Proportion of Endogene to Exogene......ee++2 Lo: 32
Proportion of Filicoid plants to Flowering plants, 1 : 25

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES IN VOLUME ILI.

PLATE 73.

74,

75.

Prinos GLABER (page 4) in fruit, with a branch in flower. Jig. 1. longitu-
dinal section of the fruit: fig. 2. transverse section : fig. 3. a seed : fig.
4. longitudinal section of the same.

GERARDIA FLAVA (page 47). Fig. 1. a ripe capsule : fig. 2. the same cut
transversely, both natural size : fig. 3. a seed, magnified.

PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA (page 49) in flower; with a stamen, the corolla
and opened capsule separately represented ; all of the natural size.

75(a). Coitinsonia CaNAvENsIs (page 65).

76.

te
78.
79.

80.

81.

82.
83.
84.
85.

86.

Cuniza Martana (page 66); the entire plant of the natural size ; with a
separate flower magnified.

ScuTELLARIA PILOSA (page 70) in flower. Fg. a. the fructiferous calyx.
ScuTELLARIA INTEGRIFOLIA (page 71). The upper part of the plant.

OnosMopIUM HIsPIpUM (page 84). Jig. 1. a separate flower : fig. 2. the
corolla laid open : fig. 3. the calyx : fig. 4. the ovaries and style ; all
magnified.

Putiox aristata. This figure was drawn and engraved under the impression
that plant had been collected in the State, which was afterwards found to
be a mistake ; although it grows close upon our borders. It will doubtless
soon be detected in some of the southwestern counties, or on Staten Island.

GenTIANA Saponartia (page 106). The left hand figure : fig. 1. a flower
of the same laid open : fig. 2. G. ANDREWsII : ig. 3. a flower of the
same laid open.

GENTIANA DETONSA (page 108). Fig. 1. the corolla laid open : fig. 2. pistil.
SABBATIA ANGULARIS (page 113) in flower and fruit.
SABBATIA CHLOROIDES (page 113). The whole plant of the natural size.

ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS (page 120). Fug. 1. a lobe of the stamineal crown :
jig. 2. aseed : fig. 3. follicle.

ASCLEPIAS VARIEGATA (page 121). Fig. 1. follicle : fig. 2. a flower : jig. 3.
a lobe of the stamineal crown.

526

PLATE 87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

93.

94.

97.
98.

99.

100.
101.
102.
103.

104.
105.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA (page 123). Jig. 1. a flower somewhat magnified :
fig. 2. a follicle of the natural size.

ACERATES VIRIDIFLORA (page 124). Broad and narrow-leaved forms ; with
the ripe follicles ; all of the natural size.

Fraxinus Americana (incorrectly named J°. concolor in the plate) (page
125) in fruit.

Fraxtnus pupescens*? (incorrectly named F’. acuminata in the plate) (page
126).

ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA (page 130). vg. 1. capsule, natural size :
jig. 2. wansverse section of the same, a little magnified : flg. 3. capsule
with one of the cells laid open : jig. 4. a seed.

AsarumM CaNaDENSE (page 131). Fig. 1. a La : fig. 2. the same cut
through longitudinally, both natural size : . 3. a stamen : fig. 4. the
united styles : fig. 5. transverse section of Ale capsule; the last three
magnified.

AMARANTHUS PUMILUS (page 144). Fug. 1. a fertile flower, natural size :
ig. 2, the same magnified : fig. 3. capsule, showing the transverse
dehiscence : fig. 4. a seed.

PuytTotacca DECANDRA (page 157). Fug. 1. a raceme of the fruit : fig. 2
a flower magnified : fig. 3. stamen.

Nyssa MULTIFLORA (page 161) in fruit. Fug. 1. a fascicle of staminate
flowers, natural size : fig. 2. a staminate flower deprived of one ies
magnified : fig. 3. a fascicle of pistillate flowers, natural size: fig. 4. a
pistillate flower, magnified : fig. 5. longitudinal section of the ovary.

Utmus racemosa (page 166). J%g. 1. a branch in leaf: fig. 2. flowers of
the natural size : fig. 3. fruit : fig. 4. corky bark of a branch.

SauRuRUS CERNUUS (page 168), with a separate flower a little magnified.

Popostemum (Lacts) cERATOPHYLLUM (page 171). Fug. 1. a flower
magnified : fig. 2. stamens, showing their united filaments : Jig. 3.
capsule : jig. 4. the same magnified.

MyriopuyLLum amBicuuM (vol. 1. page 243). Fug. 1. a flower : fig. 2
the same seen from above, and expanded : figs. 3. 4. stamens : fig. 5
capsule : fig. 6. transverse section of the same : all magnified.

Evpuorsta coroLuata (page 175). Fig. 1. staminate flower : fig. 2.
‘pistillate flower : fig. 3. fruit, with one of the carpels laid open.

CaRyA TOMENTOSA, Var. integrifolia (page 182) in fruit.
Carya GLABRA (page 182) in fruit.
Osrrya Vircinica (page 185) in fruit. Fig. a. fertile ament.

Carpinus AmERIcANA (page 185) in fruit. F7%g. 1. involucral scale and
nut: fig. 2. the nut separate : all natural size.

Quercus PHELLos (page 187) in fruit.

Quercus nicRa (page 188) in fruit.

PLATE 106.
107.
108.
109.
LO:
jel

112.

113.

114.
115.

116.
117.

118.

119.

120.

121

122.

123.

124.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 527

Quercus RUBRA (page 189) in fruit.

Quercus PALUSTRIS (page 190) in fruit.

QurERcUs MAcRocARPA (page 191) in fruit.

QUERCUS PRINOIDES (page 193) in fruit.

Facus FERRUGINEA (page 194). Fig. a. nut of the natural size.

CasTANEA VESCA, var. Americana (page 195). Fig. 1. involucre of the
ripe fruit: fig. 2. nut: both of the natural size.

Beru.a poputironia (page 199). Fig. 1. a bract : fig. 2. fruit : both
magnified.

Betuta Lenta (page 200). Fig. 1. a bract : fig. 2. fruit : both of natural
Size.

BetTuLa NANA (page 201). Fig. 1.abract: fig. 2. fruit : both magnified.

ALNUS SERRULATA (page 202). Fig. 1. a bract of the ripe ament: fig. 2
fruit : both magnified.

ALNUS VIRIDIS (page 203). Fig. 1. a bract : fig. 2. fruit : both magnified.

SALIx INCANA (page 204), (incorrectly named S. candida in the plate).
Fig. 1. staminate aments, nat. size : fig. 2. staminate flower, magnified :
IZ . 3. fertile aments, natural size : fiz. 4. one of the same, mature : fig.
5. fruit, magnified.

SALIX TRISTIS (page 205). Fig. 1. staminate aments, natural size : fig. 2
staminate flower, magnified : fig. 3. fertile aments, natural size: fig.
4. fruit, magnified.

SaLix Lucipa (page 208). Fig. 1. staminate ament, natural size : fig. 2
staminate flower, magnified : fig. 3. fertile ament, nat. size : fig. 4. fruit,
magnified.

SaLIx PEDICELLARIS (page 212). vg. 1. staminate ament, natural size :
jig. 2. staminate flower, magnified : fig. 3. fertile ament, natural size :
Jig. 4. fruit, magnified.

PoPpuLUS GRANDIDENTATA (page 214). Fig. 1. staminate ament : fig. 2
fertile ament, natural size : fig. 3. Aree flower magnified.

Apike (ADENIA) PUMILA (page 223). Figs. Ll. g- 2. staminate flowers : fig.
3. sepal and cucullate scale of a fertile flower : jigs. 4. 5. fertile flowers.

Aris£MA Dracontium (page 240). Fig. 1. spadix of the staminate plant,
natural size : fig. 2. staminate flowers, magnified : fig. 3. spadix of the
polygamous nn natural size : fig. 4. the same laid open: fig. 5. an
ovary : fig. 6. an ovule : fig. 7. longitudinal section of the same.

PeLTanpra Virernica (page 241). Fig. 1. spathe laid open, showing the
spadix covered with flowers : fig. 2. swollen persistent base of the spathe
enclosing the fruit : fig. 3. the same laid open: fig. 4. a stamen : fig. 5
an ovule seated on a spongy annulus : fig. 6. a berry cut through
longitudinally, showing the single mature seed. (The base of the berry
has been incorrectly placed above in the figure.)

528

PLATE 125.

126.

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Upora Canapensis (page 264). Iig. 1. whorl of leaves : fig. 2. perfeet
flower : fig. 3. stigma : fig. 4. transverse section of the ovary : fig. 5.
longitudinal section of the ovary ; all magnified : fig. 6. an ovule,
showing primine and secundine : fig. 7. nucleus and part of the secundine:
fig. 8. part of the primine; the last three highly magnified.

CoRALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA (page 269). Fug. 1. front view of the flower :
fig. 2. side view of the same : both magnified.

CoRALLORHIZA MULTIFLORA (page 269). Fug. 1. front view of the flower :
jig. 2. side view of the same : both magnified.

APLECTRUM HYEMALE (page 270) of the natural size.

SPIRANTHES GRACILIS (page 282). The right hand figure. Fug. a. lip,
magnified.
SPIRANTHES CERNUA (page 283) natural size.

SMILACINA RACEMoSA (page 298) and a cluster of the fruit.

PoNTEDERIA CoRDATA (page 312). Jug. 1. spike of fruit : fig. 2. fruit
magnified : fig. 3. transverse section of the same, showing the fertile and
two abortive cells : fig. 4. longitudinal section of the seed, considerably

magnified.

HeETERANTHERA RENIFORMIS (page 313). Fug. 1. spathe natural size : fig.
2. a flower : fig. 3. the same with the perianth removed : fig. 4. capsule,
natural size : fig. 5. the same laid open and magnified : fig. 6. transverse
section of the capsule : fig. 7. seed, magnified.

HeETERANTHERA (SCHOLLERA) GRAMINEA (page 313). Fig. 1. flower : fig.
2. pistil : fig. 3. transverse section of the ovary : fig. 4. ovary laid open:
all magnified.

Metanruium Virernicum (page 316). Fig. a. capsule, natural size.

Cyperus Nurrauiu (page 339). Fig. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. portion of the
rachilla : fig. 3. a scale : fig. 4. caryopsis, with the persistent style and
stamens : fig. 5. transverse section of the caryopsis ; all magnified.

Cyperus sTRicosus (page 340). Fug. 1. scale of the spikelet : fig. 2.
achenium : fig. 3. seed (the artist has improperly placed a style on this!) :
all magnified.

CypERUS REPENS (page 341). Fig. 1.a spikelet : fig. 2. achenium : both
magnified,

Cyperus Grayi (page 342). Fig. 1.spikelet : fig. 2. scale : fig. 3. portion
of the winged rachilla: fig. 4. achenium, stamens and style : fig. 5.
transverse section of the achenium : all magnified.

ScIRPUS DEBILIs (page 352). Fig.1.a spike : fig. 2. scale : fig.3. flower,
with the scale removed : fig. 4. style : fig. 5. transverse section of the
achenium : all magnified.

ERiopHorum aLpinum (page 357). Fig. 1. spike : fig. 2. separate flower,
both somewhat magnified : fig. 3. flower, considerably magnified : fig. 4.
transverse section of the achenium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 529

PLATE 141. Erropnorum vacinatum (page 358). Fig. 1. a separate flower : fig. 2.
scale : fig. 3. achenium: fig. 4. a bristle : fig. 5. stamen : all magnified.

142. Carex pecomposita (page 379). Fug. 1. a separate flower : fig. 2.
perigynium : fig. 3. the same cut across, showing the thickened walls :
jig. 4. achenium : all magnified.

148. Carex criniTa (page 339). Jig. 1. scale and stamens : fig. 2. mature
perigynium and ferule scale : fig. 3. transverse section of the perigynium:
Jig. 4. acheniuin : all magnified.

144. Carex TENTACULATA (page 395). Fig. 1. staminate scale and flower : fig.
2. perigynium and fertile scale : fig. 3. transverse section of the peri-
gynum : fig.4. achenium : fig. 5. the same, cut across : all magnified.

144 (a). Carex LANUGINOoSA (page 400), (named C. pellita in the plate). Fig.
1. staminate flower and scale : fig. 2. perigynium and fertile scale :
Jig. 3. transverse section of the perigynium : fig. 4. achenium.

145. Carex Careyana (page 409). Fig. 1. scale from a fertile spike : fig. 2.
the same, with the perigynium : fig. 3. achenium.

146. Panicum (Dicirarta) sancurinaLe (page 423). Fig. 1. a pair of spikelets :
fig. 2. separate spikelet, showing the upper glume : fig. 3. perfect flower.
PaNnicuM XANTHOPHYsUM (page 426). vg. 1. a spikelet, front view : fig.
2. the same, back view : fig. 3. perfect flower : fig. 4. the same, with
the pale removed.

147. Panicum (Diarrarta) FILIFORME (page 424). Fig. 1. a pair of spikelets :
jig. 2. upper glume and neuter flower.
CaREX suBULATA (page 391). Fug. 1. perigynium and fertile scale : fig. 2.
the reflexed teeth of the orifice of the perigynium: fig. 3. transverse
section of the perigynium and achenium: jig. 4. fertile scale : fig. 5.
achenium : all magnified.

148. PanicuM aGROsTOIDEs (page 429). Fig. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. neuter

flower : fig. 3. perfect flower : fig. 4. transverse section of the same :
all magnified.

149. ARisTIDA picHoToma (page 434), and magnified spikelets.

150. Cazamacrostis CanapEnsis (page 444). Fug. 1. a spikelet: fig. 2. the
same with the glumes removed : fig. 3. pistil : all magnified.
Kq@Leria TRUNCATA (page 469). Lig. 1. aspikelet : fig. 2. a single flower :
both magnified.

151. Canamacrostis coarcTata (page 444). Fig. 1.a spikelet : fiz. 2. the same,
with the glumes removed : fig. 3. rudimentary flower : all magnified.

152. CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA (page 445). Fig. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. the
same, with the glumes removed : fig. 3. rudimentary flower.

158. Spartina cyNosurRorpEs (page 448). Fig.1. spikelet : fig. 2. lower palea,
showing the slightly 2-cleft summit : fig. 3. flower, with the glumes and
palee removed : jig. 4. pistil : fig. 5. spikelet of S. juncea.

| Frora — Vol. 2.| 67

530

PLATE 154.

155.

160.

161.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

TRISETUM MOLLE (page 452). Jug. 1. a spikelet: fig. 2. a rudimentary
flower : both magnified.
. Festuca TENELLA (page 470), with a magnified spikelet.

Poa penTATA (page 461). Fig. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. a flower : fig. 3.
lower palea : fig. 4. upper palea : fig. 5. pistil.

TRICUSPIS SESLERIOIDES (page 463). ig. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. a flower :
Jig. 3. lower glume : jig. 4. upper glume.

Bromus secatinus (page 467). Fug. 1. lower palea: fig. 2. upper palea :
Jig. 3. stamens and pistils.

Festuca nurans (page 471). Fug. 1. a spikelet : fig. 2. a stamen : fig. 3.
lower palea : fig. 4. upper palea.

ANTIGRAMMA (ASPLENIUM) RHIZOPHYLLA (page 494). Jigs. 1 - 4. various
occasional forms of the frond : fig. 5. veins and sori,

ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS, var. obtusilobata (page 499). Fig. a. represents an
entire specimen of a small form of the plant, natural size : fig. b. a large
and more common form of the plant, represented in outline : fig. 1. a
portion of the frond magnified : fig. 2. a single segment, with the inflexed
margin laid open, and the indusia removed : figs. 3. & 4. outline figures,
showing the situation of the sori and the appearance of the veins.

Lycopium PALMATUM (page 504), with magnified figures of the fructification.

INDEX

TO THE

ORDERS, GENERA, SPECIES, SYNONYMS, AND ENGLISH NAMES,

IN THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES.

x", The Orders and Suborders are in large capitals ; the Genera, Tribes and Subtribes in small capitals ; the

Species and English names in smail roman letters, and all synonyms in italics.

Page
PAD CSE eae ae i. 231
HN 8 ose Ss 231
balsamifera..- 229
Canadensis -_.. 23
denticulata-_.. 230
NUE T Cine eee 230
ABIETINEZ ___--- ii. 226
ABUTILON ~_~.----- i113
Avicenne ..-- 113
ACALYPHA __.2-.--- ai, 173
Virginiana.--- 173
ACANTHACE: -.-- ii. 27
ACERP Eee choos are 1.13
Canadense ---- 135
dasycarpum --- 136
montanum ---. 135
NETUM.—— += -- 136

Pennsylvanicum, 135
Pennsylvanicum, 135

TUDLUM ee =o 137
saccharinum -. 135
Spicatam —— <=. 135
striatum .---- = ila}
ACERACE / .----- 1: 134
ACERATES ...------- il. 124
viridiflora .._.. 124
ACHILUBAS =] -o2 oe ee 1. 392
Millefolium --. 392
IAGNIDACe oo ene nee il, 138

Page.

Acnida cannabina ~_-- ii. 138
rhyssocarpa.-- 139
rusocarpa ----- 139
(AConitine see ae i, 20
NCONIDUM= ooo een eee 20)
uncinatum.-_—- 21
INCORUS 2 22 eee ll. 244
Calamus--_-.- ~ 244
Acrostichum Ilvense - ~ ii. 500
ACTA ..-.------=- 1 21
albasseeee eee 22
Americana._-- 21
brachypetala.- 21, 22
TACeEMOSA --~-- Pye

TOD Clee 21
SPUCHLG oo oem 21
ACTINOMERIS -_----- 1. 384
alternifolia _-. 384
squarrosa .__-- 384

Adam and Eve____--- il. 270
Adder’s-mouth -._-.-- il. 268
Adder’s-tongue - -.---- ii. 505

Adder’s-tongue Tribe ~~ ii. 505
Adenarium peploides.- i. 98

Adenorachis ...----. 1, 224
ADIANTUM .~~----.- il. 487

pedatum -__.-- 487
Adi cede eee eee il, 223

Page.

Adicea trinerva..--- Mv223
ADIKE So 2eec ses ll. 223
glaberrima...- 223
lanceolata ---. 223
pumila ....._- 223
thomboidea.... 223

AD TUMIUAP Se ese se i, 47
cirrhosa .__-- a 47
JBSCULUS 22 oceoeeoe 1,138
Hippocastanum, 138
JETHUSA .---..--.-- 1, 274
Cynapium .--- 274

Agathyrsus leucophaus, i.
Ageratum altissimum- 1.

AGRIMONIA.__~--___- 1

Eupatoria ._~-

Aprimony 222 ccaee i

Agropyron ---. ---- it,
WONAIS sesn soe
caninum. .----

Agrostemma Githago - 1.

AGROSTIS ~--~------ il.
albaae sees
aspera_..-—-- -
canina... .__-
Cinnd eee ae
clandestina-_-_-—-
cryplandra....
decumbens .__-

532

Page.

Agrostis diffusa -.---- li. 436
PIQUEE 2-20 as 445
juspida._-.- - « 441
involuta...~ .- 439
lateriflora..--. 437
laxiflora ~_- ~~ .~ 442
Mexicana._--- 437
Michauxii ---.- 442
TACEMOSA --~-- 437
rupestris-.---- 443
scabra....-.~- 442
serotind .---- - 439
selosa_.------ 487
sobolifera.---- 436
stolonifera.... 441

stricta =-) soe 442
sylvatica ..--. 436
tenuiflora.---- 436
Virginica ---- 438
vulearis 2.2. \. 441

ATRAG oo eee ae ee i. 450
ambigua .---- 451
aristulata -... 4651
atropurpurea... 451
Cespitosaro sae. < 451
flexuosa __-... 450
mollis...-.--- 469
obtusata -_---- 469
mallens 2-=es = 452
purpurea ----- 455
triflora _..--+- 469
truncata... - 469

Alder a sas es il. 202
IATEDRIS 2-2-2525 - i. 310
farinosa .~_--_- 310
Alexanders. _...----- i. 270
IATISMA‘. 2 2. Se See s5 il. 258
parviflora..--- 258
Plantago._---. 258
subulata_._..- 260
trivialis ~...-- 258
ALISMACE .---- 1. 258
Alkanete_ aces eee se ii, 86
ALTIUM S252 5 5ece5o ii. 308
Canadense ..-. 308

INDEX.

Page

Allium cernuum.---- - ii. 309
tricoccum ..~-~ 309
tricorne ..---- 309
vineale .._-._- 308
ALLOSORUS -~~----.-- 1. 486
eracilis. 22. 245 486
Alnaster viridis ...-.- il. 203
MENUS socescescse= i. 202
CTISPG. -.cactonc 202
glauca --.---- 202

incana ..---.. 202
Mitchelliana.. 203

ovata _.------ 203

TUOTO oaa——— = 202
serrulata ..-.. 202
undulata ----. 203

VANICIS oe wap ee 203
ALoPEcuRUS. .----- 11. 417
aristulatus.-.-. 417

fulous s-s260% 417
geniculatus---. 417
piatensis ==... ©4lT
subaristatus... 417
Alpine Bilberry - .---. 1.443
VK Ae ee eee 1 95
glabra 2-2 96

Med. a= sccam 97
Michauzii ---- 95
ALSINEE..~.------- 1, 92
Alsophila Perriniana. ii. 500
PANT TUE ay AO ees rare tag bk 112
officinalis ..-.- 112
Alum-root ..--.----- 1, 256
ALYSSINEE.-------- T2602
Alyssum sativum ..--- 1. 63
‘Amatanthee= aes 2es/5 il, 143
Amaranth Tribe --~-- i. 143
AMARANTHACEAS, ii. 143
AMARANTHUS..--..- u. 143
Qlusseea eo 144
Blitum ...---- 144
deflexus ..---- 144
grecizans.—--- 144
hybridus.-.-=- 143

paniculatus... 143

Page:
Amaranthus pumilus . ~ ii. 144
AMBRINA._~.__~-.-- i. 134
ambrosioides... 135
anthelmintica.. 1385
Botrysses2a5~ 134
AMBROSIA ..-------- 1,375
absynthifolia -- 376
artemisiefolia_. 3876
integrifolia .-- 375
trifida _.....-. 375:
AMELANCHIER ~.-.-- 1,225
Botryapium -.. 225
Canadensis... 225
OUGl1S).— eS 225
sanguinea ---- 226
American Centaury ~~~ i. 112
American Ipacacuanha, i. 201
American Larch ----. 1. 232
American Pitcher-plant, i. 42
AMMANNIA ...~..--.- 1, 228
humilis..-..-- 228
TamMosior..--- - 228
AlN eee ee eae 1. 266
capillaceus.... 266
MOIUS -nsscams 266
AMMOPHILA__------ ii. 445
arundinacea... 445
Ampelidew_-.------- 1. 145
AMPELOPSIS -------~- i, 148
quinquefolia.-. 148
hederacea..-.. 148
AMPHICARP#A -..--- i. 164
monoica...--. 164
sarmentosa.--. 164
AMYGDALEA.__. 1.193
ANACARDIACEAE. i. 127
ANAGALLIS --------- li. 12
arvensis ...--- 12
Anantherum Virginicum,
1. 478
ANChUSAS ane eee ee il. 86
CANESCENS -~—-- 86
Virginica .--- 86
Andrewsia paniculata, il. 112
ANDROMEDA .....--. 1. 434

Page.

Andromeda baccata..- 1. 449
calyculata.___- 434
ligustrina_-... 436
Mariana .____- 435
paniculata (bis), 436
polifolia --_ 2. 434
racemosa. ____ 436
spicala---.- 436
ANDROPOGON ._. __- ii. 477
avenaceus 2. 477
dissitiflorus ... 478
MPCAtIS joe ee 478
macrorus ---.. 479

NUCaN See ets A777
purpurascens. 478
Scoparius ___.. 478
vaginatus.—+.- 478
Virginicus ---. 478
EAGUS.CLUC Oma eee tne 1. 276
atropurpurea..~ = 276
harsut@-22---- PUT
triquinata ---. 276
ANEMONE - 2 cSoceae 0. ov
aconitifolia. -- - 9
evlindriead 222 8
dichotoma ...- 9
Hepatica -_--- 10
Hudsoniana- -- 9
lancifolia.---- 7
multifida.__-- - 9
nemorosa ---~-- 7
Pennsylvanica - 9
quinquefolia - - - 7
sanguinea -..- 9
thalictroides .. 24
Virginiana - ~~~ 8
ANEMONEE-.------- oo
Anona triloba .------ 1, 30
ANONACE/...-2- i. 29
Anoplanthus uniflora... 23
ANTENNARIA --_---- 1, 397
margaritacea .. 398
plantaginifolia _ 398
ANTHEMIS..-..52= 52) 1. 391
arvensis -.---- 391

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Page.
ANTHOXANTHUM ---~ ii, 420
odoratum ____. 42]
Anticlea glauca._.-- - Me ol5
ANTIGRAMMA ______. i. 494
rhizophylla -.. 494
Antirrhinum -.--.__- it; 32
Canadense -- ~~ 32
Elatine ------ 32
DLinaria ...--- 32
ANycuta___--_----- i. 105
Canadensis --. 105
capillacea----- 105
dichotoma .--. 105
APETALOUS EXOGENS,
li. 128
APLECTRUM ___-_--~ ii. 270
hyemale--...- 270
APTOSseea= sees Tell
tuberosa._._.. 162
APOCYNACE _- ii. 116
APOCYNUM ___-_---- i. 116
androsemifolium, 116
cannabinum --. =117
hypericifolum- 117
pubescens ----- 117
AON Clee eo ee we es
AQUIFOLIACER.. ii 1
AQUILEGIA 22ccesen- 1 19
Canadensis - _ ~~ 20
INU Soaeemseesee Dyest
bulbostmee see 56
Canadensis - _- - 55
dentata _..---- 54
Douglassii -_-- 56
Jaleata. coei ss 55
ininsutawee eee 3
levigata.....- 55
Wife eft oes 54
parviflora... --- 60
rhomboidea. -- - 56
rotundifolia... 56, 62
sagitiata -._-- 5
Thaliana.--.-- 60
tuberosa ...-.- 56
ARA CEH Be 22s. 22-2 1 238
68

533

Page.

Arachis aprica -.- 2. 1.175
ARALIACER ___.. i. 284
ARALTA Seco ae ORE
Hispidaj=lo- 27. 7 285
nudicaulis ..._ 285
racemosa __._. 284

Arbor Vite... _. _ ii, 233
“Ai DULUS ee =a eee 1. 430
Jiliformis -.... 450
thymifolia -... 450
Uva-ursi....-. 430
ARCHANGELICA__..__ 1, 276
atropurpurea-.. 276
hirsuta ....... 277
ARCHEMORA ________ ts PN
denticulata.-.. 278

1 01d Ae O70
tricuspidata_.. 278
Arctium Lappa...-.- i, 408
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.---~ i. 430
Uva-ursi-___- - 430
ARENARIA.____--__-_ i, 94
Canadensis_-.. 106
Caroliniana. - - 95
glabra... 96
Greenlandica -_ _ 95
imbricata... _- 95
lateriflora.-_.. 96
OUT ae a 107
peploides.___. 93
Rafinesquiana - 95

TUT G2 sane 106
serpyllifolia _ __ 94
squarrosa -__-.- 95

Stticta, 222 ce — 95
ARETHUSA .._~---_- ii. 279
bulbosa__--... 280
medeoloides -.. 281
ophioglossoides. 280
pendula .--.--.- 281
stellata....-.. 281
trianthophorus. 281
verticillata.... 281

Arietinum Americanum,ii. 288

534

Page.
ARISEMA....------- 11. 239
atrorubens .-.. 240
Bosciit-------- 240
Brasilianum .. 240
Dracontium --. 240
triphyllum -.-. 239
ARISTIDA--_-------. 11. 434
dichotoma. ~~~ 43
pyaelis: 22 sks 434
StTIClG 2 aac tk 434
ARISTOLOCHIA- ------ ii. 130
serpentaria---. 130
ARISTOLOCHIACE &,
ii. 130
IARNICA oo cose se ee> 1. 403
mollis...-.--. 403
ATO ae oon ee 1. 224
arbutifolia .-. 224
Botryapwum--- 225
melanocarpa._-- 224
ovals 2 eek 225
pyrifolia.----- 224
sanguinea ..-- 226
ARRHENATHERUM.... 11. 453
avenaceum .--. 453
Kentuckense -- 453
Arrow-grass _.------- i. 261
Arrow-grass Tribe. ~~ ii. 260
Arrow-head ._...---- i. 259
Arrow-wood._.-.---- 1. 305
ARTEMISIA._~------- 1, 394
Canadensis.... 394
caudata ----.- 394
heterophylla -. 395
peucedanifolia. 394
yuloaris .2=-.. 395
Arthocnemum ambiguum,
il. 141
Ane ene ener il. 239
atrorubens ---.- 239
Dracontium..- 240
triphyllum .--- 289
Virginicum..- 241
Arum) nbesss-s2s.5 i. 238
Arind@esscsseecs ae il, 444

INDEX.

Arundo agrostoides. -. ii,
aTenaria.—.-~-
Canadensis. ~~
cinnoides ..-.-
coarctata ~.-.-
confinis .--.--
phragmites..--

Asarabacca.-_-----2+ il.

ASARUM <i -2s2---u-- il.
Canadense _.- -

ASCLEPIADACEZ, ii.
ASCLEPIAS _-.__------
am@na.-.----
citrifolia ..-.-
Cornuti_ -.-.--
decumbens ...-

%

exaltata...---
hybrida ....--
incarnata. -. __
lanceolata .---
NIVED ~-------
obovata _..---
obtusifolia .__.
phytolaccoides -
pulchra ------
purpurascens ~ -
quadrifolia - -. -
Syriacad ..----
tuberosa ...---
VATICPAla, s.<i= =
verticillata ...-
viridiflora --- -
AscyRUM-.---------- 1.
hypericoides -- -
stans;Seeare oe
A Shee eee ee a
Asimia triloba...-.-- 1.
ASPARAGUS __------- il.
officinalis - -_ _-
Aspensd bans Se il,
Asphodel Tribe - -- ~~~ i.
ASPHODELE. --- ii.
AspipIUM. .--.---2.5 Ul.
acrostichoides - -
aculeatum._..-

495
497
498

Aspidium angustum - . ii.
asplenoides ..-
bulbiferum _ _. -
cristatum ._._-
dilatatum. -- --
dumetorum - -- -
Filiz-femina - -
Filiz-mas .---
SO
Goldianum ---
intermedium. --
Lancastrianum,
marginale... -- -
Noveboracense-
obtusum ------
punctilobum ~~
rufidulum. .- - -
Schw-initzu- --
spinulosum ...
TENUE Seon cas
Thelypteris_ -- -
thelypteroides. .
ASPLENIUM --------- ll.
angustifolium - ~
Athyrium... -- -
ebeneum -----
Filix-feemina ~ -
melanocaulon - -
Michaurit --- -
rhizophyllum - -
Ruta-muraria - -
scolopendrium -
thelypteroides. -
Trichomanes - -
trichomanoides -
Aspreilia. soe as soso:
angustifolium .
fHystriz 2. -
oryzoides .--- -
Virginica ....
ASTER oe oe ely
acuminatus . -. -
QmMenus ...---
amplexicaults. -
amygdalinus - -

Page
493
493
501
496
496
496
493
495
501
495
496
496
495
497
500
502
500
497
496
501
497
497

li. 491

492
493
492
493
491
493
494
492
490
493
491
492
476
476
476
415
A415
334
348
347
337
352

Page

Aster annuus..------ 12005
bellidiflorus -.- 345
concolor __---- 11.518
conyzoides ---. 1.334
cordifolius... . 339
cornifolius ---- 352
corymbosus.--. 335
cyaneus.—.-- - - 338
diffusus..... 343, 344
divaricatus--.-.- 352
divergens.---343, 344
diversifolius--- 339
dracunculoides, 345
dumosus ..---- 342
dumosus-~--- 340, 341
elegans -.---- 336
elodes ...----- 346
ericoides ._~.- - 340
flexuosus.---- - 349
fOlL0SUS == === 342
glabellus ----- 340
glaucus ..---- 338
grandiflorus--. 336
Greenii...---- 345
heterophyllus -. 339
hirsuticaulis-.- 344
hispidus ------ 347
humilis.------ 352
infirmus ----- - 352
GUNCEUS .---- -- 345
levigatus ----- 338
levis..------- 338
laxuseesceesee 346
leucanthemos -. 345
linariifolius--.- 351
linifolius ---..- 350

macrophyllus-. 335
Marilandicus.. 334

MISeh a= = 343
multiflorus..-- 341
mutabilis .---- 338
Nove-Anglice, 348
nudiflorus.---- 336
paludosus ..--- 346

paniculatus. . 339, 340

INDEX.

Page.

Aster parviflorus -.--- 1.344
patens ===.- 222 337
pendulus.-.- 343, 344
phlogifolius ... 337
DOLLS mame = 338
polyphyllus.--- 345
prenanthoides.. 347
ptarmicoides -_ 349
pulcherrimus-- 351
puniceus..-.2. 347
Radula.2-2sa- 336
rigidus.—_..-- 351
rubricaulis---. 338
sagittifolius.... 340
sagittifolius... 339
salicifolius.... 344
simplex.._.--. 344
solidaginoides . 334

sparsiflorus. - 340, 350
spectabilis ---. 336

SPUrlUs.------ 348
subulatus -.~-- 350
tenuifolius. . 343 — 345
tenuifolius...- 340
Tradescanti -.. 342
umbellatus ---.- 852
undulatus ._--- 338
undulatus ._-.- 337
vimineus --- - 343
ASTERINEE..------- 1.333
ASTEROIDE E.------- 1,332
ASTRAGALUS .--.---- 1.172
Canadensis.._-. 172
Carolinianus-- 173

Atheropogon apludoides, ii. 449
Athyrium Filiz-femina, i. 493
Alragene Americana.. 1. 7

ATRIPLEX ..-5+coce- li. 137
arendarid.---- - 138
Bonus-Henricus, 136
laciniata .---- 137
patula.._----- 137
Purshiana---- 1387

Atropa physoloides ..- ii. 102

Page

SANE NIA eee es n. 452
elatioric— +s 453

MOLLUS a ana 452
palustris..---- 452
Pennsylvanica. 452
SpiCata — oes 454

Striata .....__. 453

AVENS=2 Seo 2 esse 1.201
SANZ 1 e ae eee 1. 438
hispida .__..-- 439
Lapponica.--. 438
nudiflora --..- 438
periclymena-.. 438
periclymenoides, 438
VISCOSa -__.--- 439

AZ OLTAvse ace anes u. 513
Caroliniana__. 5138
Magellanica.. 5138
microphylla... 518
Baccuaris ___-._--- 1. 368
halimifolia .... 368
Balmieesee 2.2 eeee il. 68
Balmony-.c-.22-2--. li. 34
Balsam -._-_--.- 1. 124, 396
Balsam Tribe .....-- 1, 124
Balsam-weed -...--.- 1.125

BALSAMIFLU EZ. -- 11. 217
BALSAMINACEE . 1.124

Baneberry 22-22 seec- ek
BaPpTisiA_---.------ 1. 187
australis 2 -_ 1 188
c@rulead...--=- 188
tinctoria -.---- 187
BarBAREA.-_-------- ray
Wulganisas2- = 52
Barberry 2022222555 i 33
Barnyard Grass - ----- i. 424
BarTONIA------~--- i. 112
paniculata.--~- 112
tenella...-.... 112
Bartsia coccinea ---.- il. 48
Bass-wood__--------- 1.116
Bastard Toad-flax._--- i. 160
Bastard Vetch...-.--. Hl (3

536

Page.
BATSCHIA..=---=-~<- il. 86
canescens ------ 86
Dayberny eet aoe i. 197
Beach Pea 22222 2222 1.157
Beach Plum_.__-..--- 1,194
Beak-rush__...------ i. 363
Bean Tribe.__-.----- 1.153
Bear Grape... -- <<<: - 148
eatberry aoe eee 1. 430
Beard-grass....------ i. 477
Beaver-wood ._------ i. 167
Bedstraw._.-.------- 1.309
Beech-drops .-------- il, 24
Beggar-ticks --_-.--.- 1. 387
Bell-flower.__------- 1. 426
Bell-flower Tribe. _--- 1. 426
Bell-wortes-222-—-2— 1. 319
Bent-otiss .saslocess i. 441
BENZOIN 22226 S528 li. 159
odoriferum ---. = 159
BERBERIDACE/. i. 82
BERBERIS ------- -- 1 382
iBetberry 52222. 55—- 1, 32, 33
BETULDAS Seo] se ose 11, 199
Cae 199
angulata ----- 201
carpinifolia--. 200
Clete eesnsoo=. § 200
excelsa _...--. 200
glandulosa---- 201
incana ..--- 202, 203
lacunulosa---- 201
lentae 2 aseee= 200
luted 20-2222 200
Michauzii ---- 201
Manges aes 201
MIC Tae ee ae 201
Ovata= =e saa 203
papyracea -.-. 199
papyrifera..--- 199
populifolia..--2* 199°
DUMUG ae mre a= 201
TUT Doone = 201
serrulata .-.-. 202
DUITIGAS = an = = 203

INDEX.

Page.

Betula-Alnus ~_.-.--- il. 202
PUN D ae eee oe 202
serrulala ..--- 202
crispa-------- 2038
BETULACE.----.- i. 198
BIDENS 22s oe eee 1. 386
Beckitae 225 388
bipinnata -._-. 388
cemua..=.22-2 387
chrysanthemoides, 388
connata ~.-..- 387
frondosa .----. 9386
petioluta._---- 387
tripartita..--- 387
Biennial Wormwood_- 1.393
Bignonia Catalpa.__- ii. 25
BIGNONIACE. -- ii. 25
Bilberry... 22258" 1.443, 445
Bilstedse sees ss see il. 217
Bindweeds.222 222 1. 96, 146
Bindweed Tribe__---- i. 96
Biotigee eee 1.385
corymbosa. _-.- 335
macrophylla... 335

Birches 22" 2-2 1. 199
Birch Tribe ....-__- il. 198
Bird Chetry.2- i322 1. 196
Birdseye Maple .-_--- 1.136
Bird's-nest. 2-25-5222. i 456
Bird’s-nest Tribe ----- 1. 456
Binthwortes=coee ee u. 130
Birthwort Tribe --_ ~~. ii. 1380
Bishop's-cap... .--.- 1, 256
Bitter Cress _.__.._ i. 56, 57
Bitter-root._.-...-..- ii. 117
Bittemiutiensc see tld.
sittersweet._-. 1. 1403; 11. 104
Bitter-weed._. _..... 1.376
Black Alder --_ 2 i. 38
Black Bilberry --~-- -- 1. 446
Black Cherry........ 1. 196
Black Gum _.-_-.--- il. 161
Black Haw .-.-.-.-- 1.304
BlackJack == c2 22-201. 188

Black Medick .-.-.-- i. 172

Page
Black Mustard....--. i. 61
Black Snakeroot .___- iy ee
Black Sugar Maple --- i. 36
Black Thorn _..-.-.- 1.222
Blackberry--.--4, 113, 215
Bladder Ketmia..---- i. 115
Bladder-fern.__-__--- i. 501
Bladder-nut. -...----- 1.139
Bladderwort...------ il. 19
Bladderwort Tribe. - ii. 18
Bland’s Grape ------- 1. 146
Blechnum.-..------- 11.489
Carolinianum. 489
Virginicum.-. 489
BLEPHILIA __-._----- li. 60
hirsuta --_ 2. -- 60
Blessed Thistle.....-. i. 404
Bite! sees oe eee
Buitum —....-.-.-.- 1.185
Bonus-Henricus, 135
capitatum _.-.-. 136
maritimum.... 136
Blood-root --...-.--- i. 43
Blue Cohosh _-._.-.. i. 33
Blue Curls___-._----- ii. 81
Blue Flag-...-- .2---- 11/290
Blue Huckleberry --.- i. 444
Blue Thistle........_ ii. 84
Blue-eyed Grass .-__-- ii. 291
Blue-orass- =... 2-222. a1 457
Bluehearts _....---.- ii. 39
Blue-weed _-.-..---- ii. 84
Bluebottle.......-... 1.404
Bluets:s 32 eee oeee Dolo
BeumERiIA —_--.---. li. 223
cylindrica... 224

lateriflora.-.-- 224
Boottia sylvestris-.-.- 1.209

Boneset....--------- 1.329
Borage Tribe._.-.-.. ii. 83
BORAGINACES ~~ ii. 83
Botrycuium.-...--- 1. 506
dissectum ..--.- 506
fumarioides_-. 506

gracile sf. 506

/

Page.

Botrychium lunarioides, i. 506
obliquum .---- 506
Simiples 2c22 507
Virginicum .-.- 506
(BOUnOphS eae saa ee 1. 22
aclaoides .---- 22
serpentaria .-- 22
Botrypus ---222=5- 2. i. 506
lunarioides --- 506
Virginicus .-. 506
Bottle-brush Grass ..- 11. 476
Bouncing Bet ------- i. 103
BouTELova -_------ i. 449
racemosa .__-- 449
Bowman’s-root----- -- i. 200
BracuyELytTrum ~~. 1. 443
aristatum ~~ ~~ 443
Brachystemum .----- u. 63
hinifolium ---- 64
muticum .---- 63
verticillatum - - 63
Virginicum - - 63
Brackeneac- 254 5ucere ii. 488
iBrakeras See. soe ii, 488
IBRASENTA=— = o--=52— i, 36
Hydropeltis - -- 36
peltata..-..-e 36

Br OWNS aoe eee i, 88
Canadensis - -- 89
quinguenervia - 88
Breeches-flower --- - i. 45
Brewster 22-2255. - re eae
RGEC Ao OS ae il. 459
Canadensis . 465, 466
Eragrostis .-- 459
SHICaLO meee 462
Brizopyrum spicatum. ii. 462
Brome-grass -.------ i, 467
Bromus -.----- --- il 467
Canadensis... 467

eillatis: ooo 467
pubescens --..-- 467
pungens..—-- = 467
pursans eae 468
secalinus -_--- 467

| PLora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Page.

Bromus sterilis .----- il, 468
Brooklime ..----_-- i. 41
Broom-rape -.-----~-- Ie 22
Broom-rape Tribe-__- 11, 22
BucHNERA ._-~--_--- iu. 39
Americana. __ - 39
Buckbeanpes= ose see i. 114
Buckthorn._~_..._-- 1.143
Buckthorn Tribe__--- i. 142
Buckwheat ___..-_-- il. 146
Buckwheat Tribe ---- i. 145
Buffalo Clover --_-.- i, 169
Bugbane 22 22.---5.- Lee
Bugle-weed ._----- liv 7
Buoloss- 22. -22s— li, 87
Bunias edentula.__-- i, 66

Buphthalmum helianthordes,

1,379

BupLeurum.._--_-- 1. 266
rotundifolium_.. 266
Burdock mee eeeeeeee 1. 408
Bur Marigold __-.--- 1. 386
Due PTASS soe ke i. 431
Bur-reed --...------ li. 248
Bur-weed_.__..------ 1.376
Bush Cranberry .---- 1. 307
Bush Honeysuckle--- i. 300
Butterbush .~_~__-__-- 1,313
Buttercuns == 22.2 s2 = 1 14
Butterfly-weed .___.- re 128}
Butternut... 2. 11 180
Butter-weed .__-- ~~ 100
Botterwort...-.___._ il. 18
Button Snakeroot --.. i. 325
Button-wood ..------ ii. 218
CABOMBACEE _. i. 36
CACATIAS = =02-> one i. 400
atriplicifolia... 401
suaveolens..-. 401
CACTACE.._.._ i, 244
Cactus Opuntia .---- 1. 245
Cactus Tribe.______. 1. 244
CEnGiisae eee 1.353
CMICMn nS. ee a ee 1 65
Americana ..- 66

69

537

Page.
Cakile edentula ..... i. 66
maritima -2--- 66
CAKILINEE ._..---- 1 65
Caladium Virginicum, ii. 241
CALAMAGROSTIS ---- ll. 444
arenaria ----- 445
Canadensis..._. 444
coarctata ___._ 444
colorata... ~~ 418
Inexpansa ---. 445
Mexicana ..-. 444
Purshii..--.- 444
Calamus ___-----.-. ii. 244
Calico-bush...-.__.- i. 440
CATER epee See ii. 241
palustris ~._.- 242
Virginica -_-- 241
Callistachya Virginica, ii. 44
CALLITRICHACE/,
ii. 170
CaLLITRICHE ...-..- i. 170
aquatica .---- 170
autumnalis _-- 170
brevifolia_---- 170
heterophylla .. 170
intermedia- ~~. 170
linearis .._... 170
ternestre... 2 = 170
Venn =e 170
CiLOPOGON ___---- li. 282
pulchellus 2222 “282
CADTH ANS eee 1 17
inlegerrima - - 17
palustris 252-2 17
CaLypso __.--_ -_- i. 519
Americana .-- 520
borealis -._--- 520
bulbosa.-— .- -- 520
CaLYSTEGIA___----- iu. 97
Seplum, sees = oF
spithamea.-__-- 98
tomentosa. —-- 98
CaMELINA -_. -_-_-- 1 63
Sativale ee ee 63
CAMELINER ..~---~-- 1 63

538

CAMPANULA.-_-.----
Americana...
amplexicaulis -

aparinoides ~~.
perfoliata ..--

rotundifo

CAMPANULACEA, i.
i. 100

lia .--

Campiom .222-22.5 56
Canary-grass-.. ._--

Cancer-root ~_-

Candleberry Myrtle ~~ ii,
. 225

CANNABINER-------

Caper Pnbe-22< 525
CAPPARIDACE/E.
CAPRELUA -.-<-2---

Bursa-pa

CAPRIFOLIACESZ, i.

storis —

Caprifolium ..------

bracteosum --.

dioicum

flavum .-.-.--

Frasert

glaucum .--.-

gratum

parviflorum - -

pubescen

eee

SEMPELVIFENS - -
CARDAMINE _..-----
hirsuta #2222.

Pennsyl:
pratensis

vanica,

rhomboidea - - -

Virginica -...
Cardinal-flower ._--- -
CARDUUS 22--52--2-

arvensis
Benedict

discolor

US co8

glutinosus --.-

horridul:

WS iss eaienien

lanceolatus _ ~~

muticus
odoratus

Page.

1. 426

427
428
427
428
426
426

i. 418

23
196

1. 225

225
67
67
65
65

294

296

298

298

297

297

298

297

298

298

298
56
57
57
57
56
57

425

- 405

407
405
406
406
407
405
406
407

Carduus pumilus ---- i.

CaREXx

INDEX.

HLT tae
alopecoidea - --
ampullacea - --
anceps eee
angustata ._.-
aquatilis......
arctala, SS = =<
aristata --....

Bachar s-"s525
Bigelovit .---
blanda) 222 225-
blepharophora ~
bromoides -__-
bullata _..._--
Buxbaumli-_--.
ceespitosa .__--
canescens .._--
canescens __.-
Careyana._..-
cephaloflora ~~
cephalophora -
chordorhiza ~~
collectad 22 525-
Collinsit -----
concolor ....--
conoidea___.--
conoidea.~—-- -
COSTCUO Mee aoe
Crawei ..-..-
cuimita oe

cylindrica ~~~
cylindrica ._..
Davalliana ~~~
Davisit 2 —.
debilis 2.....-
decomposita - - -
Deweyana --_..

ww FP Ww w w
conto
ooco

“tsa oe
oO =

Carex digitalis.__.__- ii.

digitalis ....-
dioica... 2. =.
disperma ..---
UUStiCh daa = oe
eburnea .__---

@xilis: Gea ee
festucacea ._..
filiformis -__--

folliculata .._.
folliculata ----
formosa .---..
FUTCULG 22
Geodenovii -.-
gracillima -_ ~~
granulariovdes,
granularis __-~-
BTSCG: oa nan at
Halseyana--. -
heterosperma -
hirsuta... --
Hitchcockiana.
hystricina --_-
intermedia. -
intumescens . ~ -
irregularis ...
lacustris... .. -

lagopodioides ~
lanuginosa - — ~~
latifolia-.....
laxiflora 244.
lenticularis - 388,
leonura ..~=. =
leporina...-- -
leptalea__.---
leucoglochin ~ .
limosa ....---
limosa -.~----
livida.s 2220322

Carex longirostris_-.- ii.

lupulina___--
marginata.---
Michauzii.---
microstachya ~
miliacea._.- -
mirabilis .----
mirata ..-.--
monile ..----
Muhlenbergii -
multiflora ----

Novanglia - --
Oakesiana- -- -

oligocarpa - ~~~
oligosperma - -
paleacea.-----
pallescens -.--
pallida._---.-
paniculata ..-
pauciflora.__.-
paupercula. 401,
pedunculata - --
Pennsylvanica-
pilulifera .---
plantaginea - - -
plantaginea- - -
polygama ----
polymorpha - --
polytrichoides -
prasinad --—---
Pseudo-Cyperus,
pubescens. ----
WUD ane
pyriformis .---
retroflexa ---.-
retrorsa ----.-
reversd..—----
Richardi -----

PIG Sa a=

NOSca eee oe a
rostrata ..- 392,
Sartwellii -.--

Page.
397

3938
399
392
371
412
382
398
390
374
376
387
399
390
403
406
390
389
403
374
378
371
410
383
399
399
409
407
384
404
371
412
396
401
387
389
375
395
395
380
586
412
375
395
378

INDEX.

Carex sazatilis-..--- il.

Scabrata . 22...
Schweinitzii_ — -
scirpordes.__--
scoparia... -- -
Selaced saoeo os
siccata ...222:
sparganioides - -
Sprengelit ---
squarrosa -.~--
stellulata ____-
SLENUIUS en ee
Stipalaese se =
straminea ..~.
striata
striatula -_---

SUG a
subulata ._----
sylvatica ....--
LONCTR ea awe =
tentaculata ~~~ -
tentaculata - --
tenuiflora... -
LenU Sao ae
teretiuscula ~~ -
tetanica, 22 eee
tetanica
Torreyana.---
Torrey = osec<
ticeps ===
trichocarpa - - -
trisperma - -- --
Tuckermant - -

typhina ~-----
umbellata ~~~
utriculata._—--
Vanvleckit----

VESICATIO - ----
vestita .----—-
virescens __---

viridula ... 384,

Viet as
vulpinoidea - --
Washingtoniana,

Page.
387
394
394
381
381
377
374
875
397
383
380
381
376
382
404
408
387
391
411
382
395
391
381
411
378
407
405
386
404
384
397
379
391
383
398
391
406
399
391
401
385
403
406
376
387

539

Page,
Carex Willdenovii --- ii. 372
xcanthophysa -- 392
Carpet-weed -__.._-- i. 104
CaRPINUS ._-..----- li. 185
Americana __. 185
Betulus -..--- 186
Osiny ase ee- 185
Ostrya- Americana, 185
Carrion-flower ..---- i. 303
(Chiadely Mo sees ts a Pel)
CAR VALE soe ce aes il. 181
Eilon) se 181
amaral 2222222 183
slabra, a2veon2 182
MOTCING oa-5. — 182
SqUaMOsa.-~-- 181
sulcata..----- 183
tomentosa —-_--_ 182
CARYOPHY LLACEZ,
i. 92
Cashew Tribe-..-.-- 1. 127
Cassandra calyculata. 1. 434
OPIS Osean ceeaee aby iishe)
Chameecrista - - 190
Marilandica -. 189
Nictitans—.-_-.- 190
CASTANEA _.-_----- 11.195
pumila -----. 196
iVESC Asante ete 195
CasTELLEJA..--.--. ll. 48
coccinea ._.--- 48
CATATPA S22-seeee- ls 25
bignonioides - - 25
cordata ..=--- 25;
syringefolia- _- 25
@atbricwee seo] oe acer ls SU
Catchfly -..-------- 1 100
Ob ides ie eae ee 1. 167
Cat-emint _..-------- ll. 74
Caen so aeeaeeee re
at tal ee ena TT OAT
Cat-tail Tribe ...---- il. 247
Caulinia flexilis ---- 1. 250
Caulophyllum thalictroides,
hy oe.

540

Page.

CEANOTHUS .---.--- 1.144
Americanus ~~ 144
intermedius - - - 145
ovalis....--.. 145
Cedars s..22 222522 1 233
Celandine _..-.-.---. i. 44
CELASTRACE.. 1.139
CEeLAsTRus .-.---.. 1. 140
scandens. --_-- 140
CELTIS+2 2-524 -022— UF
occidentalis — _- 167
CencuRus .-.------ ii. 431
Carolinianus - - 431
echinatus ---. 431
tribuloides.... 431
CENTAUREA-...-.... 1.404
Cyanus ...... 404
Centaurella...-.---- it 112
aulumnalis _-- 1
paniculata ..- eh
Centaurium autumnale, il. 112
Centawty 22c.c2cose ah I
CEPHALANTHUS _--- 1.313
occidentalis _-. 313
CERASTIUM .....--- i. 98
arvense ...--- 99
connatum. .- -- 98
elongatum - -- - 90
glut:nosum - -- 100
hirsutum —-.-- 98
longepedunculatum, 100
NUlANS te eae 100
oblongifolium - o9
Pennsylvanicum, 99
pubescens. ---- 99
semidecandrum, 98
tenurfolium - -- 99
villosum ..-.- 99
viscosum _-__- 99
vulgatum --.-- 98
vulgatum ---- 9
CERASUS= -2 2-2 os 1195
borealis --.--- 196
depressa .---- 195
nigra.------. 194

INDEX.

Page
Cerasus obovata ._.-- 1. 196
Pennsylvanica - 196
pubescens .--. 194
pumila 222.-.. 195
pygm@a@a .---- 195
serotina _..-... 196
serolinad..--- 196
Virginiana.-.. 196
Virginiana .. 187

CERATOPHYLLACE A,
u. 169
CERATOPHYLLUM-.-~ ii. 169
demersum —.-- 169
echinatum .__- 169
(CERCIS 2. 5230 ee 188
Canadensis - _- 188
Cherophyllum.------ 1.269
Canadense .-. 269
Claytont ----- 282
Chatocyperus ------- 1.349
acicularis .-.. 849
polymorpha... 349

Chamealirium Carolinianum,
1. 318
Chamomile__.-.-.-. 1.391
Charlock:=s2--s22.>=. 1080!
Cheats 2222 ee eee Aor
Cheilanthes gracilis -— 11. 486
CHELIDONIUM --.--. i. 44
majus- S22 .66- 44
CHELONE —=---- 2-2-2 a1. 34
glabra =. .-5 34

CHENOPODIACEA,

Wel 32
CHENOPODIUM~----- ii. 133
album 222-42 [7133
ambrosioides . ~ 135

anthelminticum, 1385
Bonus-Henricus, 136

Botrys..----- 184
hybridum_--.- 134
MarittmuUmM . —- 141
salsum..----- 142
wiride. s.----- 133

Cherry 2 sacceees er Ui BD

Page.

Chess. ....-.-.-.-.- ii. 467
Chestnut --.-...-2-- il. 195
Chickweed __._--_-- 1. 97
Chickweed Wintergreen, ii. 11
CHIMAPHILA __.-_-. 1.455
corymbosa ---- 455
maculata _-... 455
umbellata..... 455
CHIOGENES...-.---- 1.450
hispidula--.-.- 450
Chironia angularas ~~ ii. 113
Centaurium. -- 111
chloroides ~-.- 114
stellata ~..-.- 113

Chlora dodecandra.-- ii. 114
Chloris curtipendula.. ii 449

Chokeberry -..-.... 1.224
Choke Cherry....... 1.196
Ching sat eee eet
Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum, 1.393
Curysopsis...-.... 1.367
alba....--.-.- 349
falcata _-..... 367
linarwfolia..-. 351
Mariana ___.. 368
CHRYSOSPLENIUM .-_ 1. 258
Americanum.. 258
oppositifolium - 259
Cicnorium...-..--. 1.4ll
Intybus --.-., 411
CicuTa.-....-.-.--. 1.267
bulbifera -.-.. 267
maculata... 267
CIMICIFUGA.-_----- 1, 22
racemosa ...-. 22
Cinna .-.---------- ii. 435
arundinacea. 435
Jfiliformis.---- 437
glomerata.--. 437
lateriflora.... 437
Mexicana... 487
racemosa.-.-. 487
sobolifera.-..-. 437
tenuiflora...-. 436

Pago.

Cinnamon Tribe ----- il. 158
Cinquefoil_--_------ 1.206
Crrema-.. .-5-.05- 1, 239
alpina A Bee oe oye 240
Canad:nsis... 239
Lutetiana __ ~~. 239
CIRSIUM 202 25-42. <4 1.405
arvense ___..- 407
Bigelovit ---- 406
discolor .._-.- 406
horridulum -.. 407
lanceolatum ~. 405
muticum .__.. 406
pumilum -_--- 406

Cissus hederacea.---- 1, 148
CISMACH AN 222 225 1,76
CrADiUM ees eee il. 366
mariscoides __. 866
MATISCUS --~ - 366
triglomeratum, 366
CLAYTONIA ..-.-...~ i, 109
Caroliniana__. 110
spathulefolia.. 110
spathulata---- 110
Virginica__-.- 110
Clearweed .. -.---.- il. 223
@leaversenseca nes] os i. 309
CLEMATIS .-.-.---- i 20
ochroleuca --.- 6

serviced ..—-- ~~ 6
verticillaris ..- 7
Virginiana- --- 6
Cleome dodecandra.-- 1. 68
VISCOSA ------ 68
CLEOMEH.__ ..--.- Tels,
@CXLETHRA\2 o-oo ee 1,431
alnifolia. ..... 431
Climbing Fern __---- i. 504
Climbing Fumitory .. 1. 47
Climbing Hempweed- i. 330
Clinopodium incanum, ii. 61
MULEOTE 22 = 68
CLINTONIA ..-----. u. 300
borealis -._-.- 300

CHIC eee 301

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Page.
Clintonia multiflora .. ii. 301
odorata ~~... 301
parviflora... 301,
umbellata .... 301
Crironr eee 1. 163
Mariana... .- 163
Clover cease eee i. 167
Clubmoss -__--_---- ii. 507
Clubmoss Tribe. __-_ - il. 507
Clubrush 252225 -2-25 1. 350
Cnicus arvensis ..--- 1. 407
benedictus .... 405
Gtsc0lor 2= eo. 406
glutinosus.--. 406.
horridulus.-.-. 407
lanceolatus _-_- 405
MULLCUS oo =26 406
pumilus ----- - 407
Cnidium atropurpurewm, i. 272
Cockle saeco n= seers i, 102
Cocklebur ...-.-...- trode
Cocksfoot Grass ___-- ‘ii. 466
Cockspur Thorn ---. 1,221
Coffee-tree _._.._--.. 1,191
@olehicumee==o=e= il. 314
Colchicum Tribe -__. ii. 314
Colic-root .-.....-.- i. 310
COLnINstagenees === ii. 33
Veta =aaee se 3
CoLLINSONIA -_.-.-- li. 65
Canadensis - ~~ 65
OVA ees ae 65
Coltsfoot ...-- i. 332; i. 131
Columbine... -__--- i, 19
CoMANDRA ___-__~-- il. 160
umbellata.__-- 160
Comaropsis Doniana . 1. 204
fragariwides .. 204
CoMARUM --~------- iy aa F
palustre co22_ 2 211
Comimneye ete e emo ae ii, 88
CoMMELYNA._...--- i, 332
angustifolia... 332
COMMELY NACEZ,, 11.332
COMPOSED Ales a- Toe
70

541
Page.
Composite Tribe ----. 1, 321
CoMPTONIA ___.---- ll. 198
asplenifolia --. 198
Comptosorus rhizophyllus,
li. 494
CONIFERA -_----- il. 226
CoNIOSELINUM-._---- Th Paths)
Canadensis._-_. 275
CONTUM 222-2 ees 1, 282
maculatum -.. 282
Conophilis Americana, ii. 23
Convallaria ..------ il. 297
biflord -25— oo 300
bujolia ase. 299
canaliculata .. 300
igi eae 300
Pati (0100 eae 300
multiflora ---- 300
parviflora -.-. 300
pubescens ..--- 300
TACEMOSH ~-~—-- 298
SLCLIGLO 2 een 297
Wifolia: s2eno= 298
umbellata .... 301
umbellulata .. 300
CONVOLVULACES,, ii. 96
CoNVOLVULUS ~__-.- i. 96
arvensis _._..- 96
panduratus ._-. oF
VAIS San 97
Sep .sees6 97
spithameus --- 98
SLOTS Eee 98
Conyza asteroides..-. 1.33
camphorata--- 370
linifolia .--.- 334
Marilandica-. 370
Coolweed.__..-.---- 1228
@oRDs) se ea= aeons i 18
trifolita = eeeee 18
Coral-root -..----.-- il. 269
CoRALLORHIZA__..-- ll. 269
hyemalis ----- 270
iMnatay eee 269
odontorrhiza .. 269

542

Corallorhiza multiflora, i.
ELM fat (10 ee ye ae
Cord-orass:.. =.= <= il.
Corema Conradi ---~ i.
CorEoPSsIS .---.---- 1.
alternifolia - --
aurea

trichosperma - -
CORNACE 4.-_-.-.-- 1
Corncockle ._.-.--.- a:
GoRNUS) 22 2005 Son oe 1:

alba

alternifolia ~.—.

Canadensis. — ~~
clrcinatas. n=.
floridare =e. sae
lanuginosa - --
paniculata 22.
Purshit -..---
SaNLUINEA -- ~~
sericea _.-- --
stolonifera __~-
tomentulosa - --
CoRYDALIs\.-.-2---- af
aurea, 2o2-.cu
Canadensis- — ~~
Canadensis - --
Cucullaria .-.
formosa ..----
fungosa ..----
platted = 26.5.

Couch- grass
Cowbaie. ics. .oe- 4

Cow (Parsnep ~2—--== ii
Cow-wheat ..--..--- il.

Crab-apple...-._. ..- 1.

Page.
269
269
447
519

1.385

384
385

INDEX.
C@rab:orassiqee aoe eee i.
Cranberry a2 2oo—< i,
Crane-fly Orchis .-.- iL
Cranesbill 2.222422 1,
CRANTZTA, 222 es oe24 iv

lineata sess
CRASSULACEZE -- 1.
CRATMGUS .=.250.- 1,
coccinea ..—-- -
Crus-galli -_--
JOUG see ess-
glandulosa .--
ia) fol eee
leucophaus ~~.
lUcid@ 2 sae
oxycantha ~~~
punctata.--..-
pyrifolia ..-.-
TACEMOSA ~~ --
tomentosa -__-
OA a a
Creeping Snowberry - i.
Cresseen ose 1:
CROMATAR TANS Cs ae rs
parviflora ----
sagittalis -._--
Crowberry. 20-2228 il.
Crowberry Tribe -_-. ii.
Crowioot...2-. Sec. 1.
CRUCIFERE.---.. i
Cruciferous Tribe... i.
Cryosanthes borealis. — ii.
Crypta minima... - 1,
CRY PTOGAMOUS
PLANTS, ii.
Cryptolobus Americanus, i.
sarmentosus -.
CRYPTOTENIA -__..- 1.
Canadensis - ~~
Cteisium paniculatum, ii.
Cuckoo-flower._---.- 1.
Cucubalus stellatus .. i.
Cucumber-tree._--_ _- i,
CUCURBITACEZ. i
Cudweed ocacse =e se i

1. 220

www w w
eS

~
VL NH WHnwnwnn iw
[w)

nw
w
SFB www nr WW —

SF nmOnn wn wo iw
aa»nnn wn ww
ie SS)

ro
[e,2)
Or

—_
CO
Oo

178
11
49
49

288
oil

480
164
164
269
269
504

57
101

28

. 249
. 395

Culver’s Physic --~-- ii, 44
(CUNTU Ap eee oe ene ee uu. 65
glabra ..~.-- 67
Mariana __-.. 66
pulegioides - -- 66
CUPHES 2520.52 oere i, 230
viscosissima... 230
CUPRESSINE. .- ii. 232
Cupressus -_~------ 11. 232
thuyoides -._.- 233
CUPULIFERA ~~. ii. 184
Curled Maple ----- -- i, 136
Currants sos) e255 1. 246
Currant Tribe -__-_- i. 246
@uscuTa-- == ese = u. 98
Americana -_.- 99
Epilinum -_-- 99
Europea .---- 39
Gronovll --..- 99
SQUTUTL ~-.-- 99
umbrosa ~__.- 99
vulgivaga---- 98
CUSCUTINEZE.__- ii. 98
Cyamus flavicomus -. 1. 38

luteus ee ee 38

Cyathea fragilis ---- 11.501
Cylactis montana... 1.214
Cymbidium ---.----- i, 269
Corallorhizon- 269
hyemale.---- - 270
pulchellum.--.- 282
Wisteriana -. 269
CyNoGLossuM--_~---- ii. 89
amplexicaule. . 89
officinale -.--- 89
Virginicum ~ -- 89
Cynosurus Indicus --- il. 447
secundus ---.- 450
CUuNTHIA 225-552 --6 i. 410
amplexicaulis. 410
Grifithsia ---. 410
Virginiea, 22, — Ag0

Virginicum (bis), 410
CYPERACEZ --_-_- ii. 336
Cyperus li. 338

‘Cyperus allerniflorus . il.

bicolomanneoe
caspilosus .---
castaneus ..—--
dentatus .._-- -
diandrus.__-- -
Ensleniit -..--
erythrorhizus- -
(LLUCUNIUS ae
filiculmis -_.-
GTAY! cose
INieCXUS see
Killingeoides -
mariscoides . ~~
Michauxianus -
micranthus ..-
Nuttallii..___-
ovularis -.-...-
parviflorus. -.
phymatodes - --
Pups eee
PYG MAUS --~---
Tepensia eee
retrofractus __-
Schweinitzii _-
spathaceus --~.
sttigosus.——-=-
tuberosus --~--
uncinatus.——.-

Cypressieo ese ees ii.
Cypress ‘Tribe 252.2. i.
CyPRIPEDIUM.-~--.- il.

acaule

arietinum -__.
bulbosum .-_--
calceolus
Canadense-.-_--

humile.------
parviflorum ~ ~~
pubescens ~~ -
spectabile -_ ~~~

Cystopogon dichotomus, ii.
CysToPTERIS .------ il.

Page.
343
339
339
339
342
33
340
340
839
341
338
342
343
341
341
339
342
359
344
342
341
343
343
341
344
343
337
340
341
343
282
232
286
287
287
288
520
287
287
288
287
286
287
434
501

INDEX.

Page

Cystopteris bulbifera.- 1. 501
fragilis ------ 501
DACTV EIS ene ae ee il. 466
cynosuroides - - 448
glomerata _..- 466
maritima .--- 449

Day 22 S-eeee< 1. 355, 393
DATIGARD AUS Seem ae 1 Pall
fragariides-. 204
Tepensiea=* a- 213
violaoides ---- 213
Dandelion a=s22—]42— 1. 418
DANTHONIA ._------ i. 454
Spicald o2a<es- 454
Darnell se essesse2 = il. 474
Datisca hirta ------- i. 128
DAnUR AMS eee eee e= i. 101
Stramonium ~~ 101

Lata eee 101
DaAucuss= 2222252 =2— 1. 280
Carota _..... —. 280
Day-flower ....----- ll. 832
Decachana ...------ i, 448
Dead-nettle _....__-- ity CTE
Decamerium dumosum, 1. 448
frondosum.... 449
hirtellum ._-. 448
TeSINOSUM.—— ~ - 449
Deschampsia cespitosa, i. 451
WECODONSS Sees esses 1. 229
verticillatum -. 229
Deerberry = ates so. 1 446
Deer-ordss 225-2262 NO
DELPHINIUM ___~--- 1.20
consolida ____- 20
DENTARIA --.---~-- i. 58
concatenata .- 58
diphylla=ss2. 5 58
laciniata ___._ - 58
maxima... _.- 59
Desmopium __------- 1.175
acuminatum. -- 176
Atkinianum. - - 177
Bootitt ...--- 178
bracteosum - -- 178

543

Page.
Desmodium Canadense, i. 177
canescens- .--- 177
(nbkins G5 ose 180
cuspidatum --. 178
Dilleniw sess. 178
levigatum ~~... ii. 515
Marilandicum . i. 179
Marilandicum, 177
nudiflorum. -- - 176
paniculatum.-- 180
rhombifolium.- 1.515
rigidum ..24-- 1.180
rotundifolium _ 181
viridifloruam. — - 179
viridiflorum -- 177
Devil’s-bit _-.-.-.___ i. 318
Dewberry 2---222222"1,216
DIAPENSIA_...--.-- il. 95
Lapponica - -- - 95
obtusifolia - .- - 95
‘Diapensia Tribe -_.-. i, 95
DIAPENSIACES .~ ii. 95
TAN THER Ale Sees te 2
Americana... . 2h
ensiformis - -- - hf
DicENTRA .......-. 1. 45
Canadensis ~_- 46
Cucullaria_ __ - 45
xii ae 46
DicKsonia .__--.---- il. 502
pilosiuscula - -- 502
pubescens..-.. 502
punctilobula .. 502
Diclytra Canadensis. i. 45
Cucullaria ..- 45
eximia (bis) - -- 46
formosa -_---- 46
DICOTYLEDONOUS
PiGANDTS Si al
DIERVILLA ..------- i, 300
Canadensis . - - 301
humilis... ---- 301
ued eS (Oi
Tournefortii -- 301
inuliebia ee. BLO

544 INDEX.

Page. Page. Page.

Deir Jos. ateee oe le) 2D Delingeria cornifolia_ i. 351 Dwarf Dandelion_-.. i. 309
Digitaria filiformis . ii, 424 ptarmicoides.. 349 Dwarf Laurel__-.... i441
Blabracuc ca 423 umbellata ..-.- 352 Dwarf Risk ----.... 1.315
humifusa ..--- 423 Dogbane Tribe --.___ ii. 116 EBENACEF...--- ii) 5
Ischamum...- 423 Dogsbane...-.-.-.-- ii. 116 Ebony Tribe_....... ii, 5
sanguinalis.-- 423 Dogstail Grass _....- ii. 441 Echinochloa .---.-.. ii. 424
Dilepyrum aristosum . i. 443 Dogstooth Violet ._._ ii. 306 Ecninocystis..._.. i. 250
minutiflorum.. 435 Dogwood_.......... i. 288 lobata...-.-.. 250
PFOSCOREA 2.22.22 Ul. 292 Dogwood Tribe .___- i, 288 Ecuinosrpermum---~ ii. 90
paniculata---- 298 Dolichos angulosus .. i. 160 Lappula ..._. 90

VOSS ee 293 polystachya-.. 160 Virginicum - ~~ 90
DIOSCOREACES ~ ii. 292 Doopia .---._.-.--- i 489 ECHIUM .--s.4-ce= MU. 64
DiosPyvrus...2.--.. 1. 6 Virginica.-.-. 489 vulgare 225.1 84
Virginiana ~~~ 6 Doorweed --.-.-.--< ii. 152 Fel-prass ..-..- if. 251, 265
DipLacuneE-------.- ii. 472 IDRABA cocoa. eet es Oe Eglantineg ~-.2.32.. 1.220
fascicularis --. 472 arabiscens ~ _- - 62 ELATINACEZ ... i. 91
Diplasium thelypteroides, Caroliniana - _. 62 ELATING =.2cecs--5 1 Qh
i, 493 hispidula.---- 62 Americana... 91

Diplocera barbata.-.- it. 455 INCONG...- -- ~ 62 MINIMA .-- == - 91
DipLoparpus_------ 4.350 4 lg ik eee 3 Hider ens. os eye a ee
GUS cnccowss. “249 Dracena borealis ..._ 11.300 ELEAGNACEE .. ii. 164
amygdalinus . 852 DracocePHaLum.--- li. 75 Elecampane .....-.. 1.370
cornifolius..-. 351 denticulatum . - 76 Erocnaris.---..-- ii. 346
linariifolius --. 351 parviflorum - ~~ 75 acicularis _... 349
Marianus ---- 368 Virginianum. - 76 caéspitosa.---- 351
Tigidus ..... 351 Dracontium fetidum . ii. 243 intermedia... 347
umbellatus--.. 352 Dragon’s-head -..___ ii. 75 melanocarpa -. 520
Diplostephium acuminatum, Drepanospron.-....- i. 160 obtusa ------- 348
1. 348 Dropseed Grass_-._.~ ii. 435 olivacea...-.. 347

cornifollum... 351 DDROSERA. 2 2oauce noe sill palustris... 346
linariifolium-- 351 Americana - -- 82 planifolia -.-- 351
umbellatum .-- 352 filiformis -_. ~~ 82 pygmea__--.. 350:
DIPSACEZ --.--. 1.320 foliosa -..---- 82 rostellata ..-.. 347
Dirsacus ..2-- 25226-1320 intermedia. -- - 82 tenis. a2 OAD
sylvestris... 320 longifolia... -- 82 tuberculosa ... 348
Dima. 222s sole ee 168 rotundifolia ~~ 81 ELEUSINE ~<s.<ssc2 1, 447%
palustris-..--. 163 tenuifolia. -- -- 82 Indicas: 22-223 447
DiscopLeuRA.------ i. 265 DROSERACE/E.-. i. 81 Polit ade eee on
capillacea...-. 266 Duekmeat -..-22c--= 11.245 Elm Tribesasc-c-s.< ih 165
Ditch-grass...-.----- ii, 252 Duckweed 2.22.2... 31245 ELOpEA 2 23-222 e-0-) a, 90
Dittany 22 = 2 oeeee! W100 DULICHIUM —--.-0-4 1.337 campanulata . - 90
Dock onc s2cse acess Ue loe Canadense --. 337 Canadensis... 11. 264
Dedder a. ame oso a 25 spathaceum .-. 337 Drummondii - i. 90
Dodder Uribe 222-52 a 9S Dutch Myrtle 2...2-. 1. 196 ET OSCE so omm 90

Delingeria.----.--- 1.349 Dutchman’s Breeches. i, 45 Virginica. -..- 90

Page.
E\Lymus .-...---.-- il. 475
Canadensis _.. 476
glaucifolius -.- 476
Eysttix -<2--< 476
Stiiatusias === 476
villosus -..-.- 476
Viroinicus=.—- 475
EMPETRACEZ -. ii. 178
EXEMPETRUM -_--.--- i. 178
Conradi .---- 519
nierum) --=--- 178
Enchanter’s Nightshade, i. 239
ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS, 11. 237
English Mercury ---- 11. 136
ISPIGMANE ==) Seo es ee 1.432
repens... =. = .~ 432
Epinopium .------- 4, 231
alpinum..-... 232
angustifolium.. 231
coloratum ..-. 232
lineare___-.-- 233
moles fo 233
oliganthum.-- 233
palisiie c= == 233
rosmarinifolium, 233
spicatum ~.-.- 231
squamatum ..- 233
strictum .---- 233
tetragonum.-- 232
pipaciis. = 2-29 = = li, 285
convallariowdes, 286
cordata .----- 285
EPIPHEGUS ---.---- ll, 24
Americana. _—- 24
Virginiana -- 24
EQUISETACE -- ii. 480
EQUISETUM ~-~-__-- i. 480
arvense _.--.- 480
hyemale ___-.- 482
limosum___--- 481
scirploides-... 482
sylvaticum.... 481
variegatum -.. 482
Frag ross! woccco <= i. 459

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Page
Eragrostis major_--- ii. 459
@ilosd- =a = = 460
reptans ...--- 460
CRUCUSDIS= = eer 463
ERECHTITES 22222 i. 400
elongata ~.--- * 400
hieracifolia..- 400
hieracifolius -. 400
prealita ..- -- 400
ERICACE#.-.-..- 1. 429
WRIGENTAS =. 2.5322 i. 283
bulbosa ---.-. 283
ERIGERON.-~------- 1. 353
ambiguum.--- 355
annuum ..~-.- 355
bellidifolium -. 354
camphoratum . 3870
Canadense---. 353
heterophyllum . 355
integrifollum.. 355
NETVOSUM ..—- - 355
Philadelphicum, 355
pulchellum --. 354
purpureum... 354
pusillum ..--- 353
spathulatum -. 355
strigosum ---- 355
slrigosum ---- 335
ERIOCAULON -~----- il. 335
pellucidum.--- 335
septangulare -- 335

ERIOCAULONACES,
il. 334
ERIOPHORUM -.----- li, 357
alpinum ._--_. 357
angustifolium.- 360
cespitosum..-- 358
cyperinum .-. 356
Hudsonianum. 357
latifolium ---. 359
polystachyum - 359
vaginatum --.. 358
Virginicum.-. 358
vulgare ------ 359
E.RODIUM.-<<s-<a=5 5 1, 12)

71

545

Page.

Erodium cicutarium -_ i. 121
Erophila Americana . i. 63
vulgaris.----. 63

IE RU Mee ee eee 1.156
hirsutum -__-- 156
ERYSIMUM .---.--.-. i, 60
barbarea ._-.- 52
cheiranthoides - 60
officinale -_-.- 59
parviflorum .. 60
ERYTHREA____.__-- ew
Centaurium - _- 111
Muhlenbergii - 111
Pickeringti -- 111
pulchella -._.- 111
ERYTHRONIUM___--- li. 306
albidum -__--_- 307
Americanum . 306
Dens-canis _.- 306
lanceolatum- - - 306
Eubotrys racemosa... i. 436
Eucephalus albus... i. 349
Euchroma coccinea.-. ii. 48
Evonymus -__--__-- 1.141
Americanus .. 142
atropurpureus. 142
obovatus..---- 142
EUPATORIACE. i. 323
E\UPATORIUM -__-__- 1. 326
ageratoides _.. 329

album ___-__- Me S17
amanum ....- 1. 327
angustifolium. 326
aromaticum... 330
ceanothifolium. 330
connatum._—-- 329
cordatum ..-. 330
dubium .----- 326
falcatum --- - 326
glandulosum .. ii. 517
hyssopifolium . 517
lanceolatum ._ 3.328
leucolepis__ ~~. 327
linearrfolium.. ii. 517
maculatum -.. 1 826

546 .

Page.

Eupatorium Marrubium, 1. 328
melissordes ... 330
perfoliatum --. 329
pubescens -.-- 3828

punctatum.... 326
purpureum..-. 326

resinosum -.-. 11, 517
rotundifolium.. i. 328
scandens --~-- 530
sessilifolium -. 328
ternifolium --. 326
teucrifolium -. 327
trifoliatum --- 327
truncalum---- 328
urticifolum -. 329
verbenafolium. 3828
verticillatum-- 326
EUPHORBIA..------- ii. 174
corollata.....- HAs
depressa ----- 176
helioscopia --. 174
hypericifolia -. 175
Ipecacuanha -- 177
maculata -_.-. 176
maritima --~- 177
obtusata .-~-- 174
platyphylla--. 9-175
polygonifolia.. 177
thymifolia --- 176
EUPHORBIACEAS, 11. 172
Eurybia corymbosa... 1.335
macrophylla .. 335
EUSPIRZA.2ece 5200 i, 198
Euthamia graminifolia, 1. 366
tenuifolia----- 367
Eutriana curtipendula, 11. 450
Evening Primrose... 1. 234

Evening Primrose Tribe, 1. 231
EXOGENOUS PLANTS,

1. ol

Fagopyrum ..------- i, 319
HIAGUS ee see i. 194
Castanea----- 196
ferruginea.... 194
pumila ------ 196

INDEX.
Fagus sylvatica .---- il.
sylvesiris -.-..
False Foxglove -_-.- ii.
False Gromwell .---- il.

False Huckleberry... i

84
. 448

False Loosestrife -... i. 237
False Mermaid -_~--- 1. 126
False Mermaid Tribe - i. 126
False Nettle __.--_- ll, 223
False Pennyroyal - - ii. 55, 81
False Sanicle._...--- 1, 256
False Sunflower .---- 1. 389
Feather-ovrass. 2.225. u. 433
Fedia -.---n--enn-- 1.319
Female Fern...----- ii. 493
Fern Tribe ___.._-.- 1. 483
Fescue Grass.__-.--- u. 470
Festuca.----.-.. i. 470
acutiflora ---. 464
breviflora___-.- 464
bromoides .-.. 470
distichophylla . 462
duriuscula-._.. 470
elatior --.-..- 471
fascicularis.-. 472
fluitans ..---- 463
multiflora ---- 472
nutans, 22 sss 471
octoflora ....- 470
polystachya... 472
pratensis ....- 471
procumbens .-- 472
tenella -..-... 470
Fever-bush -..------ li. 159
Fever-root ----.--.-- 1. 301
Wield Dhymes wasn — = li. 68
Pigworte 2 ncesc.55 lino)
Figwort Tribe._~._-- li, 28
IAGO ae ene eee i, 399
Germanica --. 399
BVILICEHS 22-2. 255..— li. 483
FIMBRISTYLIS .-~-.- li. 360
autumnalis... 361
cylindrica... 360
spadicea....- - 3860

Page
Fiorin Grass.__----- ll. 441
Di pepe eae ae ek ae ll. 229
Fireweed _-_-.__.__- 1.419
Fivefinger ...-.._.. = 1,208
Ela e eee 1.118
Flax Tribe --_-____- 1.117
Bleabane ..2 322.02 1.353
Floating Heart -.-..- ii, 115
FL@RKEA -__--____- 1. 126
proserpinacoides, 127
palustris -.... 127
uliginosa ---- 127
Flower-de-luce .___- - li, 290
Flowering Fern .__.- u. 503
FLOWERING PLANTS,
oe
FLOWERLESS PLANTS,
ll. 480
Fetid Chamomile.__. i. 390
Fool's Parsley.__.. ... 1. 274
Forget-me-not -_.-... is 287
Fox Grape a. owes aes 1. 146
Hoxtalo. 32 eee iil. 430
Foxtail Grass _-_.__. il, 417
FRAGARIA.__---~-.- 1.211
Canadensis... 211
VeSCaco = Seca oe 212
Virginiana-_.. 211
FRASERA -__.----- . i. 109
Caroliniensis ~ - 109
verticillata .-.- 109
Wallteri.__-- - 109
FRAXINUS.-----~--- ii, 125
acuminata ... 125
Americana. -. - 125
discolor ..---- 125
pubescens- --.- 126
sambucifolia- —- 126
tomentosa... 126
French Pink -_--.--- 1, 404
Brog's-bit 2.52228 il. 263
Frog’s-bit Tribe --_-- lil. 263
Brost (Grape. 22. = i. 147
Frostweed _...---.- Boy ies
Frostwort ...-..-..- 1 77

a

squarrosa -_--.
- Torreyana-..--

Fumartia___-.-----_. 1.

Cucullaria. -- -
CLIMNIG .-.-- 2
formosa .-----
fungosa..-.--
glauca 1.2...
TCHUD ah ators a

sempervirens - -

FUMARIACEZS _.. i.
Fumitory e--<.-..- iB
Fumitory Tribe. __--- i
GabacTIA.__-.--..- 1.

glabella -_----

Galatherium...---- 1,

integrifolium -
salicifoliwm . --
sanguineum ..

Ladanum .-.-
Tetrahit -__-
versicolor ....
Galingale____-...... il
GANIUMes eee e se i
Aparine ._-...
asprellum ----
Bermudianum.
boreale ._--.-
brachiatum .-.
circ@oides -..-
circezans ....
Claytoni -----
cusprdatum - --
obtusum
Pennsylvanicum,
pilosum!——.-='

Page.

i. 845

345

©3845

345
49
48
45
46
46
47
48
49
49
47
48
45
49
45

162

162

418

418

418

418

i. 196
Gale Tribe _._..__.- il,
Galega Virginiana.. i.
GALEOPSIS -_.-.--.- il.

196
167
79
79
a9
79

i. 338
i, 309

309
310
312
312
312
312
312
310
311
310
311
311

INDEX.

Page.

Galium septentrionale. i. 312
strictum ....- 32
suaveolens -.-. 311
linctorium..-. 3810
trifidum -__-. 310
triflorum ___-. 311

Garlicee= 2s see eee 11, 308
Gaultheria ...-.-_-- 1. 433

hispidula ...- 450
procumbens... 4338

serpyllifolia .. 450
(CyATU RAW oe oe ees 1, 236
biennis .._-.- 236
GAYLUSSACIA..~~-._- 1, 448
dumosa .__--- 448
frondosa.__-.. 449
resinosa ..--.. 449
GAUTIERA ~_....44- 1,433
procumbens... 433
GENISTAN eee e emer 1.185
tinctoria -...- 185
Gentian -.-...--..-- ii. 106
Gentian Tribe .._.__- u. 105
GENTIANA ~_~.--~-- 1. 106
amarelloides - 108
Andrewsii-... 107
barbata ..--. 108
Centaurium -- 111
culvata -. =.=. 108
Crinitaesee ee ee 109
detonsa___-- .- 108
fimbriata....- 109 -
linearis ----.- 106
ochroleuca _-. 107

Pnewmonanthe, 106
Pseudopneumonanthe, 106
quinqueflora._. 108
quinquefolia -. 108
Saponaria_-. 106, 107
GENTIANACEZS . ii. 105

GERANIACEAE -.- 1.119
GERANIUM ----_---- 1,119
Carolinianum - 120
cicutarium ..- NT
maculatum..-. 119

547

Page.

Geranium pusillum -- i. 120
Robertianum . - 121
Geranium Tribe .__-. i, 119
GERARDIA -_~--_--. il, 44
CNECLO seen 45

favo ee 47
glauca._--.-- 47
maritima .__-. 46
pectinata -__-- 46
pedicularia ~_. 46
purpurea ~_-.- 45
quercifolia -__. 47
tenuifolia .._.- 45

villosa 22225... 47
Germander .__..__-- ll. 82
GEUM se see 1 201
agrimonioides. 209
Canadense __- 202
ranunculoides. 202

TLVale eee 203
strictum .-.<2 202
triflorum ___-- 203
Virginianum-. 202

Giant Bird’s-nest -__-- 1, 458
Giant Hyssop ---.--- il. 73
Galle eee n 75
GILLENIA ~.--.__-_- 1. 200
stipulacea ---. 201
trifoliata._..- - 200
CGUASENG eo Aeon i, 286
(Glasswort eee il. 139
Glechoma hederacea.- ii. 75
GLEDITSCHIA -__ --. 1. 192
triacanthus___. 192
Globe-flower ___--__- i 18
GLYCERIA ~.~---_--- ii. 463
acutiflora ._..- 464
aquatica -__--- 464
Canadensis ... 466
elongata ----- 465
fluitans .._-.- 463
Michauzi..-. 465
nervata .-..- 465
spectabilis .... 464
Gent eee ene 1, 161, 164

548

Page.

Glycine Apios -~---- 2. 161
braclteala ---- 164
comosa@ .----- 164
MONOICM- -- --- 164
peduncularis.- 161
regularis..--- 162
sarmentosa -.- 164
GNAPHALIUM ------- 1. 395
Americanum . 397
decurrens-.--.- 9396
dioicum B..--. 398
Germanicun-. 9399
margaritaceum, 398
obtusifolium... 396
Pennsylvanicum, 397
planlagineum. 398
planiaginifolium, 398
polycephalum. 396
purpureum ~.. 397
spatulatum... 397
uliginosum -.. 397

Goat's Rue 2-2-22.-- 1: 167
Gold of Pleasure ---- i. 63
Golden-club. ---. 2... ii. 243
Goldenrod -..------- 1.356
Golden Saxifrage ---- 1. 258
Goldthread --.-....- i. 18
Good King Henry --- ii. 136
GoopYERA...---.-- li. 284
pubescens..... 284

Tepens <2 -24. 4285
Gooseberry -.--.---- 1.246
Goosefoot _..-.----- i. 133
Goosefoot Tribe ...-. i. 132
Gourd Tribe._.-.... 1.249
GRAMINE# ----- 11.413
Graphephorum Elliotii, ii. 469
Grass of Parnassus... i. 83
Grass of the Andes__. ii. 453
Grass Tribe -.------ 11.413
Grasswrack: 22-2 eee 1) 200
GRATIOLA.-.------- li. 36
anagallidea - - 38

aUlea cee =e ae 37
wnequalis ....- 38

INDEX.

Page.
Gratiola neglecta ---- ii. 37
officinalis ---- 37
Virginica- ---- 37
VISCOSa ~----- 37
Gravel-plant...------ 1. 482
Great Burnet._.----- 1. 205
Great Laurel._-...-- i. 437
Great Water-lily ---. 1. 37
Greek Valerian._.-__ ii, 94
Greek Valerian Tribe, 11. 93
Greenbrier. ....-.-.. ii. 302
Greendragon_.--.---. ii. 240
Greenweed -..-..--. 1,185
Gromwell _..-.-2-.- ti. 85
GROSSULACE/E.. i. 246
Grossularia -..-.-.- 1.246
Ground Hemlock __-~_ ii. 236
Ground Ivy --.-.... i 75
Ground Laurel __.... i. 432
Ground-pine _...._.- i. 510
Groundnut__._._._-_ i. 161
Groundsel -.-----.2._ 1.401
Groundsel-bush._-._._ i. 369
Guelder Rose _-..... i. 303
Guilandina dioica... i. 191
Gum-tree...-...____ ii. 161
GYMNADENIA __. 2. ii. 273
conopsoides --. 273
tridentata..._. 273
GymNoc.Lapus...--. 1.191
Canadensis - _- 191

GY MNOSPERMOUS
PLANTS, ii. 226
Gymnostichum Hystriz, 1.476
Gyromia Virginica.- ii. 294
Habenaria ..--.-.-- i. 275
blepharigloltis. 277
bracteata. .-- 2h5
dilatata -..-. 276
jimbriata.---- 278
PissGSetese ce 2t8
fuscescens... » 215
grandiflora... 278
herbiola..---. 275
Hookeri--..-- = 275

Habenaria hyperborea, ii.
INncisd... -. -- -
lacera .-.----
macrophylla . -
obtusata_-----
orbiculata ~~ 274,
psycodes...-.-
TACEMOSA . —- - -
spectabilis .-- -
tridentata --..
VITescens -...

Hair-grass_-.-.- ii. 442,

Ha.LeEnia ~---_-.--- ii.
deflexa_.____.

HALORAGE -_-.- i.

HAMAMELACE. i.

HaMAMELIs...--_.--
macrophylla - -
Virginica ----

Hardhack:,-- 22222225) 1

Hard Maple: 22225-2241.

Harebell ----------. i.

Harestail -_._._-.-- ii.

Harpalyce alba -.--- 1.

Hart’s-tongue.....--. ii.

Hawkweed ...-.---- i.

Hawthorm. <<. 22.2422: a-

Hazelnut ._. -.....2-:.1h

Healall --. 22-222 22. i

Meath. Prbe 222560201

HEDEOMA.2.220. Saec 2:
glabra _-----
pulegioides- __ -

Hedge Hyssop ------ ii.

Hedge Mustard---_-_ i.

Hedge Nettle. ..-.... it.

Hedgehog Grass... -. ii.

HeEpyoris__--.---.- i.
cerulea _....-
ciliolata... -
clomerata- _- - -
longifolia - -- --

Hedysarum...------ i.
acuminatum .
Ankiny oe.

Page.

276
278
278
274
274
275
278
278
273
273
275
450
110
110
240
259

. 260

260
260
199
135
426
358
415
490
412
221
186

431
315
315
316
317
316
175
176
177

Hedysarum bracteosum, 1.
Canadense----
canescens .-~-
GUND ae
cuspidatum - --
diver gens-----
Sfrutescens.--.-
hartum ..—----
levigatum.--- i.
Marilandicum, i.
nudiflorum ---
ObtUSUT ~ = 5 —
paniculatum ~~
prostratum ---
TEPENS semana =e
reticulatum ---
rhombifolium.- i.
rigidum.-—-- - i,
rotundifoliwm -
violaceum ..--
viridiflorum, 177,

Hekorima dichotoma- - ii.

Heleastrum album .-- 1.

HELENIUM ...-.---. i.
autumnale __~-

HELIANTHEE

HELIANTHEMUM ---- 1
Canadense - - - -
corymbosum - .
ramuliflorum -
rosmarinifoliwm,

HELIANTHUS -__---- 1
altissumus... 381,
decapetalus - .-
divaricatus ---~-
frondosus .---
giganteus ._-.-

macrophyllus. -
multiflorus - --
strumosus....-
strumosus
tenurfolius -.-.
truncatus...
tuberosus -__.-

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

Page.
178

177

177

180

178

183

184

184

515
184

176

179

181

182

182

183

515
180

181

183

19)

322
349
389
389
378
17

INDEX.

Page

HETIopsis 2222 - eee 1.378
lee vise ee 379
Hellebore ._...-...- i 19
HELLEBORUS .-~--_-_- i 19
tri fOlus = seca 18

VICIC1S ae 19

EE TONIASE= = See i. 318
dioica) 222252 318

Wied ee ee 318
pumila -.---- 318
Virginica __~ 316

WITIG(S 22-5 se 317
HeEMICARPHA -_--_-- ll. 362
subsquarrosa -. 362
Hemlock Spruce ----- il, 230
Flempi esa eae sees i. 225
Hemp Tribe .2 24.24, ii, 225
Hemp Nettle... ...- ii. 79
Hempweed ......=-. 1, 326
Henbane ....---.--. ii. 102
Een bi es ees Wee atid
HEPATICAL. see = ee 1, 10
acutiloba .__.- 10
Americana .-- 10

triloba B22 2225 10
HERACLEUM ._-..--- 1. 279
lanatum .__ 279

Herb Robert -.---_- 2
Herba. Impia...2.c- =< 1, 399
Herdsgrass -_ ~~. - ii, 418, 441
Heterandra reniformis, ii. 313
HETERANTHERA .__- 11. 313
ACULO sere 313
graminea ----- 313
reniformis ...- 313
zosterifolia --. 314

[let eee 1. 431
HEUCHERA -_~..--.- 1, 256
Americana.... 256
Cortusa..-.-- 256
DISCLCG aan 256
Hexameria ...-.---- 1. 250
ELIBISC US: S52 ae eee i 114
clypeatus -_--- 114
Moscheutos - -- 115

72

Page.
Hibiscus pallidus ---- 1. 115
palustris, -.-=- 115
Trionum __~.- 115
Virginicus.--. 114
Plickoty. 22-228 262er il. 181
HIeRACIUM ~-~.._-- aes liez
Canadense ... 412
fasciculatum.. 412
Gronovil -..-. 413
Gronovii 8..-. 413
Kalmiit -_---- 412
macrophyllum - 412
Marianum (bis), 413
paniculatum.-. 414
scabrum.-_--- - 412
venosum.-_..-- 414
virgatum -.-. 412
HIeROCHLOA ~_~---- ii. 419
alpilageaeseo 420
borealis _....- 419
fragrans ..--- 420
TOD EN Sean eee 420
Pie bela oe ee 1. 424
High Cranberry --~-- 1, 307
HIPPOCASTANACE,
i. 138
EMPRURIS = sass 1, 244
wulearis 22.26 244
Hobblebush .__-...-- 1, 308
Hog-apple,...--2s22.- 1. 35
Hoots. cen aseseee 1, 164
Floo-weed! 22. 222.--% 1. 376
IO CUSS =a eee ae ee i. 419
alpinus -...-- 420
Janatus .._-. - 419
[ER eee aes 473
odoratus ----- 420
SILLALUS sean) AOS
olive ane mw, 2
olly @ribe’.sa2-2 3 i. 1
Holy sGiass ee Se u. 419
HoNcCKENYA ~_~-.--- 1 93
peploides --_-- 93
Honewort --- 222-55 1. 269
Honey Locust -..---- 1, 192

550

Page
Honeysuckle 25-2. < 1. 296
Honeysuckle Tribe-_. 1. 294
HOD Me aece saeco ii, 225
Hop: Clover: 25222. 1.170
Hop Hornbeam ----- - ii. 184
Horehound.__-.__--- li. 78
Hornbeam .__------- i. 185
Horned Pondweed .-_. ii. 252
Hornwort -_--.__--- ii. 169
Hornwort Tribe -__-- i. 169
Horse Balm ___--.__- li. 65

Horse Chestnut -_--- - 1.43
Horse Gentian -_--- 1. 301
Horse Mint ...--__-- Ie OO
Horse Nettle -.__._2- li. 105
Horse-weed ___-...-- 1. 353
Florsetaill Se as ii. 480
Horsetail Tribe___-_- li. 480
HoTTonia-__--__-_-_- u 12
inflata ...-=.- 12
palustris ....- 12
Houndstongue -__-- ~~ ii. 89
Houseleek Tribe -_--- 12k
Houstonia ._-------- 1,315
angustifolia -. 317
auricularia -. 316
Croatia: — ose 316
caerulea ----.-- 316
Linna@i ------ 316
longifolia .--. 317
serpyllifolia -. 316
Huckleberry ._..--_-- 1. 443
Hupsonia._--.----- i. 80
ericoides ___-- 80
tomentosa .--. 80
HUMULUS 22222225 ii. 225
Lupulus _~_-- 225
Huntsman’s-cup ----- i, 42
HypRASTIDEE .----- 1. 26
HyprasTis ----.--- 1, 26
Canadensis ~~. 26

HY DROCHARIDACEA,
li. 263
Hyprocuaris ------ 11. 263
cordifolia .__.. 263

INDEX.

Page.
Hydrocharis spongiosa, ii. 263

HypRocoTyLe -_~.-- i, 262
ambigua .---- 283
Americana.... 262
bipinnata ---. 283
composita----- 283
lineata __-..- 263
umbellata._... 262

umbellata ---. 2638
Hydroglossum palmatum,

11. 504

HY DROPHYLLACE,
ii, 91
HypropHyLium .--- il. 91
appendiculatum, 92
Canadense ._ ~~ 92
Virginicum ~~~ Oo
Hydroporum esculentum, ii.416
Hyoscyamus ------- ii. 102
Niven ssaes= = 102

Hyoseris amplexicaulis, i. 410
prenanthoides . 410
HYPERICACEZ.. i. 84

Hypericum ...-..-- i. 85
amplexicaule - - 85
ascyroides ..- 85
campanulatum, 90
Canadense -_-- 89
corymbosum ~~ 87
ellipticum ~.~- 88
Kalmianum ~~ 86
MACTOCATPON - - 85
maculatum ..- 87
micranthum - 87
mutilum. ~~. - 88
nudicaule.__.- 89
parviflorum -- 88
perforatum --- 86
punctatum -_-.- 87
pyramidatum - - 85
quinquenervium, 88
Sarothra ..-.- 89
spharocarpum ~ 88
Virginicum -- 90

Hypopeltis obtusa ..-- ii. 500

Hypopithys Europea - i.
lanuginosa - --
Hypoporum verticillatum,
li,
HYPOXIDACEZ . ii.
FlyPoxis jo assee2 2 il.
erecta, cto
Carolinianum -
Hyssopus nepetoides .~ il.
scrophularifolius,
Ictodes fatida ._-.-- il.
IUEX 2522 eee ii.
ambiguus .-.-
Aquifolium . --
opata 42 a=
ILLECEBRACE. i.
IMPATIENS ~-~.--~.- i.
byfl0Ta ~- Sa.
fulyasee -oo ee
maculata ---.
nolitangere . --
pallida --. <<
Imperatoria lucida.-- 1.
Indian Bean -_------ il,
Indian Chickweed --- i.
Indian Currant ------ i.
indigu Fig = 22.222 i.
Indian Grass 222222: i.
Indian Hemp.--.---- il.
Indian Mailow .----- i.
Indian Physic ----- -- i.
Indian Pipe 25 2.2.5... i.
Indian Plantain ------ 1.
Kndian' Rice s222ee=< i.
Indian Tobacco ----- i.
foicberry 2 eae ii.
INUDAS- 2-2 here ee 1.
falcata ..25-5
Helenium ----
Mariana .-_---
Tonidium Sprengela.- 1.
ipecuc2 22s il.
IRIDACEZ.-.-..--- li.
ERisi2. -s26-e on enee i,
Sracths <2.

Page
457
457

368
289
289
289
289

370:
367
370
368

76
117
290
290

Iris prismatica -_--- il
versicolor -_..
Virginica ..--

Tris) Dribe: 32 2252—-- il

Iron-weed .__.--_-- =) ah

Tronwood .__------- il.

IsANTHUS .-_.._..- aed,
ceruleus ___.-

Isnardia alternifolia . i.

ascendens ..--

palusiris ..-=-
spherocarpa ..
ISOETACE AS ._.-- ii
WsOnTESS22 22 ee--2. il
lacustris -.--. -
IsoLEPIs --_.------- il
capillaris -__--
lineata -.. ..
micrantha -..-
planifolia__---
subsquarrosa - -
Te yiaeei to pee te ee ere 1
frutescens .~__.
Jacob’s Ladder __---_- il.
Jamestown-weed __--- ll.
JEFFERSONIA -_~-.-- 1.
Bartonis ...--
binata ......-
diphylla ---.-
Jerusalem. Oak .._-- Seite
Jewel-weed ._..----- 1.
Jimson-weed .__.---- li
Joe-Pye-weed__..-_-- he
Joint-weed ___-.__--- il.
Judas-tree -..-----.- 1.
JUGLANDACES . ii.
JUGLANS ._--------- il.
GG ae 181,
amara .-----
cathartica .--.
cinerea -.-.--
compressa .-~-
glabra .-----
hybrida .-----
laciniosa ..~--

INDEX.

Juglans nigra
obcordata.__..
porcina
squamosa .-~
SULCOLO a= =m
tomentosa..—--

JUNCACE -_-_--- il.

JUNCAGINACEZ, ii.

JuNcus il
acuminatus ~~
acutiflorus -_~
aristaius
Balticus -__--
bicornis _...--
biflorus
bufonius
campestris ..--

C@N0sus ------
communis ._.-
Conradi -_____

fraternus-_-.-
Gerard.
glaucus
Green = eleaos
marginatus. _—-
melanocarpus -
nodosus
paradoxus ----
parviflorus. -- -
pelocarpus - -- -
pilosus -------
polycephalus - -
Rostkovii.----
setaceus ._.---
stygius —.....
sylvaticus .---
Lenmisiee eee
tritidas 2222. .c2
VIVIPATUS .-- --
DUnINED ge esse sect
JUNIPERUS 22..-2-2 011.
Barbadensis - -

260

. 825

327
327
331
326
329
331
329
324
330
825
328
326
325
325
327
330
326
329
330
824
326
327
324
328

4

551

Juniperus Bermudiana, ii.
communis ~~~ -
prostrata ....-
Pepens 2 oe ages
Sabina_-..---
Virginiana ---

Justicia Americana .. ii.
linearifolia . ..
pedunculosa --

Justicia Tribe -...._- il

KALMIAL Saco cee 2s 1
angustifolia _ ..
Slates oes
latifolia --_---
polifolia --.--
rosmarinifolia.

Kidney Bean ._.---- i.

Wolllamie ooo eee a,

Kiskytom: caccceeee. tz

Knawel Tribe--.-... i.

Knot-otass..-22ioeee

Knot-root .-. ccecoo 0;

Knot-weed _....-...- i

IGHERTAC eee ue, ik
Pennsylvanica.
truncata... <

IRIGIAS feo soe tee
amplexicaulis -
Virginica- -- ~~

Kylingia ovularis...- ii.

LABIA PE. 2 2. 6a2 il

Labrador Tea ------. i.

Lacis ceratophylla ~~. ii.

DACTUCAL 2.5 255452 1
elongata -_.---
hirsuta_.------
integrifolia . --
longifolia. .---
sagittifolia . --
villosa .------

IDACTHICE ies 2 sooo

Wadi, Meriec suelo Seal,

Lady’s-slipper - i. 1245 ii.

Lady’s-thumb ~-.---- ii.

Lady’s-tresscs ...-.-- ii.

Page.
235
234
235
235
235
235

552

Tambien ese a!
Lamb’s-quarters .---- iL
LAMIUM _---------- Ii.
amplexicaule - -
App AL es 324 ese 1.
Maj Ongar
Lariz Americana. --- ii.
Darksput se 3st ones 01,
Lasierpa hispidula--- 1.
Lasiorhegma..------ le
Lastrea cristata...-- i.
dilatata_ 2...
Goldiana .---
marginale ..-
Noveboracense -
Thelypteris - - -
LATHYRUS --_------ 1.
glaucifolius - -
maritimus ~~ ---
myrtifolius_ _. -
ochroleucus - ~~
palustris2=-\.22
pisiformis (bis),
stipulaceus. -- -
VENOSUS ~-----
LAURACE#. ..--- ii.
Laurel. _..-- 1. 432, 437,
Laurus Sassafras .-- i
Benzoin -.---
Leadwort Tribe. -.--- i.
eatenp, 2. coesolecs) 1,
Voeatherleaf 22esc.s22 1
Leatherwood ...-.-.- li.

TBCHEAt oe oe oa. al

Drummondir. -
Ma] Ol gasses
MY OT aaa ==

minor .------—
racemulosa ..-
tenuifolia --. .-
thymifolia ---.
thymifolia - -- -
WING Ae
Lecontia Virginica ~~ il.

158
440
158
159

17

78
241

INDEX.

Page.
LEDUM -2--5-s-2ee5 1442
latifolium.-.- 442
palustre ...... 442
LEERSIA .-.22--:--. U. 415
oryzoides__--. 415
Virginica___-- 415
LEGUMINOS Zi --- 1. 153
LEMNACEZ --.-- ii. 245
iEMNA ‘co 2 22 5202 222. 245
arrhiza.-.--- 245
gibba-e.c--=2 > 246
minor --.---. 245
perpusilla...-. 245
polyrrhiza.... 246
trisulea --.-.. 246

Leimanthium Virginicum,
1. 316
LENTIBULACES, i. 18
LEONURUS .....-s2. 1, 77
Cardiaca -..-- 78
Teonticé: 2-2 5222-221, 33
Leontodon Taraxacum, i. 418
LepacHys ---.---.- 1.380
angustifolia .. 381
pinnata..__-.-. 381
LEPIDIOM osce4> eon, 1.04
campestre ...- 64
Virginicum - -- 65

Leptandra Virginica. ii. 44
Leptanthus gramineus, i. 313

Peruviana ... 3138
reniformis--..- 313
Virginica---- 313
Leptochloa polystachya, ii. 472
LESPEDEZA 25-2. Se0= Sl
angustifolia... 184
capitata -..-.. 184
divergens..--- 183
frutescens ~~. 183, 184
frulicosa -..-. 184

hirta sees eae 8S
polystachya... 188
procumbens-.. 182

repens 2... | 82
reticulata ..-. 183

Lespedeza sessiliflora -
@ILLOSA ame ee
violacea..__--

luetticer Se eeeseeeo-

LEUCANTHEMUM -_---
vulgare ___..-

Leucothoe Mariana ~~

Lever-wood - --------
DXATHIS 25.0. 220-3.
aspera..-----
cylindrica ----
flexuosa _---.-
heterophylla -.
macrostachya -
Scariosa ...---
spharoidea.--.
spicata. d.25 =.
squarrulosa - --
stricta -.0-._.
Life-everlasting -..___
ite-root. 2a as eae
LIGULIFLORZ._-.
Ligusticum barbinode.
LigusTRuM ~._-.-_-
vulgare -_...-
LILIACEZ ..._...
IGWGMUM <2 22 Scere
Canadense . __ _
Philadelphicum,
superbum _-.-
Od, cee ee
Dilyad vibes. 2 eee
LIMNANTHACESZ,
LIMNANTHEMUM ~~. -
lacunosa ....-
Limnetis cynosuroides,
qunced .---=5-
polystachya- --

Limodorum unifolium,
LIMOSELLA _..-----
aquatica .__-.-
tenurfolia _.--
LINACEH Alco. s 22
IGINARTA= Ss =a oe
Canadensis- -- -

_

il.

1, 324

il.

Page.
183

184
183

i. 418

392
393
435
185

325
324
324
325
325
325
325
325
325
324
396
402
409
273

. 127

127

i. 304
i. 804

305
305
305

1. 304
1. 304

126

1 115

115
448
448
448

i, 272

40
40
40
117
31
32

a

Page.

Linaria Elatine.__-_- ry, ay?
vulgaris -__--- 32
LINDERNIA -__---_. li. 38
attenuata ..__. 38
dilatata ~~ 38
Pyzxidaria -_-- 38
WAINUM. 22-42-2222, 2. i. 118
usitatissimum - — 118
Virginianum-- = =118
Linden Tribe.__-___- 1.116
ISTINN EA Sone ee eee 1. 294
. borealis --.._ 295
Lionsfoot _..-.._._-- 1,415
oIPARIS: 2.2222... ik 271
liltfoliaiee ee 27a
Leeselii -- 2-2 - P(A
LiquIDAMBAR-___---- li. 217
peregrina ~-- 218
styraciflua ..-. 217
Lir1IoDENDRON-__~---- nh aS
Tulipifera .__- 28
(GISMERA -oocee see 11. 285
Elliott 22 w= 286
convallarioides, 286
cordata -.-..- 285
LITHOSPERMUM ..--- li, 85
arvense __.-.- 85
canescens ..--. 86
officinale ____- 86
Live-forever__.-..--- yey
Lizardstail.._...-.-. 1. 168
Lizardstail Tribe.__-- ii. 168
Lobadium aromaticum, i. 131
LOBELIA .---.--.--- 1, 422
eardinalis ---. 425
Claytoniana-- 423
Dortmanna ~_- 424
Goodenioides.. 423

OT OCU US ane 423

IMtlata, see 423
alba soe 422
Kalmii 8. ---- 423
leptostachys--.- 423
WNuttallii.._ 2. 423
siphilitica ---. 424

| Fora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Lobelia spicata

LOBELIACE/#.__. i. 422
Lobelia Tribe .__-_ _- 1. 421
WKocust = sss aes 1. 165
Morrie ee ae oe u. 474
perenne mee o= 474
LOMENTACESE __ 1. 65
LoNICERA.---.----- 1, 296
cerulea ___-.- 299
Canadensis - _- 299
Clliatae ee 299
CUO 2 nee 447
Diervilla ..-- 301
dioica -.~.--- 298
TENA Seo 297
Goldie 298
onataee =e PISH/
hirsuta -._-__- 298
oblongifolia... 300
parviflora. _-_~- 298
pubescens ---- 298
sempervirens... 296
symphoricarpus, 296
villosa .---. 298, 300
Loosestrife.._-.- 1, 2293; 11.8
Loosestrife Tribe...._ 1. 227
LoPpHANTHUS -_--..-- iu. 73
nepetoides ~--. 73
scrophularifolius, 74
Lopseed 2 -s5-225 ells oe
Lousewort..-------- il. 49
Low-belia ..-.------ 1, 424
jiucerne="—-co2 eeae L171
LupwiGIa..-------- 1h Pai
alternifolia __— 237
macrocarpa -~- 237
nitida .-.---- 239
palustris ya 238
ramosissima .. 237
spherocarpa -- 238
Lunewort -_-------- li. 85
Lupine “osteo i, 186
LuPINUS .---.------ 1, 186
perennise_..- 186
TRussaciQ saacss = aS 1. 448
The}

LeU ZU AS eee ee il.

campestris ----
melanocarpus ~
parviflora. _-_--

LYCOPODIACEA, ii
LycopopIuM.__..--- li.

albidulum ----
alopecuroides-
annotinum ~---
apodum .—..-.-
Carolinianum -
clavatum --~--
complanatum - ~
dendroideum - -
integrifolium. -
inundatum ----
lucidulum -.--
obscurum ----
reflecum
MUDESUT Cece oie
Nelacol esas
tristachyum ~~

Lycopsigs -_..---_--- il.

arvensis ---.- -
Virginica --..

Lycopus .__-----.-- iL.

Americanus -.
Europeus .---
exaltatus _..-.
pumilus -----.
sinuatus ___-.
uniflorus ..---
Virginicus: ...
Lycopium
palmatum ._~.

LLyme-orass ..5-s56-- il.
dD IG ne ae Le

ligustrina ---.
Mariana -_---
paniculata. ---

LysIMACHIA -__-.__- il.

554

Page.

Lysimachia capitata.- 11. 10
ciliata... - 9
bulbifera ----- 8
heterophylla... 10
Aarsuta. = 5.2 9
hybridasso-¢- 10
longifolia -__-- 10
punctalta .---. 9
quadrifolia .- ~~ 9
TaCeMOsH ----- 8
revoluta._~.-- 10

strictas 222222: 8
thyrsiflora .._- 10
LYTHRACE __. i. 227
LyTHRUM ----~.--.-- 1, 229
hyssopifolia... 229
hyssopifolium.- 229
Salicaria ....- i. 516
verticillatum .. 1. 229
Macros Bases 253 i, 22
Madder Tribe -__._-- i. 309
MAGNOLIACE.. i. 27
MAGNOLIA ._~--_~-- ei
acuminata ___ 28
elalitae sseccs 27
tripetala ---.. 28
Umbrella -.-- 28
Maidenhair ___------ 11. 487
Majanthemum .----- li. 298
bifolium ----- 299
Canadense --. 299
racemosum .-..- 298
Malazis Correana_.- i. 271
(is Oi pe 271
longifolia -.-- 271
monophyllas -. 268
ophioglossoides, 268
unifolia ..--- - 268
Mallow 22 -es-s2e=s> a Ld
Mallow Rose .------ rel tas
Mallow Tribe -._---- Teel
Malus Coronaria .... 1. 223
IWATVAQee =e. oe nee i111
rotundifolia — ~- LAE
sylvestris ._..- 112

INDEX.

Page
MALVACE..----- i. 111
Man-of-the-earth -__.- ii. 97
Mandrake 222222 se i. 35
Manna Grass.__.---- il. 463
Maple s2see Seca 1, 134
Maple: Tribe 22. -- i, 134
Marestail _._.--__.-- 1,244
Mariscus ovularis ... i. 344
retrofractus .. 344
MarRvuBIUM ____._-- i. 78
Vulgate =e22.. 78
Marsh Cinquefoil ---. i. 210
Marsh Cress .-_--_-_- Heo)
Marsh Elder _-_-___- 1.374
Marsh Fleabane .__-- 1, 369
Marsh Grass ___-.__. i. 447
Marsh Marigold __... 1, EF
Marsh Pennywort----. i. 262
Marsh Rosemary .--- ii. 17
Marsh Trefoil -.____- i. 114
Marshmallow ___-.~- 1; 112
Martynia alternifolia, ii. 26
annua ..~-_-. 26
proboscidea ... 26
MARUP A oo eo oe i, 390
Cotulac a= ee 391
May-apple -.---.-..- igreD
Mayweed .----_-..- 1, 391
Meadow Beauty -_~-- 1. 227
Meadow Grass.._-_-- i. 419
Meadow Parsnep----- 1. 270
Meadow Rue.__.-__- ey 8)
MEDEOLA -_~-.__--_- 11. 294
asparaginoides, 294
Virginica..--- 294
MEpDIcAGo.._.---..-- 1, 141
lupulina-_--- . 172
Sally eee 171
Virginica---. 183

Megastachya Eragrostis,
11. 459
MELAMPYRUM ---.-.- li. 50
Americanum ~~ 50
latifolium .--- 50
lineare .--.- 50

Page.

Melampyrum sylvaticum, ii.

50

MELANTHACES. ii. 314

MELANTHIUM ~__-_- ii. 315
glaucum -_--. 315
hybridum .--. 316
Virginicum--- 315

MELASTOMACEZ, i. 226

Melilot ---.._-2___- 1.170

MELILoTUS-.__-.__-- 1.170
leucantha .--- 171
officinalis .___- 170
vulgaris.-.. 170, 171

MELISSA -_~.._--.-- ii. 68
Clinopodium - - 68
officinalis .~__- 69

MENISPERMACEA, i. 31

MENISPERMUM-__-_--- 1 31
Canadense - _ _ - 31
Virginicum -- 31

MENTHA.-_..---_-- il. 55
borealis ...-.- 56
Canadensis - _ _ . 56
piperita ..—-=. 56
tenuis ..--.-- 56
VITICIS #2 oo 56

MENYANTHES ...... ii, 114
trifoliata .._.- 114

Mermaid-weed .__--- 1, 240

Mesptly soe names 1. 221
arborea... ~. 225
arbutifolia --. 224
Canadensis... 225
Crus-galli..-. 221
cuneifolia ---.- 222
lucida .--.--- Py
punctata ----- 222
pyrifolia -.--- 222

Mexican Tea .___--- 11, 135

Mezereum Tribe -_~~- ii. 163

MIcROMERIA .-_----- li, 67
glabella.__-.. 67

Micropetalum ..----- OF
STamineum . -- 97
lanceolatum. -. 98

MIcrosTYLis .-...-. il. 266

Page.

Microstylis brachypoda, ii, 268
monophyllos-. 268
ophioglossoides, 268
MIKANIA ---------- 1.330
scandens... - 3380
Miri see ee il. 422
effusum ..---- 422

DUNE ENS a= == = 433
racemosum.--. 432
Millkeeas sees ee Toe
Milk Purslane __--- il. 176
Milk Vetch _......-. ty
Wilkeyine sae i. 162
Milkweed -__..----- i, 119
Milkweed Tribe -_--- ii. 118
Milkiwort 222-2-=-- = 1, 149
Milkwort Tribe ----- 1.149
Millet Grass .._-.--- li, 422
Milne’s tomato pill --- i. 29
MimuLus ._------- Sh 85)
alatuseee eee 36
ringens ..~.- = 36

Mint: soe. se cce ee li. 55
Nint eirihess aes ni. 54
MITCHELLA ...----- 1,314
FEVENS eeeate 314
MirELnia...-..---.- 1, 256
cordifolia .-~- 257
diphylla._--- - Qou:

NUdawe ee Q57
prostrata._.-- 257
reniformis.--- 257
Mithridate Mustard__. i. 64
Mitrewort --...__-_- Th Play
Mocker-nut _..-.__.- ii. 182
Notes =e ene i. 266
M@HRINGIA....---- i. 96
lateriflora___ ~~ 96
MoLLUGINEM ___--- 1. 103
Monnveo) oo eecessee i. 103
verticillata ___- 104
Momordica echinata.. i. 250
MonarpA .------~--- ii, 58
allophylla ---- 59

clinopodia ..-. 59

INDEX.
Page.
Monarda coccinea___- ii. 58
nC vane ete = 58
fistulosa ...-- 59
jirsuids ee 60
Kalmiana.--- 58
(DTI SPE Se 59
oblongata .--- 59
punctata.__~-- 59
Purpurea .---- 58
TUZOSH ~----- 59
Moneses grandiflora.. 1.454
Monkey-flower ---.- - ii. 35
Monkshood -__-.__-- Ie 21
MONOCOTY LEDONOUS
PLANTS, ii. 237
MonotTropa-_-.---- 1. 456
Hypopithys.-- 457
lanuginosa---. 457
Morisoniana.. 457
procera -.~---- 458
uniflora _-_-.- 456
MonorTropemz..----- 1, 456
Moonwort --_---- -- 11. 506
Moonseed...-....--- ih ail
Moosewood .-.------ 1, 135
MorE@® ._--.------- 11. 219
MOR USHe see ae all 220
albamen eee eee 220
TU Dae oe 220
Motherwort 22-2 22- Ine ve
Mountain Ash__.--_. 1. 224
Mountain Holly ----- ii, 5
Mountain Maple --.-- i. 135
Mountain Mint -_._.- ii. 61
Mountain Pink _..-.- i. 94
Mountain Rice ._.-_- ii. 431
Mouse-ear Chickweed. i, 98
Mouse-ear Cress.-.-. i. 60
Mowhair .---.-.-._- ii. 487
Mudwort ...------. ii. 40
Mugwort <se-.c4e25 1.395
MuHLENBERGIA ~-..~ il. 435
aristata.----.- 448
Brachyelytrum, 448
Cinnasee see 8 1435

599

Page.

Muhlenbergia clandestina,
i. 439
diffusa = ena oo
erecta...----- 443
fOM0Si a ee eet
glomerata ---. 437
Mexicana _... 437
sobolifera..... 436
sylvatica.._.--- 436
Willdenovii_.. 436
Mulberry: 2-2 Sc s22eu 11220
Mulberry Tribe. -.--- ii. 219
MutceEpium ...-.--- i. 419
acuminatum .. 419
leucopheum -. 420
Mullemeesesesee see din 29
Mustard 225 252 5ee2s201,. OL
Myagrum sativum... 1. 63
MyosoTis.-.----:-- ii. 87
arvensis --.-.. 88
Lappula .---- 90
HED oe 5 6 87
palustris .---- 87
scirpioides _ -- - 88
strigillosa ~~~ - 87
VEINGD .-.--~- 88
Virginiana .. 90
Myrica-.-.-...----. 11. 196
cerifera _..... 197
Gale _...--.. 196
MYRICACE .... 11. 196
MyriopuyLium --.. 1. 241
ambiguum -.. 243
capillaceum .. 243
heterophyllum. 242
“procumbens .-- 243
Spicatum --.-. 242
tenellum --.--. 243
verticillatum -. 242
Moyrrhas oc. sscocce. 1281
Canadensis... 269
Claytont ----- 281
longistylis.--- 281
NaBatus ..-..----- 1.415
albus =..-2-.- 41/5

556

Page.

Nabalus altissimus _-. i. 416
Boottli_----.. 417
cordatus...--- 416
Fraseri -----. 416
integrifolius .. 416
nanusos cee | ATT
serpentarius -. 415
serpentarius B. 416
trilobatus. —- -- 416
NAJADACEZE .... 11. 249
INT A Gee eee eee eco)
Canadensis --. 250
NANDINEE.-------- 1 83
Narposmia ..------ 1331
Hookeriana.-- = 331
palmata_..--- 331
speciosa.----- 3d1
Nasaa verticillata ~.. 1.229
Nasturtium ------- i. 51
hispidum ~ -- -- 51

matanse. seca s 52
palustress 22.2 51
Naumbergia thyrsifolia, ii. 10
Neckweed .-.-----. il. 42
Nectris pinnata---- 1. 127
NELUMBIACE . 1. 37
NELUMBIUM ...----- i. 37
luteum _....- 37
NEMOPANTHES..--.- il. 5
Canadensis- -- - 5
Nemophila paniculata, ii. 92
Neottia -..-.------- 11. 283
CETNUD ------ 284

lucida ..----- 284
plantaginea -. 284
pubescens ---- 284

TEVENS no aaoa * 285
tortilis...---. 283
NEpPETA--_--------- ll. 74
cataria ...-.-- 74
Glechoma - --- 75
Virginica -.- - 63
Nephrodium .-.----- 11. 493
acrostichoides ~ 497

aspleniowdes ..

493

INDEX.

Page,

Nephrodium bulbiferum, 1.501

cristatum ...-
expansum —-- -
Filia-femina- -
marginale ..-
punctilobulum -
rufidulum -.--
VENUE case
thelyptervoides.
Nettles 2 552. ee
Nettle Tribe --._.-_-
Nettle-tree _..__.._.-
Newcastle Thorn __--
New-Jersey Tea -.-.-_-
Niagara Thyme - ----
NIcANDRA ____.----
physoloides ~~.
NICOTIANA...-.----
rustica . 2265
Nightshade 222.222.
Nightshade Tribe - -- -
INoahis-ark® == 232" 22
Nonesuch ~-.-.-----
INUPHAR 222 cscseso-
advena _....-
Kalmiana-.---
ited sera ee
Nut Tribe o--s-22-<5
INGErOshge 2 ees eee
NYMPHAA .--------
advena .-----
HAT RE A rare
Kalmiana...-
lutea ..i..---
MINOLS. ess
Nelumbo ....-
odorata, 2252. =
NYMPHAACEZE -
INWSSA0 22 oe
aquatica ....-
multiflora __._
sylvatica .-.--
villosa _...---
(Qala oes ease
OAKESIA== 22-2 ee ee

il.

Is
il.
re

rh
i.

il.
il,

496
496
493
495
502
500
501
497

1. 221
~ 219
1, 167

221
144
67

i. 102

102
100
100

i, 104
i. 100
1. 287

172
39
40
40
39

184

367
39
40

ray
0

40
39
39
38
39
38
161
162
161
161
161
187
518

Page.

Oakesia Conradi_-_.-- ii, 518
Oates eae eT AD
Oat Grass. ...... 11.433, 453
OBIONE.-.--_-._.__- ii. 138
arenaria.____- 183
CEnanthe ambigua _. i. 278
T1Z1dG.----. 278
CENOTHERA __.-.___ 1.234
ambigua----- 235
biennis -...-. 234
chrysantha.... 235
cruciata...-.-. 234
fruticosa...... 234
grandiflora -- 234
hybrida.-.--- 235
WMCANGa ....-. 235
linearis -----. = 235
muricata...-. 234
parviflora... 234
pumila.c<--22 “236
pusilla....--- 286

Oil of wintergreen --. i. 433
Oil-seed Tribe ._---- ii. 26
Oldenlandia glomerata, 1. 317
uniflora._...-. 317
OLEACEZ --..---- i. 125
Oleaster Tribe.....-- il. 164
Olive Tribe__...-._. i. 125
ONAGRACEF----. 1.231
Oncostylis .-2 222-2 = 1,864
Onion. ..-.--------- ii. 308
ONOCLEA...-.------ il. 498
nodulosa ~---- 490
obtusilobata... 499
sensibilis _.... 498
ONosMoDIUM _------ ll. 83
hispidum - .- - - 84
OPHIOGLOSSUM- ----- ii. 505
vuleatum ---. 505
Ophiostachys Virginica, i. 318
Ophrys astivalis....- i. 283
CeTNUa .-- ---- 283
Corallorhiza.. 269
cordata ..---- 285
Leselti...---- 271

Ophrys monophyllos -- ii.

Oplismenus --------- i,
Crus-gallt ..--
muricalus ----

OPONTIA 2 a225enne i,
yulgarisigs = 2.

@ranoe-100tes= === 1.
Orchard Grass___-- -- il.
ORCHIDACEAS _.-. i.
Orchidocarpum arietinum,
ORCHIS 2-2 5255222 5- il.

blephariglottis-
bracteala .---
CLLIQTIS sae

flava SS ances

fuscescens.--.-
herbiola._--.-
humilis -.----
Huronensis . --
hyperborea----
NOOGHN ames ae
obtusata ---.-
orbiculata ----
physodes.---- -
psycodes..—.~. -
spectabilis ~~~
tridentata .-..
MUTeSCENS -----
Orchis Tribe ..~-.--- il.
ORIGANUM .__..---- il.
incanum .-- -
vulgare .__.- 7
ORNITHOGALUM .--. il.
umbellatum ~~~
OROBANCHACEA,, i.
OROBANCHE -_-..--- i.
Americana.__.
biflora -------
uniflora -._..-
Virginiana. --

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

Page.
268
424
424
424
248
245

li. 137

26
466
266
1.30
272
275
PAT
275
277
273
278
278
275
275
275
273
276
276
278
274
274
278
278
272
273
275
266

64

61

64
507
307

22

22

22

23

23

24

INDEX.

Page.
ORroNTIUM ._--.--.-- li. 243
aquaticum -- ~~ 243
Opes cuceasaoeose one
ORYZOPSIS 2-2 4--- u. 431
asperifolia -_-_. 432

Canadensis.._.. 43
melanocarpa -. 432

parviflora .--- 43
(Ohi See eso . li. 204
OSMORHIZA .2 222. 44.- 1. 281
brevistylis ---. 282
longistylis-.-. 281
OsmunNDA ._--.----- i. 503
cinnamomea - - 503
Claytoniana ~~ 508
interrupta---- 503
TES CS ween 504
spectabilis ---- 504
Struthiopteris - 486
Virginica..-- 506
Ostrich Fern ..--.-- li. 486
OstRYA ---.--- 2252 dialed
Virginica ---. =185
vulgaris -.-.- 185
Oswego Tea .-_...-- ii. 58
OXALIDACE ~.. 1.122
ORANIS oe ee eee 1 122
Acetosella -... 122
Americanum - ~ 2
Dilleniteoeeee 123
PECUTUA as a aere 123
stricta eee. 123
violacea ..--- 123
Oxeye.e= 2252S esse 1. 378
Oxeye Daisy ce ose 1, 392
On coccisi= = eee - 1,447
hispidulus ---- 450
macrocarpus.. 447
palustris .---- 447
vulgaris... - 447
Oxytripolium ------- 1. 349
P#DEROTA .--..---- hi. 44
Virginica ---- 44
Painted-cup.. -==.-..- i, 48
Panic-grass -..-.--.. i. 423

Page

ANAS ae a Pe 1. 286
quinquefolium - 286
trifolium .---- 287
PANICUM.o2.-22e2=— 1. 423
agrostidiforme, 429
agrostoides --. 429
barbulatum.-- 428
capillare =... 426
clandestinum.. 426
Crus-galli _-.. 424
debile._--.--- 428
depauperatum _ 427
dichotomiflorum, 429
dichotomum... 427
elongatum---. 429
filiforme ~-_-- 424
geniculatum ~. 429
glabrum ...-. 423
glaucum .--.- 430
hispidum ----- 424
involutum ..-. 427
latifolium .-.. 425
microcarpon .. 428
miliaceum..-. 429
murialum .... 424
nitidum ..---- 427
pedunculatum. 426
proliferum.--. 429
ramulosum ..- 428
HACK 427
sanguinaie.._.. 423
strigosum ---. 427
verrucosum -_-. 428
virgatum ..... 425
DUT One eee 430

Wallteri. -.- 424, 425
xanthophysum_ 426
PAPAVERACE ~ i. 43

PapaWeea2- Soe 1. 30
Pappoose-root --~..-- i, 33
PARIETARIA ____._- 11. 224
Americana .-. 224
Pennsylvanica. 224
PARNASSIA -_~-.__-- i. 83
Americana ... 83

558

Page.
Parnassia Caroliniana, i. 83
ovala .------ 3
palustris .---- 83
PARNASSIE/E.--- 1. 83
Parsnepie= sacs 1, 278
Partridge-berry .-- i. 314, 433
Partridge Pea ..2--.< i, 190
PASPATUM. j22236 2-2 i. 421
ciliatifolium ~- 422
debile....---- 422
filiforme ----- 424
leve: cas See 421
pubescens ~---- 422
setaceum ._--- 422
PAsTINACA --~---- 1 ht
ambigua ----- 278
Es ee 278
Saltvatcnssee eee 278
triquinata.---- 277
Paul's Betony ....-.- i. 40
[Rear a se eee eee
Pearlwort ..-...-..< 1 93
PEDALIACE -_-.. i. 26
PEDICULARIS.2 2-2 i. 49
Canadensis. - - - 49
gladiata ----- 49
lanceolata -_-- 49
pallida .os--= 49
Virginica ---- 49
Pelliony wes seceee i. 224
PELTANDRA .---.--- i. 241
undulata... - 241
Virginica ---. 241
Pencil-flower ._-.--- aaAli(ad!
PENNISETUM 5... -2=5 i. 430
plaucum 2-22 430

viride ....... 43
Penny Cress ..-..--- i 64
Pennyroyal -...-<2.- i. 66
PENTHORUM -__--~-- 1, 253
scdoides -_---- 253
PENTSTEMON ------ il. 35
pubescens ~_~- 35
Peplis Americana.... i. 91
Pépperto0t2- oe 222 i, 58

INDEX.

Page.
Pepperidee -.. ose ii. 162
Peppermint... -ccsene i. 56
Pepperwott ..--.c2.< i. 64
Peristylis bracteatus.~ ii. 279
DIT UAUS oat 279
Pernetiya -.-.------ 1. 451
Persicantd sac. 2 ase i. 148
Persimmon .__---_-- i. 6
RH AGA Ss s 4252. -eeee a Wifes)
neglecta-__.- - 173

Phalachroloma obtusifolium,
1.355
PHALARIS so 2eencee= i. 418
Americana .-- 418
arundinacea __ 418
Canariensis... 419
oryzoides .---- 415

Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia,
1. 450
PHASEOLUS .-------. 1. 160
diversifolius . .- 160
helvolus__--.- 161
macrostachyos. 160
paniculatus... 160
peduncularis.. 161
perennis 222. 160
vexillatus.-.. 161
PHEEUM .2o-c2e oe i. 418
pratense .__-- - 418
Phlomis tuberosa --~- ti. 81
Paix: 22 5ceh522 Pella OS
divaricata .__- 93
subulata ..--- - 94
PHRAGMITES -..---- i. 446
communis --.. 446
DR YMAve = ae ll. 58
leptostachya ~~ 53
IPH VSALIS =e i. 103
heterophylla -- 103
O0SCUTO 2a ose2 103
Pensylvanica . 103
viscosa... -- 103

Physematium Perrinianun,
i. 500
oblusum---.-- 500

Page

Physocarpus -.-..--. 1, 198

PHYSOSTEGIA -_____- il. 76

Virginiana.- -- 76

PHYTOLACCA ___-_-- il. 157

decandra .__.- 157
PHYTOLACCACEAE,

il. 157

Picea balsamea.----- ll. 229

Pickerel-weed ____-. ~~ 11. 312

Pickerel-weed Tribe-- ii. 311
Picrococcus stamineus, i. 446

Pigweed 2.2.52. -2 ii. 133
Pimpernel -.-2-22-.- ii. he
‘Pine ees Nee ee eae ll, 227
PineTribe 222-2 il. 226
PINGUICULA == -22 2 i. 18
acutifolia._.-- 19
vulgaris .5--- 18
Pink Tribe 22222022 i. 92
IRINUs .22e2 one e ee 227
alba verre eee 231
Balsamea ---. 229
Canadensis --. 230
MicTOCcarpa.--- 232
Mitis; soaeases 229
NiPlTa coe as 230
pendula -__--- 232
resinosa ..-..- 227
rigida 2.54225 227
rubra ..-.---- 22
Strobus ..-..- 228
variabilis.-.-- 229
Pinus-Abies balsamea, ii. 229
Canadensis... 230
Pinweed ._.-.------ 1 78
Pipatherum nigrum. i. 432
PACS tes ec deas il. 481
Pipewort scocs5seen3 i. 335
Pipewort Tribe-_--- - 11.334
Pipsissiwaite2 252 -- = 1. 455
Pisum maritimum .-. 1. 157
Pityopsis falcata... 1.367
Plane-tree _......-.- il. 218
Plane-tree Tribe ._.-- i. 218

PLANTAGINACES,, 11. 14

Page

PLANTACO .-....--- i. 14
Gordatasee ea 15
hybrida@ << 2-2 16
Kentuckensis - - 15)
lanceolata ~~~ 15
linearifolia - - - 16

WidjOR. See eaten 14
maritlina ~~ -- 16

pusilla. 5.28 16
Virginica. ~~~ 16
elanter ee ee ee i. 14
Plantain Tribe -._--- u. 14
PLATANACEZ. -- ii. 218
PLATANUS ___...--- li, 218
occidentalis _-. 218
PLATANTHERA .--.- il. 274
blephariglottis. 277
bracteata ... - 279
Clilanispee see PHEtf
dilatata .....- 276
jfimbriata--. - = 278

fay ee ee 210
herbiola ...-- Rilo
holopetala ...- 276
Hookeri -.--. 275
hyperborea --- 276

lacerame eee 278
obtusata... - 274
orbiculata -... 274
psycodes...--. 278
PrATYLOMA (2-52-22 ii. 488
atropurpurea-. 488
Pleurisy-root -....-.- li. 123

Ploughman’s Spikenard, i. 368

PLrUCHEA --..-2.-.- i. 369
camphorata-.. 369
Marilandica. - 370

PLUMBAGINACESA, ii. 17

OKs oe ee ees ii. 455
Qing =... -- 456
VNU a= eS 455
aquatica._-. 464, 466
aulumnalis — -- 457
Canadensis - - - 466

capillaris -__-- 461

INDEX.

Poa compressa ....- i.
Clocata Wasa a=
cuspidata.----
debilis cece s
dentata...-...
elongata _----
Eragrostis —-~-
fertis 2ae eee
fleawosa --.- 456,
iuntansiaa—
hirsuta. eee

laXa Soe pare a
lineata ---.--
Michauxii ----
nemoralis ~~ --
NeTVvaAla . —— == -
DGULSUTIS: oan
parviflora ..--
pectinacea ..-.
pilbsa Pons. os
pratensis -.-.-
PTOLENSIS — wana
pungens___.--
Teptans 22-2
scrolind .o- 426
spectabilis _.--
stolonifera - ~~ -
SUTMUG Se ene
tenella, sasece
Torreyana.---
trivealisee
QUGLOUS a eee
Podalyria tinctoria -_ i.
PopoPHyLLuM --_---- 1.
peltatum.__-_
PODOSTEMACE, ii.
PoposTEMUM -_----- rT
ceratophyllum -
Poconia
ophioglossoides,
pendula -__._-
verticillata ._--
Poison Eidets222-. 47 1,
Poison Hemlock....- 1

559

Page.

Poison Sumach _..--- i. 130
Pokeweed ._.---.--- il. 157
Pokeweed Tribe____- ii. 157
IPOGANISIA occ. ls 67
eraveolens - ~~ - 67
POLEMONIACE, i. 93
PoLEMONIUM ._..--- il. 94
reptans: 22-.-/- 94
Pollinia scoparia .--- ii. 478
OUY GAT Ags == secre AG
ambigua...--- 151
brevifolia --.. 150
cruciata ___-_- 150
cuspidata_-.-.- 150

lutea. ...2..2. H.515
paucifolia .... 1.152
polygama ---. 152
purpurea -.- 150, 152
rubella .....- 152
sanguinea .--. 149
Senega.-.--.. 151
uniflora.----- 152
verticillata . __. 150
POLYGALACE . i. 149
POLYGONACEE .~ ii. 145
PoLyGoNATUM.._-.- il. 299
angustifollum. 299
canaliculatum - 299
hirtum ..---- 299
latifolium -..-.- 299
multifloram... 299
pubescens .--- 299
Potyconum.-_----- ii, 145
amphibium .-. 148
arifolium . _ -- 148
articulatum __- lod
aviculare _..-- 52
Cilinodess= == 147
coccineum ...- 149
Convolvulus -. 146
dumetorum ~~. 147
Fagopyrum -. 146
glaucum .---- 152
Hydropiper--. 150

hydropiperoides, 150

560

Page.
Polygonum incanum ~ 11. 149
lapathifolium . 149

linifolium .--- 153
MAYINUM — -- -- 152
maritimum --- 152
Mite: sos oo es 150
orientale..-... 146
Pennsylvanicum, 150
Persicaria -.-- 149
punctalum - -- - 151
sagittatum ---. 148
scandens .---- 147
enue! sete .o = 153
Virginiznum-- 151
PoLymMNIA_._------- 1.371
Canadensis... 371
Uvedalia -.--. 372
Polyotus heterophyllus, ii. 124
Potypopium..------ 11. 484
bulbiferum..-- 501
calcareum....- 485
connectile .... 484
Dryopteris --- 485
FrOBUe soa eon 0Ol
hexagonopterum, 485
divense -.---- 500
marginale -.- 495
Phegopteris -. 484
Thelypteris... 497
Virginianum .- 484
vulgare_--... 484
Polypody-. -4-<-.= i484
Polypogon glomeratus, i. 537
racemosus ..-- 437
selosus --.---- 437
Polystichum acrostichordes,
li. 497
POMEAS .-.-.-=--- 1.220
Pond Dogwood. ----- 1.313
Pondweed --.------- 1. 253
Pondweed Tribe-.--- 1.249
PonTEDERIA ~------ 11.312
angustifolia .. 312
cordata ..--.. 312
mucronata ~~. - 312

INDEX.

Page.
PONTEDERIACE#,1.311

Poor Robert’s Plantain, 1. 354

POpIaR onthe oncom di els
Poppy Tribé..22-222 %. 438
Poriits 2. 2-ct sees nels
balsamifera --. 216
betulafolia --- 216
candicans - -- -- 217
grandidentata.. 214
heterophylla -. = 215
Hudsonica.--- 216
monilifera.--. 215
NG 2 ene | 2G
tremuloides_--- 214
trepida -.---- 214
Porcelia triloba-.... i. 30
PorTuLaca -----... i. 109
oleracea ----- 109
PORTULACACE, 1.108
PoTAMOGETON-~-.--- 11.253
acutifollum.-. 256
compressum—-- 256
diversifollum.. 255
exstipulatum.- = 257
fluitans .----- 254
gramineum—.. 257

heterophyllus.. 254
heterophyllum . = 255

hybridus ----- = 255
lucens cicec, “2590
marinum ---- 257
natans .------ 253
pauciflorus.... 257
pectinatus..... 257
perfoliatus---. 256
porcalum----- 255
Proteus ---- 254, 255
pusillus -..-.. 256
Robbinsii.---- 256
rufescens.-.-. 254
zosterifolia...- 258
POTENTILLAL 2 oo ce. 1.207
Anserina.---- 210
argenteas=-.= . 209
arouta 25522.) 9 209

Page.

Potentilla Canadensis - i. 208
Comarum..-- 211
conferliflora .. 209
floribunda... 210
frulicosa...-.. 210
Norvegica_-.. | 207
palustris... 211
Pennsylvanica, 209
pumila .----- 208
Sarmentosa -..- 208
sumplez....--. 208
tridentata_-... 207

Pothos fatidus ...-.- 11. 243
Prasinum purpureum, ii. 76
Prenanthes....----- 1.415
10d 2520522 415, 416

clba, B. nana. 417
allissima...-- 416
cordata-.---- 416
deltoidea .-.-- 416
rubicunda .- 415, 416
Serpentaria--. 415

suavis ..----- 415
Prickly Ash .-.----- 1.132
Prickly Pear. 2222 2c251, 245
Tee ees ce eee le
Primrose = c ea 1 a
Primrose Tribe__.--- ii. 7
PRIMULA c..oosecoeulk 7
Hornemannia - 8
Mistassinica - — - 7
pusilla ..---- 8
Stricldy. .2.220- 8
PRIMULACE# ... i. 7
Prince’s-feather _..-.- ii. 146
Prince’s-pine _---.--- 1. 455
IPRINOS ooo eee lla
ambiguus .--- 2

glaber 22.2.7. 4
Gronovii ..- -- 3
levigatus .--- 4
verticillatus — _- 3
Privetcoace soso ey til 2a
ProsarTeEs ~..----- li. 321

lanuginosa --. 321

PROSGERPINACA._--.- 1.
palustris
pectinacea \....

PRUNELLA -__-.---- ll.

Pennsylvanica,
vulgaris -...-.

PruNus___--------- 1

acuminata ----
borealis .---.-
depressa.-- =. «
lanceolata ----
littoralis...-.-
maritima .----
obovata -~--- ~
Pennsylvanica,
pubescens ----
PYZNaA..----
rubra
serotina .--- 196,
spherocarpa .-
Susquehanne .
Viginiana -~ 196,
Psamma arenaria --. ii.
littoralis ...--
PTELEA..---------- i,
trifoliata...-- -
IPTERIS|o= aoe sees il.
Aquilina. .-=-<
caudata -——---
STOCUIS amin
PTEROSPORA.------- 1,
Andromedea ~~
Puccoonese sos -seee ii.
PuLMONARIA .------ ii.
Viremica 25-4.
Purple Avens .--.--- L
Purple Loosestrife---. 1.
Purselane._.-..----- 1
Purselane Tribe ----- 1.
Purshia hispida .--.-- il.
Putty-toot .-2s--s265 il.
PycNANTHEMUM ---.~ Ii.
aristatum -.-
clinopodioides -

| Frora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.
Page
Pycnanthemum incanum, ii. 61
lanceolatum ~~ 63
linifolium ...- 64
muticum ..-.- 63
Morvel Wes 62
verticillatum . - 83
Virginicum -.- 62, 63
PYROUMSsso5 9 Soe 1. 451
asarifolia ---. 452
chlorantha.... 453
elliptica -- 2-22 - 452
maculata .... 456
rotundifolia -_. 451
secunda .__-.- 451
uliginosa ._~-- 453
umbellata ..-- 455
uniflora ___-.. 454
PYROLACE4E ___. 1. 451
EevRUSse. oeee2 ese 1, 223
Americana._.. 224
arbutifolia _... 224
Botryapium_.~. 225
coronaria -.-. 223
floribunda..-- 224
grandiflora... 224
melanocarpa-- 224
ovalis..~---=- 225
sanguinea ---- 225
Queen-of-the-meadow _ i. 198
Quercitron ~....---- ii. 188
QUERCUS -_~-.----- ii. 187
albajoS2es 2.2 192
Banistert ---.- 190
bicolor .__-... 192
Castanea ___-. 193
Chinquapin -. 198
coccinea... - 189
discolor ...-.- 188
ferruginea---. 188
ilicifolia _._-. - 190
macrocarpa--. 191
Michauxii.... 192
montana __..- 192
nigtal toes 188
obtusiloba ..-. 190

75

561

Quercus oliveformis.-— il.
Phellos .--..-
palustrisi- =.-
pringides a2--
TUD TA oes ee

Prinus acuminata,
Prinus chincapin,
Prinus discolor. -
Prinus monticola,
Prinus pumila - -
Prinus tomentosa,
Queria Canadensis. -- 1.
Quitch-grass -..-.--. ii.
Rabbitsfoot._-------- 1,
Radish

ep weed 225.5 —--9e 1,
i. 499

Ragiopteris
Ransted _-__--_..-.2_- ll.
RANUNCULACEA,, i.
RaNUNCULUS -_~-_-- 1.

AChiSe ee ees
aquatilis 32.
bulbosus
Canadensis - --
Clintonit --_--

Cymbalaria - _-
delphinifolius -
fascicularis — _-
filiformis .__--
Flammula .-_—-
fluviatilis .__-
intermedius --.
lacustris ..-.-
Marilandicus -
multifidus -..-
nitidus.._-.--
Pennsylvanicus,
Purshii --_-_-
pusillus -__.. .
recurvatus ~__-
repens 2.2...
Reptansie= 2-2 2— 11
sceleratus

Page.
19}
187
190
193
189
188
193
193
192
193
193
192
105

1. 474

168
60
375

14

15

562

Page.
RAPHANER .------ i. 66
RAPHANUS =o2-25=-- i. 66
Raphanistrum - 66
Raspberry .---.-- -- 1.213
Rattlebox ....----.- 1.185
Rattlesnake Plantain. 1. 284
Rattlesnake Fern__-.- 1. 506
Rattlesnake-root ...-- 1.415
Rao-otass) 2 oooh scae ii. 474
Reboulea gracilis ...- ii. 469
Red Clover _.....--- 1. 167
Red Maple 2.c..-2-- i, 13
Red! Plum so-2 25-2. 1.194
Red Puccoon_._----- 1 43
Red-robin.._..-_-- -- ii. 48
Red-root .------.- 1,43, 135
Redbud! 223. 2262522 1. 188
Redrodiaeae- = sees i. 290
Redtop=.s222ee i. 441, 458
Reed, see cee ii. 446
Reed-mace ._-----.- il. 247
Rensselaria Virginica, il. 241
RHAMNACEZ ~_.-. i. 142
RHAMNUS! 22-5225. 1.143
alnifolius --.-- 143
catharticus ~ _- 143
franguloides.. 143
Rheumatism-root .—--~ - 1, 34
RW STA eee = oe Ieee
Virginica ---. 227
Rhinanthus Virginicus, ii. 47
RHODODENDRON.-_--- i, 437
hispidum ~~~ -- 439
Lapponicum -. = 438
maximum .... 437
nudiflorum.. . - 439
REHODORA seoeee eee 1. 440
Canadensis - - - 440
viscosum .._-- 439
RiUsSee ee eee ee i, 128
aromatica ..-. 131
Canadense ~~ 128, 131
Caroliniana - - 129
Copallina----- 129
CLES ANS 252 —- 129

INDEX.

Rhus glabra -..-._-- i.

radicans -.---
suaveolens -__-
Toxicodendron,
typhina -_-..-
venenata -.---
Verne
Virginicum -.
viridiflora -_--

RHYNCHOSPORA -_--- L's

capillacea__---
cephalantha ~~
fusca eee
glomerata._---
gracilenta __ ~~

Rib-grass. 22 sees il.
Ribbon-grass ----.--- il.

Cynosbati .--.
floridumes 2:2.
glandulosum - -
ORCC ae 246,
Jacustie: 2. ..-
nigrum §..---
ozycanthioides-
Pennsylvanicum,
prostratum ~~~ -
recurvatum .. -
rotundifolium~ -
Wiflorum .oa2-

Richweed ___------- i.

Riverweed.._.-_.--- i.

Riverweed Tribe__-_-- i.
RoBINIA __---_~..-- if

Pseudacacia- --

Rochelia Lappula --- i.

Virginiana - -

Rock-brake ___.----- il.
Rock-rose ..-.------ i

Rock-rose Tribe -_--- 1:

Carolina ..-.

Page.

Rosa Caroliniana..-. i. 218
corymbosa ---- 218
frazinifolia -. 219
gemella ..-..- 219

lucida. S258 218
parviflora... 219
Pensylvanica, 218, 219
Rapa._.-.--.- 219
rubiginosa-... 220
suaveolens .--- 220
ROSACE ._-..--- 1 193
Roscyna Americana.. i. 85
IR0se: Se esa see 1, 218
Rose Campion.---.-- i, 102
Rose Tribe -._...- - 1.193
Rose-bay 22 2) 2236... 1, 437
Rosemary .--.-2 22. 1.434
Rough Bindweed ___. ii. 302
RUBIACEZE _____- 1. 809
PVUB US ie ctreek atts 1,213
Canadensis... 216
Canadensis... 214
cuneifoligs.224-°) 217
Dalibarda..-. 218
flagellaris.... 216
frondosus ..-.- 215
hispidus .2< =. 217

Wlcetiss = et 214
obovalis -_-.- - 217
obovatus..--.. 217
occidentalis _.. 215
odoratus...._. 213
parvifolius--.. 217
Pennsylvanicus, 214
procumbens... 216
saxatilts ~---- 214
sempervirens. 217

SCLOSis\ aa eee 217
strigosus...-2. . 214
triflorus .----- 214
villosusi222 5 215
RUDBECKTA-=—--_ =. - 1,379
digitata.---.. 381

ni tale 379
laciniata. ~~. - 380

Rudbeckia opposztifolia, 1.
pinnata -_-.--
serolina

tomentosa.--.-

RuMeEx ._---------- 1.

Acetosella .._-
Britannica __ ~~
Britannicus -.
Crispus toaseee
domesticus .._-
obtusifolius. __-
veiticillatus __-
salicifolius. ---
IRUPPTA = eee eee i.
marina

Rush aeeeo eas Sal:

Rush Tribe.__--_-_-- il.

SABBATIA~__------- i.

angularis -----
chloroides ~~~
eracilis eae
stellaris

Sacred-bean ____--_-- i.
Sacred-bean Tribe.__. 1.

apetala .-_-.--
procumbens - - -
Virginica ---- 11.
SAGITTARTAW =e = il.
acutifolia._-.-
EX AUGHIOS aoe
graminea ----
hastata .-----
latifolia. ---- y
pubescens _---
pusilla soo. 2
TURHUEE Sp sae
sagittifolia .--.
sumplex
subulata .----
SALICA CE Aize. 2c il.
SALICORNIA
ambigua
herbacea

Page.
379
381
380
381
154
156
155
155
154
155
155
155
155
252
252
825
323
112
113
113
113
118
37
37
58

Los

94

93
112
259
259
259
259
259
259
259
260
259
259
259
260
204

li. 139

141
140

INDEX.

Page.

Salicornia mucronata . il. 140

Virginica.--- 140
SALTER oo =ee eee ul. 204
candida .__-_- ., 204
Caroliniana ~~ 209
contfera --.-- - 205
cordata _..-.- Py
Cutlerr 222-2. 213
discolor ...-.. 206
falcata ---.-- 209
fuscata .-..--- 207
BVISCU io oes an 207
InCanG ..---- 204
longifolia -.-- 209
lucida... --.. 208
Muhlenbergiana, 205
myricoides.__. 207
myrtilloides -. 212
nity 209
pedicellaris-.-. 212
Pennsylvanica, 207
pentandra..-. 209
petiolaris «2. 207
Purshiana ... 209
recurvala .--- 205
Tloida <<... 212
rostrata aces mid
sericea ------ 207
{IStIS see 205
Uva-Ursi ---- 218
villosa ...---- 206
viminalis ___-- 208
vitellina ._.-.. 210
Sallow__.-.-.-.-... 11.204
SamsOnA eee oo e 1. 142
Carolina _--- 142
Ialivo ce eee 142
linearis ...--- 141
Marilima.---- 141
SO SC 141
Saltwort.........--- il. 140
SALVINIA ---------- 11.512
natans- 22-42 59) We
Salvinia Tribe ~-----. ii. 512
SALVINIACE/E... 11.512

Page.

SaAMBUCUS.......--- i. 302
Canadensis.--. 303
pubens.-22..-+ 302
pubescens ---- 302
racemosa _..-- 302
SAMOLUS! oocesocee es de lS
Valerandi __-- 13
pamphires..-22.2.4. 1, 140
Sand-cherry _-.-...-- 1.195
Sand-plum__--.---.. i194
Sanders-wood Tribe __ ii. 160
Sand wortee a eee Od:
SANGUINARIA._----. 1. 48
Canadensis - . - 43
SANGUISORBA _..---- 1.205
Canadensis --. 205

medi@d .-.---- 205
Sanicle...-...-..-.. 1,264
SANICULA..-------. 1.264
Canadensis... 265
Marilandica _. 264
SANTALACE_.- ii. 160
NAPONARTA,—---ooes== 1 103
noctiflora-_--- 101
officinalis ._-- 103
Vaccaria __-_- 103
Sarothra gentianoides, i. 89
SARRACENIA __..._. i. 41
heterophylla. -- 41
purpurea ___-- 4]
SARRACENIACEZ, i. 41
SASSAFRAS. -__.-.-.. ii. 158
officinale ___ 158
Satureja origanoides . ii. 66
Virginiana -- 63
Satyriwm bracteatum — il. 279
TEPeNS sasaaes) 204

pales = 5s se 279
SAURURACES .-. ii. 168
SaAURURUS._.-._---- i. 168
cermuus -__-_- 168

Sih 252 ee RS
SAXIFRAGA.-.-.-.-- 1.254
aizoides _____- 11.516
elongata ..--- 1.255

564

Saxifraga nivalis ----
Pennsylvanica -
vernalis ...---
Virginianus ~~

SAXIFRAGACE/E.

Saxifrage Tribe -- -- -

Scabious Tribe ____--

Schenodorus tenellus - -

ScHEUCHZERIA -----
palustris .-.--

Schenus albus --.----
angustifolius - ..
capitellatus . --

VUSCUS Seach ae
glomeratus. .- -
selaceus ..-.-..-
spathaceus - .. -

Schoberia maritima - -

Schollera graminea - -
graminifolia - -

Scirpidium aciculare -

SCIRPUS) 2-2 ese eee
acicularis --.-
ACUWUS 22 ance
Americanus --
atrovirens. ..--
autumnalis - - -
badius ....- --
brunneus ~~. ~~
cespitosus - -- -

capillaceus.- 349,

capillaris. -- --
capitatus .----
cyperiformis - -
cyperinus ..---
debilis: .2- .2.-
echinatus - -- --
Eriophorum - -
ertophorus - -- -
glaucus ...---

intermedius - 347,

lacustris . -. ~~ -
lineatus ------
macrostachyos -
maritimus ----

il.
ll.

i,
il.
ii.
ii.

INDEX.

Page.

Scirpus minimus ---- il. 362
mucronatus... 353
mucronulatus - 361
Muhlenbergu - 361
oryzalis...--- 353

ovatus ~..---. 348
palustris -..-. 346
planifolius..-- 351
polyphyllus -.. 355
puberulus ---- 360
pungens ~---- 352
pusillus...-.- 350
quadrangulatus, 350
retrofractus -. 344
robustus...-.. 354
rostellatus.... 847
spadaceus .... 360
spathaceus---- 337
subsquarrosus . 862
subterminalis_._ 351

tenuis ...---- 350
thyrsiflorus--- 356
trichodes_--.- 349
triqueter-.--.- 352
tuberculatus .. 348
tuberculosus .. 348
validus _..--- 353
SCLERANTHACE£, 1.107
ScLERANTHUS --.-.- 1.108
annuus .....-- 108
ScLERIA .-.-------- it. 367
laxa@ ease. OS
pauciflora .... 369
reticularis _-.. 367
reticularis..--. 368
tessellata...-. 367
triglomerata.-. 368
triglomerata.. 366
verticillata.... 369
ScoLopENDRIUM ...~ il. 490
officinarum --. 490
Scorpion Grass _-.-.- li. 87
Scouring Rush -.--.- 11. 482
Screw Fern.-.-.---- 11. 492

ScropHULARIA ----- ii, 31

Page.
Scrophularia lanceolata, ii. 31
Marilandica ~~ 31
nodosa .------ 31
SCROPHULARIACE£,
ii. 28
Seulicap 22 eteecc ee 0
Scurvy-grass'.---.... i. 52
ScuTELLARIA ~-...- Il. 70
ambigua --... 71
Caroliniana - - 71
galericulata _ _- 72
gracilis... ..- 71
hyssoprfolia . - - 71
integrifolia. .. . 71
lateriflora_ __ _- 72
nervosa _....- 71
ovalifolia ..- - 70
parvula --.-_- 71
pilosai.ss.cnm 70
teucrifolia .-. - 71
Sea Chickweed ...--. i. 93
Sea Reed...-.------ ii. 445
Sea Rocket _........ 1 66
Sedge 2 ease. Ubon
Sedge Tribe ...-._.. ii. 336
Srepum ...-.....- 4... 1.252
telephioides _-. 252
Telephium .-. 252
SELAGINELLA__.-.-- ii. 511
apus a2sseees 2 Odd
Helvetica .--. 512
rupestris,---.. 511
Selfheal .....-.-.-- ii. 69
Seneca Grass.....-.. ii. 419
SENECIO .-.-.-.---. 1.402
atriplicifolius. 401
aureus .....-. 402
Balsamita ... 402
ciliatus ~--.--- 353
hieracifolius .. 400
obovatus...-.. 402
suaveolens.... 401
vulgaris...... 402
SENECIONIDEZ.-.---- 1.371
Senega Snakeroot ---- 1.15]

Page.
Sensitive Fern...-.-- 1. 498
Sensitive Pea___--.-- i. 190
SERICOCARPUS --_--.- 1. 33
conyzoides.--. 333
solidaginoides . 334
Serpicula occidentalis. ii. 264
verticillata _.-. 264
Serratula glauca ---- 1.323
Noveboracensis, 323
SCOLUSG = eae 325
SNUCALGm ee eas 325
Service-tree .....---- 1. 225
Setaria glauca .--.-- i. 430
BURIALS eee 430
Shave-grass -....-.-- ii. 482
Sheep Laurel._-.--..- 1. 441
Sheep Poison .....-- i, 441
Shell-flower -.--.--- ii. 34
SHEPARDIAcsase=oee li. 164
Canadensis - -- 164
Shepherd’s-purse ~~ -- - i. 65
Shield Fern....----- il. 495
Shinleaf ...--2.---- 1.451
Shobieria salsa ..---- i, 142
Shrubby Bittersweet -. 1. 140
Shrubby Cinquefoil... 1. 210
Shrubby Trefoil ~~~ -- 1.133
Sicklepod),. 222... i. 55
SICNOS == eae ee esse 1, 249
ACWLUSH = see 249
angulatus .---. 249
SID AG eee err 1 113
Abutilon ..--- 113
Spinosa seme= = 113
Sidesaddle-flower .--. i. 41
Sieversia -.-.------ i. 203
TOSCO, = ee 204
HOG! Sao = 204
SITENE 22-2 ess cone i. 100
Antirrhina._~. 101
noctiflora _.~-- 101
Pennsylvanica, 101
platypetala.-.-. 102
Stelllataeeeeaeee 100
Virginica...<~ 102

| Frora — Vol. 2.)

INDEX.

SILENEE
SILICULOS&®
SILIQUOSH ...------ i.
silkweed ..2-..--..- il.
SILPHIUM .--------- 1,
atropurpureum,
helianthoides - ~
LE7NQUUM a =
trifoliatum ~~
Silver-leaved Maple -- i.
Silverweed.__------- it
SINAPISs2— oes o- 1;
arvensis -..---

aureus .22=- 271,
bulbosum .----
Canadense----
capillaceus..--
integerrimus ~ -
marginatus . -
SIisYMBREE
SIsyMBRIUM ~-~----- 1.
arabidoides . --
dentatum..---
officinale ._---
Thaliana __---
SisyRINCHIUM .----- il.
ANCES -aan= a=
Bermudiana- - -
gramineum - --
MUCTORAIUM - -
Sitolobium pilosiusculum,

Canadense----
denticulatum - -
latifolium .-~--
lineare ..-----
TIPIDWUS es
tenuifoliwm - - -
tricuspidatum .

Skunk Cabbage. ---- - i,

Small-reed _..-..--.- li.

SMILACE/

SMILACINA .__--.-.- il.

bitclias=se2.—

borealis .-2-<.
Canadensis - - -
racemosa ...--
stellata ......-
tritoliagee eee

hispida
lasioneuron - --
peduncularis ~ -
pulverulenta - -

rotundifolia ._-
spinulosa -.---
Smilax Tribe

Snyrnium..=------< i

atropurpureum,

aureum..—-- ZA

barbinode ..-.
cordatum ._--

integerrimum -
trifoliatum - --

Snakehead ...-.----- il.
Snapweed._--------- 1s

Sneezeweed

NDOWDEI oes soo wd
Soapwort oo. cessecc i
DOl-oiaes ee

SOLANACEZ -.--- ii.

SoLaANumM
alatum___----
Carolinianum -
Dulcamara- ---
nigrum

plerocaule -_--

concolor.__-- z
SoLiDAGo
altissima. ~~ 2
arguta --_-...
DY UY Ore ete

566

Solidago aspera------
asperalad -----
axillaris -.---
bicolor 22a

Canadensis. ~~.
ciliaris.-—.---
CLINATESCENS ~~ -
conferliflora - -
flexicaulis .---
gigantea
gigantea ..---
graminifolia - -
grandiflora --

hispida. = =
humilis -.----
laevigata .~---
lanceolata. ._.-
lanceolata (3... -
latifolia -..---
limonifolia - --
hide sooecee
Muhlenbergii -
neglecta ....--
nemoralis.----

procera ..----
MELT OTS aia oni

rugosa .--~-- --
sempervirens - -
serotina ......
serolind ------
squarrosa --~--
siricta_-_ o2-

Virga-aurea - --
Solomon’s-seal
Soncuus

acuminatus __-
acuminatus .-.

INDEXe

Sonchus alpinus ----- i.
arvensis -.---.
asper soos
Canadensis -.-
Carolinianus -
Ctliatus; aoa ==
fallaxves etme
floridanus_-- 419,
oleraceus ..---
oleraceus B. .-
pallidus .....--
spicatus --. -
spinosus .-..--
spinulosus -.--

Sophora alba_..-.--- i.
australis ....-

Sorbus Americana ... 1.

, aucuparia .---

Sorrel 222s ii.

Sour-gum
Sowthistle. 222-5 .5.. 1.
Spanish-needles .-_--- I.

SPARGANIUM-_~.---. ii.

Americanum - -
angustifoliwm -
ereclum ~.~---
natans -------
ramosum -.~.-
simplex, s2ueo.
SPARTINAL =] J-2o2 coe ii.
alternifolia -__-
cynosuroides ~~
PU ee
JUNCed. Soe oe
laevigata .----
polystachya . 448,
pumila .--.--
Spearmint s.2.. 245. a ils
Spearwort _=----2sJ- 1.
SPECULARIA...2+-...
perfoliata ._-.-
Speedwell .--..--.... il.
SPERGULA;-o-2s2-5< L.
arvensis ._-.--
Canadensis - . -

Page.
Spergula rubra .---- - i, 106
SPERGULEX ...=...- i. 106
Spergularia arvensis . i. 106
rubra 22.2 = 106
Spergulastrum graminewm,
1 97
lanceolatum - - 98
Spice-bush 2. <0 =-. = li, 159
Spiderwort -.------- ii. 332
Spiderwort Tribe ---- 11. 332
Spike-orass -..2-55: i. 473
Spike-rush -..-==--:-. i. 346
Spikenard ..-_.--._ -. 1.284
Spindle-tree .__.._--- 1.141
Spindle-tree Tribe.... i. 139
Le) C1, Sy Gees pe i. 198
Aruncus._--- - 199
opulifolia ..--- 198
salicifolia -_ ~~~. 198
stipulacea -.-.- 201
stipulata ----- 201
tomentosa ---- 199
trifoliata ..-- 200
SPIRANTHES -__~.-~- ii, 282
astivalis ...-- 284
cela p45 2. 283
gtacilis.__...- 282
plantaginea-.. 284
tortalis:-. =. -- 283

Spirodela polyrrhiza . ii. 246

Spleenwort -.--.---.- i. 491
Sporobolus asper----- i. 439
Spotted Wintergreen._ 1. 455
Spring Beauty -_--- Seral09
Spring’ Cress...-25-42 i, 56
Spruce... wee ii, 230
SDULCC ge aoe i. 174
Spurge Tribe -...... il. 172
SPU ees i. 106
Squaw Huckleberry-. i. 446
Squaw-root -._. 1. 402; ii. 22
Squirrel-corn ----..-- i. 46
St. John’s-wort ---.-- i, 84
St. Peter's-wort ....-. i. 84
STACHYS-s=- 22-5-.4- eg)

INDEX. 567

Page. Page. Page.
Stachys aspera....--- i. 80 Stonksbul? one ee a 121 Sweetbrier..--.-2.-£ 1.220
hispid ees see 80 Strawberry .-.22c22. ial) Swertia Americana .. ii. 110
hyssopifolia ~~. 81 Strawberry Blite -_-- ii. 135 corniculata-.. 110
palustris ..--- 80 Strawberry-tree..-.-._ 1. 142 deflera, < --=-- 110
sylvatica ~.--- 80 STREPTOPUS...----- ii. 322 Michauziana . 110
tenurfolia__..- 81 amplexifolius.. 322 Symphoria..---.----- 1,295
Stagger-bush -.--._-- 1. 435 distoréus ----. 322 conglomerata-. 296
Stagshorn Sumach --- i. 128 lanuginosus.-. 321 glomerata---- 296
STAPHYLEA.___--_.-- 1, 139 maculatus-.-- 821 TACEMOSA ~.--- 295
trifoliaeee ees DO TOSeUS! S---2<- sez SYMPHORICARPUS.--- 1.295
Star-of-Bethlehem ~_- ii. 307 Striped Maple --.---- i. 135 racemosus ---- 295
lat Whistle: Gaccasa* i. 404 STRUTHIOPTERIS---- li. 486 vulgaris....-. 296
Star-grass .._..- ii. 289, 310 Germanica.--. 486 SYMPHYTUM........ ii, 88
Star-grass Trite ___.- li, 289 STYLOSANTHES..---. 1.174 officinale - _- -- 88
STATICO“N2 ope ee5 ii elatior .--c.-. 174 SyMPLOCARPUS- ----- ii. 242
Caroliniana -- 17 hispida..----. 175 fetidus....... 243
Limonium - ~~ - Ly Styrandra bifolia---- ii, 299 Syntherisma pracoz .- ii. 423
Steeple-bush ...-._-- i, 199 Suweda salsa ...----- ii. 142 Tackamahac .2..--- ii. 216
STELLARIA ...------ Lr PUEDA 2ce2e. ce cee UL 4 Mamarack -.c2ces ee eee
borealis ___--- 98 maritima ..... 141 TANACETUM ~.....-. 1.393
graminea.-.-- 97 Sugar Maple _-_--.. 1.135 vulgare _-_---. 393°
Grenlandica- - 96 Sugar-berry -......<- il. 167 Wansey/ = =--stioee ded
lanceolata.._- 98 Silmacnesa ce keee, ledes Wape-orases == ecee i, 2bo
longifolia .-- 97 Summer Grape.----- i. 146 TARAXACUM ...-.--. 1417
ed ieee ee 97 Sdndewsmot- <2 oces.0 1 28! Dens-leonis--. 418
Stenactis ambigua -.- 1.355 Sundew Tribe .2..-. 1. 81 Wate ee ene eee OO
ONNUE suitoce 355 pundrops] secs 23-01 234 TAXINE A. __..... ii. 236
Beyrichit ---. 355 Sunflower ......---. 1.381 Taxus .....-._.-_. ii. 236
strigosa ..—.- - 355 Swallow-wort ......- ii. 118 baccata --.... 236
Stenotheca Mariana. 1.413 Swamp Dogwood ---- 1. 123 Canadensis.... 236
BENOSMi a= awe oe 414 Swamp Huckleberry. i. 445 Tea-berry .....-.--. i. 433
Stickseed .......-..- i. 90 Swamp Laurel ----.. 1.441 Tear-thumb._..____. ii. 148
Sticktioht 2oic5—.2 . 1386 Swamp Maple..----- i. 187 Teasel _-._......... 1.320
Stinking Ash-------- 1.133 Swamp Willow-herb _ i, 229 Telmatophace gibba.- ii. 246
Stinkweed ......---- i. 101 Sweating-weed -----. i114 TEPHROSIA.-.._.._. i. 166
STIPASe sane ee 1. 433 Sweet Bay.-----.--- 1 27 Virginiana _-_- 167
avenacea ..-.. 433 Sweet Cicely...-.... 1.281 TEUCRIUM ______._. il. 82
barbata -._-.- 433 Sweet Coltsfoot...-.. 1.331 Canadense - -_ - 82
Canadensis... 483 Sweet Fern -_._-.-.-- ii. 198 Virginicum .- 82
FUNCED <i ame = = 43 Sweet Flag _-.-.--.. ii. 244 THALICTRUM..-.2c.. 15) 23
Virginica--. 483 Sweet Locust__...-.. i. 192 anemonoides - - 24
Stitchwort.. 22-222. i, 97 Sweet Pepperbush --- i. 431 Cornuti ...--- 23
Stone Clover .....--. i, 168 Sweet Scabious --.-.. i. 355 corynellum. .. - 24
Stonectop 25.22. 2. 1, 252 Sweet-oumes-cesscee 1. 217 dioicum ~~~ ~~ - 23

Stoneweed .---....-- ii 85 Sweet-gum Tribe --.- 11.217 lavigatum --- 23

568

Page.

Thalictrum polygamum, i. 24
pubescens . -- -- 24
revolutum ~.-- 24
rugosum ..--- 24
Thapsia trifoliata --- 1,273
DHASPIUM. 26-2654 L202
atropurpureum, 272
AUTUMN «32-54% 479
aureum..---- 271
barbinode----- 273

cordatum ~~. 270, 272
Thesium corymbulosum, il. 161

umbellatum - -- 160
Thimbleberry .------ 1.215
Thimbleweed _-._--- 1. 8
Thin-orass= 22225241, 442
TuLaspPl__.-------- i. 64

arvense..--.-- 64

Bursa-pastoris - 65

campestre..--- 64
THLASPIDEE __.--.-. 1 64
Thorn-apple -------- ii. 101
Thorn-tree.........-- 1 220

Thoroughwort ~~~ 1. 266, 329
Three-awned Grass ~~ 11. 434
Three-leaved Nightshade,

1. 295

Three-seeded Mercury, il. 173
WHUVA. coke sot eeces Uh. coo
occidentalis --- 234
spharoidalis -. 233

THYMELACEZ .-. i. 163
Thymus Virginicus .. i. 64

TIARELLA..-------- 1.258
cordifolia_-... 258
Tickseed Sunflower -- 1. 885
ORE TA pe eee ecw LO
Americana ~.- 116
Canadensis - - - 116
glabra.....-- 116
TIGVACK AS oo sc. 1. 116
Aen iON, Beemer seh vet)!
ascendens. .--- 251
suniplexco-55. ~ 25%

Timothy 22o-eses.- 1h Ale

INDEX,
Page.
TIPULARIA .-_-.-.-- li. 272
discolor --.-.. 272
discolor _...-.- 268
Moad-flax +. 2. ee cline cL
Tobacco: 3-225-282-1100
Tobacco-pipe-------- 1. 456
Toothwortss.52s22c al £08
Touch-me-not _---.-- 1.125
Tower Mustard...--. i. 53
Trachylomia triglomerata,
iil. 368
Trachynotia cynosuroides,
i. 448
juncea...---. 448
polystachya--- 448
TRADESCANTIA-. ----- li. 332
Virginica .-.-
Trailing Arbutus ---- i. 482
Treacle Mustard...-. i 60
TRICHELOSTYLIS -_-- 11.361
autumnalis .-.- 362
geminiflora--. 362
mucronulata -. 361
Trichodium laaiflorum, ii. 442
montanum.-.-.- 442
scabrum-..---- 442
strictum...--- 442
Trichophorum alpinum, ii. 357
cyperinum.-.~- 396
Hudsonianum - 357
lineatum ----- 356
Trichosperma ..----- 1. 152
TrIcHOSTEMA------- ll, 81
brachiata- -- -- 55
dichotoma ~ -- - 81
TricusPis.--------- ll. 462
Noveboracensis, 463
seslerioides _.. 463
Tridens quinquefida.- 11. 463
TRIENTALIS -------- ll. 11
Americana. ~~ - 11
Europ@a ..--- 11
TrRiIFoLiIuM—---.---- 1. 167
aotvatium--.c-- 170
biflorum.----- 175

Page
Trifolium officinale... i170
Pennsylvanicum, 169

pratense --.-. 168
reflexum ._.-- 169
repens .-.-.-. 169
TRIGLOCHIN _..-.-- li. 261
elatum .-.---. 262
maritimum.--- 261
palustre...--- 261
TRILLIUM ~------.- ii. 295
atropurpureum, 296
cernuum __.-- 295
erectum __--.- 296

erythrocarpum. 295
fetidum....-- 296

erandiflorum.. 296
pendulum----- 295
pictum—..-.-. 295
rhomboideum-.- 296
undulatum--.- 295
Triodia cuprea.----- ii. 463
pallida.....-. 461
Triphora pendula .-- i. 281
Triosteospermum_---- 1. 302
TRiosTHUM ...2.-.. 1.301
majus .---~-- 302
perfoliatum --. 301
Tripolium flecuoswum.- 1. 350
subulatum---- 350
TRISETUM_--------- il. 452
molle -.-..-- 452
palustris -.--- 452
Pennsylvanicum, 452
purpurascens. 453
subspicatum.-. 452
Triticum 22.222. . 1,464
caninum...... 475
repens .i:ic-22 - 474
MROLUIUS: es Pe
Americana -.- 18
laxts eee 18

Troximon Virginicum, 1. 410
Trumpet Honeysuckle, i. 296
Trumpet-flower Tribe. ii, 25
Tuckermannia Conrada, 1.519

Turkey Corn
Turkey*pod ...-..--- i.
Turpinia
TWRRITIS Boo - 52 ace i.
glabra
hirsuta. ----- 2
stricta

palmata..----
Twayblade.._ -. ii. 271,
TwioRush<2222c= <2 i.
Twin-flower -.----_- i.
Twin-leaf
Twisted-stalk .-...--- il.
TyrHa

angustifolia .--

latifolia.._....

Upora
Canadensis- — _-
verlicillata .-.

ULMACEZ

Uxmus

fulva

suberosa.-----
UMBELLIFERZE.- i.
Unicorn-plant- _-.- ii. 26,
UNIOLA i
distichophylla -
PLACisa seat ee
spicata
Universe
Urachne
asperifolia.-~-
brevicaudata. -

leucosperma. - -
parviflora .---
TACEMOSH ~~ —--

[ Frora — Vol. 2.]

INDEX.

Page.
URALEPIS-.--------- He 455
aristulata ._.-- 455
CUDTED a2 ae me 463
pallida .----- 461
purpurea -.--- 455
Uraspermum._------ i. 281
Claytont -.--- 281
hirsutum --..-- 281
URnicA@eese eee ee . 221
Canadensis.--. 222
cylindrica .=-- 224
dioica ..--..-- 221
divaricala.--. 222
pumila -.-.-- PPB:
WIRSS Sees 222
Wahitlowi._-.- 222
URTICACE/E ---. ii. 219
UTRICULARIA.-~-. -- i. 19
ceratophylla - - 19
cornuta -..... 20
fornicala .---- 22
Pda soso 22
inflata, sees 19
intermedia -__. Oi
macrorhiza.-- 20
Millefoliwm -- 21
TIN Olesen 21
personata ---. 20
purpurea -__-- 20
SUCCOLA meme 20
Stiiatases= sees Q1
vulgaris._---- 20

WivARTAS ee ener ee ee Th 38}
tnilobame 2 eee 30
UVULARTA -225----- 11.319
amplexifolia.. 322
grandiflora.... 320
lanceolata... 820
lanuginosa-.- 321
perfoliata -__-- 319
puberula .---- 321
MOSCO, 22 ao « 322
sessilifolia _... 320
UVULARIE --__- ii. 319
VACCINES .__------ 1, 443

7k

Page.

VAcCINIUM ...----- i. 443
album ..----- 447
Canadense---. 446
corymbosum ~. 445
decamerocarpum, 449
dissomorphum, 445, 446
dumosum ..~-- 448
elevalum ..--- 447
frondosum.-.- 449
fuscatum ..--- 445
gaullherioides. 443
glaucum .---- 449
hirtellum__.-- 448
aspidulum .-- 450
ligustrinum -. 436
macrocarpon.. 447
parviflorum .. 449
Pennsylvanicum, 444
Pennsylvanicum, 444
pubescens .---- 443
Tesinosum.——.- 449
stamineum.__. 446
tenellum .--- 445
uliginosum --. 443
vacillans -___- 444
venustum .--. 446
virgatum ..- 444, 445
Valerian --_.--_-__- 1.318
VALERIANA .-~-~---- 1.318
CEO ae 318
sylvatica -.. -_ 318
sylvatica .---- 318
VALERIANACES, 1.318
ViLISNERIA ~______. 1. 265
Spitalis owes 265
Vanilla Grass -__-.__ ii, 419
Velvet-leaf -._..___. i 113
Venetian Mallow --_. i. 115
VERATRUM -_..--_-- ii. 317
album... ~~ 317
luteum... _- 318
viride.__-____ Day,
VERBASCUM .__-___. 1. 29
Blattaria :____ 30
Claytoni ...-- 30

570

Page.

Verbascum Lychnitis . ii. 30
‘THapsus <= 30
VERBENA .-_..----- i. 51
ancustifolia - -- 53
hastata _._-_-- 51
paniculata ..- 51
TUgOSa -.---- 53

Surya. 2ce5-- 52
urticifolia..-.- 52

VERBENACEZ .-.- ii. 51
Verbesina Coreopsis -. 1. 384

Vernal Grass.__-.--- ii. 420
VERNONIA -_.~------ i. 322
Noveboracensis, 323
prealia ....- - 323
VERONICA --------- ii. 40
AGTESIS2 = Since 43
Anagallis .--- 42
arvensis ---.-- 43
Beccabunga -- 41
carnulosa ---- 42
Caroliniana - - 42
Chilensis ----- 42
hederifolia ._. 43
intermedia --- Al
Marilandica - - 42
officinalis... Al
peregrina .--~ 42
Peruviana .-- 42
Romana..---- 42
serpy llifolia - - - 40
scutellata -..-- 42
Virginica .--- 44
Xalapensis - - - 42
Wetchiee=-s-22 >= i. 154, 156
Wietvall.soee ea i. 51
Vervain Tribe._~---- i. 51
VIBURNUM -.~.----- 1. 303
acerifolium -.. 306
cassinoides --. 304
dentatum _~~-- 305
grandifolium . 308
Lantana ._--- 308
lantanoides. — — 308
Lentago.--... 305

INDEX.

Page.

Viburnum nudum ._-. i. 304
opuloides ....- 307
Opilus..ee= 307
Oxycoccus (bis), 307
pauciflorum... 307
prunifolilum... 304
pubescens._ ~~. 306

pyrifolium.... 304
Rafinesquianum, 306

squamatum... 304
tomentosum ... 306
trilobum __..- 307
villosum..—.-- 306

NiCis 222 en 1.154
Americana. __- 154
Cracca: ..<-.- 155
Mitchilli ---.. 156

Sativa .oh252 156
tetrasperma - -- 155

ViIbRAvC eee) oe eer i. 438
aspera. ..=.<.- 439
cryptandra__.. 440
heterolepis-_.. 440
longifolia .-.. 439
serotina _-__. - 439
vagineflora-.. 438
Villarsia cordata .... ii. 115
lacunosa ..-.- 115

Wie Seee ee eee 1.145
Wine: ‘Eribe.. 222225 1,145
WIOTAS =o -ee eee es i. 69
CYUMAS Ge es 70
Alleghaniensis, 71
arvensis ~~~. 75
asarifolia .--.- 73
bicolor ..~--.- 78

blanda 222255 72
Canadensis- _ ~- 75
concolor ..~--- 76
cucullata _-_.- 70

debilis ..----- 73
digitata .--.- 69
ervocarpa .--- 74
flabellifolia - -- 69

heterophylla -- 70

Viola lanceolata. __-_-
DLewisiana .._-
Muhlentergii-_ -
Muhlenbergiana,
obliqua .-----
ochroleuca._-.

palmata ~~... -
papuilionacea - -
podata ar <2e 5
Pennsylvanica,
primulefolia - -
primulifolia -.
pubescens __-
punctata ...--
rostrata... --
PEPCNS = 4c ae
rotundifolia __-
Sagittata .__-_ -
scabriuscula - -
Selkitkw 2222

sttialaseeesoee

tenella_._..---
tricolor ...-.-
uliginosa.----
VIOLACE#..-----
Niolets = eae
Violet T'ribe _-_..__-

Viper’s Bugloss___-- - il.
Virginia Snakeroot -_- ii.
Virginian Cowslip --- i.
Virginian Creeper --- i.
Virginian Stonecrop -- i.
Virginian Thyme--_-_~ ii.

Virgin’s-bower --_---

Viscum terrestre .--.- il.

hederacea ..--
Labrusca ~~ --
quingquefolia - -
Tipatia’.<.-2.<

Page.

Vitis vulpina .-..--- 1, 147
WaALDSTEINIA ------ 1. 204
fragarioides -.. 204
Walking Fern ._--..- ii, 94
Wall Cress --_----- 1, 53, 60
Walnut essees22s--= i. 179
Walnut Tribe -_-..-- i. 179

Wandering Milkweed, ii. 117
Warneria Canadensis, 1. 26
Water Avens.__----- 1. 203
Water Beech ._------ li, 185
Water Chickweed__-- ii. 170
Water Chickweed Tribe, 11. 170

Water Gladiole__--- - 1. 424
Water Hemlock ~_--- 1. 267
Water Hlemp..-2.--.< il. 138
Water Horehound.__- u. 51
Water Marigold -_~-- i. 388
Water Milfoil -.-___- 1,241
Water Oats._------- il. 416
Water Parsnep ---.-- 21.268
Water Plantain.__--- 1. 258
Water Plantain Tribe, 11. 258
Water Rice.__------ 11. 416
Water Willow -_-.-- is 27
Water-feather ..-.--- 1M he
Water-nymph ._--.-- i. 250
Water-shield .__.._-- i 36
Water-shield Tribe... i. 36
Water-target -------.- i, 36
Waterleaf --..--- -- i. 91
Waterleaf Tribe ----- li. OL
Waterwort.__-.--.-- The Yfk
Wax lyitie -22-- 8% i. 197
Waxwortk-ooes- =.= - 1.149
Welsh Mint --~---~- ll. 61
White Cohosh.__-.-- 122
White Grass _-_.---- il, 415
White Lettuce._----- 1.415
White Maple._------ 1, 136
White Poplar -.-.-.-- i 29
White Snakeroot-.. - 1.329
White Thorn.__--_-- 1221
Whiteweed -_-------- 1, 393
Whitewood .__-..---- re OS

INDEX.
Whortleberry Tribe -- 1.
Wild Allspice ...---- il.
Wild Balsam-apple --- i.
Wild Basil -__..__-- ie
Wild Bergamot._--. - i.
Wild Chainomile .--- 1.
Wild Cherry... 1,
Wild Comfrey ------ il.
Wild Curcuma ------ 1
Wild Elder .._-.__-- i
Wild Filbert -._--__- il
Wild Flax ____._- 100;
Wild Ginger, .. -... ii.
Wild Honeysuckle --- i.
Wild Indivo 22c-.c.2 2
Wild Ipecac ...-.--.. ii.
Wild Lettuce...._._. i.
Wild Liquorice.----- i.
Wild Marjoram-_ _.--- ii.
Wild Mustard --.---. i.
Wold’ @ateesesee salt
Wild Peppergrass.-.- i.
WaldtRinke=2esse-ene. 1
Wild Potato-vine -_.- ii.
Wild Radish ..-----. i.
Wild Rice --...--_- in
Wild Rosemary ----- i.
Wild Rye_....2.2. i
Wild Sarsaparilla--.. i.
Wild Senna__._.---- i.
Wild Sensitive-plant -. 1.
Wild Spikenard ~---- ii.
Wald: Tansy 22 2225. 4,
Wild Teasel .._.---- lL.
Wild Wormwood-_-.- i.
Wild Yam-root..--.- il
Willows Sees eee
Willow Tribe.-.-.-- 1.
Willow-herb ---.---- 1.
Windflower -------- i.
Windsoria poeformis. ii.
Winter Cress... - 1.
Winter Grape ----.-- 1.
Winterberry ------.- ik

Wintergreen ...-.--- 1.

O71

Wintergreen Tribe --- i.
Wire-grass_..... ii 447,
Witch Hazel. _----2-- i
Wood Betony ------- ii.
Wood Grass __.---__- il.
Wood Sage_......-- ii.
Wood Sorrel. ------- i
Wood Sorrel Tribe--_ i.
Woopsta.-_-.----_- ib
Ilvensis --._- -
obtusa... ---
Perriniana - --
rufidula _----
WoopwarDiaA ___--_- il.
angustifolia ---
Banisteriana. -
Floridiana . ..
onocleoides. _- ~
Virginica ...-
Woodwaxen __-----.. 1.
Wiolfiate eee elie
Wolfsbane__.------- i.
Wool-erass _....---- ib
Wormseed__. 2-2 --- ii.
Wormwood. .--.- i. 393,
XANTHIUM = -2-2--- 1
echinatum ~__ -
Macrocarpon - -
maculatum .- --
orientale ____-
spinosum ~~. ~~
strumarium ~_.
XANTHOXYLACE,
13
Xylosteum.-.---- 1. 299,
ciliatum.-.---
oblongifolium -
Solonis ..----
tartaricum .--
villosum...-- -
XYRIDACE. -_-- ii.
SREVS See te ete
ONCeNs esi eoue
bulbosa .-.---
Caroliniana - - -

Page.
451
457

. 260

49
A477
82

. 122

122
499
500
500
500
500
490
490
489
490
490
489
185
246

20
356
135
394

. 376

377
377
377
377
377
376

132
447
299
300
299
299
299
303
333
334
334
334

572 INDEX.

Page Page.

Xyris flerwosa.-.---- 11. 334 Yew, Tribe) 22 2cccen M230
Jupacai..---- 334 ZIANNICHELLIA ~-~-. 11. 252

Wa 2s. ee Th 202 intermedia_... 253
Yam Tribe ..2-...... 1, 292 palusttis- 22..." = 1253
Yard Grass_-------- i 447 ZANTHORHIZA .---.. 1. 25
ViarTrows +. see eos ses 1392 aputola sens 2 25
Yellow Clover ----.- 1.170 simplicissima. - 25
Yellow Plum --.---- 1.194 ZANTHOXYLUM ----. 1.132
Yellow Poplar --.-.- i. 29 Americanum-- = 132
Yellow Puccoon ---- i. 26 Clava-Herculis, 132
Yellow Rocket...... i. 52 fraxineum...- 133
Yellow-eyed Grass_-. 11.333 | Mile —o. s0 a0 oe 133
Yellow-eyed Grass Tribe, 333 ramiflorum ... 133
Yellow-root. ....--- 1.25, 26 tricarpum.... 183
MieW acc see ese ce tes lae3o Zenobia racemosa... 1. 436

END OF VOL. If.

ZAZANIA ~-.--------
aquatica... -~-
clavulosa._---

SEV AU Geen eee Pea
aurea... __.--
cordata. -._._-
integerrima - --

Ziziphora Mariana . -

ZOSTERA ~.-.------
marina... .

ZYGADENUS --_..---
chloranthus - ..
commutatus - --
glaueusi<..2.%
Virginicus -..

ll.

ll.
1. 251

ll.

Page

416
416
416

. 270

271
270
271

66

251
315
315
315
315
316

Met. Vith. of Endicow

CO
Iiavlke= berry.

False F oxgl ove

Lith. of Endicott New York.

he Sy oe Ne “i

Tall Lousewort.

5 :
Wir

Lith of Enadewolt, Min Sore

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or

o WOU |

00612 1065