‘ ae - r ss 4 : on a a conan tee nneenpna ant epmmmenin nen mengntgente anny emmy enema meen ang pee te ee erm cy Seinnee meme mnerrmerenpnaninte nee emapimmanennreratinenaercctnteat tt any —eranineet amt mt mteuntemtantn 1 ten meetn Ren ir eth mt yt te IE . yt ape ceo ew yep orem marine inemernnepare pemiemmemeenenereensemsemenee mresapeipipeenae sn aymantaip presence mérarann eure, yrainean tone ypupansaorerninransneumenaygremeaterteeet in| hrenreneiny temas ae ee es ~ an ee S ns aged. Futicvaper ort. 76 GUTTA CAVAT L&PIDEM NON VI SED SAPE CADENDO.--HORAT. NOT BY FORCE, BY FREQUENT FALL ALONE A DROP IN TIME CARVES OUT A STONE. THE FLORA OF TENNESSEE AND A PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED nO Ht. -CLEIZWNS.OF TENNESSEE BY AUGUSTIN GATTINGER, M.D. Published by Authority of the State through the Bureau of Agriculture PRESS OF GOSPEL ADVOCATE PUBLISHING COMPANY NASHVILLE, TENN. 1901 APPROPRIATION FOR THIS VOLUME. AN ACT to provide for the acceptance by the State of a work on botany, prepared by Dr. A. Gattinger, and to make an appropriation for its pub- lication and distribution. Whereas Dr. A. Gattinger has offered to present to the State a work prepared by him, on the botany of the State of Tennessee; and Whereas the dissemination of such information among the people of the State is of the highest importance and value, and eminently worthy of the aid of the State; therefore, Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State oy Tennessee, That said work so presented by Dr. A. Gattinger be accepted by the State, and that the Commissioner of Agri- culture be, and is hereby, empowered and directed to have said work printed and distributed among the citizens of Tennessee, Src. 2. Be it further enacted, That the sum of six hundred and fifty dollars, or so much thereof as may be required, is here- by appro}; riated for the purpose of printing, publishing, and dis- tributing said work. Sec. 3. Be zt further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it. Passed April 17, 1901. NEWTON H. WHITE, Speaker of the Senate. EH. B: WILSON, Speaker of the House. Approved April 18, 1gor. BENTON M’MILLIN, Governor. ERRATA. Page 3. Quotation should be credited to Virgil. Page 27. For ‘‘Graborchard ”’ read ‘‘ Craborchard.’’ Page 27. Below ‘‘border”’ insert ‘‘O. S.’’ (Over the State) and ‘‘M.” (Medicinal). Page 28, 1oth line. For ‘‘bulifera’’ read ‘“ bulbifera.”’ Page 28, 20th line. For ‘‘ Novzeboboracensis’’ read “‘ Noveeboracensis.” Page 29, 13th line from below. For ‘‘thelypleroides’ read ‘‘thelypter- oides.”’ Page 39, middle. For ‘‘an8d’’ read ‘‘and.’’ Page 52, 14th line from below. For *‘uburnea”’ read ‘‘ eburnea.”’ Page 55, middle. For ‘‘ uniformis’’ read ‘‘ reniformis ”’ Page 64, 14th line from below. For ‘‘ Potty ’’ read ‘‘ Putty.”’ Page 76, 4th line from below and higher. For ‘ champion ‘*campion.’’ Page 78, 12th line from above. For ‘‘ dichtotoma’’ read ‘* dichotoma.’’ Page 84, 11th line. For ‘‘ Malapoena’’ read ‘‘ Malapcenna.”’ Page 86, 12th line from below. For ‘‘ Thelipadium ”’ read ‘‘ Thelipodium.”’ Page 97, 9th line from below. For ‘‘ Soheele”’ read ‘‘ scheele.’’ Page 100, 3d line. Before ‘‘ Gattingeri’’ insert ‘‘C.’’ “i Page 105, 8th line. For ‘‘ Thephrosia ’’ read ‘‘ Tephrosia.’’ Page 115, 16th line. For ‘‘W. W. Ashe from” read ‘‘ W. W. Ashe. From, etc.’’ Page 118, gth line from below. For ‘‘ moshata’’ read ‘‘ moschata ”’ Page 120, 8th line from below. For ‘‘gymmanthum’’ read ‘“‘ gymnan- thum.”’ Page 120. After ‘‘ Hypericum Kalmianum ”’ insert ‘‘ H. aureum Bartram. Limestone cliffs of M. Tenn. Frequent. July.’’ Page 122, middle. For ‘‘ Criocarpa’’ read ‘‘ Eriocarpa.’’ Page 123, 8th line below. For ‘* Caney Fork ”’’ read ‘‘ Collins River.’’ 99 read ” a Leta. Lf OC ten Page 135, 3d line and below. For ‘ pimpernell ” read ‘‘ pimpernel.”’ Page 138, 6th line. For ‘‘ Pleuresy ’’ read ‘‘ Pleurisy.”’ Page 142, 4th line and below. For ‘‘ gomfrey ’’ read ‘‘ comfrey.”’ Page 142, 12th line from below. For ‘‘ raccoon ’’ read ‘* puccoon.”’ Page 146, below. For ‘‘ majoran’’ read ‘‘ marjoram. Page 151, below ‘‘ Leptandra.’’ ‘‘M."’ omitted. Page 152, 6th line from below. For ‘‘ Lausewort’’ read ‘‘ Louseworth.”’ Page 154, below. For ‘‘ leptosyachya’’ read ‘‘ leptostachya.”’ Page 154, 3d line. For ‘‘ proboscoidea”’ read ‘* proboscidea.”’ Page 155, 3d line. For ‘‘ cocerulea’’ read ‘‘ coerulea.”’ Page 158, 17th line from below. For ‘‘ Cururbita’’ read ‘* Cucurbita.”’ Page 160, 12th line from below. For ‘‘ Leontedon ”’ read ‘‘ Leontodon.” Page 162, middle. For ‘‘strumaricum ’’ read ‘‘ strumarium.’’ Page 163, 9th line. For ‘‘tencrifolium ’’ read “ teucrifolium.,”’ Page 163, 13th line. For ‘‘rotundifoium ”’ read ‘‘ rotundifolium.”’ Page 165, 2d line from below. For ‘‘ corybosus’’ read ‘‘ corymbosus.”’ Page 170, 1oth line. For ‘‘ Braunneria ’’ read ‘‘ Brauneria."’ Page 170, 4th line. For ‘‘Tapachys’’ read ‘‘ Lepachys.”’ Page 172, middle. For ‘‘ Helienium’’ ‘‘ Helenium.”’ Page 180. For ‘‘ Danthus”’ read ‘‘ Dianthus.”’ Page 187, below quotation. Read translation : ‘‘ Time obliterates opinions of men, but it confirms the decisions of nature.’’ Page 193, middle. For ‘‘Arbella’’ read ‘‘Arbela.”’ Page 204, 21st line; (or “creed” read “greed.” Page 209, Latin quotation. For ‘“‘etque’’ read ‘‘atque.”’ Page 216, 11th line. For ‘‘Sarcen”’ read ‘* Saracen.” Page 216, 7th line, “Kor °A7D: 33°" read “ALDii33 7" Page 218, 17th line; For “"556’” read “350.” Page 234, 12th line from below. For ‘‘ grassculum”’ read “‘ grassculm.”’ Page 241, 7th line. For ‘‘ him” read ‘‘ man.”’ ; Page 243, middle. For “lappzegue’’ read ‘‘ lappzeque.’’ Page 244, German quotation. For ‘‘Such”’’ read ‘‘ Such’st.’’ Page 272, 11th line from below. For ‘‘nutriton’’ read “ nutrition.” CONTENTS. FLORA OF TENNESSEE. BREE ACH jas ces JE TEN TRS EXOT OT TCR ald AR OVALE An PER TALC a SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA ...... RENO M AMTEMEG. 21k 2 lousbs sah b NS aioe adatom PDX TOGGHENER A... os aka ans PHILOSOPHY OF BOTANY. EVOLUTION UO: sBOMANY: cco on days aihetossl cabo atteedonon PROPRIEG DIR e eis) s ne oka INTRODUCTION OF A NATIONAL FORESTRY POLICY... MopERN ‘THOUGHTS ON ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND SIGNERIGANEE, OF TIRES.) 2. . *} ee toe i i ber bee + «s ah i es 7 Vaan AP Wi uy sift u SUI Ths» Wa Ly Me 4 i" te iJ PREPACE, Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.* The fifth decade of the past century proved disastrous to the patriots of Germany who were seeking liberty and progress, and no hope was left for recovery from the defeat sustained or for better success in the near future by a renewal of the struggle for liberal government. For the first time in the history of the Bavarian capital of Munich, a meeting of discontented citizens was held, to deliberate upon joint action to secure better and safer means of emigration to the United States of North America. Artists, pro- fessional men, mechanics, and farmers, people of good standing in society and amply provided financially, to the number of nearly two hundred, composed the meeting. At this time an association of students of the University of Mu- nich, of which I was a member, resolved to celebrate in a solemn féte Washington’s birthday, a proceeding never before heard of, but fully in accord with the sentiments of this party, which in these tur- bulent times represented the liberal movement in the university. The celebration was a great success, and speeches and eulogies on Washington and Jefferson, Franklin and other heroes were in- dulged in fervently and unreservedly. The open avowal of republican institutions was immediately de- nounced as a provocation, too flagrant to be allowed to be passed by, and actions were instituted by the authorities. Several of the participants had to leave the city. Called before the university tribunal, I was released on my pledge to emigrate. I regret to say that I have never since found an opportunity to celebrate this national festivity with the same pathos and enthusiasm as on this memorable twenty-second of February, 1849. Severance from beloved friends and the ancestral soil is a bitter and mournful task, and recollection of it even now clouds the se- renity of the moment. But the genius of love mitigated my dis- * New stars, new sights the pilgrim meets; He stays the same in thoughts and deeds. 4 PREFACE. tress, for the one whom I had chosen for my companion through the turmoils of life consented to go with me, and we joined hands at the American consulate at Havre before sailing. These circumstances account for my appearance in Chattanooga, Tenn., in June, 1849, which place J reached by stage from Dalton, Ga., the terminus of the Georgia and South Carolina Railroad. I was fascinated by the magnificence of the scenery; but there were but few dwellings, and these of poor construction, as might be ex- pected in a recently-settled place. After a short delay, a small side- wheel steamer blew its whistle and brought me and my party after three days’ navigation up to Kingston, on the Clinch River. This little town looked clean and airy, and, pleased with the friendliness of the citizens, we made it the base of operations for exploring the vicinity. Weary of traveling and wishing to enter on the practice of my profession, I was easily fascinated by a romantic spot called “ Cave Spring,” eight miles to the west of Kingston, at the time oc- cupied by an older physician, who intended to go West. I purchased the place in partnership with my brother-in-law, the late George Dury, a Munich artist, whose exquisite paintings now adorn the State Library in the Capitol. Unfortunately, we did not take into consideration, in making this purchase, the possible—or, rather, impossible—revenues to be derived from this possession, a circum- stance which ultimately necessitated the abandonment of our farm- ing experiment at a great sacrifice. The transfer from a buoyant German city to this silent retreat was to me a stimulus to concentrate my attention outside profes- sional duties and equestrian hardships to the study of the botany and geology of the country. At my alma mater, the University of Munich, it was obligatory to pass through a course of natural sci- ences—chemistry, mineralogy, and botany—before being admitted to the medical department. A two-years’ course in general and medicinal botany initiated me into the science. Moreover, I had from earlier school years been a botanical collector, and had given a great deal of time to these studies. After the abandonment of Cave Spring I acquired some property in Charleston, Bradley County, where I remained until I accepted, in 1858, the charge of resident surgeon at the copper mines of Ducktown, situated in the high mountains of Hast Tennessee, ad- joining North Carolina and Georgia. The new situation was so- cially very agreeable, moderately remunerative, and possessed botan- PREFACE. 5 ically and geologically so many and so diversified points of interest, that a whole lifetime of a competent investigator could not exhaust and unravel all the problems and collect the various plants, min- erals, and rocks. A prominent member of the United States Geo- logical Survey, who is intimately acquainted with this region, as- sured me in a recent correspondence that in the entire area of the United States he knows of no part which, in an equal territory, possesses so great a diversity and complication of structure. I en- . joyed and utilized industriously my opportunity, although with great diffidence, in the results of my analyses, for want of scientific botanical literature, especially of the American. Having been fifteen years in the saddle, traversing more than one-half of East Tennessee, throughout the Cumberland Mountains and all the valleys between Walden’s Ridge and Smoky Mountain, J held in my mind a well-connected panorama of the natural vista at all seasons of the year. Possessed, as I believed: myself to be, of a moderate and quiet enjoyment of intelligent and useful pursuits, it came suddenly to pass that I had to bear my share of the agonies and convulsions of the Civil War. Opposed to the disruption of the Union, knowing from experi- ence the misery of a great nation split into petty principalities (as was the case with Germany for centuries), seeing in the growing greatness of this government the future liberation of all nationali- ties through its physical power and moral influence, I advocated the cause of the Union, and created such displeasure to my former friends that I found it advisable to leave my domicile and part with my family. On a cold, starry March night, afoot, no money, with a small satchel as traveling outfit, I wound my way through the Ocoee gorge and reached the town of Cleveland, forty miles distant, without an accident. The government in which I had put my faith and trust took me under its care, sent me to Nashville, and put me into serv- ice as an assistant surgeon. After the expiration of my term and recovery from a severe malarial fever, which temporarily disabled me for army duties, I accepted from the military Gov- ernor, Andrew Johnson, the position of State Librarian, which T held during five years, whereby I greatly improved my acquaint- ance with scientific American literature. Moreover, I found such helps in pursuit of making collections as I never before or after- 6 PREFACE. wards enjoyed. Through the kindness of the military superin- tendent of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis. Railway, Gen. William T. Innes, I was favored with the privilege of using all trains, passenger and freight, at all points for travel. This permit continued four years, until the administration of the rail- road was changed, and when I also lost my office as State Librarian. From this time on I earried on an interesting correspondence with prominent botanists in all parts of the United States, and by sub- mission to the approval of our leading botanical authorities, I se- cured the correctness of specific determinations. J am under great obligations to the late Dr. Gray, of Cambridge, Mass.; the late Dr. Engelman, of St. Louis, Mo.; the late Dr. G. Vasey, of the United States Department of Agriculture; the late Dr. Chapman, of Apa- lachicola, Fla., for their assistance. It is much to be regretted that Dr. Rugel, who, about fifty years ago, resided in the vicinity of Greeneville and made valuable collec- tions and discoveries in that vicinity and the mountains of East Tennessee and North Carolina, died without leaving a record of his work. His collections came in the possession of Mr. Shuttleworth, of England. Senecio Rugelia Gray, Plantago Rugelii Decaisne, Siphonychia Rugelii Chapm. commemorate his name. My collections were in much request for exchange, as they contained many novelties and were well prepared. The area of Middle Tennesse was an unexplored region, botanically, and I claim the honor of being the pioneer in this field. At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Nashville in 1877, the botanical division en- couraged me to prepare a catalogue of plants or flora of Tennes- see, which I was assured would be received favorably by all Ameri- can botanists. I consented to do so, and fulfilled my obligation in 1883 by publishing a small volume of one hundred and nine pages, a systematic enumeration of seventeen hundred and eight species. It was printed at my own expense, and distributed gratuitously among the schools of the State, and such patrons of botany as applied for it. This movement helped me very much in the furtherance of my enterprise, as it brought together all per- sons within the State who had an interest in botany, and had col- lected more or less. With this catalogue in hand, every collector in Tennessee was enabled to see whether or not it contained all the species which he had found himself, and he would then report PREFACE. 7 to me his own discoveries. I soon received valuable contributions from my esteemed friend, the late Gen. E. Kirby-Smith, at Se- wanee; Prof. T. M. Bain, now of the Agricultural College, Knox- ville; Prof. A. Ruth, superintendent of public schools in Knox- ville; the late Mrs. Lydia Bennett, of Fisk University, Nash- ville; Dr. G. Egeling, pharmacist, Memphis; and Prof. Lamson F. Scribner and Mr. Kearney, both now of the Botanical Division of the Agricultural Department at Washington. Much valuable information I drew from the “ Memoirs” of the Torrey Botanical Club, in a report on the flora of Western North Carolina and con- tiguous territories, made by John K. Small and A. A. Heller in the season of 1891, and published in February, 1892, followed by a similar report made in the season of 1892 by John K. Hall and Anna Murray Vail, on the flora of Southwestern Virginia. Both areas extend to the geographical borders of 'Tennessee, along moun- tain ranges and water courses, which continue into the upper bor- der counties of Tennessee without any difference in the nature of the soil or elevation. The flora being necessarily identical, I took the privilege to add to my list all such species which yet had not been. collected within the adjoining boundaries of the State. Most recently I have been favored with valuable information and addi- tions from the botanists of the Biltmore Botanical Institute— Messrs. C. D. Beadle, F. E. and C. L. Boynton, and T. C. Harbi- son—published in “ Biltmore Botanical Studies,” Vol. I., No. 1; William Wesley & Son, London. From all these sources and my own continued collections, I can now add over four hundred species not contained in the first edition, and am, moreover, en- abled to amend and correct many errors occurring in the same. For the census of 1880 I collected for Professor Sargent, the superintendent of the botanical division of the census, specimens of the timbers of Tennessee. I also collected for the mineral di- vision of the same census the building stones of the State, with the exclusion of the marbles. This collection consisted of forty pairs of cubes, all of different character, four by four inches. This, I think, was the first time the granites of Tennessee were brought to notice in beautiful specimens. The collection also contained the sandstones—the beautiful white one from the Hiwassee Valley —and the argillites, conglomerates, slates, and limestones, includ- ing the odlitic or Bowling Green stone, which is used in the con- struction of our customhouse. 8 PREFAOE. In April, 1878, I assisted Hon. J. B. Killebrew, then Commis- sioner of A oe ee of the State, in the publication of his work on the Tennessee grasses and forage plants, by giving him the list of grasses actually collected by me, and revising the manuscript. In the same year I prepared a publication on the trees and shrubs suitable: to the soil and climate of Nashville for the Board of Health of the city of Nashville. In 1883 I was engaged by Hon. A. J. McWhirter, then Commis- sioner of Agriculture for the State, as an assistant in his office and in collecting minerals, building stones, and plants for the Louis- ville Exhibition and other exhibitions; but after the close of these exhibitions I was again dismissed, to be followed in office by the commissioner’s own son, Mr. L. B. McWhirter. In 1894 Hon. T. F. P. Allison, Commissioner of Agriculture, intrusted me with a publication on the medicinal plants of Ten- nessee. The work was carried out to mutual satisfaction. In 1897, in connection with the Centennial Exposition, I was. a member of the Committee on Minerals and Mines of the State, of which Professor Safford was chairman. I procured a rich collec- tion of the copper ores and smelting products of the Ducktown Mines and Smelting Works, inclusive of a rich display of ingots. I also exhibited a large collection of Tennessee granites in blocks, with one side polished, from Wolf Creek, Carter County, and from near Elizabethton, on the line of the railroad which extends from Johnson City to the Granberry Mines, in North Carolina. At the time of my publication of the medicinal plants, my bo- tanical collections had so far progressed that I felt satisfied that within a limited time not many more additions could be made, and that I had very nearly reached the limits of the record. In pre- paring the new edition I adopted the new nomenclature and made some other changes, for which I give an expnatey in the fol- lowing paragraphs. One of ihe greatest burdens and causes for confusion in sys- tematic botany had been the constantly increasing synonyms for the same species. Much of it originated from the disjointed labors of distant botanical writers describing the same plants; often from imperfect specimens, while unacquainted with the past or contem- poraneous labors of others in the same field; and in not a few instances it resulted from the abuse of personal prominence and disregard of the merits of others. This disturbing condition would PREFACE. 9 never have come to an end, if the great majority of naturalists had not recognized the necessity of accepting the name given by the discoverer of a plant, whenever the name is conformable to pre- established rules. Priority should be a fixed and positive limita- tion, which admits of nothing arbitrary or partial. On the invitation of Alphonse De Candolle, an International Botanical Congress was held in Paris in 1867, to which botanists from all countries were invited, and the most important subject discussed was botanical nomenclature. Mr. A. De Candolle, author of the “ Prodromus,” presided. He had drawn up a most carefully considered code of rules to govern botanists in their writings, and this code was submitted to the assemblage of botanists, each rule being formulated and modified as the majority deemed wise. Fi- nally the whole was printed and circulated. The fundamental prin- ciple of these laws was priority of publication, with adequate de- scriptions. Unfortunately it was made retrospective, without any sufficiently defined statute of limitations. Among zodlogists the Stricklandian code governs—known as the “ Rules of the British Association.” It was signed by Charles Darwin and Professor Hensley. A revision was made in 1860 by Mr. A. R. Wallace, P. L. Clayton, Professor Balfour, Professor Huxley, Dr. J. D. Hooker, and Mr. George Bentham. A still further revision of the same occurred in 1865. In the preface to this code occurs this sentence: “ No one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus or describe a new species.” The adoption of the Paris code did not meet an immediate and universal acceptance. The conflict with the interests of authors and publishers of works of great value, the issue of which had been commenced and was still progressing, was a matter of some consideration. The nonattendance of English botanists at — the Paris Congress was perhaps due to this cause. The annoyance created by such radical changes is a very great one, and a burden pressing heavily upon the older botanists, who are not so well fitted to recast their memories as the younger generations, who will reap the benefit of the movement. There was also some friction with us, even after the meeting of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, held in August, 1892. The botanical di- vision adopted at this meeting the Paris code of 1867, with some modifications. At the following meeting, in Madison, Wis., in 10 PREFACE. 1893, an additional amendment was adopted, and a committee of the association was appointed to elaborate a list of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta, growing without cultivation in Northeast- ern North America. This work was subsequently published in 1894 as the fifth volume of the “ Memoirs” of the Torrey Botanical Club. The synonyms given under each species in this work in- clude the recent current names, and thus avoid any difficulty in identification. The recently published volumes of “ The Illustrated Flora ” will, on account of the helpfulness of the illustrations, soon find their way to general favor as an indispensable guide for less expert col- lectors, for which the innovation therein adopted has no harassing inconvenience. In view of this prospect I have also, although re- luctantly, adopted the new nomenclature. I have, furthermore, given in this edition the English vernacular names and some derived from the Aborigines, where such are known, but did not think it proper to make, in their absence, English translations from the Latin names. A general botanical and geological chorography or natural aspect of the area precedes the systematic enumeration of the species. In the year 1890 my entire collection, the second largest herba- rium in the South, came into the possession of the University of Tennessee, at Knoxville, and as I cannot, by my advanced years, expect to add much to its enlargement, I am happy to know it is in hands under whose care it will be well preserved and utilized. While the pursuit of botany never brought me any financial ad- vantages, I acknowledge that it was a mighty protector in keeping me out of the way of social corruption, and it gave me many hours of the purest enjoyment of life and brought me into friendly re- lations with many excellent men and women. In order to gain a wider circle of readers and to give further in- ducement to the study of botany, I have added an “ Epitome of the History of Botany,” a “ Treatise on the Introduction of a For- estry Policy in the United States,” and a “ Treatise on Protoplasm and Origin of Life.” A list of authors whose works have been consulted or literally quoted is given at the end of the work. I am well aware that there is much scope for improvement of this work, and I turn to the younger generation of botanists, who can work under more favorable conditions, soliciting their cooperation in extending and perfecting it. Very respectfully, A. GATTINGER, M.D. Areal Botany or Regional Distribution of Plants. Engaged with laurel, oak, and fir, *Midst fern and sedge, the viler or the rare, In dismal swamps, ’neath cypress grand and fair, Where snakes and tangles bring despair; On lofty crags, in clouded sphere, Where eagles built their artless lair, And, whistling, swing in upper air; Onward, though of waning strength aware, Seeking truth, with firm resolve 1 dare To plead my right to reason, doubt, or err. GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA. The boundaries of Tennessee are embraced within the great Atlantic forest region. The whole of this territory was in its virgin state, an immense expanse of varied woodlands, being in the lowlands of dense and massive growth, filled with pathless jungles of cane and shrub, or, away from the water courses, on the uplands, reduced to open and airy groves (with great diversity of timbers), the barrens. Here a dense sward covers the ground and herbaceous growth prevails. Mountain forests are always of greater uniform- ity in distribution of timbers. Nearly one-third of the entire area is now reduced to fields or occupied by buildings or roads. Canebrakes have well-nigh disappeared, and the forest is in all accessible regions depleted of valuable timber. Immigration of foreign and retirement of native species con- tinually modify the aboriginal flora and tend to weaken character- istics due to presence of peculiar plant forms, or collocation of species, by the intricacies of mutual predilection and adaptation to surroundings. Such areas, which differ among themselves conspicuously in such properties, admit of the establishment of natural floral ar- rondissements. Differences of elevation, diversity in elementary constitution I have retained in this chapter the old nomenclature of Drs. Gray and Chapman, for the benefit of those using their manuals. 12 TENNESSEE FLORA. of the soil, and inequality in distribution of atmospheric humidity are, in our territory, sufficiently potent to mark out four distinct regions : I. The high crests of the Alleghany Mountains, formed of Grauwake slates, gneiss, or mica schists, with an elevation of from 4,000 to 6,600 feet. Subalpine region. Il. The western slopes of the Alleghanies and their outlying spurs, and the Cumberland Mountains. Sandstones and_ slates. Mountain flora. Elevation, from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. III. Valley flora, the lower division of which is coextensive with the limestones (Silurian) of East and Middle Tennessee. Eleva- tion, from 350 to 500 feet. The upper division, or highlands, has siliceous and argillaceous soils, sometimes limestones of the sub- earboniferous formation. Elevation, about 1,000 or 1,200 feet. The former division is characterized through its cedar glades; the latter is the region of the oak barrens. IV. West Tennessee, situated between two powerful rivers, with much level or only gently undulating surface, owes its pecul- iarities to the abundance of swampy lands and predominantly argillaceous soils, in connection with a more humid atmosphere. SUBALPINE REGION. The dividing line between the States of North Carolina and Tennessee passes over and along the crest of the highest ridges and peaks, known as the Unaka, Great Smoky, Bald, and Frog Mountains. Their average elevation is about 5,000 feet, but about twenty-two summits are 6,000 feet or more. The highest stretch lies between the French Broad River and the Little Tennessee River, with fifty-five high points, eighteen of which are over 6,000 feet. Clingman’s Dome, by a few feet the highest, rises to the very respectable altitude of 6,600 feet above tide water, according to the measurements of Prof. Arnold Guiot, of Princeton, N. J. (Vide American Journal of Science, September, 1857, and November, 1860.) Geologically they consist of Huronian schists and gneisses, and in some spots of Laurentian granites. Not one of these high crests presents a bleak crag, bare of vegetation, nor is there a timber line. Some are evenly timbered throughout, others support only a scattered and stunted arboreal growth, and some bear only a low shrubby or herbaceous vegeta- tion. The absence of timber on the so-called “ Balds ” is perhaps TENNESSEE FLORA. 13 due to waves of excessive cold; such, at least, seem the dead trunks, looming up here and there, to suggest. VALLEY LANDS. If you approach the mountains of East Tennessee from their western slope, taking a direct course eastward, traveling from Cleveland along the road which leads to the copper mines in Polk County, you are constantly uphill and downhill for nearly fifteen miles, intersecting a series of low parallel ridges. The soil is directly derived from the underlying rock, one of the lowest mem- bers of the Silurian formation, and only very small strips of allu- vium line the few streamlets which you have to cross. Along this line is also the watershed, between the Tennessee River system and the Coosa River. It belongs mainly to that class of land which, all over the State, is not very favorably known as gravelly hills, from a superficial covering of sharp cherty or dolomitic gravels of all sizes, generally small, but often also protruding in dykelike masses. Magnesian and siliceous rocks, no matter to which geological age they may belong, are, al! the world over, the most unavailing min- eral constituents of soil, and, for the lack of alkali and phosphates, are soon exhausted by crops which consume much of these elements. The generally thin covering of humus supports a meager herbage, and cattle have to be on their feet all the while in defense against starvation. Black-jack oaks, Spanish oak, black oak, sourwood, dogwood, slim chestnuts, loblolly pine, scrub pine, and here and there a yellow pine which has escaped the ax, make up the forest, which, throughout this, region, is stripped of the merchantable | timber. I have, myself, within thirty-five years, witnessed the rise and fall-of this empire. The short space of time which passed be- , tween the first harvest and hopeless abandonment had not yet prostrated all the dead timber girdled in the first clearing, when the returns became too small to pay for the expense of cultivation. Stunted sassafras and persimmon, here and there a loblolly pine, sumacs (Rhus glabra and copallina), are the growth by which regenerating nature tries to reclaim those ruined lands. The herb- age consists generally of very humble plants; the buttonweed (Diodia teres), Virginia plantain (Plantago Virginica), the flow- ering spurge (Huphorbia corollota), butterfly weed (Asclepias tube- rosa), two species of broom grass (Andropogon Virginicus and sco- parius), the foxtail grass (Setaria glauca), the poverty grass (Aris- 14 TENNESSEE FLORA. tida dichotoma), the common evening primrose (@nothera bien- nis), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus), the never-failing ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiefolia), a few solidagos and asters (Aster ert- coides and dumosus), constitute the larger herbs. In places the ground is spread over by the prostrate low blackberry (Rubus trivi- alis), or cinquefoil (Potentilla Canadensis), while the high black- berry (Rubus villosus) replaces former fence rows. Cattle find an insufficient support from browsing on the Japan bush clover (Lespe- deza striata), white and yellow clover (Trifolium repens and pro- cumbens), and about two nutritious grasses, the crop grass (Pani- cum digitaria), and a species of paspalum. The botanist finds but few rarer species to compensate him for his exertions, and rejoices to find himself at last in full sight of the mountains, in descending the eastern slope of a ridge which borders the Ocoee River. This broad mountain stream, swiftly gliding over his pebbly bed, is skirted by a stately and diversified growth of timber—Herculean syecamores and massive cottonwoods, immense lindens and pop- lars, slippery and white elms, ashes, white walnut, and box elder of stately growth. The water oak and willow oak (Quercus aquat- ica and Quercus phellos), with elegant outline and glistening color of foliage, are contrasted by the chalk-white trunks of the gray birch (Betula lutea), with ever-tremulous foliage, on delicate sprigs. Now and then a holly (lex opaca), silver-bell tree (Ha- lesia tetraptera), and an umbrella tree (Magnolia umbrella) pre- sent themselves as outliers from the upper regions. Crossing the river, the romantic hamlet, Parksville, is soon reached, the gateway to the great mountains, opening between two mighty pillars, the Chilhowee Mountain to the left or north side, and the Round Moun- tain to the right or south side. Before reaching the milldam, the last ledges of chert and dolomite are passed, and quarzite and siliceo- argillaceous conglomerates are the country rocks. Narrow but rich bottoms, encompassed by high and steep mountain sides, the latter heavily timbered, give room for small and scattered farms, well cared for and successfully managed. MOUNTAIN FLORA. The lower mountain flora is spreading around on all sides, clothed in deeper green or gaudier colorings. As we ascend the river, which gushes with deafening roar from shoal to shoal, we discern how every submerged rock is densely coated with a rough, TENNESSEE FLORA. 15 wool-like growth, an inch or two long, threadlike, the flowers the size of pin heads, the mountain river weed (Podostemon ab- rotanoides), pondweeds float in long streamers (Patamogeton hybridus, Potamogeton Clayton). An endless variety of shrub- bery constitutes the undergrowth. The Kalmia (Kalmia lati- folia), worthy companion to the great mountain laurel (Rhodo- dendron maximum), and four azaleas, equally beautiful (the fra- grant clammy azalea), merit the highest praise and are very abun- dant. Various other kinds of the heath family, with white and bell-shaped flowers and evergreen foliage, are characteristic features of the scenery. Foremost, the dense masses of Leucothoé Catesber, a tall shrub with wand-shaped, recurved branches and dense pen- dulous racemes, exhaling the odor of chestnut flowers; Leucothoé recurva, the Andromeda floribunda, and the white alder (Clethra acuminata), either as bush or small tree, all belong to this type. A singular and unparalleled display is reserved for the untiring botanist if he climbs to the highest cliffs of the Chilhowee, from whence at one glance he can survey the whole valley of Hast Tennes- see until his eye meets, in the smoky distance, the rectilinear course of Walden’s Ridge. At an elevation of about 2,500 feet he descries along vertical cliffs of Potsdam sandstone, dense groves of the fringe tree (Chionanthus Virginica), in greater vigor and abun- dance of flowers than he had ever before witnessed. Several rare ferns grow in the crevices, such as the woolly-leafed Cheilanthes (Chil. tomentosa), grayish green on the upper surface and rusty colored underneath; the Cheilanthes vestita, of similar habit, but not quite so attractive; the neat little Asplenium Trichomanes and Asplenium montanum. Polpyodiam vulgare and incanum and some larger species of Phegopteris and Aspidium abound. Orchids of rare beauty nestle in the deep mold—Bletia aphylla, Goodyera, pubescens, Pogonia ophioglossoides and verticillata, Cypripedium spectabile, acaule and pubescens. From the twelfth to the sixteenth mile above Parksville, the canon cuts through the highest part of the Big Frog Mountain and opens out into a rugged plateau or basin formed of micaceous, copper-bearing rocks. From Greasy Creek, three miles above Parksville, to the Mundie Bluff, which is within the heart of the great mountain chain, dark-colored, argillaceous or roofing slates, porphyritic from disseminated cubes of pyrites, and grayish mica- ceous slates build up the towering and grotesque masses and spurs 16 TENNESSEE FLORA. which lead up to the ridgelike summit. An untouched virgin forest covers these slopes—principally splendid white pines, mixed with some yellow pine, and in low and sandy spots also scrub pine. In very moist places, immediately at the foot of ridges or vertical precipices, where deep beds of mold accumulate, the hemlock spruce (Abies Canadensis) reaches 160 feet, and probably over, and a diameter of six feet. Prostrate and decaying trunks are com- pletely wrapped up in mosses, liverworts, and lichens, for which this region is a selected homestead. Embedded in the soft pillows of moss, some delicate, shade-loving plants enjoy a well-protected and concealed existence—the mountain bluets (Houstonia serpylli- folia), the frail and subtle Circaea alpina, the Canada and downy yellow violet (Viola Canadensis and Viola pubescens), and the span- high Mitella diphylla, or miter wort, with a spike of white flowers, followed by miter-shaped seed capsules. The wood sorrel (Ozalis Acetosella), and the low-creeping partridge berry nestle close and snug in cushions of sphagnum, hypnum, and climacium. Above Mundic Bluff a granitoid, heavy bedded rock sets in. It is of gray- ish color, hard, and but little prone to weathering (Grauwake). A thin crust of soil which has formed upon it supports a grayish- green club moss (Selaginella torlipila), a low and diffusely- branched willow grass (Draba ramosissima), the shrubby St. John’swort (Hyperiewn Buckleyt). Where the débris has- accu- mulated, and water trickles down from the overhanging cliffs, there nod the golden panicles of the Lysimachia Fraseri, and the climb- ing shrub Decumaria barbara drapes the walls. THE BIG FROG MOUNTAIN. A short distance up the road, the river must again be forded to reach some secluded mountain homes called “ Beyers Settlement,” from whence the ascent of the mountain is most direct and easiest. I made the ascent in July, 1878, in company with some young friends and a guide. At an elevation of about 2,000 feet, with the Big Frog mountain right before us, we started at four o’clock in the evening, prepared to camp out at least one night. The entire party was on foot, a mule carrying the package. A somewhat level place, about two-thirds up the mountain, called the “Sugar Orchard,” from the sugar maples which cover this place, was chosen for the camping place, and early in the morning we accomplished the as- cent. TENNESSEE FLORA. ley At this altitude, from camp to summit, from 3,500 to near 5,000 feet, the reduction of mean temperature corresponds about with the mean temperature of the latitude of Northern Ohio, a difference of eight degrees of latitude. Various shrubs and herbaceous plants, which are indigenous to the latter region, and do not now inhabit the intervening territory, luxuriate in this cool and cloud-enveloped zone. The glory of the prairies has passed away in the Middle and Northern States, but their untainted splendor survives here in these untrodden mountain meadows, although very limited in extent. Trees become scarce and more scattered, with great bald spaces between, with very low trunks in proportion to size of limb and crown. ‘The chestnuts ramify so close to the ground that the lower limbs can be grasped with the hand. The varieties on the summit are chestnut, red oak, yellow birch, mountain maple (Acer spica- tum,) mountain ash (Pyrus Americana), white and red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica), and chock cherry (Prunus Virginiana). Of shrubs, we find the round-leafed currant (Ribes rotundifolium), two or three species of blueberries (Vaccinium hirsutum and Penn- sylvanicum), the creeping wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), arborescent azalea (Azalea arborescens), Stuartia (Stuartia pen- tagyna), and two species of holly (Llex monticola and Ilex mollis), and a low, grayish willow (Salix humilis). The gems of this great conservatory, however, are the herba- ceous plants, which thrive here with unusual vigor. The Carolina lily, with stems seven feet high, surrounded by a pyramidal raceme of deep orange and black-spotted blossoms, often as many as twenty-five, is very abundant; likewise the Melanthium Virginicum, five to six feet high, with hundreds of small, star-shaped, cream- colored flowers in an immense spreading panicle; the Stenanthiwm augustifolium, also a liliaceous plant, resembling the former, flow- ers greenish white, in a tall raceme; the purple flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus), with simple five-lobed leaves and corymbs of large, showy, purple blossoms, the whole plant very fragrant and clammy. The cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum) spreads its large and woolly leaves broadly over the ground, and lifts its flat umbels above a man’s head. White and yellow Baptisias and the Oswego tea (Monarda didyma) contribute freely to this unsurpassable dis- play. The blue joint grass (Calamagrostis Canadensis) and the Muhlenbergia Willdenovii are the principal grasses, both tall and 18 TENNESSER FLORA. slender. A pleasantly odorous fern (Dicksonia punctilobula) and Aspidium spinulosum cover moist depressions of the ground. SMOKY MOUNTAINS. A type of flora somewhat different from this from the admixture of truly Alpine or high Northern plant forms crowns the still loftier summits of the Smoky Mountains and the Roane Mountain. The mountain defiles and coves on Doe River and Watauga River are traversed by a narrow-gauge railroad, which presently terminates at the Cranberry Iron Works, and a stage road leads up to Cloud- land, a mountain resort on the summit of Roane Mountain, at an altitude of 6,600 feet. Yellow and white pine, and also the table- mountain pine (Pinus pungens) predominate on the mountain sides; but white oak, chestnut, cherry, sugar maple, and also walnut -and hickories, strong and densely grown, hold the lower grounds and river banks. In these moist and shady gorges abounds the Dicentra eximia, a beautiful plant: It is a variety of the bleeding heart, a well-known garden ornament. The Adlumia cirrhosa, or climbing fumitory, a very graceful plant, also frequently cultivated in gardens, yet common in Northern New York and the Western States, accompanies the former. A peculiar and very rare shrub, not known elsewhere, the Buckleya distichophylla, and the oilnut (Pyrularia oleifera), the beaked hazelnut (Corylus rostrata), the scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and other shrubs which are also common in the Ocoee region form the undergrowth. The smooth- leaved Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia Sipho), the climbing bitter- sweet (Celastrus scandens), two species of Lonicera, and the bush honeysuckle (Diervilla sessilifolia) are lovely and odd-shaped climbers or bushes. Magnolia Fraseri abounds here. It is beyond the scope of this sketch to enumerate the species for which the high summits are famous among botanists. The discovery of the sand myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium), a native of the sandy pine bar- rens of New Jersey, on the summit of Roane Mountain, is a curious ‘incident in plant geography. Rhododendron Catawbiense, several Sazifragas and Solidago glommerta, monticola, spithamea, the Diphylleia cymosa, Chelone Lyoni, Cardamine Clematitis, Paro- nychia argyrocoma, Sedum Rhodiola, Geum radiatum, Geum ge- niculatum, Boykinia aconitifolia may serve as examples of rare ‘plants. Another range of mountain flora we find in the Cumberland TENNESSEE FLORA. 19 Mountains. Selecting the Lookout near Chattanooga for a type, we find its summit wooded with Quercus Prinus, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus obtustloba, and Quercus mgra; Pinus inops, Pinus Teda, Pinus mitis; Betula lutea, Gleditschia, triacanthos, Robima Pseudacacia, several Caryas and C. microcarpa among them. Of-shrubs: Robinia hispida, Diervilla rivularts, Ilex mollis, Stuartia pentagyna, Hydrangea radiata, and again (but very rare) Buckleya distichophylla, Nemopanthes Canadensis, and in a swamp Dirca palustris. Of herbaceous plants: Utricularia gibba, Iuncus Canadensis, and Arundinaria tecta. On flat rocks: Diamorpha pusilla, Fimbristylis capillaris, Krigia Virginica, Arenaria glabra. On the cliffs of the crest : Stipaavenacea, Silene rotundifolia, Linaria Canadensis, Campanula divaricata, Thalictrum clavatum. Near the base of the mountain, on limestone ledges: Gatesia laetevirens, Cailicarpa Americana, Triosteum perfoliatum, Silphium brachi- atum. The Cumberlands excel the Alleghanies in a greater variety of ferns. Besides all species of the latter, we also find here As- plemum Bradleyi, Asplenium pinnatifidum, Lygodium palmatum, Scolopendrium vulgare, and Trichomanes radicans, Asplenium vi- ride, Adiantum capillus Veneris. MIDDLE TENNESSEE. The next division embraces the valley of East Tennessee and the entire area of Middle Tennessee. Contour of surface and ‘geological structure result in East Tennessee from the combined processes of folding and erosion, whereby heterogeneous strata are placed in juxtaposition, the whole valley being an often-repeated series of synclinals and anticlinals of calcareous and siliceous rocks, while in Middle Tennessee erosion alone had been at play. A great fault connected with the upheaval of the Pine and Grab Orchard Mountains, and in a line south of it, an eroded an- ‘ticlinal, the Sequatchie Valley, designate in the Cumberland Moun- ‘tain region the western terminus of those convulsions which in- ‘volve the problem of the stratography of the Alleghanies in so great difficulties. West of this line spread out the horizontal strata of the Cumberland table-land, which terminates with an abrupt de- ‘scent of about 1,000 feet upon the highlands of Middle Tennessee. These in turn overreach and encircle the floor of the basin of Middle ‘Tennessee by from 500 to 600 feet, either in a bluff or through a gradual descent. : 20 TENNESSEE FORA. The succession of strata is normal throughout: Uppermost sub- carboniferous limestone and chert, followed by the Devonian shale; lastly, the lower Silurian. Irregular basins, crossed and intersected by ridges of from 400 to 600 feet elevation, and this lower terrace again girded by a plateau, is the outline of Middle Tennessee. ‘This shape of surface is the effect of unequal erosion through differently constituted strata. This agency has been in bygone epochs, probably during the Cham- plain, much more energetically at work than at the present day. Some superficial “gravel beds and the iron ores in the western part of Middle Tennessee have probably been deposited at this period. The floor of this denudation lies either in the Nashville (Hudson) or Trenton limestone, while the hilltops are Devonian or subecarbon- iferous shales or chert, sometimes sandstones. The limestones pro- duce the strongly calcareous, very productive soil of the lower grounds. The disintegration of the Devonian shales resulted into strata of heavy, impermeable beds of clay or loams, and the con- comitant swampy lands and the cherty and siliceous beds have - yielded the angular gravels of the poor hilltops. The difference of elevation is so slight that it cannot essentially affect vegetation, and the greater or less adaptation only of plants to certain soils causes their appearance or disappearance at the limits of particular geological areas. The phosphatic rocks belong to this group. Alluvium is restricted to river and creek bottoms. The heavy and fertile clay soils of the uplands are the insoluble residuum of the fossiliferous, argillaceous limestones, with more or less com- plete lixiviation of the lime by atmospheric precipitations. In the midst of these is a third class of soil, of black color, full of bog iron ore in the shape of rounded grains. Sulphurated ferrugineous springs, decomposition of pyritical limestones, accompanied by perennial growth of cane, have, as it seems, generated it. Increase in annual range of temperature and greater dryness of air, as compared with the former regions, cause the mountain flora to disappear and to yield to other designs in nature’s garb. A. close botanical inquiry into the array of species soon discloses the fact that different assemblies of species congregate in the lime- stone and argillaceo-siliceous region. The former includes the glades; the latter, the barrens, of Middle Tennessee. Glades are thinly-wooded, unarable lands, with shallow soils, fit only for pastures. They ought to remain in their natural state, TENNESSEE FLORA. 21 undisturbed by cultivation. To clear them is to convert them into deserts. In some parts they are exclusively occupied by the cedar, with a small percentage of deciduous trees intermingled. Trees distinguishing this ground and region are the overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), in moist soils; the water Spanish oak (Quercus Teaxana), in wet lands. The former two are the largest of our oaks. The yellow chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) grows in wet and dry soil. The shin- gle oak (Quercus imbricaria), with undivided lanceolate leaves, like the willow, makes a large, well-shaped, and very ornamental tree. White oaks, post oaks, black oaks, and red oaks are equally dissemi- nated. Elms, very large and numerous, add four species. Twa va- rieties of shellbark hickory belong to rich bottoms, and mocker-nut and pignut hickory to the hills. The pecan nut’ (Carya oliveformis) occurs here and there in single old trees, probably planted by early settlers. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) has formerly been co- pious; white walnut is scattered along the river and creek banks and swamps. The Ohio buckeye abounds on the north side of Cumberland River. In Hadley’s Bend, near Edgefield Junction, are groves of holly with 20-inch diameter of trunk. Catalpas are rare, but the yellow wood (Virgilia lutea) and the coffee tree (Gym- nocladus Canadensis) are very numerous on the rich hillsides south of Nashville. Altogether, we have about one hundred different kinds of timber in the immediate vicinity of Nashville. The climbing form of growth is an eminently Southern type, lov- ing rich soils and moisture, addicted to the forest which it is des- tined to embellish. Multiform ligneous and herbaceous climbers, stragglers, and creepers tangle and barricade the woodlands. Five different grapevines fill the air in May with the sweet fragrance of their flowers—the summer grape (Vitis estivalis) on dry or rocky ground; the winter grape (Vitis cordifolia) on rich and moist lands, especially river banks. A variety of this with lobed leaves (Vitis riparia) grows copiously on Mill Creek. The rock grape (Vitis rupestris), on rocky bluffs, is a Western species, not discov- ered before east of the Mississippi. All these bear edible fruit, and are serviceable for root grafting with imported varieties, such vines being more resistant to the aggression of the root phylloxera. Two species with inedible fruit (Vitis indivisa and Vitis bipinnata) may also be mentioned. The woolly-leaved Dutchman’s pipe (Aris- tolochia tomentosa), the wistaria, the bignonia, and the trumpet 9, TENNESSEE FLORA. flower bear beautiful or curiously-shaped flowers, but the unsightly smilax threatens with his thorns the vexed explorer. Several plants held for exclusively Western have lately been observed around Nashville. The Solanum rostratum—trom the tribe of the Irish potato—with golden flowers, foliage like the watermelon, elegant looking, but unapproachable from the prickles and thorns with which it is beset all over, is such an intruder, and’ a very undesirable one, being an inexterminable, all-spreading weed ; Oenothera triloba, a dwarfish evening primrose, not more than a span high, with large yellow flower, a common plant on the plains; and some other less conspicuous weeds. Where the soil thins out,. leaving here and there the rock exposed, or where from the collapse of subterranean cavities the strata are tumbled about in confusion and earth and humus irregularly distributed, there the heavier timber growth gives out, and the cedar is the predominant growth. Its far-searching roots descend into the crevices and cavities of the age-worn rock. The somber tint of the cedar delineates a cedar barren from its surroundings at a distance, and serves within its environs to bring out with dazzling vividness the beautiful greem of the glade grass, aglow with rose-colored petalestemons, sky-blue lobelias, golden Leavenworthias, Schoenoliriums and shrubby hy- pericums. The pink stonecrop, Sedum pulchellum, covers acres of surface, yielding again to equal profusion of the delicate white Arenaria (Arenaria patula), or a low, purple-flowered skullcap (Scutellaria nervosa). The Talinum teretifolium, span high, with fleshy leaves like a portulaca, the flower resembling the bloom of a phlox, but of the purest carmine, finds room for its tuberous root- lets in the smallest fissures. It will bear transplanting even while flowering, and grows well in the garden. Cream-colored and blue astragals (Astragalus Plattensis and Astragalus caryocarpus), and a purple, large-flowered, and prostrate psoralea (Psoralea suba- caulis), phacelias, the blue false indigo (Baptisia australis),. bluets, and the Carolina anemone (Houstonia patens, Anemone Caroliniana), verbenas, violets (especially the pansylike Viola pedata var, bicolor), the dwarf heliotrope (Heliotropium tenellum), - the pale purple Phlox Stellaria (which deserves a bed in every gar- den), and many, many more assemble—a natural conservatory that could fearlessly challenge any flower garden in the combined effect of gayety and luxuriance. For truth, my honored Tennessee friends, go and see, and learn to appreciate and to preserve such TENNESSEE FLORA. 23 great ornaments of your native land. I cannot dwell longer om this point ; suffice it to say that the above are only a few of the most obyious spring flowers, and that every succeeding season has its own peculiar growth. The hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata), fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica), Carolina buckthorn (Frangula Caro- liniana), Forestiera ligustrina, delightfully fragrant when flower- ing in July, the Callicarpa, with clusters of rosy flowers and violet berries, and several kinds of hawthorn, are the characteristic shrubs of these barrens. Hackberry, honey locust, winged elm, post oak and shingle oak intermingle in limited numbers with the cedar. The siliceous and argillaceous soils which surround the Silurian formation correspond to the cherty strata of the subcarboniferous and the blue or black shales of the Devonian formation. The for- mer is commonly called “ gravelly hills,’ and supports a meager and monotonous vegetation. Black-jack oak, Spanish oak, red oak, and black oak are prevailing, especially the former two. Post oak and white oak attain only medium size. Chestnut, sourwood, mock- er-nut and pignut hickory are the principal trees. The shrubbery is represented by the farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia resi~ nosa), Kalmias, purple azalea, chinquapin chestnut (Castanea pumila), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus Americanus) and an im- mense amount of dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), Lespedezas and Desmodimus, and later in the season several species of Coreopsis and Solidago. The common brake (Pteris aquilina) and the beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera) grow aboundantly. The sandy, loamy, or argillaceous soils of the shale contain some valu- able farming lands, but a good deal of it is either too light or too wet. The underlying slate seems to form impermeable strata, and in winter and spring large tracts of land are covered with shallow ponds, which disappear only from evaporation in the summer and. autumn. ‘These strata underlie the Oak Barrens (Tullahoma). The vegetation is diversified and very interesting. The forest con- tains a good selection of hardwoods, and the trees attain a very good size. Water oak, willow oak, and white oak grow very large; sweet gum and black gum, in abundance; poplars and beeches, not as many as in the calcareous soils; cedars, only solitary and rare; pines and firs, none at all. There are neither pines nor firs the whole length of distance from Pulaski to Elizabethtown, near Louisville, Ky., nor are any found for a great distance east or west 24 TENNESSEE FLORA. of this line (Nashville and Decatur Railroad). The serub pine is the only species I ever observed in Middle Tennessee. I found it sparingly and ‘confined to a limited belt in the hills around the confluence of the Harpeth and Turnbull Rivers, in Dickson County. Shrubs which are especially addicted to the Oak Barrens are the large-flowering hydrangea (/Hydrangea radiata, at the Cataract, in Tullahoma), Itea, with small white flowers in drooping racemes ; ealyeanthus, or Carolina allspice; service berry (Amelanchier Can- adensis), the narrow-leaved crabapple (Pyrus angustifolia), hazel- nut (Corylus Americana), and in wet lands the button bush (Ceph- alanthus occidentalis), chockberry (Pyrus arbutifolia), arrow- wood (Viburnum nudum) ,Southern buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides), smooth alder (Alnus serrulata), dwarf gray willow (Salix tristis). The moist woodlands and swamps abound in showy orchids, llia- ceae, and aquatic plants. Three species of flags (Iris versicolor, Tris Virginica, Iris cristata), Turk’s cap lily (Lilium superbum), blackberry lily (Pardanthus chinensis), Zygadenus limanthoides, narrow-leaved false hellebore (Stenanthiuwm angustifolium), fly poison (Amianthium muscaetoxicum). Several species of or- chids: Habenaria, Pogonia, Corallorrhiza, Calopogon, and Cypri- pedium; various Sabbathias, a host of Pycnanthemums, Asters, Gerardias, Helianthus, button snake roots (Liatris squarrosa, Lia- tris gramimifolia), and some very elegant grasses, the woolly beard- gross (Hrianthus alopecuriodes, Erianthus brevibarbis, and Erian- thus strictus), Indian grass (Sorghum nutans), wood reedgrass (Cinna arundinacea). Among ferns we find a stately growth of Osmundas, especially the Osmunda regalis and Claytoniana, attain- ing three to five feet; the chain fern (Woodwardia angustifolia) , Aspidium Goldieanum, also becoming sometimes four feet high; sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). Rushes, sages, and grasses pre- sent themselves in interminable succession to the well-trained bota- nist who understands how to distinguish them. WEST TENNESSEE. The Tennessee River very nearly indicates in its northern course a geological division, flowing, as it does, along an ancient Devonian and Silurian shore line. A few miles west and parallel with the river rises the eastern escarpment of an undulating plateau of from only 200 to 300 feet elevation above the waters of the Ten- nessee River. This irregular table-land slopes gradually toward TENNESSEE FLORA. 25 the Mississippi River and terminates there in another bluff, which rises about 200 feet over the floods of the Mississippi. The eastern portion of this area is composed of cretaceous deposits, and the western portion is composed of tertiary and post-tertiary deposits, either sands or soft cretaceous shale. Solid, often ferruginous, sandstones appear at the surface, scattered in incoherent masses. We behold no longer limpid streams, rippling over rocky bot- toms, sided by cliffs and bluffs. Instead of them, we find lagoons and swampy borders, stretching along muddy-looking waters of sluggish streams.* From distance already, before crossing the Tennessee River, we are in sight of towering cypresses. While a thousand miles east from here they yet occupy the shore line of the Atlantic, here the shore line has receded to the Gulf and left the cypress behind. Their dimensions are truly enormous. The far-spreading roots emerge like sharp-backed ridges from the brownish lagoon, gradually creep- ing up and girding with buttresslike projections the many-angled column. A perpendicular shaft ascends to a height of from 120 tu 150 feet and then spreads in a flat or hemispherical crown. Such I have seen, in 1864-70, near Johnsonville. Cypress swamps are along both big rivers, and many other extensive swamps and swampy lands are along every water course—the most, perhaps, along Big Sandy. It may, therefore, be expected that a great many more aquatic species and such as inhabit marshy lands exist in this region than in either East or Middle Tennessee. My own experi- ence is, however, limited and restricted to one point on the Missis- sippi River—the regions of Brownsville, Humboldt, McKenzie, Hollow Rock, and Johnsonville, in which places I have made inter- esting collections. In the cypress swamps and boggy lowlands we find the planer tree, or water elm (Planera aquatica) ; the cypress (Taxodium dis- tichum), the stateliest of our timber trees; the swamp: locust (Gle- ditschia monosperma); the tupelo gums (Nyssa sylvatica and Nyssa aquatica) ; the mountain sweet pepper bush (Clethra acumi- nata), so frequent in the mountains of East Tennessee, but rare in Middle and West Tennessee; the swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), the black alder (Ilex verticillata), the swamp holly (Llex decidua), intertwined with the climbing bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and the supple-jack (Berchemia volubilis). Two buck- thorns (Rhamnus Carolimana and Rhamnus lanceolata) are also 26 TENNESSEE FLORA. very frequent in the bottoms. One of the showiest shrubs of this region, the lately-discovered Hypericum lobocarpum, which would make a splendid adornment of every garden, grows copiously around Hollow Rock. It makes a flat-topped bush from six to eight feet high. In the swamps float the water shields (Brasenia peltata and Cabomba Caroliniana), while the water chinquapin (Nelumbo lutea) rears its big, peltate foliage and large, sulphur- yellow flowers high above the brownish waters of the lagoon. Of other frequent aquatics I may only mention the Limnanthe- mum lacunosum, Ranunculus multifidus, Utriculatia biflora. Spe- cies of Lemna, Wolffia, and the neat Azolla cast a green veil over the quiet pools. The Indian rye (Zizania aquatica), a tall grass, which the Indians used to harvest, using the grains for meal, is here in its proper sphere, and its tall heads look down upon patches of sword lilies, Iris cuprea, and Iris hexagona; and all the swampy flats are filled with Scirpus debilis, Carices, and Rhynchosporas. On higher grounds congregate Dalea alopecuroides, Galium Ar- kansanum, Eryngium prostratum, Marshallia lanceolata, Ambrosia bidentata, Helenium tenuifolium, Senecio lobatus, Hydrolea af- finis, Verbena stricta, Polypremum procumbens, Stillingia syl- vatica, Lithospermum angustifolium, Habenaria virescens, Juncus militaris, Spartina cynosuroides, Aristida ramosissima. From the suburbs of Memphis I received the elegant Hrogrostis oxylepis. On the sandy shores of the Mississippi River abounds a species of horsetail, the Hquisetum robustum, and the invidious burgrass that sticks to clothing and spoils the vlieses of the sheep with its sticky spikes. (Cenchrus tribuloides.) Synopsis of the Flora of Tennessee. Arranged according to the system of Engler and Prantl, in their “ Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien,” BOTANICAL TEXT-BOOKS AND LITERATURE CONSULTED. ‘‘Synoptical Flora of North America.’’ By Asa Gray. (As far as out.) New York. 1884. “‘The Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada.”’ By Nathaniel Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. Three volumes. New York. 1896. “The Grasses of Tennessee.’”’ By F. Lamson Scribner. Two parts. Knoxville. 1894. ‘*A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.’’ By Asa Gray. Fifth edition. 1886. ‘Flora of the Southern United States, with Supplement.’’ By A. W. Chapman. New York. 1870. ‘Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. III., No. 1.’’ Report on the ‘““Flora of Western North Carolina.’’ By John K. Small and A. A. Heller. New York. 1892. Report on the ‘‘ Botanical Expedition of Southwestern Virginia.’’ By John K. Small and Anna Murray Vail. New York. 1893. ‘‘ Biltmore Botanical Studies, Vol. I., No. 1.’’ By C. D. Beadle and C. L. Boynton. London. Igor. *‘Studies on Cratzgus, Vols. I. and II.”’ By C. D. Beadle. Chicago. 1899. TENNESSEE FLORA. 27 PIERIDOPHY TA." OPHIOGLOSSACEZA Presl. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder’s-tongue. In moist spots in the cedar giades at Lavergne, Williamson County. May, June. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Schrad. 1. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb) Sw. Moonwort, grape meme ©). Os) May, pune: - i. 2. B. Virginianum (L) Sw. Rich, moist woods. O. S. May. 3. B. dissectum Sprengel. With the former. May, June. OSMUNDACEZ R. Br. OSMUNDA L. 1. Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern. Bogs and swamps, mountains and lowlands. Frequent. O.S. May, June. WM. 2. O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern. In marshes, high grounds or low grounds. O.S. May-July. 3. O. Claytoniana L. Cumberland and Alleghany Moun- tains. May, June. HYMENOPHYLLACE Gaud. TRICHOMANES L. Trichomanes radicans Sw. Bristle fern. Underneath wet, shelving rocks. Sewanee. June, July. SCHIZAEACE Reichenb. LYGODIUM Sw. Schrad. 1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Climbing fern. Cumberland Mts. Rockwood. Graborchard.. Piney Falls, Mrs. Bennett. Julv, August. POL YPODTACE A. R.Br: ONOCLEA L. 1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Wet meadows and borders of pouds.« O; S- ~ June: 2. O. sensibilis obtusilobata Torr. Williamson County. July, August. *Arranged after W. R. Maxon’s List of Ferns of North America in Smithsonian Publications, No. 1226, May, 1901. 28 TENNESSEE FLORA. WOODSIA R. Br. 1. Woodsia Ilvenis R. Br. Knox County. A. Ruth. June, July. 2. W. obtusa “(Spreng.) Torr’ “Very “common,” “©7-7S: July, August. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) - Moore. Dicksonia punctilobula L’Her. Higher Cumberland and Alleghanies- Piney Falls. Mrs. Bennett. August. FILIX Adans. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. Cystopteris bulifera Bernh. Shady cliffs around Nashville, Cumberland Mts. July. F. fragilis (L.) Underw. Cy stopteris fragilis Bernh. Moun- tains and lowlands. O.S. May-July. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Kuntze. Dryopteris acrostichoides Kuntze. Christmas fern. Very common. O. S. June-August. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Dryopteris Novzboboracensis A. Gray. Moist grounds im the oak barrens of M. Tenn. Tullahama. July- September. D. thelypteris (L.) Asa Gray. Knoxville, L. F. Scribner. June, July. D. Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. Aspidium Goldieanum Hook. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Frequent. July, August. D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. Aspidium marginale Sw. Over the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Leaves evergreen. July, August. MM. 1; spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze. Smoky Mts. D. spinulosa intermedia (Miihl.) Underwood. Wolf Creek. Cocke County, Clingman’s Dome. July. D. spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. With the former. July, August. PHEGOPTERIS Feée. Phegopteris Phegopteris (L.) Underw. Beech fern. Phe- gopteris polypodioides Fée. Mts. of East Tennessee. Ph. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée. Highlands of Middle Tennessee. Frequent; leaves, fragrant. August. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore. Woodwardia angusti- folia J. E. Smith. Chain fern. Bogs. O.S. July, August. TENNESSEE FLORA. 29 PHYLLITIS Ludwig. Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Hart’s tongue. Sco- lopondrium vulgare J. E. Smith. Near South Pittsburg, Cumberland Mts. R. M. Middleton, Jr. June-August. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking fern; com- men. O.S. June-August. ASPLENIUM L. Asplenium pinnatifidun Nutt. Cumberland plateau and Lookout Mountain. May-July. A. viride Huds. Bluffs near South Pittsburg. R. M. Middleton, Junior. A. parvulum Mart and Gal. On limestone rocks. O. S. June-October. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Asplenium ebeneum Ait. On limestone rocks; common. O. S. July-September. A. Trichomanes L. On schists and siliceous rocks. Chil- howee and Cumberland Mts. June-August. A. angustifolium Michx. Rich, damp woodlands. O. S. July, August. A. Ruta-muraria L. On limestone and siliceous rocks in the valleys and in the mountains. July, August. A. montanum Willd. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June-August. A. Bradleyi DC. Eaton. On standstone rocks, summit of Lookout Mountain; also Sewanee, E. Kirby Smith; Sequat- chee Valley, Middleton. June-August. ATHYRIUM Roth. O. C. Athyrium acrostichoides Desv. Athyrium thelypleroides Michx. Highlands of Middle Tennessee. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Lady fern; common. O. S. M. A. Filix-foemina angustum Willd. Bogs at Hollow Rock, West Tennessee. ADIANTUM L. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. Venus hair fern. Cumber- land Mts., near South Pittsburg, four miles from furnace, J. E. Wall, Jr.; also near South Pittsburg, with fronds two feet “in length, by R. M. Middleton, Jr. May, June. M. A. pedatum L. Maiden hair fern. Rich, moist woods. “Oe. . May-July. —M- ‘ 30 TENNESSEE FLORA. PTERIDIUM Scop. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken fern. The larger form in rich, moist woods, Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Pt. aquilinum pseudocaudatum (L.) Clute. A form common in siliceous soils, and gravelly hill lands. O.S. July-Sep- tember. PELLAEA Link. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Cliff brake. On exposed situations on limestone banks and cliffs. O.S. June-Sep- tember. CHEILANTHES Sw. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kuntze. Limestone rocks; frequent in E. and M. Tenn. July-September. Ch. lanosa Michx. Ch. vestita (Sw.) Watt. Bluffs on Cumberland River, cedar glades under cedars, Mts. of East Tennessee. June-September. Ch. tomentosa Link. Bluffs on Ocoee River. Fronds often 2 feet long. Also South Pittsburg. Cumberland Mts. POLYPODIUM L. Polypodium vulgare L. On rocks and on the ground, Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts. Summer. J. P. polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. P. incanum Sw. Covering trunks of trees, on rocks, and on the ground. O.S. June-October. SALVINIACEA Reichenb. AZOLLA Lam. Azolla Caroliniana Willd. On a weir or millpond, near Riceville, McMinn County, and W. Tenn. cypress swamps. July. EQUISETACEA Michx. EQUISETUM L. Equisetum arvense L. Field horsetail. Moist fields, Cave Spring, E. Tenn. E. robustum A. Br. -Sandy banks of Mississippi River, W. Tenn. E. hyemale L. Common scouring rush. Along Holston River. J. K. Small. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. LYCOPODIUM L. Club Moss. Lycopodium Selago L. Roane Mt. T. W. Chickering. L. lucidulum Michx. Sewanee. Rugbee. Mrs. M. S. Per- cival. TENNESSEE FLORA. 31 L. obscurum L. Ground pine. Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. Cranberry, on Doe River. Cumberland Mts. L. complanatum L. Trailing Christmas-green. Over the Cumberland Mts. SELAGINELLACEZ Underw. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Selaginella tortipila R. Br. Dry rocks in Ocoee Valley. July-October. S. apus Sprengel. Moist, shaded grounds; often among the grass. O.S. June-September. S. rupestris (L) Spreng. Dry rocks and gravelly hills. aoe ISOETACE Underw. ISOETES L. *Isoétes Butleri immaculata Engelm. Cedar glades near La- vergne. West Nashville (“ New Town”), near Nashville, in miry grass plots. SPERMATOPHYTA. GYMNOSPERME£. PINACE# Lindl. PINUS L. Pinus Strobus L. White pine. Cumberland Mts. and prom- inently the Alleghanies along the slopes of the highest ridges, where it frequently constitutes two-thirds of the status of the forest over extensive areas, reaching an altitude of from 100 to 175 feet. Itis avery clean and graceful tree. May. WM. P. Virginiana Miller. P. inops Ait. Scrub pine. Rocky, dry mountain slopes. O.S. April, May. P. echinata Miller. Yellow pine. Spruce pine. P. mitis Michx. Formerly abundant, clading the lower ridges of the valley of East Tennessee; presently much reduced in num- bers. May, June. ' P. pungens Michx. f. Table mountain pine. Frequent in the Smoky Mt. range. Altitude from 40 to 80 feet. May. P. rigida Mill. Pitch pine. With the former, and of about the same size. May. *Dioecious, with a subglobose trunk, bright green, rather firm leaf, sometimes as many as 60, 6 to 9 inches long; sporangium, without spots; macrospores, 0.40-0.56 mm. diameter; microspores, 0.029-031 mm. long, spinulose. 32 TENNESSEE FLORA. P. Taeda L. Loblolly pine. Old field pine. This pine is the most frequent in the southeast corner of the State, along Conasauga Creek, extending down into Georgia. A large tree reaches in favorable ground to a height of 150 feet. April, May. PICEA Link. Picea Mariana (Mill.) |B. S. T. Abies nigra Ait. Black spruce. Highest points of the Smokies. On White Top Mountain. Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. May, June. P. rubra Link. Red spruce. With the former. Both are Slender trees. May. TSUGA Carr. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Along water courses Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. One of our largest forest trees, attaining a height of from 150 to 180 feet by from 6 to 7 feet diameter. April. WM. T. Caroliniana Engelm. Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Does not-grow to the sublime height of the former, scarcely ex- ceeding 50 or 75 feet. High mountains on the border of North Carolina. April. ABIES Juss. Abies Fraseri (Pursh.) Lindl. Pinus Fraseri Balsame Fir. Smoky Mts. Summit of Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. May, June. TAXODIUM (L.) C. Rich. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. Cypress. The larg- est conifer in the Eastern United States. Along Tennessee River and Mississippi River in West Tennessee and their af- fluents, in the bayous and cypress swamps, it attains an alti- tude of perhaps 200 feet by 12 feet diameter near the ground. “The extensive railroad trussels and bridges in West Tennes- see have been built from it. The wood stands exposure to wet and atmosphere better than any other soft-wood timber. May, June. THUJA L. Thuja occidentalis L. White cedar. Along Holston River in the mountains of E. Tenn. A. Ruth. JUNIPERUS L. Juniperus Virginiana L. Red cedar. Scatteringly O. S. Forming forests of nearly exclusive cedar growth in the basin of M. Tenn. Cedar glades, with a diversified and peculiar flora. April, May. Fruit matures in September and October. TENNESSEE FLORA. 33 TAXACEZ Lindl. PAS USa Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton. American Yew. Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE SUBCLASS 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. TYPHACEZ J. St. Hil. TYPHA L. Typha latifolia“: -Cat taily . In*marshess “OPS: > June; July. T. angustifolia L. Apparently rare. Ducktown, Polk County, near Kingston Springs. In ponds and ditches. June, July. SPARGANIACE Agardh. SPARGANIUM L. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Cleveland, E. Tenn.; Tullahoma; Nashville. May. S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. S. simplex var. Nut- tallii A. Gray. O.S. One-mile pond, Nashville, July. NAIADE4 Lindl. POTAMOGETON L. Potamogeton natans L.. Floating pond weed. Wolf River, W. Tenn. Dr. Egeling. P. perfoliatus L. Wolf River, Memphis. Dr. Egeling. P. pusillus L. Wolf Creek. Cocke County. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Pond at new bridge, Nashville. August. P. diversifolius Raf. P. hybridus Michx. Cumberland River, Nashville; Tullahoma Creek, Tullahoma. July-Sep- tember. i P. foliosus Raf. P. pauciflorus Pursh. O. S. June-Au- ust. oP. Nuttallii Cham. and Sch. P. Claytonii Tuckerm. Mountain streams of E: Tenn. June-August. ZANNICHELIA L. Zannichelia palustris L. In ponds and springs. O. S. June-August. . ; 2 34 TENNESSEE FLORA. ALISMACEZ D. C. ALISMA L. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. In shallow water. O. S. June-September. ECHINODORUS Rich. Engelm. Echinodorus radicans Engelm. Swamps along Cumber- land River. July. SAGITTARIA L. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrow head. Ponds and shallow waters. O.S. August-September. S. latifolia pubescens Michl. East Tennessee. S. latifolia angustifolia Engelm. Hollow Rock, West Ten- nessee. S. graminea Michx. West Tennessee. VALISNERIACE Dumort. PHILOTRIA Raf. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Elodea Canaden- sis Michx. (Anacharis Canadensis Planch.). Stagnant wa- ters. O.S. May-August. GRAMINE Juss. MAYIDE®. ZEA L. Zea Mays L. Indian corn. Cultivated in many varieties, it constitutes the most important field crop in the State. Sometimes it is self-sown at the roadside, but it does not at- tain any growth without cultivation. J. TRIPSACUM L. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama grass. In moist pastures near Hickman. A large patch in the old graveyard in Nash- ville. June-September. } ANDROPOGONACE. ERIANTHUS Michx. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Plum grass. Old fields, Dickson County. Tullahoma. September, October. E. strictus Baldw. Tullahoma. Swamps near Jackson. S. M. Bain. TENNESSEE FLORA. 35 E. brevibarbis \lichx. Mitchellville, Sumner County. E. contortus Ell. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. E. Smallii C. V. Nash. E. Ravenne Beauv. Frequently cultivated, maturing seeds and spreading outside of cultivation. July. ANDROPOGON L. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom grass. Old fields. O.S. August-October. A. scoparius multirameus Haekel. Banks of Cumberland River. A. argyreus Schult. Ocoee Valley. Vicinity of Knoxville. Scribner. A. furcatus Miihl. A. provincialis Lam. O. S. August, September. A. Virginianus L. A. dissitiflorus Michx. O. S. August, September. A. Virginicus vaginatus Chapm. With the former. A. Elliottii Chapm. Italicus: (L:) “Nash... Setaria Italica, Ri o& Si fshiunea- rian grass; Italian millet. In cultivation and frequently es- caped into waste places. July-September. I. Germanicus (Beauv.) Nash. Setaria Germanica Beauv. German millet. Both millets give important hay crops. July- September. CENCHRUS L. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Burgass. On the sandy flats along Mississipppi River. Frequently intermixed with equis- etum robustum. August. TENNESSEE FLORA. 39 PENNISETUM Pers. Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. Pearl millet. Introduced from the Orient: it is sometimes cultivated. ORYCEZ. ZIZANIA L. Zizania aquatica L. Indian rice. Near Humboldt, W. Tenn. Guthrie, Ky. ORYZA L. _ Oryza sativa L. Rice. A variety called “upland rice” is here and there cultivated on a small scale in W. Tenn. WM. HOMALOCENCHRUS Meig. (Leersia Swartz.) Homalocenchrus Virginicus Britt. Leersia Virginica Willd. White grass; shady an&8d damp locations. O. S. July-Sep- tember. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. In swamps and along streams. OFS) July-September. H. lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. Catch-fly grass. W. Tenn. Ss. M. Bain. PHALARIDEA. PHALARIS L. Phalaris Canariensis L. Canary grass. Food for canary birds, whence it frequently escapes. Ph. arundinacea L. Reed grass. Introduced, with the next. Ph. arundinacea picta L. The ribbon grass is frequently found in gardens and survives in abandoned garden plots, but the genuine Ph. arundinacea I have never seen in Tennessee spontaneous. : ANTHOXANTHUM L. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass. Is fre- quently found in meadows in E. Tenn., in which part of the State it seems to thrive best. Introduced with grass seeds from Europe, it imparts the hay a sweet flavor. AGROSTIDEA. ARISTIDA L. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty grass. In poor, sandy Sous. ©. Ss. (September; October: A. gracilis Ell. In glades and sterile soils, with the former. September, October. 40 TENNESSEE FLORA. A. ramosissima Engelm. Sandy soil, Humboldt, W. Tenn. July-September. A. purpurascens Poir. Paradise Ridge, Robertson County. July. A. oligantha Michx. Dry, gravelly soils. O.S. STIPA.L, Stipa avenacea L. Black oat grass. Charleston, Bradley County; summit of Lookout Mountain. May, June. MUHLENBERGIA Schr. Mihlenbergia sobolifera (Miihl.) Trin. Rocky woodlands. O.S. August, September. M. Mexicana (L.) Trin. Thickets along water courses. O.S. August, September. M. sylvatica Torr. Damp woodlands. O. S. September, October. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) M. Willdenovii Trin. Woodlands of Middle Tennessee to the summits of the Smoky Mountains. July-September. M. diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will, Dropseed grass. Pas- tures and grass plots; very common, and not liked by cattle. September, October. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. A very graceful grass, with light purple panicle. In a cedar glade at Lavergne. July, August. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. B. aristatum R. Dry woodlands. O.S. July-September. PHLEUM L. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Gives the best hay crop in the State. July, July. ALOPECURUS L. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail. In meadows; introduced with other grass seeds. Scarce. June, July. A. geniculatus L. Wet places. May-July. A. geniculatus aristulatus Torr. In _ similar localities. Charlotte Pike, near West Nashville (““ New Town”). June. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Cedar glades at La- vergne; Knoxville. Scribn. October. TENNESSEE FLORA. 4} S. vaginzflorus (Torr.) Wood. S. minor Vasey. Poverty grass. Sterile, rocky places; very common. August-October. S. neglectus Nash. S. vagineflorus Vasey. With the for- mer. September, October. ; S. Indicus (L.) R. Br. Sweet grass. Sandy soils in the Cumberland Mts. and in the oak barrens. June-September. CINNA L. Cinna arundinacea L. Indian reed grass. Wet, rich wood- lands. O.S. A form smaller throughout is found on Paradise Ridge. August, September. C. pendula Trin. On Roane Mountain. L. F. Scribner. AGROSTIS L. Agrostis alba L. Redtop, herd’s grass. One of the princi- pal meadqw grasses. Sometimes extensively stoloniferous. July, August. A. exarata Trin. O.S. July-September. A. Elliotiana Schult. A. arachnoides Ell. Dry, siliceous ground. O.S. May-July. A. canina L. White Cliff Springs, Monroe County. July. A. rubra L. A. rupestris Chapm. Summit of Roane Moun- tain. July. A. intermedia Scribn. Common in damp thickets. O. S. A. perennans Tuckerm. Open woodlands. O.S. July- September. A. Nove -Angliz Tuckerm. Along mountain streams, tenn. Scribn. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. A. scabra Willd. In dry or wet places. A noxious weed, but not frequent. July. A. altissima Walt. A. elata Trin. Sandy soil, vicinity of Knoxville. A. Ruth. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Calamagrostis Canadensis Beauv. Blue joint. Roane Mt. Chickering. C. cinnoides (Miihl.) Scribn. C. Nuttalliana Steudel. Frog Mts. and Cumberland Mts. July, August. AVENACE. HOLCUS L. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet grass. Naturalized in E. Tenn.; especially frequent in the mountains, in meadows as well as in open grounds. June, July. 42 TENNESSEE FLORA. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Mts. of E. Tenn., Ocoee Valley, and Lookout Mt. July. TRISETUM Pers. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. var. molle Gray. Sum- mit of Roane Mountain. F. L. Scribner. July. T. Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. T. palustre Torrey. Moist places throughout the Alleghanies. June, July. AVENA L. Avena sativa L. Oat. Cultivated; occurs frequently self- sown in fields and on roadsides. July. Our common oats are, perhaps, derived from the wild oats of Europe. Avena fatua L. a variable species, through culti- vation. There are distinguished two classes—“ panicle oats,” with widely-spreading panicles, and “ banner oats,” with pan- icles contracted and one-sided. Both of them vary again in the envelopment of the grain, being either “ chaffy ” or naked fruited. Oats are also distinguished by the color of the grain, as “ white oats’ or “ black oats.” Its cultivation reaches back into prehistoric times. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Oat grass. Old City Cemetery and in fence rows, vicinity of Nashville. June, July. DANTHONIA D. C. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild oat grass. Hilltops around Nashville, in siliceous soils. June. D. sericea Nutt. Cedar glades, Edgefield Junction; dry soils in the ridges of E. Tenn. May, June. D. compressa Aust. Throughout the higher mountains of tena. piuly. CHLORIDE. CAPRIOLA Adans. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Bermuda Grass. Does not mature seed and has to be prop- agated by cuttings. Along river banks and in grass plots, where it soon suppresses the other grasses. July-September. SPARTINA Schreb. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Marsh grass. Browns- ville, W. Tenn. September, October. TENNESSEE FLORA. 43 CHLORIS Sw. Chloris verticillata Nutt. As a weed in the garden of J. Rath, in Cleveland. May-July. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. BOUTELOUA Lag. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. B. racemosa Lag. Mesguite grass; Grama grass. Cedar glades, Lavergne. July. ELEUSINE Gaert. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Crab grass. Introduced, and now in every waste place. O.S. June-September. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. In cultivated grounds. O.S. July-September. PES LUCE A: GYNERIUM H. B. K. Gynerium argenteum Nees. The Pampas grass is frequent- ly cultivated for ornament, but is too tender to survive the winter in open grounds. ARUNDO L. Arundo Donax L. Reed. Cultivated for ornament, espe- cially the white-banded var. A. Donax variegata. The com- mon variety grows very tall (fifteen feet high), and both ma- ture seed, but do not spread beyond cultivation. July-Sep- tember. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. (Triodia R. Br.) Sieglingia sessleroides (Michx.) Scribner. (Triodea cuprea jebejacd)= O..S. In allsoilsssSeptember,-October. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Frequent in E. Tenn. Scribn. Eragrostis major Host. FE. poaeoides var. megastrachya Gray.” ba cultivated. grounds: ‘OO: S.. ‘August, September. Introduced. E. Brownei Kunth. Low and decumbent. Differs from +4 TENNESSEE FLORA. Eragrostis minor, and seems to be indigenous to the cedar barrens. July-September. E. Frankii Steud. Abundant in the cedar glades; unpleas- ant smelling. July, August. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Naturalized from Europe. Fre- quent around Knoxville. F. L. Scribn. E. Purshii Schrad. Waste grounds, streets of Nashville. August, September. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steudel. FE. pectinacea var. specta- bilis A. Gray. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August, September. E. refracta (Miihl.) Scribn. Dry uplands and cedar glades. M. Tenn. July-September. E. secundiflora Presl. E. oxylepis Torr. Vicinity of Mem- phis. Dr. G. Egeling. E: ‘hypnoides. (kam;)°B,1S) P= “Ho reptanst Nees. * Weer. sandy soils and river banks. O.S. August, September. EATONIA Raf. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. Hills on Cumberland River, below Nashville. May. E. Pennsylvanica Gray. Copses around Nashville; com- mon. May, June. E. filiformis Vasey. Dry hills, Chester County. S. M. Sain. E. Dudleyi Vasey. Copses. O.S. April, May. MELICA L. Melica mutica Walt. Shaded hillsides and ravines. O. S. May, June. KORYCARPUS Zea. (Diarrhena Beauv.) Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. Diarrhena Amer- icana Beauv. Rich soil; not very frequent. July-September. UNIOLA L. Uniota latifolia Michx. Creek and river bottoms. O. S. July-August. U; laxa (:.) “B.S. Ba Usemcilis Micha sin thicketsmek: Tenn. F.L.Scribn. Nashville. July, August. U. longifolia Scrib. Perhaps a variety of the former. Tul- lahoma, Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. DACTYLIS L. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass. Growing in tus- Bet TENNESSEE FLORA. 45 socks, it is not adapted for meadow culture by itself; fully naturalized. June-October. CYNOSURUS L. Cynosurus cristatus L. Has been recently introduced to cultivation in this State, and is naturalized in Canada and the Eastern States. POA. TE: Poa annua L. Six weeks’ grass. Introduced, and now ev- erywhere abundant; annual. March-October. P. Chapmanniana Scribn. P. cristata Chapm. Springy places, West Nashville (‘New Town”), near Nashville; Knoxville. A. Ruth. P. compressa L. English blue grass. Introduced and thoroughly naturalized. May-July. P. pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass. Makes the best meadows in calcareous soils. June-August. PR. trivialis 1. — Occurs very rarely in this. State. —Intre- duced. P. autumnalis Miihl. P. flexuosa Miihl. Moist thickets on Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. June, July. P. sylvestris Gray. Woodlands. O.S. May. P. alsodes Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn: ~F. L. Seribn. P, Wolfii Scrib. Cedar glades at Lavergne. May, June. P. brevifolia Mihl. Hillsides around Nashville. Knox- wiles A> Ruth. April, May. P. debilis Torr. On White Top Mountain, West Virginia, jek. omall.- Smoky Mts., E. Tenn. PANICULARIA Fabr. (Glyceria R. Br.) Panicularia elongata (Willd.) Kuntze. Glyceria elongata Trin, Roane Mountain... F, L. Scribn. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Gylceria nervata Trin. Wet meadows; common. ©O.S. June-September. P. acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Glyceria acutiflora Kuntze. One-mile Pond, near old waterworks, Nashville. June. P. pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. Edge of a millpond in Duck-. town. July. P. Americana (Torr.) McMillan. Glyceria aquatica Smith. Bell’s Bend, Davidson County; in low grounds near the Cum- berland River. June, July. P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. In swamps and muddy places. FESTUCA L. Festuca octoflora Walt. F. tenella Willd. Hilltops, sili- ceous ground, M. Tenn.;common. April, May. 46 TENNESSEE FLORA. F. rubra L. var. glaucescens Haeck. Rocky banks of Cum- berland River, near Nashville. June, July. F. Myuros L. Nashville, near lunatic asylum, introduced. Knoxville. Scribn. F. ovina L. Sparingly occurring; introduced. Knoxville. i. J. Scribner: F. elatior L. Tall Fescue grass; naturalized. The var. arundinarea Schreb. is found scatteringly in the vicinity of Nashville, the old Akin place. June, July. F. Shortii Kunth. Collected in the barrens near Tullaho- ma. It greatly resembles F. elatior. BROMUS L. Bromus ciliatus L. B. purgans L. Woods and thickets. O. S. July, August. The variety purgans Gray differs but little in pubescence. B. sterilis L. Old field on Granny White Pike, near Nash- ville. June. B. hordaceus L. B. mollis L. Soft chess. In fields- and waste places. -O: S..ojune. B. secalinus L. Cheat, chess. A weed in grain fields. O. S. June-August. B. racemosus L. Fields and pastures. O.S. June, July. B. unioloides H. B. K. Recently introduced in this State in cultivation, and a plot of it was planted in the Centennial grounds. July. HORDEACE. LOLIUM L. L. temulentum L. Darnel. Waste grounds. O. S. June- August. L. Italicum A. Br. Introduced and sparingly cultivated. A plot of it was cultivated at Centennial grounds. AGROPYRUM J. Gaertner. Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv. Couch grass. An ex- tremely troublesome weed in fields and gardens, but not fre- quent in this latitude. Introduced. June-September. WM. A. caninum L. Occasionally introduced with field and gar- den seeds. July, August. SECALE L. Secale cereale L. Rye. This State is in the southern limit of profitable culture of this cereal. Still found spontaneously growing in Southern Russia, its original home is apparently TENNESSEE FLORA. ae i in the Caucasus and adjoining territories. First vestiges of its culture are found in the Swiss lake dwellings. WM. TRITICUM L. “ Triticum sativum L. Wheat. The origin of culture of the wheat in several varieties reaches back into prehistoric times. Grains are found embedded in Egyptian and Assyrian tiles. Indian and Hindoo myths relate its early use, as do likewise the sacred writings of the Hebrews. In our time we distin- guish the following varieties, some of which are extensively cultivated in this State: T. sativum hibernum L. Winter wheat. T. sativum estivum L. Summer wheat. T. sativum nudum L. Unbearded wheat. T. sativum album L. White wheat. T. sativum rubrum L. Red or Mediterranean wheat. The following species and varieties are less common in cul- tivation and have, perhaps, never been tried in Tennessee: T. turgidum and T. compositum L. Turgid wheat. The latter is only a subvariety. The spikes of T. compositum are compound or ramified. It yields very heavy crops, and is best adapted to warm climates. T. durum Desf. T. rubrum Kunth. Hard or horny wheat. Cultivated principally in Northern Africa and in Southern Spain. T. Polonicum L. Grown mainly in Russia. T. Spelta (L.) Spelt. This species is extensively culti- vated in Southern Germany, Hungaria, and Russia in the fer- tile heavy red clay soils of these countries. It forms very large and heavy grains which adhere to the chaff from which they have to be separated like the chaff of the rice. T. dicoccum Schrank. Two-grained wheat; adapted to high altitudes, resisting severe cold. T. monococcum L. Single-grained wheat, reserved for the poorest rocky soils which would not support other varieties. HORDEUM L. Hordeum nodosum L. H. pratense Huds. Wild barley. Dry, rocky places. O.S. May, June. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Similar localities like the former. ©..S.. -May, June. H. distichum L. Two-rowed barley. Long-eared barley. Heads flattened and two-ranked, husk attached to the grain. Cult. : H. distichum Zeocriton L. Battle-door barley, a variety of the former. Cult. 48 TENNESSEE FLORA. H. vulgare L. Grains arranged in four rows. Cult. H. hexastichum L. Grains arranged in six rows. Cult. The latter four species are found in cultivation only. They have ceased’ to mature germinating seed outside of cultiva- tion in our latitude. Hordeum distichum is still found in a wild state in Western Asia and in Arabia Petraea; Hordeum hexastichum we know to have been cultivated in the remotest ages of which we possess records in Egypt and the Syro-Baby- lonian countries. ELYMUS L. Elymus striatus Willd. Wild rye. O.S. July, August. E. striatus villosus Gray. In the barrens with the former. O.S. July, August. E. Canadensis L. O.S. July. E. Canadensis glaucifolius Gray. In the cedar glades. July-September. E. Virginicus L. Very common. O.S. July. HYSTRIX Meench. Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Bottle brush grass. As- prella Hystrix Willd.. In rocky ground. O. S. June, July. BAMBUSE&. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Arundinaria gigantea Chapm. Cane. Forming the cane- brakes of all the Southern water courses. May-July. A. tecta Miih!l. Small cane. In low and high lands. Summit of Lookout Mt. O. S. The cain reaches maturity and dies off when the shoots attain 10°-15° height, and bears seeds from auxiliary branches. A. tecta is merely a young state throwing flowering shoots immediately from the roots. CYPERACEZ J. St. Hill. CYPERUS L. Cyperus flavescens L. In marshy ground. O.S. August- October. C. diandrus Torr. With the former. July-September. C. rivularis Kunth. C.castaneus Torr. In wet soil. O.S. August-October. 5 C. inflexus Miihl. C. aristatus Rottb. Glades and sandy iver banks: "O.S:. July: C. pseudovegetus Steud. C. calcaratus Nees. Damp soils. Ors: july. C. acuminatus Torr and Hook. Cedar glades. Lavergne. July. or) TENNESSEE FLORA. 49 C. virens Michx. Brownsville. August. C. rotundus L. C. Hydra Michx. Old horticultural gar- den in North Nashville. July. C. esculentus L. C. phymatodes Mihl. Yellow nut grass. A pest in cultivated grounds. O.S. August, September. C. esculentus angustispicatus Britt. A variety very com- mon about Nashville. C. erythrorhizos Miihl. River swamps. O. S. August, September. C. Hallei Torr. Reported from Tennessee in Illustrated Flora. C. speciosus Wahl. C. Michauxianus Torr. River banks and pools. Nashville. September. C. strigosus L. The most frequent species. O. S. August- October. C. strigosus capitatus Bockl. C. strigosus compositus Britt. C. strigosus robustior Kunth. C. strigosus elongatus Britt. All these varieties are found promiscuously in the same range. C. refractus Engelm. On dry, rocky uplands. Nashville. August, September. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr.: Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. Au- gust, September. -C. Lancastriensis Port. Dry uplands. Old Cemetery, at Nashville. August, September. C. ovularis Torr incl. var. robustus Boekl. and var. sphericus Beekl. Frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. C. filiculmis Vahl. Dry uplands, vicinity of Nashville, and O. S. June-September. C. echinatus (Ell.) Wood. C. Baldwinii Torr. Knoxville. A. Ruth. KYLLINGIA Rottb. Kyllingia pumila Michx. Miry places. O. S. July, Au- gust. DULICHIUM L. C. Richard. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Swamps along Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. August-October. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. E. quadrangulata R. & S. Bogs along Cumberland River. July-September. E. ovata (Roth.) R.&S. Bogs. O.S. July-September. E. Engelmanni Steud. FE. ovata var. Engelmanni Britt. Damp soil in the barrens. July. 50 TENNESSEE FLORA. E. palustris (L.) R.& S. Ponds and swamps. O.S. July- September. E. acicularis R. Br. Wet lands. O.S. July-September. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Barrens and highlands. O. S. July, August. E. acuminata (Miihl.) Nees. E. compressa Sull. Frequent along water courses. O.S. June-August. DICHROMENA Michx. Dichromena latifolia Baldw. Barrens at Tullahoma. June- August. FIMBRISTYLIS Wahl. Fimbristylis laxa Wahl. Cedar glades, Lavergne. July- September. F. autumnalis (L.) R.& S. Bogs and ditches. O. S. June- September. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. Fimbristylis capil- laris A. Gray. Sandy soil in the Cumberland Mts. June, July. SCIRPUS L. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Bogs, W. Tenn. August, Septem- ber. S. lacustris L. Bulrush. In a marshy meadow near rail- road station, Cleveland, E. Tenn. June-September. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Bogs along Ocoee River, E. Tenn. June-September. S. atrovirens Miihl. In bogs. O.S. June-August. S. polyphyllus Vahl. O.S. June, July. S. cespitosus L. Roane Mt., Chickering. S. sylvaticus L. Waters of Holston River. J. K. Small. June-August. S. carinatus (H. & A.) Britton. Madison, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June-August. ' _§. divaricatus Ell. Jackson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June- August. S. lineatus Michx. Eriophorum lineatum Benth. & Hooker. Wet places in the glades. June-September. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Eriophorum cyperinum L.~ In swamps. O.S. August, September. ERIOPHORUM L. Eriophorum polystachium L. Cotton grass. Mountain bogs. E. Tenn. July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 51 E. Virginicum L. In bogs of the Cumberland Mts. June- September. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton. Bottom lands along Cumberland River, near Nashville. July, August. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Rhynchospora alba Vahl. Bogs in the Cumberland Mts. and Alleghanies. July. Rh. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Bon Air, Tullahoma, Lookout Mt. August. Rh. fusca (L.) R.& S. Bogs inthe Cumberland Mts. July, August. Rh. cymosa Ell. Bogs. O.S. July, August. Rh corniculata (Lam:) “A. Gray. Swamps. . ©: 3. July: September. SCLERIA Berg. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Lookout Mt., Tullahoma. July. Sc. pauciflora Miihl. Dry glades, Lavergne. June-Septem- ber. CAREX Ruppius Sedge. Carex follicularis L. Mts. of S. W.Va. J. K. Small. C. intumescens Rudge. Swamps along Cumberland River, FE. Tenn. August, September. C. Asa Grayi Bailey. Swamps in W. Tenn. September. C. lupuliformis Sartw. C. lupulina var. polystachya Schw. & Torr. Swamps. O.S. August. C. bullata Schku. Swamps. O.S. June-August. C. lurida Wahl. C. tentaculata Miihl. Edgefield Junction, South Tunnel. August, September. C. Baileyi Britt. C. tentaculata var. gracilis Booth. In Tennessee (fide) Illustrated Flora. C. hystricina Miihl. Knoxville. A. Ruth. June-August. C2brankit Kunth. .Cxstenolepislorr. . Swamps. OS. June-September. C. squarrosa L. Bogs. O.S. June-September. C. Shortiana Dewey. Tunnel Hill, Nashville, E. Tenn. May-July. C. scabrata-Schwein. FE. Tenn. Curtiss. May, June. June. C. vestita Willd. O.S. June, July. Cortada baott, 15. WaVa. - jake Small Exfenn?: A. Ruth. or to TENNESSEE FLORA. C. prasina Wahl. C. miliacea Miihl. Mts. of E. Tenn. May-July. C. crinita Lam. Cumberland Mts., Whiteside. June, July. C. virescens Miihl. Cumberland Mts., valley of E. Tenn. June, July. C. Caroliniana Schwein. Hiwassee Valley. Kearney. May-July. C. gracillima Schwein. Bogs. Jones’ Bend, Davidson County. May-July. C. zstivalis M. A. Curtis. Clingman Dome, summit. Roane Mt., Chickering. June-August. C. oxylepis Torr. & Hook. Illustrated Flora for Tennessee. May, June. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Bogs, near Nashville. May- July. C. triceps Michx. Glades of M. Tenn. April-August. C. tenuis Rudge. C. debilis Michx. Bogs. Summer County. June, July. C. amphibola Steud. C. grisea var. angustifolia Boott. O.S. April-June. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. C. grisea var. mutica Carey. Moist tickets: “OLS. June; July: C. flaccosperma Dew. C-. laxiflora var. mutica Torr. Thick- ers) Oo. a) une, C. granularis Miihl. Wet meadows. O.S. May-July. C. Crawei Dew. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May, June. C. oligocarpa Schk. Paradise Ridge, Jones’ Bend, David- son County. June. C. Hitchcockiana Dew. Adjoining Tennessee, Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. May-July. C. laxiflora Lam. Wet woodlands. O.S. May-July. C. plantaginea Lam. Ducktown, E. Tenn. Waters of Hol- ston River. J. K. Small. May, June. C. setifolia (Dewey) Britton. C. uburnea Boott E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May-July. C. Pennsylvanica Lam. Dry woodlands. O.S. May, June. C. varia Miihl. C. Emmonsii Dewey. Nashville, Knox. ville. A. Ruth. May-July. C. nigro-marginata Schwein. Dry copses, Nashville. May- July. C. Jamesii Schwein. C. Steudelii Kunth. Highlands. O. Sees April May. C. leptalea Wahl. C. polytrichoides Willd. Mountain bogs, E. Tenn. June-August. C. Fraseri Andr. Southwest Virginia, adjoining Tennes- see. J. K. Small. May-July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 53 .juncea Willd. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. . Stipata Miihl. White Top Mt. J. K. Small. . teretiuscula Goodw. Mts. of E. Tenn. May-July. . vulpinoidea Michx. .O.S. June-August. . rosea Schk. E. Tenn. May-July. . retroflexa Miihl. Nashville. May-July. . radiata Dewey. C. rosea_var. radiata Britt. E. Tenn. emuthy, C. sparganioides Miihl. Rich woods. O.S. June-August. C. cephalophora Miihl. Nashville. Kingston Springs. May-July. C. Miithlenbergii Schk. Nashville. May-July. C. sterilis Willd. O.S. May-July. C. canescens L. O.S. Nashville. May-July. C. brunnescens Poir. C. canescens var. alpicola Wahl. Summit of White Top. C. brunnescens gracilior Britt. With the former. Moun- tains of Southwest Virginia and perhaps in the Smokies. J. Ke Small. june; July: C. cephaloidea Dewey. Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. May-July. C. tribuloides Wahl. C. lagopodioides Schk. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. C. scoparia Schk. Mts. of E. Tenn. June, July. C. cristatella Britt. C. cristata Schwein. Southwest Vir- eamiae- J. K. Small. C. macrokolea Steud. C. verrucosa Ell. Madison, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. June-August. C. straminea Willd. O.S. June, July. C. Digitalis Willd. Low grounds. O.S. June, July. C. Careyana Torr. Southwest Virginia. J. K. Small. C. laxiculmis Schwein. White Top “Mt., Southwest Vir- Pinta Je i-Small.- May, June: C. Atlantica Bailey. C. stellulata var. conferta Chapm. Jackson.~ S: Ma Bain.-. june: C. Leavenworthii Dewey. E. Tenn.- A. Ruth. C. Austro-Carolinensis Britton. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. ARACE Neck. ARISAEMA Mart. Arisema triphyllum (L.) Torrey. Indian Turnip. Jack- in-the-pulpit. Rich, moist woodlands. O. S. April, May. M. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Dragon root. With the for- mer. .On5. ‘April; May. PELTANDRA: Raf. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. O.S. Inswamps. July. HAO CIAG QA 54 TENNESSEE FLORA. SPATHYEMA Raf. Symplocarpus Salisb. Spathyema fetida (L.) Salisb. Symplocarpus feetidus Nutt. Mountain bogs, E. Tenn.; Duck River, M. Tenn. Skunk cabbage. February-April. M. ORONTIUM L. Orontium aquaticum L. Golden Club. Cleveland, E. Tenn. With Peltandra. April. ACORUS L. Acorus Calamus L. Calamus root. FE. Tenn. Perhaps from imported stock. Cultivated here and there. WM. LEMNACE® Dumort. SPIRODELA Schleid. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. In all ponds. O.S. LEMNA L. Lemna trisulca L. Ponds and ditches. O. S. i.gibba l. Duck weed! In all ponds: -©.S: L. minor L. With the former. L. perpusilla Torr. Shelby Pond, Nashville. June, July. WOLFFIA Horkel. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Slightly submerged and fre- quently adhering to other aquatics. Stagnant ponds near Nashville. June, July. W. Brasiliensis Weddel. Floating on the surface. In a pond on the grounds-of the Tennessee Hospital for the In- sane. June, July. XYRIDACE Lindley. XYRIS. L. Xyris flexuosa Miihl. Yellow-eyed grass. In a swamp in Hadley’s Bend, in Davidson County. Marshy regions in the oak barrens at Tullahoma. July-September. X. montana H. Ries. X. flexuosa var. pusilla Gray. Moun- tain meadows and brooks. Mts. of E. Tenn. July, August. ERIOCAULONACEA. ERIOCAULON Lindl. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Pipewort. Mountain mead- ows of E. Tenn. June-October. TENNESSEE FLORA. 55. COMMELINACE Reichenb. COMMELINA L. Commelina nudiflora L. Day flower. Alluvial banks. O. S. July, August. C. hirtella Vahl. Shaded bluffs, Nashville. August-Octo- ber. C. Virginica: L. Copses. O.-S. C. Virginica angustifolia Michx. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. July, August. TRADESCANTIA L. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Spiderwort. Rich woodlands. OrS.. May, ’ T. montana Schuttlw. Wolf Creek, Cocke County, E. Tenn. hohe wwearmey.. june, July: T. brevicaulis Raf. Bluffs on Mill Creek, Nashville. June. PONTEDERIACEZ Dumort. PONTEDERIA L. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel weed. Wild Goose Pond, near Mitchellville, Robertson County. June-October. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Heteranthera uniformis R. & P. Mud plantain. Ditches and ponds. O.S. August. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. With the former. O.S. Ponds near Nashville. August. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Schollera graminifolia A. Gray. Water star grass. E.and W. Tenn. JUNCACEA Vent. JUNCUS L. Juncus effusus L. Common rush. In swamps and moist places. O.S. June-September. J. bufonius L. Toadrush. In clayey soil. July-October. J. tenuis Willd. Roadsides in damp soil; very common. OFS. jane: J. secundus Beauv. J. tenuis var. secundus Engelm. E. Tenn. Oakland Station, Robertson County. J. setaceus Rostk. Along streams. O.S. June, July. J. repens Michx. Miry places in the barrens of M. Tenn. Tullahoma. June-August. J. marginatus Rostk. Mts. of E. Tenn. and in the oak bar- rens of M. Tenn. June. 56 TENNESSEE FLORA. J. pelocarpus EF. Meyer. | Tullahoma. July. J. articulatus L. Cleveland, E. Tenn. July. J. Canadensis J. Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn. August, Septem- ber. J. acuminatus Michx. O.S. Var. legitimus Engelm. Au- gust. J. acuminatus debilis (A. Gray). Engelm. J. robustus (Engelm.) Coville. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. August, September. J. diffusissimus Engelm. Ponds in the barrens at Tulla- homa. J. leptocaulis Torr. & Gray. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. May, June. JUNCOIDES Adans. (Luzula DC.) Juncoides pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Wood rush. Luzula pi- dosa Willd -OxS: ‘April; May: J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. Luzula campestris DC. Wood- lands. O.S. June, July. MELANTHACEA R. Br. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Xerophyllum asphodeloides Michx. Turkey beard. Dry woodlands, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May-July. CHAMZELIRIUM Willd. Chamelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray. Blazing star. Ch. Carolinianum Willd. Dry woodlands. O.S. May-July. MM. CHROSPERMA Raf. (Amianthium A Gray.) Chrosperma muscztoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Amianthium muscetoxicum A. Gray. Fly poison. Boggy woodlands, E. Tenn. Cave Spring, Roane County. May, June. STENANTHIUM Kunth. Stenanthium gramineum (L.) Morong. St. angustifolium Kunth. Chilhowee and Cumberland Mts. July, August. St. robustum S. Watson. Wet ground. Tullahoma, South Tunnel, and in the Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. ZYGADENUS Michx. Zygadenus leimanthoides S. Watson. Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. Z. angustifolius S. Watson. Barrens at Tullahoma. June. TENNESSEE FLORA. Wg MELANTHIUM L. Melanthium Virginicum L. Bush flower. High moun- tains of E. Tenn. July. M. parviflorum S. Watson. With the former. June, July. VERATRUM L. Veratrum viride Ait. American white hellebore. Indian poke. Wolf Creek and Bench Mt., Cocke County, E. Tenn. May-July. M. UVULARIA L. Uvularia perfoliata L. Bellworth. South Tunnel, Sumner County. Highlands of M. Tenn. May, June. U. grandiflora J. E. Smith. Rich soil on the bluffs of Cum- _ berland River. Paradise Ridge. April-June. U. sessilifolia L. Oakland Station, Robertson County. June, July. U. puberula Michx. Oakesia puberula S. Watson. South- west Virginia, adjoining Tennessee. J. K. Small. LILIACEA Adans. HEMEROCALILIS L. Hemerocallis fulva L. Day lily. Introduced and escaped from cultivation. Near old homesteads. June, July. H. flava L. Introduced and sometimes astray. June, July. ALLIUM L. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wildleek. Mts. of E. Tenn. June, July. A. cernuum Roth. Wild onion. Frequent. O. S. July, August. A. vineale L. Crow garlick. A weed in cultivated grounds. Old City Cemetery, Nashville. June, July . A. Alleghanense John K. Small. Buffalo Park, Wolf Creek. frp Alen: A. Canadense L. Moist thickets. O.S. May, June. A. mutabile Michx. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May. The following species are in general cultivation: . Cepa L. The onion, in several varieties. . sativum L. Garlic. =Porrun I. -Eeek. . Ascallonicum L. Shallot. . Scorodoprasum L. Rocambole or potato onion. Schoenoprasum L. Chive. PP PP Pp @ Ig TENNESSEE FLORA. NOTHOSCORDIUN Kunth. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. Frequent... O. S. March-June. LILIUM L. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red lily. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. J. Bennett. L. Canadense L. Yellow lily. Moist woodlands. Para- dise Ridge. Mountains about Ducktown, E. Tenn. July. L. Grayi S. Watson. Summit of Roane Mt. Prof. A. Gray. Chickering. July. L. superbum L. Turk’s-cap lily. High peaks of the East Tennessee mountains. Frog Mt. July. L. Carolinianum Mich. Mountain region of E. Tenn., ad- joining North Carolina. July. ERYTHRONIUM L. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow adder’s tongue. OS. 5 April.” ae: E. albidum Nutt. White adder’s tongue. White’s Bend, below Nashville. ‘Roane Mt., E. Tenn. Canby. QUAMASIA Rai. Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. Scilla Fraseri A. Gray. Wild hyacinth. Rich woodlands. O.S. April. SCHOENOLIRIUM Gray. Schoenolirium croceum Gray. Moist places in the cedar glades at Lavergne. May. ORNITHOGALUM L. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. Natu- talized from Europe. Frequent in grass plots and fields. May-June. MUSCARI Mill. Muscari botryoides L. Grape hyacinth. Adventive from Europe. Escaping in adjoining fields. April. ALETRIS L. Aletris farinosa L. Star grass. Colic root. Frequent in ahe.oak barrens. -©. 9. = june. pile YUCCA,L. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam’s needle. Dry, rocky ground. Dios. May. . TENNESSEE FLORA. 59 CONVALLARIACEA Lindl. ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation and nat- uralized. May, June. CLINTONIA Raf. Clintonia borealis Raf. Summits of the Smoky Mts., White Top Mt:, Pine Mt. S.W.Va. J. K. Small. C. umbellata Torr. Big Frog Mt., Smoky Mts. June. VAGNERA Adans. (Smilacina Desf.) Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild spikenard. Rich woodlands. O.S. May-July. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Solomon’s seal. Waters of Hol- ston River. J. K. Small. June. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. Smilacina bifolia var. Canadensis A. Gray. Summit of Big Thunderhead, Smoky Mts. May-July. DISPORUM Salisb. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Prosartes lanug- inosa Don. Rich woodlands. O.S. May, June. D. maculatum Benth. & Hooker. Prosartes maculata Gray. Mes: of FE. Tenn. STREPTOPUS Michx. Streptopus roseus Michx. Smoky Mts., Big Thunderhead. May-July. POLYGONATUM Adans. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell: Hairy. Solomon’s seal. Woods and thickets. O.S. April-July. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietrich. P. giganteum Diet. Solomon’s seal. In rich, moist woodlands. Along water courses. May-July. CONVALLARIA L. Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the valley. Frequent in cultivation, but native of the higher Alleghanies. Little and Big Frog Mt., E. Tenn. May, June. M. MEDEOLA L. Medeola Virginiana L. Indian cucumber root. Cumber- land and Alleghany Mts. May. 60 TENNESSEE FLORA. TRILLIUM L. Trillium sessile L. Wake robin. Moist woodlands. O. S. April. T. recurvatum Beck. With the former. Nashville. Eaglesville, Rutherford County. S.M. Bain. April-June. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Hills west of Nashville, Cumberland Mts., Knoxville. A. Ruth. April. 7 ereetum 15.>--@>.s2) April. - Native orAsia. “April: i S. purpurea L. Basket willow. Introduced and cultivated for wickerware. March, April. S. humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. In the oak barrens in dry soil and on the high mountains. Summit of Big Frog Mt. April. S. tristis Ait. Dwarf gray willow. In dry barrens. Tul- lahoma. March, April. S. sericea Marsh. Banks of White Top Creek, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. - May. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. Frequent around Nashville. Grows to a tree thirty feet high. April. S. longifolia Miihl. S. fluviatilis Nutt. W. Tenn. April, May. S. alba L. Introduced from Europe. In moist soil. April. MW. BETULACE Agardh. CARPINUS L. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American hornbeam. Water beech. In moist woods. O. S. April, May. Fruit ripe in August, September. OSTRYA Scop. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Hop hornbeam. Iron- wood. Indry lands. O.S. April, May. Fruit ripe in July, August. TENNESSEE FLORA. 67 CORYLUS L. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazelnut. From the mountains to the Mississippi bottoms, in which it forms widespread thickets. March, April. Nuts ripe in July. C. rostrata Ait. Dense undergrowth in the Alleghanies. April, May. Nuts ripe in August. BETULA L. Betula nigra L. Red birch. A slender tree lining water courses. Frequentin W. Tenn. April, May. B. lenta L. Sweet birch. Black birch. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April, May. WM. B. lutea Mich. Gray birch. Summit of Thunderhead. May. ALNUS Gertn. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Mountain alder. Al- nus viridis DC. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. A. rugosa (Du Roi.) K. Koch. Smooth alder. In wet soil om hillsides.. ©: S. -.March.-M. FAGACEA! Drude. FAGUS L. Fagus Americana Sweet. F. ferruginea Ait. American beech. O.S. Large forest tree, attaining from 50 to 120 feet in height. April, May. Fruiting in September, October. CASTANEA Adans. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Barkl. C. vesca var. Ameri- cana Michx. American chestnut. A large forest tree pre- ferring siliceous soil, attaining from 80 to 100 feet. Most nu- merous in the Cumberland Mts. June, July. Nuts ripe in October. C. pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. A shrub or small tree. preferring siliceous soil. O.S. June. Nuts ripe in Septem- ber. QUERCUS L. Quercus rubra L. Red oak. A large tree, attaining in rich land a height of 140 feet by 7 feet diameter. O. 5S. May. Acorns ripe in October, November. JM. Q. Texana Buckley. Texan red oak. A large tree when in suitable soil. O.S. April, May. Acorns ripe in Septem- ber, October. Q. palustris Du Roi of first edition. Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. Big tree from 80 to 100 feet high by from 4 to 5 feet diameter. O. S. May, June. Acorns ripe in September, October. 68 TENNESSEE [LORA. Q. velutina Lam. Q. tinctoria Bartram. Q. coccinea var. tinctoria A. Gray. Black oak. Quercitron. Large forest tree. Maximum height, about 150 feet; trunk diameter, 5 feet. O.S. April, May. Fruit maturing the next season. WM. Q. digitata (Marsh.) Ludw. Spanish oak. (Q. falcata Michx.) Maximum height, 90 feet by 5 feet diameter. In sili- ceous soil. May, June. Acorns ripe in October. Q. nana (Marsh.) Sargent. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear or scrub oak.. Dry, gravelly places in the barrens. May. Acorns maturing in October. Q. Marylandica Moench. Black-jack oak. Stony, gravelly ridges, siliceous formations. O.S. May, June. Acorns ma- ture in October. Q. nigra L. Water oak. Maximum height, about 80 feet; diameter, 4 feet. In siliceous and argillaceous soils. M. and E. Tenn. Prefers the banks of streams. Ocoee Valley. April, May. Acorns in September, October. Fruiting the second year. Q. Phellos L. Willow oak. Large tree, attaining from 80 to 100 feet by 3 feet diameter. Prefers moist situations in ar- gillaceous soils. O.S. April, May. Fruit maturing in Sep- tember. Fruiting the second year. Q. imbricaria Michx. Shingle oak. Attaining too feet by 34 feet diameter. Especially frequent in the basin of M. Tenn. April, May. Fruit maturing the second year. Q. alba L. White oak. Maximum height, 150 feet by 5 feet diameter. O.S. May, June. Acorns mature in Septem- ber, @ctober. i. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sargent. Post oak. Biggest size, roo feet; diameter of trunk, 4 feet. . In dry soil. O..S.. May, June. Acorns mature same year in September, October. Q. lyrata Walt. Overcup oak. In moist soil, mostly in M. Tenn. Height, 100 feet by 3 feet diameter. April, May. Fruit maturing the first season. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Mossy cup or bur oak. A large tree ,attaining 160 feet by 8 feet diameter. Loves rich bot- tom lands. O. S. May, June. Acorns maturing the same season. ‘They are sometimes 2 inches high. : Q. platanoides (Lam.) Ludw. OQ. bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. He Kinney.™ In, the gorge of the Ocoee River, above Parksville. April, May. S. Michauxii Britton. S. leucanthemifolia Michx. Roane Mt. Chickering. Big Frog Mt. June. S. Grayana Britton. S. Caroliniana A. Gray. Walker Mt., Sa WaVa. J. kK Smalls June, July. ; TENNESSEE FLORA. 91 S. Careyana A. Gray. Roane Mt. Chickering. William Canby. July, August. THEROFON Raf. (Boykinia Nutt.) Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Millsp. Boykinia aconiti- folia Nutt. Throughout the Alleghanies, Ocoee and Doe Riv- ers, and in the Cumberland Mts. Piney Falls. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. July. TIARELLA L. Tiarella cordifolia L. False mitrewort. E. Tenn. April, May. ° HEUCHERA L. Heuchera Rugelii Shuttlw. Piney Falls. Cumberland Mts. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. July-September. H. villosa Michx. Limestone rocks. M. Tenn. Frequent. June-September. H. Americana L. Alumroot. Vicinity of Nashville. May. H. pubescens Pursh. Sewanee. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. H. macrorhiza Small. n.sp. Frequent on limestone bluffs along Cumberland River and all the way along Louisville and Nashville Railroad to Pulaski. June, July. MITELLA L. Mitella diphylla L. Mitrewort. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. April, May. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Chrysosplenium Americanum Schwein. Irrigated places in the Frog Mts. March-June. PARNASSIA L. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June-August. P. asarifolia Vent. Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July-Septem- ber: HYDRANGEA L. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild hydrangea. Highlands of M. Tenn. and river bluffs. June, July. H. arborescens Kanawhana Millsp. H. arborescens var. cordata Gray. H.cinera J. K. Small. Bluffs on Ocoee River, above Parksville. June-September. H. radiata Walt. Cataract near Tullahoma, and from there on up and through the Cumberland Mts. H. quercifolia Bartram. Tullahoma. Barnes. 92 TENNESSEE FLORA. DECUMARIA L. Decumaria barbara L. Damp situations throughout the Al- leghanies, clinging to rocks and bark of trees. May, June. PHILADELPHUS L. Philadelphus coronarius L. Mock orange. Frequently cul- tivated in gardens, and hence found in deserted homesteads. May, June. Ph. hirsutus Nutt. Bluffs on Cumberland River. Mts. of FE. Tenn., Cocke County. Kearney. May. Ph. inodorus L. Baker’s Station to Ridgetop, Davidso> County. May. Ph. grandiflorus Willd. Knox County. A. Ruth. Ap-~ May. ITEA L. Itea Virginica L. Mts. of E. Tenn. and cypress swamps of W. Tenn. May, June. GROSSULARIACEA Dumort. RIBES L. Ribes Cynosbati L. Dogberry. At the edge of a cedar glade near Posterville. Marion, SS: W.Va. J. K. Small> April June. R. gracile Michx. Missouri gooseberry. Dry, rocky soil. Fide Illustrated Flora. May. R. rotundifolium Michx. Summit of Roane and Thunder- head Mts. May-July. R. prostratum L’Her. Fetid currant. Summit of White Top Mts.,S. W.Va. J. K.Small. May, June. R. rubrum L. Red currant. Cultivated, and sometimes es- caped and seemingly spontaneous. Marion, S. W. Va. }. Small. April. R. aureum Pursh. Buffalo currant. Has been for a long time in cultivation, and sometimes indicates old garden plots. May. R. Uva-crispa L. R. Grossularia L. Garden gooseberry. Cultivated in gardens and temporarily existing in fence rows. Red currants and gooseberries do not prosper in Tennessee. HAMAMELIDACEZ Lindl. HAMAMELIS L. Hamamelis Virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub, or some- times a small tree. On the summit of Thunderhead (altitude, TENNESSEE FLORA. 93 6,000 feet) I found a regular grown tree, 25 feet high by 10 inches diameter of trunk. Flowers, Christmas time. Fruit in October. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweetgum. Red gum. Large forest tree growing in wet or swampy lands. Very large, and frequent in the Tennessee and Mississippi bottoms. April, May. PLATANACEA# Lindl. PLATANUS L. Platanus occidentalis L. Buttonwood. Plane tree. Syca-. more. Attains the widest spread of crown of any of our tim- ber trees. Reaches an altitude of 150 feet and diameter of trunk of 15 feet in our river bottoms. May. ROSACE B. Juss. OPULASTER Kuntze. (Neillia Brew.) Opulaster opulifolius Kuntze. Neillia opulifolia. Brewer & Watson. Nine bark. Rocky places along Cumberland River. June. SPIRAEA L. Spiraea salicifolia L. Meadow sweet. Grand View, Rhea ‘County. Miller’s Cove, E. Tenn. June-August. S. tomentosa L. WHardhack. Highlands of M. Tenn., in boggy localities. Fountain Head, Sumner County. July. S. corymbosa L. S.W.Va. J. K. Small. July. S. Virginiana Britton. Little River, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. June. ARUNCUS Adans. Aruncus Aruncus (L.) Karst. Spiraea Aruncus L. Goat’s beard. Moist woodlands. O.:S. Nashville, above water- works. May-July. PORTERANTHUS Britt. (Gillenia Moench.) Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Gillenia trifoliata Meench. Indian physic. Commonin FE. Tenn. May, June. P. stipulatus (Miihl.) Britton. Prevailing in M. Tenn. woods. June, July. RUBUS L. Rubus odoratus L. High mountains of E. Tenn. Big Frog Mt. Valley of Ocoee River, above Parksville. June. 94 TENNESSEE FLORA. R. strigosus Michx. Wild red raspberry. Woods and copses. O.S. May, June. R. occidentalis L. Black raspberry. O.S. R. villosus Ait. Common blackberry. Bush blackberry. A white-fruited variety is found near Cleveland, E. Tenn. R. Alleghanensis Port. R. villosus var. montanus Port. Mountains around Ducktown, E. Tenn. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Gravelly hills. O.S. July, August. R. hispidus L. Swamp blackberry. Lookout Mt. June. R. trivialis Michx. Sandy soils. O.S. March-May. R. Baileyanus Britt. R. villosus var. humifusus. Torr. & Gray. R. Britt... Hills around Marion, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. he eCanadensis Les Dewberry. Dry, soils =*O. Si April May. Fruit ripe in July. FRAGARIA L. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Scarlet strawberry. Dry uplands: ©. S.°- April, May. F. vesca L. European wood strawberry. Naturalized from Europe. Dry woodlands. O.S. April, May. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith. (Fragaria Andr.) Duchesnea Indica (And.) Focke. Waste places. Intro- duced from India. Old graveyard in Nashville. June, July. POTENTILLA L. Potentilla arguta Pursh. Banks of Cumberland River, above waterworks, at Nashville. June. P. Monspelliensis L. P. Norvegica L. Mts. of E. Tenn. Knoxville. ‘A. Ruth. Foot of hills on White’s Creek, David- son County. July, August. P. paradoxa Nutt. P.supina Michx. W. Tenn. Johnson- ville and Hickman. June-September. P. fruticosa L. Shrubbby cinquefoil. Near Ducktown, in Turtletown, Cherokee County, N. C. June-September. P. tridentalis Ait. Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn. June-August. P. Canadensis L. Five finger. O.S. July-September. WALDSTEINIA Willd. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Willd.) Tratt. Mts. of E. Tenn. Ocoee Valley. May, June. *W. parviflora Small. Fide Illustrated Flora, Appendix. Ocoee Valley. June, July. *“W. parvifiora Small. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks; villose hirsute or glabrous in age; leaves, basal, from 5 to 12 inches high; TENNESSEE FLORA. 95 GEUM L. Geum radiatum Michx. Avens. Roane Mt. Chickering. July, August. G. vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray. Shaded ground. O. S. March, April. G. Canadense Jacq. G. Album Gmel. White Avens. Shaded places. O.S. June-August. G. Virginianum L. Mountains and highlands. O.S. May- uly. : G. flavum (Port.) Bicknell. G.Canadense Jacq. Var. fla- vum Britt. Woods along Wolf Creek, Cocke County. T. H. Kearney. Waters of Holston River, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. une. d ULMARIA Hill. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Spiraea lobata Gronov. Queen of the prairie. In a moist meadow, Cave Spring, Roane County. June, July. UW. Ulmaria “(L.) Bernhart. Spiraea, Ulmaria-L. _Escaped from gardens. Seen but one time near Nashville. ALCHEMILLA L. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. Argentill. Fields near Knoxville. A. Ruth. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimonia hirsuta (Miihl.) Bicknell. Mts. of E. Tenn. Tall agrimony. A. striata Michx. A. parviflora DC. Glades of M. Tenn. July. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. Mts. of E. Tenn. Slopes of White Top Mt.,S. W. Va. J. K. Small. A. parviflora Soland. O.S. July, August. SANGUISORBA L. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. Poterium Canadense A. Gray. American burnet. Along Doe River, E. Tenn. Hiwassee Walley. A. Ruth. petioles, much longer than the blades, usually much less densely pub- escent than the scapes; leaflets, cuneate, ovate, or broadly rhomboidal, from 1 to 3 inches long, coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed; scapes, erect, solitary, or several together, commonly shorter than the leaves, corymbose at top; calyx, usually hairy, the tube broadly tur- binate, from 114, to 14 lines long, the segments triangular lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, often shorter than the tube; petals, linear- cblong or narrowly elliptical, shorter than the calyx segments or barely longer; achenes, obovoid, 11% lines long. 96 TENNESSEE FLORA. ROSA L. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie rose. Abundant in the glades of M. Tenn. R. setigera tomentosa Gray. With the former. O.S. May- uly. R. Carolina L. Swamp rose. Low grounds and river swamps. O.S. June-August. R. humilis Marsh. Pasture rose. Rocky slopes and glades. On. May-July: R. humilis lucida Ehrh. Knoxville. A. Ruth. R. canina L. Dog rose. E. Tenn. Vicinity of Marion, S. We Wa. sk. Small: | Jiue: R. rubiginosa L. Sweet brier. Roadsides and old fields. O.S. Naturalized from Europe. June, July. R. bracteata Wendel. Old homesteads and hedges. No- lensville Pike, six miles south of Nashville. June. R. pimpinellifolia L. Old homestead, Davidson County, Colonel Prosser’s farm. Introduced by early settlers. June, July. SORBUS L. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American mountain ash. Sum- mit of Thunderhead. Smoky Mts. Smalltree. May, June. PYRUS IL. Pyrus communis L. Pear. In cultivation only. In many varieties. Native of Eurasia. April. MALUS Juss. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Narrow-leaved crab apple. Small tree, from 15 to 20 feet high. O.S. In limestone regions. March-May. M. coronaria L.. Pyrus coronaria L. American crab apple. Upper E. Tenn. South fork of Holston River. J. K. Small. Cultivated in some gardens. March. Fruit matures in Sep- tember. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Pyrus Malus L. Apple. Na- tive of Europe and Asia. Sometimes spontaneous, and culti- vated in many varieties. ARONIA Pers. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Pyrus arbutifolia L. Red coke- berry. Mountain bogs in the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. March-May. A. nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black cokeberry. Laurel thick- te in the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Sewanee. March- une. TENNESSEE FLORA. a CYDONIA L. Cydonia vulgaris Pers. Quince. Native of E. Europe and the Levante. In cultivation only. April. C. Japonica Pers. Pyrus Japonica L. Frequently cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Sometimes found as a straggler. Fruit very fragrant.. February, March. Fruit in September, October. AMELANCHIER Med. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Med. Service berry. Ex- tending from the high mountains to the valleys of E. Tenn. March-May. Fruit in June, July. A. Botryapium (L.f.) DE. A. Canadensis var. oblongifolia. T.&G. Same range with the former. April, May. CRATZEGUS.* Crategus Crus Galli L. Cockspur thorn. O.S. May. C. punctata Jacq. C. tomentosa var. punctata A. Gray. Summit of Roane Mt. : C. cordata Ait. Washington thorn. Rocky glades around Nashville. May. ©. viridis LL. C.' arborescens Ell.’ April. Jackson. Hol- low Rock. C. rotundifolia Bork. C. glandulosa Willd. Marion, S. W. War Ke Small) April-fiune. C. mollis (T. & G.) Soheele. C. tomentosa var. mollis. (Gray. From 15 to 20 feet high. Nashville. April, May. . C. tomentosa L. Nashville. Tree from 12 to 15 feet high. May, June. C. tomentosa Chapmani Beadle. M. Tenn. C. uniflora Moench. Dwarf thorn. Wolf Creek. T. H. Kearney. Lookout Mt.. Knoxville. A. Ruth. April. +C. Biltmoreana Beadle. E. Tenn. Shrub from 1 to 5 feet high. Legit Beadle. *The genus Cratzgus has been revised from notes received from C. D. Beadle, curator of the Biltmore Herbarium, as represented in said collection. +C. Biltmoreana Beadle. Flowers appearing when the leaves are nearly fully grown in 3-7 flowered corymbs, with lanceolate, pecti- nately glandular caducous bracts on strict, pubescent pedicels; calyx, pubescent, obconic; petals, broadly obovate or orbicular; stamens, 10, shorter than the petals; styles, 3-5; fruit maturing in September, October; depressed globose, bluntly angled, 10-15 mm. broad, 10-12 mm. high, containing 3-5 nutlets; leaves, 2-5 cm. wide, 3-10 cm. long, includ- ing the petioles; ovate, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, and prolonged into a winged or margined petiole; border acutely in- cised or slightly 5-9 lobed and sharply and irregularly serrate to near the base; spines, stout, 2-5 cm. long, slightly curved. (Vide Bot. Gazette, No. 6, December, 1899.) 4 98 TENNESSEE FLORA. *C, Sargenti Beadle. S. E. Tenn. Shrub from 2 to 6 feet high. April. +C. Boyntoni Beadle. Tree or shrub. C. rotundifolia. Bork: = 22henn. .) Marion! S: FW. Vas» Jou jimall, eSaralt [FCC CNET: tC. Austro-Montana Beadle. Cumberland Mts. E. and M. Tenn. May. $C. Harbisoni Beadle. Discovered by T. G. Harbison on the hills near Nashville, 1899. May. Charlotte Pike, 1886, collected by the author. ***C, Mohri Beadle. Tree, 6-10 m. tall. Southern part of M. Tenn. « May. *C. Sargenti Beadle. Shrub or small tree, branches spreading armed with straight or curved spines, 2-7 cm. long, flowers appearing when the leaves are almost fully grown, in generally three-flowered corvmbs; calyx. obconic, pubescent; segments, glandular-serrate; di- visions of corolla nearly round; stamens, normally 20; pistils, 3-5; fruit mature at middle September; globose, 10-12 mm. high, orange yel- low; nutlets, 3-5; leaves, thin, glabrous, with 5-7 pairs prominent veins; ovate, acute at apex, rounded or abruptly contracted at base, in a margined or winged petiole, irregularly and doubly serrate, and incisely lobed; stipules, linear or linear-lanceolate. +C. Boyntoni Beadle. Shrub or small tree. flowering with the expanded leaves, produced in short glandular-bracteate 4-10 flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic, smooth; divisions, acute, glandular, serrate; petals, nearly orbicular, 9-12 mm. diameter; stamens, 10; pistils, 3-5; fruit, dull, yellowish green, depressed globose, angled, 10-14 mm. high, ripening in October; nutlets, 3-5; leaves, subcoriaceous with age, glabrous, with 4-7 pairs of veins, broadly ovate, acute at apex, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, serratures minutely gland-tipped; stipules, linear. +C. Austro-Montana Beadle. A straggling shrub, 1-4 m. in height; branches, unarmed; branchlets, pilose-pubescent or tomentose; flow- ers, large in 3-5 flowered corymbs; calyx, broad, obconic, pubescent; divisions, lanceolate; stamens, 10; pistils, 3-5; fruit (which ripens at end of September), large; globose, 12-15 mm. in diameter, bright red, containing 3-5 nutlets; leaves, orbicular, 3.5-12 mm. long, including the pubescent petioles, pubescent on both surfaces, with 5-7 pairs of veins. 2C. Harbisoni Beadle. Tree, 5-8 m. high; leaves, obovate or oval, 3-12 cm. long, including the petiole; acute at apex, roughly pubescent on the upper side, densely coated on the lower surface, dark green and lustrous above, pale below; borders, doubly and irregularly ser- rate; calyx, obconic, pubescent; stamens, normally 20; pistils, 3-5; fruit, large, red; globose, 10-13 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5; spines of the branches, 3-6 cm. long. **C. Mohri Beadle. Leaves, cuneate-obovate, 2-7 cm. long. includ- ing the petioles; acute or rounded at the apex and contracted below into a winged petiole; sharply serrate to the middle; entire, or nearly so, at the base; stipules, linear, caducous; flowers in many-flowered corymbs, which are pubescent at flowering time; calyx, narrow, ob conic; divisions of corolla, round, ovate, with undulate or erose bor- ders; stamens, 20; fruit globose, 8-9 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5. TSNNESSEE FLORA. 99 *C, Aprica Beadle. Large shrub. Sunny hillsides. M. Tenn. April. +C. rubella Beadle. Shrub, 1-4 meter high. Flowers in April. Lookout Mt. tC. sinistra Beadle. Ined. West Nashville. Dry hills. $C. straminea Beadle. Shrub 1m. high. Lookout Mt. and adjacent valley of E. Tenn. April, May. **C_tetrica Beadle. Hills about Nashville. May. ttC. Buckleyi Beadle. Tree 8 m. high, 1-2 dm. diameter. E. Tenn. May. *C. Aprica Beadle. Leaves, thin, obovate-orbicular, 1.5-7 cm. long, including petiole, dentate or crenate-dentate and conspicuously gland- ular, more or less lobed near the acute apex; flowers, borne in 3-6 flowered, pubescent, bracteate corymbs; calyx, obconic, pubescent; pet- als, broader than long; stamens, 10; styles, 3-5; fruit, globose, 9-14 mm. diameter; nutlets, 3-5. +C. rubella Beadle. Branchlets numerous, armed with slender, straight, or slightly curved spines, 1.5-4 cm. long; leaves, oval or obo- vate, 3-9 cm. long, including the petiole; sharply and doubly serrate to near the base; prolonged into a margined, sparsely-glandular petiole; flowers in simple 3-6 flowered glandular bracteate corymbs; calyx, obconic; petals, rather broader than long, 8-12 mm. wide; stamens, normally 10; styles. 2-4, rarely 5; fruit, red, pyriform, or oval, 12-15. mm. long, ripening middle of September; nutlets, 2-3, rarely 4-5. tC. sinistra Beadle. Small tree; leaves, obovate, scarcely, if at all.. glandular; stipules. linear, not exceeding 1 cm. in length; flowers, in 7-15 flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic, pilose; petals, nearly orbicular; the claw at the base, short; stamens, 10; styles, 1-2; fruit, oval, 6-8 mm.. wide, reddish, ripening in November; nutlets, 1-2; flowers, May. 2C. straminea Beadle. Branchlets armed with slender spines; leaves, oval, round-ovate, acute at the apex, acutely contracted or rounded at the base, acutely incised or slightly 5-9 lobed, sharply and irregularly serrate except at the extreme base: serratures, glandular’ apiculate, 2.5-10 cm. long, including the petiole, with 3-5 pairs of veins; flowers, in glandular-bracteate 3-6 flowered corymbs; calyx, obconic; petals, nearly orbicular, 6-10 mm. diameter; stamens, normally 10; fruit, subglobose or pyriform, 10-13 mm. high, yellow or greenish yel- low, ripening middle of September; nutlets, 3-5. a **C. tetrica Beadle. A tree 5-7 m. tall, with short trunk; spines, very stout, 1-5.5 cm. long, curved or straight; stipules, linear, or on the longer shoot lineate; leaves, broadly oval, 3-7 cm. long, with petiole, rounded at the apex, sharply and irregularly serrate; corymbs, 10-20 flowered; calyx, obconic; petals, orbicular; stamens, 10; styles, 2; fruit, globose, 7 mm. by 1 cm. diameter. ++C. Buckleyi Beadle. Leaves, glabrous at maturity, ultimately sub- coriaceous, ovate or round-ovate, and incisely lobed, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, and prolonged into a margined petiole; flowers, in 3-7 flowreed corymbs; calyx, obconic; petals, orbicular; stamens, 10; styles, 3-5; fruit, subglobose, angled, red, 8-12 mm. diameter, with 3-5 nutlets. (Biltmore Bot. Studies, Vol. I., No. 1.) 100 TENNESSEE FLORA. *C, Margaretta Ashe. Nashville, Charlotte Pike. April, May. +C. macrosperma Ashe. Frequent on Lookout Mt. tGattingeri Ashe. Nashville. C. collina Chapm. Banks of Cumberland River, near wa- terworks. CG Vaile “Britton. «Wolf Creek; (Cocke County... -]. Ee Kearney. C. populifolia Elliott. Lebanon Pike, Nashville. Cowan. COTONEASTER Med. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L.) Spach. Evergreen thorn. Thickets near Hyde’s Ferry, Nashville. Introduced. May. DRUPACEA DC. PRUNUS L. Prunus Americana Marsh. Wild yellow or red plum. O. S.. April, May. Fruit ripe in July, August. P. hortulana Bailey. Wild goose plum. O.S. Formerly believed to be a hybrid between P. Americana and Chickasa. April, May. *©O. Margaretta Ashe. Small tree, 4-5 m. high, sometimes a shrub; branches, flexuous geniculate, thornless, or only sparingly beset with short, slender thorns; leaves, glandless membranaceous, bright green both sides, broadly rhombic to broader than long, with 3-6 prominent, straight veins, obtusely serrate, with 3-5 pairs shallow lobes; flowers, in 7-12 flowered corymbs; petals ,orbicular; stamens. 15-20; styles, 2-3: fruit, 1 cm. diameter, nearly round, reddish or orange. 7C. macrosperma Ashe. (Journal Elisha Mitchell Soc., Decem- ber, 1900.) Small tree 5-7 m. in height, with wide-spreading branches, armed with numerous short, very stout, 1-2 em. long, red brown to black thorns; leaves, membranaceous, but firm, dark green above, paler and sparingly glaucous or whitish beneath, deltoid or broadly oval at the apex, rounded or subcordate, with a narrow sinus at base, 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 wide, sharply serrate to the base; flowers, in 4-9 flowered sim- ple corymbs on slender petioles; divisions of calyx, lanceolate, short, 3-5 mm. long, persistent and coloring with the fruit; styles, 3-4; sta- mens, 5-10; fruit, 12-18 mm. diameter; flesh, thick and mealy, falling in September; nutlets, 3-5. t{Gattingeri Ashe. (Journal Elisha Mitchell Soc., December, 1900.) Twigs, glabrous, dark purple brown, sparingly glaucous, armed with numerous thorns, 3-4 cm. long; leaves, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath, the blades oblong, ovate, or deltoid in outline, 2-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, rounded, truncate, or subcordate at base, attenuate at the apex, finely but acuminately serrate, generally with 3-5 prominent lobes; petioles, slender, roughened above, with 1-2 pairs of glands; corymbs, few-flowered, the pedicels slender and glabrous, 1-1.5 ecm. long; calyx lobes, short, triangular, glabrous; stamens, 20; fruit, dark red, sparingly pruinose, globular, 8-11 mm. thick, generally capped by the stalked calyx lobes, persistent until after the foliage has fallen. TENNESSEE FLORA. 101 P. angustifolia Marsh. P. Chickasa Michx. Chickasa plum. Very frequent in the limestone basin of M. Tenn. April. Fruit ripe in May, June. P. gracilis Engelm & Gray. In Tennessee, according to Gray’s Manual. P. spinosa L. Sloe blackthorn. Hillsboro Pike, twelve miles from Nashville. Escaped into the woods from an or- chard. Adventitious from Europe. April. P. Cerasus L. Sour cherry. In cultivation, and sometimes escaping into open grounds. Native of Europe. April, May. Fruit in June, July. Pe-avium .' Sweet, cherry. Also ‘cultivated’ like’ the former in several varieties, and wandering into open grounds. Tennessee is at the Southern limit of the natural zone of both species ; and, therefore, the fruit is inferior. P. domestica L. Damson. Cultivated only. P. Pennsylvanica L. fil. Pin or pigeon cherry. FE. Tenn. Principally in the higher mountains. On Clingman Dome a form is found with narrow, lanceolate leaves. April-June. The latter is perhaps P. serotina montana Small. P. Armeniaca Willd. Apricot. Native of Persia. In cul- tivation only. P. Virginiana L. Chock cherry. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. April, May. P. serotina Ehrh. Wild black cherry. Large tree, often from 50 to 70 feet high. Wood used in cabinetmaking. May. Fruit ripe in August. M. AMYGDALUS L. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach. Frequently escaped from cultivation. To be considered naturalized. April. Fruit in August-October. A. communis 1. Almond. Rarely found in cultivation. MIMOSACE® Reichenb. ACACIA Adans. Acacia Julibrissin L. Native of Persia. In gardens. A.lophantha L. Appears here and there in gardens, and en- dures hard winters. ACUAN Med. (Desmanthus Willd.) Acuan Illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Desmanthus brachy- lobus Benth. Frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. May-Sep- tember. 102 TENNESSEE FLORA. MORONGIA Britton. (Schrankia Willd.) Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Schrankia uncinata Willd. Sensitive brier. Dry soil. W. Tenn., Brownsville. May-July. M. angustata (Torr. & Gray) Britton. Schrankia angustata P.& I. Dry soil. In the glades of M. Tenn., extending into the Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. May-July. CAESALPINACEA Kl. & Garke. CERCIS L. Gercis Canadensis” Ic’) Red bud’ -in. rich soil: “Oss: March, April. M. CASSIA L. Cassia nictitans IL. Sensitive pea. Siliceous soils. O. S. July-October. C. Chamecrista L. Partridge pea. Sunny hillsides in sili- ceous formations. C. Torra L. C. obtusifolia L. Low senna. In damp, rich clay soils. River banks. O.S. July-October. C. Marylandica L. Wild senna. Bottom lands and waste sround: “OLS. July, Aucust.. C. occidentalis L. Coffee senna. Jasper, E. Tenn. R. M. Middleton. June, July. GLEDITCHIA L. Gleditchia triacanthos L. Honey locust. Large tree, at- taining 100 feet by 4 feet diameter. Limestone regions. O. S. May-July. MM. G. aquatica Marsh. G. monosperma Walt. Water locust. WW: Tenn.) July. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. -G. Canadensis Lam. Large forest tree, attaining 100 feet high by 3 feet diameter. Scatteringly O. S. Kentucky coffee tree. May. PAPIEIO NANG ae, CLADRASTIS Raf. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. C. tinctoria Raf. Yellow wood. Hills south of Nashville. E. Tenn. Attaining 50 feet high by 4 feet diameter. Trunk liable to early decay. June. BAPTISIA Vent. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. Blue false Indigo. Cedar glades at Lavergne. June-August. TENNESSEE FLORA. 103 B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Abundant in Cumberland and AI- leghany Mts. June. WM. B. alba (L.) R. Br. White wild Indigo. Mts. of E. Tenn. Ducktown. June. CROTALARIA L. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Rattlebox. Dry, sandy soil. O. S. June, July. LUPINUS L. Lupinus perennis L. Wild lupine. Woods near Hiwassee, Polk County. Also S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. L. albus L. Field lupine. Sometimes found in gardens. Makes heavy crops in S. Europe. MEDICAGO L. Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa Luzerne. Cultivated for for- age. Introduced from Europe. Frequent in cultivated grounds. Summer. M. lupulina L. Black medic. Waste places. Capitol hill. Native from Europe. March-May. MELILOTUS Juss. Melilotus alba Desv. White melilot. Bokhara clover. Waste places. O. S. Adventitious from Europe. Fragrant in drying and good for fodder. June-September. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow melilot. Introduced and spread like the former. Both species ought to be cultivated for forage. June-August. TRIFOLIUM L. Trifolium agrarium L. Yellow or hop clover. Along road- sides and waste places, but only locally. Naturalized from Europe. May-September. T. procumbens L. Hop trefoil. Abundant in old fields and pastures. ©. S. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sep- tember. T. dubium Sibthorp. T. procumbens var. minus Koch. Occasional. O. S. Nashville. Naturalized from Europe. May-September. T. incarnatum L. Crimson clover. Cultivated for fodder. Introduced from Europe. Summer. T.arvense L. Rabbit foot. In sterile waste ground. Fre- quent. O.S. Naturalized from Europe. May-September. T. pratense L. Red clover. Best fodder plant. Native of 104 TENNESSEE FLORA. S. Europe and W. Asia. Fully naturalized, it sustains itself in fields and meadows. April-November. T. relexum L. Buffalo clover. Banks of Cumberland River, below Nashville. April-July. T. stoloniferum Michx. Running Buffalo clover. Very common in rocky limestone glades in M. Tenn. May-August. T. hybridum L. Alsike or Alsatian clover. Sometimes cultivated for fodder and spontaneous, but infrequent in pas- tures and meadows. Naturalized from Europe. O.S. May- October. T. repens L. White clover. In fields and open places. O. S. May-December. PSORALEA L. Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail. P. melilotoides Michx.. Samson’s snakeroot. Hills and highlands of M. Tenn. P. Onobrychis Nutt. Sainfoin Psoralea. Banks of Ten- nessee and Cumberland Rivers. June, July. P. subacaulis T. & G. Cedar glades and rocky lands of M. Tenn. Tuber highly farinaceous. March-June. AMORPHA L. Amorpha fruticosa L. False Indigo. Along streams. O. Sawvlay,»|une: A. canescens Pursh. Lead plant. Grainger County. A. Ruth. A. Tennessiensis Shutthw. Alleghany Mts. Wolf Creek and Ocoee River, above Parksville. April-June. A. virgata Britt. Mts. of E. Tenn. C. L. Boynton. PAROSELA Cav. (Dalea Willd.) Parosela Dalea (L.) Britton. Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Frequent in W. Tenn. August, September. PETALOSTEMON Michx. Petalostemon candidus (Willd.) Kuntze. P. candidus Michx. White prairie clover. Cowan, near tunnel. Para- dise Ridge, Davidson County. July, August. P. purpureus (Vent.) McM. P. Violaceous Michx. Ce- dar glades of M. Tenn. July, August. P. foliosus (A. Gray) Kuntze. Frequent in vicinity of Nashville and the cedar glades. June, July. TENNESSEE FLORA. , 105 *P, Gattingeri Heller. Petalostemon decumbens Nutt. Frequent in the cedar glades of M. Tenn. A white variety is found at Lavergne, Rutherford County. June, July. INDIGOFERA L. Indigofera tinctoria L. Indigo. Formerly cultivated for home use by country people for dyeing homespun goods. E. Tenn. July, August. CRACCAL. (Thephrosia Pers.) Cracca Virginiana L. Thephrosia Virginiana Pers. Cat- gut. Dry, siliceous soils. Common in the oak barrens. O.S. June, July. C. spicata (Walt.) Kuntze. Same range with the former. O.S. June-August. KRAUNHIA Raf. (Wistaria Nutt.) Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene. Wistaria frutescens Poir. Mts. at Cowan. May, June. *+K. macrostachys Small. Banks of Cumberland River, be- low Nashville. May. ROBINIA L. Robinia Pseudacacia L. Yellow or black locust. Tree at- taining a height of 80 feet. O.S. May, June. R. viscosa Vent. Clammy locust. Grand View, E. Tenn. Miss Hattie R. Stratton. Knoxville. A. Ruth. June. *P. Gattingeri Heller n. sp. vide Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. XXIII., No. 4, p. 121; April 11, 1896. Perennial; stems, a foot in length or more, usually branching from the base, sometimes decumbent, spar- ingly glandular and pubescent, sometimes villous on the peduncles; leaflets, 2 or 3 pairs, narrowly linear or oblong, from 1% to % of an inch long, one line in width or less, dull and glandular on the upper side, light green beneath, the midvein prominent; spikes on rather short peduncles, cylindrical, loose, especially when old, from 1 to 21% inches long; bracts, slightly longer than the calyx, oval-lanceolate, slender- pointed, glandular, pubescent; calyx, pubescent, with spreading hairs, the lanceolate lobes slightly shorter than the tube and more pubescent; petals, deep rose purple; ovary and base of style, pubescent. +K. macrostachys Small. Wistaria frutescens var. macrostachys T. C. Gray. A vine sometimes from 20 to 25 feet long, stem becoming 2 inches thick, branching; leaves, 4-8 inches long; leaflets, usually 9, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 134 inches long, acuminate or acute, rounded or cordate at the base; racemes, 8-12 inches long, loosely flowered, drooping; rachis and pedicels, densely hirsute and glandular; calyx, pubescent, like the pedicels; the tube, companulate; the segments, lanceolate, lateral ones about as long as the tube, lower ones longer; corolla lilac, purple or light blue; standard, with blade 7 lines broad, decurrent on the claw; pods, 2-4 inches long, constricted between the black, lustrous seeds. (Illustrated Flora; Appendix, page 517.) 106 TENNESSEE FLORA. R. hispida L. Rose Acacia. Lookout Mt., Chattanooga. Young plants bear flowers when only a span high. Var. nana Ell. Very ornamental in cultivation. May. ASTRAGALUS L. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. A.caryocarpus Ker. Ground plum. Cedar glades near Lavergne Station. A. Tennessiensis A. Gray. Milk vetch. Very frequent in the rocky glades of M. Tenn. March-May. A. Carolinianus L. A.Canadensis L. O.S. July, August. STYLOSANTHES Sw. stylosanthes ‘biflora’ (.)B. -S.2P-— St. -latior Swi Pencil flower. Siliceous soils. O.S. June-September. S. riparia T. H. Kearney. At Sewanee both species occur in close proximity. O.S. June-September. MEIBOMIA Adans. (Desmodium Desv.) Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Desmodium nudiflorum DC. Woods. O.S. July, August. M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Desmodium acuminatum DC. Dry, rocky woods. O.S. June-September. M. pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Desmodium pauciflorum DC. In leafmold.. O.S. “Jay. M. Michauxii Vail. Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Woods. O.S. July-September. M. ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. Desmodium ochro- leucum M. A. Curtis. Knoxville. A. Ruth. M. glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Desmodium humifusum Beck. Highlands of M. Tenn. Ridge Top, Baker’s Station. M. sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. Desmodium sessilifolium T.& 1. Along railroad, Mitchellville, Sumner County. July- September. M. canescens (L.) Kuntze. Desmodium canescens DC. Highlands of M. Tenn. July-September. M. bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. Desmodium cuspidatum Hook. Ridge Top, Sumner County. In siliceous soil. July, August. M. paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Desmodium paniculatum DC. The most common species in calcareous and siliceous soils. July-September. M. levigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Desmodium levigatum DC. Ors: M. viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. Desmodium viridiflorum Beck. Siliceous soils. O.S. August-October. TENNESSEE FLORA. 107 M. Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Desmodium Dilleni Darl, Ors. . july. M. Canadensis (L.) Kunize. Desmodium Canadense DC. Cumberland Mts., Cowan. July-September. M. rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. Desmodium rigidum DC. Ce- dar glades. Lavergne. July-October. M. Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Desmodium Marylandicum Boott. Cedar and oak barrens. M. Tenn. July-September. M. obtusa (Miih!.) Vahl. Desmodium ciliare DC. Bar- rens. July-October. LESPEDEZA Michx. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping bush clover. Sili- ceous soils. O.S. August, September. L. procumbens Michx. L. repens var. procumbens. Gray’s Minne ©. S: “August, September. i violacea, (l..) Pers. Dry copses. ©: S.. August, Sep- tember. L. Stuvei Nutt. Highlands of M. Tenn. August. Var. intermedia S. Watson. With preceding. L. frutescens (L.) Britton. L. reticulata S. Watson. Har- peth hills. August, September. Mmebirta (i:) Ell) LC) polystachya Michx- Dry, ‘siliceous soils, ©.S. ‘August-October. L. capitata Michx. Harpeth hills. Tullahoma. L. leptostachya Engelm. Dry hill lands. W. Tenn. Au- gust, September. L. striata (Thunb.) H.& A. Japan clover. Widely spread over the whole State, carpeting the ground with a beautiful sod. Has been in the remotest mountain settlements since fifty years, and is probably indigenous. Also found in Japan, from whence it is believed to have been imported. July, Au- gust. It is an annual. VICIA L. Vicia Americana Miihl. Thickets, vicinity of Nashville. May-July. V. Caroliniana Walt. Valleys of E. Tenn. May-July. V. micrantha Nutt. Copses and edge of woods. M. Tenn. Nashville. April, May. V. sativa L. Common vetch or tare. Sometimes sown with rye and cut for fodder. Native of Europe. May-August. V. Faba L. Common field pea. Small patches are occa- sionally found in gardens. 108 TENNESSEE FLORA. ERVUM L. Ervum Lens L. The lentil is sparingly cultivated for culi- nary use. May-July. PISUM L. Pisum sativum L. Garden pea. Cultivated as field and garden crops in many varieties. Pisum arvense L. preferred for field culture. CICER L. Cicer arietinum L. Sugar pea. Already known to the lake dwellers. Cultivated by all truck farmers. LATHYRUS L. Lathyrus venosus Mihl. Mts. of E. Tenn. A. tlh Kate’s Mt., S..W. Va. J.K. Small. May-July. L. myrtifolius Mihl. L. palustris var. myrtifolius vane Ga According to Illustrated Flora, in E. Tenn. May-July. BRADBURYA Raf. (Centrosema Benth.) Bradburya Virginiana (L.) Kuntze. Spurred butterfly. Centrosema Virginianum Benth. Siliceous soils. O. S. Piney Creek; Rhea County. Mrs. L. Bennett.” July, August. CLITORIA L. Clitoria Mariana L. Dry, sunny places in siliceous ground. Ors? pa sume hitihys FALCATA Gmel. (Amphicarpaea EII.) Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. Amphicarpaea monoica EIl. Hog peanut. Damp woodlands. O.S. August, September. F:Pitcheri (I? & G.)| Kuntze.. Amphicarpaea:, Prtcheniy ls & G. Fide Illustrated Flora. APIOS Meench. Apios Apios (L.) McM. Apios tuberosa Moench. Ground- nut. Moist thickets. O.S. Climbing or trailing over shrubs. O. S. July-September. TENNESSEE FLORA. 109 *A. Priceana B. L. Robinson. Similar localities with the former. Nashville. May, June. GALACTIA P. Br. Galactia regularis (L.) B.S. P. G. glabella Michx. Milk pea. Open grounds. ©.%S.° July, August. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. G. pilosa Ell. G. mollis Nutt. White Bluff, Dickson County. June, July. G. mollis Michx. G. pilosa Nutt. Common in open, dry ground. O.S. July, August. RHYNCHOSIA Laur. Rhynchosia tomentosa (L.) H. & A. Dry, siliceous soil. OSS. May-July. PHASEOLUS L. Phaseolus polystachys (L.) B. S. P. P. perennis Walt. Wild bean. Brownsville Cumberland Mts. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. July-September. P. vulgaris Savi. Common harricot.. Pole bean. Var. nanus bush bean. Cultivated since the dawn of culture to the present day in many varieties. Believed to have come from W. Asia. P. lunatus L. The lima bean is claimed for the intertropical *A, Priceana B. L. Robinson. (Torr. Bot. Bull. 1898.) Vizorous herbaceous twiner; stem, terate, slightly striate, at first covered with a fine reflexed pubescence, but soon nearly glabrate, arising from a large oblate spheroidal root (18 cm. diameter); leaves, 3-9 foliate, those of the main stem 24 cm. long, the ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaflets sparingly pubescent upon both surfaces, green and scarcely paler beneath, thin and rather veiny, obtuse or rounded at the base, 4-10 em. long, half as broad; petiolules, hirsutulous; leaves and leaflets of the branches, considerably smaller; stipules, subulate, pubescent, 6 mm. long; racemes, dense, borne mostly by twos and threes in the axils, those of the main stem often 12-15 cm. long, 50-70 flowered, and mostly bearing a single short branch; rameal inflorescences, smaller and simple; floral axes, thickish; pedicels, slender, 5 mm. long, com- monly borne by twos and threes in the axils of ovate caudate-acuminate bracts at somewhat greater length; calyx, hemispherical roseate; the limb, obliquely subtruncate, except for the linear-attenuate anterior tooth; petals, greenish white, tinged especially toward the end with rose purple or magenta; the vexillum suborbicular 25 mm. long, biau- riculate at the base and bluntly cornute at the apex; wings, somewhat shorter, narrowly oblong, a little broadened and rounded at the apex; essential organs of the genus; pods, clustered, 12-15 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base, about 10 seeded; seeds, oblong, olive green, 8 mm. long, separated in the pod by biconcave sections of the silvery-white pithy endocarp. First collected and dis- tinguished by Miss Sady F. Price, of Bowling Green, Ky. 110 TENNESSEE FLORA. parts of both hemispheres, and cultivated with us as a runner and a bush bean. P. multiflorus L. The scarlet runner. It succeeds only on the higher mountains, but sets no pods in the lowlands of this | State. ARACHIS Willd. Arachis hypogea Willd. Peanut. Goober pea. Native of tropical S. America. Largely cultivated in the western part of the State for its seeds and the oil which is obtained from them. August-October. MW. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. (Phaseolus L.) Strophostyles Helvola (L.) Britton. Phaseolus Helvolus L. Strophostyles angulosa Ell. Sandy soil. O. S. July- October. . S. umbellata (Miihl.) Britton. Ph. Helvolus T. & G. P. peduncularis Ell. Abundant in the barrens. July-September. S. pauciflora (Benth.) S. Watson. In rich, moist grounds. O.S. July-September. VIGNA Savi. *Vigna Sinensis (L.) Endl. and var. V. melanocarpa. Cow pea. Planted between corn rows. In cultivation only. O.S. July-September. GER ANINCEAn je si-abilaire: : GERANIUM L. Geranium maculatum L. Spotted crane’s bill. Woods. OMS Apral-july.< af. G. Carolinianun L. Carolina crane’s bill. Waste grounds. O.S. April-August. G. pusillum L. Slopes of White Rock Mts.,S. W. Va. Ad- ventive from Europe. May. te OXALIDACES Lindl. OXALIS L. Oxalis Acetosella L. White wood sorrel. Summits of the high mountains of E. Tenn. May-July. O. violacea L. Rocky woods. O.S. May, June. O. macrantha Trelease. Rocky glades. M. Tenn. Appril- September. ; *Two allied species have been recently introduced from the tropics, the soja bean (Glycine hispida) and the velvet bean (Mucuna utilis Wall.). It has been found that the seasons of Tennessee are not al- ways long enough to perfect their growth. TENNESSEE FLORA. Wii O. filipes Small n.sp. In Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. May-August. O. stricta L1 Woods.’ ©. S.. April-October. O: grandis Small. O.recurva Trelease. Rich soils. O.S. May-August. O. corniculata L. In fields and gardens. Introduced. February-November. O. hirsuticaulis J. K. Small. Nashville. Open woods. With O. macrantha. April, May. LINACE.® Dumort. LINUM L. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax. Linseed. Along road- sides. Adventitious from Europe or fugitive from cultivation, which has recently greatly declined in this State. Summer. WV. L. Virginianum L. Yellow flax. Dry, open woodlands. O.S. June-August. L. Floridanum (Planch.) Trelease. Near Dickson, Dickson County. L. striatum Walt. Cedar and oak barrens. O.S. June. L. sulcatum Riddel. Hickman, W. Tenn. Summer. RUTACEZ Juss. XANTHOXYLUM L. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill. Prickly ash. Hills vicin- ity of Nashville. April, May. WM. PTELEA L. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved hop tree. Common shrub in the limestone regions of Tennessee. June. WM. RUTA ST. Ruta graveolens L. Common garden rue. Found in an open field at Belvidere, Franklin County. Introduced. June. M. SIMARUBACEA DC. AILANTHUS Desf. Ailanthus glandulosa Desv. Tree of heaven. Ailanthus. Fully naturalized, and spreading. The male tree is objec- tionable for planting in streets on account of the disagreeable odor of its flower. Native of China. June-September.. M. 112 TENNESSEE FLORA. MELIACE A DC. MELIA L. Melia Azedarach L. [Tormerly frequently seen in yards, but apparently dying out. Pride of India China tree. KC@ZAHLREUTERA DC. Kcehlreutera paniculata DC. Recently introduced, but seemingly not bearing rigorous winters. POLYGALACE ZS. POLYGALA L. Polygala cruciata L. Marsh milkwort. Oak barrens. O. Sry a tly. P. verticillata L.-' Mts; of E. Tenn. Tuckaleehee’ Cove June. P. ambigua Nutt. Dry soils. O. S. Nashville. May- July. P. incarnata L. Barrens, siliceous and rather moist soils. Summer. P. viridescens L. P. sanguinea L. Cumberland Mts. J. F.. James. P. Curtissii A. Gray. Barrens and mountains of E. Tenn. August, September. P. Mariana Mill. P. fastigiata Nutt. Sewanee. July, Au- gust. P. Nuttallii T. & G. P. sanguinea Nutt. Siliceous soils. OS.) july, Aucust. P. Senega L. Seneca snakeroot. O.S. May, June. P. Senega latifolia T. & G. E. Tenn. and vicinity of Nash- ville. May, June. P. polygama Walt. Valley of E. Tenn. Frequent. June, July. P. paucifolia Willd. Flowering wintergreen. Cumberland Mts. Rugby. Mrs. Percival. Alleghany Mts. BUPHORBIACE A je. St, saat PHYLLANTHUS L. Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. Pastures and glades. O. S. May-October. CROTON E. Croton glandulosus L. ©.S. Not as common as the fol- lowing. July-September. C. capitatus Michx. Dry soils, especially M. Tenn. June- September. TENNESSEE FLORA. 118 C. monanthogynus Michx. Dry pastures. O. S. June- October. WM. CROTONOPSIS Michx. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Cedar barrens. Summit of Lookout Mt. July-September. ACALYPHA L. Acalypha ostryzfolia Ridd. A. Caroliniana Ell. Gardens andifields. ©. S.. June: A. Virginica L. Fields and thickets. O.S. June-October. A. gracilens A. Gray. Dry, rocky grounds. ©. S. June- September. TRAGIA L. Tragia nepetefolia Cav. East of Cleveland, Bradley County. May-October. T. macrocarpa Willd. Severely stinging. Abundant in the cedar barrens of M. Tenn. Nashville. June-September. RICINUS L. Ricinus communis L. Castor-oil plant. Cultivated as an ornamental plant, and escaping into waste places. July-Sep- tember. MM. STILLINGIA L. Stillingia sylvatica L. Queen root. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Egeling. March-October. M. EUPHORBIA L. Euphorbia serpens H. B. K. Abundant in glades and culti- vated grounds. Nashville. July-September. E. maculata L. Spotted spurge. O.S. June-November. E. humistrata Engelm. River banks and moist grounds. Nashville. July, August. E. nutans Lag. E. hypericifolia A. Gray. A troublesome weed in cornfields. O.S. May-October. M. E. corollata L. Flowering spurge. Open woodlands. O. S. April-October. WM. E. marginata Pursh. Along lines of railroads. An immi- grant from the West. May-October. E. dentata Michx. Glades of M. Tenn. Nashville. June- September. E. Ipecacuanhe L. W. Tenn. May. E. heterophylla L. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. April- November. E. Lathyris L. Vicinity of Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. May, June. 114 TENNESSEE FLORA. E. obtusata Pursh. Frequent in glades around Nashville. March-June. E. commutata Engelm. Cedar barrens of M. Tenn. April. E. mercurialina Michx. Stoner’s Creek, Wilson County. Tunnel Hill, Sumner County. Lookout Mt. May-July. CALLITRICHACE Lindl. CALLITRICHE L. Callitriche Austini Engelm. Water starwort. On mud banks along streams. Nashville. July. C. heterophylla Pursh. Ponds near Nashville. July-Sep- tember. . BUXACEA Dumirt. PACHYSANDRA Michx. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Dr. Hampton’s farm, Da- vidson County. White Bluff, Dickson County. Beersheba Springs, Grundy County. Col. Wilkins. April, May. ANACARDIACE# Lindl. RHUS L. Rhus copallina L. Darf sumac. Poor, siliceous soils. O. S. June-August. ° R. hirta (L.) Ludw. R.tyhina L. Staghorn sumac. Hill- sides:.4 GS.» june. R: glabra, “Scarlet sumac; @ldshelds. - O.S> sume- August. J. R. aromatica Ait. R. Canadensis Marsh. Limestone re- gions of sM. Tenn. March, April. M. R. trilobata Nutt. Rh. aromatica var. trilobata Gray. Oc- curs over the same range. JW. Ro Vernix bo .R. venenata’, DC: Poison: sumac> boson ash. Boggy lands in the Cumberland Mts. Sewanee. June. M. R. radicans L. R. Toxicodendron Michx. Poison oak. E. Tenn. May, June. M. R. Toxicodendron L. With crenately-lobed, very-pubescent leaves. Nashville. M. COTINUS Adans. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. R. cotinoides Nutt. Southern border of the State. Limestone County, Ala. Dr. Charles Mohr. April, May. TENNESSEE FLORA. 115 ILICINEA Lowe. ILEX L. Ilex opaca Ait. American holly. A slim tree in the Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts.. Attains a height of 50 feet by 18 to 20 inches diameter in the Cumberland and Hiwassee River bottoms. April. Fruit matures in November, Decem- per. Uf. I. decidua Walt. Swamp holly. Brownsville, W. Tenn. May. I. monticola A. Gray. I.montanaT.&G. Mts. of E. Tenn. I. monticola mollis A. Gray. Lookout Mt. June, July. I. verticillata (.L) A. Gray. Black alder. Swamps at Hol- fow Rock. VV. Tenn.» BK Ténn.: A. Ruth, I. ambigua Chapm. Foot of mountains near tunnel at Cowan. July, August. . I. Bidleyi W. W. Ashe from the mountains of E. Tenn. Is perhaps identical with the foregoing. GEEASURACE Aiakindk EVONYMUS L. Evonymus Americanus L. Strawberry bush. O.S. June. M. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning bush. Wahoo. Along Streams, -©.-S.~ June: MM: CELASTRUS L. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. Brownsville, Weelenn>: Also Bushy Mts7,s. W. Va... J.KoSmall, a. SAP VEE ACH ALDC: STAPHYLEA L. Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut. Moist woods. O.S. Nashville. April, May. AGENCE An St til: ACER L. Acer saccharinum L. A. dasycarpum Ehrh. Silver maple. Melacee tree reaching 100 feet by, 3 feet diameter. Bottom lands and river banks. Flowers in February, March, and ma- tures its seeds the earliest of all our plants. A. rubrum L. Red or swamp maple. Wet or swampy lands. . ©. S.)..March, April. A. saccharum Marsh. A. saccharinum Wanger. A. bar- 116 TENNESSEE FLORA. batum Michx. Sugar maple. Large tree. O. S. Frequent around Nashville. April, May. ; A. nigrum Michx. Conte- + -Wolt, Greek. at ee Kearney. V. lanceolata L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Knox- ville. March-May. V. hastata Michx.. Mts. of E. Tenn. V. hastata var. tripartita Gray. Sewanee. E. Kirby-Smith. May. V. pubescens Ait. Woods. O.S. Nashville. Var. Crio- carpa Nutt. Highlands of M. Tenn. March-May. V. Canadensis L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May- July. VostriatavAit.., Nashville, 2O0S>- Aprils May. V. multicaulis (T. & G.) Britton. V. Miihlenbergii var. multicaulis T.& G. Mts. of E. Tenn. March-June. V. rostrata Pursh. Sewanee. FE. Kirby-Smith. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. V. tenella Miihl. V. tricolor var. arvensis Hook. Field pansy. Dry pastures. O.S. March-May. CUBELIUM Raf. (Solea Spreng.) Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. Solea concolor Ging. Damp woods. O.S. April, May. PASSIFLORACEZ Dumort. PASSIFLORA L. Passiflora incarnata L. Passion flower. Dry soil. O. S. A troublesome weed when entering gardens and fields. FI. May. Fruit in August. Called “ May pops.” TENNESSEE FLORA. 123 P. lutea IL. Yellow passion flower. Thickets. O. S. May- July. CACTACE Lindl. OPUNTIA Mill. Opuntia Opuntia (L.) Coulter. O. vulgaris Mill. Eastern prickly pear. A waif near a railroad station. Lavergne. Common on the Atlantic Coast. June, July. O. humifusa Raf. O. Rafinesquii Engelm. Western prickly pear. Abundant in rocky glades. O. S. Varying with or- ‘bicular and obovate joints. June, July. THY MELEACE4# Reichenb. DIRCA L. Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Swampy or moist thickets in the Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. April, May. EYTHRACE AY Pind, AMMANIA L. Ammania coccinea Rottb. Swamps or ditches. O. S. July- September. A. latifolia L. Wet places. Tullahoma, etc. July, August. DIDIPLIS Raf. Didiplis diandra Wood. D. linearis Raf. O.S. June-Au- gust. ROTALA L. Rotala ramosior (L.) Keehne. Ammania humilis Michx. Pools and ditches. O.S. July-September. DECODON J. T. Gmelin. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Nesaea verticillata H. B. K. Loosestrife. Waters of Barren Fork of Caney Fork, near Nicholson Springs. September. LYTHRUM L. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Angled loosestrife. Borders of springs and rivulets. Cleveland, E. Tenn. July. PARSONIA P. Br. (Cuphaea Jacq.) Parsonia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Cuphaea viscosissima Jacq. Clammy cuphaea. Tar weed. Dry woods. O. S. August, September. 124 TENNESSEE FLORA. MELASTOMACE ZA R. Br. RHEXIA L. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland meadow beauty. Wet lands. Oasis] RET ieee Rh. Virginica L. Meadow beauty. Low grounds. O. S. July-September. LAGERSTROEMIA L. Lagerstroemia Indica L. ‘The crepe myrtle. Frequently cultivated. Ornamental shrub. From E. India. PUNICA L. Punica Granatum L. From S. Europe and N. Africa. Cul- tivated, but frequently killed by hard frosts; belongs to this family. ONAGRACE4 Dumort. ISNARDA L. Isnarda palustris L. Ludwigia palustris Ell. Marsh purs- lane. Ponds and ditches. O.S. June-November. LUDWIGIA L. Ludwigia linearis Walt. Bogsand pools. O.S. July-Sep- tember. L. hirtella Raf. Tullahoma. Paradise Ridge. June-Sep- tember. i alternifolia I) “Rattle box. «.Ponds:,'O;)S.~ June-sep; tember. : L. glandulosa Walt. L. cylindrita Ell. Oak barrens. O. S. August. L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Swamps. O.S. July-Octo- ber. L. natans Ell. Ponds. O:S. July-September. JUSSIAEA L. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. J. repens Sw. Swamps near Nash- ville. June-August. J. decurrens (Walt.) DC. In swamps. O. S. July-Sep- tember. EPILOBIUM L. Epilobium coloratum Miih!. Purple-leaved willow herb. Burnt grounds. ©O.S. July-September. ONAGRA Adans. Onagra biennis (I..) Scop. (#nothera biennis L. Evening TENNESSEE FLORA. 125 primrose. .O.S. Dry soil. Naturalized from Europe. June- October. O. biennis grandiflora (Ait.) Small. Scatteringly over the ‘same range with the former. CENOTHERA L. C£nothera laciniata Ell. (E.sinuata LL. Near Hyde’s Ferry. Nashville. May, June. Gee tnrearis Michx, E.. Venn Marion, S. W.Va.) wf. 1K Small. KNEIFFIA Spach. (nothera L.) Kneiffa linearis (Michx.) Spach. (#nothera linearis Michx. Pewkenn. “Marion, S. W; Var‘). Ke Small: K. pumila (L.) Spach. C#nothera pumila L. Mts. of E: Tenn. Ocoee Valley. Tullahoma. June-August. K. fruticosa (L.) Raimann. (Hnothera fruticosa L. Com- mon sundrops. K. fruticosa var. hirsuta Nutt. Cleveland, Bradley County. K.' glauca (Michx.) Spach. (Enothera glauca Michx. Lookout Mt. Frog Mts., E. Tenn. May-September. HARTMANNIA Spach. ((nothera L.) Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small. Qinothera speciosa Nutt. Showy primrose. Unoccupied town lots. Escaped from gardens. Nashville. May-July. LAVAUXIA Spach. ((nothera L.) Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach. (#£nothera triloba Nutt. Open grounds around Nashville. Frequent. May-July. GAURA L. Gaura biennis-l.. Cumberland Mts. E. Tenn. July-Sep- tember. G. Michauxii Spach. G. filipes Spach. Chattanooga. Dr. G. Engelmann. July, August. } CIRCAEA L. Circaea Lutetiana L. Bind weed. Night shade. Woods. 2S. june-August. C. alpina L. High summits of the Alleghanies, FE. Tenn. July-September. HALLORAGIDACE As. PROSERPINACA L. -Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid weed. Swamps. O. Siig 126 TENNESSEE FLORA. P. pectinacea Lam. Ditches along the railroad at Tulla- homa. Summer. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Water milfoil. Tullahoma Creek, Tullahoma. May. M. pinnatum (Walt.) B.S. P, M.scabratum Michx. Hay- wood County. 5S. M. Baine. ARALIACE Vent. ARALIA L. Aralia spinosa L. Angelica tree. Frequent in rocky hills anduolades, “©: 'S..+Jiune-Ausust: Mi: A. racemosa L. American spikenard. E. Tenn. and high- lands of M. Tenn. Charlotte Pike, two miles from Nashville. July, August. &M. A. hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla. Throughout the mountains of E. Tenn. Frog Mts. June, July. M. A. nudicaulis L. Sewanee. June, July. WM. PANAX L. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Rich woodlands. O. S., but scarce. In the Harpeth hills, south of Nashville. July, August. df. UMBELLIFERZ B. Juss. DAUCUS L. Daucus Carota L. Wild carrot. The mother plant of the garden carrot. Introduced, naturalized, and growing more robust here than in its native home in Germany. June-Sep- tember. WM. ANGELICA L. (Archangelica Hoffm.) Angelica Curtisii Buckl. Roane Mt. Chickering. A. villosa (Walt.) B.S. P. Angelica hirsuta Miihl. Angel- ica. Ory batrens. ©) -S). “july;-Aueust: OXYPOLIS Raf. (Archemora DC.) Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Britton. Archemora rigida DC. Cowbane. Woodlands. ©.S. August, September. HERACLEUM L. , Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow parsnip. High moun- tams-or. Lenn, June: ei. ~T TENNESSEE FLORA. 12 PASTINACA L. Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnips. Native of Britain and Ger- many. Cultivated and naturalized. In moist woodlands. O. 5S. June-September. M. POLYTAENIA DC. Polytznia Nuttallii DC. Baker’s Station, Paradise Ridge, Robertson County. April, May. THASPIUM Nutt. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Th. atropurpureum Nutt. Purple meadow parsnip. In woods. O.S. Th. trifoliatum aureum Britton. Th. aureum Nutt. O.S. June; July. 1. Th. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Woods. O. S. July, Au- gust. Th. barbinode angustifolium Coult. & Rose. Barrens of M. Renn: Brequent; May. Th. pinnatiidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. In similar localities like the former. May, June. LIGUSTICUM L. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. L. acteifolium Michx. Lookout Mt. Roane Mt. June-August. ERYNGIUM L. Eryngium aquaticum L. E. yuccefolium Michx. Rattle- snakemaster. Dry uplands. O.S. June-September. JM. E. Virginicum Lam. Near Mt. Mitchell. A. Ruth. E. prostratum Nutt. Low grounds. Brownsville, W. Tenn. E. virgatum Lam. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. SANICULA L. Sanicula Marylandica L. Black snakeroot. Moist woods. Oe Se May-Julys 1 S. Canadensis L. S. Marylandica var. Canadensis Torr. Woods. O.S. June-August. Jf. S. gregaria Bicknell and S. trifoliata Bicknell are likely to occur within the State. FCGENICULUM Adans. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst. F. vulgare Gert. Fen- nel. In waste places. Escaped from gardens. O.S. July- September. JI. 128 TENNESSEE FLORA. F. dulce Gert. Sweet fennel. Sometimes cultivated. Yields.- Oleum Feeniculi. July. WM. PIMPINELLA L. Pimpinella integerrima (L.) Asa Gray. Zizia integerrima DC. Yellow pimpernell. From the high mountains to the rocky banks of the rivers. O.S. May,-June. P. Anisum L. Anis. Sometimes cultivated. The seeds yield the Ol. Anisi. June. M&M, APIASTRUM Nutt. (Leptocaulis Nutt.) Apiastrum patens ( Nutt.) Coulter & Rose. Leptocaulis pat- ens Nutt.) Knoxville) “Aw Ruth? “June: EULOPHUS Nutt. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. Thickets along Charlotte and Murfreesboro Pikes, Nashville. May, June. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm. Anthriscus Cerefolium (1..) Hoffm. Cherophyllum sativum Lam. Garden chervil. Cultivated’ as a pot herb, and some- times escaped. May, June. BUPLEURUM L. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Thorough wort. Fort Neg- ley, Nashville. Cedar glades. Naturalized from Europe. June, July. CHZEROPHYLLUM L. Cherophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz. Wild chervill. Moist, rock woodlands. Nashville. April-June. Ch. Teinturieri Hook. Characteristic of the cedar glades of M. Tenn. March-May. WASHINGTONIA Raf. (Osmorrhiza Raf.) Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britt. Osmorrhiza brev- istylis DC. Sweet cicely. Along Holston River, S. W. Va. JpKeroiiall: W. longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Smooth sweet cicely. Os- morrhiza longistylis DC. Rich woods. O. S. Nashville. April, May. M. SIUM L. Sium cicutefolium Gmel. Hemlock. Water parsnip. Marion, W. Va. J. K. Small. July, August. TENNESSTE FLORA. 129 APIUM L. Apium Petroselinum L. Common or garden parsley. Cul- tivated in kitchen gardens, and sometimes escaped. July, Au- gust. A. graveolens L. Celery. Cultivated, escaping into waste places. May-July. M. ZIZIA Koch. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Thaspium aureum var. apterum A. Gray. Golden meadow parsnip. Rocky glens and hillsides. Ons, May. Z. Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. Mts. of E. Tenn. May. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Thaspium trifoliatum var. apte- gam. Gray. ©O.S. May, June. CARUM L. Carum Carvi L. Caraway. Adventive from Europe, some- times appearing in fields, near dwellings. May-July. M. CICUTA L. Cicuta maculata L. Water hemlock. Musquash root. Plone streams. ©O.S. July. ©: DERINGA Adans. (Cryptotenia DC.) Deringa Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Cryptotenia Canadensis DC. Housewort. Low, damp woods. O.S. June, July. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. (Leptocaulis Nutt.) Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Britton. Leptocaulis div- aricatus DC. Occasionally found in pastures. Nashville. April, May. PTILIMNIUM Raf. (Discopleura DC.) Ptilimnium capillatceum (Michx.) Hollick. Mock bishop weed. A single plant found in Nashville. July. P. Nuttallii (DC.) Britton. Discopleura Nuttallii DC. Damp woods east of Cleveland, Bradley County. July. HYDROCOTYLE L. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Marsh pennywort. Ditches near Hyde’s Ferry, Nashville. June-September. H. Americana L. Polk County, E. Tenn. June-September. H. ranunculoides L. fil. Tullahoma Creek, Coffee County. June. - D) 130 TENNESSEE FLORA. ERIGENIA Nutt. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger of spring. O. 5: (March, April: CORIANDRUM Hoffm. Coriandrum sativum L. Cumin. Used asa condiment, and hence escaping into garden plots. MM. CUMINUM L. Cuminum sativum L. Cumin. A condiment. Sparsely es- caping into open grounds. CORNACE Link. CORNUS L. Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. O. S. March, April. C. Amonum Mill. C. sericea L. Kinnikiniks. Moist grounds. O.S. May-July. C. asperifolia Michx. Along streams. O.S. May, June. C. stolonifera Michx. Red osier dogwood. Banks of streams. O.S. May, June. C. alternifolia L. fil. Copses and hillsides. E. Tenn. May, June. NYSSA L. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. N. multiflora Wang. Sour gum. Low, moist grounds. Medium-sized tree, 30 to 35 feet high. O. S. April-June. N. biflora Walt. N. sylvatica var. biflora Sargt. N. Caro- liniana Poir. Along mountain streams, E. Tenn., and in swamps in W. Tenn. Hollow Rock. April, May. ‘ N. aquatica L. N. uniflora Wang. Large tupelo gum. Large tree, frequently 80 to 100 feet high in the lowlands of W. Tenn. Also on uplands on Paradise Ridge, near Nashville. April, May. ' CLETHRACE Klotsch. CLETHRA L. Clethra acuminata Michx. Mountain sweet pepper bush. Throughout the Alleghanies. July, August. PYROLACEA® Agardh. PYROLA L. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leaved wintergreen. Mts. TENNESSEE FLORA. 131 of E. Tenn. South fork of Holston River. J. K.Small. June, July. P. elliptica Nutt. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. June, July. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Chimaphia macu'ata (J..) Pursh. Pipsissawa. Dry woods, especially under pines. O.S. June-August. Ch. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince’s pine. Tracy. City. July. MONOTROPACE2 Lindl. MONOTROPSIS Schwein. (Schweinitzia Nutt.) Monotropsis odorata Ell. Schweinitzia odorata DC. Sweet pine sap. Rugby. Mrs. M. L. Percival. February-May. MONOTROPA L. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. In leaf-mold. O. S. Nashville. Harpeth hills. June-August. HYPOPITIS Adans. Hypopitis Hypopitis (L.) Small. Monotropa Hypopitis L- False beechdrops. Cumberland Mts. Oakdale Station. June- October. ERICACEA DC. AZALEA L. Azalea nudiflora L. Wild honeysuckle. Siliceous soils. @y>. April, May: A. lutea L. A. calendulacea Michx. Azalea. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. .Ravines in the valleys. In argillaceous or siliceous soils. A. arborescens Pursh. Tree-Azalea. Sometimes a small tree 20 feet high. Big Frog Mts. Head of Piney Creek, in the Cumberland Mts.’ Mrs. L. Bennett. June. A. viscosa L. Rhododendron viscosum Torr. Swamp honeysuckle. Along mountain streams in the Alleghanies. Parksville, Polk County. June, July. " RHODODENDRON L. baat Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel. Attaining sometimes the size of a tree 25 to 30 feet high by 1 m. diam- eter. Big Frog Mts. Over the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June, July. Rh. Catawbiense Michx. Mountain rose bay. Summit of Smoky Mts. Roane Mt. Wolf Creek. July, August. Rh. punctatum Andr. Along Little River, E. Tenn. Chs. Hill. Wolf Creek. A. Ruth. 132 TENNESSEE FLORA. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. M. globularis Salisb. High mountains of E. Tenn. Clingman Dome. Roane Mt. May, June. DENDRIUM Desy. (Leiophyllum Pers.) Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. Sand myrtle. Leio- phyllum buxifolium Ell. Summit of Roane Mt. Chickering. April-June. KALMIA L. Kalmia latifolia L. Calico bush. Mts. of E. Tenn. and highlands of M. Tenn. Always in siliceous soils. May, June. LEUCOTHOE D. Don. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray. Common along streams in the Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April, May. L. recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray. Withthe former. May, June. L. racemosa (L.) A. Gray. Along Emory River, Roane County. T.H.Kearney. Along French Broad River. April- June. PIERIS D. Don. (Andromeda Pursh.) Pieris floribunda (Pursh.) Benth. & Hooker. Andromeda floribunda Pursh. Mountain fetter bush. High mountains of Henn. May. P. Mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. May-July. XOLISMA Raf. (Lyoni#Nutt.) Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britton. Andromeda ligustrina Mihl. Lyonia ligustrina DC. Privet Andromeda. Big Frog Mts., E. Tenn. July. OXYDENDRUM DC. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sour wood. Tree reach- ing 50 to 60 feet. Frequent in siliceous soils. O. S. June, July. EPIGAA L. Epigea repens L. Trailing arbutus. Ground laurel. Cum- berland and Alleghany Mts. March-May. GAULTHERIA L. Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen. Mts. of E. Tenn. Abundant. June-September. TENNESSEE FLORA. 133 VACCINIACE Lindl. GAYLUSSACIA H. B. K. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T. & G. Vaccinium frondosum Pew Dancleberry:..|Mts./of E. Penn... May, June. - Fruit an July, August. G. resinosa (Ait.) T.& G. Vaccinium resinosum Ait. Black or high-bush huckleberry. Siliceous soils. O.S. May, June. Fruit in July, August. G. brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray. Vaccinium brachycerum Michx. Box huckleberry. Slopes of the Alleghanies. Parks- ville, on Ocoee River. May. G. ursina (M.A. Curtis) T.&G. Bear huckleberry. A few miles southeast from Ducktown, in Georgia. VACCINIUM L. Vaccinium virgatum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray. Southern black huckleberry. Paradise Ridge, Davidson County. April, May. Fruit in July. V. corymbosum L. High-bush blueberry. Gravelly hills. O.S. May, June. Fruit in July. V. vacillans Kalm. S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. Fruit in July, August. V. pallidum Ait. V.Constablei A. Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn. May, June. Fruit in July : V. melanocarpum Chas. Mohr. n. sp. Bluff Mt., Cocke County. T. H. Kearney. May. V. stamineum L. Deerberry. Dry woods and thickets. Ors; April-June. V.arboreum Marsh. Farkleberry. Siliceous soils. O. S. May, June. V. hirsutum Buckl. Frog Mts. Sugar Loaf Mt. at Parks- ville, Polk County, with Gaylussacia brachycera. May, June. OXYCOCCUS Hill. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. Vaccinium macrocar- pum Ait. American cranberry. Swamp at Cranberry Mines, on Tennessee and North Carolina State line. June-August. Fruit in October. O. erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michx. Southern mountain cranberry. High mountains of FE. Tenn. June, July. Fruit in September. DIAPENSIACE4# Link. GALAX L. Galax aphylla L. Colt’s foot. Throughout the Allegha- nies. May-July. P 134 TENNESSEE FLORA. PRIMULACE Vent. SAMOLUS L. Samolus floribundus H. B. K. S. Valerandi var. America- nus A. Gray. Water pimpernell. Wet places. O.S. May- September. LYSIMACHIA L. Lysimachia Fraseri Duby. Golden Loosestrife. Lookout Mt. Cliffs along Ocoee River. June, July. L. quadrifolia L. Crosswort. Woodlands. O. S. June- August. L. Nummularia L. Moneywort. Naturalized from Europe. Escaped from gardens. May, June. STEIRONEMA Raf. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Moist thickets. O.S. June- August. S. tonsum (Wood) Bicknell. S. intermedium Kearney. Mis) ofl yjaenn: | a... Meagney; S. tonsum simplex Kearney. Wolf Creek. T. H. Kearney. June, July. : S. radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. Henderson, W. Tenn. S: M. Bain. June-August. S.lanceolatum A. Gray. O.S. June, July. S. quadriflorum (Sims) Hitche. S. lanceolatum var. angus- tifolium A. Gray. Bradley County, E. Tenn. Cumberland Mts. June, July. ANAGALILIS L. Anagallis arvensis L. Pimpernell. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Scatteringly O.S. May, June. WM. A. coerulea L. Grass plots in Nashville (Blind School). May, June. CENTUNCULUS L. Centunculus minimus L. Chaff weed. Hilltops along Harding Pike, twelve miles west of Nashville. Abundant. April, May. DODECATHEON L. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting star. The purple flow- ering variety in E. Tenn. The white exclusively in vicinity of Nashville. April, May. SAPOTACEZ Reichenb. BUMELIA Sw. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern buckthorn. Shrub TENNESSEE FLORA. 135 or small tree. M. Tenn. and southern part of E. Tenn. In moist, rich soil. June-August. EBENACE Vent. DIOSPYROS L. Diospyros Virginiana L. Persimmon. Sometimes reach- ing 80 to 100 feet in height by 2 to 4 feet diameter. O. S. May, June. Fruit in September, November. SYMPLOCACEZ Miers. SYMPLOCOS L. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her. Sweet-leaf horse sugar. Near Ducktown, Polk County, in North Carolina. March, Zapril. STYRACEA A. DC. SEY RAX L: Styrax Americana Lam. Smooth storax. Jackson, W. Tenn. S.M. Bain. March, April. MOHRODENDRON Britt. (Halesia Ellis.) Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britton. Halesia tetraptera L. Snowdrop tree. O. S. Along streams. Ocoee Valley. March, April. M. dipterum (L.) Britton. Halesia diptera. Grounds of St. Cecilia Academy, Nashville. Cultivated. April. OLEACE Lindl. SYRINGA L. Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac. Frequently cultivated, and sometimes remaining on deserted garden plots. Native of Eu- rope. April, May. FRAXINUS L. Fraxinus Americana L. White ash. O.S. Attaining over 100 feet by 3 to 5 feet diameter. F. lanceolata Borck. F. viridis Michx. Green ash. Grow- ing to 65 feet by 3 feet diameter. Low, moist grounds. Fre- quent about Nashville. April, May. F. Pennsylvanica Marsh. F. pubescens Law. Swamps and low grounds. O.S. April, May. F. quadrangulata Michx. Blue ash. Large tree, attaining sometimes I10 feet by 3 feet diameter. O.S. March, April. F. Americana var. microcarpa A. Gray. Frequent in the 136 TENNESSEE FLORA. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. Is a hybrid between F. Amer- icana and viridis. Its copious seeds are sterile. March, April. ADELIA P. Br. (Forestiera Poir.) Adelia acuminata Michx. Forestiera acuminata Poir. At the water’s edge of Cumberland River and its tributaries. March, April. A. ligustrina Michx. Forestiera ligustrina Poir. A shrub characteristic of the cedar glades of M. Tenn. July. Fruit in October. LIGUSTRUM L. Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Used for hedges. Native of Europe, but well naturalized and producing perfect fruits. June, July. LOGANIACE Dumort. GELSEMIUM Juss. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Yellow jessamine. Lookout Mt. Frequent in the southern part of M. Tenn. March-October. SPIGELIA L. Spigelia Marylandica L. Pink root. O.S. May, June. CYNOCTONUM J.G. Gmelin. (Mitreola R. Br.) Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton. Mitreola petiolata T. & Gray. Mitrewood. Near Kingston Springs. J. M. Bain. June-September. POLYPREMUM L. Polypremum procumbens L. Sandy soil. Scatteringly O. S. May-September. . GENTIANACE-4#% Dumort. SABBATIA Adans. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) Torr. & Gray. Elizabethtown, E. Tenn. May-September. S. angustifolia (Michx.) Britton. S. brachiata Ell. Cen- tury. Barrens. O.S. June, July. WM. S. angularis (L..) Pursh. Rose pink. Pastures in rich soil. OS! July, August: 1. S. campanulata (L.) Torr. S. gracilis Pursh. Slender marsh pink. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. J. TENNESSEE FLORA. 137 GENTIANA L. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff gentian. Frog Mts., Polk County. Hills around the copper mines. August, September. G. Saponaria L. Soapwort gentian. Moist thickets in the highlands. September, October. M. G. Andrewsii Griesebach. Closed gentian. Highlands. South Tunnel. August, September. G. villosa L. G. ochroleuca Freehl. Stringed gentian. Bar- fens. ©.S. September, October. MU. FRASERA Walt. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. Barrens. O.S. June-August. WM. OBOLARIA L. _ Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort. Moist, rich woodlands. O.S. Paradise Ridge. -Sequatchie Valley. BARTONIA Miihlb. Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S. P. B. tenella Willd. Moun- tain bogs. Sewanee. July-September. MENYANTHACE. G. Don. LIMNANTHEMUM 5S. G. Gmelin. Limnanthemum lacunosum Griesb. Floating heart. Cy- pressswamps. W.Tenn. July, August. APOCGY NACE ANtandl: . AMSONIA Walt. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. A. Tabernzmontana Walt. Including A. latifolia Michx. and A. salicifolia Pursh. OFS. In moist-soil.', May,,June: VINCA L. Vinca minor [.. Periwinkle. On all old graveyards. Ma- tures and propagates from seed. Introduced from Europe. March-May. APOCYNUM L. Apocynum androsemifolium L. Spreading dogbane. O.S. July, August. M. . A.cannabinum L. Indian hemp. O.S. June-August. WM. 138 TENNESSEE FLORA. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. Trachelospermum difforme (\Walt.) A. Gray. Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Haywood County, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. ASCLEPIADACES Lindl. ASCLEPIAS L. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly weed. Pleuresy root. Fields and pastures. O.S.. June, July. WU. A. purpurascens L. Purple milk weed. Edges of woods and fields. O.S. June, July. A. inearnata J... :-Swamip walk) weed... Swamps... ‘O)4S: June, July. A.incarnata L. Var. longifolia Gray. Swamps along Cum- berland River. WM. A. obtusifolia Michx. Ocoee District. Rugby. Mrs. Per- cival. June, July. A. exaltata (L.) Miihl. A. phytolaccoidea Pursh. Mts. of Eedienn’, july. A. variegata L. White milk weed. Dry uplands, Nash- wille.. Ei Denn. June, Luly, A. quadrifolia Jacq. Oak barrens of M.Tenn. June, July. A: Synriaca lL. Silk weed. “A; ‘Cornutt “Decaisne. "OS: July. M. A. perennis Walt. Bottoms, W. Tenn., at Henderson. S. M. Bain. May-August. A. verticillata L. Whorled milk weed. Frequent in the cedar glades. July. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray. Cedar glades. In dry, open places. May-July. ACERATES Ell. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Cedar glades, Lavergne. June, July. A. longifolia Ell. A. Floridana Hitch. Barrens at Tulla- homa. July, August. AMPELANUS Raf. (Britton Enslenia Nutt.) Ampelanus albidus Nutt. Britton Enslenia albida Nutt. Sand vine. Thickets and along river banks. O.S. July. VINCETOXICUM Walter. (Gonolobus Michx.) Vincetoxicum gonocarpon Walt. Gonolobus levis var. mac- rophyllus A. Gray. G.macrophyllus Michx. O.S. July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 139 V. hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. G. hirsutus Michx. Thick- ets along Cumberland River and Stoner’s Creek. June, July. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Gonolobus obliquus R. Br. Copses around Nashville. V. Carclinense (Jacq.) Britton. Gonolobus Carolinensis R. Br. Vicinity of Nashville. May, June. V. Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Gonolobus Shortii A. Gray. Mebenn, July: CONVOLVULACE Vent. EVOLVULUS L. Evolvulvus pilosus Nutt. E. argenteus Pursh. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May-July. QUAMOCLIT Mench. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Ipomaea Quamoclit. L. Cypress vine. Immigrant from S. America. Frequent in cornfields and in gardens. July-October. IPOMGA L. Ipomeea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild potato vine. Man of the earth. Drysoil. Along hedges. May-September. WM. I. lacunosa L. Small-tlowered white morning-glory. Moist soil, ©. S._..july-September. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. .Adventive from tropical S. America. Frequent in cultivation, and naturalized. O.S. July-October. I. hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved morning-glory. Fields and waste places. ©.S. June-October. I. Batatas Lam. [Patatas edulis Chois. Sweet potato. Na- tive of S. America. In cultivation only. CONVOLVULUS L. Convolvulus sepium L. Great bind weed. Fields and thick- ets. O.S. June-August. C. repens L. C. sepium var. repens Gray. Old fields. South fork of Holston River. J. K. Small. July, August. C. spithameus L. Calystegia spithamea Pursh. Dry, rocky woods. Frequent in the Alleghanies. July-September. C. arvensis L. Small bind weed. Grass plots in the city of Nashville, Normal College grounds. June-August. CUSCUTACEA Dumort. CUSCUTA L. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field dodder. Near Nashville, on ambrosia. July, August. 140 TENNESSEE FLORA. C. chlorocarpa Engelm. A. Gray. On polygonums and other herbs. O.S. July-September. C. indecora Choisy. C. decora Engelm. On solidago and asters. Nashville. Knoxville. C. tenuiflora Engelm. Big Frog Mt. E. Tenn. July. C. Gronovii Willd. On shrubs and herbs. O.S. August, September. C. rostrata Shuttlew. Summit of Thunderhead, on solidago glomerata. July. C. compacta Juss. On eupatorium and other herbaceous plants. Paradise Ridge. Sumner County. August, Septem- ber. C. paradoxa Raf. C. glomerata Choisy. Low bushes, high- Jands, Sumner County. July. C. obtusiflora H. B. K. Var. glandulosa Engelm. On bushes and herbaceous plants. Frequent about Nashville. July, August. POLEMONTIACEA® DC. PHLOX L. Phlox paniculata [.. Garden phlox. Rich, moist wood- lands. O.S. July-September. : P. maculata L. Wild sweet William. With the former. Very common in the Alleghanies. July-September. P. glaberrima L. Mts. of E. Venn. Highlands of M. Tenn. P. glaberrima L. Var. suffruticosa Gray. Banks of Cum- berland River at Rising Sun Bluff. July. P. pilosa L. Var. detonsa Gray. Cliffs on Cumberland River above Nashville. June. . P.ameena Sims. Mts. of E. Tenn. and highlands of M. Tenn. Mitchellville, Sumner County. April-June. P.divaricata L. ©.S5),Apml, May, P) reptans Michx, “Marion; S: W.Va. 7J. K: Small. Duck town, Polk County. April, May. P. bifida Beck. Dry ground. Indiana-Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. P. Stellaria A. Gray. Cedar glades, Lavergne. April. P. ovata L. P. Carolina L. South Tunnel, Robertson County. June. P. subulata L. Moss pink. Kate’s Mt., S. W. Va., near Tennessee border. J. K. Small. June. ° GILIA*R, & T: Gilia coronopifolia Pers. ‘Standing cypress. Red knobs. McMinn County, E. Tenn. Perhaps strayed from cultivation. July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 141 POLEMONIUM L. Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian. Moist woods. Os: April, May. BY DROPHY LLACE AS) Lindi: HYDROPHYLLUM L. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. Virginia water leaf. Duck- town, Polk County. June. H. macrophyllum Nutt. Damp woods. South Tunnel, Sumner County. June. H. appendiculatum Michx. Frequent in vicinity of Nash- ville. June. H.Canadense L. Mts. of E. Tenn. June, July. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) T.& M. Copses and ravines. M. Tenn. Frequent around Nashville. Grounds of Vander- bilt University. March, April. ek PHACELIA Juss. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Moist thickets. O.S. April, May. P. dubia (L.) Small. P. parviflora Pursh. Rocky glades. Vicinity of Nashville. April-June. P. hirsuta Nutt. On dry ground. Frequent around Nash- ville. March, April. P. Purshii Buckl. Very frequent in the glades of M. Tenn. April, May. P. fimbriata Michx. Mts. of E. Tenn. White Top Mt., S. NVM Ke Smaialli'” May) Pune.’ P. Bicknellii J. K. Small. Collected by Mr. Bicknell near city of Nashville; 1894. Is perhaps same as I have taken to be P. hirsuta Nutt. . NAMA L. (Hyrolea L.) Nama affinis (A. Gray). Kuntze. Hollow Rock, W. Tenn. Augtest. BORAGINACEA® Lindl. HELIOTROPIUM L. Heliotropium tenelium (Nutt.) Torr. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. Verycopious. July. H.Indicum L. Low, wet grounds. O.S. May-July. H. anchusefolium Poir. Introduced and spreading in the grounds of Dr. Cheatham, now Belmont. June. 142 TENNESSEE FLORA. CYNOGLOSSUM L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound’s tongue. Waste grounds. ~O.S. April, May. C. Virginicum L. Wild gomfrey. Woods. O. S. April, May. LAPPULA Meench. (Echinospermum Sw.) Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Burseed. Naturalized from Europe. Waste places. Johnsonville. May-September. L. Virginiana (L.) Greene. Echinospermum Virginianum Lehm. Beggar’s ticks. Woods. O.S. June, July. MERTENSIA Roth. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Pulmonaria Virginica L. Lungwort. Rich woodlands. O.S. March, April. MYOSOTIS L. Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. Forget-me-not. Hampton, E. Tenn. May. M. laxa Lehm. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May, June. M. Virginica (L.) B.S. P. M. Verna Nutt. Early scorpion grass. Dry hills.. O.S. March, April. LITHOSPERMUM L. Lithospermum arvense L. Corn gromwell. Waste places. Ose Apsil: L. officinale L. Gromwell. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May. L. latifolium Michx. American gromwell. Highlands. In damp woods. South Tunnel, Sumner County. May, June. L. canescens Lehm. Hoary raccoon. Glades of M. Tenn. June, July. L. angustifolium Michx. W.Tenn., near Hickman. June. L. tuberosum Rugel. Dry ridges near Knoxville. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Onosmodium Carolinianum DC. False gromwell. Banks of Holston River, below the Falls. J. K. Small. May-July. O. molle Michx. Abundant in the glades of M.Tenn. April, May. SYMPHYTUM L. Symphytum officinale L. Gomfrey. Old settlements in the mountains of E. Tenn. May, June. TENNESSEE FLORA. « 143 BORAGO L. Borago officinalis L. Borage. Escaped from gardens. E. Penn. June. ECHIUM L. Echium vulgare L. Vipers Bugloss. Upper E. Tenn. May, June. VERBENACE4 J. St. Hil. VERBENA L. Verbena officinalis L. Vervain. Roadsides and old fields. Naturalized from Europe. E. Tenn. June-September. V. urticaefolia L. Pastures and roadsides. O.S. August, September. V.hastataL. Waste ground. O.S. July-September. V. angustifolia Michx. Dry limestone soils. O. S. July- September. V. stricta Vent. W.Tenn. June-September. V. bracteosa Michx. Roadsides, around dwellings. O. S. June, July. iveeCanadensis (lk.). Britton. .V..Aubletia Jacq..Cedar elades. May-July. V. riparia Raf. Small & Heller. V-. urticaefolia var. riparia. Britton. Banks of Staley Creek, at Marion; banks of Cedar Greek,S. W.Va... J..K: Small. LIPPIA 1. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog fruit. Moist soil. O. S. August, September. CALLICARPA L. Callicarpa Americana L. French mulberry. Limestone re- gions of M. Tenn. June, July. _LABIATAS B. Juss. TEUCRIUM L. Teucrium Canadense L. American Germander. Moist thickets. August, September. WM. ISANTHUS Michx. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B. S. P.. I. coeruleus Michx. Rocky slopes of limestone regions of M. Tenn. July-Septem- ber. TRICHOSTEMA L. Trichostema dichotomum L. Bluecurls. Sandy fields. O. S. July, August. 144 7 TENNESSEE FLORA. SCUTELLARIA L. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog scullcap. Moist wood- lands. O.S. July-September. WM. S. serrata And. Wood. M. Tenn. Cumberland Mts. R. M. Middleton. May, June. S. incana Miihl. S. canescens Nutt. Hills near Nashville. Craggy Hope, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. June-August. S. cordifolia Miihl. S. versicolor Nutt. Hills near Nash- ville. June, July. S. cordifolia var. bracteata Benth. Bluffs on Mill Creek, near Nashville. July. S. pilosa Michx. Hills near Nashville. E. Tenn. July, August. S. pilosa hirsuta (Short) A. Gray. South Tunnel, Sumner County. July. S. integrifolia L. Highlands. Cumberland Mts. May, June. S. integrifolia var. major Chap. Parksville, E. Tenn. S. parvula Michx. Cedar glades. May. S. campestris Britton. S. parvula var. mollis A. Gray. Glades. Baine. S. saxatilis Riddel. Chilhowee Mts., E. Tenn. May-July. S. galericulata L. Mts.of E. Tenn. Ducktown. June-Sep- tember. S. nervosa Pursh. Swampy woodlands. Sumner County. July. S. venosa T. H. Kearney. Bull. September, 1897. Bluff Mi. Penn: MARRUBIUM L. Marrubium vulgare L. White hoarhound. Waste places. Naturalized from Europe. July. WM. AGASTACHE Clayt. (Lophanthus Benth.) Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Catnip. Giant hysop. Woods and thickets. M. Tenn. July-September. A. scrophulariefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Lophanthus scroph- ularizfolia Benth. High mountains of E. Tenn. July. MEEHANIA Britt. (Cedronella Benth.) Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Cedronella_ cordata Zenth. Highlands of M. Tenn. May-July. TENNESSEE? FLORA. 145 NEPETA L. Nepeta Cataria L. Catnip. Waste places. Naturalized from Europe. July-November. WM. GLECHOMA L. Glechoma hederacea L. Ground ivy. Shaded, moist grounds. O.S.March-May. WM. PRUNELLA L. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Fields and roadsides. O. S. July-September. WM. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Physostegia Virginiana (L.) Benth. False dragon head. Barrens. ©. 5S. July, SYNANDRA Nutt. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Moist woods. John Overton’s place, near Nashville. March, April. GALEOPSIS L. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp nettle. Lemon’s Gap, E. enney A. Ruth. j LEONURUS L. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. Waste places. O. S. June-September. M. LAMIUM L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. Weed in fields and gar- dens. ©O.S. February, March. L. purpureum L. Red dead nettle. Knoxville. A. Ruth. L. maculatum L. Spotted dead nettle. Troutdale, W. Va. J. K. Small. STACHYS L. Stachys aspera Michx. Hedge nettle. Moist woodlands. O25.) jive, Ta S. tenuifolia Willd. S. aspera xar. glabra Gray. Banks of Cumberland River, above Nashville. May, June. S. cordata Riddel. Rich hillsides in the Harpeth hills, near Nashville. July. BETONICA L. Betonica officinalis L. Stachys Betonica Benth. Betony. Adventitious in cultivated grounds in Nashville. July-Sep- tember. M. 146 TENNESSEE FLORA. SALVIA L. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved sage. Copses. O.S. April, May. S. urticefolia L. Woods. O.S. April-June. S. officinalis L. Sage. Cultivatedonly. WM. MONARDA L. Monarda didyma L. Oswegotea. Wet places in the higher mountains of E. Tenn. July. M. Clinopodia L. Mts. of E. Tenn. June-August. M. fistulosa L. Wild bergamot. O.S. June-September. M. fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Nashville. June-August. M. M. Bradburiana Bick. Highlands of M. Tenn. June, July. M. punctata L. Horse mint. Memphis. Dr. Egeling. M. M. citriodora Cero. Lemon horse mint. Montgomery Bell Academy grounds, Nashville. June, July. BLEPHILIA Raf. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Dry soil. O.S. July. B. hirsuta (Pursh.) Torr. Shady grounds along Cumber land River, near Nashville. June-September. HEDEOMA Pers. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American pennyroyal. O.S. June-September. JW. MELISSA L. Melissa officinalis L. Balm. Cultivated, and escaped from gardens. June. M. CLINOPODIUM L. (Calamintha Mench.) Clinopodium vulgare L. Calamintha Clinopodium Benth. Wild Basil. Knoxville. A. Ruth. WM. C. Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Calamintha Nepeta Link. Basil Thyme. Dry, rocky grounds. Frequent around Nashville. E. Tenn. July-September. C. glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Calamintha glabella var. Nut- tallii A. Gray. Abounds in the cedar glades. May, June. C. glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. Calamintha glabella Benth. River banks of Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. ORIGANUM L. Origanum Majorana L. Cultivated majoran. June, July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 147 KQ@LLIA Mench. (Pycnanthemum Michx.) Keellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Pycnanth. linifolium Pursh. Mountain mint. Siliceous and argillaceous soils. O. S. June, July. M. K. Virginica MacM. P. lanceolatum Pursh. O. S. Au- gust, September. K. pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. P. muticum var. pilosum Gray. Dickson County. July. K. verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. P. Torreyi Benth. 5S. W. Va., near Tennessee line. July-September. K. clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. P. clinopodioides T. eG Tenn. Fide’A. Gray: K. incana (L.) Kuntze. Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. O.S. August-October. K. pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. P. Tullia Benth. Hills west of Nashville. June, July. K. albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze. P. albescens T. & G. Parksville, E. Tenn. Also hilltops near Nashville. July-Sep- tember. K. mutica (Michx.) Britton. P. muticum Pers. Oak bar- rens of Tullahoma. Very abundant. July, August. K. montana (Michx.) Kuntze. P.montanum Michx. Big Frog Mt. Clingman Dome. THYMUS L. Thymus vulgaris L. Sweet thyme. Cultivated only. WM. SATUREIA L. Satureia hortensis L. Summer savory. Cultivated. WM. LYCOPUS L. Lycopus Virginicus L. Bugle weed. Ponds and ditches. O. S. August, September. L. rubellus Meench. Stalked water hoarhound. Swamps. O. S. July-October. L. Americanus Miihl. Cut-leaved water hoarhound. Wet soil. O.S. July-October. MENTHA L. Mentha spicata L. M. viridis L. Spearmint. Introduced. Wet grounds. O.S. July. WM. M. Piperita L. Peppermint. Introduced. July-Septem- ber. WM. M. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved mint. South fork of Hol- ston Riversn-j: K.Smatll) July. 148 TENNESSEE FLORA. M. aquatica L. Water mint. Knoxville. A. Ruth. Au- gust-October. M. arvensis L. Field mint. Waste places. Introduced. July-September. M. sativa L. Whorled mint. Knoxville. A. Ruth. Sep- tember, October. M. Canadensis L. American wild mint. Margin of ponds. O.S. July-October. COLLINSONIA L. Collinsonia Canadensis L. Horse balm. Rich woodlands. Frequent in E. Tenn. July-October. WM. C. punctata Ell. Cumberland Mts. Harpeth hills, along Hillsboro Pike. July. C. verticillata Baldw. Lookout Mt. W.M. Canby. Knox and Loudon Counties. A. Ruth. M. PERILLA Ard. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. P. ocymoides L. Native of India. Spreading in M. Tenn. Growing in old farm lands in big patches. July-October. SOLANACE Pers. PHYSALODES Behm. (Nicandra Adans.) Physalodes Physalodes (L.) Britton. Nicandra Physa- lodes Geertn. Apple of Peru. In clearings, or a weed in gar- dens or fields. O.S. July-September. PHYSALIS L. Physalis pubescens L. Sandy soil. Ground cherry. O.S. July-September. P. angulata L. Copses, in rich soil. O.S. July-Septem- ber. P. Philadelphica Lam. Fields and gardens. O.S. July. P. lanceolata Michx. Prairie ground cherry. Uplands. Cumberland Mts. July, Atugust. P. Virginiana Mill. Cedar glades and woods. O.S. July- September. SOLANUM L. Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade. Waste ground. ©. S. July-October. M. S. Carolinense L. Horse nettle. Fields and waste grounds. ©.S. May-September. M. S. rostratum Dunal. Sand bur. Adventive from the West. TENNESSEE F'LORA. 149 The original food of the potato bug. Nashville and vicinity. July-August. S. Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Bittersweet. Rare as a spontaneous growth. Near dwellings. O. S. June-Septem- ber 1. S. tuberosum L. Potato. In cultivation only. It grows to perfection on the high mountains of E. Tenn. (Big Frog Mt.), where it also matures its seeds. S. Melongena L. Eggplant. In cultivation only. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon. Solanum Lycopersicon L. Tomato. Sometimes escaped. Largely cultivated. LYCIUM L. Lycium vulgare Dunal. Matrimony vine. Roadsides and waste grounds. ©O.S. Introduced from Europe. May, June. DATURA L. Datura Stramonium L. Thorn apple. Jamestown weed. Was. june-September. ‘1. D. Tatula L. Purplethornapple. Withthe former. O. S. June-September. WM. NICOTIANA L. Nicotiana Tabacum L. Tobacco. Universally cultivated in several varieties. The finest qualities are grown in the moun- tain plateaus of E. Tenn. and North Carolina. PETUNIA Juss. Petunia violacea Lindl. Escaped from gardens into waste places. July. CAPSICUM L. Capsicum annuum L. Red pepper. Spanish pepper. Chile pepper. WV. C. fastigiatum L. Bird pepper. Fruit in shape of a cock’s spur. Used in pickles. C. frutescens L. Cayenne pepper. Pods shaped like the last, but larger. Preferred for medicinal purposes. M. C. grossum W.. Bell pepper. Pods large and less pungent. All these varieties occur under cultivation only. SCROPHULARIACE At, Lindl. VERBASCUM L. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great mullen. O. S. June-Sep- tember. M. 150 TENNESSEE FLORA. V. Blattaria L. Moth mullen. Waste places. O. S. June-November. LINARIA Juss. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. lLinaria vulgaris Mill. But- ter and eggs. Fields and fence rows. O.S. June, July. M. L. Canadensis (L.) Dumort. Wild toad flax. Lookout Mt. On summit. May-September. SCROPHULARIA L. Scrophuiaria Marylandica L. Figwort. Wood and thick- ese (OSS: June; July.~ oat CHELONE L. Chelone glabra L. Turtle head. Swamps. O. S. July- August. MW. C. Lyoni Pursh. Mountain bogs in the Alleghanies. July- September. PENTSTEMON Soland. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy beard tongue. Dry woods and thickets. O.S. May-July. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Glades. July, August. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. P. levigatus Solander. Woods and thickets. M. Tenn. June, July. P. canescens Britton. Slope of Kate’s Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. May, June. P. Smallii Heller. Frequent in the glades around Nash- ville) Knoxville. - F. LicSeribner: P. calycosus J. K. Small. Bluffs. Tennessee. Bulletin Bot. Club. September, 1808. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. P. imperialis Sieb. & Zuce. Ornamental tree from Japan. Matures its seeds, and is sometimes found in the open country. May-July. MIMULUS L. Mimulus ringens L. Monkey flower. Wet ground. O. S. June-September. M. alatus Soland. Ponds and ditches. O. S. June-Sep- tember. CONOBEA Aubl. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. Sandy soil, along streams. Common in M. Tenn. June-September. TENNESSEE F'LORA. 151 MONNIERA P. Br. (Herpestis Geert.) Monniera acuminata (Walt.) Kuntze. Herpestis nigres- cens Benth. Moist places in the barrens of M. Tenn. June- September. M. rotundifolia Michx. Hedge hyssop. Ponds along Cum- berland River. June-September. GRATIOLA. L. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy hedge hyssop. Miry places. O. S. May-August. G. sphezrocarpa Ell. White Cliff Springs, E. Tenn. L. Scribner. G. Floridana Nutt. E. Tenn. Nashville, on the site of the old waterworks. April, May. G. ramosa Walt. Wet lands in the oak barrens at Tulla- homa. June, July. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. Wet ground. False pimpernel. O.S. I. attenuata Small. Same range with the former. April, May. I. refracta Benth. Ducktown, E. Tenn. May, June. VERONICA L. Veronica Americana Schwein. American brooklime. Along water courses. ©. S. April-September. V. officinalis L. Common speedwell. Jonesboro, E. Tenn. A. Ruth. May. V. serpyllifolia L. Weed in fields and gardens. O. S. April, May. V. peregrina L. Weed in cultivated ground. O.S. April, May. V. arvensis L. Weed among the grass in pastures. Nat- uralized from Europe. March-May. LEPTANDRA Nutt. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Veronica Virginica L. Culvers root. Mountains and highlands. O. S. June-Sep- tember. BUCHNERA L. Buchnera Americana L. Blue hearts. Oak barrens, M. Tenn. June-September. 152 TENNESSEE FLORA. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. (Seymeria Pursh.) Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Mullen fox glove. Rich, alluvial soil. Nashville. July. A. tenuifolia (Pursh.) Kuntze. Copses near Cleveland, E. Tenn. DASYSTOMA Raf. (Gerardia L.) Dasystoma Pedicularia (L.) Benth. False fox glove. Sili- ceous soil. ©O.S. D. Pedicularia var. pectinata Nutt. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. July, August. D. flava (L.) Wood. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. and barrens of M, Tenn... July. D. grandiflora (Benth.) Wood. Dry woods. E. Tenn. July, August. Dp levigata Rat. (PhicketS. (O%S.”” July-August D. Virginica (L.) Britton. D. quercifolia Benth. Harpeth hills, Davidson County. July, August. D. patula Chapm. Bluffs of Cumberland River at Nashville. July, August. GERARDIA L. Gerardia purpurea L. In siliceous soils. O.S. July-Sep- tember. G. tenuifolia Vahl. Harpeth hills. July-September. G. tenuifolia asperula A. Gray. Greenbrier, Robertson County. July-September. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Castilleja coccinea (S.) Sprengel. Painted cup. Bradley County, east of Cleveland. Dickson County. April, May. SCHWALBEA L. Schwalbea Americana L. Chaff seed. Tullahoma. June. PEDICULARIS L. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Lausewort. Dry woodlands. OS” April-june, MELAMPYRUM L. Melampyrum lineare Lam. M. Americanum Michx. Cow wheat. Wolf Creek, E. Tenn. T. H. Kearney. May-July. M. latifolium Miihl. Thunderhead Mt., near summit. July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 153 LENTIBULARIACE® Lindl. UTRICULARIA L. Utricularia inflata Walt. Bladderwort. Jackson. S. M. Bain. U. gibba L. Bogson summit of Lookout Mt. U. biflora Lam. Swamps near Hollow Rock. July. OROBANCHACE2® Lindl. THALESIA Raf. (Aphyllon A. Gray.) Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. Aphyllon uniflorum T. & G. One-flowered broomrape. In leaf mold. Parasitic on herbs. April-June. OROBANCHE L. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Aphyllon Ludovicianum A. Gray, Knoxville. Fy L. Scribner. June-August. CONOPHOLIS Walt. Conopholis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw root. Damp woads! ’-©.'S. June: LEPTAMNIUM Raf. (Epiphegus Karst.) Leptamnium Virginicum (L.) Raf. Epiphegus Virginianus Bart. Parasitic on the roots of beech trees. August-October. M. BIGNONIACE Pers. BIGNONIA L. Bignonia crucigera L. B. capreolata L. Cross vine. Climbing high, fastening itself on the bark of trees. April- June. TECOMA Juss. Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. Trumpet flower. Climbing or spreading over the fields. July-September. WM. CATALPA Scop. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Frequent in M. Tenn. June, July. WM. C. speciosa Warder. Frequent in E. Tenn. June, July. 154 TENNESSEE FLORA. MARTYNIACEA Link. MARTYNIA L. , Martynia Louisiana Will. \‘’artynia proboscoidea Glox.. Waste places. O.S. July-September. ACANTHACEZ J. St. Hil. RUELLIA L. Ruellia strepens L. Dry soil. O.S. May-July. R. ciliosa Pursh. Barrens. O.S. May-July. DIANTHERA L. Dianthera Americana L. Water and wet grounds. May- August. D. humilis Engelm & Gray. Madison County. S. M. Bain. GZETESIA Gray. Geetesia lete-virens Gray. Lookout Mt., E. Tenn. July. DIAPEDIUM Konig. (Dicliptera Juss.) Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh.) Kuntze. Dicliptera brach- iata Sprengel. Damp woodlands. Nashville. July-October. PHRYMACE Schauer. PHRYMA L. Phryma leptosyachya L. Lopseed. Woods and thickets. O.S. June-August. PLANTAGINACE/A Lindl. PLANTAGO L. Plantago major L. Common plantain. Waste grounds. In cities. Not frequent, like the next. May-September. P. Rugelii DC. Very common, and easily distinguished by its very slender spikes. O.S. June-September. P. lanceolata L. Rib grass. Obnoxious intruder into mead- ows. O.S. April-June. P. cordata Lam. Water plantain. Swamps, W. Tenn. Falls of Holston River, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. P. aristata Michx. P. Patagonica aristata Gray. Dry, sandy soils. Tullahoma. Dickson County. May-October. P. Virginica L. O.S. March-May. P. elongata Pursh. P. pusilla Nutt. Mitchellville. April, May. P. heterophylla Nutt. Barrens. O.S. April-July. TENNESSEE FLORA. 155 RUBIACE B. Juss. HOUSTONIA L. Houstonia cocerulea L. Bluet. Moist, open ground. O.S. April-June. H. serpyllifolia Michx. Covering the ground on the high summits of the Alleghanies. May. H. minor (Michx.) J‘ritton. H. patens Ell. Cedar glades. March, April. H. minima Beck. 1|.noxville. Fort Saunders. A. Ruth. March, April. H. purpurea L. Oldenlandia purpurea A. Gray. O.S. H. purpurea var. pubescens Britton. With the former. H. purpurea var. calycosa. Similar localities with the for- mer. May-September. H. tenuifolia Nutt. Throughout the mountains of E. Tenn. Wolf Creek. August, September. H. angustifolia \Michx. Copiously in the cedar glades. Bluffs of Cumberland River, at Nashville. May-July. OLDENLANDIA L. Oldenlandia Boscii Chapm. Ditches along railroad at Tul- lahoma. CEPHALANTHUS L. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button bush. Swamps and wet ground. O.S. June-September. WM. MITCHELLA L. Mitchella repens J. Partridge berry. Woods. O. S. April-June. JM. SPERMACOCE L. Spermacoce glabra L. Smooth button weed. Wet soil. O.S. June-September. DIODIA L. Diodia teres Walt. Old fields’ O.S. July-September. D. Virginiana L. Wet lands, covering fields. June-Au- gust. GALIUM L. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Fence rows and- shady grounds. O.S. April, May. WM. G. virgatum Nutt. Dry ground in the cedar glades at La- vergne. Knoxville. A. Ruth. April-June. G. Parisiense L. G.anglicum Huds. Knoxville. A. Ruth. 156 TENNESSEE FLORA. Along north fork of Holston River, S. W. Va. J. K. Small. June-August. G. pilosum Ait. Hairy bedstraw. Common. O.S. June- August. G. pilosum puncticulosum T. & G. Near Lynchburg, S. W. Nas. jo KeSmall: G. lanceolatum Torr. E.Fenn. “Siw Va: “js kt Sunrall: G. circezans Michx. Wild liquorice. Dry woods. O. S. May-July. G. triflorum Michx. Fragrant bedstraw. Cedar glades and dry wocds. O.S. June. G. latifolium Michx. High mountains of E. Tenn. July, August. G. latifolium var. hispidulum Small. Spurs of Iron Mt. G. Arkansanum Gray. Johnsonville, W. Tenn. June, July. G. tinctorium L. Tennessee. Fide Illustrated Flora. G. trifidum L. Swampy meadows. O.S. June-August. CAPRIFOLIACEA Vent. SAMBUCUS L. Sambucus Canadensis L. American elder. O. S. June, July. S. pubens L. Mountain elder. Alleghanies. April, May. VIBURNUM L. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. V. lantanoides Michx. Hob- ble bush. Mts. of E. Tenn. Summit of Thunderhead, Blount County. May, June. V. Opulus L. Cranberry tree. The variety floridum only, with all flowers sterile. Frequently planted shrub in gardens. Sometimes found in derelicted places. V.acerifolium L. Maple-leaved arrow wood. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May, June. V. dentatum L. Arrow wood. Peak Mt., S. W. Va. J. K. Small. s V. cassinoides L. Beersheba Springs, Cumberland Mts. M. B. Howell. May, June. V. nudum L. White rod. Swampy lands in the oak bar- rens, Cumberland Plateau. May, June. V. prunifolium L. Black haw. Cumberland Mts. E. Tenn. April-June. V. rufo-tomentosum Small. V. prunifolium var. ferugineum T.&G. Frequent in the vicinity of Nashville. April, May. TRIOSTEUM L. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Horse gentian. Foot of Cum- TENNESSEE FLORA. 157 berland Mts., at Cowan. Bluffs of Cumberland River. May- July. T. angustifolium L. Parksville, E. Tenn. Knoxville. A. Ruth. May-July. SYMPHORICARPUS Juss. Symphoricarpus racemosus Michx. Snowberry. Along Holston River. J. K. Small. June-September. S. Symphoricarpus (L.) Michx. S. vulgaris Michx. Coral berry. Indian currant. Abundant in M. Tenn. LONICERA L. Henicera dioica, LL. L. glauca Hill, L. parviflora dLam. Glaucous honeysuckle. Cliffs, north of Bristol. J. K. Sntall. Bits, of E.. Tenn. L. Sullivantii Gray. Woodlands. O.S. May, June. fi ilava Sims: ,,E. Tenn, April, May. L. sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle. Frequent in the cedar glades of M. Tenn. June, July. L. Japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle. Naturalized from E. Asia. Banks of Cumberland River, above and below Nashville. June-August. DIERVILLA Mench. Diervilla trifida Moench. D. Diervilla McM. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May, June. *D. rivularis Gattinger. Lula Falls, eight miles south of summit of Lookout Mt. July. Vide Bot. Gazette, July, 1888. VALERIANACE Batsch. VALERIANA L. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. American wild valerian. Moist soil. Fide Gray’s Synopt. Flora. May, June. VALERIANELLA Poll. Valerianella Locusta (L.) Bettke. V. olitoria L. Euro- pean corn salad. Cultivated and the young plants eaten as salad under the name oi “ fetticus.””. March, April. *Branchlets, nearly terate; leaves, subsessite, ovate, or oblong-lance- olate, acuminate, whitish underneath, all parts hirsutely pubescent; cymes, numerous, 3-6 flowered; corolla, slightly bilabiate, the upper three divisions in close contact, middle lobe longest, the lower lobes more spreading; calyx lobes, slender, lance-subulate; flower, larger and brighter than in susilifolia; shrub 3 to 5 feet high, near the edge of a stream. & 158 TENNESSEE FLORA. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Lamb’s lettuce. Glades and copses. M. Tenn. March, Apri). . V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walpers. Moist ground. O. S. March, April. V. Woodsiana var. umbilicata Gray, and V. Woodsiana var. patellaria Gray. Moist places in the bar- rens. March, April. DIPSACE A Lindl. DIPSACUS L. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wald teasel. Waste places. O. S. July-September. CUCURBITACE Bernh. Juss. CUCURBITA L. Cucurbita Melopepo L. Flat squash. Cult. C. verrucosa L. Warty squash. Cult. C. maxima DC. Winter squash. Cult. C. ovifera Gray. Orange gourd squash, including the Hob- bard and the var. medullosa A. Gray. Vegetable marrow. Cult. C. Pepo and Melopepo L. Common and sugar pumpkins. All these varieties are well known to cultivators. LAGENARIA Seringe. Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe. Cururbita Lagenaria L. Bot- tle gourd. Occurs sometimes self-sown. Summers. CITRULLUS Schrad. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Watermelon. The citron is a variety with firm flesh, used for preserving. CUCUMIS L. Cucumis Melo L. Mushmelon, cantaloupe. Var. flexuosus is the serpent melon; var. Dudaim, vegetable pomegranate, also named C. odoratissimus, var. Chito, size of goose egg, also called “ vine peach.” C. sativus L. Cucumber. Cultivated in several varieties. Cult: ; C. Anguria L. Gherkin. Small, spiny, used for pickling. Cult. LUFFA Roem. Luffa cylindrica Roem. and L. angularis R. Towel gourds, dishrag. Useful as a bathing sponge. Cult. TENNESSEE FLORA. 159 MELOTHRIA L. Melothria pendula L. Creeping cucumber. Cedar glades and hillsides. O.S. July, August. MICRAMPELIS Raf. (Echinocystis T. & G.) Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Echinocystis lobata T.&G. Wild balsam apple. Tullahoma. July. SICYOS L. Sicyos angulatus L. Star cucumber. Hedges and thickets and river banks. O.S. June-September. TRIANOSPERMUM Roem. Trianospermum Boykinii. Roem. Banks of Cumberland River above Nashville. Lester F. Ward. August, September. CAMPANULACE Juss. CAMPANULA L. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Boggy laurel thickets, in sphagnum, Cumberland Mts. Sewanee. June-August. C. divaricata Michx. Bell flower. Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June-September. C. Americana L. Tall bellflower. Moist thickets. July- September. LEGOUZIA Durand. (Specularia Heist.) Legouzia biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Specularia biflora A. Gray. Pastures around Nashville. Jackson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. April-June. L. perfoliata (L.) Britton. Spectwlaria perfoliata A. DC. Venus’ looking-glass. Waste grounds. O.S. May-Septem- ber. LOBELIA L. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal flower. Moist soil. O. S. July-September. L. syphilitica L. Great lobelia. Moist soil. O.S. July- October. WM. L. puberula Michx. Highlands. O.S. August-October. L. spicata Lam. Cedar glades. E. Tenn. June-August. L. leptostachys A. DC. Moist places in the barrens. July, August. L. inflata L. Indian tobacco. Dry, argillaceous soils. O. S. August, September. WM. 160 TENNESSEE FLORA. L. Nuttallii R. & P. Mountain bogs. Sewanee. July. *L. Gattingeri Gray. Cedar glades of M. Tenn. April, May. , CICHORIACEZ Reichenb. CICHORIUM L. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. Roadsides. Waste ground. Sparingly O. S. Root substitute of coffee, shoots blanched forsalad. June, July. J. C. Endivia L. Endive. Cultivated for salad. Cult. ADOPOGON Neck. (Krigia Schreb.) Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Rich woods. ©O.S. April, May. A. Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. Krigia Dandelion Nutt. Moist woodlands. O.S. April. A. Carolinianum Walt. Krigia Virginica Willd. Cumber- land Mts. Prospect Station, Giles County. June. A. montanum (Nutt.) Krigia montana Nutt. High moun- tains of E. Tenn. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. TRAGOPOGON L. Tragopogon pratensis L. Meadow salsify. Introduced. Waste grounds near Nashville. Scarce. May, June. T. porrifolius L. Salsify. Introduced. Cultivated in truck gardens and running wild. June. Cult. TARAXACUM Hall. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion . Leonte- don Taraxacon L. Fields and waste places. O. S. April- September. WM. T. erytrospermum Andrz. With the former. In grass plots. Plant looks more delicate than the former. It is nearly as common as the former. Nashville. SONCHUS L. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sow thistle, and S. asper (L.) Allen. Waste grounds. O.S. May-Novem- ber. LACTUCA L. Lactuca Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western lettuce. Re- *N. sp.; flowers. 4 to 5 inches long, deep blue; lobes of the calyx, at- tenuate, subulate, not at all ciliate, obscurely appendaged at base only by a minute callus on each side, in fruit equaling or longer than the mature capsule (not “ shorter”), pedicels often practeolate (next to Lobelia appendiculata). TENNESSEE FLORA. 161 cently introduced in Nashville, and spreading rapidly. June, uly. ; E. Scariola L. Prickly lettuce. Waste places. Nashville, Knoxville. Naturalized from Europe. L. sativa L. Garden lettuce, descending from the former, Cultivated in many varieties. L. Canadensis L. Wild lettuce. Clearings and woodlands. 25. june. M. L. villosa Jacq. L. acuminata Gray. Blue lettuce. Thick- ets. O.S. July-September. L. Floridana (L.) Gertn. Rich woods. Q S. July-Sep- tember. L. spicata (Lam.). Hitchc. L. leucophea A. Gray. River bottoms. O.S. June-September. L. spicata integrifolia A. Gray. Highlands. June, July. L. hirsuta Miihl. Knoxville. L. T. Scribner. NOTHOCALAIS Greene. (Troximon Nutt.) Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh.) Greene. Knoxville. Ruth. ‘Troximon cuspidatum Nutt. SITILIAS Raf. (Pyrrhopappus DC.) Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Pyrrhopappus Carolin- ianus DC. East of Cleveland. Ducktown Road. April-July. HIERACIUM L. Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake weed. Dry woods. O. S. May-October. H. Marianum Willd. Maryland hawk weed. Farmer Mt., S.W.Va. J.K.Small: May-July. < H. paniculatum L. Dry 2 dtd O. S. July-Septem- er. H. scabrum Michx. Dry woods. O.S. June-September. H. longipilum Torr. W. Tenn. July. H. Gronovii L. Dry soil. Nashville. June, July. H. Scribneri. Small. Lookout Mt. Legit F. L. Scribner. Is perhaps H. Greenii. NABALUS Cass. (Prenanthes L.) Nabalus altissimus Hook. Prenanthesaltissimus L. High- lands. July-September. N. albus Hook. P. alba L. Rattlesnake root. Jackson, MWestenn: S..M: Bain: July: i: N. serpentarius (Pursh.) Hook. P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion’s foot. Barrens of Dickson County. August. WM. 6 162 TENNESSEE FLORA. N. serpentarius var. barbatus Gray. Roane Mt. Chicker- ing. Big Thunderhead. July, August. N. asper (Michx.) T..& G. Barrens. O.S.! July; Augtist. N. crepidineus (Michx.) DC. Bottoms. O.S. August. AMBROSIACE Reichb. AMBROSIA L. Ambrosia bidentata Micx. \Vaste grounds at Brownsville, W.Tenn. August. A. trifida L. . Horse weed. Along water courses. O. S. A. trifida int@grifolia T. & G. With the former. A. artemisiefolia L. Rag weed. ‘The most abundant weed in the State. August. A. psilostachya DC. Knoxville. A. Ruth. July-October. XANTHIUM L. Xanthium spinosum L. Burr weed. In towns, along rail- roadtracks, .,O85., September... 0: X. Canadense Mill. American cockleburr. O. 5S. July- October. X.strumaricum L. Waste places. Withtheformer. July- September. COMPOSIT4 Adans. VERNONIA Schreb. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L.) Willd.ffilron weed. Dry soil. O.S. July-October. V. Baldwinii Torr. W. Tenn. August. V. gigantea (Walt.) Britton. V. altissima Nutt. Tall iron weed. Moist soil. O.S. V. fasciculata Michx. With the former. O.S. July-Sep- tember. WM. ELEPHANTOPUS L. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Elephant’s foot. Dry woods. M. Tenn. August-September. M. E. tomentosus L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Au- gust-September. VV. EUPATORIUM L. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Smal. E. foeniculaceum Willd. Dog fennel. Lawrenceburg. E. Tenn. E. purpureum L. Gravel root. Moist soils. O. S. Au- gust, September. M. E. serotinum Michx. Thoroughwort. Streets of Nashville. O. S. September-November. TENNESSEE FLORA. 163 E. album L. Paradise Ridge. Robertson County. E. Tenn. August, September. E. hyssopifolium L. Knoxville. F. L. Scribner. August, September. E. semiserratum DC. Barrens at Tulahoma. Knoxville. August, September. E. altissimum L. Dry copses around Nashville. August- October. E. verbenzfolium Michx. E. tencrifolium Michx. Hamp- tom: Tenn.. A. Ruth. E. rotundifolium L. Mitchellville. Tullahoma. July, Au- ust. 3 E. pubescens Miihl. FE. roturdifoium var. ovatum Torr. Cumberland Gap. J. K. Small. July-September. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. Low grounds. O. S. July- September. WM. E. sessilifolium L. E. Tenn. A. Ruth. Middle fork of Holston River. J. K. Small. July, August. E. ageratoides L. White snake root. O.S. WM. E. aromaticum L. Barrens of Tullahoma. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August-October. E. coelestinum [.. Conoclinium coelestinum DC. Mist flower. Moist soil. Edge of ponds. O.S. August-October. KUHNIA L. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False boneset. O. S. August- October. K. glutinosa Ell. K. eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. & G. Glades around Nashville. September, October. LACINIARIA Hill. (Liatris Schreb.) Laciniaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Liatris squarrosa Willd. Scaly blazing star. Greenbrier, Robertson County. June, July. M. L. scariosa squarrulosa Small. Mts.of E. Tenn. July. J. L. spicata L. Kuntze. Liatris spicata Willd. Botton snake moot ) MM: and FE. Tenn. ,.- July. uM, L. graminifolia (Pursh.) Barrens of M. Tenn. and moun- tains of E. Tenn. July, August. L. microcephala J. K. Small. Tullahoma. With the for- mer. Vide Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., September, 1808. GRINDELIA Willd. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Cedar glades of Lavergne. July-September. J. , 164 TENNESSEE FLORA. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Golden aster. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. Ch. Mariana (L.) Nutt. Sandy soil. O.S. June, July. Ch. Ruthii Small. Hiwassee Valley. A. Ruth. SOLIDAGO L. Solidago cesia L. Blue-stemmed golden-rod. O.S. Sep- tember. S. czsia var. paniculata Gray. With the former. S. flexicaulis L. S. latifolia L. Cliffs on Richland Creek, near Nashville. Highlands.. August, September. S. Curtisii T.& G. Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. July. S. bicolor L. White golden-rod. Dry soil. August, Sep- tember. S. hispida Miihl. S. bicolor var. concolor T. & G. Siliceous soils. O.S. July, August. S. erecta Pursh. S. speciosa var. angustata. Greenbrier. Glades at Lavergne. August. S. monticola T. & G. Clingman Dome of the Smokies. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. S. puberula Nutt. Knoxville. A. Ruth. S. speciosa Nutt. Highlands of M. Tenn. Greenbier. . Au- gust-October. S. odora Ait. Barrens and highlands. O. S. July. WM. S. rugosa Willd. Along Mill Creek, Nashville. Highlands. July-October. S. ulmifolia Miihl. With the former. July. S. Boottii Hook. Smoky Mts. July. S. juncea Ait. Oak barrens and woodlands. M. Tenn. July. S. arguta Ait. Lookout Mt. Ocoee region. August, Sep- tember. S. rupestris Raf. Cliffs along Cumberland River. July, August. S. serotina Ait. S. gigantea Willd. Fields and fence rows. O.S. September, October. : S. serotina var. gigantea Gray. With the former. *S. Gattingeri Chapm. Cedar glades at Lavergne. Abun- dant around Tulahoma. August, September. *Solidago.Gattingeri Chapm. Slender, upright, 2 to 4 feet high; branches and inflorescence, perfectly smooth and glabrous; leaves, ciliolate; lower cauline and radical lanceolate-spatulate, appressed ser- rulate, obviously tripli-nerved; upper cauline mainly entire and with- out lateral ribs, oblong lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the up- per reduced to half or quarter inch, but near the inflorescence very small and bractlike; racemiform clusters of small heads open and TENNESSEE FIORA. 165 S. Canadensis L. ©O.S. Abundant. September, October. S. Canadensis procera T. & G. With the former. S. Canadensis scabriuscula T. & G. Low, wet ground. Nashville. October. S. rigida L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. S. corymbosa Ell. Bon Aqua, Dickson County. Tullahoma. July, August. S. mollis Bart. S. nemoralis A. Gray. Abundant in all glades and barrens. July-September. S. spithamea M. A. Curtis. Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. iy) 5 } S. stricta Ait. Knoxville. A. Ruth. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Solidago lanceolata L. Fragrant golden-rod. Fountain Head, Robertson County. July. BRACHYCHATA T. & G. Brachycheta sphacelata Raf. B. cordata Gray. O. S. September, October. BELLIS L. Bellis integrifolia Michx. Western daisy. Copses. O. S. April, May. BOLTONIA L’Her. Boltonia diffusa Fll. Damp, sandy soil. Tullahoma. Paradise Ridge. August-October. SERICOCARPUS Nees. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S. P. S. solidagineus Nees. Dry, argillaceous soils. O.S. June-September. S. asteroides (L.) B.S. P. S. conyzoides Nees. With the former. June-September. ASTER L.: Aster divaricatus L. D> p! TENNESSEE FLORA. 167 ERIGERON L. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. E. bellidifolius Miihl. Robin’s plantain. Siliceous or argillaceous soils. O.S. April, May. E. Philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane. Troublesome weed in meadows. April-June. J. E. annuus (L:). Pers: Sweet scabious. Dry glades. O. 5S. May, June. E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. Daisy fleabane. E. Strigosus Michl. Fields and pastures. ©. S. E. ramosus Beyrichii Smith & Pamel. W. Tenn. LEPTILON Raf. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Erigeron Canadense L. Canada fleabane. Some plants reach Io feet high; some are minute, only 1 inch high. O.S. June-November. JM. L. divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Sandy soil. M. Tenn. June-October. DC@LLINGERIA Nees. Deellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Dipiopappus umbel- latus Hlook. OS wliiba D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. Diplopoppus cornifolius Less. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. August, September. Roane hie A Ruth. July: IONACTIS Greene. , Ionactis linariifolius (1L..) Greene. Dry, siliceous, or argil- laceous soils. OS. «July. PLUCHEA Cass. Pluchea feetida L. Marsh. Fleabane. Swampy ground. O.S. July-September. ANTENNARIA Gert. Antennaria plantaginifolia L. Richards. Everlasting. Dry woods. O.S. April. A. monocephala Kearney. Knoxville. A. Ruth. GNAPHALIUM L. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. G. polycephalum Michx. Sweet everlasting. Dry, open places. O. S. August, Sep- tember. WM. G. Helleri Britt. Wolf Creek, Cocke County. September. G. decurrens Ives. Clammy everlasting. Highlands. June-August. e 168 TENNESSEE FLORA. G. uliginosum L. Bogs on Cumberland Mts. July-Sep- tember. G. purpureum L. Sandy soils. O.S. May-September. INULA L. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Sweetwater, Loudon County, E. Tenn. July. M. POLYMNIA L. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Leaf cup. Yellow bear’s foot. O. SH lye ast. 6 at: P. Canadensis L. Ravines in the Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June-September. P. Canadensis radiata A. Gray. With large three-dentate, shining white hgules. Plant not over 2 feet high. Ought to rank as a species. Fosterville, in the cedar glades. June, July. SILPHIUM L. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup plant. Brown’s Creek, near Nashville. July-September. . S. integrifolium Michx. Rosin weed. Charlotte Pike, near Nashville. July. S. trifoliatum L. Whorled rosin weed. O. S. July, Au- gust. S. Asteriscus L. Craggie Hope. Cheatham County. Par- adise Ridge. Knoxville. S. Asteriscus var. lwvicaulis DC. Tullahoma. June, July. S. laciniatum L. Compass plant. E. Tenn. July-Septem- ber. WM. *S. brachiatum Gattinger. Foot of mountains at Cowan. S. scaberrimum FIll. Barrens at Tullahoma. July. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie dock. Lavergne. June, July. S. terebinthinaceum var. pinnatifidum Gray. Same range. S. compositum Michx. Western slopes of Chilhowee Mts. and in the hills on Chestua Creek. E. Tenn. July, August. S. rumicifolium J. K. Small. Knoxville. Prof. Ruth. July- September. *S. brachiatum Gattinger. Stem, 3 to 5 feet high and very slen- der; brachiate branches, smooth, glabrous, glaucous; leaves, somewhat hispidulous-scabrous, thin; cauline, hastate or deltoid-lanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long, slightly dentate on rarely long and barely margined or naked petioles; those of the branches, small and very distant, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, entire; uppermost reduced to small bracts, heads small, half inch or so high, on long and slender peduncles; involucral bracts, ovate; rays, 6-8; akenes, ovate-orbicular, narrowly winged, with barely emarginate summit. (Bot. Gazette, IX., 192; coll., 1867.) TENNESSEE FORA. 169 CHRYSOGONUM L. Chrysogonum Virginianum L. Ducktown, Polk County. April-July. PARTHENIUM L. Parthenium integrifolium L. American fever few. Dry erounds, —©,S. July. HELIOPSIS L. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. P. H. lwvis Pers. Ox eye. Highlands of M. Tenn. and mountains of E. Tenn. Au- gust, September. H. scabra Dunal. Paradise Ridge. Knoxville. July. ZINNIA L. Zinnia pauciflora L. Escaped. Nashville. ECLIPTA L. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. FE. procumbens Michx. Moist ground ,along streams, and a weed in fields and gardens. Nat- uralized from tropical America: July-October. TETRAGONOTHECA L. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Cave Spring, Roane County. RUDBECKIA L. Rudbeckia triloba L. Cone flower. O. S. July-Septem- ber. R. subtomentosa Pursh. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. R. hitta L.. Black-eyed Susan. Barrens. O..$. August, September. R. Brittoni Small. Mts. of E. Tenn. Fide Illustrated Flora. May-July. R. fulgida Ait. Dry woods and barrens. O. S. August- October. R. spathulata Michx. Chilhowee Mts., E. Tenn. A. H. Curtiss. September. R. speciosa Wenderoth. Lavergne. Hollow Rock. Au- gust-October. R. laciniata L. Paradise Ridge. Mts. of E. Tenn. Wolf Creek. Var. humilis Gray. Is a mountain form. July-Sep- tember. J. R. bicolor Nutt. Open, dry barrens. Nashville. Bon Air. September. 170 TENNESSEE FLORA. _*R.. umbrosa n. sp. ‘CLO Boynton land C: D. Beadle, Sparta, White County. August. RATIBIDA Raf. (Lepachys Raf.) Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Bernhart. Lapachys pinnata Torr & Gray. Dry copses. O.S. June-September. R. columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Prairie cone flower, var pul- cherrima. Found near cotton compress, S. Nashville. A wail. BRAUNERIA Neck. (Echinacea Meench.) Braunneria purpurea L. Britton. Echinacea Meench. Black Sampson. M.and E. Tenn. In moist, rich soil. B. pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Echinacea angustifolia Nutt. Hills near Nashville. Flowers differ from deep purple to pure white. July-October. HELIANTHUS L. Helianthus angustifolius L. Swamp sunflower. Craggy Hope, Cheatham County, and in W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. H. annuus L. Common sunflower. Frequently escaping cultivation. July-September. H. verticillatus Small. Henderson, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. H. atrorubens Nutt. Dry woods. O.S. August-October. H. levigatus Torr & Gray. Mts. of E. Tenn. August-Oc- tober. -H. microcephalus T. & G. H. parviflérus Bernh. O. S. July-August. H. giganteus L. Knoxville. A. Ruth. August-October. H. divaricatus L. Highlands of M. Tenn. E. Tenn. July, August. H. mollis Lam. Barrens of M. Tenn. Abundant. Au- gust, September. H. decapetalus L. Highlands of M. Tenn. Mts. of, E. Tenn. August, September. . H. tracheliifolius Michx. Big Frog Mts., Polk County. July, August. H. hirsutus Raf. Barrens of M. Tenn. Abundant. July, August. H., letiflorus Pers. Brownsville, W. Tenn. August, Sep- tember. H. tomentosus Michx. Lake Otase, near* Knoxville. A. Ruth. *R. umbrosa C. L. Boynton. Related to R. speciosa Wender., dif- fering from the latter species in the broad and hairy-lipped chaff, size of flower heads, shorter and fewer rays, and in the outline of the leaves. (Biltmore Botanical Studies, Vol. I., No. 1.) TENNESSEE FLORA. 171 H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke. Rich soil. River banks. Also sometimes in cultivation. Deserves more at- tention as a foodstuff for hogs. Hard to eradicate from fields where it once has been planted. September, October. VERBESINA L. (Actinomeris Nutt.) Verbesina Virginica L. Virginia crownbeard. Limestone soils. M. Tenn. August, September. V. occidentalis (L.) Walt. Western declivities of Smoky Mis. In abundance. September. V. helianthoides Michx. Actinomeris helianthoides Nutt. Moist woods. ©.S. June, July. V. alternifolia (L.) Britton. Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Moist woods. O.S. August, September. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Helianthella tenuifolia T. & G. In big patches, two miles east of Tulahoma. July. COREOPSIS L. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. In a swamp in Ducktown, Polk County. July. C. tinctoria Nutt. (Garden tick seed. Frequently escaping cultivation. July, September. C.major Walt. C? senifolia‘Michx. Siliceous soils. -O.{S: July, August. C. major Oemleri (Ell.) Britton. C. senifolia var. stellata T.&G. Withthe former. July, August. C. delphinifolia Lam. FE. Tenn. June-September. C. verticillata L. Upper E. Tenn. June-September. C. pubescens Ell. Cumberland Mts. June-August. C. crassifolia Ait. C. lanceolata var. villosa Michx. Banks of Cumberland River at Nashville. May-September. C. auriculata L. Greenbrier, Robertson County. June. . C. grandiflora Nutt. Harpeth hills, south of Nashville. July-September. C. tripteris L. Common tick seed. Low lands and thick- gamO, 5. August, September: BIDENS L. Bidens levis (L.) B. S. P. B. chrysanthemoides Michx. Smooth marigold. Wet lands and ditches. O. S. August- November. B. cernua L. Nodding burr marigold. In water and wet lands. O.S. July-October. 172 TENNESSEE FLORA. B. connata Miihl. Swamp beggar ticks. Swamps and ditches. O.S. August-October. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Riverswamps. O.S. Au- gust, September. B. frondosa L. Beggar ticks. Moist soil. O. S. July- October. B. bipinnata L. Spanish needles. Bad weed. O.S. July- October. B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. Tick-seed sunflower. River swamps. Nashville. August, September. B. aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Var. mutica A. Gray. Jack- son, W. Tenn. S. M. Bain. GALINSOGA R. & P. Galinsoga parviflora Cay. Introduced from S$. America. Gardens near Nashville. September. MARSHALLIA Schreb. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. M. latifolia Pursh. Fountain Head. Eggert. Tullahoma. May, June. M. lanceolata Pursh. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Ege- ling. May, June. ; HELIENIUM L. Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze weed. River banks and low grounds. O.S. August-October. H. nudiflorum Nutt. Leptopoda brachypoda T. & G. Sandy, damp soils. O.S. Tullahoma. July, August. H. tenuifolium Nutt. Scatteringly O.S. August-October. H. parviflorum Nutt. Cedar glades at Lavergne. July- September. DYSODIA Cav. - Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchcock. Fetid marigold. D. chrysanthemoides Lag. Mitchellville. Abundant across State line in Kentucky. July-October. ACHILLEA L. Achillea Millefolium L. Millfoil. Yarrow. Roadsides and pastures. O.S. June-November. ANTHEMIS L. Anthemis Cotula L. May weed. Fetid chamomile. Waste eround.’ ‘QO: SS; May, June. TENNESSEE FLORA. 173 CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Ox-eye daisy. O. 5S. May-July. MATRICARIA L. Matricaria Chamomilla L. German chamomile. Formerly cultivated by early settlers as a medicinal herb, and now occa- sionally in fields. June, July. TANACETUM L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Cultivated and in waste grounds. July, August. ARTEMISIA L. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common wormwood. Rarely on waste grounds near gardens. Adventive from Europe, and frequently in gardens. July, September. A.annua L. Adventive from Asia, but widely disseminated and abundant near Nashville. September, October. A. biennis Willd. W. Tenn. Copiously on the banks of the Ohio River at Louisville. September, October. A. Mexicana Willd. W. Nashville, on open grounds. Sep- tember, October. ERECHTITES Raf. Erechtites hieracifolia R. In clearings. O.S. June, July. MESADENIA Raf. (Cacalia Nutt.) Mesadenia reniformis (Miihl.) Raf. Cacalia reniformis Mihl. Great Indian plantain. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July, August. M. atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Rich woodlands. O.S. July. M. tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. Wet places in the cedar glades. July, August. SYNOSMA Raf. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. Cacalia suaveolens L. Banks of Turnbull Creek, near Kingston Springs. July, Au- gust. SENECIO L. Senecio obovatus Miihl. Squaw weed. S. Aurens var. ob- ovatus T.& G. Moist soil. M. Tenn. April-June. S. Balsamite Miihl. S. aurens var. Balsamite T. & G. Ducktown. E. Tenn. May-July. S. Smallii Britt. Banks of Wolf Creek. E. Tenn. S. aureus L. Golden ragwort. Swamps and wet meadows. O. S. May-July. 174 TENNESSEE FLORA. S. lobatus Pers. Butter weed. Wet places. Brownsville. Lavergne. April, May. S. vulgaris L. -Knoxville. Erratic. S. Rugelia Gray. Smoky Mts. Legit Dr. Rugel. S. Earlei J. K. Small. Knoxville. Professor Ruth. May- July. ARCTIUM L. Arctium Lappa L. Burdock. Waste grounds. O. S. July, August. A. minus Sehk. Cumberland Gap. J. K. Small. ‘ CARDUUS L. Carduus lanceolatus IL... Crisium lanceolatum Scop. Com- mon thistle. O.S. July, August. C. altissimus L. Cnicus altissimus Willd. Fence rows. O.S. Not as frequent as the former. July-November. C. discolor (Miihl.) Nutt. Cnicus altissimus var. discolor. A. Gray. Banks of Cumberland River below Nashville. July-November. C. muticus (Michx.) Pers. Lookout Mt. Roane Mt. Chickering. July. MARIANA Hill. (Silybum Geert.) Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Silybum Marianum Geert. Milk thistle. Near Tracy City. Mrs. Turner. Nashville, near Chattanooga shops. June-August. ONOPORDON L. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton thistle. Dry pastures and roadsides around Nashville. July-September. CENTAUREA L. Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue bottle. Corn flower. Waste places. Escaped from cultivation. CNICUS L. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed thistle. Centaurea benedicta L. Waste ground around Livingston Hall, Nashville. Mrs. Lydia Bennett. May-August. r TENNESSER Fora. 175 ADDENDA TO SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF TENNESSEE: Crategus apiifolia Michx. Collected by T. G. Harbison at Memphis. *Juncoides bulbosum Wood. Lookout Mt. S. M. Bain. Rudbeckia monticola J. K. Small. White Cliff Springs. T. H. Kearney. Lookout Mt. H. Eggert. 7+Cornus Priceze J. K. Small. Bluffs on Cumberland River at Nashville. *Juncoides bulbosum Wood. Base of plant accompanied by bulb- lets; foliage, almost glabrous, or somewhat webby on the leaf margins and at the top of the sheaths; stems, 1-4 dm. tall; spikes, shorter than those of J. echinatum; sepals and petals, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, brownish, acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hya- line at the apex; capsule, broadly obovoid or globose-obovoid, surpass- ing the sepals or sometimes about equaling them. +Cornus Pricee. A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with red and finely-pubescent twigs; leaves, numerous; blades, elliptic to ovate-ellip- tic or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, rather leathery, usually acuminate, deep green and roughly pubescent above, pale and more copiously, but rather softly pubescent and prominently veined beneath; petioles, 1-2 cm. long, pubescent like the twigs; corymbs, 2-3 cm. broad during anthesis, 4-6 cm. broad at maturity; peduncles and pedicels, closely and harshly pubescent; sepals, triangular; corolla, white, about 7 mm. broad; petals, 4, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; filaments, slightly shorter than the petals; drupes, about 3 mm. in diameter, subglobose, white; stone, :about 2 mm. in diameter, scarcely longer than broad, faintly pitted. 176 TENNESSEE FLORA. LIST OF ORDERS—With the Number of Genera and Species, the Cultivated and Officinal. iS} a Oo | Pteridophyta Ophioglossacez..........-- 2)| 4 OSsMmiunGdacewe i... we. case 1 3 Hymenophyllacee ........ 1 1 SCHIZACACEIE cnena cess Acalypha ..... LOT Sas Acerates ..... ANeheas . o<% Achroanthes UNC UG 2 ees Aconitum >... IA COTUS’ fe isic,0 c.00 INGAAS fe brsis es=i0 NOs Sakae JNO KE Gs agi Adiantum .... PAUINCOA fa ciciers oc Adiumia ....).. PHISCUIUS cf... PET OMIA. ts ole ie,s INAV Coo. cdeieis, sire Agrimonia.... Agropyrum _Agrostema.... INSTOSEIUS :cs.0 sete ATlanthus ~ ... Alchemilla ..... PANGULIUS) iocjess eiere PAM TSTNV) cc ete sone 'o' AliOnia = 2a). wc PAMTANIMN: % ciseie PARTS ae crete tte Alopecurus PAM SINIG: Scrcte.ssece Amaranthus AM DrOSia foc... Amelanchier Ammania..... Amorpha ;...% Ampelanus Ampelopsis Amsonia’ 2... Amyegdalus Anagallis’ . SUR eaa et Pas iia WephalanehuUSiyaa-res-botere beleive sares 155 SUSMOMIAN ans ci lee savers eiete ns © TS) WN CER MAb oe, Sieinice-o bic cud.c ooo 77 TEV SUNIINE), dotolonaiginisio ciple ino pic 146 Ceratophy Mums ase. a ere 79 HIGCHIM ETI A sei5 of vaice sedate eats Zeal CeTreise ys sags oc ead de rhclets ete 102 SOOM Aas cha aaa ae oteletrciers 165" | Cherophyllum a5.5-).toe oe 128 SOAS ON eo aer cheschssey avs) cietaseroretste « 148 Chamelinions css accede 56 FOWMEOIIOUAY Sand tj dca See ete ous ote ASS I @heillanthesy so a.) 4 ee tae aes sters 30 mMrachychaeta ..j..36c000586 UGS. | ehelidoniumey ss 4.4.00 cles) tare 85 mrachyelytrum: sace.css ee AM MOHEIONGS ciao aeteic = cuereustoieicvokenone 150 SEONG UT Lar coy tk chetcueud cheter cree ons 108) (MChenopodinims 45-41-19) aero 73 SET ASCMU | cele) s\eve.ors vere) ersten <= 7} |) (Chester OMEN Sooke pooobbotlouor 131 PIRASSICA Had Vaercicise ykciaele.s sess 86 @HIOTISE cata de hoe aeneeroener « 43 FESTPANTING Tall o seei ore evo sie satle! =! ot eilaxcyote'se 170 WhPOSPERM Ay as iaielsi ors eral 56 SESROTINUISU S sysctl istchidcs cote Seueceear 46 Chrysanthemums. 406-4. 173 SEIFOUSSONELLIA ca ccc sees oe sls + HOw © hry SOs On UM wes aod nerve seencterte 169 PIUTNELT CHLaey a cls a auchets sd hersicrerecet 73) 1) CloiaKoj oon gobo oronocooacot 35 BESIT@MUTNCT ANA Soon cuere ck eheieh eel tiererstere 151 @HEYSOPSIS! a aac tet.) terete rere 164 TSNCIEM ES Se risen one poe oon len OHEySOSPlenLUMs seas eet lee 91 TBArmened NE) paste ey alain aerate eh Gone neont 34 NMGicert ssa ad sodas dadaciae ee 108 EGONGA OT ome tn igeloaGes pmo HPS | MOrChori wiles sepic) ese hectare era 160 FESINN SAGE ona cece okes thas veya Mer cess RQ OUCUEAM A. a a cccvaretl sl ol ch ott cnarehelenetete 129 SEUECMOT As ck ferecteh aie tiles eae S57 lCiMiCihWsa, yaa dao dt idee cette 80 UTA yetos ace ot onet of of oh hark hake eats 40 A OTU DA cic: i cl cketdisuct eis: cusl eles. « TS || CUP Gasay Sa. nt vier ot at shovel ot tiene tolerant 125 CWATAMTACTOSUIS) acat.rterel ela stereo AL GACH UULUUS! Fy yes ovek hel ccd o's ote chore on 158 Site) G 0: ee nee ee oe 149° | Gladwrastis “525 os: sh aber See 102 Rei OPMNOGE cia tevcictels che thats cael s ELS ere Olay COMM aed yoke seb netel shereh or okcn cers 76 (CHYUITUSS (One iain oie Gimeno sce G Ag || = Clematis) sere a so ccoyet lelel obey rsane tere 81 MOM IV ee each estat araterstictalicncnetavens FG) al lenin seen ouoeebocedajcod oe 89 CalycOCarpum® 2.)-).)-) <1. 201s ol = Oe ONG UING AN ere Vetta cist chekatetch el evenatche 130 Canna hires Bis ee beeuecn beta ctens RRs Cling podiums «4 prt 1 else loner ore 146 Chie, Goeesepeobocedoon TERCy a Colrmahtermtiey Beeson hon oUDUUGUcCO 59 CAMPcOSOGUS cart.) cere Opals GGT Ay aoa ey chet cust ch ucl aver oNeticd chet date 108 METUTLD OLS peetseencter ect atic’ ShclielShaver el enone "(|| gl OTM CUS) crop ctetercvokeck a chek tckew aes oPateyotens 174 (CHONG oie mooie y mae oso Qe || COUMIMSONTA) sohcry sh ckshetaaetenena eh aete 148 WA DALIShsatchlersbetster seven ests ole AG) Wl oppmehnwohe. sonpacooucecooos 71 Wapriolacss costs stlatsis tes ADs es @OmmN Chimay cient ee oe eee 136 Mrapareee woe cuk eos ook eee 88a Gemmingia a. esisieoaneeiee 61 IDINCHESNIA icc ween eee 94 Gentianaiy.c« ooo ec eee iby ID LID el ob hihi pepeeeepee Sea Nao & a AQ) | Geranium cecac ccc se eee 110 DV SOCTA: Biawscc cee ce. aetes 172 Gerardia...c ec eo s.siemhictneeeae 152 Genmy Aone sce eee 95 HIALONIA tas eck coe ws oe ci AAS (GLa otoy ai Bice lion evereseten ae heroine 140 Mehinodorus). - 2. oe eos 34 @lechomas.. cmc. ene . 145 ehivmes. 22 Cpe see cee 1490) (Gieditschiay jcsocce ee cee hee 102 Mcliptar suk. os soecoe. Laces 169 Gnaphalivmiys oe ieee Soe cre 167 Mlcocharis.s oe ace ee ree 40) || (GOSSyDiIMinn chee sie ehlee cee 119 Exephantopus) in... 5 sm oy. cearektchs GOS oes Sou etc Bet 43 Grindeliat.ca 3s 3 os6 wie ene 163 BNVINUISEc cs cee cece Coole enor AR’ | (GYMNOCIAGIES: selene cs ieie wiereleieye 102 EPUS Pais cs oe ow ep ck nue BORER 132: | Gympopozon’ ..\.\. .....esisiven ee 43 Bpilopillim ca nbecesecesscee ks LIAS «| GRMeriim 223.) cece ae 43 OUASCLUM coe, sag opal aye neers SOs | Gwrostachys: 22. .is6.soe see 63 TENNESSEE FLORA. PAGE. iabenariae sets hae Seccist selec cn 62 RLAMAMELIS® 5 Asn 506 Ss cee aes. 92 Hartmannia; O55 s50 0% oe vse tere 125 WICMECOMAs ora eet os ab elie 146 VCTENTUIM B252 5 Se See ce See eer 172 Elelianthemum? 3 <6 2654626638 121 telianthellay <2scec563 03 CNS. 171 PTOIAMERIISy, 3.623 S e's cc lee Cotes 170 MACMODSIS: tc .aa25 si bses oceees 169 MIEeHOLFOpIUM (32623686205 coe: 141 Hemerocallis ssisesscsdecs.: 57 ifemicarpha 222s sece62.0 5. 51 FRC DATICR PSe Okc ds oe the ss os 81 TACTACICUM Miao eas hata eset ee 126 IEVESMETUS * Secs ced Scans deletes 98 FACLCTANENETA (occ dade tees 55 MOUGNeral is 2s a scan soak cee 91 Hexalectris ..... PDE occas 64 EMNDISCUS, 32 ac deed Oat eels 119 MICOTYVA Aled sh hoes So ece enon 65 FACT AGHUIMNF tke vase ules e eters 161 TAOICUS 6s Aas le Vac Adotomerene 41 Homalocenchrus: ssoc.0.46> eee 39 IELOLGEWMY 3 ah42c0 sce heec cones 47 PIOUStONTAL 5 focec cock tok ees 155 FUIMMNUSS 4 as oo ke ae cde he ee 70 WAVGrANSEA 22 obese eke ete ees 91 EGVATAStIS Pe cascade eo ke ae 79 ERVGnOCOUVIG) 222.2 sa 5as.omoee 129 leloliroy olan llisacy Ree ieicia aceite 141 Eivymenocalliss:ssecss0e3 Sea: 61 IEDYAIET CIM os 5 tcc okas ee 120 MAYA ODIUCIS ee a ne cues sie nk eae i831 EPYVMORIS! SS 552 scc8e05.50008 61 DEMVSUMEX PA ss de 2 4 asc oes A eeee 48 NON bey osc ‘oe hals sai Bish scaushavecee\e 115 MUVSATNUN CS eR eo ois os 151 LITO OF EES ONS ae 110 MGT OLETA). csc eS eels cc oexeier aa 105 TUTTE ee cs eS neers ee 168 MO VINGINIIS) 65, ome Saeeth « esol cie 86 MONMALCELS, 25.5 Seu cise Se rechsaeiaceetens 167 Mpomea, . es.’ Go o 139 MESIIMNClya a ciovso.c a ose clone ocnerslekets 75 TITCLIS)' ty. Ss, SSR MCP ha Abe Spas 48 61 USANTIE NTIS) SSeS ere ean eMart re lene 143 HSE Cy Ss eee ene 124 BSOCEOS Mp ines cis so lcsecais aus Meta 30 WG CAMPIBE TA Seley cere. ciacs ono oaceventuacane 92 XO TUOTAUS 2 chee sie ly 6 she caves oh one 38 EMEUSOMIAes os eda ek anceeee 83 PLES LATUS As cise ees ook eee aes 64 ATONCONG ESS Sete SIO ee 56 ITEC U SW ee SS sia s 5 hile RUIN: 55 NENT ETUS Bene cer oa oe oN es 32 ATUSISIRSE hE 3-s Se eee a aR ee ears pe 124 PAGE. COMIN a Waeeok ch cece chase OE 132 GET TNal Pcredoeiclete Succ ete omeeere 125 Kecehniimemteray pais cclccee eee 112 T ayar sic. os aek ae eee on uk 158 MELUPDATNU Siticrs.s a are cto Monee eee 103 ILPAGIDD INE oeiC olaGoono Ose oO: 149 WVGOPeTSIGUMY seniscr nt ere eerie 149 ILACKOOOUUNONY Sasasasooeoucoue 30 EV COPUS: .icacive woe a awe 147 TEV SO CIUM Rae Recs eee ee 20 NEY SUMVA CHITA pateninroe ety te hee 134 IDNA NGI aa ee a ea cosets 123 182 TENNESSEE FLORA. PAGE. | PAGE. IMASNIOTAN. os. ci prac ec eee To) Gnoperdony <2 ots s nk eee 174 NaTAIEN a LaF oie aes oe iain ee Say PMOnOsSmMogium cee ene cee 142 NI QIUIS 250.) sroleraerels ae Ses SOR OGh | POphioeZlossumees- sianc.c once 28 Sassatraste: ... clone ae oa 84 BOWEN Mecho dace o < Mette U/ SaAuwTejares sah a sva-ce so Sa 147 IBOMUCOCTIAY . + 2.0.0 ac nd oa eeu 55 DAWU Sy aradelaterarenaecconst ee 64 OMNIS hos ort de ooo ac. catches GOf We SARDLEAL AY coca aiclaatoret she 90° HOLULCTATNCIUIS) 5 cles +. 6 o worakenle 93 Schenolinium jo eae 58 OMG CAR a nevetn eo 0 ae eersihedors 76 Schiwalbeay fo... 3s cece oo oattie 152 OtaAMOPetON! 2.252 clas bas See SF ||) (SCIPPUS. Ase neontoe eo end oars 50: IROteM GIN ay A cea cies.s13 saleld © stones GAP SCLeramthyuisi a. a eeccta cetetereene clare 78 ENOSCEDIMNACAL acs, 06 4 cess eee as ZG IS CIOTTAT oi sisi siete cc akena okey ated arenas Evil ESTAUDITCUL AN rat see sea aig a saie is ees a silend 145 SeCLOPMWUlAr ay a cccrenciay : oehe ease 150 FEATAUOIANT Sireraiers stele scavelo.s\coaehettonane 100 Serutellariavens os secctcc spent 144 SSON a Cetra, dig ace odavayeicisie- a eae. #86 104 BOCA] Cie de: cissaytatcccevsiale obaeutaieraceeene 46 1EKSIKER, Sa eaoioReee a ae OR Se CR SA SS OG UTI ser sia.c crochet ons cho. otc om iacaees 90 tenidinmm: a2 Joc. se reed 30 Selacinelilaw asnmcctsecte ition 30 xT TTAMT UTI ss «cs ei 153 RECTAL OM acc mee creer neler a eee 76 EREtLASONOLNEGCE cowie cietsis + sle1s 169 BREW CHUM Qecsuee se eros ateter vs 143 MHALESIA cccoe class tice ee alas 133 ED aiGGMUM Ss ata cisions soe sis 82 ED MAS PUTIN 2 oho ietass anevs eee eracc ieee iar RH ERODUONE mete rciesnine ciicke eis eier 91 PB MRLAS DT oara:c aversucpesiaievets ee cheaace. 3 86 PRAIA cee, octets sais eric 32 PEN YAMS ext asoie Seale eceistoisy evereteve wae 147 PIpIAT GU awctacchs a telerers a, ore te to iete rere 91 STUD Al cee cist ve rerateve ons loonie ieie ee teye 118 SIN INL ATA se cejoteece aerate cieceverc tones 64 PHO XY LOM, why cuekern cueioyelseraeis croreuece 70 FrAaAchelLOsSpermilMn /cyeievee eiecie s 138 era descamthila) jcc cise eieieree 55 RASTA oes crolesc ieee a tisrecnleneere 113 REAL OPO LOD, fan ssa rete veye ters televe siciens 160 SETAE MELUGLI Ar cic icievacisleleincte's 81 TENNESSEE FLORA. 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