ES Re mrs aes =e. be tT xe ae a ah = | i SS “hey, “ox, By o ah” ij i fi ) par S ae It eS | 2 %, i sy it e r i, 'y me HL d Ma 7 i Nog ty ¢ Ys uli we ry a a a om | fi ees ae i ‘+ V4 se “f i ‘ ; sy 2 Y - i iy He cs oy La oi “ns : At ‘ ye rs Sue : . ssp ve B % = =) 2 ax oy it Kl Mi | SS a a fs ie 5 oe : e y © a “yy i | é , son i Lie ie ; sf a nie é She a aa a p Pie ie ee bie i" 5 "gs I eel " ren ct > i AKADEMIYA NAUK SSSR Editor V.L. Komarovy. Flora of the U.S.S.R. Volume III Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations BOTANICHESKII INSTITUT AKADEMII NAUK SSSR The Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. FLORA OF THE USSR., (Flora SSSR) Vol. II Chief Editor V.L. Komarov Editor of Volume III B.K. Shishkin Compiled by N.F. Goncharov, V.I. Krechetovich, A.N. Krishtofovich, O.I. Kuzeneva, I.V. Larin, I.V. Palibin, P. Yu. Rozhevits, L.P. Sergievskaya, B.K. Shishkin, E.I. Shteinberg, Yu.D. Tsinzerling, S.V. Yuzepchuk. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR Leningrad 1935 Translated from Russian Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1964 OTS 61-31221 Published Pursuant to an Agreement with THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, U.S.A. and THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright © 1964 Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cat. No. 748 Translated and Edited by Dr.N. Landau Printed in Jerusalem by §S. Monson Binding: K. Wiener Available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. XI/10/2 CONTENTS English Russian page page * é Systematic index of species in vol. III of the 'Flora Game Se HER aes Nes ho E.G, SOSH RS vemteneirelteltavtaedks: fells: itel\ eles vi eine nares ee ets e © hes eee BSE) eae Bratial site le 1 1 Family XXV Cyperaceae: . St, Hil, By at el lh Se 2 1 Subfamily I. Scirpoideae ...... RUS AUed Fy of tied amon 4 4 Genus 215, (Py creas’ Beauv. oo Fee elsial soe os 4 4 Genus 216. Juncellus (Kunth) C. B. Clarke .. 8 9 Genusc2!7. Cyperus! Ue ee a eer SS ete 9 13 Subgenus 1, Eucyperus Griseb. ...... Dates. 12 14 Subgenus2. Chlorocyperus (Rikli) BVA SEMUSCHM is (ete ye 6 ix wilh eile renee to en etonaest 14 17 Genus 218. Acorellus Palla. ......-. a4 18 22 Genus 219. Torulinium Desv. .........2: 20 24 Genus 220. Kyllingia Rottb. ........... 20 25 Genus 221. Eriophorum L. ......0.-540: 21 26 Genus 222. Trichophorum Pers. .......- 30 Bul Genus 223. Holoschoenus Link. ........ 31 41 Genusj224. Setrpus Li as se clams ms 0) oiepauines 34 42 Genus 225. Bolboschoenus Palla. ....... 43 55) Genus 226. Blysmus Panz. ....... auiatare a! 1o5)'s 45 58 Genus 227. \Drehost y lis) Bibs ions ie vetateya nei 47 59 Genus 228. Heleocharis RiBre) 2). iiieeim = 49 63 Genus 229. Fimbristylis Wahl.” >... «0... 70 90 Genus 230. Bulbostylis Kunth. ..... | CoA 75 96 Genus.250, | Siemoe mis, Lae ers yeiene it st aama s,s 76 98 Genus 232. GCladium. Schrag) cccie 2) siyerm eee © 77 101 Genus 233. Rhynchospora Vahl. ........ 79 102 Subfamily II. Caricoideae... -+-+-+-++e+-+-e- Beet 81 104 Genus 234. Cobresia Wildy sss 2 tie 2s 81 105 Genus 235. -Caw ex. Le cece cate ewcapialsiiish iets Jo‘ 86 111 Subgenus 1. Megalocranion V.Krecz. .. 7: 124 Subgenus 2. Vignea (P.B.) Kuk. ....... 98 125 Subgenus 3. Eucarex Coss. etGerm.. .. 158 201 Species of Doubtful Position ....-++- eee eee ee eees 366 460 Order 55, Primcipes) Gym node's! Griseb, *. 52.7. 20 .%.. facuendanlerms t's ss) cs 6» Sor eee Porter come in: Vo) ay Nev aar l-6” es) a. vents Explanatory List of the Major Russian References ....... ais Explanatory List of Geographical Names Mostly Abbreviated im This Text. os 2°) 2s Alphabetical List of Families and Genera Appearing in WolumenTl | cies shee oS snopciiens cl wollr Sino * [For Addenda I, see Volume II of the "Flora of the U.S.S.R.".] 444 446 448 457 510 oil 512 563 S65 568 578 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SPECIES in Vol. III of the "Flora of the U.S.S.R.'* Family XXV Cyperaceae J. St. Hil. Subfamily 1. Scirpoideae Pax. Genus 215. Pycreus Beauv. 1. P. flaveseens (L.) Beauv. - 225 sce e ene st eee aw ne ans 2. P. setiformis (Korsh.) B. Schischk. . . - 2 2 eee eee ee ee ne SH PU alabosus: (All) Rehbs, ciis.usy ot Svsuebie None ieaikeiiome gen ate mae elas 4. P. nilagiricus (Hochst.) B. Schischk. . 2. 2 1 2 1 ee ee ee ee ww 5. P. eragrostis (Vahl) Palla 2.2... - 2222 ee ee eee oes 6. P. Rehmanni (Boiss.) Palla .. 2... see ss eevee Se 7. P. pratorum (Korotk.) B. Schischk.. . 2. 2. 2 2 2 ee ee Fae iat erie ac 8. P. limosus (Maxim.) B, Schischk.. 2. 2 2. 2 2 2 ee ee eee aipees 9. P. colchicus (C. Koch) B. Schischk. PARI Sep Pa: Wrst ith 0° 7 SNR ie casks OG) P#tremulus:(Poir.).C. iB, Clarkeiye.s. sc vay etieicey snevsnns jaa seen we) Genus 216. Jancellus (Kunth) C. B. Clarke. i. |. seratinus (Rotth,):.C.Bso Clarke. 60 sas eee he ee : 2. J. alopecuroides (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke ........2-+.-- ee se Genus 217. Cyperas L. ° Subgenus Eucyperus Griseb. Me Gfasem lcs bes! bs ves as) tno) Bi ee ene RENO Romo ense Buenliay re 2. C..soongoricus Kar. et Kir. 6. . 6s 0 3 3 2 8 Sy cas Sanpete ad cn SUC. difformis: Nes: a. a) o: suss ces settintc, Weteieen ieee eb ie Pe ree aC naepaniles |e 6 slant: atte eee a SRSiPatreeimtet cba ‘sini «eer Soe 5. Coflavidir Retz.) 3°. 2 42% EUS Ws Be ee SS ens 8. C. truncatus Turcz. 9, C. glomeratus L. 10. C. longus L. . SOOO ee air iGo Tip iia, epee eee; OF e. Net ey leiiisiare! Ve. “ei te Ai. Cobanius Dest sr ee eee 12. C. rotundus L 13, C. amuricus Maxim. . IAA @marensil ens. s: 6 34% ash nee See OG. esculentus Le...6, sie Ki oe ve : WMO enN AIAN 10 * [This index has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original. ] ** [Russian page numbers appear in the left-hand margin of the text. ] Genus 218. Acorellus Palla. Page 1346. 1.A. pannonicus (Jack.) Palla... 2-2 ee eee ee eee Be is: lie 22 1347. 2. A. laevigatus (L.) Palla... 2.2 + - eee Suk ree OME ee. 23 1348. 3.A. distachyus (All.) Palla ..... iio Mo ay h. Sheeere terse ss) 2 23 Genus 219. Torulinium Desv. 1349. 1. T. caucasicum Palla. . ......s.-e see et Tae ae Mey cee ral) a 24 Genus 220. Kyllingia Rottb. 1350. ie K. brevifolia Rottb. eoeeee @ @ eo @ ® © ‘e.©« 0 @ \e ® s © ‘8.6 ww) oe: © 25 1351. 2. K. kamtschatica Meinsh. . . . . . 2 - ee ee SES a enon eames nates oe 25 Genus 221. Eriophorum L. Section 1. Phillanthela Anderss. 1852, 1; Eéjaponicum/Maxim.: 3, .fyni a oso a) SOM e lee SRRRISIRMT rales 28 2353. 12. Ei angustifoliam,Roth , .. ., .. ., « = = .digel (areie s.r, es 29 i354, 2S Ec latfolumboppe. « . ~ « -, = a) ssi) 0: se RENE eee 6 5 29 WO55. WAFS oracile Koch, (ijjsne - - - . + 4 5s Be tite amare Nonie Ren eli enter a 30 igse: 25, EX.coresnumpRalla oie) Seer sh Pe Ge) as See ee 30 Section 2, Vaginata Anderss. 1357. 6. E. vaginatum be e e ° oo, 0? (e' 5B: Jen 78) S540) 6) 8 {8 e. 8) @) wo , 8 e e e ° e e e 33 1358 7.E.humile Turez,......-... gris at errs abt Pe eae ae sae 33 1359. 8. E. hrachyantherum Trautv. .....- PO iad ba hs akc oka) Ae Sa 34 1360. 9. E. callithrix Cham. eo, 8, 8 0) Oh uy 6 oe Sh ee ote” vel Um aimee) ene) tate, ih ey (e ° 35 136.) “10, E: russeoluim Fries: 61°02... ca: so cu Se ce SEs SL PP 35 1362. 11. E. Shamissonis (ea A. M = |e elle Zen 3 ha» a e O76 On 8 ee e ef 8 @ ee e: 2. 36 1363. 12. E.Scheuchzeri Hoppe .-..-... Oe a rere ome tens cal iiatirat Joe eis 36 Genus 222. Trichophorum Pers. 1364. «ok. T.teaespitosam ({L_) Harta. |... so us ta eahed, SF immustbeaiialete Ie ee 37 1365. 2. T. pumilum (Vahl) Schinz et Thell. . - 2... - 22 e- eee eee 38 P06. 5 75.) PE falpinuan (}pRers, 1. . is la is. ie sew ie Ge ys Be ey ueiie ela o alhaiueen e 38 Genus 223. Holoschoenus Link. 1867. 1.H. vulgarisLink 2. 2. 6 eet eee te te ws 30h (taal) perpen 7 48 1377. 9. S.triqueterr L.. ..-.--- arya oe plies (tL REMIT PL oe 48 1378. 10.S. Ehrenbergii Bcklr. . . -. + - 2s ee ee eee eee te 6 (2 51 1379. 11.S.mucronatusL. . - 2+ ee ee ee eee ee te eee ee ews 51 1380. 12. S. litoralis Schrad. ..-. - BOS Ee SE es once A ee eae nie 52 13881. 13, S.depauperatus Kom. «+--+ se ee et ee ee ee ee ee ee 52 1382. 14.5. lupulinus (Nees) Roshev. - - 2 0 5 - ee ee ee tee te ees 53 1383. 15.S.supinusL. . . etch he AM BON Rey 6 ss 6 53 1384. 16. S. melanospermus C. A. MM... PORE a ae show & + « 54 1985. °17. S erectus Poir. «+ o 6.0 6 ss on th a tees PN Se See 54 1386. 18. S. Komarovii Roshev.. 2.2. - +22 eee ee eee ee eee eee 54 1387. 19. S. bucharicus Roshev. .. +--+ © MOMS cn ee we ws 55 Genus 225. Bolboschoenus Palla. 1388. 1. B. maritimus (L.) Palla... 6 ee ei ce we wee a oe Se ee ew 56 1389. 2. B. compactus (Hoffm.) Drob. . . - 2. - - - ee ee ee ee et es 57 1390. 3.B.affinis (Roth) Drob. . 2-2. 0 2s eee eee ee ee eee righ 57 Genus 226. Blysmus Panz. 1391. 1.B.compressus(L.) Panze ....... Bh eit a anagram ae 58 1392, 2B srutus\(Fludst)*bink’." o's" eee to hots eels ee ete ss 6 ue ms ne 58 Genus 227, Dichostylis] P. B. 1393. 1. D. Micheliana (L.) Nees. . ......- I a 59 1394. 2. D. pygmaea (Rottb.) Nees. . . ... Pe RCA Cae alot ia oes ee 60 1395, 3. D. hamulosa (M. B:) ‘Nees 7 207.) ies Se cieerce on ate of UROR ET oe OE 63 Genus 228. Heleocharis R. Br. Section Paueiflorae Svenson. 1396. 1. H. parvula (Roem. et Schult.) Link . . 2 2 2 spe se epee ee Ue 68 A397... , 2. Fi.spaucifiora (Lightf.)'ink "2" Poo sone me peer sume Ss 69 1398. 3: dd. ameridionalis Zinserl. . "co" «e's 6 eo ae et hein Ss 8 69 Section Aciculares Svenson. 1399. 4. _H. acicularis (L.) Roem. et Schult. . ..... See De ee Or ed 70 1400. 5. H. Svensonii Zinserl. . . 2... Me Shor Ce Cee : . 71 Section Ovatae Svenson. 1401. 6. H. ovata (Roth) Roem. et Schult. ....-..-2.0.202022208 ° 71 1402. ‘7. H. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth ..... at ecole sah co S LO mtu RO ae 72 Section Palustriformes Svenson. 1403. Oy Hi mamillatar Bind be filoi101%.'" Po. Pee cee as ke ce ehags ‘ 75 1404, 9. H. ussuriensis Zinserl. . . ..... Pile c+ a a Scat (cme 75 1405; 10. H. leptostylopodiata’ Zinserl..,. «cso oct Unset. SO ee 75 1406. 11. H. intersita Zinserl, . . 2... 2... SOR ee A cae cauicnans a & Fae 76 1407. 12. H. eupalustris Lindb. fil. . 2... 2.2 eee hie ect a wakes 76 1408.", 13. Hi: crassa’Pisehvet Mey +o") “00's oo td cao a used 36 77 1409, 14. H. globularis Zinserl. eee ee Cee te te © eo b' 6 6 « « 6 6 ee 73 1410. 15. H. kasakstanica Zinserl. eee © © 2 ee 8 © © © © © © ee ew hl elle ee 78 vill 16. H. ecarinata Zinserl. .. . 2. +--+. reais care) wie aoa) ieee 17. H. argyrolepis Kjerulff.. 2 . 2 2 2 2 se eee ee eee es oe ewe 18. H. turcomanica Zinserl. . seep ken of eis, 0. 2° 8 « © oeee «© © @ © 19. H. argyrolepidoides Zinserl . Sta Matteo) Ci let Ae ee a es Weick 20. H. equisetiformis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. Some emer adh lacuna Rey eee 21. H. sachalinensis (Meinsh.) Kom. et Aliss. Bree 6 ee ee ee sat : 22 Ly. Kkamtschatica (C.°A> M.)"Kom, 3.220" sys > ote She 2 s+ ee + oe 230 rin Womarovit Zinserl. £2 2ossa ce sees see 6 ess ote Me ye 24. H. transcaucasica Zinserl.. 2. 2. 2. ee se ee we te eee te we te ww 25. H. euuniglumis Zinserl. . 2. 2. 2 2 2 se e ee oe © © @ eee @ @ @ 26. H. Klingei (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. . Sp as Gaels «6 Ss! 8 « = «eo 6 2 27. H. multiseta Zinserl. - © © @ © © © © © © eo 8 6 Oo os © e © 2 e@ e e 28. H. septentrionalis Zinserl.. 2 2 2. 2 2 s+ es ee eee ee ete wee 29. H. oxylepis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch, . 2. 2 2 2 2 2 ee ee te ee ee ee 30. H. scythica Zinserl. eocoeeeere#tpe—euoses ee ee vseeeet # es ee 31. H. fennica Palla > e@ © © © © © © eo«e es @ © © © © © © © © © ew ew 32. H. paucidentata Zinserl.. . . 2. - +2. - Rey Pct i Ree iain a ea eta 33. H. Korshinskyana Zinserl.. . . - - . 22 e-- See ee ee te Section Intermediae Svenson. 34; H. Maximowiczii’Zinserl. °.°s 3° FOS PR ee ao eee oe ke 35aHwvafflata Steud... © + - % % & o 6 & = Hee eee ats A 4, SGnerLecarniolica Koch ois). tus qen"s ART cyisnustys 6 Riis) scene Ao ee OM 37. H. margaritacea Hultén. . .... eseis. ae hé TRE ye ae Nee eh ee tet 38. H. petasata (Maxim.) Zinserl. . . 2... 2 2 2 2-2 se -e ee Ie He fe Genus 229. Fimbristylis Vahl. Section 1. Dichelostylis Benth 1. F. verrucifera (Maxim.) Mak. ..-. 2... ee se ees Rimes Saar re 2. F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl . ..... a ot oh Pease on ial tee es ene ee 3. F. annua (All.) Roem. et Schult. . . ....... bat outils Sw SS 4.,\F. leiocarpa Maxim. » 6 « 6 «3 « © s & seeeueee pecs SP Bc. 5..F. ochotensis,(Meinsh.) Kom...) 5. 2 ss = «ee emis ok se 6.4K. ferrugines\(L:)iVahl .. «. >. 0: 5) «) a = aig Seats PN e pecche a ml ee try é Re BauriciiFranch.:¢ 4 jj +. 6 5 ee. = wi eibeet eee n 20) Mae ane Subfamily IL Caricoideae Pax. Genus 234, Cobresia Willd. Section 1. Elyna (Schrad.) C. B. Clarke. 1. C. schoenoides (C.A.M.) Steud. . . 2. 2-2. 2 ee ee ee ee eee siicg 2. C. capillifolia (Decne) C. B. Clarke. 5 20 5 wie ete wee eee 5. C. filtfolin (Turcz:))Meinshis 6 64.00% @ so (dace gasiioae so tt = | 4 C. Bellardiv (All) Des. ws 2 ed se & epee belies 24.8 < Section 2. Eucobresia C. B. Clarke. C. simpliciuscula (WahlIbl.) Mack. . - 2-2-2 - - see ees a oy B. Royleana (Nees) Bcklr 2 2 2 2 1 we ee ee te ee tt te C.:- humilis (C2A.M.) E'Sergy oe ojo oxen Meat Perici ea § “pa ees C. paniculata, Meinsht’s "so!" j.o CRE, I) Hennes uci ytiy. 34 «Mat sa Genus 235. Carex L. Subgenus 1. Megalocranion V. Krecz. 1. C. kobomugi Ohbwi. ....... ESC) ERT ren ty Pe 2. C. macrocephala Willd "2>. fone tet atmitenys aie 2 4%. © erret ier leue Subgenus 2, Vignea (P.B.) Kiik. Section 2, Vignea Nees. SiGe divisa\ Huds. yicc. ss 5 3 8 hE OO SUA) unre te. . Ce coarcta Boott . ss <)s ss ss % % % a ORES. asgpomel Rieke. isle 4 5. .C. disticha»Huds. - © 5 soe. Bend wey fay ve, oleh, Ge A) wonstedlinay ST he. 0-2 6. C. Grosshemii V. Krecz. . .- - + - + ee eee ab ae ah be 7 8 ee ont cer a . C. lithophila Turez.. . 2 2 - 2 ee ee ses a ae ek « Coerenaria Lage 64203) hs) 12 Section 3. Boernera V. Kreez. 20. C. stenophylloides V. Krecz. .....- 5 oO slap eeend cghe ME Me! a a. -C, durinsculiformis V.\Krecz..\. |< Jaa ee cstiniwe ene Meh ee re *) \Cmgescens (Franch:) 'V.JKre@ez.) «: 61) a cia) ssa) oe) eee ee Section 4. Phyllothyrsa V. Kreez. 22. Carex leiorhynchaC. A.M... .-...2-26.-. ge jcahecoplon pci She sy Ge MEUROCATDAHINIAXIMS |) 6/05) 15350) .s- sa oi e eh tap bye atendenkel ote he. ie 24. C. laeviculmis Meinsh. . 2... 2... 0 2 s+ ee ee wigmipimttion ands Le 0 Dae RC EMOEM Dao lke lin sl) w lente sae ele eek ee MD IN ta tke NS | 26. C. poetics Whib. 2 he VLE Ae CAE IRE RE ny oy ee OS ay A 7, Sa Section 5. Desmiograstis (Boern.) V. Krecz. 2ee Covalpina Ee, jo:)a ie: s0? sieves see a ee oie ROR aeteeagts) 6, 30. % 28. C. compactaLam. .....-+.-.. ae: Bt al alensentedivg st fae: % 29. C. stipata Muhlb. 2 (8 8, 2 W © 2 @& ws e e e e ee) ss) Sere ee erp tes oe 30. C. muricata L. . . ©: ie) ae.) ie! Gee ae) ae) Le) eo 0 @) te <6 ie Jethelhen fa ee © © © © 31. C. angustior Mack... . 2... .e. 5 beta al etn aN ane ate TS. 32: Cuspicata Huds, .\siciye ie eo) ee situa js ike pie ete ik ho 33) @. .Lumnitzers Rony. .o - «= = » saeewe P chepereidnn 0. Ess 34. C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir... 2... 2. once RE: ebencins leah nde ais 35. C. cuprina (Sand.) Nendtv. ......2--e- a: oS tele onde Wes). 56; Cadivulsa Stokes .. 6 46 ec es ee see wath wpe 92: 8 ate 37) Cyarenicolarl Schmidt) jo (2) a. a. jeniie a) (a amatmsy pep eneeatieaw eile ee Section 6. Rhynchopera (Boern.) V. Kreez. 36; @ydiandra’Schrank, 2. . « = js is © © ole whe” ® Help alle Be 39. C. appropinquata Schum. . . . 2. 1 2 2 2 ee ete ees ee Bes 40 @etpaniculatatusien, 0. 6s 4) ee tee Re ee ee ee Se Al... CLSzovitsiiaeK rete ysi'o 7) ai wo walle SOR RL Pe oe) te Section 7. Loncoperis (Rafin.) V. Krecz. 42) Go Maaekar Maxim. ©2522) 0. ibe EY RE aout ts alsin 28 tas ete, De Bs 8 43° @."pachystachya Cham.". |... {. . (> |» “s siliMleyiepisie-iredewust sip cele Age 'Grtenorimea Les 's'".,"5. 5's fe co fe ee Te Le eae aes byauareriel, te IMGs 45. C. argyroglochin Hornm. . ... . a DR Be oe ee Pe hee NC ie Section 8. Schellhammeria (Mnch.) Kunth. 46. C. cyperoides Murr. ....-....---.- Ce Meee Gee POR, Sa Section 9. Physiglochis (Neck.) V. Krecz. aye redioica Tey eres) fe es Se Se elite ey eens A Me a a | ee 48. C. gynocrates Wormskj ......... ep Maitehtien attalte se! levee te stains be C: Davalliana Sm. se eh oe el hee te eee e @ eee ee @ © © © 49. C. RedowskianaC. A.M... ~~. - 2 2 2 - o Pa eee eee 50. C. Kabsnovii V. Krecz. sO 6 fe) eet ee 6) eS h ene: (64 pete se. (8) ‘ena We) we) Ve Sit "C paralicla Waest:) 2 «asc weqeies one Bapteijet es els a ete Ms, ie Section 10. Leptovignea (Boern.) V. Krecz. 52. Cwelonpatatlar ot ot oh of a ot etme CMM Mot MMM ie er tets Mere wie 53) Ce traiziscana’ Fe Schmidt’) of 2h yhih el ae! oe en. I, ew 54. C. nemurensis Franch, «2 6 6s 0s ee tee ee te es Le ice 55; \Crcdiastenay Ve Kreezs of tusiia iat lel ie ct tre ten tt a ee 8 6 oe eens 56. C. pseudo-loliacea F.Schmidt . .......-.-2-22-+.6 Bee owe 57. G: loliacea L. e ° Bt SS NS gh MS i ch et tight, em tet Ne, Vertnel Petibe! "> e os ¢@ . xi 166 167 171 172 172 172 173 173 58. C. tonuiflora Whib. «2. .-+ eee ee ese eels cay te ee ia 59. C arrhyncha Franch. - - 2 + 2 + +e + © ee aa ae a nee 6O°.C; Honenzensis Britt. % fis eis 58S oe eee es a ese GltGsicanescene.4 2% 6 2s 55 se oe eee Pete cs eee 62. C. lapponica O. F. Lang. «2 +--+ eee 22+ ses eee 63. C. hylaea V. Krecz, . - +--+ -- 2 om 64. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir.. - ..-.-.-s FO 65. C. vitilis Fries .. 2.2.2 +--+ eee a Oe ee REM CCRT an is! vax tai t'e 66. C. tripartita Bell. . 2.2. -- +--+ mits Satley ook PMY wee WS 67. C. pribylovensis I. M. Macoun . ..-- - ithe, Se, ERE * (oe; "8-6" 9" 8 7s eo « SB © © + © «8 69. C. marina Dew. . - . es ove Vis * 70:.Cy ursina Dewe. (4.4.29 Seis. © Kee ‘ 71. C. Mackenziei V. aie ee is 72. C. amblyorhyncha V. Kreez.. . . . + 2s . 73, C. heleonastes Ehrh. . . - - 2 - ee ew : WA iGsamKoms 4%) 6x0 te) 4s 0) legs te te ele oP Rte Gate weg +! oS 75. C. disperma Dew. . .. . 6 Wa, He, Aa Me Wa Foie See ee ee See, ee le he wee eS es 8 8 S| 6h eS Ue eS - © e& e@& e©& © @ © ese @ @ @ Section 11. Ulvella V. Kreez. 76. C. capitata L. . e eo ee «© © © © © 77. C. oreophila C. AM oa na Sa He te Re Re Ma Mel ee ED wa AM 78 C. Hepburnii Boott. . . . 2. 22-2 ee oe” fe 1) ee, @ Fe; es « 8 ‘te 18 Section 12, Olotrema (Rafia.)V. Krecz. 79. C. maritima Gunn... .- .-. 22 es, 80. C. sajanensis V. Krecz. 81. C. reptabunda (Trautv.) V. Krecz. . . 82. C. pseudo-foetida Kiikk. . . . . stay te 83. C. Slobodovii V. Kreez.. . 2... = : 84. C. setina (Christ) V. Krecz. . . 85. C. acrifolia V. Kreez. 86. C. enervis C. A. M. 87. C. similigena V. Krecz. 88.iCrchordorrhizarEhrh,, ssc .u 9 @ Ss pe ee ees Ss Se ew em ee 89. C. physodes M.B... ~~... . 90. €. pachystylis Gay ee we ee le wl ee fe ey ie is) ve ey he “es: tele Xe “oe Me; “les Fe, 8) 8 8) i FO le) fe, Sl ey te, ie e e© ee e e e@ © & e © © ee e © © © @ @ Section 13. Psyllophora(Ehrh,) V. Kreez. * C. pulicaris L. oe) ee oe” eS” OS” 6" eee: eS ye 1e 8) ee 8) Ce 1@ «6(@) ie) Se) ce Subgenus III. Eucarex Coss. et Germ. Section 14. Leimonastes Rehb. 93. C. juncella Fries 94. C. wiluica Meinsh 95; \C.pprolixa, Fries’ 3) (Suche « & « « S626 cracilis, Curtin. a Sl yaiueys, 6) ot shh eee ee 97. C. dichroandra V. Krecz. . 2 - 2 2 we ee W556." 982 ©. fiseo-vaginata: Kisk, \ 2% 205 o%.% 0 ch ah oh of ot oh oh 0) a Een Os or ZT 1559. 99. C. erawinensis Korot.. . 2 2 2 0 2 se eee ee ee ew Meteors, ele 1560. 100. C. Knorringiae Kik. ...-. « At Ak Eo ft TOR BPE 0 SPS, F212 1461. 101: C.-Buekii-Wimm, © <° 2" 2)..." 6) 0 oh ot ws a, Bema GR ae DIS 1562. 102. C. sareptana V. Krecz.. . . 2... PRET cris Is, eas) Se. a ae ee 1563. 103. C. appendiculata (Trautv.) Kikk. . 2. 2 2 0 ea ee ee we eee eo e)= 14 aay +P anc semiplena’ Kukwwe.* 25 2% oh oh of oh sh oho) ht we a POPP mk, are op AURIS e646 104). Coidescendens Kukeiwstse ov oh tet oa. os ode oh SPIT 8, oe DIS B565.5 105.) C.relata Belliiecs some Soca oh ew SPR oF PIG wo, SRE, 0 RVOQIS a366 106° C.omskiana Meinsh. « « 2 & 2 ae & & ow UPR 0 I ams oe, er 26 1567. 107. C. caespitosaL, - .......06.. het re Met eels aes ahs, op EZNT 1568. 108. C. rubra Lévl. et Vant.. . ...+2.... SEG os, ROMP EP et wars, a? F218 1569 109) Crinumbratay Ve Kreczs 00 0% oat oh ot ah oh oh SRS Pe ck eee, 218 1570. 110. C. retorta (Fries) V. Kreez. . 2. 2 2 2 2 ee ee ee eae ae ek, 21D 1571. 111. C. Soczavaeana Gorodk. ...... ak aS ce MSP IIE ood, 1% S219 1572. 112, C. minuta Franch. ...... oP at RU Fel CIM QM MIE oo, QCD 220 1573. 113. C. Schmidtii Meinsh, . ....... i ie R 2086223 1574. 114. C. lineolata Cham... ... SHS IS & BO BH ot Ok, 223 isis 15; CrapertamBoott . iste food e a Ad Soe COROT See neha, af 2! 204 1576. 116. C. orbicularis Boot. . . ....-. fo deh oct MR or, SROREE ot sok, ot S228 1577. 117. C. arcatica Meinshh. . . 2. 2 es eee RI PEIN ont, ERE 225 1578. 118. C. hyperborea Drej. .... .~ oot Se eo! me IEG on OG e226 1579. 119. C. kamtschatica Gorodk. ..... bs Be Sa By. be By PE ME get 226 150. 120) Cxensifoliavhurezs 6. eee0.0. 6, 2. 2, 8 36 6, 2 SOP. OT a ER, RP D2T Holey 122i CraltaicaGorodks, Fis. 2. 2. 2, é. 2. sR, Se oe RSE cee , 227 i82-~ 122 Cerigidicides'Gorodks. 2, 2. ¢. s. a 6. 3 & & 6 2, 3 RSLS 6 ots, of Q28 565%. 1235.Cotaldycola;Meinshclc 4 = 6. 3 4 5, 5. 2, 6. SOP AY ARN eth, 228 1584. 124. C. Kotschyana Boiss.et Hohen. . ....-. 2.2.22 22.. a iettts, aene eee PIs, L25CraquatiisiWVhlbarads. 2 6. 5.6 60.6.5 6 = «OR BERS oF MOR. 229 15se". 1269CUUzoniiKomys os, 6, 6 83s. bye 8% Sie 3, I SP othe) fay, 20 igovee, 127.0Cistans i Drejes «lives. <, +. @, 6 6% &, 6.5, 3) ce an PORE eK. ot 230 1588. 128. C.eleusinoides Turcz, .......-2. MOREE, oh Dh... 231 Section 15. Temnemis, (Rafin.) V. Krecz, 1599.« 129. C.tuminensis Kom:"s. “3... io" S SE wR 234 1590. 130. C. subspathacea Wormskj.. . - 2... 2s ss be SRN ee 235 aL, ISAC! Ramenskin,Komi’sis. « ss tee eS A ee eee PY 3, eS OC 1235 a2, 132 iC SdiscoleriNyl.. «, «. <_<. =, «. =, «, «, +, SWORR RE eee A, 236 1593.0 133. Cakattegatensis Fries. <2 2 cs es So 4 » OR BOG ae 236 1594.. 134, C..paralia V.Kréeez. oS 6 2 E02 ae Re a 237 15955, 135)4C5 MiddendorffiiiF. Schmidt «, «, s,.. «, =, « «) gl Ure ot. sg 238 #596., 136. C.cryptocarpa C..A.M.- » 2 « = « « 6 « 29054. 2 Aiahioee oe. 238 1597... 137._.C..Riabushinskit Kome)) 8" RPS ee Sn Caine? BP. 239 T5679, 1 55) WL SUNTUNENSISIMOMS <<. ak big Su sities tu eee oe OL een ene, s 239 AS99.. 139. (C-apeduneulifera Kom: . s6 t. « pe + 6 tye gus 6 eo eal eee he ete 239 1600. 140. C. prionocarpa Franch... . ~~... et Be ae 240 Section 16. Chalciolaena_V. Krecz,. 1601. 141. C. rariflora Whlb ..... eis dalle sl site ec & BY e wiet one fe eum el eee 602... 142..C ystygia. Fries 60.6 + + 0 < 0% 68 © 6%. CRON S meee orOlZd? 1603. 143. C, laxa Whlb . 2.2.2.2 2k. See eS eerie tet e ee ee ee 243 X1li . 144, C. limosa L. ere eel Oy vel my eee O. Taye eee - ee & « © © + & © 1605. 145. C. fusco-cuprea (Kiik.) V. Kreez.. - - - 2 6 - + - 2 ee Pe ee 1606. 146. C.irrigua Whlb.. .-- 2+ 2--+--- ee rte ee he A ae —— * C. Fujitae Kudo. ...-.26.-.- RE ee ee kr a ae Section 17. Loxaniza (Rafin.) V. Krecz. ADT. UAT GC vatente Ta. ties: te Masi «=, =: ‘sing =a sy Sy Spee 3 : 608. (48> Curnucasica Stevi g og + 8. 4 & ob ee oid) Set: 1609. 149. C. decaulescens V. Krecz. . « - 2 2 5 = 2 2 3 8 4 2 Oe siete 3 at 6 1610. 150. C. perfusca V. Krecz.. . - ~~. a eee ee ee eee ee 611. WaSi: CuMedwedewit Lesk. «, «. «, «, ,. 4 a, eo sn ee eee Sie 1612. 0/152: G..eequivoca V..Kreez., », «, +, «0, 2,.s =. % ef emetets wilarc,“s) AOE 1613. 153. C. koraginensis Meinshh. . . ~~ - oy 6, a) ie alae abel Pe) tomer 1614, °154, Ciscabrinervia Franch. . ., « « « « = =yeueie © Gineeel fener: Pane ae 1615.. 155. C..macrochaeta C. A.M. . . ~~ « - © = shoe's nayne shgecpett> oat tte 1616. 156. C. bchringensis C. B. Clarke... ... eee oP DB sidinjehigys SS £2" 1617. 157. C. pauxilla V. Krecz.. . . - 2-2-2 ese a en ee eee ae 2 Fes #618, 9158) GC) musartiana Kuk... . . . = << « = = =; = cme iepecansl |. “s fe « 41619. 159. C.melanostoma Fisch... . so « «6 e6 @, & opfesenl oniernerke +s ores 1620. 160. C. stylosaC. A.M. ....2.-+---e- ee, ee ee ee a. 1621. 161. C. Meyeriana Kunth. . . - +--+. 22s, Se ee ee ae : 1622,...162. C. putjatini Kom. . 4 5s 2 6 ee ess © fei! acmueereyle”s sila « 1628. 163. C, bicolor Bell. . . 2-5-2 2 -- > SMalaieY sluiktn Mien teres dati Se! ie 1624. 164. C. holostoma Drej.. ..- +... . Ge A ieee aa oie esac ee: cme ve 1625. 165. C. arakamensis C.B. Clarke ......2.-.-- ye Pg BE tr 1626. 166..C, Haller: Gunn... 3 2 2 + « << © a 38 epbepmene b opeaiie eiudye TS ORE Ke 1627. 167. C. mimula V. Krecz. .... © Seer a ee Sieh ig 2 YMRS ss 1628. 168. C. melanocephala Turez. ....-* ~-.-- Sete gindudatoN coe 2 ae 1629. 169. C. oligantha Steud. .....-..- See ee estate eS 1630. 170. C. infuscata Nees .... -~ Ge eae a ee Ne hina Bk Se 1631. 171,,C. angparae Steud), « ss \'s 6s le: s:\s..e0 seiigy =: See BeMee ue eke Ve 1632. 172. ©. macrastigmatica Kuk, 2 os | 3 55 5 © ue eollnlewelaniTs Ste = 1633. 173. C. Hancockiana Maxim., ..-..- > Me Aaa ee a ae 2 1634. 174. C: Augustinowiczii Meinsh, . . 2. 2 2 2 ee ee ee ee tt ww 1635.. J75,.C peiktusant Komi,, <, cs. <, < s, s/s «8: és ob diet Wie eotreeteZ? SSE < 1636... 176.,C. soyacensis Kuk). : 2055 5 2 ¢ 5 - flyer tciieqedan. Ske is 1637. 177. C. melananthaC. A.M. ......-.-. oan Blesae any JBSUc 1638. 178. C. melananthaeformis Litw. ..... +2... +22 eee - + eee Bic 1639. 179..C, sabulosa, Turez. i ous.) isy:a hick jap tleuee, te wee te one ORES 1640. 180, .C, adelostoma V.Kreez., « - s ss «0 © © osieave .Y shisverans Se 3641. 187.,C. Buxbaumii Whib’ ... . 5. 4 Hee BR abit Se Soe Bee 3 1642. 182..C, emasculata V.Kreczs a)» = s, aeg. = op Mtincihauae voptansenhays whe ES 1643. 183. C. Gmelini Hook. et Arn... 2... 2.22 eee gedaudaihant £8. Section 18. Olamblis (Rafin.) V. Krecz. 1644. 184 GC. pallescensit... . . s 5 a so 6 © =e ates mataerners) « Bae 1645. 185. C. chalcodeta V. Krecz . 2... 2 2 es ce ee : afeiius fa wah Section 19. Chartoteuchium (Boern.) V. Krecz. 1646. 186. C, Oliveri Bcklr ...... 7° © © @ @ eee eoeeee @ e @ & @ 1647. 187. C, Griffithii Boot? . . 2... . oss Sie sie ss see Sits wate vate. s 1648. 188. C. coriophora Fisch. et Mey... --..- - See ae ca lhe aac 282 1649. 189. C. atrofusca Schkuhbr.. ......-.- EA Om ya Pat lah haar af chp 282 1650. 190. C. stilbophaea V.Krecz, 2 - 2 2 2 eee te ee ee ee eet ewe 283 1651. 191. C. oxyleuca V. Krecz. . . 2-2-2 ee ee eee Sipe ah geld sma 284 Section 20. Orphinascus (Boern.) V. Krecz. Pie hoy GoponticaiN. Alb; s,s isos i, eilisiisy 6" 8 less) # see mipeu.e Se gan 286 is sntosa GC. Ktancipsls Meingh: i 6 01s) suelo ie Mee o's erie spe 8 oaths ats 286 fest 01944 C. Gorodkovi V. Kroez: 6 0 <5 ie 6 eye epee = 6 8 8 ens na As 287 1655. 195. C. Meinshauseniana V. Krecz. . -- 2-2-2 > 2 Moa ta apr adn 287 Wasa 196. GC, tristis Mi Boi cies | Bis Riteueneretewe= filets. © sue ee sie = am 4 yams 288 fen. 197, G.stenocarpa, Turez. o.)6 <6 6 ))s. 5 8 © le ois aa), as oe sys ems pene 71 Pesner Tos migandra R.Br... s.< ce se. Sse eek ee wae ye 8 ay ame ees 292 eso. 199. ©: Receliana Kuk. cose oy 10) 5 een ey eas <4 ees 8 oy cas 292 —— © Cv ciliciea Boiss... . 2. 2 2 see se ee Re Arteaga ahd ee cae 293 1660." 200--G. macrogyna Turez. . 2.0 8 6 se 8 eee ee ele te mle me 293 Section 21. Leptogratsis V. Krecz. 1661. 201. C. hakkodensis Franch... .. 2-2-2 +2 e eee hi Se le etme a 295 a) =) C anthoxanthea Presi, «2. <5) sc) 6 4 ee Se ee! me ana 295 cerony we Os Cipeinata GAG Me. 5 es. 3x es Mee le a eee ee aie ae ae 295 Section 22, Callistachys (Heuff.) V. Krecz. £652-0/202. Gémicropoda C. A.M. . 2s ss ove pus seas © ee a ee Re es 297 1663. 203. C. micropodioides V. Krecz.. . - 2-2 2 2 eee eee ee eee 298 mepA e204, CunigricansiGyAt M. bist. 66 2 ee ee © Se. aps) ey ols py elm 298 Pp S.necUs.n@rehosenieawOhwt «2s 6 6 6 6 es ogee gs a ae NEE © @ Sey 298 1666. 206. C, aomorensis Franch, . . 2. - 2-6 2 ese ere te et ee te tw 299 Go? er. CyontakensisFranch.. . . . ss sss se 6 + 8 Oy © ss we woe es 299 2668:78208),G)Jankowski Gorodk. . - 9... 2 6 en es elles 8 se 8 ew 300 1669. 209. C. uda Maxim. MM ebhnewley elt RE Ameseeiie ae Se Res o « 300 1670. 210. C. capituliformis.Meinsh. .. . . 2-2. 0 2 ee 2+ ee eee ee oe 300 Al Jae 12 Coldahiuricataloh. soe se 6) a aye alee Ne ete e ete ew eee 301 1672. 212. C. capitellata Boiss. et Bal. - 2 2 2 2 ee ee eee ee te ee ew 3 Section 23. Leucoglochin (Ehrh.) V. Krecz. 26752. 213. C. paneiflora Lightf. 22. es. 5/4 je!) wile ene bee ve alone ea pe 302 wp74:,. 214. 'C. microglochin’ Whibs MF SS VON Site eh edionee es is ey ie Wael en a= 302 iiGiswmeis: CyparvaiNecs,. « 2. 2 6 (6s. Se & ey eieee cls) aye = ike edie» 303 Section 24. Thyrsanolepis V. Krecz. 1676.25 216) C.seirpaides|Mchx., 2-0. 6 o's 6 = s)s wy pe iee es ce eu ois &Y303 Section 25. Schizochlaena V. Krecz. aG(d-euel ss CrGrioleti Roem. «.») = >. s.isis, sls a alate eee ad ay © Ue! aa ele 304 Section 26. Cardiopera V. Krecz. 1678. .218. C. bucharica Kk, .- - 2... 2. oh otiableh otis BED RIEL, tlio 305 Section 27. Onkerma (Rafin.) V. Kreez. 1679. 219..C. montanaL. . 2. 2 we eee te ee we eee Rie tie Ga erie he 310 1680) 220))'G" ulobasis V. Krece....06 c's 6s es 0 © os ws) aye 6 8 es - 3il XV 221. C. melanocarpa Gham. . . 2 2 0 ese ee ee ow PTOI of, IST 222.4. ericetorum, Poll... 0.0 «0 2 + © ; 2. Tes ee PO AGE 22s AceBpprosimiata Bells ss 0 + ee ss st eee oe ate MAIS 224. Co Vanheurcki Muell. Arg. . 5 2 5 2 5 5) ae sete amen oes. STA 2293 GC: globularigt.. 2 lors, attain 6 oan) eae ate uaaiimadie) os) te ter eh te 317 226, ‘G. tomentosa Lo) se0: o. © Tevet “ay cs) GH Ne Gis ee ae aastiee es, SIS DEIR DIETS Voc ns sees 6 6 se 8 6 ee eee ne oes. SCSES 228. C. oxyandra (Franch. et Sav.) Kudo. . . 2. - 2 2 2 ee eee ee ee 319 22a ameunensis F..ochmidt. «|. 2. os + a ae ets Mere eee em igi 319 Zod stcechineaiensig Witwie «ss ss + «cee eit ees POR S +. ee. KASZE De PCUSIDA NSTC. cis ss ssc ee. we a te valet eee Mee eee te tam rere 321 232. C. subumbellata Meinsh, . ....... oe See ee ne ae tg PEAR, $22 2s eCalencachlora Bees cs ss. se en ec 5 th eee Fa) So. ee DeteaCarveria Chains. ois, sus + = sos. 6 5 eel ey aetna Tee eRe ae tetas 323 Dae SCAHMICUSDIONV RTECz, (ss 6 se see ht) See eee Meets: fo 324 250riG, ruthenica VosKveez, ius ce ss 6 « ele he eee eee eee tee ame » “9325 237. C. conspissata V. Krecz, . ......--. SCM NES Te or ee te fe. Sas 326 238. C. nervata Franch... .....- 5: La" OREM RU eMac etre! etter Nar Ara Mala 326 250 aC amicrotricha.brancis. «ss 6 ©. 6 ss) = state ete meee fe a tem 327 2a aAGeimbrosa Host. gas... 6 6, (6) es toy ieee ee ee ee tee cae 328 Daeg TivetianaBOISSsc0 3 jo) sss 6 wl Sel ee ene ee ne mene me Me oo, Me Re 328 242 Csabynensishleses tial the poy Ga agaistcts Eiweponeo. = + “ess %s ." oo 24geGehypochlorasPreyns 6 50. 2) 6 ss oe susp ate ee 5 6 se Cate M 330 244°C. subebracteata.(Kuk.) Ohwi’.".".°.".". "2" ste sehen he Seems 330 245.,C: Trautvetterianay Komi cic. 2 5s es Sele eee ee eee as 331 246Cesikokiana Franch: €€ Sav... 0. sss. Gots he ee eee ee 331 247-0 cachalinensisiF., SChMiGk so ss 6 sche se ee Se eee eee 332 249; blepharicanpa Praneny iat + <, ss .6 24 Sete eno es eee eee 333 240iGCs tasonmimgNomsnge so kos sje es eke 3) ete eee eee ee ee 333 Section 28. Polyglochis V. Krecz. 250:;C. bostrichostigma Maxim. "=... % «os «6c ee see tote ete 334 Section 29, Edritria (Rafin.) V. Krecez. 251. 'C. mucronatagBoll ei ctuts sa). AR POA 6 oo ee a es 344 DONIC Naloidawiver te is kc, 6 és. 3 ee ae 8 . . 2345 262..C. falcata: Ture ys). aloes cd) o. Sg's o, hoe e Se are ee) 263. C. nikolskensis*Kom: 5 sos haus Ome ey inet ocr ci et athe 346 2640C..xyphium; Kom" (5.0 0063 2 fo ose SS 4 POLIIORE 2% tess 1725. 265. C. brevicollis DC. ..... BOR S19 oY, Pe POSIBE |. 6 eee we je SSO 1726. 266. C. Glehni F. Schmidt ........2.2.26-. ie fntuasitdas Ye aye = pao0 1727. 267. C. oligostachys Meinsh, ....-+- 2s as, eM udepina te 6 eidem 's:. ead 1728. 268. C. depauperata Good. . .. . SAG olfetia sale. se UW oho into 0G. wiseh so: Lace ee i29., 269, CG. mingrelica Kuk... sus so. e sells «+ © 5 © ca atee ERE Ae oe sae a730; 270. C. Hallerana Asso . . . 2 6 «6 ss 5's 8 0 ear is ot Ses ee SOS 1731. 271. C. Michelii Host. . ....... eee. Mayle ss Sw we 354 ito 2024 GC. longirostrata (C. A. Mes 62 Shoe vous, oR Epon op eger se us Ma eivomes 354 Wee og s2 CGlaHee LAGW. is 6s < © 6) wim le ei eule le, os bebe eas ma cs en cable 355 Section 31. Sinocarex V. Krecz. 1734. 274. C. foliosissima F. Schmidt ........-+2ec00-6 aia boca ee Tete 356 Section 32. Maltrema (Rafin.) V. Krecz. 1735. 275. C. siderosticta Hance ....... 3 0 oes Amricohidg!..e LIS . 357 Section 33. Caryotheca V. Krecz. 1736% 276°C: phyllostachys’ C.vAs Ma: 0): +05 corte eyemee oF, misintdesae. £3 ate « 358 Section 34. Aunieria (Gdgr.) V. Krecz. Hisie 2di. C.Gigutata Ts 2 * 6 8 oh got Sc 2 3S ce SE RRS ee Ae 360 1738. 278. C. quadriflora ah Ohwi.s 2502 .2.8 2 5 5 ee nt Be. 361 Tass, 2797,C..pedataby oki Soe seers ecg ets SE Pe Re Ae Vaan 361 1720s, 280% C.,lanceoclata’Boott.” <2 6c°. ss 28855205 ec er se ee. 362 17412, 231>'C_.pseudo-lanceolata’ V. ‘Kreez.' 5 2° 2) ok So ot Ors ONE. 363 1742. 282. C. nanella Ohwi.. . .. . SUA IN EES ae Ieee ee aa eee - 364 1743. 283. C. callitrichos V. Krecz, . . 2. .- 2.2. sere ee amet Sper! ia lan os 364 iyi 2am HhunmiioMbeyccsri ee. fete ele le hells we te! et ental lee ue a 365 172455, “2850 G.orhizinaiBlyte. 5 She oe SR eee eee 366 ligase, 2605. reventawV.cKreez. 8. ee Se ae ee 367 ‘twas, 287..C.mucroura Meimshee') . 025s ee ee oe Se 367 1748. 288. C. sutschanensis Kom. ....... ees cul A MI a ce delice ee 368 1749. 289. C. pediformis C.A.M........ Bile ee eR Re cits Nias ine 368 1750. 290, C. aneurocarpa V. Krecz...... es te) TO ee ht. Ros 370 1751. 291. C. Kirilowii Turez,. ....... oe ote es RRR Racer 20), Tae «V370 Section 35. Lamprochlaenia (Boern.) V. Krecz. iwS2s 292-Cealba Scop." 4. eS Beh ee eh aie he a at Mere 2 373 iWaSe 295:-Gsussunensis* Kom... ee ees eee 373 1754. 294. C. glacialis Mackenzie ..... ae AL ee I nd tallies ce Baie dat 374 tipo 295:+ Grispamiocara Steud: < sss) ss © ee ee 6 so eee eee ee oe 375 iso 2000 CoKorsnmskyi Kom: o's 6's 3 6 = 6 6 6s 8 ee ee ee 375 1757. 297. C. supina Willd... 2... Pipe ale hile Sharla ul til nae hee ha pala Cian 376 WWsem. 298" Cwnitidatiosts 20 5" es eel es uy ee Re eee eee esd 377 1759. 299. C. turkestanica Rgl. . . .. . Pt tel ac cae I gp ae al cag, Me at int 377 160: 300) © Bordzilowskir V. Kréez. “0.7. ree ee. os. SSRIS 1761. 301. C. relaxa V. Krecz.. .. 2... PP Wet Mie el aired aia tot 2ees, le sad pk ay TE 379 Woon, 302+ Coingurensis Litwy 5's Ses ee ee Se eee ee ee” Se ee 379 IGS! 305) Gaminatsceabra Kak... eee se eee ROE er 380 XVvii Section 36. Genersichia (Heuff.) V. Krecz. 1764. 304. C. obtusata LiliebL. . 2... ..-- of ®t Re ONY ok OR 1765; 305. Cirupestris’ Bell, .’ 2". 0° o's! 2’ o% 0? 0! oh 0 KMPER Mamet” dk nae. 1766: ° 306. "Coelticola Popl.” 2" ie) oh of ak ht tment ee tan a ie eee o 1767. 307. 'C.argunensis Turcz,” soc" 2" oof oF hat Nt ee Ct AL Section 37. Kikenthalia (Boern.) V. Krecz. 17682" S08.'Chordeistichos’ Ville". oss SS Sa Ee eee at - T7602" S09. *Gisecalina Wilds ere ofof oe e B a eee ee ee eae, 1770: S10. Creremopyroides ‘Ve, Krecz: «so ticge See eS oss 2s 3 aie Section 38. Nastantha (Boern.) V. Krecz. DP oth Cotlavate. YIM e ws oe due ed Stic VMI TaNeRe fe sae SS ee Se tt cae edi ie) S12. Crflavella Vo Kreezs 3's 8 ROP tre eee ees oe ke te 1773. 313. C. lepidocarpa Tausch. . . . - 2 +s = ©! Sigitigats gelyShne-ralyty © « jets « 1774. 314. C. viridula Mchx.. ....-. PCA Bhi tNonabe te ide eat a aR a ate ay venie 1775. 315. C. Oederi Retz . 2... .. Cea e PMR eg oh oat ante eae $776:. 316... philocrenasVs Kreez. <5) 6: 4 opis RE ES, eetetusia iy 2h Ae : Lif Sti. pulchella oennr.’. 20 foe ea epee bs ele a ena 1778. 318. C. dilutaM/Boi’.: Sao 8 ya tena Me Ais NOE BYiAeE Suis tear Len W779 en 19. (Crerarwakensis Litw. ¢ oo 22 2048 8 Re 2 oe wigugtn te tye ee ° b78O2. 320; (CP Karelint Memnsh, 2.0066) eo! aa Ree ene oe Oe gs eine 1781. 321. C. extensaGood.. .... PRM a se Oe ee oye gstietoin S27) 322. (GC. Flostiana Ge es) aha! lek eet Se Ra kel a ak aio we WSS S23, Ch idistans eee ep seh ict oh Pe ee ae ea a oa. egy SUE 1784. 324. C. aspratilis V. Krecz, 2. 2. ee ee Sige ee ale ashe «a orks renee . Section 39. Elaeostachys V. Krecz. 1785. 325. C. dispalata Boott.. ...... Sie ae ia kit aS ben ha i Cah ie 1786... 326. C. acutiformis Ebrhs) Woy) MRED es ic Solan ia ya) ial dey edvatiila ms 1825. 365. C. Novograblenovi Kom. ....... a cotags ah ca a a e eeaen| e Section 46. Malacocarex V. Krecz. 1826. 366. C. mollissima Christ... . - +--+. ve Sajeicadah ALARM cu Cant ee 1827. 367. C. planiculmis Kom. ...-.- = - 5 uh a peRt eee lpn see te: as vers, (eMealie a Section 47. Pomphol yx V. Krecz. 1828. 368. C. rhynchophysaG. A.M. ....+.-.-- Bd Piece merccanet en ee eee te PSD shoe Cacubice Vv NreCz. oc) se a Men ihe ei a oi ol padoey mye) ele rat emia 1830. 370. C. inflata Huds. ....... ee MM te ath Tl reg UN Le aN sees Baste asa pC ctenolepiclcess:, ss -«: el 2 sje «ro, paeiade) 2 ye « eigehiml oi ie) aumerals Las) icSi2y 4c, rotundata, Whib. ¢. s \oh eae eume eile, 6) oy) whe we wie het Veemiialiate 1333: 3734 Cratriculata Bootle eo vdeo es Cee aS a oeeres eee 5k) 8 1834. 374. C. vesicaria L. . sages ae AD ahd Gretta aut bola” autem mames 1895." 375" ChvesicataMemsh.s.) 0. 6é e's ai ie stelle cei se se 6 eae ey ee eee 1836. 376. C. Grahamii Boott.......- Brea ey Ten Pepe seit Mirela a Nes) ay Canteen tae 1837. 377. C. dichroa Freyn. J eee ner a Metyes se wal encanto aye eat ie 1638.) 378: ©. pamirensis CB Clarkeatua) SFOs vehidic te oc eee ee ws 1839. 379. C. saxatilisL. . ..... He AMIN LARS a iin) fer ee 6, Lega aim. ess sak abe 1840. 380. C. procerula V. Krecz. «2 0 0 ee ee ee eee aj simseerie eee pis sc) 8 1841. 381. C. membranacea Hook... 1... 2+ 2 ee ee. eee POPeR ey ft, eo ® 1852. 382. Cc. latisquamea Kom a eee ire eeeee ee @ © © © © © © © © © ee 450 383. Cc! Siegertiana Uechtr. oC GeO ey en ew er ae eee © & © © & © © 451 384. C. orthostachys C. A.M. . 2 +--+ 2 se eee Bie) ana ethstnd able. « POASZ 385. Gc eriophylla (Kiik.) Kom. et ca’ ot et et Leh ale or om eee ve © & © © «@ eo © » 455 386. C. hirta L. ee © 6 o 6 sf” « 6 0 © of et of Giterier ete er en ss Sle ue 6) Tel. © 455 387. Cc. drymophila Turcz. SUL eee Che Meee eee e © © © © © © © 6 ee 456 388. GC: amurensis Kik. e e e e ee . ° e e e . e ee ° ee e e e ° . ee 457 389. c: Raddei Kuk. oe @ 6 © 6 & © 6 8 te 6 6 ig OMe tote ts carta e%— Yen e! « 457 390. C. dolichocarpa C. A.M. . - 22+ + 22 ee ee eee eed wt RS 458 391. C. capricornis Meinsh. - - - - 2 2 + ee se ee PRPS RR! wis, Ee. 459 392. C. pseudo-cyperusL. . 2 6 ee ee ee ee te ee we ee ee ee 460 SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL POSITION dis Carex Brotheroram) Christ: «0 (sé susie psveie uss ueliege oc, wgeaeu 460 2..C. amphilogos'Koch. 92) 5°99 S09 STS Mae wo s+ oe eis 461 3. C. burjatorum Korot... - - 2-20 ++ +e ee ee Ss Saucon «+» 461 An Cagordids: Chamis: hisses, co. ie) 8, .d olcsiceaaes UES Ls Ls. =. sae ms pune ome So Cojungenda, Steuds.«. +, (a, 3, 6, (0.6, aime 9) ous) Se gal elie acme mp ye ya - - 462 6. C. plumbea Whib. . . ....- sider Sena: Wate tile a ick okie sa ielle ko ua) ae 462 7. C. seiskoénsis Freyn. . ...-- - oy pa et PSMA MCM St Saher a UA! ee, a oes, 463 Order 5. Principes. Family XXVI Palmae. Genus Phoenix L. Ph. canariensis Hort... .-..-- +--+ - Ro Rr eee wee 467 Ph, silvestris’Roxb.* %0. 40% 4% Se MO Semel S Wo) RE 467 Genus Jubaea H. B. et K. J. spectabilis H.B.et Ko -...---- ORAS ARATE. 0? LE." 468 Genus Butia Bece. B. capitata (Mart.) Bece. » . 2 2 2 ee ee Sarees P crcme oust oP. 2E 470 Genus Washingtonia Wendl. W. filamentosa’ (Wendl.)'O; Ktze. 006) 5 33 eS ss eee) es ew 473 W. robusta WendliS =o" So: s+ 55° S Sete oe ees ee BS CP. ee 474 Genus Chamaerops L. Ch: humilis) Pe he oe eee eth ee SRE a2 ASE. 475 Genus Trachycarpus Wendl. F. excelsa (Thunb.) Wendl.) 2°50 5°03 2°52 5s 5 a SY ot ae, 476 Order 6. Spathiflorae. Family XXVII Araceae Neck. Genus 236. Acorus L. Diy es CALAMUS Ee cs 5 oy e-ca's oo eta a eee 479 XX 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859, 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. Genus 237. Lysichitam Schott. 1. L. camtschatcense (L.) Schott. . . 2. 2.0 ee eee sce cece e « 480 Genus 238. Symlocarpus Salisb. 1. S. foetidus (L.) Salisbhh. . 2... 2... Begs dt 2 tree cist » ee Genus 239. Calla L. 1. (es palustris L ° e © © e ae @& & oO ee" es oeeee ee we we wo we we 482 Genus 240. Arum L. lwA. orientale M. B,...... «(24) 200 ki iiial 2) PRDYO., os, . Se eee. swe - - 485 2 A. elongatum Stev. Cee © © © 8 ey 8) 0) shuns © 6 © ee © © © © © LOO 10 486 3. A. Korolkowii Rglh 2. +. 2.0.02... SPisntaltere cele iat lts wis ses, 486 4. A. albispathum Stev. eee «© © © © © © © ew ele eee « @ © w © © ee 487 Sip Ak MACULAE Ls. ys 2 ne GF of ope WE wtteatenncthe Be Mo yaayteptey is us isle Le ye 487 Genus 241. Eminium (Blume) Schott. 1 E. Lehmanni (Bye) O.Ktze (sy oon, 0: 0'f'-Wopmdeestee ss. 6) « velle ls 6 « 488 2; E. Alberti (Rgl.) Engle's is eS cea ae oe eee eeeeietne: eis, '9.! 4 ASD. Genus 242. Arisaema Mart. DeAS arsurense Maxim, Si % © u's % & @ fo Kb eee Ee ee - - 490 2. A. japonicum Blume. .... . Oe oe we: en eae eae 490 Family XXVIII Lemnaceae Dumort. Genus 243. Spirodela Schleid. 1. S. polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. . 2. 2... 2-0. - er etal erat aah he 492 Genus 244. Lemna L. A Met trrenlenul che Wovicetol blell als “ss ere se Piet ae se Oa a, Fem 493 Deleiminarsles MAb als eo ats eet ote eee o. paeae Be te atone ts 493 Sade wibbala gets se". 62 56s 5a ee Mere encanta ce coanaleet aa 493 Genus 245. Wolffia Horkel et Schleid. 1. W. arrhiza (L.) Wimmer .......-. es, ee ee OL 494 Order 7. Farinosae Family XXIX Eriocaulaceae Rich. Genus 246. Eriocaulon L. 1. E. Sieboldianum Sieb. et Zuce. . . 2... 2 2 eae ee ce eemie eAaS 2. E. decemflorum Maxim... .. « I ae aM lS’ ee alle es 496 3. E.ussuriense Koern. . . . 2 ee se ee we ee ipa pede Mc, Bis yge: take 496 4. E. robustius (Maxim.) Makino... ......-2...2.20e2e St) ot) ee 5. E. chinorossicum Kom. . . .... +... Sree “ig tb eek ae eee 497 Family XXX Commelinaceae Rchb. Genus 247. Commelina L. 1. C. communis L. . 2. - - - - s Xxi 1876. 1877. 1878. Page Genus 248. Aneilema R. Br. 1. A. Keisak Hassk, »- - 2 2-2 ee ee oe a a ta “a a ie il a ae « 7502 Family XXXI Pontederiaceae Dumort Genus 249. Monochoria Pres). 1. M. Korsakowii Rgl. et Maack . 2 2 0 2 ee eee eee eee eres 502 2. M. plantaginea (Roxb.) Kunth . ..-- + ++ eee eivantalway 20s Tey 6 503 Order 8, Liliiflorae. Family XXXII Juncaceae Vent Genus 250. Juncus L, Subgenus 1. Juncinella (Fourr.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. 1 J. capitatus Weig. 9S)" 6, KOR) ey 0% Fo.p Oy 18) 8 PAROm Se) lepTeure, 6) ©) Oy Oy Oy Oy © Oy 2s 515 Subgenus 2. Tenageia (Dum.) O. Ktze. Ze Jatensgeia Bbrh. «00% oie ey ot oh oleh at lisse tials Sata 5” So ete ot 3, Josphaerocarpus! Neeseu ie) ay aipniieb> dee veihien ih oo 0 oh ws eho 0 oe a ORO 4. J. amuricus (Maxim.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. . . 2. .-.~ . ©») 0, 3 peg ey ene ee es eae aire ies: Nes callie Sains °'p © guano 6. J. nastanthus V. Krecz. et Gontsch.. . 2 2 2 2 2 es es eee eee eae 7. J. ambiguusGuss. . ... . Sgeupeplne suieuieins Arama)" - ss 8. J. Juzepezukii V. Krecz. et Conch: Pele, iss yt sian alee he) egies 9. J. turkestanicus V. Krecz. et Gontsch, . 2... 2 2 2 2 ee ee eee 519 10. J. minutulus V. Krecz. et Gontsch, . 2 2 2 2 ee ee ee ee ees : + Aooeo Subgenus 3. Stygiopsis (Gdgr.) O. Ktze. Ne ious. ay eh sis ie, oo so fete ue er ee Ree es Racal 521 Deo Vertriguumis: Peace! ay eireiiie aso eee oR ele le) oko ate ah aime a 522 13. J. Schischkini or et oe See eee! ek elec) fe) es tie, NoMa ite 522 1423) hemsonm Buena c-.o)~ fe) 6 a othe ae eae BT vel Weds < ole eee 523 15.) J. stygius Lede atid ce? aun baile, pao Aten: ie AMM LAS ada): (EN ees 16. J. macrantherus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. . . . . Re Saiyan aa te, ta 0 «ples ie ne himalensis Klotzsch. Oho, ee 6) 8. ere ie, wee) a eS. ew « 6s, 0) eo 525 18. J. castaneus Sm. ee ee ee ee ee @O © ee & © ee © © e@ « « e 525 19. J. triceps Rostk. oe! ee ey er eee Oa Lely sta el es MON Ae, (ehtsellue) eile) seh Cem ee 526 20: J. leucechlamys: Zing: {2,4 is jt iterteeee ol Gorge Ae ve S's) |e ele ce 526 Subgenus 4, Pseudo-tenageia V. Krecz. et Gontsch. 21. J. compressus Jacq), 9yiys. 2 an cpaepapdeetetec. newmelbiedaics ot sks « $27 22. J. gracillimus (Buch.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch . 2. 2-2-2 2 ee se 528 23. Js Gerards Lois. (6.0) iF «joy 6 yo Se geige he ye 5> On SRAU SIMD cok otbe)e 528 24.’ |. strofuscus Rupr. ic) jc) +0. «be 0 (sai eid otcethhacitandes Sods 529 25. J. heptopotamicus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. . . 2... 2 - ee ee eee 530 26. J. salguginosus Toren. i)s) icy ele A eedateiie, mre te so el eelcay a. Ms oie «at ae 27. \\). Sorauthus Schrenk site iai,--wiv> feline elie sy 5 it Pa vet Se ta 331 28. J. jaxarticus V.’Kreez: st'Gontaeks 8 Pe tk: Se a eee mele 532 XxXil 1943. 29. J.squarrosusL, ...... GSE Meme We ec) 6 2 oe ee ee s (soe 30. J. tenuis Willd. 2. yn ive pitenenssl iter SOS (eps. wis eS es 5) 35 Sue RPMMG@US LS. see te eta el a Apia a ee Bel SitiehL nae. cits: ite) . 4933 Subgenus 5. Ozophyllum (Dum.) O. Ktze. 83>) }. bulbosusl. *. 2°. Gk Sate lett MB Rite ORR OMNC I OME: ia je 6 wee 33. J. alpinus Vill. > 6 we) 6! eb io) 8. a. Oe) wa eraiel.emeet Le ©) 9) eT) «6, = eb @ Tete © 537 34. J. lampocarpus Ehrh. a: at aac aMeMMstT sc Saiaish Rat Hex iS Hey eit.) ~ © $38 35, J. Turezaninowii (Buch.) V, ie ea a a ,, 539 36. J. Kotschyi Boiss, - .-.....-.. ce S7cul. arianne Vs rece. oe iy *) te fotos te I ee Geen eh ek sige ch te ae 83..J. Leschenaultii Gay... 2.0% 3 es wee we eee eevee 540 39. J. nipponensis Buch. . - . - ~~ + + 2 se ow Hc ha licen te i iene 540 AO, J. virens Buchs « ons 1965." 22. L.’oligantha Lam. « <2 .cwisiys =). outs a te ROSE ee eae o ope + Oeele 1966. 23. L. sibirica V. Krecz, . - - 2-2 22 ee SH aie) Pikaeites Sofie 574 1967. 24: L.’sudetical(Willd.) DC. «0. -. 0 0 0 te costes Ne erie je vate 2 a fs 'o HONS 1968. 25. L. pallescens (Whlb.) Bess. . - 2 2 2 we ee ee eee eee <5 = ee *K kK OK KK XXiv v er PREFACE The third volume of the ''Flora of the U.S.S.B.'' continues the description of monocotyledons, families XXV-XXXII, genera 215-251, and species 1319-1968; this represents 8 families, 36 genera, and 650 species. Of the species, 102 are described as first determinations. If these numbers are compared with what was published for the corresponding fragment of the system in the fourth volume of Ledebour's ''Flora Rossica" (1853) which included descriptions of only 4 families, 23 genera, and 293 species, it will be realized that the overall increment for the intervening period amounts to 75% for families, 56% for genera, and 122% for species. This great increase is due not only to the greater size and diversity of the territory of the Soviet Union, as compared with that of tsarist Russia in 1853, but also to the fact that our botanical determination is now greatly perfected andwe are ina better position to distinguish between species than were botanists of the earlier period. The family of palms has also been included in the present volume. Even though there are no wild palms in this country, many of them have become acclimatized in Abkhaziya and Adzhariya to such an extent that they produce seeds in profusion, and when these fall on the soil they give rise to plants which seem tobe reverting tothe wild state. These palm species are, moreover, ofeconomic value. Other species occurring in cultivation fall into the category of cultivated, not wild flora. The most complicated treatment included in this third volume is that of sedges, i.e. the genus Carex. So far the largest of the genera dealt with has been Poa with its 107 species, followed by Calamagrostis witha count of only 59 species. As against this there are 392 species of Carex (130 in Ledebour's work), and this calls for a very exact study and a thor- oughly worked out classification. The author V.I. Krechetovich has broken away from the existing tradition of classifying the species according to the system adopted in the last completed monograph of this genus, i.e. that of Kukenthal, and has worked out his own system of classification which differs markedly from Ktikenthal's system. Independence in scientific investigation is important; the people using our Flora should therefore not complain about the unfamiliar order in the classification of sedges. The same goes for deviations from the customary names of many plants. The general re- vision of the flora of the U.S.S.R. demanded a thorough verification of synonymy, based on international rules of botanical nomenclature, particularly as re- gards the priority rule. The revisicn necessitated a change of many of the generally accepted names. It is expected that the fourth volume which completes the treatment of monocotyledons, including orchids, will be published soon, in any case before the end of this year. The editors Family XXV. \CYPERACEAE,.d. ST: BIL. Flowers perfect or unisexual, monoecious or (rarely) dioecious, destitute of perianth or perianth represented by 1-6 or (rarely) numerous bristles (in Eriophorum). Sometimes (in Carex) pistillate flowers inclosed in a pouchlike prophyll (perigynium). Flowers usually arranged in many-flow- ered spikelets or (in Rhynchosporoideae) in 2-3-flowered false spikelets. In Caricoideae (Carex, Cobresia) each flower corresponds to a spikelet with a reduced or mostly suppressed rachilla, more rarely the spikelet consists of one staminate and one pistillate flower. Spikelets or individual flowers are borne in the axils of chaffy scales; spikelets are grouped in spikes, heads, or clusters, which may be disposed in turn in racemose, um- bellate, paniculate, capitate, or spicate inflorescences. Stamens mostly 3, more rarely 2; ovary unilocular, with a single ovule and a single 2-or 3-fid style. Fruit a trigonous or globular, often flattened nutlet (achene). Perennial, rarely annual, herbaceous plants, with mostly 3-angled, leafy or leafless stems (culms); leaves narrow, linear or setaceous, flat or in- volute, often strongly reduced, sheaths nearly always closed. Remnants occurring in Tertiary layers can be identified at the most as belonging to the sedge family. In Quaternary layers, the presence of seeds and fruits makes it possible to determine more reliably the distribution of a number of genera as well as some cyperaceous species of the genera Cyperus, Eriopho- rum, Scirpus, and Carex, Key to the Genera 1. Flowers perfect, often with a perianth consisting of bristles....... ae Flowers unisexual, monoecious or (rarely) dioecious; perianth-bristle WeLELE LEN atte yo iter os ta tee eaaen tie teehee ae ee Ss er ee ona as co Se 22. 2, scales of the spikelet 2-ranked; spikelets rather flat... .. 0... 3. Scales of the spikelet spirally arranged, regularly surrounding the rachilla® (Spikelets terete. 2). anes Wm Ree ee ae EN aia LY et ae 10. 3. Spikelets 1-3-flowered; inflorescence always capitate .......... 4. + ODLECLEtS Man ymnlOW ETE. 1. To. Ciesla me ee Tes kn 3. 4. Spikelets 1-flowered; bristles none; style bifid; achene flattened ... Es RF i OM ete Rae MN i Na ah) 6 Ye a 220. Kyllingia Rottb. + Spikelets 2-3-flowered, with numerous empty basal scales; style bifid; achene trigonous or subterete, porcelaneous-white. 231. Schoenus L. 5. Rachilla jointed, inflated above the two lower scales, disarticulating EUS EE LOW SE UILE Ary NG pernty be, ies) <>. af a pyc ce eR 222. Torulinium Desv. + Rachiila not Gisariveulating alter TOWwe rig ie odes ak an sug cee 6. $m ‘Ts® 18. ipo Siemas ce, AGHEMe LOISOMOUS s/s... 4 sale ee este 217. Cyperus L. SIMS oe mens tLAatLeneG, MA CUOCR ts ee weal ee a te Shee rls & Lie The flattened achene turned edgewise to the rachilla............. ME eM etre ella n ig ican, cv ra) ay Rate ey aS Mam te oes 215. Pycreus Beauv. Achene turned with its broad side tothe rachilla ...... 5.0.0.2... 8. Involucral leaves short, usually 2, one longer, erect, seemingly ex- tending the culm; spikelets short-pediceled, ina simple umbel.... RUC Mies eee ud fish, gms cea ounce, CARN NO aL 220. Acorellus Palla. Involucral leaves long, 3-7, considerably overtopping the terminal Wimbelate or capitate Inflorescence - ico.) wa a et en eee 3). Perennial with culms 30-100cm tall; inflorescence a compound umbel. 5d ole NDice & ry i em 216. Juncellus (Kunth) C.B. Clarke. Annual with culms 5-15cm tall; inflorescence a compact spherical bese TC- 1A mim im Gianrete rn. te ree ote mes 221) Brenostylis P. B. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty basal scales shorter than the other SSUES yey eRe eh eee rma TAMA Fan eure Biel Aan eich ly ce Ia Ry ide Spikelets many-flowered, the lower scales as long as the others or DT oi ape eaten ths, ak aR COMPRES ie aie uM Senge er ane NiaT Onan eGo jc alteg Oe 1 Hypogynous bristles 5-13; style distinctly separated from the achene; leaves narrow, setaceous...... 2. Hand ereakwhy in chiOS pra. Vahl. Hypogynous bristles none; style continuous with the achene; leaves 10-15mm broad, scabrous on the margin... .232. Cladium Schrad. iniilogesrencerterminal sa)jsne aft. Selaac eR sea teye Soy be deci ke 153" Inflorescence seemingly lateral, the lower involucral leaf appearing as an extension of the culm: |) 2D 2) pete ns Poa a 21. Hypogynous bristles numerous (except E. japonicum in which there are 6 bristles; the numerous spikelets arranged in this species on branching peduncles gathered at the top of the culm), elongating in maturity into silky threads which greatly exceed the scales....... oe RE OR RR oe Te SE ee a a a a LO 221) Brvophorwm lL. Bristles wanting or 6 in number, small, only rarely elongating into silky threads (and then spikelets solitary at the top of the culm).. 14. Spikelets clustered at the top of the culm in a short, 2-ranked spike {iste Abe» Sy AR I. Ee a ae A Me eR 226. Bly simuispPanz. Spikelets disposed in a compound umbellate or capitate inflorescence, Omsllivetiny. Reveal. Looriourswmliet eis edu: deere cee el eiedonteere iL. peikelers terminal and Solitary.) 2. lo. eysiauect id jee oe eee ee iG) Spikelets numerous, arranged) in jan inflorescence’ . suk Beye. - it. Upper leaf sheaths with a short blade. . 222. Trichophorum Pers. Upper'sheaths bladeless or/blades-obsolete oj) is, 2 Sok dae ee le Ski Eee oe ee Mormae ict dy oo. te. CHR seine 2205; hele@ochearace Ru Br. Spikelets large, 10-20mm long; inflorescence contracted, composed OiMteurrsipuvel ans aeige .. Mes ihale Aes 225. Bolboschoenus Palla. Spikelets small, 1-4mm long, in a loose inflorescence, or inflorescence AVCOUMIACEMICAG TENa' sos 5 nt tte ape epee ad! si ieh SneT aan Cet ee, eh eee eM 1G SUVersMOlke ee te DASE. of ge ta wis) er eu tater Ceara te ee ie tae nee Toy Sve MOn SWOlLlet. cit LMG DASE. «oie teiain is oo agape te eres) ae een an ane 20. Style smooth, its swollen part (tubercle) persistent in maturity on the EMS SNE SEINC) AINE AVE ee 05%, (he) ssi ledee en an a ore pe 230. Bulbostylis Nees. 20. 21. Style hairy, its thickened part deciduous in maturity............ Sy EA 2 ante. arene ns. ee Oates ree 229. Fimbristylis Vahl. Stigmas 3, hypogynous bristles usually 6; perennial with large loose INtlLORESCENCES Gwe «als dk ste Gum ls 6 wiv ea ethene flalltehner mente 224.Scirpus L. Stigmas 2-3; hypogynous bristles none; annual with spikelets gathered IAN OIMIDA CHIME AG. joi succum teins» > Roig aaiiicetens Za DLenosty lis Pi. Hypogynous bristles none; spikelets arranged in spherical heads... Oe a A a ECE er tetas t.3 223. Holoschoenus Link. Hypogynous bristles mostly present; spikelets grouped in one or numerous lobate heads .. =. 6.1 sone caeone Sat asia he OIE «, eel eo Sh ollie Achene inclosed in a pouch (perigynium)......... 231, Carex Ws: PETITE: PISO tice iis a Heft ay ays. RS lems ee ay sae ewte 236. Cobresia Willd. Subfamily I. Scirpoideae Pax—F lowers perfect, often with a perianth of bristles Beauv. Fl. Owar. II (1807) 48, tab. 86, f. 2. Scales obtuse or short-tipped, 2-ranked. Flowers perfect; stamens 1-3; anthers obtuse or obscurely pointed. Stigmas 2. Achene more or less compressed, its margin turned toward the rachilla; spikelets many- flowered (5-60); rachilla 4-angled, the angles not winged or with a very narrow wing. Annuals, rarely biennials or perennials, with smooth 3-angled culms and linear leaves. ie + Wehene's oblong,’ 2=275 times*as ong™as! broad Heer. serge. 2. Achenes obovoid or sometimes subglobose, only slightly longer than road he Sree Bier ot CNT EAS Rie Ree LOMAS 20 LEE TE wee 3. Spikelets 3-5mm long; scales rounded-ovate, ca. 1mm long; stamens E)R Aa Jc ERR 2 GA 8. P.limosus (Turcz.) B. Schischk. Spikelets 5-15mm long; scales elliptical, 2.5-2.75mmlong; stamens 3. ES MNS, Ts) PRS, Sa Pre olkehaewsh AC. Koch)iBy Schischk- Spikelet solitary on the culm; involucral leaf seemingly extending the CUlii OR OF Pe ees et 2. P. setiformis (Korsh.) B. Schischk. Spikelets numerous on the culm, arranged in fascicles or heads, often forming a compound umbellate inflorescence; leaves linear, usually Ct eee ee ee ii ER ack Se eR RA A RRR LE OND Boh enT Syne yey 4. Scales large, 3-3.5mm long; spikelets lance-ovate, 3-4.5mm broad UE RR EY CRESTS SE SO EM 0: 7. P. pratorum (Korotk. ) B. Schischk. Scales 2-2.5mm long; spikelets linear-oblong, 2-3mm broad.... 5. Scales dark red or purplish-red on the margin; spikelets 5-15-flowered. ae er aliag a i he dT Sb tee la ot G8 Sree Mig ip? aed WEL err a eed as Ss 6. * Anagrammatized form of Cy perus. ** Arranged by B, K. Shishkin. Gmetagis oe oem tall; jachenes ca. imam lame. oO Ui che I. ee Pe. BEI oe. SR Raa, ane 5. P.eragrostis (Vahl) Palla. we blants 20> o0'em-tall;. achenes cart oumm long .*. 5... ee ee EPA. suceae Diag tt. hie ieee 6. P. Rehmanni (Boiss. ) Palla. 7. Annuals with slender roots; culms 5-30cm tall; stamens3..... 8. + Perennials; culms 10-75cm tall; stamens 2............... 9. 8. Scales ovate, dark purple, ca. 1.5mm long. Achene obovoid, ca. mam Nantes KeMowish=DrOWM men cee cites ol ee ee eles es PS Po es NEN Bde 8 2, 2 4. P.nilagiricus (Hochst.) B. Schischk. + Scales broadly elliptical, yellowish or yellowish-brown, ca. 2mm long; ,achene subglobular; ca... 1 mm long, weddish-brown. 27% 0) 2"). WRG eats SVU EM Ta. cs 4. uke Aen 1. P.flavescens (L.) Beauv. 9. Culms 50-80cm tall; inflorescence with numerous long (6-9cm) rays OE ook PE Ne Cos Pee eee oe 10)" P?7ireniulus (Pom. iC, B. Clarke. + Culms 10-50cm tall; inflorescence with short rays, often closely CHOC! mete OEL. Be. «cc eile gugietee ee 2. P. globosus (All. ) Rehb. 1. P.flavescens (L.) Beauv. ex Rchb. Fl. germ. excurs. (1830) 72. -Cyperus flavescens L. Sp. pl. (1753) 46; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, Zeve, Boiss. Fie Or. -V, 364; Shmal's. BI. Il, 540) —€ flawescens var. caucasicus C. Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 622.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. FI. Germ. VIII, tab. 278. —Exs. : HFR No 35. Annual. Culms tufted, rarely solitary, 5-40cm tall, 3-angled, smooth; leaves linear, acuminate, 1-2 mmbroad; inflorescence with linear-lanceolate subsessile spikelets crowded in sphericalheads, forming a compound umbel with rays of unequal length; involucral leaves 2-3 unequal in length, much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets 5-12mm long and 2-3mm broad; scales broadly elliptical, ca. 2mm long, or terminating in a very short, slender mucro, yellowish or dark brown, with a green midrib; stamens 3; stigmas 2; achene reddish-brown, flattened, broadly ovate to suborbicular, short-pointed, smooth, ca. 1mm long and just as broad. July—October. Margins of rivers and lakes, in wet sandy places. —European part: sparsely in all regions, except Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech. and Lad. Il'm.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., West., East. and South. Transcauc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Syr-Dar. (Tashkent, Namangan). Gen. distr.: Europe, except the north, Afr., Asia, Amer., Austral. Described from Germany. Type in London, 2. P.setiformis (Korsh.) B. Schischk. comb. nov.—Cyperus setiformis Korsh. in A.H.P. XII (1892-93) 405; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. (Fl. of Manchuria) I, 328. Annual. Culms solitary or several, 5-12 cm tall, slender, 3-angled, smooth; leaves capillary, 1-2 on the lower part of the culm, 1-6cm long and 0.2-0.3mm broad, with brownish-red sheaths. Inflorescence usually consisting of a solitary spikelet, a single filiform involucral leaf, 2-4cm long, appearing as an extension of the culm, hence the spikelet seemingly lateral; beside the long involucral leaf there is often an additional short One, not exceeding the spikelet; spikelet ovate or lanceolate, 4-10mm long and 2-3mm broad, scales reddish-brown, ovate, obtuse, ca. 3mm long; stamens 2; styles 2; achene dark brown, subspherical, ca. 1mm long, transversely wrinkled. July. Very wet meadows. —Far East: Ze.-Bur. Described from surroundings of the village Ivanovskoe, between Zeya and Bureya. Type in Leningrad. 3. P.globosus (All.) Rchb. Fl. germ. excurs. (1830), Addenda, p. 140.—P.capillaris Nees in Linnaea 1X (1834) 283.--Cyperus glo- bosus All. Fl. Pedemont. VII (1789) 49; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 364. — C.capillaris Roxb. Fl. Ind. I (1820) 198.—C. vulgaris Sieb. exKunth, Enum. II (1837) 4; Lb. Fl. Ross. IV, 239.—Ic. Fl. Germ. VII (1846) 279. Perennial, biennial or annual. Culms tufted, very rarely solitary, 10-50cm tall, 3-angled, smooth; leaves linear, acuminate, 0.5-2.5mm broad, smooth. Inflorescence with linear-lanceolate, subsessile spikelets crowded in spherical heads, forming a compound umbel, with usually very short rays, hence the entire inflorescence shaped like a compact head, rare- ly with elongate rays; involucral leaves 2-3, unequal, two considerably and one Slightly overtopping the inflorescence. Spikelets 5-20mm long and 2- 2.5mm broad; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-2.25mm long, reddish-brown, white-hyaline-margined; stamens 2; stigmas 2; achene oblong-ovoid; ca. 1mm long and 0.7mm broad, flattened, puncticulate. June—September. Wet places, margins of rivers and irrigation ditches, and ricefields. — Caucasus: West., East., and South. Transcauc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Syr- Dar., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., West. and East. Medit., Jap. - Chin., Afr., Austral. Described from Piedmont. 4, P.nilagiricus (Hochst.) B. Schischk. comb. nov.—Cyperus nilagiricus Hochst. ex Steud. Cyp. (1855) 2.—C.fusco-ater Meinsh. ex Korsh. in A.H.P. XII (1893) 406; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. (Fl. of Manchuria) I, 322.—C. vulgaris Rgl. Fl. Ussur. (1861) 159 non Sieb.—Pycreus capillaris var. nilagiricus C.B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. of Brit. Ind. (1894) 591.—P. globosus var. nilagiricus C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXVI (1903) 204. Annual. Culms tufted, very rarely solitary, 5-25cm tall, 3-angled, erect, smooth, with few leaves in lower part, at base clothed with 2-3 blade- less, usually purple-tinged sheaths; leaves linear, flat or involute, 2-9cm long, 0.5-2mm broad. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, sessile, crowded in clusters, forming in more developed specimens a compound umbel with un- equal rays; involucral leaves 2, rarely 3, usually one as long as the in- florescence or shorter, the others 2-3 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets 5-17mm long, subobtuse to acuminate; scales ovate, dark purple, 7 green onthe midrib, white-hyaline onthemargin, ca. 1.5mm long; stamens 2. 3; style 2-fid; achene flattened, 0.75mm long, yellowish-brown, obovoid. July—September. (Plate 1, Figure 7 a-c). Wet sandy banks, wet meadows. —Far East: Ussur.; Centr. Asia: Pri- balkh., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: India, China, Manchuria, North Korea, south. and trop. Africa, Australia. Described from India (Nilgiri). 5. P.eragrostis (Vahl) Palla in Ann. Naturh. Hofmus. XXIII (1909) 204.—Cyperus eragrostis Vahl, Enum. pl. (1806) 322; Kom. FI. Manchzh. IJ, 334.—C.sanguinolentus Vahl, 1.c. (1806) 351.—C. Kor- Shinskyi Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 235.—-C. rubro-margi- natus Meinsh. 1.c. (1901) 236. C. rubro-marginatus Drob. in Opredelit. rast. okr. Tashkenta (Key to Plants of Surroundings of Tashkent) I (1923) 46.-—C.flavescens var. rubro-marginatus Schrenk, Enum. pl. nov. I (1841) 3; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 239.—Pycreus sanguinolen- tus Nees in Linnaea IX (1834) 283. —Ic.: Kom. and Alic. Opred. rast. Dalynevost. kraya (Key to Plants of the Far Eastern Area I, 1931), Plate 71. Perennial, biennial or annual. Culms several, rarely solitary, 5-25cm tall. 3 angled, smooth; leaves linear, acuminate, 1-3mm broad. Inflo- rescence a head or a compact umbel with sessile spikelets; involucral leaves unequal, exceeding the inflorescence 2-4 times; spikelets lanceolate, subacute, 5-13-flowered, 5-10mm long and 2.5-3mm broad; scales broadly elliptical, subobtuse, ca. 2mm long, dark red on the margin, green on the midrib, lightbrownelsewhere; stamens 2; achene whitish, broadly obovoid or subglobular, ca. 1mm indiameter. August. Boggy places and ricefields. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc., Tal.; Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Pribalkh., Tyan'-Shan., Dzh.-Tarb., Syr-Dar., Amu-Dar. Gen. distr.: trop. zone of the Old World, As. Min., Jap. - Chin. Described from Southern India (Tranquebar). 6. P. Rehmanni (Boiss. ) Palla ex Grossg. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 152. — Cyperus Rehmanni Boiss. Fl. Or. V. (1884) 364; Fom. and Voron. Opred. rast. Kavk. I, 161. Perennial. Rhizome thin, creeping culms several, rarely solitary, 3- angled, leafy 1/3 to 1/5 its length, 20-50cm tall; leaves linear-lanceolate, usually shorter than the culm, acuminate, 2-4mm broad. Inflorescence an umbel with 3-4 short rays; involucral leaves 3-4, linear, unequal, 2-8 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets oblong, 8-10-flowered, 7-9mm long; scales ovate-oblong, subobtuse, ca. 2.5 mm long, obscurely 5-nerved, rose-colored on the margin, green on the midrib, stramineous elsewhere; achene smooth, suborbicular, ca. 1.5mm indiam. August. Boggy places. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. Endemic. Described from Poti. Type in Geneva. 7. P.pratorum (Korotk.)B. Schischk. comb. nov.—P.dentifer Kom. in Bull. du Jard. bot. princ. URSS XXX (1932) 198. -Cyperus pra- torum Korotk. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 292.—C.dentifer Kom. 1.c. (1932) 198. Perennial. Culms tufted, 7-25cm tall, glabrous, covered at the base with dark purple sheaths; leaves linear, acuminate, 3-15cm long, 0.5- 1.5mm broad, flat or folded. Inflorescence consisting of 1 or 2 clusters of spikelets, one of the clusters sessile, the other on a long peduncle; in- volucral leaves 1-3, usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovate or oblong, acute, 5-8mm long and 4-5mm broad; scales broadly ovate, rufous or pale green, 3-3.5mm long, with a dark-brown, narrowly white- hyaline-margined fringe, the green midrib excurrent into avery short, some- times recurved tooth; achene broadly ovate, flattened, 1.5mm long, some- what lustrous, blackish-brown. August—September. Margins of mossy marshes. —Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss.-Endemic. Described from the valley of Amur river, vicinity of Nikolaevskoe. Type in Leningrad. 8. P.limosus (Maxim.) B. Schischk. comb. nov.—-Cyperus limo- sus Maxim. Primit. Fl. amurens. (1859) 294; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 331. Perennial, biennial or annual. Culms solitary or several (2-4), 10-40cm tall, smooth, leafy at the base; leaves linear, 4-20cm long and 1-3.5mm broad, flatorfolded, with numerous veins, glabrous, barely scaberulous at the tip. Spikelets linear or linear-oblong, 3-5mm long and 1-15mm broad, 16-30-flowered, in glomerules of 20-30, forming a compound umbel with unequal rays; involucral leaves 1-4, of these 1 or 2 exceeding the in- "lorescence, the others shorter; scales orbicular-ovate, obtuse or subemar- ginate, 3-nerved, the midnerve more pronounced, excurrent into a very short tooth, darkish greenish-brown, ca. 1mm long, devoid ofa green midrib; stamens 2, stigmas 2, rarely 3; achene oblong, scarcely shorter than the scales, pale stramineous, plano-convex. August—September. Silt-covered and wet sandy margins of lakes and rivers. —Far East: Ze. - Bur., Uss. Endemic. Described from the river Amur. Type in Leningrad. 9. P.colchicus (C.Koch) B. Schischk. in Grossg. Fl. Kavk. i (1928) 152.—Cyperus colchicus C.Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 623.-Pycre- us Woronowii Palla in Mon. du Jard. Bot. de Tiflis 21 (1912) 21. Perennial. Culms 25-70cm tall, 1-4mm thick, smooth; leaves linear, shorter than the culm, 3-8mm broad at the base, scabrous on the margin 9and midrib. Inflorescence with acute, 20-40-flowered spikelets 0.5-1.5cm long and 2-2.5mm broad, aggregated in spherical heads, forming an umbel with unequal rays; involucral leaves 3-7, unequal, exceeding the inflores- cence; scales elliptical, tawny to rufous, 2.25-2.75mm long, subobtuse, witha green midribandinupper part with a broad hyaline margin; stamens 3, stigmas 2; achene oblong-elliptical, 1.25-1.5mm long and 0.6-0.75mm broad. July—September. (Plate I, Figure 4 a-c). Boggy places. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. Gen. distr. : Turkish La- zistan. Described from the vicinity of Poti. Type in Berlin, cotype in Leningrad. 10. P.tremulus (Poir.) C.B.Clarke ex Dur. et Schinz. Consp. FI. Afr. V (1894-5) 542.—-Cyperus tremulus Poir. Encycl. VII(1806) 264; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 365.—(?)C.stachyophorus C. Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 623. Perennial. Culms 50-75cm tall; leaves linear, shorter than the culm. Inflorescence an umbel with numerous rays 6-9cm long; spikelets sessile, narrowly linear, many-flowered, loose, aggregated in heads; involucral leaves 2-4, broadly linear, unequal, much exceeding the inflorescence; scales obovate, obtuse, stramineous, witha greenmidrib, broadly white -mem - branaceous on the margin; stamens 2; achene obovate, somewhat flattened, puncticulate. Boggy places. Caucasus: West. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Ind. -Him., Trop. Afr., Amer. Described from Madagascar. Type in Paris. Genus 216. Juncellus + (Kunth) C.B. Clarke +} C.B, Clarke in Hook. Fl. of Brit. Ind, VI (1894) 594; Kunth, Enum. II (1837) 19 (pro sect.Gen. Cyperus L.) Scales obtuse, 2-ranked. Flowers perfect; stamens 3, stigmas 2. Achene dorsally flattened, the broad side turned toward the rachilla. Culms destitute of bladeless sheaths at the base. Spikelets numerous, in glomer- ules, forming a compound umbel. { Indicating similarity to the genus Juncus. tt Arranged by B. K. Shishkin, 748 8 10 tS 1. Spikelets 4-6mm long, tightly arranged in oblong or ovaloid, compact Spikess these in turn disposed in a'compact umbel i. 2. 2 re. chat, he. a 2. “J Lalopecuroide’s (Rottb. EC. BasClarke, + Spikelets longer (5-20mm), arranged in rather loose clusters, forming acompoeund umbel, -'.. i mJ. serotinus (Rott. WCae. Clarke. 1. J. serotinus (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. of Brit. Ind. VI (1894) 594. Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Deser. gram. (1772) 18; Kom. Hievianchzh, i.ka32:—C-, Monti ds. fil» Supphy( 7) 102; "dbs 1. RGSS eV, “200: “Boiss. Fl. Or..V, 366; > Shimal' oo” bly Wyse dP view é us Monti Rchb. Fl. germ. excurs. (1830) 72.—-Chlorocyperus seroti- nus Palla in Allg. bot. Zeitschr. VI (1900) 201.—Duval-Jouvea sero- time sPallatin Kochy Synops. 3 Aufl, (Qi907))2556.—Je,: Hehb, lexi Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 279, f. 666. Perennial. Culms usually solitary, sharply triquetrous, 30-100cm tall, leaves linear, 5-9mm broad, finely long-acuminate, with a prominent mid- rib underneath, scabrous toward the tiponthe marginsandmidrib. Inflores- cence an umbel; rays unequal, often branching, usually much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-20mm long; scales orbicular-ovate, obtuse, many-nerved, rufous, with green midnerve and narrowly hyaline margins, 2.25mm long; stamens 3, 1mm long; stigmas 2; achene strongly flattened, brown, 1.25-1.5mm long. August—September. (Plate I, Figure 6 a-c). Margins of swamps and canals, estuaries and floodlands,ricefields. — European part: Low. Don., Low. Volga.; Caucasus:' Ciscauc., Dag., West..and Bast. Transcauc.,,, Vale; Farveastaliss. ; entr. Asia: Syr-Dar., Amu-Dar., Pam,-Al., Tyan'-Shan., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Medit., N. Ind., E. Chin. Described from India. J plop ecuroildeis, (Rotth:) Ce8,'Clarkein Hook. Wh of Brit: dnd! V1 (1894) 595.—Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. Descr. et Ic. (1773) 38; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 367. -Chlorocyperus alopecuroides Grossh., F1. Kavik: ioe) oO eles? Rottbh.. diyvePjitab: 8, “fs 2n Perennial. Roots fibrous; culms solitary or 2-3, firm, 20-100cm tall, 3-angled above, glabrous; leaves linear, nearly as long as the culm, 2- 15mm broad, scabrous on the margins. Inflorescence a compound umbel; primary rays 5-10, 5-15cm long, divided into secondary rays, these termi- nating in crowded, oblong or ovaloid spikes consisting of numerous spikelets, firmly setataright angle; spikelets 4-6 mm long, 1-2mm broad, lanceolate - linear, flattened, subtetragonous, 12-24-flowered; rachilla4-angled, not winged: scales pale- or dark-brown, oblong -ovate to broadly ovate, dorsally flattened, ecarinate; stamens 3; stigmas 2; styles withstigmas slightly exceed- ing scales; achene elliptical, flattened, fuscous whenripeca.1mmlong. July. Ricefields and wet places. — Caucasus: West.and South. Transcauc. Gen. distr. : East Medit., Ind.-Him., Africa. Described from India. Genus 217. “C yapexau's eat L. Gen. Ed. 1 (1737) 12. Scales 2-ranked, 1-many-nerved. Flowers perfect; stamens 3; stig- mas 3. Achene trigonous, Rachilla mostly winged. { From Greek cyperos or cypeiros — names forC. longus andC. rotundus,. t+ Arranged by B.K. Shishkin, PLATE I 10 Records of extinct genera obtained in Tertiary layers in the U.S.5.R.: Cyperites Deucalionis Heer—in the Lower Don Sarmat (Krynka), in Transcauc, (at the foot of Ararat), -Cyperacites paucinervis (Heer) Schimp. —in Prichern. Sarmat (Krynka). —C. canaliculatus Heer—in Tertiary layers of Transcauc. (foot of Ararat). 1. Spikelets aggregated in compact, spherical or oblong heads...... Ze Smilers paynather LOOSeqeluSte Hey Wille te ladet whl Ge el lal wel Meda leas) = D). 2. Scales blackish-brown; inflorescence containing 1-2 rays........ 3S) Aes anc AT RA a A 2.0. SOommoGgicws) Kar, yet Kir, + Scales greenish or greenish-rufous; inflorescence of numerous rays pe a es IVI a Re Ee a eg to a ARE Re I RR 3, 3. Spikelets 10-15mm long; scales mucronate, with distinct lateral nerves; achenestovarer il omar Long’ eisai vbenebeiis ita, sue Cate 6.)€ji2 oLabier LL. + Spikelets 2-8mm long; scales obtuse, lateral nerves wanting or obso- lete; heads very compact, spherical or ovaloid.............. 4. 4. Scales greenish or greenish-rufous, 0.5mm long; stamens 1-2; achenes @arkish "025 mam Lome Mord sd Se shee hoe eine Sah high Bie Dye + Scales rufous or light brown, obscurely 7-9-nerved, 2mm long, hori- zontally truncate; stamens 3; achenes oblong-linear, 1-1.4mm long gs AR wR gS Aa RH" WM Vricr elomre rast s LL, 5. Scales extending into a green mucro, attaining 0.4mm in length.... 137 CC. ani ous Waxim: + Scales not mucronate or with a very short, obsolete mucro...... 6, 6. Scales only with a green midrib, without lateral nerves ........ lie TE ocdles Wirhimitit tareral NErVes, Cf. kre pie scleral cle eee a ian al evi els 9. 7. Scales blackish-brown, rarely brown or greenish-brown; achenes yellowish, ‘oarely shorter than the scales,” ca.’ 1 mm long to 7... Ree ee Cmca hian e.g ie, aie mee ey ue oem iel Cohn bas SUMED SC atts, # ane + Scales light green, reddish on the margins; achenes 18 to 12 as long ENS ESS Sx re Sher he et tt ae Un aN ARN ei AMOR EN ie wail tk Rg 8, 8. Perennial with a short creeping rhizome; achenes yellowish, 0.5- SAMI Cn Bs Ov ge ea as a MERTENS. Sergelrale cal cata 4, C. haspan L. Peanut oC heles W.,o Mtl LONE sco ue ine dae Do, Clhbaverd Ws. ivete. 9. Achenes as long as the scales or nearly so; scales1.5-1.75mm long “hig eae CSO SRN ee at a em SPE ath nada eA on ta ade 2s 10. + Achenes 12 as long as the scales; scales 2.5-3.5mm long ..... fy 10. Spikelets 3-8(12)-flowered, 4-6mm long, arranged at the ends of rays in compound spikes; scales yellowish; achenes ovate-oblong, as long SEES CANES gy ein Gk se 5 te se ie alte eye lea) ey aa cues aaa we He, Wan tte anes tlt: + Spikelets many-flowered, 7-15mm long; spikelets in glomerules at the I APE NANT Te NN RR ea TENN Ly 3 SSO a PT NE ES AT ea Explanation to Plate I 1, Cyperus fuscus L. —2. C. longus L. — 3, Acorellus distachyus (All.) Palla. — 4. Py— cereus colchicus (Koch) B. Schischk. — 5. Torulinium caucasicum Palla. — 6. Juncellus serotinus (Rothb.) C.B. Clarke. — 7. Pycreus nilagiricus (Hochst.) B. Schischk. In all figures: a—spikelet, b-—scale, c—achene. da ends of rays; scales purplish-brown or dark yellowish-brown, barely shomtem (hanethe SCALES. ihc. aics © Apis 5. Ci tuuncatus Tires. 11. Scales dark-rufous; spikelets 5-10mm long; the green midrib often evi- dentionly in upper part of scalesi. i)cjjmeu-. = am LL Ce aad 1 u's Dest. + Scales golden-yellow or rufous; spikelets usually larger, 10-20mm long; the green midrib evident all the way down the scales ....... 12. 12. Culms 50-100cm tall; leaves 4-7mm broad, covering the culm in lower i/a: rays of the, umbel/10-=40'em long ele gin tae TOLMCw hom gis Ale + Culms 7-50(60) cm tall; leaves crowded at the very base of the culm, 2-4(5) mm broad; rays of the umbel 1-10(12)cm long......... 13. 13. Scales rufous, 3-3.5mm long; style with stigma 6-7mm long; achenes puUsScoUss Cat. Ommm long: 7 ie 2) eo eek. V2. Ch spot u indy s SE. + Scales stramineous or golden-yellow, 2-2.5mm long; achenes rufous, lustreus, (cayman long 4° MRE. Fs 2h eae a Attn sae eee dee me 14, 14. Plants with rather large ovaloid tubers, 10-15 mm long; leaves 5-10mm broadi “A” cultivated plant. . . 3 ie ke Rees *C.esculentus L. + Plants with small tubers; leaves 2-4mm broad....... Aedes ey Subgenus 1. Eucyperus Griseb. Spicil. Fl. Rum. et Bith. II (1844) 420; Rikliin Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. XXVII (1895) 568. —Scales without lateral nerves. The green tissue of the culm in two or more cell layers is situated immediately below the epidermis and is not connected with the fibro-vascu- lar bundles. 15 Series 1, Fusci B. Schischk. —Annuals. Scales usually dark, rarely greenish-brown or rufous. Spikelets often gathered in rather compact heads. 1. Cy. fiuscus Lssp. spl 753) 46. idol. Ross. 1V,..241-) Boiss. Bl Or. 4V,.. 370; shimal's, Wij potty eel. Zap. olb, ab as0ee—E ic y = perus fuscus Rikli, Jahrb. Wiss. Botan. XXVII (1895) 568. Cyperus fusciformis Drob. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta I (1923) 46. —Ic.: Rchb, Ic. Fl. Germ, VIII (1846) t. 280. —Exs.: HFR No 1044. Annual, Culms tufted, sharply triquetrous with concave sides, 5-30cm tall; leaves 1/3-1/2 the length of the culm to nearly as long as the culm, 1-3mm broad, acuminate, scaberulous on the margins near the apex. In- florescence of several glomerules, of these one subsessile, the others on peduncles to 12mm long; involucral leaves 3, unequal, 2-3 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets linear-oblong, slightly flattened, 3-8 mm long; scales broadly ovate, blackish-brown or dark red, rarely greenish- brown (var. virescens Hoffm.), obtuse, sometimes slightly mucronulate, 1-1.3mm long and nearly as broad; stamens 2; stigmas 3; achenes yellow- ish-green, sharply trigonous, short-pointed, ca. 1mm long. July—August. (Plate Il, Figure 1 a-c). Damp meadows, margins of rivers, lakes and swamps. —European part: except Kar, -Lap., Dv. -Pech.; Caucasus: Everywhere except the alpine zone; West, Siberian/Ob: (south), Gobadiusi Desig; Fl.’ atly (1798)! 45) tabaits}:, figure 2; Boiss. Or. V, 376.—Chlorocyperus badius Palla in Allg. bot. Zeitschr. VI (1900) 67 et 207, —Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl...Germ, VIM; tabi s28s.'—Exs:: FE cauc..exs, Nov 102: Perennial. Culms thickened at the base, 20-80cm tall, usually several, smooth, leafy to 14-18; leaves linear, smooth, mostly shorter than the culm, 1-10mm broad. Inflorescence an umbel, 0.2-8cm long; rays bearing at their ends loose clusters of spikelets; spikelets oblong-linear, 5-10 (12) mm long and 1-2mm broad; involucral leaves 2-3, of these the lower 20-40cm long; scales ovate, obtuse, not mucronate, dark reddish-brown, with or without a scarious marginal fringe, often witha green midrib onlyin upper part, 5-9-nerved, 2-2.5mm long and 1.5mm broad at the middle of the spikelet; anthers 1.5-2mm long; style with stigma 3-4mm long; achene trigonous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, ca. 1mm long. July-September. Moist meadows, near canals. —European part: Crimea; Caucasus: West. Transcauc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., West. and East. Medit., Balk. - As. Min., Canary Islands. Described from Algeria. Type in Paris. 122°Cy rotunmdus 4s Spiypllo(i753), 45> lWidb: il Rossi iV, 24¢2eisoiss: Fl. Or. V, 376.—Chlorocyperus rotundus Palla in Allg. Bot. Zeit- schr. VI (1900) 61. —Ic.: Husnot, Cyperac. (1905-06) t. 23. Perennial with tuber-bearing stolons; culms 7-35cm tall, solitary, leafy at base, 3-angled, glabrous; leaves linear, smooth, mostly shorter than the culm, 2.5mm broad, usually with short sheaths crowded at the base of the plant. Inflorescence an umbel; rays 0.3-10cm long, bearing loose clusters of spikelets at the ends; spikelets oblong-linear, 10-20mm long and 1-2mm broad; involucral leaves 2-3, much exceeding the inflorescence. Scales broadly-ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, often minutely mucronulate, 16 Ail distinctly nerved, rufous, witha greenmidribanda lighter margin, ca. 3mm long; style with stigma 6-7mm long; achene trigonous, fuscous, ca. 1.5mm lone. /- June september, Sandy places, moist river shores, cottonfields andricefields. - Caucasus: Ciseauc,’, West. > East) and:South/Pranscauc;, Tak..;,Centr...Asia:, Aral- Caspii Nara-kum, Qisyzy Kum), syroDan. »AmueDar., Gen.distr.; Ail, Eur,’, West. “and East, Medit., Balk. ; As. Min,, Iran, Ind..-Him.,. Jap. - Chin., Trop. Arabia, Afr., N. and S. Amer., Austral. Described from India. Type in London, te, (CVamurieus Maxim; (Prim) Mljgamini c(i $59).296.; «kom, BI: Meamchizh.. I, ,sic0..—C. lria var. amabilis C. B. ,@larkesinwJourn., Jinn. Soc. Bot. XX] (1884) 1388. —C. aristatus var. Maingayi C.B. Clarke, l.c. (1884) 94, Perennial, annual, or biennial. Culms tufted, often solitary, 3-30cm tall, 3-angled, smooth, with leaves crowded in lower part; leaves linear, long -attenuate, 0.5-2.5 mm broad, flat, 2-10cm long. Spikelets 0.5-10 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, in gloinerules of 6-20, disposed in a compound umbel with unequal rays; involucral leaves 3-5, slightly ex- ceeding or (Some) twice as long as the inflorescence; scales broadly ovate, many-nerved brownish-red, 2mm long, witha greenmidribexcurrentina green point ca. 0.4mm iong; stamens 3; stigmas 3; achene ovoid, trigo- nous, brownish-red, 1.2mm long. August—September. Gravels, sandy flats, osier thickets, moist sandy river banks, and rock fissures near water. —Far East: Uss. (Amur valley near Kharabovsk, Pos'- et Bay). Gen. distr.: Manch., Jap. -Chin. Described from Amur river. Type in Leningrad, 14, G., aureus Ten. Fl, Nap. 1(1811) VII]. —C.esculentus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 45 ex parte; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 242; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 377. — C.Tenorii Presl. Fl. sic. (1826) XLVI.—Chlorocyperus aureus Palla in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. VI (1900) 69. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII, Pecans els ON Gk Perennial. Culm slightly thickened at base, with lateral offshoots bear- ing oblong or globular tubers, leafy only at base, 20-60cm tall; leaves shorter than the culm, flat, 2-4mm broad, scabrous on the margins above. Inflorescence an umbel; rays unequal, 0,2-12cm long, each bearing a very loose cluster of spikelets; spikelets oblong-linear, 0.5-1.6cm long and 1-2.5mm broad, acute; involucral leaves 3, unequal, one slightly exceeding the inflorescence, the others shorter. Scales ovate or ovate-oblong, dis- tinctly 5-7-nerved, straminaceous or golden-yellow, green midrib subob- tuse, 4-5 mm long at the middle of the spikelet; achene rufous, lustrous, trigonous, ca. 1 mm long. April—July. Wet meadows, borders of canals. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc., Tal. Gen, distr.: West. and East. Medit., Balk. -As. Min., Ind.-Him., Afr., Amer. Described from Italy. *C.esculentus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 45. -—-Chlorocyperus esculen- tus Palla in Koch's Synops. ed. 3, III (1907) 2553, Annual, Similar to the preceding species, but tubers larger, ovate, yellowish-brown, transversely striped, attaining 10-15 mm in length; leaves usually broader (5-10mm); rarely flowering. Described from Marseilles. Type in London. dil 22 NOTE: Not occurring in wild state in this country; cultivated in the Caucasus and in Central Asia. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Cultivated in the southern districts of the Union on account of the tubers which are rich in starch, sugars and fats. In many countries abroad cultivated and sold as a delicacy. The tubers are used dry for food, and are known to have been used in ancient times: they were found in Egyptian tombs from the 12th Dynasty, i.e. more than 2,000 years before the Christian era. The tubers may be used as substitute for almonds in confectionery and a source of oil (dry tubers contain 21.84% of oil) which does not solidify at 0° C. and does not acquire a bitter taste after prolonged storage. Genus 218. Acorellus} Pallatt Palla in Koch's Synops, 3. Aufl, III (1907) 2557. Scales short-acuminate, many-nerved, 2-ranked. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3; stigmas 2; achene flattened, turned with its face to the rachilla. Culm with 3-4 sheaths at base, usually only the uppermost bearing a blade, this flat or subterete, sulcate. Spikelets on very short pedicels, gathered in small numbers at the end of the culm into a lateral inflorescence, turned with their broad side to the main axis. Perennials, rarely annuals, with slender, rather short culms. 1. Lower involucral leaf dilated at the base; spikelets 3-12; scales broadly lanceolate, as broad or broader than long; achene nearly as long as the S12 |e ha eae Me LEME ce eel MM ED! 1. A. pannonicus (Jacq. ) Palla. + Lower involucral leaf not dilated at the base; spikelets 1-3; scales lanceolate, longer than broad; achene half as long as the scale... .2. 2. Scales oblong, blackish-brown; achene ovoid-ellipsoid, short-pointed; Spikelets 2-4 Ua, eee ee 3. A.distachyus (All. ) Palla. + Scales ovate, orbicular, pale green or barely reddish-brown; achene obevoid,’ blunt;>puncticulate: | sspikelerstatojpyaels adel’ -) Walsh en ee PS MEE SEL OS, SAS Rig: nt, ert a ed 2. A.laevigatus (L.)Palla. 1. A. pannonicus (Jacq.) Palla in Koch, Synops. ed. 3, III (1907) 2557.—-Cyperus pannonicus Jacq. Fl. austr. VI, App. (1778) 24, tab. 654 Boiss. BL. Or. ViawioG4;, oumal os. El tea, oryie (Pt. Aco. Slee ik 378 — Cy tatarieus) Less..in Linnaea Ix (1634) 211; “Lido. Fl. "Ross? iy; 209 240—@ .mucronatus,Ldb, Ike. non Roth. Pp yereus pannonte ms Beauv. ex Rchb. Fl. germ. excurs. (1830) 72.—-Chlorocyperus pan- nonicus Rikli in Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. XXVII(1895) 563. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ, VIL.) tabs 4278, £...660), Annual. Roots slender, fibrous; culms tufted, numerous, 5-40cm tall, 3-angled, glabrous, with 3-4 sheaths at base, only the uppermost sheath bearing a blade; leaves linear, to 5cm long, 0.5-1mm broad, smooth. } Implying a certain resemblance to Acorus L. t{ Arranged by B. K. Shishkin. 18 24 Inflorescence a cluster of spikelets at the end of the culm; involucral leaves 2, the lower strongly dilated at base and seemingly extending the culm, hence inflorescence turned sideways; spikelets broadly linear-lan- ceolate, 2-12, acute or subobtuse, 5-12mm long and 2-3mm broad; scales broadly ovate, 2.9mm long and nearly as broad, many-nerved, short- mucronate, reddish- to blackish-brown; stamens 3; stigmas 2; achene obovoid to subglobular, plano-convex, rounded at the top, lustrous, 1.5- 1.75mm long and 1-1.25mm broad. July—August. Damp solonetz meadow, sandy and gravelly river shores. —European parts Upp. Dnepr, Mid. Dnepr.', Prichern, .’ Lower Don.) low. Volga. ; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., igre weenie. Asia: Aral. -Casp.., Pribaliaa... Kyzacikum .Kara— kim, Mount. Turkm., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (south-east), Balk. Described from Hungary. 2. A.laevigatus (L.) Palla in Koch, Synops. ed. 3, III (1907) 2558. — Cyperus laevigatus L. Mant. (1771) 179.— C. mucronatus Rottb. Progr. (1771) 17.—-Pycreus mucronatus Nees in Linnaea IX (1834) 283.—P.laevigatus Nees in Linnaea X (1836) 130.—Juncellus lae- vigatus C.B. Clarke in Hook. FI. of Brit. Ind. VI (1894) 596. —Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII, tab. 278, f. 661. Perennial. Rhizome horizontally creeping; culms erect, 3-angled above, 15-40cm tall, covered at base with 2-3 sheaths, usually only the uppermost bearing a blade; leaves narrowly linear, 3-11 cmlongand1-2mm broad, glabrous. Inflorescence consisting of a dense cluster of spikelets at the end of the culm; involucral leaves 1-2, scarcely dilated at the base, one seemingly forming an extension of the culm, hence inflorescence di- vergent; spikelets lanceolate, 3-8, subacute, 4-10mm long, 1.5-3.5mm broad; scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse, pale green onthe midrib, whitish to light reddish elsewhere, 2.5mm long; stamens 3; stigmas 2; achene obo- void, blunt, minutely puncticulate, 1.25-1.4mm long. July—August. Margins of rivers and canals. -Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Shirabadano, Bondakhan stream, left bank of Vakhsh near Zengtod, Kabadian between Bondakhan and Basun). Gen. distr.: West. Meidt., tropics and subtropics of Afr., As., and Amer. Described from the Cape of Good Hope. Type in London. 3. A.distachyus (All.) Palla ex Kneuck, in Allg. bot. Zeitschr. (1903) 68.—Cyperus distachyos All. Fl. Pedemont. (1789) 48, t. 2, f) 93, Boiss: Fl. Or.iV;, 368. —C .jumediio rank swDesiw Bitfatl, Gl 79a) 42, tab. i, tig. 1.—C. laevigatis i vars) une 1 horas) Cee Clarkerin Joeman. inn, soc. X(1886) 79, te. ./eskant wie uel Amand Lice Perennial. Rhizome horizontally creeping; culms erect, 3-angled above, 20-40 cm tall, covered at the base with 2-4 sheaths, usually only the upper- most bearing a blade; leaves narrowly linear, 3-11cm long and 1-2mm broad, glabrous, inflorescence consisting of a loose cluster of spikelets (2-4) at the end of the culm; involucral leaves usually 2, one very short, the other 1.5 times as long as the inflorescence and seemingly extending the culm, hence the inflorescence in lateral position. Spikelets linear, 2-5, subacute, 6-20mm long and 2-2:5mm broad; scales oblong, subob- tuse, blackish-brown, 2-2.5mm long; stamens 3; stigmas 2; achene ovoid-ellipsoid, short-pointed, plano-convex, with a raised longitudinal 3) line on the ventral side, 1.4mm long. April-May. (Plate I, figure 3). Shores of saline lakes and marshes. —Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum (near lake Molla-Kara, near the railroad station Dzhebel), Pam.-Al. (vicinity of Kulyab, between Bukhara andSamarkand), Gen.distr.: West. and East. Medit., North Afr., Balk.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Piedmont. Genus 219. Toruliniumf} Desv. ff} Desy. in Ham. Prodr. Fl. ind. occ. (1825) 15. Scales ovate-elliptical, obtuse, 2-ranked. Flowers perfect; stamens 3; stigmas 3; achene trigonous; rachilla articulated, with a swelling above the 2 lower scales, readily disarticulating atthe joints after flowering. 1. T.caucasicum Pallain Monit. du Jard.bot. de Tiflis, fasc. XXX (1913) 27; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 154. —Exs.: Pl. or exs. No. 201. Perennial, biennial or annual. Culms solitary or several, 5-45cm tall, 1-4mm thick sharply 3-angled, leafy in lower third or up to the middle; leaves linear, glabrous, as long as the culm or longer, 1-7mm broad. In- florescence a usually dense umbel; rays unequal, branching at the ends; involucral leaves 4-8, scabrous on the margin, much exceeding the inflo- rescence; spikelets flattened, linear, 1-1.5cm long and 1.5-2 mm broad, 10-15-flowered; rachilla winged; scales ovate-elliptical, obtuse or min- utely mucronulate, witha broad green midrib, 5-7-nerved, inequilateral, rufous on the sides, 2.5-3mm long and 1.3-1.5mm broad; stamens 3, 25 anthers 1/3mm long; stigmas 3; achene trigonous, light brown, 1-1.25mm long, one face 0.5-0.75mm broad, the other two narrow. August—Septem- ber. Moist sandy places and ricefields. —Caucasus: East. Transcauc. Endemic. Described from Eastern Transcaucasia (Al'dzhigan-chai river, near Geok- tapy). Type in Tiflis. Genus 220. Kyllingia { Rottb. tt Rottb. Descr. et icon. pl. (1773) 12, tab. IV. Inflorescence a head consisting of numerous spikelets, surrounded by long involucral leaves. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, sometimes with a second, staminate flower. Scales 2-4. Stamens 2-3. Style bifid. Achene flattish, falling together with scales. 1. Leaves ca. 2mm broad, long, equaling the culm or longer; achene oblong-ovoid. Style with stigmas shorter than the achene......... ETS os ue eae kkk a teak mee Gl coke a 1. K.brevitolia Rotto. + Leaves rarely more than 1mm broad, always shorter than the culm; achene globular-ovoid; style with stigmas nearly 3 times as long as the FESS a = ca RRM ee solu cay A I Ne 2. K.kamtschatica Meinsh. { From Latin torulus—knot, swelling. t} Arranged by B, K. Shishkin, { Named for the Danish scientist Kylling, who died in 1696. Be Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. 20 26 1. K.brevifolia Rottb. Descr. etic. pl. (1773) 12, tab. IV. — Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. krayal, 248. Perennial. Plants forming small tufts; rhizomes creeping; culms 3- 15cm tall, slender, soft, 3-angled, leafy only in lower part; leaves linear, acuminate, to 2mm broad, flat, withmidrib, as long asthe culm or slightly longer. Inflorescence a dense, spherical to ovoid head, containing numerous spikelets; involucral leaves very long, to 12cm; spikelets ca. 2mm long, lanceolate, long-tipped, compressed; scales whitish, finally brunescent, the green keel densely bristly in lower part, smooth or sparsely bristly in upper part; stamens 2-3; the bifid style half as long as the achene; achene oblong-ovoid, ca. 1.5mm long, rounded at the apex, with a spinule. July— September. Dry gravelly water-ways.—Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Chavka—ad- ventive; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: all hot countries, except Mediterranean. Described from India. 2, KK. kamtschatica Meinsh. in A-HP. XVill (W901) 229° Kom. El. Kamch. I, 200.—Kyllingia Riederiana Meinsh. in sched. Annual. Forming dense tufts with short stolons; roots thin, fibrous; culms numerous, 7-20cm tall, slender, soft, 3-angled, scantily leafy in lower part; leaves linear, thin, flat, with midrib, shorter than the culm. In- florescence a rather dense, spherical head, containing numerous spikelets; involucral leaves very long; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-tipped, com- pressed, coriaceous, whitish, finally brunescent, the green midrib densely bristly; achene globose-ovoid, obtuse but mucronulate, half as long as the scales. The bifid style nearly 3 times as long as the achene. June—Sep- tember. (Plate III, figure 1). Far East: Kamch., Malkinsie mountain springs (Rider, Komarov). Endemic. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. Genus 221. Eriophorumt} L.tt Sp. pl. (1753) 52; Gen. pl. ed. 5, p. 27. Numerous perfect flowers set singly in the axilsof spirally arranged hyaline scales, forming compact spikes arranged singly at the end of the culm or disposed in an umbel. Lower scales mostly abortive (not contain- ing flowers). Hypogynous bristles numerous, rarely 6, smooth and soft, becoming greatly elongated in fruit and many times longer than the achene, forming a so-called ''powder- puff". Stamens and stigmas 3. Anthers tri- gonous. — Perennial herbaceous bog plants with creeping rhizome or forming tufts or tussocks with longer basal leaves and short culm-leaves, the latter sometimes reduced to bladeless sheaths. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Certain species, notably E. vaginatum L. play an important part in the process of peat formation, representing the main constituent of ''cotton-grass peat’. This peat, owing to its fibrous structure, can be processed in various ways to provide threads that may { From Greek eriophoros = bearing down. Arranged by S. V. Yuzepchuk. g MY 21 =] be used as such or in mixture with wool, cotton, etc., for production of rugs, mats, all kinds of covers (e.g. blankets), and sanitary clothing. In the form of so-called ''peat-wad" it may be used as fuel, either directly or upon processing into carbolic acid. Finally, the fiber obtained from cotton-grass peat is also used in the production of paper pulp. The "wool" of various species of Eriophorum yields fibers for stuffing cushions, for use inthe paper industry and for making wicks, tindersandmillinery. They are also used as an admixture to sheep's wool in the manufacture of woolen materials and are mixed with cotton and silk in cotton and silk textiles, etc. All cotton-grass species serve as indicators of peaty soil and poor quality of hay. Cotton-grass is eaten unwillingly by livestock, and even so only in early spring. In the tundra Eriophorum vaginatus L. often provides the main forage for deer in spring, after the melting of snow. Other cotton-grass species are eaten by deer to a much smaller extent. The culms of E. angustifolium Roth are grazed by geese. In fossilized state found only in Quaternary layers, namely Eriophorum sp, in interglacial strata of Upp. Dnepr, (Minsk, Smolensk). 1. Spikelets several or numerous, peduncled, subtended at base by one or Several involucral leaves...” 6.52%. \hatens |.) agen ONE. ade. ee 2. + ppiselets: solitary; “involucre wanting !2% . one wee.) ab OES ae eer 6. 2. Peduncles (rays) simple, each bearing a solitary spikelet. Perianth- DLIStlcs NUMETOUS WL Ss ee Skeet, a aaa A ares eee EU. ee ea 3. + Peduncles branching, bearing 1-6 spikelets. Perianth-bristles 6. eye el aie lake ie ee et ede Nees oot Genet cma ane mEn RUS 1. E. japonicum Maxim. 3. Peduncles flattened, smooth; anthers 2.7-5 mm long; plants stolo- THIET OU Fe cau eme te whe ete eee et See 2.E.angustifolium Roth. + Peduncles terete or 3-angled, scabrous; anthers 1.4-2mm long... 4. 4. Plants without stolons; leaves flat ...... 3: EH latifolium Hoppe. + Plants stoloniferous; leaves’ marrow, C{FPSOHOUS. © oo) 6 ke ahs ee ee 5. 5. Achenes not narrowed or only slightly narrowed at the apex, without an evident vestige of style, ca. 3mm long ....4. E. gracile Koch. + Achenes narrowed at the apex, with a distinct vestige of style, to 4mm long (sometimes even longer). ......... 5. E.coreanum Palla. Gi.dPlamtS:sbutteds: » cults, Seve mally ie). a setecy aia cetlee setae lie | ole og te PBA aes OMENS hs her lantspwitha creepines rhizome: Culms (SOMEARY jot. sis seme eh aie me ae ee 9. 7. Scales cinereous, paler on the margins, thin, transparent, the outer ones, reflexed;,,,anthers 2)..5-3mm long... ... G. vas iiat wine ie + Scales dark gray or blackish, 1-flowered, rather thick, opaque, the outer ones erect or divaricate; anthers 0.5-2mm long......... 8. 8. Culm 30-70cm long, slender, usually with 2, rarely 3, slightly inflated bladeless sheaths, the uppermost situated above the middle of the culm; scalesmanceolates cbristles: Sordiduy. (aie cei ts alice Sie nye ve eens ae LED ASE er ier beers: aia aeRO oa peg ees 8. E.brachyantherum Trautv. + Culm squat, 6-22cm tall, firm, with sheaths confined to the lower part; uppermost sheath much inflated, bearing a short blade; scales ovate, rounded ‘atthe summit; bristles puretwihitencesa aoe ees le eae TOOEY PD RES LAO SSN, SIERO os a ae 2.. I. Callitrizx Cham: 9. ‘Bristles"more’ortiess reddish . .. .. OR aWeRR~ Hexenaolss dinlk aoit. 10. HB PIStles WHALE owe sce eee ceo os lel aUR One oe amen Ri atRURMRE dh. 10. Fruiting spikelet obovoid; intermediate scales broad, ovate-lanceolate, 22 28 Obiise, broadhy fringed; anthers 2-8 mami. oo!) ae 6 st se CO GMM te TOM Se es i Rey 2. ue aR a ith ate ag ow 10. E. russeolum Fries. f Fruiting spikelet globose-obovoid; intermediate scales rather narrow, triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually narrowly fringed; Snipilee sania al, Wedit LORS | hs wae re le tlw te a) a en eM cel ws Oa Ned Mee ta 5 Rept Gs alee 11. ‘FE. Chamissonis C.A.M. f. rufescens Lindb. fil. 11. Scales of spikelets cinereous, 1-flowered, the lower ones reclinate. . See Oma Ge yc a RGA ss MEO EDR rc) 3 eee ar i.) 2 naive imteez: + Scales of spikelets blackish, with a narrow light margin, the lower ONES Terechoer Givaricate’ 2 CR) | ee ae) a atic e's. oe nA) 12. Culm relatively tall, attaining 15-60cm; fruiting spikelet globose- ovoid; intermediate scales narrow, subacute or acute; anthers 1.3- ILA oolraa) Ww lcia ke pam 9.) Sie een, MR Aaa 11 eG ham 7s's’ond. s! (CTA. MM. + Culm usually squat, 10-30cm tall; fruiting spikelet compressed- globose; intermediate scales narrow, long-acuminate; anthers 0.8- PETTUS a. ess SOR e's ae Re Ce 12e ER. Seweuch ziert Hoppe. Section 1. Phyllanthela Anderss, Cyp. Scand. (1849) 12. — Spike- lets several (very rarely 1), with one or more involucral leaves at the base of peduncles. 1. E. japonicum Maxim. in Bull. Ac. St.-Petersb., XXXI (1886) 111; idem in Mel. Biol. XII (1886) 558.—Scirpus japonicus Fernald in Rhodora vol. 7 (1905) 130, adnot. Perennial, with a sloping thick rootstock, without stolons; culm 13- 32cm tall, 3-angled, scabrous toward the end, 5-7-leaved; leaves linear- lanceolate, 4-7mm broad, rather short, flat, 3-angled only near the apex, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets numerous, 15-40 in the entire inflo- rescence; peduncles very unequal, the shortest simple, each bearing a solitary spikelet, the longer ones branching, bearing up to 6 spikelets, these sessile or short-pediceled; outer involucral bracts with blackish, hyaline sheaths, the inner ones entirely squamaceous; spikelets small, in anthesis 6-10mm long, ovoid, finally elongate-ovoid, often curved; scales ca. 4mm long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, greenish-black, delicately hyaline; bristles 6, roughened in upper part with antrorse barbs, straight~-tipped; fruits so far unknown. Flowering July. Mountainous tundras, bogs, and moist rocks in alpine zone of mountains. Far East: Okhotsk. (Dzhugdzhur and Uiskii ranges), Uss. (Suchanskii District). Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from Nambu Province. Type in Leningrad. 29 NOTE: A Species differing strikingly from all other representatives of the section in structure of inflorescence, and in the number of character- istics of perianth-bristles. The position of this species among the others included in this section can hardly be considered as natural. The renowned expert on the genus Eriophorum L., M.L. Fernald, objected in fact to the inclusion of E. japonicum Maxim. inthis genus. The problem re- quires further study. 2. E.angustifolium Roth, Fl. Germ. II (1789) 63; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 254;. Kryl, Fl. Zap. Sib. Il, 388.—E.polystachion®L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 52.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) t. 291. -Exs.: HFR No. 190; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 506. a3 Perennial with short rhizomes and creeping stolons; culm 15-75 cmtall, subterete, slightly 3-angled only toward the end, leafy; leaves linear, 3- 4.5mm broad, channeled on the upper side, ribbed underneath, scabrous, long-acuminate. Spikelets 3-7; peduncles unequal, often dropping, flat- tened, smooth, bearing 1-2 short involucral leaves; spikelets ovoid, 10- 15mm long, 5-7mm broad; scales brownish-gray, hyaline, ovate or lance- olate, subobtuse; bristles white and soft, with an undivided tip; fruit dark brown, elongate-obovoid, flattened-trigonous, 1-2.5mm long, 0.75-1mm broad. May—June. (Plate II, figure 1 a-d). Mossy and meadow bogs, tundras, lake and river shores, swampy meadows, and boggy, mostly coniferous forests. —Arctic: Arct. Eur.,Arct. Sib., Chuk.; European part: nearly all, except southern regions (Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg., Crimea); Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. Trans- cauc.; all Siberia; Centr. Asia: Tarb.; Far East: Crimea, Okhot., Ze. - Bur., Uss. Gen distr.: West. Eur., North. Mong., Manch., Korea, North Amer. Described from Germany. 3. E.latifolium Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb. (1800) 108; Ldb. Fl. Ross., IV, 2047 Kryl) PY Zap Sib! T3900" EB pio ly sta elrio nel. Hl fomee. ed. 2 (1755) 17 pro parte. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) t. 292. — Exs.: HFR No. 1693; P. Finl. exs. No. 100. Perennial with a short rhizome, without creeping stolons; culm 25- 70cm tall, obtusely 3-angled, leafy; leaves broadly linear, 3-8mm broad, shortish, subplane, slightly ribbed on the underside, scaberulous, termi- ting in a short point. Spikelets 3-12; peduncles unequal, more or less drooping, terete or 3-angled, scabrous; the 2-3 involucral leaves with blackish sheaths; spikelets ovoid to ellipsoid, in anthesis 6-10mm long and 3-5mm broad; scales dark gray, hyaline, ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse; bristles white, branching at the ends; fruit brown, elongate-ovoid, trigonous 3mm long and 1.35mm broad. May-June. (Plate II, figure 2 a-d). 30 Bogs and boggy meadows. —European part: nearly everywhere except southern regions (Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg., Crimea); Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. and East. Transcauc.; (?) East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. - Sayan., Len.-Kol,, Daur.;(?) Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss., Okhotsk., Sakh. Gen. distr.: West. Eur., As. Min., North Amer. Described from Germany. 4. E.gracile Koch in Roth, Cat. II (1800) 259; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 299; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. II], 390.—E.triquetrum Hoppe Taschenb. (1800) 106.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VII, t. 290.—Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm., No. 14, 79. Explanation to Plate II 1, Eriophorum angustifolium Roth; a) habit, b) flower, c) fruit, d) end of a bristle, — 2. E. lati- folium Hoppe: a) lower part of the plant, b) a detached spikelet, c) stamen, d) end of a bristle. — 3. E. gracile Koch: a) portion of a leaf, b) inflorescence, c) fruit. — 4. E. coreanum Palla, fruit. — 5. E.vaginatum L.: a) lower part of the plant, b) flowering spikelet, c) scale, d) fruiting spikelet, e) fruit, f) end of a bristle, g) sheath of upper cauline leaf. — 6. E. humile Turcz., sheath of upper cauline leaf.—7, E. brachyantherumTrautv.: a) sheath of upper cauline leaf, b) fruiting spikelet, c) scale, d) fruit. — 8. E.callitrix Cham.: a) sheath of upper cauline leaf, b) fruit. — 9. E. russeolum Fries. a) fruiting spikelet, b) scale, c) stamen, — 10, E. Chamissonis C.A.M.: a) fruiting spikelet, b) scale, c) stamen, — 11, E.Scheuchzeri Hoppe: a) fruiting spikelet, b) scale, c) stamen. 24 31 PLATE Il yA Vas: “eS : Beef Ne AA i \ Aan e @ ¢ Paes) BES 25 a0 Perennial with creeping rhizome; culm slender, slightly 3-angled, 25-60cm tall, smooth, or sometimes scaberulous below the inflorescence; leaves narrowly linear, 3-angled, channeled on the upper side only in lower part, often scabrous; upper cauline leaf with blade 1-4.5cm long. Spike- lets 3-6 ovoid, 7-9mm long and 3-4mm broad, peduncles unequal, scab- rous, partly drooping; involucral leaves 1-2, very small brownish; seales greenish, hyaline-margined, ovate, subobtuse; bristles whitish, unbranched at the ends; fruit ca. 3mm long, yellowish-cinnamon-colored, linear-oblong, slightly narrowed or not at all, obliquely flattened at the apex, with an indistinct vestigial style. June. (Plate II, figure 3, 1-c). Mossy and meadow bogs, swampy forests. —Arctic: Arct. Sib.; Euro- pean part: nearly everywhere, except Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg., Crimea; West. Siberia: Ob., Alt., Irt.; East Siberia: Yenis. Gen. distr.: West. Eur., North Amer. Described from Germany. 5. E.coreanum Palla in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. LIX (1905) 190. — E. gracile subsp. coreanum Hulten., Fl. Kamtch. I (1927) 160. — fe Palla, | c., tabgil, tioure, 43a) Perennial. Very similar to the preceding species; distinguished by the smooth culm, blade of upper cauline leaf not exceeding 3mm in length, and above all the reddish-cinnamon-colored fruits 4mm long or slightly longer, narrowed at the apex, with a distinct vestigial style. July. (Plate II, figure 4. ). Peat bogs.-Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Savan., Len. - Kol., Daur.; Far East: Kamch., Uss., Ze.-Bur., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Korea, Manchuria (?), Japan (?). Described from Quensan (Korea). Section 2. Vaginata Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 13. —Spikelet soli- tary; leafy involucre wanting; the lowest scale usually larger than the others, many-nerved [the spathe]. Cauline leaves with reduced blades or bladeless. Subsection Multivacua (Norman in Christ. Vidensk. -Selsk. Forh. 16 (1893) 45 pro sect.) Fernald Rhodora 27 (1925) 206 em. —Empty basal scales usually 10-15. 6.%E.vaginatum Lisp. ply (7baedl> db. Ml Roses 1V,, \2028 Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill) 38%. —E J caespitosum Host., Gram. austr. I (1801) 30.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII, t. 289. —Exs.: HFR No. 6311; Pie Hinly exse) No. Sim Perennial. A densely cespitose plant, forming large tussocks; culms numerous, erect, (15)-30-100cm tall, obtusely trigonous; basal leaves with brown, long-persistent, fibrillose sheaths, very narrow, trigonous, smooth, or scabrous, shorter than the culm; cauline leaves 2-3, reduced to conspicuously inflate, reticulate-veined sheaths with obliquely truncate, dark membranaceous tip. Flowering spikelet oblong, 1-3cm long, in fruit subglobose to broadly obovoid, as long as broad, 4-4.5cm in length; scales grayish or dark gray, somewhat lighter-margined, thin, transparent, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lower empty scales 10-20, with no flowers in their axils, reflexed after anthesis; anthers 2.5-3 mm long, lin- ear; bristles white; achene flattened-trigonous, ca. 2mm long and 1mm broad. April—May. (Plate II, figure 5, a-g). Bogs (mostly sphagnum), tundras. —Arctic; European part: nearly everywhere except southernmost regions (Prichern., Low. Don., Low. 26 Volg. Crimea); Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. Transcauc. (Nakuri- ani); Siberia and Far East. Gen. distr.: Eur., North. Mongolia, Japan, North Amer. ? Described from Europe. Type in London. NOTE: R.R. Pohle mentioned at one time (in schedis) a distinct variety of this species, E. vaginatum var. boreale Pohle, most probably of hybrid origin (E. vaginatum L. XE. opacum (Bjorn.) Fern. ?). Arct. Bier. 7. E.humile Turecz. Cat. baic.-dah. (1838) No. 1199 nomen nud. ; H. Lindb. Sched. Pl. Finl. exs. fasc. I—VIII (1906), pp. 31-32.—E.Cha- missonis a humile Turcz. Fl. baic. -dahur. vol. Il, fasc. 2 (1856) 252. - E.Chamissonis Ldb. Fl. Alt. I, 70 et Fl. Ross. 1V. 253, quoad pl. altaicam? non'C.A.M:.—E.altaicum: auct. plur. non Meinsh.; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill, 386.—E.equisetiforme Turez. ined. ? Perennial with creeping rhizome; culms solitary; rather squat, 12-209cm 34tall, thick and firm, subterete; basal leaves with light brown or almost stramineous, persistent, fibrillose sheaths, trigonous, channeled, bluntish- tipped; cauline sheaths 2, inflated toward the apex, with a broad, usually blackish, hyaline margin; upper sheath pointed or bearing a short blade. Fruiting spikelet subglobose; scales gray, rather compact, transparent, very long-acuminate; the basal empty scales finally reflexed; anthers so far unknown; perianth-bristles white; achenes brown, trigonous, 2.5-3mm broad. June. (Plate II, figure 6). Mountainous tundras, bogs, shores of lakes and streams in the alpine zone. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Len. -Kol. (Yablon. Range), Duar.; Far East: Ud. (Udskoi bland); Centr. Asia: Dzh- Tarb. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from the towns Urgudei and Shebel. Cotype in Leningrad. 8. E.brachyantherum Trautv. Fl. Ochot. phaenog. (1856) 98 ampl. BE yeallitrasauctieplur..) non, Cham. ex C/A: Mey Kee pacumy Mermaid, Rhodora VII (1905) 8.—E.vaginatum var. opacum Bjornstr. Grunddr. af Pitea Lapp. vaxtfys. (1856) 35.—E.vaginatum var. brachyanthe - rum Kryl. Fl. Alt. (1914) 1437.—Ic.: Fl. Dan. Suppl. (1874) t. 122; Lindm. Sv. Fanerogamfl. (1918) 111.—Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 49. Perennial, loosely to rather compactly cespitose, fibrous-rooted, with- out stolons; culms flattened, 30-70cm tall, erect or slightly bent, terete, 3-angled toward the end, smooth; basal sheaths brown, split; basal leaves stiff, narrowly linear, conduplicate, about half as long as the culm; cauline leaves ascending above the middle of the culm, the uppermost consisting of a barely inflated, bladeless, brown-tipped sheath. Spikelet ovoid-ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.5-2.5cm long; scales dark gray or blackish, 1-flowered, thickish, opaque, erect or ascending; spathe lance-ovate, subamplexicaul; intermediate scales lanceolate; anthers short, narrowly-elliptical, 0.5- 1.5mm long; bristles dingy; achenes oblong-ovoid to subcuneate, trigonous, 2-2.3mm long and 0.5-1.2mm broad. May—June. (Plate Il, figure 7 a-d). Bogs and tundras.—Arctic: Aret. Eur., Arct. Sib.; East. Siberia: Yenis! ,\en.-Kolt ,.jAng./-Sayanl, ,(Duar.; ran Rasts (kameh. , ;Okhot., Ud., Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Scand., North Amer. Described from Udskoilsland. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: An arctic plant of this type, usually named E. opacum (Bjérn- str.) Fernald, differs somewhat from the typical (Far Eastern) E. brachy- antherum Trautv. in its lower growth and darker scales. As the 27 35 36 differences between these two forms are rather indecisive (they are often indiscernible in the herbarium) and their hereditary permanence is doubt- ful, we have preferred to unite them. It should be noted in this connection that Fernald, in setting up E. opacum as a distinct species, did not com- pare it with E. brachyantherum Trautv. (of which he apparently had not seen any specimens), but with E. callitrix Cham. 9. E.callitrix Cham. ex. C.A.M. in Mem. Sav. etrang. Ac. St. Petersb. I (1831) 203; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 253 p.p.; Fernald in Rhodora 7 (1905) 208, non aliorum. —Ic.: C.A.M., 1l.c., t. 2. Perennial. SimilartoE.brachyantherum Trautv., from which it is distinguished by lower, stiffer culms, cauline leaves confined to the lower part of the culm, the uppermost leaf with a rather ampliate-inflated sheath mostly bearing a short blade, ovate spathe, and pure white bristles. (Plate II, 8 a-b). Tundras. —Arctic: Arct. Sib. (eastern part), Chuk. (St. Lawrence Bay and Creek, Provideniya Bay, Dezhnev Cape). Gen. distr.: recorded for North America (Newfoundland). Described from St. Lawrence Bay. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: The record for Karaskaya Tundra in Arct. Sib. (of Kryl. Fl. Sib. Ill, 387) needs confirmation. Subsection Paucivacua (Norman in Christ. Vidensk.-Selsk. Forh. 16 (1893) 45 pro sect. ) Fernald in Rhodora 27 (1905) 206, em. —Empty basal scales 7 or fewer. 10. E.russeolum Fr. Nov. mant. III (1842) 170.—Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 384.—E.Chamissonis auct. mult. non C.A.M.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 253 pp. -—E.Chamissonis pelongatum Turcz. Fl. baic. -dah. Il, 2 (1856) 252.—E.manshuricum Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 26.—Ic.: Lindm. Sv. Fanerogamfl. III (1918).—Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. III No. 67; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 98, 499, 500 (501-var. subalbidum Lindb. fil. ). Perennial; stoloniferous; leaves as long or longer tnantheculm, narrow- ly linear, channeled on the upper side near the base; culms few, solitary, 10-80cm tall, slender, erect, terete, covered up to the middle withslightly inflated sheaths, of these the lower blade-bearing, the upper bladeless. Flowering spikelet oblong-cylindrical, 1.5-2cm long; fruiting spikelet obo- void, fairly loose, 2.5-4cm long; scales fuscous to blackish, with broad whitish margins, intermediate ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse; the lowest scale usually much larger than the others; anthers linear, 2- 3mm long; bristles usually ferruginous or reddish; achenes flattened -tri- gonous, ca. 2mm long and 1mm broad. June—July. (Plate II, figure 9 ae): Mossy bogs, tundras, boggy meadows, wet shore sands. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib.; West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Len. - Kol., Duar.; Far East: Ze.;Bur., Uss., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Scand., North Amer. Described from Sweden. 11. E.Chamissonis C.A.M. ex Ldb. Fl. Alt. I (1829) 70, excl. pl. altaica; C.A.M. in Mém. Sav. étrang. prés. Al'Ac. St. Pétersb. I (1831) 204.—E.intermedium Cham. in litt. non Bart. -E. medium Anderss. Bot. Notis. (1857) 62; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Il], 385.—-E.rufescens 28 Anderss. Bot. Notis. (1857) 79.—E.intercedens Lindb. fil., Schedae Pl. Finl. exsicc. fase. I-VIII (1906) 32-33.—Ic.: C.A.M. 1.c. (1831) t. 3; Lindm. Sv. Fanerogamfl. (1918) 111.—Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 99a, b, 502, 503, 504. Perennial, occupying in respect of all characters an intermediate posi- tion between FE. Scheuchzeri andE. russeolum. Culms rather low, thickish. Fruiting spikelet dense, subglobose-obovoid; scales triangular- lanceolate, subacute to acute, more or less hyaline-margined; anthers 1.3-1.7mm long; bristles usually pale rusty or rusty (f. rufescens Lindb. fil.), rarely whitish. June—July. (Plate II, figure 10 a-c). Bogs and tundras. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib., Chuk. East. Sibe- ria, ,Yenis..,)l.en.-Kol.; Far East: .Kameh.,Gen. distr:: Scand., North Amer. Described from Chukotskii Peninsula. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: This species is probably more widespread than is known at present, but it is usually taken for either E. Scheuchzeri orE.rus- seolum. 12. E.Scheuchzeri Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb. (1800) 104, App. t. 7; iidbp” FI: Ross. IV; 253; Kryl.)£1.8 Zap.) Sib.vlle, 3832 =r. capita tum Host, Gram. I (1801) 30, t. 38. —E.leucocephalum Beklr. Flora XLI (1858) 418. —Ic.: Rcehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) t. 289, f£. 505.— xs. tbl Fink, exs. Not, 305: Perennial, with long stolons; leaves narrowly linear, channeled at the base, arranged on lower part of the culm; culms solitary, 8-30cm tall, stoutish, erect, terete; uppermost cauline leaf with a narrow sheath, slightly inflated in upper part and a very short, obsolete blade. Flowering spikelet broadly ovoid to subglobose, 0.8-1.2cm long, in fruit depressed- globose, very dense, 2-2.5cm long; scales dark gray to blackish, often with narrow whitish margins; intermediate scales narrowly lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate; the outermost scales longer than the others, broadly ovate, subobtuse or short-acuminate, with amplexicaul base; anthers ca. 1mm long; bristles pure white; achenes oblong, subterete, ca. 2mm long and 0.5mm broad. June—July. (Plate II, figure 11 a-c). Mossy bogs, tundras, and swampy coniferous forests. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib., Chuk.; West. Siberia: Ob.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Okhot.; Centr. 37Asia: Dzh.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Arct. Eur., alpine zone of Pyrenees, Apennines, Transylvania, etc., North Amer., Greenl. Described from Tyrol (Fuscher Tanern). Cotype in Leningrad. NOTE: Barely distinguishable from E.Scheuchzeri isE. altaicum Meinsch. in A.H.P. (1901) 267 (excl. syn. E. Chamissonis Ldb. Fl. alt. I, 70?), described, in spite of name, from Dzhung. Alatau—the sheath of its uppermost leaf-somewhat inflated. —Dzhung. -Tarbagat. A critical form, requiring study. Type in Leningrad. 29 Genus 222. Trichophorumfy} Pers. jt Pers. Syn, I (1805) 70, Inflorescence a solitary terminal spikelet. Uppermost involucral leaf not exceeding the spikelet. Scales spirally arranged, 3-5-nerved. Peri- anth-bristles 6-0. Stamens 3; stigmas 3. Achene trigonous. 1. Perianth-bristles white, very long, to 2cm, 2-4 times as long as the BS eM LO Mang sel vyasi tke ences eo ait. Mele ee 3. °'T alpinum: (i.) Pers. + ,Perianth-bristles Short, inconspicuous or mon, . Royle. sate, ee 2. 2. Spikelet 6-8-flowered, to 7mm long; perianth-bristles equaling the AGH EME RESIMIOOL My) <1. is a6 ssivicunainucniewle 1. T.caespitosum (L.) Hartm. + Spikelet 2-4-flowered, 3-4mm long; perianth-bristles none ....... NORE Lp Tn BU ie ei ap 2. T.pumilum (Vahl) Schinz et Thell. 1. T.caespitosum (L.) Hartm. Handb. 5. Uppl. (1849) 259: Palla in Engl. Jahrb. X (1889) 296.—Scirpus caespitosus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 48; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 246; Shmal'g. Fl. Il, 544; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 397.—Scirpus uniflorus Trautv, in A.H.P.V. (1877) 120. — Trichophorum germanicum Pallaet T. austriacum Pallain Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. XV (1897) 468.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. FI. Germ. VIII (1846) t. 300, f. 710.—Exs.: HFR no. 1536. Perennial, very densely cespitose; culms 10-30cm tall, numerous, naked, invested at base with squamaceous, smooth, whitish-yellow or bladeless sheaths; the two upper basal sheaths green, with subulate blade 2-7mm long; orifice of uppermost leaf-sheath obliquely truncate, hyaline, yellowish-white or light brown (var. austriacum Asch, et Gr.) or bright red owing to numerous minute red dots (var. germanicum Asch, et gr.) Spikelet oblong-ovoid, to 7mm long, 6-8 flowered; scales oblong, yellow- ish-to reddish-brown, the 2 lowest prolonged into obtuse tips, as long as the spikelet, readily deciduous in fruit; perianth-bristles about equaling the achene, smooth, barbless; achene ca. 2mm long, obovoid. May— July. (Plate III, figure 7). Tundras; also mossy and peat bogs. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Nov. Zem., Arct, Sib.; European part: Kar, -Lap., Dv. -Pech., Lad. -Il'm., Upp. Volg. (?), Volg. -Kam., Upp. Dnepr (?); West. Siberia: Ob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Len. -Kol., Ang. -Sayan.; Far East: Kamch,, Sakh. Gen, distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., West. Medit., Balk. -A. Min., Ind. - Him., Jap. -Chin. Described from Europe. Type in London, 2. T. pumilum (Vahl) Schinz et Thell. In Vierteljahrsschrift d. Naturf. Gesellsch. in Zurich LXVI (1921) 265.—Scirpus pumilus Vahl, Enum, II (1806) 243. -—S. alpinus Schleich, in Gaud. Fl. Helv. I (1828) 103 non L.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII (1900) 257 non L.—Isolepis pumi- la Roem, et Schult. Syst. II (1817) 196. —I. oligantha C.A.M. in Lab. Fl, Alt. 1(1829) 64; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 255.—Trichophorum atri- chum Palla in Engl; bot, Jahrb X (1889) 296. —Ie.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) 6. 300, f. 709 (sub Sc. alpino Schleich); Mem. Ac. Sc. Petersb. Sav. Etr. 1(1831) 197, tab. I. —Exs.: Rchb, Fl. Germ. exs. No. 1841. { From Greek thrix, hair, and phoreo, bear, {{ Arranged by R. Yu, Rozhevits. 30 41 Perennial, densely cespitose, but sometimes forming long rhizomes; culms 10-25 (-30) cm tall, slender, invested at base with sheaths, the lower squamaceous, bladeless, the upper tubular, with narrow, obtusely- subulate blade 7-20mm long. Spikelets 3-4mm long, ovoid, 2-4-flowered; scales 2-3 mm long, ovate, rufous, short-acuminate or obtuse, the two lowest somewhat shorter than the spikelet; perianth wanting; achene obo- void, trigonous, blackish-brown, lustrous, ca. 1.5mm long. May—August. (Plate II, figure 8), Boggy, sometimes solonetz meadow, —-European part: Zavolzh.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur. ; Centr. Asia: Aral, -Casp., Pribalkh,, Syr-Dar., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Iran., Dzhung. -Kashg., Mong. Described from Switzerland. Type in Copenhagen. 3. T.alpinum (L.) Pers. Syn. 1(1805) 70.—Eriophorum alpi- ni, Heep. plytd 753) 53; ,Ldb.. FL.) Ress.) IV, 252;, Shmalta), Pigs Il; 548. —E. hudsonianum Michx, Fl. bor. -amer. I (1803) 34. —Lina- grostis alpina Scop. Fl. carn. ed. 2, 1(1772) 48. -Limnochloa alpina Drejer, Fl. excurs. Hafn, (1838) 18.—Scirpus trichophorum Asch, et Gr. Syn. II, 2 (1903) 302. —S. hudsonianus Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1926) 399. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846), t. 288, f. 633- 634. Perennial, rather densely cespitose, with creeping rhizomes; culms 8-25 cm tall, numerous, 3-angled, scaberulous, invested at base with sheaths, of these only the upper ones bearing blade to 1cm long. Spikelet solitary, oblong, 5-8 mm long and to 3mm broad, few-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved, fulvous, the lowest one prolonged into an obtuse awn; perianth-bristles 4-6, in fruit attaining 2cm in length, finally crisped; achene ca, 1-1.5mm long and 0.5mm broad, oblong-obovoid, dark brown, short-pointed. May—July. (Plate III, figure 9). Peat bogs, in the lower part of the alpine zone and on bare Siberian hills. Arctic: Arct. Sibs:)) European. part: Kar. -Mapo. Dv.-Peckh. ) Mad)—M'ms: Volg. -Kam., Upp, Dnep., Zavolzh.: West. Sibemiay Obs, irt);” East: siberia:, Amg..-Sayan,; Far East.: Ze. -Bur., Uss,) Gen) distr.:) Seand. , Centr. ,Eur.), Atl. Eur., North Amer., Described"*rsem Europe.) Type in London, Genus 223, Holoschoenus?7 Linkft Link, Hort. Berol. I (1827) 293. Inflorescence a compact, subspherical head, consisting of numerous small spikelets. Involucral leaf erect, forming a continuation of the culm. Spikelets small, sessile. Perianth-bristles wanting. Stamens 3. Style short, with 3 villous stigmas. Achene trigonous, + Name for a kind of rush, used by Theophrastus and Pliny. 7+ Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. 31 39. PLATE 32 1, Heads 4-8mm in diameter; scales 1.5-2,25mm long; anthers 1-1.5mm NGAI Bes cca on, wratenlay soho Gaal by al ase al ie 5 Sa oa Streets 1, H. vulgaris Link + Heads 8-10 mm in diameter; scales 2-3 mm long; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm WTA aac altedlel mie) nia a a eT aS ee aH Fonmanws (ls, \) Pratseh. 1. H. vulgaris Link, Hort. Berol, 1(1827) 293.—-Scirpus Holo- schoenus L, Sp. pl. (1753) 49. Isolepis Holoschoenus Roem, et Schult, Syst.) 11(1817) .115;, Ldb. Fl. Ross...IV, 256; Shmal'g, Fl. Il, 546, — Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846), t. 317, f. 737-738 (sub H. australi Rchb.).— Exs.: HFR No. 792. Perennial, Rhizome firm, creeping; culms compactly arranged in dense tufts; 30-90cm tall and to 3mm thick; sheaths of lower leaves short, subovate, split, the others much longer, broadly scarious-margined, split, 42 the veins forming a fibrous network, bearing a filiform, grooved blade; the lower involucral leaf long, erect, seemingly forming a continuation of the culm, the other smaller, spreading. Spikelets small, 2.5-3.5mm long, ovoid, numerous, arranged inheads of 1-4, (2-)4-8(-12)mm indiamter, 8-12- flowered, one of the heads larger, sessile, the lateral heads (if present) peduncled; scales 1.5-2.25 mm long, obovate, strongly convex, mucronate, fimbriate-margined; perianth-bristles none; anthers 1-1.5mm long; achene ca. 1mm long and 2/3 mm broad, obovoid, trigonous. June—September. (Plate III, figure 6). Shore sands and boggy meadows. —European part; Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Prichern., Crimea, Low. Don., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., West. and South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Aral, -Casp., Pribalkh., Kara-Kum., Mount. Turkm., Syr. -Dar., Pam, -Al. Gen. distr.: Medit., Northern Persia, North-West India. Described from Southern Europe. Type in London. 2. H. romanus (L.) Fritsch, Exkursionsfl. f. Oesterr. (1897) 80. — Scirpus romanus L., Sp. pl. (1753) 49.—S. holoschoenus y roma- nus Koch, Syn, ed. 2 (1845) 857. ~Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) t. 318, f. 740 (sub H. Linnaei et romano). Distinguished from the preceding species by stronger growth, attaining 100cminheight, larger inflorescence heads, (4-)8-10(-15) mm in diameter, scales 2-3mm long and 1-2 mm broad, and anthers 1.5-2.5mm long. May—July. Sandy places. —Recorded for Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., West. and South, Transcauc. Gen, distr.: Mediterranean. Described from Southern Europe. Type in London, Explanation to Plate Ili 1. Kyllinga kamtschatica Meinsh. — 2. Scirpus silvaticus L. — 3. S.radicans Schkuhr, — 4, S.Wichurai Bcklr. — 5, S.avatschensis Kom. — 6. Holoschoenus vulgaris Link. — 7 Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. — 8, T. pumilum (Vahl) Schinz et Thell, — 9. T, alpinum (L.) Pers. — 10, Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla, — 11. B, affinis (Roth) Drob, — 12, B. compactus (Hoffm.) Drob. — 13. Bolboschoenus compactus (Hoffm). Drob. var. orien- talis Litw. 33 43 Genus 224. Scirpusf L.tt+ L. Gen, pl. ed. 5 (1754) 26, Inflorescence strongly branching, containing many spikelets; or simple, with a solitary spikelet. Spikelets containing many perfect flowers, sessile, or lateral peduncled, often seemingly lateral because of involucral leaf ap- pearing like a continuation of the culm, Scales spirally imbricated, entire or emarginate, mucronate, sometimes keeled, fimbriate-margined, Peri- anth bristles 6-1 (sometimes wanting). Stigmas 2-3. Achene 2-3-angled. Stamens 3, Ls TE Inflorescence terminal, strongly branching, containing numerous spike - Lets(Sect; ), La phrog ito ASChers) eps cus ces xnporid’% con seein aiyet SEED emcee 2 Inflorescence seemingly lateral, as the lower involucral leaf appears like a continuation of the culm, weakly branching, with few spikelets or with a solitary spikelet (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.)..... 5. Spikelets short, ovoid, ferruginous, in glomerules of 1-5......... AUR, Se tai tei. 2 DRM teal be» a» very nyyeings. careenelnwitl«: Abas e 3. 5) Wc hur aivbekl se: Spikelets elongate, acute, pledaen sacayyi' 1a iaM ab Utes re ath. sian pot bel gal ole ede 3. Spikelets solitary at the ends of Beanches. Culms with long, arched offshoots rooting at the tips ........... 2. S. radicans Schkuhr, Spikelets several at the ends of branches. Culms without arched root- HID) OBL SHOOTS red ar ai bey yk, J Behe el fe 6) sryaenreeW ante tt cis ORT A eee ee: < ReS,. 4, Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, in small glomerules of 3-5. Style 3-fid. AGWETIE ODOVOIE Ht. d.higdu ait) pi vetdonite a tidkalet = « 1,8. Silvatve us Ee Spikelets ovoid, in rather large glomerules of upto 16. Style 2-fid. Achene spherical or spherical-ovoid...4. S.avatschensis Kom. A small plant, rarely exceeding 15cm. Spikelets small, 2-3(-4)mm oi a eee Se ce ae ee eee ae ae eee 5 Sin Se a CVE) UL Sela, Plants usually taller, with spikelets 4.5-10mm long........... 6. Perennials) /often, wathicreeping WhizOmes, (.y5 onde depen, esas seat © fh ATVI DLS, Wed tae TDRSS USO OFS hace fd Maen a spvesinitaeecd Spo cleat teegh + bodies dase alo yay ee 13. Calla EE SE Cae ties ait) raion. telah ee + cian neta pehiark ae Spat eM Sieg ae nia ena 8. Culm distinethyracangled 2 oe. By cis ie ee a S| OSes Quen, er weer 9. scales smooth on the back. Achene subtrigonous. ..........6.+.-. Se Oh EME edu « apyeehuriaayre Gapleies Byl's a oman bye pete 6. Se. ba Cus t his ue Scales with minute reddish-brown tubercles on the back in upper part. Achene flattish, plano-convex, ...7. 5, Tabernaemontani Gmell Inflorescence consisting of a solitary spikelet. Occurring in this country only in Sakhalin, Y.. . 2% 8. -s,/planivculmis F.. Schmidt Inflorescence consisting of several or numerous spikelets...... 10. Involucral leaf 15-20cm long and 4-6 mm broad aisle Maes) 6) os te ase cele a! ors, Se 1, SS. Ehrenber gia Sektr. Involucral leaf rarely attaining 7cm in length, always narrow... 11. Inflorescence loosely paniculate, All spikelets peduncled..... F used See, Digs chitos meet nahh ath sols Sate We aden aeeb ame 129 Sel iporalis Schrad, Name for bulrush used by ancient authors, Arranged by R, Yu. Rozhevits. 34 44 45 + Inflorescence capitate or slightly branching. Spikelets sessile or in plomerules) om branches: 3) igapei adie heey a lapeijel (ahs dations Yo. giaprey le the we. 12. Culms stout, about 5mm in diameter even below the inflorescence, Inflorescence a stellate head. Involucral leaf broad, mucronate... . BE OIE RS Aoi, fies) ee AGA abs | SORA al amit RS we) Sh det Tis wc ronatus, Lb, + Culms 1-2.5mm in diameter. Inflorescence capitate, or spikelets bornevonkshor branches ibaa ot hea cube alle 6. ania OS. te gare t eels. 13, Inflorescence branching, containing few spikelets. Occurring in this conntnyonlytinwihe: Mar) Hasty seis) s ays 13. S.depauperatus Kom. TiusMnbloKnescence allways; CAapALAte iid) eniaiey alba a alae ) aya Gievaiis vevageie 14, 14, Perianth-bristles none; achene always with prominent transverse CORrusaALIONS! Ls Hie Wes alld fd hikes be’ eialBiyiatba mi Waco Peli yooh gu See ae 15. PHijeeenanthsbristles alway S: PRESEAES hipayaie) « Luay ot Milel Os) eins Gonisipe yal salen ualya 1G. 15, Spikelets loose, with 2-ranked scales; involucral leaf 10-20cm long, imagyuistate rather distinctly iseptateqmodulose yc) eiihe, ai5 wavs kad = eipe See cc AM ve Wh Vi pisints AO ove ta, nahiba satle' is tgs 14. S. lupulinus (Nees) Roshev. + Spikelets loose, with spirally arranged scales; involucral leaf to LO cations meverynodullose.) 2) sca ea downs ie esue 15). 5). SU nws,. 1. 16, Perianth-bristles as long as or shorter than the achene ....... ine + #Perianth Mid7-Pnepr: 2! Volg: - Don., Zavolzh.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss., Sakh. Gen, distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Balk. -As. Min., Jap. -Chin. Described from Germany. 3. S.Wichurai Bcklr. in Linnaea XXXVI (1869-70) 729; Maxim. in Mel, Biol. XII, 557.~—Scirpus eriophorum Michx. in Hook. Fl. of Br. Ind. VI (1893) 661; Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII (1901) 249. —S. erio- phorum var. nipponica Franch., Japon, II (1879) 545. Perennial, with fibrous roots; culms 60-120cm tall, erect, firm, 3- angled, indistinctly noded, glabrous, smooth, lustrous, somewhat thickened at base; leaves broadly linear, to 1.3cm broad, long-acuminate, prominent- ly scabrous on the margins and midrib. Inflorescence to 15cm long, ovoid or flabelliform, subtended by several linear-lanceolate, flat involucral leaves; spikelets 1-5 in glomerules, ovoid, ca. 3mm long, rufous. Scales oblong-ovate, with a green midnerve excurrent into a small tip; perianth- 46 bristles flexuous, much longer than the achene; achene ellipsoid, ca. 1mm long, compressed-trigonous, short-pointed. August-September. (Plate III, figure 4). Clay pits and wet clay meadows, —Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap. - Chin., Ind. -Him. Described from India. Type in Berlin. 4, S.avatschensis Kom. in Fedde, Report. spec. nov. XIII (1914) L633 uKom) .Hliykameh, 14 )210; Perennial, with a stout short rhizome, cespitose; culms 60-120cm tall, leafy, erect, faintly 3-angled in upper part, glabrous; basal leaves gray or purple, squamaceous; cauline leaves ca. lcm broad and 10-30cm long, flat, long-acuminate, smooth. Inflorescence 15-20cm long, broadly ovoid, with numerous 3-angled branches 3-12cm long, bearing at their ends spike- lets arranged in irregular umbels; spikelets in glomerules of 1-16, ca. 36 4mm long, ovoid; scales membranaceous, dark green, finally gray or pale brown, the tips becoming black; perianth-bristles 6, about as long as the achene, retrorsely barbed; style 2-fid; achene obovoid, slightly tri- gonous or terete, whitish, smooth, spinule-tipped. August—September. (Plate III, figure 5). River shores, under willows. —Far East: Kamch, Endemic. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. Section 2. Schoenoplectus Rchb, Ic. Fl. Germ, VIII (1846) 40. — Inflorescence weakly branching, witha smallnumber of spikelets or a solitary spikelet, seemingly lateral, the involucral leaf appearing as conti- nuation of the culm, 5. S.setaceus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 49: Shmal"g. FI. Ii, 545;: Kryl. F1. Zap. Sib. III, 400.-—Isolepis setacea R. Br. Prodr, (1810) 78; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 246.—Schoenoplectus setaceus Palla in Koch's Synops. ed. 3 III (1907) 2538. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic.. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 301, fig. (ig 712.—Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. (No, 59, Annual, with slender roots, tufted; culms 3-15(-30) cm tall, numerous, slender; sheaths of lower leaves purple, the others brownish or grayish- green, with narrow, conduplicate blades. Inflorescence capitate, containing 1-4 spikelets, small; involucral leaf narrow, erect, appearing as continu- ation of the culm, to 2.5cm long; spikelets oblong-ovoid, 2-4mm long; scales oblong-ovate, keeled, dark purple, with a broad green stripe, 1.5-2mm long; perianth-bristles none; stamens 2; stigmas 3; achene ca. 1mm long, obovoid, trigonous, prominently longitudinally ribbed, short-pointed. July—September. (Plate IV, Figure 1). Near water and on wet sandy soil. —European part: Zavolzh., Low. Don., Prichern,, Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., West., East., and South. Trans- 47 cauc., Tal.; West. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Aral-Casp., Pribalkh. , Dzh. —Larb.., oyr-Dar., Pam, -Al:” Gen. distr.” Centr. and Atl, bur... Medit., Iran., Ind. -Him. Described from Europe. Type in London. 6. S.lacustris L. Sp. pl. (1753) 48: db. FI.” Ross. IV, 2430: Shmal'g, Fl. Il, 544; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill, 404.-—S. macrophyllus Bess. in Schult. Addit. I ad Mant, (1827) 535, 536. —S. Rothii Meinsh. Fl, Ingr. (1878) 385. -Schoenoplectus lacustris PallainEngl. Bot. Jahrb. X (1889) 299. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1848), tab. 306, figure 722. Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I, p. 172. —Exs.: Meinsch. Fl. Ingr. No. 679. Perennial with a thick creeping rootstock; culms 100-250cm tall and to 2 (-3)cm thick, terete, green, smooth; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones brownish, the upper two bearing a subulate or linear blade 1-10cm long. Inflorescence 5-8cm long, corymbose-paniculate, the central spikelets on short peduncles, the outer on elongated ones; involucral leaves 1-2, sub- ulate, the lower chaneled at base, equaling or slightly exceeding the in- florescence; spikelets oblong-ovoid, acuminate, 8-10(-12) mm long, rufous. Scales ovate, ciliate on the margin, smooth on the back, retuse, the mid- nerve excurrent into a short awn; perianth-bristles 6, retrorsely barbed; stigmas 3; achene obovoid, ca. 3mmlong, grayish, compressed-trigonous. June—August. (Plate IV, figure 2). Shores, in water, rarely on grassy swamps and boggy meadows, — European part: all regions; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., West., East., and 37 48 South, Transcauc.; West. Siberia: all regions; East. Siberia: all regions (rarely); Gen. distr.; nearly all Europe (except Arctic); North Amer, Described from Europe. Type in London. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Hardly eaten in hay. Experiments have re- cently been conducted with silage, but without successful results, since the presence of air spaces made it impossible to exclude air from the silage material by ramming. 7. S. Tabernaemontani Gmel, Fl. Bad. 1(1805) 101; Ldb. Fl. Ross, JV,, 248: Kryl. Flo Zap, Sib, Til, 4060—S lacustris var, Taben-= naemontani Doll, Rhein. Fl. (1843) 165; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 545. —S. lithuanicus Bess., S. Wolfgangii Bess., S. Andrzejowskii Bess., et S. Janii Bess. in Schult. Addit. I ad Mant. (1827) 535-536. — S. uliginosus Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc, XV (1842) 291; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 247. —Schoenoplectus Tabernaemontani Palla in Engl. bot, Jahrb, X (1889) 299. ~Ic.: Rchb, Ic. Fl. Germ, VIII (1846) tab. 307, fig. 723. -Exs.: HFR No. 594 a,b. Perennial, A grayish-green plant with creeping rootstock; culms 100- 150cm tall and to 1.5cm thick, terete, smooth; sheaths glabrous, the lower ones brownish, usually bladeless or rarely the upper ones with a narrow linear blade; inflorescence 1.5-5cm long, corymbose-paniculate, usually with short peduncles; involucral leaves 1-2, about as long as the inflores- cence. Spikelets oblong-ovoid, 4-7mm long, rufous; scales ovate, ciliate on the margin, retuse, the midrib excurrent into a short awn, covered all over with minute dark purple papillae; perianth-bristles 6, retrorsely bar- bate; stigmas usually 1; achene ca. 2mm long, plano-convex, dark olive- colored. July—September. (Plate IV, figure 3). Shores, in water, particularly brackish, -European part: all regions; Caucasus: all regions; West. Siberia: all regions; East. Siberia: Ang, - Sayan. Daur: Har Bast.) Kamch Zev Bur wUd., (USS) Sabi.) Cerise Asia: all regions. Gen. distr.: Scand. (southern part), Centr. and Atl. Eur., Medit. Described from Germany. Type in Karlsruhe (Germany). 8. St planiculmis,F. Schmidt in Mem, Acad: Sc. Petersb. (ser. UG XII (1868) 190. Perennial, with slender, short stolons; culms 20-35 cm tall, 3-angled in upper part, glabrous, smooth; sheaths glabrous, smooth, the upper ones bearing a linear blade to 3mm broad, 15cm long, the lower ones with a shorter blade, and lowest bladeless. Inflorescence consisting of a solitary spikelet; involucral leaf to 10cm long, erect, trigonous, constituting a direct extension of the culm; spikelets broadly lanceolate, 6-8 mm long and 3-4mm broad, brownish; scales broadly lanceolate, the two lowest re- sembling the involucral leaves, subulate-or laminar-tipped, more rarely thinner, hyaline-margined, mucronate; perianth-bristles about as long as the achene, retrorsely barbed; stamens 3; style 2-fid; achene oblong- ellipsoid, ca. 2.5mm long. August. (Plate IV, figure 4). Far East: Sakh. (estuary of river Sussuya, on the clay bottom of the estuary). Endemic. Described from the location indicated, Type in Le- ningrad. 9. S.triqueter L. Mant. 1(1767)29; Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV, 248; Shmal'g. Fl. Il, 544.—Schoenoplectus triqueter Palla in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. X (1889) 299) 1—Ici > Rehb, Ie. Fl. Germ. "VU (1846) tab. 305, f. 719721, 38 Perennial, with creeping, often very long, reddish rhizome; culms 50- 100cm tall, 3-angled, glabrous; sheaths glabrous, only the uppermost with a small, ribbed blade. Inflorescence unilateral, with rather elongated branches bearing spikelets in glomerules; more rarely with subsessile crowded spikelets; involucral leaves fairly broad, 3-5cm long, appearing like continuation of the culm; spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 5-10 mm long and 4-5mm broad, reddish or yellowish brown; scales oblong-elliptic, retuse, mucronate, ciliate on the margin; perianth-bristles slender, retrorsely barbed, anthers papillate at the apex; achene 2-3mm long and 1,25- 1.75 mm broad, ellipsoid to obovoid, yellowish or brown. June—September. (Plate IV, figure 5). Shores and bogs, —European part: Low. Don., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc,, East. Transcauc., Tal.; Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Aral, - Casp., Pribalkh., Kara-Kum, Mount. Turkm., Syr.-Dar., Pam.-Al., ivan!’ shan, yiGen. distr. : (Centwybur,, Atl) Hur., ‘Medit., North Amer. Described from southern Europe. Type in London, 10. S. Ehrenbergii Beklr. in Linnaea XXXVI (1870) 712; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII (1900) 253; Litv. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. (Flora of the South- East) III, 271; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III], 406.—S. Ewersmanni Fisch. in Herb. Peira—hriophorumypenrenbe regi Siaz. Tabla Rast. Zap, Sib. (1911) 28. —Scirpus maritimus X triqueter Korsh. Tent. Fl. Ross. (1898) 434, Perennial, with fibrous roots, stoloniferous; culms 100-150cm tall, flattened, 3-angled, slightly winged on the angles, to 10mm in diameter; sheaths glabrous, prolonged into blade 40-60cm long and 6-8 mm broad, conduplicate at base, ribbed in lower part; involucral leaf 15-20 cm long and 4-6mm broad, greatly exceeding the inflorescence, erect, forming continuation of the culm. Inflorescence 1.5-2.5cm long, rather dense, con- sisting of 3-5 glomerules; spikelets 10-13mm long, oblong-ovoid; scales elliptic, 6-7mm long, ferruginous, scarious-margined, retuse, awn-point- ed; perianth-bristles 6, nearly twice as long as the achene; stigmas 2-3; achene ca, 2mm long, broadly obovoid, plano-convex, June-August. (Plate IV, figure 6). Shores. —European part: Zavolzh, (Orenburg); West. Siberia: Irt. (near Semipalatinsk); Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (Zaisanskii Krai). Endemic. Described from Orenburg. Type in Leningrad. 1) Spmueronat us Mi Sp) sly (1755) 50°) tudbe! Bl. Ross. Ve Zar: Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 382.—Schoenoplectus mucronatus Palla in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. X (1889) 299. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 203, fig. 716. Perennial, forming small dense tufts; culms 30-100cm tall, prominently triquetrous, erect; sheaths bladeless, the lower ones dark brown. Inflo- rescence dense, capitate, usually with 5-15 spikelets; involucral leaf tri- gonous, greatly exceeding the inflorescence, subobtuse, initially erect, finally strongly divergent; spikelets ovoid to oblong-ovoid, ca. 1cm long and to 0.5cm broad; scales obovate, attenuate into a mucronate tip, light green, with a darker midnerve and reddish-brown margins; perianth- bristles 6, retrorsely barbed; stamens 3; stigmas 3; achene obovoid, ca. 2mm long, horizontally rugose, trigonous, blackish-brown, August—Sep- tember. (Plate IV, figure 7). 39 : PLATE IV 748 40 53 Boggy places, shores, and ricefields. —Caucasus: West., East., and South. Transcauc.; Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum., Syr-Dar. Gen, distr.: Medit., Iran., Ind. -Him., Jap. -Chin. Described from south- ern Europe. Type in London. 12. SS litoralis senrad. Kip vGerm. 1,(1806))142-. lodb., Fi: Ross. 1V, 249; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 383.—Schoenoplectus litoralis Palla in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. X (1889) 299. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl, Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 39, f. 765, Perennial. Rootstock creeping, sometimes fairly long; culms 50-120cm tall, 3-angled, smooth; sheaths glabrous, smooth, the upper ones with narrow ribbed blade. Inflorescence open, with rather elongated branches, each bearing 1 to many spikelets; involucral leaves trigonous, appearing as an extension of the culm; spikelets oblong-ovoid, 6-12 mm long and 1.5-3mm broad, rufous; scales broadly elliptic, scarious-margined, ciliolate, the green midnerve excurrent in a mucro; perianth-bristles dilated; anthers bluntish, strongly ciliate at the apex; achene globular-ovoid, lenticular. May—August. (Plate IV, figure 8). Bogs; stagnant, sometimes brackish, water; estuaries. -Caucasus: @iccauc..,, Bast, Transcauc, ; Tall; “Centr. Asia: Arali— Casp. , Wyz.— Kum., Kara-Kum., Amu-Dar., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Medit., India. Described from Germany. Type in Munich, fae oe de paliperatus: Kom. im A. H. POX (lOO S23. le. kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost.. kraya I (1931) tab. 75. Annual with dense fibrous roots; culms 3-angled, erect, glabrous, 30- 40cm tall, leafy; leaves narrowly linear, to 2mm broad, long-acuminate, glabrous, channeled in lower part, flat above, with long sheaths. Inflores- cence weakly branching, containing few spikelets, terminal; involucral leaves forming an extension of the culm; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 9- 13 mm long and 5-6 mm broad, 1-3 per inflorescence branch; scales golden- ferruginous, hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate, witha greenscabrous midrib; perianth-bristles 4, retrorsely barbed, much longer than the achene; stigmas 2; achene oblong-fusiform, ca. 1mm long, plano-convex, smooth, whitish. July—August. (Plate IV, figure 9). Boggy meadows, oxbow lakes, shores.-Far East: Ze.-Bur., USS. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chin. Described from the Amur. Type in Leningrad. 14. S.lupulinus (Nees) Roshey. comb. nov. —S. quinquefarius Hamilt. in Wall. Cat. No. 3465 (1828) nomen nudum; Bcklr. in Linnaea XXXV (1869-70) 701 descript. Isolepis lupulina Nees in Wight Contrib, (1834) 107.—T. Roylei Nees l.c: —Seirpuas melanos perm — US pimator jane -A HP Vil (1880) 558, — 5. lu pal onamu's pyar. Roylei Kuk. in sched. Annual with fibrous roots, forming small tufts; culms numerous, 10- 30 cm tall, slender, glabrous, smooth, invested at the base with long, obliquely truncate bladeless sheaths. Inflorescence consisting of 1-9 Explanation to Plate IV 1. Scirpus setaceusl, — 2. S.lacustris lL. —3. S. Tabernaemontani Gmel, — 4, S.pla- niculmis F, Schmidt, — 5. S.triqueterl. — 6, S.Ehrenbergii Bcklr. — 7, S. mucronatus L. — 8 S.litoralis Schrad. — 9. S. depauperatus Kom, — 10. S.lupulinus (Nees) Roshev. — 11. S.supinus L. — 12. S. melanospermus C.A.M. — 13. S.erectus Poir. — 14. S. Koma- rovii Roshev. — 15. S. bucharicus Roshev. 41 spikelets; involucral leaf 10-20cm long, much longer than the inflorescence, erect, continuing the culm, hollow, rather closely septate, hence nodose when dry; spikelets many-flowered, to lcm long, oblong-ovoid; scales ovate-lanceolate, with numerous nerves, ferruginous, greenmidrib; peri- anth-bristles none; achene ca. 1mm long, broadly ovoid, trigonous, trans- versely rugose, short-pointed. August. (Plate IV, figure 10). Ricefields; near water. —Centr. Asia: Syr-Dar., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran., Ind. -Him. Described from India. Type in London, 15." So sipodimu's ES "Sp. “ply (1753) 49°" Shimal"s "eT ie iyi El Zep. Sib?* Til "4012 =tsolle pas’ supine ‘R?'Br. Peodr."1 (tcl) 7s de. ik Ross. IV, 256.—Schoenoplectus supinus Palla in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. X (1889) 290. —Ic.: Rechb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 202, fig. 715. — Exseo Hem Note? Annual, with slender fibrous roots, cespitose; culms 5-25cm tall, rarely 40-50cm (f. robustus Roshev.), numerous, erect or procumbent; lower sheaths purple, bladeless, upper ones green, with narrowly linear, chan- neled blade 1-10mm long. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of 1-10 spikelets; involucral leaf to 10cm long, much exceeding the inflorescence, usually erect, continuing the culm, subcylindrical; spikelets oblong-ovoid, 5-8mm long; scales elliptic, brownish, with a green central strap, mucro- nulate; perianth-bristles none; stamens 3; stigmas 3; achene obovoid, ca. 1-1.5mm long, subtrigonous, prominently transversely rugose, brown- ish-black. June—August. (Plate IV, figure 11). Silted sandy shores of rivers and lakes, sometimes in water. —European part: Mid. Dnep., Volg. Don., Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg. Caucasus: Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. - 54 Sayan.; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp., Pribalkh,, Pam. -Al. Gen. distr. : Centr. Eur., West. Meidt., Balk. —As. Min., Ind. -Him., North Amer. Described from the vicinity of Paris. Type in London. 16. S.melanospermus C.A.M. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Sav. Etr. Pétersb. I (1831) 199, tab. II; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 247. —S. supinus var. melanospermus Schmalh, Fl. 11(1897) 545.-Schoenoplectus me- lanospermus Grossh, Fl. Kavk. (1928) 146. Annual, with slender, fibrous roots, growing in small tufts; culms 5- 20cm tall, several, rarely numerous, erect or slightly nodding; lower sheaths brownish, bladeless, the upper ones green, with narrowly linear or subulate blade to 2.5cm long. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of 1-3 spikelets; involucral leaf to 9cm long, greatly exceeding the inflores- cence (but shorter than the culm), erect, continuing the culm, subcylind- rical; spikelets oblong, acuminate, 4-6 mm long; scales short -pointed: perianth-bristles 6, retrorsely barbed, as long as the achene; stamens 3; stigmas 3; achene obovoid, ca. 1mm long, subtrigonous, transversely rugose, blackish-brown. July-August. (Plate IV, figure 12). Flood plains and wet, sandy places. —European part: Mid. Dnepr., Low. Don. , Low) Volp:; Caucasus: Tal; West. Siberia: simia; CentrimAsia: Aral, -Casp. Endemic. Described from Volga lowlands, Astrakhan, Type in Leningrad. 17. S. erectus Poir, in Lam. Encycl. VI (1804) 761.—S.debilis Pursh, Fl. Amer. sept. I (1814) 55.-S. juncoides Roxb. Hort. Bengal. (1814) 81. -—Schoenoplectus erectus Palla in Monde des Plantes XII (1910) 40. 42 ay) Annual, tifted, with slender, fibrous roots; culms 25-60cm tall, several to many, erect, 3-angled in upper part; sheaths always bladeless, the lower brownish or blackish. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of 1-6 spikelets; involucral leaf 2-7 cm long, 1.5-4 times longer than the inflorescence, erect, continuing the culm, subcylindrical; spikelets oblong-ovoid, 8-12 mm long; scales broadly elliptic, whitish at first, finally brownish, witha green keel, subobtuse or mucronulate; perianth-bristles 6, slightly shorter than the achene; stigmas 2-3; achene globular-ovoid, ca. 2mm long, faint- ly trigonous, obscurely rugose or nearly smooth, brownish-black. August— September. (Plate IV, figure 13). Bogs and ricefields. —Caucasus: Tal.; Far East: Uss.- Centr. Asia: Syr-Dar. Gen. distr.: Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, North Amer. and Austral. Described from Madagascar. Type in Paris. 18. S. Komarovii Roshev. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 579. —Scirpus supinus var. leiocarpus Kom, in A.H.P. XX (1901) 344. —Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. Rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I (1931) 265, tab. 77. Annual, cespitose, with fibrous roots; culms 15-30(-50) cm tall (includ- ing involucral leaf), several, erect, flattened; upper sheaths with narrow, reduced blade; the lowest sheaths brunescent. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of (1-)3-4(-8) spikelets; involucral leaf always 1, very long, at- taining up to 20cm, erect, continuing the culm, subcylindrical, slightly enlarged only at base; spikelets ovoid, 5-7mm long; scales orbicular- elliptic, with a broad hyaline margin, faint midrib, mucronate, green on the keel, whitish elsewhere, becoming brown; perianth-bristles nearly twice as long as the achene, with large retrorse barbs. Style 2-fid; achene orbicular-ovoid, ca. 1.5mm long, plano-convex, almost entirely smooth, dark brown, July—August. (Plate IV, figure 14). Shallows. —Far East: Ze. -Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap. -Chin. De- scribed from the Amur valley (Innokent'evka). Type in Leningrad. 19. S.bucharicus Roshev. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 579. Annual, cespitose, with fibrous roots; culms 35-70cm tall (including involucral leaf), numerous, erect, subcylindrical; upper sheaths with nar- row reduced blade, the lowest sheaths brunescent. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of 5-15 spikelets; involucral leaf 1, very long (10-30cm), erect, continuing the culm, subcylindrical, slightly enlarged only at base; spike- lets oblong-ovoid, 7-10mm long; scales lance-acuminate, with a distinct green midrib inupper part, mucronate,whitish, becoming brown; perianth bristles twice as long as the achene, retrorsely aculeolate; style 2-fid; achene obovoid, subtrigonous, (two angles acute, the third obtuse), trans- versely rugose, nearly black. July—August. (Plate IV, figure 15). Ricefields. -Caucasus: Tal.; Centr. Asia: Syr-Dar., Pam. -Al. Endemic. Described from Gissar. Type in Leningrad. Genus 225. Bolboschoenus?} Pallaftt Palla in Koch. Syn. ed, 3, III (1907) 2531. + From the Greek words: bolbos, bulb, andschoenus, a generic name. }{ Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. 43 56 57 Inflorescence terminal or seemingly lateral, compound or simple or consisting of a solitary spikelet. Spikelets all sessile or the lateral ones peduncled, 1-2cm long. Scales emarginate, with a short awn from the notch. Perianth-bristles 6 or fewer or wanting. Stigmas 2-3, smooth. Achene 2-3-angled. 1. Rhizome usually without corms. Spikelets light yellow. Stigmas 2. Aehenesgelenticular.a:, «us ysuret By wh ibis oe 3. B.affinis (Roth) Drob. + Rhizome always with corm-like enlargements, Spikelets dark brown ar ferruginous.,, Stigmas.a-3) 2%... ooo) eieeeee Ngee een ae Se 2. 2. Spikelets aggregated several per head, partly sessile and partly pe- duncled (compound panicle). Stigmas 2-3. Achene plano-ccnvex, faintly teitonous, dark DrOWO 1, «in aici... % L) ) Baym ape t uma si) a iealia. + Spikelets aggregated in a single head subtended by the involucre. Stig- mas 2, Achene plano-convex or flat on both sides or concave, dark DEGWNt OR OAV Scie .o aiguieh 5/0 iene a 2. B.j¢c om pact us, (Hoffim.), Droh, 1. B. maritimus (L.) Palla in Koch, Synops. ed. 3, III (1907) 2352. — Swimaritimius i, Sprpl. (i753)950;" db: PE CRoss Vj) 249 -esnmalic: BL diei47: “KrylePl. Zap. Sib: ily 406) exch vars (com pac ses S.macrostachys Willd. Enum. 1 (1809) 78.—Bolboschoenus ma- crostachys Grossh,. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 145. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 286, fig. 310, 311. —Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 13. Perennial. Rhizomes creeping with spherical corms at their ends; culms 50-80(-100) cm tall, 3-angled, leafy; leaves linear, flat, 3-8mm broad, scabrous; involucral bracts usually 3. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, dark brown, 1-2cm long (rarely 2-3cm long—var. macrostachyus Vis.), in glomerules of 2-5 on unequal rays, more rarely inflorescence consisting of a solitary sessile spikelet (var. monostachys Sond. ); scales deeply notched, the midnerve excurrent in a short awn; perianth- bristles 1-6; achene plano-convex, obscurely trigonous; stigmas 2-3. June—September. (Plate Il, figure 10). Bogs, shores, very often in saline soil. —European part: all regions; Caucasus: all regions; West. Siberia: all regions; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur.; Far East: Kamch., Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss., Sakh. ; Centr. Asia: all regions. Gen. distr.: all over the globe, except the Arctic. Described from Europe. Type in London. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Forage of low quality; poorly grazed in pasture, but satisfactory in hay, provided it is cut early. It provides sat- isfactory silage. Of considerable importance in semideserts and northern parts of deserts. Nutritional value much lower compared with grasses. Yields of hay range from 20 to 50 centners per hectare, silage material 70-150 centners per hectare. As it stands up to high salinity of soil and water, it may play a considerable role as a cultivated silage plant for plots on which irrigation water collects (Zavolzh'e, Kazakhstan). Thetubers are edible. Suitable as weaving material. 2. B.compactus (Hoffm.) Drob. in Trav. Mus. bot. Acad. Petersb. X1 (1913) 92.—Scirpus compactus Hoffm. Deutsch Fl. II (1804) 25. — S.maritimus var. compactus Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 249. —S. Ko- shewnikowii Litw. in Spisok dik. rast. Tamb. gub. (1888) 142. - Exs.: HER No, 2792 (var. orientalis Litw. ). 44 08 Perennial, Rhizomes creeping, with corm-like enlargements at their ends; culms 50-80(-100)cm tall, 3-angled, leafy; leaves flat or somewhat conduplicate, 3-5mm broad, linear, smooth. Involucralbracts 2-3, unequal, the lowest erect; inflorescence a compact head of 1-5(-7) crowded spikelets in the axil of the involucre; spikelets ovoid or oblong, dark brown, 1-1.5 cm long and 5-8cm broad, sessile or peduncles to 3mm long; scales deeply notched, the midnerve excurrent in a short awn; perianth- bristles 1-6; achene obovoid, plano-convex, subtrigonous, dark brown; ovary with 3 stigmas (the typical form predominant in the west) or achene more or less globular, ovary with 2 stigmas (var. orientalis Litw.), the dominant form in the eastern part of the Union. June—September. (Plate III, figures £2, 13). Bogs, mainly brackish shores. —European part: all regions; Caucasus: Ciscauc., East. and South. Transcauc., Tal.; West. Siberia: all regions; East. Siberia: all regions; Far East: Kamch., Uss., Sakh.; Centr. Asia: all regions. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Balk. -As. Min., Arm. -Kurd., Iran. (?), Dzhung. -Kashg., Mong., Jap. -Chin. Described from Germany. 3. B.affinis (Roth) Drob. in Trav. Mus. bot. Acad. Petersb. XVI (1916) 139. —Scirpus affinis Roth, Nov. pl. (1821) 30. Perennial. Rhizomes creeping with or without globular corms at their ends; culms 20-60(-80) cm tall, 3-angled, leafy, entirely smooth; leaves linear, flat or somewhat channeled, 2-8mm broad, smooth; involucral bracts usually 2, rarely 3; spikelets ovoid-oblong-acuminate, whitish- yellow or stramineous, aggregated in heads, more rarely peduncled (var. maritimoides Drob.), or inflorescence with a solitary spikelet (var. monostachys Drob.); scales broadly ovate, the central nerve pro- longed into an awn to 2mm long; perianth-bristles usually 6; achene rounded, lenticular; stigmas2. May—August. (Plate III, figure 11). Wet and boggy, more or less saline places. —European part: Zavolzh. ; Caucasus: Tal. (Sara Island); Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp., Pribalknh. ; Dzhung. -Tarb., Kyz. -Kum., Kara-Kum., Mount. Turkm., Amu-Dar., Syr.-Dar. Gen. distr.: Iran., Ind. -Him., Dzhung. -Kashg. Described from India. Type in Germany. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Of little importance as forage; corms edible. Genus 226. Blysmusf Panz. jt Panz, in Schult, Mant, II (1824) 48. Inflorescence a terminal, 2-ranked, simple or compound spike. Spike- lets few-flowered, more or less dark brown. Scales without a notch at the summit. Hypogynous bristles 3-6, rarely wanting. Stigmas 2, ciliate. Stamens 3, terminating in a tooth-like appendage tocommissure. Achene 2-angled, flattened from the back. { From Greek blyso—flow, alluding to growth near water. 7} Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. 45 1. Culm 3-angled in upper part. Leaves ribbed. Achene ca. 2mm long. Hypogynous bristles twice as long as the achene, retrorsely aculeate Oe hee NN ee eet, co, Kah ases es Wp ly B. compmre's.isia Ss, (L./)Panz. + Culm subterete. Leaves chaneled, not ribbed. Achene ca. 4 mm long. Hypogynous bristle shorter than the achene or frequently wanting Rai eA We ara keira vag ate ay aa a nee 2. Bo rutus. Giuds, link. 1. B.compressus (L.) Panz. in Link, Hort. Berol. I (1827) 278; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 260.—Schoenus compressus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 43.—Scirpus compressus Pers, Syn. I (1805) 66; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 548: Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 385.-Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 293, fig, 693; \Syreish; Tl. Fl. Mosk. gub. I) 175.—Pxs.:, HR, (No, 89. Perennial. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous; culms 15-40cm tall, slightly flattened, obtusely 3-angled above; lower sheaths brown, bladeless, upper sheaths 5-8, with linear, ribbed, scabrous-margined blade to 5mm broad, always shorter than the inflorescence. Inflorescence consisting of 5-12 spikelets, arranged ina simple, rarely compound (var. compositus Rgl.), 2-ranked spike, 2-3cm long; involucral bract usually much longer, rarely shorter, than the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, 4-10mm long, 5-8(-12)-flowered, ; scales oblong-lanceolate 5-nerved, golden- brown, witha greenmidrib; hypogynous bristles 3-6, retrorsely aculeolate, twice as long as the achene; achene ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 2mm long and 1mm broad, blackish-brown, with a persistent long style. June—August. (Plate V, figure 1). Wet meadows. —European part: all regions, except Low. Volg.; Cau- casus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. and South. Transcauc.; Centr. Asia: Aral. - Casp., Pribalkh., Dzhung. -Rarb., Mount. Turkm., Syr-Dar., Pam. -Al., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Europe, Medit., Balk. - As. Min., Irn., Dzhung. -Kashg. Described from England. Type in London. 2. B.rufus (Huds.) Link. Hort. Berol.'1 (1827) 278; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 261; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Il], 410.~Schoenus rufus Huds, FI. angl. (1762) 15.—Scirpus rufus Schrad. Fl. Germ. I (1806) 133, tab. I, o9fig. 3; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 548; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 254. — Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 293, fig. 694. —Exs.:HFR No.539. Perennial rhizome slender, creeping; culms 10-30cm tall, subterete, sev- eral lower sheaths brown, bladeless; upper sheaths linear-filiform, channeled, not ribbed, bluntly callous-tipped, shorter than or nearly as long as the culm, Inflorescence consisting of (1-)4-8 spikelets arranged in a 2-ranked spike 1.2-2cm long; involucral bract shorter than the inflorescence; spike- lets oblong-ovoid, obtusish, longitudinally nerved, 4.5-6 mm long or 2.5- 3mm (in the eastern race subsp. exilis Printz), castaneous; hypogynous bristles usually none or shorter than the achene; achene oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 4mm long and 1.75mm broad, yellowish, with vestige of style at the top. June-August. (Plate V, figure 2). Sea shore and wet saline meadows and bogs. —European part: Kar. - Lap., Dv. -Pech., Lad. -Il'm.; West. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung. -Tarb., Syr-Dar., Tyan'- Shan. Gen, distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur. Described from England. Type in London, 46 60 Genus 227. Dichostylisjf P.B. tt . P.B. Fl. Owar. II (1807) 78, Inflorescence consisting of spikelets arranged in a single sessile compact, slightly lobed head, or of several heads, of these 1-2 lateral ones peduncled. Spikelets small, greenish. Involucral bracts long. Scales arranged spiral- ly or 2-ranked, awn-tipped. Hypogynous bristles none. Stigmas 2-3. Achene trigonous. 1. Seales spirally arranged, hence spikelets terete.............. 2, + Scales 2-ranked, hence spikelets laterally compressed........... eM cn MM i Sire eea a aN el Si hemecaeie 2. D. pygmaea (Rottb ) Nees. 2, Inflorescence consisting of a single sessile head. Scales with awn 1/4-1/3 the length of the body. Stigmas2....1. D. Micheliana (L.) Nees. + Inflorescence consisting of several heads, of these 1-2 lateral ones peduncled. Scales with awn as long as the body. Stigmas3....... shes anece ee aN Demis. lalla a 3. D. hamulosa (M.B.) Nees. 1. D. Micheliana (L.) Nees in Linnaea IX (1834) 289. —Scirpus Michelianus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 32; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 546; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 385; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 401.-—Isolepis Micheliana Roem. et Schult. Syst. II (1817) 114; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 257.—Cyperus Mi- chelianus Link, Hort. Berol. I (1827) 303. —Ic. Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) tab. 312, fig. 729, 730. -Exs: HFR No. 593. Annual with slender fibrous roots; culms 3-15cm tall, numerous, 3- angled, leafy at base; leaves narrowly linear, about as long as the culm, smooth, flat or more or less conduplicate; sheaths of lower leaves dark purple. Inflorescence a dense, spherical or broadly ovoid head, to 1cm long, subtended by 3-7 subhorizontally spreading involucral bracts 1-10cm long, resembling the culm-leaves but slightly broader; spikelets oblong- ovoid, 2.5-3.5mm long, 10-20-flowered; scales greenish, becoming rufous, with a narrow green stripe, oblong, to 2mm long, gradually tapering into awn 1/2mm long; hypogynous bristles none; stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3; stigmas 2; achene ca. 1mm long, oblong-ovoid, plano-convex, smooth. July—September. (Plate V, figure 3). Silty and sandy shores of rivers and lakes. —European part: Mid. Dnepr., Volg. Don., Prichern., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. -Trans- cauc.; Tal.; West. Siberia: Irt.; Far East: Uss. ?; Centr. Asia: Aral. - Casp. (Gur'ev.), Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., Medit., Balk. -As. Min., Jap. -Chin. Described from Italy. Type in London. 2. D. pygmaea (Rottb.) Nees in Linnaea IX (1834) 289. -Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb. Descr. Gram. (1772) 20, tab. 14, fig. 4,5; Boiss. WE “Or;. Vi 4oGo: Annual, with slender fibrous roots; culms 5-20cm tall, numerous, 3- angled, leafy at base; leaves linear, acuminate, often exceeding the culm, Inflorescence a dense spherical head, 12-15 mm in diameter, subtended by long, subhorizontally spreading involucral bracts; spikelets oblong-lance- olate, 2.5-3.5mm long, 12-20-flowered, laterally compressed; scales linear-lanceolate, prolonged into a bent awn, subdistichous-imbricate, 5-7 {+ From Greek dicha, parted, andstylos, style jt Arranged by R. Yu, Rozhevits. 47 48 63 nerved, yellowish-green, with a darker midnerve; hypogynous bristles none; stamen often 1; stigmas 2, rarely 3; achene ca. 1-1.25mm long, oblong, smooth, plano-convex, July—August. (Plate V, Figure 4). Sandy places. —Caucasus: East. Transcauc., Tal. Gen. distr.: East. Medit., Arm. -Kurd., Ind. -Him. Described from India. 3. D.hamulosa (M.B.) Nees in Linnaea IX (1834) 289. -Cyperus hamulosus M.B. Fl. taur. -cauc. I (1808) 35.-Isolepis hamulosa Kunth, Enum, IX (1837) 209; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 257.—Scirpus hamu- losus Stev. in Mém,. Soc. Nat. Mosc. V (1814) 356; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 946; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 402. —Exs. HFR No. 995. Annual with slender fibrous roots; culms 5-15cm tall, several to many, 3-angled, erect; leaves narrowly linear, shorter than the culm, flat or conduplicate, the lower leaf sheaths dark brown or purple. Inflorescence consisting of spikelets arranged inspherical, oval heads 3-6mm in diameter, the lateral ones on peduncles 5-12 mm long; involucral bracts subtending the inflorescence attaining 5cm in length, resembling the culm-leaves, but subhorizontally spreading; spikelets broadly ovoid, 3-4mm long, many- flowered; scales ovate, sometimes light purple, ca. 1.5-2mm long, pro- longed into awn nearly as long as the body; hypogynous bristles none; stig- mas 3; achene 0.75-1mm long, oblong-ovoid, trigonous, minutely dotted, brownish. July—September. (Plate V, Figure 5). Shore sands. —European part: Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Volg. -Don., Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg.; West. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Aral-Casp., Pribalkh., Kyz.-Kum., Kara-Kum., Amu-Dar. Gen. distr.: Balk. -As. Min. Described from Dneper lowlands. Type in Leningrad. Genus 228. Heleocharis?; R.BR.tt R. Br. Prodr. I (1810) 80. Spikelets solitary, terminating the culm. Perianth of thin, retrorsely barbed bristles (sometimes bristles wanting). Stamens 3. Stigmas 2 or 3; achene trigonous, lenticular or globular. Style base thickened (tubercle) and persistent upon the apex of the achene. Perennial plants with creeping rhizomes and tufted culms, or cespitose annuals. Culms un- branched, sheathed at the base; blades wanting. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Representatives of this genus approach Carex spp. in chemical composition, but with a somewhat higher mineral + From Greek helos, marsh, and charis, lure. f{ Arranged by Yu. D. Tsinzerling. Explanation to Plate V 1. Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz, — 2. B. rufus (Huds.) Link, — 3, Dichostylis Micheliana (L.) Nees. — 4. D. pygmaea (Rottb.) Nees. — 5. D. hamulosa (MB.) Nees.— 6. Rhynchospora alba (L.) Wahl, — 7. R. fusca (L.) Roem, et Schult. — 8. R.caucasica E, Palla, —9, R.Fauri- eri Franch, — 10. Claudium Mariscus (L.) R.Br. — 11. Schoenus nigricans lL, —12. S. ferru- gineus L, 49 content. Grazed poorly, rarely satisfactorily (little-developed specimens of H. palustris, H. oxylepis, and some others). Nearly all species eaten readily in hay by cattle and horses, less so by sheep, goats and camels. Used for silage; but as the culms contain numerous air spaces, 64 the material should be rammed down as much as possible. Some of the 65 species occur as weeds of ricefields (H.ussuriensis, H.atropur- purea, H. Svensonii, H. ovata, H. Maximoviczi, etc.). NOTE: The genus Heleocharis is represented by many species (their number has not yet been ascertained), distributed all over the earth (except most of the Arctic and Antarctic areas), particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. Out of the 11 sections into which H.K. Svenson divides this genus (he calls the section Rhodora 31, and we adopt this classification) 8 occur in this country; of these 7 are represented by not more than 1 to 3 species, and only in the section Palustriformes there is a wide range (25 species). Spike rushes are anemogamous plants, hence there are often hybrids between related species their distribution areas overlap frequently, and this renders identification difficult. Characters of particular importance for identification purposes are: shape and size of the tubercle (style base persistent upon the fruit), number and length (in relation to the achene) of bristles as well as features of their barbs; ripe achenes are therefore indispensable for precise determination of most species. It should be noted that where length of bristles is conveyed, the relative length of achene referred to includes the tubercle. Indications concerning sulcate culms apply to dried plants. Margin of scales is here referred to as broad hyaline (transparent-membranaceous) in those in- stances where it equals or exceeds 18 of half the width of the scale, and as narrow when it amounts to less. 1, Achenes ca. 4mm long (including tubercle), white, lustrous; Kamchatka SR.” AORN RANE CRM SED, apa CORN yee 37. H. margaritacea Hultén. + Achenes shorter (rarely exceeding 2mm)................... 2. 2. Tubercle not differentiated from the summit of achene (confluent with Hie ACHENE, UL LPOMOUSE se. fet ae, Mani) a er neem Mera Te Narcan ee eee ae Se ON 3. + Tubercle sharply differentiated from the summit of achene....... 5. 3. A very small plant (1.5-7cm tall), spikelets light greenish-brown, 1.5-3 mm long; scalesyovate, obtuserto subacutes p' ..re 2). ape Tc eee Sh a, one eae 1 H. parvula (Roem, et Schult.) Link. + A larger plant (3-30cm tall), spikelets brown to castaneous, 3-7mm long? scales ovate-lanceolate, ‘acute? 6) 9 yit) Jar Bh.) ew) ene ae 4, Bristles (up to 5) relatively short, equaling or exceeding the achene, or wanting; tubercle acicular or acutely triangular, from 1/ (rarely less) to 12 as long as the achene (a plant of the European part of the Union, Siberia, and Caucasus) ..... 2. H. pauciflora (Light. ) Link. + Bristles 4-6 (very rarely 0), longer than the achene; tubercle acutely triangular, rarely acicular, usually much less than 1A the length of achene (a plant of Turkestan and Transcaucasia) ..............- Sh CELERON (CMPD “cP ICR eSD Bei 3. H. meridionalis Zinserl, 9, ?i Annual iplants; wscalésyobtuseny suiaci8 GR% geek (old eetembee': de dees 6. + Perennials with creeping rootstock; if annuals, then scales acute .. 7. 50 Ue Achene brown, pyriform; tubercle mammiform-conical. Bristles 5-7, exceeding the achene (very rarely bristles wanting),............. Ae) pe ate ae pa as nha RR at 6. H. ovata (Roth) Roem. et Schult. Achene black, obovoid, broadest at the summit; tubercle saucer-shaped, knobbed... Bristles none) or translucent. .....40 2 2 ee es ek Ee alee MP EMRE ARAL seh AOR aR ESTE te 7. H. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Achenes narrow, oblong-obovoid, with longitudinal ridges separated by trabeculae. Small plants; lowest scale fertile............ 8. Achenes obovoid, without longitudinal ridges. Lowest scale empty. . Bristles none or relatively short, equaling or slightly exceeding the achene. (A plant of the European part of the U.S.S.R., Siberia, and Ceutral NSia) i! od ube sil. 4 40 UH acie a Lairas (i. Roem. ‘et Schult, Bristles 4, greatly exceeding the achene (up to 1.5-2 times as long). (A plant ot the Far Bast) aio. se eases 5. H. Svensonii Zinserl. Bristles with very large, variously directed, seemingly implexed, barbs, hence appearing shaggy. (A plant of the Far East)......... 38. H. petasata (Maxim.) Zinserl. ee © @ © © © © © © @ © © © © # © @ e@ 8 8 @ Bristles not having a shaggy appearance. ...........02200085 £0; Achenes with 3 prominent ridges (rounded-trigonous)......... i Achenes lenticular, without prominent ridges............... 13. Plants with filiform culms (Far Eastern plants)............. 172, Culms never filiform (a plant of southern Ural and Central Asia) .... REM S see aaa y opie ve te Woryst cen es cil, ole 33. H.Korshinskyana Zinserl. Tubercle shorter than broad; bristles usually much shorter than the EU LST SE A ot ee RS Sa eR ac a i ia 34. H. Maximoviczii Zinserl. Tubercle longer than broad; bristles as long as the achene, or slightly Shooter Ot LONGO. ee eh kk! a eg foe See 35. H. afflata Steud. Basal scale encircling base of spikelet completely or at least to the CSELCMELOL OEY Fog. Se eh ae oe latte Cnet one a eR ane te mena ae Basal scales 2, each enclosing approximately half the base of spikelets faotmore Liam Ara) ays gkme SG | A SUOE rent) ene falta ene ebe 3 ere clee 27. Achene flattened, distinctly ancipital; culms slender; plants cespitose; Sikelers wpOUNEGG ys. aut iy so Let ee alter. Jo), He carn Lol vc ay Crikoeh. Achenevnot Gistinetly angled =. v4 4.2. + dg cee eee heen bee ee 15. Tubercle very long, from 28 the length of achene to more than the fength'of achene' (plants’ of the,Mar Bast)7 5) 4 a0. cesta bc iw 16. Tubercle shorter (not exceeding 12 the length of achene....... 18. Spikelets small, 1-3-flowered; tubercle about equaling the achene in HeneL Mand wat! Fo tse us ee alemeaee Sean s 23. H. Komarovii Zinserl., Spikelets larger, containing more flowers ................ ITs Tubercle longer than or as long as the achene (rarely shorter), equaling onexceeding ithe achene)in: width Me iy) ieee sau he StS ballet al va ee Ok A od 21, H. sachalinensis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. Tubercle shorter than or nearly as long as the achene, but narrower IRE Se TAS CR EOL: SAE 22. H. kamschatica (C.A.M.) Kom. Tubercle conical, as long as, longer or slightly shorter than broad Tubercle short-conical, mammiform or mitriform, much shorter (SLA TD9) oa 02 1Cc UAE One a na RE RTE ere METH ha aia le en Ie. Ne cuita 24. 51 19, 23. 26, 29, Tubercle narrowly conical, about half as long as the achene....... 24. H.transcaucasica Zinserl. ay elton. ty ieee ip ge dese. fe ove Ne" ae be Yel :e) se. Mrs aeie, > 6” Wor TUDGTCLE SMOLTCD sc case. sae aie. lilat shale ales "bg eelomeees Pete naee Eerie 6 20. Basal scale acute; spikelets blackish-brown, with a narrow hyaline marsin: pristles, 4=Gr0r” Oils soa «ne 28. H. septentrionalis Zinserl., Basal SCALE ODLUSE. oe a, Sco, Slag todiue eae or val Wey MeN oa ome ah ot aha aes citi aiid ane) aes ats, ceulere nt sa ale Cr Bt Beye) wd 6h 0. fel a) Rdete. \aeierata Bristles 4 (very rarely 5) or 0, shorter than the achene, as long, or Ssliphtly, Longer. *, 4.0), ua op ahenae oboe Yo weeeat Oh. | Maka eoheteecircs! Pris aime DD. Tubercle very small (see figure 6, Table VII). Basal scale 1/4 to 1/2 the lenethiol SpIKeCTEL :.. stay). cuss: ios ' ta tepelcitee tLe RoR aeek meee RIE ote EARNER 29. H. oxylepis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. var. typica Zinserl. Tubercle larger; basal scale usually not exceeding 1A the length of SUSE 5. a) ois die aeu'es a lal we, > awa taus at Visluahcy kere Nancie Waincice Tet ese Serena Seiki 2S. Spikelets plump (widthusually about 3 times the length), many-flowered (20-25). Scales brown), mostly transparent of. .heric nn. tea eee Ny ee eR en dae Cee eR 26. H. Klingei (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. Spikelets narrower, 10-25-flowered; scales blackish-brown to brown Reicks Shi TRAVEL +. 8 Rigieaaan ee Ney Gane at Upp. Diepr.’; Mid. Dnepr. >" Upp:. “Vole.” Vole.’-Kam.., Volg.-Don. (east), Zavolzh.; Caucasus: Ciscauc. (Stavropol'), West. , East., and South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Ob., Irt.; East. Siberia: Ang.’-Sayan., Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur,, Uss.; Sakh. Gen. distr. - (insufficiently ascertained) Centr. Eur., North Amer., East. As. (Man- churia). Described from Belorussia (Rechitskii Distr.). Type in Lenin- grad. 12. H. eupalustris Lindb. fil. in Acta soc. pro fauna et flora fennica Zim e X1902) 3; *? sinzerl, in Fl Yugo) Vost; It” 276, —H. palustris 77 var. eupalustris Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 169. —H. palus- terVs*vVar, comurunis f"eupalustris Kryl Er. Zapy sib.” lh (1929) oa. teen Lindo. ily te, 23, "NO, t, "tab, ly mio nota. ie niton es 2ole—sc: Byres i c. 1, loo, Explanation to Plate VI 1. Heleocharis pauciflora (Light.) Link. — 2. H. meridionalis Zinserl. — 3. H. parvula (Roem, et Schult.) Link, — 4. H. acicularis (L.) R. Br. — 5. H. Svensonii Zinserl. — 6. H. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth, — 7. H. ovata (Roth.) Roem. et Schult. — 8 H. mamillata Lindb. fil. — 9. H. ussuriensis Zinserl. — 10. H. leptostylopodiata Zinserl. — 11. H. inter- sita Zinserl — 12. H. eupalustris Lindb. fil. — 13. H. crassa Fisch. et Mey. — 14. H. globu- laris Zinserl. — 15. H. kasakstanica Zinserl. — 16. H. ecarinata Zinserl. — 17. H. argyro- lepis Kjerulff. — 18. H. turcomanica Zinserl —19. H. argyrolepidoides Zinserl, — 20. H. equisetiformis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. — 21. H. sachalinensis (Meinsh.) Kom. — 22, H. kamtschatica (C.A.M.) Kom. — 23. H. Komarovii Zinserl. — 24. H. euuniglumis Zinserl, — 25. H. transcaucasica Zinserl. — 26. H. intersita Zinserl. — 27, H. Komarovii Zinserl. Achenes enlarged 10 times. 59 78 Perennial. Culms ranging from slender to stout (in specimens growing in water), erect (very rarely arched-ascending), 5-120cm tall, green to glaucous-green, subsulcate or nearly smooth, Spikelets 5-20mm long, cylindric (rarely ovoid-cylindric); constriction at base none or evanescent; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute (the lowest ones sometimes subobtuse), dark brown, with or without a green median band and with a narrow hyaline margin; tubercle conical, longer than broad; bristles 4 (sometimes wanting, very rarely 5), shorter than, as long as, or (rarely) slightly longer than the achene, the barbs small to medium, retrorse. June—July. (Plate VI, Figure 12). In or near water, wet meadows, canals, solonchaks(mainly var. glau- cescens Asch. et Gr.), —European part: Kar. -Lap. (as far as the south- western part of Kol'skii Peninsula), Dv.-Pech. (as far as Pinega and Il'md, Lad. -ll'm:, Upp., Volg.; Volg.-Kam. \sUpp., Dnepre,. Mid. Dnepr:.. Vola: — Don., Zavolsh., Low. Volg. (along Ural and Volga rivers), Prichern., Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., West., East., and South. Transcaucs., West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Ob., Irt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (very rarely, east of Irkutsk); Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (Black Irtysh, Kal'- dzhir). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., Iceland, Faeroe Islands, North Amer., Mong. (north-east). Described from Finland. Type in Helsinki, cotype in Leningrad. NOTE: A variety without a green median band on scales and with green stems, var. nigrispicata Zinserl. is distributed in the northern part of the forest zone; var. glaucescens Asch, et Gr., with a green median band on scales, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones; var. genuina Zinserl., with green culms and a green median band on scales, mainly in the forest zone, but also penetrating into the steppe zone. 13. H.crassa Fisch. et Mey. (nom. nud.) ex Becker in Bull. Soc. Mosc. I (1858) 75; Tsinzerl. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. III, 277; in Addenda II, DO, Perennial. Culms stout, to 0.5 in diameter (below), erect, 20-90cm tall, green, rarely glaucous-green (var. glaucescens Zinserl.), smooth to subsulcate, Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 8-25mm long, usual- ly with distinct constriction at base; scales acute to obtusish, the green median band bordered with dark brown bands (sometimes the median band absent inlower part), hyaline margin broad; tubercle conical, longer than broad, as long, or slightly shorter; bristles 4 (rarely none), shorter than the achene or as long (rarely exceeding the achene), retrorse-barbed. June—August. (Plate VI, Figure 14). Wet meadows, willow woods, and shores. —European part: Low. Don., Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt.; Centr. Asia: not known. Described Low. Volg. (Krasno- armeisk). Type in Leningrad. 14. H..globularis Zinserl, sp; n,,in Addenda Il, 582.-H. palustris Kom. Fl. Kamch, I, 206. Perennial. Culms of medium thickness, light green, subsulcate, 30-80cm tall. Spikelets globular-cylindric, 5-10(-12) mm long, constriction at base more or less pronounced; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, blackish-brown, green median band lacking or evanescent, hyaline margin narrow; tubercle conical, as long as or longer (up to 1.5 times as long), rarely shorter than broad; bristles 4, exceeding the achene; barbs retrorse in lower part, Sparser and partly spreading, partly retrorse in upper part. July— 60 August. (Plate VI, Figure 14). Marshes, hotsprings. —Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Avachinskaya Inlet. Type in Leningrad. 15. H. kasakstanica Zinsertl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 583. Perennial, rather densely cespitose; culms slender, erect, glaucous- green, 20-50cm tall, subsulcate. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric. 5-12 mm long, inconspicuously constricted at base. Scales ovate-lanceolate, the lower obtusish, others acute, the light median band narrow (sometimes evanescent), bordered with dark or light brown bands, hyaline margin broad; tubercle conical, longer than broad; bristles none or 4, shorter than the achene, retrorse-barbed. May—June, (Plate VI, Figure 15). Shores and meadows, —West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt. Gen. distr.: unknown. Described from vicinity of Ural'sk. Type in Leningrad. 16, H.ecarinata Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda ll, 583, Perennial. Culms glaucous-green, erect, 25-45cm tall, subsulcate; spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 5-13mm long; scales ovate-lanceo- late, the lower ones obtusish, dark brown, median band lacking or very obscure; hyaline margin rather narrow; tubercle minute (5 =8 the length of achene), conical, as long as or slightly longer than broad; bristles 4, shorter than or as long as the achene, retrorse-barbed. June (?), (Plate VI, Figure 16). Found in Bukhtarma river valley (Alt.) and in an unknown locality in Semirech'e Province (Dzhung.-Tarb. or Pribalkh.). Gen, distr.: Mong. Described from the valley of river Bukhtarma. Type in Leningrad. 79 17. H.argyrolepis Kjerulff ex Bunge in Mém. Ac. Petersb. Sav. BieVil (hss25s; Medeh, RastfeTurk) 16s) —Setr pusa re yr ole pis Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 262. —Exs.: HFR No. 1390. , Perennial, loosely to rather densely cespitose; culms erect to arched- ascending, 5-75cm tall, glaucous, furrowed (nearly smooth in specimens growing in water). Spikelets cylindric, 5-30mm long; scales ovate- lanceolate, acute, the light median band narrow, bordered with narrow blackish-brown bands, hyaline margin broad; tubercle short-conical to short-cylindric, rounded and usually knobbed at the summit; broader than, as broad, or slightly narrower than long; bristles 4 or none, shorter than, as long as, or slightly exceeding the achene, barbs sparse, spreading in upper part, retrorse below. April —June, (Plate VI, Figure 17). Marshes, lakes, saline meadows, and reed thickets. —Caucasus: Cis- cauc. (Kizlyar); Centr. Asia: Pribalkh., Dzhung,-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan. , AraliesCasphiikyz “Kum, )Amu-Dar, .“Syr-Dare* Pam ral Genradisre® * Kul'dzha. Described from Central Asia (Syr-Dar'ya basin). Type in Leningrad, 18. H.turcomanica Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 583. Perennial. Culms stout (to 5mm thick at base), nearly smooth, glau- cous, 20-50cm tall. Spikelets ovoid-cylindric to cylindric, 5-30mm long, separated from the culm by distinct constriction; scales ovate- lanceolate, acute, or the lower ones obtusish, the green median band broad, bordered with narrow dark bands, hyaline margin broad; tubercle mammi- form-conical, broader than or as broad as long; bristles 4, much longer than the achene, barbs flexuous-spreading in upper part, retrorse below. May. (Plate VI, Figure 18). River shores and borders of irrigation canals. —Centr. Asia: Mount. Turkm, Pam. -Al., Syr. Dar., Gen, distr.: unknown, Described from Bagir (Turkmeniya). Type in Leningrad. 61 19. H.argyrolepidoides Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 584. Perennial, loosely cespitose; culms erect, from slender to fairly thick, glaucous-green, furrowed (in stout specimens smooth below), 10- 60cm tall. Spikelet cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 7-15mm long, con- striction at base very inconspicuous; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, median band fairly broad, bordered with narrow brown bands, hyaline margin broad; tubercle short-conical, rounded and knobbed at the summit, 80as long as or shorter than broad; bristles 4(5), shorter, rarely longer, than the achene, densely retrorse-barbed, June (?), (Plate VI, Figure 19). Marshes, meadows, and margins of streams. —European part: Volg. - Don, , Zavolzh. , Crimea (Baidary); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (Kizlyar). Gen. distr.: unknown. Described from Veidelevka (former Valuiskii rur. distr.). Type in Leningrad. 20 H.equisetiformis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. in Rast. Turkest. (1915) 165. Scirpus equisetiformis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII; 3 (1901) 261. Perennial, loosely cespitose; culms glaucous, erect (rarely somewhat ascending), 20-80cm tall, deeply furrowed. Spikelets cylindric, 7-20mm long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, the rather broad light median band bordered with narrow blackish-brown bands, hyaline margin broad; tubercle cylindric, rounded and knobbed at the summit, or short-conical, broader than, rarelyasbroadas long; bristles 4, 1,5-2 times as long as the achene, profusely retrorse-barbed. May—June. Plate VI, Figure 20. Borders of rivers and irrigation canals, bottomland osier-beds, —Centr. Asia: Pribalkh,, Dzhung, -Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Syr-Dar., Pam. -Al. Gen, distr.: Kulja. Described from Kulja. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Uniglumes Zinserl. Basal scale solitary, covering two- thirds or more of the spikelet. Median band of scales lacking or very narrow (rarely fairly broad). NOTE: Beside readily distinguishable species, H. sachalinensis, H . kaumitsie hia bi. ease: Komear ov iiggandHy)Koms himsik yanma,eon- tains a number of closely related species, often grouped together under the name H. uniglumis (Link.) Schult. These species often have over- lapping distribution areas and form hybrids among each other, hence their determination frequently involves considerable difficulties. 21. H.sachalinensis (Meinsh.) Kom, in Kom. et Aliss. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya (1931) 266. Scirpus sachalinensis Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 260. —Ic.: Kom, and Alis., 1.c., tab. TORS Tie AE? 45¢S3i9e Perennial, Culms green or glaucous-green, erect (rarely arched- ascending), 5-50cm tall, very slightly furrowed or smooth, Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 4-12mm long; basal scale obtuse, attaining at most 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate, lower ones obtuse, others acute, blackish-brown (very rarely brown), median band lacking or very narrow, hyaline margin narrow; tubercle inflated, conical, rounded at the summit, longer than or as long as the achene (very rarely shorter), breadth of tubercle exceeding or equaling that of achene; bristles 4 (or none), shorter than the achene, retrorse-barbed. June—July. (Plate VI, Figure 21). 62 — 81 Shores of rivers, lakes, and sea, meadow-bogs, and hotsprings. — East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan (river Angara); Far East: Okhot. (Shantarskie Islands), Uss., Kamch, (hotsprings near the village of Pushchino), Sakh, Gen. distr.: not ascertained. Described from Sakhalin. Type in Leningrad. 22. H.kamtschatica (C.A.M.) Kom. Fl. Kamch., I (1927) 207. — Scirpus kamtschaticus C.A.M, in Mém, Acad. Petersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 198; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3, 263 pp. Perennial, Culms erect to somewhat arched-ascending, 5-15cm tall, grayish-green, very slightly furrowed, Spikelets small, globular to ovoid, 3-8mm long, 3-6-flowered; basal scale obtuse, attaining 1/4—1/3 the length of spikelet; fertile scales obtusish or acuminate, ovate, blackish- brown, without median band, hyaline margin narrow; tubercle large, nar- rowly conical, length attaining 2/3 to nearly full length of achene, but breadth less than that of achene; bristles 4, shorter than the achene, re- trorse-barbed. July—August. (Plate VI, Figure 22). Hotsprings (probably also other habitats).-Far East: Kamchatka. Gen. distr.: Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. 23. H.Komarovii Zinserl. (nom. nov.). -H.triflora Kom, in Fedde Repert. sp. n, 1914, XIII, 162; Fl. Kamch., 208 non Beklr. (1880). —Scirpus kamtchaticus Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 166 non C.A.M, Perennial, with a very short rootstock; culms slender, subsulcate, 5-17cm tall. Spikelets ovoid, 1-3-flowered, 3-4mm long; basal scale obtuse, usually about 1/3 the length of spikelet; fertile scales obtuse, reddish-brown or blackish-brown, median band indistinct, hyaline margin broad; tubercle distinctly inflated, conical, rounded at the summit, length and breadth more than, as much as, or less than those of the achene; bristles 4, shorter than the achene, sparsely retrorse-barbed. July (?). (Plate VI, Figures 23, 27). Far East: hotsprings of the crater of Uzon volcano in Kamchatka, En- demic. Type in Leningrad, 24, H.transcaucasica Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 585. Perennial. Culms erect, 12-55cm tall, glaucous-green, subsulcate. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 6-12 mm long; basal scale obtuse, not exceeding 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales lanceolate, acute, blackish-brown (very rarely light brown), median band narrow, rarely lacking; hyaline margin broad or narrow; tubercle narrowly conical, 1.5-2 times as long as broad, about 1/3—1/2 as long as the achene; bristles 4, 82 exceeding or equaling the achene (often breaking and thus appearing shorter), profusely retrorse-barbed (barbs at the ends of bristles sometimes spreading). May—June. (Plate VI, Figure 25). Shores of rivers and lakes, meadows. —European part: Prichern, (Dnieper estuary), Low. Don, (Don estuary); Caucasus: South. Transcauc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Balk.-As. Min. , Turk. Arm., near the village Sary- Kamysh. Described from lake Gilli (Armenian SSR). Type in Leningrad. 25. H.euuniglumis Zinserl in Fl, Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 278; in Addenda II, 584; Maevsk. Fl. Sr. Ross., ed. VI, 168.—-H.uniglumis auctanpplis- Hal Kbingeds Tsingerl.: lye: /({V9829):) Maevskigd)c.qn0n B: Fedtsch. 63 83 Perennial. Culms green, erect or subascending, 5-70cm tall, subfal- cate. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid, 10-25-flowered, 5-12mm long; basal scale obtuse, attaining 1/4—1/3 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusish (often in upper and lower part of spikelet, respectively), brown to blackish-brown, median band narrow or lacking, hyaline margin from obsolete to 1/3 half-breadth the scale; tubercle conical, slightly shorter than, as long as, or slightly longer than broad; bristles 4 (very rarely 5) or none; bristles shorter than, as long as, or slightly longer than the achene, retrorse-barbed. May—June. (Plate VI, Figure 24). Wet, especially saline, meadows, solonchaks, river shores, coasts, spring outlets. —European part: Kar.-Lap. (White Sea coast), Lad. =Il'm. , Dy. -Pechs; Upp. Vole. iVols.-Kam, ./ Upp. 4yDrepra, ‘Vols: -Dontiy, Prichern. , Low. Don,, Low. Volg., Zavolzh., Crimea; Caucasus: Cis- cauc,, Dag., East, and South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Ob. -Alt., Upp. Tebes Iris East) Siberiat? Vents. oleny-Kol,, Ang) Sayama Daur: : Far East: Kamch,; Centr, Asia: Pribalkh., Tyan'-Shan., Syr. Dar. , Pam.-Al. Gen, distr.: Scand., Centr, Eur., Atl. Eur., Ind. -Him., Mong. Described from vicinity of Leningrad (Lakhta). Type in Leningrad. NOTE: A very polymorphic species which will be probably broken up into several species. Of wide occurrence in the southern part of its dis- tribution area in the U.S.S.R. are forms with light-colored scales and broad hyaline margin, sometimes with a light median band; in the more northerly parts dark-colored forms prevail, the hyaline margin being narrow or wanting, 26. H.Klingei (Meinsh.) B, Fedtsch. Rast. Turkest. (1915) 165. — Scirpus Klingei Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 262. Perennial, Culms green, with light brown, somewhat reddish sheaths at base, erect, very slightly furrowed, 35-70cm tall. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, plump (usually about 3 times as long as broad), 5-13 mm long, (15-)20-25-flowered; basal scale light brown, obtuse, not exceeding 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse, light brown, transparent, hyaline margin rather broad (1 /4—1/2 half-breadth of scale), median band wanting or very inconspicuous; tubercle conical, slightly longer than, as long as, or slightly shorter than broad; bristles 4-5, shorter than the achene (rarely as long as the achene or slightly longer), with abundant retrorse barbs of medium size. June (?). (Plate VII, Figure 15.) River shores, —Centr, Asia: Kazakhstan. ,Dzhung,-Tarb. Gen, distr.: not ascertained. Described from Kazakhstan. Type in Leningrad. 27, H.multiseta Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 586. Perennial. Culms erect, glaucous-green, subsulcate, 15-20cm tall. Spikelets ovoid-cylindric to cylindric, 5-15mm long; basal scale rarely exceeding 1/4 the length of spikelet, obtuse; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, subobtuse or acute (especially the upper ones), light to dark brown, median band absent or very narrow (rarely rather broad), hyaline margin ranging from very narrow to 1/4 the breadth of scale; tubercle conical, as long as broad or longer (up to 1.5 times), rarely slightly shorter than broad; bristles 5-6 (very rarely 4), exceeding the achene 64 84 (usually much so), rarely as long as the achene to slightly shorter, the large or medium barbs retrorse, or at the ends spreading, May—June. (Plate VII, Figure 4). Wet meadows (often saline) and river shores. —West. Siberia: Upp. Tob, (southern part), Irt. Gen. distr.: Dzhung.-Kashg. Described from Kazakhstan (Ters-bulakriver in Mugodzhary). Type in Leningrad. 28. H.septentrionalis Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 586. Perennial, Culms green, erect, rarely subascending, 15-60cm tall, very slightly furrowed. Spikelets ovoid-cylindric to cylindric, 4-15mm long; basal scale ovate-lanceolate, acute, attaining 1 /4-1 /2 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, without median band, hyaline margin narrow; tubercle short-conical, slightly shorter than, as long as, or slightly longer than broad; bristles 4-6 (or none), shorter than, as long as, or slightly longer than the achene, the fairly abundant barbs spreading in upper part. (Plate VII, Figure 16). Seashore, coastal meadows, and swamps, —Arctic: Arct. Europe (Kol'skaya Bay, Kanin Peninsula); European part: Kar.-Lap. (Solo- vetskie Islands, Terskii coast), Dv. -Pech. (Onegaestuary). Gen. distr.: not ascertained. Described from Solovetskii Peninsula. Type in Lenin- grad. 29. H.oxylepis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch, Rast. Turkest. (1915) 165; Tsinzerl, in Fl. Yugo-Vost. Il, 279.—Scirpus oxylepis Meinsh. in Ane, Vill, 3 (1901 )w263) Perennial, forming compact tufts. Culms erect, rarely arched- ascending, very slender, 10-50cm tall, glaucous-green, subsulcate. Spike- lets narrowly cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 4-12mm long; basal scale light-colored, obtuse to subacute, attaining 1/4—1/2 the length of spikelets (rarely obtusish), yellowish-brown (more rarely dark brown), median band lacking or yellowish-brown, hyaline margin from very narrow to broad; achene strongly attenuate toward the base; tubercle minute (much smaller than in other species of the series), mammiform (var. applanata Zinserl.) to conical (var, typica Zinserl.), in the latter case rarely longer than broad; bristles usually wanting, more rarely 4, from very short to as long as the achene, with small retrorse barbs. May—June. (Plate VII, Figures 5,6). Solonchak and solonetz soils, boggy meadows, and shores. —European part: Low. Dnepr. (near the village Pavlovka), Low. Volg.; West. siberia. /Wpp, (lob. Irtt 7 Centr: Asia: Aral. -Casp , Pribalkhieovr-Dar. Gen, distr,: not ascertained. Described from Western Kazakhstan (between) Tarantol and Yaman Lake). Type in Leningrad. 30. H.scythica Zinserl. in Fl. Yugo-Vost, Ill (1929) 279; in Addenda II, 586. Perennial, Culms erect, glaucous-green, very slightly furrowed, 20- 35cm tall. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 5-17mm long; basal scale obtuse, usually not exceeding 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, light brown (very rarely dark brown), with or without median band, hyaline margin broad; tubercle tablet-shaped or mammiform, sometimes approaching conical, up to 2.5 times as broad as long; achene slightly attenuate; bristles none or 4, as long as the achene or shorter, barbs sparse to moderately profuse, retrorse. May—June. (Plate VII, Figure 7.) 65 ——— SS SS == ee 5 a Mud flats and river shores, —European part: Prichern., Volg.-Don., Low. Volg.., Zavolzh.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob..,.Irt., Centr. Asia: Aral, -Casp. Gen. distr.: not ascertained. Described from the Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk District). Type in Leningrad. 31. H.fennica Palla ex Kneuck, in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. Jahrg. 1901 ((902) 212. —Hesareptana Zinserl. in Fl, Yugo-Vost. II]. (1929) 279; in Addenda II, 587. —Exs.: Kneuck., Cyp. et Jund. exs. III (1920) No. 73. Perennial. Culms erect, glaucous-green to green,very slightly furrowed, 10-50cm tall. Spikelets globose, ovoid-cylindric, or cylindric, 2-15mm long; basal scale obtuse, usually not exceeding 1/4 the length of spikelet (in very small spikelets up to 1 f2)s fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtusish, blackish-brown, median band lacking or very narrow, hyaline margin from very narrow to broad; achene obovoid, sometimes globular; tubercle short, mammiform (more rarely pastilliform or very short- conical), much broader than long; bristles none (var. baltica Zinserl.) or 4-5 (var. sareptana Zinserl,), longer than the achene (sometimes breaking at the ends and thus appearing shorter), barbs dense to rather sparse, retrorse (sometimes spreading at the ends). May—June, (Plate VII, Figures 8, 9). Coasts, mud flats, shores of rivers and mountain streams, irrigation canals, and solonetz soils. —European part: Lad.-Il'm, (Gulf of Finland coast), Zavolzh., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: East. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan, Len. -Kol., Daur. ; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp., Pribalkh., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Scand. (coasts of Baltic Sea), Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., Mong. Described from Finland (near Jakobstadt), Cotype in Leningrad. NOTE: In central Asia and in the south-east of the European part of the U.S.S.R., as well as in Siberia, the dominant variety has bristles ex- ceeding the achene (var. sareptana Zinserl.); in the variety dominating along the coast of the Gulf of Finland the bristles are absent or very short (var. baltica Zinserl.), var. sareptana occurring here very rarely. The distribution area of this species in this country is split into two parts—the Baltic and the southern (south of the European part of the U.S.S.R. Southern Siberia, and Kazakhstan). 32. H.paucidentata Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda II, 588. Perennial. Culms glaucous-green, subsulcate, 10-40cm tall. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 6-13mm long; basal scale obtuse, usually less than 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate (the upper ones acute), light to dark brown, median band from evanescent to Explanation to Plate VII 1. Heleocharis Maximoviczii Zinserl. — 2. H. parvula (Roem. et Schult.) Link. — 3. H. ovata (Roth) Roem. et Schult. — 4. H. multiseta Zinserl. — 5. H. oxylepis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. var. applanata Zinserl —H. oxylepis (Meinsh.) B, Fedtsch. var. typica Zinserl. — H. scythica Zinserl. — 8. H. fennica Pallavar. sareptana Zinserl. — 9. H. fennica Palla var. sareptana Zinserl — 10. H. paucidentata Zinserl. — 11. H. Korshinskyana Zinserl, — 12. H. margaritacea Hultén, — 13. H. Maximoviczii Zinserl —14. H. afflata Steud. — 15. H. Klingei (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch, — 16. H. septentrionalis Zinserl. — 17. H. petasata (Maxim.) Zinserl. Achenes enlarged 10 times. (Figure 12 after E. Hulten). 67 prominent, hyaline margin narrow to broad; tubercle mammiform, pastil- liform, or very short-conical(much broader than long); bristles 4, much longer than the achene, barbs sparse, small, retrorse (sometimes hori- zontal at the ends). May—June. (Plate VII, Figure 10). Borders of rivers and irrigation canals, meadows, —West, Siberia: Upp. Tob.; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh., Tyan-Shan, Gen. distr.: not ascertained. Described from Aulié-ata (Kazakhstan). Type in Leningrad. 33. H.Korshinskyana Zinserl, in Fl. Yugo-Vostoka III (1929) 280; in Addenda II, 588, Perennial, Culms glaucous-green, subsulcate, 35-50cm tall. Spikelets globular, 5-7mm long; basal scale light-colored, obtuse, attaining 1/4— 1/3 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, light brown, median band evanescent, hyaline margin broad; achene obovoid, rounded-trigonous; tubercle short-conical; bristles 5-8, shorter than or as long as the achene, rather densely retrorse-barbed. June. (Plate VII, Figure 11). So far found in European part: mud flat of river Ika (Volg. -Kam., at the southern boundary) and Centr, Asia: near Kara-Kala mountain in Turkestan (Mount. Turk.). Gen. distr.: not ascertained. Described from river Ika. Type in Leningrad, Section 5. Intermediae Svenson, Rhodora 31 (1929) 129. —Cespitose plants. Culms slender, weak, Spikelets usually pointed. Achenes oli- vaceous-brown, oblong-obovoid, lenticular or trigonous, Tubercleconical, Stigmas 2-3. 34. H. Maximoviczii Zinserl. sp. n. in Addenda, II, 588. — H,japonica Kom, Fl, Manchzh, 1 (1901) 351 non Mig., Kom, Fl, Kamch, I, 209; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kraya 1, 266 (pp. ?) non Miq. Perennial, Culms ascending, rarely erect, very slender, 4-angled, furrowed, 10-35cm tall, green, with light, reddish sheaths at base. A pedicel bearing a second, sterile spikelet sometimes arising at base of spikelet; spikelets ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, acute (rarely blunt-tipped), 2.5-6 mm long; basal scale covering more than 1/2 the base of spikelet, pale, obtuse, usually attaining 1/4—1/8 the length of spikelet; fertile scales ovate, subacute, the broad green median band bordered with dark brown bands, hyaline margin broad; stigmas 3; achene rounded-trigonous; tu- bercle short-conical (broader than long), minute; bristles 6, shorter than the achene, with short retrorse barbs. June—July (?). (Plate VII, Figure v3); Swamps, wet meadows, ricefields, damp roadsides, and hotsprings. — Far East: Kamch, (Nachikinskie springs), Ze.-Bur. (eastern part), Uss. Gen. distr.: East. Asia (Manchuria, Korea). Described from Ussuri region, Type in Leningrad. 35.-Hyatilata Steud. Synzuply Cyp, (1855)¥76.—Hi.)) alpion 1 ea) Mig; Prolusio Fl. Jap. (1866-67) 142.—Scirpus japonicus Franchet et Sav. Enum. pl. Jap. II (1876-79) 109. —S.afflatus Benth. Fl. Hongkong. (1861) 394, Perennial. Culms ascending, slender, furrowed, green, 10-35cm tall. One or several pedicels very often arising at base of spikelet, each bearing 68 89 90 a sterile spikelet; spikelets ovoid, pointed, 3-8mm long; basal scale covering more than half the base of spikelet, obtuse, attaining 1/4 to 1/3 the length of spikelet; fertile scales obtuse, upper ones acutish, blackish- brown, light median band narrow (so far only this form foundinthe U.S.S.R.), or broad, bordered with narrow dark bands, hyaline margin rather. narrow; stigmas 3; achene oblong-obovoid, rounded-trigonous, olivaceous-brown; tubercle enlarged at base, abruptly attenuate into a rather long beak, longer than broad; bristles 5-6, equal, slightly shorter or longer than the achene, with short retrorse barbs. July (?). (Plate VII, Figure 14). Far East: Found by M, Cherskaya on the shore of river Tumin-Gana, near the village Chakesemi (Uss.). Gen. distr.: East, Asia (Japan, China, Korea), Trop. Asia (Java). Described from Java. Cotype in Leningrad (Java No. 405, Zollinger). a620 Hhcarnwolic a CiKoehy Sym. edt 2 (1844)-653)—Scirpus ear - niolicus Neilr. Nachtr. (1861) 39. Perennial. Culms ascending, slender, furrowed, glaucous-green to green 10-35cm tall, sometimes arched-reflexed after anthesis and producing offshoots from base of spikelets. Spikelets cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, acute or obtusish, 3-10mm long; basal scale covering more than half the base of spikelet, obtuse, pale, attaining less than 1/4 the length of spikelet; fertile scales subobtuse to acute, the upper ones acute, the pale median band bordered with narrow black bands (these rarely wanting), hyaline margin narrow; stigmas 2-3; achene oblong-ovoid, olivaceous-brown, flattened, prominently angled; tubercle enlarged at base, abruptly attenuate into a rather long beak or conical, longer than broad; bristles 6-8, exceed- ing the achene, rarely as long as the achene or even slightly shorter, barbs fairly long, retrorse. July—August. European part: found by D.M. Zerov in meadows and forest in Markh- levskii District in Volyn' (Mid. Dnepr.). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Hungary, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia), West. Medit, (Northern Italy), Balk. -As. Min. (Yugoslavia). Described from Kraina (Yugoslavia). Section 6. Sulcataejf Svenson in Rhodora 31 (1929) 129. —Achenes white, distinctly or obscurely trigonous, usually more than 1 mm long. Culms usually erect. Stigmas 3. Simi. marcgaritacea Hulten, Fl..of Kamtch, (4927) 166, —Ic.- Hult. 1.c. fig. 12; Svenson in Rhodora 36 (1934), pl. 320, f. 7. Perennial. Culmstufted, 25-45 cm tall,, deeply furrowed, with fuscous sheaths. Basal sheath encircling base of spikelet, broadly ovate; fertile scales 1-nerved, obtuse to acutish, in old specimens yellowish-brown (in young specimens apparently darker); stigmas 3; achene, including tubercle, ca. 4mm long, trigonous, strongly attenuate toward the base, white, lustrous, terminating in an inflated spine; tubercle conical, pointed, ca. 1/2—2/3 mm long, blackish-brown; bristles 6, exceeding the achene, with short retrorse barbs. Flowering time unknown, (Plate VII, Figure 12). { The position of the species, provisionally included here, is not clear; Svenson (Rhodora 36, 1934) places it in the section Pauciflorae. 69 Far East: Kamch. (ina swamp, inthe Pinus pumila zone, by the path from Petropavlovsk— Avachinskaya knoll, alt. about250m). Described from Kamchatka. Type in Stockholm, cotype in Leningrad. Section 7, Tuberculosae Svenson in Rhodora 31 (1929) 129, — Achenes obscurely trigonous; tubercle dilated, long-conical, or oblong- conical, large, sometimes equaling or even exceeding the achene. 38. H.petasata (Maxim.) Zinserl. comb. n.—Scirpus petasatus Maxim. in Bull. Soc. Moscou (1879) 64; Meinsh. A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 260. -H.tetraquetra Kom, Fl, Manchzh, I (1901) 351; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast,,Dal'nevost.,Kraya, |; 3266. les 5:;(Kom, andsAh, lhe. ‘tab 79, Figure 11, Perennial. Plants with creeping rootstock, cespitose; culms grayish- green, slender, 3-angled, subsulcate, 25-65cm tall. Spikelets ovoid- cylindric to cylindric, 7-15mm long; basal scale obtuse; fertile scales elliptic, obtuse, with a broad pale median part, bordered with brown, and hyaline margin; stigmas 3; achene obovoid, faintly trigonous; tubercle conical to oblong-conical, as long as the achene or shorter (2/3 its length or more); bristles 6, equaling the achene or slightly shorter or longer, barbs very long, thick, transparent, spreading, curved and implexed, hence bristles appearing woolly. June—July. (Plate VII, Figure 16). Wet meadows and lowland swamps, canals, and ricefields. —Far East: Kamch. (near the village of Apacha), Ze.-Bur. (rarely in eastern part), Uss. Gen. distr.: East, Asia (Manchuria, North China). Described from Northern China (Peiping region). Type in Leningrad. NOTE: A closely related species—H.tetraquetra Nees, with which H.petasata is often identified, is distributed in India and is distinguished by retrorse non-implexed barbs and 4-angled culms. Genus 229. Fimbristylis? Vahl. ft Vahl, Enum. II (1806) 285. Inflorescence a compound or simple umbel, with sessile spikelets at the base of the main and secondary umbels, rarely a solitary spikelet terminating the culm, Scales spirally arranged, mostly witha green midrib. Flowers perfect; stamens 3, rarely 2-1; bristles none. Style 2-cleft, 9lvery rarely 3-cleft, with spreading hairs in upper part below the stigmas, enlarged at base. Annual, very rarely perennial plants, with numerous rather short culms; leaves narrowly linear, crowded at culm base, i) otigmais jos achene,tuberculate .;. seion.cs duce .howdeds t : et or ee eo. Heya. Aya quatngwwaneyy Lawes, (Valls inate +) \tiShigmas 2g ,achene) rugose, orysimoobhinwee) fie, ausrs! nah Wie adit ben See 2. 2. Scalesismooth;,oftenJustrouseim see vel efi rebisied a.) See WAS, eee 3. a Scales covered with short hairs on the back, especially in upper pam ty) .) oh sewieid Rhea ee ee keree wisn tain. ailaw «, saeey 8. j From Greek fimbria, a fringe, and stylos, style, i.e. fringed style. +7 Arranged by B. K, Shishkin. 70 92 3. Achene linear-oblong, 3.5 times as long as broad; spikelets ovoid- globular, many-flowered, small, 2-5mm long; scales ca. 1mm long ampere eet i evs LSS eS” aes a) MO Le tke ea h eer Pires Petra Maxim, + Achene subglobular, barely longer than broad; spikelets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; scalesca, 2mm long........ Sete as 4, Scales prolonged into spreading tip their own length; the ene aed style base clothed with ragged hairs partly covering the achene..... eh Ae eS Seale lktets Mee Ite ste been e ed Ve eS Gh ane PGs aa aienal, + Scales with very minute tips; no ragged hairs at base of style. ... 5. 5. Achene smooth, minute, 0.5mm long....4. F.leiocarpa Maxim. + Achene with fine longitudinal ribs and cross-ribs, usually somewhat fener) Osan isn Omg), “8. SSRN, a hee ns ic RO aces sn ne eile es sea eee a 6. Inflorescence a compound umbel, with 5-8 primary rays; involucre mostly iat S:;bracts:;vachenet 015-0075 mim “long ew eA ere tas ee Py AVON Mane ee SE A OF Oe idate Imor oman (Ign y SV ah. ot Inflorescence mostly a simple umbel; involucre of 2-3 bracts; achene pen MOTT S Pee See Seg sce TR Rea ee ae Tete ene fe et ere eta te : ails 7. Leaves narrowly linear, 0.5-1mm broad; umbel usually with 1 “3 cays; isprkelet sla Tea Hower[edi came” Pel Se lh aren ea 2 eee Mars my ae cr ad iy ae EL 6 AA oat 3. F.annua (All.) Roem. et Schult. 35 Leaves linear, 1-2.5mm broad; umbel with 3-6 rays; spikelets eee. TleOmerea: Th tis PS. is ae a ae. 5. F.ochotensis Meinsh. 8. Culms slender; leaves usually divergent and often reflexed, with pubescent sheaths?:;'spikelets’ obtwsish.,... \ea 07a bie er cee eee nee MERE aE af oc derys neiion.s Keke BN, Re AS a one LS, BR ot einen arena unit a aD Culms strong; leaves usually erect, with glabrous sheaths; spikelets SOTTEICL 63 at ded ei Ng ca tee aR ee 6. F /ferrugin ae (Vahl. Sectionl. Dichelostylis Benth. Fl. Austral. VII (1874) 309.— Style 2-cleft; annuals. 1. F.verrucifera (Maxim.) Mak. Tokyo Bot. Mag. (1895) 259. — Isolepis verrucifera Maxim. Prim, Fl. Amurens. (1859) 300. — Scirpus verruciferus Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 26. — Fimbristylis dipsacea Kom. in Fl. Manshur. I, 346 non Benth, — Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kraya J (1931) tab. 78 (subtus). Annual, Culms numerous, tufted, erect, sometimes decumbent, 2- 18cm tall, obtusely 3-angled; leaves setaceous, channeled, pale-green, much shorter than the culm, Inflorescence umbellate, with a solitary sessile spikelet, at the base of which arise 1-9 unequal rays, each termi- nated by a single sessile spikelet or by 2 spikelets, of which the second short-pediceled; involucral bracts 3-6, unequal, the longest twice as long as the inflorescence, Spikelets ovoid-globular to ovoid, densely many- flowered, 2-5mm long; scales oblong, the inner ones ca. 1mm long, glabrous, membranaceous, the green midrib exserted intoashorttip. Achene oblong, 1/2mm long, 2.5 times as long as broad, transversely rugose. End of May, June—August. (Plate VIII, Figure 5 a-c). Damp silty and sandy margins of rivers and canals. —Far East: Ud., Uss. Endemic.(?). Described from the lowlands of Amur River. Type in Leningrad. 71 93 2. F.dichotoma (L,) Vahl, Enum. I1(1806)287; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 258: Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 398. -Scirpus dichotomus L, Sp, pl, (1753) 50. —Exs.: HFR No. 943; Herb. Fl. cauc. No, 14. Annual, Culms tufted, numerous, erect or ascending, 5-15(35)cm tall, obtusely 3-angled; leaves with pubescent sheaths, narrowly linear, 0.0- 1mm broad, flat or conduplicate, long-acuminate, puberulent to glabres- cent. Inflorescence containing numerous spikelets, umbellate, 5-8 rays arising at the base of a sessile spikelets, each ray terminating in a spikelet or secondarily divided, again with a sessile spikelet and one to several branches, each bearing a solitary spikelet; involucral bracts usually 5, foliaceous, the lowest often longer than the inflorescence; spikelets oblong- lanceolate to lanceolate, 1-5mm long, 18-22-flowered; scalesca. 2mm long, broadly ovate to suborbicular-ovate, brownish, the light green mid- nerve excurrent into a short tip; achene yellowish-white, obovoid, 0.5- 0.75mm long, with 5-7 longitudinal bands, transversely rugose. August— September. (Plate VIII, Figure 5 a-c). Boggy places, wet sands, and margins of streams. —Caucasus: West., East. , and South. Transcauc,; Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum., Kyz.-Kum., Amu-Dar., Syr-Dar. Gen. distr.: West. and East. Medit., Balk. -As. Min, ,.Ind., Jap. -Chin, , Austral. , Afr. Described from India. “Type im London, 3. F.annua (All,)) Roem. et Schult, Syst. 11 (817) 95;; Fomun and Voron, Opredel, I (1909) 170.—Scirpus annuus All, Fl. Pedem, II (1785) 277. —Exs.: Kneuck. VI Lif. (1907) No. 160. Annual, Culms tufted, erect or ascending, 4-15cm tall, obtusely or acutely 3-angled; leaves with puberulent to glabrescent dark brown sheaths, narrowly linear, 0.5-1mm broad, flat or conduplicate, slender-pointed, glabrous or puberulent only at base, scabrous on the margins. Inflores- cence an umbel, containing numerous spikelets, 1-3 rays arising at the base of a sessile spikelet, each ray terminating in a solitary sessile spike- let or secondarily divided, again with a sessile spikelet and 1 or 2 pedi- celed spikelets; involucral bracts usually 2, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 4-8mm long, 12-15- flowered; scales ca. 2.5mm long, broadly ovate, short-tipped, dark brown, with a green midnerve, narrowly white-hyaline-margined; achene yellowish- brown, ca. 1mm long, with 7-9 longitudinal bands, transversely rugose. August—September. Wettish shores. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: West. and East. Medit., southern part of Centr. Eur,, Balk.-As. Min. Described from Piedmont. 4. PP rerecarpa Maxim? Prim. PY. Anur, (659) 301 non Wig: (1866): Meinsh, in A.H.P, XVIII, 3 (1901) 29. —F.aestivalis Kom, Fl, Manchzh, I, 347 non Vahl. —Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast, Dal'nevost. Kraya I (1931) tab. 78 (upp. ). Annual. Culmstufted, numerous, filiform, obtusely 3-angled, finely edged, 4-15cm tall, leafy at base; leaves narrowly linear, subfiliform, 0.5mm broad, erect or reflexed, mostly half as long as the culm, blades and sheaths puberulent. Inflorescence an umbel, with 3-12 unequal rays arising at the base of a sessile spikelet, each ray terminating in a single spikelet, or dividing in turn into 1-5 branches, with a sessile spikelet at their base; involucral bracts 4-7, foliaceous, 1 or 2 of them equaling or 94 95 slightly exceeding the inflorescence, the others short; spikelets 18-20- flowered, pale brown, ovoidto ovoid-oblong, 2-4mm long and 1.5mm broad; scales broadly oval, membranaceous, the greenmidribexcurrent intoa short tip; stamen solitary; achene rounded-obovoid, 0.5mm long, lustrous- white, smooth, obscurely hatched, (Plate VIII, Figure 3, a-c). Silty river shores, —Far East: Ud., Uss., Endemic. Described from the Amur River. Type in Leningrad. 5. F.ochotensis(Meinsh.) Kom. Fl. Kamtsch, I (1927) 212. — Scirpus, ochotensis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 248. Annual. Culms tufted, numerous, filiform, finely furrowed, glabrous, leafy at base, 4-20cm tall; leaves linear, 1-2.5mm broad, soft-hairy or glabrescent, half as long to as long as, or slightly exceeding the culm; sheaths ferruginous-brown, glabrous below, pubescent above. Umbel most- ly simple with 3 rays from the base of a sessile spikelet, more rarely the culm terminating in a solitary spikelet; involucre of 3 bracts of which one usually overtopping the inflorescence, the other two short; spikelets ovoid, ferruginous-brown, obtusish, 2-6 mm long and 1-3mm broad, 18-22- flowered; scales broadly ovate, smooth, lustrous, witha green midrib whit- ish or dark red on the margins, mucronulate, ca. 2mm long; achene broad- ly ovoid, flattened, with fine longitudinal ribs, transversely rugose between the ribs, ca. 1mm long. July—August. (Plate VIII, figure 2 d-e). Wet borders of mountain springs. —Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Malka). Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Unknown from Okhotskii coast. Goat oles mine 1 nea s(..)) Vahl. nn. Il 806) 200) —sicuur puis) here — Gin ume nd Se So. pl C753). 50. —lsole pis tur kes to mace) Jeol) ia A.H.P. VII (1881) 561.-Scirpus turkestanicus Meinsh. in A.H.P. RVI SALOO!) 247. —Kimbristylas, turkestanica B. Pedtseh. in Peni OOOOVil 1 (1924.18) —F. vathata C.. Ba Clarkean Kew Bult. Misc. Inform. Addit. Ser. VIII (1908) 24. —F.ciliata Drobov in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta I (1927) 49. —Exs.: Kneuck., Cyperac. et Junc., exsicc. No. 196 a. Annual, Culms numerous, forming dense tussocks, erect, 15-30cm tall, obtusely 3-angled, furrowed, more or less flattened, culm and leaves glabrous, glaucescent; leaves narrowly linear, erect, usually flat, 4-15 (22) mm long and ca. 1mm broad, acute, very finely reticulate, with fer- ruginous-brown, glabrous sheaths, Inflorescence umbellate, rays 4-6, unequal, 4-15mm long, arising at the base of a sessile spikelet, each usually terminating in a solitary spikelet; involucral bracts 2, of which one short, the other longer or equaling the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid to oblong, subacute, many-flowered, 5-8mm long, scales scarious, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 2mm long, dark ferruginous-brown, convex on the back, in upper part copiously short-pubescent and green-midribbed, mucro- nulate; stamens 3; achene broadly obovoid, glabrescent, ca. 1mm long, June—August, River banks, —Centr, Asia: Amu-Dar, (along river Pyandzh), Syr-Dar. (Aim), Gen. distr.: Ind. -Him, Jap. -Chin. , North and South Amer. Described from Jamaica. ‘Type in London. NOTE: Poorly developed specimens were described by Regel asa distinct species (Isolepis turkestanica Rgl. l.c.). 73 7, F.Sieberiana Kunth, Enum, pl, II (1837) 237; Grossg. Fl. Kav. I (1928) 149, Annual, Resembling the preceding species, but culms more slender, leaves reflexed, with pubescent sheaths, spikelets obtusish. June—July. Sandy coastal places. —Indicated for the Caucasus: East. Transcauc. (Gandzha), Gen, distr.: Trop. Amer., As. Min., Ind. -Him., Described from Mauritius. NOTE: Occurrence of this species in the U.S.S.R. needs confirmation. Section 2. Pogonostylis (Bertol.) Pax in Engl. u, Prantl, Die naturl, Pflanzenfam, II, 2 (1887) 113. —Gen. Pogonostylis Bertol. Fl. Ital. I (1833) 312, —Base of style clothed with ragged hairs which cover the ovary. So F&F .squarrosa Vahl,’ Enum, Tl (1806) 1259: (Boiss. bk, Grea ona oG: Kom, Fl. Manchzh, I, 347; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. I, 149.—Pogonostylis squarrosa Bertol, Bl. Ital. 1 (833) 312. Ie: Beha, Ble Germs ((e26) tab. oto. —Pxs.s, Herb, Fi cauc. No. 203. Annual, Culms numerous, filiform, obtusely 3-angled, finely edged, 4-10cm tall, leafy at base; leaves shorter than the culm or nearly as long, narrowly linear, setaceous-acuminate, flat or conduplicate, ca. 0.5mm broad, glabrous, with pubescent or glabrescent sheaths. Inflores- cence an umbel, rays 10-12, unequal, arising at the base of a sessile spike- let, each terminating in a spikelet or forking again; involucral leaves 3-4, setaceous, arising from an enlarged, short, pubescent base, often exceed- ing the inflorescence; spikelets 18-21-flowered, oblong-fusiform, 2.5-5mm long; scales oblong-ovoid (excluding tip ca. 1.5mm long), light brown, the green midrib excurrent intoa spreading tipl1-2mmlong; base of style en- larged, clothed with ragged hairs partly covering the achene; achene broadly obovoid to suborbicular, 0.5-0.6 mm long, pale yellow, smooth, lustrous. September. (Plate VIII, Figure 8, a-e). Ricefields and wet meadows, —Caucasus: Tal.; Far East.: Ud., Uss. Gen, distr,: West. Medit., North and South Afr. , Ind. -Him., Jap. -Chin. , trop. Amer. Described from South America, Section 3. Trichelostylis (Lest.) C.B. Clarke in Fl. of Brit. Ind. VI (1894) 641, —Gen. Trichelostylis Lest. Essai Fam. Cyper. (1819) 40. —Style 3-cleft; perennials. 9. F.quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. pl. II (1837) 229, — C.B, Clarke'in Fl. of Brit. Ind. VI, 644.—Scirpus quinquangularis Vahl, Enum, II (1806) 279. Perennial. Culms leafy at base, ascending to erect, glabrous, glauces- cent, scaberulous on the margins above, often longer than the culm; sheaths rufous, glabrous. Inflorescence an umbel, spreading, rays of first order 8-12, unequal, scabrous, forking into rays of second order, and these in turn into rays of third order; involucral bracts 3-5, narrowly lin- ear, scabrous, unequal, not exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, acute, 2-4mm long, the central spikelets sessile; scales broadly ovate, ca, 1mm long, ferruginous-brown, carinate, glabrous; stamen solitary; achene subglobular, trigonous, lustrous, tuberculate and transversely rugose, 0.6mm long, July—August. (Plate VIII, Figure 7, a-e). Ricefields, margins of swamps, and wet places, —Centr. Asia: Syr.- Dar. Gen, distr.: Ind,-Him,, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, trop. Austral. , and Mauritius. Described from East India, 74 97 Genus 230. Bulbostylis} Kunth. ++ Kunth, Enum, plant, II (1837) 205. Inflorescence a compound or simple umbel, with a sessile spikelet at the base of rays. Scales spirally arranged, the 1-2 lowest empty. Bristles none, Stamens 2-3, rarely 1. Style 3-cleft, smooth, swollen at base. Achene broadly ovoid, obtusely trigonous, more or less transversely puck- ered. Annual plants with rather low culms and filiform leaves crowded at base. 1. Spikelets 4-8mm long; scales ca. 3mm long; the enlarged base of style falling in maturity together with style..... 3. B. Woronowii Palla. + Spikelets small, 2-4mm long; scales 1.5-2mm long; the enlarged Dase OL Style Persistent Upon the qeWemer ct sie ln uells si tuisicn Va emai Sasa te 2. 2. Scales dark brown to blackish, usually minutely puberulent, the lower pointed, the upper obtusish; achene transversely puckered ....... ip gtingetedianet ad Raeliati ies TO ti racy Mytehaoniclinys | 2uhialadi lla hil Symes ey opal lui at var’: Sty (lca lh ex ereys + Scales ferruginous-brown, usually glabrous, all with a very short, sometimes spreading, tip; achene nearly Smooth . 0)... 1. 6 1 = = BOP edt). ch sip cine ix eaey ey ete: oe 2. B.tenerrima (Fisch, et Mey. Pala. 1, B.capillaris (L.) Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. II, 1 (1842) 84 in obs.; Kunth ex C.B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 652; Kom, Fl. Manehzh.i il, 345)—-S-chrpus.¢c apd aris, es (Spe pli (Uda) A0vs,7stue Annual. Culms numerous, tufted, erect, setaceous, 3-15cm tall, 3- angled, leafy at base; leaves capillary, half as long to nearly as long as the culm, glabrous. Inflorescence an umbel; rays 1-3 from base ofa sessile spikelet, each usually terminating in a solitary spikelet; involucral bracts 2, one short and the other nearly as long as the inflorescence or longer, setaceous; spikelets ovoid-oblong, 6-8-flowered, acute, 2-4mm long; scales ovate, witha greenmidrib, dark (nearly blackish) brown, the lower short-tipped, the upper obtuse, ca. 2mm long and 2mm broad; achene dark brown, trigonous, broadly ovoid, prominently cross-wrinkled, 0.8mm long. August—September, (Plate VIII, Figure 1, a-e). Wettish shores, wet coastal sands, solonetz meadows. —Far East: Uss. (Vladivostok District), Gen. distr.: North and South America. Described from Virginia. Type in London, 2. B.tenerrima (Fisch. et Mey.) Palla in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis. livr. XXI (1912) 21.—Isolepis tenerrima Fisch. et Mey. ex Kunth, Bum, pl. 1837) 212, nom. "nud, = caprliianis ty europaea munth e."(1837). —l. capillaris’ Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV (1853)°257 non Roem. et Schult. -Fimbristylis capillaris Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 390 non Asa Gray. ~Bulbostylis capillaris Woron, in Fom, and Voron, Opredelitel', 170, non, Neesi.-Exs, »,Herb, «Hl ..caus..Ne.ol5j;eRhgorient. exs. No,128. Annual, Culms tufted, numerous, filiform, 3-angled, glabrous, 5-25cm tall, leaves capillary, mostly half as long, more rarely nearly as long as { From Greek bolbos — bulb, and stylos, style. + Arranged by B. K. Shishkin. 75 98 the culm, glabrous. Inflorescence an umbel; rays 1-4 from the base ofa sessile spikelet, each usually terminating in a solitary spikelet, rarely forming 1-2 secondary rays with a sessile spikelet at base; involucral bracts 2, one short and the other nearly as long as the inflorescence, seta- ceous; spikelets ovoid, 2-4mm long, acute, 6-8-flowered; scales ovate, all acute, with a mostly somewhat spreading short tip, light or dark brown, glabrous, ca, 1,5 -2mm long; stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3; achene light brown, broadly ovoid, trigonous, slightly cross-wrinkled, 0.8mm long, July—September. Wettish meadows and ricefields. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. Gen, distr.: Turkish Lazistan. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Lenin- grad, 3. B.Woronowii Palla in Monit. Jard, bot. Tiflis. livr. XXI (1912) 22 ES. +) Herbs h). cauc. Now 16. Annual, Culms numerous, tufted, 7.5-20cm tall, 0.5mm thick, 3- angled, glabrous or with short rough hairs above; leaves crowded at base of culm, filiform, 0.2-0.4mm broad, smooth or in upper part scabrous- margined, usually much shorter than the culm; sheaths short-pubescent. Inflorescence an umbel of 1-4 spikelets, of which one sessile, 1-2 promi- nently scabrous rays, 4-12mm long, arising at its base, terminating in 1-2 spikelets, of the 2 one sessile, the other pedicelled; involucral bracts 2, one long, often considerably exceeding the inflorescence, the other short; spikelets ovoid-elliptic, 4-8mm long and 2-2.5mm broad, acute; scales navicular, broadly ovate, ca. 3mm long and 2-2.5mm broad, short-acumi- nate, very copiously short-pubescent, dark purple-brown, with narrow whitish marginanda green midrib, 3-nerved; stamens 3; style strongly en- larged at base, falling in maturity together with the enlarged part; achene globular-obovoid, trigonous, fulvous, transversely wrinkled, ca. 1mm long. October, (Plate VIII, Figure 4, a-e). Wet sandy and clay soil, cornfields. —Caucasus: South-West. Trans- cauc. Gen. distr.: Turkish Lazistan. Described from Western Trans- caucasia (near the village Makrial). Type in Tiflis, cotype in Leningrad, Genus 231. Schoenustft L.ft L. Gen. Pl. ed. 5 (1754) 26. Inflorescence a terminal head of several to many spikelets, surrounded by terminal involucral bracts. Spikelets 2-3-flowered. Scales midribbed, 2-ranked. Hypogynous bristles 3-5, equal, Stamens 3, more rarely up to 6. Achene trigonous. 1, Inflorescence consisting of 5-10 spikelets; involucral leafwitha subulate blade at least twice as long as the inflorescence ........... 4 5 o BOR ava. AIR f id ER, SR ae te l.oS snterieans i + inneresecnedt consisting of 2- 3 Spieler. involucral leaf with a short blade only slightly exceeding the inflorescence .......0.0 02485 ; J20° Sit Orrmei meus i t From Greek schoinos, a rush, mentioned by Homer and others, tt Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. 76 101 102 on Ee res Hise li Spe pla (Ww 53) toc chimal's..0 li, Bist a Chaetospora nigricans Kunth, Enum. II (1837) 323; Ldb. Fl. Ross. iii, 2oea—le.> Hehb, Ie. Fl. Germ. Vill; tab, 286, f. 579. Perennial, tufted, with short branching rootstock, culms 20-50cm long, glabrous, twice as long as the leaves; lowest leaf sheaths blackish-brown, others reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, lustrous, with fugacious, nar- rowly canaliculate blade. Inflorescence capitate, consisting of 5-10 spike- lets; involucral bracts 2, the lower with narrow subulate-canaliculate blade, greatly exceeding the inflorescence (often several times as long), the other with subulate blade shorter than the inflorescence, both blackish- cinnamon-brown; spikelets lance-acuminate, 2-3-flowered. Scales ovate- lanceolate, scabrous onthe midrib, blackish-brown, paler toward the summit and margins; hypogynous bristles 3-5, shorter than the achene, sometimes wanting; achene ovoid to oblong, ca. 1.5mm long, trigonous, lustrous- white. June—August, (Plate V, Figure 11). Boggy meadows and sea coast, —European part: Prichern, , Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., West., East., and South. Transcauc., Tal.; Centum Asia: .oyr-Dar, ,e@eam. [Albi )Gen, distr: : Scand, , Centr, Eur. , Atl, Eur., Medit. Described from Europe. Type in London, 2. S.ferrugineus L, Sp. pl. (1753) 43; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 550. — Chaetospora ferruginea Rchb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1830) 74; Ldb: Fl, Ross. IV; 260. —Ic.: Rechb, Ic. Fl. Germ’ VIM, tab. 285, fig. 676. —Exs.: HFR No, 140. Perennial, densely tufted; rootstock short-creeping; culms 10-30cm tall, glabrous, surrounded at base with dark reddish-brown sheaths, of these the upper 1-2 with thin subulate blade. Inflorescence capitate, consist- ing of 2-3 spikelets and involucre of 2 bracts; lower involucral bract with small subulate-canaliculate blade, barely exceeding the inflorescence, the upper short-subulate-tipped, shorter than the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3-flowered; scales lanceo- late, acuminate, smoothonthe midrib; hypogynous bristles usually 6, longer than the achene; achene obovoid, ca. 1.5mm long, grayish, lustrous, with small apiculation derived from style base. June—August. (Plate V, Figure 12). Peat swamps, boggy meadows, and sandy or stony sea coast. —European part: Kar. -Lap. ,Lad, -Il'm. ,Upp. Volg. , Mid. Dnepr. (Kursk). Zavolzh, Gen distr.: Scand. , Centr. Eur. , Atl. Eur., Balk.-As. Min. Described from Gotland. Type in London. Genus 232, Cladiumf Schrad.}t. Schrad, fl. Germ. I (1896) 74. Inflorescence consisting of a terminal compound panicle, and numerous axillary panicles shorter than the terminal panicle. Spikelets borne in glomerules, small, brown, Lower scales empty, those above them with } From Greek clados, branch. +} Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. Ci, PLATE VIII 199 78 staminate flowers, and the terminal ones with perfect flowers. Hypogynous bristles none. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Style filiform, enlarged at base, with 3-2 villous stigmas. Achene ovoid, short-pointed. Me imag icc wis (Li. R. Bre prodres W@beuOo2soldb. Kiet Ross, IV, 250s). Boiss... Pl Ors Vii1i392:) Shimailite soles 5ol), —Sich olenu's (Mair its - cus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 42. -—S. Medwedewi Meinsh. In A.H.P. XVIII, 3 CHOON 272.0—le.*) Rehb.. Jen | RisrGerm) Vill, tab, .287%) fig.682..—-Bbxs, : HFR.No. 36. Perennial; a grayish-green plant, with thick rootstock, stoloniferous- culms 1-1.5m tall, terete, leafy; leaves linear, trigonous in upper part, 10-15mm broad, serrate-scabrous on the margins and midrib. Inflores- cence paniculate, long, consisting of spikelets borne in numerous glomer- ules, terminal or axillary; involucral bracts considerably exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets to 4mm long, ovoid-lanceolate, clustered in heads, sessile or pediceled; scales lanceolate, acute, with distinct midrib, yellowish-brown; hypogynous bristles none; achene 3-3.5mm long, ovoid or obovoid, blackish-cinnamon-brown; stigmas 3, slender, short. June- August. (Plate V, Figure 10). Sandy and silty ground, lakes and swamps. —European part: Lad. -Il'm., Upps wok, Vols: -Kam,. ,: Zavolzh., Crimea Low... Mone; | Caucasus: Ciscauc.,, West. and Fast. Transcauc.; Centr. Asia: Mount. Turkm. , Syr-Dar,, Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand. (southern part), Centr. and Atl. Burs 2 Medit....palk, As, Min. , Iran, Deseribeditrom Europe. 7 Type in London, 233. Rhynchosporaf Vahl jt} Vahl, Enum. II (1806) 236. Flowers in clusters, arranged terminally or in the axils of upper leaves on long peduncles. Spikelets with spirally imbricated scales, the 2-4 basal scales and the apical scales infertile, the middle ones bearing 2-3 perfect flowers. Hypogynous bristles 5-13, barbed. Stamens 2-3, Style enlarged at base, 2-fid. Achene flattened, with persistent style-base tubercle. 1. Plants 40-80cm tall, with spreading inflorescence; bristles (1-)3(-5) on (He Caweasiearkalla- { From Greek rhynchos, beak, and spora, seed, referring to the beaked achenes. +7 Arranged by R. Yu. Rozhevits. Explanation to Plate VIII 1. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Nees: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene. — 2, Fimbristylis ochotensis (Meinsh.) Kom,: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene. - 3. F. leiocarpa Maxim: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene, - 4. Bulbostylis Woronowii Palla: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene.— 5S. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl.: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene. - 6. F. verrucifera (Maxim.) Mak,: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene, — 7. F. quinquangularis (Vahl.) Kunth: a) spike- let, b) scale, c) achene, — 8. F. squarrosa Vahl,: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) achene. 79 103 104 + Plants to 40cm tall, with subcapitate or cymose inflorescence; bristles FRPSr FOO AD IS SS I. a SAR. ce Oe. 3 ae ee ae 2. Involucral bract not exceeding or slightly exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets whitish} °bristles 9-h3 .°. .2e . Sas .w 1, R.alba (L.) Vahl, + Involucral bract considerably exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets more or less brownish; bristles 5-6... ......6.. tice & lope ond (oho 3. 3. Plants stoloniferous; spikelets ca. asi long; bristles 5-6, antrorsely barbed. Occurring only in the European part of the U.'S.S.R........ 22a fu sea Geey Ait. ata Biante not stoloniferous; spikelets ca. cam long; bristles 6, retrorsely barbed. (Occurring in the Far East sic). 2°98: 4. R.Fauriei Franch. te oR,. alban.) Vahl, Enum 11806) 2365. Ldbee8l. Ross. IV; Zou; Shmal'o, Fl) if, 550) Krylrl,)Zap.,Sib, Iie 41l. ~Scehoenus a Bais Tin Sp. pl. (1753) 44. —lemanchb. lem rl, Germ, Vill tab. ido, tenga. Syreish, .l. IFl,..Mosk.venbal,)1 Gan bis, fH No Si. Perennial, loosely tufted; with short stolons; culms 15-40cm tall, slen- der, leafy, 3-angled; leaves narrowly linear, to 2mm broad, subcondupli- cate, with entire tubular sheaths; involucral bracts not exceeding or slightly exceeding the inflorescence. Inflorescence 7-10mm long and nearly as broad; scales ovate-elliptic, 4-5mm long and ca. 2mm broad, with midrib, hyaline-margined, subulate-acuminate, whitish, brunescent in fruit; bristles 9-13, retrorsely barbed, ciliate at base, about equaling the achene; achene obovoid, 1.5-2mm long and ca. 1mm broad, tapering above to a beak ca. 1mm long, finally brunescent. July—August. Mossy peat bogs, —European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv. -Pech., Lad. -Il'm., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam., Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Volg. -Don., Zavolzh, (?), Low. Don (only north); Caucasus: West. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Ob., Irt.; East. Siberia: Daur.; Far East: Kamch. Gen, distr.: all Europe (except extreme North and extreme South), Chin. -Jap. , North Amer. Described from northern Europe. Type in London, 2. R.fusca (L.) Ait. ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. II (1817) 88; Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV, 259; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 550.—Schoenus fuscus L, Sp. pl. II (1763) 1664, -Rhynchospora alba var. fusca Vahl, Enum. II (1806) 236. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic, Fl. Germ. VIII (1846), tab. 285, fig. 677. —Exs.: HER No. 1695. Perennial, loosely tufted, with long stolons; culms10-30cm tall, slender, leafy, more or less distinctly 3-angled; leaves narrowly linear, ca. 1- 1.5mm broad, involute, with fuscous, closed sheaths. Involucral bracts considerably exceeding the inflorescence. Inflorescence 8-10 mm long and nearly as broad; scales ovate, 4-5mm long, brownish, thin-hyaline, with midrib, subulate-acuminate; bristles 5-6, antrorsely barbed, much longer than the achene; achene obovoid, to 1.5mm long, reddish brown, tapering into a beak to 1 mm long, thicker at base than in the preceding species. July—August. (Plate V, Figure 7). Boggy places and damp sandy soil. —European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad. - Il'm., Volg.-Don, (?), Mid. Dnepr. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl, Eur, Described from Sweden. Type in London, 3. R.caucasica Pallain Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis XXX (1913) 26. 80 Perennial, compactly tufted. Rootstock short-creeping; culms 40-80cu: tall, firm, leafy, 3-angled; leaves narrowly linear, to 3mm broad, sub- involute, very long; involucral bracts not exceeding the inflorescence, In- florescence spreading, with spikelets in small fascicles; scales dark brown, ca. 4mm long, broadly lanceolate, hyaline, midrib excurrent into a short tip, the 3 basal scales empty, much smaller than other scales; bristles (1)3(-5), 1/4 shorter than achene including tubercle, antrorsely barbed; achene obovoid, ca. 2.5-5mm long excluding tubercle, laterally compressed, the pyramidal beak ca. 1mm long. August—September. (Plate V, Figure 8). Swamps. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Batum Distr.). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of the village Smekalovka (Bat.). Type in London. 4, R.Fauriei Franch, in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Sér. 7X (1886) 104, Perennial, forming small loose tufts; roots fibrous; culms 15-35(-60)cm tall, several, erect, slender; leaves stiff, to 2mm broad, subinvolute to flat, triangular-tipped, scabrous-margined, shorter than the culm; involu- cral bracts very long, the upper bearing a short blade, Inflorescence con- sisting of 3-5 simple, more rarely paired, fascicles, of these the lower peduncled, distant from the upper ones; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-9, erect, rufous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; 3 basal scales empty, ovate, the floriferous upper ones lanceolate; bristles 6, retrorsely barbed; stamens 3; style 2-fid; achene obovoid, 1.5-2mm long, transversely rugulose, the gray conic beak ca. 1mm long. August, (Plate V, figure 9). River banks and marshes, —Far East: Uss. (Khabarovsk, Vladivostok). Gen, distr.: Japan, China. Described from Japan, Type in Paris (?). Subfamily II. Caricoideae Pax. ~— Flowers unisexual, monoecious or dioecious; perianth bristles wanting. Genus 234, Cobresiat Willd. (Kobresia)t 105 Willd. Sp. pl. IV (1805) 205. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, Inflorescence a simple or compound spike, consisting of numerous spikelets, subtended by scaie of spikelet; flowers 1-7 per spike, the pistillate flowers arranged in lower part of the spike, 1-3, surrounded by a glume with margins mostly connate only at base (very rarely to the summit). Stigmas 2-3. Staminate flowers 1-4, arranged in upper part of the spike, or together with the pistillate flowers on a short peduncle. Stamens 3, Fruit an achene, Perennial, compactly tufted plants, with creeping rhizomes giving rise to numerous cord-like strands of roots, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Species of the genus Cobresia, occurring widely in alpine pastures, are important pasture plants, particularly in alpine tundra. The best forage species are: Cobresia Bellardi (All.) Degl., C. schoenoides C.A.M., andC.capillifolia (Decne) C.B. Clarke. Eaten very rapidly by all kinds of livestock, recover quickly after tT Named for Cobres, a naturalist of the early 19th century, who made extensive scientific collections. tt Arranged by L. P. Sergievskaya. 81 106 grazing and stand up well to trampling. According to the data of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, they contain at the post-flowering and fruiting stage, in percentages of dry matter: crude protein—11.13, fats—3.0-4.0, cellulose- 24-25, nitrogen-free extractable substances—51.53, minerals—7.9, Hay, at 18 per cent moisture, contains in percentages: 3.5-4 digestible protein, 26-32 starch equivalent, and 43-53 feed units. Fresh herbage yield 20-25 centners, dried—4-6 centners per hectare, 1. Inflorescence a simple, narrow, linear spike, 1-2.5cm long and 2-2.5mm broad, Spikelets 2-flowered, with 1 pistillate and 1 staminate flower RAE nies RRtTteN SeACREIN, Bile Latay oe ek at cM etcgaa. otal als 4. C. Bellardi (All.) Degl. + Inflorescence a compound, ovoid or oval (rarely oblong-linear), rather DRG SOLE cass aavie re. © sie aa, 818 see ie te a ta bat at amen ote ae at eine ae ee 2. 2. Outer sheaths, surrounding the culm, leaf-bearing ............ 3. t Onter Sheatis DIGUGTCGS... acc ss 6 6. a a 6.8 ius cee et ene ee mates en omen 6. 3. Spikelets consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 staminate flower ......... BL nena? alt Dar Eece meee 5. S. simpliciuscula (Wahlenb. ) Mack. + Spikelets usually 3-7-flowered, comprising 1(2) pistillate and 2-5 StainiMaue LOWEST S os a sult «alate “e alistels cus aiietnlenein one ee ern 4, 4, Inflorescence paniculate,4-4.5cm long; lower spikelets subdistant and borne ion "short pedicels; culms ‘S0-40 cnr tall’. 2). . ace eee Mm eee Bade ges o cpa ss mol er maim ae) es mute ae vegas cae Tot eae eee 8. C. paniculata Meinsh. + Inflorescence a compact, branched spike, 1-3cm long; culms shorter, Seo CHI bale os sedge sc tog’ a coe tye, Sukie 6 aie a ee ne te ee ete o. 5. Culms 15-30cm tall; leaves 14~—1/2 as long as the culm......... Pag AIR SN a Tn ae linet pdb a ca 6. CC, Royleana (Nees) Beklr. + Culms short, 3-10(13)cm tall; leaves nearly as long as the culm, nar- rower, si’-2 mmo broad: Wg ih ss ‘eis 7. C. humilis (C.A.M.) L. Serg. 6. Sheaths stramineous-brown, very large, to 10cm long; spike ovoid to oval, 5-10mm broad; leaves1-2mm broad..........:........ si. erie. Sak i Wee as A CCE, 1. C. scheonoides (C.A.M.) Steud. + Sheaths mostly dark reddish-brown or nearly cinnamon-brown, to 6cm long; spike mostly linear-oblong, 2.5-5mm broad; leaves narrower, to LY 02 918 op 0 ic beat PR iat vali Gi tll ind bts aerate aire culvert sic pouty cect He 7. Leaves very narrow, 0.25-0.5mm broad; culm slender, to 0.6mm thick; sheaths 1-3(4)cm long.......... 3. C.filifolia Meinsh. + Leaves0.5-0.75(1)mm broad; culm stouter; sheaths to 6cm long Se one Tee ee nee Mrenee RNC gy er) C.capillifolia (Decne) C.B, Clarke Section 1. Elyna (Schrad.) C.B. Clarke in Hock, f. Fl. Brit. Ind. (1894) p. 696. —Spike simple. Culm base:covered with bladeless sheaths. 1. C.schoenoides (C.A.M.) Steud. Synops. Cyper. (1855) 246; Kuk. inne], Pilazr; IV.)20,(1909), 35; Kryl. Hl» Zap, sib, TN. 412. boli schoenoides C.A.M. Verzeichn, Pfl. Cauc. (1831) 29 etinLdb. FI. alt. INw(1-333),235, invadnot:; udb:.FL, Ross,.1V., 262.—Cobresia sibirriea Turzc. ex Bess. in Flora XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 et in Bull. Soc. Natur. Mosc, XI (1838) 103 nomen. —Elyna sibirica Turcz. ex Ldb, Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 262 et in Fl. baic, -dahur. II, 1 (1856) 287. -Carex curvula M.B. Fl, taur.—cauc. III1(1819) 611 (excl. syn.), non Bell. Perennial; culms 10-50cm tall, stout, firm, 1-2mm thick, covered at base with numerous, long (3-10cm), brownish-stramineous, shining sheaths; leaves linear-filiform, involute, 1-2mm broad, about as long as the culm or slightly shorter, Inflorescence a compact oval to ovoid spike, 2cm long 82 and 5-13mm broad, consisting of numerous spikelets; each spikelet con- sisting of 1, rarely 2-3 pistillate and 2-5 staminate flowers; achene tri- gonous, dull, 2-3mm long and ca. 1-5mm broad. June—July. (Plate IX, Figure 3 a-f). 109 Alpine and arctic meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Sib. , Chuk.; Caucasus: Gr. Cauc., Dag.; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Len. - Kol.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Pam.-Al,, Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: As, Min, , Arm. -Kur., Iran, Ind.-Him. Described from the Caucasus (Shakhdag Mountains). Type in Leningrad. 2. C.capillifolia (Decne) C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. XX (1883) 378. —C. macrolepis Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 276. — Elyna capillifolia Decne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. IV (1844) 173, t. 174. - E.spicata Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 394 partim non Schrad. —Ic.: Journ. Russ. bot. (1910) 16. Perennial. Culms to 40cm tall and ca. 1mm thick; sheaths rather large, 4-6cm long; leaves filiform, scabrous-margined, 0.5-1 mm broad, Spike oblong-linear, 1-3cm long and 4-5mm broad, branching in lower part; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse; stigmas 2 or 3; achene oblong. June—July. (Plate IX, Figure 1 a-e). Alpine meadows. —Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan, Pam. -Al, Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Tib., Centr. China. Described from the Hima- layas (from alt. 4,000m). Type in Paris. 3. C.filifolia (Turcz.) Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 275, — C.gracilis Meinsh. ibid., 276.—C.capillifolia var. filifolia Kuk, in Finska Vet. Soc. Forh. XLV (1902-1903) 1 et in Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 36; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib, III, 414.—Elyna filifolia Turcz. in Bull, Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII, 1 (1855) 353 et in Fl. baic. -dahur. II (1856) 288, Perennial. Culms slender, to 0.5mm thick and 10-45cm tall; sheaths 1-3(4)cm long; leaves filiform, 0.25-0.5mm broad, slightly shorter than the culm or about aslong; spike 1-2cm long and 2.5-5mm broad, oblong- elliptic, branching and broader in lower part; spikelets 5-10, 3-7-flowered, lower florets pistillate, other florets staminate; stigmas 3 or 2; achene oblong-ovoid, 2.5mm long, June—July. Boggy meadows. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. - Sayan, , Len. -Kol. , Daur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung, -Tarb. , Tyan'-Shan., , Pam,-Al. Gen, distr.: Iran. Described from Ulatinskie mineral springs in Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad, 4, C, Bellardi (All.) Degl., in Lois. Fl. Gall. I (1807) 626; Kryl. Fl, Zap. Sib. III, 413.—Carex Bellardii All. Fl. Pedem., II (1785) 264. —C. scirpina Willd. Sp. pl. IV (1805) 205. —-Carex myosuroi- des Vill. Prosp. (1779) 170 nom. nud, —Elyna Bellardii C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 616. —E. spicata Schrad. Fl. Germ. I (1806) 155; Ldb. Fl.) Ross. IV, 262. —Ic.):',Kuk. in Engl. Pfilzr. IV, 20, figure 8. Perennial. Culms 5-30(40)cm tall and 1/2—2/3mm thick, invested with numerous old bladeless, brown or subferruginous sheaths; leaves very 110 narrow, straight, slightly shorter than the culm or about as long, 1/4— 1/2mm broad. Inflorescence a linear spike, 1-2cm long and 2-2.5 mm broad, containing 7-15 spikelets; spikelets consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 staminate floret; stigmas 3; achene oblong-obovoid, obtusely trigonous, ca. 2mm long. June. (Plate IX, Figure 7, a-c). 83 PLATE 1X 107 Moss-lichen tundra, and wet, sometimes saline, meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Sib.; Caucasus: Gr. Cauc., Dag.; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Len. -Kol, Ang. -Sayan., Daur.; Far East: Kamch. ; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand. , mountains of Centr. Europe, Balk. , Northern Mongolia, Greenl, , North Amer. Described from northern Italy. pectionl.nsE we ob ré:sia,C i BAClarkedmiooks fy hl. By.y dnd) WI (1894) 698. —Spike branching, All sheaths blade-bearing, 5. C.simpliciuscula (Wahlb.) Mack. in Bull. Torr. Club I (1920) 3495>C .caricina Willd. Spiiplh IV, (4805), 206;)\ Kuk, in) Engl. Pilar. IV, 20 (1909) 45 et in Journ. Bot. Russ. 3-6 (1911) 77, f. 4. —C. bipart- ita Dalla-Torre Anleit. Beob. Alpenfl.II (1882) 330; Kryl Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill, 413, -Carex simpliciuscula Wahlenb, in Sv. Vet. Ak. Nya Handl, XXIV (1803) 151. —Elyna caricina Mert. et Koch, Deutschl, Fl, I (1823) 458; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 262.—Ic.: Rcehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII, tab. OS), Perennial, Culms 3-20cm tall, invested at base with brown blade-bear- ing sheaths; leaves involute or partly flat, 0.5-1.5mm broad, slightly shorter than the culm or about as long. Spike compound, 1-2.5cm long and 4-7mm broad, oblong-ovoid to oblong, sublobate; spikes of second order 6-8mm long, bearing 4-8 spikelets; each spikelet consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 (2) staminate florets, the terminal spikelet usually staminate. Stig- mas 3; achene oblong-elliptic, ca. 3mm long. June—July. (Plate IX, Figure 6, a-c), Alpine zone, in moss-lichen tundra. —Caucasus: Dag., East. Cauc., Tal.; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Daur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung. - Tarb.,, Tyan'-Shan. Gen, distr.: Scand. , northern British Islands, mountains of southern Europe, Balk., As. Min. , North Amer. Described from England (Westmorland). Type in Sweden, 6. C.Royleana (Nees) Beklr, in Linn, XXXIX (1875) 8; Kik. in Engl, Pflzr. IV 20 (1909) 45.—Trilepis Royleana Nees in Edinb. New phil, Journ, XVII (1834) 267. —-Elyna stenocarpa Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc, Natur. Moscou XV (1842) 526; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 262.—E.kokanica Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 463. —-Cobresia Royleana var.kokanica Kukwin Engl. Pilger, IV, 20 (909) 46..—les: @. 8. Clarke, Mlustr. Cyperae. (1909), t. 143. Perennial. Culms 15-30cm tall, invested at base with brown blade- bearing sheaths, 1.5-2 cm long; leaves reflexed, flat, trigonous in upper Explanation to Plate 1X 1. Cobresia capillifolia (Decne) C.B. Clarke: a) spike, b) scale, c) achene. — 2. C. Royleana (Nees) Bcklr.: a) spike, b) and c) scales, d) ovary with 3 stigmas, e) achene.— 3. C. schoenoides (C. A. M.) Steud.: a) spike, b), c), d) and e) scales, f) ovary with 3 stigmas. —4. C. humilis (C. A. M.) L.Serg.: a) spike, b) scale, c) young achene with stigmas. — 5. C. paniculata Meinsh.: a) scale, b) pistillate flower with 3 stigmas. — 6. C. simpliciuscula (Wahlb.) Mack.: a) spike, b), c) two scales. — 7. C. Bellardii (All.) Degl. a) spike, b) portion of spike with two perfect flowers, c) perfect flower. 85 lll 112 part, acuminate, serrulate-margined, 1/4—1/2 the length of culm. Inflo- rescence a branching, rather compact, ovoid spike, 1.5-3cm long and 6- 15mm broad; spikes of second order consisting of 5-12 spikelets, of which the terminal staminate, the lateral ones bisexual, consisting of 1 pistillate and 2-3 staminate florets, more rarely reduced to staminate florets along; scales broadly ovate, obtusish to short -acuminate; achene oblong, ca. 3.5mm long, June—July. (Plate IX, Figure 1, a-e). Var. kokanica Kuk. —with a tall culm (40-50cm long) and a looser inflorescence, Subalpine meadows and slopes, river valleys and lake shores. —Centr. Asia? Dzhung, ~Tarb. ,* Tyan"-shan, > Pam, “Al. *'Genwydistre: iran.) “ira. Ind, -Him., Centr, China, Described from the Himalayas. 7. CShumilis (CJA) ELE) Serg. ‘comb; nov.'—C “Roy beana war: humitis Kuk!"in Enel) Pilzr’ TV) 20 (1909).46—E 1 ynavhwmiiie C.A.M. apud. Trautv. in A.H.P. 1 (1871) 21. Perennial. Culms 3-13cm tall and 0,5-1 mm thick; leaves mostly as long as the culm, reflexed, 1-2mm broad. Spike 1-1.5cm long and 0,4- lem broad, mostly compact. Otherwise resembling the preceding species. June—July. ( Plate IX, Figure 4, a-e). Subalpine meadows, morenes, screes, stony slopes, damp shores of rivers and lakes, —Caucasus: Dag.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung, -Tarb., Pam. - Al. , Syr-Dar. Endemic. Described from Dzhung. Alatau. Type in Lenin- grad. 8,°.C J paniculatawMeinsh. in A.H:P. XVII, 3 (1901) 279: =€ ey -— téeana var. paniculata Kuk, in“iug!? Pilar, 1V)'20'(S09)"40/ Orn & — cinoides Ktk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 46 quoad pl. As. Med. — Carex paniculata Rel. in A.H.P. VII 880) 563 non L. , nomen. Perennial. Culms 30-40cm tall, invested at base with large, strami- neous-reddish-brown sheaths, 4-5cm long; leaves flat, 3-5mm broad, 1 /2—2/3 the length of culm or about as long as the culm. Inflorescence fairly large, subpaniculate, lobate, 4-4.5cm long, the spikes in lower part remote, short-peduncled; spikelets on lower spikes 8-12, the terminal staminate, the lateral ones with 1 staminate and 1 pistillate floret or, more rarely, unisexual, with pistillate florets only. Achene oblong, attenuate at both ends. June. (Plate IX, Figure 5, a-c). Mud flats;—Centr, Asia: Tyan'-Shan.;’Pam.-Al, Gen. distr.>" Tibet. Described from Trans-Ili Alatau (upper course of river Chilik). Type in Leningrad, Genus 235. CarextTL.tt Gen. pl., ed. 1 (1737) 280 et Sp. pl., ed. 1 (1753) 972, Plants monoecious, more rarely dioecious; flowers arranged in spike- lets. Spikelets solitary or numerous, containing only pistillate or only staminate flowers, androgynous (i.e. with staminate flowers in upper part + Name for sedge used by ancient authors (Virgil, Catullus, and others). tt Arranged by V. I. Krechetovich. 86 113 of the spikelet, and pistillate inlower part) or gynecandrous (with staminate and pistillate flowers arranged in reverse order), sessile or pedunculate, form- ing simple or compound inflorescences; spikes borne in axils of foliaceous or reduced scale-like bracts. Flowers unisexual, destitute of perianth, borne singly in the axils of scales. Staminate flowers with 3 (rarely 2) stamens; stamens with free filaments and linear anthers. Pistillate flowers enclosed in a modified bractlet-a perigynium; ovary with a bifid or trifid style. Achene trigonous, lenticular, or plano-convex, sessile or stalked, sometimes bearing at the base a bristle-like extension of floral rachilla. Perigynium membranaceous, subcoriaceous or coriaceous (some- times becoming corneous or suberous); sessile or stalked, occasionally spongy-based; nerved or ribbed or nerveless; smooth, pubescent, scab- rous, or finely mammillate; biconvex, plano-convex, inflated, or trigonous, sometimes flat or winged, with smooth, scabrous or serrate margin; beak wanting, entire or variously split. Perennial plants with underground rhi- zomes, giving rise to sterile (leaf-bearing) and floriferous stems (culms). Culms usually triangular, more rarely terete or subterete, solid or some- what hollow, central or lateral, simple or rarely forking, leafy. Sheaths investing the culm base blade-bearing or bladeless, squamaceous, and then usually colored. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. The following species have been found in Quaternary deposits; C. acutiformis Ehrh.? — in Upp. Dnepr. (Murava, Minsk District)andLow. Volg. (Raigorod and Semirublevaya, Astrakhan District); C. inflata Huds. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Kletsovo and Mikhulino, Smolensk District) and Volg. - Kam. (Galich, Kostroma District); C. caespitosa L. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Mikulino, Smolensk District); C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Smolensk and Minsk Distr.); C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Mikulino, Smolensk District); C. leporina L. — in Quaternary deposits of Lad. -Il'm. (Luga tuffs); C. limosa L. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Drozhzhino, Smolensk District); C. appropinquata Shum. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Mikulino, Smolensk District); C. pseudocyperus L. ? —in interglacial deposits of Volg.-Kam. (Galich) and Quaternary deposits of Low. Don. (Archeda); C. elata Bell. — in interglacial deposits of Upp. Dnepr. (Minsk and Smolensk Distr.); C. gracilis Curt. — in Quaternary deposits of Low. Volg. (Nikol'skaya and Raigorod, Astrakhan District); C. cfr. acuta L. — same location (Nikol'skaya). NOTE: The genus Carex L., comprising at present about 2,000 species, constitutes such a rich and varied group that taxonomists have long been in- clined to regard it as an aggregate of a large number of genera. Indeed, certain authors, such as Rafinesque, consideredita distinct family—see his paper ''The Natural Family of Carexides'' in Amenities of Nature, I (1840) 23-28, The present treatment represents an attempt to present a more natural outline of the subdivisions of the genus Carex L., while retaining the old framework of the genus for the sake of convenience and tradition. The presentation eliminates the occasionally very considerable artificiality of the last monograph of the genus by Kukenthal. The system of subdivision adopted below is by no means an innovation; it merely represents a re- vised version of the already published systems of Ehrhart (1789), Reichen- bach (1836), Rafinesque (1840), Tuckermann (1843), Heuffel (1844), Drejer (1844), Kirschleger (1854), Schur (1866), Gandoger (1890), Holm (1903), C.B. Clarke (1908), and the more recent ones of Boerner (1913) and Mac- kenzie (1931), Inthe first place, the present system cuts out the entirely 87 artificial separation of all the single-spike sedges in a distinct subgenus Primocarex Kiuk., by relegating them to their natural positions among related forms (the considerable extent of frequently occurring interhybrid- ization provides an indication that genetic links between them are as yet retained). Further, the classification adopted also eliminates the arti- ficial disruption between sections containing bistigmatic and tristigmatic sedges of the subgenus Eucarex Kuk., not to mention a large number of minor amendments, such as unification of C. pachystylis Gay and C.physodes M.B, into one group, or the transfer of certain species (C, enervis C.A.M., C.arenicola F, Schmidt, C. glauciformis Meinsh., etc.) into other parts of the system which are in better agreement with their historically conditioned morphological structure. The new classification system is not devoid of various shortcomings, as it has not been possible to embrace fully the global range of sedges; it does, however, represent a critical revision of previously proposed systems on the basis of phylogenetic and adaptive interrelationships, as far as they are expressed in spatial and ecological formative types. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Apart from limited use as material for mat- ting and various kinds of weaving, as well as serving as ornamental and sand-fixing plants, nearly all sedges have a definite forage value. The role of sedges in the range management of the U.S.S.R. is considerable, as they occupy not less than 5% of hay and pasturage. Most sedges (particularly the large marsh-meadow species, such as C.gracilis, vesicaria, vulpina, caespitosa, etc.), because of their coarse and rough parts, as well as the low content of salts, sugars, calcium, etc. , are not acceptable to livestock or only slightly so. However, all of them (especially in wet solonchak meadows) yield fully edible hay, if cut before flowering. They are also readily consumed as silage. The importance of sedges as silage material increases in drought years, in view of their consistent yields. On the other hand, sedges of dry sites in the 114 forest zone, steppes, deserts, and many mountain areas, are excellent pasture plants, not inferior to best grasses as regards nutritive value. Such are: Carex stenophylla, C.stenophylloides, C.uralensis, C .dusiwscula, Co pachy st yilis.. oh ys diesn) Cot mis tance C.humilis, C.praecox, C.pediformis, and some others, In respect of chemical composition sedges approach grasses, and contain at the flowering stage (on abs. dry matter basis): minerals—6-8%, crude protein—11-13%, fats—3-3.5%, cellulose—28-30% (steppe species —25-27%), non-extractable substances—46-50%. Nutritive value of farm-sedge hay: feed units 36-40, digestible protein 2.5-3%. Sedge hay should be fed during the coldest part of winter. Sedges are most readily eaten by cattle, but the steppe, desert and mountain sedges provide very acceptable forage for sheep, goats and horses. It is not advisable to feed sedges from dry lo- cations in the north to young stock, asthe deficiency of calcium salts and partial deficiency of phosphorus oftenbrings about rickets and greatly weakens the bones of animals, The nutritive value of sedges has so far been very insufficiently investigated. 88 Nae + Ol Oro+ ay ie 13 Key to Sections tf DAO SE LOUIS TOlATIOG, «ee Lae en ce Tan iow ch MMe ont an sti Ge Ske: SBE aga ah ob ars. ic Oe NICMAS CHOUSMD ant me Wee errr nee, ee eee eal eee, Cee a cs 4. Spikes numerous, disposed ina large, oblong-capitate inflorescence; stigmas 3(p.124 ).....Subgenus I, 1. Megalocranion V. Krecz. Ses OOM uat Vr CET TLCUL Wee ee gee PE ae eked an Be ade oa By Stigmas 2; perigynia glabrous. (Subgenus II], Vignea Kik.)..... (pnlGs)) 9 OP hy’siglochis (Neck.)'V" Krecz. Stigmas 3; perigynia pubescent. (Subgenus II]. Eucarex Coss. et SHETETO Da) SOM A Rib lai i i (p.303) 24. Thyrsanolepis V. Krecz. Soikes solitary, tenminal (andropynOUs) 2 tee ee es sane 5. Splicos Una e TOUS: eps Mee me Rea tae Reta oe ht cote enc a a Re en 13. Somes 2. qubeenus Vii pire a It) Ot we re ee 6. Stigmas 3, more rarely 2, or variably 2-3 (series Micropodae of Callistachys Heuff. ) and then soon caducous and perigynia mem- branaceous, oblong, stalked. (Subgenus II]. Eucarex Coss. et CAS TEIEOUN) gent Sati a ARES lian an ed hal i A Tat Ai NNER ci cee SOC aR OE ie Perigynia coriaceous, with entire, obliquely truncate beak, aggregated invaysparse spike, cLooping (Plape ogy. Fipure oO) fo. gn shar ry Aig tlle (p. 198). 13. Psyllophora (Ehrh.) Kirschl.s. str. Peryginia membranous, with weak bidentate beak, aggregated in a dense, compact or loose spike (Table XIV, Figures 1 and 2)... Lng cage opie +t Giias heli ia 4e (po toy i eu twe Mic Ver kere, Suicmmes 2 eee. (290) (22n C allistacuiy Ss (remit ys aiecs SE OOMCIS ee ee ean tact eee a ae oe Bee ieee: ceed ae a nea eRe a 8 Pistillate Scales persistent on matunre,achenes, oe so eee we ls = 9. Eisimlatc scalesypromptly deciduous. - 1... sec. gt el sua, oe 12. Perigynia lanceolate, uninterruptedly prolonged into cuneate beak (Plateoav ite Wigureo, p. 294). 2 os 21. loeptorerastic, Vo ikreez. Perigynia ovoid or obovate, with distinctly separated short beak . 10. Lower scales foliaceous, greatly exceeding the perigynia (Caucasus). a a ee do ae a ak (as aOeea. Caryorneca Voukrece, Scales membranous, Shorter [Wan POLIS VOI oi ce tian SE 1 ae Perigynia obcordate, notched at apex, rough-setulose, membranous. Densely cespitose, without stolons (Bukhara) ................. pouh arcing, Thad heal erguchuiedingh iinet OW die (po. 305)) 25. Cardiopersa Vaukirees. Perigynia obovate, rounded-tipped, smooth or even lustrous, coria- Geous. RoOotstock creeping, StOlOnMerOUS Sie eee ec “sp agiapeanltg tne y etc haa al (p. 389). 36. Genersichia (Heuff.) V. Krecz. (8). Perigynia subulate-lanceolate; achene with rudimentary rachilla (this sometimes wanting —C, pa a Ctl otabslene nit a ue ee eee a a oe (p. 301).923. beucoglochin (heh. V. ikerecs- Perigynia ovoid to oblong- ovoid (sometimes ovate-lanceolate); achene tbat aCiehitaiy rach la A gl eee ean se eel mde) ee thet sia, satan ae (p. 296). 22. Callistachys (Heuff.) V. Krecz. (4). All spikes sessile, bisexual-androgynous or gynecandrous (some- times exclusively staminate spikes only in part of inflorescence, others + Correct determination of sedges is conditioned by a plentiful supply of complete plants with ripe achenes and well excavated underground parts, TT [The page numbers in this key refer to pages of the Russian original appearing in the left-hand margin of the translation. ] 89 116 15. 16. ae 18. 19. 20 being bisexual, more rarely the middle spikes staminate, the lower and upper pistillate—C.disticha Huds.); stigmas 2. (Subgenus II. Wetmelat FOU et a! ete n Oats oh cuane Wh kya. a 20 ays tele 5) eee te a ere 14. All spikes unisexual (and then the terminal ones staminate, the lower pistillate) or mixed: the terminal ones gynecandrous and (rarely) androgynous, the others pistillate, sessile or peduncled. Stigmas 3, rarely 2, (Subgenus JI]. Eulcamex Coss. et.Germ. ) oj. joc sows: 28, AI" SIRES MOP OS VIOUS oe Oicattaie cui dials pute deh = ony cate i cath Ch oh ao Me) acl 15, All spikes gynecandrous or variously sexed: the middle ones (some- times also the terminal) staminate throughout, the others androgynous, pynecandrous, Or Staminate. thrOU SOU oo. atoms, vom den loose om aete Aan Rhizome short, forming tufts; culms and stolons forming dense tus- sockst (Plate X, Figures 15,16 and.14 [Sic] )o. wcce syle etarsa ante 16. Rhizome long, creeping; culms in rows or cluster from ends of stolons. (Plate © Breures U amd TO oc. ct) aud) oa Ta cumacrien cre be aaah ene 20. Perigynia wingless, with rounded margins (or ribbed), smooth above (Plate 20, Pigure Ls Pilate OCU Bias es oe camcae tia oe doar die Perigynia with serrate-winged margins (Plate XI, Figure 2; Plate X, Figures 10-11), sometimes pronounced only at the junction between perigynium and beak (beak bidentate— Plate X, Figures 14-17), or peri- gynia serrate-scabrous toward the apex on the pronounced ribbed margins (Plate XI, Figures 5-10; Plate X, Figures 4,12,13) ... 18. Perigynia with short, obliquely truncate or slightly notched beak; in- florescence consisting of 2-6 few-flowered spikes (Plate XII, Figure 19) np Galea epee (p.167). 10. Leptovignea (Boern.) V. Krecz. Perigynia with long bidentate beak; inflorescence dense, consisting of many Spikes, spicitorm (Plate XI, (Pigure yt} org a coo. celecci a Subwe Sl bh ARI pel been ne PS le i . (p.143)..4. Phyllothyrsa.V. Kreez. Perigynia coriaceous, widely ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, knobby-biconvex, with narrow winged scabrous margin, pronounced only at the curved juncture between perigynium and beak (see Plate X, Figures 14-17). Inflorescence mostly branching. \ <5 ites browm Heya et Sees ae ee aie Ne BANGS 34. Perigynia thin-coriaceous, plano-convex, nerved, grayish-green, often ferruginous-spotted; scales ovate to oblong, 3-nerved, acute and awneds longer than®perilovn idm, .*.85 ef easkg ee ee, he A ee ee ne. ee oat ass Ah Bike ty cael (p2232)4 15). E emniem iss (Rafim.)) VwikKkreez. Perigynia membranaceous, inflated, lustrous, nerveless, blackish- brown; scales oblong, obtuse to subobtuse, shorter than perigynia Wd re eRe Ga et) Bete ila OS eel, eels epee, et 2 he (Group of species of barren tundra hills). (p.434). 47. Pompholyx V.Krecz. (28). Leaves broadly lanceolate (to 3cm broad); culms flattened, seemingly nodulose, producing nearly from base 1-2 spikelike branches, these often forking again, covered between the ''nodes"' with much inflat- ed sheaths (similar sheaths covering secondary branches)—Far East Rs Pa A SRR Ea ee (p. 356). 32. Maltrema (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Leaves braidlike, long, linear; culms triangular, nodeless, with spikelets mostly in upper part; spikelets peduncled, borne singly at the basevoi bractsi(rarelyi2>3 together): .0.yOk wed Beam © a6. Perigynia serrulate-winged on the margin nearly from base ....... i LE QO ONTO Ber) (p. 383). 37. Kukenthalia (Boern.) V. Krecz. Perigynia winged on the margin, smooth or scabrous ....... 37. Terminal spikelets gynecandrous (i.e. pistillate above, staminate bellows «a fhe. cteancbeeiens: ds Peo Rk wy deh Gabe ayer Regt Pea ae ee eet 38. Terminal spikelets staminate or androgynous ............ 41. Lowest bract with developed sheaths (to 1 cm and longer) .... 39. Lowestibraet sheathless) auricléd/a, 7 ONT O8. aking ChREOee 2 «Me: oetbs}. yb ence aan (p. 246). 17. Loxanisa (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Perigynia ovoid, plane, brown, bulging only at the center due to the achene whichwt e@xeeeds many times, ..,4:-.4./o400-0.) a ee ee (p.279). 19. Chartoteuchium (Boern.) V. Krecz.(C. Oliveri Beklr.). Perigynia oblong, triangular, or convex-triangular, largely filled With aechene, Aimorave, seine cormind te eei peat yeti. See Ry 40, 92 40. 41. 43, 44, 45. 46. Perigynia ovoid, 2-3mm long, convex-triangular, green, with smooth, entire, cylindric beak, disposed in light-colored oblong spikelet ... ee eee a, elie ey. (p.425)) 45. Caricella (Ehrh.){t V. Krecz. Perigynia lanceolate, 4.5-5mm long, obtusely triangular, brown, beak flattened, scabrous-margined, membranaceous-bordered above; Spikelictsndan ke (OVOhe Mow, Ate a keen ae Bee eT Ae ee ee sss PURER E *f (p. 284). 20. Orphinascus Boern. (C. misandra R. Br.) (37) = Lewer-bracts*entirély Sheathtess= ey ee er eee te, 42, Lower bracts distinctly sheathing; when sheaths obsolete perigynia hairy, scabrous or grayish-green, in 2-3 drooping spikelets, with long-acuminate dark scales (Chalciolaena V. Krecz.), or beakless ano then planthatey (Ova mbt its Rati) eee Mere ® S 50. emiteyimia shat y ts te tte Sete SRC ee eee eee ee kt tan 43. Perigynia glabrous, sometimes scabrous, rarely somewhat hairy toward the apex (this only when spikelets peduncled, nodding, not ses- i111 2) Wk lie I i eRe Ml tat Se a ial aa alii i cic pe oe IRE 44, Perigynia membranaceous, + hirtellous, the beak obsolescent, barely notched; leaves dimorphous: juvenile—short, strict, old—manytimesas fone aroeopliios Thtplexeder. + Cas ee a ke SRN Gok SR miteimret) ema tel ete cd sus “cid juli ie ut Ml al a I ad lat la (p.305) 27. Onkerma (Rafin.) V. Krecz, Perigynia coriaceous, hairy, with bidentate beak; leaves of one kind St coeanetiygii, a RES, wll darian ual (p.403). 41. Anithista (Rafin) V. Krecz. Perigynia membranaceous, subinflated, beak elongate, cylindric to conic, bidentate, more rarely (in mountains and arctic region) short- cylindric, and then spikelets erect, with blackish-brown lustrous JOSICILAN/OWE ara ae a-ak ai a em ai raed Minin delat yitlegs ota sau Auten eal vianae diett 45, Perigynia thin-coriaceous, subcoriaceous or coriaceous, convex- triangular to flattened-triangular; beak obsolete, or well defined, Siohtiv-noreneds Or" Wanting . ove sss. choua + eustecn ty i.e neg eee ent gel aa (8 Culms almost winged, flattened, prominently scabrous; staminate Ssolmeler comtary im imllOrescCenCe. . sos ss «tus oh ese aie eae en ees 46. Culms triangular, scabrous or obtusely triangular, smooth; staminate Spikelets ao per INtlOresCence | Yer ate of ate tel ween murat ie fel eater ate Teter en fells “said, cach igsSgdrapesyialinar Lnlge i di ale eatleealtPmar sah (p.434). 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz. Plants green, soft; perigynia light-green, smooth, abruptly narrowed mioveylmedrical beak.’ 2°..." (p.433.) 46, Malacocarex V. Krecz. Plants grayish-green, stiff; perigynia olivaceous, rugulose, gradually Laperine tO"COnVex recurved DEA wana eae cake a ta ee ee .. (p.399). 39. Elaeostachys V. Krecz. (C.dispalata Boott.). SPULEVSUSWSE SST het meen ae + MUS SUA CRU, Ener ene ayer cts Hiner Meee RES ene 48, Spiclevompeduncled yr aroupingtss ee eae ohm ts maton fm) lemme BORIS. IR NOPE LeS Os (p. 246). 17. Loxaniza (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Perigynia compressed-trigonous, thin-coriaceous, green, olivaceous- green, or lead-green, dull or minutely papillose, more rarely convex- trigonous, coriaceous and yellowish, and if so—spikelets aggregated in a dense, lobed-capitate inflorescence (Plate XVI, Figure 5.—C. mela- aes vale la AMINE TELE 2 ENS es SE NERO ee Mn En 49, Perigynia rounded (inflated)-trigonous, coriaceous, honey-colored { Here, in some species there are gynecandrous terminal spikelets, in addition to staminate. 93 121 49, 52. 56. or black: Lwstrows itis hind seeds et: AE A ees alter doe ee, oe AUER Y enemy Tee (p.370). 35. Lamprochlaenia (Boern.) V. Krecz. Basal bract overtopping the inflorescence; perigynia olivaceous-lead or olivaceousrereen,: ribbed, 4mm, long) a): intel oh! a lereniaktt (ok Se ee ta ea (p. 399). 39. BMieeacaa ae aeae V. Krecz. Basal bract setaceous, inconspicuous; perigynia grayish-green to green, with slender nerves, sometimes beakless (and then inflores- eence densely capitate)),. 323.5, mmyPlongns jug atoail-—awesd 62) > JR « Site cient ant oad dortte 4 (p. 246), 17. Loxanisa (Rafin.) V. Krecz. (41). Perigynia + hairy, rough-papillose or bristly-scabrous ... 51. Perigynia glabrous, smooth, or only margin of beak scabrous... 60. Perigynia inflated-ovoid, 5-7mm long; beak pronounced, strongly cleftiat the apexes avouk 62 wert ulates, ole be Moone.) at bepaiad iy Bens 52, Perigynia ovoid, obovate, or oblong, 2-5(6)mm long; beak obsolescent or short, truncate, scarcely notched or broadly bidentate (sometimes beak elongate, but even then scarcely notched) ............. 53. Perigynia densely or sparsely covered with long hairs; sheaths and lower surface of leaves strongly pubescent . ..00560).. sons) sl eishatste oe aire ncn8 Lay els SeRaNaks ebro tS) 6 (p.434). 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz. Perigynia scabrous; sheaths and leaves glabrous .............. Bere ee are eel he haps ieee (p 5339). y30.i0C am pylon hin al. VigKreed: Rabene with a disk-like, roller-like or spinose cap supporting the SUN em Deen oer ae ete (p. 305). 27. Onkerma (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Achene extending directly into the style. (PlateXX, Figure 7a) .. 54 Lower spikes at the base of culm long-peduncled, terminal ones sub- Sessile; ,perigynia. spinulose=scabrous,| 3).4.) 20. .).« i +» besyouy ee ge eee .(p. 339). 30. Campylorhina V. Krecz, (C. Hallerana Asso.). All,spikeletsonwupperspart,of Culm, cam: cvemuecie se) 6 0) lel ethadeneeale S15 Staminate spikelets (1)2-3; perigynia ovoid,or oblong, hairy, sub- bidentate (with beak cleft in front), triangular-notched, or obovate (with beak barely notched and then papillose-scabrous)........ 56, Staminate spikelets solitary; perigynia obovate, cuneate toward the base, short-pilose; beak short, recurved, barely notched ..... 59. Spikelets drooping, obovoid; perigynia ovoid, compressed-trigonous, nerved jb. pita lon oy, '3 yi.) aitetinsi dis Beast > pope saben 6 ne Mery se!) epee ery aa sand pinged ars .(p. 284). 20. Orphinascus Boern. (C. macrogyna Turcz.), Spikelets strict, and if drooping—cylindric, with obovate nerveless DELipyilial =p enews te AAs een en PC TRNAS Eas Au ee Ot ta ey aera eeier Oe eMC Cn ot An aie Pernioyniasha ie yiys Aseria el eneidan seca (elias He in HRB cad CHE ee ore re 58. Perigynia papillose-scabrous, prickly-margined .........+.4-+ Arai ae he a aan | guild (p.401). 40. Phaeolorum (Ehrh.) V. Krecz. Perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, densely pilose, ribbed, with triangular- notched beak; rootstock spreading, with long stolons........... EN ae OP SRR eg SRI CE (p.403). 41. Anithista (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Perigynia membranaceous, oblong, scattered-pilose, cleft in front and slightly bidentate, nerveless or slender-nerved; densely cespitose Matas Slate dis Ge ve (p. 335). 29. Edritria (Rafin.) V. Krecz. (55). Spikelets oblong, loose and remote, with alternately borne florets; perigynia pyriform, obtusely trigonous, yellowish- to brownish-green, hispidulous,,’ 2=9 mate TOM he cy soci veka ce ee ior ethan at een ane e ae 94 122 60 61. 62, 64, 6% 68. 69. Spikelets ovoid to oblong, rather dense; perigynia obovate, bright- green, silvery-setulose, 2-2.5 long, with a white, finally splitting band Omouler face.) nineksid + His tele. Staal Hundred area: eae ee ee te Pees CYS ene (p. 304). 25. Schizochlaena V. Krecz. (50). Achene with a disk-like or spinose cap bearing the style (Plafe XX, Figures 9a, and 9b); perigyniamembranaceous; leaves dimorphous: juvenile—short, erect, and mature—many times as long, implexed a. retire Cele recep Oh scdee heed tebe. “ebay eet Dw Cy Bere ed Ban abet its SS 61, Achene extending directly into style (Plate XX, Figure 7a); leaves of mme yb’: ha dire Guhl e's AOR EY Can Sheba en terns Ne. art neue mite ba i 62, Culms lateral; leaves braid-like, subcoriaceous, 5-10mm broad, nunrerous, “exceeding the inflorescence): a Mrltemea sto ones nie acme she « omdatvemiderenus- (p. 356). 31. Sinocarex V. Krecz. Culms central; leaves linear, to 3-4mm broad, as long as or shorter PAmyeeiNTLOreSeeNC Cy.. x's} i; Mwy dyrrumnerge. «ieutebe. ade Cadieadtan Micali nancy Susy ie Nas Berd cakerck >: xy capeeddy ions (p.305). 27. Onkerma (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Benisymiahard,.firmily CofaACeOuUSe.. 3 iarsnd ces micbyeceuce) culms pias 63. Perigynia membranaceous or thin-coriaceous......... ay penis = 65. Spikelets pendulous; perigynia+t ellipsoid, + papillose, grayish-green, compressed-trigonous; perigynium-beak obsolescent .......... we ee Peds bts ertepesal cx tage (pi241)9:16., Chale iolaena.V,..Krecz. Spikelets erect; perigynia ovoid, smooth, often lustrous, yellow, brown or olivaceous, convex and rounded, developing a corneous or suberous Coane: jperisynium -beak pronounced: . 209; 98 Ue twa eet see 64, Perigynia 4-7mm long, gradually tapering to a broadly bidentate beak eS ee a ee (p.403). 41. Anithista (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Perigynia 2.5-4mm long; beak cylindric, obliquely truncate, mem- bramaceousrbordered above ni ab) cs. cas lee ee ee Se eee Spt Mvetaeetta Artes (p.370). 35. Lamprochlaenia (Boern.) V. Krecz. (62), Perigynia lanceolate or oblong, (4)5-10(13) mm long, beak PL ON GALEK. A eh by sod: RM age) aire.” ao? ep pars a) “of seek ae ie chad ne efi clay ee oan Ce 66. Perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid (in this case the margin smooth, not Sears) 508) minglong 9 ¢ «deed cna Aedes BAe ea. Ae: 70, Perigynia 10-13 mm long, conic-lanceolate; spikelets with 6-10 remote TINS | SF asa vy be -opron en col») each (p.434). 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz. Perigynia less than 10mm long; spikelets with more numerous peri- RTBU ops aged Pst yineve tay seyid ro o6> commie ie ymala en dacdy cammtetll dns I od ce PN ae Daa eR 67. Perigynium-beak flattened, costate-margined, scabrous......... Sa iat IO ar thy A Me dw i rg bi ldRae (p. 284). 20. Orphinascus Boern, Perigynium-beak terete, . Smooth -maneined s ic.).2.« 1 ssthogyuldns canenen 68. Culms prominently scabrous, grooved-angled; perigynia thin-coria- ceous, the beak deeply bidentate, with firm, straight or arched-re- eunved tecth., (Plate, XX1V,,, Figures, 7-8) pena be amen neil aatbie’ shes Bie at he oe Poe oro crs fpemontsrtahaioe (p. 434). 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz. Culms smooth, obtusely 3-angled; perigynia membranaceous, with obliquely truncate or softly bidentate, membranaceous -bordered beak Lee dh oP tee Vacs heat Bh Pinwysnsyedton vay.b, pat @ Qabitos MRR Matie ace.” 50), inayien aeilnigneth idageeaetel isl sean lelin aaa 69. Perigynium beak obliquely truncate, slightly curved; stigmas short; Spa DS 2A 8 ob) oy ot it rbot ew ed (p.339). 30. Campylorhina V. Krecz. 95 123 70, td?, 2, Tic 74, oe 76. 77 78. Perigynium-beak bidentate; stigmas long, strongly flexuous; spikelets 5SSURe ARE 2 OMIT Pe . (p. 334). 28. Polyglochis V. Krecz. (65). Perigynium-beak elongate, distinctly bidentate or obliquely truncate (in the latter case the lower sheaths purple)......... 71. Perigynium-beak inconspicuous, truncate or notched (sometimes elongate and then proboscis-like and + strongly notched); rarely peri- Syn PSAless PPOs, Ie IP recta Ae Malte ee ke Mee ews 74, Perigynium -beak obliquely truncate, membranaceous-bordered, + Seabrous-marsginied>“lowertsheathsypurplery ie Rar Aves te. Fre enh lla ee LBA ROEHL ERIG SS BOSS 29 HE (p. 339). 30. Campylorhina V. Krecz. Perigynium -beak distinctly bidentate, smooth (rarely barely scaberul- Gus): lowersheaths*not: purple wr Yh si PEAR eRe: eel Tree: oe Large plants; spikelets cylindric, rather loose, 3-8cm long, remote, long-peduncled; staminate spikelets 2-3; perigynia convex-trigonous En ROLE cE LAL «TCR TEED DY PORE enema ee eee eee Bi, Small plants; spikelets ovoid or globular, dense, 1-2cm long, ap- proximate toward the summit or crowded, subsessile or the lower ones borne on short erect peduncles; staminate spikelet solitary; perigynia inflated-trigonous.... (p.385). 38. Nastantha (Boern.) V. Krecz, Lower sheaths and underside of leaves hairy, more rarely sheaths and leaves glabrous and then orifice of sheaths hairy; perigynia thin-cori- aceous, 5-10mm long, prominently nerved, gradually tapering into rainer. deeply bidentate eaks 2 Pr vIae) ania thr ahaa eet at meen ee cman ene RRS FEARS RTA ERE (p.434). 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz. Lower sheaths and underside of leaves, as well as orifice of sheaths, glabrous; perigynia membranaceous, 3-6mm long, nerveless or ob- scurely nerved, rather abruptly narrowed to a short, softly bidentate Deak Sle Oe (ee Me SOT CS. BY (p. 242). 44. Proteocarpus Boern. (70). Leaves and sheaths with scattered hairs (or only sheaths hairy) ES ee Le eT Me he RE. LRA MSS PRP Re eee hat rat cee NEOOE: nate 5. Melee meres WS. Leavesandesheaths glabrous’ 08 Foe Pe ee? xt cre ee ee 76. Perigynia beakless; culms scabrous; spikelets dense, crowded; lower sheaths pale..... (p. 278). 18. Olamblis (Rafin.) V. Krecz. Perigynia with curved proboscis-like beak; culms smooth; spikelets loose remotes™ lower sheaths» purples 2:2 xr er test = at chs Pe Ree eee A PROSE eee ahs! ee eek Y'(pYS39) P30 MC aim pty or hin aw Kreez, Perigynia flat, finely membranaceous, only at center with a triangular bulge owing to achene, exceeding the achene many times; spikelets variegated or dark brown, disposed in a caniculate inflorescence, nod- ding, ovoid. ... (p.279). 19. Chartoteuchium (Boern.) V. Krecz. Peérigynia convex, entirely ftilled*with*achene® 2." Is. eee 77. Perigynia wiembrandeeous ly) iw PiPr ye tate aoe net aera: eet enna ete 78. Perisyniatthin-coriaceous Seo tees. Py a ee ee! eee 79. Small, densely cespitose plants, without stolons; staminate spikelets solitary; pistillate spikelets loose, remote, pale, 1-3cm long, erect or pendulous; perigynia 2-3mm long, ovoid, finally olivaceous-bru- WESC $4 eH FS PE Se (p.425). 45. Caricella (Ehrh.) V. Krecz. Large, strong, stoloniferous plants; staminate spikelets 1-2; pistillate spikelets cylindric, loose or dense (and then pendulous, to 15cm long), remote (or the lower remote, the terminal aggregated in glomerules 96 and erect), pendulous or nodding, 8-15cm long; perigynia ellipsoid, Zoo Aimy lone aireen, becoming yellow'..f. rvs of". bt. ake «5 anaes oe BROOME OMY C2 VRAD Y (p.419). 42. Agastachys (Ehrh.) V. Krecz. 79. Spikelets dense, ovoid or oblong; staminate spikelets 1-2; perigynia ovoid, faintly trigonous, 3-4mm long, thick-nerved, glaucous-green, ferruginous-puncticulate, contracted to a short, straight, smooth or SEADROMSPWMCUICLY, MOLCHEO DOAK a. iiey oasis Ubyal Austasarreiege? 2" @ cy aeia: ewer 2) Uist 4 Ay eA agai ee dee eae (p.385). 38. Nastantha (Boern.) V. Krecz. + Spikelets loose and remote, oblong; staminate spikelets solitary; perigynia rounded-trigonous or inflated-trigonous, 3-6mm long, faintly nerved, greenish, oblique, outwardly curved, truncate or notehed beak, rarely beakless........ (p; 339) 2305) @Caunpyiliowr h ina | Vee hreez: 124 Subgenus I, 1. Megalocranion V. Krecz, Plants with creeping lig- neous rhizome, triangular culms, and coriaceous leaves, dioecious (rarely androgynous in middle part of inflorescence, with staminate flowers above and pistillate below). Spikelets disposed in a large capitate inflorescence; scales large, many-nerved, hispid-margined toward the summit. Perigynia coriaceous, oblong, 10-15mm long strongly subtrigonous-convex on outer face, flat on inner face, nerved, unevenly serrate, with thickened winged margin and long, deeply cleft beak; achene obtusely trigonous; style en- larged at base, trifid (sometimes bifid ?). 1. Perigynia straight, broadly ovoid, 10-14mm long, spongy-inflated at base, 12-16-nerved; spikelets radiate; scales shorter than perigynia; culms prickly below inflorescence. (Plate XI, Figure 4)......... Re MEMO NTA eS Eas seus ae pained bende ae gs 2. Ce Macrae ephasla, Walla, + Perigynia curved, lanceolate, 10-12mm long, not spongy at base, 25-30-nerved; spikelets constipate; scales nearly twice as long as perigynia; culms smooth below inflorescence. (Plate XI, Figure 3). Be ue ae et UES Oe ES a a ee Ce Fee 1. C. kobomugi Ohwi. 1. C.kobomugi Ohwi in Mem. Coll. Sc. Kyoto Univ., ser. B, V, 3 (1930) 281.—C. macrocephala Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 187; Kom. Fl. Manchzh, I, 356, ex parte, non Willd. —Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred., tab. 81 and 82. Perennial. Yellowish-green, rootstock clothed with brown, fibrillose- splitting, squamaceous sheaths; culms 10-20cm tall, obtusely triangular, smooth below inflorescence, invested at base with brown, fibrillose, marcescent sheaths; leaves coriaceous, 4-6 mm broad, nearly twice the length of culm, densely hispid on the margin; inflorescence obovoid, con- tracted, 4-6cm long; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, sublanceolate, pale- green, with uniformly colored, entire margin, gradually tapering into a long, scabrous, + brunescent tip, nearly twice as long as perigynia; peri- gynia appressed, 10-12mm long, lanceolate, brown, curved, strongly convex, 25-30-nerved on outer face, flat to subconcave, 14-16-nerved on inner face, narrowly serrulate-winged on the margin, abruptly contracted into a curved, narrowly bidenticulate beak, this serrulate-margined some Way up; achene oblong-obovoid, olivaceous, somewhat asymmetrically obtusely-trigonous, 5mm long, cuneate-based, rounded-tipped. Fl. April- May, fr. June—July. (Plate XI, Figure 3). 97 125 Maritime and lacustrine sands, dunes. —Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Japan, Korea, Eastern China, Formosa. Described from Japan: Hondo, Ishikikei in Ise Prov. Type in Kyoto, 2. C.macrocephala Willd. ex Spreng. Syst. III (1826) 808; Trev. It aGhe ae EeOS Sem. ee (his Hultén, Fl, of Kamtch. I, 178; Kom. FI. Manchzh, I, 356, ex parte; Kom. Fl. Kamch. 1, 226. Perennial, Yellowish-green; rootstock clothed with dark brown, fibril- lose, squamaceous sheaths; culms 15-30cm tall, rather acutely triangular, with brown prickles above and on the angles, invested at base with broad, dark brown, often fibrillose sheaths; leaves + ribbed, with serrulate re- volute margins, 5-10mm broad, longer than the culms. Dioecious, rarely with staminate flowers at the summit; spikelets densely aggregated, dis- posed in an oblong-ovoid, spreading spike 4-10cm long, with short bracts at base; scales ovate, yellowish-green at center, ferruginous toward the semirounded margins and summit, abruptly contracted into serrulate- margined tip, shorter than perigynia, the lower ones resembling bracts; perigynia radiate, broadly ovoid, 10-14mm long, ferruginous-green, straight, plano-convex, on outer face 12-16 thick nerves and 2 spongy thickenings at base, on inner face 8-10-nerved, short-stipitate, broadly serrulate-winged especially below the middle, wing-serrations thickened and wing often revolute, perigynia abruptly contracted into long, narrowly bidenticulate beak, this serrulate only at base; achene obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 5mm long, transversely helicoid-indented on two of the angles. Fl, April—May, fr. July—August. (Plate XI, Figure 4). Shore sands. —Far East: Uss., Ud., Sakh. , Okhot., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Northern Japan, Alask , and north-western America down to Wash- ington and Oregon. Described from Siberia. Type in Berlin. Subgenus II. Vignea (P.B.)Kutk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 111, — P.B. Lestib. Essai Cyp. (1819) 22, emend. Rchb. Fl. germ. exc. (1830) 55. —Monoecious, rarely dioecious plants. Spikeiets solitary or numerous, all bisexual, androgynous or gynecandrous (only occasionally part of in- florescence bearing exclusively staminate spikelets, the rest being bisexual), globular, ovoid or oblong, sessile, disposed in a capitate, spikelike, or paniculate inflorescence. Perigynia plano-convex or lenticular, rarely in- flated; achenes plano-convex or lenticular. Stigmas 2. Section 2. Vignea Nees in Linnaea, IX (1834) 305, s. str. —Rafin. Amenit. of Nat. 1 (1848) 26 (pro genere). —Rhizome creeping; leaves narrow 2-5mm broad. Inflorescence simple, spiciform-crowded, containing flowers of both sexes: either with spikelets gynecandrous or androgynous throughout, or else in middle part, and often above, with staminate flowers, the other spikelets then usually being pistillate. Perigynia semicoriaceous, subcoriaceous or membranaceous, ovoid, or oblong, plano-convex, (3)3.5- 5.5(6) mm long, with many thick or slender nerves on both faces, with + 126 pronounced margin, winged down from the middle, gradually tapering intoa beak, this flat, cleft in front, bidentate, Stigmas 2. 1, Spikelets androgynous; sometimes middle and terminal spikelets staminate throughout, and then other spikelets androgynous or the lower ones pistillate throughout (the terminal being androgynous) ....... 2, 98 127 oa Spikelets gynecandrous or mixed: in middle part of inflorescence (and above) pistillate throughout, the terminal and lower ones pistillate thr OUPNOUL OT Py Nebananotsiy wy 2 1 Ca Ter EN ¢ het Ee deren. os Stolons long (ca. 1m and longer), flagelliform, triangular in section coe nee NM ie ta Ok le Aa aly RE 17. C. pseudo-curaica F, Schmidt. Stolons short, and if long—round in section and plants arenicolous MISE EMTCOLOUS) 2 MPR SR OPP ee Es cay, 05 HN a ea NT A a. Halophytes with ligneous rhizomes perigynia serrulate-margined, searcely winged) “(Plate x, ‘igure 4a) Bie) lees Ss wareonovalR). 4, Arenarious plants, with flagelliform rhizome; perigynia winged towar summit. \(Plate' x) Fissure Gay iar Sas A Rt 8) Capa Penter, iva L Limicolous or hylocolous plants, with flexible rhizome; perigynia nar- rowly serrulate-winged on the margin from the middle (Plate X, ESL EY ens OE TRE OE, ORR, ipod 1 Ronn gE wet Bek GN hah S Bi Grayish-green plants, 25-50cm tall, with leaves to 2mm broad; perigynia ovoid, brunescent, equaling the rufous scales......... bin A atte semen a ee at Cte Re ahr cui fh dh be 3). Qadivis ayjbuds. Glaucous-green plants, 60-80cm tall, with leaves to 4.5mm broad; perigynia oblong-ovoid, shorter than the light ferruginous, broadly white-membranaceous scales (Tadzhikistan)).......0....00.... Sees gee ead Mee, ae ds tapenade al tl dah 4, C.coarcta Boott. Hylocolous plants, with solid culms and pale, loose inflorescence con- taining few (5-8) spikelets; perigynia pale, 4-6mm long........ 6. Limicolous plants with hollow culms and ferruginous or brown, dense inflorescence containing many (10-20) spikelets; perigynia ferruginous, SUITE MOTO ie ee ee eo A ee EE SE WOO eS Behe ie Perigynia divaricate, ovoid, rough-papillose, prominently serrulate- winged, with pronounced nerves, 5-6mm long, the beak curved; leaves 3-5mm broad, abruptly pointed ..... 13,.«C,acerescens ,Ohwi. Perigynia appressed, lanceolate, smooth, faintly prickly-winged, with slender nerves, (3.8)4mm long, the beak straight; leaves 1.5-2.5mm broad. tone aeenuate® S'S For F Yow ee ee as 140 PC AT pra ia Vi ere z,. Inflorescence an ovoid or lobate spike, often with a short bract below; spikelets oblong; scales light ferruginous, subacute, midribbed, about as long as perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, 3.2-4mm long, brownish or olivaceous-brown, with non-prominent, tinged nerves, Sradually tapering imto Short, scabrous Dealky! 2s 2 ss). me 2 ble we ets See TED a bil. Ve) Sn ee Mew eelaté fe 1: Shh 16... Ce py ecnosta chy al Rar. er Kir. Inflorescence narrow, oblong, bractless; spikelets ovoid; scales dark brown, obtuse, about half as long as perigynia; perigynia membrana- ceous, ovoid-lanceolate, 3-3.5mm long, stramineous, with ribbed nerves, rather abruptly contracted into elongate, narrow-winged beak Oar ti. Wark fehe- (as 3 PS thas a tee a ie Pon Geile anc ay huni. (1). Inflorescence (2) 5-10cm long, with many (10-30) spikelets; spike- lets in middle part of spike staminate (sometimes staminate up to the summit), above and below pistillate, hence fruiting spike narrower and Lipyer eile red injmddle, part p\ np Yern > \ sess ced obs baoiieeeue ct ates alee 9. Inflorescence shorter, 2-3cm long, with few (3-7-10) spikelets; spike- lets gynecandrous or differing in sex: middle ones (sometimes also the terminal) with staminate flowers throughout, the terminal and lower ones gynecandrous, or the lowest ones pistillate............. ‘lg ig 99 128 9. Tall plants; culms at base to 3-4mm thick; leaves 3-5mm broad; orifice of sheaths with undeveloped membranaceous part, deeply notched in front; inflorescence 5-10cm long, consisting of 20-30 large (1.5-2cm long) spikelets; perigynia semicoriaceous, 4-5mm long, with elongate, curved, sharply bidentate beak. (Plate X, Figure.5),..... eM Ea eS Die et Ges one eee ciesd . 5. C.disticha Huds, + Low plants; culms at base 1.5-2mm thick; leaves 1.5-2.5mm broad; orifice of sheaths with a developed, tubular, membranaceous part; inflorescence 2-5cm long, consisting of 6-20 small (0.5-1 cm long) spikelets; perigynia membranaceous, 3-4mm long, with short, weakly PIGEGMEALE BEAL Oo. onwetnasen >, dctge ps, LG aeRO O « So mse wee . Alassio: 10. 10, Spikelets pale-ferruginous, 10-20, disposed in an elongate (to 5cm long), rather loose inflorescence; perigynia membranaceous, 3.5-4mm long, yellowish, with subconic beak (Eastern Siberia).............0... «, cho SS OL ROVER. Ew staal tele Gee ee tap Ged Rhino p hal ay Aare, + Spikelets rusty-red, 6-10, disposed in a short (2-3cm long), dense inflorescence; perigynia semicoriaceous, ca. 3mm long, rusty-yellow, with rather gradually attenuate beak. (Armenia) ............... SOAS: RUONER ea) Ines lets weet 6.5.C . Gros shieim ii Vo lerecn. 11. Arenicolous plants; perigynia coriaceous, strongly convex on outer face, ribbed-nerved, ovoid, the uniformly broad wing beginning almost abruptly at the middle, serrulate all the way down. (Plate X, Figure 7) eee or Mse hi eae ee Oe Sice stir ogee! hy 8 9. Gc olehie a Gay. + Meadow and forest plants; perigynia subcoriaceous, lenticular or plano- convex, slenderly nerved, oblong, the serrulate winged margin begin- ning gradually below the middle, broadening toward the summit. . .12. 12, Forest plants, with pale spikelets and flat, soft, green leaves; peri- gynia narrow, lanceolate, pale-green. (Plate X, Figure 10)....... ted: A? ee ee Eo inn ree 12 C ubrizoides diusler: + Meadow-steppe plants with ferruginous-brown spikelets and rather stiff, subinvolute leaves; perigynia oblong-ovoid, yellowish-rusty. (Plate X, LE SUM EISL SOD Ds, St as hc oy a, cg eins oy Re eae ee ee 14, 13. Perigynia 3.5-4mm long, ovoid, gradually tapering into a short beak (RiatecddiiiguresSalividin . practi eeas taste 10. C pra ecox schreb. + Perigynia 4.5-5mm long, lanceolate, contracted into an elongate, cuneatebealy (Plate Xo+hi sure Q)y/. pessoa tsa eel igs novin sed daceeey ome e Seca Eien el rem e uss ame wi aperyaedu. -C.ad i plasto.ca ipa. Vie heer, Cycle 1. Halovignea V. Krecz. —Rigid halophytes of medium size, with ligneous abbreviated rhizome; culms leafy in lower part; leaves sub- involute, 2-3mm broad. Inflorescence spiciform; spikelets androgynous. Perigynia subcoriaceous, 3.5-4mm long, ribbed; perigynium beak almost wingless, scabrous, shallowly cleft, short-bidentate. 8.' C. divisalHuds. Fl) angla,,ed.7l (1762).348;. Tnev. .in Lidb. Fi. Ross. IV, 272. —-Vignea divisa Rchb. ex Moessl. Handb., ed. 2, III (1829) 1615. —Exs.: HFR No. 1440. Perennial, grayish-green plants, the creeping, stout, ligneous rhizome covered with appressed fibers; culms scabrous above, 25-60cm tall, in- vested at base with broad, brown, leafless sheaths; leaves long, mostly subinvolute, shorter than the culm, 2-2.5mm broad; spikelets 5-15, ovoid, disposed in an oblong, lobate and often drawn-out spike to 3cm long; scales 100 ovate, acuminate-spinescent, rusty-brown, with light-colored midrib and margins, equaling the perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovate to ellipsoid, 3.5-4mm long, inner face flat, outer strongly convex, many-ribbed, round-based, obscurely stipitate, margin narrow, pronounced only toward summit, minutely serrulate, beak short, subconic, bidentate, scabrous. Fl, March—June; Fr. May—August. Solonetz meadows, coasts. —European part: Crimea; Caucasus: West. , East. , and South. Transcauc. , Dag. Gen. distr.: Europe, As. Min., North Africa, Described from England. Type in London, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Readily grazed by all kinds of livestock in wet meadow pastures and at swamp margins in spring and summer. If cut before flowering, eaten satisfactorily in hay (Agababyan). im CP coareta Boot in*Prans.leinn:) soc. oC (846) Wass VE Meechet an EM) Turkm? i, 24952) 230, —C\. divisa var.-pallrditiora Kuk.in Engl) Pflzr. 1V, 20'(1909) 126. er) Perennial, glaucous-green plants, with stout, creeping, ligneous rhizome; culms scabrous above, 50-80cm tall, invested at base with brownish sheaths; leaves flat, 3-4.5mm broad, half as long as the culm; spikelets 15-25, ovoid, disposed in an oblong, rather dense, lobate-interrupted spike 3-5cm long; scales ovate, acuminate-spinescent, light ferruginous, with light-colored midrib anda broad white-membranaceous margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, ellipsoid-ovoid or rather oblong- ovoid, plano-convex, 4mm long, light-colored, becoming reddish-honey- colored, ribbed, narrowly serrulate-winged on upper part of the margin, gradually tapering into a short, faintly bidentulate beak. Fr. May-July. (Plate X, Figures 4, 4a). Solonetz meadows. —Centr. Asia: all regions, except Aral. —Casp. and north, Pribalkh, Gen, distr.: Iran. Described from Afghanistan. Type in London. Cycle 2. Symmicta V. Krecz. —Robust bog plants with creeping rhizome; culms hollow below, leafy to considerable height; lower sheaths bladeless, only upper leaves bearing blade to 5mm broad; inflorescence rather crowded, spikelike; spikelets in upper part (1-2) pistillate, at the middle staminate, 1-2 below androgynous, others pistillate throughout; perigynia semicoriaceous, 3-5mm long, ribbed, narrowly serrulate- winged on the margin above. 5. C.disticha Huds. Fl. angl. ed. 1 (1762) 347; Shmal'g-Fl. Yu. - Zap. Ross. (1886) 629. —-C.intermedia Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 154; Trev. In Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 273; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 135 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 51, ex. p.; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib lll 443. non Retz, (1779).—C.. curaica BY Fedtsch” inAenee: XXXVIII (1924) 190, quoad pl. turg., akm. et semipal. , non Kunth, —Ic.: Syreish, Ill. Fl. Mosk. Gub. I, 188. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 166; HFR No. 1497. Perennial, largely green plants, with long stout rhizome; culms thick- ened (to 3-4.5mm across at base), with nodes much exserted above, scab- rous toward summit, 50-120cm tall; leaves flat, 3-5mm broad, upper ones nearly equaling the culm, long-acuminate; summit of leaf-sheath weakly developed, strongly notched in front; spikelets 20-35, ovoid to ob- long, 1.5-2cm long, the terminal and lower ones pistillate, the middle 101 ones (often to the summit) staminate, sometimes the middle ones andro- gynous, the lower spikelets somewhat remote; the oblong spike 5-8(10)cm long; scales ovate, acute, rusty-brown, slightly shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, slightly spongy at base, oblong- ovoid to ovoid, (3.8)4-5.2mm long, stramineous, becoming subferruginous, with prominent nerves (12-14 on outer face, 6-8 on inner face), narrowly ser- rulate-winged above, gradually tapering into a beak, this elongate, curved, cleft in front, sharply bidentate. Fr. June—August. (Plate X, Figures be Dey). 130 Swamps, boggy and water meadows, shallow water, and shores. — European part: Kar. -Lap. (south. —Vyazostrov on Svir'), Lad, -Il'm., Upp. Dnep., Mid. Dnep., Prichern. (Zinov'evsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Zmiev), Volg. -Don. (Khar'kov, Belgorod, Dobrinka, Usmanskii Distr. and eastern part), Low. Don. (Northern part and Novocherkassk), Volg.-Kam. (Kazan! and eastern part from Kama, Talitskii works), Zavolzh. , Low. Volg. (Chizhinsk. floodlands); Caucasus: boundary of West. and East. Trans- cauc. (South Osetiya: Ertso); West. Siberia: Ob. (to the longitude of To- bol'sk and Endyrskie nomad camps on the Ob! at 66.5°), Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East, Siberia: Yenis. (s.-w. part), Ang.-Sayan; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp. (n.-e. part, Mugodzhary, Ulutau), Pribalkh. (n. part). Gen. distr.: West. and Centr, Europe. Described from England. Type in London. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: In spring grazed satisfactorily in pasture by cattle and camels; acceptable in hay if cut not later than beginning of flowering. According to report of N.A, Ivanova, this is one of the most important forage plants of Western Siberia, especially in drought years, Produces a uniform and dense stand, consisting largely of non-flowering shoots, 6. C.Grossheimii V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 589. Perennial, cineraceous, with creeping rhizome; culms 25-50cm tall, scabrous above; leaves flat, 2-3mm broad; spikelets 6-10, ovoid to oblong- ovoid, the terminal and the lowest ones pistillate, those at the middle staminate and androgynous, disposed in a dense spikelike inflorescence 2-3cm long; scales ovate, subacute, castaneous, shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, ovoid, ca. 3mm long, plano-convex, rusty-yellow, slenderly many-nerved on outer face, subsessile, with thick- ened serrulations on the margin above, gradually contracted into a short, frontally cleft beak. Meadows, —Caucasus: South. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Turkish Armenia. Described from Northern Armenia: Nor-Bayazet, river Zanga. Type in Leningrad, 133 1, \C, litho phila,Turez, in Bully Socy,Nat., Mose.) Xe@ 8se){ 10s (nomen) et ib. , XXVIII (1855) 328; Fl. baic. -dah. II, 2 (1856) 263, — Clintermedia Turcz., 1.c/, 327 et 262; Kuk. inEnel. Pilar. IV, 200909) 135 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 51, ex p. (incl. f. minor Kuk., non Peterm. ); Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 361; Kom, and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'- nevost, kraya I, 282; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II, 115, nec Retz. , nec Good, Perennial; cineraceous plants with long-creeping rhizome; culms slender (to 1.5mm thick at base), scabrous above; leaves flat to subinvolute, 102 1.5-2.5mm broad, shorter than the culm longattenuate; summit of leaf- sheaths well developed, tubular, membranaceous; spikelets 10-20, ovoid, 0.5-0.8(1)cm long, terminal and lower spikelets pistillate, middle ones and part of the upper staminate, or androgynous (or all pistillate), disposed in a narrow spike, this interrupted below, 2-5cm long; scales ovate, acute, light or pale ferruginous, paler at the center and the margins, slight- ly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia almost membranaceous, oblong- ovoid to ovoid, 3.5-4mm long, stramineous, with slender nerves (9-10 on the outer face, 4-6 on the inner face), barely serrulate-winged on the margin above, gradually tapering into abeak, this short, straight, subconic, rusty cleft in front, short-bidentate. June—July. Wet meadows and coppices. —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan (along rivers Angar and upper Lena), Daur. , Len, -Kol. (northward to Vilyui and estuary of Aldan); Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: North-eastern and Central Mongolia, Manchuria, Japan (Nippon). Described from Zon-Murin Pass (South, Pribaikal'e). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 3. Psammovignea V. Krecz.—Ammorhiza Ehrh, Beitr. IV (1789) 146 (nomen). —Robust, rigid plants with faintly triangular culms (below), leafy to a considerable height, Leaves canaliculate. Inflorescence spikelike, crowded; spikelets gynecandrous, or mixed (terminal staminate or pistillate, middle ones staminate or androgynous, lower ones gynec- androus or pistillate); perigynia coriaceous or semicoriaceous, 4-5(6)mm long, ribbed, distinctly winged in upper part, with deeply cleft, pronounced- ly bidentate beak, BENGel arena ywia i, Sp, pl. (1753) 973; /lrev, in Ldb. El. Boss. IV , 273. -C. spadicea Gilib. Exerc. phyt. II (1821) 546.—Vignea are- naria Rchb. ex Moessl. Handb., ed. 2, III (1829) 1618. —Exs.: Kneuck. No.°33,278, 278a; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 105; HFR No. 745. Perennial; cinearaceous plants, the stout rhizome (to 3-5 mm in dia- meter), covered with split light brown sheaths; culms slightly curved, scabrous above, invested at base with bladeless ocherous sheaths; leaves equaling the culms or longer, to 3mm broad, subinvolute, finely long- acuminate, curved; spikelets 10-16, the terminal staminate, narrow, the middle androgynous, the lower pistillate, disposed in an oblong spike, this extended downward, with 1-2 short bracts; scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, with green midrib and light margin, longer than the perigynia; 134 perigynia coriaceous, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 4.5-5mm long, plano-convex, few-nerved on both faces, broadly serrulate-margined (wing to 1 mm broad) from middle to summit, round-based, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into an elongate, deeply cleft, bidentate beak. May—July. (Plate X, Figures 6, 6a). Unconsolidated maritime and fluvial sands. —-European part: Lad. - Il'm. (coast of the Gulf of Finland, Chudskoe Lake, Ladoga Lake?). — Gen. distr.: Atlantic seaboard of n.-w. and w. Europe. Described from Europe. NOTE: Forming hybrids withC. remota L, gic Seolehica Gay in Ann, Sc, Nat.,, sén)/2,) 3ohmess) 303. —G i - gerica Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 138, quoad. pl. ross. etcauc. ; Grossh, Fl. Kavk. I, 160, nonGay.—C.arenaria Trev. in Ldb. F1. Ross. IV (1853) 274. -C. arenaria Boiss. Fl. Or. V. (1884) 401, non 103 748 104 135 L.—C.dubia Pacz. in Zap. Kiev. O-va Estv. X (1889) 433, non Hose (1797). —C. sabuletorum M.B. ex Ldb,, 1.c. (nomen), non Nyl..— Exse:uineuck: No. v2) HER No. VSi'3 (his CaueivExs, No.3ib4. Perennial, cineraceous, the thickened rhizome (to 2-3 mm in diam. ) clothed with barely split, brown sheaths; culms scabrous above, slightly curved, 10-50cm tall, invested at base with latericious bladeless sheaths; leaves stiff, to 3mm broad, involute or conduplicate, smooth on the out- side, scabrous-margined, rather long-attenuate, spikelets 4-10,to1-1.2cm long, 0.8cm broad, mostly gynecandrous, more rarely in upper part staminate throughout except for the uppermost spikelet, disposed in an ob- long, mostly drawn-out spike to 4cm long; scales ovate, rather long- acuminate, mostly ferruginous, paler onthe keel andmidrib, aslongas the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, semicoriaceous, 4-4.5mm long, plano- convex, light ferruginous, many-nerved on both faces, round-based, sub- sessile, narrowly serrulate-winged from middle to summit (wing 0.4- 0.5mm broad), gradually tapering into a bidentate beak. Fr. May-June. (Plate X, Figure 7). Sands. —European part: Upp. Dnepr. (s. part and Mogilev?), Mid. Pnepre; Prichern,., Volg,=Don., Low. Don..;;Zavolzh. , Low. Volg., Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. Transcauc. (Pirsagat), West. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob.; Centr. Asia: Aral-Casp. Gen. distr.: Balkans, Asia Minor? Described from Abkhaziya (Sukhum-Kale). Type in Leningrad, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Pioneering plant on shifting sands. Should be tested in cultivation as consolidator of sands. Cycle 4. Heleodrymis V. Krecz. —Small forest and bog-meadow plants with triangular culms leafy to considerable height and flat leaves 2- 5mm broad. Inflorescence spiciform, with gynecandrous or androgynous spikelets (sometimes the middle or terminal spikelets staminate through- out and the lower ones pistillate throughout). Perigynia 3-4.5(5)mm long, subcoriaceous or membranaceous, with pronounced winged margin, mostly slender nerves, and elongate, deeply cleft, bidentate beak. Series 1, Dolichostachyae V.Krecz. —Slender meadow-forest plants, with slender long-creeping rhizomes, filiform culms and narrow leaves (to 2-2.5mm broad). Inflorescence of 3-8 loosely disposed spikelets; Explanation to Plate X 1. Carex uralensis C. B. Clarke: rhizome, a) perigynium from the front, b) perigynium from the back, c) achene. — 2. C. stenophylloides V. Krecz.: inflorescence, a) and b) two extreme types of perigynia, c) achene. — 3. C. duriuscula C. A. M.: inflorescence, a) and b) perigynium, c) achene. — 4. C. coarcta Boott: inflorescence, a) perigynium from the front and the back. — 5. C. disticha Huds.: inflorescence, a) perigynium from the front and the back. — 6. C. arenaria L.: inflorescence, a) perigynium from the front and the back. —7, C. colchica Gay: perigynium. —8. C. praecox Schreb.: inflorescence, a) perigynium from the front and the back. =9. C. diplasiocarpa V.Krecz.: perigynium from the front andthe back, 10, C. brizoides L.: rhizome, inflorescence, perigynium, scale. -11. C. ac- crescens Ohwi: inflorescence and perigynium from the front and the back. — 12. C. curaica Kunth: inflorescence, perigynium from the front and the back, achene. — 13. C. pseudocuraica F. Schm.: inflorescence, perigynium from the front and the back. — 14. C. diandra Schrenk: rhizome, and peri- gynium from the front andthe back. — 15, C. appropinquata Schum.: rhizome, inflorescence from the front and the back. ~— 16. C. paniculata L.: rhizome, inflorescence, and perigynium from the front and the back. — 17. C. Szovitsii V. Krecz.: perigynium from the front and the back. 105 136 spikelets gynecandrous, lanceolate or oblong in anthesis, becoming obovoid. Perigynia oblong, slender-nerved., 10. C.praecox Schreb, Spicil/W1. ips: ' (1771) .63, nowviaeg s = C.Schreberi Schrank, Baier. Fl. I (1789) 278. —-C. brizoides Meinsh. in A.H.P, XVIII, 3 (1901) 317, ex p.; Rgl., ib., VIII (1880) 567, non L. — C.brizoidesacampestris Wimm, FI. Schles. I (1844) 401; Trev. in Ldb; Fl. Ross, IV+,284. —Exs.') Kneuck, No.8; Sly; ‘HER Novt42,.1096. Perennial cineraceous plants, the slender rhizome, not exceeding 1-1.5mm in diameter, clothed with brown, fibrillose marcescent sheaths; culms erect, scabrous above, 15-45cm tall; leaves scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets with staminate flowers at base, oblong, to 0.8cm long, 0.4-0.5mm broad, 3-7, disposed in an oblong, alternately lobed spike to 2.5cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous, as long as the peri- gynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, ovoid, 3.5-4mm long, plano-convex, ferruginous, + scabrous-winged on the margin from the middle to summit, round-based, rather abruptly contracted into a conic, flat, bidentate beak. Fr. April—June. (Plate X, Figures 8, 8a). Sands, waterless valleys, steppe slopes. —European part: all regions except Kar. -Lap.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. Transcauc. (w. part) and South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: all regions; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang, -Sayan. , Daur: , Len; Kol. ,.Centrj Asia? Aral. -Casp. |, (Pribalkh,. Dzhung.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Europe. Described from surroundings of Leipzig. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. uralensis C.B. Clarke. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A satisfactory forage plant on elevated mud flats, meadow steppes, and thinned forests. Often constituting an appre- ciable admixture in hay. Favored by sheep, readily eaten by cattle, and moderately so by camels. As hay, excellent forage for all kinds of live- stock. Yield of fresh herbage 8-20 centners per hectare, in dry state 2-5 centners. 11. "@?} diplasiwo carpa'V! Kreez i'sp) nova invAddendas 11 p/s900 = C.Schreberi Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 309; Kom, Fl. Manchzh. I, 361; non’Schrank:'—C., pra e'c'o x Kom) Key ipl.) east: ‘reg., UsS:San, 1 (1931) 282, non Schreb. Perennial, light green, fairly pliant plants, with long creeping rhizome clothed with light brown scale-like sheaths; culms slender, scabrous above, 20-40cm tall; leaves about as long as the culm, flat to subinvolute, to 2.5mm broad, linear, long, scabrous, Spikelets ovoid to oblong-ovoid, staminate at base, sometimes the middle ones or even three of the terminal ones also staminate or mostly so, at maturity to 1cm long, 0.8cm broad, 5-8 in number, disposed in an ovoid spike 2-2.5cm long; scales lanceolate, keeled, acute, with light midrib andmargins, shorter thanthe perigynia; perigynia ovoid -lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 4.5-5mm long, plano-convex, with rather rounded base, sessile, rusty-yellow, many-nerved on outer face, 3-5 nerved on the inner face, narrowly serrulate-margined in upper two-thirds, + conically contracted into an elongate, bidentate, flat beak. Fr. May—June., (Plate X, Figure 9). Meadows. —Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from village Troitskoe on Lake Khanka., Type in Leningrad. 106 137 12. C.brizoides Juslen. ex L. Amoen, acad. IV (1759) 293, — C.brizoidesBnemoralis Wimm. Fl. Schles., ed. 2, I (1844) 401; Trev. in Ldb, Fl. Ross. IV, 284.—Vignea brizoides Rchb. ex Moessl. Handb., ed. 2, III (1829) 1611. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 36; HFR No 2047, Perennial, light green plants with long creeping rhizome, clothed with brown, usually fibrillose, squamaceous sheaths; culms slender, scabrous above, 30-60cm tall; leaves thin, flat, 2-3mm broad, the upper ones longer than the culm; spikelets with staminate flowers at base, sometimes the middle spikelets staminate throughout, oblong-obovoid, becoming clavate, somewhat curved, green, 5-8 aggregated in a loose oblong spike; scales ovate, green, slightly ferruginous, subacute, shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia membranaceous, lanceolate, 3-4mm long, plano-convex, green, with broad denticulate margin and obscure nerves, round-based, cuneately attenuate to a bidentate beak. Fr. June—August. (Plate X, Figure 10). Shady forests, —European part: Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr. (n.-w. part). Gen. distr.: Central Europe. Described from Bohemia. Type in London. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.leporina L. (C. Filkukae Podp.) and withC. remota L. (C. Ohmuelleriana O.F. Lang). Series2. Oostachyae V. Krecz.—Meadow andbog plants with thickened rhizome, with slender or subfistulous, hollow culms and flat leaves to 5-5.5mm broad. Inflorescence of 5-15 rather densely aggregated spikelets; spikelets androgynous, ovate during and after anthesis. Perigynia ovoid, with thickened or evanescent nerves. 13. C.accrescens Ohwi in Mem, Coll. Sc. Univ. Kyoto, ser. B, Vibjy541931)) 255—C,..padlida CiA,M. in}Mem, Ac. St. Petersh.) Sav: Etr, 1. (1831) 215, tab. VIII; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 272, non Salisb. (1796). -C. siccata Boott, Illustr. Carex, I (1858) 19, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 319; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 356, non Dew. Perennial, light green plants, with long thickened rhizome clothed with castaneous scale-like sheaths; culms acutely triangular, scabrous nearly all the way down, 25-70 cm tall; leaves flat, thin, 2.5-5mm broad, pro- minently scabrous, rather abruptly pointed, as long as or shorter than the culm, papillose. Spikelets ovoid to oblong, 5-10mm long, the terminal and lower spikelets androgynous, the middle ones often staminate through- out; scales ovate, acute, light ferruginous, with green midrib and light margins, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia divaricate, oblong-ovoid, membranaceous, 5-6mm long, plano-convex, pale green to yellowish-green, winged 2/3 their length and ciliate-serrulate, 8-16-nerved on the outer face, 3-5-nerved on the inner face, the nerves light only below, tuberculate- glandular, short- stipitate, gradually tapering into an elongate, deeply bident- ate, curved beak. June—August. (Plate X, Figure 11). Light forests. —Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (e.), Len. - Kol, Daur.; Far East: Kamch., Okhot., Sakh., Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss. Gen, distr.: n.-e. -Mongolia Manchuria, Korea, Japan (Yezo). Described from Kamchatka, although the plant was probably collected on the way from Irkutsk to Okhotsk. Type in Leningrad, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: In the Far East readily eaten by livestock. 107 138 14, 6Cy, Tijinu) Vy iKhreex sp) neva"in Addenda.» tl, “sv0) —C™ pallida f. elegans Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 51.—C. brizoides Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 217, quoad pl. Martianow. , ex Minus- sinsk (sec. sched. Meinsh.), non L. Perennial, rather flexible, light green plants, with long slender creeping rhizomes; culms scabrous above, 15-45cm tall; leaves flat, 1.5-2(2.5) mm broad, rather long-attenuate, shorter than the culm, scabrous, not papillose. Spikelets 3-6, androgynous, sometimes the terminal one or the middle ones staminate, ovoid, 5-7mm long, congested above, remote below, with ap- pressed perigynia at maturity; scales ovate, subacute, keeled, pale ferru- ginous, white-membranaceous-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, 3-8-4.2mm long, plano-convex, greenish, with slender nerves on both faces (fewer and light on inner face), narrowly setulose-margined from the middle, gradually contracted into a short beak, this cleft in front, barely bidentate. June— July. Upper zone of cedar woods and bare mountains, —East. Siberia: Ang. - Sayan, Daur. (Akshinskii, Selenginskii, and Barguzinskii districts). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Tunkinskii District (valley of river Oka, facing Buksoi). Type in Leningrad. 15)! @ hear a'vea “Kunth, “Enum, pl.” WA(1837)) 375; Memsh, “invA LE, Py XVIII, 3 (1901) 317; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 124 (incl. var.), ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot., 3-6 (1911) 47, fig. 26 (incl. var.). — C.curaica alatifolia Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc, XXVIII (1855) 326. —G,..ovata.C.A.M. in dodb,.. Fl. pAIt AV (esa) 2075 Teon Ve saan nO, tab. 323, non Rudge (1804). —-C. incurva B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 270, ex p.—C. borotalicola Litw. in Schred, ad HFR V (1905) 15; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 117 non Rgl. —Exs.: HFR No. 1244. Perennial, light green plants with creeping rhizome; culms slender, subtriquetrous, hollow toward the base, 20-60cm tall; leaves flat, sub- strict, long-attenuate, 3-4 mmbroad; spikelets androgynous, ovoid, 10-18; inflorescence oblong, narrow, lax toward base, without a foliaceous bract; scales dark brown, obtuse, membranaceous-margined, ecarinate, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to ovoid-lanceolate, 3-3.6mm long, stramineous, subconcave on inner face, rather abruptly contracted into an elongate, barely bidentate beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate X, Figure 12). Wet meadows, bogs and boggy shores of rivers and lakes. —West. Siber- ia: Irt. (e. part), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (s. part), Ang. -Sayan., Daur. , Len. -Kol.? Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Altai (islands of river Chui, near Kuraiskaya Steppe). Type in Leningrad. 16. C.pycnostachya Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc, Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 522. non Desv. (1853). -C.commutata Turcz. ex Stschegl., ibid. , XXVIII, 1 (1854) 205, non Gay (1839). -C. borotalicola Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 566, non Litw. —C.incurva B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 270, quoad pl. Karel. —C. curaica Kuk. in Engl, Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 124, quoad pl ex ''Centralasien,"' incl. var. pycnostachya Kuk. ; B, Fedtsch, in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 192 (incl. var.)—C. pallida 108 139 C.B. Clarke ex B, Fedtsch. Rast. Rurk. (1915) 175 (excl. fig.) et in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 192, nec C.A.M. , nec Salisb. -C. intermedia var. abbreviata Kik, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 136, quoad pl turkest. — C.vulpinaris Kik., ibid. 117, quoad pl. Semenov. Perennial, light green plants with creeping rhizome; culms thickened, faintly triangular, subterete, 10-50cm tall, pseudonodulose below the sheaths; leaves flat, gradually acuminate, subfalcate, 4-6 mm broad; spikelets androgynous (sometimes the middle ones staminate throughout), 6-12(15), oblong, disposed in a dense ovoid or lobate inflorescence, often with a foliaceous bract at base; scales light brown, + keeled, acuminate, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 3.2-4mm long, plano-convex, brownish or finally olivaceous, with 5-8 tinged, finally evanescent nerves, scarcely scabrous-winged on the margin, gradually contracted into a short, slightly bidentate beak. Fr. July. Mountain meadows. —West. Siberia: Alt. (?); Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp. (Mugodzhary), Pribalkh. (Karkaraly), Dzhung. -Tarb. , Tyan'-Shan (e. part). Gen, distr.: Kul'dzha, n.-w. Mongolia, Tannu-Tuva Republic. Described from Alatau Mountains (upper reaches of river Lepsa). Type in Moscow. 17. C.pseudo-curaica F, Schmidt in Mem. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII ser. , XII. 2 (1868) 67, tab. V, fig. 8-14. -C. chordorrhiza var. pseudo -curaica Trautv, in A.H.P. V (1887) 123. —C.curaica Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 304, ex parte, non Kunth. —C.chordor- rhiza Bp major Bckir. inLinnaea XXXIX (1875) 55.—C.curaica var. extipitata Litw. in Sched. ad HFR VI (1908) 136. —Exs.: HFR No. 1943. Perennial; rhizome short; with long, triquetrous, horizontal, rather thickened offshoots, giving rise to leafy bunches and culms; culms scab- rous above; leaves flat, to 4mm broad; spikelets 7-10, disposed ina loose lobed spike to 2-2.5cm long; terminal spikelets often staminate throughout; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-3.5mm long, plano- convex, above slightly winged and erose-margined, nerved (the nerves numerous, obscure, slender on outer face, few on inner face), cuneate- based, gradually contracted into a flattened, serrulate, narrowly winged, bidentate beak. Fr. June. (Plate X, Figure 13). Bogs and shores. —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (e.part), Yenis. (e.), Daur.., sen. -Kol;. Far East: Ze. -Bur., Ud. Uss., Sakh..Gen. distr.: Northern Japan (Yezo and Kunashir). Described from upper reaches of river Amur (Alyn). Type in Leningrad. Section 3. Boernera V. Krecz.—Pseudovignea Boern. in Ab- handl. Naturw. Ver. Brem. V (1913) 275, ex p. (pro subgenere). —Xero- phytes with slender, cord-like underground shoots, giving rise at the tips to dense, compact tussocks; culms obscurely 3-angled, with narrow leaves; spikelets androgynous, disposed in an oblong, capitate inflores- cence; perigynia subcoriaceous or semicoriaceous, ovoid, 3-4.5mm long, plano-convex, with fairly pronounced thickened nerves on both faces, gradually contracted into a short, scabrous, shallowly cleft, short-bidentate beak. Stigmas 2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Species of this subgenus are among the most important forage sedges, as they are extremely widespread early spring 109 pasture plants of dry steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts. In many desert localities they are the principal forage plants. Eaten most readily by large and small cattle, and somewhat less acceptable only tocamels. They are considered as fattening forage. Yield per hectare: fresh herbage 3-5 centners, in dry state 1-2 centners. Fresh herbage in fruiting stage (ac - cording to data of Katta-kurganskaya Experiment Station) is distinguished by a very high nutritional value and contains: water 62.7%, minerals 3.55%, cellulose 10.55%, fats 1.73%, protein 4.4%, nitrogen-free extractable substances 17.09%, starch equivalent 21.96, feed units 36.6. One of the principal foods of the marmot. Not eaten by rabbits. (Larin). NOTE: The data given are apparently generalized for C. stenophylla in the wide earlier connotation, including also C.pachystylis Gay (No. 90) which is one of the most valuable forage plants of the semideserts of Central Asia, and ought to be checked for this extensive group of species (V. Krechetovich). 1. Scales large, usually longer than the perigynia or as long, subobtuse, broadly white-membranaceous, hence the entire inflorescence whitish CR AGHAST ye ce artistes w even oe XC”. riglieeseens (Franchi) Vy Kreez. + Scales usually shorter than the perigynia, rarely as long, brownish- ferruginous, with a narrower membranaceous margin; inflorescence DOW. 0.27. ie he Mister Auk oe Elks ate Rhale ued oMgunLe. sete ReMen 3: Ake amen 2. 2. Small plants, with 3-6 small, few-flowered spikelets aggregated in a small capitate or interrupted spike. Leaves setaceous-involute, Crisp, oon .& webs TG kT, Ade be Gun, cake as as et ap eens ADIOS, «ere eee ee 3. + Large plants, with 6-10 large spikelets disposed in a dense large spike. Leaves flat, canaliculate or subinvolute, to 2-3mm broad....... 4, 3. Perigynia 3mm long, broadly ovate, suborbicular, with obsolescent broadly conic beak, almost nerveless on outer face (Plate X, Figures 3a,b,c); scales shorter than perigynia, faintly membranaceous on the margin. A plant of the forest-steppe part of Siberia......... EME LENS eke ay. opie’ ah athe teh 1) ra Wein eye SOV eSls Eidmriasic u Lave aA oN + Pema nin Seo. 7(4) mm long, ovoid, with an extended beak, nerved on the outer face; scales about as long as perigynia, rather prominently white-membranaceous on the margin, A mountain-steppe plant of CentralpAisial sie inant ee 2d (CA Gu gus ctw T opr mins Winirees:, 4, Perigynia rather broadly ovoid, rounded at the broad base, subsessile, with an abbreviated, obscurely bidentate beak, outer face with 12-18 nerves distinct only toward base, inner face usually nerveless. Large, cineraceous solonchak plants, with leaves to 3mm broad and large open heads.” (Plateix ("Fisuresi2ab) act, . Cie aie s 2 ote eee ase eM 8 : aghle "atte ANTE T Es pent Ges st ear ObaHignl howell ny. Krecz,. + Perigynia Groral distinctly stipitate, with an extended prominent beak, both faces distinctly 5-7-nerved. Smaller, green steppe plants, with looser inflorescences and subinvolute leaves to 2mm broad. (Plate X, Rigures: ya iby c) yay Kaas! Ake ok, one 199°C ("u ra len Si svC. By, Clarke: 18. C. duriuscula C.A.M. in Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. Sav. Etr. I (1830) 214, tab. VIII. —C.stenophylla Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 270. -C. stenophylla C.A.M. in Ldb, Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 208; Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 325; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. 141 I, 360; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kraya 1, 282; Kik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 46, ex p., non Whlb,.—C. stenophylla var. duriuscula Trautv. in A,H.P. %@887-1889) 537; Kuk. , 1,.c.—-C.ste- nophylla var. humilis Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 316. Perennial, cineraceous plants with slender rhizomes and bunches of shoots, forming loose tufts; culms smooth, 5-20cm tall, invested at base with dense, light brown or cinereous-brown sheaths, these more or less fibrillose on the outside; leaves setaceous-involute (to 1.5mm broad) , stiff, somewhat crisp, shorter than the culm, triangular-subulate above; spikelets 3-6, aggregated in a short, usually dense, ovoid or spherical head 0.7-1.2cm long and 0.,5-1cm broad; scales broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, subacute to obtusish, ferruginous-brown, white membranaceous on the margin and at the summit, shorter than perigynia; perigynia sub- coriaceous, broadly ellipsoid to broadly ovoid, suborbicular at maturity, 3mm long, plano-convex, roundish-based, on a short thickened stipe, nerveless or very indistinctly 1-5-nerved, ferruginous or honey-brown, rather lustrous at maturity, cuneately contracted into a short, scaberulous- margined, frontally shallow-cleft beak. April—May. (Plate X, Figures SHEW op ucxmn I Steppes and steppe slopes. —West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss.; Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (e.); Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Kamchatka (?—probably from Irkutsk Province, considering that the collector, Redovskii, did not visit Kamchatka). Type in Leningrad, 19. C.uralensis C.B, Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., Addit. ser. , VIII (1908) 76.—Carex stenophylla Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 120, quoad pl. ross. , non Whlib, —Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vost. III, Figure 150. Perennial, green plants with slanting rhizome giving rise to 3-10 bunches of compactly set shoots; culms mostly scabrous, 10-40cm tall, invested at base with compact, smooth, latericious-brown (sometimes to blackish- brown) sheaths; leaves shorter than the culm, mostly setaceous-involute or flat, 1.5-2.5mm broad; spikelets 5-10, disposed in an oblong spike often drawn-out toward base, 1-3cm long, 0.5-1mm broad; scales ovate, acute or awned, reddish-ferruginous, toward summit rounded, white membra- naceous, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, broadly ovoid, (3)4-4.5mm long, plano-convex, rounded to subcordate at base, dis- tinctly stipitate, yellowish to ferruginous-brown, + lustrous, more or less ribbed on both faces (10-nerved on outer face, 5-7-nerved on inner face), gradually tapering to a deeply bidentate, scaberulous beak; achene lenticu- lar. May—June. (Plate X, Figures 1 a,b,c). Needlegrass and fescue-sagebrush steppes, steppe slopes, grass-covered sands, —European part: Prichern., Volg.-Don. (Khar'kov, Dobrinka, Umanskii Distr. , Khvalynskii Distr.), Zavolzh. (Stavropol'-Sterlitamak - Orsk), Low. Don. , Low. Volg., Crimea; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt. (sodg Cantr, Asia: »Aral.-Caspy,.Pribalkhyn.)iGen.\ distr); ,) Mong, \; Dzhung. Described from the vicinity of Inderskoe Lake. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forms hybrids with C. praecox Schreb., 20:; Cunstemephy bloidies,V.Kreez. in, Fl. Durkm) 14 2)4932) 230, tab. 93 et in Addenda, II, p. 592. -C. stenophylla Kitk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 120, ex p., non Whlb. -C. stenophylla var. pellucida 143 Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Petersb. VII (1910) 84, ex p.—? C. dimor - photheca Stschegl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XXVII (1854) 206 (pl. mor- bide!) —Hes* :."h. Krion’” Nol Fd; Perennial, cineraceous or glaucescent plants, with thickened creeping rhizome producing densely aggregated clusters of offshoots; culms mostly smooth, 15-45cm tall, invested at base with cinereous sheaths; leaves stiff, erect, about as long as the culm, flat to subinvolute, 2-3mm broad; spikelets 4-10, disposed in a dense, compact, inequilateral, triangular - conic spike, with divaricate spikelets and perigynia, 1-2.5cm long; peri- gynia ovoid, acute to subacute, castaneous, hyaline-margined, as long as or shorter than the perigynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, mostly broadly ovate or broadly ellipsoid, 3-4mm long, plano-convex, 12-18-nerved on the outer face, 3-5-nerved on the inner face, barely stipitate, with an ab- breviated, subcuneate, scabrous, short-bidentate beak. April—June. (Plate X, Figures 2 a,b,c, ). Saline meadow sites (waterlogged in spring), river valleys, drying springs. —Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp. (s.-e,), Pribalkh. (s.), Dzhung, - Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al., Amu-Dar, Syr-Dar., Mount. Turkm., Kyz.-Kum.; Caucasus: East. and South. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Af- ghanistan, Northern Persia, Turkish Armenia. Described from Kazakhstan (surroundings of Kopal). Type in Leningrad. 21. C.duriusculiformis V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda Il, 952. C.duriuscula var. interrupta Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pe- tersb. VII (1910) 85.—C. stenophylla var. duriuscula B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 184, non Trautv. Perennial, cineraceous, rigid plants, densely cespitose; culms slender, faintly 3-angled, rather smooth, 5-25cm tall; leaves initially canaliculate, becoming setaceous-involute; lower sheaths grayish-brown, splitting into fibers; spikelets 3-7, few-flowered, disposed in an oblong spike 0.7-1.8cm long, loose or interrupted in lower part; scales ovate, acute, brownish, pronouncedly hyaline-margined, as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, plano-convex, (3)3.2-3.7mm long, ferruginous-yellow to ferruginous (finally blackish-brown and lustrous), short-stipitate, 5-7-nerved on both faces (finally smooth), gradually contracted into an elongate, scabrous, finely bidentate beak. Fr. June—July. Alpine steppes, dry meadows, at altitude 3,000-4,500m; apparently spreading northward (Zaisan, Mongolia) into the sandy-saline part of semi- deserts. —Centr. Asia: (Zaisan), Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashgar, Tibet, Turkish Turkestan, Western Mongolia. De- scribed from Alai: valley of river Dara and Chapkan-Deves winter station. Type in Leningrad. *C.rigescens (Franch.) V. Krecz., sp. nova in Addenda, II, 592. C.stenophylla var. rigescens Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 121, quoad pl. David. Perennial, cineraceous plants with rhizome producing solitary offshoots, loosely cespitose; culms slightly thickened, smooth, 10-25cm tall, loosely invested at base with light rusty-brown, subfibrillose sheaths; leaves flat to subcanaliculate, cineraceous, 1.5-2.5 (3)mm broad, thickened, rather stiff; spikelets 4-8, pyramidal-ovoid, containing a rather large number of staminate flowers, the staminate scales forming terminal tufts; spike ob- long-ovoid, whitish, 1-2.5cm long; scales ovate, acute, pale ferruginous, 144 with a very wide hyaline margin, sometimes whitish throughout, as long as or longer than the perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, ellipsoid or ovoid, 3-4mm long, plano-convex, immature few-ribbed on outer face, nerves coalescing at maturity, dull, gradually contracted into a short, slightly bidentate, scabrous beak. Dry forest dales. — Far East: Uss.: Possibly in the vicinity of Lake Khanka and Suifun River. Gen.distr.: Manchuria, Northern China. De- scribed from Jehol in eastern Mongolia. Type in Leningrad. section4. .-hyllothyrsia,V. Kreez.—Vigneandra,C. By Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot. ) XXXVII (1904) 3., ex p. —Meadow and forest plants with short creeping rhizome, cespitose; culms triangular, hollow. Leaves flat, soft. Inflorescence congested or with distant spikelets. Spike- lets androgynous or gynecandrous, with long foliaceous bracts of which the lowest overtops the inflorescence. Perigynia ovoid or oblong, membran- aceous, 3-4mm long, plano-convex, nerved on both faces, with pronounced, often broadly winged margin, more rarely smooth on the conspicuous mar- gin, the beak bidentate, cleft infront. Stigmas 2. 1. Staminate flowers in upper part of the spikelet; inflorescence spici- Oat eto. ee UM. fo OE En ey ee BPS, Poe eee” i eer ieee a. + Staminate flowers in lower part of the inflorescence; inflorescence eonctstny of veny memote: Sprkeletspemica te Shae Fark: -ba tae ee - 3. 2. Inflorescence with 1-3 foliaceous bracts at base, these several times longer than inflorescence; perigynia serrulate-winged (Plate XI, ECmreNAr rc. cited: < asjertaurt:. Masia iae 23. C.neurocarpa Maxim. + Inflorescence with very short bract at each spikelet; culms scabrous; perigynia not winged, smooth-margined (Plate X, Figure1) ....... ei fei vette oth 8 ono SOR anon 22. Gr letrorhynehaiCs A.M. 3. Bract overtopping inflorescence; lower spikelets set 2-6cm apart; Scales andi periaynia paler" f~. 4 Bin. iewar-eeache'd Sib Bl oeees Gaels 4, + Bract scarcely half as long as inflorescence; lower spikelets set 1-2cm apart; scales and perigynia ferruginous (Plate XII, Figure 1c) ches ee Ls ON RR ) O 24.,€ .laeviculmis, Meinsh. 4, Perigynia ovoid, 3-3.5mm long, the nerves distant from margin; spike- lets oblong, 6-10mm long, the lower ones 3-6cm apart. Europe. (Pilate Ki Bieurer ta) Abit) . » the Seber one 25.) 4C4 remofanL. + Perigynia lanceolate, to 3mm long, the nerves evenly distributed over the entire surface; spikelets smaller, ovoid, to 5mm long, the lower ones less remote (not more than 2-3cm apart). Far East. (Plate Xa Figure 1b)ii.) 4 d/eddlcrd ae 26. C.remotiuscula Whlb. Cycle 1. Sychnostachys V. Krecz.—Inflorescence spikelike, with numerous bracts and a large number (30-40) of androgynous spikelets. Perigynia ovoidor oblong, 3-5mm long, membranaceous, plano-convex, with variously winged, rarely smooth, margin, many-nerved (10-15 nerves on outer face, 6-10 on inner face), beak elongate, deeply bidentate, 22. C.leiorhyncha C.A.M. in Mém. Ac, St. Petersb. Sav. Etr. I (1.331).217,..tab.. 1X: Trev. in Ldb.. El Rossa VV) 274 '—Cirs eta riae = formis Turcz. ex Boott, Illustr. Carex IV (1867) 189 (nomen), — C.albata Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 322; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 358, non Boott. -C. nubigena var. albata Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 113 145 20 (1909) 146, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 54; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. KrayalI, 281, tab. 84 (dextra). —Exs. Kneuck. No. 154. Perennial, light green plants with short rhizome, cespitose; culms scabrous above, 25-50cm tall; leaves flat, 2-4mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets numerous (to 30-40), ovoid, divaricate, with awn- shaped bract at base of each spikelet, bract exceeding the spikelet; spike oblong- cylindric, looser at base, 5-10cm long; scales ovate, subacute, pinkish- rusty, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to ovoid, 3-3.5mm long, yellowish-green or pale green, purple-puncticulate toward summit, many-ribbed on both faces, spongy-thickened at base, short-stipitate, obscurely smooth-margined, gradually contracted into a smooth, short-bidentatebeak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XI, Figure 1). Wet meadows and forests. —East. Siberia: Daur.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, Northern China. Described from Dauriya (road from Chita and Nerchinskii works). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Readily eaten by all kinds of livestock. 23. C.neurocarpa Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 306; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 53; fig. 33;—Exs.: Karo, Fl. Am. -Zeaen. No. 15. Perennial, light green or cineraceous, cespitose plants; culms thickened, rigid, flattened, smooth, invested at base with pinkish-ocher-colored bladeless sheaths; leaves as long as or longer than the culm, subinvolute, 2-3mm broad, rather stiff; spikelets numerous, ovoid; bracts at base of each spikelet awn-shaped, the lower ones larger, foliaceous (to 3mm broad), several times as long as inflorescence; spikelets disposed ina pyramidal-cylindric, dense inflorescence 3-6cm long; scales ovate, pinkish-rusty, long-attenuate, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, 3.5-4mm long, many-ribbed on both faces, in upper part broadly (to 1mm) unequally winged, greenish, brown-puncti- culate above, gradually contracted into a short-bidentate, narrowly denti- culate-winged beak. June—July. (Plate XI, Figure 2). Wet meadows, near water. —Far East: Ze.-Bur. (s. part), Uss. Gen. distr.: Northern China, Korea, Manchuria, Japan. Described from Da village on Amur,*, above Dondon estuary. Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Eaten by all kinds of livestock. Cycle 2. Diastatostachys V. Krecz. —Inflorescence long, contain- ing few (6-10) spikelets, 5-15cm long, the upper spikelets approximate, the lower very remote. Spikelets gynecandrous, with long foliaceous bracts, these disappearing toward the apex. Perigynia ovoid, 3-3.5mm long, mem- branaceous, plano-convex, narrowly and obscurely winged on the margin, scabrous in upper one-third, with slender nerves (6-8 on outer face, 2-6 on inner face), the beak medium, bidentate. 24. C.laeviculmis Meinsh. in Bot. Centralbl. LV (1893) 195 et in AgH.P ow XVID, 31 901). 326. ACnume myeod.ae revi ineldb.. Hla ~ROSSulVs (1853) 283, quoad pl.kamtsch., non L. Perennial, green plants, with ligneous rhizome; culms slender, smooth or somewhat scaberulous, 30-50cm tall; leaves narrow, flat, rather lax, scaberulous, 1/3 to 1/2 as long as the culm; spikelets 3-6, ovoid, subap- pressed, the 2-3 upper ones approximate, the lower ones1-2cm apart, the lowest often with bract to 2-3cm long; scales ovate, acute, castaneous or ferruginous, lighter at center, narrowly hyaline on the margin, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, membranaceous, 2.7- 3.5(4)mm long, rusty yellow, slenderly nerved, with 8-10 nerves on outer face, 2-3 on inner face, rounded at base, discretely short-stipitate, gradu- ally contracted into a scabrous, reflexed, rather strongly cleft, ferruginous beak. Fr. August. (Plate XII, Figure ic). Grassy bogs, coppices.—Arctic: Anad.; Far East: Kamch. (Kronots- koe Lake, Petropavlovsk). Gen. distr.: Northern Japan (Hondo, or Hon- shu), North America—from Alaska to California and Montana. Described from Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk). Type in Leningrad. Ba © wrem ota iL. Amoen. acad. IV(1759) 293; Trevs in Ldb.(F1. ROSs-uhVa)200; Grossh. Fl. Kavk.\1,,162. —Bxs.: HER.No. 240}/ 1. Finl. Exs. No. 524. Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms slender, scabrous to 146 nearly smooth above, leafy to considerable height, 30-60cm tall, rachis flexuous; leaves flat, lax, 1.5-2mm broad, shorter than the culm; spike- lets 4-10, oblong to ovoid, compact, 0.6-1cm long, the 2-4 upper ones approximate, bractless, the others very remote (3-6cm apart), with long, foliaceous bracts; scales ovate, acute, whitish or light ferruginous, with midrib and white-hyaline margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, membranaceous, 3-3.5mm long, light green, finally flavescent, the slender nerves (6-7 on outer face, 3-4 on inner face) evident only in middle part, margin from the middle with narrow scabrous wing, the broad base rounded, the short-stipitate perigynium gradually contracted to a flat, bi- dentate, dorsally deep-cleft beak. Fr. May—June. (Plate XII, Figure 1a). Wet soil, near springs and river sources. —European part: Lad. -I1'm., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam. (possibly in w. part; Kazan'- Klaus), Mid. Dnepr., Volg-Don. (Kaluga, Tambov, Khar'kov), Low. Don. (n.), Crimea; Caucasus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Europe, Northern Persia, North Africa (Algeria). Described from Germany. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X brizoides L.; X arenaria L.; X Spicata Huds. (C. pseudoaxillaris Richt.); Xvulpina L. (C. axillaris Gay); X appropinquata Schum. (C. Boenninghausen- iana Weihe); X leporina L. (C.Il1seana Ruhmer); X canescens L. (C. Arthuriana Beckm.); X elongata L. (C. Ploettneriana Beyer);"X mumieata lL. (C.Gerhardti Fig.);) Xcompacta Lam. (C. Kneuckeriana Zahn). 26. C.remotiuscula Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 147.-—C. remotaeformis Kom. in A.H.P. XVIII, 6 (1901) 444 et in Fl. Mandsh, I (1901) 364.—C. remota ssp Rochebruni var. remotaeformis Kik. inEngl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 235 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 75. —Exs.: HFR No. 1392. Perennial, light green, lax, cespitose plants; culms slender, often weak, prominently scabrous, 40-60cm tall; leaves flat, lax, 1.2-1.8mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-8, ovoid (0.5cm long), the 3-5 upper ones spicately congested, the others remote (2-3cm apart), with very long bracts; scales narrowly ovate, acute, light ferruginous, witha 149 green or light-colored center, broadly white-hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 3-3.5mm long, membranaceous, plano-convex, green, becoming stramineous, with slender distinct nerves 115 PLATE XI 147 A on both faces (8-9 on outer face, 4-5 on inner face), finely serrulate- margined in terminal one-third, gradually contracted into a cuneate, flat, dorsally rather strongly cleft beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 1b). Among stones and in rock fissures, near mountain streams, and in shade. —Far East: Ze.- Bur. , Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Japan, Manchuria, Korea, Northern China. Described from Eastern Siberia (after Laksman's specimen), Type in Stockholm, Section 5. Desmiograstis (Boern.) V. Krecz.—Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 274 (pro genere). —Plants with creeping rhizome, this and culms at base invested in remains of bladeless sheaths. Culms triangular; leaves flat. Inflorescence spikelike, sometimes short- branched below. Perigynia ovate or oblong, subcoriaceous or membrana- ceous, nerveless or few-nerved, spongy-thickened at base, narrowly ser- rulate-winged on the margin toward summit, tapering to an elongate, flat, deep-cleft, bidentate beak. Culms + thickened at base. Stigmas 2. 1. An arenicolous plant with long creeping rhizome; perigynia lagenarious- lanceolate (Plate XI, Figure 11)...... C.arenicola F. Schmidt. + Plants of swamps, meadows, and forests, with short compact rhizome; Dericvnaiawyo1ds) Ovoid-lanceolate,’ or conie-lanceolatei gy! Ai y.. 2. 2. Staminate flowers at base of spikelets; spikelets remote to the summit of inflorescence; leaves more or less canaliculate, 1.5-2mm broad at Staminate flowers terminal; spikelets crowded toward summit of in- florescence, crowded or distant below; leaves flat, 3-10 mm lomo Mab. tie ot Ate vs eS AAT, Ae SED, Ohne wees. A. Explanation to Plate XI 1. Carex leiorhyncha C.A.M.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. — 2. C. neuro- carpa Maxim.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. — 3. C. kobomugi Ohwi: inflores- cence, perigynium in front, back and side view. — 4. C. macrocephala Willd: perigynium in front and back view. — 5. C. spicata Huds.: perigynium in front and back view. — 6. C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir.: perigynium in front and back view. — 7. C. -divulsa Stokes: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. — 8. C. cuprina (Sand.) Nendtv.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. — 9. C. muricata L.: perigynium in front and back view. — 10. C. angustior Mack: peri- gynium in front and back view. — 11. C. arenicola F. Schmidt: perigynium in front and back view. — 12. C. stipata Muehlb.: perigynium in front and back view. — 13. C. vulpina L.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view, perigynium-beak, scale (ex Lindberg fil.). — 14. C. compacta Lam.: perigynium in front and back view, perigynium-beak, scale (ex Lindberg fil.) — 15. C. leporina L.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. — 16. C. Maackii Maxim.: inflorescence, peri- gynium in front and back view. — 17. C. pachystachya Cham.: inflorescence, perigynium in front and back view. 117 150 10. Perigynia 3.5-4mm long, 10-12-nerved, the nerves on inner face distinct only at base (Plate XI, Figure 9)........ Co mumiemtarL. Perigynia 3mm long, or obscurely 1-2-nerved on outer face (Plate XI, Pisa MOP. 24, Voteatre N.Y uc i fee A a, a C.angustior) Mack. Perigynia nerved; culms bulbous-inflated at base; scales terminating in a Serrate Spine; leaves 6-10 mm"broadVel” : 2 Saeeoen Sa pmee D. Perigynia nerveless (sometimes nerved, and then spongy-thickened below); culms not thickened at base; scales acute; leaves 3-5mm |Sic.loy2ic Eh, \i Pr menirnn TP ae mn ati hes ba MD NN Me ah 1 Inflorescence loose, spikelets remote at base; perigynia membrana- ceous, cuneate-lanceolate, with a cuneate beak (Plate XI, Figure 12) «cy 2 RR aR Nag Ria ak ho a lh Da Se te. Ga 29. C.stipata Muehlb. Inflorescence congested; perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid, gradually Bapering into an elongatenbealemy .- tT \.4-' "2°. Mame.” qieamey oa, ee Vout eer 6. A green plant; spike brown, usually bractless; perigynia coriaceous, 4-5mm long, dull, ribbed only dorsally, brownish; beak deep-cleft dorsally, with narrowly serrulate-winged margin (Plate XI, Figures MSs GGA ys es ee coe a ach BRE Ah maieaninee «) aha Bie. Coby Tiga tve. bse A light green plant; spike pale green, bracteate in lower part; peri- gynia membranaceous, 4-4.9mm long, lustrous, slenderly nerved on both faces; beak shallowly bidentate, sharply serrate margined but wingless (Table XI, Figures 14 a,b,c,)....38. C. compacta Lam. Perigynia spongy gibbous at base to nearly the middle (Plate XI, F FSS poh Weaee . eot) ater. det elo SRS be: ot pam iey eled ad ob dl veel adc i) ocala 8. Perigynia not spongy at base or roller-thickened only below at the verynnarnein (Pilate XI, Pigures 6-728). oc ke ce a Forest (sciophilous), light green plants, with pale scales and lax inflorescences; perigynia oblong- ovoid to lance-ovoid, 5-5.5mm longs, Wdorsaily 4-6-nemved 2) .4. 02.028: 33. CC, LumnitzerilRouy. Cineraceous plants of exposed sites and light forests, with honey- colored to ferruginous scales and dense inflorescences; perigynia ovoid, 4.5-5.5mmilong, nervelessror nearly,so i% ..4)\. 2.4. ler wii AUN Wa Ri i Mec a iB ec el iy a a a ane rr 32.) CC. spi¥¢@ata Huds: . Perigynia broadly ovoid, with a short conic beak; spike + crowded, 1.5-3em long (Plate XI, FiguresS .)<,. Same. lene: ae eee ss hagisounlah esi ge Wee Bek sd eS. Ee an S54 Cw eu prima (Sand?) Nendtv. Perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, with an elongate, gradually attenuate beak; spikelets remote below, sometimes inflorescence branching atbaise, § 3-0 emai lomew ei.pegh GAN es amma aint Atcades a> yiieiermns yan 10. Perigynia 3.5-4.5mm long, subdivergent; inflorescence interrupted, + branching at base, 5-10cm long (Plate XI, Figure 7).......... ehis sici8) Pye ata *8e's peas seid sy SRNR ene ane rr 36. C.divulsa Stokes. Perigynia 5-6mm long, subradiate; inflorescence less interrupted, Simple; 326m long,(Plate x1, Pigure (Ue cis. he a. WM sla, em Se BL Ye ng, RRR oars, LE abe pee Bei We ay gel 34, JG poly p hiyl la Kar. et Kir. 118 151 Cycle 1. Acanthophora V. Krecz. —Vigorous meadow plants with short ligneous rhizome; culms angled with concave sides. Leaves flat, 5-10mm broad. Inflorescence spiciform, simple or short-branched. Spikelets androgynous, the foliacous bracts often long (nearly equaling the inflorescence). Perigynia 4-5. 5mm long, oblong- ovoid or lanceolate, nerved, narrowly serrate-winged on the margin, tapering into a long, deep- ly bidentate beak. Base of culm enlarged, bulbous or fusiform. 20. Covel pina L Spt plea 753) 973; Trev In Ldbil his Ross: JV, 275.—C. glomerata Gilib. Exerc. phyt. II (1792) 545.—Exs.: Pl. Fin. es NOY, DOO Perennial, green plants, with short rhizome, cespitose; culms scab- rous, 50-100cm tall, with black fibrillose remnants of sheaths at base; leaves 5-10mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 8-15, ovoid, to 1.5cm long, with rather strongly divaricate perigynia; forming a dense spike, this lobed below, brownish-green, 3-8cm long, with obsolescent bracts in lower part; scales ovate, with an elongate scabrous awn at summit, ferruginous, green-keeled, shorter than or as long as the peri- gynia; perigynia oblong- ovoid, dull coriaceous, 4.5-5mm long, rusty- brown, straight-based, dorsally distinctly ribbed, ventrally nerveless or nerved only at base, the margin near the summit narrowly winged, spinu- lose-serrate, gradually attenuate into an elongate, dorsally deeply cuneate- cleft, bidentate beak. Fr. May—June. (Plate XI, Figure 13). Boggy meadows, river banks. —European part: all regions (except Kar. - Lap., Prichern., and southern Low. Don. and Low. Volg.), Crimea (Mount. part: Tentek-Shumi); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (Krasnodar); West. Siberia: Obl) Upp.’ Tob. Irt’, “Alt: >" East Siberia: “Ang ’-Sayan.; /Centr Asia Pribalkh. (Zaisan). Gen. distr.: Europe. Described from Europe. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. appropinquata Schum. (C. pseu- dovulpina Richt.) andC.cuprina Nendtv. (C. Otrubae Podp. ). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Practically not grazed in pasture. Eaten in hay, if cut prior to flowering. 28. © “eompacta Lam. Fl! Friel G@778)172)—Cinemorosia Rebent. Prodr. fl. Neomarch. (1804) 21, nec Lumn. (1791), nec Schrank (1789). —C. vulpina var. nemorosa Koch, Synops., ed. 2 (1844) 866.—C.vulpina Btenuior Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 275. — CC vulpraa hy pamadror Meinsh? invA APs SVAN. s(iO0t 323 C.vulpina var-"orvential ts Pacz Vnherson, Fl) l(i914) 3044—Ce wv ul- pinoidea Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 402, non Mchx. —Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 510; Kneuck. No. 155. Perennial, cineraceous, cespitose plants; culms scabrous, 50-70cm tall, with black fibers at base; leaves 3-5 mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-10, ovoid, to 1cm long, forming a loose, oblong, pale- green to yellowish- green spike, this 3-4cm long, with long, narrow bracts at the base of spikelets; scales ovate, pale ferruginous or whitish, with a short scabrous mucro, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, (3.5)4-4.5mm long, shining, membranaceous, stramineous, with a broad rounded base, with distinct slender nerves on both faces, gradually taper- ing into a subconic, serrate-margined, shallowly bidentate beak. Fr. April—June. (Plate XI, Figure 14). Meadows and light forests in the steppe zone. —European part: Upp. 152 Dnepr. (Kiev), Mid. Dnepr., Prichern., Upp. Don. (Kursk, Tambov), Low. Don., Amu-Dar., Mount. Turkm., Pam.-Al., Pribalkh. (submont. part). Gen. distr.: Western and southern Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Minor, northern Persia. Described from vicinity of Paris. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. remota L. (C. Kneuckeriana Zahn). 29. C.stipata Muehlb. ex Willd. Spec. pl. IV (1805) 233. Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms flattened, prominently scabrous toward the summit, 50-80cm tall, leafy to a rather considerable height; leaves lax, 6-8mm broad, abruptly attenuate toward the apex, scabrous underneath and on the margin, longer than the culm, the membra- naceous band of the sheath corrugated (cross -rugulose); spikelets radiate, bracteate, 6-20, disposed in a simple (sometimes slightly branching) spike, this more open toward base, 4-8cm long, with rather long bracts at base; scales lanceolate, spinescent-tipped, pale ferruginous, green-keeled and light-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia cuneate-lanceolate, membranaceous, 4-5.5mm long, on a short stipe which appears to be im- bedded in the straight or subconcave, broad base, nerves 7-10 on outer face, 2-5 on inner face, the margin narrow, serrate, gradually tapering into a cuneate, serrate-margined, dorsally cleft, bidentate beak. Fr. July. (Plate XI, Figure 12). Wet and boggy meadows. —Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: North America, northern Japan. Described from Pennsylvania. Cycle 2. Asterisca V. Krecz.—Small paludose plants; culms angled with flat sides. Leaves subcanaliculate, 1.5-2mm broad. Inflorescence interrupted all the way up. Spikelets gynecandrous (i.e., staminate flowers at base of spikelet), more or less radiate, bractless. Perigynia (2.7)3-4mm long, ovoid, nerved, tapering into a scabrous, bidentate beak. Culms with a sleeve-like thickening at base. 30. C.muricata L. Sp. pl. (1753) 974 (quoad fig. 12, tab. 32 et descr. Mich. Gen. nov. 69.)—C.echinata Murr. Prodr. Stirp. Gotting. ; (1770) 76; Shmal'g. Fl. Yu.-Zap. Ross., 632; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 72, tab. 57. -—C.stellulata Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Il (1794) 144; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 282 (excl. var.B)—Exs,: HFR No. 1643, 1794; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 107; Fl. Pol. Exs. No. 585. Perennial, cineraceous, densely cespitose plants; culms scabrous above, 15-45cm tall; leaves plane to subcanaliculate, rather stiff, 1.5- 2mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, radiate, hemispherical, approximate to subdistant, bractless, the terminal spikelet on a pseudo- peduncle formed by empty staminate scales; scales ovate, subacute, fer- ruginous, with a green midrib and white hyaline margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 3.5-4mm long, membranaceous, plano-convex, curved toward the summit, greenish-brown, dorsally distinctly 10-12- nerved, ventrally nerved only at base, with broad rounded base, more or less spongy, subsessile, gradually contracted into a beak, this flat, scabrous from base, deeply cleft. Fr. May—June. (Plate XI, Figure 9). 120 154 Wet places, marshes, boggy meadows and forests. —European part: Kar.-Lap. (s.), Dv.-Pech. (w.), Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Prichern. (Ekaterinoslav, Izyum), Upp. Volg., Volg.-Don., Volg.-Kam. (w. part and Kazan'); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (w., subalpine meadows), West. and South. Transcauc., Tal. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, North America. Described from northern Europe (according to Fl. suecica of Linnaeus, from Nordland in Sweden). Type in Kew. NOTE: Concerning adoption of name, see Mackenzie in Bull. Torrey Club I, (1923) 346. Forming hybrids: Xdioica L. (C.Gaudiniana Guthnik); Xcanescens L. (C.tetrastachya Traunst.;C.biharica Simonk.); X remota L. (C.Gerhardti Fig. ). 31. C.angustior Mack. ex Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. (1917) 124. — C.stellulata Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 232, non Good. Perennial, cineraceous, cespitose plants; culms scaberulous above, 15-30cm tall; leaves erect, rather stiff, flat to subcanaliculate, 1.5-2mm broad, as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, ovoid, divari- cate, subapproximate, the terminal on a pseudopeduncle formed by empty scales; scales ovate, subobtuse, ferruginous, with a green median band and white-hyaline margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, 2.7-3.6 mm long, light green, becoming brown, nerve- less on both faces, rarely 1-2-nerved on outer face, ovoid- rounded at base, gradually tapering intoabeak, this flat, scabrous throughout, bidentate, rather deeply cleft. Fr. June—August. (Plate XI, Figure 10). Boggy and peaty meadows.—Far East: Kamch., Sakh. (n. part). Gen. distr.: Northern Japan, Korea, North America. Described from North America (Fairfield in New York State). Cycle 3. Muehlenbergia V. Krecz.—Forest plants with short ligneous rhizome; culms with flat sides. Leaves flat, 2-5mm broad. In- florescence simple or short-branched below, the spikelets subremote in lower part. Lower spikelets bractless or with obsolescent filiform bracts. Spikelets with staminate flowers above and pistillate below (androgynous). Perigynia 3-5(6.5)mm long, ovoid, mostly nerveless, subsessile, serrate narrow-winged above, contracted into a short bidentate beak, style not enlarged at base. 32. C.spicata Huds. Fl. angl. (1762) 349 (sec. fig. 14, tab. 33 Mich. Gen. nov. 69), excl. syn. —C.contigua Hoppe in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Heft 61 (1835) tab. 2.—C. muricata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 276 (ex p., excl. var.BetY), nonL.—C.fraterna Rupr. in Beitr. Pflzr. russ. Reich. IV (1845) 84. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 157; HFR No. 2048, aandb; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 511; Pl. Pol. Exs. No. 692, 794; HER No. 306. Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms scabrous above, 20-80cm tall, with blackish-brown fibers of old sheaths at base; leaves flat, 2-3mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 9-12, approximate, ovoid, with subdivaricate perigynia; spike loose, more or less interrupted below, to 5em long; scales ovate, finely acuminate, light ferruginous, green- keeled, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 4.5-5mm long, with spongy, with slightly inflated, broadly rounded base, nerveless or few- nerved, with an obscure margin, gradually contracted into a bidentate beak of medium length. Fr. May—June. (Plate XI, Figure 5). 121 Light forests, coppices. —European part: all regions, except n. Kar. - Lap. and Dv.-Pech. (here only Ukhta—Andreev!); Caucasus: all regions; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (Minusinsk, Irkutsk). Gen. distr.: Europe and e. part of North America, Canary Islands, North Africa, Asia Minor. Described from England. Type in London. NOTE: Concerning adoption of name, see Mackenzie in North Amer. Fl. XVIII, 1 (1931) 55. —Forming hybrids: X cuprina Nendtv.; X divul- sa Stokes; Xremota L. (C. pseudoaxillaris Richt. ). 33.C. Lumnitzeri Rouy ex Rouy et Fouc. Fl. Fr. XIII (1912) 412 (excl. syn. C.nemorosa Lumn.).—C.muricataf virens Rchb, Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) 9, tab. CCXV, fig. 562 (sec. utr. nervosos'!), non Koch. —-C.contigua var. longissima Vollm. in Denkschr. bot. Ges. Regensb. VIII (1903) 81; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 156. Perennial, bright green plants with loose, much-branched rhizome; culms nodding at the top, 35-60cm tall; leaves soft, nearly as long as the culm, 2-2.5mm broad; spikelets (1)2-8, many-flowered, forming a loose Spiciform inflorescence, this interrupted and few-flowered below, with well-developed lower bract; scales oblong, subaristate, 3-nerved, with green internerves and whitish or reddish margins, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong- ovoid to lance-ovoid, 5-5.5mm long (1.5-1.8mm broad), inflated spongy at base, greenish, becoming brown, dorsally distinctly 4-6-nerved, dorsally nerveless or nearly so, gradually tapering to an elongate (nearly as long as the body), narrow, scabrous- margined, long-bidentate beak. Fr. June—July. Deciduous forests, shady groves, and old parks. —European part: Lad. - Il'm., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam., Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Zavolzh., Low. Don.; Caucasus: Ciscauc. (Maikop area). Gen. distr.: Centr. and West. Europe. Described from France. Type in Paris. NOTE: A race readily distinguishable by its general aspect, shape of perigynia and their nervature, rare in the central part of the U.S.S.R. but of rather common occurrence in the forest-steppe part, is found side by side with C. argyroglochin Hornm. 155 34. C.polyphylla Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XIV (1841) 859; V. Krecz. in Fl. Turkm. 1,2, (1932) 230.—C.nemorosa Lumn. Fl. Peson. (1791) 418m non Schrank (1789).—C.Leersii F., Schultz in Flora, LIII (1870) 459 non Willd. (1787). -—C. Pairaei var. Leersii Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 55; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 194.-—C. echinata var. Leersii Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 161, ex p.—C.muricata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 276, quoad pl. taur.-cauc. (ex p.) et alt; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 323 (pp.) non L.—C.divulsa C.A.M. in Ldb. Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 212, non Good. Perennial, light green or cineraceous- green plants with short rhizome, cespitose; culms prominently scabrous above, 50-100cm tall, with few brown fibers at base; leaves 3-5mm broad, shorter than the culm spike- lets 5-12, remote below, contiguous above, subglobose (1.2-1.5cm in dia- meter), substellate, disposed in a spike 3-6cm long; scales ovate, finely acuminate, ferruginous, green-keeled, shorter than the perigynia; peri- gynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, (4.5)5-5.5mm long, not spongy at base, 156 nerveless or few-nerved, green, the pronounced margin scabrous above, gradually tapering to a long beak with spreading cuneate teeth. Fr. May— June. (Plate XI, Figure 6). Light forests, ravines, mountain meadows. —European part: Crimea (mount.); Caucasus: West. Siberia: Irt. (e. mount. part), Alt.; Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (submont. s. part), Dzh.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Syr. - Dar., Pam.-Al., Mount. Turkm. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Mediter- ranean, north-western Mongolia, northern Persia, Asia Minor. Described from Tarbagatai (Chegarak-Asu Pass). Type in Moscow. 35. C.cuprina (Sand. ) Nendtv. in Verhandl. Zool. -bot. Ges. Wien XIII (1863) 566. -C. nemorosa var. cuprina Sand. ex Heuff. in Lin- naea, XXXI (1862) 662. —C. Pairaei F. Schultz in Flora, LI (1868) 302 et op. cit. LIV, 2 (1871) 27, tab. II, C; ib.,6 (1871) tab. I et Il. —C. muri- cata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 276, ex p. (excl. var. B et Y), non L.—C.echinata Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 160 et auct. fl. Ross., non Murr. —Exs.: HFR Nos. 646, 944, 945. Perennial, light green plants with short creeping rhizome, cespitose; culms scabrous above, 20-60cm long, with blackish-brown fibers at base; leaves 2-2.5mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets (2)4-7, few- flowered, globose (0.8cm in diameter) strongly stellate, aggregate ina spike 1.5-3cm long, the 1-2 lowest spikelets usually remote; scales broadly ovate, subacute, pale or light ferruginous, green-keeled, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly subrhomboid-ovoid (sometimes), 3-4mm long, nerveless, green, light-margined, not spongy at base, rather abruptly contracted into a cuneate, short, scabrous beak. Fr. May— June. (Plate XI, Figure 8). Forests, coppices, (rarely). —All European part (except n. Kar. -Lap. and Dv.-Pech.); Caucasus; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. - Sayan. (Minusinsk). Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, North America (e.). Described from Hungary. 36. C.divulsa Stokes ex With. Bot. arr. brit. pl., ed. 2, II (1787) 1035; Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 160; V. Krecz. in Fl. Turkm. 1,2 (1932) 340.—C.virens Lam. in Encycl. III (1789) 384; C.Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 614.—C. muricata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V (1853) 276, quoad pl. ross., taur. (ex p.) et cauc. (ex p. ). —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 13. Perennial, green plants, with an oblique rhizome, loosely cespitose; culms prominently scabrous above, 40-70cm tall, with brown fibers at base; leaves flat, rather soft, 2-3mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-10, few-flowered, with slightly spreading perigynia, the upper ones contiguous, hemispherical, the lower ones oblong and often pedicellate or short-branched, often with pronounced bracts, disposed in an interrupt- ed spike 5-10cm long; scales ovate, finely acuminate, whitish, green- keeled, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong- ovoid to lance-ovoid 3.5-4.5mm long, green, nerveless, not spongy at base, light-margined, gradually tapering into a scabrous beak of medium length. Fr. May—June. (Plate XI, Figure 7). Light deciduous forests. —European part: Mid. Dnepr. (Slobodka Vin- nitsk. and Peschanoe Baltsk.), Upp. Don. (Chernetchina, Akhtyr), Crimea; 123 157 the whole of the Caucasus; Centr. Asia: Mount. Turkm, (Firyuza). Gen. distr.: Europe (w. and s.), North Africa, Asia Minor, northern Persia, North America (e.). Described from England (Norfolk). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X spicata Huds.; X remota L. (C.Em- mae Li Gross, )}y"xXteporinatlL (Citrev erica Hausskn: ), Cycle 4. Herpystera V. Krecz. —Arenicolous plants with long creep- ing rhizome, forming loose tufts. Leaves to 2-3mm broad, abbreviated and thickened, flat, cuneate. Inflorescence congested, spiciform. Spikelets androgynous, bractless. Scales subulate-acuminate. Perigynia lanceolate, 3.5-4mm long, nerved, spongy at base, gradually tapering into scabrous bidentate beak. Style with a sleeve-like enlargement at base. 37. C.arenicola F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. VII sér., XII (1868) 191, tab. VI, fig. 18-24; Kiik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 45, fig. 24; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. KrayaI, 282. Perennial, light or dark green plants with creeping thickened rhizome, with setaceous-fibrillose remnants of sheaths at the nodes; culms scabrous above, 15-25cm tall, with tall, ochreous-brown, fibrillose-cleft sheaths at base; leaves flat and mostly cuneate toward the base, shorter than the culm, 2-3.5mm broad, subulate-attenuate above, scabrous on the midrib and margins; spikelets divaricate, disposed in an oblong, rather loose spike 1-2.5cm long; scales oblong-ovate, mucronate (especially the lower ones), ferruginous, keeled, with a broad hyaline margin, shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to lanceolate (lageniform), membranaceous, 3.9-4mm long, ferruginous-yellow, plano-convex, with broad rounded base, bilaterally spongy-inflated, dorsally nerved all the way up, ventrally only below, the pronounced margin scabrous from the middle to the summit, gradually tapering intoanelongate scabrous beak. Fr, June. (Plate XI, Figure 11). Coastal sands. —Far East: Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Korea, Japan. Described from Sakhalin (Truotoga). Type in Leningrad. Section 6. Rhynchopera (Boern.) V. Krecz. —Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 272 (pro genere). — Large meadow and bog plants, tufted, usually forming clumps. Culms more or less 3-angled. Leaves narrow. Inflorescence usually branched below or more or less paniculate, with numerous few-flowered androgynous spikelets, bractless, Perigynia coriaceous, mostly broadly ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, strongly con- vex on the back, slightly so on the inner face, short-stipitate, with sub- cordate base, narrowly serrulate-winged from the middle, rather abruptly contracted into a long, scarcely bidentulate, dorsally cleft beak. Stigmas 2. 1, Lower sheaths splitting into blackish-brown capillary fibers; perigynia neryved: on bothifdaces (Plate X.,~Pigunexl 5)iy, aasio. .baslaneed ode we « HR be. fetter: Heit mwah oes gerne Dip LO Pan gia tes Sehim. + Lower sheaths entire; perigynia nerveless or nerved only on the backs: siint! ose te Sates ton. 2eeleras seas . UO. sect eae 2. 2. Leaves at most 3mm broad; lower sheaths blackish-brown, narrow; scales with narrow hyaline margin, shorter than the perigynia; rhi- zome short-creeping (Plate X, Figure 14) ............0..00.. 124 + Leaves to 10mm broad; lower sheaths castaneous, broad; scales with very wide hyaline margin, equaling or exceeding the perigynia; SScpivose plant ne sary PAP wher. eens os PLAT: RP tt We Sacks s ete ipiete et 3. 3. Perigynia 3mm long, nerveless or with 1-3 very indistinct nerves on the back; leaves to 5-6mm broad. (Europe—Plate X, Figure 16). Bee OM RIESS Co ., LAL IRMA Sie ae gra lel Se es on Lae 40. C. paniculata Juslen, + Perigynia 3.8-4.5mm long, with 3-5 thick nerves on the back; leaves to LOmm*broad.’ (Caucasus—Tablex, Fisure Q7) on Yok ee. i ae aoe Seelam Pe YI Rae or SNP, te nee Cem eee AL Mee soo w ius 7 iV erecz. 38. C.diandra Schrank, Cent. Bot. Anmerk. (1781) 49 et in Acta Ac. Mogunt, (1782) 57. —-C.teretiuscula Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II 794) 163, qtab. 19, fig. 3; Prev. in Ldb. Fl, Rosse 1Vi02 76..-—ler: Syae , fin Mosc. sub. 1, 192. —ixs,.: Kneuck NO. d4yntoanlio. . FLOR ING.« 1245, a etb. 158 Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with an elongate, short-creeping rhizome, loosely cespitose; culms with subconvex sides, scabrous above, 40-100cm tall, covered at base with dark brown, bladeless, entire sheaths; leaves broadly canaliculate, 1-2(3)mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets disposed in an oblong inflorescence, this more or less branched below, to 3mm long; scales ovate, acute, castaneous or ferruginous, with a light-colored midrib and rather broad white-hyaline margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, (2)2.5-3mm long, castaneous-brown to nearly black, with a broad subcordate base, more or less lustrous, convex, with 4-5 short nerves at base on the back, subconvex, nerveless, at first abruptly, later gradually, contracted into a long, serrulate-mar- gined and narrow-winged beak, this dorsally cleft nearly from base. Fr. June—July. (Plate X, Figure 14). Marshes, boggy meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur.; European part: (all regions, except s. Prichern., s. Lw. Don, most of Low. Volg., and Crimea); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (s.), West. and South. Transcauc.; West and East. Siberia; Far East; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp. (n. and s.-e. part of Kzyl-Ordinsk. region), Gen. distr.: Northern and Central Europe, North America. Described from southern Bavaria. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X paniculata L. (C. germanica Richt. ); X appropinquata Schum. (C.limnogena Appel). 39, C.appropinquata Schum, En, pl. Saell, I (1801) 267. —C. pa- radoxa Willd. in Sitzber. Ges. nat. Fer. Berlin (1794) 39, tab. I, fig. 1, non.J. F..Gmel,, (1791);. Trev; in Ldb» Fl. Ross, IV;.277.—Ie.: Syr-, TM). Fly Mosky gubse1,. 10l.-Exs.: —Kneuck.No., 71, 32; .HEFR, No; .695; Perennial, cineraceous-green, tussock-forming; culms with flat sides, prominently scabrous, 50-100cm tall, covered at base with brown to blackish-brown sheaths, these usually strongly capillary-split below; leaves nearly as long as the culm, flat or conduplicate, to 2mm broad; inflores- cence oblong-paniculate, 4-10cm long, with a short bract at base, the subdivergent branches attaining 2-3cm at the base; scales oblong-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, with a light midriband narrow hyaline margin, as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, reddish-brown, very strongly convex on the back, with 7-8 thick nerves on both faces, sub- cordate at base, rather abruptly contracted into a long, serrate, narrow- winged, frontally cleft beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate X, Figure 15). 125 159 Marshes, shores, canals (on peaty soil). —European part: all regions, except n. part of Kar. -Lap., also Prichern,, Low. Don, (only Esaulovka and Novocherkassk), Low. Volg. and Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc. and West Transcauc.; West. Siberia; East. Siberia: Yenis. and Ang, -Sayan. Gen, distr.: Europe (Northern and Central). Described from Holland (Lingby Lake). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X diandra Schrank (C.limnogena Ap- pel..);..X paniculata, (G. Reothae..De,.-Not.()) C ins olisthi tials Bigs): —X,canescensyL: (C.Sehultzeana |Fig )/iremota: (CiyRie - seana Fig.). 40. C.paniculata Juslen. ex L. Amoen, acad, IV (1759) 294; Trev. in’ Mdb yo 1: Woss.Vi } 277, triparntita,All.;)X,tenuiflora Wahlb. (C.Al- mii Holmb.); X norvegica Willd. (C.Sylvenii Holmb.); X lolia- cree yt psu bic.ols taytiatiHolmb,):.% Imelep nas tes, 2hrh: (Cy micro - stachyoides Montell); X glareosa Whlb. (C.stricticulmis Holmb.); X brunnescens Poir. (C.tenebricans Holmb.); X paral- lela Laest. (C. dioica ssp. paralleloides Lund, ?). 464, €). gynoe rates, Wormskj.. apud Drejer, Rey... crit. Car, bor. (1841) 16; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac.U.S.S.R., XX (1927) 206. — C.dioica Bp Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 264. -C.Redowskiana F, Schmidt in Mém. Ac. Sc, Pétersb., sér. VII, XII (1868) 66, non C. A.M. Perennial, stoloniferous; culms terete, smooth, obscurely furrowed; leaves setaceous-involute, smooth, scabrous only at base; staminate spikelets clavate-cylindric, 0.8-2cm long; scales loose; pistillate spike- lets oblong, 0.7-1.6mm long (terminal flowers often abortive), rather loose, with horizontally spreading perigynia; scales yellowish-brown, acute, equaling or exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to ovoid, broadly ellipsoid at maturity,2.5-3mm long, strongly biconvex, many-ribbed, brownish, lustrous, with enlarged base, abruptly tapering into a short scabrous beak. Fr. June—August. (Plate XIV, Figures 5 a,b,c). Marshes, boggy meadows, and tundras. —Arctic: Arct. Sib. (except w. part), Anad.; East. Siberia: Len.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch,, Okhot., Ze.-Bur., Uss. (Sikhote-Alin'), Sakh. Gen. distr.: Canada, western Greenland. Described from Greenland (Egalico Bay). seu) Wav allaanasiSim: in/Rrans. inn Ssocy Wi i800), 2668,,0irev in lddbyoris) Ros's/fiV. 264; (Gorodk,, ini Trav. Musi) Bot. Ac.. )U.S.9-RE xX (1927) 203. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 1 and 65. Perennial, densely cespitose plants; culms numerous, obtusely triangular scabrous, furrowed, 10-50cm tall; leaves setaceous, scabrous; staminate spikelets 1.2-2.5cm long, narrowly cylindric; scales oblong-ovate, golden- rusty, sometimes spikelets fertile at the summit (f. Sieberiana Opiz. pro sp.); pistillate spikelets 0.8-2mm long, oblong-cylindric, loose, 131 166 with divaricate and recurved perigynia; scales ovate, acute, with broad hyaline or ferruginous margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ob- long-lanceolate (bottle-shaped), 3-4.5mm long, strongly convex on the back, nerved, castaneous, gradually attenuated into a long, mostly curved, scabrous- or smooth-margined, truncate beak. Fl. April—June, Fr. May— July. (Plate XIV, Figures 8a,b,c). Marshes and boggy meadows. —A west European species, possibly occur - ring in this country in the western part of Mid. Dnep.; Kropachev's collec- tions from the southern shore of Lake Ladoga (Lad. -Il'm.) are dubious; indications of Altai (Ldb.) refer to the next species. Gen, distr.: Europe. Described from Switzerland (Orbe in Vaud canton). 49. C.Redowskiana C.A.M. in Mém. Acad, St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (631) 207; tab, IV; Trev? in Ldb, FY). Ross:°1IV ; 2653 iGorodk, iniigav. Mus. Bot. Ac. U.S.S.R., XX (1927) 203. -C. Fischeriana Gayin Ann, Sc, Nat., 2 sér., X (1838) 286. -C,. Davalliana Trev. in Ldb., 1.c., quoad pl. alt. -C. Davalliana B leiocarpa Bge in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Htel VL(£835) 603.'—C? pwitcaris Trautvecin AnH, PLVO, Giaiiaies. non L, Perennial, loosely cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms angled, scab- rous, 10-40cm tall; leaves filiform-involute, to 0.6-0.7mm broad, angled, scabrous, smooth at base; staminate spikelets narrowly cylindric, 1-2,l1cm long, their scales Ovate, obtuse, loose; pistillate spikelets narrowly ob- long, 0.7-1.7cm long, with strongly elongated subdivaricate perigynia; scales ovate, obtuse, castaneous to light ferruginous, broadly hyaline- margined, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate (somewhat bottle-shaped), 3-4(5)mm long, straight or slightly curved, nerved, brownish, gradually tapering into a long, smooth-margined, rarely (in tundra forms) scaberulous beak. June—July. (Plate XIV, Figures 7a, bee). Mossy marshes, boggy meadows, swampy forests, and wet tundras, — Arctic: Arct. Eur. (Pol. Ural), Arct. Sib. (incl. Northern Ural); Euro- pean part: Dv. -Pech. (between Ural and upper Pechora); Volg. -Kam. (Semichlovechnyi Kamen'); West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur. (s.-w.), Len.-Kol. Described from Kam- chatka (though the plant probably originates from the Irkutsk—Okhotsk road). Type in Leningrad. 50. C. Kabanovi V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 593. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with stout short stolons, forming loose tufts; culms stout (to 1mm in diameter), flattened and obscurely triangular, erect, furrowed, smooth, 20-35cm tall; leaves also thickened, canaliculate-triangular, to 1mm broad, abruptly blunt-tipped, scabrous- margined below; spikelets terminal; the staminate linear, 1-1.5cm long, with oblong, golden-rusty, whitish-margined, obtuse scales, the pistillate also linear, 1-1.5cm long, rather dense (20-25-flowered); scales ovate, obtuse, ferruginous, with broad white hyaline margin, half as long as the perigynia; perigynia subdivergent, subcoriaceous, ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.8- 3.2mm long, biconvex, many-nerved, short-stipitate, rather abruptly contracted into a smooth, scarious-tipped, obliquely emarginate-truncate beak. Fr. August. Peat swamps. —Far East: Sakh. (n. part). Endemic. Described from the eastern coast of northern Sakhalin, Type in Leningrad. 132 51. C.parallela Laest. ex Sommerf, Suppl. fl. lap. (1826) 39; Gorodk, in Trav, Mus. Bot, Ac, U.S.S.R. , XX (1927) 205. -—C.. dioica parallela Laest. in Acta Holm. (1822) 338.—C.dioica B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV (1852) 263. —C. dioica Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 85,. ex p. non Lis—Exs 7 *Kneuck: ‘Nos. °2'73, 302, Perennial, stoloniferous plants; culms angled-furrowed, nearly smooth above, subtriangular, 10-25cm tall; leaves abbreviated, narrowly linear (to 1.2mm broad), erect, faintly scaberulous to nearly smooth. Staminate spikelets narrow, 1-1.2cm long, their scales yellowish-brown, with broad hyaline margin; pistillate spikelets linear to oblong-ovoid, 0.6-1.3cm long, rather loose, with usually appressed, finally divaricate perigynia; scales ovate, dark brown, subacute, narrowly hyaline-margined, only slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 3-3.5 mm long, plano-convex, nerved, reddish-brown, gradually tapering into a short smooth beak. Fr. July—August. (Plate XIV, Figures 6a,b,c). Mountainous and lowland tundras, —Arctic: Nov. Zem. (s. island of Novaya Zemlya, Vaichag), Arct. Eur.; European part: Kar.-Lap. (Khi- biny, Ponoi). Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Greenland, Spitsbergen. De- scribed from Liule Mountains (Birichaure) in Swedish Lapland. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.brunnescens Poir. (C. Fridtzii Holmb. ). Section 10. Leptovignea (Boern.) V. Krecz. —Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, XXI (1913) 273. —? Facolos Rafin, Amenit. of at. (1840) 26 (pro genere). —Small plants, densely cespitose (rarely stolo- niferous). Culms triangular, hollow (especially in lower part) or with very loose pith; leaves narrow, thin. Spikelets gynecandrous (rarely andro- gynous—C.disperma-—i.e. with pistillate flowers in upper part of inflo- rescence and staminate flowers in lower part), few, forming a capitate or rather interrupted, spiciform inflorescence, Lowest spikelet with a short bract or bractless. Perigynia ovoid to ovoid-oblong, (2)2.5-3.5(4) mm long, membranaceous, subcoriaceous to semicoriaceous, white-puncticulate, plano-convex or biconvex, nerved on both faces, with very narrow margin; 168 perigynium-beak distinct or obsolescent, scabrous or smooth, with an entire, obliquely truncate, or subemarginate summit. Stigmas 2. 1, Spikelets with staminate flowers above and pistillate below. (Plate XII, LEST Se EE el ERS eC Sen terre ae hote (oso. Cs Gl saye rae Dew. + Spikelets with pistillate flowers above and staminate below (Plate XII, FASURE neil is Aisiwts dd. Bakcae eer eumeas «Lucas Dive Orr Beier tas. tae Ze 2. Stoloniferous plants; perigynium without a distinct beak, conic-or nearly round-tipped. (Plate XII, Figures 4,5,6,7) ........... a at Plants without stolons, cespitose; perigynia with distinct beak, rarely obsolete-beaked. (Plate XII, remaining figures)............. is 3. Perigynia with slightly raised nerves, obtuse. (Plate XII, Figure 7) RE Pere ra pete ee. Ht. Biel. Ges a =: 5, Sc eteeth inlet aed Same Sane ee ake 4. ar Perigynia ribbed, conic-tipped. (Plate XII, Figures 4,5,6) ..... 5. 4, Scales 1/3 to 1/2 shorter than mature perigynia; perigynia ovoid, faintly scaberulous above, 2.5-3(3.5)mm long. Low, strong plants, WAtiMGattet tlathlcanes ©) uel. a lana laeOaGl carer solemn enim ssien ememetne ne ERR ne oo esy wc) anal eG wa ai TRC Meera eey uremie ber (© tenur1itora (Whib. 133 169 INDE ahs wi Scales as long as perigynia or nearly so; perigynia oblong-ovoid, smooth above, 3-3.5mm long. Tall, slender plants, with narrow in- volute leaves 0.5-1mm broad........ 5M Ch arnhiyne hallPraneh, Scales obtuse, shorter by nearly one-half than the perigynia; perigynia rounded-obtuse, 3-3.5mm long (Plate XII, Figure 6) .......0.0.% akin «i VwitiwiebelGiee bite .o ke by needed bier lal iolatmeea LL, Scales sevice only slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia conic stippeds ca 2 4rmmmeglongy ptiewe ve Mate. as. DORR COTE PR a Leaves flat, 2-3mm broad. Siotkeslians aHeneeataans in an oblong spike; perigynia lance-Ovoid, with somewhat elongate beak, 3.4-4mm long; sScalesrumhitishiy. tte RON ce Phin cue 2 omdeed aban. ahora Liedaioead 64. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. + Bright green umbracticolous plants of mineral soils, with flaccid elongated culms and leaves; all spikelets distant; scales white. Peri- gynia 2.5-2.8mm long, with few prominent nerves on both faces (Plate Mi) Bigume Li)renipunsal ae OE RVR «72 FELL 6525 Crevil inl se Fries, Cycle 1. Euleptovignea V. Krecz. —Slender plants with oblong spiciform, crowded or interrupted inflorescences. Spikelets usually more or less spreading and few-flowered (5-18 flowers). Scales shorter than perigynia, sometimes as long, mostly acute, more rarely subobtuse to obtuse. Perigynia membranaceous, oblong, 3.5-4mm long, usually more or less lanceolate, usually with numerous rather prominent nerves and mostly with obsolescent, smooth, rarely scabrous, usually obscurely emarginate beak. h2. C: elongata bsp, pl. (yoa)-9t3 7° tT revoin iaidba i) Rosse win. 278 (excl. var. B).—Ic.: Syr. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I, 195, —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 94; HFR No. 1640, 1045; Fl. Pol.Exs. No. 889. Perennial, bright green cespitose plants; culms scabrous, (20) 50-80cm tall; leaves flat, 2-3 (in Siberia to 4-6)mm broad, soft, as long as or slightly shorter than the culm; spikelets 6-12, oblong (from 0.5-1 cm long), the lower ones sometimes slightly forking and loose, the terminal ones crowded; inflorescence long, more or less nodding, 5-8cm long; bract usually wanting; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, with a green midrib and light margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, membrana- ceous, 3.5-4mm long, plano-convex, slightly curved above, brownish green or green, becoming ferruginous-yellow, with distinct nerves on both faces (10-12 on the back, 6-8 on the inner face) round-based, scabrous-mar- gined in upper one-third, tapering into a cuneate, faintly bidentulate, frontal- ly shallow-cleft beak. Fr. May-June. (Plate XII, Figure 9). Forest, forest margins, coppices, and forest glades. —European part, except n, Kar. -Kap. , un. Dv?-Pech, ,"s. yPuichern: | Low: Don; > Bowl Vets. and Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc. (w. mount, part), West. Transcauc. (Poti); "West! Siberia: 'Ob,""Upp,| Tob. Inet VAIL. :) Hast. oLbe tian. erica. Ang. -Sayan. Gen. distr.: Europe (West. and Centr.). Described from Europe. 748 136 173 NOTE: Forming hybrids: X paniculata L. (C. Fussii Simonk. ); X canescens L.; X remota L, (C. Ploettneriana Beyer). 53. C.traiziscana F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb., VII sér. , XII (1868) 192, tab. VII, fig. 11-15.—C.laeviculmis Kom. FI. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 233, ex p., non Meinsh. Perennial, rather soft, green, loosely cespitose plants; culms triangular, with concave sides, slender, pliant, scabrous above, 50-70cm tall; leaves flat, 2.5-4mm broad, faintly scaberulous only on the margin, soft, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, globular to globular-ovoid, terminal spike- lets 2, approximate, the lower ones 2-3cm apart above a geniculation of the culm; bracts subtending the lowest spikelet often 2-3 times as long as the spikelet; scales ovate, obtuse to subobtuse, ferruginous, scarious- margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, ellipsoid, 3.2- 4mm long, plano-convex, yellowish-rusty, with 14-18 slender nerves on both faces, attenuate at base into a broad short stipe, rather gradually tapering into a short, conic, shallow-cleft, scabrous beak. (Plate XII, Figure 3). Peat marshes. —Far East: Sakh. Gen. distr.: Northern Japan. De- scribed from Sakhalin (Traiziska), Type in Leningrad. hw Ce. memumue@en sis) Eranch. in Bully soc ehil Pariseso ser. . Vill (1895) 30; Ohwi in Acta Phytotax, et Geob. I (1932) 69 (excl. C.aa).— Cut geaiziscana Kom, Fl. penins. ~Kamtsch,,. (1.927) 233,.e invsched, —Ciytraizise cana Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. J (1925) 182, ex p., non F. Schmidt. Perennial, cineraceous-green, stoloniferous, loosely cespitose plants; culms slender, but firm, scabrous above; leaves rather rigid, narrow (1-1.5(2) mm broad), flat to subinvolute, straight, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, mostly divaricate, hemispherical, the terminal approximate, the lower ones distant, bractless; rachis geniculate; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, keeled, with a lighter or greenish median band, broadly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, membran- aceous, 4-4.2mm long, plano-convex, glaucous-yellow, with slender raised nerves (10-12 on the back, 6-8 unequal ones on the inner face), witha 137 174 thick spongy stipe at base, gradually cuneate-attenuate into a smooth, terminally shallow-cleft beak. Fr. July. (Plate XII, Figure 5). Peat. —Far East: Kamch, (Paratunka River basin; Bol'sheretsk, Sobo- levo), Sakh. (Mitsuriioka). Described from Kamchatka (Paratunka River basin, near the village Nikolaevskoe, between the river Tikhaya and the lakelets). Endemic. Type in Leningrad. 56. C.pseudo-loliacea F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb., VII Sér. , XII (1868) 193, tab. VI, fig. 7-13; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kraya I (1931) 286. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms flattened-triangular, erect, thickened, scabrous above, 20-35cm tall; leaves flat, (2)3-4mm broad, scabrous, rather soft, nearly as long as the culm; spikelets 2-5, ovoid, subdivaricate, aggregated in an oblong head, the lowest sometimes remote; scales ovate, subacute, whitish, witha green midrib and 2 nerves, shorter by nearly one-half than the perigynia ; perigynia lance-ovoid, membranaceous, 3.5-4mm long, yellowish-green, round-based, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into an obtuse, short, narrowly conic, smooth, frontally deep-cleft beak. Fr. June. (Plate XII, Figure 4). Peat bogs and forests. —Far East: Uss., Sakh., Gen. distr. : Kurile Islands (Yezo and Honshu). Described from Sakhalin (Dué). Type in Leningrad. 57... C.,loliacea Li Sp. pl. (1,753) 974; Trev: in Ldb. Fl: Ross.IV, 281..—-C.: sibirnica. Spreng, Syst. I) (1826) 809. —Exs); Pl.) Finl.jExs: No. .5204, 521vet, 522s, HER, Nosp2055, Kneuck.. Ney)O7: Perennial, light green plants producing creeping stolons; culms slender, but not weak, scabrous, 20-40cm tall; leaves flat, 1-1.5mm broad, scab- rous, half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-7, divaricate, hemispherical, few-flowered, distant, or only the two terminal ones approximate; scales broadly ovate, obtuse to subobtuse, green-keeled, with broad scarious margin, half as long as perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, subcoriaceous, 3-3.5mm long, rather strongly convex, brownish-green, with 10-12 strong- ly raised nerves on the back and 5-7 flatter nerves on the inner face, round- based, obtuse and slightly emarginate-tipped. Fr. May—June. (Plate XII, Figure 6). Peats, mossy forests. —European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. -Pech., Lad. - Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Don. (n. part), Volg. -Kam. ; west. Siberia: Ob. Irt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur. , Len..-Kol. ; Far East: Uss., Ud., Sakh..,,Kamch,; Centr.; Asia: »Pri- balkh. (Karkaraly). Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Korea, Manchuria, northern Japan. Described from Sweden. Type in London. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X canescens L,. (C. macilenta Fries; C.albescens Nyl.); X trisperma Dew.; Xdioica L. (Ccus whis costata Holmb.). 58. C.tenuiflora Whlb. in Sv. Vet. -Akad. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 147; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 284. —-C.tenuiflora var. macilenta Kik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 70; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 457. — C.leucolepis Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 et ex Steud. Nomencl, bot. , ed. 2, I (1840) 292 (nomen). —Exs.: Pl Finl. Exs. nO.NOLS; 138 175 Perennial, cineraceous~green plants with creeping rhizome, forming tufts; culms slender but rather firm, smooth or nearly so, 15-50cm tall; leaves flat to subinvolute, 1-1.5mm broad, shorter than the culm, scabrous; spikelets 2-4, few-flowered, globular, disposed in a subcapitate or very slightly lobed inflorescence; scales ovate, obtuse, pale yellow, witha greenish median band and 3 brownish lines, broadly hyaline-margined, much shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, subcoriaceous, 2.5-3(3.5)mm long, yellowish-green, plano-convex, slightly curved at the apex, obscurely 5-9- nerved on both faces, round-based, subsessile, terminating in an obsoles- cent, scaberulous, bidentate beak. Fr. May—July. (Plate XII Figure 7). Mossy bogs and wet forest. —Arctic: Anad. (n. part); European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. -Pech., Lad. -Il'm., , Upp. Dnepr. (Bel'skii District), Upp. Volg. , Volg. -Kam. (n.-w. part and Ural to Zlatoust and Miyass); West. Siberia: Ob., Irt. (e. part), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan. , Daur, Len. -Kol. ;)\FariEBast:\«Zey sBura,(Uss.; (Ud; , Okhot:,, Sakh: , Kamch. Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, North America, northern Korea, Man- churia, northern Japan. Described from northern Sweden (Enontekio in Lapland). Type in Stockholm. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X canescens L. (C. Kyyhkyneni Hidén;; Xx heleonastes Ehrh. (C. mucronulata Holmb.). 59°) C..arrhy neha \Pranch,, in, Bulli,,Soe;)Philom:, Paris, 8sser.4: VIL (1895)530.:—C,. tenuiflora var, arrhyneha Kik,.in Engl. Pilzr. JV, 20 (1909) 224. -C. Nakaii Levl. et Vant. in Bull. Ac. Geogr. Bot. XIX (1909) 33, Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms scaberulous, 50-60cm tall; leaves narrow, 0.5-1mm broad; spikelets 2-3, few-flowered, dis- posed in a capitate inflorescence; scales ovate, silvery-green, lighter at the margin, keeled, equaling the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 3-3.5mm long, plano-convex, rather distinctly nerved on both faces, obtuse, bidentulate, smooth. Peat. —Far East: Sakh. —Possibly in Uss. Described from Japan (Yezo, Akkeshi). Type in Paris. Cycle 2. Cephalidostachys V. Krecz. —Rather robust (not slender) plants; spikelets crowded or distant, rather many-flowered (10-30 flowers). Scales shorter than perigynia, acute or subobtuse. Perigynia membrana- ceous and subcoriaceous, (2)2.5-3-3.5mm long, ovoid, with numerous, slightly raised nerves, distinctly stipitate, with elongate, frontally cleft, mostly scabrous beak, Series 1. Diaeretostomae V.Krecz.-—Spikelets distant, numerous (from 6 to 12), many-flowered; perigynia 2-2.8(3)mm long,membranaceous, the very distinct stipe slightly imbedded in base of perigynium, the beak short -bidentate. 60° (C’. bonanwensic Britt, ex Britt, et Rydb. in Bull. N_Y. Bot. Gard, II (1901) 160.—C. Cajanderi Kuk. in Oefvers. Finska Vet. -Soc. Forhandl., XLV, .8.(1903) 3..—C ym aca das, Meinsh. imjA. FP. x yEin, 3 (1901) 328, quoad. pl. ex Tunguska, non Schkuhr. Perennial, cineraceous-green, mostly densely cespitose plants; culms flattened-triangular, scabrous above, 20-45cm tall; leaves flat, 1-2mm broad, scaberulous, shorter than or as long as the culm; spikelets (4)6-9, ovoid or oblong, 3-6 mm long (2.5-3mm broad), the upper approximate, the lower (one or two) distant; scales ovate, obtuse, ferruginous, green 139 keeled and white-margined, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to obovate-ellipsoid, membranaceous, 1.5-1.8mm long, grayish- green, ferruginous above, with 6-8 brownish nerves on both faces, some- what spongy-thickened at base, rather abruptly contracted into a very short, subconic, smooth, frontally slightly cleft beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 121). Wet meadows, —Arctic: Anad. West. Siberia: Ob. (eastward from the Ob'); East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur. , Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ze. -Bur., Okhot., Ud., Sakh. (n. part), Kamch. Gen. distr.: North America (Alaska). Described from North America (Yukon, estuary of Bonanza Creek), Type in New York, 176 Ge CVeahescens Di'Sp. pl. (1753) 974° Trev. in db: Bi Ross? IV, 280 (excl. var. BetY).—C.curta Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 145; C. A.M. ex Ldb, Fl. Alt, IV (1833) 211. —Ic.: Syreish. I11. Fi.. Mosk. .oubs7l, 195-196S=Exs Yo ReNow 238;" Pl kinl, «Bes. sNor eat a: BY: Potixs No. 587.. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms erect, scabrous above, 20-50cm tall; leaves flat, 2-3mm broad, straight, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-7, ovoid or oblong, 5-8mm long, distant below, the lowest sometimes with a weak bract; scales ovate, acute, pale green, mem- branaceous, keeled, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, membrana- ceous, 2.5-3mm long, plano-convex, light green, becoming pale yellow, with 8-10 slender, brunescent, obscure nerves on both faces, short-stip- itate, the stipe very distinct from the broad cuneate base, the beak sub- cuneate, scabrous, shallowly cleft. Fr. May—June. (Plate XII, Figure 8). Wet meadows, bogs, canals. —All European part, except Prichern. , Low. Don. , Low. Volg. and Crimea; Caucasus (n. and w.); all Siberia and Far East; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan. (AlamedininKirg. Ala- tau). Gen. distr.: Northern and Central Europe, North America, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, Describedfrom Northern Europe. { Due to oversight, the perigynium appears scabrous in the drawing. Explanation to Plate XII 1. Carex remota L.: inflorescence, a) perigynium — outer and inner face, scale; b) C. remotius- cula Whlb.: perigynium — outer and inner face; c) C. laeviculmis Meinsh.: perigynium — outer and inner face. — 2. C. elongata L.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face. — 3. C. trai- ziscana F, Schmidt.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 4. C. pseudololia- cea F. Schmidt: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 5. C. diastena V. Krecz.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 6. C. loliacea L.: inflorescence, perigy- nium — outer and inner face, scale. — 7. C. tenuiflora Whlb.: spikelet, inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale.— 8. C. canescens L.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 9. C. hylaea V. Krecz.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face. — 10. C. brunne- scens (Pers.) Poir.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face. — 11. C. vitilis Fr.: inflorres- rescence, perigynium — outer and inner face. — 12. C. bonanzensis Britt.: perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 13. C. tripartita All.: perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 14. C. glareosa Whlb.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 15. C. ursina Dew.: plant, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. ~ 16. C. Mackenziei V. Krecz.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 17. C. heleonastes Ehrh.: inflorescence, perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 18. C. amblyorhyncha V. Krecz.: perigynium — outer and inner face, scale. — 19. C. disperma Dew.: inflorescence, spikelet, perigynium — outer and inner face. 140 NOTE: Forming hybrids: X dioica L. (C. microstachya Ehrh.); X paniculata L, (C. ludibunda Gay); X appropinquata Schum. (C. Schultzeana #ig.); K tripartata Al (CC! helvola’ Bart); xX norvegica Willd. (C. pseudohelvola Kihlm.); X loliacea L, (C. Mithala Callmé); X elongata L.; X remota L. (C.Arthur - iana Beckm.); X muricata L. (C.tetrastachya Traunst.; C.bi- harica Simonk.); X lapponica O.F. Lang (C.clauwsa Holmb: } X brunnescens Poir. (C.abortiva Holmb:); X heleonastes Ehrh, (C. heterophyta Holmb.); X trisperma Dew. (C.tenelli- formis Holmb.); X tenuiflora Whlb. (C. Kyyhkyneni Hidén.). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Of some economic importance, as the plant is eaten by cattle. 179 62. C.lapponica O.F. Langin Linnaea, XXIV (1851) 538; Holmb. in Bot. Notis. (1929) 11, fig. 3; 1:4.—C.canescens subloliacea Laest. in Nov. Acta Soc, Sc. Upsal. XI (1839) 282. Perennial, cineraceous-green, somewhat loosely cespitose plants; culms slender but strict, scabrous above, 10-35cm tall; leaves flat, narrow, 0.6-1.2mm broad, strict; spikelets 3-6, globular, subdistant, 0.4-0.5cm long, the lowest often with a developed bract; scales ovate, acute, pale ferruginous or (more often) pale green, membranaceous, slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, membranaceous, 2-2.3mm long, plano-convex, obscurely nerved, light green, rather rounded-tipped, with an obsolescent, conic, smooth beak. June—July. Marshes and boggy meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. , Arct. Sib. (Polar Ural; Dudino—Brenner); West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Far East. Gen. distr.: Northern Fenno-Scandia, North America. Described from Scandinavian Lapland. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X canescens L. (C.clausa Holmb.); X brunnescens Poir, (C. subpatula Holmb.). 63. C.hylaea V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 594.—-C.gracilis Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 328, ex p., non Schkuhr. —C. canes - cens var. subtenella Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 218. C.ca- nescens var. tenuis O.F. LanginLinnaea, XXIV (1851) 538. —C.ca- nescens var. laetevirens Aschers. Fl. Brand. I (1864) 71 et Syn. II, 2 (1902) 61, ex p. Perennial, bright green, weak, loosely cespitose plants; culms slender, weak, decumbent, scaberulous above, 30-50cm tall, leafy to a considerable height; leaves thin, long, lax, 1-1.6mm broad, filiform-attenuate above, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, rather distant (the two terminal ones approximate), globular to broadly ovoid, 0.4-0.5mm long, the lowest often with a filiform bract attaining up to 3cm in length; scales ovate, acute, cuneate, with a narrow median band, with broad scarious margin, about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, membranaceous, 2.5-2.8mm long, light green, plano-convex, with slender nerves, distinct to the summit, on both faces, on a short, well defined stipe, gradually tapering into a short, subconic, scaberulous, frontally shallow-cleft beak. Fr, June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 9). Wet shady forests. —European part: Kar.-Lap. (s. part), Lad. -Il'm. Dv.-Pech. (forest zone), Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam.; West. Siberia: Ob., Irt., Endemic. Described from Leningrad Province (Obla, near Luga). Type in Leningrad. 142 64. C.brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Encycl. Suppl. III (1813) 286. — C.curta var. brunnescens Pers. Syn. II (1807) 539. —C. canes - 180cens Balpestris Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 281.—C.vitilis Litw, in Maevsk. Fl. Sr., ed. 5 (1917) 681 (excel. var.); V. Krecz., Ib., ed WiGnlo32), LZ9 (var ew -vatilis); non FriesasC,. vidtilisi, bs ispic. lutescenti brunneis Fries, Mant. III (1842) 134. -C. Persoonii Sieb. Herb. Fl. Austr. (1821) No. 282 (nomen) et in Flora, V (1822) 652; Nyl. Spicil. fl. fenn. II (1846) 34 (excl. var.); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 328. —Exs.: HFRNo. 996, 996a; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 110; Kneuck. No. 100a. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms scabrous above, slender, but firm and erect, 10-40cm tall; leaves flat, stiffish, 1.5-2mm broad, shorter than the culm, scabrous; spikelets 5-10, globular, ovoid, or oblong, 3-6mm long, the 3-4 terminal ones approximate, the lower re- mote, the lowest with a short bract, to 2mm long; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous to ferruginous-brown, with a light midrib and scarious margin, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to subglobular ellipsoid membra- naceous, 2-2.3mm long, greenish, ferruginous above, finally brunescent, on the back with 6-8 obscure nerves, evident only at base, nerveless on the inner face; ona short, indistinct stipe, rather abruptly contracted into an elongate scabrous beak, cleft to upper third of the perigynium. Fr. May— June. (Plate XII, Figure 10). Peat bogs, meadows, swampy forests. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib. (to Lena); European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. -Pech. , Lad. -Il'm., Upp. Dnepr. (except Ukraine), Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam.; West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob. (n. part), Irt. (e. part), Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. , Daur. (Upp. Angara—Yakchii), Len. -Kol (w. part); Far East: Kamch. ?; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.Tarb. (Saur). Gen. distr.: West. Europe, North America, northern Japan. Described from Swiss Alps (Tuli or Fuli mountain). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X tripartita All. (C. Zahnii Kneuck.); X lapponica O.F. Lang. (C. subpatula Holmb.); X canescens L. (C. abortiva Holmb.); X trisperma (C.leptoblasta Holmb.); X dioica L. (C.tenebricans Holmb.); X parallela Laest. (C. Frid - tzii Holmb.). 65.0GC .vitilis Fries; Nov.,.Fl:Suec., Mant, III (1842) 13,7 (sec. war. aspiculis virescentibus et Herb. Norm, VIII No. 85).—C. gra- cilis Ehrh. ex Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 48, tab. E., fig. 24, non Curt. (1783). -C. Persoonii var. laetior Nyl. Spicil. fl. fenn. II (1846) 34. — Guy tLilus vary Ssilviatica,Meinsh, Fl... Ingr.) (878) 402; {Litwin Maevsk. Fl. Sredn. Ross., ed. 5 (681. —C.brunnescens var. sphae- rostachya Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 220 (excl. pl. amer.). — Exs.: HFR No. 1537; Kneuck. No. 100a. Perennial, bright green, flaccid plants, forming loose tufts; culms slender, weak, decumbent, scabrous, 20-50cm tall; leaves long (though not exceeding the culm), flaccid, scabrous, 1.5-1.8mm broad, spikelets 4-8, subglobular-ovoid, all rather distant, the lowest short-bracteate; scales ovate, acute, green-centered, broadly pale-hyaline-margined, 143 181 182 shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, membranaceous 2.5- 2.8mm long, plano-convex, pale green, with 5-6 prominent nerves on the back and 3-4 on the inner face, abruptly contracted into a scabrous beak of medium length, cleft on the back, Fr. June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 11), Wet mineral (not peaty) soil of shady forests. —European part: Kar, - Lap. (s. part), Lad. -Il'm., Dv.-Pech., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg. - Kam. (w. part). Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Western Europe (n. part). Described from southern Norway. Series 2. Holostomae. V.Krecz. —Spikelets mostly contiguous, few (from 1 to 5-6), mostly few-flowered; perigynia subcoriaceous, (2)3-3.5mm long, more or less enlarged toward the base, stipitate, with a mostly smooth, obliquely truncate, entire, non-emarginate beak. 66. C.tripartita All, Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 265, tab. 92, fig. 51. — CC. bipartita Ally; Ive Atab.6Osfig. 5.—-C’.. bach enal ii).Sehkuhr: Riedgr, 1(U801) 5);stab.-Y, ‘fig. 79; Kryl) Fl Zap? Sib. ily'450)., = C.lagopina Whlb. in Sv. Vet. -Akad. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 145; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 279. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 13; Dorfl. No. 3288. Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants; culms erect or somewhat nodding, smooth or scaberulous above, 10-30cm tall; leaves flat to sub- involute, to 2mm broad, shorter than the culm, scabrous; spikelets 2-5, obovoid, all gynecandrous, aggregated in short (1.5-2cm long), lobed head; scales ovate, subobtuse, blackish-brown, witha light midrib and mar- gin, slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, membranaceous, 2.5-3.5mm long, plano-convex, light ferruginous, obscurely nerved on both faces, round-based, obscurely stipitate, rather gradually tapering into an elongate, terete, smooth, sometimes slightly scaberulous, frontally cleft, blackish beak, Fr. July—September. (Plate XII, Figure 13). Arctic and alpine moss-lichen tundra, —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur. , Sib. , Chuk., Anad.; European part: Dv.-Pech. (Ural); West. Siberia: Ob. (n.), Alt.; East. Siberia: mountains of Yenis. , Len. -Kol, Ang. - Sayan., Daur. (n. part—Mount Kiren); Far East: Ze. -Bur., Ud. , Okhot., Kamch, Gen, distr.: circumpolar and alpine species of the northern hemisphere. Described from the Alps (Great St. Bernard). NOTE: Forming hybrids: x dioica L.; X canescens L, (C.hel- vola Blytt et Fries); X brunnescens Poir. 67. C.pribylovensis J.M. Macoun ex D.S. Jordan, Fur Seals Isl. N. Pacif, Ocean, III (1899) 572, -C. lagopina var. pribylovensis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 214. Perennial, yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants; culms scabrous, 25-40cm tall; leaves flat, 1.5-2.5mm broad; spikelets 3-6, dense, obo- void, the terminal ones contiguous, with 10-30 perigynia, the terminal spikelet gynecandrous; scales ovate, obtuse to subobtuse, light ferruginous, scarious-margined, with a light midnerve, broader and longer than the perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, broadly ovoid, biconvex, 3mm long, yel- lowish-green, nerved on both faces, subsessile, round-based, rather ab- ruptly contracted into a short, smooth to more or less scabrous beak. Arctic: Anad, (river Kanchalan). Described from upland peat of St. Paul's Island (Pribilof Islands). 68. C.glareosa Whlb. in Sv. Vet. -Akad, Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 146; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 284, —Bxs.- (Pl. uMinlsa Excuulion alien 144 Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms faintly triangular, attenuate toward apex (hence inflorescence often nodding), rather smooth, _10-30cm tall; leaves narrow, 1-2.5mm broad, canaliculate-folded, shorter than the culm; spikelets 1-5, ovoid to oblong, containing 5-20 perigynia, subdistant; terminal spikelet particularly large, often drooping; scales lanceolate, subobtuse, ferruginous, light-centered, broadly scarous- margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate to oblong-ellipsoid, membranaceous, 2.5-3(3.5)mm long, plano-convex, grayish-green, with 8-10 distinct thickened nerves on both faces, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into a conic, somewhat flattened, smooth, frontally obscurely cleft beak. Fr. July—September. (Plate XII, Figure 14). Coastal gravels and sands. —Arctic: Nov. Zem. (Koguev and the southern island of Novaya Zemlya), Arct. Eur.; European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. - Pech, (White Sea coast), Lad. -Il'm. (Kronshtadt and Baltic seaboard in Luzhskii District). Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, n. part of North America, including Alaska. Described from northern Norway. Type in Stockholm. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X canescens L,; X dioica L. (C.stri- eticulmis Holmb.). 69. C.marina Dew. in Am. Journ. Sci. XXIX (1836) 247; Mack. in North. Am, Fl. XVIII, 2 (1931) 90.—C. glareosa f. elegantissima Kuk. in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. XV (1909) 35 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 65. -C. soriofkensis Lévl. et Vant. in Bull. Ac. Géogr. Bot. XIX (1909) 35. Perennial, light green or cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants; culms very slender, weak, often bent, obtusely triangular, scaberulous at the summit, 15-40cm tall; leaves canaliculate, to 1.5mm broad; spike- lets 2-4 (rarely solitary), approximate, loose, elongate, containing 5-10 perigynia; scales ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, light-centered, thinly membranaceous above and on the margin, somewhat shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia ellipsoid-obovate, plano-convex, 1.5-2.3mm long, whitish, distinctly nerved on both faces, obsoletely stipitate, spongy and rounded at base, abruptly contracted into an obsolescent, smooth, entire, obliquely truncate beak. Fr. July—August. 183 Coastal sands. —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur. (Kol'skii Peninsula, Svyatoi Nos), Chuk., Anad.; Far East: Kamch., Okhot., Ud., Sakh. Gen. distr.: n. part of North America, Alaska, St. Lawrence Island. Described from the arctic seaboard of North America. 70. C.ursina Dew. in Amer. Journ. Sc. XXVII (1835) 240, tab. U, fig. 68; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 74 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. SGML Sls fis, “7. Perennial, rather densely cespitose plants; culms faintly triangular, bent, smooth, 3-10cm tall, concealed among the leaves or slightly over- topping them; leaves narrow, to 1mm broad, canaliculate, more or less scabrous; spikelets solitary, terminal, or rarely 2, ovoid to rounded, contiguous, the terminal spikelet large; scales broadly ovate, rounded- obtuse, brown or brownish throughout, shorter than perigynia; perigynia rounded -ovoid, thickly membranaceous, 2mm long, plano-convex, very faintly 4-6-nerved on both faces, grayish-yellow, obsoletely stipitate, the beak obsolescent, broadly conic, obtuse, slightly cleft on the back, 145 184 Fr. July—August. (Plate XII, Figure 15). Wet sandy places. —Arctic: Nov. Zem, (Franz Josef Land!, Nov. Zem- lya?), Arct. Sib.: Belyi and Preobrazheniya islands? Gen. distr.: Arct. America, Spitsbergen. Described from the arctic seaboard of North America, 71. °C. Mackenzieif .V. Krecz. nom. no, —-C.norvegica Willd. ex Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 50, tab. S, fig. 66 et II (1806) 207; Willd. in Sp. pl. IV (1805) 227; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 280, non Retz. (1779 et 1795). —Exs.: Fl. Finl. Exs. No. 112 and 523; HFRNo. 495. Perennial, yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants; culms flattened- triangular, smooth, 10-40cm tall; leaves flat, 2-3mm broad, rather soft, as long as the culm; spikelets 3-6, oblong (to 1-1.5cm long), the terminal spikelets clavate (being staminate 3/4 of its length below), subdistant; scales ovate, obtuse, with a light midrib and margin, brownish,as long as perigynia; perigynia ovoid, semicoriaceous, 3-3.5mm long, grayish- green, plano-convex, distinctly nerved below on both faces, abruptly con- tracted to rounded thick-stipitate base and abruptly attenuate into a short, subconic, scaberulous beak. Fr. July—September., (Plate XII, Figure 16). Wet places and saline coastal meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. (eastward as far as Kanin), Anad.; European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech. (White Sea shores), Lad. -Il'm. (Gulf of Finland coast and near Pskov—Ryuzha and Borisovichi); Far East: Ud. (Shantarskie Islands), Sakh. , Okhot. , Kamch. Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Iceland, North America. Described from the coast of Norwegian Nordland. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. dioica L. (C.Sylvenii Homb.). 72. C.amblyorhyncha V. Krecz. sp. nova.in Addenda, II, 595. — C.heleonastes Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 214, ex p. etin Journ, Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 64, ex p.; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II (1931) 119, non Ehrh, Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms erect, scabrous, 10-30cm tall; leaves somewhat rigid, flat, keeled, 1.5-2mm broad, short- er than the culm; spikelets 3-4, globular to ovoid, few-flowered, not ex- ceeding 5mm in length, somewhat distant; scales ovate, obtuse, ferru- ginous, with a light midrib and scarious margin, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia more or less oblong-ellipsoid, subcoriaceous, 2.5-3mm long, plano-convex, yellow, ferruginous at the summit, faintly 6-8-nerved on both faces, contracted at base into a short stipe, broadly conic -tipped, smooth, slightly cleft on the back. Fr. July—August. (Plate XII, Figure 18), Marshes. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (n.), Ang. - Sayan. (Sayans), Daur., Len. -Kol. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. De- scribed from Sayany (Tunkinskii District, Lake Il'chyr). Type in Lenin- grad. 73. C.heleonastes Ehrh, ex L. fil. Suppl. (1781) 414 et Beitr. (L787) 186; Trev..in-Ldb.. Fl. Ross. JV. 2797—Exs.: Pl Hint "Res sie: 514; HFR No. 645; Kneuck. No. 310. Perennial cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms scabrous above, more or less bent, 15-30cm tall; leaves flattened-canaliculate to flat, keeled, 1-2mm broad, as long as the culm; spikelets 3-6, many-flowered, { Named for the American caricologist Kenneth Kent Mackenzie. 146 ovoid, to 8mm long, approximate; scales ovate, subacute, light ferrugi- nous, light-centered, scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, rather thin-coriaceous, 3-3.5mm long, plano-convex, faintly 8-10-nerved on both faces, yellowish-brown below, contracted into a short stipe, gradually tapering into a short, subconic, scaberulous-margined, shallow-cleft beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 17). Peat bogs. =European part: Kar. lap. ,.Dw..;Pech,.;, Iuad,.> TU. Umecs. Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg. -Kam. (including Southern Ural); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (Digoriya); West. Siberia: Ob., Irt. (e. part), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (s.-w.), Ang. -Sayan. (n.-w. part). Gen. distr. :Northern and Centr. Europe. Described from Sweden (Uppsala). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X canescens L. (C.heterophyta Holmb,.): xX tenuitlora Whib. (C,. mucronulata,Holmb,):. X, dioica L. (C. microstachyoides Montell.). 185 74. C.aa Kom. FI. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 234. Perennial, grayish-green, loosely cespitose plants; culms slender but firm, scabrous, 25-45cm tall; leaves rather stiff, flat to subinvolute, 1-1.5mm broad, straight, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, globular- ovoid, approximate; scales ovate, subacute, pale castaneous, green-cen- tered and rather broadly scarious-margined, scarcely shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, thin-coriaceous, 3-3.5mm long, plano-convex, grayish-green, with 8-10 brownish nerves on both faces, spongy at base around a short stipe, gradually tapering into a short, scabrous, subconic beak. Far East: Kamch. (swamps in dry beds of river Kamchatka near the village Kirganik; Kronotskoe Lake, by the fourth stream). Endemic. De- scribed from Kamchatka (Kirganik). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 4. Anastrephantha V. Krecz, —Slender green plants with creeping stolons. Spikelets globular, androgynous, loose, few-flowered (1-6 flowers). Scales pale, membranaceous, acute. Perigynia semicori- aceous, 2-5-3mm long, strongly convex on the back, with obsolescent entire beak, 75. C.disperma Dew. in Am. Journ. Sc. VIII (1824) 266.—C.te- nella Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 23, tab. Pp, fig. 104, non Thuill.(1799). - C.Blyttii Nyl. Spicil. fl. fenn. II (1844) 35.—C. Dominii Lévl. et Vant. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. VII (1900) 103. —Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No, 111 and 519; Kneuck. No. 96; HFR No. 2390 a and b and 1391. Perennial plants with slender stolons, forming loose, bright green tufts; culms filiform, weak, decumbent, scabrous toward the summit, 20-50cm tall; leaves thin, 1-1.5mm broad, flat, weak, elongated, but shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-6, globular, with 1-2 staminate flowers above and 2-3 pistillate ones below, segregated, and then the lowest with a short slender bract; scales ovate, acute, pale, green-keeled, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia more or less coriaceous, ellipsoid, 2.8-3mm long, pale green or yellowish, strongly convex on the back, slightly so on the inner side, oval in section, the edges turned inward as ribs, both faces with numerous slender nerves, the base ovate, short-stipitate, the summit rapidly contracted into a short, cylindric, smooth beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XII, Figure 19). 147 Wet mossy forests and coppices, —European part: Kar, -Lap., Dv. - Pech, , Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam; all Siberia and Far East. Gen, distr.: Scandinavia, North America. Described from Massachusetts in North America. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X brunnescens Poir. (C. leptoblasta Holmb.); X Toliacea L.; X canescens L. (C. tenellitormis Holmb. ). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A satisfactory forage plant. 186 Section 11. Ulvella V. Krecz, —Plants with more or less creeping rhizome. Culms triangular; leaves linear, setaceous-folded. Spikelets bisexual, androgynous. Perigynia at length rather spreading, thin-mem- branaceous, nerveless, subovate or ellipsoid, plano-convex, with distinct margin, usually smooth, short-beaked. Achene lenticular; rachilla nearly as long as the achene. Stigmas 2. 1. Densely cespitose plants; leaves equaling or exceeding the culm; peri- gynia ellipsoid, stipitate, with a scabrous beak................ ay teamed BAe Be Abe? atiaet Voie 78. C. Hepburnii Boott. + Plants with creeping rhizome; leaves shorter than the culm; perigynia ovoid | sessile) withya. smooth beak | Aiigie) ta he sath Mince. TER 2. 2. Rhizome obliquely ascending, with purple scales; culms 10-50cm tall. Spikelets globular, with indistinct staminate part; scales brown, with aibroadssearious, margin (Plate. XIV), Figure 2)... .hu -koaen- so erase. Wit. . MePeehe Triad Gueas Het SER) Wel chaste . 76. C.capitata L. + Rhizome horizontal, covered with ochreous scales; culms 5-20cm tall. Spikelets oblong, the pistillate part equaling the staminate; scales dark castaneous throughout (Plate XIV, Figurel) ......... «Oe. BO aS Lae erie. era h < Le ake: Ti inGs oneophilap.eCsA5M, (6, CC. Capritata, lu. syst. Nat. ed, LOU (a9) 12615 "Prev." oper Ross, IV’, 266, —Exs. > HER ®No. 2366 a andeb; Pl, Binks xs. Ne. OZze 507. Perennial, cespitose plants with ascending rhizome; culms subterete- triangular, furrowed, scabrous, 10-50cm tall, covered at base with purple or brownish-brick-colored sheaths; leaves setaceous, scabrous, usually shorter than the culm; spikelets ovaloid, globular, or oblong, 0.5-l1cem long; scales ovate, obtuse, brown, usually hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia rounded-ovoid, 2.5-3.7mm long, plano-convex, green (or brownish at the summit), more or less lustrous abruptly contracted into a short smooth beak. Fr. July—August. (Plate XIV, Figure 2). Wet meadows, bogs, tundras, damp rocky places. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib., Anad.; European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. -Pech., Volg. -Kam. (Ural); West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan. , Daur. ‘Len. -Koi.;" Far East: Ze, -Bur.), Okhot. ~ Gen: “distr,; Aretic and alpine zones of Europe and North America. Described from Northern Europe. 17. Cy? oreopni la” CYA. MM: Verzeichn. Pil Cauc® -Casp.7 (i esiyt zo; Trey. in’ Ldb, FY Ross. "lV, 266. lc. Lray, Wis bol. AC. Uno, XX (1927) 200, Figure 1. 148 187 188 Perennial; rhizome creeping, ligneous; culms triangular, furrowed, scabrous, 5-20cm tall, covered at base with ochreous scales; leaves setaceous -involute, scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets oblong- ovoid, obtuse, dark castaneous, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia rounded-ellipsoid, 2.5-3 mm long, plano-convex, round-based, ferruginous, abruptly contracted into a short, bedentate, smooth beak (Plate XIV, Fig- ure 1). High-mountain meadows and slopes, —Caucasus: Ciscauc. ,Dag., West., East. and South Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Persia. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 78. C.Hepburnii Boott in Hook. Fl. bor. -am, II (1839) 209, tab. 207; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS., XX (1927) 201.—C. nardina Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 267; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I, 222; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 30, non Fries. -C.nardina var. Hepburnii Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 70. Perennial, densely cespitose plants; culms smooth, erect, 2-22cm tall, covered at base with dark brown sheaths; leaves straight or subfalcate, equaling or exceeding the culm, setaceous-folded. Spikelets ovoid to oblong- ovoid, 0.5-l1cm long; scales ovate, obtuse, brown or castaneous, witha narrow light-colored margin; scales obovate or elliptic, 3-3.5mm long, plano-convex, on a cuneate stipe, rather abruptly contracted into a short bidentate beak, the beak and margin to the middle scabrous. Arctic: Chuk: Arakam-chechen Island; possiblyin Nov. Zem, (Franz Josef Land). Gen. distr.: western states of North America (Rocky Moun- tains in North America). Section 12, Olotrema (Rafin.) V. Krecz. —Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 25. -Rhaptocalymma Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen XXI (1913) 272 (pro genere). —Meadow-bog plants with creeping rhizome. Culms more or less triangular only at the summit, sometimes inflate, with narrow linear leaves. Spikelets androgynous, few, arranged in capitate or spiciform inflorescences. Perigynia membranaceous, more rarely thin- coriaceous, 3-5mm long, ovoid or oblong, mostly plano-convex, with ob- solete nerves and ribbed margin, tapering into a mostly smooth, obliquely truncate or obscurely bidentate, hyaline-margined, subcylindric or flat- tened-terete, frontally cleft beak. Stigmas 2. 1, Plants of mossy swamps, the long, creeping, flagelliform, faintly tri- angular rhizome rooting at nodes, and giving rise at each node to 1-2 Upiient, lGabsbearing Of Caullae SHOOESEIS. 5 «.s%sl alee eaten: ees ome 2. Desert plants, producing slender, cord-like underground shoots fereue nating in compact clusters of culms and leafy shoots; perigynia firmly adnate to rachilla, breaking off with difficulty or together with adjoin- UMS IMOW CES 6 ME bck c ahelictey oo ie et Oe ee ld 6 ee Seen ee eee 3. + Bog and meadow plants with short creeping underground rhizome, giving rise to culms and upright shoots arranged in rows, forming loose tufts; perisyniatreadiy deciduous Metis fue. con CMe eta ete a to eRe Reet cia 4. 149 189 9 10 Sand plants; the tall, light ferruginous, loosish old sheaths in conical arrangement at the base. Scales lanceolate, acute, light ferruginous. Perigynia nerved, initially plano-convex, scabrous above, at length strongly inflate, bladderlike, to 2cm long, reddish-brown, witha smooth membranaceous beak (Plate XIII, Figure 7) ........... Le REE AEE POS OE OERS ARMEIL S REL Cef 89. C. physodes M.B. Plants of forest-covered foothills, densely covered at base with cinna- mon-brown fibrillose sheaths. Scales ovate, castaneous. Perigynia nearly nerveless, 4-5.5mm long, with a smooth bidentate beak, cas- taneous (Plate XIII, Figure 8)......... 90. C. pachystylis Gay. (2). Perigynia strongly rounded-inflated, initially membranaceous, becoming subcoriaceous; scales obtuse, strongly abbreviated; culms BORER SAUER, ELE SS SRNR aE 2S 79. C. maritima Gunn. Perigynia subplano-convex to biconvex, permanently membranaceous; scales acute, barely shorter than the perigynia; culms suberect (if bent }.then perigynia ‘plano convex). Oe viek. Gea . Le By Culms faintly triangular, mostly smooth, subinflate, hollow; leaf sheaths loosely covering the culm, Perigynia ovoid, biconvex, the rounded margin and beak smooth at the summit............. 6. Culms triangular, scabrous (sometimes deeply furrowed on one side and then smooth), rather compact; sheaths tightly enveloping the culm; perigynia oblong -ovoid or lanceolate, plano-convex, the pronounced Margin-mostly scabrousiat the Summit. 2. SOF . child, of PEAR 10. Leaves flat or subcanaliculate, 3-4mm broad at base; culms inflated at base (to 2.5mm thick); spikelets ferruginous abi-Gwn finns 418 Bis Ms Leaves setaceous-involute, 1.5mm broad at base; culms 1-1.5mm thick at base; spikelets light ferruginous........... ....-. 9. Culms smooth; inflorescence a compact head.............. 8. Culms scabrous; inflorescence oblong, loose, often lobed ....... RS AEE EM Ais game on ae Par amoral (eo) ate we 83s S.bo biod owill View Kreez, Leaves flat, 2.5-3mm broad; perigynia ovoid, 3.5mm long, attenuate to a scabrous beak of medium length (Arctic). (Plate XIII, Figure 11) BHO 9 STRAINS SIS WET AREY OL PS ea ee 79. C. maritima Gunn. Leaves subinvolute, to 4mm broad; perigynia broadly ovoid, 3.5- 4.5mm long, attenuate to a long, smooth beak (Central Asia). (Plate SOHO cure a ne ee ee ee 82. C. pseudo-foetida Kuk. (6). Culms slender, to 40cm tall; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 3.5-4mm long; spikelets disposed in a loose, sometimes lobed, oblong head (Plate XIII, Figure 3)....81. C. reptabunda (Trautv.) V. Krecz. Culms erect, to 20cm tall, thicker; perigynia ovoid to rounded-ovoid, 2.3-3mm long; spikelets in a compact capitate inflorescence (Plate POTTERY Ze antics Pugh posal Sh Re seins ses nay by 3 88. C. sajanensis V. Krecz. (5). Culms 2-7cm tall, with one side furrowed-concave, faintly tri- angular, smooth, arched; perigynia 2.5-3mm long, nerveless (Plate D6) PL SFY 5 cr SHR WIC) AN acne oly enc 84. C. setina (Christ) V. Krecz. Culms 10-45cm tall, triangular, scabrous, erect or flexuous; peri- gynia 3-4 mm long, Tarntly Merve wi) aatueiiueca ey sah air eel tcoh seilend Bae ele TAL 150 190 11. Culms slender, filiform, flexuous; leaves filiform, reflexed,(1-1.5mm broad), flexuous, with a long aristate tip; cineraceous-green plants; perigynia 3-3.3mm long, ovoid, scarcely scabrous at the summit (Plate colt hiourevsseenticaldtien Shams. rey dsnen duis seeds wey») eed Sve anes ch SREB, ME. Sa ROPE GR dr Rene SELL He) a SH Weds iamuario tedas V. Krecz. + Culms erect, more rigid; leaves flat to subinvolute, to 3mm broad, abruptly pointed; pale green plants; perigynia lanceolate, 3.5-4mm loneimscabnous/atiiiels mmm! 0 Mews Me aime ees el ai. Tee kins eee hse bit 12. Leaves stiffly erect, abbreviated; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 4-4.5mm long, rather distinctly nerved on the back (mountainous part of the Pama wes ye We Wee, Creagh ae 85. C. similigena V. Krecz. + Leaves soft, weak, elongated; perigynia lanceolate, 3-4mm long, nerveless or, if nerved, margin strongly scabrous long way down (Plate XIII, Figures 4 and 6—Siberia), .... 86. C.enervis C.A.M. Cycle 1. Aulocaulon V. Krecz, —Plants of bogs and meadows, with short creeping rhizomes, forming loose tufts. Culms terete atbase, hollow, more or less inflated, subtriangular above; perigynia deciduous, membra- naceous (sometimes becoming firmer), biconvex or plano-convex, obscurely nerved, attenuate to a smooth or more or less scabrous, obliquely truncate, hyaline -margined beak, (one Jom ara time Gunn. tL. Norv. te (si2) 1 3le Vv Krees. an Bale, dard.) Bot. URSS, ex, V2 (l9sZ) tar. tab. | fie. sa, none. bh 7 Ninel) Wiig). C ineurvwe iphit. ‘el scot, IMl(liit)/ 544 tabs 24 ue) te rey. iad. RE Ross. IV,” 2693) uk in Mele izce IV: 20909) la irexp. — CHonuthocawla Vs Kreeg: Vtweo) tol tabs I tic. oC Vstemommyl ba Ostenf. Fl. arct/)1 (1902) 50, non Whlb. —C. stenophylla var. durius - eulta Vrauty, in AHP Xess) 57, .ex.p. © pseudo -foeti aa hmuk, in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 44, quoad pl. Bung. Perennial, light green, loosely cespitose plants; culms rounded-tri- angular, arched, smooth, 5-l5cm tall; leaves to 1-2mm broad, folded, shorter than the culm, nearly smooth; spikelets 5-10, arranged in a dense, hemispherical or pyramidal head to 13-15mm long and 13-15mm broad; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, brown, broadly hyaline-margined, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia membranaceous at first, becoming sub- coriaceous, broadly ovoid, 4-5mm long (3mm broad), inflated-biconvex, nerveless or nearly so, brown or reddish (but lighter than the scales), tapering into a short, scaberulous, subconic beak. Fr. July—September. (Plate XIII , Figure 11). Sandy and gravelly shores, and mountains. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib. , Chukot. Gen, distr.: Scandinavia, Iceland, Arctic America. De- scribed from Norway (Fiorestar). oOo, Cy Sajanensis V. Krecz, an (Bull) dard. BotyyURSo, (koe i= 2 (W952) 133" tab. Line. 1 —@r inc wirvea Neimnshy, “in Ani) Parex valle (1901) 315; Kuk, in Journ.” Russ)” Bot: 3-6 (1911), 42; ‘quoad pl 4 baicales non” Lishti —C stenophylla var humilis Meinsh, , Wes ole, -quoad pl. angar. Czekanowsk. Perennial glaucescent, rather densely cespitose plants; culms erect or slightly arching, smooth, 5-25cm tall; leaves folded, flexuous, as long as the culm; spikelets 4-6, arranged in a dense, spherical or oblong head 151 0.5-1cm long and 0,5-l1cm broad; scales ovate, subacute, brownish, hyaline-margined; perigynia membranaceous, ovoid, to rounded-ovoid, 2.3-3mm long, biconvex or plano-convex, nerveless and devoid of light margin, yellowish-green, ferruginous at the summit, stipitate, gradually tapering intoasmoothornearly smooth, short beak. Fr, June—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 2). Sandy and gravelly places. —East. Siberia: Yenis. (s.), Ang. -Sayan. , Daur. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Sayans (Irkut River valley, village Monda). Type in Leningrad. 81. C.reptabunda (Trautv.) V. Krecz. in Bull. Jard. Bot. URSS, XXX, 1-2 (1932) 134, tab. Il, fig. 2.-—C. stenophylla var.reptabunda Trautv. in A.H.P. I, 2 (1872) 30. Perennial, cineraceous -green, loosely cespitose plants with creeping rhizome; culms slender, smooth or scaberulous, subflexuous, 15-45cm tall; leaves abbreviated, setaceous-involute, scabrous above; spikelets 2-5, few-flowered, disposed in a loose, ovoid or oblong head 1 cm long and 0.3-0.5cm broad; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous, hyaline- margined; perigynia oblong -ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 3-3.5(4) mm long and 1.2-1.5mm broad, plano-convex, nerveless or nearly so, pale, ferruginous at the summit, stipitate, gradually tapering into a short, smooth beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 3). 191 Solonchaks, wet places. —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (Abakano-Sayans- kii Lake District), Daur. , Len. -Kol. Gen. distr.: North-eastern Mongolia, Manchuria (w. part). Described from Mongolia (Gurbunei-bulak). Type in Leningrad, 82. bl @episiend.o =f o,¢, tides, Kuk.) in’ Mitta) Pe hiessbot. Ver. «~N«B sav (1900) 4 (nomen) et ex Ostenf. in Bot. Tidsskr. XXVIII (1908) 225, fig. 1 (descr.). —C.foetida Kiik. in Bot. Centrbl. LXXV (1898) 108; Meinsh. in A,H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 407, non Bell. —C. curaica O, Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXI, 3 (1903) 429; XXIV, 3 (1905) 346; XXVIII, 1 (1908) 123 et 3 (1.909). 510;, Meinsh..in A. H.P;, XVIIL, -3. (1901), 316, Mex’ p. non Kunths— C.incurva O. Fedtsch. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. I (1902) 58; Rgl. in A.H.P. VII, 2 (1881) 564, ex p., non Lightf. Perennial, glaucescent, plants with slender, ligneous, extensively creeping rhizome; culms inflated-triangular, hollow, 2-2.5mm thick at base, erect or arched, smooth; leaves thick, stiff, flat or inrolled-mar- gined, 2-3.5mm broad, shorter than the culm, scaberulous above, rather abruptly pointed; spikelets 5-8, aggregated in a rather dense, spherical or ovoid head 1-2.5cm long and 0.8-1.5cm broad; scales ovate, acute, casta- neous, membranaceous at the summit, about as long as the scales; scales rather broadly ovate, 3.5-4.5mm long (to 2mm broad), rounded-based, stipitate, plano-convex, obscurely nerved, purple-castaneous at the summit, gradually tapering into a smooth beak of medium length, dorsally cleft to base. Fr. June—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 1). Alpine meadows, and wet mountain sites. —Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan., Pam, -Al. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Tibet. Described from Terskaya Alatau, Kokbulak (sources of Naryn). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Of great importance in mountain pastures as a source of pasture feed. 152 83. C.Slobodovii V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda II, 595. —C. pseudo -foetida Kik»s in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 115, pro min. p. Perennial, bright-green or light-green plants, with short rhizome, forming loose tufts; culms terete below, more or less hollow, to 1.5mm broad, triangular and scabrous above, 10-40cm tall; leaves thin, resilient, mostly flat, 2-4.5mm broad, shorter than the culm, gradually acuminate, scabrous; spikelets 6-12, disposed in an oblong loose head this often segregated below, 1.5-2cm long, 1-1.5cm broad; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous, equaling the scales, hyaline-margined; perigynia thin-membranaceous, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 3.5-4mm long (1.5-1.8mm broad), plano-convex, obscurely nerved only below on the back, abruptly contracted into a short stipe and gradually tapering into a scaberulous, some- times nearly smooth, cleft beak. Fr. June—July. Mountain river beds, at altitude up to 3,500m. —Centr. Asia: Pam. -Al. Endemic. Described from Zagara range (Dara-Dzhou). Type in Leningrad. 192 84. C setina (Christ) V. Krecz. in Bull. Jard. Bot. URSS, Xxx, 1=2 (1932) 139, tab. I, fig. 4.—-C.incurva $p setina Christ in Sv.-Vet. - Ak. Handl. XXII, 10 (1888) 174; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot., 3-6 (1911) 43, quoad pl. Arneil. -C.incurva Rupr. in Beitr. Pflznk. russ. Reich. IP(is45) 60; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV.279, quoad pl. Rupr. —Ce eugck tica@eMemsh. in!A, Wy PoXVHE3-(1901)5315, nom Deinb: Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with extensively creeping rhizome; culms 2-7cm tall, rigid erect or arched, smooth, mostly with a deep fur- row; leaves setaceous-involute, as long as the culm, somewhat tortuous, 1.5-2mm broad at base, sheaths tightly enveloping the culm; spikelets 3-5, few-flowered, arranged in an oblong head 0.5-1cm long and 0.5-0.8mm broad; scales brown, acute; perigynia membranaceous, oblong-ovoid, 3- 3.7mm long or shorter, plano-convex, nerveless, short-stipitate, brownish, gradually tapering into a nearly smooth short beak (Plate XIV, Figure 16). Stony and clay tundra. —Arctic: Nov. Zem. (Nov. Zem., Kolguev, Vaigach), Arct. Eur. (Kanin and eastward of its shores), Arct. Sib. (Gyda, Yenisei). Described from Tolstoi Nos, on the Yenisei. Type in Stockholm, sono ECHaerifolial Ve Kreez.ispignova, invddendasgll 1591 s—Cs. eu - mawea! var vrai da Meinsh/imA.HePs Villg3n(190))\3a7 aC ne umaiie a var. armena Schischk in Trans. Tomsk. Univ. LXXXI (1929) 427. — ©. curaica Grosshamin FiliKavk ti (1928), 159, nongmunthys—Carshiene phylla C.A.M. in Verzeichn., Pfl. Cauc. -Casp. (1831) 30, non Whlb. Perennial, rather rigid, green plants with creeping rhizome; culms enlarged below, scabrous, erect or arched, 10-25cm tall, covered at base with broad, light brown, bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, somewhat turned back at the margins, scaberulous, 2.5-4mm broad, straight, abbreviated, rather abruptly pointed; spikelets numerous (5-10), arranged in an oblong, often trilobed spike to 2cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous-brown, equaling the perigynia; perigynia thin-coriacous, ob- long-ovoid, (3.)4-4.5mm long, plano-convex, ferruginous, round-based, distinctly stipitate, faintly nerved on the back (nerveless on the inner face), gradually tapering into a long, scabrous-margined, bidentate beak. Alpine meadows. —Caucasus: Dag., West. (South Osetiya), South. and East. Transcauc. (summits of Pirsogat Mountains). Gen. distr.: Persia (Demavend). Described from Tufandag. Type in Leningrad. 153 86. C.enervis C.A.M. in Ldb. Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 209; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 272.—-C.stenophylla var.-enervis Ktk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 122; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 439.—-C.stenophyl- la var. elata Kiik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 46.—C. Carlanton- jana’ Gay)'in) Ann, Se} Nat.’,) 26ers, X(b808)9293) "=C teumaiiica var. 193 angustifolia Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 326. — 194 C.vulpinaris f. angustifolia Kuk. in Journ., 1.c., 44 et in Pflzr., Lies grb hi quoadt ‘ple sibir, : "Keyl. 9:1 seh saiesleie Pdbewtes iki Ross. IV, tab. 349, Perennial; rhizome extensively creeping, giving rise to loose tufts; culms slender, triangular, scabrous at the summit, 15-45cm tall; leaves flat, to 3mm broad, scabrous, cineraceous-green, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-10, arranged in a loose, oblong spike 1-2cm long, the lower spikelets sometimes segregated; scales oblong-ovate, acute, castaneous and ferruginous, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong- ellipsoid to ovoid,3-4mm long, plano-convex, semicircular at base, short- stipitate, with a thickened and somewhat recurved margin, nerveless (or nerved at base), gradually tapering into a long, scabrous-margined, short- bidentulate beak, ferruginous.- Fr. June—July. (Plate XIII, Figures 4 and 6). Wet and boggy meadows, marshes. —West. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur., Len. -Kol.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung., - Tarb., Pribalkh. (n.e.), Syr-Dar., Tyan'—Shan. (s.part), Pam. -Al. (s.-w. part). Gen, distr.: Northern and Western Mongolia. Described from Altai (Charysh River valley). Type in Leningrad. 87. C.similigena V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 596. Perennial, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping, ligneous rhizome; culms filiform, flattened-triangular, subflexuous, scabrous above, 15-30cm tall; leaves narrow (to 1.5-2mm broad), setaceous-involute, long-subulate- tipped, flexuous, about as long as the culm, scabrous above; spikelets few-flowered, 2-6, arranged in a narrow inflorescence, this interrupted below, 0.7-1.6mm long; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous to ferruginous~- yellow, broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia oblong-ovoid, to ellipsoid, 3-3.5mm long, plano-convex, obscurely 4-6-nerved below on the back, more or less rounded-cuneate at base, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into a beak, this smooth or barely scaberulous at base, honey-colored, ferruginous at summit. Fr. July. (Plate XIII, Figure 5). Mountain river beds. —Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan., e. part. Endemic. Described from Karakol'skii District (Konyrlen valley). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 2.Heleochorda\VerKreez: -Chondornhiza Lhrh Beitr IV (1789) 148 (nomen), —Bog plants with long cord-like, faintly triangular hollow, smooth; perigyniathick-coriaceous, ovoid, ribbed on the margin, unequally biconvex (more bulging in front), on a broad spongy stipe, nerved, abruptly contracted intoa smooth, cylindric, obliquely truncate, hyaline- margined beak; achene unequally lenticular. 88. C.chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L, fil. Suppl. (1781) 414; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 271. —Exs.: HFR No. 493; Kneuck. no. 5 et 5-a. Perennial plants with extensively creeping, flagellate, obliquely ascend- ing rhizome, giving rise to segregated, solitary culms or sterile shoots; culms more or less hollow, terete-flattened, smooth, 15-30cm tall, 154 197 covered at base with long brown sheaths, these bladeless or bearing an abbreviated blade; cauline leaves subplane-canaliculate, to 2-2.5(3) mm broad, short, leaves of sterile shoots many times longer; spikelets 3-5, aggregated in a dense, compact, ovoid or triangular head 0.8-2cm long; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, about equaling the perigynia; perigynia thick-coriaceous, ovoidto ellipsoid, 3.5-4mm long, unequally biconvex, spongy at base, 10-15-nerved on the back, 5-8-nerved on the inner face, obsoletely margined above, abruptly contracted into a short, smooth, cy- lindric, unequally hyaline-tipped beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 9), Mossy swamps. —Arctic: Arct, Eur. and Sib. , Chuk,, Anad.; European part: Kar.-Lap.,, Dv.-Pech. , Lad./-I'\m, § Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr. (n. part), Upp. Volg., Volg.-Don. (n. part), Volg.-Kam; West. Siberia: Ob. , Upp. Tob, (n.), Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan. , Daur (rarely), Len. -Kol; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Okhot., Sakh. Kamch. Gen, distr.: Northern Europe, North America. Described from Sweden (Uppsala). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Eaten by deer in southern parts of the tundra. Cycle 3. Xerochorda V. Krecz. —Semixerophytic plants with short rhizome producing long underground shoots terminating in compact clusters of culms and leaves which form compact tufts; culms faintly triangular, firm, smooth. Perigynia firmly adnate to rachilla, membranaceous or thin-coriaceous, biconvex, slenderly nerved or nerveless, with a smooth, obsoletely bidentulate beak. Achenes lenticular. 89. C.physodes M.B, in Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, II (1809) 104, tabi; rev. inilidb. -K Mihoss. IV; 2%4)i=Exsun GER No. 11442" i443land 1444; Kneuck. No. 4 and 91. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rather lax plants, with a slender ascend- ing rhizome producing long offshoots; culms obtusely angled, smooth, the loose, broad, light ferruginous old basal sheaths forming a tall conical envelope around the culm; leaves folded, reflexed or flexuous, nearly smooth, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-7, disposed in an oblong head, this to 2cm long, often interrupted, with a short bract at base; scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, light-keeled, broadly and unequally hyaline- margined; perigynia initially plano-convex, scaberulous at the summit, at length strongly inflated, bladder-like, to 2cm long, reddish-brown, nerved abruptly contracted into a short, smooth, cylindric, hyaline-tipped beak. Fr, April—July. (Plate XIII, Figure 7). Desert sands. —European part: Low. Volg. (Ryn sands); Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp. , Kara-Kum, Amu-Dar.and Syr-Dar. Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Eastern Persia, Afghanistan. Described from the area between Volga and Ural. Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: The best forage plant of pastures on desert sands, Lean stock improves quickly on this forage. Very readily eaten to the end of flowering by sheep and goats, less readily by other kinds of livestock. Eaten by sheep and goats also in wilted state. Recovers well in spring after grazing. Yields 2-4 centners per hectare of green herbage and 1-2 centners of dry forage. According to the results of experiments conducted by the Turkmenian Forage Institute and the Katta-Kurgan Experi- ment Station, the hay contains, at flowering time 10-12% protein, 25-28% crude cellulose, 4-5% digestible protein; starch equivalent 40-45. Fresh 155 herbage at flowering contains 3-4% crude protein and 10-11% cellulose. This is one of the pioneering plants on wind-blown sands, and plays an important role in consolidating sands and turning them into productive areas, 90. C.pachystylis Gay in Ann. Sc, Nat., 2 sér., X (1838) 301: V. Keeez. im FY, “Turkm. »- IP) 2+(1932)' 228, tabe"92, —C. des'e rto rum ‘Litw. in Trav. Mus, Bot. St. Pétersb. I (1902) 19.—C.stenophylla var. desertorum Litw. in Allg. Bot. Zeit. V. Beih. I (1899) 56: Beih. Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 122; Grossh, Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 159, — C. glomerata Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Petersb. VII (1910) 83, non Host. — C. Hostii Litw. ; ib. XV (1916).120, non Schkuhr;'— C. steno- phyttlavar.;pachystydiis Kuk’, iby, 121;%exip.— Exs ©: Kneuck. No. 153; HFR No, 1441. Perennial plants; rhizome slender, creeping, covered with fibers, giving rise to discrete clusters forming loose tufts; culms obscurely tri- angular, mostly smooth, 7-30cm tall, covered to considerable height with castaneous-brown, loose, split-fibrillose basal sheaths; leaves rather soft, flat to subinvolute, 1-2mm broad, shorter than the culm, somewhat crisp, scabrous; spikelets 4-6, aggregated in a compact, rhomboid or triangular -ovoid head 0.8-2cm long and 0.7-1cm broad; scales ferruginous- brown or castaneous throughout, ovate, acute, about as long as the peri- gynia; perigynia rounded-ovoid to ellipsoid, 4-5.5mm long, round-based, short-stipitate, obscurely nerved or nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into a smcoth (or slightly scabrous at base), bidentate, dorsally cleft beak, castaneous at the summit. Fr. April—June. (Plate VIII, Figure 8). 198 Loess and clay semideserts and foothills up to 1,500—-2,000m, — Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb. (s.), Pribalkh. (submont.), Kyz. -Kum. (Bukan Mountains), Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al., Syr.Dar., Amu-Dar., Mount. Turkm,; Caucasus: South. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Kul'dzha, Afghani- stan, Persia, eastern Turkey and Syria, and northern Egypt. Described from northern Persia, Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Basis of sown pastures. An excellent forage plant, comparing favorably with best grasses in nutritive value, readily eaten by all kinds of livestock, both in pasture and in the form of hay. Dries off by the end of May, but sprouts again in fall, if warm weather sets in. In years with ample rain-fall it develops so profusely that cutting for hay becomes possible. Beside a low cellulose content (13.28%) it gives 16.2% protein 2.18% fats and 59.94% nitrogen-free extractable substances. Explanation to Plate XIII 1. C. pseudo-foetida Kuk.: a) perigynium, b) scale. — 2, C. sajanensis V. Krecz.: a) scale, b) perigynium. — 3. C. reptabunda (Trautv.) V. Krecz.: a) perigynium, b) scale. — 4 and6. C. enervis C. A. M.: a) scale, b) perigynium. — 5. C. similigena V. Krecz.: a) perigynium. — 7. C. physodes M.B.: a) scale, b) perigynium — 8. C. pachystylis Gay: a) scale, b) perigynium. — 9. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh.: perigynium. — 10. C. cyperoides Murr.: a) perigynium. 157 NOTE: According to observations by M.G. Popov, in the area of con- vergence of the sand and the clay desert it forms hybrids with the preceding species (C. subphysodes M. Pop.). Section 13. Psyllophora (Ehrh.) V. Krecz. —Ehrh. ex Heuff. in Flora XXVIII (1844) 528 (pro genere); Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 146 (nomen); .Schur, En, pl. Trans, (1866) 696; Boern, in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, XXI, (1913) 264 (pro genere). —Cespitose plants; culms smooth, obtusely angled. Spikelets solitary, terminal, androgynous, segregated; perigynia oblong- ellipsoid, biconvex,nerveless, coriaceous, smooth, at maturity reflexed. Perigynia deciduous in fruit. Style long, mostly included in the perigynium; stigmas 2, Achene with a short, setaceous appendage of rachilla at base. ‘C Jpultearis L.Sp..pl iQ 753)°9 425.» T new, in. Ldb. (Fl. Ross. »1V,, 265.—Psyllophora vulgaris Heuff. in Flora, XXVIII (1844) 522,.— P. pulwearis Sehun, Enum..pl. Trans ./(. 866),623..—B xs) Pear inl. Exs. No, 101. Perennial, loosely cespitose plants; culms 8-35cm tall; leaves filiform, scabrous above; spikelets 1.5-2.5cm long, their staminate part narrow, fusiform, the pistillate part loose, containing 5-13 reflexed perigynia; perigynia deciduous in fruit, oblong-ovoid, ferruginous, subobtuse, hyaline- margined; perigynia oblong -ellipsoid to lanceolate, 4.5-5.5mm long, brownish-green, becoming blackish-brown, lustrous, biconvex, smooth. (Plate XIV, Figure 9). 201 Boggy meadows. —There are dubious records and collections relating to Mogilev and Lake Ladoga. Possibly in Lad.-Il'm. (w.part). Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Baltic seaboard, Poland. Described from Europe. Subgenus II], Eucarex Coss, et Germ, Fl. Paris. (1845) 744. — Tristimides Rafin. Amenit, of Nat. (1840) 24, pro max, parte. Monoecious or dioecious plants. Spikelets solitary Oornumerous, uni- sexual: the terminal spikelets staminate, the others pistillate, or the terminal spikelets gynecandrous and (rarely) androgynous, the others pis- tillate. globoid, ovoid, or mostly oblong to cylindric, sessile or, mostly, on more or less developed stipes (especially toward the base), aggregated in heads or segregated in a simple, very rarely somewhat forking, inflor- escence; spikelets solitary, sometimes in 2's—5's. Perigynia trigonous, convex or inflated; achene trigonous, more rarely plano-convex, Stigmas 5, smoresnarelly 12: Section 14. Leimonastes Rchb, Fl. saxon. (1842) 45.—Carex L., (s. str: (Sp. pls (1,753)),972. =U 1 va, Adans» Ham». ,pl. MiGs) 4962 — Osculisa Rafin. Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 27. -Limivasculum Boern, Explanation to Plate XIV 1. Carex oreophila C. A. M.: a) perigynium, b) achene with appendage of rachilla, c) perigynium. — 2. C. capitata L.: a) perigynium, b) scale. — 3 and 4a. C. dioica L. a) scale, b), c) perigynium. — 5. C. gynocrates Wormskj.: a) scale, b) perigynium.— 6. C. parallela Laest.: a) scale, b), ¢c) perigynium. — 7. C. Redowskiana C. A.M. a) scale, c) perigynium.— 8. C. Davalliana Sm.: a), b), c) perigynium.— 9. C. pulicaris L.: a) scale, b), c) perigynium. — 10. C. setina (Christ) V. Krecz.: a), b) perigynium. — 11. C. Maritima Gunn.: a), b) perigynium, c) scale. 158 PLATE XIV fey) (oy) 159 in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, XXI (1913) 268, ex p. -Vignantha Schur, En. pl. Trans. (1866) 705, ex p. (omnia pro genere). —Paludose plants, with triangular culms and linear leaves; rhizome creeping or short- branched and then giving rise to tussocks or dense tufts, stoloniferous or without stolons; lower sheaths mostly bladeless (Plate XV, Figure 1) or transitional toward leaf-bearing. Inflorescence of 2-7(10) oblong spike- lets, of these 1-3 terminal ones staminate, the others pistillate. Spikelets sessile, or the lower ones more or less distinctly stipitate, but all erect (rarely drooping). Bract more or less developed, or else obsolescent, Scales 1-nerved, mostly equaling the perigynia or shorter. Perigynia mostly ovoid, plano-convex or biconvex, 2-3.5mm long, nerved or nerve- less, distinctly ribbed on the margin, with a short, truncate or slightly emarginate beak. Stigmas 2. 1. All spikelets gynecandrous, i.e. pistillate flowers above and staminate at base, or at any rate, if there are terminal staminate flowers, all spikelets are essentially fertile ....128. C.eleusinoides Turcz. +; Terminal 1-3 spikelets staminate, the others pistillate......... 2. 2 Cults Snieoiar a. we che ss RMR Paco so 6 MEME cs oo oR 3. Pep Galriis SCAUrOUS . <5. 6 6 sche cc sehen © 0s oie SM a oo) eee cee 5D. 3 Perigynia weakly nerved; culms acutely angledm i°3 .°) -. -#: uae = =) ‘eisai: « Cue SRA eri leet: seats. pmetir Gakerie 26. CC. Uzonn Kom at Perigynira nerveless; culms iobtusely angled. Hay. 5... «hk. = .. 3 4, 4, Cineraceous green plants; culms 50-100cm tall; leaves rather strongly scabrous. Spikelets narrowly cylindric, 4-6cm long; peri- gynia obtuse, much narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia 202 2-5-2 4a mr jong ,syellowish-green or stramineous .: 77"... ...... seme .” ee peeps ae ae. ge oe Re es ee LAO es aguatirits, Wanlb, + Plants light (or yellowish) green; culms 10-60cm tall; leaves rather smooth, conduplicate, of spongy consistency. Spikelets clavate, 1-3cm long; perigynia subacute, as long and broad as perigynia, or longer; perigynia 2-2.3mm long, brownish ...127. C.stans Drej. tae erisynia Nerveless! .. \Mieme. swe) ss oho 5 +s os oe 6. + Perigynlamerved 22.6 c+ «Pa S-skeye aie’ s, shes gle es E akaae Geo oe 25. 6. Plants with rather developed foliaceous lower bracts, these as long or slhightlyashortemehan the-intloreseence’..§ . 8.5.) 0. ss ee ee Ws + Plants with weakly developed, short setaceous bracts, these barely Coraline thers SpmRGReUs ss ss «Pee ce Y ince oR. oo te) auieasveute ban uianan cite 10, 7. A large plant with broad (5-8mm) leaves and strongly reticulate- fibrillose, reddish-brown, keeled lower sheaths (Plate XV, Figure 1) BW ode. iia ke atiew lL meWe) Guirs: le Maori. omer. Same cen Sykes 101. C. Buekii Wimm. + Smaller plants with leaves 2-3(4)mm broad and weakly fibrillose or entire, weakly keeled lower sheaths .....5. « « «a. ame anew. 8. 8. Perigynia with scattered bristles on upper margin; lower sheaths castancous-brown, weakly fibrillose ms. . 4... 3. cs .5 wh oes 9. ate Perigynia smooth; lower sheaths reddish or dark purple, entire Ee bs eye ANDES ES as co ee re 115. € Watpier tat) Boett. (see also for Centr. Asia—100, C. Knorringiae Kiuk.). 9. Perigynia rounded-ovoid, inflated-biconvex, with an entire beak; scales mostly acutish, overtopping the perigynia, light brown; spikelets rather loose, cylindric, to 4cm long (East. Siberia) ........... ee Re ae 5 or ee ae eS es ee eet ae ee tie. Cc. Sehm rdtai Memseb. 160 203 14, it 18, 19, Perigynia ellipsoid or ovoid, flat or biconvex (but not inflated), with an emarginate beak; perigynia obtusish, shorter than perigynia, dark brown; spikelets ovoid, rather dense, to 2cm long (Kamchatka) hia aCe linieo lata shar: einem ey te) =) @1-8) “ot of of @ 8 @ @ oe @ @ @ 8 “8 "oe: ‘a "se “ete; Ww Te sf iba FP RETA R a5 SA EN OPT Bs OLE SD Nit WS ES, oP ee AT, Plants with short branching rhizome, not stoloniferous, forming tus - socks) or dense tufts (Plate XV Figure Dog. 00. em Lee: 20. Pericynia broadly ovoid to’ siborbicular ye Teen eI a. 2: Perigynia' ovoid; obovate, or ellipsoid’ Poe) Pee 14. Perigynia 2.5-3mm long, strongly biconvex, forming dense spikelets with horizontally spreading, imbricate perigynia; spikelets shorter than periayvmie andell/ 31/2 "as*broad’ Ore, Baa, Leys ee: Le, Perigynia 1.8-2.3mm long, in narrow and loose, sometimes pendulous spikelets, segregated; scales mostly longer than perigynia, nearly as broad-(Hast.. Siberia)... 200s. 122. C. rigidioides Gorodk. Leaves 3-5mm broad, abruptly pointed, with brown or reddish- brown lower sheaths. Spikelets oblong, the staminate to 2cm long, the pistillate 0.5-1.5mm long; bract not exceeding the spikelet; scales GHEUSS PEAT ORAM, aie RS Ae cain te PLGetCywom be uwla ris So00tt. Leaves 2.5-3mm broad, gradually tapering to a point, with reddish- brown to castaneous lower sheaths. Spikelets cylindric, 1-4cm long, long-stipitate; bracts nearly twice as long as their spikelets; scales ICUISH SE? Tn CE, CR ET OE ae eae INTC. arcaticayMeinsh: Lower sheaths keeled, slightly fibrillose, bladeless; perigynia grayish- green (plants of the C. caestpitosa type, but loosely cespitose, growing on plains in forests),.....109. C.inumbrata V. Krecz. Lower sheaths weakly keeled, not fibrillose and mostly blade-bearing; perigynia brown (mountain plants of the C.rigida type)...... 155 Perigynia 2mm long; scales longer than perigynia, subacute ...16. Perigynia 2.5-3.5mm long; scales shorter than perigynia, obtuse Pir E BA 8 ESSE EER Uh AE! TIAN SET ARMS, SEU: RRA ES, SR S., 173 Staminate spikelets light ferruginous, pale (as compared with the dark pistillate spikelets); lower sheaths brown to castaneous-brown (Tien SRA), Sh east Macnee toe Dos Site, SO, 123. C.taldycola Meinsh. Staminate spikelets only slightly lighter than the pistillate, nearly of the same color; sheaths reddish-brown (Caucasus)............ MeL EHD, CD tes Oo AAS % ny 124. C. Kotschyana Boiss. et Hohen. Leaves flat or oni slightly turned back at the margins, abruptly pointed ipreen'ordarkigreen’ 0. LAr eee Ta keys ee eee 18, Leaves strongly turned back at the margins, rather long-acuminate, Sinaraceouiserreen Py h", Hl... Cea . TA, Bee: Sa. i), Leaves 3-6(7)mm broad, entirely flat; lower sheaths purple (cherry- colored) or blackish-purple; perigynia ovoid, 3mm long........ ete eee he N Abeer: 4.0 es PIM ER EMRE OE EVE A, 121. C. altaica Gorodk. Leaves 2.5-4mm broad, more or less turned back at the margins; lower sheaths castaneous-brown; perigynia obovate, often broadly OVeId Waconia One ria2) . esi. Aeieieg Wk. VERE. 0 120. C. ensifolia Turcz. Culms slender, 10-35cm tall; leaves equaling the culm; bract obsolete; spikelets rather dense, 0.6-2cm long. Perigynia obovate or ellipsoid 118. CC. byperborea Dre}. 161 20. 204 + 23. 24. 25. 26, 27. Culms stout, 40-60cm tall; leaves shorter than the culm; bract equaling the spikelet; spikelets oblong, not dense, 1.5-3cm long. Perigyniavellipsdid to ovoid, 3.5 mam slongy.i ws! wderdoel aru eseremopee: exlrre Ay tans eee a) te a RE S20 Yep as sede Oe 119. C. kamtschatica Gorodk, (10). Cineraceous-green, rigid, large plants, 50-100cm tall; leaves keeled, canaliculate below, 3-6mm broad; lower sheaths lustrous, creamy or light brown. Spikelets cylindric, 3-5cm long, usually 5 DinumMber e808 eo oo, CR ae eed ie ar aa 106. C. omskiana Meinsh. Light or bright green, rarely cineraceous-green plants, smaller (30- 60cm tall), with slender stems and flat narrow (2-3mm broad) leaves. Spikelets short-cylindric or oblong, 1-3(4)cm long, usually 3 in number. Ste Pe SANG R 4 alae tie Reeds) (Uenke ity eeeips uy sfebabeh pert: ees 21, Lower sheaths keeled, short, more or less reticulate-fibrillose, chemnpecolored) onemed ty mie whan aa ists. rng & ipa eels ea ene salen 22, Lower sheaths weakly keeled (rounded), long, slightly fibrillose, brown to castaneous-brown..... COREE peti s/c 18 he oi hd Pevnettheatthd «ena ahnae ts: atti us 24. Spikelets 3-4cm long, rather loose, drooping; perigynia 3mm long, ellipsoid, biconvex, grayish-yellow, gradually attenuate to a somewhat elongated/beak(Plate-XVyoMigure, 8)! 5) ears! suet Ge loR. & tel heb ol ne TR Sr Shuid? oubran @1OyCaretorta. (Fries)pvemsrecz: Beater 2-2.5cm long, rather dense, erect; perigynia 2-2.5mm long, subplano-convex, yellowish-green or brownish-green (Plate XV, TENT SACS IAG se ia vee ad Yori c ube § ata! vetcal ewe falernetpeitedea ate eto} yor end Bioware Boe 23. Lower sheaths dark purple (cherry-colored), rather strongly splitting - fibmillosess perigynaum-beak (pale «is iis 2% 107.1 C.“ueceespitosas lL. Lower sheaths brightly sanguine, weakly fibrillose; perigynium-beak purpleiatithesuwmamait yy. Wt ok es, Laie 1,08 .~C .r wh na, évl..et Vant. Perigynia 1.8-2.2mm long, lead-colored; spikelets narrow, loosish, 2-3 mmiibroad;)\ lower sheaths» castameousis brown wei. el apt eiees © A See ito a OL red emirate deel! ey Sater ah fel adil vere «ADL 4S (yo dyna drench Perigynia 2-2.5mm long, yellowish- to blackish-brown; spikelets 3- 5mm broad, dense; lower sheaths yellowish-brown to light brown Gi eiiies Gareja wx) wine, other lees lil. CC), Soagzay acana,Goredk,. (5). Rhizome short-creeping, tussock-forming; stolons wanting (Rabie BaVi i EeuRe Ads tia dnfaede eheltn es ols cele cua ue ca ede See 26. Rhizome creeping; loosely or densely cespitose plants, sometimes tussock-forming, always stoloniferous (Plate XV, Figure 3).... 28. A robust plant, to 100-150cm tall; leaves keeled below, canaliculate, recurved at the margins, 3-5mm broad; sheaths lustrous, honey- colored; perigynia 3.5-4mm long, glaucescent or brownish-green, withvlichtmancinal ribs, mer ved vie) fnlideumishewe 1,05.) :C . edextie., Bell, Less vigorous plants; leaves 1-2.5mm broad; sheaths castaneous or purple; perigynia 2-3(3.5)mm long, yellowish-brown or green, with nenves ofSamercolorcasy penisynia: ialeneciwtaiges tl. so thesotune + 27. Plants 30-50cm tall; leaves strongly involute, 1-1.5mm broad, with castaneous or purplish-brown lower sheaths. Spikelets 0.6-2cm long; perigynia 2-2.5mm long, biconvex, yellowish-brown, 5-6-nerved BSE Whee temrcrasties, al MRR 5 tase digs aby hate cone co 94. C. wiluica Meinsh. 162 205 9 + 206 28. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. Plants to 100cm tall; leaves subplane (with scarcely revolute margins), 2-2.5mm broad; lower sheaths reddish-brown. Spikelets to 4-7cm long; perigynia 2.5-3.5mm long, plano-convex, pale green, 8-10- nerved 2°) 5% OW Ties MR ee 103. C.appendiculata (Trautv. ) Kiik. Perigynia oblong-ellipsoid, 5mm long, 2-3 times as long as perigynia; spikelets dark-colored, abbreviated, 0.5-1cm long (Plate XV, Figure 5) edits, Hetanacti a i Mie A RB Re IEC Ria iA is yeti 104. C.descendens Kiik. Perigynia ovoid or ellipsoid, 2- 3, 5(4)mm long, barely longer than the scales, as long, or shorter; spikelets many-flowered, (1)2-10cm YS TONS tal ae ltl ea ane Poel A gegen led Se) leg a PS Pe 248). Plants with phyllopodes, i.e. the lower sheaths prolonged into leaf- blades (Pilate DOV, CN igure! 2)h ef RM Ae aie ae Mee a Bi Cie enleeuellne Athy 39. Aphyllopodious plants, i.e. the lower sheaths long-scalelike, point- tipped “bladeless (Plate XV" Pigure Ly ta Wu eee Pl ae. a2. Leaves revolute-margined, 3-8mm broad. Large plants, to 100-150cm SEU bay dir aA og they Sh aaa daca ld ul yt Sidi, AA RSE cae OR Mean nL a 31 Leaves involute-margined, 2-3mm broad. Small plants, 10-50cm (SEU a aD ae am alah ade ale Ma alah ig poly Aue nat dA Si ©) Mavlenuita li. Densely-cespitose (tussock-forming) plants; leaves cineraceous-green, narrow, 3-4mm broad. Perigynia 2.5-2.8mm long, ellipsoid, rather gradually attenuate to a short beak ....... 95) piro tear ries, Loosely cespitose plants (not tussocky); leaves green, 4-8mm broad. Perigynia 3mm long, ovoid, rounded at the summit, abruptly contract- Garinto’ ay SHOE MICAK oo silo sf eegidden ee) Seow ee ee loli 9G Corona cialis sCurt. (see also, for Central Asia—100. C. Knorringiae Kiuk.). Robust plants, to 100-150cm tall, with leaves to 10mm broad; spike- lets 4-10, cylindric, 5-8cm long; leaves with revolute margins Os tafea eo) oe. ©)" > Viele) eo fen) @, @ ie) e ep yer sl «eye ay ease) 5a. Ae ier. Oy ie Vie, Ve) fe eee 8 1 Oh ew) lakes lel) ia er ee: Baie Shale plants, 15-70cm tall, with leaves to 2-3mm broad; spikelets 3-5, oblong, 0.5-3cm long; leaves with upturned margins ..... ao. Perigynia very obscurely nerved (almost nerveless), 2-2.3mm long. Lower sheaths strongly reticulate-split; leaves 5-8mm broad...... Peay tek E Yee tie frie ttempe heii ies 8 fe eho a Nomen £O1l. €C. Buekri Winmm, Perigynia distinctly nerved, (2)2.5-3.5(4)mm long; lower sheaths weakly, tibrllose; leaves: 3S +4 mm) broad si) civics. epee bates 34, Perigynia biconvex or inflated, (2)2.5-3(3.2)mm long, with 3-7 distinct, Dut notHrals ear Merv eS! ye Ao yobs. cme rea aeen re: cl Wcunay boda ioayell Gaye ve Wer teromine aeibenneaas )0)- Perigynia plano-convex or concavo-convex, 3-3.5mm long, with 8-10 PAUSCH MOLV ES ee ele tale oe ew 8h) cyrat MeN eye) Cate) Meant eral 2 Cen ci AU met ai ow. Culms scaberulous; scales of pistillate spikelets thickened at the sum- mit; staminate spikelets prominently 2-flowered, variegated, en- hargedi(Cauca sus) Aojtess iid Sie ihe on, ©. .daichroandirs Ve gkreez, Culms scabrous; scales of pistillate spikelets not thickened at the summit; staminate spikelets narrow, 1-flowered ........... 36. Subcespitose, glaucous-gray plants, 15-40cm tall; cauline sheaths and leaf-bases dove-colored to cinereous. Pistillate spikelets abbre- viated, dense, to 3cm long; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, plano-convex glaucescent, 2-2.5mm long longer than scales (Dauriya) ........ oa na’ a: Ameen Mains NPAT 2.) dol aaa Mead 99. C. erawinensis Korot. 163 207 + Loosely cespitose, cineracous-~green, more robust plants, to 100 cm tall. Pistillate spikelets 3-8cm long, rather loose; perigynia broadly ovoid or broadly obovate, biconvex, ferruginous-green, 2.5-3.2 mm long, shorter tthansgthe unguiform,scalesd th... %e SAPO Rat Le eRe. ERA tebe WED vw: eared @ @ ete Leese 98. C. fusco-vaginata Kik. 37. Perigynia broadly ovoid, dorsally convex, concave on the inner face, with thickened nerves (Sakhalin).......... *C. semiplena Kiik., + Perigynia ellipsoid, plano-convex,with slender nerves......... 38. 38. Scales of pistillate spikelets ferruginous-brown, with a white hyaline appendage at the tip; scales dark, corrugated. Leaves 2-2.5mm broad, cineraceous-green; lower sheaths reddish-brown. (East. Siberia) RESETS eee eT 103. C. appendiculata (Trautv.) Kuk. + Scales of pistillate spikelets without appendage, light ferruginous; spikelets greenish or light ferruginous, Leaves 3-4mm broad, bright green; lower sheaths light brown (?). (Low. Volga). .......... bata aa tint ea talon cipbamictive! ais ice ac eile, a esis Ne 102. C.sareptana V. Krecz. 39, (32). Tussock-forming plants; the brown to light brown, lustrous basal sheaths covering the culm to a considerable height; leaves long, a a strongly involute, 1-1.5mm broad...... 93. C.juncella Fries. Tf + Not forming tussocks; leaves subplane, to 2-3mm broad...... 40. 40. Lower sheaths lustrous, dark purple (Caucasus).............. veh dance diet Jnrol vane try sa ataen tes yee very St bopieriione maya cutest gases 92. C. dacica Heuff. + Lower sheaths dull, brown to light brown....... 9k. .C..,acuitya: 2, Cycle 1. Vulgata V. Krecz. —Cineraceous-green plants, 20-70cm tall, with firm culms; leaves with uprolled margins, long-acuminate, nar- row (1-3mm broad). Loosely or densely cespitose plants, stoloniferous or without stolons; lower sheaths mixed (bladeless and blade-bearing). Inflorescence of 3-5 short-cylindric spikelet (to 3cm long); lowest bract equaling or exceeding the inflorescence. Scales ovate, obtuse shorter than the perigynia. Perigynia ovoid or ellipsoid, plano-convex, 2-3mm long, few-nerved. 91. €.acuta L. Sp. pl. (1753) 978 (quoad var.a).—C.fusca Bell. ex All. Fl. pedem. II (1785) 269. -C. Goodenoughii Gay (err. ''Good- enowii'') in Ann. Sc. Nat., 2 sér., IX (1839) 191; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 313 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 84.—C.vulgaris Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. Mant. III (1842)153; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 311. — C.vulgarisa communis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 334, — les: *Syrel” PY Mosk: ‘Gub, Y? 201) —Exs)?* Kneuck; No. #2603" Hin No; 1540, 1541, 1542, Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants, with rather long stolons; culms erect or arched, scabrous at the summit, 10-50cm tall, covered at base with light or dark-brown, blade-bearing (often also bladeless) sheaths; leaves flat, with more or less uprolled margins, 2-3mm broad, shorter than the culm. Spikelets 3-5, subapproximate, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong or clavate, to 2cm long, with obovate, scales; others pistillate, ovate to oblong, 1-2cm long, dense, erect, sessile, only the lowest spike- let occasionally short-peduncled (sometimes peduncle long and spikelets } Easily confounded with C. wiliuca which, however, has tall blackish-purple sheaths. 164 208 drawn toward the base of culm), the staminate flowers often at the summit; lowest bract equaling the inflorescence; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse to subacute, dark brown, with a light median band, shorter than perigynia (sometimes less than half as long, hence spikelets appearing green through- out); perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, plano-convex, 2.5-3mm long, 5-8- nerved, the nerves conspicuous on the back and less distinct on the-inner face, green, becoming ferruginous or brown, short-stipitate, the back truncate, obsolescent, brownish at the mouth. Fr. May—August. (Plate XV, Figure 7). Meadows, wet places (both grassy and sandy). —European part: Ubiqui- fous: ,» West. oiperiag.Obs,.Upp.,, Tob, »dcth, Altay basteSibemangAns: - Sayan. ? Gen. distr.: Western Europe. Described from Northern Europe. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X aquatilis Whlb.; X gracilis Curt. (C. elytroides Fries andC.praticola Kitk.); X caespitosa L. (C:peraffinis App. =? C.sororia,;Meinsh. Fl. ingr./; p. 404, non Kunth.); X elata Bell. (C. Coukae Podp.); KX omskiana Meinsh. ; X Buekii Wimm. (C.ligniciensis Fig.). 92. C.dacica Heuff, in Flora, XVIII (1835) 247 et in Linnaea, XXXI (1861) 728, tab. IV, fig. 1.—-C.caespitosa Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 420, non L. —C. rigida var. dacica Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 302. -C. Goodenoughii et C.caespitosa Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 164, p.p., non Gay et L. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rather rigid plants, with short rhizome, with underground offshoots, forming loose tufts; culms rather slender, somewhat arched, scabrous, 15-50cm tall; leaves linear, 1.5-2mm broad, flat, with slightly upturned margins, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths dark purple, lustrous; spikelets 3-4, the terminal spikelet clavate or fusiform, staminate_ the others pistillate, pedunculate (peduncle) of lowest spikelet to 0.5-0.8cm long), oblong, 0.5-1.5cm long, rather dense, loosish below, subdistant; lowest bract nearly reaching the top of inflorescence; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-purple throughout or with a light midrib and margin, slightly shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 2.5mm long, blackish-brown at the summit, with few faint nerves, abruptly contracted into a short, smooth, cylindric beak. Fr. July. Meadows in alpine and subalpine zone (2,000-2,700m). —Caucasus: Cis- cauc,, Dag., West. Transcauc., East. Transcauc. (w. part), South. Transcauc. —Gen. distr.: Carpathians, Banat, Balkans, Asia Minor. De- scribed from Banat (Sarko Alps). NOTE: Readily eaten by cattle (after report of E,A. Bush). 93. C.juncella Fries in Bot. Notis. (1857) 105. -C. vulgaris ssp. juncella Fries in Bot. Notis. (1843) 105; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 334. -C. vulgaris var. juncea Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. Mant. III (1842) 154. -C. Goodenoughii var. juncea Aschers. et Gr. in Syn. I, 2 (1902) 97;, Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 317. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 261. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rather densely cespitose, tussock-form- ing, stoloniferous plants; culms slender, scabrous, 20-80cm tall, covered to considerable height with brown to castaneous, lustrous, bladeless basal sheaths; leaves narrowly linear, 1-1.5mm broad, with rather strongly in- rolled margins, as long as the culm; spikelets 3-5, subapproximate, the 165 terminal 1-2 staminate, fusiform, with ferruginous scales; the remaining spikelets pistillate, rather narrowly cylindric, 1-3cm long, the lowest peduncled; lowest bract equaling or even exceeding the inflorescence; ence; scales ovate, obtuse to subacute, with a light midrib, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia subellipsoid, plano-convex, 2-2.5mm long, light green at first, becoming yellowish-brown, with 3-5 slender nerves and a short truncate beak. Fr. June—August. Peat bogs and peat meadows, tussocky thickets. —European part: Kar. - Lap.) ad /-IL'n;), (Upp); Vols.4 Uppy Dnepr:.»Mid, Dunepx) 5 Volac-Kama. (n.-e. andn. part), Volg-Don. Gen. distr.: Centr. and North. Europe. Described from Sweden. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.caespitosa L. 94. C.wiluica Meinsh. ex Maack, Vilyuisk. okr. II (1886) 308, tab. I.B.—-C.Maackii Meinsh. ex Baer et Helmers., Beitr. zur Kentn. russ. Reich, XXVI (1871) 226, non Maxim. -C. kolymaeenisis Kiik. in Finsk. Vetensk. Soc. Férh. XLV (1902-1903) 7. 209 Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose (tussock-forming) plants without stolons; culms slender, scabrous, 30-50cm tall, covered at base to rather considerable height with reddish-brown or dark purple, bladeless, slightly reticulate-split sheaths; leaves long, 1-1.5(2)mm broad, as long as the culm, canaliculate-involute; spikelets 3-5, remote, the terminal spikelet staminate, oblong-linear, the others pistillate, 0.6-2cm long, narrowly cylindric to oblong-lanceolate, the lowest short-peduncled; the lowest bract longer than the spikelet, nearly equaling the inflorescence or shorter; scales oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, mostly blackish-brown throughout, with a light midrib, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5(3) mm long, biconvex, yellowish-brown, 5- 6-nerved, rather abruptly contracted into a short entire beak. Fr. June— August. Wet meadows, bogs. —Arctic: Arct, Eur.; European part: Dv. -Pech., Volg-Kam., Volg. -Don. (Karsunskii District —Staro-Zinov'evka), Zavolzh. (n. part); West. Siberia: Ob.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur.? Len. -Kolym.; Far East: Kamch. Endemic, Described from Vilyui River (left bank, some 80km from estuary). Type in Leningrad. NOTE: A plant from the European part of the U.S.S.R. (Dv. -Pech.), stoloniferous and with sheaths barely reticulate at base, has been separated by B.N. Gorodkov into a distinct race C. wiluica ssp. europaea Gorodk, in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. VII (1922) 300. Specimens from Kam- chatka have thickened leaves to 3mm broad, and possibly they also repre- sent a distinct race. Cycle 2. Acuta V. Krecz. —Green and cineraceous- green, robust plants (to 100-150cm tall), with firm, thickened culms and flat, 4-10mm broad, revolute-margined leaves, stoloniferous; lower sheaths bladeless and blade-bearing (transitional). Inflorescence of 4-10 large cylindric spike- lets (to 5-10cm long), the foliaceous lowest bract equaling or overtopping the inflorescence. Scales of pistillate spikelets narrow, oblong, usually acute, Perigynia (2)2.5-3.5(4) mm long, nerved, green, at length ferru- ginous or brown, 95. C.prolixa Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. III (1842) 150. — Cyacuta'e prolixa’Meingh) in’ A; HIP) XVEE, 1901) Sear Sstric - tifolia Opiz apud Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VIII (1846) 15.—C. gracilis 166 210 var. strictifolia Aschers. Fl. Brand. I (1864) 775. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rather densely cespitose and tussock- forming plants; culms slender, acutely triangular, scabrous, nodding at the summit, 50-100cm tall, covered at base with leaden-brown blade- bearing sheaths; leaves narrow, 3-4mm broad, straight, flattened-cana- liculate, with strongly revolute margins, shorter than the culm; spike- lets 4-7, the terminal 1-2 staminate, narrow, 2-4cm long, with linear- lanceolate, dark brown, subobtuse scales, the others pistillate, narrowly cylindric-clavate, 4-8cm long, rather loose, segregated below, usually on long peduncles (these to 3cm and longer), drooping; scales narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a light midrib, much narrower than the perigynia and exceeding them; perigynia ellipsoid to obovate, 2.5-2.8mm long, weak- ly biconvex, yellowish or slightly ferruginous, with very faint nerves or nerveless (occasionally 1-2 nerves prominent), abruptly contracted at base into a short stipe, rather gradually tapering into a short, scarcely ex- tended beak. Fr. June—July. West meadows and bogs. —European part: Lad. -Il'm. Gen. distr.: Baltic seaboard, Scandinavia, Denmark. Described from Sweden (Uppsala). O65, Cie racilis,Curt., FPl,bondin, IV (777-8) 282m tabu oa, koulke in Engl, Pflzr. IV, 20.(1909).319, ex p.—C.acuta L. Sp. pl.) (1753) 978 (quoad varB); Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 203; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 313 (aetB); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3(1901) 335, expC ast nlatarGilib.wkxere.»phytol. I) (1792). 550..—le.:) Syreish. I. Mosk eub, oh.200.—Exs,)?) ER: Now 8463) )Pliy Fink. .exss: No. 525.4526. Perennial, green plants with long stout rhizomes; culms acutely angled, strongly scabrous, nodding at the summit, 30-150cm tall, covered at base with blade-bearing reddish-brown sheaths; leaves flat, 5-8mm broad, with downrolled margins when dry, equaling the culm; spikelets 4-10, the terminal 2-4 staminate, approximate, oblong, 2-6cm long, with obovate, obtuse, dark brown scales, the others pistillate, cylindric, rather loose, 3-10cm long (0.6-0.8cm broad), the lowest pedunculate,often long, droop- ing; lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, acute, blackish-brown, with a white midrib, as long as, longer, or shorter, al- ways narrower than the perigynia; perigynia obovate to ellipsoid,3 mm long, biconvex, ferruginous or brownish, slenderly 5-6-nerved on both faces, abruptly contracted at base into a short stipe, rapidly attenuate above into a short beak. Fr. May—August. Bogs, meadows, and river banks. —European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad. - fim. aa Dy... > Rech,.;..U pps Dnepr.,4Jpps.Violg.r .V olg.-name,, Mad. Dnepr., , Prichern. , Volg.-Don., Low. Don, , Crimea; West. Siberia: Ob. (w.part). Gen, distr.: Western Europe. Described from England (surroundings of London). Type in London. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X acuta L. (C.elytroides Fries and C.praticola Kuk.);.X elata, Bell. (C. pseudo-Hudsonii Podp.); X caespitosa L, (C.allolepis Rchb.); X Buekii Wimm. (C. vratislaviensis Fig.); Xaquatilis Whlb. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: It is made into hay in some localities, but it is not eaten readily by livestock on account of the sharp leaves and culms. It should be cut as early as possible, before flowering. In silage it gives good feed for cattle. Yields of hay 25-35 centners per hectare, silaged material 80-12( centners per hectare. 167 211 212 97. C.dichroandra V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda II, 596. — C.acuta Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 313, quoad pl. caucas. , non Good, —? C. gracilis var. libanotica Kuk, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 323. -—-C. gracilis var. angustifolia et tricostata Grossh, Fl, Kavk. I (1928) 163, non Aschers. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with creeping rhizome and stolons; culms rather scabrous at the summit, sometimes nearly smooth, firm, 30-90cm tall, covered at base with leaden-brown, somewhat lustrous, bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, 3-5mm broad, slightly downrolled at the margins, gradually acuminate, as long as or shorter than the culm; spike- lets 4-7, distant, the terminal 1-3 staminate, oblong or clavate, 3-8cm long, the lanceolate, subobtuse, brown scales with a broad white band, the remaining spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 5-7cm long, dense to fairly loose, the lower ones pedunculate, erect; the lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, acute, blackish-brown, usually longer than the perigynia and half as broad, the strong midrib thickened at the summit; perigynia broadly ovoid, 3mm long, yellowish-brown, becoming dark brown, with few (3-5) nerves and a short truncate beak. Fr. June— July. River banks. —Caucasus: West. East. (w. part), and South. Trans- cauc. Gen. distr.: Turkey. Described from Georgia (Akhalkalaki). Type in Leningrad. 98. C.fusco-vaginata Kik. in Bull. Hérb, Boiss. ,2ser., IV (1904) 56 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 338; atque in Journ. Russ, Bot. 3-6 (1911)92.—C. acuta Trev. inLdb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 313, ex p., non Good. —C. gracilis Litw. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 297; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill (1929) 465 (incl. var.). -—C. gracilis var. sphaerostachya etangustifolia Witwy, lic.) 297, non Uechtry"et Aschers "—CVera— ciliformis V. Krecz. in Maevsk. Fl. Sr. Ross., 6 ed. (1933) 199. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with long stolons; culms firm, scabrous at the summit, 45-100cm tall, covered at base with dark lead-colored to castaneous, lustrous, faintly keeled and bladeless sheaths; leaves stiff, subplane, 3-4(5)mm broad, with down- rolled margins, short-acuminate, glaucous underneath, greenish on the upper surface, as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, cylind- ric to clavate-cylindric, the terminal 1-3 staminate, 3-8cm long, with reddish- brown (to ferruginous), narrowly lanceolate scales, others pistillate, 3-10cm long (to 0.6cm broad), loosish, especially toward base, or rather compact, as the perigynia become inflated at maturity, erect or subdivergent; lowest bract equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute to mucronate, blackish-purple, with a light median band, mostly longer than perigynia and then geniculate, more rarely as long or shorter; peri- gynie broadly ovoid or broadly obovate, 2.5-3.2mm long (1.7-2.5mm broad), yellowish-ferruginous, at length brunescent, 3-7-nerved, stipitate, ab- ruptly contracted into an obsolescent, subemarginate beak. Fr. May—July. Meadows, river banks. —European part: Prichern. (e.), Mid. Dnepr. (e.), Volg. -Kam., Zavolzh., Low. Volg; Caucasus: Ciscauc.; West. Si- beria: Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan., Daur., 748 168 213 Len, -Kol.; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp. (n. part), Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Altai (Tikhaya River). Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forming hybrids withC.acuta L., C. gracilis Curt., and C.omskiana Meinsh. 99. C.erawinensis Korot. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1913) 293; Vin Kreez. in Fle transb.’ Il (1931) 127. Perennial, bluish-green plants, with a short-creeping rhizome, rather densely cespitose; culms scabrous nearly all the way down, 15-40cm tall, covered at base with castaneous to light castaneous, more or less keeled, and more or less split-fibrillose, lustrous, bladeless sheaths; leaves stiffish, flat, 2-3mm broad, with revolute margins, about as long as the culm, the lower part of blades and sheaths bluish-glaucous; spikelets 3-5, the terminal staminate, oblong-linear, to 3cm long, with light ferruginous, lanceolate, subacute scales, others pistillate, dense, short-cylindric, 1.5-3cm long, 0.4-0.5cm broad, sessile, erect; lowest bract about as long as or shorter than the inflorescence; scales lanceolate to broadly lance- olate, subobtuse, with a light median band, more or less membranaceous above and on the margin, narrower and mostly shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid-ovate, plano-convex, 2-2.5mm long, slenderly 6-7- nerved on both faces, glaucous-green, short-stipitate (the stipe somewhat imbedded in the base), rather abruptly contracted into a scaberulous, scarcely emarginate beak. Wet saline hollows. —East. Siberia: Daur.: Verkhneudinskii and Akshin- skii districts. Described from Eravinskie Lakes (surroundings of the vil- lage Konstantinovka), Type lost (?). 100. C.Knorringiae Kuk. ex B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 201 (nomen nudum) et in Addenda, II, 597. Perennial, green, cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome; culms prominently scabrous nearly all the way down, 50-70cm tall, covered at base with castaneous-brown (ochreous), bladeless, split-fibrillose sheaths; leaves flat, 2.5-3.5mm broad, revolute margined, short-pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, narrowly cylindric, erect, the terminal stam - inate, to 4cm long, with ferruginous, obtuse scales, the others pistillate, 2-4.5cm long, narrowly cylindric, 0.4cm broad, loose, the lowest distant, on a stipe to 1.5cm long; lowest bract shorter or nearly as long as the culm; scales lanceolate, subacute, dark brown, with a faint light midnerve, narrower and slightly longer than the perignynia; perigynia (when young) subovate, about 3mm long, nerveless, green, smooth-margined, abruptly contracted into a short, weakly emarginate beak. Near water. —Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Osheskii District, near Char- aigyr Lake, 1,800m). Endemic. Described from the site indicated. Type in Leningrad. 101. C.Buekii Wimm. FI. Schles., ed. 3 (1857) 81. —Exs.: Kneuck. Nov? 251; Fl, Exs. Austro-Hung:” No, 3925: Perennial, green plants with creeping rhizome producing stout under- ground offshoots, covered with brown, split remnants of sheaths; culms thickened, sharply 3-angled, prominently scabrous, 45-100cm tall, the broad, keeled, leaden-brown bladeless basal sheaths strongly reticulate- fibrillose in membranaceous part and at the orifice; leaves flat, 5-8mm 169 broad, as long as the culm, with subrevolute margins; spikelets 4-8, the uppermost 1-3 staminate, linear to fusiform, the others pistillate, nar- rowly cylindric, 4-10cm long, 0.4-0.5cm broad, dense, the lower ones looser and attenuate (often with staminate flowers at the summit), the lowest pedunculate, all approximate, erect; the lowest bract shorter than the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, subacute, dark brown, light-centered, as long as or shorter than the perigynia and half as broad; perigynia small, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 2-2.3mm long, plano-convex, yellowish-green or purple-spotted on the back, nerveless or very obscurely nerved, witha short entire beak. Fr. May—June. Gullies and steppe valleys, forming thickets along canals and dry river- beds, on saline soil. —European part: Prichern. , Low. Don. (Pavlovskii District ''Dezhursk''—Alekseevskaya on the Don); Caucasus: Ciscauc., East. and West. Transcauc. Gen, distr.: Southern and Central Europe. Described from Olau (near Zimpel in Silesia). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X acuta L. (C. ligniciensis Fig.); X gracilis Curt. (C. vratislaviensis Fig.). 102. C.sareptana V. Krecz. in Maevsk. Fl. Sr. Ross. 6 ed. (1933) 1930 et in Addenda, II, 597.-C.gracilis Litw. in Fl. Yugo-Vost, Ill (1929) 297, quoad. pl. Becker., ex p. Perennial, light or bright green, cespitose plants; culms sharply tri- angular, scabrous above, 70-85cm tall; leaves not stiff, flat, 3-4mm broad, with revolute margins, nearly equaling the culms; lower sheaths light brown, bladeless ?; spikelets 4-6, the terminal 2-3 staminate, approx- imate, 2-6cm long, oblong, with lanceolate, obtuse, pale ferruginous scales, the others pistillate, cylindric, 3-6.5cm long, 0.4-0.6cm broad, fairly dense to loosish, the lower ones short-pedunculate, erect or drooping; scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, with a very broad light median band and a narrow hyaline margin, shorter than or as long as the perigynia, but much narrower, hence the entire spikelet pale green or light ferruginous owing to the prominent perigynia; perigynia not spreading, oblong-ellipsoid, 3-3.6mm long (1.3-1.8mm broad), subplano-convex, greenish to greenish- ferruginous, with 7-10 slender nerves on each face, somewhat enlarged at 214 base, abruptly contracted into a short stipe, tapering above into a short, cylindric, slightly emarginate beak. Fr. June. Flood meadow, river margins, and old river beds. —European part: Low. Volg. (Krasnoarmeisk, Volga delta: Yandyki). Endemic. Described from Krasnoarmeisk (formerly Sarepta). Type in Leningrad. 103. C.appendiculata (Trautv.) Kiik. in Bull. Hérb. Boiss., 2 ser., IV (1904) 54 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 91.—-C.acuta var. ap- pendiculata Trautv. in Middend. Sibir. Reis. I,2 (1856) 100. -C.des- cendens Kom, Fl. Penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 237, non Kuk. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants, tussock-forming, with short stolons (?); culms scabrous, 30-100cm tall, converged at base with reddish-brown, slightly lustrous, weakly keeled and slightly split-fibrillose, bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, 2-2.5mm broad, long-acuminate, equaling the culm, with slightly revolute margins; spikelets 3-7, the terminal 1-3 staminate, fusiform, to 4-7cm long, the others pistillate, narrowly cylin- dric, 2-7cm long, loose and narrower below; the lower ones on a peduncle to 1-2cm long, divergent, all subapproximate; the lowest bract equaling the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, subobtuse, with a white hyaline 170 appendage atthe summit, ferruginous-brown to ferruginous, white-centered, shorter and often much narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5mm long, plano-convex, pale green, 8-10-nerved, with a short emarginate beak. Fr. June—July. River banks, meadow, and marshes. —Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (n. part), Daur. , Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ud., Ze.-Bur. Uss., Okhot. , Kamch., Sakh. (n.). Endemic. Described from the estuaries of Uda River. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.Schmidtii Meinsh. (C.descen- dens Kom., ex p., non Kik.). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Leaves are eaten by water fowl (Tikhomirov). *C,.semiplena Kiik. in Bull. Hérb. Boiss., 2 sér., II (1902) 1018 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 339, fig. 52, D-C; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk, and Sagh. II (1931) 234. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms sharply triangular, scabrous above, 60-70cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown, lustrous, bladeless sheaths; leaves stiff, flat, 2-3 mm broad, equaling the culm, long-acuminate; spikelets 3-4, subapproximate, the terminal 1-2 staminate, the others pistillate, often staminate at the summit, cylindric, 2-4cm long, 0.5cm broad, dense, erect, the lower ones short-peduncled; lowest bract equaling or overtopping the inflorescence; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, brown, with dark midrib and scarious mar- gin about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, convex on the back, concave below [?], 3-3.5mm long, stramineous, with numer- ous thickened nerves, round-based, short-stipitate, rather gradually tapering into a short entire beak. 215 Recorded by Japanese authors for Sakhalin. Gen. distr.: Northern Japan. Described from Japan (Riishiri Island). 104. C.descendens Kuk. in Finsk. Vetensk. -Soc. Forh. XLV (1902-1903) 6 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1919) 326, atque et in Journ. Russ. Bot, 3-6 (1911) 88. Perennial, bright green, cespitose plants, with branching, descending rhizome; culms firm, scabrous, 60cm tall, covered at base with brown bladeless sheaths; leaves green, folded at base, subplane above, 1.5-2.5mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, short, the terminal spikelet staminate, abbreviated, the others pistillate, oblong, (the uppermost close to the staminate, the lowest rather distant), few-flowered, 0.5-1cm long, rather loose; the lowest bract broad, equaling or overtopping the inflo- rescence; scales small, oblong-ovate, blackish-brown, pale at the center and at the margin, less than half as long and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 5mm long, plano-convex, with brownish, lustrous, bladeless sheaths, the membranaceous part split-fibrillose; leaves rather rigid, strict, fairly loose, reticulate below, more or less folded above, with revolute margins, 3-5 long [sic], gradually pointed; spikelets 4-6, approximate, the terminal 1-2 linear-cylindric, staminate, 6-7cm long, 216 the others pistillate, cylindric, 4-6cmlong (the upper ones usually stami- nate above), sessile, the lowest short-peduncled; lowest bract weakly de- veloped, slightly longer or even shorter than its spikelet; scales lanceolate, blackish-brown, with a green midrib, as long as or shorter, and often 171 longer than the perigynia, but only half as broad; perigynia ellipsoid or ovoid, 3-5-4mm long, glaucous-green, at length brownish-green, with 5-7 light prominent nerves and lateral ribs, short-stipitate to subsessile, with a short beak. Fr. May—July. Swamps and muddy shores, —European part: Lad. -Il'm. (possibly in peripheral districts), Mid. Dnepr. (?), Prichern.; Caucasus: West. and East. Transcauc, (w. part). Gen. distr.: West. and South. Europe. Described from Piedmont (Secusu Valley). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X acuta L. (C. Coukae Podp.); X graci- lis Curt. (C. pseudo-Hudsonii Podp.); X caespitosa L. (C. Fran- kii Podp.); X Buekii Wimm. 106. C.omskiana Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 340.—-C.mos- kowensis C.8.Clarke apud B. Fedtsch. in Journ. Bot. éd. Sect. bot. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersb. I (1906) 191; ejusd., in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform., Addit. ser., VIII (1908) 69.—C.stricta Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 311, ex p., non Lam. —C. Hudsonii Litw. in Maevsk. Fl. Sr. Ross. 5 ed. (1917) 694, non A. Benn, —Exs.: HFR No. 241. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rigid, tussock-forming plants; culms firm, triangular with concave sides, prominently scabrous, 46-100cm tall, covered at base with light yellow (creamy) or light brown, keeled, lustrous sheaths; leaves rather stiff, strict, keeled, 3-6 mm broad, folded, with revolute margins, prominently scabrous, reticulate below; spikelets 3-5, the terminal 1-2 staminate, linear-cylindric, 3-6cm long, the others pistillate, cylindric, erect, 2-6cm long, all subdistant; lowest bract weak- ly developed, not exceeding its spikelet; scales oblong-ovate, subobtuse, dark brown, faintly light-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, plano-convex, soon deciduous, yellowish-green or brown at the summit, nerveless, with a short entire beak. Fr. May—June. Swamps and muddy shores. —European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad. -I1'm., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg, Mid. Dnepr., Prichern. , Volg. -Don., Vogl. - Kam., Zavolzh.; Caucasus: Ciscauc.; West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob., Irt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Centr. Asia: n. part of Aral. —Casp. and Pribalkh, Gen. distr.: Finland, northern Baltic seaboard, eastern Poland. Described from Sukovki on the Irtysh, some 60km from Omsk. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.acuta L., C. caespitosa L., and C.fusco-vaginata Kuk. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Not used for hay; in silage provides good feed for cattle. 217 Cycle 4. Caespitosa V. Krecz. —Light green or bright green, mod- erately robust plants (to 50-70cm tall); leaves thin and narrow (2-3mm broad), with revolute margins; densely cespitose (tussock-forming), without stolons; lower sheaths leafless. Inflorescence of 2-5(6) short- cylindric, 1-4cm long spikelets; lowest bract weakly developed (not ex- ceeding the inflorescence and often barely equaling its spikelet). Scales of pistillate spikelets ovate or lanceolate, obtuse to subobtuse, shorter than or as long as perigynia. Perigynia (1.8)2-2.5(3)mm long, ovoid, more or less biconvex, nerveless, with a short truncate beak, grayish-green or green, becoming brownish-green or ferruginous. 107. C.caespitosa, L. Spl. pl. (1753) 978; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 310 (excl. var.). -C. erecta Gilib, Exerc. phyt. II (1792) 549, non 172 DC.—C.Dreijeri Rupr. in Beitr. Pflzk. russ. Reich. IV (1845) 86, non O.F. Lang. —Ic.: Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I 199. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 16; HFR No. 793. Perennial, dark green plants, forming dense tussocks, without stolons; culms scabrous, 25-50cm tall, covered at base with cherry-colored (dark purple), more or less keeled, split-reticulate, bladeless sheaths; leaves flat to subinvolute, with revolute margins, 1.5-2.5mm broad, abruptly pointed, about half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4, the terminal spike- let oblong, to 2.5cm long, staminate, the cthers pistillate, oblong-ovoid to short-cylindric, 1-2cm long, dense, stiffly erect, all approximate, the lowest short-peduncled; lowest bract filiform, barely overtopping its spikelet; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown, with a narrow hyaline margin, white-centered, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, subdivergent, ovate, plano-convex, 2-2.5mm long, fer- ruginous~green to ferruginous-yellow, nerveless, abruptly contracted into an obsolescent green beak, Fr. May—June. (Plate XV, Figure 6). Swamps, boggy meadows, and alder groves. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. ; European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv. -Pech,, Lad. -II'm.,, Upp.,.Dnepr. , Upp. Volg., Volg. -Kam., Volg.-Don., Zavolzh., Mid. Dnepr., Low. Don. (excl. the part south of the Don), Low. Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc. (on the Malka); West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.: East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan.; Centr. Asia: n. part of Aral. -Casp. and Pribalkh. Gen, distr.: all West. Europe. Described from Sweden. NOTE: Two closely related specimens of the Botanical Institute from the subalpine meadows of Kartaliniya (Ttskhra-tskaro-Bordzilovskii!) and from Balkariya (Suuk-auz-E. and N. Bush!) have very broad (3-4.5mm), abruptly pointed leaves and large (to 3cm long), loose, pedunculate spikelets, and acute scales exceeding the perigynia; they possibly represent a distinct race. Forming hybrids: X acuta L. (C. peraffinis App.); X elata Bell. (C. Frankii Podp.); X gracilis Curt. (C.allolepis Rchb.); X omskiana Meinsh.; X fusco-vaginata Kuk. 218 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Rarely made into hay. Eaten unwillingly by livestock, and only when prepared before flowering. Produces good silage. 108. C.rubra Lévl. et Vant. in Bull. Ac. Intern. Georg. Bot. XIX (1909) 33. -C. caespitosa var, rubra Lévl. et Vant. in Fedde, Rep. sp. nov. VII (1909) 104. —C. caespitosa Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 366, non L, Perennial, bright green, tussock-forming plants, without stolons; culms slender, scabrous, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with short, lustrous, Sanguine-red keeled, scarcely reticulate sheaths; leaves linear, flat, 2- 3mm broad, strongly scabrous, with slightly revolute margins, rather abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, approximate, the terminal spikelet staminate, obovoid or short-clavate, 0.5-2.5cm long, with brown scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.5-2cm long (0.4-0.5cm broad), rather loose, short-peduncled (especially the lowest); lowest bract setaceous, barely equaling its spikelet; scales ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, with a light median band, shorter than peri- gynia; perigynia ovoidtoellipsoid, plano-convex, 2-2.5mm long, nerveless, yellowish-green or greenish-brown to greenish-purple, with a short, truncate, purple-tipped beak. Fr. May—June. 173 219 Marshes and meadows. —Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Len. -Kol. ; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Okhot., Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Japan, Northern Manchuria. Described from Sakhalin (Vladimirovo). hOoY "Hr nunorcata V. Kreez, nom. nov —C neslecva Peterm.,. in Flora, XXXVII (1844) 331, nec Tuckerm. (1843), nec Degl. (1807). — C.caespitosa var. retorta Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 329, non Fries. -Vignea neglecta Peterm. Fl. des Bien, (1841) 17, in adnot. Perennial, bright green, loosely cespitose plants, with a somewhat thickened rhizome and short stolons (?); culms slender, weak, often im- plexed, nodding at the summit, scabrous well down, 50-75cm tall, covered at base with light cherry-colored, dull, bladeless sheaths; leaves flat to revolute, 1.5-2(2.5)mm broad, weak, interwoven, prominently scabrous, abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, approximate, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong to clavate-lanceolate, to 2-2.5cm long, with narrow, obovate, obtuse, ferruginous-brown scales, the others pistil- late, oblong, 1-2cm long (not more than 4mm broad), loose, subdistant below, short-peduncled, erect to subdivergent, more rarely subpendulous; lowest bract setaceous, soft, longer than its spikelet; scales ovate-lance- olate, subacute to acute, ferruginous-brown, with a light midrib, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, unequally biconvex, 1-2.5(3)mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish or dark ferruginous, with a short-truncate beak, Fr. June-July. (Plate XV, Figure 9). Boggy (spruce and mixed) forests, muddy coppices, and alder groves. — European’ part:'*Kar.-Lap.}°Dv.-Pech, , ‘Lad. -Il'm. ,“Upp. Dnepr. | Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam. Gen. distr.: Baltic seaboard, Fenno-Scandia. De- scribed from Germany, Schoénfeld—Abtnaundorf, near Leipzig. Type in Leningrad. 110. C.retorta (Fries) V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda II, 598. C.caespitosa var. retorta Fries in Bot. Notis. (1843) 101. —Exs.: Fries, Herb. norm. fasc. XI (specim. ex Upsaliarum). Perennial, yellowish-green, densely cespitose plants, without stolons; culms prominently scabrous, slender, 50-80cm tall, nodding at the summit, covered at base with cherry-colored, dull, rather broad sheaths; leaves flat, 2-2.5mm broad, long, but shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, somewhat segregated, the terminal spikelet staminate, clavate, to 3-4cm long, with lanceolate, ferruginous scales, the others pistillate, oblong to cylindric, 1.5-3cm long, loose to distant (especially toward the base), subdivergent, short-peduncled; lowest bract setaceous, longer than its spikelet; scales lanceolate, acute to subacute, ferruginous to ferruginous - brown, with a light median band, equaling or slightly exceeding the peri- gynia, often also shorter; perigynia ellipsoid, unequally biconvex, 3mm long, nerveless, yellowish-gray, gradually tapering into a slightly extended, truncate beak. Fr. June. (Plate XV, Figure 8). Marshes, —European part: Lad. -Il'm. (Leningrad.), Upp. Volg. (EIl'- tsovo marsh in the former Vladimirskaya Province, Melenki). Gen. distr. : Baltic seaboard, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland. Described from Sweden (Uppsala). Type in Leningrad. 174 220 111. C.Soczavaeana Gorodk. in Journ, Soc. Bot. Russ. XV (1930) 185.—C.rigida Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1878) 566 et in A.H.P. X (1889) 538, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 336, ex p., non Good. — C.rigida f. infuscata Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 82, non Drej. -C. orbicularis Kuk, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 303, quoad pl. Kraus. -C.caespitosa Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 311, quoad pl. Am, arct., non L.—C.hyperborea Meinsh. in A.H.P, XVIII, 3 (1901) 335, ex p., non Drej. —Ic.: Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XV (1930) 84 5 Tig...1. Perennial, cineraceous-green, rigid, densely cespitose plants, without stolons; culms rather rigid, scabrous, 10-40cm tall; leaves with revolute margins, 1.5-3mm broad, rather abruptly pointed, as long as or slightly shorter than the culm; lower sheaths leafless, slightly keeled, ferruginous - brown, rather lustrous; spikelets 3-4, more or less segregated, the ter- minal staminate, cylindrical or clavate, the others pistillate, oblong, 0.5- 1.5cm long, rather densely-flowered, the upper ones sessile, the lowest short-peduncled; lowest bract short, setaceous; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-purple, with a narrow hyaline margin and a light midnerve, as long as or slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, 2-2.5mm long, biconvex, light yellow below, blackish-brown above, nerveless, with a short smooth beak. Tundras. —Arctic: Chuk., Anad.; East. Siberia: Len. -Kol. (n. -e. part); Far East: Okhot. Gen. distr.: Alaska and adjoining islands. Type in Leningrad, NOTE: Resembles C. stylosa C.A.M., differing in the triangular culms. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A principal spring forage for deer in the eastern part of Siberia (Gorodkov, Tikhomirov). 112. C.minuta Franch, in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 8 sér., VII (1895) 41 et in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., IX (1897) 125.—C.caes- pitosa var. minuta Kuk. in Journ, Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 901. — C.Meyeriana var.Bscabra Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 350. Perennial, cineracous-green or light green plants with ascending rhi- zome, tussock-forming, without stolons; culms slender, tall, scabrous all the way down, 50-100cm tall; basal sheaths long, dark leaden-brown to castaneous, narrow, slightly keeled, slightly lustrous, fibrillose at the orifice, bladeless; leaves filiform-linear, narrow, keeled at base, folded, 1-1.5mm broad, with revolute margins, long, shorter than or as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4(5), slightly segregated, the terminal spikelets staminate, oblong, fusiform, or clavate, 1-2(4)cm long, with ferruginous to ferruginous-brown scales, the remaining 2-3 pistillate, oblong-ovoid, oblong, or narrowly cylindric, 0.5-2cm long (0.2-0.3cm broad), loosish, distant below, all short-peduncled, the peduncle longer inthe lower spikelets; lowest bract weakly developed, barely equaling its spikelet; scales oblong- ovate, obtuse, dark ferruginous to ferruginous-purple, scarious-margined, especially toward the summit, with a light median band, shorter than the perigynia (sometimes only half as long) and narrower; perigynia ovoid, 1.8-2.2 mm long, biconvex, somewhat outward-bent at the summit, green- 175 223 ish-lead-colored, with few (3-5), sometimes indistinct, nerves on the back, or nerveless, short-stipitate, with a short, truncate, ferruginous-tipped beak. Fr. June—July. Marshes, boggy meadows, —East. Siberia: Daur., Len. -Kol; Far East: Ud. , Ze. -Bur., Uss., Sakh. Gen, distr.: Japan, Northern Mongolia. Described from Japan (Yezo, Saru). Type in Paris. 113. C.Schmidtii Meinsh. in Baer et Helmers. Beitr. zur Kennt,. russ. Reich. XXVI (1871) 224; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 88. — C.Maximoviczii F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII ser., XII (1868) 71, non Miq. (1866). -C. subvaginata Meinsh. ex C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. , Addit. ser., VIII (1908) 70.—C.caespitosa Turez’ FI. baie. -dah, “Tl, '2"(1 856) 272 "exp! , non'L,'—C > aeuta’ furez, , 1.c., ex p. non Good. -C. vulgaris Maxim. Prim. Fl. amur. (1859) 314, non Fries. —? C. oligophylla Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XL (1890) 305. -C.aperta Bhumilis Boott, Illustr. Carex IV (1867) 132, ex p.-—C. stricta Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 368, non Good, — C.vladimiroviensis Lévl. in Bull. Ac. Intern. Geogr. Bot. XIX (1908) 34. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants, without stolons; culms slender, scabrous, 30-80cm tall, covered at base with castaneous-brown, narrow, split-reticulate, dull, bladeless sheaths; leaves not rigid, linear, subplane, 2-3mm broad, with revolute margins; spikelets 3-6, the termi- nal 1-4 staminate, linear or fusiform, 1.5-3cm long, approximate, mostly rather loose, erect, the lower ones short-peduncled; lowest bract folia- ceous, shorter than the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, subacute, brown, hyaline-margined, with a light midrib and 2 faint lateral nerves, equaling or longer than the perigynia and 1/3—1/2 as broad; perigynia rounded - ovoid, 2-2.5mm long, inflated-biconvex, nerveless, brownish-green to ferruginous-yellow, short-stipitate, the entire beak usually somewhat roughened with bristles above on the margin. Fr. June—July. Meadows and marshes. —East. Siberia: Yenis. (s.-e.), Ang. -Sayan. , Daur. , Len, -Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Okhot., Ud., Uss.; Sakh., Kamch, Gen. distr.: Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from the estuary of Dzheron River on Amgun. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. appendiculata Kuk. 114. C.lineolata Cham. ex Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 338 (nom, , sub C, Schmidtii) et in Addenda, II, 598. -C.lineola C.A.M. ex Freis, Nov. Fl. Suec. Mant. III (1842) 145 (nomen). -C. Schmidtii Kom. Fl. penins, Kamtsch, I (1927) 238 et Hulten, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 187, ex p., non Meinsh, Explanation to Plate XV 1. Rhizome of C. Buekii with aphyllopodium,—2. Rhizome of C. gracilis Curt. with phyllopodium, — 3. Creeping rhizome with offshoots.—4. Tussock-forming rhizome, without stolons.—5. C.descendens Kuk,: a) perigynium.—6, C.caespitosa l.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—7. C. acuta L.: a) peri- gynium, b) scale.—8, C.retorta (Fries) V. Krecz.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—9, C.inumbrata V. Krecz. 176 PLATE XV \ 221 177 Perennial, green, cespitose plants; culms scabrous, 15-40cm tall, rather firm, covered at base with short, broad, castaneous, lustrous, blade- less sheaths; leaves 3-4mm broad, flat, rather abruptly pointed, with re- volute margins; spikelets 3-5, the terminal 1-2 staminate, obovoid or thickly clavate, 1-1.5cm long, the others pistillate, ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.8-2cm long, all approximate, subsessile; lowest bract shorter than the inflorescence; scales ovate, subobtuse, blackish-brown, with a single faint 224 light nerve, as long as or shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid or ovoid, 2-2.5mm long, plano-convex or biconvex, not inflated, grayish- green, nerveless, the margin smooth or subsetulose above, the beak short, subemarginate, reddish-tipped. Boggy tundras. —Arctic: Anad.; Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Koraginskii Island. Type in Leningrad. 115. C.aperta Boott in Hook, Fl. bor, -am. II (1840) 218, tab. CCXIX; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 818, fig. 49 A—C; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 232, Perennial, cineraceous-green, stoloniferous plants; culms rigid, 30- 50cm tall, scabrous above, covered at base with reddish, entire, bladeless sheaths; leaves subplane, to 3mm broad, with revolute margins, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-5, the terminal 1-2 staminate, the others pistil- late, cylindric, rather plump, to 3-4cm long, the upper sessile, the lower more or less pedunculate and somewhat drooping; bract nearly equaling the inflorescence, foliaceous; scales ovate, acute, dark brown, white-centered, with a narrow scarious margin, narrower and shorter than perigynia, sub- horizontally spreading; perigynia subdivaricate, ovoid to rather broadly ovoid, biconvex, 3mm long, green, becoming stramineous, nerveless, short-stipitate, with a distinct, short, barely emarginate beak; stigmas enlarged. Reported by Japanese authors on Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. — Gen. distr.: North America (Canada and western States), the Kurile Islands, northern Japan (Yezo). Described from North America, from Columbia River. Type in London. Cycle 5. Rigida V. Krecz. —Mountainous, rather rigid, grayish-green or yellowish-green plants of moderate vigor (20-80cm tall) with firm culms and rather flat (3-6 mm broad), revolute-margined leaves and rather stout, creeping rhizome and stolons. Lower sheaths transitional, but mainly blade-bearing. Inflorescence of 2-3 oblong (1-3cm long) spikelets, these subsessile and approximate; lowest bract weakly developed or ob- solescent. Scales of pistillate spikelets equaling the perigynia. Perigynia (1.8)2-3(3.5) mm long, ovoid, subplano-convex, nerveless, dark-colored. 116. C.orbicularis Boott in Proceed. Linn. Soc. I (1843) 254 et in Trans. Linn. Soc, XX (1846) 134. —-C. rigida Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 336, quaod pl. turkest.; Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 86, non Good. —C. Petunnikowi Litw., ib., 87 (pl. morbida!). -C. glauca atypica Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 572. — C.caespitosa Pmicrostathys Regl.,t.c., 574. -C jorbsenlaris var. bulungensis Ostenf. in Bot. Tidsskr. XXVIII (1908) 230. Perennial, yellowish-green to cineraceous-green plants with thick stolons 225 and creeping rhizome, producing loose tufts; culms firm, scabrous, 10- 40cm tall; leaves flat, 3-5mm broad, with revolute margins, rather stiff, 178 scabrous, abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths brown to ferruginous-brown, the old ones split-fibrillose; spikelets 3-4, crowded, the terminal staminate, oblong, to 2cm long, with brown scales, the others pistillate, oblong, dense, 0.6-1.5cm long, the lowest with peduncle to 0.5- 0.8cm long, the short lowest bract not exceeding the spikelet; scales ob- long-ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown, with a light midrib, obscurely white- margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia and 1/3—1/2 as broad; perigynia broadly ovoid to subglobular, 2.5-3mm long, biconvex, light below, blackish-brown above, nerveless, round-tipped, with a short, cy- lindric, smooth beak, Meadows and wet places in the alpine zone. —Centr. Asia: Pam. -Al., Tyan'-Shan, , Dzhung. -Tarb. Gen. distr.: Himalayas (Tibet, Kashmir), Afghanistan, Described from eastern India (Himalayas). Type in London, 117. C.arcatica Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 336. —C.arca- tica Bpedunculata Meinsh., 1.c.—C.taldycola Meinsh.,1.c.,339, ex p. -C.imbricata Drob. in Vved. (Introd.), Drob. et alii, Opred. rast,okr, Gashk, 1 (1923) 51. —C. glauca p brachylepis nel. in AIH. P. Mitt ean) oi2.—C. caespitosa i} vuloaris Rel, ile. one . Veta MeL (6. ota, Cx De —C Orble ilar is var. bie awem ylieid s et taldycola Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 394, ex p.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H. P. XXXVIII (1924) 200, ex p. Perennial, yellowish-to cineraceous-green plants, with short stolons covered with lustrous scales, forming fairly compact tufts; culms slender, scabrous, 20-70cm tall; basal sheaths reddish-brown to castaneous, often split-fibrillose, blade-bearing; leaves plano-canaliculate, with strongly revolute margins, 2.5-3mm broad, elongate, gradually pointed, shorter than to nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 3-4, very distant, the terminal staminate, narrowly fusiform, 1-6cm long (3mm broad), with more or less ferruginous, oblong scales, the others pistillate, oblong to cylindric, 1-4cm long (0.7-0.8cm broad), often with staminate flowers at the ends, congested, sometimes segregated below, the lower ones on fairly long (to 1.0-1.5cm) peduncles; lowest bract nearly twice as long as its spikelet, but shorter than the inflorescence; scales narrowly lanceolate, subacute, dark brown, with a light midrib, slightly membranaceous above, slightly shorter to slightly longer than the perigynia and 1/4—1/3 as broad; perigynia horizontally spreading, broadly ovoid, 2.5mm long, unequally biconvex, toward end of spikelet subinflated, nerveless, brownish-green to ferruginous-green, rounded at the summit, with a very short cylindric beak. Fr. June. 226 Wet and boggy places in foothills. —Centr. Asia:. Pribalkh, , Dzhung. - Tacs, wl yan'-Sshan,, ovr -Dar,, Pam. Al”. Gen dist 2 suldja, Described from Dzhungariya, Mount Arkat, Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Not a homogeneous species; it is possible that the Tien Shan and Alai forms with loose spikelets and long scales represent a distinct race, more or less identical with C. melanolepis Bcklr. Cyp. nov. I (1888) 47 from Kashmir, 118. C.hyperborea Drej. Revis. Car. bor. (1841) 43. -C.infe- ralpina Gorodk, in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XV (1930) 183, —C’. rigida var. inferalpina Laest, in Nov. Acta Bot. Soc. Ups. XI (1839) 287. — C rigida var, concolor Kuk, im npgl. Pitzr Ive 20a s0e) 30m ex p, et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 82. 179 Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with long, stout stolons covered with reddish-brown scales; culms firm, but not thickened, more or less scabrous, 10-35cm tall; leaves 1.5-3(4)mm broad, with revolute margins, flat, straight, stiff, scabrous, mostly equaling the culm; lower sheaths and rhizome scales latericious-castaneous or ochreous, more or less lus- trous. Spikelets 2-4 (the terminal staminate), oblong, congested, 0.6-1.2cm long (0.3-0.4cm broad), approximate, subsessile, the lowest often remote, with peduncle 0.5-—0.7cm long; lowest bract scale-like or short-foliaceous, equaling the lowest spikelet; scales ovate, obtuse, mostly purple-brown to blackish-brown throughout, sometimes hyaline at the summit, with an obscure light midrib, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia obovate to ellipsoid, 2.5-3mm long, biconvex, yellowish-green, blackish- brown above, nerveless, on a cuneate stipe, abruptly contracted above into a short smooth beak. Fr. July—August. Tundras. —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib. , Anad., Chuk.; European part: Kar. -Lap. (Khibiny), Dv. -Pech. (Timan) , Volg. -Kam. (Ural); West. Siberia: Ob. (n.); East. Siberia: Len. -Kol. (n. part). Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Iceland, North America. Described from Greenland. 119. C.kamtschatica Gorodk, in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XV (1930) 183.—C.rigida ssp. kamtschatica Gorodk., l.c.—C.rigida Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 185, non Good. —C. rigida var. conco- lor Kom, Fl. penins. Kamtsch. (1927) 236, non Kuk. Perennial, cineraceous- green plants, with a strong, stout, ascending rhizome and short lateral offshoots; culms strong, scabrous, 25-60cm tall; leaves flat, 3-4mm broad, scabrous, with revolute margins, rather abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths and rhizome scales latericious to light castaneous, bladeless; spikelets 3-4, the terminal staminate, often with pistillate flowers at base; all spikelets somewhat segregated, oblong, obtuse (or acute, when containing staminate flowers at the summit), 1.5-3cm long, the upper ones subsessile, the lowest with peduncle to 0.5-0.8cmlong; lowest bract equaling the spikelet; scales ovate, subobtuse, blackish-brown, often with light-bordered margins, as long as and slightly narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 227 3.5-3.8mm long, unequally biconvex, light yellow, ferruginous to blackish- brown above, nerveless, with a short conic stipe, rather gradually tapering into a short, smooth, subconic beak. Bogs in the alpine zone. —Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Kronotskii Pass). Type in Leningrad, 120. C.ensifolia Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 (nomen); Gorodk. in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XV (1930) 183; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb, II1(1931) 120. —C.rigida ssp. ensifolia Gorodk. ,l.c. ,182.- Co saxatilre, Turez. Fl bare, dah It (Pes) zvan nom. Cre sd a yaric one olor) Kuk.jin Journ; sRuss.. Botis-6 (Stl) 620—C tor bac um — laris Kuk., l.c., 83; V. Krecz., 1l.c., 121, non Boott. Perennial, green or dark green plants with creeping rhizome and strong lateral offshoots, forming fairly loose tufts; culms rigid, coarse, scaberul- ous to nearly smooth, 20-60cm tall; leaves flat, 2.5-4(5)mm broad, with slightly revolute margins, rather gradually pointed; lower sheaths and 180 228 rhizome scales castaneous-brown; spikelets 3-5 (the terminal staminate), approximate, oblong, sublanceolate, acutish, somewhat loose below, 0.5- 3cm long (0.4-0.6cm broad), subsessile, the lowest with peduncle to 1cm long, the weakly developed bract barely exceeding the spikelet; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown, sometimes with light center and margins, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, obovate to broadly (rounded)-ovoid, 2.5mm long, unequally biconvex, nerveless, blackish- purple above, with a short smooth beak. Fr. June—July. Meadows and bogs of the upper forest limit; bare Siberian hills, —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (centr. and w. parts), Len. -Kol. (s.-w. corner). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Transbaikalia (from road between Aksha and Kyakhta). Type in Leningrad. t2h C altaica Gorodk: in'Journ. Soc. Bot, Russ. XV" (1930) 183. — Coie Lala sso. a ltalte a GOLOUK. , 10s Vozec es tolou Ole aves pc aie mliOr hoi ia Journ. uss.* ot. 3-6. (1 91 lal ex io. ——C-. re idia Keowl aE eal, Oce, itl (929) 461 mon Good: —C" orbieulanri skuk. ) ees en im nel, Pilzr:; IV; 20 (1909) 303, ‘ex p. non Boott;—C. saxatilis €_A.M. in Edb. PE AI rv (833) 223;° Trey. mn @Udb, Fi)" Ross ty, 309) ex p. - non Ll. Perennial, robust, cineraceous-green plants with thickened stolons covered with purple scales; culms stout, firm, suberect, scabrous low down, 20-100cm tall; leaves flat, 3-6(7) mm broad, abruptly pointed, strong- ly scabrous on the margin and underneatn, nearly equaling the culm; lower sheaths and rhizome scales purple to blackish-purple, often bladeless, lustrous; spikelets 3-5, approximate, thickened, dense, subobtuse, 1-2cm long (0.4-0.6cm broad), subsessile, the terminal staminate, the lowest with short peduncle (to 0.3-0.5cmlong); lowest bract shorter than to equaling the inflorescence; scales ovate to elliptic, obtuse, blackish-brown, with an obscure light midrib and always distinct hyaline margin, about as long as but narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 3mm long, unequally biconvex, light yellow, blackish-brown above, nerveless, short-pediceled, abruptly contracted into a smooth, short, cylindric beak. Fr. June—July. Alpine meadows. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (w. part). Endemic. Described from Altai (Yantyg-Khat Mountains). Type in Leningrad. 122. C.rigidioides Gorodk. in Journ. Soc, ‘Bot. Russ. XV (1930) féo5—C, Gieida Ssp. rigidi1oides Gorodk. .1bt | Gein © migad laris Kuk, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 303, ex p.; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 164, non Boott. Perennial, light green, cespitose plants, with short stolons covered with purple scales; culms rather slender, scabrous, 15-50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown leafy sheaths; leaves flat, 2.5-3mm broad, with revolute margins, elongate, but abruptly pointed. Spikelets 3-4, the terminal staminate, 1-1.5 cm long, light brownto ferruginous-brown, the others pistillate, oblong, 1-2 cmlong, rather dense, the lowest with pedicel to 5-6mm long; bract equaling the spikelet; scalesovate, subacute, rusty-reddish, with a light linear median band, equaling to exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, membranaceous, 2mm long, biconvex, ferruginous-brown above, abruptly contracted into a short, smooth beak. Fr. June. Wet mountain meadows. —Caucasus: Dag, , East.Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Persia. Described from southern Persia (Ku-Daena Mountains). Type in Geneva. Cycle 6. Aquatica V. Krecz. —Rather robust (50-100cm tall), light green plants, with firm, obtusely triangular, usually smooth culms, and scaberulous; the lax leaves 3-6mm broad, with involute margins. The 182 230 creeping rhizome giving rise to loose tufts, with rather long stolons; lower sheaths blade-bearing. Inflorescence of 3-8 narrowly cylindric spikelets; the lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence. Scales of pistillate spike- lets ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, shorter than the perigynia. Perigynia ovoid, 2-3mm long, faintly biconvex or plano-convex, nerveless, light green, becoming brown. ; 125. C.aquatilis Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk, Akad, Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 165; Trev.’ in Ldb;) Fl. Ross? IV) 312 (excl, var.); Kuk, in Journ, Russ.) Bot); 3-61 911)°83)—Exs): HER Nos 540! Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants, with long horizontal stolons; culms obtusely angled, smooth, 50-150cm tall, covered at base with blade-bearing reddish sheaths; leaves flat, 3-5mm broad, about equaling the culm, with involute margins, rather strongly scabrous, long- acuminate; spikelets 5-8, the terminal 2-3 staminate, approximate, fusi- form-cylindric, 2-5cm long, the others pistillate, often staminate at the summit, distant, cylindric, 4-6cm long, 3-4cm long, 3-4mm broad, the upper ones sessile, the lowerwith peduncles to1cmlong; bracts foliaceous, the lowest longer than the inflorescence; scales small, ovate, obtuse, brown, with a green midrib, shorter and narrower than the perigynia, sometimes very much so (and then spikelets appear green throughout); peri- gynia ellipsoid or obovate, 2.5-2.8mm long, faintly biconvex, nerveless, yellowish-green or stramineous, terminating in a short smooth beak. Fr. May —August. In water, by the side of rivers and ponds; marshes. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. andsSib ys European) part:, Kary-Lapy, Dvi -Pech., Ladie-1l'm") ‘Upp. )Dnepr. (n. part, in s. part—only the estuary of river Sozh), Upp. Volg., Volg. - Kam.; West. Siberia: Alt. (n. part); East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang. -Sayan. , Daur. , Len. -Kol. Gen, distr.: Western Europe. Described from Swedish Lapland. Type in Stockholm. NOTEH:, Morming hybrids:K acuta l.3)X g@racil ts) Curta; (Xdijsi- color Nyl. (C.halophila Nyl.). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This species, like C. stans Drej. (see below), is of outstanding importance for our arctic and northern livestock husbandry, as it occurs in large concentrations. It equals clover hay in nutritional value (even exceeds it in protein content); it is, however, more difficult to domesticate. Hay yields 25-35 centners per hectare. 126. C.Uzoni Kom, in Fedde, Repert. spl. nov. XIII (1914) 165 et in Fl. penins, Kamtsch. I (1927) 236.—C.aquatilis Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 186, non Whlb. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with creeping rhizomes and stolons; culms sharply angled, but smooth, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with red- dish-brown to red sheaths; leaves erect, rather stiff, flat to subinvolute, 2-4mm broad, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, ap- proximate, long, the terminal 1-2 staminate, linear-lanceolate, long, with ferruginous scales, the other pistillate, narrow or narrowly clavate, 3-4.5cm long, not dense, loose toward the base, all pedunculate (peduncle) of lowest spikelets sometimes to 2-3cm long); lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; scales oblong-ovate, acute, blackish-brown, with a light median band, as long as or shorter and usually narrower than the peri- gynia; perigynia ovoid, plano-convex or unequally biconvex, 2mm long, 183 231 yellowish, ferruginous above, very faintly 3-5-nerved on the outer face, with an obsolescent truncate beak. Far East: Kamch, Endemic. Described from wet meadows of Uzon crater. Type in Leningrad. 127. C.stans Drej. Revis. Car. bor. (1841) 40.—C.aquatilisB et y Trev. in Lidb. FI. Ross. IV (1853) 312, ex p.,, non, Whib..—C..sa gua. tilis var. stans Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 311 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 84. —C. rigida,. var. concolor Kuk;, l.c.j} 301 et 82, p.p. (quoad pl. arcticam). Perennial, light green to yellowish-green, cespitose plants, with short lateral offshoots; culms thickened, obtusely angled, smooth, 10-60cm tall, covered at base with loose, ochreous to brownish-red sheaths; leaves flat, canaliculate or conduplicate, of spongy consistency, rather smooth, 3-5mm broad, equaling the culm; spikelets 3-5, approximate, the terminal stami- nate, subclavate, 1-2cm long, the others pistillate, oblong-clavate, 1-3cm long (to 5mm broad), subsessile; lowest bract ovate, dark brown, subacute, with a light midrib, about equaling to exceeding the perigynia and as broad; perigynia ellipsoid to ovoid,2-2.3mm long, nerveless, brownish, with a short smooth beak. Fr, June—July. Sandy and mossy tundras and bare Siberian hills. —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur. and Sib. , Chuk., Anad.; East. Siberia: Daur., Len. -Kol. Gen, distr.: circumpolar. Described from Greenland. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A good forage plant for all kinds of livestock in the tundra, where it has great economic importance. Readily eaten by reindeer during nearly the entire growing period. Chemical composition: water 13.53%, protein 16.63%, fats 4.15%, minerals 4.45%, cellulose 23,23, nitrogen-free extractable substances 38.01 (Sochava). Cycle7. Sphacellaria V.Krecz.—Green, densely cespitose plants, without stolons; leaves 2-2.5mm broad, flat, slightly revolute at the margins; spikelets narrowly cylindric, in digitate arrangement, to 3cm long, all gynecandrcus. Bract overtopping the inflorescence. Scales ob- tuse, shorter than perigynia. Perigynia broadly ovoid, 2-2.8mm long, plano-convex, with few faint nerves. 128. C.eleusinoides Turcz. ex Bess, in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 (nomen) et ex Kunth, Enum. pl. II (1837) 407 (descr.); Turez. Fl. baic. -dahur. II, 1 (1856) 391.—C.caespitosa f Trey. in Ldb, Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 311. -C. fascicularis Sievers ex Trev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXXVI (1863) 543; Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884) 814, non Sol. Perennial, green to dark green, densely cespitose plants; culms more or less curved, 20-30cm tall, covered at base with purple bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, 2-2.5(3)mm broad, rather stiff, scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, cylindric, all pistillate above, staminate at base, sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the summit, 1-3cm long, short- peduncled, forming amore or less digitate panicle; lowest bract equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; scales elliptic, obtuse to subobtuse, rusty- blackish-brown, with a faint, slender, light midrib, often white-hyaline at the summit, shorter and narrower than the perigynia, sometimes equaling to exceeding the perigynia (Kamchatka); perigynia broadly ovoid, some- times suborbicular, 2-2.5mm long, plano-convex, glaucescent, with 184 232 233 purple-spotted margin above, obscurely 1-3-nerved on both faces of nerve- less, broadly cuneate at base, abruptly contracted into a barely distinct, short, cylindric, slightly emarginate beak. Fr. June—August. Wet places, marshes, bare Siberian hills. —Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan (e. part), Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss., Okhot., Kamch., Gen, distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Khamar- Daban., Type in Leningrad. Section 15. Temnemis (Rafin.) V. Krecz. —Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 27—Neskiza Rafin., 1.c. -Limivasculum Boern, in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem, XXI (1913) 268, ex p. (pro genere). —Plants of saline coasts and marshes, with creeping rhizomes and stolons, forming loose tufts, covered at base with ferruginous-brown to rufous, bladeless, more or less split-fibrillose sheaths. Culms triangular. Inflorescence erect or paniculately drooping, usually of 3-7 spikelets (more rarely spikelets in glomerules of 3-4, 15-30 in number); of these 1-3 staminate, erect, oblong, the others pistillate, oblong or cylindric, with peduncles to 3cm and longer, erect, inclined, or pendulous. Lowest bract sheathless, the blade equaling or exceeding the inflorescence. Scales ovate or oblong, 3-nerved, acute or aristate, longer than the perigynia. Perigynia thinly coriaceous, Ovoid or broadly ovoid, plano-convex, (2)3-4(5)mm long, short-stipitate, ob- scurely few-nerved, grayish-green, often ferruginous-spotted, usually smooth at the summit, abruptly contracted into a short truncate beak. Stigmas 2. 1. Inflorescence of many (15-30) spikelets; spikelets in glomerules of 2-5 from axils of bracts; perigynia membranaceous ............ prea, PRT NODES. Ur Pe Ete BO 1Oe Tt eM: onismisyNons, + Inflorescence of few (3-7) spikelets; spikelets solitary in axils of braces 3 sperivyuia “thinly coriaceous’ 4, FEN. at Se ee eee Deletes 2. 2. Scales lanceolate, long-awned, the awns many times exceeding the body. ito l=laocnrlong. FAchene*laterally(deepreleit RUOL AR BOON = 4 ee ee Re Se Se ae 3 Sahat Bar ad ee i347. "para lna Vy kreez. + Scales ovate, rarely lanceolate, obtuse, acute or short-awned (in this case spikelets always erect, not drooping as in preceding species). Nchenerreaulaeny Wie s. FERS. CRP Ree eee ier) Teen 2 3. 3. Spikelet on straight, thickened, weakly developed peduncles, often sub- sessile, Perigynia ovoid, leaves usually equaling the culm...... 4, + Spikelets on long slender peduncles,noddingor pendant, Perigynia rather broadly rhomboidal- ovoid (rarely oblong, and then scabrous- margined). Leaves half as long as the culm................. ke 4, Spikelets cylindric to clavate-cylindric, 4-7cm long, 3-7 in number. Scales lanceolate, subulate-awned, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia ch ite sions Dak gene A ame ene? Iam ra 133. C.kattegatensis Fries. Lr Bpiketets oblong, 0.5-2.5cm long, 3-5 in number. Scales ovate, ob- tuse, subobtuse or acute, shorter to longer than the perigynia, but NObaa ea elie suas LONG isi). sas abe bcs «ae eee ie tance Meee oe: oe eee 5. 5. A small plant, 3-15cm tall, with arched culms and leaves, the leaves involute. Spikelets few-flowered, 0.5-1cm long; lowest bract enlarged at base spathifornmr . oo. 2 2... 130. C. subspathacea Wormskj. 185 + Plants 20-50cm tall, with erect culms and leaves, the leaves flat or revolute. Spikelets dense, many-flowered, 1-2.5cm long; lowest Aract. TOUIaCeOUS sos te ss a ces) ahiae eat k ete se ecleltn ote geine MEtm eh tel yee IS Biahts eis 6. Perigynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 3-4mm long, without distinct nerves; scales ovoid, obtuse, l-nerved, shorter than perigynia. Leaves shorter than the culm. (Far East) ..... It ve, Rantems kit Isom, + Perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, 3mm long, with rather distinct nerves; scales cuneate-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, longer than or, at least, equaling the perigynia. Leaves equaling the culm. (North- WEStGr HUrOUE). a ait) caters Sse aS 6 chee car 132. Cdl Se Olor Nyt: 7, (3). Rhizome obliquely ascending; culms covered at base with tall, fulvous, keeled sheaths. Scales subobtuse, shorter than perigynia. Perigymia 4-9 min longs . .. Jao, C, Middendoritil BF "Ssenmidt. + Rhizome horizontal; culms covered at base with reddish-brown or purplish-brown, ecarinate or slightly keeled sheaths. Scales acute, exceeding or equaling the perigynia. Perigynia 2-3.5mm long.... 8. 8. Perigynia oblong-ovoid, setose-margined; scales shorter than peri- SEMEL OOMUIGHS rei ah es laa el neilis aniaiat a Tel Let wt a 140. Cy prionocarpa Pranch: + Perigynia broadly ovoid, smooth-margined; scales exceeding or, at least, equaling the PerieyiMila, CMEC. aie le cleo ke 3 gs on inee lo ee ae 9. 9. Spikelets 5-7, long, cylindric, loose, 3-8cm long; scales lanceolate, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia glaucous-green... 10. + Spikelets 3-5(6), short-cylindric, dense, 1.5-3.5cm long; scales ovate or oblong-ovate, longer than or about equaling the perigynia; perigynia moreloress spotted iiyalieg «ako ei) fw) aes) litede Oo ae fle 10. Spikelets loose; scales castaneous to dark brown, broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia. Perigynia 3- SPM LOU G. o\s) guia lan vetlel uo: ko 4.) ed eee 136.) \Ouicryptoea rpiasG; A.M: + Spikelets rather dense; scales ferruginous, lanceolate, acute, scarcely twice as long as the perigynia. Perigynia 2-3mm long........... Sg GE he ee RANE Sot Peep Pa 137, CC) Riabushinskil, Kom: 11. Large plants, 45- reer tall, with dense and plump (0.8-0.9cm broad), spikelets (to 2cm long). Scales 3-nerved, oblong-ovate, acute, much longer than the perigynia. Perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, Wiayaceoeenercens ferrugimous-spotted oleae. y Wak 4 ise. 138, C ...suifunensis Kom, 234 + Small (15-40cm tall) plants, with dense, rather slim (0.5cm broad), elongate spikelets (to 3.5cm long). Scales 1-nerved, ovate, subacute, equaling to barely exceeding the perigynia, Perigynia 2.5mm long, yellowish TerruginOuUs syle ties aa) ans 139, C. pedunculifera Kom. Cycle. Tetraplostachys V. Krecz.—Plants witha long, nodding in- florescence of many spikelets (15-30); the terminal 3-6 spikelets staminate, the others pistillate, arising in glomerules of (2)3-4 from axils or bracts, on long, nodding, scabrous peduncles, Perigynia membranaceous, with slender nerves. 129. C.tuminensis Kom, in A.H.P. XVIII, 6 (1901) 444; Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 368; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 369 et in Journ, Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 97. -C. ternaria Meinsh.in A.H,P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 342, non Forst. 186 Perennial, light-(silvery)-green, cespitose plants, with stout rhizomes and thick stolons; culms numerous, thickened, scabrous above, 60-100cm tall, leafy to considerable height, the basal sheaths broad, slightly keeled, red, bladeless, reticulate-fibrillose in the split part; leaves flat, 8-12mm broad, slightly revolute at the margins, shorter than the culm; spikelets numerous, 15-30, in glomerules of 3-4 from axils of bracts, sometimes with forking peduncles, the terminal 3-6 staminate, clavate or fusiform, to 6cm long, with lanceolate, light brown scales, the others pistillate, narrowly cylindric or clavate, light-colored, becoming distant toward base (often with a short lateral branch at the base of the lowest, far removed scale), 2-7cm long, on long (to 10cm), slender, prominently scabrous pe- duncles,drooping; lowest bract and the 1-2 above it strong, all three over- topping the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, long-acuminate, light ferru- ginous to ferruginous, with a light median band, 3-nerved, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia obovate to ellipsoid, unequally biconvex, 2.5-3mm long, grayish-to brownish-green, with 5-6 slender whitish nerves on both faces, distinctly stipitate, with a pronounced, obliquely truncate beak. River banks and silty shallows. —Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Ud., Ze. - Bur. , Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea. Described from Northern Korea: Kensong Province; Kursin-buri River (tributary of Tumin-Gan), near Mount Musang. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 2. Neskiza (Rafin.) V. Krecz. -Neskiza Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 27 (pro genere). —Plants with erect or nodding inflorescen- ces of 3-7 spikelets; of these 1-3 staminate, erect, the remaining 2-4 pistillate, oblong or cylindric, solitary, pedunculate, erect, nodding, or pendulous. Perigynia thinly coriaceous, with few indistinct nerves. Series 1. Squamatae V. Krecz. —Perigynia ovoid; achene regular, not 235 concave. Spikelets with straight, usually short, scabrous or smooth pe- duncles,often subsessile; scales ovate, obtuse or acute, shorter to longer than perigynia, but not more than twice as long. 130. C.subspathacea Wormsj. ex Hornm. in Fl. dan. IX, 26 (1816) 6, tab. 1530; Kuk, in Engl, Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 361 et.in Journ. Russ. Bot, 3-6 (1911) 95. —-C. salina f. nana Trautv. Consp, Fl. Nov. Seml. (1872) 82. —C. salina ssp. mutica var. subspathacea Almg. in Bot. Not. (1891) 127. —Exs.: Kneuck, No. 247, 248; Pf. Finl. Exs. No. 118. Perennial, yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants, with slender creeping rhizomes and stolons; culms arched, obscurely triangular, smooth, 3-15cm tall, with few bladeless sheaths or bladeless at base; leaves curved, involute, 1-2mm broad, smooth, equaling the culm, with latericious sheaths at base. Spikelets 2-4, the terminal staminate, to lcm long, with dark brown, obtuse, obovate scales; the remaining spikelets pistillate, oblong or lanceolate, 0.5-l1cm long, loose, few-flowered, short-peduncled, the upper ones subsessile; lowest bract strongly enlarged at base, equaling the inflorescence; scales ovate, obtuse to subobtuse, or cuspidate, dark brown, with a light median band, 3-nerved, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia appressed, oblong ellipsoid, plano-convex, 3-3.5mm long, grayish-green, becoming dark ferruginous, obscurely nerved, with an indistinct whitish entire beak, Fr. July—August. Wet and brackish sea shores. —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib, ;-Chuk:, Anad, Far. East: Sakh. Gen. distr.: circumpolar. Described from Greenland (Quannesck Bay, Negestlek). 187 236 NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. stans Drej. (C.flavicans Nyl. ?) and C.discolor Nyl. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: In some parts of tundra lowlands it has importance as a valuable forage for deer. 131. C.Ramenskii Kom,in Fedde, Repert. sp, nov. XIII (1914) 164,— C.subspathacea Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 340 et Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 361, pro pl. sachalin. , non Wormskj. Perennial, yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizomes and stolons; culms erect, triangular, smooth, 35-50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-purple, dull, bladeless sheaths; leaves straight, rather abruptly pointed, flat, 2-3mm broad, with slightly revolute margins above, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, erect, the terminal 1-2 staminate, fusiform, 2-2.5cm long, with lanceolate, ferruginous-brown scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 0.8-2.5cm long, rather plump (0.5-0.6cm broad), dense, often with staminate flowers at the summit, with short thickened peduncles, subapproximate; the 2 lower bracts strongly de- veloped, the lowest overtopping the inflorescence, the next equaling it; scales ovate, obtuse, toward base of spikelet acutish, dark brown, with a single slight central nerve, as long as or slightly shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, plano-convex, 3- 4mm long, grayish-green, becoming dark ferruginous, the few nerves light at base, the beak indistinct, truncate, purple at the end. Wet shores and marshes. —Arctic: Anad.; Far East: Kamch. (Avach estuary), (Penzhina), Okhot. (Yana estuary), Sakh. (Truotoga and d'Estaing Bay). Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Avacha estuary). Type in Leningrad. 132. C.discolor Nyl. Spicil. fl. fenn. III (1846) 12; Anderss. Cyp. Scand, (1849) 54. —-C.cuspidata Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 164, non Host (1801). —C. salina var. cuspidata Whlb, Fl. lapp. (1812) 246. —-C. salina Willd. Sp. pl. IV (1805) 301; Schkuhr, Riedgr. II (1806) 29, tab. Cecc, fig. 185; Whlb. Fl. Suec. II (1826) 612; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 361, non Whlb. in Sv. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 165, qua est pl. hybridaaquat. X subspath. —C. salina subsp, cuspidata var. borealis Almq. in Bot. Not. (1891) 126. — C. salina’ssp.-cuspidata var. boriealis' fi. disicoliom AlmaqiyConsp- Fl, Fenn, III (1895) 281.-—C.trinervis Perfil. Fl. Sev. Kr. I (1934) 116, non Degl. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 242, Perennial, yellowish-green plants, with creeping rhizomes and stolons; culms robust, erect, triangular, more or less scabrous above, 10-30(40)cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown, broad, faintly keeled sheaths; leaves rather stiff, straight, flat to subinvolute, 2-5mm broad, with re- volute margins above (on stolons, exceeding the culms), rather abruptly pointed; spikelets 3-5, not congested, strict, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong, 0.5-1cm long (sometimes androgynous), with brown scales, the others pistillate, oblong-cylindric, 1-2cm long (sometimes also androgy- nous), loose, the uppermost short-peduncled, the lower ones with longer peduncles; lowest bract foliaceous, equaling the inflorescence; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, often emarginate, ferruginous-brown, 3-nerved, with only 188 237 the midrib prominent and light internerves, subulate-tipped, equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, plano- convex, 3mm long, grayish-green, few-nerved, abruptly contracted into an indistinct, emarginate beak. Fr. June—August. Brackish coastal shallows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur.; European part: Kar. - Lap. and Dv. -Pech. (White Sea coast). Gen. distr.: Northern Scandi- navia. Described from Russian Lapland: lokonga. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. stans Drej., C.subspathacea Wormskj., andC.paralia V. Krecz, 133. C.kattegatensis Fries in Ind. sem. Hort. Upsal. (1857), nomen, —C. salina var. kattegatensis Almq. in Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl, , ed. 11 (1879) 466; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 362. —-C. salina ssp. cuspidata var. kattegatensis Almg. in Bot. Not. (1891) 126. — C.salina ssp. fuliginea Blytt, Norg. Fl. I (1861) 219.-—C. Lyngbyei Perfil, Fl. Sev. Kr. I (1934) 119, non Hornm, —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 244; Pigwbinl, Ess. No, 117 a. Perennial, cineraceous-green to light-green plants, with short rhizomes and short stolons; culms erect, smooth or only at the summit scaberulous, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with reddish (latericious)-brown, broad, slightly keeled sheaths; leaves straight, flat, 3-5(6)mm broad, equaling the culm (exceeding it in offshoots), slightly revolute-margined; spikelets 3-7, erect, the terminal 1-3 staminate, fusiform, to 3cm long, with light ferruginous, linear-lanceolate scales, the others pistillate, narrowly cy- lindric or clavate-cylindric, becoming loose toward the base, 4-7cm long, often with staminate flowers at the summit, somewhat contracted, rather distinctly pedunculate, the lowest spikelets subdistant, its bract equaling to slightly exceeding the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, ferruginous, 3- nerved, with lighter internerves, subulate-tipped, twice as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, plano-convex, 3mm long, yellowish-ferruginous, purple-spotted, with few faint nerves at base and a short truncate beak. Fr. June—August. Mossy bogs and coastal meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur.; European part: Kar. -Lap., Dv.-Pech. (White Sea coast). Gen. distr.: Baltic coasts and the Atlantic seaboard of Scandinavia and Great Britain. Described from the Scandinavian coast of Kattegat Bay. Type in Uppsala. Series 2. Setiferae V. Krecz. —Perigynia ellipsoid; achene deeply in- vaginated on one side. Spikelets with slender, smooth or scabrous, nodding peduncles; scales lanceolate, long-awned, the awn 4-5 times as long as body of scale. 134.C. paralva V.j¥Kreez, nom, nevaCe mar itimiarO, he Meuell: in Fl, dan, IV, 12 (1777) 6, tab. 703; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 313; Kuk. ‘in Engl? Pflzr; IV; 20°(1909) 359}non Gunn, (1772). —Exs:, : °Pl./Finl. Exs. No. 527, Kneuck, No. 241. Perennial, yellowish-green plants with creeping rhizome and stout stolons; culms short, slightly enlarged-winged, smooth, 20-50cm tall, covered at base with broad, blackish-brown, slightly keeled, somewhat lustrous, blade- less sheaths; leaves stiff, flat, 4-8mm broad, revolute-margined, rather abruptly pointed, usually shorter than the culm, those of offshoots over- topping the culms; spikelets 5-7, scattered, the terminal 1-3 staminate, clavate-cylindric, with linear-lanceolate, ferruginous scales, to 2-3cm 189 long, the others pistillate, oblong-ovoid or clavate, 2-5cm long, plump, dense, bristly owing to scale awns, long-peduncled;allpendulous; lowest bract foliaceous, considerably overtopping the culm; scales oblong-lanceo- 238 late, prolonged into a long scabrous awn, rufous or ferruginous, 3-nerved, twice as long as the perigynia; perigynia obovate or ellipsoid, biconvex, 3- 3.5mm long, grayish-green to yellowish-green, with slender faint nerves, obscurely stipitate, with an indistinct, short, truncate beak. Achene with a deep transverse invagination on one side. Fr. June—August. Coastal sands and meadows. —Arctic: Arct, Eur. (Kol'skii Peninsula); European part: Kar.-Lap. (White Sea coast), Dv. -Pech. (Dvina delta). Gen. distr.: Atlantic coast of Europe. Described from Denmark (Drobak). NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. discolor Nyl. Series 3. Rhomboideo-ovatae V.Krecz. —Perigynia rather broadly rhomboidal-ovoid, Spikelets on long, smooth, drooping or nodding peduncles; scales ovate, acute, usually longer than perigynia (sometimes twice as long). 135. C.Middendorffii F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII sér., XII, 2 (1868) 70 et 197, tab. VII, fig. 1-5; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 364 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 97. -—C. Middendorf- fiana Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 344. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with stout long rhizome and thick stolons; culms scaberulous or smooth above, 30-60cm tall, covered at base to considerable height with cinnamon-brown, keeled, split-reticulate, bladeless sheaths; leaves stiffish, ribbed below with margins more or less revolute above, 2-4mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the terminal 1-2(3) staminate, oblong, to 2.5cm long, with ovate ferru- ginous scales, the others pistillate, ovoid (the upper pyramidal-ovoid) or oblong-ovoid, 1-2.5cm long, often with staminate flowers down to the middle, dense, segregated, on slender smooth peduncles to 5-6cm long, erect or nodding, but not pendulous; lowest bract narrow, equaling the in- florescence; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, obtusish, subacute toward the base, ferruginous, brown, or dark brown, with a light median band, some- what white-hyaline at the margin, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to rhomboidal-ovoid, 4-5mm long, plano-convex or rather concave-convex, grayish-green, becoming light ferruginous, with 3-5 stoutish nerves on both faces, subsessile, with a rather indistinct, smooth or scabrous, truncate beak, Fr. June—July. Mossy bogs. —Far East: Kamch., Okhot., Ud., Sakh., Ze. -Bur., Uss. Gen, distr.: Northern Mongolia, Japan. Described from Udskii Island. Type in Leningrad. 136. C.cryptocarpa C.A.M, in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 226, tab. 14; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 313; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 341. -—-C. Lyngbyei Kuk. inEngl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 363, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 96; Kom., Fl. Kamch, I, 240, 239 non Hornm, —C. Lyngbyei ssp. cryptocarpa Hulten, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 196. -C. Romanzowiana Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 216. Perennial, green to dark green plants, with creeping rhizome and thick stolons; culms stout, mostly smooth, pendulous above (in inflorescence), 30-120cm tall, covered at base with broad, lustrous, latericious-purple, 190 slightly keeled, bladeless sheaths, these split-reticulate in the membrana- ceous part; leaves flat, (3)5-10mm broad, abruptly pointed, slightly re- volute-margined, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-7, distant, the termin- al 2-3 staminate, fusiform or clavate, to 6-7cm long, with ferruginous, linear -lanceolate scales, the others pistillate, cylindric, 2-8cm long (0.8-1.2cm broad), rather loose, often with staminate flowers at tip, on long (to 8-10cm), mostly smooth peduncles, all pendulous; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sub- ulate-tipped, castaneous or dark brown, with a light median band, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, biconvex, 3-3.5mm long, cinereous-green, at length brunescent, with 6-8 slender nerves on both faces and a short truncate beak. Fr. June—August, Peat and meadow bogs, meadows, and shores. —Arctic: Chuk, , Anad. ; Far East: Kamch., Okhot, Ud., Sakh. (n.), Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Alaska, Manchuria, Japan. Described from Unalaska. Type in Lenin- grad. 137. C.Riabushinskii Kom. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 163 et om Fl. penins. Kamtsch, I (1927) 244. Perennial, glaucous-green plants, with a strong rhizome and with stolons; culms robust, thickened and smooth below, scabrous above, slightly nod- ding in inflorescence, 70-100cm tall, covered at base with reddish (?) bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, rather abruptly pointed, 5-8mm broad, revolute-margined, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-7, the terminal 1-3 staminate, oblong or clavate, to 3-4cm long, with ovate ferruginous scales, the others loosish, often with staminate flowers at tip, pendulous, the peduncles rather long (to 5-6 cm), scabrous below, slender; lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; scales oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acute or terminating in a short subulate point, ferruginous, with a light midrib, nearly twice as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, biconvex, 2.2-3mm long, grayish- to yellowish-green, with 5-8 slender faint nerves on both faces, sessile, with an obsolescent truncate beak, Peaty shores, quicksands, and water near the shores. — Far East: Kamch., Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Mashura village). Type in Lenin- grad. 138. C.suifunensis Kom, in A.H.P. XVIII, 6 (1901) 445 et in Fl. 240 Mandsh, I (1901) 373. -C. pruinosa ssp. Maximowiczii var. sui- funensis Kuk, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 353 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 94. Perennial, grayish- to yellowish-green plants, with creeping rhizomes, stoloniferous; culms numerous, firm, more or less triangular with concave sides, prominently scabrous, 45-70cm tall, covered at base with later- icious-brown, lustrous, fainly keeled, broad, bladeless sheaths; leaves stiffish, flat, 3-5mm broad, somewhat revolute-margined, abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, distant, the terminal 1-2 staminate (the lower pedunculate), oblong, 1.5-3cm long, the others pistil- late, oblong, 2-3.5cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad, loosish, all on scabrous peduncles, pendulous; lowest bract foliaceous, equaling the inflorescence; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous, 3-nerved, with lighter internerves, equaling or exceeding the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, unequally 191 biconvex, 2.5-3mm long, grayish-yellow, becoming olivaceous, ferruginous- spotted, with slender, not always distinct, nerves on both faces, sessile, abruptly contracted into a weak truncate beak. Fr. June—August. Wet sands. —Far East: Uss. (s. part). Gen. distr.: Manchuria. De- scribed from Poltavskoe village on the river Suifun. Type in Leningrad. 139. C.pedunculifera Kom. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 163 et in Fl. penins, Kamtsch. I (1927) 244, Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with creeping rhizome and short stoutish stolons; culms scaberulous above, subpendulous in inflorescence, 15-40cm tall, covered at base with reddish-purple, obscurely keeled, slight- ly lustrous sheaths; leaves stiffish, with strongly revolute margins, 2-4mm broad, abruptly pointed, equaling the culm; spikelets (3)4-6, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong, to 2cm long, with ovate ferruginous scales, the others pistillate, cylindric, 1.5-2cm long, 0.5cm broad, dense, on slender scabrous peduncles (not exceeding 3-4cm), nodding, but not pendulous; low- est bract scarcely equaling the inflorescence; scales ovate, acute to sub- acute, ferruginous-brown, light-colored along the prominent midrib, equal- ing or barely exceeding the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, plano-convex 2.5mm long, yellowish-ferruginous, obscurely nerved, with a rather in- distinct truncate beak. Wet meadows. —Arctic: Anad.; Far East: Kamch., Sakh. (n.), Okhot. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Kronotskoe Lake). Type in Lenin- grad. 140. C.prionocarpa Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 8 sér., VII (1895) 87 et in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., VIII (1896), tab. 8, fig. 1 et IX (1897) 128; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 239.— C.Lyngbyei var. prionocarpa Kuk, in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 364, Perennial, glaucous-green plants, with strong rhizome and strong sto- lons; culms sharply triangular, strongly scabrous, 50-70cm tall, leafy up to the middle, covered at base with castaneous, split-reticulate, bladeless 241 sheaths; leaves rigid, flat, 4mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-7, the terminal 3 staminate, subdistant, linear-oblong, with dark brown obtuse scales, the others pistillate, on long slender peduncles, pendulous often with staminate flowers at tip; lowest bract not exceeding the inflores- cence; scales dark brown, ovoid, obtuse, narrower than perigynia and as long or slightly shorter; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 2.7-3mm long, glauces- cent, nerved, scaberulous on the margin and above on outer face (along the nerves), round-based, rather gradually tapering into a short beak. Recorded by Y. Kudo for northern Sakhalin. —Gen. distr.: Japan (Yezo). Described from Japan (Yezo, Nemuro). Type in Paris. Section 16. Chalciolaena V. Krecz. —Paludose, loosely cespitose, stoloniferous plants, with creeping rhizome, more or less triangular culms, and rather finely pointed leaves. Inflorescence lateral, loose, racemose, consisting of a solitary narrow staminate spikelet and 2-3 pistillate spike- lets; the latter oblong, loose, pendulous, on slender smooth peduncles; bract with more or less pronounced, closed sheath (from 2mm to 2cm long) and a weakly developed blade. Perigynia coriaceous, subellipsoid to ellipsoid, faintly trigonous, more or less flattened, (2.5)3-4mm long, short- stipitate, with more or less pronounced nerves, rounded at the summit, 192 usually smooth, with a very short, obsolescent beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Lowest bract with a long sheath (to 2cm)..... 143, C.laxa Whlb. a Lowest bract with a short sheath (2-5mm long). ..5.....5....- 2. 2. Culms smooth. Spikelets oblong, few-flowered, loose; scales entirely covering the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid, inflated-trigonous Ber RAteN es ae ORY) oc bas aI as CORY og 5 CIRM aoe ako ER els atte sue a 6 oe 3. + Culms scabrousf. Spik-’ 3 ovoid, many-flowered, rather dense; scales usually narrow_. wian the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, compres- SGe Serer PO MONISs Leathe ds ok tik cout tia he sa, de We Bb. wha, aula el tw lange? ‘el gay com ybylleg od 4. 3. Perigynia 3mm long, glaucous-green, at length yellowish, essentially beakless; scales brownish, as long as or shorter than perigynia; spikelets 3-8-flowered, 1-1.5cm long... .141. C.rariflora Whlb. it Perigynia 4mm long, brunescent, with a very short beak; scales blackish-brown, long-acuminate, longer than perigynia; spikelets HO s-tlowered, 1.562 cm) long, . joa). ace, lame © 142. C. stygia Fries. 4, Perigynia 4mm long, costate-nerved, glaucous, with a short beak. Pistillate spikelets 1-2, to 1-1.2cm broad, to 2.5-3cm long; scales persistents dheavies (1 iommm broads... ..t Wee lle Pepe alee ae 3. + Perigynia 2.5-3(3.5)mm long, faintly nerved, greenish-glaucescent to pale glaucous, almost beakless. Pistillate spikelets 2-3, to 0.5- 0.6cm broad, 0.7-1.5cm long; scales promptly deciduous. Leaves to SSA iraatiante1on qtoveioltd Me Mammen iy Smee acre ng fmt 5 RINE MR Si Se Gs RE et es nil 6. 5. Leaves canaliculate-involute; rhizome long-branched. Scales ovate, abruptly pointed, brownish-honey-colored ..... 144, C.limosa L. + Leaves flat; rhizome short-branched. Scales oblong, gradually pointed, fer rucinous brown: Culms usually SmtOOth .. Fo. 2) aise «ure ce ee Scene) = Og Vas Le CEE ake URRY a SrA8 145. C. fusco-cuprea (Kuk.) V. Krecz. 6. Culms 20-60cm tall, longer than the leaves. Spikelets pendulous EAteM San gee SD Red Aas of A MMP alc! Pete May Gobo wabbaltc Usha Mat ley 145. C.irrigua Whlb. + Culms not exceeding 10cm in height, shorter than the leaves. Spike- lets erect (according to Akiyama).......... *C ., Fudjitae Kudo. 141. C.rariflora Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Handl. XXIV (1803) 162; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 297; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 350; Kom, Fl. Kamch. I, 257; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 200. —Ic.: Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 503, fig. 80 A—D, —Exs.: Kneuck. VI, No. 172; XII, No. 348. Perennial, bright green plants, with creeping, rather slender rhizome, forking at right angles, loosely cespitose; culms firm, erect, obtusely triangular, smooth, 10-35cm tall, covered at base with dark purple, blade- less sheaths; leaves stiffish, flat, 2-2.5mm broad, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, somewhat scattered: the terminal erect, staminate, oblong-clavate, 1-1.5cm long, with ovate, dark brown, round- tipped, but mucronate; other spikelets pistillate, on capillary smooth peduncles, pendulous or erect, oblong, 1-1.5cm long (0.3-0.4cm broad), loose and sparsely-flowered below, of 3-8 flowers; lowest bract witha brown sheath to 2mm long and green blade to 3cm long; scales rather broad- ly-ovate, acute, mucronate, dark brown, with a reddish or white midrib, + Often (especially in old plants) culms smooth; in this case the other characters have to be relied upon. 193 equaling or shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid,biconvex, 3mm long, glaucous-green, becoming yellowish, short-stipitate, rounded- cuneate at base, nerves few, stoutish, distinct only at base, summit round- ed-conical, beakobsolescent, brownish at the mouth. Fr. June—August. Boggy tundra. —Arctic. “Novy. Zem: ,” Aret; Eur. , Arct)’ Sib. j!@huk>, Anad.; European part: Kar,-Lap. (Kol'sk. coast), Dv.-Pech. (White Sea coast); East. Siberia: Len.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch, , Okhot. , Sakh. Gen. distr.: Iceland, Scotland, Fenno-Scandia, Arctic America. Described from North Nordland (Norway). Type in Stockholm. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C.limosa L. andC.irrigua Whlb. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Of limited economic importance in the tundra. In reindeer pasture eaten satisfactorily in spring and winter, much less so at other times. 142. C.stygia Fries, Nov. Fl. suec, Mant. III (1842) 141. —-C.rari- 243flora ssp. stygia Anderss, Cyp. Scand, (1849) 35, tab. VII, fig. 71. — Cyraritlora, var. stygia Kuk. in Engl. Pilezrt ive 20909504). — C.nigrita Fisch. ex Beklr. in Linnaea, XLI (1877) 164. —C. rariflo- ra B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 297. Perennial, green plants, with a stout creeping rhizome and short, thick- ened, hooklike offshoots; culms firm, triangular, with concave sides, smooth, 15-35cm tall, leafy nearly up to the middle with bladeless blackish- purple sheaths at base; leaves stiff, subinvolute, to 3mm broad; spike- lets 2-3, subdistant: the terminal staminate, lanceolate, 1.5cm long, with blackish-brown, ovate, subacute scales, the others pistillate, oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2cm long (0.6-0.7cm broad), loose, 10-15-flowered, on slender smooth peduncles attaining 1.5cminlength; pendulous; lowest bract with a brownish sheath to 5mm long and blade to 3cm long; scales ovate, long-acuminate, blackish-brown, with a ferruginous midrib, longer than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, compressed ~-trigonous or concave-trigonous, 4mm long, greenish- brown, obscurely nerved, gradually tapering into a very short, slightly emarginate, brown-mouthed beak, Peat bogs near sea coast. —European part: Kar.-Lap. (Sumskii Posad); Far East: Kamch., Commander Islands, BeringIsland. Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Arctic America, Described from Finmark in Sweden. Type in Uppsala. 143. C.laxa Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 156; Fl. lapp. (1812)°237; tab. XV )“tig. 2; Trev) in Ldb? ‘Fl. Ross. .1Vi" 287; Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 357; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 506 et in Journ, Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 144. —Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 127. abies ADorfliyt Nein 4795. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with very slender rhizomes; culms slender, somewhat pendulous at the summit, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy in lower third, 25-40cm tall, covered at base with light brown blade- less sheaths; leaves rather soft, flat, 1-2mm broad, scaberulous, rather abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3, distant: the terminal staminate, lanceolate or narrowly clavate, with oblong, ferruginous-brown, obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, on long, slender, smooth peduncles, pendulous, oblong, 1-2cm long, 0.5cm broad, loose; lowest bract with a green sheath to 2cm long and blade to 3cm long; scales ovate, obtuse, or 194 subacute in lower part of spikelet, light ferruginous, greenish at center, slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong- ellipsoid to sublanceolate, obscurely trigonous, 3.5-3.8mm long, glaucous-green, with slender nerves, cuneate-attenuate at base, short-stipitate, smooth at thesummit, gradually tapering into a short, obsolescent, truncate, ferruginous beak. Fr. July— August. Mossy marshes and shores. European part: Kar.-Lap.; West. Siberia: 244 Ob.; East.Siberia: Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur. (Nemilen), Uss. (Grigor'evka, Lyan'chikhe River valley), Kamch.Gen. distr.: Fenno- Scandia, Manchuria. Described from Sweden (Torn. Lapland, near Enon- tekio Lake). Type in Stockholm. HAA Ceca WO Gain SD .apls(l (ae et” Urey . to ldbitl: Ross!) TV r307: Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 351; Kom.Fl.Kamch.I, 257; Hulten, Fl. otisamich- ii v201; sGrossh.Fl, Kavk.], 170: leo: (Kuky iniene) . Pilgr’. PV, 20 (1909) 503, fig.80 E—G; Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk, gub. I, 205. — Exs. HFR No. 744, 744a; Pl. Finl. Exs.No.126; Kneuck.No. 39. Perennial, glaucous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with long creeping rhizome, forking at right angles; culms erect, triangular, scabrous above, 25-50 cm tall, leafy in lower third, covered at base with reddish-brown en- tire sheaths; leaves stiff, ribbed, canaliculate-folded, 1.5-2 mm broad, long-attenuate, straight, shorter thanthe culm; spikelets 2-3, subdistant: the terminal staminate, linear, 1-3 cm long, with lanceolate, acute, brown- ish scales, the others pistillate, on slender smooth pedunclesto 2.5cm long, pendulous, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-2.5 cm long (to 1 cm thick); lowest bract with sheath barely 2 mm long and blade 2-2.5 cm long; scales ovate, abruptly long- pointed, honey-brown or brownish, with a light midrib, longer than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 4 mm long, glau- cescent-green, with 7-9 costate, pale nerves, short-stipitate, rounded at base and at summit, smooth-margined, abruptly contracted into a short- cylindric, brownish-mouthed, scarcely emarginate beak. Fr. May— June. Peat bogs and meadows. —- European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.- Pech., Lad.- io, Woo. Onepr. Upp. Vole. Volo. ikeam-=.) Mids Dnepr:. Volo.-Won., Zavolzh., Low.Don., Prichern. (Vodyano-Tsybulev); Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (upper reaches of Psezuape; Gr.Cauc.); West.Siberia: Ob., Irt. (Dzholdubai Lake, Kokchetavskii District), Alt.; entire East.Siberia and entire Far East.Gen distr.: Western Europe, North America, North- ern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from northern Europe (Sweden). NOTE: Forming hybrids: Xrariflora Whlb., X irrigua Whlb.; X1ivida” Whib. (CC imrand ? en's si hla om): 145. C. fusco-cuprea (Kuk.) V.Krecz.sp.nova in Addenda, II,599.- C. limosa var. fusco-cuprea Kuk. ex Matsum.Ind.pl.Jap.II, 1(1905) 118 et in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 505; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk.and Sagh. II (1931) 255; Akiyama in Journ. Fac.Sc.Hokk. Univer., ser. V, II, 1(1932) NGO. tie LOG. Perennial, cineraceous- green plants with short creeping rhizome; culms triangular, smooth 15-50 cm tall, leafy in lower third, covered at base with reddish-brown, entire sheaths; leaves stiffish, long-attenuate, flat, 1-1.5 mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, subdistant: the 245 terminal erect, staminate, lance-linear, with acute, ferruginous- brown, narrow scales, the others pistillate, onslender peduncles, pendulous, lance- ovoid, to 3cm long, 1.2 cm thick, nearly always with staminate flowers at tip; lowest bract with rather indistinct sheath 1-2 mm long and blade not 195 exceeding the spikelet; scales oblong-ovate, gradually pointed, ferruginous- brown, longer than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, 4 mm long, glaucous, distinctly ribbed, rounded at base and at summit, smooth, ab- ruptly contracted into a short, barely emarginate beak. Marshes and wet meadows. — Far East: Sakhalin. Gen.distr.: Kurile Islands, northern Japan. Described from Japan (Yezo, Yubutsu). Type in Leningrad. 146. C. irrigua Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk.Ak.Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 162; Trev.in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 307; Meinsh.in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 351. — C. magellanica Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 505, quoad. pl. eurasiat.; Kom.Fl.Kamch. I, 258; Hulten, Fl.of Kamtch. 1, 202; Grossh. Fl.Kavk.I, 170, non Lam. — C. magellanica var. planitiei Asehers.,et.Gr. Synops. il, 2.(1902) 132, — Ie.; Kuk., 1.c.,, 200, fig. 60 H—K. — Exs.: HFR No.445. Perennial, bright green, with short-creeping rhizome, forking at a very acute angle, loosely cespitose; culms slender, more or less drooping at the summit, triangular, scabrous above (sometimes nearly smooth), 20-60 cm tall, leafy in lower third, covered at base with brownish sheaths; leaves flat, moderately stiff, 2-4 mm _ broad, long-attenuate, about as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4, subdistant: the terminal staminate, clavate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm long, with brownish, ovate, acute scales, the others pistillate, oblong to ovoid, 0.7-1.5 cm long (0.6-0.7 cm broad), loose, pendulous, the peduncles slender, smooth, to 3 mm long; lowest bract to 3 mm long, the blade equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; scales lanceolate, lor ;-aris- tate- pointed, brown to dark brown, with midrib of about the same color, nearly twice as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, biconvex, 2.5-3 mm long, greenish-glaucous, brownish-spotted above, nerveless or obscurely 3-4-nerved at the very base, stipitate, rounded at base and sum- mit, with a very short, scarcely evident, truncate, ferruginous beak. Fr. May—July. Mossy bogs and meadows, tundra. — Arctic: Arct.Eur.; European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Dnepr. (Bel'sk. Rur.Distr., Smolensk Prov.), Volg.-Kam. (Raifskaya Desert, near Kazan'; Ural, Perm District); Caucasus: Gr.Cauc.; West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East.Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Len.-Kol; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Sakh., Kamch. Gen.distr.: mountainous part of Europe, Fenno-Scandia, Baltic seaboard, Poland, Northern Mongolia, North America. Described from northern Sweden. Type in Stockholm. 246 NOTE: Forming hybrids: X limosa L.; X rariflora Whlb.; X panicea L. * C.Fujitae Kudo in Journ. Coll. Agr.Hokk. Univ. XI, 2 (1922) 62; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh, II (1931) 255; Akiyama in Journ. Fac. SesHokk. Unix.) 'sier..Vi MURY 1901922). 162 (=— 2 Cai vai da. Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. 1(1927) 202, ex pl. (sec. Kudo). Perennial, cineraceous- green plants with long, slender stolons; culms slender, sharply angled, densely leafy below, 7-11 cm tall; leaves mostly longer than the culm, stiff, long-acuminate, flat, 2-3, broad; spikelets 3-4: the terminal staminate, linear, 0.8-1 cm long, the others pistillate, oblong, rather loose, short-peduncled,or the uppermost sessile all erect; lowest bract with a short sheath, slightly shorter than the inflorescence; 196 scales oblong-elliptic, subacute, honey-brown, with a green midrib, hyaline- margined, narrower than the perigynia but equaling them in length; peri- gynia lance- ovoid, trigonous, 3-3.5 mm long (1.6 mm broad), glaucous- green, nerveless, attenuate toward base, stipitate, with a short entire beak. Bogs. — Species described from Paramushir, an island very close to Kamchatka; possibly occurs in the southern part of Kamchatka. Gen.distr : Kurile Islands. Type in Sapporo (Japan). Section 17.)>Loxaniza (Rafin.) V.Krecz. — Rafin in Amenit. of Nat.I (1840) 25 (pro genere) — Planarex Rafin., l.c. (pro subgenere gen. Carex). —Limivasculum Boern.in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 269 (pro subgenere gen. Limivasculum Boern.), ex p. — Mountain-mea- dow and arcto-alpine plants, with creeping rhizomes and with stolons. Culms sharply 3-angled, covered at base with purplish-brown, more or less split- fibrillose, bladeless sheaths. Leaves more or less flat, with revolute mar- gins, abruptly pointed. Lowest bract with short (3-5 mm), furnished with hyaline auricle. Inflorescence capitate or racemose, of (2)3-5(7) spikelets: of these the terminal 1-2 gynecandrous, rarely staminate, the others pistil- late; spikelets dense, subsessile or more or less pedunculate. Perigynia membranaceous, subcoriaceous, or coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, (2)3-6 mm long, with slender nerves or nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into a short, cylindric, smooth, with a funnel-shaped or crescent-shaped notch. Achene usually much shorter and narrower than the perigynium, stalked. Stigmas 3 (rarely 2). 1. Terminal spikelets staminate .... une 2. + Terminal spikelets gynecandrous (i.e. near ee Blowers BE IDASCCOM SpRCeVOUye Lh hats Heme A Sener, te eet aes sae autre ete Lea, 22, Peiaeynra coriaceous 2). "2 *. sii tae Sete Cra tes, 3. + Perigynia membranaceous or aes eee PREM eee ck eg 2 As 3. Spikelets dense, sessile, forming an oblong-capitate, lobed, compact inflorescence, (with spikelets almost confluent). Peri- gynia trigonous, sessile, ovoid, very abruptly contracted into a short truncate beak. Leaves 3-6 mm broad, abruptly pointed. (Altai, Turkestan) (Plate XVI, fig. 7). . 247 ber ae le. me tan ata eree C A.M. + Spaealew: ieeech eaneeiieie (leweee peduncles to 2cm long), form- ing a loose fasciculate inflorescence. Perigynia oblong-elliptic, obscurely trigonous, subbiconvex, distinctly stipitate, gradually contracted into a short truncate beak, usually bearing a subulate, hard remnant of style 1-1.5 mm long. Leaves 2-3 mm broad, long-acuminate, (Kamchatka) ..-... . 160. C. stylosa C.A.M. 4. Perigynia without a distinct beak, 2mmlong .......... De + Perigynia distinctly beaked, 3-5 mm long .. B 5. ''Perigynia papery, compressed" (C.B. Clarke- dies rate GHeehen Esland) Sars he ONE OM. MGM C Mararkanmens ls C.bve larke + Perigynia Subeoriaceous, minutely granular, inflated-trigonous; staminate spikelet obsolescent .... .. 164. C. holostoma Drej. 6. Scales scabrous-awned; if scales indistinctly awned, then peri- gynia scabrous on outer face, nerves and margin, nearly from + At this stage one should bear in mind species 179. —C. sabulosa Turcez., where the terminal spikelet is sometimes staminate throughout, and not gynecandrous. C.sabulosa Turcz. is a psammophilous plant, witha long cord-like rhizome and subsetaceous involute leaves (see also Plate XVI, Figures 4 and 4a). 197 base oie : thas teh ieris te F t ‘bys Hoy Scales Pte? Saute or eetene ities et eh perigynia Sata or barely scaberulous on the margin at summit .... BL ght ae 7. Perigynia entirely smooth; scales, awns strongly developed . 165 Csi mmenechaeta CwAl M., + Bet icq ecaebte & on bea face and margin; awns variously de- veloped or sometimes indistinct ..... L elie &. §. Perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, 3-4.5mm long, oon aaa Smaoth nerves; scales of pistillate spikelets more or less awn- pointed, as long as or shorter than perigynia. (Kamchatka, Okhotskoe coast 0, eo. beac . nuh ¢hbS Ci kexwe cimencgmsqiMeinghn: 9(6). Spikelets sessile. .... 2. Stations bee sree. + Spikelets on rather long Pedaneiees Neemcrales WD. 3 MME A eas Tee ee 10. Spikelets 2-3, crowded at the summit of the culm, 0. ce 2 cm long. Perigynia subcoriaceous, grayish-green. Plants forming clumps; lower sheaths) browniweoes 20 oiling? 208 OMe tolliol . Ae em reared 248 + Spikelets 3-5, distant, narrowly cylindric, 2-4 cmlong. Peri- gynia membranaceous, greenish. Cespitose, stoloniferous plants; lower sheaths purple.174. C. Augustinowiczii Meinsh. 11. Spikelets ovoid, rather loose, 0.5-1 cm long. Perigynia ovoid, glaucous- gray, with faint slender nerves, 3-3.5 mm long, the beak bearing a strong remnant of style..161. C. Meyeriana Kunth. + Spikelets short-cylindric or oblong, spreading, dense, 0.8-2 cm long. Perigynia broadly ovoid, grayish-green, nerveless, 3 mm long, jwitha shorttruncate beale oe elon, Capitan Lhe ious 12(9). Culms and peduncles smooth; perigynia oblong- ellipsoid or oblong- lanceolate, 4.5-5.mm long .. .*....)) Jo9., C. melanostoama Hiseh, + Culms scabrous; peduncles scabrousor smooth; perigynia ellip- SUIGOGOVvate Sad Tam LOMO uu cubsi lianas nods be iol lh mer ci kee 13. Spikelets ferruginous- brown tmonenaut: perigynia nerveless, reddish-ferruginous; scales subobtuse, much shorter than peri- SYMIA, P aol a ‘ FOOD arity (eM Orley Ore Ty Ue ach WA Fe AMMA bi Ger ere + | Spikelets Sees neck ales rn nerved, greenish, more or less spotted; scales acute, equaling or exceeding the perigynia .... 14. 14. Perigynia yellowish-green, smooth, as long as the perigynia. Peduncles of the crowded spikelets smooth (Turkestan). . 3 pea sh COUN be AE Sra bess ane PAY cal acai 156.) Co masa. eb de hie: se kotike: 1 Perigynia rusty-spotted, light-margined, scaberulous, usually (toward base of spikelet) shorter than their scales. Peduncles of the segregated spikelets scabrous . Lae. ae: iste ampaneistobniseret C. “ish Glace 15,¢1)),. emai ee 2 Steric: DICONVEX G) Lvotiky « Wi bOs Cu. Jt Ol Ocul. a Perigynia with 3 stigmas, distinctly or obscurely trigonous ... 16. 16. Inflorescence racemiform, more or less nodding; lower spikelets on rather developed peduncles (0.8-3 cm long), divergent to pendu- lous (in doubtful cases, where inflorescence suberect and merely 1-sided-perigynia flat, many times longer than the achenes)... 17. + May be confounded with C. Gmelini which sometimes-has staminate spikelet, but differs conspicuously in its thin, narrow leaves, ovoid (not oblong) spikelets, and lance -ellipsoid perigynia. 198 ie 1G. 249 19%: Inflorescence suberect, capitate, oblong- crowded or with segre- gated spikelets; spikelets sessile, or the lowest on an erect peduncle not exceeding 3-5mm (perigynia always convexly trigo- nous, scarcelytwice as long as the achenes or entirely filled by Sri) PD eee GL Mn aN, "S PHN On Bay MOORE STRODE Me one Perigynia eae neeyen all the ~_ epee 6 be Gy Perigynia nerveless (or faintly nerved only at base) SIE uric 45) Perigynia 4-5 mm long, rusty-yellow, rounded at tne summit, with a clearly marked off, weakly developed, crescent- notched beak; scales castaneous, abruptly attenuate into a white scab- rous awn, much an than the perigynium. : HES). 0G. Can eld [eee s Arn. Pedivnih 3: 4 mm ones greenish, rather gradually tapering in- to an extended, deeply bidentate beak; scales ferruginous to pale ferruginous, acute or imperceptibly attenuate into a minute awn, shorter than the perigynium .. ole Oe Spikelets to 3 mm long, loose, loosely Crgaesee 4 in the Gailebes= cence; scales pale ferruginous to nearly green, awned, about equaling the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm long, subappressed, gradually tapering into an extended beak PaaS Net Aa R ae MANA e505) fe ee ed TR MO ARE A Mir be Ah) 2 Our a) PiaeiC.) peiietuisian 1 Kom. Spikelets to 1.5 cm long, dense, in racemiform arrangement; scales ferruginous, long-attenuate, two-thirds the length of peri- gynia; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long, spreading, abruptly contracted uniter a Shory beak.) aise a Witome€. ha nie@ere kimama\ Mascaim, 20(17). Spikelets loosely pendulous- spreading in racemiform arrange- at, 22. 23. ment, oblong, acute, loose, with golden-yellow perigynia; the lanceolate scales equaling OIMexceedine hel perio yniar ia 7 Moe lB Spikelets crowded in a 1-sided head, ovoid, obtuse, dense, nn brownish to brown, lighter-margined perigynia; the ovate scales shorter than the perigynia .. . Se ERM ay 8s 3 aie Low plants (15-40 cm) with usually cine gi Saas eee 3-9 mm broad; spikelets 3-5, suberect, approximate; perigynia rusty- yellow, brunescent, gradually tapering into a short beak shorter than to equaling the scales (Arctic). ‘ ssa ile hoes Get eo jhe Rea, he: aie ati ib. sotstr, Tall plants (40- 70 dei): wien gcalsnvuk culms; leaves 5-6 mm broad; spikelets 4-7, pendulous, distant; perigynia golden-yel- low, abruptly contracted into a short beak, longer than the peri- gynia (Caucasus, Ural, Turkestan). . . .148. C. caucasica Stev. Low (15-40 cm), alpine plants, with smooth culms; leaves crowded at base, numerous; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long (Caucasusys “9% PE Mt e2. Ci avelqitinl wioClawVe., Tree, . Tall (50-100 Saye anaiine plants, the scabrous culms leafy in lower part; leaves rather few; perigynia 4-4.5 mm long. .. . 23. Culms slender, leafy only at base; leaves abbreviated, 3-5 mm broad; inflorescence erect, capitate; spikelets 3-4, ovoid, 0.€-1.2 cm long; perigynia golden-rusty (Turkestan) . Nhu iba ie ull ll PET iy ESS ON etunle aeeaa V. Krecz. Gla stout, firm, eee up to considerable height; leaves long, 4-7 mm broad; inflorescence 1-sided to pendulous, racemiform, 199 250 loose; spikelets 3-7, obovoid or clavate, 1.5-3 cm long; perigynia fenaneanaue or bROwits ataig 8 Ata a RP ee Peet - ees 24. Leaves gradually tapering; iin oueneenae sabeeedt 1- Sables spikelets 3-5, the terminal 2-3 strongly crowded, obovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.8-1 cm broad; perigynia nerveless, ferru- ginous at base, usually shorter than the scales (Caucasus). ..... » (eee ! vitele, (abdesGQ@.yMedwedewii Mesk. + feawels abruptly pennies ivelemeecende racemiform- pendulous, loose; spikelets 4-7, oblong-obovoid or clavate, 1.5-3 cm long, 0.7-0.9 cm broad; perigynia few-nerved at base, violet-rusty, piel than the sealies)(Siberialy Centr. Asia)iveir Jae evan ee § Bet ERE. cs ni.) £50? CC.) peritsce \Vikrecz 25 (16). eee coriaceous; scales equaling or exceeding the peri- gynia (if shorter, then exceeding 1/3-2/3 their length) ...... 26. + Perigynia membranaceous; scales 1/2-2/3 as long as the perisynia? 2VEM 2k 5 2 tee Sites ait scct te tree oe BA arr 26. Inflorescence peaeeateal the upper spikelets contiguous, and only 1-2 lowest spikelets segregated; perigynia rusty- yellow, trigonous, spreading, entirely filled with achene; spikelets and whole inflorescence uniformly brownish. ..........- ails 3 Inflorescence more or less interrupted below, with iene tis: distant spikelets; perigynia glaucous-green to greenish-ferru- ginous, plano-convex, appressed, twice as long as achene; spikelets variegated owing to the dark scales and light perigynia..28. 27. A psammophilous plant, with a long cord-like rhizome; leaves subinvolute, setaceous and crisp at the tip; culms smooth; perigynia 4-5 mm long, smooth, ovoid, nerved, attenuate into an extended, deeply notched beak... .4179. C. sabulosa Turcz. + Meadow plants with short stolons, straight leaves, and scabrous culms; perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, minutely granular, eee with a barely distinct, slightly emarginate beak . ak, : SB Sovar! ov F LitGre Ce i Sikadihean RES Ajoriaa ts Raed 28. Scales aavnada in ewes part of spikelet exceeding the perigynia. Perigynia with a short emarginate beak. (Plate XVI, fig. 1 ang S)is £00 S¥ a eae ee ae al eed ot ad? ah44: “| 20% 25 Scales acute to eaeeewee 2/3 the length of perigynia; pees beakless, merely with a dark notch at the summit. (Plate XVI, figvti2ie Arctic) ks ot tba ai COC Mia dielois t. eumiay Vi Kreez, 29. Spikelets obovoid, 0.5-2 cm long, 0.8-1 cm broad; perigynia glaucous-green, the beak broadly crescent-notched, with spreading teeth. (Plate XVI, ej A Disypen gtr OLE Vote, Mekiek. &. B b Koy ne Se radls aaa Whib. + Spikelets cpihiatniee 1. 5- 4 cm long, 0.4-0.6 cm broad; _peri- gynia ferruginous-green, the beak narrowly notched, with erect teeth. (Plate XVI, fig.3).... 182. C.emasculata V. Krecz. 30(25). Stigmas equaling or eEeeeaine thesperisyniayy GMs tf Whey eM cred bet Moet! cates Bbee wv Aiglst Qype TAINS IURLCANAII NYC A Ke + Stes about 1/5-1/4 the length of perigynia .......... SL. 31. Perigynia olivaceous ro brown, nerveless, Bespertiens mar- SinedaAbovels aut se lst ew ahs Wy tye eld ese f) eepreen See Ee an cok (aie . 62. 748 200 Zod se Perigynia golden-yellow or green, nerved, smooth-margined 252 BUONO yoo 5s ; Be ono ted eee Oe CT ae ee Sy aon a2. Perigynia aseie oneniccons, finely erase 2 Ago mai, Teas, inflorescence loosely capitate, overtopped by the well-devel- oped bract; spikelets 0.4-0.6cmthick ....... ee Do: be Perigynia dark brown, not granular, 3-4 mm long; intloneee cence compactly capitate, with contiguous spikelets and an obsolescent bract; spikelets 0.6-0.9 cmthick ... cee 33. Perigynia 2.5 mm long; scales subobtuse; spikelets 3- 5, 0.6-1.2 cm long; culms smooth, firm. (Plate XVI, fig.10. — NTS) ea eae ee ide. .eh i Oe Commute | ah, RiGee 7, + Perigynia 2 mm inge seals Subacute to acute; spikelets 1-3, 0.3-0.6 cm long; culms scabrous, rather slender. (Plate XVI, ISR Sa TC) | A of: Se ReGe ee: stadia ex a. (Gunn . 34.. Perigynia 3.8-4.5 mm iene, Sisk ellipsoid, rather gradually tapering into an extended beak, scarcely scaberulous above; scales ovate, subacute, barely shorter than perigynia; spike- lets plump, 0.8-0.9 cm broad. (Plate XVI, fig.7.— Siberia) . ‘ 165. C. melanocephala Tae if Biewiceumer 3 mm alone. ee abruptly contracted into a short beak, strongly bristly above; scales broadly ovate, subobtuse to obtuse, about 2/3 the length of perigynia; spikelets oblong, 0-6-0738 mm broad. (Plate XWi, fis/c. — Caucasus)_. =). wo by get kad: 169... Ce A nese ae ney eiead. 35 (31). eae ee [ohare in vail ieee dense heads, ovoid or oblong- OVOUs yy Fg de 2 Pee eae ed Ole + Spikelets seieegaied, cyan or agp ree aed Barth ea ees 1 36. Culms arched, 10-25 cm tall; leaves stiff; perigynia golden- yellow, distinctly nerved only below; scales blackish-brown, scarcely shorter than the kei (Pamino Alaidpce = cr apes gs: auves of: hows gore 170. Co gn niums ca ya Nees. + ilans sna! 20- 60 < cm ae (payee soft; perigynia greenish, yellow, with slender nerves; scales ferruginous, 1 /3-1/2 the length of perigynia, often barely visible. (Plate XVI, fig.11). Hiset? -alaacey Seah « ey e-Taeeee sw lid. Cy eons ara.e steud. 37. Spikelets narrowly cylindric, 2-4 cm long; perigynia ovoid- ellipsoid; culms scabrous all the way down, triangular . Bb caer heomuty's 174. C. augustinowiczii Meinsh. if epilecleie dues: Deaasdries 1-2 cm long; perigynia ovoid; culms scabrous only at the summit, flattened-triangular; culms and leaves minutely papillose..... 176. C. soyaeensis Kuk. Cycle 1. Planarex (Rafin.) V.Krecz.—Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat.I (1640) 25 (pro subgenere).— Inflorescence crowded-racemiform, more or less nodding to suberect (1-sided), the lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; terminal spikelets gynecandrous. Perigynia membran- aceous, moreor less ellipsoid, imbricate, strongly compressed, abruptly contracted into a short, scarcely emarginate beak; achene 1/4-1/3 the length of perigynium. Series 1. Atratae V.Krecz.—Spikelets rather distant, loose or loosish, subacute. Scales lanceolate, long-attenuate. Perigynia yellow- ish- golden to rusty- golden. 201 147. ‘C.vatrata’ E.Sp. Pl. (0753) 976; Trev. in! Udo: PS Ross, TV, 287: Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 396.—Ic.: Kuk., l.c., fig.62, D—G.— Exe :) Pibinl, bxsvNostaa). Perennial, green, densely cespitose, stoloniferous plants, with stout short rhizomes; culms tapering upward and somewhat nodding, usually smooth, 15-40 cm tall, covered at base with broad, slightly keeled, purple bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-5 mm broad, scaberulous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, largely crowded in glomerules above: the terminal gynecandrous, ovoid, the others pistillate, also ovoid, 1-2 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm broad, rather dense, subacute, the lowest 2 on peduncles (to 2cm long), subdivergent, erect to pendulous; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous-brown, with 1 ferruginous nerve, narrower than and as long to longer than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 3.5-4 mm long, rusty- yellow, at length brunescent, nerveless, smooth-margined above, rather gradually tapering into a short, bidentate-emarginate, rusty-spotted beak; achene yellow, pyriform-obovoid, 2-2.2 mm long; styles pink. Fr. June— July. (Plate XVII, fig.6). Wet places in tundra and the subalpine zone.—Arctic: Arct. Eur. (Murmanskaya Kareliya and Kol'skii Peninsula); European part: Kar.- Lap. (Khibinskie Mountains). Gen.distr.: Fenno-Scandia, mountains of western Europe. Described from Central European Alps. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. Halleri Gunn. (C. Candriani Kneuck.). 148. C. caucasica Stev. in Mém.Soc.Nat.Moscou, IV (1813) 108; M.B.F1.taur.-cauc. III (1819) 612; Boiss. Fl.Or.V, 416; Litw. in Trav. Bot. Mus.Ac.St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 88 (excl. var.).—C. pseudo-atrata Meinsh. \in Av/HVPY XVIl, 3'(1901)' 346° Es at rata® vari Ycawe asic a Boott, Illustr.Carex, II] (1862) 114.— C. atrata ssp. caucasica Kuk. 255 in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 400.— C. ustulata var. ymacrogyne Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 571.— C. lonchosaccus C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc.Inf., Add.ser., VIII (1908) 77; B.Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 206 —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 317. Perennial, densely cespitose, stoloniferous plants with a short rootstock; culms slender, pendulous at the summit, scabrous above, 40-70 cm tall, covered at base with broad, keelless, lustrous, dark purple, fracturing- fibrillose, bladeless sheaths; leaves 5-8 mm broad, as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-7, the terminal gynecandrous, obovoid to oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm long, sometimes with 1-2 supplementary, spreading, sessile spikelets at base; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid or oblong to clavate, 1.5-3 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm broad, all pedicellate, loosish, the lowest sub- distant, on pedicel to 4-5 cm long; scales lanceolate to oblong- ovate, Explanation to Plate XVI 1. Carex Buxbaumii Whlb.: inflorescence and perigynium,—2. C.adelostoma V. Krecz.: pe- rigynium, —3. C.emasculata V. Krecz.: inflorescence and perigynium.—4. C.sabulosa Turcz.: inflorescence and perigynium.—5. C.melanantha C.A.M.: inflorescence and perigynium.-—6, C. mela- nantaeformis Litw.: inflorescence and perigynium.—7. C.melanocephala Turcz,: inflorescence, perigynium, and scale.—8, C.oligantha Steud.: inflorescence, perigynium, andscale.— 9. C.Hal- leri Gunn,: inflorescence, perigynium.—10, C.mimula V. Krecz.: perigynium.—11. C.angarae Steud,: inflorescence, perigynium, and scale. 202 PLATE XVI 253 203 256 acute to cuspidate, dark brown, with lighter or similarly colored midrib, white-hyaline-margined, as long as or shorter than the perigynia; peri- gynia membranaceous, compressed-trigonous, 3.5-4 mm long, greenish- yellow, at length ferruginous- yellow, obscurely 3-5-nerved at base, smooth- margined at the summit, very abruptly contracted into a short, brown, bidentate-emarginate beak; achene obovoid, 2.5 mm long. Fr. June—July. Alpine meadows. — European part: Volg.-Kam. (s.part of Ural); the whole of Caucasus; Centr.Asia: Tyan'-Shan. (e.part), Pam.-Al. (e. part and Oshskii District). Gen.distr.: Turkey, Persia, Kulja. Described from Dagestan (Mount Shakhdag). Type in Moscow or Helsinki. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: According to report of E.A. Bush, eaten readily in young state by cattle. 149. C.decaulescens V.Krecz.sp.nov.in Addenda, II, 599.—C. caucasica B.Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 207, ex p., non Stev.— C. caucasica var. abbreviata Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot.Ac.St. Pétersb. VIDC1910) 88. —"C*cantea sica vary ‘biracteata “Litw., ib-% 89. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose, stoloniferous plants, witha short rootstock; culms slender, scaberulous above, 35-70 cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-5 mm broad, half as long as the culm, the lower ones approximate; spikelets 3-4, crowded in a head, sessile (sometimes the lowest distant, witha short erect peduncle), ovoid, 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.5-0.9 cm broad, the terminal gynecandrous, the others pistillate; the lowest bract weak, scale-like or setaceous, not ex- ceeding the inflorescence; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous- brown, witha ferruginous midrib, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong- ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, golden-rusty, nerveless, short-stipulate, smooth at the summit, the transition to beak not abrupt, beak short, bidentate- emarginate. Fr. June—July. Ravines and brooks, screes, and moraines, at an altitude of 2,000-3,200 m.— Centr.Asia: Tyan'-Shan.(w.part), Pam.—Al. (w.part). Endemic. Described from Western Tien Shan (Andaul'gan River). Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Aterrimae V.Krecz.—Spikelets crowded, dense, obtuse. Scales ovate, acute or subacute. Perigynia yellowish-brown, light mar- gined or brown throughout. 150. C. perfusca V. Krecz.sp.nov. in Addenda, I, 600.—C. atra- ta Trev. in LdbvFT. Ross. IV (1853)'287, quoad pl&sibir.; Turez. Fl baic. - dah. Il, 2.(1856) 271; Meinsh.in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 347, ex p., non L.—C. atropurpurea Fisch. ex Trev.in Bull.Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXXVI, 1 (1863) 538 (sub C. atrata, nomen); Trautv.Incr.F.Ross.1V (1884) 812, non Beckir.—C.atrata var. aterrima Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20(1909) 398, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bott 3-6 (1911) 108.—C. lonchosaccus C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc.Inf., Add.ser., VIII (1908) 77, quoad pl. Turczan. Perennial, green or pale green, densely cespitose plants, with a stout short rootstock; culms firm, scabrous above, 50-80 cm tall, covered at base with purple bladeless sheaths; leaves 4-7 mm broad, more or less scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-7, fasciculately aggregated, pendulous, allon short peduncles(to 1 cm long), loosish, with somewhat spreading scales; terminal spikelet gynecandrous, ovoid, the others pistil- late, oblong to clavate-obovoid, 1.5-3 cm long, 0.7-0.9 cm broad, rounded at the summit (obtuse); lowest bract overtopping the inflorescence; scales 204 257 ovate, subacute, ferruginous-brown to blackish- brown, with a lighter (ferruginous) midrib, narrowly hyaline-margined, shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 4-4.5 mm long, violet- rusty, obscurely nerved atbase, subsessile, rounded and smooth at the summit, abruptly contracted into a short, bidentate-emarginate beak; achene obovoid-subelliptic, brownish, barely 2 mm long; styles white. Fr.April—July. (Plate XVI, fig. 7). Wet arctic and alpine tundra.—Arctic: Arct.Sibl; West.Siberia: Alt., East.Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-—Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.- Bur., Okhot., Sakh. (n.—Mount Lopatina); Centr.Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan. (e.part). Gen.distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Alati (watershed of rivers Chernova and Biryuksa, on the Kholzun Range). Type in Leningrad. 3151. C.Medwedewii Lesk.in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XVI, 1 (1931) 70.- C. atrata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross.IV (1853) 287, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 347, ex p.; Grossh., Fl.Kavk.I, 165, ex p., non L. — C.iatrata var. aterrima Kuk. in Enlg. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 398, quoad pl.caucas.— C. aterrima Grossh., l.c., non Hoppe. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms firm, scabrous above, 40-100 cm tall, the lower third leafy; basal sheaths castaneous-brown, bladeless, fracturing-fibrillose; leaves rather stiff, long, 4-7 mm broad, rather gradually pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, congested, especially the terminal 2-3, the lower 1-2 somewhat segregated, onpedunclesto0.5-1 cm long; terminal spikelet gynecandrous, the others pistillate, all obovoid or clavate- oblong, obtusely rounded at the summit, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0. 8-1 cm broad, dense; lowest bract foliaceous, equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; scales oblong- ovate to lanceolate, acute, reddish-blackish- brown throughout or witha light midrib, usually longer to equaling the perigynia and about half as broad; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid to oblong-obovate, compressed-trigonous, 3.8-4 mm long, yellowish-rusty below, brown above, nerveless, sessile, rounded and smooth at the summit, rather abruptly contracted into a short, bidentate, black beak. Fr.June-July. Grassy places in the subalpine zone.— Caucasus: Gr.Cauc. Endemic. Described from Mount Abago (sources of the river Belaya). Type in Leningrad. 152. C.aequivoca V.Krecz.sp.nova in Addenda, II, 600.— C. atrata Trev. in Ldb.F.Ross.IV (1853) 287, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 347; Grossh. Fl.Kavk. I, 165, ex p., non L.—C.atrata var. nigra Meinsh. inA.H.P., l.c.; Litw.in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. Ross. IV (1902) 69, non Boott.— C. nigra Grossh.Fl.Kavk., l.c. non Bell.— C. atrofusca Stev. in Mém.Soc.Nat.Moscou, IV (1813) 108; C.A.M. Verzeichn. Pfl.Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 30, non Schkuhr.—- Exs.: HFR No.1141. Perennial, green to yellowish-green, rather densely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms thickened above, smooth or nearly so, 15-40 cm tall, covered at base with latericious-brown, more or less fracturing- fibrillose, bladeless sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 3-5 mm broad; abbre- viated, short-acuminate, inserted near the culm-base, half as long as the culm or shorter; spikelets 3-5, contiguous or the lower ones somewhat segregated; the terminal spikelet gynecandrous, the others pistillate, broadly ovoid, 1-2 cm iong, 0.6-0.8cm broad, obtusely rounded at the 205 summit, dense; the lowest bract setaceous, equaling to slightly exceeding the inflorescence; scales ovate, acutish to subobtuse, blackish- brown, with midrib and margin of same color, as long as to shorter, and slightly narrower, than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, com- pressed-trigonous, 3-3.5 mm long, nerveless, yellowish, usually brown- ish above, subsessile, rounded and smooth at the summit, abruptly con- tracted into a short, black, bidentate-emarginate beak. Fr.June—July. Alpine meadows, at altitude of 2,400-3,000 m. — Throughout the Cauca- sus, in the alpine zone. Gen.Distr.: Boundary districts of Turkey and Persia. Described from Georgia (Tskhra-Tskharo Mt.). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: As reported by E.A. Bush, readily eaten in young state by cattle. 258 Cycle 2. Inobasilaena V. Krecz.—Plants covered at base with fer- ruginous-brown to reddish, rather strongly fracturing-fibrillose sheaths. Inflorescence loose, pendulous, with distant spikelets; lowest bract not exceeding the inflorescence. Terminall1-2 spikelets staminate, the others pistillate. Perigynia membranaceous to subcoriaceous, oblong, compressed- trigonous, rather gradually tapering into a short, slightly emarginate beak. Stigmas 3 (but often only 2). 153. C.koraginensis Meish. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 351; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 251 (incl. form.).—C.scita Kom., ib., 250; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 414, quoad pl. kamtch. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 111. —-C.scita var. koraginensis Kiik., l.c., 415 et in Journ. Russ. Bot., 112; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 196, tab. 6,. fise\C: —€) pode ce ar paiMeinsh |. dics, .3s2siquoad ph vAnadyr. — Gitrachyloma \C. A.M. ‘in herb: Perennial, yellowish-green, cespitose plants, with short rhizomes and stiff wiry roots; culms rather firm, scabrous above, 10-90cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown bladeless sheaths, these with a dense periphery of fibrillose remnants of old sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 3-6 mm broad, scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong, to 2-2.5cm long, with ferruginous-brown scales, the others staminate, 2-3.5cm long, rather dense, loosish below, often pendulous, the scabrous setaceous peduncles 3-4cm long; scales oblong- ovate to lanceolate, acute to scabrous-cuspidate, rusty-fuscous, with a light midrib, shorter than to as long as the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 3-4.5mm long, brown-spotted above, with a green or stramineous margin, slenderly and obscurely 5-6-nerved, distinctly short-stipitate, unevenly setulose-scabrous on the margin, nearly from base and on the outer face near summit, rather abruptly contracted into a short, slightly dilated, emarginate, ferruginous beak. Fr. June—August. Meadows in subalpine zone. —Arctic: Chuk., Anad.; Far East: Kamch., Okhot. (Onor Bay, Ola district, Okhotsk, Yamskaya and Touiskaya inlets), Uss. (Sikhote-Alin', upper reaches of Left Botcha). Gen. distr.: Kurile Islands. Described from Koraginskii Island off Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. 154. C.scabrinervia Franch.in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 8 sér., VII (1895) 37 et in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., 1X (1897) 144. — C.scita var. scabrinervia Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 415. 206 209 260 Perennial, cineraceous-green, with short-creeping ligneous rhizome and wiry roots; culms rather firm, somewhat pendulous above, scabrous, 40-60 cm tall, covered at base with light reddish-brown bladeless sheaths, these with a periphery of fibrillose remnants of old sheaths; leaves not stiff, 4-7cm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant; the terminal 1-2 spikelets staminate, oblong-clavate, to 2cm long, with fer- ruginous cuspidate scales, the others pistillate, also oblong-clavate, 1.5- 3cm long, loosish, pendulous, on smooth filiform peduncles; scales oblong- ovate to lanceolate, ferruginous-brown, the lighter midrib excurrent in a slender scabrous awn, exceeding the perigynia, but body of scale shorter than the perigynium; perigynia ellipsoid to suboblong-ellipsoid, compressed- trigonous, 5mm long, purplish-ferruginous, the prominent nerves scabrous nearly all the way down, distinctly short-stipitate, irregularly setulose on the margin nearly from base, rather abruptly contracted into a short, widely emarginate, brown beak. Far East: Sakh.: N. part (Kabonov!) and Lamoris'er Bay (F. Schmidt!). Gen. distr.: Kuril'skie Islands, northern Japan. Described from Rebun- shiri Island. Type in Paris. 3 155. C.macrochaeta C.A.M. inMém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1821) 224, tab. XIII; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 305; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 353; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 110; Kom. Fl. Kamch. I, 250; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 195.—C.excurrens Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 228. -—C. podocarpa Boott, Illustr. Carex, IV (1867) 197, ex p.—C. podocarpa f. macrochaeta Kjellm. Komm.>faner. fl., p. 305.—C.trichostachya Fisch. ex Boott, l.c., 198. Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, somewhat pendulous and scaberulous to nearly smooth above, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown bladeless sheaths, these surrounded by abundant fibrillose remnants of old sheaths; leaves 1-3mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, subdistant, ovoid to oblong-ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid,1.5-3cm long, 0.8cm broad, the terminal staminate, the others pistillate, on slender smooth peduncles (to 4-5 cmlong), the lower ones pendulous; scales lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, dark ferruginous, the light midrib excurrent in a long, light-colored, scabrous awn to 1cm long, longer but narrower than the perigynia; perigynia lance-ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 5-6mm long, light below, covered above with ferruginous spots and dots, with © 9-7 slender nerves, distinctly short-stipitate, gradually tapering into a smooth truncate beak. Stigmas 3 (rarely 2). Fr. June—August. (Plate XVII, Figure 8). Tundra. —Arctic: Chuk. (St. Lawrence Bay), Anad.; Far East: Kamch. (?) and Commander Islands: Mednyi Island. Gen. distr.: Aleutian Islands; w. arctic America, with adjacent islands, as far as Vancouver. Described from Unalaska. Type in Leningrad. 156. C.behringensis C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., Addit. ser., VIII (1908) 81.—C.podocarpa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 352.—C. Tolmiei Boott, Illustr. Carex, II (1860) 100, quoad pl. behring.; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 193, quoad pl. Dybowsk.--C. Tolmiei var. nigella Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 411, ex max. p.et in Journ. 207 261 Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 109; Kom. Fl. Kamch. I, 249.—C.Tolmiei var. Invisa Kukoin Journ,)"Russ!' Bot)" 1ves,)/ 110)-ex'ps; YKomiao). ch 24o5— C.frigida Hook. et Arn. in Beech. Voy. III (1834) 119; Trev.in Ldb. IV, 294, quoad pl.kamtsch., non Bell. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with short-creeping rhizome and with stolons; culms flexible, scabrous above, 20-60cm tall, covered at base with ochreous to ferruginous-brown, bladeless sheaths, these sur- rounded with fibrillose remnants of old sheaths; leaves rather stiff, with strongly revolute margins, 3-5mm broad, scaberulous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant, the lowest especially remote, the terminal 1-(2) staminate, obovoid, 1-1.5cm long, with brown obtuse scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 1.5-2mm long, rather dense, their pe- duncles filiform,scabrous above, to 3em long; lowest spikelets often pen- dulous; scales oblong-ovate, subacute to acute, ferruginous-brown, with a faint light midrib, longer than to about as long as the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, rusty- yellow below, lighter on the margin, very obscurely 5-6-nerved, somewhat setu- lose-margined, rather abruptly contracted into a short, truncate, brownish beak. Fr. July—August. Alpine tundra and tundra. —Arctic: Chuk. (Koniam Bay); Anad.; Far East: Kamch.; Commander Islands: Mednyi Island; Okhot. (Ayan, Dzhugdzhur Ranve, Aldom, Ui rivers, Uiskii Range, Shantarskie Islands). Gen. distr.: Bering Islands, Aleutian Islands. Described from Koniam Chukot Pen.). Type in London. 157. C.pauxilla V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 601.—C..atro - fusca Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 20 (1909) 553 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 149, quoad pl. ajan.; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II, 122, exp., non Schkuhr. Perennial, green plants, with creeping ascending rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, pendulous at the apex, scabrous above, 20-40cm tall, leafy in lower one-fourth, covered at base with light brown, fracturing- fibrillose sheaths; leaves soft, few, 2-3mm broad, scabrous, one-third to one-half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-5, approximate; the terminal 1-2 staminate, obovoid to oblong, 0.6-1.3cm long, with ovate, ferruginous, subacute scales, the others pistillate, obovoid to oblong-clavate, 1-2.2cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad, loosish, pendulous, the slender scabrous peduncles to 3cm long; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, subobtuse, reddish-rusty, with a light median band, much shorter than the perigynia and half their length; perigynia ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, nerveless reddish-rusty with light-colored base, with a light smooth margin, terminating in a very short, brown, subinfundibular, slightly emarginate beak. Fr. July. Barren Siberian glades. —East. Siberia: Daur., Len.-Kol; Far East: Okhot. Described from Yakchii-Dzelinda watershed, at the upper reaches of Angar. Endemic. Type in Leningrad. 158. C.musartiana Kuk. ex B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVII, 1 (1924) 206 (nomen) et in Addenda, II, 602,—-C.ustulataatypica Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 571, exp. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with short-creeping rhizome; culms scabrous above, 30-40cm tall, leafy nearly to the middle, 208 covered at base with light castaneous sheaths, these surrounded with fibril- lose sheath remnants; leaves rather stiff, 3-4mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant: the terminal staminate, oblong-obovoid, erect, with ovate, brownish, acuminate scales, the others pistillate, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-2cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad, loosish, pendulous, the slender smooth peduncles to3cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferru- ginous-brown, with a light midrib, equaling the perigynia; perigynia (immature) oblong-ellipsoid, obscurely trigonous, 4mm long, yellowish- green, slenderly 5-6-nerved, sessile, smooth-margined above, terminating in a short, ferruginous, cylindric, scarcely emarginate beak. Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan. Described from Muzart Pass. Type in Leningrad. 159. C.melanostoma Fisch. (sphalmate-melastoma) ex Boott, Illustr. Carex, II (1860) 100 (sub C. Tolmiei); Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884) 818 (nomen) et in Addenda, II, 602.—C. podocarpa Meinsh. in-AWHIP) XVM 34901) 352) -quead pl: kamtsch:;. non Boott. —C.. ol - miei Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 193, non Boott. -C.Tolmiei var. tonwiu's.c u taelultenydiic.j5 1495.6. holmijeivam invisga AKuk.)in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 110; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 249, quoad pl. kamtsch.—C. atrofusca Kom., 1.c. 260, non Schkuhr. — C.atrofusca var. fulvicoma Kom., 1.c., 261 (excl. syn.).— C.Krascheninnikovii Kom. in herb. et ex Hultén, 1.c., 194 (nomen).— C.macrochaeta var. paramushirensis Kudo in Journ. Coll. Agr. Hokk. Univ. XI, 2 (1922) 81 (sec. Hultén).—Ic.: Hultén, 1.c., tab. 6, fis. bi; Perennial, yellowish-green, with short-creeping, ligneous rhizome, stoloniferous; culms firm, sharply triangular, smooth, 20-40cm tall, leafy in lower one-fourth, covered at base with ochreous-brown to casta- neous-brown, rather light, bladeless, more or less fracturing-fibrillose sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 3-5(6)mm broad, nearly smooth, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, approximate: the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong- lanceolate, 1-2cm long, with oblong-ovate, castaneous-brown, subobtuse 262 scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 1-2.5cm long, loosish, the smooth peduncles to2cm long; lowest spikelet sometimes remote, long- peduncled, more or less pendulous; lowest bract shorter than the inflores- cence to nearly as long; scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous to cas- taneous, with a light midrib, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 4.5-5mm long, compressed-tri- gonous, greenish-rusty-spotted, with 4-5 slender, inconspicuous nerves, round-based, sessile, smooth-margined above, rather gradually tapering into a short, brown, cylindric, broadly emarginate beak. Fr. July. Tundra. —Arctic: Chuk, Anad.; Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.: Pribilof Islands, Kurile Islands. Described from the Pribilof Islands: St. Paul Island. Type in Leningrad. » 160. C.stylosa C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 222, tab. XII; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 305; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 350; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 105; Kom. Fl. Kamch. I, 192.—C. beringiana Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 229. — C.caespitosa var. tristigmatica Trautv. ex Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 396. 209 Perennial cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with ligneous rhizome and short stolons; culms scabrous above, 20-40cm tall, densely covered at base with broad, ecarinate, somewhat lustrous, latericious- brown, bladeless sheaths, these surrounded with abundant fibrillose rem- nants of old sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 2-3mm broad, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, approximate: the terminal staminate, lanceolate, to 1.5cm long, with ferruginous scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 0.8-1.5cm long, 0.5cm broad, loose, all pedunculate (pe- duncle of lowest spikelet to 2cm long), erect; scales ovate, subacute, fer- ruginous, with a light midrib, broadly white-hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, coriaceous, obscurely trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, nerveless, initially yellowish-green, becoming subferruginous, short-stipitate, smooth above, rather gradually tapering into a short, slightly emarginate beak, usually bearing a strong style-base 1-1.5mm long. Fr. July—August. Boggy sites. —Arctic: Anad.; East. Siberia: Len.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch.—Commander Islands; Bering Island. Gen. distr.: Alaska and adjacent islands, North America, Greenland, Newfoundland. Described from Unalaska. Type in Leningrad. 161. C.Meyeriana Kunth, Enum. pl. II (1837) 438; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 304; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 282; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVUI, 3 (1901) 349 (excl. var B); Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 393 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 104.--C. asperula Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XI, (1838) 104 (nomen), non Nees. —C. platy- carpa Cham. in herb. —Exs.: Karo, Pl. Amur. et Zeaén. No. 26. 263 Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, growing in clumps; culms slender, obscurely triangular, smooth, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with castaneous, lustrous, more or less keeled, fracturing- fibrillose sheaths; leaves rather stiff, setaceous, flexuous, folded, barely 1mm broad, prominently scabrous-margined, ribbed below, long-acumi- nate, shorter than the culm to nearly as long; spikelets 2-3, constipate, sessile (rarely the lowest spikelet subdistant or short-peduncled): the terminal staminate, 1-2cm long, with ferruginous obtuse scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to broadly ovoid, 0.5-1cm long, not dense, obtuse- lowest bract obsolescent, scale-like, with a short bristle; scales ovate to oblong-ovate, subobtuse, blackish-brown, with 3 lighter nerves, narrowly white-hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia subcoria- ceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, bluish- green to gray, slenderly 5-6-nerved, finely granular, subsessile, smooth- margined above, with an obsolescent entire beak. Stigmas 3o0r2. Fr. June—July. Marshes, boggy meadows. —West. Siberia: Irt. (w. part), Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len, -Kol. (s. part); Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea. Described from Irkutsk. Type (or syntype?) in Leningrad. 162. C.putjatini Kom. in Bull Jard. Bot. St. Pétersb. XVI (1916) 154, Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with short- creeping rhizome; culms slender but firm, flexuous, scaberulous above, 30-50 cm tall, covered to somewhat above the base with blackish-brown, 210 264 strongly fibrillose, fracturing, slightly keeled, bladeless sheaths; leaves stiff, setaceous, 1-1.5mm broad, abruptly pointed, short (1/4 to 1/3 the length of culm), contiguous near base; leaves of offshoots only slightly shorter than culms; spikelets 2-3, approximate: the terminal staminate, lanceolate, to 2cm long, with obovate brown scales, the others pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.8-2cm long, dense, sessile; lowest bract obso- lescent, shorter than its spikelet; scales ovate, subacute, brown to dark brown, with evanescent light median band, somewhat shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, trigonous, 3mm long, grayish-green, sub- ferruginous above, nerveless, with a short truncate beak. Coastal grassy marshes. —-Far East: Uss. (s. part: America Bay, Putyatin Island). Endemic. Described from Elizavety Lake on Putyatin Is- land. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 3. Aphanolepis V. Krecz.—Plants covered at base with entire, purple, bladeless sheaths. Inflorescence capitate or racemiform, erect; terminal spikelets gynecandrous, the others pistillate. Scales about half as long as perigynia. Perigynia subcoriaceous, sometimes minutely gra- nular, ovoid, more or less inflated-trigonous, spreading, attenuate at the summit into a cylindric, hyaline-margined, slightly emarginate beak. Stigmas very short. Series 1. Distigmatae V. Krecz.—Spikelets gynecandrous, short- peduncled, gathered ina glomerule. Perigynia 2-2.5mm long, biconvex, minutely tuberculate, beakless; stigmas 2. 163. C.bicolor Bell. ex All. Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 267; Trev. in Lob. i: Ross:)1V;, 285; Kuk. in) Enel.) Pilar .1V,,,20,(1909)) 297, fig. 45 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 79, fig. 61. —Exs.: HFR No. 1246. Perennial, cineraceous-green, short-stoloniferous plants; culms slender, curving, scabrous, compressed-trigonous, 5-25cm tall; leaves flat or revolute-margined, rather stiff, 1.5-2mm broad, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths light brown, bladeless; spikelets 2-4, oblong to ovoid, 0.5-1cm long, approximate, rather dense, short-peduncled, the lowest spikelet onpeduncleto5mm long; terminal spikelets subclavate, its lower 1/2 to 2/3 staminate; uppermost bract scale-like, the lowest folia- ceous, to 1cm long, short-sheathed; scales ovate, obtuse, purplish-brown, with a light midrib, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovate, 2.5- 2.8mm long, light green, membranaceous, biconvex, densely and minutely papillose, with obscure, almost indiscernible nerves, on a short conic stipe, rounded at the summit, beakless. Fr. July. Banks of rivers and brooks. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib.; European part: Dv.-Pech. (Pinezhskii district); West. Siberia: Ob. (n. part); East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Len.-Kol. (Olenek). Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Greenland, Alps of Western Europe, Mongolia. Described from Piedmon- tese Alps. Series 2. Misandrae V. Krecz. —Terminal spikelet staminate, weak- ly developed, suppressed by the pistillate. Spikelets sessile; perigynia 2mm long, beakless and nerveless, subcoriaceous, minutely granulose. 164. C.holostoma Drej. Rev. crit. Caric. bor. (1841) 20 (excl. synon.); Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 387, fig. 60, F—G.; Gorodk. ex Soczava in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XV, 4 (1930) 307. 211 265 Perennial, yellowish- green plants with short rhizome and long slender stolons; culms slender, scaberulous above, 10-20cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves rather stiff, erect, ribbed below, 1.5-2.5mm broad, mucronulate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, approximate in a compact inflorescence, or the lowest spikelet apart; terminal spikelet staminate, very short, lanceolate, barely 0.5cm long, the others pistillate, much longer, narrowly short, cylindric, 0.6-1cm long, 0.2-0.3cm broad, sessile, the lowest (especially when remote) short- peduncled; lowest bract subsetaceous, scarcely longer than its spikelet; scales broadly ovate, subacute, blackish, with a light midrib, narrowly hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovate, inflated- trigonous, 2mm long, minutely granulose, green, at length brunescent above, nerveless, rounded and smooth at the summit, without a distinct beak. Wet places in the tundra. —Arctic: Anad. (Belaya River basin, right tributary of Anadyr', near Pukulnya Range); European part: Kar.-Lap.: recorded by Hjelt in Acta Soc. Faun. et Fl. Fenn. V, 3 (1895) 290, for Khibiny. Gen. distr.: Greenland, Norway. Described from western Greenland. 165. C.arakamensis C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., Addit. ser., VIII (1908) 82.—C.leptosaccus C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. XXXV (1902) 404, non C.B. Clarke (1895). —C. Tolmiei Boott, Illustr. Carex, II (1860) 100, ex p.—C. Tolmiei var. leptosaccus Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 411 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 110; Kom, Fl. .Kamech, 7, 249. Perennial; culms 20-25cm tall; spikelets 4, the terminal staminate; pistillate spikelets 3mm broad, rather dense; perigynia 2mm long, ovoid, compressed, almost beakless, chartaceous; style 3-fid; achene obovoid, trigonous, somewhat narrower than the perigynia (after C. B. Clarke). Arctic: Chuk., Arakam-Chechen Island, Uait, No. 23. Endemic. De- scribed from locality indicated. Type in London. NOTE: A form of preceding species? Series 3. Cephalariae V.Krecz. —Spikelets aggregated in heads, dense; perigynia horizontally spreading, dark (olivaceous or brown), scabrous- margined above, nerveless; scales ovate, subobtuse, uniformly brown, 1-nerved, 2/3 the length of perigynia. 166. C.Halleri Gunn. Fl. Norveg. II (1772) 106 (quoad ic. et specim. Oederi, excl. citat. erron. Haller. et Scheuchz.). —C.norvegica Reitz. Fl. Scand. Prodr. ed. 1 (1779) 179; ed. 2 (1795) 219, non Willd. (1801). — C.alpina Sw. ex Liljebl. Svensk. Fl., ed. 2 (1798) 26, nec Schrank (1789) nec Honck. (1796); Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 286 (var.a ).— C.alpina f. nigrescens Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 39.—C. Vahlii Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 87, tab. Gg, fig. 94 et II (1806) 46, tab. Ppp. fig. 154. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 17 and 26. Perennial, green, stoloniferous plants, with creeping rhizome; culms rather strongly scabrous above, 10-25cm tall, covered at base with purple bladeless sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 1.5-3mm broad, straight to sub- falcate, about half as long as the culms; spikelets 1-3(4), tightly crowded, dense, the terminal gynecandrous, usually ovoid to oblong, 0.5-0.8cm long, the others pistillate, globose to ovoid, 0.3-0.6cm long, the lowest usually 212 266 269 on a short scabrous peduncle;scales broadly ovate, subacute to acute, ferruginous-brown (the nerve concolor or lighter, scabrous above), hyaline- margined and often bristly (above), rather shorter than the perigynia (about 2/3 their length); perigynia divergent, obovate, trigonous, 2mm long, golden-ferruginous, at length brunescent, without distinct nerves, densely and minutely granulose, cuneate-based, abruptly contracted into a short, ferruginous, slightly emarginate beak, margin at summit and base of beak scabrous. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVI, Figure 9). Mossy slopes of mountains and shores; tundra. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. (Kol'skoe coast, Kanin), Arct. Sib. (?), Anad. Gen. distr.: Alps, Scandi- navia, Greenland. Described from Scandinavian Alps. NOTE: Forming hybrids with C. atrata L. (C. Candriani Kneuck). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: One of the spring forage plants most favored by reindeer in the tundra. 167. C.mimula V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 603.—C. par- viflora Kryl. Fl. Sib. Occ. III (1929) 476, non Host. Perennial, yellowish-gray, loosely cespitose plants, with short rhizomes; culms firm, erect, nearly smooth, 20-25cm tall, covered at base with purple, slightly keeled, bladeless sheaths; leaves strict, rather rigid, 2.5-4mm broad, scabrous, about half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-5, divaricate, aggregated in a lobed capitate inflorescence, the lowest short- peduncled, sometimes subdistant; the terminal gynecandrous, largest, the others pistillate, dense, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.6-1.2cm long, 0.4- 0.6cem broad; scales ovate, subobtuse, dark brown, with concolor nerve, narrowly hyaline-margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovate, tuberculate-granulose, trigonous, 2.5mm long, nerveless, greenish- to olivaceous-ferruginous, broadly cuneate-based, rounded at the summit, with a distinct abbreviated emarginate erect brownbeak, smooth above or sometimes scabrous near the beak. (Plate XVI, Figure 10). Snow-covered mountains in the moss-lichen tundra. —West. Siberia: Altai. Endemic. Described from Altai. (Talitskie Belki). Type in Lenin- grad. 168. C.melanocephala Turez. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 et in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XI, 1 (1838) 104 (nomen); ib., XVIII, 1 (1855) 334, atque in Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1855) 269 (descr. ). — C.oligantha Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 203, quoad pl. baical.-—C. alpina Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 286, ex p., nonSw.—C. alpina var. parviflora Boott, Illustr. Carex, III (1862) 113, tab. 360.—C. parvi- flora Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 386, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 101; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II (1931) 123, non Host. Perennial, yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants, with short rhi- zome; culms firm, erect, scaberulous above, 10-35cm tall, covered at base with light brown, obtusely keeled, bladeless (blades obsolescent) sheaths; leaves straight, rather stiff, 2.6mm broad, about half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-4(5), aggregated in a compact, 3-lobed, blackish- brown head, dense, globose or ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.6-1.2cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad, the terminal gynecandrous, the others pistillate; scales ovate, subacute, blackish-brown, with concolor nerved, narrowly hyaline- margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong- obovate 213 270 to oblong~-ellipsoid, trigonous, subvesicular (not granulose), 3.8-4.5mm long, nerveless, ferruginous-brown, cuneate-based, rather gradually ta- pering into an elongate bidentate beak with hyaline orifice, diffusely sca- berulous above. Fr. July. (Plate XVI, Figure 7). Alpine tundra. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from the alpine zone of UrgudeiandShibte inthe Sayans, near Baikal. Type in Leningrad. 169. C.oligantha Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 203.— C. parviflora C.A.M. Verz. Pfl. Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 30 (in Steud. syn. erron.: C. pauciflora); Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. VI, 20 (1909) 386, quoad pl. cauc., non Host (1801).—C. alpina var. Y Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 286, exp. Perennial, yellowish-green to green, cespitose plants, with short rhizome; culms firm, erect, scabrous above, 10-35cm tall, covered at base with latericious-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves straight, 3-5(6)mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, aggregated in a compact lobed capitate inflorescence, dense, blackish-brown, ovoid to oblong, 0.8-1.5cem long, 0.6-0.8cm broad, the terminal gynecandrous, the others pistillate, the lowest sometimes apart, short-peduncled; scales broadly ovate, sub- obtuse (the lower ones obtuse), blackish-brown, with concolor evanescent nerve, faintly hyaline-margined, 1/3 as long as the perigynia; perigynia obovate, compressed-trigonous, 3mm long, not granulose, blackish-brown at the summit and only on the rib green or yellow, nerveless or very ob- scurely nerved, broadly cuneate-based, abruptly contracted into a short bidentate beak membranaceous at the orifice, strongly scabrous-margined above. Fr. June. (Plate XVI, Figure 8). Alpine meadows and bogs. —Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., West., East., and South. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Turkey. Described from the alpine zone of Western Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Botryoideae V.Krecz. —Spikelets aggregatedinfascicles, subappressed to ascending, green to golden-green, smooth above, with slender nerves; scales oblong, acute, castaneous or ferruginous, hyaline- margined, 3-nerved, up to half as long as the perigynia. 170. C.infuscata Nees ex Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. (1834) 125 (excl. var.B ).—C.alpina var. infuscata Boott, Illustr. Carex. III (1862) 113, tab. 358.—?C.trispiculata Beklr. Cyp. nov. I (1888) 45. Perennial, light, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with short rhizome; culms arching, scabrous above, 10-25cm tall, covered at base with light brown, fracturing-fibrillose sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 1.5-3mm broad, long-acuminate, less than half the length of the culm; spikelets 2-5, rather tightly aggregated, densish, the terminal gynecandrous the others pistillate (sometimes the lateral spikelets also with staminate flowers at base), all subsessile, ca. 1cm long; scales ovate, acute, blackish-brown, with a lighter midrib, not hyaline-margined, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, trigonous, 3mm long, golden-yellow, distinctly 3-5-nerved at base, not granulose, stipitate, smooth above, rather gradually tapering into an emarginate -bidentate ferruginous beak. 214 271 Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Shugnan, lower reaches of river Gunt, Rivak). Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashmir, Himalayas. Described from Nepal. NOTE: The species is presented in a generalized fashion, as the avail- able collections are insufficient to warrant a definite decision; moreover, the description of the related C. trispiculata Bcklr. remains unknown. imine aniearae steud. Syn! Cyp."(1855) 190 (secu Mdescripi et specim. Gmelin.).—C.brachylepis Turez. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 (nomen) et in Boott, Illustr. Carex, III (1862) 113, tab. sot aa 2 et 3; VV. Kreez. in Fl. Transb. I (1931) 123.—C. alpina Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 286 (var. 8); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XIII, 3 (1901) 349; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 292, non Sw. — CHV a hiketClAG iS anwlidb “Fl. Alt." 1V' G83 34a, non Schkphms—C . al - pina var. inferalpina Whlb. Fl. lap. (1812) 241; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 100.—C.sabulosa Freyn in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XLVI (1896) 13:2; non Turcz.—Exs?;) ABR No: 2387 a,b: Perennial, cineraceous-green to darkish green stoloniferous plants, with creeping rhizome; culms slender, more or less scabrous above, some times nearly smooth, 50-60cm tall, covered at base with purple bladeless sheaths; leaves soft, abundant, only slightly revolute, 2-4.5mm broad, elongate, but shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, loosely aggregated, rather dense, the terminal gynecandrous, the others pistillate, all ovoid to oblong-ovoid, to 1,5-2cm long, 0.6-0.8cm broad, the lower ones ona smooth peduncle; scales oblong-ovoid, long-acuminate, ferruginous-brown to fer- ruginous, with 3 smooth nerves, narrowly hyaline-margined, 1/3-2/3 the length of perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovate to oblong-ellipsoid, subin- flated-trigonous and hence divaricate, (2.8)3-3.2mm long, thinly membra- naceous, scarcely granulose, light green, becoming yellowish-brown, with slender nerves, stipitate, smooth above, rather gradually tapering into a somewhat curving, emarginate-bidentate beak, this ferruginous between the teeth. Fr. June—July. (Plate XVI, Figure II). Damp forests and coppices, peat bogs, and boggy meadows. —Arctic: Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib., Anad. (along rivers); European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Volg.-Kam.; West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East:Ze.-Bur., Ud., Okhot.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan. (e. part). Gen. distr.: Fenno- Seandia, Northern Mongolia. Described from Angara (in former Irkutsk Province). NOTE: Siberian arctic plants of dubious position from Yakutiya and Anadyr' are more closely related to C. Halleri, but have smooth perigyn- la. 172. C.macrostigmatica Kuk. in Finska Vet. Soc. Forh. XLV (1902-1903) 5 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 386, atque in Journ. Ross Bot. 3-6 (1911) 102, fig. 82. Perennial, cespitose plants, with descending rhizome; culms slender, scabrous, covered at base with brownish-purple bladeless sheaths; leaves 2mm broad; spikelets 3-6, oblong to ovoid, the lowest more or less re- moved, short-peduncled; the terminal gynecandrous, the others pistillate; scales small, oblong-ovate, subacute, blackish, much shorter than peri- gynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 2.5mm long, green, nerveless, not granulose, with a short scabrous-margined, entire beak; style elongate, with long stigmas. 215 PLATE XVII 267 216 212 East. Siberia: Swampy larch forest near Zhigansk (Kayander). En- demic. Described from the locality indicated. Type in Helsinki. 173. C.Hancockiana Maxim. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, LIV, 1 (1870) 66.—C. alpina var. longipedunculata Kik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 101; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. II, 475. Perennial, light green plants with short creeping ligneous rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, more or less scabrous above, 40-80cm tall, leafy up to considerable height, covered at base with purple, frac- turing-reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves rather soft, 2-5mm broad, prominently scabrous, longer to shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, on filiform scabrous pedunclesto 3-4cm long, aggregated, more or less con- stipate, erect to somewhat nodding, loosish: the terminal gynecandrous (with staminate flowers only at base), clavate-cylindric, 1-1.8cm long; the others pistillate, short-cylindric, 0.6-2cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad; scales lanceolate, cuspidate, ferruginous, with 3 lighter nerves (midnerve scaberulous above), narrowly hyaline-margined, rather shorter than the perigynia and narrower; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid,trigonous, not granu- lose, 3-3.5mm long, pale green, with 5-6 slender nerves, more or less rounded at base, smooth above, rather abruptly contracted into a fairly large brown, deeply bidentate beak. Fr. July. Wet places in forests and coppices, and among rocks. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (Baikal, Kultuk). Gen. distr.: Eastern Mongolia, Korea, Northern China. Described from Siao-Vutai-Shan Mountains, some 250km to the west of Peking. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: Our plants hardly differ from the Chinese, except that in the latter the spikelets are longer (to 2.5cm) and scales are nearly as long as perigynia. 174. C. Augustinowiczii Meinsh. ex Korsh. in A.H.P. XI (1892) 411 et in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 345.—C.eleusinoides var. flacci- dior F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VIl sér., XII, 2 (1868) 196. — C.flaccidior Miyabe et Kudo in Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. VU, 1VCHSIES) Vee Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms slender, sometimes weak or pendulous at apex, scabrous, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with purple, fracturing-fibrillose bladeless sheaths; leaves 2-3mm broad, soft, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, distant, the terminal staminate or gynecandrous, clavate, to 2cm long, with fer- ruginous-brown obovate scales; the others pistillate, narrowly cylindric, 2-4cm long (2-3mm broad), rather loose, the upper ones subsessile, the lowest ona short peduncle (to 1 cm), erect; scales oblong-ovate, subacute, ferruginous or purplish-brown, witha light median band, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, ellipsoidto oblong-ellipsoid, slightly Explanation to Plate XVII 1. Carex Griffithii Boott.: a) habit, b) perigynium.—2. C. Oliveri Bcklr.: a) habit, b) peri- gynium., —3, C.coriophora Fisch.: a) habit, b) perigynium.—4. C.stilbophaea V. Krecz.: inflorescence. —5. C. oxyleuca V. Krecz.: inflorescence.—6. C.atrata L.: inflorescence. — 7. C.perfusca V. Krecz.: inflorescence.—8. C.macrochaeta C.A.M.: inflorescence. 217 273 curving above, 3mm long, obscurely trigonous, green, becoming brownish- yellow, with 5-8 slender nerves on both faces, short-stipitate, the beak short, emarginate. Fr. June. Forest streams. —Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Ud., Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Japan, the Kurile Islands. Described from Pi- linga River on Sakhalin. Type in Leningrad. iio, Cc. peiktusand, Kom) im AvH.PctxVills 6 (1901) 445; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 295.—-C.Hancockiana var. Pei- ktusani Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 395. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms strongly tapering toward the apex, prominently scabrous nearly from the base, 40-60cm tall, covered at base with dull red frac- turing-reticulate sheaths; leaves rather soft, 2-4mm broad, prominently tenacious-scabrous, attenuate toward the apex, equaling the culm; spikelets 2-4, loose, on scabrous capillary peduncles to3cm long, distant, pendulous: the terminal clavate, gynecandrous (1/2—1/3 pistillate, 2/3—1/2 staminate), 1-3cm long; the others pistillate, cylindric, (0.5)1-3cm long, 0.5cm broad; scales ovate, mucronate, subferruginous, greenish-whitish, 3- nerved, with light green internerves, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid, smooth (not granulose), trigonous, 4mm long, light green, with 6-8 slender nerves, round-based, gradually tapering into a subelongate beak. Forests, rock crevices, moss-covered ground. —Far East: Uss. (Ol'- ginskii District, Khualaza Knoll; Suchanskii Pit, Kamenka River). Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea. Described from Peiktusan Plateau in North Korea. Type in Leningrad. 176. C. soyaeensis Kik. in Bull. Hérb. Boiss., 2 sér.; IV (1904) 53 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1904) 388; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 240; Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sc. Hokk. Univ., ser. V, I, 1 (GS 2112, tis. Gas Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender, flattened- triangular, 30cm tall, scabrous above, densely papillose, leafy below; spikelets 5, the terminal ones gynecandrous, the others pistillate nearly throughout, all oblong-cylindric, 1-2cm long, rather dense, the upper ses- sile, the lower subdistant, faintly pedunculate; scales small, ovate, obtuse to mucronate, brown, with a green median band and 1-3 nerves, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia subdivaricate, membranaceous, ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 2.8-3.2mm long, pale green, glabrous, with rather numerous nerves, short-stipitate, terminating in an obsolescent truncate scarcely emarginate beak. Far East: Sakh. (n. part, according to Miyabe and Kudo). Gen. distr. : Northern Japan. Described from Japan (Yezo, Cape Soya). Type in Berlin. Cycle 4. Orthocranion V. Krecz. —Inflorescence erect, oblong, aggregated in heads, the bracts almost scale-like. Spikelets sessile to subsessile, the terminal ones gynecandrous or staminate. Perigynia more or less coriaceous, ovoid, convexly trigonous, gradually tapering into an emarginate beak; achene entirely filling the perigynium. 177. €. melanantha/Ct At My indo wi A. IV (1833) 216 et Ie. IV; (1833) 8, tab. 317.-—C. melananthaa genuina Turcz. Fl. baic-dah, 218 274 Il, 2 (1856) 269.—-C. me lanantha var. Moorcroftii Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 391, quoad pl. turkest. -C. nigra var. f Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 288, exp. -C. nigra var. orientalis Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 568.—C.§ Moorcroftii Meinsh. in A.H.P. XXVIII, 3 (1901) 347; Litw. in Sched. ad HFR VI (1908) 115, non Fale. -C. Rege- lii C.B. Clarke in A.H.P. XXI (1903) 430; Ostenf. in Bot. Tidsskr. XXVIII (1907) 230. —-Exs.: HFR No. i897. Perennial, cineraceous-green to yellowish-cinceraceous-green plants with a creeping rhizome and long undergound offshoots; culms firm, usually smooth, 10-35cm tall, covered at base with brownish remnants of blade- less and blade-bearing sheaths; leaves stiff, 3-6mm broad, as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, aggregated in a dense lobed capitate to spiciform inflorescence; terminal spikelet usually staminate or gyne- candrous (rarely mixed), ovoid, 1-2.5cm long; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid, 1-2cm long, 0.6-1em broad; all dense, sessile, including the oc- casionally subdistant lowest spikelet; scales ovate, subacute, ferruginous- brown, with a lighter or concolor nerve and lighter margin, as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, trigonous (flat part on the outside), minutely papillose, 3-3.5mm long, nerveless, yellowish, ferruginous above, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, mostly smooth above, abruptly contracted into a short cylindric truncate hyaline-margined beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XVI, Figure 5). Alpine meadows and glades. —West. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.- Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashmir, north- western Mongolia, Dzungaria. Described from Altai (sources of river Charysh). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Of considerable value in certain places in alpine pastures. Readily eaten by all kinds of livestock. 178. C.melananthaeformis Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 90.—C. melananthoides Litw. ex V. Krecz. in FI. Transb. II (1931) 124.—C. melanantha B baicalensis Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXVIII, 1 (1855) 335 et Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 270.—C.melanantha Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 348, ex max. p., nonC.A.M.—C.melanantha var. Moorcroftii Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 391, quoad pl. sibiricam et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 104. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with a short rhizome and with stolons; culms erect to slightly curving, rather strongly scabrous above, covered at base with brownish-red (ochreous)bladeless sheaths, these loosely surrounded by remnants of marcescent sheaths; leaves stiff, 2-3.5mm broad, straight to slightly curving, long-acuminate, about as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, disposed ina loose lobed spiciform inflorescence: the terminal gynecandrous, obovoid to oblong-clavate, 1-2.5cm long; others pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 0.8- 1.5cem long; all 0.6-0.8cm broad, the lowest on a peduncle to 0.8cm long, subdistant; scales ovate, the lower obtuse, the upper acute, dark ferru- gineous, with a light nerve and light hyaline margin, longer than the peri- gynia; perigynia obovate (pyriform), convexly trigonous, minutely granu- lose, with edge turned outward, 2.5-3mm long, cuneate-based, obscurely 3-4-nerved on both faces, yellowish, ferruginous above, rather abruptly 219 279 276 contracted into a very short obsolescent emarginate beak, margin near the beak smooth. Fr. May—July. (Plate XVII, Figure 6). Meadows, riverside sands, steppe slopes. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb. Pribalkh. (e. ), Tyan'-Shan. (e.). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Tibet (?). Described from vicinity of Monda village in the Sayans. Type in Leningrad. 179. C.sabulosa Turcez. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 26 (nomen) et ex Kunth, Enum. pl. II (1837) 432; Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 270; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 348.—C. Moorcroftii Fale. ex Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX (1846) 140 et Illustr. Carex, I (1848) 9, tab. 27. -—-C. melanantha var. sabulosa Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 392 et in Journ. Russ. Bot., 3-6 (1911) 104.—C.alpina var. B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 286. —Exs.: HFR No. 2391 a et b. Perennial, cineraceous-green to yellowish-cineraceous-green plants with long flagellate underground rhizomes; culms arching or flexuose, smooth, covered at base with long, reddish-brown, bladeless and blade- bearing sheaths, these surrounded with a collar of marcescent sheaths; leaves stiff, subinvolute, arching or flexuose, 2-3.5mm broad, long se- taceous-pointed, shorter than the culm; inflorescence loose, spiciform- clavate, often interrupted below; spikelets 2-5, the terminal broadly cla- vate, gynecandrous, sometimes staminate, 2-2.5cm long; the others pistil- late, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2cm long; all spikelets 0.8-1 cm broad, the upper congested, the lower 1-2 distant, on peduncles to 1-2cm long; scales ovate, ferruginous, acute, with a light midrib, rather strongly light- hyaline-margined, narrower than but as long or longer than the perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovate, trigonous, smooth (not granulose), 4-5(6)mm long, turned flat side outward, 3-5-nerved, broadly cuneate-based, stipitate, abruptly contracted into a smooth, deeply bidentate beak. Fr. June— July. (Plate XVI, Figures 4 and 4a). Sands, dunes. —East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (e. part). Gen. distr.: Mongolia, Tibet. Described from Baikal: Turkinskie mineral waters. Type in Leningrad. Cycle 5. Phanerolepis V. Krecz. —Inflorescence with distant spike- lets, subpendulous or 1-sided (not erect), the lowest bract not exceeding the inflorescence. Scales in lower part of spikelet accrescent, awn-pointed, equaling or exceeding the perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, mostly papil- lose, ellipsoid, convexly trigonous, rounded at the summit, the beak distinct, broadly emarginate, not hyaline-margined; achene half the length of perigynium. 180. C.adelostoma V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 603. — C..Buxbauimii Whibstwar.alpicola Hartm Hand. "scandy hi!) cedamih. (1820) 41; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 394. —Exs.: Kneuck. No. 270; Pl. Finl. exs. No. 120. Perennial, glaucous-green plants, with slender and rather soft under- ground rhizomes; culms slender, strongly scabrous to near the base, 15- 35cm long, covered at base with purplish-red bladeless sheaths; leaves rather stiff, scarcely keeled below, 2-3mm broad, strict, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, the upper usually approximate, the lowest sub- distant, all sessile, rather dense, the terminal gynecandrous, often 220 2t7 staminate throughout, clavate-ovate, 1-1.5cm long, the others pistillate, ovate to oblong, 0.8-1.5cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad; scales ovate, acuminate, ferruginous-brown, with a green cuneate median band, shorter than to as long as the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, roughly granulose, convexly tri- gonous, 2.5-3mm long, faintly 3-4-ribbed, grayish-green, rounded at base and summit, smooth-margined, the beak blackish-brown, obsolescent, obscurely orificed. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVI, Figure 2). Marshes. —Arctic: Arct. Eur. (w. part of Kol'skii Peninsula), Arct. Siberia (northern Sosva basin); European part: Kar.-Lap. (n. part of Kol'- skii Peninsula and Khibiny). Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia. Described from Tyuvaguba (near Murmansk). Type in Leningrad. 181. C.Buxbaumii Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ac. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 163; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 285.—C. Buxbaumii var. cla- vaeformis Russow in Arch. Naturk. Liv. -Est.-Kurl., 2 ser., III (1862) 102.—C. Buxbaumii var. sibirica Litw. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. Ross. VII (1911) 153. -C. polygama Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 84, tab. X, fig. 76, non J.F. Gmel. (1791). —Exs.: HFR No. 91, 2390. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with long stolons; culms firm, rather scabrous above, 30-70cm tall, covered at base with purple, fracturing-reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves rather stiff, keeled below, 2-3mm broad, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant, erect, rather dense, the lowest 2 on peduncles to 5-8mm long, the terminal oblong-ovoid, gynecandrous, 1-2cm long, the others pistillate, ovoid or oblong, 0.5-2cm long, 0.8-1cm broad; scales oblong- ovate, rounded at the summit or abruptly truncate, with a subulate scabrous awn, ferruginous to brownish-ferruginous, with 1-3 green nerves, longer than the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, minutely granulose, subcoriaceous, obscurely trigonous, turned flat side outward, (3)3.5-4mm long, bluish- gray, with 4-5 somewhat thickened nerves, rounded at base and summit, smooth-margined, abruptly contracted into a short, broadly crescent- notched beak, with curving teeth. Fr. May—July. (Plate XVI, Figure 1 and 1a). Marshes and boggy meadows. —European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad. -Il'm., Upp. Dnepr. (n. part), Mid. Dnepr. (Kursk), Volg. -Don. (Epifanskii District), Zavolzh. (Buguruslanskii District; Sergievsk), Volg. - Kam.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt., Ob.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. ; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Western Europe. De- scribed from the vicinity of Leningrad. Type in Stockholm. 182. C.emasculata V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, Il, 604.—C. Buxbaumii var. australis Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 39; Litw. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. Ross. VII (1911) 152. —-C. Buxbaumii var. hete- rostachya Litw., ib., 153.—C. Buxbaumii var. macrostachya Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl., ed. 5 (1849) 268; Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 394.-—C. Buxbaumii var. cylindrica Russow in Arch. Naturk. Liv. -Est.-Kurl., 2 ser., III (1862) 102. —Exs.: HFR No. 2388, 2389; Kneuck. No. 25 (168 a), 168. Perennial, green plants, with creeping rhizome, stoloniferous; culms slender, more or less scabrous above, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with latericious, fracturing-reticulate sheaths; leaves strict, rigid, 2-3mm broad, setiform-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant, 221 278 the lowest 4-6cm apart, loosish, the terminal gynecandrous, with very few (3-8) staminate flowers at base, narrowly cylindric, 2-3.5cm long, usually forking at base, with 2-3 shorter lateral spikelets; other spikelets pistil- late, cylindric, 1.5-4cm long, 0.4-0.6cm broad; scales lanceolate, gradu- ally setiform-attenuate, ferruginous-brown, with a light midnerve, equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid,obscurely trigonous, not papillose, 2.5-3mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish-ferruginous, with 5-6 distinct slender nerves, rounded at summit and base, smooth- margined, abruptly contracted into an attenuate bidentate brown-orificed beak with straight teeth. Fr. June—July. (Plate XVI, Figures 3 and 3a). Deciduous forests with humus-rich rich soil, wet coppices, —European part: ‘Lad_'-Il'm.3" Upp. “Dnepr.);) Upps Volg.)) Mid. sDnépr: 3-Volg.i-Don: (Syzranskii and Lukoyanovskii Districts), Low. Don. (Bobrovskii District, Novocherkassk), Zavolzh. (Argayash Kant., Gorbatovskoe); West. Siberia: Ob. (surroundings of Tyumen'); Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. and South. Transcauc.; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp. (along the rivers Ak-Kuchuk and Tyubyulgyly-Tyubyuk). Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Baltic seaboard. De- scribed from Dubki, near Sestoretsk Lenoblast'. Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: According to report by E.A. Bush, readily eaten by livestock. 183. C.Gmelini Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. Ill (1834) 118, tab. 27; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 288; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) S45;" Kom” Fi Kaniehw il) 248s) Hultényer ly) efi Kamtehy eh 1924 Ciraremjo - lepis Ldb. in Denkschr. Baier. Bot. Ges. III (1841) 56, non Liebm. - C. Buxbaumii Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 285, quoad pl. kamtsch. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with short ligneous ascending rhizome, forming loose tufts, stoloniferous; culms firm, nodding at the apex, scabrous above, 20-70cm tall, covered at base with dark purple, more or less keeled, fracturing-reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves straight, rather stiff, 3-7mm broad, short-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-8, the terminal 3 approximate, sessile, the lower distant, pedunculate (lowest peduncle to 2-3cm long) more or less pendulous or erect, loosish, the terminal gynecandrous, oblong, 2-3cm long (sometimes staminate throughout), the others pistillate, oblong or clavate (the lowest), 1.5-3cm long, 0.6-0.8cm broad; scales ovate, ferruginous-brown, rather abruptly contracted into a scabrous subulate point, with a broad light dorsal band and a thick distally scabrous midrib (nerves 3 altogether), equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, ovate, ob- scurely trigonous, 4-5mm long, yellowish-green, 6-8-nerved, distinctly stipitate, smooth-margined above, abruptly contracted into a short ferru- ginous scarcely emarginate beak. Coastal mounds and sands (between coastal ramparts). —Arctic: Anad. ; Far East: Kamch., Okhot, Sakh., Ud., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, North Korea, Northern Japan, Alaska and adjoining Islands; North-Western America (to Oregon). Described from Kamchatka (Avachinskaya inlet). Type in London. Section 18. Olamblis (Rafin.) V. Krecz. —Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 26. -Limonaetes Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 148 (nomen). -Mano - chlaenia Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 271, ex p. 222 279 (omnia pro genere). —Tuftedforest plants, without stolons. Culms triangular, covered at base with entire reddish sheaths. Leaves flat, short-acuminate, with hairy sheaths. Bract short, scarcely sheathed, with a long blade. Inflorescence of 3-5 spikelets; terminal spikelet staminate, ferruginous- tinged, short; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid or oblong, on slender pedun- cles, more or less pendulous. Perigynia thinly coriaceous, ellipsoid, in flated-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, green slenderly nerved, rounded at summit and base, smooth, almost beakless, obscurely emarginate. Style thickened, short; stigmas 3. 1. Culms scabrous; leaves and sheaths diffusely pilose; bract undulate at base; scales rusty-whitish, pale, shorter than perigynia; perigynia Seren. ao) am WOM lia rare ana fea © padive sre emis Ws. + Culms nearly smooth; leaves glabrous or only sheaths scarcely pilose; bract not undulate; scales honey-red, equaling and in lower part of spikelet even exceeding the perigynia; perigynia emerald-green, 3mm omg OO anCASws isi. aime eR R A. i 185. C. chalcodeta V. Krecz. 184... Ciipadlese ens) LiSps, pl) (1753) 977; "Prev. jin Ldb.wElggRoss. TV 139; Kuk. in. Enel, Pizr., 1V,, 20) (1909) 432 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 113. —Exs.: HFR No. 795; Kneuck. No. 114. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms slender, scabrous above, 25-60cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves rather soft, 2-4mm broad, shorter than the culm, sheaths and blades pilose spikelets 3-5, approximate, the terminal staminate, linear to clavate-linear, 0.5-1.5cm long, with ovate acute pale ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid, ob- long-ovoid, or short-cylindric, 0.8-2cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad, on smooth peduncles 1-3cm long,erect to slightly nodding; lowest bract nearly sheath- less, undulate at base; scales ovate, gradually attenuate, cuspidate, whitish to slightly ferruginous, with a green median band, shorter and slighly nar- rower than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid, inflated-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, pale green, with 6-8 very slender nerves, rounded at sum- mit and base, smooth-margined, practically beakless. Fr. May—June. Light forests. —European part: everywhere except Arctic region; Crimea (mountain forests); Caucasus; West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (w. part), Yenis.; Centr. Asia: Mealy Casp. vi mibalkh..,, Dzbune. — ‘arb. ) (Gen. distr. Western Hurope, North America. Described from Sweden. 185..C.chalcodeta V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 604. — C.pallescens B glaberrima C. Kochin Linnaea, XXI (1848) 612. — C.pallescens Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 166 ex p. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants with a short rhizome; culms slender, nearly smooth, 20-50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-4mm broad, glabrous (but sheaths diffusely pilose), shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, approximate, the terminal staminate, clavate, to 1.5cm long, with honey-red or light ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 0.5-1.5cm long, on straight peduncles; lowest bractnot undulate at base; scales ovate, honey- red, with a lighter band, sub-3-nerved, abruptly attenuate into a rather long subulate often recurved point, equaling to slightly exceeding the 223 280 perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid,turgid-trigonous, 3mm long, emerald- green, with distinct slender nerves, rounded at summit, the yellowish- margined beak barely evident. Subalpine meadows and slopes up to 2,500m alt. —Entire Caucasus. Gen. distr.: Turkey (Lazistan, Armenia). Described from surroundings of Tabistskhuri Lake in Georgia. Type in Leningrad. Section 19. Chartoteuchium (Boern.) V. Krecz.—Chartoteuchi- um Boern. in Abh. Naturwis. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 268 (pro subsectione generis Proteocarpus Boern.).—Arcto-alpine, more or less cespitose, stoloniferous plants. Culms more or less 3-angled, smooth. Leaves rather flat, abruptly pointed. Inflorescence of 2-7 spikelets; terminal spikelet staminate (or gynecandrous), other spikelets pistillate, pendulous, on rather long scabrous peduncles. Lowest bract with sheath to 2cm long and blade of about same length; perigynia membranaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, flat, 4-5mm long, nerveless, round-based, smooth-margined or diffusely setulose above, rather abruptly contracted into a short, smooth, membra- naceous, scarcely emarginate beak. Achene exceeded many times by the perigynium in length and breadth. 1. Terminal spikelets gynecandrous; all clavate-cylindric, to 5cm long Bi FUE a ee ta ge A come parade ee Sete Bln 186. C. Oliveri Beklr. + Terminal spikelets staminate; all obovoid oroblong- ovoid, to 3cm 2. Spikelets aggregated in glomerules, nodding, brown, clavate-ovoid, 2.5-3.5cem long, variegated owing to the white-backed scales and white- hyaline perigynium-beaks (Turkestan) ...187. C. Griffithii Boott. — + Spikelets overhanging each other, motley- brown to light brown, or sub- concolor blackish-brown, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-2cmlong...... 3. 3. Spikelets 5-7, of these 1-2(3) staminate; scales pale ferruginous or tawny; perigynia of same color, with greenish margins, hence spike- lets appear reticulate-VariegateG ct nice lon ss uuu ©. kien oh One ULE REO RRSepe a ett Ho prt haere 188. C. coriophora Fisch. et Mey. + Spikelets 2-5, of these only 1 staminate; scales and perigynia blackish- DrOWts, SUDUDLC ONO Te iis ci. cess © uot eid Vouk iy 3. eh cece yandibe Rae” Ea ee 4, 4. Scales of pistillate spikelets almost black, white-tipped; spikelets con- stipate, on thickened suberect peduncles; cineraceous-green plants 10- 30cm: tall CRMrkeStan) ps). cic. pee ae 191. C. oxyleuca V. Krecz. + Perigynia of pistillate spikelets dark above or merely light-nerved; spikelets on slender peduncles,drooping; taller, green plants ..... }D. 5. Perigynia lustrous at maturity, rather abruptly contracted into beak; lower scales of pistillate spikelets shorter than perigynia (Siberia) SOY Nae ee CTO Een ad tale Bho dit Sch 190. C. stilbophaea V. Krecz. + Perigynia dull at maturity, gradually tapering into beak; lower scales overtopping the perigynia (Arctic). .... 189. C. atrofusca Schkuhr. Cycle 1. Craspedoleuca V, Krecz. — Robust plants, with leaves to 6-8mm broad. Spikelets 3-7; scales lanceolate, shorter than perigynia, white-keeled. Perigynia with white beak and rather light margin. 186. C.Oliveri Beklr. in Flora, LXIII (1880) 455.—C.nivalis f. cinnamomea Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 553, quoad pl. 224 281 Aitchison. —C. nivalis Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII(1910) 91; 282 B. Fedtsch. in A.H. P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 215, non Boott.-—C. nivalis var. cinnamomea Litw., 1.c.; B. Fedtsch., 1.c., non Boott. Perennial, robust, yellowish-grayish-green plants with stout creeping rhizomes, stoloniferous; culms firm, (30) 60-100cm tall, subpendulous at the apex, leafy to considerable height, covered at base with ochreous bladeless subentire sheaths; leaves barely papillose, 5-7mm broad, gradu- ally tapering, scaberulous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, aggregated ina glomerule: the terminal gynecandrous, staminate from base to above the middle, ca. 3cm long; others pistillate, cylindric-clavate, 2.5-5cm long, 0.6-0.8cm broad, dense, the lower segregated, the peduncles slender, scabrous, long (to 20-25cm); scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous-brown, nearly equaling the perigynia, the upper ones somewhat shorter, the pro- minent light midrib excurrent in a scabrous white awn to 5mm long; peri- gynia ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 4mm long, castaneous throughout except for the pale yellowish margin, or with a whitish median band, nerveless, more or less rounded at base, sometimes diffusely setulose on the margin above, usually smooth, rather gradually tapering into a short whitish cy- lindric truncate beak; achene elliptic, 2mm long, many times exceeded by perigynium in length and breadth. (Plate XVII, Figure 1). Alpine bogs above 3,000m.—Centr. Asia: Pam.Al. (Pamir, Darvaz, Shugnan). Gen. distr.: Afghanistan. Described from Afghanistan. Type in Berlin. 187. C.Griffithii Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX (1846) 138; Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 91; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVUI, 1 (1924) 215.—C. nivalis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVUI, 3 (1901) soo, nom Boott.—C wnivaligoh. Grifitvtihiin Kukjan Png Pilzn lV, 20 (1909) 553.—C.ustulata B aterrima Rgl. inA.H.P. VII (1880) 571. Perennial, light, yellowish-green, rather densely cespitose plants, with a stout creeping rhizome, stoloniferous; culms stout, firm, pendulous at the apex, smooth, to 20-60cm tall, leafy nearly to the middle, covered at base to considerable height with ferruginous-brown, fracturing-fibrillose sheaths; leaves rather stiff, somewhat thickened, papillose, 5-6mm broad, gradually tapering, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant below, aggregated ina glomerule: the terminal staminate, ovoid, 1-2cm long, with lanceolate acute castaneous-brown scales; the others pistillate, ob- long-obovoid or oblong-clavate, 2-3.5cm long, 1cm broad, dense, pen- dulous, the peduncles slender, smooth, to 10cm long; lowest spikelet some- times markedly apart; scales lanceolate, acute, dark purple, with a white midrib, the lower longer, the upper shorter than the perigynia and 1/3— 1/2 as broad; perigynia broadly obovate to broadly ellipsoid, 5-5.5mm long, whitish to white toward margin below and above, the margin and center toward summit violet-purple, nerveless, rarely colored throughout (except the beak), rounded at base and summit, smooth-margined, abruptly con- tracted into a whitish cylindric subemarginate short smooth beak; achene oblong-elliptic, 1.8mm long, many times exceeded by the perigynium in length and breadth. Fr. July. (Plate XVII, Figure 2). Alpine meadows, gravels, moraines, up to 2,000—3,000m alt. —Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashmir. De- scribed from Afghanistan. Type in London. 225 283 188. C.coriophora Fisch. et Mey. ex Kunth, Enum. pl. Il (1847) 463; Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXVIII, 1 (1855) 342 et Fl. baic. - dahur. II, 2 (1856) 277; Freyn in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XLVI (1896) 133; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 123.—C.ustulata, var. B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 293.-—C. ustulata Boott, Illustr. Carex, I (1858) tab, 193, fig. 1, 2)/°noniWhibt'—C /ustu latayvar.,padlida ;Meinsh. an A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 357. -C. atrofusca var. coriophora Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 554 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 150. Perennial, light green plants, with creeping rhizome and short stolons; culms firm, smooth, 30-80cm tall, leafy up to the middle, covered at base with ferruginous-brown subochreous sheaths; leaves rather stiff, abbreviated 4-6mm broad, revolute-margined, nearly smooth, many times exceeded by the culm; spikelets 5-7, approximate, or the lower subdistant: the terminal 1-2(3) staminate, oblong-elliptic, 1.5-2cm long, pendulous, with pale rusty-yellow ovate sharp-angled scales, others pistillate, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-2.5cm long, to 0.8cm broad, dense, pendulous, the slender smooth peduncles to 3-4cm long, scales oblong-ovate, acute, light rufous, with a green median band, shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly el- lipsoid, 5mm long, light rufous, rather broadly light- green to yellowish- green-margined above, smooth or sparsely setulose, more or less rounded at base and summit, abruptly contracted into a short, narrowly cylindric, pale, hyaline-emarginate beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XVII, Figure 3). Boggy meadows and coppices. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol. (s.part). Gen. distr.: Northern Mon- golia. Described from Transbaikalia (Doroninsk). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 2. Holomelaena V. Krecz.—Moderately sized plants with leaves to 3-5mm broad. Spikelets 2-5; scales ovate, brown nearly through- out, except the whitish tips, about equaling or just exceeding the perigynia; perigynia dark brown nearly throughout. 189. C.atrofusca Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1801) 106, tab. Y, fig. 82; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 553. -—C.ustulata Whlb. in Sv. Ve- tensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 156; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 295; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 356.—Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. Dae Perennial, cineraceous-green, with ascending creeping rhizome, sto- loniferous; culms faintly triangular, smooth, slightly curving, subpendulous at the apex, 10-30cm tall, covered at base with light brown sheaths; leaves rather stiff, nearly smooth, 3-4mm broad, gradually attenuate, up to half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4(5), subdistant: the terminal staminate, obovoid, 0.5-1cm long, with ovate acute rufous scales, the others pistillate, ovoid, 1-1.8cm long, dense, pendulous, onpedunclesto2-3cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acute, dark rufous throughout, half as broad as the peri- gynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 5mm long, reddish- to blackish-brown nearly throughout (except the base), light-margined, dull, nerveless, round-based, slightly setulose-margined above, gradually ta- pering into a short bidentate hyaline-margined brown beak. Fr. July. Wet grassy places.—Arctic: Arct. Eur. (Kol'skii Pen., Orlovo); Chuk. (Arakam-Chechen Isl.), Anad. (middle course of Anadyr'); European part: Dv.-Pech. (Denezhkin Kamen'). Gen. distr.: Mountains of western Europe, 226 Fenno-Scandia, Scotland, Iceland, Greenland, Arctic America. Described from the Alps (Mt. Triglav). 190. C.stilbophaea V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 605. — C.ustulata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 295, quoad pl. alt. ; CeAMMED ansisdb. Fl. Alty IV,.232;, Meinsh: A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 356, ex p.; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2, 277, non Whlb.—-C.atrofusca Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 553, quoad pl. sibiric, et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 149; V.Krecz. in Fl. transb. II, 122, quoad pl. sajan., non Schkuhr. Perennial, light green to yellowish-green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome, stoloniferous; culms faintly triangular, erect, pendu- lous at apex, smooth, 20-50cm tall, with light brown sheaths at base; leaves not stiff, 3-5mm broad, scaberulous, rosette-forming, many times exceeded by the culm; spikelets 2-5, approximate: the terminal staminate, obovoid, 0.7-1.5cm long, pendulous, with oblong fuscous subacute scales, the others pistillate, obovate to subclavate, 1.2-2.5(3)cm long, 0.8cm broad, dense, the smooth slender peduncles to 2 cm long; scales lanceolate, subcuspidate, dark rufous, with a light midrib, half as broad as perigynia and exceeding them in length, the terminal ones about equaling the perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 4-5mm long, purplish-brown toward summit with lighter base, light-subsetulose-margined above, at length lustrous, nerveless, subsessile, rather abruptly contracted into a short cylindric-hyaline-margined subemarginate beak. Fr. July. (Plate XVII, Figure 4). Meadows in the alpine zone. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.- Sayan. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from the Sayans (Tun- kinskii District, upper course of Norin-Khore). Type in Leningrad. 284 191. C.oxyleuca V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, Il, 605.—C.us- tulata Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 356, quoad pl. turkest., non Whib.—C.ustulataatypica Rgl. inA.H.P. VII (1880) 571.—C. atro- fusca Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 553, quoad pl. turkest.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVII, 1 (1924) 215, non Schkuhr.—C. atro-fusca var. minor Kuk., 1l.c., 554; B. Fedtsch., 1l.c., 216. —Exs.: Herb. Kronenb. No. 79. Perennial, cineraceous-green to dark green plants with short creeping rhizome; culms firm, stoutish, smooth, 10-30cm tall, covered at base with light brown sheaths; leaves short, rather stiff, strict, slightly in- volute- margined, 3-4mm broad, rather smooth, 1/3—1/2 as long as the culm; spikelets 2-5, approximate: the terminal 1-2 staminate, ovoid, 0.7- 1cm long, pendulous, with ovate, subacute, dark brown scales; others pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5cm long, dense, nodding, rarely pendulous, the peduncles fairly thick, smooth, attaining 2-3 cm in length; scales ovate, acute, blackish-brown, whitish on the midrib and margin above, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid to oblong-ovate, 5mm long, blackish-brown throughout or lighter at the margin above, nerveless, scabrous-margined above, gradually tapering into a conic, scabrous-margined, dark brown, white-hyaline-tipped, rather strongly bidentate beak. Fr. July. (Plate XVII, Figure 5). 227 285 Alpine meadows. —Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam. -Al. Gen. distr.: Kulja, Kashmir, Afghanistan. Described from Fergana (Margelan. Distr., near Ters-Agar Pass). Type in Leningrad. Section 20. Orphinascus Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 268 (pro sectione gen. Proteocarpus Boern.).—Arcto-alpine, loosely or densely cespitose plants, with sloping creeping rhizome. Culms faintly triangular; leaves rather flat. Inflorescence racemiform, pendulous, of 3-8 (more rarely 10-15) spikelets; of these the terminal 1-3 staminate (more rarely gynecandrous or androgynous), approximate, sessile; the others pistillate, pendulous, onlong scabrous peduncles. Lowest bract with sheaths at least 2-3cm long and blade rather longer than the spikelet. Pe- rigynia membranaceous, oblong, 3.5-7mm long, slenderly nerved or nerve- less, gradually tapering into an elongate beak, this scabrous on margin and sometimes on outer face, white-hyaline, obliquely truncate. Caryopsis trigonous, oblong. Stigmas 3. 1. Spikelets 10-15, in glomerules of 2-3; from the sheaths the terminal anGr OoyMOUSH pa Ried. the eerh Syn ete us dee os 192. C. pont ileal Ago: + Spikelets 3-8, solitary; the terminal staminate or gynecandrous... 2. 2. Perigynia ovoid; pistillate spikelets ovoid or cylindric, dense.... 3. + Perigynia lance-ovoid to linear-lanceolate; pistillate spikelets loose OL SPAS Sy JOLOMG) .O LMM SAT sip ca ieb peas, niga Seeley colbeod opasis'> usin cp, dumsiicy 2 cide eae 4. 3. Perigynia ferruginous, scabrous above on the outer face, with short beak; staminate spikelets usually 3(Plate XVIII, Figure 6)........ Ee toh Reet on oe AOR 2 St eet | Ca nD 7 Cte 200. C. macrogyna Turez: + Perigynia yellowish, brown above, scabrous only on the margin, with gradually tapering, sharply bidentate beak; staminate spikelets solitary. (Caucasus)... wtecskct ds. cet seoneec ortes iontpcede ME Aes coe les ay C_ci lie Lea sores: 400 Permiovnia Dervedun oF ¢ rk BEE. «er ate Aen phic a ebe cucgl ee D. ad B erigyMtaAtneRVCIESS OFF Bi Kp, MeBE oy cota acrdea co ial see! [uous Se Sauce ee te 5. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, (5)6-7mm long, greenish; pistillate spikelets subdepauperate scattered. (Plate XVIII, Figures AVA CM cet ER a5) keg cl BT SG Rinse Ge, chins. 2. + celle Sto ee 6. + Perigynia oblong-ovate, 4.5-5mm long, ferruginous-brown; pistillate spikelets merely loosish. (Plate XVIII, Figure 3.—Caucasus)..... Le PROMOS SLE eee CEE 6 Phe, heeds 3 tea Bhp emdns 1s 196. €C.. tristis svi 6. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, scaberulous above on the outer face, on slender cylindric stipes; spikelets loose, sublinear, 3-5cm long, on very long peduncles. (Plate XVIII, Figure 5—Sakhalin)......... CLI. OA LOM creel hols. mp tre glee v6. a fonis 193. C. ktausipali, Meimsh. + Perigynia lanceolate, scabrous only on the margin, narrowly conic at base; spikelets loose and sparse, 2-3cm long. (Plate XVIII, Figure 4— Northern Caucasus)....... 195. C. Meinshauseniana V. Krecz. 7(4)Terminal spikelets gynecandrous ..... 196, C. masandra Habre + Terminal spikelets (1-2) staminate 8. Perigynia with conic, rather indefinite beak;spikelets sparse, linear BALE EL El ae Cater. vented af Maat, abe 194. C. Gorodkovii V. Krecz. + Perigynia with a very definite beak; if spikelets linear and sparse, perigynia lustrous, small, with long narrow beak and scales light . .9. 228 286 9. Spikelets 5-8; staminate spikelets readily distinguishable from the pistillate, variegated; pistillate spikelets narrow linear; perigynia 4mm long. (Plate XVIII, Figure 7)....... too. CY Reselianad Kuk, + Spikelets 3-5; staminate and pistillate spikelets subconcolor; pistillate spikelets ovoid to oblong-ovoid; perigynia 5-6mm long. (Plate XVIII, J TDI Sa) ee Alama ten. ipmean ptP ari tala geri toi CC Sstenocarpa’ Turez, Cycle 1. Palaeorphinascus V. Krecz.—Large, loosely cespitose plants, leafy up to a considerable height; the racemiform inflorescence of 10-15 spikelets, these androgynous above. Spikelets in glomerules of 2-3. Perigynia trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, nerved, scabrous above on the margin and on outer face. 192. C.pontica N. Alb. in Bull. Hérb. Boiss. III (1895) 93; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 354.—C.lazica Boiss. et Bal. ex N. Alb., 1.c. (sub C. pontica); Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 543.—-C.tris- tis B lazica Boiss. Fl. Orient. V (1884) 424.-—C. Mertensii Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. VI (1853) 287, quoad pl. caucas. Perennial, flavescent pale green plants, with a long creeping ligneous rhizome and stout suberous stolons; culms firm, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy nearly to the apex, 60-80cm tall; leaves stiff, subcoriaceous below, 4-6mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm, the cauline long-sheathed; lower sheaths brownish; spikelets 10-15, in 2's to 5's from one bract, pendulous, androgynous, cylindric, 1.5-3cm long, dense, the terminal 4-6 crowded, sessile, the others distant, on scabrous peduncles to 6-7cm long; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, ferruginous- brown, rather broadly hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynia, the prominent midrib scabrous light; perigynia obovate, trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, yel- lowish-green, becoming ferruginous, with 6-8 slender nerves, scabrous above (dorsally and ventrally) and on the margin, gradually attenuate below into a thickened cuneate base, abruptly contracted at the summit into a short, obliquely truncate, slightly bidentate, hyaline-margined beak. Alpine meadows. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Abkhaziya, Guriya, Mingreliya), East. Transcauc.: Main range (SouthOsetiya). Gen. distr.: Turkey, Lazistan. Described from Lazistan (Charanch Mt.) Type in Geneva. Cycle 2. Eu-Orphinascus V. Krecz. —Plants with a sloping, creep- ing rhizome, densely cespitose. Inflorescence of 1-3 staminate spikelets and 2-3(5) pistillate spikelets, all solitary. Perigynia compressed-tri- gonous, 4-7mm long, with slender nerves or nerveless, scabrous on the margin and sometimes on the outer face. 193. C.Ktausipali Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 359. — C.Schmidtii Bcklr. in Flora, LXV (1882) 63, non Meinsh. (1871). — C.ferruginea var., F. Schmidt. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII sér., XII, 2 (1868) 186. —C. stenantha Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 565, quoad pl. sachalin. et in Journ. Russ. Bot.3-6 (1911) 153; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 204.—C.stenantha var. taisetsuénsis Akiyama in Journ. Coll. Sci. Hokk. Univer., ser. V, 1 (1931) 60, tab. XI, fig. 5 et ib., II, 1 (1932) 176, fig. 122; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 258. 229 287 288 Perennial, light green plants, with a creeping rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, flexuous or pendulous at the apex, faintly triangular, scab- rous above, 40-60cm tall, covered at base with light rufous sheaths; leaves soft, 3-4mm broad, transversely rugulose, scabrous, long-attenuate, only slightly shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, rather distant: the terminal staminate, lance-clavate, 2-3cm long, with obovate to oblong, acute, ferruginous scales; the others pistillate, linear, 3-5cm long, loose- ly-flowered (the lower flowers distant), the peduncles to 5-6 cm long, slender, scaberulous (the lowest spikelet at the base of the culm on a peduncle nearly the length of culm), nutant, but not pendulous; scales narrowly lanceolate, cuspidate, ferruginous, with a light median band, narrowly hyaline above, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, trigonous, 5-6mm long, 1mm broad, pale green, subferruginous above, slenderly many- nerved, gradually tapering at base into a short stipe, diffusely scabrous above, cuneate-attenuate to an elongate beak, this scabrous on margin and outer face, compressed, obliquely truncate, hyaline-notched, ferruginous. (Plate XVIII, Figure 5). Far East: Sakh.: summit of Mt. Ktauzipal (Lamoris'er Peak), Dué. Gen. distr.: Northern Japan. Described from Mt. Ktauzipal. Type in Leningrad. 194. C.Gorodkovii V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, I, 606. Perennial, light green to glaucous-green, loosely cespitose, stoloniferous plants, with short creeping rhizome; culms faintly triangular, smooth, with nodding inflorescence, 10-30cm tall, covered at base with reddish- brown fracturing-fibrillose sheaths; leaves rather stiff, flat, 2.5-4.5mm broad, falcate, long-attenuate, crisp at the apex, scabrous, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 3-5, markedly distant: the terminal staminate, lance- ovoid, 1.5-2cm long, with broadly lanceolate acutish reddish-ferruginous scales, the others pistillate linear-lanceolate, 2-4(5)cm long, loose, the lower sparsely-flowered, nutant,the slender peduncles to 3-4cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1-1.3cm long and blade nearly equaling the spikelet; scales lanceolate to oblong-obovate, obtusish, ferruginous-brown, witha green midrib excurrent in a short scabrous awn, submembranaceous above, about equaling to slightly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia membran- aceous, lanceolate, 4-5mm long, long-stipitate, greenish, brownish setu- lose above, nerveless, hispidulous-setulose-margined above (nearly from the middle), with a rather indefinite broad entire hyaline-margined bean. Fr. July-August. Stony deposits. —Arctic: Anad.—Penzhina, Lovat; Far East: Okhot. — Tauiskaya inlet, a mound in Nagaevo Bay. Endemic. Described from Nagaevo. Type in Leningrad. 195. C.Meinshauseniana V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 606.— C.frigida var. densa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 359; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. 1,.171.—C.frigida N. Alb: Prodr. fl: Colch. (1895) 252-et auct. nonn. fl. Cauc., non Bell.—C.ferruginea Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, IV (1813) 68, non Scop.—C.capillaris Boiss. Fl. Orient. V (1884) 414, exp., nonL.—C.sempervirens ssp. tristis var. pen- dulina Kuk. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 2 sér., IV (1904) et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 570.—C.tristis var. pendulina Gorssh., 1.c., 172.— C.fimbriata Grossh., 1.c., 172, non Schkuhr.—C.hispidula ssp. 230 291 karaczaica E. Busch. inA.H. Bot. Jurjev. X, 1 (1909) 1, fig. 1.— Exs.: HFR No. 1793. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants with a sloping rhizome; culms slender, nodding, triangular, scaberulous above, 30-70cm tall, covered at base with light brown, strongly fracturing sheaths; leaves soft, long, 1.5- 2.5mm broad, long-attenuate, somewhat shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5 distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, lanceolate to lance-clavate, 1.5- 2.5cem long, nutant, with oblong, brownish, acute to subacute, irregularly membranaceous scales; the others pistillate, lance-linear, 1.5-2cm long, loosely pendulous, the slender scabrous peduncles to 4-5cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acute or acutish, ferruginous-brown, with a prominent light midrib, rather broadly membranaceous, 1/3 the length of perigynia; peri- gynia lanceolate to lance-ellipsoid, trigonous, 6-6.5mm long, greenish, brownish above, with slender prominent nerves, strongly cuneate-based, gradually tapering into a narrowly conic, strongly obliquely truncate, white- hyaline-tipped beak. (Plate XVIII, Figure 4). Subalpine meadows and wet places; forests. Caucasus: Ciscauc. En- demic. Described from the Caucasus, from the Military Georgia Road (between Dar'yal and Lars). Type in Leningrad. 196. C.tristis M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 615; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 294; Boiss. Fl. Orient. V, 423, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 358; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 172.-C.sempervirens var. Y Boott, Illustr. Carex, IV (1867) 218, ex p.—C.sempervirens subsp. tristis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 569, quoad pl. caucas. — C.fuliginosa Grossh., 1.c., 171, non Schkuhr. —Exs.: HFR No. 1094; Kneuck. XII, a, No. 42. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms firm, somewhat curving, faintly triangular, smooth, 10- 30(40)cm tall, covered at base with light brown, more or less fracturing sheaths; leaves stiff, falcate, flat to subcanaliculate, 2.5-4mm broad, scabrous, 1/3—1/2 the length of the culm; spikelets 2-4, approximate to subcongested: the terminal 1-2 staminate, obovoid to short-lanceolate, 0.8-1.5cm long, erect, with ovate obtuse, dingy ferruginous, white- hyaline-margined scales; others pistillate, oblong-ovoid to lanceolate, 1-2cm long, rather loose, usually erect, rarely subnutant, the slender scabrous pedunclesto2-3cm long; scales ovate, subobtuse, dingy ferru- ginous-brown, with a light median band or unicolor, rather broadly mem- branaceous, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 4.5-5cm long, ferruginous- brown throughout or greenish below, faintly 5-8-nerved, contracted into a short stipe below, gradually attenuate into a slightly curving, cuneate, scabrous-margined, obliquely truncate, white-hyaline-tipped beak. Fr. July. (Plate XVIII, Figure 3). Alpine meadows. —Entire Caucasus. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Armenia, northern Persia. Described from Eastern Caucasus (Budukh). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Together with the preceding species, often an important forage and pasture plant in the alpine and subalpine zones. Eaten very readily, especially by sheep and goats. Apparently a fattening plant. Recovering well after grazing. Yield of fresh herbage 20-30 cent- ners; dry yield 4-7 centners per hectare. The chemical composition of 231 PLATE XVIII aes 289 748 232 292 dry plants in percentages: water—9.89, minerals 7.0, protein—9.43, fats— 1.94, cellulose—24.18, nitrogen-free extract—47.56. Forms a compact sward, and thus protects the upper soil layers against disintegration and erosion. 197. C.stenocarpa Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 27 (nomen) et in Addenda, II, 607 (descr.).—C.tristis var. a Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. Il, 2 (1856) 284.—-C.tristis Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 294, quoad pl. sibir.; C.A.M. in Ldb. Fl. Alt. IV, 205; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 358 (excl. pl. caucas.); V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. Il, 131, non M.B.—C.tristis var. asiatica Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 94.-C. sempervirens var. Y Boott, Illustr. Carex, IV (1867) 569, quoad pl. asiat.-C. sempervirens ssp. tris- tus) kuk, ain Emel. Pilar. IV, 20 (1909) 569, exip., et in Journ. Russ: Bot. 3-6 (1911) 155.—-C. sempervirens ssp. tristis var. asiatica B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVII, 1 (1924) 217.—C.frigida Rgl. inA.H.P. VII (1880) 569, non Bell. -C. fuliginosa Kuk., l.c., 556 et 151, quoad pl. Lessing, non Schkuhr.—C.fuliginosa var. pronella Printz, Veg. Sib. Mong. Front. (1921) 157, tab. V, fig. 2 et 3. Perennial, light-green, densely cespitose plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms slender, nodding at the apex, faintly triangular, smooth, 20-50 cm tall, covered at base with light brown fracturing sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 3.5-6mm broad, somewhat reclinate, rather abruptly pointed, 1/3—1/2 the length of culm; spikelets 3-5, subdistant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong, narrow, 1-1.5cm long, with ferruginous-brown sub- acute membranaceous scales; others pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2.3cm long, rather loosely pendulous, the slender scabrous peduncles to 5-6cm long; scales ovate, acute or acutish, castaneous to ferruginous- brown, with concolor midrib, subhyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong- ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 5-6mm long, greenish- yellow at base, brown above, nerveless, subalate-setulose-margined from the middle or even below the middle, rather indefinitely stipitate, gradually tapering above into a conic, compressed, scabrous-margined, obliquely- truncate, hyaline beak. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 2). Subalpine meadows. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur. (s. part); Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam. -Al. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Kullja, Afghanistan. Described from Southern Transbaikalia (Kudun Pass). Type in Leningrad. 198. C.misandra R. Br. in Parry Voy. App. (1823) 283; Kom. FI. Kamch. I, 262; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 204.—C.frigida var. B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 294.—C.fuliginosa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVI, 3 (1901) 358, non Schkuhr. —C. fuliginosa var. misandra Explanation to Plate XVIII 1. Carex misandra R, Br.: inflorescence and perigynium, —2. C.stenocarpa Turcz.: inflorescence and perigynium, —3. C.tristis M.B.: perigynium.—4. C.Meinshauseniana V. Krecz,: inflorescence and perigynium. —5. C. Ktausipali Meinsh.: inflorescence and perigynium.—6. C.macrogyna Turcz.: inflorescence and perigynium.—7. C.Regelinana Kuk.: inflorescence and perigynium.—8. C.hakko- densis Franch, :inflorescence, perigynium, and scale.—9. C. anthoxanthea Presl.: inflorescence and perigynium.—10. C.circinata C.A.M.: hait, scale, and perigynium. 233 293 Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 557 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 152.—Ic: Ostenf. Fl. arct. (1902) fig. 67.—Exs.: Kneuck. No. 50. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, with sloping short rhizome; culms slender, erect, nodding or flexuous only in inflorescence, faintly triangular, smooth, 8-30cm tall, covered at base with light ferruginous to light brown sheaths; leaves congested below, rather stiff, falcate-re- clinate, flat to subcanaliculate-conduplicate, 2-3mm broad, scabrous, gradually attenuate, 1/3—1/2 the length of culm; spikelets 3-5, the terminal 1-2 gynecandrous, with few staminate flowers at base; others pistillate, all ovoid, 0.5-1.5cm long, rather loose, nutant, the slender scabrous pe- duncles to 3-4(5)cmlong; scales ovate, acute or acutish, blackish-brown, submembranaceous only above, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceo- late, obtusely trigonous, 4.5-5mm long, whitish about the middle and below, ferruginous-brown above and on the margins, nerveless, rather abruptly contracted below into elongate base, gradually tapering above into a narrow- ly conic, long, scaberulous-margined, brown, hyaline-tipped, subemargin- ate beak. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 1). Stony and argillaceous tundra. —Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Europ., Arct. Sib. (Polar Ural, Lowlands of Yenisei, Olenek, and Lena), Chuk., Anad. ; European part: Dv.-Pech. (Denezhkin Kamen'); West. Siberia: Ob. ; East. Siberia: Yenis. (Turukhanskii Terr.), Len.-Kol. (n. mount. part); Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.: circumpolar. Described from Arctic America (Melville Isl. ). Type in London. 199. C. Regeliana Kiik. ex Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 94.—C ferruginea Meinsh. inA.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 358, ex p., non scop.—C.capillaris var. Regeliana Kuk. in Engl. Pilzr. IV, 20 (1909) 591; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 218. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with a stout ascending rhizome; culms firm, obtusely triangular, smooth, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with light brown fracturing sheaths; leaves crowded in basal ro- settes, rigid, flat to subcanaliculate, 3-5mm broad, rather abruptly pointed, 1/4—1/3 the length of culm; spikelets 5-8, subdistant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, erect, narrowly lanceolate to lance-clavate, 1.5-2.5cm long, with light ferruginous, broadly-hyaline, obtuse scales; others pistil- late, linear, 1-2cm long, rather sparsely-flowered, especially below, solitary (occasionally in twos from common sheath), nutant, the slender scabrous pedunclesto3-4cmlong; scales ovate, obtusish, subferruginous , with a slender midrib, broadly translucent-hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, faintly trigonous, subplano-convex, 4mm long, brownish, at length purplish-brown to blackish-brown, lustrous, nerveless, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into an elongate, plano-con- vex, obliquely truncate, white-hyaline-margined beak. Fr. June—July. (Plate XVIII, Figure 7). Alpine meadows and bogs. —Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. En- demic. Described from Zeravshanskii Range (Kul'-i-Kalan). Type in Leningrad. *C.cilicica Boiss. Diagn., ser. 2, VI (1859) 124; Fl. Orient. V, 424; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 555; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 171. 234 294 Perennial, pale green, stoloniferous plants, with ligneous rhizome; culms smooth, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with blade-bearing ferru- ginous-brown sheaths; leaves rather stiff, 3-4mm broad, abruptly pointed, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, discrete: the terminal staminate, oblong, to 2.5cm long, erect, with ovate dark brown scales, the others pistillate oblong-ovoid 1.5-2.5cm long, congested, the terminal subsessile (ona very short peduncle), the lower separate ona peduncle to 5cm long, all erect, or the lowest subnutant; scales ovate subobtuse, irregularly rufous, with a greenish-yellow median band, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia ovoid, obsoletely trigonous, 4-5mm long, greenish-yellow, be- coming golden-ferruginous, with slender distally evanescent nerves, more or less round-based, gradually tapering into a long, scabrous-margined, medially blackish-brown, acutely bidentate beak. Along mountain streams. -— Possibly to be found in Southern Transcaucasia. Collected in adjoining part of Turkey (Kagyzm. distr., Zarab-Khan-Chai River canyon). Gen. distr.: Armenia, Cappadocia, Cilicia. Described from Cilician Tarv (Mt. Burgar-Dag). Type in Geneva. 200. C. macrogyna Turcz, ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1(1834) 27 et in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XI, 1 (1838) 104 (nomen) atque ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 236 (descr. ); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 357; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 560 et in Journ. Russ. Bot., 3-6 (1911) 1505) Viiikreer hin MS Transbyat, 31.—Cferrugine avvar! ¥ Trev: in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 294.—C.tristis var. B Turcz. Fl. baic. - dah. Il, 2 (1856) 284.—C. ustulata var.Ymacrogyna Rgl. inA.H P. VII (1880) 571. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with ascending rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, faintly triangular, smooth, leafy below, 40-70 cm tall, covered at base with ferruginous-brown, more or less fracturing sheaths; leaves rather soft, circinate-tipped, flat to subcondup- licate, to 2-3mm broad, scabrous, long-attenuate, half as long as the culm; spikelets 4-7, approximate, of these the terminal 2-3 staminate, congested, lanceolate, to 2cm long, nutant, with broadly ovate, brownish- ferruginous to ferruginous, mucronate, hyaline-margined scales; others pistillate, obovoid to oblong-obovoid, 1.5-2.5cm long, contiguous, segre- gated below, the slender pedunclesto3cm long; scales ovate, acute, fer- ruginous, with a lighter median band, subhyaline-margined above, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 5-5.5mm long, yellowish-green below, reddish-ferruginous above, sca- berulous onthe outer face and margin, 5-7-nerved, round-based, short- stipitate, gradually tapering into a conic, scabrous, frontally obliquely in- cised; broadly white-hyaline-margined beak. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 6). Rocks and screes of the alpine zone. —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan. (Transilian Altau: Talgar Pass). Gen. distr.: Tannu- Tuva, Northern Mongolia. Described from southern Transbaikalia: Kudun Pass (according to Shteidel'-Dzhylgyn). Type in Leningrad (and in Berlin). Section 21. Leptograstis V. Krecz.—Plants with creeping rhizome, 3-angled culms, and rather flat leaves. Spikelets solitary, mostly 235 androgynous, long, spiciform, rather loose below, with an inconspicuous staminate part. Perigynia ascending, oblong-lanceolate, membranaceous, obsoletely trigonous, nerved, stipitate (stipe to 1mm long), tapering into a long, more or less conic, smooth or scabrous beak. Achene oblong, tri- gonous, without rachilla; stigmas 3 (sometimes 2). 1. Perigynia 3-5mm long; scales obtuse to subobtuse. (Plate XVIII, eiees! Urano 0) tok). @ EAt lithe te Oe Rte hs me CO oie pd. animes Rane oe + Perigynia 6-7mm long; scales acuminate or cuspidate. Plants 40-50cm long, with leaves to 3mm broad. (Plate XVIII, Figure 8)......... Bie Es Sob Sake Oh s CAA dot Len a eA i 1 201. C.hakkodensis Franch. 2. Perigynia 3-4mm long, smooth at the summit; rhizome long-creeping; leaves not circinate, (Plate) XVII, (Figure 9) 8.02 02": wie. oA. Ney ee with were eden Shave cians beet aaeeee Peel. tetas Se Rene Wee eae *C. anthoxanthea Presl. + Perigynia 4.5-5.5mm long, scabrous above; densely cespitose plants; leaves setaceous, circinate at the ends. (Plate XVIII, Figure 10) GAGE. . ik). uA ee SSA oe ede. hee Cy circinata Cove 201. C.hakkodensis Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 8 sér., VII (1895) 28 et in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., VUI (1896) 204; Kom. Fl. Kamch. I, 223; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 173. Perennial; culms 40-50cm long, covered at base with bladeless brown sheaths; leaves green, 2-3mm broad, shorter than to equaling the culm; spikelets androgynous, 2-4cm long, oblong-clavate, loose below; scales obovate, half as long as perigynia, acuminate or (the lower) rounded, cus- pidate, castaneous, green-backed, the lower ones longer than perigynia, awned; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6-7mm long, pale green, with fer- ruginous-tinged long smooth cuneate beak, tapering at base into an elongate stipe; achene narrowly lanceolate, 2.5mm long. Fr. July—August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 8). Mountain, mostly forest, meadows. —Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.: the KurileIslands, Northern Japan. Described from Japan (Aomori Pro- vince, Mt. Hakkoda). Type in Paris. *C. anthoxanthea Presl. Rel. Haenk. I (1828) 203.—C.leiocarpa C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 208, tab. V.— C. anthoxanthea var. leiocarpa Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909)97. Perennials; culms scabrous, 10-55cm tall, covered at base with ferru- ginous bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, green 1.5-2mm broad, scabrous below, equaling the culms; spikelets androgynous, rarely spikelets dio- ecious, oblong, sparsely flowered, 1.1-1.5cm long, not congested; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, the lower often awned, castaneous throughout, slight- ly shorter than perigynia, the lower ones 2-3 times as long; perigynia lanceolate, 3-4mm long, yellow to ferruginous, trigonous, recurved-mar- gined below, conic-based, sometimes somewhat curving, the beak bidentate smooth conic; achene oblong-ovoid to 2mm long. (Plate XVIII, Figure 9). Possibly in Chuk. and Anad.—Gen. distr.: Pribylovy and Shumyagin Islands, North America as far as British Columbia. Described from Nootka in North America. Type in Prague. pe *C.circinata C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 209, tab. VI; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 268; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 236 296 297 3 (1901) 308; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 97.—C.arida Cham. ex Trev., 1.c., non Schw. et Torr. (nomen). —Ic.: Kuk., 1.c., 105, fig. 21 A= B: Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with scarcely creeping rhizome; culms scabrous, 5-20cm tall, curving; leaves setacecus-in- volute, circinate at the ends, scaberulous, equaling the culm, with light brown sheaths; spikelets androgynous, sparsely-flowered below, 15-20mm long; scales oblong-ovate, subobtuse, ferruginous, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, obsoletely trigonous, 4.5-5.7mm long, greenish- yellow to subferruginous, nerveless, conic-based, the beak elongate, conic, scabrous low down; achene oblong-ovoid, trigonous, to 3mm long. (Plate XVUI, Figure 10). Rocks. —Inthe U.S.S.R. — probably in Chuk. and Anad. Gen. distr.: Northern part of North America, from Washington to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. — Described from Unalaska, in North America. Type in Leningrad. Section 22. Callistachys (Heuff.) V. Krecz.—Heuff. in Flora, XXVII (1844) 528. —Dornera Heuff. in Z.B.G. Wien, VII (1858) 217 (pro genere). Small, slender plants, with 3-angled to many-angled culms, and flat to subinvolute leaves. Spikelets solitary, terminal, androgynous, oblong, many -flowered, rather congested. Scales deciduous in fruit. Perigynia thinly membranaceous, ovoid or lanceolate, 1.5-4mm long, mostly obsolete- ly trigonous, with a smooth beak. Achene mostly trigonous, without rachil- la; stigmas usually 3 (more rarely 2). 1. Perigynia on a definite stipe, to 0.6-1mm long, nerveless....... 2. + Perigynia subsessile, nerved; stigmas always3............. 4. 2. Densely cespitose plants. Leaves 1-1.5mm broad, canaliculate-con- duplicate. Scales castaneous. Number of stigmas variable: 2 or 3, Onnothyapandasiunrnaint goalie setaeia saatiicsue state: foie 3. + Plants with creeping rhizome. Leaves flat, 1.5-3mm broad. Scales blackish-brown. Stigmas3......... 204. C. nigricans C.A.M. 3. Perigynia biconvex; stigmas usually 2; culms scabrous.......... BESVEES TANT. BO eM. sy ke oy! bacd per fe ose 202. C. micropoda C.A.M. + Perigynia obsoletely trigonous or biconvex; stigmas 2 and 3; culms SIMGOU Berets seis y at yay re! C2 eh recs 203. C. micropodioides V. Krecz. 4. Culms trigonous; staminate part of spikelet inconspicuous....... D. + Culms 4-5-angled; staminate part of spikelet conspicuously developed Sahus veya peo ses 6 + 2s PREER bom dEie SE = Se eae abe. Se aera tear arom nae 2. 5. Scales acute; perigynia 3-4mm long, with a conspicuous beak. Fairly large (20-60cm tall), rather lax plants of forest and marshes..... 6. + Scales rather obtuse; perigynia 2-3mm long, with obsolescent beak or beakless. Low alpine plants, 10-20cm tall...........8... Ls 6. Culms prominently scabrous. Spikelets capitate, usually with 5-6 perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 2.7-3.5mm long, with subconic beak PES ie ek eedscrre «bh eth. cara 0 Gee! ~foae ales 210. C. capituliformis Meinsh. + Culms mostly smooth. Spikelets oblong, usually with 10-15 perigynia. Perigynia lanceolate, 3.5-4mm long, gradually tapering into a long eekeespe, wrens. coechs cof wes bd ouay seed She me Lepetns kia 209. C.uda Maxim. 7. Perigynia green, not definitely beaked. Leaves mostly channeled, to Lerm ray DOME r. 5. hs fag koeysice preabye Pe cepesthe sobne Eeieye diced “pba ey Meelamey = Sol eee tar 8. 237 298 + Perigynia ferruginous, with a definite conic beak. Leaves flat, 1-2mm DOA 6 se eee bate a aha 212. C. capitellata Boiss. et Bal. o. rerigynia pale, t.5-2imm Jong, Nerveless. cae aisles isle oe ee eae CP i ee RE NAO, RANE Mines Wane 241% Cuda hurnea Kuk. + Perigynia green, 2.5-3mm long, distinctly 4-nerved ........... a ig ie eee, was NOREEN, NaN AE RS Mk MARE RR lis 8 205. C. chosenica Ohwi. 9(4) Leaves filiform-involute; perigynia 1.5-2mm long .......... 10. + Leaves flat, 0.6-0.8mm broad; perigynia 2.5-3mm long; spikelets 5-10 mm long, usually containing 5-8 perigynia............... Se RO BE RAISE GTS Lae 206. C.aomorensis Franch. 10. Spikelets oblong, 8-15mm long, containing 12-15 perigynia. Perigynia faintly 4-nerved on outer face. Culms numerous, firm, 15-40cm tall MS ante oe ees CA, OR Lee ae Wate 208. C. Jankowskii Gorodk. + Spikelet ovoid, 5-8mm long, containing 3-6 perigynia. Perigynia many -nerved:'Culms few;. soft, '8=1o'em, tallinoiee Dc ee. TE kite meee SSRN ae) Mb 207. C. ontakensis Franch. et Sav. Series1. Arthrochlaenae (Holm) V.Krecz.—Holm.in Am. Journ. Sc. XVI (1903) 459. —Perigynia lance-ovoid or lanceolate, trigonous (less often indefinitely biconvex), on pronounced stipe 0.6-1mm long, recurved at the summit, nerveless, with an elongate, smooth, rather gradually attenuate beak. Achene trigonous or lenticular, Stigmas 3 (and often 2), : 202. C.micropoda C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 210, tab. VI.—C. nivalis Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 184, ex p., non Boott.—C.pyrenaica Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 267; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 308; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 104, ex p.; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS, XX (1927) 218; Kom. Fl. Kamch. I, 224;Hidlten, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 174, non Whlb. Perennial, densely cespitose plants; culms triangular, scabrous above, 9-25cm tall; leaves green, flat to folded, 1-2mm broad, soft, scabrous- margined, mostly equaling the culm; spikelets androgynous, 0.7-2cm long, initially contracted oblong-ovoid, at length with horizontally spreading loose perigynia 10-26 in number (mostly 14-16); scales ovate, obtuse to subobtuse, brown to castaneous, hyaline-margined; perigynia lance-ovoid, membranaceous, 3-3.5mm long, compressed-biconvex, nerveless, gradual- ly tapering into an elongate to conic, smooth, frontally furrowed beak, in- serted on a short (0.3-0.6 mm) subglobular stipe; achene lenticular; stig- mas usually 2, very rarely 3. Fr. July—August. Alpine meadows. —Arctic: Anad.; Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.: Alaska from Unalaska to Pribilof Islands. Described from Unalaska (North America). Type in Leningrad. 203. C.micropodioides V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 608. — C.pyrenaica Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 158 et auct. fl. cauc., non Whlb.—C. pulicaris Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 397, non L. Perennial, cespitose plants; culms 5-20cm tall, smooth or nearly so; leaves mostly folded, glaucescent, 0.8-1.2mm broad; spikelets androgynous, 0.8-1.4mm long, containing 10-25 (usually 14-16) perigynia; scales ovate castaneous obtusish; perigynia lance-ovoid, 3-3.5mm_-long, unequally bi- convex (sometimes faintly trigonous), on stipe 0.5mm long; achene obovate to elliptic, unequally lenticular, sometimes obsoletely convex-trigonous; stigmas predominantly 2, but not infrequently also 3. Fr. July—August. 238 299 Alpine meadows. —Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. and West. Trans- cauc. Endemic Described from Sochinskii Distr. (Laptrakhu Pass). Type in Leningrad. vs 204. C.nigricans C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831) 20, tab. VII; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 268; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 106. —C. nivalis Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 184, ex p., non Boott. Perennial, green plants, with long-creeping rhizome; culms triangular, smooth, 5-25cm tall, covered at base with brown scale-like sheaths; leaves flat, 1.5-3mm broad, equaling to exceeding the culm; spikelets androgynous, 0.7-2cm long, subcongested, ovoid; scales blackish-brown, the pistillate ovate obtuse nearly equaling the perigynia, the staminate nar- rower subacute; perigynia lance-ovoid, obsoletely trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, yellowish-ferruginous, onstipetolmmlong, round-based, nerveless, gradually tapering into a long smooth obliquely truncate beak. Far East: Kamch.: Commander Islands and Siberian coast (?) ac- cording to Mackenzie, North Am. Fl. XVII, 1 (1931) 28. Gen. distr.: North America, from Rocky Mountains to Alaska, Aleutian Islands. De- scribed from Unalaska, in North America. Type in Leningrad. Series2. Capitellatae V.Krecz. —Perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, ob- soletely trigonous,without distinct stipe, in rather dense spikelets, at length divaricate, mostly nerved, with obsolescent beak; achene trigonous; stigmas 3. 205. C.chosenica Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. I (1932) 73. Perennial; cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms triangular, scaberulous above, 10-20cm tall; leaves linear, flatto subinvolute, to 1mm broad, smooth, shorter than the culm; spikelets androgynous, with 5-6 staminate flowers above and 10-20 pistillate flowers below, ovoid, 0.5- 0.8cm long, 0.4-0.5mm broad; scales ovate, subobtuse to obtuse, slightly shorter than perigynia, the lowest sometimes with a short (to 2mm) obtuse terminal appendage, light ferruginous, medially green; perigynia ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, membranaceous, trigonous, dorsally slenderly 4-nerved, ventrally nerveless, short-stipitate, convexely triangular-blunted at the summit, nerveless, subemarginate, green. Fr. June—July. Mossy marshes. —Far East: Ze.-Bur.—Gilyui valley (Ya. Vasil'ev!), Uss. —Lyan'chikhe River valley in Valdivostok Distr. (M.F. Grishko; No. 107'). Gen. distr.: North Korea, described from North Korea (Teitek). Type in Tokyo. 206. C.aomorensis Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., VII (1896) 198. -C. nana Boott in Mem. Amer. Ac., n. ser., VI (1858) 418; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. USSR, XX (1927) 216, nec Lam. (1789), nec Cham. (1855). —C.uda var. sachalinensis F. Schmidt in. Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII sér., XII (1568) 191.—C.rara ssp. capil- lacea var. nana Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 103 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 39. Perennial, cineraceous-green, slender, cespitose plants; culms irre- gularly 4-angled, furrowed, slender, smooth, 20-35cm tall; leaves flat, short, 0.6-0.8mm broad; spikelets androgynous, 0.6-0.9cm long, the staminate part 0.4-0.6mm long, the pistillate part containing 5-7 divaricate 239 300 perigynia;scales ovate, obtuse, light castaneous, much shorter than peri- gynia; perigynia ovoid, 2.5-3mm long, obsoletely trigonous, distinctly 5-6-nerved on the outer face, with only 2 marginal nerves on the inner face, ferruginous-green, broadly round-based, the beak short-conic bedentate, smooth. Fr. June. Boggy forests. Far East: Sakh. Gen. distr.: NorthernJapan. Desrib- ed from Aomori Province in Japan. Type in Paris. 207. C.ontakensis Franch. et Sav. En. pl. Jap. IL (1879) 123 et 550.—C.rara subsp. capillacea Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 102, exp. Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms filiform, irregularly 4-5-angled, scaberulous above, 8-15cm tall; leaves setaceous- involute, at most 0.5-0.6mm broad, shorter than the culm, scabrous; spikelets androgynous, 5-8mm long, with staminate and pistillate parts of equal length, containing 3-6 rather loosely set perigynia; scales pale fer- ruginous, triangular-tipped, but obtuse, shorter than perigynia; perigynia spreading at a right angle, ovoid, 2mm long, greenish, many-nerved, gradually tapering into a short smooth entire beak. Mountainous peat bogs. —Far East: Sakh. (reported by Kudo and Mu- yabe). Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from Nippon (Mt. Ontake). Type in Paris, syntype in Leningrad. 208. C.Jankowskii Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS, XX (1927) 216, fig. 5; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 274. — C.nana Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 309, ex p., non Boott—C. ca- pillacea Meinsh., ib., 310, Kom. Fl. Manshur. I, 353, non Boott. — C.rara Kom., ib. (1901) 353, non Boott.—C. rara ssp. capillacea Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 102 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 38, ex p. Perennial, slender, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender, 4-5-angled, furrowed, smooth, 15-40cm tall; leaves narrow (to 1mm broad), filiform-involute, shorter than the culm, scaberulous; spikelets androgynous, 0.6-1.5cm long, with a long (to 8mm) narrow sta- minate part and a rather congested oblong pistillate part, including 8-20 (usually 12-14) divaricate perigynia; scales ovate, obtuse, light ferru- ginous, shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, 1.5-2mm long, obsoletely trigonous, dorsally 2-4-nerved, ventrally smooth, broadly round- based, gradually tapering into a short smooth subconic bidentulate beak. Fr. May— June. Wet and boggy meadows. —Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bur. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from the Zeya-Bureya Region (Tolstovka valley). Type in Leningrad. 209. C.uda Maxim. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. IX (1854) 303; Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 300; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1910) 310; Kom. FI. Manchzh. I, 353; Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 103 et in Journ. Russ. Bot, a-6 (Loi) se) tis. NS, Perennial, light green, loosely cespitose, soft plants; culms triangular, soft, usually smooth, 20-60cm tall; leaves flat, 1.5-3.5mm broad, some- what shorter than the culm, scabrous; spikelets androgynous, with an in- conspicuous staminate part, initially oblong-ovate, 6-12 mm long, finally 240 301 with 8-18 horizontally spreading perigynia (usually 10-12); scales ovate, acute, ferruginous; perigynia lanceolate, 3.5-4mm long, light green, with distinct slender nerves, obsoletely trigonous, round-based, gradually tapering into a long smooth beak. Fr. May—June. Boggy meadows, wet forest.—Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bur. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, North Korea, Japan. Described from lower reaches of Amur (Geong Range, near Tsianka village). Type in Leningrad. 210. C.capituliformis Meinsh. ex Maxim. Mélang. Biol. (1887) 563 in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 310; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 354.—C. per- pusilla Meinsh. in herb. —C.Onoei Ktk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 101, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1910) 37; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS, XX (1927) 214, non Franch. et Sav. Perennial, pale green, sparsely cespitose, soft; culms triangular, pro- minently scabrous, 1-2mm broad, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets androgynous, with inconspicuous staminate part, initially ovoid, becoming globose to broadly ovoid, 3-7mm long, containing 3-8 (usually 5) horizon- tally spreading perigynia; scales ovate acute light-ferruginous; perigynia oblong-ovate to lance-ovate, 2.7-3.5mm long, thinly membranaceous, obsoletely trigonous, with faint slender nerve, round-based, dark green, gradually tapering into a smooth subconic bidentate beak. Fr. May. Deciduous and mixed forests. —Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bur. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Japan. Described from Mt. Nikko in Nippon (Japan). Type in Leningrad. 211. C.dahurica Kuk. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. VIII (1910) 326 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 38; Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS, XX (1927) 214, fig. 4; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 114. — C.acicularis Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 264 (nomen), non Boott. Perennial, very slender, cespitose plants; culms erect, triangular, scaberulous above; leaves to 1mm broad, canaliculate; spikelets andro- gynous, rather sparsely-flowered, 2-5mm long with few divergent to re- flexed perigynia; scales deciduous in fruit, ovate, subobtuse, light castane- ous, somewhat shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.5 2.2mm long, obsoletely trigonous, light green or cinereous, faintly nerved, round-based, the beak obsolescent, semitransparent-membranaceous. Fr. June. Wet meadows and marshes. —East. Siberia: Daur., Len.-Kol. (s. part). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Nerchinsk area (Itakenda River, facing the estuary of river Shaverna). Type in Leningrad. 212. C.capitellata Boiss. et Bal. ex Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 399; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 102; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 157. Perennial, green, cespitose plants; culms flattened-triangular, scab- rous, curving, 7-15cm tall; leaves flat, 1-2mm broad, scabrous, soft; spikelets androgynous, few-flowered, ovoid, 0.5-0.8cm long, not con- gested, with subdivaricate perigynia; scales deciduous in fruit, ovate, sub- obtuse, castaneous, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 2.5-3 mm long, obsoletely trigonous, round-based, faintly nerved, gradually tapering into a smooth cuneate beak, the body yellowish, subferruginous above. Fr. July—August. 241 302 303 Alpine meadows. —Caucasus: West. Transcauc., Dag. Gen. distr.: Turkey and western Persia. Described from Mt. Dzhimil in Lazistan (Turkey). Type in Geneva. Section 23. Leucoglochin (Ehrh.). V. Krecz. —Ehrh. ex Heuff. in Flora XXVII (1844) 528 (pro genere); Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 146 (nomen). — Rather small plants with a creeping rhizome. Culms subterete, smooth. Leaves obtuse, to 1.5mm broad, mostly involute, smooth, spikelets andro- gynous, loose, initially obovoid-conic, at length with reflexed perigynia. Scales deciduous in fruit. Perigynia lance-conic to subsubulate, thinly coriaceous, obsoletely trigonous, faintly nerved, with long subulate smooth beak, short-stipitate; achene trigonous, oblong, usually with a well de- veloped axial process [the rachilla], this nearly twice as long as the body. Stigmas 3. 1. Stigmas placed on the side of the rachilla projecting beyond the peri- gynium; perigynia 3-5mm long..... 214. C. microglochin Whlb. + Rachilla not exserted from the perigynium or wanting; stigmas termi- nating the beak; peripynia’6- Simm longs (1) teen tiee) Oke tee ee 2. 2. Leaves flat to subinvolute, scabrous-margined; perigynia faintly nerved, 6-Gnam Tong; acheneswithout) rachitla |. 0218. 8 OE Ba BF SEEN | TER HS De Neck SPR AIL eae Ws ld 213. C. pauciflora Lightf. + Leaves smooth; perigynia 7-8mm long, distinctly many-nerved; achene with ciate rachilia iy. kas ee. ee 214. C. parva Nees. Ass ©i.paverilomea iacht!. FL. Scot. JL(L( 17) 545, tab. 6, tle. 2. Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 110; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 268.— C.leucoglochin Ehrh. in L. fil. Suppl. (1781) 413.—Ic.: Syreish. Ill. fl} Moskiss. djodé@65. Heei,IIl,, Wl. I, Tab. 45, fio. 3 2—Exs.: Hib Ro: 945; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 103. Perennial plants, with long stolons; culms obtusely triangular, scabrous above, 5-40cm tall; leaves 1-1.5mm broad, mostly involute, obtuse, scabrous-margined; spikelets 0.7-1cm long, androgynous, of 1-3 staminate and 2-5 pistillate flowers, initially obconic, at length loose, with reflexed perigynia; scales lanceolate, acutish, pale ferruginous, shorter than peri- gynia; perigynia lance-conic, 6-7mm long, plano-convex, round-based, faintly nerved, conic-beaked, stramineous. Fr. May—June. Peat bogs of the forest zone. —Arctic: Arct. Eur.; European part: Kor) haps, :Dyv.s>hech::., Lad.-Ii'm. ..Uppy,Dnepr.., Upp... Vols, Votes Don. (Krapivenskii, Tula, Pavlovskii, Arzamas and Gorki districts), Volg.-Kam. (except s.); West. Siberia: Ob., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis; 4) Amege-Sayanwisny Len. -Kol, ,. Daurgeran Kast: Zew-Bur.., Ud, UssawrOkhot.:)Sakh.s (nis part), .Kameh.: Centr. Asia: Pribalikie (Bien-Aksuiskii Distr. —n. part, Myn-Chokur Range—N. Smyrnov). Gen. distr.: Northern and Central Europe, North America. Described from Scotland (Arran Isl. ). 214. C.microglochin Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 140; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 269.—Uncinia microglochin Spreng. Syst. veg. III (1826) 830; C.A.M. in Lab. Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 234. — Exs.: Kneuck. No. 31. Perennial plants, with short stolons; culms flattened-terete, smooth, many-leaved, 5-25cmtall; leaves filiform-involute (0.8-1 mm broad), 242 304 smooth obtuse; spikelets androgynous, 0.8-1.2cm long, initially ovoid- contracted, becoming loose, with reflexed perigynia; staminate flowers 5-7, pistillate 5-17; scales ovate, obtuse, ferruginous, deciduous in fruit; perigynia lance-conic, 3-5mm long, with exserted rachilla 5-7 mm long, biconvex, yellowish-green faintly nerved, with obtuse base; stigmas pushed sideways by the much exserted rachilla. Fr. May—July. Mossy marshes; boggy and alpine meadows, and river banks. —Rare. — Arctic: Arect. Eur.; European part: Kar.-Lap.; Caucasus: Dag., Cis- cauc. (mount. part); West. Siberia: Ob. (Tarsk. Distr.), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung. - Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Arcto-alpine Europe, Asia and North America. . Described from the alps of Swedish Lapland. 215. C.parva Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. (1834) 120; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 110; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 187.—C. macrorrhyncha Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 521; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 266.—Chaetospora tenella Rupr. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. sér. 7, XIV (1869) 34.—Ic.: Boott, Illustr. gen. Carex I (1858) tab. 148. Perennial plants, with creeping rhizome; culms flattened-terete, fur- rowed, smooth, 10-40cm tall, with ovate scales at base; leaves laxly thickened, to 1mm broad, obtuse, smooth; spikelets androgynous, to 1.5cm long, containing 8-12 staminate and 3-8 pistillate flowers, initially obovoid- conic, becoming loose, with reflexed perigynia; scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous-brown, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lance-linear, 7-8mm long, biconvex, on curving stipe, ferruginous-brown, with a long subconic beak and distinct slender nerves; achene with a long rachilla, the latter ciliate above. Fr. July. Marshes of the subalpine zone. —Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'- Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashmir, India (Himalayas), Mongolia. Described from Nepal (India). Section 24. Thyrsanolepis V. Krecz.—Plants with stout creeping ligneous rhizome, this and culm base covered with purplish-brown scale- like sheaths. - Plants dioecious; spikelets solitary, sometimes with a sup- plementary spikelet at base, and a usually appressed short bract; scales fringed-ciliate. Perigynia membranaceous, nerved, abruptly contracted into a short truncate beak. Achene trigonous, ribbed onthe angles. Rachil- la usually wanting. Stigmas 3. 216. C.scirpoidea Mchx. Fl. bor.-am. II (1803) 171; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. V, 20 (1909) 81 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 34. Perennial; culms coarse, scabrous, 10-35cm tall; leaves flat, revolute- margined; pistillate spikelets 1.4-2cm long, looser below, cylindric; staminate spikelets 1-1.2cm long; scales oblong-ovate, acutish, dark brown; perigynia obovate, 2-2.5mm long, obsoletely trigonous, cuneate- attenuate below, pale green, brownish above, rather densely hairy right up to orifice of beak. Sedge tundra; gravels.—Arctic: Anad., Chuk. Gen. distr.: North America, Norway. Described from the shores of Hudson Bay. Section 25. Schizochlaena V. Krecz. —Densely cespitose plants, with 3-angled culms and flat leaves, covered at base with purplish-brown, 243 305 fracturing-fibrillose sheaths. Bract rather long-sheathed. Inflorescence of 4-6 segregated spikelets, the terminal staminate, the others pistillate. Scales membranaceous, 3-nerved. Perigynia thinly coriaceous, trigonous, nerved, laterally softly silvery-setulose above, frontally splitting along a white median band, abruptly contracted into a short infundibuliform-emar- ginate beak. Stigmas reddish-ferruginous, long. 217. C.Grioletii Roem. ex Schkuhr, Riedgr. I (1806) 76, tab. Rrrr., fig. 209.-C. tomentosa C.A.M. Verz. Pflz. Cauc,-Casp. (1831) 31, non L.—C.tomentosa var. Y Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 303. — C.tomentosa var. longipedunculata Trautv. in herb. -C. Hohen- ackeriana CAM. inerb. —Exs.:, Herb: bl. Cave Nos tsar Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with ligneous rhizome and short stolons, rather densely cespitose; culms slender, scabrous low down, 40-60cm tall, leafy up to considerable height; leaves 2-4.5mm broad, sub- revolute-margined, short-acuminate, equaling the culm; spikelets 4-6, subdistant below: the terminal staminate, fusiform to linear-cylindric, 1.5-5em long, with firmly appressed obtuse-truncate yellowish-ferruginous scales; the others pistillate, ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.6-1.5cm long, congested, the uppermost subsessile, others on slender scabrous peduncles; peduncle of the lowest, often very distant, spikelet often upward to 5cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long, overtopping the inflorescence; scales obovate, acute, pale ferruginous, medially green, about half as long as and narrower than perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, obovate, obtusely trigonous, turned flat side out, 2-2.5mm long, stramineous in lower part, glabrescent, rather densely and softly silvery-setulose above, green, with a smooth darkish median band, cuneate-based, smooth-margined, rather abruptly contracted into a short, slightly curving, weakly emarginate in- fundibuliform-orificed beak. Forests. —Caucasus: West. and East. Transcauc. (Kakhetiya), Tal. Gen. distr.: Southern France, Spain, Italy, Turkish Lazistan, northern Persia. Described from Italy (Western Liguria: Peli). Section 26. Cardiopera V. Krecz. —Densely cespitose plants with obliquely ascending rhizome. Culms terete, sulcate, densely covered at base with fracturing sheaths. Spikelets androgynous, staminate in upper part, pistillate below. Perigynia membranaceous, obovate, conic-based, cordate-emarginate at the summit, trigonous, with furrowed scabrous nerves. Achene trigonous, without rachilla. Stigmas 3. 218. C.bucharica Kiik. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XVI (1920) 433; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 186; A. Gorodk. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. URSS (1927) 210, fig. 2. Perennial; culms smooth, 25-35cm tall, slender, covered at base with castaneous to purplish-brown, at length fibrillose sheaths; leaves filiform- involute, shorter than the culm; spikelets lance-linear, 1-2.5cm long, with 2-5 loosely set perigynia; scales obovate, rounded-obtuse, ferruginous, shorter than perigynia; perigynia grayish-green, 4mm long. Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Mt. Khodzha-Kaz'- yan, near Kabadian. Type in Leningrad. Section 27. Onkerma Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 27 (pro genere).—Lasiopera Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 244 306 270 (pro subgenere). —Desert-steppe and wood plants, with creeping rhi- zome and more or less fracturing-fibrillose basal sheaths, 3-angled culms, and largely flat dimorphous leaves (young leaves shorter than the culm, straight; those of the previous season long, flexuous, dying off at the tips). Bracts scale-like, or with a short sheath anda blade. Inflorescence of 2-5(6) spikelets: of these the terminal staminate, the others pistillate, ses- sile or borne on variously developed peduncles. Perigynia thinly coriaceous or membranaceous, obtusely or convexly trigonous, 1.5-6cm long, nerved or nerveless, variously vestured; gradually or abruptly contracted into a short, or more or less oblique, conic, more or less emarginate beak. Achene convexly trigonous, with a disk-like cap, annulus, or thickening at the summit, or directly terminating in a 3-fid style. 1. Spikelets sessile; lowest bract sheathless, scale-like, or barely sheathed, nearly bladeless or with a more or less developed blade; pe- rigynia rather densely hairy, contracted into a conic, scarcely emargi- nate or obsolescent beak; achene gradually tapering into the style. (Plate OSG Freres « biccaG-te base ll pel: mee! oR. bas. ean ie + Spikelets (the lower ones or all) rather distinctly pedunculate; lowest bract with sheath (3)4-10(15)mm long and a blade; perigynia with scat- tered or sparse hairs, contracted into a conic, more or less emarginate beak; achene with a disk-like, shaft-like, or ring-like, style-bearing cap at the summit (Plate XIX, Figures 9 a and 9b. In doubtful cases decision is based on examination of the achene for presence of disk OREM MAEM OL eR ee let cours eus co peqeyd eit ge tates ent, eRe oe jes: 13. 2a, Penipynia yronwunentive nemyedi iit aval. piles emelee ele. Ree = 3. TiePericynia nervelessoriiaintly nenvedia: eigiicio. ie -uyat sey PB. 3. 3. Densely cespitose plants; rootstock covered with reddish-ferruginous fibrillose sheaths; spikelets congested; bract broadly scale-like, NAIRONW HAY Met WAC 2 «VRE Ne os yop ous os bein cin = Bel crac tia 'ewie geese C mue ronata Bell, + Stigmas 3; perigynia trigonous; spikelets on more or less developed peduncles; bract consisting of sheath and blade; leaves narrowly linear, rather flat; basal sheaths fracturing-fibrillose ..... Ani tabs vee ale Ga 4 ZAS 2. Scales oblong, rather gradually pointed or obtusish, cuspidate; peri- gynia trigonous..... Bes oytctctisl diva sche “oes a enc POBRSy Ofc? Aiea icc ekagiee ov tac 3. + Scales (especially the staminate) broadly ovate, subcordate-emarginate at the summit, cuspidate in the notch; perigynia distended -trigonous > Tie paar ear Bn ork fous at eteees tics COD er eles eye mith. 6 Aimee en ie 3. Small plants, 20- 30cm tall, with strong erect culms; scales obtusish, cuspidate; perigynia 4-4.5mm long, glabrous, setulose only on the mar- CUA Rin cr castiaee Ghiaint ey msniteickarss ey ee ee Sree 252. C* wemnieote ns is anew: . + Large plants, to 60cm tall, with gradually attenuate curving culm. ; scales acuminate; perigynia 4-6 mm long, rather strongly pilose .. 4. 4, Perigynia (4)4.5-5mm long, obsoletely nerved, oblong-obovate, uniform - ly short-pilose, gradually tapering into a short, scarcely emarginate beak; scales rather abruptly pointed; leaves setaceous........... it eer Sc EMM ay epalea aces Prvake c so Spee sade Sere oes Tee sles teeny senor, td, eet. + Perigynia 5-6mm long, lanceolate, nerveless, densely covered with long appressed hairs, cuneate-attenuate to a beak, this short, bristly- bidentate, bearing a remnant of the style; scales gradually pointed; leaves subinvolute, to 2.5mm brodad..... aE PRO MATS SS, FE oe Mm tenn, she isi tae sande tte Cn eat SUNY he Sia estiarmbetins. 203 Me Ce iOS Cle Wen BOny ity lauiWn: Cycle 1. Oxytecta V. Krecz., —Plants with smooth setaceous leaves; basal sheaths fracturing-fibrillose. Lowest bract scale-like, scarcely sheathing, with an awn-like blade. Inflorescence of 2-3 congested sessile spikelets, of these the terminal staminate, narrowly short-lanceolate, the others pistillate, obovoid, scarcely lcmlong. Perigynia lanceolate, plano- convex, diffusely setulose on outer face. Achene plano-convex, sometimes with rachilla; stigmas 2. 251. C. mucronata Bell. ex All. Fl. pedem, II (1785) 268; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 308; C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 613; Boiss. F1. Or. V ,°420; ‘Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIM, 3 (1901) 315: _Grossh. Fl. JWiawik l. lide Ich Kuk. in} engl: Pilar. iver 201) 909)s53 aie 85, A-C i—bxc: Kneuck. X, No. 297; Dorfl. No. 4488. Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with branching ligneous ascending rhizome; culms setiform, slightly curving, obtusely angled, 10-30cm tall, covered at base with latericious-brown, fracturing- reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves setaceous-involute, rigid, crisp or flexuous at the apex, smooth, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, congest- ed; the terminal staminate, 0.5-l1cm long, with oblong acute ferruginous - brown scales; other spikelets pistillate obovoid, 0.5-0.8cm long, few- flowered, dense, sessile, the terminal at base of the staminate spikelet, the lowest subdistant; lowest bract scale-like, brown, its awn exceeding the spikelet; scales ovate, acute, castaneous, with a green midrib, subhyaline- margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, plano-convex, 5mm long, yellowish-green, at length brunescent, with 4-5 prominent slender nerves, cuneate-based, short-stipitate, elongate-cuneate at summit, sca- brous above on the outer face, setulose, the bidentate beak frontally cleft. Fr. May-August. 268 oad Rocky slopes. ~Reported by Koch for the Caucasus (Kazbek), the speci- men seen by Kukenthal; doubtful collections of Lagovskii extant (Alagir!). - Gen, distr.: mountains of western Europe. Described from Piedmont, Cycle 2. Hypolasia V. Krecz, —Plants with narrowly linear rather flat leaves; basal sheaths fracturing-fibrillose. Bracts with sheath to 1- 1.5cm long and more or less developed blade; inflorescence of 2-5 spike- lets, of these the terminal 1-2(3) staminate, lanceolate, large. The others pistillate, oblong, 1-3cm long, the lower more or less pedunculate. Peri- gynia lanceolate or oblong-ovoid, more or less convexly trigonous, rather diffusely hairy. Achene trigonous; style subfusiform above the the base; stigmas 3. 252. C. kenkolensis Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 88; B. Fedtsch. in A. H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 203.-C. bordaben- CaS Ewe aol Ieee On ee redtscha, alt) Ci y 122. Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms firm, strict, 20-30cm tall; leaves rigid, involute, 1.5-2.5mm broad, curving, long-attenuate,half the length of culm; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, exceeding the pistillate, 1-2.5cm long, with oblong-ovate, terete-tipped, cuspidate scales; other spikelets pistillate, lanceolate, 0.8- 1.5cm long, on pedunclesto 2-3cm long; bract with sheath to 1-1.5cm long, the lowest with setiform blade nearly twice as long as the spikelet; scales ovate, cuspidate, ferruginous-brown, carinate, with a light prominent mid- rib, thinly translucent-hyaline-margined, equaling the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovate, trigonous, 4-4.5mm long, greenish-yellow, subferruginous above, nerveless, glabrous, smooth, cuneate-based, scabrous above on the outer face and margin, gradually tapering into a blackish-purple subemargin- ate beak; Styles 3 (erroniously reported as 2 by Litwinov). Fr. July. Dry slopes in the alpine zone (3,000-3,100m).—Centr, Asia: Tyan'-Shan. Fergana Range, at the Kenkol Pass), Pam.-Al. (Trans-Alai Range, at the Bordaba station). Endemic. Described from Kenkol. Type in Leningrad. 253. C. Koschewnikowii Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 92; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 214. -C. Litwin- owii)var.' grandispica Kuk. ex B. Fedtsch.,.1..c.,-C. Litwino- wii var. Koshewnikowii Kuk. ex B. Fedtsch.,1. c.,-Exs.: HFR No. 2796. Perennial, light (cineraceous)-green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome and long stolons; culms rather slender, flexuous, tri- angular, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with light brown sheaths; leaves rigid, curving or flexuous, folded to subinvolute, 1.5-2.5mm broad, long-at- tenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, subdistant; rachis geniculate below the spikelets; terminal spikelets 1-2, staminate, lanceolate or clav- ate, 1.5-3cm long, with lanceolate acute ferruginous-brown scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid, 0.8-2cm long, dense sessile, or the lowest ona very short peduncle; lowest bract scale-like, sheathing, broadly enclosing the the base of spikelet (up to some 5-8mm), with blade 2-3 times the length of spikelet; scales ovate, rather gradually tapering intoa point, light ferruginous carinate, with a light midrib, shorter than perigynia, the lighter margins hyaline; perigynia lanceolate, trigonous, 5-7mm long, grayish-green, sub- ferruginous above, densely covered with long appressed hairs, nerveless, cuneate-based, cuneate-tapering at summit into a setiform bidentate beak bearing the style-base. Fr. June. 269 338 Dry alpine slopes and meadows at alt. 3,000-4,000m.-— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Alai range (Tengiz Pass). Type in Leningrad. 254. C. Litwinowii Kuk, in Bull. Hérb. Boiss. , 2 sér., IV (1904) 59 et in Engl. Plfzr. IV, 20 (1909) 534; Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot, St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 92; B. Fedtsch. in A H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 214, - Perennial, cineraceous-green, rather densely cespitose plants, with short creeping ligneous rhizome and short stolons; culms slender, 30- 50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown (latericious) sheaths; leaves rigid, ribbed, flattened-canaliculate,1-1.5mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, approximate, the terminal 1-2 staminate, ovoid, 2-2.5cm long, with ovate to oblong, brownish, obtuse, cuspidate scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.8-2cm long, rather dense, sessile, or only the lowest short - peduncled; lowest bract with sheath to 6mm long and blade often slightly exceeding the inflorescence; scales ovate to broadly ovate, abruptly cuspidate-pointed, castaneous-brown, with a greenish-yellow midrib and hyaline margin, somewhat shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovate, trigonous, 4-4.5(5) mm long, yellowish- green, ferruginous above, regularly and rather loosely appressed -hairy, obsoletely nerved, cuneate-attenuate at base, gradually tapering into a short, scarcely bidentulate, ferruginous, beak with membranaceous orifice. Fr. June. Gravelly places. —Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan. (Nanai, near Pskem; Ket- men'-Tyubin. Distr., Ish-sai Gorge; Fergana: Pasha-ata, Arslanbob). Ebdemic. Described from Arslanbob. Type in Leningrad. 255. C Alexeenkoana Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 98. -C. ustulata var. brevipedunculata Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (Te80)571. =-C2 wetulla tal var.’ mac rogyn aihish Gol tekoex' pie. mia — crogyna B. Fedtsch, in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 216.-C. pseudo -ma- crogyna Kuk, in Bull. Jard. Bot. URSS, XXVIII, 1-3 (1929) 220. -C. tristis C.B. Clarke ex B. Fedtsch, in A.H.P. XXI (1903) 430, non M.B. Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with ascending ligneous rhizome; culms firm, faintly triangular, smooth or slightly sca- berulous above, to 40-50cm tall; leaves rigid, canaliculate -conduplicate, to 4mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; basal sheaths light brown, covered high up with remnants of old sheaths; spikelets 3-5, the lower remote; the terminal 1-3 staminate, narrowly lanceolate, 1-2.5cm long, often pistillate at base, the staminate scales broadly obovate, broadly hyaline at the summit, subterete, light ferruginous, carinate, faintly cuspi- date scales; other spikelets pistillate, obovoid to oblong-clavate, 1-3cm long, loose, the upper subsessile, close to the staminate, the lower erect, on peduncle to 11cm long, these included in bracteal sheath; sheath of the 339 bract to1.5cm long, broadly cordate~membranaceous above, blade or the lowest bract exceeding the spikelet; scales broadly elliptic to subovate, reddish-ferruginous, broadly rounded-membranaceous at the summit, with a prominent terminally scabrous midrib, excurrent in a mucro exserted before the summit of the body, often scabrous along the midrib, equaling the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovate, convexly triganous, 5-6mm long, darkish green, dark brown above, slenderly 5-7-nerved, hispidulous above and on the margin, cuneate-based, rather gradually tapering into a short, obscurely bidentate, obliquely truncate, white-hyaline-margined beak. Fr. June-July. 270 340 Stony slopes and screes in the alpine zone; usually —- Centr. Asia: Tyan'- Shan. Gen. distr.: Kashmir. Described from Tugdumbash-Pamir (Pistan Gorge in the Sary-Kol Range). Type in Leningrad. section 30. Campylorhina.V. Krecz.-Proteocarpus Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Brem, XXI (1913) 267, ex p. (pro sectione generis Proteocarpi Boern.). —Forest and meadow-forest, cespitose, stolonifer- ous plants. Culms obtusely 3-angled, mostly covered at base with bladeless purple or pale sheaths. Leaves prominently 3-veined, plicate along 2 of the veins, abruptly pointed, rather broad (5-10mm). Bracts long-sheathing, with well-developed blade. Inflorescence of 2-5 distant or approximate spikelets; staminate spikelet solitary; pistillate spikelets loosely few- flowered, oblong, on erect ornodding peduncles. Perigynia membranaceous to thinly coriaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtusely rounded-trigonous, 3-8mm long, distinctly nerved, the beak straight or curving, more or less developed, obliquely truncate; bidentate or more or less emarginate, smooth or scaberulous, with a white-hyaline or ferruginous margin; style curved or spirally coiled; stigmas 3. 1. Plants covered with purple bladeless sheaths at culm base and rootstock + Plants panes purple snieiae Bo BER Cad Rew aes Sata iets Meee em Sry E'S cg CN Oh 6. 2. Perigynia 3.5-5mm long, ovoid, with a rather short, proboscis-like reflexed, crescent-notched beak; leaves subcoriaceous, more or less haaryne (Plate XO) Tigi, WOa diy ad cies Riad aivgnenyiiey | al els, onlbianeatitaaay 6 Testes 3. + Perigynia 6-8mm long, oblong, with a prolonged straight obliquely iouneare beaks pi dk. Spe: Sremel sicds « mecreraicee ed oly Aveo alley atte few bia oh Js hie’ 4, 3. Green plants, 30-50cm tall, with Fee ges loose spikelets of 15-20 peri- gynia (the spikelets 2-4cm long); scales to half as long as perigynia; perigynia distended- ovoid, 4.5-5mm long, the beak suboblique, ferrugin- Sus-mareined, 7(Hurepe)t. 2 ii yews, ea 25 TNC. PULG Samsecap: + Light green plants, 40-70cm tall, with distant interrupted 5-10-flowered spikelets (the spikelets 3-6cm long); scales just reaching the base of perigynium-beak; perigynia prominently trigonous, 3.4-4mm long, the beak strongly curving, purple-margined. (Far East)............. Ste ANGI SNS. HERES CE Hehehe af RANG 256..'Gyue aimpy lor himlajyc., Kreez. 4, Faptatlete spikelets on long slender capillary coiled nutant peduncles; perigynia membranaceous, the beak smooth, 6-7mm long.......... AEE PETES Chas LNW hail QiheDe sha ti dialer 267. C. oligostachys Meinsh. + Pistillate spikelets on long non-capillary erect (not nutant) peduncles; perigynia thinly coriaceous, the beak scaberulous...... ott Oa he ere }. 5. Staminate spikelet narrowly clavate, pale; bracts 2-3 times as long as their spikelets and overtopping the inflorescence; perigynia 8mm long, rounded -trigonous, abruptly contracted into a short stipe and strongly attenuate to a narrow cylindric membranaceous-cleft beak; scales pale, greenish, (Plate XX, fig. 3)....... 268. C. depauperata Good. + Staminate spikelet thickened, castaneous; bracts scarcely exceeding tri- gonous, cuneate-based, obscurely broad-stipulate, gradually tapering into a subconic ferruginous-cleft beak; scales ferruginous, (Plate XX, PSA) a Nata bite 1S, (ayaa) =») debate iabieke Poviannay s 269. C. mingrelica Rou. 20 341 10 (6). dds, 12. 3 ,. Perigynia scattered-hispidulous over the entire surface...... als Perigynia smooth or scaberulous only on the beak margin... .10. Perigynia thinly coriaceous, with a short curving beak and oes nerves; of pistillate spikelets the upper subsessile, the lower on long*subradical “peduncles”... ./.°.)..270) "C. HAllerama Asso. Perigynia membranaceous, with long straight beak, obsoletely nerved or nerveless; pistillate spikelets all on upper part of culm, their peduncles distinct, mostly included in sheaths........ 8. Perigynia 5mm long, nerveless; scales of staminate and pistillate spikelets dark-colored’ ("oi tein habs icioyt Gs Meudla | ee) planinne Perigynia 6-7mm long, with obsolescent nerves; scales pale- COMORES pees? th euarickys som “nalae 4. DEoe ) - MRO OMITOD Clee 9. Rather densely cespitose plants; rootstock covered with black fibril- lose sheath remnants; perigynia 6.5-7mm long, the beak strongly scabrous -margined, deep-cleft, divaricate, with reflexed teeth. CEiate Sb tain eta Me te nate 272. "C. Toneino Sitmaha WOeAa. Loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome and long stolons; perigynia 6-6.5mm long, the beak cleft, scarcely scaberulous. (Europe, Caucasus) 3. 4... Ce areas 271. .C, Micheli Host: Perigynia obovate, suboblong, 5-6.5mm long, with prolonged Straishe beaks, Lely mh a SE Nos Raa MeN 5, SAM Oe Nh NR Re ee Sty Perigynia ovoid, distended-trigonous, 3.5-5mm long, the beak proboscis-like curved, well developed obsolescent (rarely straight and then seaberulous)™ 4.02... MASK? PO EE MSR ERS 13, Perigynia obtusely trigonous, the beak conic-attenuate, smooth, obliquely drane ater. 75s OL I 48 ti STROMGT . S TAR, Re 12, Perigynia rounded-trigonous, rather abruptly contracted into a flattened-cylindric, scaberulous, strongly bidentate beak __.... SOS EE ed ab ac Mev etoe hohe tvepe® oh a ohh wh ait ote SSE Cab sean lh ks @llaa, Spikelets approximate to Baca other and to staminate spikelet; staminate spikelets narrow and pale; pistillate scales membranace- ous, whitish, shorter than perigynia; leaves soft, to 10mm broad; forest plants, 98 62., feta wie bie els 266, HC viGl eh H. ysehmiudt ; Spikelets strongly segregated from each other and from staminate spikelets, the latter plump, ferruginous-tinged; pistillate scales green, ferruginous-margined, broad and long, nearly covering the equilong perigynia; leaves rigid, to 5mm broad, meadow plants dik MEU SOP AGED VLR ASE ED .. 268. C. nikolskensis Kom, Perigynia membranaceous, broadly ellipsoid, many-nerved, scaberul- ous above, with a short straight broadly bidentate beak ........ SD ote AES Peth: 3 UCSF ae LETS. ACL Ae 265) (Cy brevueolimis, DC. Perigynia thin-coriaceous, ovoid, obosoletely nerved or nerveless, the beak proboscis-like, curved, well developed or obsolescent, truncate or ‘subemarginate .......,... Gast cueramattaten sh eikccas UaEORC INS kan 14, 272 14, Perigynia with a short, truncate or barely emarginate beak, or beak- less, 3.5-4.5mm long. (Plate XX, fig. 5and6)..... Dy a, ee |S 1, + Perigynia with prolonged, distinctly crescent-notched beak, 4-6 mm long. (Plate 2. OM TOM a. kT hee Tau aac sy ot ee se 8. Culms 10-25cm tall (of the C. lanceolata Boott.type), equaling or at least half as long as the leaves; perigynia ca. 3mm long (Trans- ada em I wey cy squeal ce 281. C. pseudo-lanceolata V.Krecz. Staminate spikelet linear, 3-4 flowered, 0.6-0.8mm long, its scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, but with margins hyaline (Transbaikal | Rare a SaEENS WH CHESTS 1) MPN RANTS” 5 OR en aa 2 62u4GCs mh aed) a Oa. Staminate spikelet lanceolate, many-flowered, to 2cm long, its scales broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline nearly throughout (hence spikelet often silvery )aj (Pama Sia) sor.id.i5 mp when diode dear 284. C. humilis Leyss. Mountain- steppe cineraceous-green densely cespitose plants with brown to ferruginous-brown fracturing-fibrillose basal sheaths ....... 10. Forest green loosely cespitose plants with creeping rhizome, with purple or castaneous practically non-fracturing basal sheaths .... 13. Perigynial withieostateimerweasth4.0. beet iet ic, UREA eae A ae Perigynialnerveless) ori obspletelyinervedsie was siecle vw hlewie 12. Leaves subinvolute, half as long as the culm, with tawny basal sheaths, staminate spikelet slightly raised above the pistillate spikelet or actual- ly overtopping them. Pistillate scales obovate, obtuse, mucronate, longer than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 2.8-3mm long, regularly pubescent, 2-3-nerved (bare-hill zone of Transbaikal Region)...... Satis ete! fo 27a my BROCE ge ea!” STREAM HS ONE IN ca 291 Es Kenralow 144 ue. Leaves flat or revolute, half as long to nearly as long as the culm; basal sheaths ferruginous-brown; staminate spikelet not exceeding the 286 pistillate, by which it is often pushed sideways; pistillate scales ovate, acute, equaling the perigynia; perigynia obovoid-conic, 3-3.5mm long, 5-6-nerved, with long hairs along the nerves. (Steppe slopes)...... 503 27° SR ere 5 ree) See 8 ©. 289. C: pediformis C.A.M. 12. Culmssmooth; staminate spikelet slightly overtopping the pistillate spikelets! well: developed:! Ularsbast)ad. . whens .Gat...wllis Sad. FAFA LS ct UBAU TCR die LPothats sie halt wh ABor Ch swirhisiehe n em sisniiom, + Culmsscabrous; staminate spikelet usually not overtopping the pistil- late spikelets or but slightly so, reduced. (Turkestan) .......... afk Fev LES BOC ote LAD as Ra 8 2 a 290... C. aneurocarpa V. Krecz. 13. Staminate spikelet oblong-lanceolate, overtopping the pistillate spike- Hes sme GI ol GL LUE LD te. . isl. we 2070 NO. mae er oura’ Meinsh. + Staminate spikelet linear or lance-linear, weakly developed, not over- topping the pistillate spikelets and suppressed by the latter..... 13. 14, Bright green plants; scales shorter than perigynia; nerves and beak of perigynia obsolescent. (Europe)....... 265.'E; + rhage nay Bivtt. + Pale green plants; scales exceeding perigynia; perigynia with promi- nent nerves and well developed beak. (Far East) .............. se hbo certian rer tical onl ian herp raminers Holand Ne 260, C. reVventaV. Kreez. Cycle 1. Bitteria (Boern.) V. Krecz.—Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 270 (pro sectione generis Bitteria Boern.), ex p.- Culms lateral, covered at base with dilated bladeless colored sheaths. Staminate spikelets compact, narrowly lanceolate, placed below the ad- joining pistillate spikelet. Pistillate scales obovate, obtuse, round-tipped or mucronate. Perigynia trigonous, with flat or concave sides, nerveless, glabrous, short pilose on the angles above, Ssmooth-ribbed, with a weak, faintly conic, nearly straight beak. on. (CW Mdip it a tale Sp.vpk “1753) 9W5; Trev. iniWdb,. PLU Rossalv, 289; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 401; Kuk. in Engl. Pfizr. IV, 20 (1909) 496 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 138.-Ic.: Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I, 208.-Exs.: HFR No. 693; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 133; Kneuck. VIZYNo. .1 743" Xila, /No.932, 33. Perennial, bright green, cespitose plants, with a creeping rhizome; culms flattened-triangular, scaberulous above, 10-30cm tall; leaves rather soft, 3-6mm broad, the young shorter, the old longer than the culm; spike- lets 2-4, approximate: the terminal spikelet placed slightly below the ad- joining pistillate spikelet, lance-linear, 1-1.5cm long, with oblong obtuse 361 ferruginous hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1.5-3cm long, loosely 5-10-flowered, on peduncles to 3-4cm long; bract with sheath to 2cm long, castaneous-ferruginous throughout, narrowly membranaceous at summit, acute or bearing a blade to 1cm long; pistillate scales oblong-obovate (cup-shaped), rounded at the summit or subemarginate, ferruginous, shorter than perigynia, the light midrib excurrent into a short 287 362 point; perigynia oblong-obovoid, cuneate-based, trigonous, 4mm long, greenish, at length subferruginous, regularly puberulent above, nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into a short conic suboblique brownish entire- tipped beak. Fr. April-May. (Plate XIX, fig. 1). Forests, on humus-rich soil. - HEuropeanpart: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.,-ll'm.,.Upp. Dnepr,... Uppi)Vole.9 Velgisikamess NMidy Dnepriys Prichern, Volg.-Don., Zavolzh., Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag. West. and East. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob. Gen. distr.: West. Europe. Described from Western Europe (Sweden). Type in London. 278. C. quadriflora (Kuk.) Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geob. I, 1 (1932) 74.-C. digitata spp. quadriflora Ktk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 10 (1909) 497 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 139; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 305.-—C. digitata B pallida Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 401.-C. digitata Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 398, non L. Perennial, pale green, cespitose plants, with obliquely ascending rhi- zome; culms filiform, scabrous above, 15-30cm tall; leaves soft, flat, 2-4mm broad, the young leaves shorter than the culm, the old ones exceed- ing the culm; spikelets 2-3, subdistant: the terminal spikelet staminate, placed below the base of the adjoining pistillate spikelet, linear, 0.5-1cm, long, with oblong-obovate, obtuse, ferruginous, rather broadly hyaline scales; other spikelets pistillate, few (mostly 4)-flowered, on a subflexuous, axis, borne on peduncles to 3cm long; bract with sheath to 5mm long, fer- ruginous, obliquely truncate, slightly membranaceous-margined, subobtuse; scales obovate, broadly rounded at summit with an obtuse process, pale pinkish-ferruginous, obsoletely narrow-hyaline, about half as long as peri- gynia, the faint midrib green; perigynia obovoid, abruptly attenuate to an extended conic base, subconcave-trigonous, 4.5-5mm long, diffusely short- pilose above, nerveless, greenish-yellow, rusty-spotted, abruptly termi- nating in a short, ferruginous, cylindric, entire-tipped beak. Fr. May. Forests with humus-rich soil. - Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Northern Manchuria., North Korea. Described from the upper course of river Li- Fudina. Type in Leningrad. 279. C. pedata L. Sp. pl. ed 2 (1763) 1384, non Whlb. /sec. C.B. Clarke in Journ. of Bot. XXVI (1883) 322 et auct. vetust./.-C. ornitho- poda Willd. Sp. pl. IV (1805) 255; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 290; Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 401.—-Exs.: HFR No. 643; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 534; Kneuck. No. 175, 176. Perennial, bright green, densely cespitose plants, with ascending rhi- zome; culms flexuous at the ends, flattened-triangular, scabrous above, 5-20cm tall; leaves soft, flat, 2-4mm broad, the young shorter, the old equaling to exceeding the culm; spikelets 3-4, arranged in a digitate cluster; the terminal spikelet placed laterally below the other spikelet, staminate, lance-linear, 0.4-0.8cm long, smooth, with obovate, obtusely truncate, light ferruginous, subhyaline-margined scales, other spikelet pistillate, linear, 0.8-1.5cm long, with flexuous axis, loosely few-(3-6)-flowered, subsessile to short-peduncled, divergent to reflexed, the lowest sometimes subdistant and then on a peduncle to 1cm long; bract with a short sheath (ca. 5mm) ferruginous- or hyaline-margined, acute or mucronulate; pistil- late scales obovate, broadly rounded, often obtusely tipped, light ferrugi- nous, angled-hyaline on the margin, shorter than perigynia, the green mid- rib not exceeding the summit; perigynia obovoid, rather gradually attenuate 288 363 to base, trigonous, flat-sided, 2.5-3mm long, greenish, at length some- what brunescent, diffusely pilulose, nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into a short to slightly curved, ferruginous, conic-cylindric, entire beak. Fr. May-June. Peat bogs, coppices, exposed places. —- European part: Kar.-Lapl., Dv. - Pech., Lad.-Il'm. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Poland, Baltic States, Finland. Described from Switzerland. Cycle 2. Baeochortus (Ehrh.) V. Krecz.-Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 149 (nomen). -Lasioperula Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 270 (pro sectione generis Bitteria Boern.). —Culms central, cov- ered at base with leaves of normal type. Staminate spikelets loose, exceed- ing the pistillate (and then lanceolate, many-flowered) or not exceeding them (and then linear, weakly developed). Pistillate scales lanceolate, oblong - ovate, acute-mucronate. Perigynia convexly to rounded-trigonous nerved or nerveless, regularly puberulent, rounded at summit, with a rather de- finite short-cuneate oblique beak. Series 1. Polycamptorachis V. Krecz. — Axis of spikelet geniculate; pistillate spikelets loosely few-flowered. Bract infundibular, broadly mem- branaceous, without a distinct blade. Leaves usually much longer than the culm. 280. C. lanceolata Boott in A. Gray, Narr. Exped. Perry, II (1857) 326; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 20 (1909) 493 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 GOW P1367 9Ve tKkreezi in Fle Transb. 1,9 L282, yp eddif o. raniknsy var. genuina F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., VII sér., XII (1868) 193, non Maxim.-C. floribunda Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 402. —- C. longisquamata Meinsh. ex Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 399, non Beka get: akankeatt [cm, VAO23 Minto. 1'8xGi, Perennial, pale green, densely cespitose plants, with an ascending bran- ching short-creeping rhizome; culms scabrous nearly to base, 10-35cm tall; leaves soft, at first straight, shorter than the culm, becoming elongated, reflexed, flexuous at the ends, longer than the culm, flat, 1-2mm broad; lower sheaths castaneous or rufous; spikelets 3-5, subdistant, the terminal spikelet staminate, lance-linear, 0.5-1cm long, inserted below the adjoining pistillate flower, few-(5-6)-flowered, with lanceolate, acute, ferruginous or castaneous, very broadly hyaline scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong, with geniculate axis, 0.5-1.2cm long, loosely few-flowered, the peduncle to lcm long, almost entirely enclosed in the bract; bract dilated above, to 1-1.5cm long, obliquely truncate, acuminate, ferruginous, broadly hyaline at apex; pistillate scales lanceolate to lance-ovate, acuminate, ferruginous- brown, with a green midrib, broadly hyaline-margined, twice as long as perigynia, perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 3mm long, greenish, be- coming drab, regularly puberulent (pubescence longer above), many-ribbed, on a long conic spongy slope, rounded at summit, rather abruptly termi- nating in a reflexed entire short beak. Fr. May. (Plate XIX, fig. 2). Steppes and mountain slopes. — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (s.-e. part), Daur. , Len.-Kol. (Oleminskii Distr.); Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud. (s. part), Sakh., Uss. Gen distr.: Northern Mongolia, Northern China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan. Described from Japan. Type in London. 281. C. pseudo-lanceolata V: Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda II, 613. - C. lanceolata Poplaw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. XII (1914) 199, quoad pl. nertschin. non Boott. 289 364 365 Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with a ligneous, short- branching rhizome; culms scabrous, 10-25cm tall; leaves initially erect and shorter than the culm, at length decumbent, twice as long as the culm, 2mm broad; lower sheaths castaneous-red; spikelets 3-4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, lance-linear to linear-clavate, 0.8-1cm long, with lanceolate, acute, rufous, broadly hyaline scales; other spikelets pistillate, 0.8-1.5cm long, loosely few-(3-5)-flowered, with geniculate axis, peduncle inclosed in bract sheath; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long, ferruginous and broadly hyaline above, acute; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute, reddish-ferruginous, with a green midrib, broadly hyaline, nearly twice as long as perigynia; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2.5-3 mm long, greenish-yellow, regularly puberulent above, nerveless, on curved cuneate stipe, more or less rounded at summit, with a short oblique entire Slender beak. Fr. June. Dry slopes, rocks, and open forests. —- East. Siberia: Daur.: Nerchinskii Distr. and generally the e. part of Transbaikal Region. Endemic. Describ- ed from Sedlovoi Raz''ezd Stn. Type in Leningrad. 282. C. nanella Ohwiin Mem. Coll. Sc. Kyoto Univ., Ser. B, V, 3 (1930) 263.-C. lanceolata var. nana Lévl. et Vant. in Bull. Ac. Inter. Geogr. Bot., 3 ser., XI (1901) 269; Kikk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 493; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 305.—C. humilis f. bre- vimascula Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 137. —- Perennial, light green plants, with a short creeping rhizome, forming dense compact tufts; culms rounded-triangular, smooth, erect, 3-6cm tall; leaves soft, flat, 1-1.5mm broad, scaberulous, rather long-attenuate, 2-3 times as long as the culm; lower sheaths ferruginous-purple or purplish- brown, slightly fracturing-fibrillose; spikelets 2-4, distant, the terminal staminate, markedly overtopping the pistillate, lance-linear, 0.6-0.8cm long, 3-4-flowered, with lanceolate, ferruginous, hyaline-margined, acute scales; other spikelets pistillate, separated from the staminate spikelet and from each other, linear, 0.5-0.7cm long, 2-5-flowered, loose, the peduncle to 5m long, inclosed in the bracteal sheath; bracts ferruginous, broadly white-hyaline at summit, acuminate, 0.5-0.7cm long; pistillate scales ovate, acute to short-awned, ferruginous, with a light midrib, sca- brous above, white-hyaline-margined, slightly longer than perigynia; peri- gynia obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 2-2.5mm long, with nearly flat sides, regularly pubescent (short-pubescent below, long-pubescent above), pale green, nerveless, gradually tapering into a short curved entire beak. Fr. May. East. Siberia: Daur. (mound on watershed of rivers Davenda and Chernyi Uryum); Far East: Uss. (sound in Nikol'sk-Ussuriiskii Distr.). Gen. distr. : Manchuria, Korea, Japan (Hondo and Yezo). Described from Korea (Sui- nando in Kvainei Prov.). Type in Kyoto (Japan). 283. C.callitrichos V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II. 613. - Carex tenuissima Boott simillima, Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 402. Perennial, bright green, loosely cespitose plants, with long creeping branching rhizome; culms rounded-triangular, 2-6cm tall, smooth; leaves long, capillary, 0.2-0.8mm broad, soft, decumbent, rather long-attenuate, 5-6 times as long as the culm; lower sheaths castaneous or reddish-brown; spikelets 2-4, distant; the terminal spikelets staminate, lance-linear, 0.5- 0.8cm long, overtopping the pistillate spikelet, with acute, lanceolate, pale 290 366 ferruginous, hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 0.5-0.7cm long, loosely 1-3-flowered, with flexuous axis, short-peduncled, the peduncle inclosed in bracteal sheath; bracts sheathing, to 8mm long, ferruginous, acute, hyaline-margined; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous to pale ferruginous, with light midrib and broadly hyaline mar- gin, much longer than perigynia; perigynia (immature) oblong-obovoid, trigonous, 2.5-2.8mm long, greenish, short-puberulent, nerveless, cuneate- based, more or less rounded at summit, terminating in short entire brown- ism peal) hr. Sune: Spruce-fir forests and predominantly coniferous taiga.— Far East: Uss. - between the rivers Sutar and Khingan, on the pass from Lyubavinskii mine to Khinganskoe winter-hut; valley of river Botcha in Northern Sikhote- Alin. Gen distr.: Northern Manchuria. Described from the pass between rivers Sutar and Khingan. Type in Leningrad. 284. C. humilis Leyss. Fl. halen. (1761) 175; Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV, 289; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 402; Chitrowo in Izv. issled. Orl. gub. I (1907) 97-127 cum tab. 2; Kik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3- 6 (1911) 187.-—C. clandestina Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 167; M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 384; C.A.M. in Ldb. Fl. Alt. (1833) 224, - Ic.: Chitrowo,in Izv. issled—Exs.: HFR No. 2049; Kneuck. VI, No. 177 and 177a. Perennial, green, compactly cespitose plants, with ligneous short-bran- ching rhizomes; culms 2-10 (15) cm tall, faintly triangular, smooth; leaves stiffish, subcanaliculate (initially flat), 1-1.5mm broad, prostrate, 5- 10 times longer than the culm; lower sheaths reddish-brown, fracturing- fibrillose; spikelets 3-5, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, lanceo- late, 0.5cm long, with broadly ovate, rufous, broadly and often almost entirely hyaline scales, hence staminate spikelet sometimes silvery; other spikelets pistillate, 0.5-1cm long, loosely few-(2-5)-flowered, the short geniculate peduncle inclosed in bracteal sheath; bract with sheath to 5- 8mm long, ferruginous and broadly hyaline above, with or without a short point at summit, obtuse; pistillate scales ovate to broadly ovate, mucro- nate, reddish- or light-ferruginous, with a broad green median band, with a fairly broad hyaline margin, equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, convexly trigonous, 2.5mm long, yellowish-green, fer- ruginous above, regularly short-pilose, nerveless, attenuate to a curved cuneate base, rounded at summit, rather abruptly terminating in a rather indefinite oblique entire brownish beak. Fr. April-mid May. Steppes, exposed and wooded mountain slopes, grass-covered barren spots. - European part: Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Prichern., Low. Don., Crimea; Caucasus: Cisgcauc., Dag., East. and South. Transcauc., West. Siberia: Alt. Gen. distr.: West. and Centr. Europe, Asia Minor. De- scribed from Germany (surroundings of Halle, Liskau). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. In the Caucasus, on dry mountain pastures, often the basis of grazed forage. Eaten readily by livestock, especially by sheep and horses. Stands up well to trampling and recovers satisfactorily after grazing. Series 2. Orthorachis V. Krecz.— Axis of spikelet straight; pistil- late spikelets usually many-flowered, loose. Bracts with a distinct setiform blade. Leaves about half as long as the culm. 285. C. rhizina Blytt.ex Lindblom in Bot. Notis.(1839) 98.-C. pedi- formis Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 290, quoad. pl. Ross. septentr. 291 367 et med.; Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 208.-—C. obovata Goldb. ex Rupr. in Beitr. zur Pflanzenk. russ. Reich. IV (1845) 86 (nom. nudum). - C. rhizodes Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 403, ex p.-—C. pedi- formis var. rhizina Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 491.-C. pedi- formis var. rhizodes Lindb. fil. in Sched. ad Pl. Finl. exs. [X-xXxX (1916) 35.-C. rhizodes var. Andrejewi Litw. in Sched. ad Herb. Fly Ross) IV (1902) 56: lei: Kuk, Tyreag yiigagid AaES 3° Syceish.. tec, — Exs:: (Pho Finl: Exs, Now'i24,) 532; 533) HR eNo., 143, 1095, Perennial, bright green or pale green, loosely cespitose plants, with branching stout creeping rhizomes; culms nodding, scabrous nearly down to base, 15-50cm tall, leafy in lower one-fourth; leaves long, rather soft, flat, 2-3mm broad, wilting at the ends, equaling to exceeding the culm; lower sheaths castaneous-purple to castaneous, fracturing-reticulate-fibril- lose; spikelets 2-4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, usually not overtopping the adjoining pistillate spikelet (often situated below it), narrow- ly lanceolate to narrowly cuneate, 0.6-1.2cm long, with light castaneous oblong-ovate hyaline-margined subacute scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1.5-3cm long, few-flowered, subnutant, the scabrous peduncles to 9-6cm long; bracts with conic sheaths, brownish membranaceous-edged at apex, awn-pointed, 1-2.5cm long; pistillate scales ovate to obovate, obtuse, green at center, hyaline-margined above, somewhat shorter than perigynia, the terminally scabrous midrib excurrent; perigynia obovoid- cuneate, convexly trigonous, 4mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish or subferruginous, rather densely short-hyaline, with thickened basally dis- tant nerves, rather abruptly contracted into a subconic curved short-bi- dentulate beak. Fr. May-June. Forests and wooded situations.— European part: Lad.-Il'm., Dv.-Pech., Upp. Dnepr. (Mogilev), Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam., Mid. Dnepr. (w.-Rozhkov on Dniester), Volg.-Don, Low. Don , Zavolzh.; West. Siberia: ob. Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Baltic States, Poland, Central Europe. Described from Scandinavia. 286. C. -reventa V. Krecz. sp. '/nova in Addenda II, 614:—C€C. pedi- formis a genuina et B pedunculata Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 309.-C. pediformis var. rhizina Kwik. in Engl. Pflanzr. IV, 20 (1909) 491 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 135, quoad pl. Orient. Extr. ; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 200.-C. pediformis f. parviflora Kuk. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1910) 7.-—C. rhizina Kom. FI. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 255, non Blytt. Perennial, green or light green, loosely cespitose plants, with long creeping branching rhizome; culms scabrous nearly down to base, 30-50cm tall; leaves soft, long, flat, 2-3.5mm broad, rather long-attenuate, some- what shorter than the culm; lower sheaths castaneous-red; spikelets 2-4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, scarcely overtopping or not over- topping the adjoining pistillate spikelet, lanceolate, 1-1.2cm long, with ovate acute ferruginous or light ferruginous broadly hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1-1.5(2)cm long, few-flowered, on pe- duncles to 2cm long; bracts sheathing, 1-2cm long, cuspidate; pistillate scales ovate, cuspidate, ferruginous, with a light terminally scabrous mid- rib, hyaline-margined, about equaling to exceeding the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 3-3.8mm long, green, at length flavescent, prominently thick-nerved, regularly short-puberulent, or a cuneate some- what spongy stipe, terminating in a short-oblique entire beak. Fr. June. 292 Horestse— Par Hast: Kamen, ,“Ud.’, -Ze:- Bury; “Uss.’Gen. distr. Manchuria. Described from Mariinsk on the Amur. Type in Leningrad. 287. C. macroura Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 404; V. Krecz. im fie @ransb. Wf (1981) 27 .-"C) plediformis vari ’maer otra Kuk. in Engl) Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 491 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 135, — C.opedifomm is tvarl hi ina’ Kuky,- f.. e., pro pl: sibiricam. Perennial, light green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping branching rhizome; culms nodding, scabrous nearly down to base, 30-50cm tall; leaves flat, soft, 2-—3mm broad, long-attenuate, equaling the culm; lower sheaths castaneous; spikelets 2-4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, always overtopping the pistillate, lance-linear to lance-clavate, 1-2.5cm long, with ovate, ferruginous, broadly hyaline-margined, subacute to subobtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1-2cm long, few- flowered, on peduncles to 3-4cm long; bracts sheathing, 1-2cm long, fer- ruginous and membranaceous-margined at summit, cuspidate; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse, rufous, with a light midrib and broad hyaline mar- gin, as long as perigynia; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, greenish-yellow, regularly short-pilulose, without distinct nerves, rather abruptly contracted into a very short, oblique, slightly bidentulate beak. Fr. May-mid June. (Plate XIX, fig. 4). 368 Forests. -— European part: Volg.-Kam. (Ural); West. Siberia: Ob., Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb. (Daur.). Gen distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Tobol'sk. Type in Leningrad. 288. C. sutschanensis Kom. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Pétersb. XVI CIS GE) M555 Kom. and) Alis:“@pri rast. "Dal'nevost? Kr 1) 306r— ©. pedi - formis Kom. et Alis. Key pl. east.reg. USSR, I (1931) 306, non C.A.M. - CApediiormistvar,’macroural Kuk! in Engl. (Pilzry IVE" 2041909) 491 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 135, quoad pl. amur.—C. pedi- formis var. intermedia interaetPMaxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 310.-—C. oblique Freyn. in Oester. Bot. Zeitschr. LIII (1903) 28, non Turcz.-C. pediformis var. floribunda Korsh. in A.H.P. XII (1892) 409, Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with short creeping ascending rhi- zome, forming dense tussocks; culms faintly triangular, smooth, 15-35cm tall; leaves subcanaliculate, erect (becoming flexuous, decumbent), flat, 2-3 mm broad, or subrevolute-margined, shorter than the culm (the old ones longer and crisped at base), lower sheaths brown; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, clavate, plumpish, 1.5-2cm long, with oblong-ovate obtuse tawny hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistil- late, linear oblong, 1-1.8cm long, contracted, loose, on peduncle 0.5-1.5cm long; bract with truncate sheath to 1cm long, bearing a setiform blade; pistillate scales ovate, convex, rounded at summit, mucronate, ferruginous, hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia, the midrib prominent, scabrous above; perigynia obovoid, convexly trigonous; 3.5mm long, at length flaves- cent, regularly short-puberulent, obsoletely nerved, cuneate-based, ona cuneate spongy curved stipe, abruptly contracted into a very short curved subemarginate beak. Fr. June. Dry steppe slopes and dunes. - Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen distr.: Manchuria. Described from estuary of river Suchan, near the village Amerikanka. Type in Leningrad. 293 369 289. C. pediformis C.A.M. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. Sav. Etr. I (1831).219, tab. XK; figy infer. ;.Trev.sinvidb;) Fl. Rossa TV, )290}sextp. ; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 402; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 490 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 135, ex p.—C. pellucida 'Turcz. ex Trev. in Ldb., l.c. -C. pediformis B pellucida Meinsh., l. c. 403 (excl. synon.).-C. rhisodes var. abbreviata Meinsh., l. c , 404.-—C. Chamissoi Bcklr. in Linnaea, XLI (1877) 145. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with ascending short ligneous rhizome, forming dense tussocks; culms erect, firm, obscurelytriangular, scaberulous above, nearly smooth, 10-35cm tall; leaves rigid, erect or curving, flat to revolute-margined, 1.5-2.5mm broad, long-attenuate, short- er than the culm; lower sheaths ferruginous-brown or ochreous-brown; spikelets 2-3, distant, or the 2 uppermost approximate: the terminal spike- let staminate, not exceeding or shorter than the adjoining pistillate spikelet, often deflected by it, clavate to obovoid, 0.6-1cm long, with tawny or fer- ruginous hyaline-margined ovate subacute scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-linear, 1-2.5cm long, few-flowered, on peduncle to 2-2.5cm long; bracts with sheath 1-2.5cm long, ferruginous and hyaline-margined at the summit, awn-pointed, pistillate scales ovate, acute, convex, carinate, scabrous on the midrib, green at center, broadly hyaline-margined, as long as perigynia; perigynia obovoid-conic, convexly trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, yellowish or at summit rusty-green, sparsely long-pilose along the stoutish nerves, gradually tapering into a short conic obsoletely bidentulate beak. Hr, May. (Plater figs 3) dei Steppe and stony slopes. — Arctic: Arct. Eur. (upper course of Ussa- Adak); European part: Vlg.-Kas. (from Kazan along Kama; Ural), Volg.- Don. (Zhiguli), Zavolzh.; West. Siberia: Ob. (along the Irtysh River) in Tyukalinskii Distr.), Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt., East. Siberia: Yenis. (s), Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol. (s. part);,\ Far East: Ze.-Bur. Gen.distr. : Mongolia. Described apparently from former Irkutsk Prov. (or Dauriya?), although Tilesius, on whose specimen the description was based, had not been there. Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Excellent spring forage for all kinds of livestock. Approaches C. pachystylis Gay. in feed value. 290. C. aneurocarpa V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 614.- C. pediformis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 402 et R pellucida Meinsh., ib., 403, quoad pl. As. med.-C. pediformis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 490, quoad pl. As. med. et Dshungar, non C. A.M. - C.cardiolepis C.B. Clarke ex B. Fedtsch., in A.H.P. XXXVIU, 1 (1924) 212, non Nees.-C. pediformis var. nana Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 101. Perennial, glaucous-green plants, with oblique short rhizome, forming dense tussocks; culms firm, curving, obscurely triangular, scaberulous above, 10-40cm tall; leaves rigid, strict or falcate, flat to subplicate, 2-3 mm broad, rather long-attenuate,1/3-1/2 the length of culm; lower sheaths brown, strongly fracturing-fibrillose; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, clavate to obovoid, 1-1.5cm long, with oblong- ovate tawny broadly hyaline scales; other spikelet pistillate, remote from the staminate spikelet (thus often overtopped by the latter), oblong, 1-2.5 (3)cm long, sparsely flowered, on peduncle to 4-5cm long; bracts with sheath to 2cm long, ferruginous and broadly hyaline at apex, nearly straight- 294 370 371 truncate, with awn to lcm long, pistillate scales broadly ovate, subobtuse, mucronate, ferruginous or tawny, with a light terminally scabrous midrib, and hyaline margin, slightly longer than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, con- vexly trigonous, 3.5-3.8mm long, rather densely short-pilose on the angles and near the summit, glabrous on the ribs, brownish-green, at length brunescent and somewhat lustrous, nerveless, rather gradually tapering into a barely definite oblique entire beak. Fr. May. Alpine and subalpine meadows. — West. Siberia: Irt. (Kokchetavskie Mountains); Centr. Asia: Pribalkh., Dzhung.-Tarb. , Tyan'-Shan, (Ket- men', Talass. Alatau, Kenkol.). Gen.distr.: Kulja. Described from Kulja, Horgos. Type in Leningrad. 291.’ C. Kirilowii Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXVIII (1855) S408 PiAbsiet dahl dIe 20(1' 856) 2753) Ve Kreezilin 1. Pransb: Il 123..— Ciiam blocarpa 'Turcz: in Bull:)Soc! Nat. Moscow,’ XI; 1 (1838) 103 (nomen), non Willd.-C. glauca Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 297, ex p., non Scop.—C. pediformis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 490 etn Journ. Russ!) \.Bot! 3-6.(191))' 135, exp.) non C.AJMs—Cy pediform = is P'pellucida Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 403, ex p. Perennial, yellowish to pale green, densely cespitose plants, with short creeping branching rhizome; culms slenderly setiform, scabrous above, flexuous, 10-30cm tall; leaves stiffish, flat to subinvolute, 1-2mm broad, long-attenuate,erect, about half as long as the culm; lower sheaths rufous; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, slightly exceeding the others, lanceolate or clavate, 0.8-1.2cm long, its scales oblong, seti- form, tawny, hyaline at margins and summit; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1.5-2cm long, few-flowered, on peduncles to 2cm long; bracts with sheaths to 2cm long, the lowest bearing a blade to 2-2.5cm long; pistillate scales obovate, rounded-truncate to emarginate, ferruginous, equaling to exceeding the perigynia, the midrib light, scabrous above, excurrent ina short point; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2.8-3mm long, greenish- brown, regularly short-puberulent, with 2-3 stoutish nerves, cuneate-based, gradually tapering into a barely definite, slightly emarginate, brown beak. Fr, June. Rocks and screes in bare mountain zone, —East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan (Nukhu-Daban), Duar. , Len.-Kol. (s. part). Endemic. Described from Nukhu-Daban Mountains (near Dzhylgyn Pass). Type in Leningrad. Section 35. Lamprochlaenia (Boern.) V. Krecz.-Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1912) 272 (pro genere). - Meadow-steppe plants, loosely or densely cespitose, with creeping rhizomes; culms in clumps (rarely in rows), covered at base with purplish-brown or reddish-brown sheaths. Culmstriangular. Bracts scale-like or consisting of a distinct sheath and blade, Inflorescence of 2-5 spikelets, of these 1 (2-3) staminate, the others pistillate. Perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, rounded-trigonous, (2)2.5-4mm long, nerveless or more or less ribbed, gradually tapering into a smooth, cylindric, hyaline-tipped, obliquely truncate beak. Style enlarged at base; stigmas 3. 1. Rhizomes slender, creeping; culms arranged in rows, smooth; leaves thin, 1-1.2mm broad; spikelets silvery-green, on long slender pedun- cles, sparselyflowered; bracts bladeless, consisting merely of a long SSAC Ue curds val as a an oh, teh tw sh Mima ala ge Ws ah math Came a eat ct gy Cala ft en a eto ae 2. 295 3) ies te (aCe 748 Rhizomes short, giving rise to loose or compact tufts; culms inclumps, scabrous; leaves stiffish, to 3.5mm broad; spikelets colored, sessile or the lower ones short-peduncled, loose or dense; bracts scale-like or with weakly developed sheath and blade ............2.2005 3. Leaves to 1mm broad, half as long as the culm; staminate spikelet usually not exceeding the pistillate spikelets; pistillate spikelets 2-6- flowered, their scales shorter than perigynia; perigynia 3.5-4mm long, olivaceous, lustrous, invaginated on one side, .. 292. C. alba Scop. Leaves barely 0.5mm broad, as long as the culm; staminate spikelet exceeding the pistillate spikelets; pistillate spikelets 2-4-flowered, their scales as long as perigynia; perigynia 3mm long, dark brown, Aull Gee), not imvaginated 2. rt. 0 inet « «tows 293. C. ussuriensis Kim. Spikelets with perigynia loosely arranged on a geniculate axis; peri- gynia rounded-ovoid, 2-2.5mm long, the upper perigynia and scales purple; culms smooth; lower sheaths sanguine lustrous. (Arctic)... ek a ee CO ee as Bes ee 294. C. glaciatbhis, Mackenzie. Spikelets rather dense, with straight axis; perigynia ovoid, (2.5)2.8- 4mm long, honey yellow or brownish, lustrous; culms scabrous; lower sheaths 2eddish-browl(uencath - oemens a tier-int te ruey Dye « barre eee! 2 4, Bract scarious, awned; spikelets 2-3, sessile, few (3-15)-flowered, more or Tess SlObUlAT.S sf .- testtise meus lt. 21 oboe Ge ELE Serene 3. Bract with sheath 8-15mm long, blade-bearing, spikelets (2)3-5, the lowempeduncled, many-tlowered OOLOnGy iiata rec. ten © ose iene ie Perigynia 3.5-4mm long, ribbed; pistillate spikelets 6-15-flowered; plants 20-40cm tall. (Siberia)..... 296... €. ,Konshinms ky 1 ..kom’. Perigynia 2.5-3mm long, smooth; pistillate spikelets 2-7-flowered; plants .o-Lo.er Tallis: 6 hd oe tdubecntect tupenns) i. eatd «rae aan. cok ee 6. Spikelets 3-7-flowered; perigynia yellow to honey-colored, rather dull, at length brunescent, rounded-obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short beak; scales up to 2/3 the length of perigynia, broad- ovoid, obtuse to acuminate; densely cespitose plants; culms erect, inclumps ..... aiid: sake ee tire decor ty LAey Pa. Rea Peer aay aa MN 2 297... C..supina, Willd. Spikelets 2-5-flowered; perigynia ferruginous-brown above, lustrous, oblong-ovoid to ovoid, gradually tapering into a somewhat prolonged beak; scales nearly equaling the perigynia, ovate, acute; loosely cespi- tose, plants, ¢ culms "solitaryey ascendine oo. G). em sectaispe Geet: Dae 295. C. spaniocarpa Steud. Se GPa Mo Gsh sek o Dieleptis ve « ‘oe a o)Meth eye's) e sf a, fe ve Perigynia with a straight beak of medium length; spikelets oblong, 1-2cm long, rather dense, the lower pedunculate............. 8. Perigynia with a short, slightly curved beak; spikelets elongate, 1.5- cm long, .nather, loose wilong-peduncgled . svimauabys 4G: eee 10, Pistillate scales broad-ovate, obtuse or nearly so, much shorter than penioynia gC rim ea)iicg. -adjaee nk sec, Gee, 298. C. nitida Host. Pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute, equaling or exceeding the peri- Sy. vapms ehereisen leet |. heen mo | Oe in Dy . SO S). 296 373 9. Compactly cespitose plants; culms and leaves papillose; scales castaneous, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, abruptly contracted into beak with distinct, finally evanescent nerves. (Centr. sie aes, set BR es ig, Ce 299%, a@e timeline sh ainicta Rel. ot Loosely ferruginous plants; culms and leaves not papillose; scales ferruginous, equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ellipsoid, gradually tapering into a beak, with 5-6 costate nerves’ “(Caucasus "Crinleayih) Sunnie) ate tek Miers oR t hak ee Re ee Ser Bg 8 Bs DJ00se (C “Bordzatowskin Wititkrecz. 10(7). Spikelets 3-5, of which 1-3 staminate; pistillate spikelets rather loosely few-flowered, usually staminate at summit. (Turkestan). . RUE re ES A Ae, THEO. CES SA". a ieee seas ees ae ils ae Spikelets 2-3; staminate spikelet solitary; pistillate spikelets rather dense above, many-flowered, without staminate flowers at summit. (transbpaikalheg +) 4a eure POR eke BOUACCS wesliax ay (Vig eRecz. 11. Culms scabrous, weak; leaves nearly as long as the culm, weak, green; scales longer than perigynia; perigynia (immature) 2.5(3)mm, lonsewvsmeooths Jforestiiplamisa: | pall iy 302; Citumowr emisis! «hatw. zie Culms nearly smooth, firm; leaves stiffish, half as long as the culm, grayish-green; scales shorter than to as long as perigynia; perigynia (mature) 4mm long, scaberulous-margined above; saxi- colous( steppe plants. 77s ae . ae 303°C) minutite cabraikuk Cycle 1. Leucophaea C. Krecz.—Rhizomes slender, creeping; culms arising in rows, obtusely 3-angled, slender, smooth. Leaves seta- ceous, 1-1.2mm broad. Inflorescence of 2-4 distant spikelets: the termi- nal spikelet staminate, silvery, not exceeding the pistillate, other spikelets pistillate, linear, loosely few-(2-6)-flowered, peduncles long, erect, slen- der, the lowerto3cm long. Lowest bract witha long sheath(to2 cm), blade- less. Perigynia coriaceous or thin-coriaceous, obovoid, sulcate, contract- ed into a truncate beak. 202. (NCH albbia Scop!" Flsicarn’ \ ed 2701h (1772) ZLGRat ev ten doe E'1- Ross. IV, 288; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 361; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 139; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 170.- Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 501, fig: 79 A-E, —Exs.:.Kneueck. No. 116. Perennial, light, stramineous plants, with long creeping slender brown stolons; culms arranged in rows, 10-25cm tall; leaves stiffish, falcate, to 1.5mm broad, setaceous-involute, short-acuminate, scabrous, half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4, subdistant: the terminal spikelet stami- nate, short-peduncled, often placed below the base of adjoining pistillate spikelet, lance-linear, 0.5-1.5cm long, with lanceolate, obtuse, tawny or stramineous scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 0.5-1cm long, loose- ly 2-6-flowered along a flexuous axis, peduncles slender, erect, to 3cm long; lowest bract to 1cm long, ferruginous-green, hyaline-tipped, sub- obtuse; pistillate scales ovate, acute, tawny to almost stramineous, with a green midrib, hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia cori- aceous, ellipsoid or obovoid, rounded-trigonous, invaginated on one side, 3.5-4mm long, stramineous, smooth, sulcate, sessile, rather gradually 207 374 tapering into a narrowly conic, hyaline-tipped, obliquely truncate, light- colored beak. Fr. June-July. Gypseous and calcareous rock faces, sands, peat bogs. —- European part: Dv.-Pech. (Pinega, Timanskie Mts), Volg.-Kam. (Centr. Ural); Caucasus; Dag.; West. Siberia: Ob. (Saratovo, on the Irtysh), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (Low. Tunguska), Ang.-Sayan. (Tunkinsk. Rgn. and Baikal), Daur. (Cisbaikal Rgn.), Len.-Kol. (Khatanga-Aldan), Gen. distr.: West. Europe. Described from Austria (Kraina, Idria). 293. CC. ussuriensis, Kom) in A.H.P. XVII, 6 (1901) 443 et FI, Mandsh. I (1901) 375; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 306. C. alba subsp. ussuriensis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV,20 (1909) 500 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 140.-—C. alba Korsh. in A.H.P. XII (1892) 409, non Scop. Perennial, light green, loosely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome and long slender stolons; culms 20-35cm tall; leaves long, flexuous, stif- fish, setaceous-involute and hence only 0.6mm across, long-attenuate, as long as the culm or nearly so; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, exceeding the pistillate, lance-linear, 1-2cm long, with oblong obtuse stramineous hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, loosely 2-4-flowered along a subflexuous axis, peduncles slender, erect, to 3cm long; bract with a sheath to 2cm long, greenish, hyaline-margined, subobtuse; pistillate scales ovate, abruptly pointed, pale yellow, witha slender midnerve, rather broadly hyaline-margined, nearly equaling the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, convex-trigonous, 3mm long, yellowish- green, becoming blackish-brown, sulcate, sessile, rather gradually taper- ing into a conic, moderately long, hyaline-tipped, light-colored beak. Fr. June. Forests, mostly coniferous.— Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Kazan' mine in the Sutar River valley. Type in Leningrad, Cycle 2. Liparichlaena V. Krecz.—Culms arising in bunches, firm, 3-angled, scabrous. Leaves flat or subinvolute, to 3.5mm broad. Inflores- cence of 2-5 approximate spikelets; the terminal spikelet (or 2-3-termi- nal ones) staminate, dark-colored, exceeding the pistillate; pistillate spike- lets globose to oblong, fairly dense to fairly loose, sessile, or the lower pedunculate. Lowest bract scarious, bladeless or with more or less dis- tinct sheath and blade. Perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, mostly without distinct nerves, attenuate to somewhat obliquely truncate beak. Series 1. Pseudo-pedatae V. Krecz.— Lower sheaths sanguine- purple; spikelets small, 2-6-flowered; perigynia 2-2.5mm long, globose- ovoid. Plants 5-20cm tall; culms smooth. 294. C. glacialis Mackenzie in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. XXXVII(1910) 244,=C, pedata Whib. Fl. lapp: \(1812)'239, tab. 14; Trev. in Ldb)) FI. Ross. IV, 236; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 495 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 137, nec L., nec Bell-Exs: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 535, 536; Kneuck. No. 24; Dorfl. No. 4793. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants, with short creeping rhizome; culms strict, smooth, 5-20cm tall; leaves channeled, 1-1.5mm broad, hispid-margined, somewhat thickened, slender above, crisped, about half as long as the culm; lower sheaths purple, sublustrous; spikelets 2-3, approximate: the terminal spikelet staminate, linear, 0.4-0.8cm long, with 298 375 oblong, obtuse, ferruginous, narrowly hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, 0.5-0.8cm long, loosely (2-5)-flowered along a flexuous axis, on peduncles to 5mm long; lowest bract short-sheathing, scarious, acute, barely 2-3mm long; pistillate scales broadly ovate, abruptly pointed, purplish-brown, light-centered, broadly hyaline above, shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2-2.5mm long, greenish, nerveless, purple above, broadly cuneate-based, sessile, rather abruptly contracted into a short, straight, obliquely truncate, hyaline- margined beak. Fr. June-July. Stony tundra.— Arctic: Arct. Sib., Anad., Chuk., European part: Dv.- Pech.: upper course of river Ussa; Ural-Denezhkin, Sukhoi, Semigolovyi and Konzhakovskii Kamin, and other places in Centr. and Northern Ural; East. Siberia: Yenis. and Len.-Kol. (n. part). Gen. distr.: circumpolar. Described from Swedish Lappland. 295 eHe sip ie'c'arip'a ASteud! ‘Syn iCypy (18dbb)/225, 6. oligo- carpa Hornm. Plantel., ed. 3, II (1837) 270, non Schkuhr, nec Muehlb. — C. supina Gorodk. ex Soczava in Journ. Soc, Bot. Russ. XV, 4 (1930) 308, non Willd. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with rather long, slender, horizontally spreading, reddish-brown rhizomes; culms slender, scabrous above, 5-15cm tall, covered at base with reddish entire sheaths; leaves curving or flexuous, plicate, 1-1.5mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3: the terminal spikelet staminate, lance-linear, 0.5-l1cm long, with ferruginous lanceolate acute scales; other spikelets sessile at thebase, pistillate, hemispherical, barely 0.5-0.6cm in diam, , containing 2-5 divaricate spikelets; lowest bract scarious, short-aristate, scarcely sheathing, ferruginous; pistillate scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, with a lighter midrib, white-hyaline-margined, nearly equaling the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to oblong-ovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2.8-3.5(4) mm long, ferruginous-brown above, lustrous, nerveless, subsessile, rather gradually (not abruptly) tapering into a short cylindric white-hyaline-tipped truncate beak. Fr. July-August. Dry and sandy exposed places.-— Arctic: Anad. (in the valley or river Belaya, left tributary of Anadyr, near Drakliv Cape; ibid. facing Bitcho Mts). Gen. distr.: Greenland, Labrador. Described from Greenland. 296 /CsK 0 vis i'n's k ya) “Koma Fl.” Mandsh, 1 (V901),394.— Cy castata Turez. ex Bess. in Flora XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 27 (nomen); V. Krecz. in Mii iransbwar(l931')' 126) mecPresl.mec Schw.- Ch apriea Tunez: ex Bess.,/1,¢.; ex p.;}Korsh. in A.H.P.. XII (1892) 410 (nomen).—-C. supina tecevmeimsiidetivith Rossi) PV, (1853 )\305; lex ph yiunrers) HT, pale: sdalas I, 2)(0856) 283);non' Willd! = C:) Supima, vari) eo stata .Meinsh, in A,H.P’ Salt WS 1903s 92) iGuls, an\Enel, Pilzr! TV, 20 (1909) 4o7"et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 123.-C. supina var. Korshinskii Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr., 1:¢., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. l.c.—C. Turtschaninofii Steud. Nomencl. bot., ed. 2, I (1841) 297 (nomen). -Exs.: HFR No. 494,1946 a eth: Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with slender creeping rhizomes; culms scabrous above, 20-40cm tall; leaves flat to subplicate, 1-2mm broad, revolute-margined, long-attenuate, about equaling the culm; lower sheaths reddish-brown, fracturing reticulate-fibrillose; spikelets 2-3, subdistant: the terminal spikelet staminate, linear-clavate, 299 376 377 1.5-2.5cm long, with oblanceolate subacute tawny white-hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, globular, globular-ovoid, or ovoid, 0.6- 1.3cm long, densely 6-15-flowered, sessile; lowest bract scarious, with an awn barely equaling the spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, acute, narrowly brownish, with a light median band and broadly white-hyaline margins, as long as perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, convex-trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, golden-yellow, becoming lustrous, 5-6-ribbed, subcuneate-based, smooth at summit, rather gradually tapering into a short, hyaline-tipped, obliquely truncate beak. Fr, May. Slopes, coppices, sands, and sandy steppes; — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur. , Len.-Kol. (s.w. part); Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Suifun River valley (be- tween Nikol'sk-Ussuriiskii and Poltavskaya). Type in Leningrad. 297. C. supina Willd. ex Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 158; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 305; Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 1 22%ex po CM Se hkubrrvir Willd Sp) "Pe IV We 0b)e2645 0M Se. Fl, taur.-caue; Il," 387°—- Cr supind ‘sspr"eurasiaticarVs Krees sin Pl! Transb? 1 (1631) 125)=Ie) } Kukp in Engel) Pilar: IV, 20/1909) 456% TUS VA? Ge eee ss eeUe ke MNO mira! lee Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants, with creeping rhizome and slender stolons; culms erect, arising in bunches, scabrous above, 5-15(20)cm tall; leaves narrow, flat to setaceous-involute, 1-1.5mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths purplish-brown, fracturing reticulate-fibrillose; spikelets 2-3, congested; the terminal spikelet staminate, lanceolate to lance-clavate, 0.8-1.3cm long, with lance- linear acute tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, globose to globose- ovoid, 0.5-0.8cm in diam., sessile, densely 3-7-flowered; lowest bract scarious, short-aristate; pistillate scales broadly ovate, acuminate, tawny at center, with broad light or white hyaline margins and a yellow midnerve, to 2/3 as long as perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, globular-ovoid, rounded-trigonous, 3cm long, golden or honey-yellow, at length lustrous and somewhat brunescent, nerveless, broadly rounded-subcuneate at base, abruptly contracted at summit into a very short cylindric, obliquely truncate, white-hyaline-tipped beak. Fr. May. Steppes and steppe slopes.— European part: Mid. Dnepr., Prichern. , Volg. Don. , Low. Don., Zavolzh., Low. Volg., Crimea; Caucasus: Cis- cauc., Dag., East. and South. Transcauc., West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt., Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Tyrol, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Silesia. Described from Central Europe. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, A good pasture plant, but of no great econom- ic importance, due to its small proportion in the grass-stand. 298. Cl mitida Host, Gram’ Austr’ WO 801) 537" Prev. in lap. ae Ross. IV, 306, quoad pl. ross. et taur.; Vass. ex Wulff, Fl. taur. I: 2,26. — CC, nitida var, conglobata’ Vass. lc 27, C. opesa Meinch vim A. H, Po XVIM, 3(1901)"392; quoad pl. “taur,, non Belt, —ie’: “Kuk. iene Pilzr, IV) 201909) 456 "tis. 72° H-L, — Bxs, > ‘Kneuck, INe. 102; Xian No. 39. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants, with slender rhizomes; culms erect, scaberulous above, 8-15 (20) cm tall; leaves stiff- ish, strongly involute-margined, curving or flexuous, 1.5-3.5mm broad, 300 scaberulous, long-attenuate or often withered at the ends, nearly equaling the culm; lower sheaths latericious, slightly reticulate, the terminal spike- let staminate, clavate, 1-2cm long, with oblong-ovate, subobtuse, tawny, rather broadly hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid or oblong, 0.8-1.5cm long, few-flowered, pedunculate, the lowest peduncle to lem long; lowest bract with sheath to 5-8mm long and blade shorter than to as long as inflorescence; pistillate scales broadly ovate, subacute (at base of spikelet) to subacute and obtuse (toward summit), ferruginous, with a light midrib, broadly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid, convex-trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, smooth above, initially yellowish-olivaceous, becoming olivaceous-brown, lustrous, with 3-5costate basally distinct nerves, round-based, subsessile, rather abrupt- ly tapering into a smooth cylindric hyaline-margined moderately long beak. Fr, April-May. Dry and stony mountain slopes, exposed places. - European part: Low. Don (northern coast of Azov Sea), Crimea (mountainous part). Gen. distr.: mountainous part of Western Europe, Balkan Pen. Described from Wein- haus (near Vienna). 299. C.turkestanica Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 570.—C. nitida var. B Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 306; C.A.M. in Ldb Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 226.-C. nitida var. aspera Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV 20 (1909) 458 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 124.-C. obesa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 392 (excl. syn. C. borotalicola- calami lapsu!), quoad pl. alt. et turkest. -C. obesa var. aspera Bcklr. in Linnaea, XLI (1877) 185. -C. conglobata var. acuta Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 99.-C, orientalis Meinsh. in A,H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 393.-C. heterostachya var. minor Kuk, in Engl, Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 721, quoad pl. turk.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 228. - Exs.: Herb. Kronenb. No. 76, 77. Perennial, cineraceous~- yellowish-green plants, with long rhizomes, forming compact tufts; culms firm, papillose nearly to base (becoming more or less smooth), erect or arched, 15-35cm tall; leaves rigid, curving 378 or flexuous, flat, 2-3.5mm broad, revolute-margined, finely triangular- pointed, wilting at the tips, strongly crowded at culm base, half as long as the culm; lower sheaths reddish-brown, tightly covered to considerable height with split remnants of old sheaths; spikelets 3-5, the lower distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, lance-clavate, 1-2.5 cm long, with castaneous acute white-hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets oblong, 1-2cm long, loosely -flowered (especially below), short-peduncled, the lowest sometimes divergent; lowest bract with sheath to 8mm long and blade shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, with a light midnerve, subhyaline-margined, mostly longer than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, convex-trigonous, 3.5-4 mm long, yellowish- or brownish-green, scaberulous, becoming tawny, rather smooth and somewhat lustrous (or the nerves light-colored only at first, at length concolor), subsessile, rather abruptly tapering into a moderately long, cylindric, obliquely bidentate- emarginate, hyaline-tipped beak. Fr. April-June. Mountain steppes, stony slopes, juniper groves (up to 2,700m.alt.). - West. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tab., Pribalkh. (e.), Tyan'- Shan., Pam,.-Al. Gen. distr.: Kulja, Dzungaria, Kashmir, Afghanistan. Described from Aleksandrovskii Range (Aishmara). Type in Leningrad. 301 300. C. Bordzilowskii V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 615. - C. nitida Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 306; Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 457, quoad pl. cauc.; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 166.-C. nitida var. iberica Bordz. inherb.-C. obesa Boiss. Fl. Or. V.(1884) 414, Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1909) 392, quoad. pl. cauc. Perennial, cineraceous-green, loosely cespitose plants with long stolons; culms erect to slightly curving, rather firm, scabrous above, 10-25cm tall; leaves rather rigid, scabrous, rather strongly revolute, 1.5-3mm broad, curved or flexuous, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths purplish-brown, reticulate; spikelets 2-4, subdistant; the terminal spikelet staminate, oblong-clavate, 1-2cm long, its scales lanceolate, subacute, ferruginous, with lighter-colored or hyaline margins; other spikelets pistil- late, ovoid or oblong, 1-2cm long, rather loosely flowered, pedunculate, the lowest peduncle to 2 cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1-1.5cm long and blade shorter than to equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong- ovate, gradually subcuneate-pointed, ferruginous, 2-nerved, with a light internerve, hyaline-margined, equaling to slightly exceeding the perigynia; perigynia semicoriaceous, oblong-ellipsoid, convex-trigonous, 3.8-4mm long, greenish-yellow and scattered-setulose, becoming smooth olivaceous- brown sublustrous, with 5-6costate nerves, round-based, subsessile, rather gradually tapering into a moderately long smooth cylindric hyaline- tipped bidentate beak. Fr. April. oa Stony mountain slopes,— European part: Crimea (Yaltinskaya Yaila, Alliya-Sarym, 1,100-1,290m); Caucasus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Turkey, northern Persia. Described from surroundings of Tiflis (Telety Range). Type in Leningrad, 301. C. relaxa V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 616. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants with ascending rhizome and slender stolons; culms slender, faintly triangular, scaberulous above to nearly smooth, 10-35cm tall; leaves rigid, setaceous-convolute, crisp and flexu- ous at the tips, 1-1.5cm broad, scabrous, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths brown, with dark brown fibrillose remnants of old sheaths; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelets staminate, lance- linear, 1.2-2.5cm long, with light-ferruginous (fulvous) obtusish scales; other spikelets pistillate, 1-2cm long, loosely few flowered, especially below, erect, onstout peduncles to 3cm long; lowest bract with subferrugin- ous-tipped sheath to 8-10mm long and a setiform-convolute blade, this usually equaling to exceeding the spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, subulate- pointed, tawny, with a prominent white nerve, nearly equaling the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obsoletely subconvex-trigonous, 3mm long, greenish- ferruginous, smooth, obsoletely few-costate, broadly cuneate-based, ses- sile, rather abruptly contracted into a slightly developed, suboblique, scarcely emarginate, light-colored beak. Fr. June. Wet grassy sites.— East. Siberia: Daur.: between rivers Nercha and Kuenga, in the vicinity of the village Staroe Olovo, on the way to N. Klyuchi. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of St. Olov. Type in Leningrad. 302. C ungurensis Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 93; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, I (1924) 217. Perennial, green plants, with creeping rhizome and slender stolons; culms slender, rather weak, scabrous, 20-40cm tall, leafy in lower part, covered at base with reddish-brown sheaths; leaves soft, long, 1.5-2mm broad, long-attenuate, somewhat shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, 302 380 approximate: the terminal 1-3 staminate, linear, 1-1.5cm long, with lanceolate, subulate-pointed drab scales; other spikelets’ pistillate, linear, 1.5-2cm long, loosely flowered, erect, the slender scaberulous peduncles to 2-3cm long; lowest bract with a sheath 0.5-0.8cm long and narrow blade twice as long as the spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, rounded at summit, mucronate, ferruginous, broadly hyaline above, equaling to exceeding the perigynia; perigynia (immature) oblong-ovoid, trigonous, 2.5 (3?)mm long, lurid, nerveless, smooth-margined above, conic-based, rather abruptly terminating in a short entire truncate beak. Fr. May-June. Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan.: Andizhanskii Distr., in the Kara-Ungur river valley (1,800m/alt.),in a spruce forest. Described from the site indicated. Type in Leningrad. MOS CL tm t WSs cra bra, Kuk, ex. By Imediseh= win vA.) He k.. Sere Vvallie 1 (1924) 212 (nomen) et in Addenda, II, 616. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with a slender creeping rhizome and long stolons; culms faintly triangular, scaberulous above, nearly smooth, 30-50cm tall; leaves rigid, straight, flat with strongly revolute margins, 2-3 mm broad, long-attenuate, half as long as the culm; lower sheaths light brown, fibrillose; spikelets 3-4, subdistant; the terminal 1-2 staminate, lance-linear to lance-clavate, 2-2.5cm long, with lanceo- late acute tawny hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, stami- nate in upper part, loosely few-flowered below, 2-3cm long, the short peduncles (to 1 cm) included in the bract sheaths; bracts with sheaths 0.4- lcm long, the lowest with blade twice as long as the spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, hyaline-margined, equaling the perigynia, the midnerve scabrous above; perigynia ellipsoid to obovoid, obsoletely trigonous, 4cm long, yellowish-green, scaberulous only on the margin above, nerveless, broadly cuneate-based, rather abruptly terminating in a cuneate, fairly deep-bidentate brown-orificed beak. Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan. ?: Mt. Aktasty-tau in Dzharkent Distr. Thence described. Type in Leningrad. Section 36. Genersichia (Heuff.) V. Krecz. -Heuff. in Flora, XXVII (1844) 528 (pro genere). — Rootstock creeping; culms 3-angled. Spikelets solitary, androgynous. Perigynia coriaceous or thin-coriaceous, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, more or less trigonous, rather prominently nerved, short-stipitate, with a short, cylindric, smooth or scaberulous beak. Achene trigonous, with or without rachilla. Stigmas 3. 1. Rhizome extensively creeping; leaves thin, scabrous; scales acute; perigynia coriaceous, ellipsoid, rounded-trigonous, round-based, Sls aS aa Set TEs Sa ai nee MEA tab ieee teil SI 304. C. obtusata Liljebl. + Rhizome creeping; leaves thickened, rather smooth; scales obtuse; perigynia thin-coriaceous, obovoid, gradually attenuate at base, ob- BOleRe ry ei eo OL METVELESS iy ute herr e mite ela, Deane ental t eniacal et eae ae 2. 2. Culms to 30cm tall; spikelets 1-3cm long, plumpish, oblong-clavate in staminate part, spherical to obovoid in pistillate part, containing 6- 20 perigynia; plant of foothills ..... 5Uf.. C. ar sunen sis” ure, + Culms 5-10cm tall; spikelets 0.5-1.5mm long, rather narrow, lanceo- late in staminate part, oblong in pistillate part, containing 3-10 peri- Pyiias PLA OL DIST MOL Lisa taMaetan plc Rue, tale Wn esas LURetge tey ane eee 3. 3. Perigynia 3-4.5mm long; scales dark brown; lower sheaths entire psp ale ater Mails Mil AAG aM ne yt ga hs ie 305, "Co rupestrrs* bell. 303 382 + Perigynia 2-2.5mm long, scales tawny; lower sheaths fracturing- TIMPULOSE ke | See Tee ones wae Peds rite ie JUG EC aa Ph We Olay op. Cyclel."Eu-Genersichia V. Krecz. —~ Rhizome extensively creeping; leaves thin; scales acute; perigynia coriaceous, sulcate; achene with a long, often scale-like rachilla. 304. C. obtusata Liljebl. in Acta Holm. X0V (1793) 69, tab. 4; Trev. im, sdb. iL ROSS: lV u20%, = C. mie homep dada eA sie molded Auk te IV.(1833), 205; Icy tab. 319, —C. spicata. Ssehkuhr, Rieder, 4/(1 801) 14, tabs, i, ls.— C. decipiens) Lurcz. in Bulli soc.) Nat. Moseou,) xiv (1838) 103 (nomen), non Gay. -Ic.: Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosc. gub. 1, 186-—Exs.: Kneuck. No. 62; HFR No. 1944a, 1944b. Perennial; the extensively creeping rhizome and culm base covered with purple or purplish-brown scale-like sheaths; culms scaberulous above, 6-35cm tall, leaves 1.5-2mm broad, cineraceous, shorter than the culm, scabrous and subrevolute at the margins; spikelet dense, 0.5-2cm long, with well developed staminate and pistillate part, the latter bearing (1)3- 10(15) divaricate-tipped perigynia; scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, with a broad hyaline margin; perigynia ovoid to broad-ovoid, 2.5-3.5mm long, inflated-trigonous, rounded, sulcate, rounded-cuneate at base, buff, finally blackish-brown, lustrous, abruptly terminating in a short cylindric smooth beak; achene ovoid, trigonous, with rachilla its own length. Fr. May-June. Dry grassy slopes, dry deciduous and pine forests, also mountains up to upper forest line. - European part: Dv.-Pech. (riv. Yula), Upp. Volg. (Serpukhovskii Distr. ), Volg. -Kam. (Ural); Caucasus: Ciscauc. , Dag. ; West volekianwOp., irt., Alt. Bast, Siberia: “Yenuis. . Ane, ~ocvyanl. al ciiionnee Len. -Kol.; Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Pribalkh. (Mt. Kent), Dzhung. - Tarb. (Saur). Gen. distr,: Centr. Europe, North America. Described from Sweden (Oland Isl. K6ping). Type in Stockholm. Cycle 2. “Petrograstis V. Krecez.— Rhizome short-creeping;, leaves thickened. Scales obtuse; perigynia thin-coriaceous, obsoletely nerved or nerveless. Achene without rachilla at base, or with an abbreviated rachilla. 305. C. rupestris Bell. ex All. Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 264, tab. 92, ft. Ve “Trey. an Lidbickl. Ross. 1V; (267. Ge i petmaea: Whib. in Sve Wetensic. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 139. Perennial; rhizome short-creeping; culm scaberulous, 5-20cm tall; culm base and offshoots covered with ochreous or castaneous-brown sheaths; leaves 2-2.5mm broad, thin and crisp at the tips; spikelets 1-2.5cm long, the pistillate part with 3-10 scattered perigynia; scales obovate, obtuse to subacute, castaneous-brown; perigynia oblong-obovoid, trigonous, 3- 4mm long, obsoletely nerved, attenuate long-tapering at base, ferruginous- green, finally brown, abruptly contracted into a short, smooth or scabrous beak; achene usually without rachilla. Rocks and stony slopes. — Arctic: Nov.-Zem., Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib. ; European part: Kar.-Lap. (n. part), Dv.-Pech. (Ural), Volg.-Kam. (Ural); Caucasus: East. Transcauc. (Mt. Atsunta); West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol; Far East: Ze. -Eur. (?). Gen. distr.: Europe, North America, Mongolia. Described from Piedmont. (Alps at Otare). i 306. C. alticola Popl. ex Sukatschev, Tr. Amur. eksp. 1910, I, 2 (1912) 277 et in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. XII (1914) 178; Gorodk. in 304 383 Trains.) Bots Nee URSS., 6 (1927) 210, fie 35) V.. Kreez. in El. Laancp wit 4 ©) obtusatalvar. tunmgirica -Popl., 1b. 277. Perennial; rhizome short-creeping; culms more or less curving, sca- berulous, 2.5-10cm tall, covered at base with castaneous or ferruginous, more or less fracturing sheaths; leaves 1.5-1.8mm broad, equaling the culm; spikelets 6-12 mm long, the staminate part not readily distinguish- able from the pistillate part; perigynia appressed, 5-8in number, scales obovate, obtuse, ferruginous; perigynia obovoid, convex-trigonous, 2- 2.5mm long, yellowish-green, with prolonged, abruptly attenuate base, gradually tapering into a short scabrous or smooth beak; achene with a short rachilla. Fr. June. Mountains. — East. Siberia: Daur. (n.-e.), Len.Kol. (s. -e.); Far East: Okhot. (Dzhugdzhur. ), Ze. -Bur. (n.-w.). Described from the range be- tween Tungir and Olekma (facing Tungirikan estuary). Type in Leningrad. 307. C. argunensis Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora, XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 27 (nomen) et ex Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 267; FI. baic. - dah. II (1856) 258.-C. rupestris var. Turcez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XI (1838) 103. Perennial; rhizome thick, creeping; culms curving, scaberulous, 10- 30cm tall, covered at base with castaneous to ochreous, basally fibrillose sheaths; leaves 2-3mmbroad, equaling the culm, rather smooth; spikelets 1-3cm long, the staminate part large, broadly clavate, tawny, the pistillate part dense, containing 6-18 perigynia; scales broadly obovate, obtusely round-tipped, yellowish-castaneous to ferruginous; perigynia obovoid, convex-trigonous, 2.5-3mm long, cuneate-attenuate at base, obsoletely nerved, rounded at summit, yellow to subferruginous, with a very short, smooth or scabrous beak; achene with a short rachilla. Fr. May. Steppe, sandy, or stony slopes, sometimes dunes or woods, — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (e.), Daur. Gen.distr.: Northern Mongolia, Western Manchuria. Described from river Argun (near Tsurukhait), Type in Leningrad. Section 37. Kikenthalia (Boern.) V. Krecz.- Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 266 (pro genere). — Densely cespitose plants of sandy solonchaks, with a short rhizome. Culms 3-angled, smooth even in the inflorescence, covered at base with bladeless sheaths; leaves flat. Bracts sheathing. Inflorescence of 1-3 staminate and 2-5 pistillate spike- lets, the latter scattered nearly down to culm base. Perigynia more or less coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-ovoid, plano-convex, 6-12mm long, nerved on outer face, short-stipitate, narrowly serrulate-winged on the margin from the base, gradually tapering into a prolonged, frontally strong- ly cleft, slightly inward-curved beak. Achene trigonous, free. Stigmas 3. 1. Perigynia in ranks, 10-12mm long, scabrous on outer face, forming oblong-ovoid spikelets 2.5-4cm long and 1 cm broad (or even broader) PUM cae eRe, ales acl etna! ha os as coda elke 5 ies 500,2C,. MOorcdelstle mos | Valle + Perigynia not in ranks, 5-7mm long, smooth, forming oblong-clavate spikelletull=3 embplens and 0:/6-@.fiem broad t02 ees Le we obese 2. 2. Perigynia 5-6mm long, 3-4 nerved on outer face, nerveless on inner face; scales not exceeding half the length of perigynia; pistillate spike- lets 1-1.5cm long, staminate spikelets on peduncles 0.5-0.8cm long, barely exceeding the nearest pistillate spikelets; small plants, 5-20cm eM cs teticsrity or es a Bee! cai omy im ab ae Se, Oe o10), C. eremopyroudes) V. Kreez. 305 384 + Perigynia 6-7mm long, 5-7-nerved on outer face, 2-3-nerved on inner face; scales 2/3 the length of perigynia; pistillate spikelets 1.5-3cm long, the pistillate separated, on peduncles to 2-3cm long; larger plants, OF OCT BEML save AB Ckate tia CUR ay ue Ue eich wit ea 6 309. C. secalina Willd. 206, C. hordeistichos), Vill, Hist pl.: Datph: ler) 221, taba: Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 431; Meinsh in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 380, ex p.; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 679; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 176; Vass. ex Wulff, Fl. taur. 1:2, 31.—C.;rsecale Trev, in Ldb.“ Fl. Ross, I1V'@853) 300, ex p.—Ie.: Kuk. ,\T.e., 680, fig, 116. —-Exs.: HER No: 946;"Kneuck. No. 55, Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms firm, 10-40cm tall, leafy in lower third, covered at base with ferruginous-brown sheaths; leaves folded at base, subplane above, 3-5mm broad, long-acumi- nate, longer than culm; spikelets 4-7, the terminal 1-3 approximate, stami- nate, narrowly clavate-cylindric, 1-2.5cm long, with oblong obtuse drab hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-ovoid, 2.5-4cm long, dense, separated from the staminate, but mutually approximate, the upper ones sessile, the lower on peduncles to 1.5cm long; lowest bract with a sheath to 1.5cm long and an erect blade several times as long as the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, scute (the lower ones cuspidate), carinate, scabrous above on the midrib, buff-green, 3-nerved, white- hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia arranged in 4-5 ranks, subdivergent, lanceolate, plano-convex, 10-12mm long, stramineous be- coming brownish-orange, sparsely scabrous, many-nerved, contracted from rounded base into a short stipe, narrowly serrulate-winged on the mar- gin from base, gradually tapering into a prolonged, deeply membranaceous cleft, flattened, slightly inward-curved beak. Fr. May-July. Near marshes, in gullies. -European part: Mid. Dnepr. (on the right side of Dnieper), Volg.-Don. (Khar'kovshchina), Low. Volg. (Astrakhan'), Crimea; Caucasus: All regions. Gen. distr.: Centr. and West. Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Minor (as far as Persia), North Africa. - Described from France (Dauphine, Gap in Hautes Alpes). 309. C. secalina Willd. ex Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 151; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 681 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. (3-6) (1911) 174, quoad pl. altaicam et occid.-sibir.; Grossh. FI. Kavk. I, 176.—C. secale Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 300, ex. p. - C. hordeistichos Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 380. -Exs.: HFR No. 1945 b; Kneuck. No. 56. Perennial, cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms more slender than in preceding species, 10-40cm tall, covered at base with pinkish-brown sheaths; leaves 2-3mm broad, long-attenuate, exceeding the culm; spikelets 4-8, the terminal 1-3 staminate, approximate, lance- clavate, 1-2cm long, on peduncles to 2-3cm long, with obovate, subobtuse to obtuse, pale green scales; other spikelets pistillate, distant, oblong- clavate, 1.5-3cm long, dense, loose below, the lower ones sometimes fork- ing at base, on peduncles to 2.5cm long; lowest bract with a broad hyaline- tipped sheath to 4cm long and blade exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute, green at center, whitish-margined, 2/3 the length of perigynia, the midrib scabrous above; perigynia not ranked, appressed, lanceolate, plano-convex, 6-7mm long, light green, at length flavescent, 306 smooth, with 5-7 slender nerves on outer face and 2-3 on the inner face, rather abruptly contracted at base into a short stipe, narrowly serrulate- winged from base, gradually tapering into a flat, frontally cleft, bidentate beak. Fr. May-June. Swampy situations, shores. —- European part: Mid. Dnepr., Prichern., Zavolzh., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: (reported by Grossheim for Tiflisskii Distre):).West., Siberia:'; Upp. Tob. > Irt..) Alt. : East, Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (Minusinskii Distr., Lake Krugloe); Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp.; Pribalkh. Gen distr.: e. part of Western Europe, Kulja. Described from Austria. Type in Stockholm ? 310. €.'.eremopyroides V.Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 617. - C. secalina Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 681, quoad pl. sibir., ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 174, quoad. pl. transb. et jakut.; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 133, non Willd. - Exs.: HFR No. 1945a. 385 Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms 5-20cm tall, covered at base with light pinkish-brown sheaths; leaves 2-3.5mm broad, long-acuminate, longer than the culm; spikelets 4-6, the lower distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, short-clavate, 0.8-1.2cm long, with stipe barely 5-8mm long, only slightly exserted from behind the adjoining pistillate spikelet, with oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute, pale, green- centered scales; other spikelets pistillate, 1-1.5cm long, rather dense, the lowest peduncle to 2cm long, included in sheath; lowest bract with sheath to 2cm long and blade exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute, whitish, at most half the length of perigynia, the green mid- rib scabrous above; perigynia not ranked, appressed, lance-ovoid to oblong- ovoid, plano-convex, 5-6mm long, pale green, becoming pinkish-ferrugin- ous, smooth, 3-4-nerved on outer face, nerveless on inner face, with broad- er margin (this serrulate from base), abruptly contracted from rounded base into a short stipe, gradually tapering into a prolonged, flat, membranace- ous-cleft, bidentate, beak. Fr. June. Sandy banks and brackish meadows. — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len. -Kol. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Selenginskaya Dauriya (Lake Gusinoe). Type in Leningrad. Section 38. Nastantha (Boern.) V. Krecz.-— Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Erem. XXI (1913) 267 (pro subgenere generis Proteo- carpus Boern.).— Plants of meadows and saline meadows, densely cespi- tose, devoid of stolons or nearly so. Culms 3-angled or obtusely 3-angled; leaves rather flat, short-acuminate. Bracts rather long-sheathing. In- florescence of 1 (2) staminate and 2-5 pistillate spikelets, these crowded or scattered, the pistillate dense, the lower ones pedunculate. Perigynia divaricate, membranaceous or thin-coriaceous, ovoid or obovoid, inflated- trigonous, 3-6mm long, 5-8nerved, round-based, subsessile, tapering into a straight or oblique, terminally bidentate-cleft or bidentate-emarginate, narrow beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Spikelets crowded in a head; the staminate spikelet subsessile, barely exceeding the pistillate spikelets (except C. pulchella Loennr.- see stage 4); lowest bract 3-4 times as long as inflorescence....... 2. + Spikelets distant; the staminate spikelet on a peduncle to 3cm long, remote from the nearest pistillate spikelet; lowest bract shorter to slightly longer than the inflorescence (not more than twice as long) 307 386 3. 7 (2). EX Gy) 387 + Perigynium-beak straight, short-bidentate, abbreviated (barely 1/4- 1/3 the length of perigynium) (Plate XXI, fig. 4a, 5a)........ 3. Perigynium-beak oblique (at least on lower part of spikelet), rather deeply cleft, at least half as long as perigynium body (Plate XXI, Pio We a) Sig waar eae Rie ere ects ee ra ee eee a Nene er ane a ie Perigynia grayish-green, rusty-spotted, 3.5-4mm long; scales rusty-spotted, obtuse, with a broad subulate tip; coastal plants Be Seateegs «VA aN ig eI ati eect ater ante 0 gens 321. C. extensa Good. Perigynia yellowish- to golden-green, not spotted, 2.5-3.5 mm long; scales ferruginous, acute; plants of meadows, marshes, andcoast. . Perigynia 2.5mm long, obsoletely 2-3-nerved, the beak 1/5-1/4 the length of body; the staminate spikelet often separated from the pistil- late spikelets, on a peduncle to 1-1.5cm long; sandy coasts..... Print iyse Aare my afer dards fis Snip abd LAMA. alee al ox 317. C. pulchella Loennr. Perigynia 3-3.5mm long, 4-5-nerved, the beak 1/3 the length of body; the staminate spikelet sessile, barely overtopping the pistillate spike- lets sameadow.s and imar SheSits »o tals tive, slay Bihaketie eo BL er eee ate D. Bracts straight, not reflexed; light green plants; leaves canaliculate, nearly smooth, as long as the culm; perigynia bright green (Kam- Ghatikaye. | tent i ois we tale swage oy. area Oe 314, C. viridula Mchx. Bracts reflexed; cinereous-green to green plants; leaves flat, sca- brous, shorter than the culm; perigynia yellowish or light green.. Cinereous-green plants, with 4-6 spikelets; staminate scales narrow- ly lanceolate, subacute; pistillate scales pale; perigynia distinctly bidentate, yellowitsh-preen (Murkestam)l Pos, . stone ln vere en ee eee wifcegse eprint Eh. Leip eM Ge cle ues EPL ccameuiteirs 316. C. philocrena V. Krecz. Green plants, with 2-4 spikelets; staminate scales oblong-ovate, ob- tuse; pistillate scales ferruginous; perigynia obscurely bidentate, NP MiAeCeCey AE UCaSIAN eeu, Peace’ Spon ore te 315°C." Oreldie TamiaRieisc, Staminate spikelet on peduncle 1-1.5cm long (Plate XXI, fig. 3) Meni coes vi enieh Na women turk 2 Soe ae a Seen 313; Cilepidocar pa Tatiseh, Staminate spikelet sessile (Plate XXI, fig. 1)............. 8. Bright green plants; the spherical or ovoid spikelets 0.7-1 cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad; perigynia 3.5-4mm long, with nearly straight beak (Pate OO er hig re 2 cee dee ae 312... 7C) Pla vel lav s kreez. Yellowish-green plants; spikelets oblong, 1-2 cm long, 1-1.2cm broad; perigynia 5-6mm long, with strongly reflexed beak (Plate © IB iat parelip eneuaahs Medintetan mdr ten. NEB eA 6 2 ey sd SL, YC. Pv a warrrle. Perigynia with scabrous-margined bidentate-cleft beak; spikelets very distant; lowest bract shorter than the inflorescence (Plate XXI, LIB. 15 Gaia (heilng a «hate « Oyax tme aye heals Lat Mee T LS Oo ieyen ernie ee 10. Perigynia with smooth, obscurely bidentate-notched beak; upper spikelets approximate; bract equaling to exceeding the inflorescence (PISCE Our Tie Ca oan ene m e gates atts Citas re Me tA eee 12. Green plants, with short stolons and flat leaves; perigynia bright YellowisSheereen Vw «ie Mh hoa «eesti eee 322) (Cy, Ho statama se. Cinereous-green, cespitose, non-stoloniferous plants, with sub- involute leaves; perigynia grayish-green, more or less rusty-spotted. 308 388 11. Perigynia broadly obovoid, 3-3.3mm long, 2-4-nerved, with short subconic beak; pistillate scales half as long as perigynia; upper spike- lets contiguous; lowest bract nearly equaling the inflorescence (Plate Sig. =—aWestéern Siberia) wun. 324). Cwlaspratnlie’ Vi Mrecz. + Perigynia ovoid, 4-4.3mm long, 5-6-nerved, rather abruptly contract- ed into a somewhat prolonged, compressed-cylindric beak; pistillate scales 2/3 the length of perigynia; spikelets very distant; lowest bract less than half the length of inflorescence (Plate XXI, fig. 6 — Europe- Bu pantras WSS) yee. seneely, cestitane medas. Seon Cteidiisukam Sul, 12, Yellowish-green plants with short and plump (1-2cm long and 0.7cm broad) pistillate spikelets, these approximate to the short staminate spikelet (1-1.5cm long); perigynia subdivaricate, ovoid, yellowish- green (sometimes slightly spotted), with a broad beak (Plate XXI, GSMO) Or HS Hao ie eco anew iia. oe 320. C. Karelini Meinsh. fy Cinerous-green plants, with long cylindric (to 3-4cm long) and narrow (0.5-0.6 cm broad) pistillate spikelets, these scattered and separated from the 2.5-4cm-long staminate spikelet; perigynia appressed, oblong- ovoid, grayish-green, rusty-spotted, with narrow beak (Plate XXI, ee Ty ONO Peat mia op then goxeelig a. aad Cass ew ceed ores ft BO. foe 13. 13. Culms 100-120cm tall; pistillate spikelets numerous (6-8), long- peduncled (the lower peduncles to 6-7cm long) (Plate XXI, fig. 10a-b) POA Me TOM. ace tenes Od ber 319, C..czarwakensis Litw. + Culms 50-70cm tall; pistillate spikelet 3-6, short-peduncled (Plate POM fisneon=? Cancasus)iii. Maer nied kad. coe 31 9 oC hid albut ayivieds., Cycle 1. Mytiskis V. Krecz.-—Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 26 (pro subgenere gen. Anithista Raf,),. —-Perigynia membranaceous, obovoid, spreading or reflexed, 2.5-6mm long, ranging in color from green to golden- yellow, slenderly nerved, rather abruptly contracted into a more or less prolonged, smooth, bidentate-cleft beak. Scales acute, narrrow. Inflor- escence congested, consisting of a single staminate and 2-5 pistillate spike- lets. Culms 3-angled. Series 1. Flavae V. Krecz. - Perigynia with a long deep-cleft, oblique, smooth beak, (3.5)4-6mm long. Leaves short-acuminate. SiMeCipt haw a mlkenSp 4 pleinl753) 075) eDeevsein ledbahly Rosie DV. 299 (cum var. § ); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3.(1901) 384; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. BVE- 20. (909) G74 Vass in Wulff, Plptaur: 23.2) —de. esyreish. iF, Mosk. gub. I (1906) 210.-Exs.: HFR No. 1641; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 136; Palmer. /Carwiulvs) No, 17 a-b,1 8). Pols:mexses: Nog, 888, Perennial, light green (yellowish when dry), densely cespitose plants; culms smooth, 20-60cm tall, leafy at base; leaves 3-5mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, aggregated: the terminal spikelet staminate, lance-linear, 0.7-1.5cm long, on peduncle 0.3cm long, with obtuse rufous scales; other spikelets pistillate, globose, ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, 0.8- 2cm long, dense, the upper sessile, the lowest sometimes remote and borne on peduncle to 2cm long, nearly included in the bract sheath; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long and a long divergent blade, this many times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, green-centered, half as broad as and shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, curving, inflated-trigonous, 5-6.5mm long, yellowish-green, becoming yellow, many-nerved, round-based, sessile, gradually tapering 309 into a long deflexed smooth, terminally deeply rufous-cleft bidentate cylin- dric beak half as long as the body. Fr. April-May. (Plate XXI, fig. 1). Wet and marshy meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad. -Il'‘m., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam. (w. part of Kama), Mid Dnepr., Prichern. (Kremenchugskii Distr.), Vilg.-Don., Crimea (mountainous part). Recorded for the Caucasus (West. Transcauc. ), but except for the discredited Ladovskii collections there is no C. flava from the Caucasus Botanical Institute. - Gen. distr.: Western Europe. Described from Europe (Lappland). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X Hostiana DC. (C. xanthocarpa Degl.); X distans L. (C. luteola Sendtner, non Nees); X lepido- carpa Tausch. (C. Pieperiana P. Junge); X Oederi Retz. (C. al- satica Zahn). 312. C. flavella V. Krecz. in Maevsk. Gl. Sr. Ross. 6 ed. (1933) 185 sub C. flava) et in Addenda; II, 617. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, culms smooth, 15-30cm tall; leaves 2-3mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, sub- congested, the lowest often remote; terminal spikelet staminate, lanceo- late, 0.5-1cm long, with ferruginous oblong obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, globose to ovoid, 0.7-1cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad, dense, the lowest on peduncle to 1.5cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1cm long and blade several times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute, ferruginous, green-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ob- ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, light green, becoming yellowish, nerved, subsessile, abruptly terminating in a long smooth, terminally deep- ly ferruginous-cleft, bidentate beak nearly half as long as the body. Fr. May. (Plate XXI, fig. 2). Boggy meadows and coppices. — European part: Kar.-Lap. (s. part), Dv.-Pech. (s.-w. part), Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg. Gen. distr.: Poland (e.). Described from former Melenkov and Vladimir provinces, (village Zakolp'e). Type in Leningrad. 389 313. C. lepidocarpa Tausch in Flora, XVIIP(Q1 834) 1 793) Kuk. am Engl. Pfizr. IV, 20 (1909))672: =C) flawaY Trev. iniLdb. Fl. | Rossy dV (1853) 300.-Exs.: Kneuck. V, No. 124 a-b. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender, obtusely triangular, usually scabrous above, 30-60cm tall; leaves subplano-canali- culate, 2-3mm broad; rather long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spike- lets 2-4, scattered: the terminal spikelet staminate, cylindric-clavate, 1.2-2.5cm long, on peduncle (1)1.5-3(3.5)cm long, with ferruginous obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, globose ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 0.7- 1.5cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad, the lowest on peduncle to 2cm long; lowest bract with sheaths to 0.8cm long and blade many times the length of in- florescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute, tawny, yellowish-green at center, slightly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3.5-4.3mm long, greenish-yellow, 4-5-nerved, abruptly deeply ferruginous-cleft, bidentate, about half as long as the body. Fr. May. (Plate XXI, fig. 3). Marshesandswampy situations. - European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.-Il'm., Dv. -Pech. (Vologda). Gen. distr.: c. and N. part of Western Europe. Described from Austria (Eral-Himburg-Lachsenburg region). 310 390 NOTE: Forming hybrids: X Hostiana DC. (C. Leutzii Kneuck.); X flava L. (C. Pieperiana P. Junge); X Oederi Retz. (C. Schatzii Kneuck. ). Series 2. Parviflavae V. Krecz.-— Perigynia with straight, slightly bidentate beak, 2.3-3.5mm long. Leaves long-acuminate. 314. C. viridula Mchx. Fl. bor.-amer. II (1803) 170.-—C. Oederi var. viridula Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 674; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 206. Perennial, light green, densely cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangu- lar, smooth, 10-30cmhigh; sheath long, not rigid, turned or grooved; 1.5- 2mm broad, nearly smooth, rather long-attenuate, as long as the culm; spikelets 4-5, aggregated above, more rarely the lowest remote: the terminal spikelets sessile, staminate (often gynecandrous), lance-linear, 0.8-1.5cm long, with oblong subobtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-ovoid or short-cylindric, 0.6-1.2cm long, 0.5 cm broad, dense, on peduncle to 1cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 0.5- 0.8cm long; bract sheaths erect, not reflexed, many times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse, drab, green-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3mm long, green, becoming light-green, slenderly 3-4-nerved, subsessile, rather abruptly beaked; beak short, smooth, emarginate-bidentate, one-third the length of the body. Far East: Kamch. (s. part: Central Ksudach), Sakh. (according to Japanese authors). Gen. distr.: Kurile Islands, Japan (Yezo) and North America, from Alaska to Newfoundland and from the arctic region to north- ern California-Pennsylvania. Described from Canada. 315. C. Oederi Retz. Fl. Scand. Prod. (1779) 179; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 384; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr, IV, 20 (1909) 673 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 173.—C. flava 6 Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 300.—C. flava var. Oederi Litw. in Sched. ad. Herb. Fl. Ross. II (1900) 69.—Ic.: Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 210. -Exs.: HFR No. 444, Fl. Pol. Exs. No. 492. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 5-20cm tall; leaves subrigid, flat to subinvolute, 2-3 mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelet 2-4, congested: the termi- nal spikelet staminate, lance-obovoid or linear-clavate, 1-2cm long, with obtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, globose or ovoid to oblong- ovoid, 0.6-1cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad, dense, sessile, the uppermost at base of the pistillate spikelet, the lowest sometimes remote and borne on a peduncle not exceeding 1cm in length; lowest bract with sheath 0.5-1cm long and blade many times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subacute, ferruginous, green-centered, narrowly hyaline-margined, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia divaricate, obovoid, inflated- trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, green, becoming paler, slenderly 4-5-nerved, subsessile, gradually tapering into beak, this straight or nearly so, smooth, short, slightly and obliquely ferruginous-emarginate, one-third the length of the body. Fr. May-June. (Plate XXI, fig. 4). Peaty and mossy marshes and meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv. -Pech. (Vologda), Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr., Prichern. (Kremenchugskii Distr.) and Volg. Don. (Khar'kov), Volg.-Kam. (S. Ural, Lake Teptyargi); East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur. (Baikal, Sosnovka); Caucasus: records for W. Caucasus (Ladovskii collections) unreliable, 311 391 oie StS aE E8518 312 393 for E, Caucasus reported by K.A. Meier. Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Fenno-Scandia, Baltic States, Poland. Described from Sweden (Stockholm). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X distans L. (C. Gogelana Podp.); NeHocidanaGDCe (Cy Panu) dana, FP. Schultz): X,filawae da... (C.. a,s.a - tica Zahn); X lepidocarpa Tausch (C. Schatzii Kneuck.); X ex- tensa Good. 316. C. philocrena V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 618.-—C. Oe- deri Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 384, quoad pl. songor.; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 673, quoad pl. turkest., non Retz.-C. flava var. Oederi Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 573, non DC. Perennial, light green to cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 10-25cm tall; leaves stiffish, sub- plane, 2-4mm broad, scabrous, long-attenuate, somewhat shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-6, the upper strongly congested, the lowest remote, often very much so: terminal spikelet staminate, short-clavate, 0.8-1.5cm long, with tawny lanceolate subacute scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to short-cylindric, 1-1.8cm long, 0.7cm broad, dense, the lowest peduncu- late, the peduncle sometimes to 3-4 cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1cm long and blade many times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute, drab to slightly ferruginous, green-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia divaricate, obovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3.5mm long, greenish, becoming yellow, 4-5-nerved, subsessile, rather abruptly beaked, the beak short, smooth, short bidentate-cleft at the end. Fr. June- July. Mountain- spring bogs and streams. — Centr. Asia: Dzhung. Tarb., Tyan'- Shan., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Darvaz (s. slope of Peter the Great Range —- Arzyng). Type in Leningrad. 317. C. pulchella Loennr. Observ. crit. pl. suec. illustr. (1854) 24, nec Holm (1903) nec Berggr. (1878).-C. Oederi var. pulchella Lindb. fil. in Sched. ad.pl. Finl. exs. IX-XX (1916) 37.-C. Oederi var. microcarpa Meinsh. in herb. Fl. Ingr.-Exs.: HFR No. 192; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 138, 543, 544. Perennial, cineraceous-green, cespitose plants; culms obtusely angled, smooth, 5-30cm tall; leaves subinvolute, 1.5-2mm broad, nearly smooth, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, subdistant: terminal spikelet staminate, usually on peduncle to 1.5cm long, linear-clavate, 1.5-2.5cm long, with obovate obtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.5-1cm long, 0.5cm broad, dense, the lowest short- peduncled; lowest bract with sheath to 8mm long and blade several times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales broadly ovate, subobtuse to acutish, ferruginous, yellowish-green at center, shorter than perigynia; perigynia divaricate, cuneate-obovoid, 2.5mm long, bright green, at length bright golden-yellow, obsoletely 2-3-nerved, subsessile, abruptly contract- ed into beak, this short, straight, smooth, obliquely subemarginate, barely one-fourth the length of the body. Fr. June-July. (Plate XXI, fig. 5). Explanation to Plate XXI 1. Carex flava L.: inflorescence, 1 a) perigynium.—2. C. flavella V. Krecz.: perigynium. — 3. C. lepidocarpa Tausch: 3a) perigynium.—4. C. Oederi Retz.: 4a) perigynium.—5. C. pul- chella Loennr,: 5a) perigynium.—6. C.distans L.: 6a) perigynium.—7. C. aspratilis V. Krecz.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—8. C. diluta M.B.: 8a) perigynium, 8b) scale.—9. C. Karelini Meinsh.: 9a) perigynium. —10. C. czarwakensis Litw.: 10a) perigynium, 10b) scale. 313 Maritime and lacustrine sands, gravels, stony places. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.-Il'm. Gen, distr.: Scandinavia. Described from Gotland (Gammars). 394 Cycle 2. Planeuris (Rafin.) V. Krecz.-Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 55 (pro subgenere gen. Carex Raf. ).- Perigynia thin-coriaceous, ovoid, 3-4mm long, glaucescent, usually rusty-puncticulate, with rather thickened nerves, gradually tapering into a short bidentate scabrous smooth straight beak. Scales round-tipped, obtuse, or terminating in a broad sca- brous point. Inflorescence of 1-2 staminate and 2-4 pistillate spikelets, these scattered. Culms obtusely 3-angled. Series 1. Dilutiformes V. Krecz. —Spikelets approximate or sub- distant, the upper sessile. Bract equaling or exceeding inflorescence. Scales ovate, obtuse, with a rather long broad scabrous point, rusty-puncti- culate. Perigynia ovoid, gradually tapering into smooth, subemarginate, obscurely bidentate beak. 318) "Cs'diluta’ M.B! in Fl? faur?lcauel* Hl (1 808)Sssrerili (Psi 9)iel1 4; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 299; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 425; Meinsh. in ALYHSP.” XVill, 3’ (1901) "382; Kuk?) in Engl! PilzesIVs 201909) 659; texip. - Grossh, PIS Kavi 1, /) 174. Co Va evi gata “Grosshly te.) exepaytnen Sm. — C. extensa C.A.M. Verzeichn, Pfl. Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 31, non Good. - C. Aitchisonii Bcklr. in Flora, LXII (1880) 456.-—C. chorgosica’ Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 381.-—C. diluta var. chorgosica Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 660.—C. binervis Meinsh., l.c., 383, quoad pl. samark., nonSm.-C. distans Meinsh., l.c., quoad pl. Russow., non L.—Exs.: HFR No. 1792; Kuk. No. 147; XIla, No. 47. Perennial, glaucous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms smooth, 20-70cm tall; leaves flat to subinvolute, 2-6mm broad, prominently sca- brous, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, approximate above, remote below: the terminal 1 (2) staminate, linear-cylindric, 1.5- 2.5cm long, with tawny obovate obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong to cylindric, 0.8-3cm long, 0.5cm broad, dense, the upper sub- sessile, the lower on smooth flattened peduncles 5-6cm long, erect; lowest bract with sheath to 3cm long and blade many times the length of spikelet; upper bracts not exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, ob- tuse but with a scabrous-margined point, light rusty-spotted, light green at center, 3-nerved, subhyaline-margined above, half as long as perigynia; perigynia ovoidor ellipsoid, inflated-trigonous, 3mm long, cineraceous to yellowish-green, punctate and light rusty-spotted below, 5-8-ribbed on both sides, with smooth costated margin, more or less spongy rounded at base, weakly stipitate, rather gradually tapering into beak, this short smooth compressed-conic, semirounded-emarginate, barely bidentulate, short ciliate at orifice. June-July. (Plate XXI, fig. 8). Solonetz meadows and wet places, water-meadows in the lower reaches of mountain streams and rivers. —- European part: Crimea (Sudak, Kadykoi); Caucasus: all regions, Centr. Asia.: Dzhung.-Tarb. (Dzhung. Alatau), 395 Pribalkh. (Chu river valley, and adjoining mountains), Tyan'-Shan., Pam. - Al., Mount. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Turkey, eastern Persia, Afghanistan. Described from Georgia. Type in Leningrad. NOTE: The Crimean plants are very distinctive, with perigynia to 4.5mm long; the two known specimens were with fruits almost completely shed, and this makes precise determination difficult. 319. C. czarwakensis Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 97; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 219. 314 396 Perennial,cinereous-green, cespitose plants; culms triangular, smooth, 100-120cm tall, leafy up to considerable height; leaves ribbon-like, rather smooth, flat, 4-6mm broad, scaberulous, long-attenuate, shorther than the culm; spikelets 6-8, the lower ones remote: the terminal spikelet staminate, 2-5cm long, with oblong obtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 1.5-4cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad, dense, the upper subsessile, the lower on thickened scabrous peduncles to 6-7cm long, all erect; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long and prolonged blade exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse to obtuse, the lower ones with a more or less developed scabrous-margined blunt point, pinkish- ferruginous, 3-nerved, light at center, shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid,convex-trigonous, 3.6-4mm long, grayish- green, pinkish-rusty-spotted below, obsoletely 6-7-nerved on the outer face, round-based, subsessile, gradually tapering into a smooth, attenuate- cuneate, faintly ciliate-emarginate beak. Fr. June. (Plate XXI, fig. 10). Near sources and mountain streams.-— Centr. Asia: Syr.-Dar. (Charvak). Endemic. Described from Charvak in Andizhanskii Distr. Type in Lenin- grad, NOTE: Perhaps merely a vigorous form of C. diluta B.M. ? 320. C. Karelini Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 380.-—C. dilu- ta var. Karelini Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 660.-—C. diluta Kuk., l.c., 659, quoad. pl. austro-ross. et austro-sibir,, et in Journ. Russ. Bot., 3-6 (1911) 171; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II (1931) 133, non M.B.-C. diluta var. chorgosica Kik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6, (1911) 173.-C. diluta var. bessarabica Savul. et Rayss. Mat. fl. Bess. I (1924) 50. fig. 7.-Exs.: HFR No. 193. Perennial, yellowish-green, cespitose plants; culms triangular, smooth, 20-50cm tall; leaves rigid, flat, 3-6mm broad, scaberulous, long- attenu- ate, slightly shorter than the culm; leaf sheaths and bracts with more or less developed colored ligules; spikelets 3-5, the upper approximate, the lower remote: the terminal spikelet staminate, clavate or oblong-obovoid, 1-1.5cm long, with yellowish obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, ab- breviated, ovoid or oblong, 1-2(2.5)cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad, erect, the lower on peduncles to 3-4cm long, lowest bract with sheath to 3cm long and blade equaling to exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, scabrous-pointed, pinkish-spotted, 3-nerved, greenish-yellow at center, at most half as long as perigynia; perigynia ovoid, convex-trigonous, 3- 3.5cem long, subdivaricate, yellowish-green, sometimes slightly rusty- spotted, with 5-6 faint thickened nerves, subsessile, rather abruptly con- tracted into short smooth dilated bidentate beak. Fr. April-May. (Plate Dey fies, 9). Saline and brackish meadows. —- European part: Upp.-Volg. (Kaluga), Volg. Kam. (exept w. third), Upp. Dnepr. (s.-e. part), Mid-Dnepr. (ex- cept w. part), Volg.-Don. (except n.-w. part), Zavolzh., Prichern., Low. Don., Low. Volg.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag.; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob. , Irt., Alt., East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur. (Verkhneudinsk); Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: North-western Mongolia. Described from Semirech'e (river Lepsa steppes). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Atypical plant of wet saline meadows. Grazed readily in pasture by cattle, and fairly satisfactorily to other kinds of livestock. 321. °C.-extensa Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Il (1794) 175, tab. 24, fig. 7; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 299; Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 315 397 (1901) 383; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 175.-Exs.: HFR No. 1639; Kneuck. Noo eiPle rink, xs) Nev is40), Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 10-50cm tall; leaves rigid, straight, thickened, channeled, 2-3mm broad, smooth, setiform-thickened, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 3-5, the upper aggregated, the lower scattered; the termi- nal spikelet staminate, linear, 1-2.5cm long, with ovate to oblong-ovoid (sometimes globose), 0.6-2cm long, dense, the upper sessile, the lower on peduncles to 1cm long; lowest bract with inconspicuous sheath (barely 0.3-0.4cm long) and setaceous-involute blade longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, cuspidate, rusty-spotted, narrowly hyaline-margin- ed, yellowish at enter, shorter than perigynia; perigynia rather broadly ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, grayish-green, slightly rusty- spotted, at length brunescent, 6-7-nerved, round-based, sessile, rather abruptly contracted into short smooth cuneate, tightly bidentate beak. Fr. June-July. Saline situations along sea coast. - European part: Prichern., Crimea; Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Anapa, Novorosiisk), Tal. (Sara Is.). Gen. distr.: along the entire Atlantic seaboard and Mediterranean. Described from England (Harwich). NOTE: Hybridizing with C. Oederi Retz. Series 2. Distantiformes V. Krecz. —Spikelets rather strongly scattered, on more or less distinct peduncles, of these the lowest to 3cm long. Bracts not exceeding inflorescence. Scales subobtuse or obtuse, castaneous. Perigynia ovoid or subovoid, gradually tapering into a.tenuate short-bidentate scabrous beak. S22, NCWHos tia na DC -CatioHort Morsper (S03), 38) >=Cetialtva Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 297; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 383, non Good.—C. Hornschuchiana Hoppe in Flora, VII (1824) 599; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 665.—-Exs.: HFR No. 1142; Palmgr. CarvnulveNow an: Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms obtusely-triangular, smooth to scaberulous above, 25-45cm tall; leafy up to the middle; leaves subrigid, flat, 2-3mm broad, abruptly attenuate, one-third to half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-5, scattered; the termi- nal spikelet staminate, 1.5-2.5cm long, with oblong obtuse castaneous white- hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate; ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.8-2.5cm long, dense, the uppermost subsessile, approximate to stami- nate spikelet, the lowest peduncle to 5cm long completely included within bract sheath; lowest bract with sheath to 2.5cm long and blade twice the length of spikelet; pistillate scales broadly ovate, obtuse, brown-castane- ous, green at center, narrowly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, compressed-trigonous, 4mm long, bright green, yellowish below, with numerous slender yellowish nerves, round- based, sessile, rather abruptly beaked; beak compressed, of medium length, scabrous-margined, deeply bidentate, ferruginous -cleft. Fr. May- June. Mossy marshes. — European part: Lad.-Ul'm., Prichern. ? (Elisavet- grad. Lindeman — perhaps an accidentally encountered specimen from his Baltic herbarium?). Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Baltic States and the whole of Atlantic Europe, northern Italy, Yugoslavia. Described from Yugoslavia. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X flava L. (C. xanthocarpa Degl.); 316 X lepidocarpa Tausch. (C. Leutzii Kneuck.); X €. Oederi Retz. (Cc? Pauliana &. Schultz): X' panieea Li.” (C: Duerériana Kuk: ). 3237'C. distans L. Syst. veg’ (1759) 1263; Trev. in Ldb, Fl. Ross. IV, 298; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 383; Schmalh. Fl. 571; Kuk. In Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 663.-—C. binervis Meinsh., l.c., quoad pl. taur.; Vass. in Wulff, Fl. taur. 1:2, 33, nonSm.-—C. laevigata Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 427; Vass., l.c., 31, nonSm.-C. helodes Grossh. FI. Ieaviks 1, (928) 174,. non Link, —C. ‘diluta. Vass, i c.;' as, pro. max: ™»p. , non M.B.-—Exs.: Fl. Pol. Exs. No. 792; Kneuck. V, No. 148, 149; XIla, INOt* 46. Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 30-70cm tall; leaves rigid, flat to subinvolute, 2-5mm 398 broad, divergent, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-5, the lower very remote: terminal spikelet staminate, plump, cylindric to cla- vate, 1.5-3cm long, 0.5cm broad, with obtuse castaneous-ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid, oblong to cylindric, 1.3 cm long, to 0.8cm broad, dense, the upper subsessile, the lower on peduncles 5-6cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 2.5cm long, half the length of inflores- cence; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse, the lower often terminating in sca- brous point, castaneous-ferruginous, 3-nerved, with green internerves, two-thirds the length of perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, obtusely tri- gonous, 4-4.3 mm long, dark green, yellowish and brownish-spotted below, with 5-6 thickened yellowish nerves, round-based, subsessile, abruptly beaked; beak short, compressed, scabrous above, bidentate with spreading teeth, subferruginous at orifice, occasionally pointed. Fr. April-May. (Plate XXI, fig. 6). Wet saline places. - European part: Upp. Dnepr. (Ukraine), Mid. Dnepr., Prichern., Upp. Volg. (near Orel, along railroad), Low. Don. (EHiskii Division), Crimea; Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Anapa, Novorossiisk). Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Mediterranean. Described from southern Europe. Type in London. NOTE: Hybridizing with C. Karelini Meinsh. (widespread in Kievsh- china, Poltavshchina, and southward down both sides of Dnieper), usually distinguished by mixed, often underdeveloped perigynia. Also hybridizing wath C, Oederi Retz) (C: Gogelana’Podp, and C..flava “El (C. lu- tea Sendtner, non Nees). o24.' "C.taspratilis V. Kreez:sp, nova in*Addenda,*ly6 ko, — @. di — luta Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 382, quoad pl. Goldeanam; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 659, quoad pl. ex ''Westsibirien" et Omsk; in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 171, quoad. pl. omsk.; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sip iets. non WM Sb. —C.*binerwis Meinsh>, lcs Sosy otload pls Onisk. aod pm. —C. diluta var. *badita Kuk, \ex7Be Wedisen. ein oy P: XXXVII (1924) 219.-C. distans B. Fedtsch., l.c., quoad pl. omsk., non L. Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms triangular, smooth, 20-60cm tall; leaves rigid, straight, flat to subconvolute, 2-4mm broad, prominently scabrous, rather abruptly pointed, half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-4, the lower remote: terminal spikelet staminate, ob- ovoid to enlarged-clavate, 1.5-2.5cm long, with obtuse obovate ferruginous- fulvous scales; other spikelet pistillate, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, very dense, 1-2cm long, 0.7cm broad, the upper sessile, the lower on peduncles not 317 399 400 exceeding 0.5-2cm, included in bract sheaths, erect; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long and blade equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse to obtuse, light castaneous, 3-nerved, with yellowish- green internerves, just over half as long as perigynia; perigynia dilated- obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 3-3.3mm long, greenish-yellow, rusty-spotted below, with 2-4 thickened nerves, attenuate at base, sessile, rather abrupt- contracted into short, densely setulose-margined, compressed, bidentate beak. Fr. April-May (Plate XXI, fig. 7). Wet solonchak and solonetz meadows. — European part: Volg.-Kam., Volg.-Don., Zavolzh., West. Siberia: Upp. Tob. (except w. part), Irt., Alt. (n. part); East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. Described from Kustanaiskii Distr. (Beloe Lake — Ata-Karachai forest). Type in Leningrad. Section 39. Elaeostachys V. Krecz. — Rather large palustrine plants, with stout and long stolons. Culms flattened-triangular, with sharp angles and channeled sides, tightly covered at base with smooth, keeled, reticulate, rufous, bladeless sheaths. Leaves rigid, flat, subreticulate below, long- attenuate. Bracts sheathless. Inflorescence of 1-3 staminate, narrow- clavate spikelets and 3-5 pistillate, rather long narrowly cylindric spikelets; scales lanceolate, aristate. Perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid, leaden- olivaceous to olivaceous-green, 3-4mm long, withslender prominent nerves, obsoletely stipitate, rather abruptly contracted into short cylindric smooth semicircular-notched beak. 1. Perigynia spreading to reflexed, inflated, obsoletely slender-nerved, rugose, gradually tapering into curved conic obliquely emarginate TNA cig cuted on impo icstecucan ave Maem tis ella: 157 (emiavieroa rants 325. C. dispalata Boott. + Perigynia subappressed, trigonous with flat to convex sides, ribbed, smooth, abruptly contracted into straight definite short-conic, semi- PAGCUla Tr enOtE Me G WEAK cw poicsiiis tates. Vobiniaae htc «shire pncyia dels HY chert RONS SNS 2. 2. Spikelets 4-7, the terminal 2-3 staminate; robust plants to 120cm tall, with broad leaves; pistillate spikelets cylindric, 2-7cm long; peri- gynia oblong-ovoid, compressed-trigonous, trigonous with flat sides, leaden-olivaceous, smooth......... 326. C. acutiformis Ehrh. + Spikelets 3, theterminal spikelet staminate; plants of medium size, 30-60cm tall, with narrow leaves; pistillate spikelets ovoid to oblong, 1-2.5cm tall; perigynia ovoid; trigonous with convex sides, olivaceous- green, more or Jess, roueh apap OSes caja veel ih audad samyien a) sree ee nes dy aii yteaiateakn a rat Svs) Yan olathe oil eee ad Seid) 2 teu, oharueave fox mius) Meisi. 325. C. dispalata Boott ex A. Gray, Narr. Exp. Perry, Il (1856-57) 325 et in Illustr. Carex IV (1867) 205; F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. sér. VII, XII (1868) 196, tab. VII, fig. 6-10; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 388; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 391; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 616 et Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 161; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 315, tab. 95 (sinistra). Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with stout and long stolons; culms flattened, acutely (subalate)-trigonous, scabrous above, 60-100cm tall, covered at base with red reticulate, obtusely keeled bladeless sheaths; leaves accrescent, subrigid, prominently 2-ribbed, 4-8 mm broad, nearly equaling the culm; spikelet 4-7, scattered, especially the lower ones: terminal spikelet staminate, cylindric, 3-6cm long, with narrow subobtuse 318 401 reddish-ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, clavate-cylindric to cylindric, 2-10cm long, loose, the upper sessile or subsessile, sparse- ly flowered below, the lower on scabrous 3-angled peduncles to 5-10cm long, all erect; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence, sheathless; pistil- late scales lanceolate, truncate but mucronate, with 3 distally scabrous nerves and green internerves, narrowly white-hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia spreading to reflexed, ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3-3.5mm long, dark green to olivaceous, obsoletely nerved, subrugulose, round-based, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into beak, this curved, conic, obliquely subemarginate, with purple or white-hyaline-margined tip. Marshes, river banks. — Far East: Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr. : Manchuria. Korea, Japan. Described from Japan (Hakodate). aco, 7C. acutiformis»Hbrh., Beitr. TV (1789) 43; Kuky imenel. Pilzr. IV, 20 (1909) 733 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 187.-C. paludosa Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. JJ (1794) 202; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 315; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901)377; Grossh. Fl. Kav. I, 178. —- C. Olgae Rgl. inIzv. O-va Lyub. Estv. Antr. i Etn. (Proc. Soc. Nature Lovers, Anthrop. and Ethnol. ) XXXIV, 2 (1882) 83.-C. spadicea Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 97, non Roth. -— Exs.: Kneuck. VI, No. 179; HFR No. 597. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with stout and long stolons; culms sharply triangular, scabrous above, 50-120cm tall, tightly covered at base with reddish or purplish-brown reticulate sheaths; leaves 3-8 mm broad, keeled below, equaling the culm; spikelets 4-7, the terminal 2-3 approxi- mate, oblong to lance-cylindric, 2-4cm long, plumpish, with lanceolate acute castaneous scales; other spikelets distant, pistillate, cylindric, 2- 77cm long, 0.6cm broad, dense, erect, the upper subsessile, the lower on peduncles to lcm long; lowest bract exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, castaneous, witha pale midrib, scabrous-pointed, half as long as to longer than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, compressed-trigonous, 4cm long, leaden-oliva- ceous to leaden-green, at length brunescent, with light thickened nerves, round-based, short stipitate, abruptly beaked; beak yellowish, smooth (occasionally scaberulous), short, semicircular-notched. Fr. May-June. (Plate XXII, fig. 14). Marshes and shores. — All European part: (except Arct., Kar.-Lap. and Dv.-Pech.), Crimea; Caucasus: (all regions); West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob: , Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan.; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp., Pribalkh. , Syr-Dar. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Kash- mir. Described from Luneburg (Braunschweig). ; NOTE: Hybridizing with C. diversicolor Crantz (C. Jaegeri F. Schultz). S27. Ciselaweaetiorm is Meinsh,, invA, Py XVIl, 31901) 3895" Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 434 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 113; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 393. Perennial, glaucous-green, densely cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms triangular, scaberulous to nearly smooth, 30-60cm tall, covered, at base with narrow, tall, keeled, strongly reticulate-fibrillose, bladeless sheaths; leaves subrevolute, 2-3mm broad, shorter than the culm; spike- lets 3, scattered: the terminal spikelet staminate, oblong-linear, to 2.5- 3cm long, with oblong obtuse brownish scales; other spikelets pistillate, 319 402 ovoid to oblong, 1-2.5cm long, erect, the upper subsessile, the lower on peduncle to 5-8mm long; lowest bract barely equaling the inflorescence, usually shorter; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate, dark purple, with a light midnerve, scabrous above, slightly shorter than to about as long as perigynia; perigynia spreading, subcoriaceous, ovoid, inflated-trigo- nous, 4mm long, olivaceous-green, ribbed, subcuneate-attenuated, weakly spongy-based, somewhat strigulose, gradually tapering into a slightly curved, short-campanulate, emarginate, purple beak. Fr. June. Meadows and grassy slopes on argillaceous soil. -— East. Siberia: Daur. (surroundings of Chita); Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, North Korea. Described from Grigor'evak on the river Sakheza. Type in Lenin- grad. Section 40. Phaeolorum (Ehrh.) V. Krecz.—Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 149 (nomen). — Plants with creeping rhizome, stoloniferous. Culms obtusely 3-angled, smooth, covered at base with brown bladeless sheaths. Leaves more or less rigid, channeled, long-acuminate. Lower bracts short, front- ally with colored auricle, bearing a long blade. Inflorescence of 4-8(12) spikelets, of these 2-6 staminate, approximate, the others pistillate, cylin- dric, dense, the lower on more or less developed peduncles, erect or pendulous. Scales acute, awned. Perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid or oblong, 2-4mm long, papillose, nerveless or very obscurely nerved, with a short, weakly emarginate beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Perigynia 2.5-3mm long, nerveless, papillose, scabrous-margined, obovoid, inflated, hence spikelets rather dense; spikelets 1.5-3 cm long, to 0.5cm broad, drooping; scales 1-nerved, shorter than perigynia. Speke toto wand fate kise aise) dota hen cin chase ache aoe, Cx» Giv or si colon we rantia. + Perigynia 3.5-4mm long, smooth or sparsely scaberulous, obsoletely 3-4-nerved, oblong-obovoid, not inflated; spikelets rather loose, stiffly erect, 2.5-5cm long, to 0.7cm broad; scales 3-nerved, equaling the peLicynia or barely SHORTER) a /- sew %l cole bene 329. C. cuspidata Host. 328. C. diversicolor Crantz, Inst. rei herb. I (1766) 405.-C. C.welauc ay Scop... carn. 0 (1772).223, ‘Trevy...inm db. Fi hoss ii, 296; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 416.-—C. flacca Schreb. Spicil. fl. Lips. App. (1771) 669.-Exs.: HFR No. 40; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 128, Perennial, cinereous-green, with long creeping rhizomes; culms smooth, or slightly scaberulous above, 15-40cm tall, covered at base with purplish- brown, non-fibrillose, bladeless sheaths; leaves ribbed, 2.5-5mm broad, revolute-margined, scabrous, divergent, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-6, the terminal (1)2-3 staminate, oblong to narrowly cylindric, approxi- mate, to 2-3cm long, with fuscous or ferruginous subobtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 1.5-3(4)cm long, 0.4-0.5cm broad, dense, subdistant, on slender scabrous peduncles to 3cm long, erect or finally drooping; lowest bract foliaceous, exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse to subacute, dark reddish, with a broad white median band, shorter than perigynia, the midrib often excurrent into very short point; perigynia subcoriaceous, obovoid, inflated-trigonous, 2.5-3mm long, yellowish-green to orange, reddish-spotted, finally subferruginous, nerve- less (except the two marginal nerves), with papillose surface, scaberulous-~ margined, with indefinite curved truncate beak. Fr. May-June. 320 403 Wet places (with sandy or marly soil). -European part: Lad. -Il'm. (Narva coast), Mid. Dnepr. (w. border part), Prichern, (Dnepropetrovsk), Crimea (coast). Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Baltic States. Described from Italy (Scandici). NOTE: Forming hybrids: X panicea L. (C. Fontis Sancti Podp.); X acutiformis Ehrh. (C. Jaegeri F. Schultz); X riparia Curt. (C. Lausii F. Schultz). 329. C. cuspidata Host, Gram. Austr.I (1801) 71, tab. 97, non Whlb. (1803), nec Bertol. (1803).-C. serrulata Biv. Stirp. rar. IV (1806) 9.- ? C. dinarica Simonk. En. pl. Transs. (1886) 553.-C. glau- ca Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 167, non Scop.-—C. glauca var. cuspi- data Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 418; Grossh., l.c.-C. glauca var. cuspidata f. leiocarpa Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr., l.c., 419, exp.- C. Mariae Marcowicz ex Kneuck. Sched. ad Cyp. exs. (1904) sub No. 38 (nomen). - Exs.: Kneuck. XIla, No. 38. Perennial, glaucous-green plants with creeping rhizomes and long sto- lons; culms slender, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with latericious-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, 1.5-4 mm broad, rather strongly revolute- margined, scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4; the terminal 2 staminate, narrow-cylindric to linear (the second spikelet sessile, shorter, inserted at base of the uppermost), to 4-6cm long, with lanceolate ferrugin- ous subobtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2.5-5cm long (to 0.7cm broad), rather loose (especially the lower ones) on peduncles to 3cm long, stiffly erect; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute, ferruginous, 3-nerved, with yellowish-green, internerves, as long as to slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia sub- coriaceous, oblong-subellipsoid to oblong-obovoid, obscurely trigonous, 3.5- 4mm long, glaucous-green, becoming subferruginous, obsoletely 3-4- nerved, smooth or (more rarely) sparsely scaberulous on the margin and back, with a short subemarginate brown beak. Deciduous forests, coppices, ravines, and gullies. — European part: Crimea (mountainous part); Caucasus: Ciscauc. (w. part), West. and East. Transcauc. Gen. distr.: Northern Persia, Balkans, Asia Minor, Italy. Described from the coast of Istrian Peninsula. Section 41. Anithista (Rafin.) V. Krecz.—Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 26 (pro genere). Loosely cespitose plants of marshes and meadows, producing rather long rhizomes. Culms 3-angled, covered at base with ribless or faintly ribbed, reticulate, bladeless sheaths. Leaves mostly flat, long- acuminate. Lowest bract short-sheathed. Inflorescence of 2-4ap- proximate staminate spikelets and 1-5 segregated pistillate spikelets; pistil- late spikelets loose erect, the lower ones short-peduncled. Perigynia coriaceous (sometimes becoming suberous), ovoid or oblong, round-based, rounded-trigonous, 4-7mm long, 5-10-nerved, subsessile, attenuate, with a more or less compressed, short, broadly short-bidentate, mostly divari- cate beak. Stigmas 3. i? Perisyniardensely: covered with short hairs... of. 0. s« 5s «95 sealers 2. eC maeyvaia mlabrowse.) 2 ivi is Sie oA tos ccchemeredran ee igus (i Ghee os, elhe ene 5. 2. Perigynia 3mm long, withgradually attenuate beak; lowest bract sheath- less; leaves short-attenuate..... 347, C. mandshurica Meinsh. + Perigynia 4-5mm long, with short definite beak; lowest bract sheathed; leaves lomp=aeumMinate \. io.) ee a) elses B12 ope ROP Peres, Soler genre arate ahs 3. 321 404 3. Leaves rather flat, 2-5mm broad; staminate and pistillate scales pale, silvery; spikelets cylindric, dense, to 5cm long .......). Pini em tera oe i Oe ET bed MPM Ch ee ht! |) 346. C. fedia Nees. 2 Leaves setaceous-convolute or channeled, to 2-3mm broad; stami- nate and pistillate scales castaneous; spikelets oblong-clavate or ovoid,” loose, to-3-“4om long SYA Ok ts .u?. RIN 8 Lat ale ESA t., ME. 4, Pistillate scales as broad as and longer than perigynia; perigynium- beak very definite, glabrous; leaves subinvolute, to 3mm broad, chime scabrous Sy ee), 345. C. occultans (Franch.) V. Krecz. 3° Pistillate scales half as broad as and shorter to nearly as long as perigynia; perigynium-beak indefinite, deeply imbedded in the body of perigynium, bidentate, hairy; leaves setaceous-convolute, 1-2mm broad; culms usually smooth ..... 344. C. lasiocarpa Ehbrh. 5(1). Beak nearly one-third the length of perigynium, scabrous-margined (Plate, SOX, fie Bi oglu gs ahr ae 339. C. ripariaeformis Litw. at Beak at most one-sixth to one-fifth the length of perigynium, smooth a sisml ay wicleplie anh LOMEyAS cS Werth reer as th eae LaM ne Me he Nake) 2 ane 6. 6. Perigynia globular, broad-ovoid or ovoid, 3-4.5(5)mm long, blackish- brown, reddish-brown, red, or honey-yellow, mostly lustrous .. 7. ct Perigynia ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or lanceolate, or grayish-yellow, ee, a's ahaa ne! cle, wcakesa teil, atin; eile eT RenON a Enh at ORES. bab RSS EROe Aone aed eee 10; @ Perigynia nerveless or with very slender inconspicuous nerves, black- ish-brownm or honey—yellow ye 24900 @) ROO) TAT Ro 1 \Rnke t Ake sue 8. ai Perigynia prominently ribbed, sanguine or reddish-brown ..... le Perigynia with slender inconspicuous nerves, aggregated in rather dense cylindric spikelets, exceeding the scales; leaves subinvolute, 2-smm-“broad (Plate Some fis? WO y yo! Lee Bethe. eat eames shnesu ce 6 a bedheen yeu Me Un gel eee Lome e a4) Cy sion por ies (Kar. etiigin. + Perigynia nerveless (?), shorter than the awned scales; spikelets loose, sparsely flowered below; leaves subplane, 3-5mm broad (Plate XXII, fig. 11 - Shugnan). . 340. C. Fedtschenkoana Kiik. 3), Perigynia broad-ovoid to ovoid, 4mm long, only old ones distinctly nerved; ,leaves rigid’), (Plate, MiP ite’ 12) No, cai eee aa ae a as sh 8. A SOO opm ete ea v424 (\C.vS ukae ziow1 PoVil Kereez. a7 Perigynia oblong-ovoid, 4.5-5.5mm long, even young ones distinctly nerved; leaves rather soft \(Plate oO, figs 1S), io) LOSER. . ough Rie lad ty ag AM eh 8 A 343. C. haematostachys Levl. et Vant. ies) Explanation to Plate XXII 1. Carex riparia Curt.: a) habit, b) perigynium.—2. C. anisoneura V. Krecz.: perigynium. — 3. C. ripariaeformis Litw.: perigynium.—4. C. Smirnovii V. Krecz.: a) habit, b) perigynium, c) perigynium in section. —5. C. rugulosa Kuk.: perigynium.—6. C. melanostachya M.B.: peri- gynium.—7. C. kirganica Kom.: a) habit, b) perigynium.—8. C. scabrifolia Steud,: a) habit, b) perigynium, c) perigynium in section. —9. C. pumila Thunb.: a) habit, b) perigynium.—10. C. son- gorica Kar. et Kir,: a) habit, b) perigynium.—1il. C. Fedtschenkoana Kuk.: a) perigynium, b) scale. —12. C. Sukaczovii V. Krecz.: perigynium.—13. C. haematostachys Levl.: perigynium. — 14. C. acutiformis Ehrh.: perigynium. 322 PLATE XXII 405 323 10 (6). A07e ee 408 ile of 12. 1S: Perigynia finally suberous, concave-nerved (Plate XXII, fig. 8c). et, kre Ph eer aa ioe buna | Pils | abad ere Mette! ae Pete cde An Meas i Perigynia with slightly thickened prominent nerves (Plate XXII, Pie ei: eR Oa ie LS: OF, OR ene rs Me et eae eee 14. Perigynia ovoid, ca. 5-6mm long, gray, with acutely bidentate divaricate purple=notched beak, #9. %2ii1.. 2". fa ME ns oes ee 12. Perigynia oblong-ovoid, ca. 6-7mm long, yellowish-brown, with obtusely short-bidentate, shallowly discolor-notched beak (Plate OS fio! ‘Sand (SPA) oso). ee Ee ee s,s eae il Pistillate spikelets 1-3.5cm long; scales l1-nerved, shorter than perigynia; perigynia gray, dull, ovoid, ca. 5mm long (Plate XII, PieyG.=bira sia)” ee a ae 338. C. melanostachya M.B. Pistillate spikelets 2-5cm long; scales 3-5-nerved, equaling to exceeding perigynia; perigynia brownish, lustrous, oblong-ovoid, Ca Ns6 mm ilong)) (Sakhalin). . 8 2 3°57 R*. Ss 2 Se ee ee Ua Beh ORM RE Pt ce NRL ais 337. C. platyrhyncha Franch. et Sav. Meadow plants, 40-60cm tall, with purplish-red sheaths and short stolons; leaves shorter than culms; pistillate spikelets 1-2, strong- ly separated from the 2-3 staminate spikelets, 1.5-2cm long..... fT: 1s SOaaee, Sot ereNeat a te” atta alts ah ee eee 330.° C. scabmaioliay Steud. Dwarf sand plants, 5-25cm tall, with brownish sheaths and long flagelliform stolons; leaves several times as long as culms; spike- lets approximate, the pistillate oblong-clavate, 2-4cm long ..... SRE Lr TSMR Se SORIA mie i nc tas gol)” Cy. pubma la” Thanh. Perigynia lanceolate, 6-7.5mm long (Plate XXII, fig. 7)...... Salsas POCA, Sa tele Res elitr x irae dia eal yi! 336. C. kirganica Komi, Perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 5=6imm! lonpim..... i. 2. 15, Inflorescence containing 3-6 staminate and 2-4 pistillate spikelets; pistillate scales terminating in long scabrous awn, exceeding the perigynia; rather large plants (80-150)cm tall), with spikelets to LOlemlons’. (Fee. o.gs ee ee Pee ee cs i ic co ee 16. Inflorescence containing 2-3 staminate and 1-3 pistillate spikelets; pistillate scales acute or barely awned, shorter than the perigynia; plants of medium size (50-70cm tall), with spikelets to 5-6cm long eras, Awd i 8 eee ee ee ik id ame Mille Se Re eo a Lure Perigynia 5-6mm long, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, olivaceous, with uniformmnerves (Pilate SOU; fig: Ll)". 1332. -Geiripa waa ‘Cure: Perigynia 4.5mm long, broad-ovoid, drab, with alternately unequal nerves! (Plate: XXII, fig), 2)/:. 383i C:jantsoneurna We Kreez. Perigynia gray or drab, ovoid, ca. 5mm long; scales half as long as perigynia; spikelets ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 1.5-3cm long; leaves 3-4mm broad; plants of meadows and peat bogs (Plate XXII, fig4) og Aw IR! 4 cartel teh Maa ora awl AF 6, 2 he 3a0,) | Com aanows i* Vanitrecz. Perigynia olivaceous, oblong-ovoid,ca.6-6.5mm long; scales slight- ly shorter than perigynia; spikelets oblong, 3-6cm long; leaves 4-8mm broad; plants of dunes and coastal sands (Plate XXII, Piet SA! Ne eae Ne ea 334. C. rugulosa Kuk. Cycle 1. Eu-Anithista V. Krecz. — Perigynia thick-coriaceous or suberous-coriaceous, oblong-ovoid or oblong, 4-7.5mm long, with more or less thickened, prominent or concave nerves, glabrous, contracted 324 409 into broad, triangular- or crescent-cleft or emarginate beak; lowest bract short-sheathed (sheath to 5mm long). Leaves more or less reticulate be- low; lower sheaths weakly keeled. Series 1. Phellinae V. Krecz.-— Perigynia tawny, with rather thick- ened walls and thickened nerves, at first raised, finally concave. 330. C. scabrifolia Steud. Syn. Cyper (1855) 237; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 737 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 189; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 316.—C. Pierotii Mig. in Annal. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II (1865-66) 148; Kom. Fl. Kavk. I, 386; Meinsh. in AYER: VIL 3 (1901) 379. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with short stolons; culms arising in rows, slender, usually smooth above, 40-60cm tall, covered at base with reddish sheaths; leaves narrow, rigid, channeled or subinvolute, 2- 3mm broad, longer thanculms; spikelets 3-5, the lower distant; the termi- nal 2-3 spikelets staminate, congested, linear, 2-3.5cm long, with linear subobtuse light brown scales; the remaining 1-2 spikelets pistillate, ovoid, 1.5-2cm long, 0.7cm broad, loose, few-flowered, short-peduncled; lowest bract nearly sheathless, narrow, exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, pale brown, white-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia suberified, ovoid or ellipsoid to subglobose, 5-6(7)mm long, yellowish-green, at length brunescent, with concave nerves, sub- sessile, abruptly contracted into dilated, smooth, weakly divaricate-emargi- nate, thickened beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 8). Coastal meadows. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, Japan. Described from Japan (erroneously reported for Java). NOTE: Our plants distinguishable from the Japanese by dimensions of perigynia. 331. C. pumila Thunb. Fl. Jap. (1784) 39; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 378; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 385; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 738 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 190; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dalimevostiekre Ly Sil 6ede.):iKuk.jitae, pe 139) fig wa26: Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with strongly branching rhizomes and long stolons; culms 5-25cm tall, leafy all the way up; lower sheaths brownish, reticulate-fibrillose; leaves rigid, falcate, plicate, 2-3mm broad, several times the length of culms; spikelets 3-6, approximate: the terminal 2-3 staminate, lanceolate, 2-3.5cm long, with narrow obovate sub- obtuse tawny scales; the remaining 1-3 spikelets pistillate, oblong-clavate, 1.5-4cm long, loose, on erect peduncles to 1cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 4mm long, much longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute to subaristate, pale brown to castaneous, green at center, more or less hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; thick-coriaceous, ovoid to subglobose, 5-7mm long, brownish-green, gradually beaked, the nerves thickened, costate, concave above, confluent; beak prolonged, smooth, bidentate, the teeth acute, suberect. (Plate XXII, fig. 9). Coastal sands. - Far East: Uss. Gen distr.: Japan, Korea, Manchuria. Described from Japan (Nippon). Series 2. Cirrochlaenae V. Krecz.-— Perigynia oblong, 5-7mm long, olivaceous or gray, with prominent, slightly thickened nerves, gradually tapering into crescent-notched beak. 332. C. riparia Curt. Fl. Lond. IV (1783) tab. 60; Trev. in ludb. Fl. Ross. IV, 314; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 376; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. 325 IV, 20 (1909) 735 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 188.-C. striata Gilib. Exerc. phyt. II (1792) 350, non Mchx.-C. gracilenta Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 95, quoad pl. ulutavicam, non Boott.=Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs., No, 549;, Dérfl. No.4789,,5356; Kneuck. VII, No. 232. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with strong stout rhizomes; culms scabrous above, 60-150cm tall, covered at base with thickened brownish to reddish-brown sheaths; leaves rigid, flat, 5-15mm broad, equaling to exceeding the culms; spikelets 5-10, the lower distant: the terminal 3-6 staminate, approximate, plumpish oblong-cylindric, 2-6cm long, with lanceolate acute castaneous-ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2-10cm long, 1cm thick, dense, erect, the lower on thickened smooth peduncles to 5cm long, sometimes pendulous; lowest bract over- topping the culm; pistillate scales ovate, rather abruptly terminating in an elongated subulate scabrous-margined point, castaneous, 3-nerved, with light internerves, longer then perigynia; perigynia ovoid-conic, coriaceous, convex-trigonous, 9-6mm long, olivaceous, many-nerved, more or less spongy at base, gradually tapering into short, smooth, broad, semicircular- notched, divaricate-bidentate beak. Fr. May.-June. (Plate XXII, fig. 1). Marshes and shores. — All European part (except Arctic, Kar.-Lap. and Dv.-Pech.), Crimea; all Caucasus; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Ob. (w. 410 part), Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan; Centr. Asia: Aral. -Casp., Pribalkh., Syr-Dar. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, Kulja. Described from vicinity of London. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X inflata Huds. (C. Beckmanniana Fig.), X vesicaria L. (C. csomadensis Simonk.); X lasiocarpa Ehrh. (C. evoluta Hartm.); X melanostachya M.B. (C. toezensis Simonsk. ). Perennial, cinereous-green plants with stout rhizomes; culms scabrous, 50-80 cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown reticulate sheaths; leaves rigid, reticulate, flat, 8-10mm broad, nearly equaling the culms; spike- lets 5-7, distant below: the terminal 3-4 staminate, approximate, 2.5-4cm long, plump, attenuate-clavate, with lanceolate awn-pointed buff scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 4-6cm long, 0.8-1 cm broad, rather loose, sparsely flowered below, the lower ones often on smooth peduncles to 5-6cm long, drooping; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; pistil- late scales ovate to oblong-ovate, with long reflexed subulate scabrous- margined awn, castaneo-ferruginous, 3-nerved, light brown between the nerves, longer than perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, broad-ovoid, rounded- biconvex, 4-5mm long, drab, at length brunescent, with thickened unequal nerves, subsessile, abruptly contracted into short straight-bidentate smooth beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 2). Marshes. — Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan.: Arslanbob — Charvak (Litvinov). Endemic. Described from the location indicated. Type in Leningrad. 334, C. rugulosa Kik. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 2 sér., IV (1904) 58; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 329, exp.-C. riparia var. rugulosa Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 736. Perennial, light green plants, with stout rhizomes; culms scaberulous above, 50-80cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown bladeless reti- culate sheaths; leaves rigid, flat, 4-8 mm broad, as long as the culms; spikelets 4-6, the lower distant, the terminal 2-3 staminate, congested, 326 411 lance-linear, 2-4 cm long, with oblong-ovate subobtuse castaneous scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric to clavate-cylindric, 2-6cm long, 0.9- lcm broad, rather loose, the lower ones on peduncles to 2.5cm long, erect; lowest bract with sheath to 1cm long, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate to oblong-ovate, acute to subaristate, castaneous, 3-nerved, with light internerves, narrowly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid-ellipsoid, obsoletely convex-trigonous, 5.5- 6.5cm long, olivaceous-green, becoming brownish-olivaceous, with numer- ous slender nerves, minutely sulcate when young, subsessile, rather abrupt- ly beaked; beak short, smooth, broad, crescent-notched, divaricate, bi- dentate beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 5). Coastal maritime sands and meadows. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr. : Northern Japan. Described from Japan (Yezo, Hakodate), Type in Lenin- grad. 335. C. Smirnovii V. Krecz. sp. nove in Addenda, II, 619. Perennial, cinereous-green, with stout stolons; culms scabrous above, 50-70cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown, non-splitting sheaths; leaves rigid, flat, 3-S5mm broad, as long as or shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower rather distant: the terminal 2-3 staminate, approxi- mate, lanceolate to lance-clavate, 2-2.5cm long, with oblong-elliptic sub- obtuse light brown scales; other spikelets ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or clavate- oblong, 1.8-3cm long, 0.8cm broad, loose (especially below), the lower ones on peduncles to 1cm long; lowest bract equaling the inflorescence, with sheaths to 1cm long; pistillate scales ovate, acute, light castaneous, 3-nerved, with light internerves, about half as long as perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, oblong-ovoid to ovoid, obtusely trigonous, 5-6mm long, light olivaceous-green, with prominent (especially in old perigynia) thickened nerves, subsessile, rather abruptly beaked; beak short, smooth, sub- ferruginous, broadly and shallowly emarginate, with straight teeth. Fr. June. (Plate XXII, fig. 4). Meadows and peat bogs. — West. Siberia: Irt. (Omsk), Alt., East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur. (Staryi Durulgui-Liski). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Irkutsk Province, Balaganskii Distr. , Ust'- Osinskoe. Type in Leningrad. 336. C. kirganica Kom. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 164; Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 268; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch, I, 212. - C. rugulosa Kom. et Alis. Key pl. east. reg. USSR I (1931) 329, ex p.; V.Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 136, non Kuk.-C. aristata ssp. Ragder var?) vix Vvaginans ‘Kuk/*in Journ) Russt'/Bot,/3-6)(1911) 197. Perennial, cinereous-green, loosely expitose, stoloniferous plants; culms smooth, 50-70cm tall, covered at base with purplish-brown non- splitting bladeless sheaths; leaves narrow, subinvolute, 2-4mm broad, rigid, nearly as long as the culm; spikelets 4-7, the lower scattered, the terminal 3-4 staminate, congested above, lanceolate, 3.5cm long, with lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, castaneous, light brown scales: other spike- lets pistillate, oblong to cylindric, 3-4.5cm long, 0.8-1.1 cm broad, dense, the lower ones on peduncles to 1.5cm long; lowest bract with sheath 5 to 10mm long, barely equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, the lower cuspidate, castaneous, light-centered, shorter than peri- 412 gynia; perigynia coriaceous, lanceolate, obtusely trigonous, 6-7.5mm long, olivaceous or brownish-green, with prominently thickened nerves, cuneate- 327 based, subsessile, gradually tapering into short, broad, smooth, more or less square-notched, bidentate, ferruginous beak. Fr. June (Plate XXII, fig. 07) Marshes and boggy meadows. — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (onthe Angara, above Irkutsk), Daur. (s. shore of Baikal and Nerchinskii Distr. along river Kudikan, right tributary of Bushulei); Far East: Kamch., Okhot., Ud., Ze.-Bur., Uss. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka (Kirganik). Type in Leningrad. 337. C. platyrhyncha Franch. et Sav. Enum. pl. Jap. Il (1879) 154 et 582; Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 3, X (1898) 90.-C. nu- tans var. japonica, Kranch.),et Say dec. Cena amis, vare wp latye rhyncha Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 740; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 274; Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sci. Hokk. Univ., ser. Vv, IL, 11.932) 230; Perennial, light green plants with long stolons; culms smooth, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with latericious reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves flat to subinvolute, 3-4mm broad, loosely reticulate- spongy below, equaling to exceeding the culm: spikelets 4-6, the terminal 3 staminate, somewhat distant, oblong or oblong-clavate, 3-5cm long with castaneous, obtuse, broadly ferruginous-hyaline scales; other spikelets pistillate, clavate-cy- lindric, 2.5cm long, loose, sparsely flowered below, scattered, on erect thickened peduncles to 4cm long; lowest bract with sheath to 1-1.5cm long and blade exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lance-ovate, acute, light, 3-5-nerved, with light internerves and margins, equaling perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, coriaceous, becoming spongy, compressed-trigon- ous, 5.5-6mm long, reddish-brown, ribbed, round-based, with widely Spreading, flat, purple-orificed, acutely bidentate beak. . Wet places. —- Far East: Sakh. (reported by Japanese authors). Gen. distr.: Northern Japan. Described from Nippon (Yokoska). Type in Paris, cotype in Leningrad. 338. C. melanostachya M.B. ex Willd. sp. pl. IV (1805) 299 et Fl. taurcauc. II (1808) 391.—C. nutans Host, Gram. Austr. I (1801) 61, tab. 83; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 315; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 378; ex p.; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 740, ex p., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 191; Vass. in Wulff, Fl. taur.I, 2, 34; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 177, non J. F. Gmel. (1791).—C. Ledebourii Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XII (1860) 222.-C. bicuspidata Rgl. in herb.-C. tatarica Fisch. in herb.—Exs.: Kneuck. VIII, No. 238. Perennial, cinereous-green plants with ligneous stolons; culms slender, 413 scaberulous above, 15-60cm tall, covered at base with latericious to reddish-brown reticulate sheaths; leaves rigid, channeled, revolute- margined, 2-4mm broad, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 3-7, the lower distant: the terminal 1-3 approximate, staminate, long-clavate, 1.5- 3cm long, with lanceolate acute subferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 1-3.5cm long, rather loose, the lower ones on peduncles to 1cm long, erect; lowest bract with a short sheath (to 3-5mm long), equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, attenuate to sub- aristate-long-acuminate, dark castaneous, light-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, strongly convex on the outer face, flattened on the inner face, 5-6mm long, brownish-green, with imbedded nerves, subsessile, rather abruptly beaked; beak short, straight, smooth, short-bidentulate, ferruginous at the orifice. Fr. May. (Plate XXII, fig. 6). 748 3 28 414 Steppes, meadows, and grassy places, on saline soils. - European part: Mid. Dnepr., Prichern., Volg.-Don., Law. Don., Zavolzh., Volg.-Kam. (s.e. part), Low. Volg., Crimea; all Caucasus; West. Siberia: Upp. Tob., Irt., Alt., all Centr. Asia. Gen. distr.: Central Europe, Mediterranean, Balkans, Asia Minor, Iran, Kulja. Described from the Caspian caast of the Caucasus. Type in Berlin, cotype in Leningrad. NOTE: Hybridizing with C. riparia Curt. (C. toezensis Simonsk. ). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Fruiting culms eaten satisfactorily only up to flowering time. Young aftergrowth eaten readily in early fall. Readily eaten in hay. Does not produce a compact cover, and thus enters into the composition of hay in insignificant amounts. S30 6y.C) mi paw tacefo rims) \Litwe ini Trav? Mus) Bot: "Se, -PétersbiVIl (1910) 96; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVII (1924) 225. Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms smooth above, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown sheaths; leaves narrow, flat to subinvolute, 2.5-3.5mm broad, rigid, straight, rather short-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, segregated, the terminal 1-2 staminate, clavate, 1-2cm long, with narrowly lanceolate tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-ovoid to sub- clavate, 1.5-3cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad, rather loose, sparsely flowered below, the upper sessile, the lower on peduncles to 3-4cm long; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, awned (the awn scabrous-margined), ferruginous-castaneous, subhyaline-margined, light-centered, 3-nerved, as long as perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ob- ovoid, strongly biconvex, 4-4.5mm long, brownish-olivaceous, with 4 thickened subconvex nerves on both sides, short peduncled, rather abruptly beaked; beak long (more than one-third the length of the body), deeply bi- dentate, subdivaricate, scaberulous -margined, scabrous-orificed beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 3). Saline meadows. — Centr. Asia: Tyan'-Shan. (along river Chatkal, near Nazar-Magomet), Pam.-Al. (Gissar, Khodzha-Imat), Endemic. Described from Nazr-Magomet. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Phaeochlaenae V. Krecz.— Perigynia rounded-ovoid or ovoid, 3-4.5mm long, reddish-brown to blackish-brown, with prominent nerves, abruptly contracted into triangular-notched beak. 340. C. Fedtschenkoana Kuk. in Fedde, Report. sp. nov. VII (1910) 327; B, Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 226. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with long stout stolons; culms sca- brous above, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with reddish or ferruginous, reticulate sheaths; leaves rigid, subplane, 3-5mm broad, slightly revolute- margined, rather abruptly attenuate, slightly shorter than the culm; spike- lets 3-4, segregated, the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong-clavate, 2-3cm long, with narrowly lanceolate subacute rufous scales; other spikelets pistillate, clavate-cylindric, 1.5-3cm long, 0.5cm broad, sparsely flower- ed (especially below), on peduncles to 1cm long, erect; lowest bract sheath- less, shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, awned, brownish, light-centered, with thickened midnerve; with translucent hyaline margin, equaling to exceeding the perigynia; perigynia (not fully mature) ovoid, biconvex, 3-3.5mm long, reddish-brown, nerveless, subsessile, rather abruptly contracted into short, smooth, bidentate, slightly spreading beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 11). 329 Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Shugnan: Vir- Dzhilandy. Type in Leningrad. 341. C. songorica Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XV (1842) 525; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 316; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 377.-—C. songorica var. atrata Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 97.-—C. Gebleri Prescott ex Boott in Proceed. Linn. Soc. I (1845) 285.-C. heterostachya Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 741 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 192, exp.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVII (1924) 226; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 177, non Bge. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with long stout stolons; culms slender, scabrous above, 30-70cm tall, tightly covered at base with sub- lustrous, latericious, reticulate, bladeless sheaths; leaves rigid, flat to channeled, 2-3mm broad, thickened below, reticulate, rather abruptly at- tenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-4, the lower distant: the termi- nal 1-2 staminate, approximate, narrowly clavate, 2-3cm long, with oblong- obovate subobtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2- 4cm long, 0.5-0.6cm broad, loose (especially below), the lower ones on peduncles to 1cm long; lowest bract with sheath not exceeding 3-5mm and 415 blade exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, terminating in a thickened scabrous point, brownish, light-centered, shorter than perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid to broad-ovoid, strongly biconvex, 3-4mm long, orange- to brownish-ferruginous, lustrous, prominently slender-nerved, sessile, rather abruptly contracted into short smooth slightly bidentulate beak. Fr. May-June. (Plate XXII, fig. 10). Saline meadows.- Caucasus: South. Transcauc.; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan.; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh., Dzhung)-Tarbs, Pyan'-Shan.))Syr!-Dar’) Amu-Dary, )/Panr Al. 5) vrount. Turkm. Gen. distr.: North-western Mongolia, Kulja, Afghanistan, northern Persia. Described from Semirech'e (islands on river Lepsa). Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: When young, grazed by cattle in pasture. 342. C. Sukaczovii V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 136 et in Addenda, Il, 620.-C. heterostachya Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20(1909) 741, quoad pl. mandsh. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 192, quoad pl. transb. Perennial, light green plants, with long and strong stolons; culms slen- der, usually smooth, 50-80cm tall, covered at base with somewhat lustrous, reddish-brown, reticulate, bladeless sheaths; leaves subrigid, flat or channeled, 2-4mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, the lower segregated: the terminal 2-3 staminate, approximate, lanceo- late to clavate, 1.5-3cm long, with lanceolate acute ferruginous scales; the remaining 1-2 spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2-3.5cm long, 0.6cm broad, rather dense, the lower on peduncle to 1cm long; lowest bract sheathless, longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, termi- nating in scabrous thickened awn, castaneous, with a light prominent mid- rib, shorter than perigynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid to broad-ovoid, biconvex, 4mm long, rufous, sublustrous, ribbed, short-stipitate, rather abruptly beaked; beak somewhat attenuate, smooth, acutely bidentate, fer- ruginous. Fr. June-July. (Plate XXII, fig. 12). Steppes and meadows. — East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan. (e. part), Daur. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from Shilka, between Nercha and Kuenga. Type in Leningrad. 330 416 417 343. C. haematostachys Lévl. et Vant. in Bull. Ac. Intern. Georg. Bot., 3 sér., XI (1902) 305.-C. heterostachya f. minor Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 741, quoad pl. korean.—C. heterostachya Kom. et Aliss. Key pl. east. reg. USSR I (1931) 316, non Bge. Perennial, light green, stoloniferous plants; culms smooth above, 50- 70cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown, reticulate sheaths; leaves rigid, flat or channeled, 2-3mm broad, rather abruptly attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower ones segregated; the terminal 1- 3 staminate, approximate, linear-clavate, 2-3cm long, with lanceolate sub- acute ferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric to clavate- cylindric; 1.5-4cm long, 0.7cm broad, dense, rather loose below, erect, the lower short-peduncled; lowest bract short-sheathed (sheath to 5-7mm long), longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate to ovate, broadly subulate at summit, subferruginous, light at center and on the margin, 3-nerved, shorter than perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to ovoid, coriaceous, plano-convex, 4.5-5mm long, rusty brownish-green, ribbed, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into smooth broad flat bidentate ferrugi- nous-orificed beak. (Plate XXII, fig. 13). Far East: Uss. (Khankaiskii Distr. ). Gen. distr.; Manchuria, northern China, Japan. Described from Japan (Yokoska). Cycle 2. Diemisa (Rafin.) V. Krecz.—Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 27 (pro genere). — Perigynia thick-coriaceous, ovoid, 3-5mm long, obsoletely ribbed, densely covered with short hairs, contracted into a com- pressed, triangular-cleft, bidentate beak. Lowest bract obscurely sheathed; leaves not reticulate; lower sheaths ecarinate, Series 1. Cataschistae V. Krecz. - Lowest bract with sheath 3-5mm long. Perigynia with deeply triangular-notched beak, the teeth strong and glabrous. Spikelets ovoid to oblong-ovoid. Loosely cespitose plants. Leaves channeled. 344. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. in Hannoev. Magaz. IX (1784) 132 et in Beitr. II (1788) 73; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 747 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 193.-C. lasiocarpa var. occultans Kuk. in Journ., l.c. 195; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 315, tab. 96 (sinistra), non Franch.-—C. filiformis Good. in Trans. Linn. Socal (1794) ,.4723)) Trev’: in Ldbt. Fly Ross: «iV, 319; Meimshe anvAl EH: Ps XVHUI, 3 (1901) 379, non L. Perennial, cinereous-green. more or less tufted plants, with short, rather stout stolons; culms slender, but firm, faintly triangular, nearly smooth above, 50-100cm tall, tightly covered at base with lustrous sub- reticulate, honey-colored to reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves long, setaceous-convolute, somewhat thickened below, 1-2mm broad, scabrous, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower segregated; the termi- nal 1-3 spikelets staminate, approximate, linear, 2-4cm long, with lanceo- late acute ferruginous-brown scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-3cm long, 0.8cm broad, dense, sessile or nearly so, erect; lowest bract with sheath to 3-5mm long, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate to lanceolate, awn-pointed, ferruginous-castaneous, light-centered, 3-nerved, narrowly hyaline-margined, shorter than to near- ly as long as perigynia and about half as broad; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, obsoletely convex-trigonous, 4.5-5mm long, yellowish-green, cover- ed over the whole surface as far as the beak teeth with dense brownish- gray 331 418 hairs, with rather distinct thickened nerves, short-stipitate, rather abrupt- ly contracted into short definite acutely bidentate beak. Fr. May-June, Marshes, boggy meadows, and shores. — All European part, except the Arctic region, part of Kar.-Lap. Dv.-Pech., and Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc. , West. Transcauc. (Kobulety); all West. and East. Siberia and Far East (except Sakhalin); Centr. Asia: n. part of Aral.-Casp, and Pri- balkh, Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Northern Mongolia. Described from Sweden. NOTE: Forming hybrids: X riparia Curt. (C, evoluta Hartm.); XwWeisieariav EL Xian lata AHudis:. 345. C. occultans (Franch ) V. Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 620.-Carex filiformis var. occultans Franch, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., X (1898) 89.- C. lasiocarpa var. occultans Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 747 (excl. pl. mandsh.); Akiyama in Fournh: “Paes SemHokk Unive, sere Vira Me (L9e2)0232 fier Mi OF =e aan = formis F. Schmidt in Mém, Ac. St. Pétersb. , VII sér. , XII (1847-1868) 198, non L. nec Good. Perennial, cinereous-green, loosely cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms slender, triangular and scabrous above, 50-70cm tall, with reddish- brown, lustrous, compact sheaths; leaves long, subinvolute, to 3mm broad, slightly shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower segregated: the terminal 1-3 spikelets staminate, approximate, lance-linear, 2.5-4cm long, with castaneous lanceolate acute scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong, to 4cm long, rather loose below, the lower short-peduncled; lowest bract with sheath to 5mm long, equaling to exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, acute tocuspidate, 3-nerved, white at center, slightly white -hyaline-margined, nearly as broad as perigynia and exceeding them in length; perigynia oblong-ovoid, flat-sided-trigonous, 5mm long, grayish- green, with 5-6 rather distinct nerves, covered with short spreading hairs (these becoming sparse above), subsessile, gradually tapering into a very definite smooth glabrous short-bidentulate beak. Fr. June, Far East?) Sakh? “(s, Sand ‘e9 part).’ Gen, idistr.:4 Northern Japan. §Be> scribed from Yezo (Mororan). Type in Paris. Series 2, Ectomae V. Krecz. — Lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long. Perigynia 4-5mm long, with broadly crescent-notched bidentate pub- escent beak. Spikelets long, cylindric. Densely cespitose plants. Leaves flat, long-staminate. 346. C. fedia Nees ex Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. (1834) 129.-C. Wal- lichiana Prescott ex Wall. List. pl. East Ind. Comp. Mus. (1828) 118 (nomen); Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. (1834) 129; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, (20 (1909) 749; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 228, non Spreng. (1826). Perennial, light green, rather densely cespitose plants, with strong stout stolons; culms smooth, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with blackish-purple bladeless sheaths; leaves flat, rather stiff, 2-5mm broad, equaling the culm; spikelets 3-6, the lower segregated; the terminal 1-2 spikelets staminate, narrowly lanceolate, with tawny oblong acute scales; other spike- lets pistillate, cylindric, 3.5cm long, 0.6-0.8cm broad, loose, the lower on short erect peduncle; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5-2cm long, exceed- ing inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, cuspidate, pale brown, green at center, 3-nerved, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, 332 coriaceous, convex-trigonous, 4-5mm long, grayish-brown to olivaceous- brown, densely short-pubescent, obsoletely nerved, spongy-based, rather abruptly contracted into a short, somewhat spreading, short-bidentate, broadly crescent-notched, pubescent beak. Fr. April. Centr. Asia: Pam. -Al, (Kizyl-kutal'Pass in Karatau Mts. , between Dilankur and Sarai, 900m alt.). Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kashmir, Himalaya (s. slopes). Described from Nepal. Type in London. Series 3. Onkermoideae V. Krecz. — Lowest bract nearly sheathless. Perigynia 3mm long, gradually tapering into prolonged cleft scabrous beak. Spikelets oblong. Plants with creeping rhizomes. Leaves revolute, short- acuminate, 347. C. mandshurica Meinsh. in Bot. Centrbl. LV (1893) et in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 394; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 394; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1904) 434 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 114. Perennial, cinereous-green plants with creeping rhizome and long stout stolons; culms firms, scabrous to low down, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with tall, rather broad, reddish-brown, rather strongly reticulate, slightly keeled, bladeless sheaths; leaves rigid, subrevolute, 2.5-4mm broad, rather short-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, ap- proximate, the lowest distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, linear- oblong to narrowly cylindric, 1-2.5mm long, with buff obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, glovose-ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.8-2.3cm long, 0.8- 1cmbroad, dense, theupper sessile, the lower on a peduncle to 5mm long, all erect; lowest bract about half as long as inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, cuspidate; buff, light-centered, 3-nerved, as long as peri- gynia; perigynia coriaceous, ovoid, trigonous, 3mm long, grayish-ferrugi- nous, densely hispidulous, with 3 thickened nerves, gradually tapering into a long, bidentate-emarginate, scabrous beak, Fr. June. 419 Forest glades (on argillaceous soil), forest margins. -Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from the river Vai-Fudin (near St. Olga Bay). Type in Leningrad. Section 42. Agastachys (Ehrh.) V. Krecz.-—Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 146 (nomen).-Leptostachys Ehrh. (nomen), l.c., 147. -Manoch- laenia Boern, in Abh, Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 271, pp. (pro genere). — Forest plants with creeping rhizome or cespitose, stoloniferous. Culms 3-angled, leafy to high up, covered at base with entire bladeless sheaths. Leaves flat, 3-nerved, abruptly attenuate. Bract sheathed and bearing a long blade. Inflorescence of 4-7 segregated spikelets, of these the terminal 1-2 staminate, long, linear, the others pistillate, long (up to 15cm), narrow-cylindric, many-flowered, on rather long smooth peduncles, drooping to pendulous. Perigynia membranaceous, ellipsoid to ovoid- ellipsoid, faintly trigonous, 2.5-4mm long, slenderly few-nerved, glabrous, cuneate, with short, subemarginate or truncate beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Upper spikelets subsessile, erect, crowded around the staminate spike- let; lower spikelets segregated, on rather long peduncles, more or less drooping; sheath of lowest bract barely 5mm long; leaves 3-6 mm broad. hal: weed waar he gslike Siete: « hkhete uatel ete techs oO & City aah emesis ona: + All spikelets segregated, on rather long peduncles, pendulous; bract sheaths to 3-4cm long; leaves 6-15mm broad... 5.05% gaan s M2 333 420 2. Spikelets exceptionally long, attaining up to 15cm, cylindric, dense; perigynia with ciliate-margined beak; cinereous-green, stiffish plants PL ORE SRE SR: RET Neca are al eee Nh ae a oe 349, C. pendula Huds. f Spikelets 3-6cm long, sparsely flowered and narrow, sublinear; peri- gynia with smooth beak; herbaceous-green soft plants........... OAR ERAS SP RRO Ta Sh af Sates oe. Sree 348. C. strigosa Huds. Cycle 1. Myriopera (Boern.) V. Krecz.- All spikelets segregated, pedunculate, long, pendulous. Bracts long-sheathed, with a membranaceous auricle infront. Leaves 6-15mm broad. 348. C. strigosa Huds. Fl. angl. ed. 2 (1778) 411; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 418; Meinsh, in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 363; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 584; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 173. Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms slender, nodding at the ends, compressed-triangular, smooth, 30-80cm tall, covered at base with bladeless sheaths; leaves soft, weak, 6-10mm broad, scabrous, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-7, segregated, the terminal spikelets staminate, lance-linear, 2-3.5cm long, with oblong sub- obtuse green broadly hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 3-6cm long, loose, on slender smooth peduncles, these almost en- tirely included in bract sheaths, erect to subnutant; lowest bract with sheath to 3-4cm long and foliaceous blade twice the length of its spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, subacute, 3-nerved, with green internerves, whitish-hyaline and finely ferruginous-spotted at the margin, about half the length of peri- gynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, trigonous, 3-3.5mmlong, green, ferrugi- nous-lined, distinctly many-nerved, cuneate-based, stipitate, smooth above, cuneate-attenuate into short white straight-truncate cylindric beak. Fr. April-May. Forests. -— Caucasus: Tal. (Lenkoran'; between Alyazapin and Mt. Tevile- band). Gen. distr.: Northern Persia, Central Europe. Described from England (Essex, Black Nortley). Type in London. 349. C. pendula Huds. Fl. angl. ed. 1 (1762) 352; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 296.—C. maxima Scop. Fl. carn., ed. 2, II (1772) 229; Boiss. Fl. Or., V, 418.-Exs.: Kneuck. VI, No. 178. Perennial, glaucous-green, cespitose plants, with ligneous rhizome; culms robust, slender and somewhat nodding at the ends, smooth, 70-150cm tall, covered at base with brownish-red keeled reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves 8-16mm broad, subrevolute-margined, culm-like, segregated, long- sheathed; leaves of offshoots congested, shorter than culms; spikelets 4-7, segregated, linear-cylindric to clavate-cylindric, 5-15cm long, 0.5cm broad, arching-pendulous; the terminal 1-2 spikelets staminate, with nar- rowly lanceolate ferruginous sheaths; other spikelets pistillate, loosish, on peduncles to 5-8cm long, rather sparsely flowered below; bracts with tall sheaths (to 4cm), the lowest slightly shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, brown, 3-nerved, terminating in a sharp point 1.5-2 mm long, with light internerves, shorter than perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, ovoid-ellipsoid, inflated-trigonous, 2.5-3mm long, pale green, slenderly 3-4-nerved, slightly curved at summit, sessile, gradually tapering into cylindric subemarginate ciliate-margined beak. Fr. May. Forests (near streams), shady gorges. - European part: Crimea; all Caucasus. Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Minor. De- scribed from England (between Hampstead and Highgate). Type in London. 334 421 422 Cycle 2. Acrothyrsa V. Krecz.- Terminal spikelets subsessile, erect, crowded around the staminate, spikelet; lower spikelets segregated, long-peduncled, more or less pendulous; bract sheath devoid of auricle, weakly developed. Leaves 3-6 cm broad, 350. C. jaluénsis Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 369; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 426; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 295. Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms slender, scaberulous above, 50-70cm tall, with low cover of light castane- ous-brown broad bladeless basal sheaths; leaves3-5mm broad, subrevolute- margined, stiffish, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-7, the upper sub- approximate, the lower distant; the terminal spikelet staminate, clavate- cylindric, to 5-6cm long, with obtuse narrow obovate, tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric to clavate-cylindric, 3-7cm long, 0.5cem broad, sparsely flowered below, on peduncles to 4cm long, drooping; lowest bract twice the length of inflorescence; short-sheathed; pistillate scales lance-ovate, narrowly tawny, with a broad light-green center, 3-nerved, terminating in a short awn-point (to 1-3.5mm long), as long as perigynia; perigynia membranaceous, ellipsoid, obscurely trigonous, 3mm long, pale green, slightly ferruginous-spotted, with 2 lateral nerves and 1-2 faint nerves in between, smooth-margined, terminating in short discolor obsolete- ly emarginate beak. Fr. June. Ravines, valleys (in deciduous forests, near water).- Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, n.-e. China. Described from river Yalu, near Sang-Su-U. Type in Leningrad. Section 43. Nothocarex V. Krecz. —- Cespitose plants; culms 3-angled, papillose, covered at base with bladeless keeled reticulate sheaths. Leaves flat, ribbed below, also papillose. Bracts sheathless. Inflorescence of 4-5 spikelets: the terminal staminate, linear; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, subsessile, distant. Perigynia membranaceous, obovoid, com- pressed -biconvex, 4mm long, papillose, obsoletely nerved, with long spreading-bidentate beak, the margin and beak serrulate-scabrous. Achene plano-convex. Stigmas 2. 1. Perigynia 4mm long, stramineous-green, exceeding the scales, witha long serrulate-margined beak; stigmas moderately long.......... NBR. MEU ).. CETL AS LE SI. Soth "Cy foriicula Pranch. "er Sav. + Perigynia 2.5-3mm long, reddish-ferruginous, with a short, nearly smooth beak; stigmas very long...... 352. C. sadoénsis Franch. 351. C. forficula Franch. et Sav. Enum. pl. Jap. II (1879) 131 et 557; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 342.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 291, tab. 85. Perennial, robust, cinereous-green plants, forming large clumps; culms prominently scabrous, sparsely verrucose, 50-100cm tall, covered at base with argillaceous-brown keeled reticulate bladeless sheaths, leaves 3-5mm broad, subrevolute-margined, verrucose on the lower surface, equaling the culm; spikelets 4-5, the terminal staminate, linear, to 3cm long, pe- dunculate, the others pistillate, narrowly cylindric, 1,5-5 cm long, dense, the lowest distant, pedunculate; lowest bract foliaceous, shorter than inflo- rescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, terminating in a scabrous point, 335 423 dark ferruginous, green between the 3 unequal nerves, shorter and narrow- er than to equaling the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 4mm long, compres- sed-biconvex, greenish, glandular, ribbed at the margins, hispid from the middle on the midrib and on the prolonged spreading-bidentate beak, some- times both faces with slender nerves covered with whitish bristles, Fr. June-July. Marshes, river banks. - Far East: Uss. (Ussuri, Daubikhe and Suifun river basins). Gen. distr.: Japan, Korea. Described from Kobe distr. in northern Nippon. Type in Paris. 352. C. sadoénsis Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 8 sér., VII (1895) 42; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 344; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 235; Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sc. Hokk. Univ., Serie Vel diy 1.0093 2) 96. mhign 46. lesen Kukow less! 343) figars3ohmeG: Perennial, green, cespitose, stoloniferous plants; culms sharply flat- tened-triangular, minutely papillose, smooth, 40-60cm tall, covered at base with ochreous-brown, somewhat lustrous bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-5mm broad, minutely papillose underneath; spikelets 4-6, the terminal staminate, ovoid-cylindric, pedunculate, the others pistillate, linear-cylin- dric to clavate-cylindric, 2-6cm long, dense, erect, the upper approximate, sessile, the lower distant, pedunculate; lowest bract nearly equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-lanceolate, truncate, with a sca- brous point, sanguine-ferruginous-black, green on the back, 1-3-nerved, nearly twice as long as but narrower than perigynia; perigynia membranace- ous, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, compressed-biconvex, 2.5-2.8mm long, green ferruginous-blackish-tinged, distinctly margined, nerveless, short-stipi- tate, abruptly contracted into a terminally cleft, bidentate, rather diffusely scabrous-margined beak. Shores of rivers and lakes. - Recorded by Japanese authors for Sakhalin. Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from Japan (Sado Is.). Type in Paris. Section 44. Proteocarpus Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw.,Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 267, ex p.-Drymeia Ehrh, Beitr. IV (1789) 148 (nomen). — Forest plants, cespitose or with loosely creeping rhizome. Culms obtusely 3-angled, leafy to high up, covered at base with bladeless sheaths. Leaves flat, 3~veined, abruptly pointed; bract bearing a long blade. Inflorescence loose, with 1-3 staminate and 3-5 pistillate spikelets, the pistillate spike- lets cylindric, drooping, pedunculate, loose. Perigynia membranaceous, ovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous or obtusely trigonous, 3-6mm long, nerveless, or slenderly nerved, contracted into a long, frontally cleft, rather smooth, bidentate beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Cespitose plants, without stolons; leaves linear, 5-8mm broad; inflo- rescence loose; pistillate spikelets on rather long scabrous peduncles + Plants with a creeping rhizome and with stolons, leaves to 2cm broad, inflorescence crowded above, loose below; terminal spikelets subsessile, the lower on long smooth peduncles. . .356. C. latifrons V. Krecz. 2. Rhizome and culm bases densely covered with fibrillose sheath remnants; staminate (spikelets: 2=seai rants fet ae 355.2 (CA rine] liiChrist. + Rhizome and culm bases covered with entire non-splitting sheaths; staminaterspikeletsesolitanyin cmd... yeaa eee ee ee 3. 336 3. Bright green plants, with leaves 4-8mm broad; perigynia 5-6 mm long, nerveless, with smooth beak; fruits falling in June. (Europe, Cau- Casuslha oi, well) telo test bela eile 353) C..sidiviaticenHuds. + Pale green plants with leaves 3-4mm broad; spikelets narrower; peri- gynia 4.5-5mm long, with slender, basally distinct nerves and a more or less scabrous-margined beak; fruits falling from June to August. (Western Transcaucasia)........ 354. C. hypaneura V. Krecz. Series 1. Scrabripedicellatae V. Krecz. — Cespitose plants, with- out stolons. Leaves linear, 5-8mm broad. Inflorescence loose; pistillate spikelets on rather long scabrous peduncles. 353. C. silvatica Huds. Fl. angl., ed. 1 (1762) 353; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 295; Meinsh. in A.H.P., 3 (1901)363.—C. Drymeia Ehrh. in L. fil. Suppl. (1781) 414; M.B. Fl. taur. cauc. II (1808) 390; III (1819) 618; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 173, ex max. p.-C. loncholepis Less. in herb. - Exs.: HFR No. 844; Kneuck. No. 89; XIla, No. 48. Perennial, green to bright green plants with ligneous rhizome, forming loose tufts; culms slender and drooping above, smooth, 30-80cm tall, covered at base with light brown entire sheaths; leaves soft, 4-8 mm broad, shorter than the culms; spikelets 4-6, the lower distant; the terminal spike- lets staminate, lance-linear, 2-3.5cm long, with ovate acute yellowish- green scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 3-4.5cm long, loose, sparsely flowered below, on slender, prominently scabrous peduncles, 4- ocm long, drooping; lowest bract with sheath to 2.5cm long and blade ex- ceeding the spikelets; pistillate scales ovate, abruptly sharp-pointed, with cuneate green center, whitish-hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous, 5-6mm long, pale green, at length brunescent, nerveless, gradually tapering into long smooth whitish-biden- tate beak. May-June. Shady deciduous forests. - European part: Lad.-Il'm. (s.-w. part), Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Zavolzh., Volg.-Kam. 424 (s.-e. part), Crimea; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. and West. Trans- cauc., Tal., West. Siberia: Alt. Gen. distr.: West. Europe. Described from England. 354. C. hypaneura V.Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 621.—C. sil- vatica var. angustifolia Litw. in Sched, ad Herb. Fl. URSS, IX (1932) 63, -C. silvatica Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 173, ex min. p., non Huds. Perennial, pale green, loosely cespitose plants; culms slender, droop- ing at the ends, 30-60cm tall, covered at base with light brownish bladeless sheaths; leaves rather smooth, 3-4mm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 4-6, the lower distant; terminal spikelets staminate, linear- clavate, 2-4cm long, with oblong acute ferruginous-green pale scales; other spikelets pistillate, narrowly linear to linear-clavate, 2-3.5cm long, loose- ly flowered (especially below), on slender, prominently scabrous, to 5-6cm long peduncles, drooping; lowest bract with sheath to 3cm long and blade the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, gradually attenu- ate to an awn-point, scabrous on the midrib above, 3-nerved, with green internerves, whitish-margined, somewhat shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 4.5-5mm long, initially pale green, at length brunescent, with very slender, basally distinct nerves, rather abruptly 337 425 beaked; beak prolonged, frontally deep-cleft, bidentate, with somewhat spreading teeth, scaberulous-margined, subferruginous. June-July. Dry deciduous forests, coppices, and forest margins. —- Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Abkhaziya, Mingreliya). Endemic. Described from Western Transcaucasia (Novyi Afon). Type in Leningrad. 355. C. Arnellii Christ ex Scheutz in Sven. Vet. Akad. Handl., N.F., XXII (1887) 177; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 609 et in Journ. Russ. Bot, 3-6 (1911) 159.-C. silvatica B Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 279.-C. silvatica Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 295, quoad pl. sibiricam; Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 312, non Huds.-C. Maximo- wiczii Bceklr. in Linnaea XLI (1877) 237, nec Mig. (1865), nec. F.Schmidt (1868).- C. Turczaninowiana Meinsh. ex Korsh. in A.H.P. XII (1892) 411 et in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 363.—Ic.: Kuk., l.c., 603, fig. 103.—- Exs.: HFR No. 1194. Perennial, pale green, cespitose plants, with oblique ligneous elongated rhizome; culms slender, scabrous and drooping above, 30-70cm tall, densely covered at base with brown fibrillose sheath remnants; leaves soft, 3-4mm broad, long-acuminate, nearly equaling the culm; spikelets 4-5, distant: the terminal 2-3 staminate, congested, lance-clavate, 1.5-3cm long, with ovate subobtuse tawny green-centered scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2-5cm long, loose, sparsely flowered below, on fili- form scabrous peduncles to 5-6cm long; lowest bract short-sheathed (sheath to 1.5cm long) and bearing a blade nearly equaling the inflorescence; pistil- late scales lance-ovate, awn-pointed, with a green terminally scabrous mid- rib, tawny-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 4.5-5mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish-green, nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into a moderately long, frontally ferruginous- cleft, smooth, bidentate,beak. Fr. June-July. Forests. — European part: Volg.-Don. (Elyuzan', Lyskovo), Zavolzh., Volg.-Kam. (Kazan' and e. of Kama); West. Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob.,Irt., Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis. (s. part), Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss., Ud., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria, North Korea, Japan. Described from Yenisei (Shumikha, be- tween Krasnoyarsk and Eniseisk). ‘Type in Stockholm, cotype in Leningrad. Series 2. Laevipedicellatae V. Krecz. — Plants with creeping rhizome and with stolons. Leaves to 2cm broad. Inflorescence crowded above, loose below; terminal spikelets subsessile, the lower on long smooth peduncles. 356. C. latifrons V.Krecz.nom.nov.—C. latifolia Boiss. et Bal. in Fl. Or. V (1884) 421; N. Alb. Prodr. fl. Colch. (1895) 251; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 607; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 172, nec Moench (1794), nec Schkuhr (1801). Perennial, pale green plants with creeping rhizome, stoloniferous (?); culms firm, smooth, 60-100cm tall, covered at base with light brown blade- less sheaths; leaves soft, broadly lance-linear, 0.8-1.8cm broad, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-7, the terminal 3-5 crowded, the others strongly separated below: the upper 1-3 barely exceeding the others, staminate, lance-linear, 3-4cm long, with ovate subobtuse tawny scales; other spike- lets pistillate, linear, 4-6.5cm long, loose, sparsely flowered below, on thickened smooth peduncles, of these the upper barely 0.5cm long, the lower to 10-12cm and even longer; upper spikelets erect, the lower 338 426 drooping; lowest bract with 4-5cm long (or longer) sheath and a broad blade exceeding the spikelet; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, setiform, acute, with a scabrous green midrib, lurid-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obtusely trigonous, 4-4.5mm long, greenish, at length, brunescent; nerveless, rather abruptly beaked; beak smooth, subcylindric, frontally deep membranaceous-cleft, weakly bidentulate. Alpine and subalpine meadows. — Caucasus: West. Transcauc.: Abkha- ziya, Mingreliya. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor. Described from Lazistan (Dzhimil). Type in Geneva. Section 45. Caricella (Ehrh.) V. Krecz.—Ehrh. Beitr. IV (1789) 146. Proteocarpus Boern. in Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 267 (pro sectione generis Proteocarpi Boern.), ex p.—Slender, cespitose plants of marshes and meadows. Culms slender, obtusely angled, smooth; leaves narrow, short-acuminate. Inflorescence of 1 staminate spikelet and 2-5(7) pistillate spikelets; pistillate spikelets rather loosely flowered, short- peduncled, pendulous. Perigynia membranaceous, ovoid to oblong, obtusely rounded-trigonous, 2-4mm long, nerveless or obsoletely nerved, rather gradually tapering into moderately long, scabrous or smooth, oblique- ly truncate, membranaceous beak. 1. Terminal spikelet androgynous (i.e. partly staminate and partly pistil- late); perigynia nerved and smooth-beaked; slender filiform plants wath shortistolonscy. 0. NG. -/ inyat) Ye 357.7 Cu Sedakow ida yC. AM, ti Terminal spikelets staminate (more rarely gynecandrous); perigynia nerveless, with scabrous (rarely smooth) beak; plants mostly flat- teamed.) cespitoseiteaaiilit zi volts A pote. Lait eB Poh Re Pee. Bi 2. Terminal spikelet ferruginous or golden, markedly overtopping the pistillate spikelets; pistillate scales ferruginous or golden; perigynia obtusely trigonous, yellowish or subferruginous at maturity, dull.. 3. ty Terminal spikelet pale, not overtopping the pistillate spikelets or bare- ly so; pistillate scales pale; perigynia rounded-trigonous, olivaceous- brown at maturity, rbustrous 2.18)... dave’ Poll. Lele Asa eee ieee 3D. 3. Perigynia 3mm long, oblong-ovoid, gradually tapering into smooth golden beak; staminate spikelet small, narrowly lanceolate, barely Himmadtong: | deavesxsetaceous convolute D2 0 Upon oak iiwel Bmw. SOBER: AE Tesperhae ll: Ls ae 365. C. Novograblenovii Kom. + Perigynia (2.8)3-4mm long, ovoid, abruptly contracted into scabrous beak; staminate spikelet oblong, to 1.5cm long; leaves flat, to 4mm 4. Staminate spikelet clavate, bright orange; scales ovate, rounded- obtuse, the pistillate castaneous to ferruginous; pistillate spikelets loose; perigynia ovoid, 2.8-3mm long, the beak short, scabrous only at summit; green plants with leaves to 2-2.5mm broad, one-third to half the length of culm ....... 363. C. Ledebouriana C.A.M. ‘ti Staminate spikelet lanceolate, golden-ferruginous; scales oblong to lanceolate, subacute, tawny; pistillate spikelets with subdistant peri- gynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 3.5-4mm long, abruptly beaked, the beak scabrous from the middle; pale green plants with leaves 3-4mm broad, nearly aslongastheculm ..... 364. C. koreana Kom. 339 5 (2). Perigynia oblong-ovoid, (2.8)3-3.8mm long, gradually tapering into 427 long attenuate beak, staminate spikelet small, narrowly lanceolate, usually exceeding the pistillate spikelets; pistillate spikelets loosely flowered; Wwith?S- 15018) periaynialia e408 iG area a Ree 6. Fe Perigynia ovoid, 2-2.5mm long, rather abruptly contracted into short conic beak; staminate spikelet oblong-clavate, slightly exceeding the spikelets; pistillate spikelets rather dense, with 15-30 perigynia. .8. 6. Perigynia ovoid, olivaceous-brown at maturity; scales obtuse, half the length of perigynia, soon falling; staminate spikelet whitish; pistil- late spikelets loose, with 8-10 more or less spreading perigynia; leaves vhalt*as! lone as" therculrmo ain. Ako. G20. MERI OOO.O ee aa 7 Perigynia sublanceolate, rusty-yellow at maturity; scales oblong, subacute, two-thirds the length of perigynia, persistent; staminate spikelet dingy-brown; pistillate spikelets loose, linear, with 10-18 appressed perigynia; leaves one-fourth as long as the culm, crowded at basal wk VO So ie Tee fi) SOFA, 360. C. lenaeensis Kuk. (i Dwarf (arcto-alpine) plants; perigynia 2.8-3mm long, smooth at sum- Miter Hearly SOS ART LAMAR: 358. C. capillaris L.s.str. Large forest plants; perigynia 3.5-4mm long, scabrous at summit Sk ie Se ae, Cee Ne A A ere 359. C. chlorostachys Stev. 8. Small plants, 10-15cm tall, with soft, 1-2mm broad leaves nearly as long as the culm; pistillate scales acute; perigynia greenish. (Okhotskoe coast, Beringiana)..362. C. Chamissonis Meinsh. ay Larger plants, 15-40cm tall, with rather stiff, 2-4mm broad leaves half as long as the culm; pistillate scales obtuse; perigynia olivaceous- brown, lustrous. (Eastern Siberia, Turkestan) .............. SSE eee EM SMORED, MM ie MRO, NSGiiaiCritws omshneyn. Series 1. Nematodae V. Krecz.— Terminal spikelet androgynous; peduncles of staminate spikelets smooth; perigynia slenderly nerved, green, at length lutescent, smooth-beaked. Plants with slender filiform leaves and short stolons. 337. C. Sedakowii C. A.M. ex Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 360; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 376; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 588 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 156; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II (1931) 129.-C. capillaris var. paludosa F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., sér. VII, XII (1868) 69.—-Ic.: Kuk., l.c., 589, fig. 99, A-C.- Exs.: HFR No. 1346 a etb. Perennial, pale green, cespitose plants, with short stolons; culms fili- form, somewhat drooping at the ends, 10-50cm tall, leafy in lower one- third; leaves filiform-convolute (at most 1mm broad when unrolled), sca- brous, long-attenuate, not exceeding half the length of culm; spikelets 2-4, distant; terminal spikelet androgynous, 0.7-1cm long, erect, with 1-5 peri- 428 gynia at base, its scales obtuse, yellowish-ferruginous; other spikelets pistillate, narrowly oblong, 0.6-1cm long, loosely 3-8-flowered, on very slender smooth peduncles to 2cm long; lower bracts with narrow long sheath to 2.5cm long and a setiform blade barely as long; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, tawny, white-hyaline-margined, with a green midrib, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia obovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2.5-2.8mm long, pale green, becoming lustrous, few-nerved on the outer face, weakly Stipitate, smooth at summit, rather abruptly beaked; beak short, oblique, cylindric, subferruginous, white-hyaline at summit, truncate, Fr. July. 340 429 Mossy marshes. — West Siberia: Ob. (vicinity of Tobol'sk), Alt., East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol. (s.); Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss., Okhot. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria, North Korea. Described from Transbaikalia — Kul'skie Vody. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Chloroticae V.Krecz.—Terminal spikelets staminate, pale, not exceeding the pistillate spikelets or barely so; pistillate scales pale; perigynia rounded-trigonous, nerveless, green, becoming olivaceous- brown, lustrous, with scabrous beak; leaves flat, to 3-4mm broad; cespi- tose plants. sao, "Co Capiltaris Ly sp. pre (i753) OFT st "stro)> "Trev. am dude, Fl. Ross. IV, 295; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 362, ex p. -Exs.: Kneuck. No. 210 and 210 a. Perennial, cineraceous-green plants, with slender culms 3-15cm tall leaves abbreviated, stiffish, flat to subinvolute, to 2mm broad; spikelets 3-5, aggregated ina glomerule; terminal spikelet staminate, not exceeding the pistillate spikelets, with obtuse tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong, 0.5-1cm long, 4-8-flowered, drooping; pistillate scales subacute, tawny, broadly hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 2.8-3mm long, brownish-green, gradually tapering into a nearly smooth beak. Fr. June-July. Tundra.— Arctic?» Arct. Hur: , Chuk: Gen. distr. > Arctic region and mountains of Europe and North America. Described from Europe. 359. C.chlorostachys Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, IV (1813) oo; M.B FI taur.”cauc. Il (18!9) 615; Vo Kreezh mm bY, PTransbe aids) 129, non Don (1825).-—C. capillaris Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 295 (excl. var.B); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 262, ex p.; Grossh. FI. Kavicel, 172, non. —€. capil aris’ t. ima jor KURY in Emel mefilzrav, 20 (1909) 590 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 157, ex p.; Litw. in Sched. ad. Herb. Fl. Ross. VI (1908) 134, non Drejer.-— Exs.: HFR No. 5961940a; Pi int. eexs. NOL advan Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, with short creeping rhizome; culms slender, setiform, 15-50cm tall; leaves soft, flat, 1.5-3 mm broad, short-acuminate, half as long as the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower sub- distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, often not exceeding the adjoining pistillate spikelets, lance-linear, 0.5-0.7cm long, 0.2cm broad, with ob- tuse tawny broadly hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear-oblong, 0.7-1.5cm long, loosely 6-12-flowered (usually 9-10-flower- ed), on slender scabrous peduncles, 2-3cm long, drooping; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5cm long and a blade exceeding the spikelet; pistillate scales ovate, obtuse, soon deciduous, tawny, green-centered, with broad whitish or hyaline margins, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia ovoid, rounded-trigonous, (3)3.2-3.8(4)mm long, initially green, becoming somewhat brownish-green, lustrous, nerveless, distinctly stipitate, gradual- ly beaked; beak moderately long, scabrous-margined, conic, hyaline- tipped, obliquely truncate. Fr. May-June. Marshes, wet meadows, coppices, boggy forests. - Arctic: Arct. Eur. ; Huropean part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Volg., Volg., Kam., Volg.-Don., Zavolzh.; Caucasus: Ciscauc., Dag., East. Trans- cauc. (Kubinskii Distr.); West. Siberia: Ob., Irt. (e.), Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Len.-Kol.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Pribalkh. (n. part), Tyan'-Shan., Pam. -Al. (Zeravshan). Gen. distr.: 341 430 Scandinavia, Baltic States, Poland. Described from Eastern Caucasus (near Yukharibash Pass). Type in Leningrad. 360. C. lenaeensis Kuk. in Finsk. Vet. Soc. Forhandl. XLV, 8 (1902-1903) 10. -C. capillaris var. Ledebouriana Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 501, ex p., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 157, quoad pl. jakut.-C. capillaris Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 262; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 204, ex p. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender but firm, 20-40cm tall, with leaves congested below; leaves rather soft, flat to sub- involute, 1.5-2.5cm broad, scabrous, rather short-attenuate, 1/4-1/3-1/2 the length of the culm; spikelets 4-6, the upper approximate, the lower distant: the terminal spikelet not exceeding the adjoining pistillate spikelets or even shorter, staminate, lance-linear, 0.6-1.2cm long (0.2cm broad), erect, with narrow obtuse rufous scales; other spikelets pistillate, narrow- ly linear, 1-1.5cm long, loose (the lowest sometimes with 1-2 branches at base), containing 10-18 perigynia, on capillary peduncle to 3-4cm long, erect to slightly nodding; lowest bract with light green sheath to 3-3.5cm long and blade of same length; pistillate scales ovate, pointed, tawny, green- centered, broadly white-hyaline-margined, two-thirds the length of peri- gynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid to lanceolate, rounded-trigonous, 3-3.5cm long, green, becoming yellowish-ferruginous and lustrous, nerveless, stipitate, rather gradually beaked; beak prolonged, slightly oblique, sub- ferruginous, scaberulous, nearly smooth, white-hyaline-tipped, obliquely truncate. Fr. June-July. Boggy tundra. — Arctic: Arct. Siberia, Anad., Chuk. (St. Lawrence Bay, Arakan-Chechen Is.); East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan (Tunkinskie hills), Len. - Kol. (n. part); Far East: Ze.-Bur. (a peak of the Tukuringrarange), Sakh. (n. part). Gen. distr.: Alaska, Aleutian Islands. Described from Yakutiya (Tit-ary). Type in Helsinki. BOL. C. Kar oi Mrevn,.) a Oster. Bot. Zeitschr. XL (1890) 303 et XLVI, (1896) 132; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. Il, 129.-C.delicata C.B. Clarke in Kew. Bull. Miscell. Inform., Addit. Ser., VIII (1908) 72.-C. capilla- ris, s€ was Mey in) Ldb.y I). Alt. IV.(1833).227,,.non. Je: \—:C. caja le mica t. major Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1900) 590 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 157, ex p., non Drej.-C. capillaris ssp. densiflora Printz, Veg. Sib. Mong. Front. (1921) 158, fig. 79 et 80.-C. displodens Printz, wei, 0142, figwoti.i-Bxset) HER, No.» 1940.b, Perennial, pale green to cineraceous-green, densely cespitose plants; culms stronger than in the preceding species, 15-40cm tall; leaves sub- rigid, flat, 2-4mm broad, short-acuminate, shorter than the culm (two- thirds as long); spikelets 4-6, the upper approximate, the lower distant: the terminal spikelet usually equaling to slightly exceeding the adjoining pistillate spikelets, staminate, oblong-obovoid to short-lance-clavate, 0.6- 0.8cm long (sometimes gynecandrous), 0.2-0.3cm broad, with rufous hyaline-margined obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, narrowly cylin- dric, 0.8-2cm long, loosely 15-30flowered, on capillary scabrous peduncle to 2-2.5cm long, drooping; lowest bract with sheath to 2-2.5cm long and blade exceeding the spikelet; pistillate scales broadly ovate, obtuse, tawny, with green midrib, terminating in an obtuse tip, broadly whitish-hyaline- margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, rounded-trigonous, 2-2.5 mm long, green, becoming brownish-green and lustrous, nerveless, 342 431 short-stipitate, rather abruptly beaked; beak short, conic, scaberulous- margined, whitish-hyaline, obliquely truncate, frontally cleft down to the base. Fr. June-August, Saline marshes and meadows. — West. Siberia: Irt. (e. part), Alt.;East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur.; Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Tyan'-Shan., Pam.-Al. Gen, distr.: Kulja, North- ern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from the vicinity of Irkutsk (a forest on the Irkut). Type in Austria. 362. C. Chamissonis Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 361. - C. nana Cham. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 228, nec Lam. (1789), nec Boott (1858). -—C. capillaris var. nana Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 591.-C. capillaris Trev. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 295; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I, 204, quoad pl. Redowskianam, non L. Perennial, green, cespitose plants; culms triangular, leafy to high up, 5-10cm tall (when young); leaves soft, flat, 1-2mm broad, short-acumi- nate, equaling to exceeding the culm; spikelets 6-7, often in 2's or 3's from same bract, the terminal spikelet staminate, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 1cm long, with obovate tawny obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 1-1.5cem long, loosely flowered, on slender scabrous peduncles to 1.5-2cm long, erect or slightly drooping; lowest bracts with sheath to 1 cm long and blade nearly equaling the inflorescence, pistillate scales ovate, carinate, subacute, tawny, pale-margined, as long as or shorter than perigynia; perigynia (partly mature) ovoid, trigonous, 2-2.5mm long, nerveless, pale, green, conically attenuate into short hispidulous-margined beak. Far East: (Okhotskoe coast, — along the road from Okhotsk to Gizhiga, Ayan). Endemic. Described from the Okhotskoe coast (erroneously re- corded for Kamchatka). Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Chalcandrae V. Krecz.- Terminal spikelets staminate, ferruginous or golden-colored, overtopping the pistillate spikelets; pistil- late scales ferruginous or golden. Perigynia obtusely trigonous, nerveless, green, becoming yellowish, with scaberulous or smooth beak. Leaves more or less flat. Cespitose plants. 363. C. Ledebouriana C.A.M. et Trev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXVI, 1 (1863) 540; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 129.-—C. capillaris var CAE Msane Ldbyibiler AltedV (V83I3s)22ev (Cs newpildeorndsimp Trevsin Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 295.-—C. capillaris var. Ledebourii. F. Schmidt in Mem. Ac. St. Pétersb., sér., VII, XII (1868) 69.-—C. capil- lavaslivwarinle deb uniania » Kukian Engle Pilar TV, (200(1909) 594 tet in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 157.-C. fraudulans Printz, Veg. Sib. Mong. Front. (1921) 160, fig. 82 et tab. IV, fig. 1.-C. davurica Stev. in herb. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender, 6-25cm long; leaves rather stiff, flat, 1.5-3mm broad, short-acuminate, half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, consider- ably exceeding the others, staminate, oblanceolate, to clavate, plumpish, 0.6-1.5cm long, 0.3-0.5cm broad, with rufous obtuse scarcely hyaline- margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 0.7-1.5cm long, loosely 5-10-flowered (sparsely below), on filiform scabrous peduncles, to 2.5-3cm long, drooping; lowest bract with subferruginous sheath to 1.5cm long and blade barely as long; pistillate scales ovate, obtusely- tipped, convex, rufous, with concolor or lighter nerve, narrowly hyaline- 343 432 433 margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous, 2.8-3mm long, greenish-yellow, becoming subferruginous above, nerveless, on conically attenuate stipe, rather abruptly contracted into ferruginous hyaline-tipped scaberulous-margined beak. Fr. June-August. Wet places in alpine and subapline zone. - Arctic: Anad.; West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol. (s. ande. parts)- Dzhugdzhur range). Gen,distr.; Northern Mongolia. Described from Altai (Kuraiskii range). Type in Leningrad. 364. C. koreana Kom, in A.H.P. XVIII, 6 (1901) 446 et in Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 399; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 591 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 157; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 129; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 315, tab. 94 (dextra). Perennial, pale green, densely cespitose plants; culms slender, 20- 40cm tall; leaves soft, flat, 3-4mm broad, short-acuminate, slightly short- er than the culm; spikelets 2-4, the lower distant: terminal spikelet stami- nate, exceeding the others, lanceolate, 0.6-1.5cm long, with oblong sub- obtuse rufous white-hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 0.5-1.5cm long, loosely 5-10-flowered, on filiform scabrous pedun- cles to 3-3.5cm long, erect to more or less drooping; lowest bract sheath to 1.5cm long and blade 2-3 times as long (but not exceeding the spikelet); pistillate scales ovate, the lower acute, the upper subobtuse, mucronate, ferruginous, hyaline at summit, carinate, scabrous on the mid- rib above, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, obtusely trigonous, 3.5-4mm long, nerveless, light green, stipitate, rather abruptly contracted into narrowly conic, somewhat spreading, scabrous-margined,, prolonged, ferruginous-tipped beak. Fr. May. Forests, rock crevices (on humus), meadows. — East. Siberia: Daur. - Nerchinskii Distr., river Itakenda above the estuary of river Shaverna; Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea. Described from North Korea: near Chaor'en Pass, Kensong Province. Type in Leningrad. 365. C. Novograblenovii Kom. in Bull. Jard. Bot. URSS, XXX, 1-2 (1932) 199. Perennial, pale green to yellowish-green, cespitose plants; culms slender, 5-15cm tall, with leaves crowded at base; leaves suberect, at most 1mm broad, setaceous-convolute, nearly smooth, short-acuminate, one-third to half as long as the culm; spikelets 2-4, the lower distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, overtopping the others, lanceolate, barely 0.5cm long, with oblong-ovate, subobtuse, rufous, white-hyaline-tipped scales; other spikelets pistillate, linear, 0.5-1cm long, loosely 5-8-flower- ed, on filiform scaberulous peduncles to 1cm long; lowest bract with brown- ish to 0.5-0.7cm long and setiform blade barely equaling its spikelet; pistil- late scales early deciduous, obovate, obtuse, rusty-rufous, with white- hyaline irregular margin, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia ; oblong-ovoid, obtusely trigonous, 3mm long, brownish-green, sublustrous, conically attenuate at base, smooth at summit, gradually tapering into moderately long conic golden-rufous hyaline-tipped smooth beak. Fr. July. Arctic: Arct. Sib., Anad. (river Osnovaya), Chuk. (Arakan-Chechen Is.); Far East: Kamch. (Pinachevo-Kalachevskii Pass), Okhot. (coast, on the road from Okhotsk to Gizhiga), Ze.-Bur. (sources of Bureya). En- demic. Described from Kamchatka (Pinachevo-Kalachevskii Pass). Type in Leningrad. 344 434 Section 46. Malacocarex V.Krecz.—Proteocarpus Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 267 (pro sectione generis Proteo- carpi Boern.), ex p.- Meadow and forest plants, with long slender sto- lons; culms more or less flattened-triangular, with winged prominently scabrous angles, leafy to high up, covered at base with bladeless or blade- bearing sheaths; leaves flat, soft, 3-veined, short-acuminate. Bracts sheathless. Inflorescence of 1 staminate spikelet and 3-5 cylindric pistil- late spikelets; spikelets distant, the lower pedunculate, erect or drooping; perigynia membranaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 4-6 mm long, withsmooth, terete, truncate or more or less emarginate, hyaline-tipped beak. Stigmas 3. 1. Perigynia 5-5.5mm long, more or less horizontally spreading, on curved stipe, abruptly contracted into cylindric bidentate-emarginate beak (Northern Europe)........ 3663 Ciymolhlissim a eChrist + Perigynia 3.5-4mm long, ascending, on straight stipe, gradually taper- ing into a more or less obliquely truncate beak (Far East)....... BOPP ee litt te ates tee ea Se od 36iae Coe plan Ae wil WsreKome- 366. C. mollissima Christ ex Scheutz in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stock- holm, XXII (1887) 181 et in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 413; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 719 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 179; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 133.-—C. divaricata Kuk. in Finska Vetensk. Soc. Forh. XLV (1902-03) 12.-C. vesicaria var. alpigena et var. reflexa Mieinish 4 gin As HiP po XV eet 3a (9 Oils) 3 73 n—Tewr Keak, lien l2 lyafio a4 sar). Perennial, green plants, with long slender stolons; culms 25-40cm tall, covered at base with light brown blade-bearing sheaths; leaves 3-7mm broad, scabrous, exceeding the culm; spikelets 3-5, approximate: the terminal spikelet staminate, linear, 2-3cm long, on peduncle barely 0.5cm long, with ovate subobtuse tawny scales; other spikelet pistillate, cylindric, 1.2-3cm long, 0.7cm broad, loose, the upper subsessile, the lower on peduncle to 3cm long, erect; lowest bract sheathless, with blade 2-3 times the length of inflorescence, pistillate scales ovate, subacute, reddish- ferruginous, with a narrow green center, half the length of perigynia; peri- gynia horizontally spreading, ovoid, inflated-terete, 5-5.5mm long, stra- mineous, lustrous, slenderly nerved, round-based, on slender oblique stipe ca. 1mm long, rather abruptly contracted into cylindric, smooth, obliquely truncate, weakly bidentulate beak measuring to one-fourth the length of the body. Fr. July. (Plate XXIII, fig. 13). Marshes, in water. - European part: Dv.-Pech. (river Ilych), Volg. - Kam, (Centr, Uraland Solikamsk); West. Siberia: Ob. (Sosva river basin, between Shchekut'inskii and Izhma, on river Enkorpiya); East. Siberia: Yenisy («Daun Leny-Kole)4MarHast:siZes Bur. Uss.i9kndemich,s De- scribed from Azinov on the Yenisei. Type in Stockholm. 367. C. planiculmis Kom. in A.H.P. XVII, 6 (1901) 448 et in Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 392; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 621; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 315. Perennial, pale green plants, with long slender stolons; culms firm, flattened winged-triangular, with emarginate sides, scabrous above, 40- 50cm tall, covered at base with light brown bladeless sheaths; leaves 5- 12mm broad, with 3 prominent scabrous veins, somewhat shorter than the culms; spikelets 4-6, distant, especially the lower ones: the terminal 345 435 spikelet staminate, 2-4cm long, with oblong-ovate obtuse light brown, green- ribbed scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 2-4.5cm long, dense, the upper sessile, the lower on erect scabrous peduncles to 3mm long; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, cuspi- date, lurid, 3-nerved, with green internerves, shorter than perigynia, the midrib scabrous above, perigynia spreading, ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 3.5- 4mm long, pale green, many-ribbed, round-based, short-stipitate, smooth above, rather abruptly contracted into moderately long, curved, whitish- tipped, obliquely truncate, smooth beak. Fr. June-July. Forests. - Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, Japan. De- scribed from Manchuria (Kirin Province, Ninguta [Ningan] -— Tai-ma-gou distr.). Type in Leningrad. Section 47. Pompholyx V. Krecz.-Carex Rafin. Amenit. of Nat. I (1840) 25, ex p. (incl. subg. Carex et Costularia); Boern. in Abh. Naturw. Ver. Brem. XXI (1913) 265, pro max. parte, non L.— Loosely cespitose paludose plants of meadows and forests, with creeping rhizome and long stolons. Culms covered at base with reddish reticulate bladeless sheaths. Leaves ribbon-like, reticulate below, the leaf bases and sheaths glabrous or more or less pubescent. Bract sheathless; inflorescence of (1)-2-4-(7) approximate staminate spikelets and 2-5 distant pistillate spike- lets; pistillate spikelets oblong or cylindric, rather dense, rarely loose, erect, rarely drooping. Perigynia membranaceous or subcoriaceous, ovoid, oblong-ovoid, or conic-lanceolate, inflated-trigonous, from 3.5mm to 15- 18mm long, nerved, glabrous or more or less hairy, more or less distinct- ly stipitate, contracted into smooth, strongly bidentate or emarginate beak. Stigmas 3, rarely 2. 1. Lowest bract with well developed sheath 1.5-2-3 cm long [sic] (rarely - Ce Latis'qua mea iKome!=)0. 5=0s6emilong)peinizii dnote tines Ue a. of; Lowest bract sheathless or with scarcely developed sheath (2-3 mm Tong )%.ele strewn Gas tee Shas sep aind sy Soe. < fonbh: AER Beer b2. 2. Spikelets short, barely 2-2.5cm in length and thickness, containing 6-10 spreading conic-lanceolate perigynia 10-13mm long ......... on Es REE I Es CR Tl TC 390. C.dolichocarpa C.A.M. + Spikelets oblong, 2-8cm long, 0.8-1.5cm broad, containing numerous variously shaped perigynia not exceeding 9-10mm inlength...... 3. 3. Culms prominently scabrous, with channeled sides and rather promi- nently scabrous angles; staminate spikelet barely exceeding the dense and approximate pistillate spikelets; perigynia conic-lanceolate. . . 4. + Culms obtusely triangular, with smooth angles; pistillate spikelets loose, sparsely flowered below, strongly separated from the staminate and from each other; perigynia ovoid or conic-ovoid (rarely oblong- conic-ovoid, and then beak furcate-dilated. (Plate XXIV,fig. 3)... 5. 4. Spikelets cylindric, 3-6cm long, 0.8-1cm broad, on long scabrous peduncles, drooping; perigynia subreflexed, 4.5-5.5mm long, with straight) bidentate beak.) (Plate: SOG, fipev8)ile \. ead. og alata. GLY ATRL. ORO en ad aoe ae 392, C. pseudo-cyperus L. + Spikelets oblong-ovoid, 1.5-3cm long, 1.5cm broad, horizontally or obliquely spreading, 8-9mm long; teeth of perigynium-beak arching- reflexed. (Plate XXIV, fig. 7)... 391. C. capricornis Meinsh. 5. Staminate spikelet solitary; sheath of lowest bract barely 0.5-0.6cm UNS cat ae castle, See TATTRI a Velde phd Cee ae 382. C. latisquamea Kom. 346 12 13. 14, 15, (1). Staminate spikelets 2-5; sheath of lowest bract from 1cm to 2.5cm Barats Scrat hye thy ah ict nin cap hewent ny ged So pk ipd MODs WEA abel dalle wo 6. Perigynia with divergent teeth, these 2.5-3 mm long, strong, subu- late, somewhat arching. (Plate XXIV, fig. 1) ............. Nh iMate: ER lst ve, haw Rn Olen i kt a ey 383. C. Siegertiana Uechtr. Perigynia with ceiau cuneate often soft teeth 1-1.5(2)mm long, usually :purple-tingediat the orifie ey iis ues spe i anusctiaieths letdnne tiie Perigynia glabrous, oblong-conic-ovoid, 8-10mm long, the beak funpeate-cleft atibase.) (Plate XXIV) fig. 3). 4. ..clisnea occ ce bie etiam hrs syle cece en ill army Bi in aun cdva Haltlelia aal te 389. C. Raddei Kuk. Perigynia glabrous or hairy, ovoid or conic-ovoid, 5-8 mm long, Withistioehtvonv spreading beak ws.) s. .osveee iene. bbe aeelongea s 8. Perigynia entirely glabrous and smooth, pale or yellowish-green. Perigynia hairy over the whole surface or only in upper part, or eultabe> mar pined). above wis sare diay Shobha dase desea eel: PRE 10. Leaves glabrous underneath, their sheaths glabrous or slightly hairy only at the throat .... 384. C. orthostachys C.A.M. Leaves underneath and their sheaths densely covered with curly EPRR a yi ey Gc: CELI Dh ce Ci 2h ie 385. C. eriophylla (Kik.) Kom. Perigynia subcoriaceous, rather densely hairy all over the surface, sometimes subferruginous. (Plate XXIV, fig. 6). Rigid plants, growing in exposed and wet sandy situations. 386. C. hirta L. Perigynia membranaceous, sparsely hairy above, with a more or less ciliate beak; (sofforest) plants’ 4 Y4e04s".. ccd suai ie ® | Las Leaves glabrous underneath, their sheaths glabrous or hairy only on the membranaceous part; staminate spikelets shaggy owing to the spreading brown anthers; perigynia 5-6mm long, with ciliate- mancined beak.(PlatesGxiVv, figuA)i osm’. sebdee oaneeawe. Seco MCE ENE fous Gage fe omen ema 3100 1 Co cary ph 1 ba aimes., Leaves sparsely hairy underneath, their leaves rather densely short-pubescent; staminate spikelets lance-linear; perigynia 7- 8mm long, diffusely pubescent above, with hairy and ciliate beak. (Pilaitic XML, lige Bis. Spider tine soeth vs 388. C. amurensis Kiuk. Culms 3-angled, rather strongly scabrous on the angles above; lemwespelatwie Gem: .. cuecdeset.: ipa Nevis Tidy chile A deiartae Sree Sse 3. Culms obtusely 3-angled, smooth; leaves channeled, pale green Br eineresouUsSsereeni kl. hou. ols, Pave. Nei 2 Bh A PRE ee js 23). Perigynium-beak distinctly subulate- or cuneate-bidentate, the teeth from 0.5-0.8 to 1-1.2mm long. (Plate XXIII, fig. 1, 2,4, 8) SA cntia, Shier ins MRRP Rist slcwcreieaias jee lyollte/onohie © abineigem beech «. Micbanlehrolis os. 3 14, Perigynium-beak entire or only slightly emarginate. (Plate XXIII, Da coenp D7 (aTueiy ili? ) cyto eceee ines emu Tah ule, tL oka ail 1B Perigynia horizontally spreading, broadly inflated-ovoid, retort- shaped, aggregated in compact spikelets and abruptly contracted into prolonged cylindric beak. (Plate XXIII, fig. 4 and 8)... 15. Perigynia obliquely divergent, arranged in loose spikelets, ovoid or conic-ovoid, rather gradually tapering into abbreviated beak. (Plate PeoMy wiis. 4. 1 andi2d.., wiayeroudkitn wey homes MaDe ate alts aly 16. Vigorous plants, with culms to 100-120cm tall and ribbon-shaped leaves 8-15mm broad; pistillate spikelets 5-8cm long; perigynia 6mm jlongjwereen. | (Plate SOUL wifigw 4) jos avevad ee ayerseeiene ss RUPP ine tel ah wing aihag. fold’ cehotna aan ay tel roles 368. C. rhynchophysa C.A.M. 16. 17. 19. 20. 21 (18). 22. Small plants, 10-40cm tall, with leaves 1.5-3mm broad; pistillate spikelets 1-2.5cm long; perigynia 4-4.5mm long, brownish. (Plate RXTE BG re OPE | Meee 369. “Cy yacutica V. Krecz. Green plants, with flat and narrow leaves; basal sheaths red, nar- row, tightly investing the culm, reticulate, bladeless........ Ut Cineraceous-green plants, with ribbon-shaped, flat to subinvolute, loosely reticulate leaves; basal sheaths brownish to reddish-brown, broad, loosely investing the culm, free, non-fibrillose, bladeless Sheativcr ieee hee ssh seats eee ee. Ae Sts) Cl utraeulvata Boott. Pistillate spikelets 4-7cm long, 1.5cm broad; perigynia flavescent; 7-8mm long, Ovoid. “(Plate Xl) Tiss - 1) Sta ee t9e. ote aaa ota ate ta Me teks tate te he tall a” Aten gee keMmee ane, S44 OO vesicaria lL. Spikelets 2-3cm long, 1cm broad; perigynia 5.5-6mm long, conic- ovoid, green or brunescent. (Plate XXIII, fig. 2)............ Ae tat de Aon le a ta alah np a a aa 375. C. vesicata Meinsh. . Plants of mountains and meadows, 20-70cm tall, with variegated spikelets, due to dark white-centered scales and yellowish- green or brownish- yellow perigynia; perigynia 4-6mm long, subsessile, slenderly nerved, rather gradually tapering into short, shallowly- ferruginous-emarginate beak. (Plate XXIII, fig. 10-11-12)...19. Plants of Siberian heights, 10-40cm tall, with entirely black or blackish-brown spikelets; scales without a light band; perigynia lustrous, black or brownish-balck, 3.5-4.5mm long, short-stipitate, nerveless, rather abruptly contracted into short, scarcely emargi- nate*beak. “(Plate SOx fig b, P6997) sero, Seas PRP ee ait, Pistillate scales narrowly lanceolate, acute, aaiae to exceeding the perigynia; perigynia 5-5.5mm long; plants to 70cm tall, with large’spikelets to’4.0 cm) longs andl Vem broad. 72% Bi. 6. os ae BD ESE ol Mit AE ED 8 ai oe dt Hd 318 Cy pani rensrsmc. BY Clarke: Pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia 4-4.5mm long; plants 15-50cm tall, with spikelets 1.5- 20 Cin long and@078-aemorOgdarum o . satiate eed oe ate. ces ote 20. Leaves flat, to 5mm broad; perigynia ovoid; staminate scales castaneous, occasionally whitish only at summit. (Siberia)..... bbe, Ha yh becta nicl lncr nit eo, haath oti cict S STTLUCy, diehr 0a Freyn. Leaves subinvolute, to 3mm broad; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid; stami- nate scales white-hyaline-margined. (European Arctic)....... I Re ht a gl a ral BS BE MR MME A tn 376. C. Grahamii Boott. Style 3-fid; erect robust plants; spikelets strict, on thickened pe- duncles, oblong (to 3cm long and 1cm broad), dense, with strongly inflated, horizontally spreading perigynia..... ack er re nites cic, 3 BM edge, Sater IRS. soir, amas robin 381. C. membranacea Hook. Style 2-fid (rarely 3-fid); plants with rather slender, terminally nodding culms; spikelets more or less drooping or pendulous, on slender filiform peduncles, loose, ovoid or narrowly cylindric (0.6- 0.7cm broad); perigynia biconvex, obliquely divergent...... 22. Tall (to 70cm) slender plants; spikelets cylindric, 1.5-3cm long, suspended on slender, to 5-6cm long peduncles; pistillate scales lanceolate, subacute; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, 4-4.5mm long. (Plate eo Seiil hie’ Go) een. te Sennen: 300 .'Ceprocerpwla Vo Kreez. Plants 10-40cm tall, with more or less curving culms; spikelets ovoid, 0.8-1.8cm long, the lower ones on peduncles to 1-2cm long, 348 441 more or less drooping; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse; peri- synia ovoid,35-4mm long:.| (Plate! XXII, fig/5) sa). 208 Ole Hino Bary toy ooo bes Sa nahi Sor hts ees Um eee Beet oe a9) C. sia matal asi ole 23(12). Large plants (to 100-150cm tall); pistillate spikelets cylindric, 5-12cm long; perigynia pale green, with subulate-bidentate beak. fe late mex iil, wig.) See. Baw oses,. tied. 2 yin hacia Re, 24, + Dwarf, mountain-arctic plants, 15-50cm tall; spikelets ovoid or oblong, 1-3.5cm long; perigynia more or less rusty-yellow, with slightly emarginate beak. (Plate XXIII, fig. 9).......... 25, 24, Plants with channeled leaves 2-4mm broad; pistillate spikelets dense, with inflated rounded-ovoid (flask-shaped), horizontally spreading perigynia, these abruptly contracted into prolonged cy- lind siebeaks <@ isu. ot ythwants in The 370.,,C.) inf bata: Buds: a Plants with flat leaves 4-7mm broad; pistillate spikelets loosish, with obliquely divergent perigynia, these gradually tapering into apbreviatedwocaka:(i seals ./4.-Jomee 373. C. utriculata Boott. 25. Perigynia 4mm long, yellowish-ferruginous, devoid of distinct nerves, withshort, scarcely emarginate beak; scales ferruginous, subobtuse, broadly ovoid; spikelets 1-2 cm; lowest bract not exceeding inflores- cence: plants 15-35emtall....%% 372. C. rotundata Whlb. cE Perigynia 4.5-5.5mm long, yellowish-green, distinctly nerved, with prolonged bidentate crescent-notched beak; scales light, acute, oblong-ovate; spikelets 2-3.5cm long; lowest bract exceeding inflorescence; plants 255 Oiem tall yames FAs hae. Re Daley. 2c Ree, oe ok dain ss ol Cw site nole pms mMiess, Cycle 1. Ampullaria V. Krecz.- Perigynia membranaceous, broadly short-ovoid, more or less rounded-inflated (flask-shaped), 4-6mm long, abruptly beaked; beak cylindric, smooth, bidentate-emarginate or bifid. Bracts sheathless or with scarcely pronounced sheath; culms obtusely 3- angled, usually smooth; leaves subinvolute or more or less flat, pale green or green. 368. C. rhynchophysa C.A.M. in Suppl. Ind. Sem. H. B. Petrop. IX (I-3 I 1844) 9; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 318; Turcez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 250; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 375; Kom. FI. Manchzh. I, 381.—C. laevirostris BlyttexBlytt et Friesin Bot. Notis. 1-2 (III 1844) 24 (nomen); Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 724 et in Journ. Russ. 3-6 (1911) 182; V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 136.—C. bullata b. laevirostris Blytt ex Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. Mant. II (1839) 59. - C. ampullacea B robusta Weinm. En. stirp. petrop. (1837) 92.- C. robusta Nyl. Spic. fl. fenn. (1844) 16 (sub C. rhynchophysa).—- Exs.: HFR No. 694; Kneuck. VO, No. 231. Perennial, intensely green plants, with long thickened stolons; culms stout, sharply triangular, scabrous above, 60-120cm tall, covered at base with thickened, light, brownish, terminally reddish sheaths; leaves ribbon- shaped, rather smooth, reticulate below, flat, 0.8-1.5cm broad, rather short-acuminate, nearly as long as the culm; spikelets 5-11, distant, the terminal 3-7 staminate, fusiform-linear, 3-6cm long, with ovate obtuse drab hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets cylindric, 5-8cm long, 1- 90cm broad, very dense, subnutant; peduncles scabrous, the lower ones 2.5-3cm long; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, brownish-castaneous, green-centered, hyaline-margined, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia horizontally spreading, 349 PLATE XXIII 350 442 globular-ovoid, rounded-inflated, 6mm long, greenish-stramineous, lustrous, slenderly few-nerved, round-based, on short curved definite stipe, abruptly contracted into prolonged (one-third the length of the body) smooth subulate-bidentate beak. Fr. June-July. (Plate XXII, fig. 4). Marshes, river banks, and ponds. - European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv. - Pech., Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Dnepr. (n. part), Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam.., Volg. - Don. (e. corner); West. Siberia: East. Siberia and Far East: all regions. Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Northern Mongolia. Described from speci- mens from Daurian seeds. Type in Leningrad. NOTE. Forming*hybrids:\'"A{ ves tearia "Li, «XX inflata Huds.: X hirta L. (C) pilosiuseula (Gobi): ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Used in Altai as a highly valuable forage plant, comparing favorably with grasses in feed value. Elsewhere not eaten readily, but leaves are eaten by water fowl (geese). 369. C. jacutica V.Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda II, 621.-—C. pulla var. tristigmatica Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1877) 130.-C. rotundata Meinsh. in A.H.P. VIII, 3 (1901) 376, quoad pl. Czekanowsk., non Whib. — C. rostrata ssp. rotundata Kuk. inEngl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 723, ex min. parte, et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 182, quoad pl. jacut. - C. dichroa Freyn in Oesterr. Bt. Zeitschr. XL (1290) 304, ex p. Perennial, pale green plants, with short stolons; culms triangular, sca- brous above, 10-40cm tall, with reddish ferruginous sheaths at base; leaves rigid, flat or slightly involute-margined, 1-3mm broad, long-attenuate, as long as the culm; spikelets 3-5, the terminal (1)2-3 staminate, approxi- mate, 1-2cm long, with castaneous or brown ovate acute white-hyaline- margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, distant, but the uppermost ap- proximate to staminate spikelets, oblong-ovoid to short-cylindric, 1-2.5cm long, 0.9-1cm broad, dense, erect, the lower on peduncle to 0.5cm long (the very distant spikelets) with peduncles to 2cm long; lowest bract short- er than inflorescence;; pistillate scales ovate, acute or subacute, castane- ous, with obsolete nerve, light-margined, membranaceous, shorter and somewhat narrower than perigynia; perigynia horizontally spreading to slightly reflexed, obovoid, inflated, 4-4.5mm long, greenish, brownish at summit, lustrous, with distinct slender nerves, round-based, short- stipitate, abruptly contracted into smooth cylindric shallowly bidentate- emarginate beak (nearly one-third the length of the body). Fr. July. (Plate XXIII, fig. 8). Wet forest situations, on limestone and trap granulites.- East. Siberia: Daur. (Vitim Plateau), Len. -Kol. (Aldan basin); Far East: Okhot. En- demic. Described from river Olenek, between the rivers Lower Tomba and Upper Maigda. Type in Leningrad. 370. C. inflata Huds. Fl. angl. ed. 1 (1762) 354, non Suter. (1802). - C. rostrata Stokes in With. Bot. arrang. Veg. Great-Brit. ed. 2 (1787) 1059; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 720 et Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 181; V.Krecz. in Fl. transb. II, 153.-C. ampullacea Good. in Explanation to Plate XXIII 1.—Carex vesicaria L.: a) scale, b) perigynium.—2. C. vesicata Meinsh.: a) perigynium, — 3. C. inflata Huds.: a) perigynium.—4. C. rhynchophysa C.A.M.: a) perigynium.—5. C. saxa- tilis L.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—6. C. procerula V. Krecz.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—7. C. membranacea Hook.: a) perigynium.—8. C. jacutica V. Krecz.: a) perigynium.—9. C. rotun- data Whlb.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—10. C. dichroa Freyn.: a) perigynium, b) scale.—11. C. pa- mirensis C.B. Clarke.—12. C. Grahamii Boott.: perigynium, scale.—13. C. mollissima Christ.: a) scale. 351 443 Trans, Linn. .Soc. II,(1794) 207;,;Trevs inJudb..)Fl.Ress. IV,.318})Durez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXVIII (1855) 351; Meinsh. in A.H.P. 3 (1901) 375.-Exs.: HFR No. 644; Fl. Finl. exs. No. 545; Kneuck. VIII, No.224. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with stoutish stolons; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, 30-100cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown subreticulate sheaths; leaves stiffish, nodular-reticulate, canaliculate, 2-4mm broad, scabrous, long-attenuate, exceeding the culm; spikelets 3-6, subdistant: the terminal 1-3(?) linear, 3-6cm long, with lance-linear acute subferruginous scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 4-10cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad, loosish, sparsely flowered below, erect, on pe- duncles 0.3 to 3cm long; lowest bract sheathless, with blade exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous or light- ferruginous, with a light linear midrib, shorter and narrower than peri- gynia; perigynia somewhat obliquely divergent, rounded-ovoid, inflated, 5-5.5mm long, stramineous-green, lustrous, slenderlymany-nerved, round- based, on a definite short stipe, abruptly beaked; beak smooth, subcylindric, sharply short-bidentate. Fr. May-June. (Plate XXIII, fig. 3). Marshes, boggy meadows, coppices, shores, and canals. — The entire European part; Caucasus; the whole of West. Siberia; East. Siberia: Ang. - Sayan., Daur., Len.-Kol., Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.; West. Europe, North America, Northern Mongolia. Described from Wales in England [sic]. NOTE. A hybrid’C.vesicaria X inflata (C. Pannewitziana Fig.) occurs very frequently; it resembles C. utriculata Boott in its thicker spikelets, larger perigynia (some 6mm long), partially un- rolled leaves and, finally, in the slightly scabrous culms; it is readily dis- tinguished by the entirely infertile perigynia which are gradually (not abrupt- ly) beaked. C.inflata Huds. also forms hybrids: X rhynchophysa C. AoM. “Xvwasiocarpa ‘Hhrhy, =x -hirta’L., ‘x %p's'eudoeyperids We: (C.Schmidtiana F. Schultz), and X riparia Curt. (C. Beckman- niana Fig.) 371. C. stenolepis Less.Reis. Loffod. (1831) 301, non Torr. (1836). - c. hymenocarpa Drej. Revis. crit. Car. bor. (1841) 58.-C. rostrata var. borealis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 723. -Exs.: Kneuck. XII, 536. Perennial, light green plants with creeping stolons; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, firm, 25-—50cm tall, covered at base with reddish- brown to ferruginous-brown sheaths; leaves subrigid, subinvolute or un- rolled, 3—4mm broad, more or less scabrous, long-attenuate, exceeding the culm; spikelets 2—4, distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, lance-linear to linear, 2-3 cm long, with oblong-ovate subacute ferruginous-brown hy- aline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-ovoid or short- cylindric, 2—3.5cm long, 0.8-—0.9cm broad, dense, the lowest on peduncle to 1.5cm long; lowest bract exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ob- long-ovate to ovate, subacute, ferruginous-brown, light-centered, hyaline- tipped, shorter than perigynia; perigynia horizontally spreading, obovoid, inflated, 4.5-5mm long, brownish-green to pale green, lustrous, slenderly nerved, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into smooth ferruginous- brown spinulate-bidentate beak. Fr. July. Sphagnum and meadow bogs. -Arctic: Arct.Eur.; European part: Kar. - Lap. (Kol'skii Pen., Solovetskie Isles), Dv. -Pech. (White Sea Coast, Ussa river basin). Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scand., Iceland, Greenland. Described from Lofoten Islands. 352 NOTE. Possibly a hybrid between C.inflata and C. rotunda? - considering that the plant is intermediate in respect of its characters and the perigynia are usually infertile. 372. C. rotundata Whlb. in Sv. Vetensk. Ak. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 153; Trev.in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 300; Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 376. - Gwsostirata.subsp. rotundata-Kuk.sin Engl PflzrslV,, 20,(1 909), 723 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6(1911)182.-C. rotundata f. Sommieri Christ. in Somm. FI. delli Ob infer. (1896) 203.-?C.ruesanensis Kudo in Journ. Coll. Agr. Hokk. Univ. XI, 2 (1922) 83 et Contr. Know. Fl. North Saghal. (1923) 25. —Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 547; Dorfl. No. 5196. Perennial, green to pale green plants, with slender stolons; culms rounded-triangular, smooth, 15-35cm tall, covered at base with ferrugin- ous-brown to reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves subrigid, canali- culate-setaceous, 1-1.5mm broad, long-acuminate, but obtuse-tipped, nearly smooth, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, oblong, 1.5-—2.5cm long, with ferruginous-brown ovate sub- obtuse to obtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, globular, ovoid or oblong- ovoid to subcylindric, 1—2cm long, 0.6-0.7cm broad, dense, sessile or the lowest on peduncle to 5—8mm long; lowest bract not exceeding inflores- cence; pistillate scales broad-ovate, obtuse or subobtuse, white-hyaline- tipped, ferruginous-brown, with lighter midrib and margins, shorter than perigynia; perigynia divaricate, obovoid, inflated, 4 mm long, with very faint nearly obsolete nerves, brownish-green, reddish-brown-tipped, lus- trous, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into short smooth cylindric straight ferruginous subemarginate beak. Fr. July-August. (Plate XXIII, Figure 9). Tundra and mossy marshes, bare heights. -Arctic: Nov. Zem. (Vaigach Is.), Arct., Eur., Arct.Sib., Anad.; European part: Kar. -Lap. (n. part), Dv. -Pech. (n. part); West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. (Sikhote-Alin), Sakh., Okhot., Kamch. Gen. distr.; Fenno-Scandia, Iceland, Alaska, Kurile Islands, Canada. Described from Swedish Lapland. Type in Stockholm. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Rather readily grazed by reindeer in the tundra. 373. C.utriculata Boott in Hook. Fl. bor. amer.II (1840) 221 et Illustr. Carex I (1858) 14, tab. 39; Meinsh.in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901)373; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II, 133.-C. ampullacea var.altissima Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 20.-C. rhynchophysa Trautv. in Midd. Sib. Reis, I, 2 (1847) 1102, non. C. A. M.-C. rostnaridnwal.witr d.calet SKulerein Engle ilze, IV, 20 (1909) 722 et in Journ. Russ. Bot.3-6 (1911) 182.-C. bongardiana Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884)312, non C.A.M.-C.pinguipes C.B. Clarke in Kew Bull. Misc. Infl., Addit. ser., VIII (1908)85. Perennial, pale green plants, with creeping stolons; culms triangular, smooth or (usually) somewhat scabrous above; 90-150cm tall, covered at base with very broad, reddish, brown-based sheaths; leaves subrigid, flat to subinvolute, 4-7mm broad, long-acuminate, scabrous, reticulate at base, equaling the culm; spikelets 5-8, the terminal 2-4 staminate, congested, linear, 4—8cm long, oblong-lanceolate, drab; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric to subclavate-cylindric, 5-12cm long, 1cm broad, dense, loosely few-flowered below, on peduncles to 2cm long, erect; low- est bract exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate to broadly ovate, acute or aristate, tawny, with yellowish-green midrib and hyaline margin, 444 353 445 shorter than perigynia; perigynia ascending, ellipsoid-ovoid, inflated, 6mm long, stramineous-green, prominently nerved, round-based, short-stipitate, rather gradually tapering into a smooth cylindric strongly bidentate beak. Fr. June-August. Marshes and shores. -European part: Kar.-Lap. ? Dv.-Pech. ?; West. Siberia: Yenis. ; East.Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Daur., Len. -Kol.; the whole of Far East. Gen. distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Alaska, Canada, n. part of the United States. Described from British North America. Type in London. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Eaten satisfactorily by deer, also by geese and other water fowl. Cycle 2. Vesicularia V. Krecz.-Perigynia membranaceous, ovoid to conic-ovoid or oblong-ovoid, (3.5)4-8mm long, short-stipitate, sub- sessile, rather gradually tapering into a short bidentate or more or less emarginate beak; bract sheathless. Culms sharply 3-angled, scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, green. Series 1. Chlorostachyae V.Kracz. -Perigynia pale green or yel- lowish-green, oblong-ovoid to conic-ovoid, 5—8mm long, prominently nerved, subsessile, gradually tapering into a short bidentate beak (teeth to 1-1.2mm long). Large meadow plants up to 100cm tall. 374. C. vesicaria L.Sp. pl. (1753) 979 (excl. varB); Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross.IV, 319; Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 350; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 372; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 726 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6(1911)183. —Exs.: Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 548; Fl. Pol. Exs. No. 1007; Kneuck. VIII, No. 221. Perennial, green, stoloniferous plants; culms scabrous above, 40-— 100 cm tall, covered at base with red to reddish-brown sheaths; leaves 3-5mm broad, scabrous, equaling the culm; spikelets 4—6, the terminal 2-4 staminate, subapproximate, linear, 4—7cm long, with tawny lanceolate subobtuse scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric, 4—7cm long, 1.5cm broad, loose, on peduncles to 1 cm long, somewhat drooping; lowest bract longer than inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute tawny to drab, green-centered, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia ascending, ovoid, inflated, 7-8mm long, green, becoming stramineous to orange- yellow, lustrous, prominently nerved, round-based, short-stipitate, sub- ‘cuneate above, gradually tapering into a short, strongly spinulose-biden- 446 tate beak. Fr. May—August. (Plate XXII, Figure 1). Marshes, wet meadows, and shores. -European part; Caucasus; West. Siberia; East. Siberia; Ang. -Sayan.; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: Western Europe. Described from Sweden. NOTE. Forming hybrids: Xrhynchophysa C.A.M.;Xinflata Huds. (C. Pannewitziana Fig.); X pseudo-cyperus L. (C. Wolteri Gross.);X riparia Curt. (C.csomadensis Simonk.); Xhirta L. (C.Grossii Fiek);Xlasiocarpa Ehrh. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Practically uneaten in pasture and in hay; readily acceptable in silage. Yield of silage 100-150 centners per hectare. 375. C. vesicata Meinsh.in A.H. P. XVI, 3 (1901) 367.-C.vesi- caria Maxim. Prim.fl. Amur. (1859) 315; Kom. Fl. Manchzh.I, 380; Kom. Fl. Kamch.1I, 266; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch.1, 210; V.Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II], 136, ex p.- C. vesicaria var.tenuistachya Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 726 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 185.-C. vesicaria var. mo nile Kuk. in Journ, Iex,exip: ~@x!Ponpandtania vars (ema cilis Trautv. et Mey. in Middend. Sib. Reis. I, 2 (1847-56) 101, exp. 354 447 Perennial, pale green, stoioniferous plants; culms scabrous above, 30- 70cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown sheaths; leaves long, sub- rigid, 3-4mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-6, distant, the terminal 1-3 staminate, 2—4cm long, with lanceolate sub- acute tawny hyaline-margined scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong, 2—3(4)cmlong, 1cm broad, dense, erect, the lower short-peduncled; lowest bract exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate, acute, ferruginous to ferruginous-brown, white-hyaline-margined especially at the summit, with a light midrib, much narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia ascending, conic-ovoid, inflated, 5.5-6mm long, pale green, sometimes brownish, 4—5-nerved, round-based, short-stipitate, rather abruptly contracted into smooth, divergent, subulate-bidentate beak. Fr. June. (Plate XXII, fig. 2). Marshes and shores. -East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan. (Baikal, Padun), Daur., Len. -Kol. and the whole of Far East. Gen. distr. : Northern Mongolia, Manchuria, Kurile Islands, northern Japan. Described from river Amur. Type in Leningrad. NOTE. Plants from Sakhalin and Kamchatka have larger and broader perigynia and spikelets, thus coming close to the American species C. monile Tuckerm. Series 2. Poecilostachyae V. Krecz. -Perigynia yellowish-green to brownish-yellow, more or less lustrous, ovoid, 4-6mm long, with slender non-prominent nerves, subsessile, rather gradually tapering into a short cylindric more or less emarginate beak. Plants of mountains and meadows, 15-50 (70) cm tall. 376. C. grahamii Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIX (1845) 215.-C. ve- sicaria var.Grahami Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 727.-C. ve- sicaria Trev.in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 317, ex p., non L.- C. ve- sicaria var. dichroa Anderss. Cyp. Scand.(1849) 18.-C.vesicaria var. alpigena Anderss., l.c.; Kuk.,1.c.,ex p.;Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVI, 3 (1901) 373, quoad pl. lappon.-C. Schrenkiana C.A.M. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V (1853) 317 (sub C. vesicaria) et in herb. Ledebour (nomen). h Perennial, green, stoloniferous plants; culms scabrous above, 35-—50cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown sheaths; leaves flat to subinvolute, 3-4mm broad, long-attenuate, equaling to exceeding the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, approximate, lance- oblong, 2—3cm long, their scales ovate subacute castaneous-brown, white- hyaline at summit and on the margin; other spikelets pistillate, oblong- ovoid to short-cylindric, 1.5-2.5cm long, 0.8-0.9cm broad, dense, the lower on peduncle to 2cm long, subdivergent; lowest bract exceeding inflor- escence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, subobtuse, castaneous, subhyaline~ tipped, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, inflated, ascending, 4-—4.5 mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish-green, somewhat brownish at summit, slender-nerved, round-based, rather abruptly contracted into a short brown smooth distinctly spinulose-biden- tate beak. Fr. July.(Plate XXIII, fig.12). Alpine and tundra bogs. -Arctic: Arct. Eur. (Kol'skii Pen. ); European part: Kar.-Lap.(Khibiny). Gen. distr.: Scandinavia, Scotland. Described from Scotland (Clova, Glen Fee). Type in London. 355 448 377. C. dichroa Freyn in Osterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XL(1890) 304.-C. ve- sicaria Trev.in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853)317, ex p., nonL.-C. vesicaria var. Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXVIII (1855) 350.-C. vesicaria var. alpigena Meinsh. A.H.P. XVIII, 3(1901)373, quoad pl. sibir.; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.1V, 20 (1909) 727, guoad pl. sibir. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911)185; B. Fedtsch. in A. H. P. XXXVI (1924) 223, quoad pl. Schrenk. ; Kryl. Fl. Alt.,1527, non Fries.-C. vesicaria var.Grahamii Kuk. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911)185, quoad pl. ircutens. -C. Kryloviana Schischk. et Sergievsk. in Animadv. syst. Herb. Univ. Tomsk. 6 (1928) 1.; Krylov. Flora Zapadnoi Sibiri, II, 526. Perennial, green, stoloniferous plants, with branching rhizome; culms scabrous above,15—50cm tall, covered at base with ochreous bladeless sheaths; leaves 2-5mm broad, long-attenuate, equaling to exceeding the culm; spikelets 2-5, the lower distant: the terminal 1-2 staminate, linear, 1.5-3cm long, with light brown, sometimes sublurid, lanceolate subacute scales; other spikelets pistillate, lance-oblong to oblong, 1.5-3cm long, dense, pedunculate, lowest peduncle to 2(3) cm long; lowest bract exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate to oblong-ovate, castaneous-brown, with a light midrib, obtusely white-hyaline-tipped, shorter and narrower than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, ascending, inflated-biconvex, 4-4.8mm long, greenish, becoming yellowish or at summit brownish, more or less lustrous, slender-nerved, round-based, gradually tapering into a some- what prolonged slightly emarginate beak. Fr. July. (Plate XXIV, fig. 10). Subalpine and alpine meadows and shores. -West. Siberia:Alt., Ang.-Sayan., Daur. (s. part); East. Siberia: Yenis. (Lower Tunguska); Centr. Asia: Dzhung. - Tarb. (Dzhung. Alatau). Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia, Kulja, Dzhungaria. Described from vicinity of Irkutsk. Type in Austria (in Freyn's herbarium). 378. C. pamirensis C.B. Clarke ex B. Fedtsch.in Journ. Bot. éd. Sect. bot. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersb. 1(1906) 19 et in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., Addit. ser., VIII (1908) 87.-C. pamirica (O. Fedtsch) B. Fedtch.in A.H.P. XXVIII, 1 (1908) 70 et 123 et in A.H. P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 222.-C.vesi- caria var.pamirica -O. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXI, 3(1903)432.-C. ve- sicaria var.alpigena B.Fedtsch. inA.H.P. XXXVII (1924) 225, exp., non Kuk.-C.obscuriceps var. pamirica Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909)724.-C. ampullacea Duthie, Alcock's pl.,p.27, non Good. — C.rostrata O. Fedtsch. in A.H. P. XXI, 3(1903) 433; Hook. fil. in Fl. Brit. Ind. VI (1894) 740, non Stokes. Perennial, pale green plants, with stout underground offshoots; culms firm, stout, scabrous above, 70-100 cm tall, covered at base with light latericious-brown sheaths; leaves thickened reticulate below, flat or to- ward base folded, 5-10mm broad, scabrous, long-acuminate, equaling the culm; spikelets 4-5, the terminal 1-3 staminate, congested, lance-oblong, plump, 2-—5cm long, 0.8cm broad, with lance-ovate obtuse rufous scales; other spikelets pistillate, distant, oblong-ovoid to short-cylindric, 2.5- 4.5cm long, 1.2-1.4cm broad, on short straight peduncles to 2 cm long; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, subacute, castaneo-ferruginous, with a light midrib, equaling to exceeding perigynia; perigynia ascending, ovoid, rounded-in- flated, 5—5.5mm long, brownish-green, becoming yellowish-brown, lus- trous, obsoletely few-nerved, round-based, subsessile, gradually tapering 356 449 into an abbreviated smooth cylindric scarcely emarginate beak. Fr. July- August. (Plate XXIII, fig. 11). Alpine bogs. —Centr. Asia: Pam. -Al., Tyan'-Shan. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Kulja (s. part), Kashgar. Described from Pamir (Rang-Kul). Type in Lenin- grad. Series 3. Melanostachyae V.Krecz. -Perigynia black to blackish- brown, lustrous, ovoid to ellipsoid, 3.5-4.5mm long, nerveless, short- stipitate, abruptly contracted into a short slightly emarginate beak. Stig- mas 2-3. Plants of tundra heights, 10-—50cm tall. 379. C. saxatilis L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 976.-C. pulla Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1797) 78, tab.14; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 308; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 343.-C. vesicaria ssp. saxatilis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 727 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 186. Perennial, green plants, with slender stolons; culms 10-30 cm tall, with reddish-brown sheaths at base; leaves rigid, subinvolute, 2-3 mm broad, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-3, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, 1—2cm long, with ovate obtuse dark brown scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 0.8—1cm long, 0.7-—0.8cm broad, dense, the lower on peduncle to 1cm long; lowest bract usually not exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse to obtuse, purplish-brown, white-hyaline only at summit, shorter than perigynia; perigynia subhorizontally spreading, ovoid, inflated-biconvex, 3.5-4mm long, yellow below, reddish-brown above, lustrous, very faintly nerved, round-based, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into a short smooth scarcely bidentate-emarginate beak; stigmas usually 2. Fr. June-August. (Plate XXII, fig. 5). Tundra. -Arctic: Nov. Zem., Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib., Anad., Chuk. ; European part: Volg.-Kam. (Central Ural); West. Siberia: Ob.; East. Siberia: Yenis.; Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.: circumpolar. Described from Sweden. 380. C. procerula V.Krecz. sp. nova in Addenda, II, 622.-C.pulla var. laxa Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1877) 130.-C. pulla f. pedunculata Kjellmann in Vega-Exped. Vet. Jaktag. Stockholm, I (1882) 560.-C.pulla var. sibirica Christ in Vet. Ak. Handl. Stockholm. XXII (1887) 181.-C. vesicaria ssp. saxatilis f. laxa Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20(1909) 728 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 186. Perennial, pale green plants with underground offshoots; culms slender, somewhat drooping at the ends, scabrous above, 40-70cm tall, covered at base with reddish sheaths; leaves 2-—3mm broad, long, long-attenuate, slightly shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the terminal 1-2 staminate, approximate, segregated from the others, linear, 1-2.5cm long, with lanceolate subacute brown to light brown scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong to cylindric, 1.5—-3cm long, 0.6-—0.7cm broad, dense, distant, pen- dulous, the peduncles slender, smooth, capillary, sometimes twisted, from 1cm (the upper) to 5-6 cm (the lower) long; lowest bract shorter than inflorescence, rarely as long; pistillate scales lanceolate, subacute, castan- eous, with subconcolor midrib, lurid-hyaline-tipped, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia subhorizontally spreading, oblong-ellipsoid, 4- 4.5mm long, reddish-brown, lustrous, nerveless, short-stipitate, abruptly contracted into a short smooth emarginate short-bidentate beak. (Plate XXIII, fig. 6). 357 Marshes, overgrown shores. —West. Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan., Daur. (n.-w. part), Len. -Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur. Endemic. Described from Zeya river basin (Lake Okonon). Type in Leningrad. 381. C. membranacea Hook. in Parry's 2 Voy. App. (1825) 406; Kunth, Enum. pl. IJ (1837) 522, non Hoppe (1835).-C. compacta R.br. in App. Ross. Voy. (1819) CXLIII (nomen); Boott, Ilustr. Carex, IV (1867) 156, tab. 502, non Krocker (1826).-C. saxatilis var. compacta Dew. in Am. Journ. Sci. XI (1826) 310.-C.vesicaria ssp. saxatilis var. compacta Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 728.-C. membrano- pacta Bail. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XX (1893) 428.-C. pulla var. tristigmatica Trautv. in A. H. P.(1877) 130.-C. ambusta Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 343, quoad pl. ins. St. Laurentii, non Boott. - 450 C. acroleuca Cham. et Meinsh., 1.c.(sub praeced.).-C. ochroleuca (sphalmate! ) Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 216. Perennial, pale green plants, with short stout purple stolons; culms scabrous above, 20-40 cm tall, covered at base with reddish- purple, more or less lustrous sheaths; leaves 2.5—4 mm broad, rather short-acuminate, scaberulous, slightly shorter than the culm; spikelets 2-4, approximate, the terminal 1-2 staminate oblong, 1.5-—3cm long, with ovate subobtuse to obtuse castaneous-brown, subhyaline-tipped scales; other spikelets pistil- late , close to the staminate, oblong to short-cylindric, 1—3cm long, 0,6- 1 cm broad, compact, erect, the lower on thickened 3—angled peduncle barely attaining 5mm in length; lowest bract shorter than inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse, brown, whitish- or ferruginous-hyaline-tipped, shorter than perigynia; perigynia divaricate, ellipsoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, strongly inflated, 4—4.5mm long, reddish-brown at summit, lustrous, with- out distinct nerves, short-stipitate, rather abruptly contracted into a short smooth emarginate obliquely bidentate beak; stigmas 3. Fr. July. (Plate SOS fis h7), Tundra. -Arctic: Chuk., Anad. Gen. distr.: Aleutian and Pribylov Is- lands, Alaska. Described from Alaska (Kotzebue Sound). Cycle 3. Lanaria V. Krecz.~-Perigynia subcoriaceous, ovoid or conic- ovoid, subinflated-trigonous, 5-10mm long, glabrous or more or less hairy, with 5-7thick prominent nerves, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into a long, rather strongly bidentate beak. Bracts with sheath to 2-3cm long; culms 3-angled, usually smooth. Leaves rather flat, with pubescent base and sheath, rarely glabrous (with glabrous sheaths), but always hairy at orifice of sheath. Series 1. Monandrae V. Krecz.-Staminate spikelet solitary; pistil- late spikelets 2-3, abbreviated, more or less approximate and contiguous with staminate spikelet. Lowest bract with poorly developed sheath (to 5mm long). 382. C.latisquamea Kom. in A.H.P. XVIII, 6 (1901) 447 et in Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 386; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr.I, 311. - C.villosa var. latisquamea Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 641 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 171, fig. 141. Perennial, pale green, loosely cespitose plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms smooth, sparsely hairy below, 30-50 cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown, short-pilose, obtusish sheaths; leaves 4—7mm broad, sparsely hairy, short-acuminate, shorter than the culm, the sheaths covered with silky hairs. Spikelets 3-4, the lower segregated; the terminal 358 451 452 spikelet staminate, oblong-clavate, 1.5—2cm long, with rufous ovate sub- acute scales; other spikelets pistillate, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1—2.5cm long (to 1cm broad), rather dense, the upper sessile, the lowest on peduncle to 2 cm long, erect; lowest bract with sheath 0.5-—1 cm long and sheath near- ly equaling the inflorescence; pistillate scales broad-ovate, acute or seti- form, scabrous-pointed, pale to nearly whitish-green, 3-nerved, tawny- margined, about half the length of perigynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated- trigonous, 5 mm long, pale green, at length flavescent, many-ribbed, round-based, short-stipitate, conic-tipped, gradually tapering into a short smooth broadly bidentate- emarginate subdivaricate ciliate-orificed beak. (Plate XX, fig. 1). Forest meadows and damp coppices. -Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Amur valley (Mar'ino village). Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Oligandrae V.Krecz.-Staminate spikelets 2—5; pistillate spikelets 3-5, elongated, more or less segregated from the staminate spikelet. Lowest bract with sheath from 1cm to 2.5-—3 cm long. 383. C. siegertiana Uechtr.in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. VII (1866) 103 (nomen) et 92 (descriptio, sub C. aristata Siegert.).—-C. orthostachys Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 316, quoad pl. petrop. ; Rupr. in Beitr. Pflzk. russ. Reich., IV (1845) 87; Meinsh. Fl. ingr. (1878) 421; Litw. in Sched. ad. Herb. Fl. Ross. V (1905) 155, non C.A.M.-C. aristata Kuk. in Bot. Centrbl. LXXVII, 1 (1899) 89; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVI, 3 (1901) 151, ex p.; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 751, quoad pl. ross. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 195, ex p., non R.Br.-Ic.: Kuk., l.c., 722, fig. 128.—-Exs.: HFR No. 1594a et b; Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 141; Kneuck. VIII, No. 239. Perennial, pale green plants, with thickened firm stolons; culms stoutish, faintly triangular, smooth, 50-120 cm tall, covered at base with purplish- brown, compact, reticulate, bladeless sheaths; leaves rather loosely re- ticulate, revolute-margined especially below, 4-7 mm broad, glabrous above, the lower part of blade and upper part of sheath sparsely hairy, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 6-10, the lower distant: the terminal 2-5 (7) staminate, approximate, lance-linear, 3—5cm long, with ferruginous-brown lanceolate scabrous-awned scales; other spikelets pistillate, cylindric to clavate-cylindric, 4—8cm long, 1-1.2 cm broad, loose, sparsely flowered below, erect or the lower ones subdivergent, pedunculate, the lower peduncles to 3cm long; lowest bract with pubescent sheath to 2-3cm long, equaling to exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, rather obtusely tipped, terminating in a rather long scabrous awn, tawny, pale-centered, somewhat shorter to longer than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 7.5-8-9mm long, pale green, gla- brous or covered with few scattered hairs, thick-nerved, round-based, so stipitate, gradually tapering into a moderately long, deeply split, divari- cate, bidentate beak, the teeth narrow, to 2.5-—3mm long, arching. Fr. May-June. (Plate XXIV, fig. 1). Marshes and shores. —European part: Kar.-Lap. (except Kol'skii Pen. ), Dv. -Pech. (s. and s.-e.-part), Lad.-Il'm., Upp. Volg., Volg.-Kam., Mid. Dnepr. (left bank of Dnieper, Uman'), Prichern. (Dnepropetrov- shchina), Upp. Don., Low. Don. (Khrenovskii Forest), Zavolzh. ; West. 359 455 Siberia: Ob., Upp. Tob., Irt. Gen. distr.: West. Europe, Baltic States, Fenno-Scandia (in s. part). Described from Germany (Neudorf, near Koslau). 384. C. orthostachys C.A.M. in Ldb. Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 231 et Ic. IV (1833) tab. 324; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 316, quoad pl. alt., baic. et dah.; Turcz. Fl. baic. dah. II, 283 (excl. var.).-C.trichocarpafB orthostachys Kuk. in Bot. Centralbl. LXXVII (1899) 92.-C. glaber- rima Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 369, pro max. parte.-C. aris- tata Meinsh., l.c., 370, quoad pl. sibir., non R.Br.—C.aristata’ssp. orthostachys Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 753 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 195, ex p.-C.marginata Fisch. ex; Kuk, Bot. Centrbl., 1. c. (nomen). Perennial, cineraceous-green to yellowish-green plants, with long under- ground offshoots; culms often scabrous above, 30-70 cm tall, covered at base with reddish or ochreous reticulate bladeless sheaths; leaves rather strongly revolute-margined, 2-4 mm broad, glabrous below or hairy only at base, short-acuminate; leaf sheaths glabrous or more or less hairy; spikelets 3-7, the lower distant: the terminal 1-3 staminate, clavate-lance- olate, 2—4cm long, with tawny lanceolate cuspidate scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-clavate, 2.5-5cm long, 0.9-1cm broad, erect, the lower on peduncle to 1.5cm long; lowest bract with smooth sheath to 1cm long, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate, subobtuse, ter- minating in a scabrous point, tawny, shorter than to as long as perigynia; perigynia conic-ovoid, inflated-trigonous or plano-convex, 6-7 mm _ long, smooth, greenish, with somewhat evanescent costate ribs, short-stipitate, gradually tapering into a subulate-bidentate beak; teeth straight, ca. 1 mm long. Fr. May-July. (Plate XXIV, fig. 2). Marshes, boggy meadows and shores. - European part: Volg. -Kam. (s. part of Ural); West.Siberia: Alt.; East. Siberia: Ang. -Sayan., Len. - Kol. Gen. distr.: Northern Mongolia. Described from lake Nor-Zaisan. Type in Leningrad. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. It plays a certain role as a forage plant in wet saline pastures, where it is satisfactorily grazed by all kinds of live- stock. Eaten readily in hay cut before flowering. 387. C. eriophylla (Kuk.) Kom. Mal. opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. (1925) 135; Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I (1931) 316.-C.aristata ssp. Raddei var. eriophylla Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 755. Perennial, pale green plants, with stout underground offshoots; culms stout, obtusely triangular, smooth, 70-100 cm tall, covered at base with latericious-brown smooth bladeless sheaths; leaves 5-8mm broad, more or less involute- margined, glabrous on the upper side, the underside and sheaths densely covered with curly hairs, long-acuminate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-7, the lower distant: the terminal 2-4 staminate, narrow-cylindric, 2—-4cm long, with tawny oblong acute scales; other spike- lets pistillate, 3-7cm long, 1-1.2cm broad, loose, sparsely flowered Explanation to Plate XXIV 1. Carex Siegertiana Uechtr.: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) perigynium. —-2. C. orthostachys C.A.M.: perigynium. —3.C. Raddei Kuk.: perigynium. —4. C.drymophila Turcz,: a) spikelet, b) scale, c) peri- gynium.—5. C. amurensis Kuk.: perigynium. —6. C.hirta L.: a) spikelet, b) perigynium.—7. C. capricornis Meinsh.: a) inflorescence, b) scale, c) perigynium. —8. C. pseudo-cyperus L.: a) in- florescence, b) perigynium, 748 360 PLATE XXIV 453 361 456 below, the lower ones on peduncle to 2 cm long; lowest bract with densely pubescent sheath to 2 cm long, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovoid, subobtuse, light-colored, 3-nerved, with spinelike scabrous awn, shorter than perigynia; perigynia conic-ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 6-7mm long, greenish, thick-nerved, glabrous, round-based, short-sti- pitate, gradually tapering into a smooth straight-bidentate beak; teeth about 1mm long, narrow. Fr. June-July. Marshes and shores. —Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria and North Korea. Described from Korea (Chinampo). Type in Leningrad. 386,-C.hinte Sp. -pl.(1753),975; Trev, inilidbs 1Fl.. Ross: FV) 31.9; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 372; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 750; Vass. in Wulff, Fl. taur) I: 2,34; Grossh. Fl... Kavk. 1, 176i te. : Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I, 215.-Exs.: HFR No. 845; F1. Pol. exs. No. 687; Pl. Finl. Exs. No.550; Herb F1.Cauc. No 308. Perennial, green, loosely cespitose plants, with long stoutish stolons; culms smooth, 10-—60cm tall, covered at base with smooth castaneous- brown bladeless sheaths; leaves 2-4 mm*‘broad, more or less covered with scattered hairs on both sides, long-attenuate, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-5, the lower rather strongly segregated: the terminal 2-3 ap- proximate, staminate, lance-clavate, 1.5-3cm long, with obovate cuspidate tawny more or less hairy scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong to oblong- clavate, 1.5-4cm long, 0.8cm broad, loose, sparsely flowered below, on straight peduncles to 2 cm long; bracts nearly equaling inflorescence; pistil- late scales oblong-ovate, rather long-awned, tawny, sparsely hairy, light green at center, 3-nerved, shorter than perigynia; perigynia subcoriaceous, oblong-conic-ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 5.5—-7mm long, greenish or fer- ruginous- spotted, more or less hairy, with prominent somewhat thickened nerves, subsessile, gradually tapering into a prolonged setulose deeply subulate-bidentate subdivaricate beak. Fr. May-July. (Plate XXIV, fig. 6). Shores, sands (with a high water table), sandy meadows. - European part: (except Arctic and n. part of Kar.- Lap. and Dv. -Pech. ); the whole of Cauca- sus. Gen. distr.: Western Europe, North America, Asia Minor. Described from Sweden. NOTE. Forms hybrids: X vesicaria L. (C.Grossii Fiek); Xin- flata Huds.;Xrhynchophysa C.A.M. (C. pilosiuscula Gobi). 387. C. drymophila Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XI, 1 (1838) 104 (nomen); Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 317 (descr., sub C.ortho stachys); Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 238; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 383; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 755 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 197; V. Krecz.,in, Fl. Transb.)i,)136.,-C. orthostachysivar.) Turezbii baic.-dah.II, 2 (1856) 284.-C. orthostachys var. drymophila Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 316.-C. amurensis var. drymophila Kuk. in Bot. Centralbl. LXXVII (1899) 96.-C. pseudo-hirta Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 371, pro parte.-C.udensis Trautv. ex Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVII, 3 (1901) 366; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 316.-C. drymophila var. udensis Kuk. in Engl., 755, et in Journ., 198.-C. Bongardiana var.gracilis Trautv. et Mey.in Middend. Sib. Reis. I, 2 (1847-56) 101, ex p.-C. burejana Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIJ, 3 (1901) 368, ex min. p.—Ic.: Kuk., l.c., 752, fig. 128, J-K. Perennial, green plants, with long creeping cord-like rhizome; culms slender, not firm, often scaberulous above, 30-70cm tall, covered at base 362 with latericious-red fibrillose sheaths; leaves 3—5mm broad, rather short- acuminate, shorter than the culm, the sheaths glabrous or only near the membranaceous part puberulent; spikelet 5—8, the lower ones rather strong- ly segregated: the terminal 2—4 staminate, approximate, lanceolate, shaggy with persistent dark anthers, 2—5 cm long, the scales tawny to light brown ovate subacute; other spikelet pistillate, clavate-cylindric, loosely few- flowered especially below, 2—5 cm long, 0.8cm broad, the lower on slender peduncle sometimes to 4—5 cm long, erect or nutant; lowest bract with sheath to 1.5-2cm long, exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceo- late, long-acuminate to acute, ferruginous, with a pale green center, scarcely hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia membranace- ous, ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 5-6 mm long, olivaceous-green, thick- nerved, round-based, short-stipitate, gradually beaked, the beak long, subcylindric, sparsely setulose at margin and center, bidentate, ferruginous, its teeth broad, straight, soft, ferruginous, about 0.7-1mmlong, Fr. June- July. (Plate XXIV, fig. 4). Damp forests and shore thickets. -East. Siberia: Daur., Len. -Kol.; Far 457 East: Ze. -Bur., Uss., Ud., Okhot., Kamch. Gen. distr.: North-eastern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Dauriya (Khara-Murin Pass). Type in Leningrad. 388. C. amurensis Kuk. in Bot. Centralbl. LXXVII (1899) 94; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 382.-C.hirta var. Y Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 319.-C.hirta var. glabrata Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XI, 1 (1838) 104.-C. orthostachys var. hirtaeformis Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 316.-C. Bongardiana F. SchmidtinMem. Ac. St. Petersb., sér. VII, XII (1868) 197.-C. pseudo-hirta Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 371, ex p.-C. burejana Meinsh., l.c., 368, pro max.p.-C. drymophila var. akanensis Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 756 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 199. C. akanensis Kom. Mal. opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. (1925) 135; Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 316, non Franch. Perennial, green plants, with stout underground offshoots; culms smooth, 50-100 cm tall, covered at base with reddish-brown bladeless sheaths; leaves 5-10mm broad, short-acuminate, sparsely short-pubescent below, their sheaths densely short- pubescent; spikelets 5-8, the lower ones distant: the terminal 2—4 staminate, narrow-cylindric, 1.5-3.5cm long, with fer- ruginous oblong subacute scales; other spikelets pistillate, 3—6cm long, 1-1.2cm broad, loosely few-flowered, especially below, the lower peduncles to 3-4cm long; lowest bract with short-pubescent sheath, to 2-3 cm long, exceeding the inflorescence; pistillate scales lanceolate to oblong-ovoid, short-pilose on awn and midrib, light-colored, subferruginous-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 7-8mm long, olivaceous to dark green, with slender prominent nerves, glabrous or pubescent at summit, round-based, short-stipitate, gradually beaked, the beak prolonged (upward of one-third the length of body), short-pilose, cy- lindric, ferruginous-margined at summit, strongly bidentate, the teeth to 2mm long, narrow. Fr. June-July. (Plate XXIV, fig. 5). Forest glades, birch-wood thickets and wet places. -East. Siberia: Daur., Len. -Kol; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Sakh., Kamch. Gen. distr. : North- eastern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Amur (Belér). Type in Leningrad. ‘363 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. According to B.A. Tikhomirov's observations, the leaves are readily eaten by wild water fowl, especially by geese. 389. C. Raddei Kuk. in Bot. Centralbl. LXXVII (1899) 97; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 381.-C. glaberrima Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII (1901) 369, guoad pl: Or. Extra —C.caristatacussp. Radde nKukpinBngl PilarAv, 20 (1909) 755 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 197-Ic.: Kikk. in Engl. , Laci it Doywhl eel? Shvukle Perennial, pale green plants, with creeping stolons; culms obtusely 458 triangular, more or less flexuous, smooth, 30-50cm tall, covered at base with smooth compact reddish-brown fibrillose splitting bladeless sheaths; leaves with strongly involute margins, 2—4mm broad, accrescent, long- attenuate, shorter than the culm; lower sheaths glabrous or only on mem- branaceous part pillulose; spikelets 4-5, the lower distant: the terminal 2-3 staminate, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-4cm long, with tawny lanceolate aristate scales; other spikelets pistillate, oblong-ovoid to oblong, 2—4cm long, 1-1.2cm broad, loose, sparsely flowered below, the lower short- peduncled, erect; lowest bract with sheath to 1cm long, shorter than to as long as inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute to aristate, ferruginous, with a broad light median band, narrowly white- hyaline-margined, shorter than perigynia; perigynia conic-oblong-ovoid, inflated-trigonous, 8-9(10)mmlong, glabrous, greenish, ribbed, round- based, short-stipitate, gradually beaked, the beak dilated, subulate-biden- tate at base, ferruginous at the orifice, the teeth straight to 1mm long. (Plate XXIV, fig. 3). Sandy river shores, shallows.-Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Amur (between Zeya estuary and Ust'-Stre- lochnaya). Type in Leningrad. Cycle 4. Costularia (Rafin.) V.Krecz.-Rafin. in Amenit. of Nat.I (1840) 25 (pro subgenere). -Perigynia subcoriaceous, conic-lanceolate, 10-18mm long, short-stipitate, with numerous (12-18) prominent nerves, gradually tapering into a prolonged bidentate smooth beak; scales ovate, acute, about half the length of perigynia, many-nerved. Staminate spikelet solitary. Bracts sheathed; culms obtusely 3-angled, usually smooth. 390. C. dolichocarpa C.A.M. ex Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch.I (1927) 264 (nomen) et in Addenda, II, 623.-C.rostrata Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 316, non Stokes. -C. Michauxiana Bcklr. in Linnaea, XLI (1877) 336; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 705, quoad pl. asiat. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 178; Kom., l.c.-C. Michauxiana ssp. asiatica Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 207, fig.14-C. Fischeriana C.A.M. in herb. et ex Hultén, 1.c. (nomen), non Gay. Perennial, pale green, cespitose plants; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy to high up, 25-60cm tall, covered at base with light brown blade-bearing sheaths; leaves 3.5-—4.5mm broad, abruptly pointed, sca- berulous, as long as the culm; spikelets 2—4, distant: the terminal spikelet staminate, on peduncle 1-1.5cm long, exceeding the nearest pistillate spikelet, lance-linear, 1.5-—2 cm long, with narrow acutish tawny scales; other spikelets pistillate, hemispherical, 1.5-—2cm long, loose, onpeduncles from 0,5-3 cra long; lowest bract with sheath to 2 cm long and a straight blade 2-3 times as long as inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, subobtuse, tawny, greenish-centered, 4-5-nerved, less than half thelengthof perigynia; 459 perigynia divaricate, narrowly lanceolate, obtusely trigonous, 12 mm long, 364 460 green, becoming yellowish-green, slenderly many-nerved, abruptly at- tenuate at base into a stipe 1.5mm long, cuneate-tipped, diffusely asperous- margined, aculeate-bidentate at apex. Fr. July-August. Mossy marshes. -Far East: Kamch. (s. part). Gen. distr.: Kurile Islands, northern Japan (Yezo, Nippon). Described from Kamchatka. Type in Lenin- grad. Cycle 5. Cyperocarex V. Krecz.-Perigynia conic-lanceolate, 5- 10 mm long, with numerous (10-15) thickened prominent nerves, more or less distinctly stipitate, gradually tapering into a smooth strongly bidentate spreading beak, itsteethsubulate, firm; scales lanceolate, pale, long- aristate. Inflorescence congested, of 1 staminate and 3—5 pistillate spike- lets; pistillate spikelets cylindric, dense, pedunculate, often nutant. Bracts sheathed; culms sharply 3-angled, with canaliculate sides and scabrous angles. 391. C. capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 119 et in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 365; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I, 379; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 697 et in Journ. Russ. Bot.3-6 (1911) 176; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I, 329.-C. pseudo- cyperus var. brachystachya Rgl.et Maack, Tent. fl. ussur. (1861) 165, tab. XII, fig.13-17.-C.brachystachya Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sc. Hokk. Univ., ser. V, II, 1 (1932) 219, fig. 161, non Schranck et Moll (0785): —Ie. > Kuk. 5 Ic. 76985: fig.119; Kom. and Alis: ,obsact) tab. 98? Perennial, pale green, cespitose plants; culms scabrous above, leafy up to the middle, 30—70cm tall, covered at base with reticulate purplish- brown sheaths; leaves ribbon-like, subrigid, flat, 6-12mm broad, with two scabrous prominent nerves on upper side, reticulate on lower side and at base, long-acuminate, usually longer than the culm; spikelets 3-6, crowded: the terminal usually not exceeding the nearest pistillate spikelet, staminate, linear, 2-3.5cm long, with lanceolate aristate tawny scales; other spikelet pistillate, oblong-ovoid to short-cylindric, 1.5-—3 cm long, 1.5cm broad, dense, divaricate, pedunculate, the lower peduncles to 1.5cm long; lowest bract nearly sheathless, with erect blade, many times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales linear-subulate, slenderly long- awned, greenish, scabrous on midrib and margin, about one-third the length of perigynia; perigynia subulate-lanceolate, compressed-trigonous, 8-9mm long, stramineous-green, lustrous, slenderly many-nerved, ab- ruptly attenuate at base into a stipe to 1mm long, cuneate-attenuate at summit into subulate-cleft smooth beak, the teeth smooth to 1.5—2mm long, arcuate-divergent. Fr. June. (Plate XXIV, fig. 7). River shores and stagnant ponds. -Far East: Ze.-Bur., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Korea, northern and central Japan. Described from Ussuri Province, n.-e. shore of lake Khanka. Type in Leningrad. 392. C. pseudo-cyperus L. Sp. pl.(1753) 978; Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV, 308; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 365; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 695 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3-6 (1911) 175; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII (1924) 221; Grossh. Fl. Kavk.I, 176; Vass. in Wulff. Fl. tauren 2k. 340M Kreez. in FI. transb. WU; 133. —-Corever sa-Galiube Exere. phyt. II (1792) 549. -Exs.: Pl. Finl.exs. No.139. Perennial, light green, cespitose plants; culms sharply triangular, pro- minently scabrous, 40-—80cm tall, leafy to high up, with brownish sheaths at base; leaves ribbon-like, subrigid, flat, 5-10mm broad, long-attenuate, 365 prominently scabrous, longer than the culm; spikelets 3—6, crowded: the terminal spikelet staminate, linear-cylindric, 3-—6cm long, with lanceolate subulate-pointed scabrous tawny scales; other spikelet pistillate, cylindric, 3-6cm long, 0.8-1cm broad, dense, pendulous, on scabrous peduncles, the lowest of these to 4—5cm long; lowest bract with sheath barely 5mm long and blade 1-3 times the length of inflorescence; pistillate scales sub- ulate-lanceolate, with a long scabrous awn, green, hirtellous, 3-nerved, shorter than perigynia; perigynia reflexed, lance-ovoid, convex-trigonous, 4.5-5.5mm long, pale green, becoming stramineous, with 5-6 costate nerves, abruptly attenuate at base into a short stipe, gradually tapering at summit into a prolonged smooth light subulate-bidentate beak. Fr. May- June. (Plate XXIV, fig. 8). Marshes, shores and canals. -The whole of European part (except Arctic); the whole of Caucasus; the whole of West. Siberia: East. Siberia: Ang.-Sayan., Daur (upper Angara); Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh., Syr-Dar., Tyan'-Shan, (Arslanbob). Gen.distr.: Western Europe, Mediterranean, Northern Mongolia, Kashmir, North America. Described from Sweden. (Dannemora). NOTE. Hybridizing with C. vesicaria L. (C. Wolteri Gross.) and C.inflata Huds. (C.Schmidtiana Junge). ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Hardly eaten in hay, but readily eaten in the form of silage. Species of Doubtful Position 1. C. Brotherorum Christ in A. H. P. XVI (1900) 434; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 174; Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I, 160. "A species that deserves to be mentioned, allied tothe C. vulpina L. group, but distinguished from it by the narrower subulate perigynia, more 461 distant spikelet, and leaves which are not flat but convolute, narrow, and many times the length of the culm which is leafy only at base; the number of leaves is also different, being 2 or 3." Caucasus: East. Transcauc. (Gori). Described from Gori. Type in Helsinki. NOTE. Possibly identical with C.divulsa Stokes? C. secalina Whilb. may also be suspected (leaves many times the length of culm). 2. C. amphilogos C.Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 615; Steud. Syn. Cyper. (1855) 198.-C.incurva Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 270; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 113, quoad pl. caucas. "Plant naked, stoloniferous. Spike simple, ovoid or oblong; spikelets androgynous, staminate at base, furnished with lance-ovate scales which resemble the bracts but are broader. The plant was collected in juvenile state and it has therefore been impossible to give a better description. Most closely related to C. curvula All., but in view of the position of staminate flowers at the base of spikelet referred to the C. brizoides L. group from which it differs, however, in general habit." Described from Caucasus. Type in Berlin. NOTE. Treviranus and Kukenthal consider this species as synonymous with C.incurva Lightf. This view is unacceptable, since this (or any related) species does not occur in the Caucasus, and, moreover, the spikelets in C. amphilogos are gynecandrous. From among gynecandrous species, 366 462 C. Koch proposes C.leporina, arenaria (=colchica Gay), praecox and brozoides, but C.amphilogos unquestionably differs from them and represents a new species that needs clarification. 3. C. burjatorum Korotk. in Fedde, Reprt. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 2u34Meowrecz..in. Fl. Transb. Ill 931), 11.8, "Cespitose plants withligneous rhizome; culms about 10 cmtall, covered at base with yellowish-brown sheaths; leaves as long as the culm, flat, 2- 3mm broad, scabrous (especially on the margins); sheaths with thickened orifice, not overtopping the base of blade or barely so (?); ligule short, broader than long; spikelets 5-6, ovoid, androgynous, crowded into a dense oblong-ovoid head about 1cm long; scales about 3mm long, broad, ovate, acute to subobtuse, ferruginous, with a green midrib, white-hyaline-mar- gined; perigynia (young) plano-convex, ovoid, without a distinct margin, obscurely and sparsely denticulate in upper part, beakless, emarginate at summit; anthers about 24mm long; stigmas 2." "Transbaikal area. The region of Eravinskie Lakes, near the lake and village Itsinga. On a steppe-like slope of a hill with a Buddhist temple. - 15 June 1912.'' Type lost (?). NOTE. Probably a Transbaikal form of C.duriusculae C.A.M., but it is so far impossible to understand why it has been placed by the author in the section Muhlenbergianae Kuk. 4, C. sordida Cham. ex van Heurck et Muell. Arg. Observ. bot.I (1870) 33; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 480; Kom. Fl. Kamch.I, 225. "Rhizome horizontal; culms erect, triangular, scabrous on the angles, 13 foot long, covered below with loose reticulate scales; leaves about 5, mostly 20cm long, 5mm broad, white-woolly at the throat of the free sheaths; staminate spikelet solitary, to 3cm long, pistillate spikelet 3, dis- tant, loosely flowered, the lower on peduncle exserted from sheath, the others subsessile, nearly erect; bract foliaceous, the lowest with sheath to 15mm long, the others sheathless; pistillate scales lanceolate (4mm long), staminate spikelets spatulate, one-third longer than the pistillate (6mm long), all with a green dorsal band, hyaline-tipped, rounded-obtuse, ciliate; perigynia lanceolate, long-acuminate, strongly bidentate, glabrous, with hispid teeth; stigmas 3, exserted. "Reported for Kamchatka (Chamisso, in van Huerck's herbarium under the name indicated above). "' NOTE. G. Kukenthal places this species, among those unknown to him, in his section Mitratae (according to our classification Onkerma Raf, - Discomitra V. Krecz.). V.L. Komarov regards it erroneously as ''nomen nudum". Considering the hairy sheath throat and the perigynia with strongly bidentate, ciliate-tipped, scabrous beak, as well as the characteristic ap- pearance of the plant (which acountsfor the specific name), the species is relatedto C. drymophila Turcz., if not identical with it. 5. C. jungenda Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 210. "Culm covered at base with more or less purple sheathless bladeless scales; spikelets 3, approximate, sessile, bracteate; pistillate spikelets ovoid, obtuse, staminate spikelets oblong; lowest bract bladeless, simple, castaneous; scales castaneous, broadly hyaline-margined. Apparently closely affiliated to the preceding species (i.e. toC. incerta Steud). C. saxatilis Linn. var. Gmel., Fl. sib. No. 73. Siberia; (or more exactly after Gmelin — to the east of river Ob', near the rivers Argun' andLena). 367 463 NOTE. In view of the presence of purple scales at the culm base and the affinity (manifestly in respect of perigynium vesture) to C. incerta Steud., C. tomentosa L. or C. Vanheurckii Muell. Arg. (C. am- blyolepis Trautv. et Mey.) suggest themselves here; in both species, however, the bract is blade-bearing! The problem can only be solved if the original specimen from Gmelin's herbarium is found. 6. C. plumbea Whlb. in Vetensk. Ac. Nya Handl. XXIV (1803) 163 (sub C.vesicaria). "Spikelets plump, subdistant; bracts very long, foliaceous; scales oblong- ovate, pointed, exceeding perigynia; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, with 2-fid beak (ore bifurcato). "Caucasus, Steven (in Schwarz's herbarium).'' Type in Stockholm. NOTE. Taking into account the name, the plant under consideration may be C.melanostachya M.B.(1805) or C. riparia Curt. (1783) which have leaden-gray perigynia and a forked beak. Another possibility | is C.acutiformis Ehrh. (1789), as according to Wahlenberg's drawing, | bifurcatus is characterized by a bidentate beak with straight teeth. The problem could only be solved with the type at hand. 7. C. seiskoénsis Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. LIII (1903) 27; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 20 (1909) 576. "Loosely cespitose plants with extensively branching rhizome and ap- parently producing short stolons; culms with dense fibrillose sheath rem- nants at base, from which arise clusters of leaves and culms; culms 22- 27cm tall or taller, considerably exceeding the leaves, slender, finely sulcate, leafy below, scabrous above; leaves flat, exasperate on the margin and midrib on upper side, smooth underneath, the cauline straight, soft, narrowly linear, long-attenuate (acutissimis), long-sheathed, the radical 1/5 to 1/3 as long, cucullate, 1-2 close to culm base, the third (when present) inserted above the middle of the culm; inflorescence elongate, very loose, containing (2)3—4(5) spikelets, the terminal 1(-2) spikelets staminate, con- gested, 1.2-1.5cm long (2.5mm in diameter), dense, subferruginous, ob- long-cylindric; other spikelets pistillate, on very slender peduncles, loosish, bearing up to 12 flowers, ca.1.4cm long (4mm broad, or narrower), brown- ish-green; all spikelets erect, with foliaceous long-sheathed bracts; lower bracts narrowly linear, barely equaling the spikelets, the others setiform, sheathless; scales smooth, broadly elliptic, obtuse, brownish, white-hyaline- tipped, with concolor midrib; perigynia smooth, grayish-green, broadly lanceolate, 2.5-3mm long, long-attenuate at both ends, trigonous, mostly 3-nerved on both faces; beak one-third the length of perigynium-body, brownish, more or less oblique, dorsally asperous, hyaline-tipped, acutely bidentate, markedly exceeding the scales; achene ellipsoid, not filling up the perigynium; style with much exserted stigmas. "Blagoveshchensk, inmeadows. June-July, 1898. Karo[transliteration- ?] ." NOTE. G. Kukenthal refers this species with a question mark to C. stenantha Franch. et Sav., but in the latter and related species peri- gynia are twice as long, attaining 6-7mm. The description applies most likely to one of the species of the Caricella Ehrh. group and recalls in many respects (except the number of staminate spikelets) C.ledbouri- ana C.A.M. andC.novograblenovii Kom. which have 2.5-3mm - long perigynia and obtuse scales. The position could be clarified by com- parison with type plants of Karo's collections. 368 464 Synonyms and Names not Ascertained for the Flora of USSR 1. C. astracanica Willd. ex Kunth. Enum. pl. II (1837) 385 (sub. C.muricata); Steud. Nomencl. bot. I (1841) 286; Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884) 812 (nomen).-C. muricatafB.Steud., l.c., 293. Possibly one of the synonyms of C. polyphyllae Kar. et Kir. ? 2. C.congesta C.A.M. (in sched. herb. Heward.) ex Boott, Illustr. Carex, I (1858) 17 (sub C. Hoodii, nomen).-C.Hoodii Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. 1V (1884) 816, non Boott. —-According to Boott, a plant from Kam- chatka.- Perhaps one of the synonyms of C. pachystachyae Cham? 3. C. pentastachys Fisch. ex Steud. Nomencl. bot. I (1841) 294 (nomen); Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884) 320. 4, C. eriophora Fisch. ex Steud. Nomencl. bot.I (1841) 289 (nomen). - Trautv., l.c., 814. 5. C. sublivida Norrl. Fl. Kar.-oneg. in Not. ur Salsskr. pro Fauna, et Fl.fenn..Forh:, Ny ser., Haeft:10, p.51; Trautv., I.c., 824.—-C. pantie ea var. SublLiv idal)Hartm: see. Norris, le. ip. hi,7 non Nylt et Sael. Herb. mus.fenn., 13.-''Tractus onegensis". A Species Subject to Exclusion from the Flora of USSR 1. C. abbreviata Prescott ex Boott in Ann. nat. hist. XVII (1846) 57; in Trans. Linn. Soc. XX (1846) et in Walp. Ann. bot. I (1848-49) 914; Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 226; Trautv. Incr. fl. ross. IV (1884) 810.-C. Torreyi Tuckerm.—An American species erroneously described from the Altai. ORDER 5. PRINCIPES Flowers unisexual or more rarely bisexual, actinomorphic, disposed in large inflorescences, surrounded by a spathe; perianth trimerous, of two or many whorls; stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 9. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with a solitary ovule. Fruit a berry, drupe or nut. Monopodially branching trees, with large, palmately or pinnately veined leaves. FAMILY XXVI. PALMAE* JUSS Flowers usually unisexual, small, in simple or compound inflorescences, initially surrounded by large bracts [spathes]. Perianth in 2 series, persist- ent in fruit, consisting of two whorls, all segments alike or differentiated into calyx and corolla. Stamens usually 6 in two whorls, rarely 9 or more, or 3. Ovary consisting of 3 carpels, these often confluent and united by abortion of 1 or 2 cells; ovule solitary in each locule. Style mostly 3-fid at apex or bearing 3 sessile stigmas. Fruit simple, with 1-3 compartments, rarely 3-merous, in the form of a drupe or a berry with 1, 2 or 3 seeds. Seeds albuminous; endosperm more or less compound, corneous or os- seous, rarely amygdaline. Embryo lateral, seated close to seed base, small. Arborescent land plants, often of considerable size. Stem ligneous, terete, usually simple or sparsely branching. Leaves rather large; leaf sheaths * Arranged by I. V. Palibin. 369 fully amplexicaul, leaving spiny scars on the bole. The leaf sheath pro- longed into a petiole and a compound, palmatifid or pinnatifid blade; oc- casionally the blade entire or notched. Fossilized remains of palms are known in the USSR from the Paleocene to the Oligocene. Species known from the Volga Paleocene are Palmacites nipoides Brongn. Volg.-Don. (Saratov) and Palmoxylon variabile Sterz.-Low. Don,; a Palmoxylon sp. is known from the Oligocene of Mid. Dnepr. (Lava Kursk. ). Nipa. The occurrence of an allied genus, such as Nipadites Burtinii Brongn., is known from the Eocene of Prichern. (near Voznesensk), Mid. Dnepr. (Kiev); its variations N. umbonatus Bow. and N. ellipticus Bow. in the Eocene of Mid. Dnepr. (Kiev). Sabal. This genus, notably S. Haeringiana (synonymous with §. ucrainica) was widespread in the Eocene of Mid. Dnepr. (Ekaterinopol'e, Kiev) and South, Transcaucasia (Dzhul'fa), in the Oligocene of Prichern. (Adzhanka) and Mid, Dnepr. (Volyn'), in the Pliocene of West. Transcauc. (Goderskii Pass); S. major Heer (Goderskii Pass), Amesoneuron, Of dubious status as a palm, this genus has been located in Prichern, Sarmat. (Krynka). — A. Noeggerathiae Goepp. NOTE. Palms are distributed mainly in the tropics and only a few genera have representatives outside the tropical countries. raised as cultivated plants in gardens of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, from the Turkish border to Tuapse and then here andthere along the southern No wild-growing palms occur in the flora of the U.S.S.R. They are seaboard of Crimea. Certain palm species in this country are escapes from cultivation and reproduce without the agency of man (such as represen- tatives of the genera Trachycarpus and Chamaerops). The more important palms cultivated in the Caucasus and Crimea are included in this work. All palms grown along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Cri- mea are described in the studyby S.G. Ginkul: "Palms of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus", Trudy po prikl.bot., genet. i selektsii, Vol. 24 (1929-1930), pp. 95-230, Leningrad, 1931. + 466 Key to Genera ; eaves pinnatihid is 2y een. wie Bald cuted: Pane ah ee heae Mats wegen zs Leaves palnmatelyacompaunds.) 640 La PARR, SE AE x ncn cowtteener qe ane 4. . Leaves irregularly arranged in groups along the stem; petioles SEN YMOL DEVICE ye. IX! stan hE ee ate Ook ey ie amici hy cre a engin bole 3. Leaves nearly equidistant petioles devoid of spines and prickles; Siem s naked, Very totek aAtiASe ST elm | panes don: Jubaea H..B. er kK: . Leaf petioles armed with strong long pugioniform spines; drupe uni- VOCUS TIN ante ante Rial Merk Rael Pormmmen chats wae anil Le Phoenix. E. Leaf petioles armed with strong, antrorsely curved spines; drupe EPMO SULA IN TORN ey teal salvar 6-80 atu iad A Ue Geel ss Mama dee + Wt Ley Beces . Leaf petioles devoid of strong spines, finely serrulate-margined, slight- ly convex on upper side; leaf blades without white filaments on the mar- RS, Nate nie eC cot ee tae prey: tei TE Trachycarpus H. Wendl. Leaves armed with strong spines ...... AR Seer eee ome re D. . Leaf blades with long white filaments onthe margins............. Bris tteh aha ec SMEG snag tee MMC ate ht ao aN ae aes cane Washingtonia H. Wendl. Leaf blades without white filaments on the margins; usually a low plant SHEN Mth ta hot tele: fee ae AK, aR Sy! al ange mahibadite a ae eee, VE inven ac etero moc aien 370 467 Genus Phoenix* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1188. Flowers sessile, coriaceous; staminate flowers oblong or ovoid, with toothed cup-shaped calyx; lobes 3, subconnate at base, obliquely oblong or ovate. Stamens 6, rarely 3 or 9; filaments subulate, connate at base, bearing linear-oblong anthers. Pistillate flowers spherical, as large as the staminate. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed. Corolla 3-lobed, the lobes or- bicular. Carpels 3, free, with sessile uncinate stigmas. Ovules straight, only one maturing. Fruit cylindric, with a fleshy pericarp and thin mem- branaceous endocarp. Seed straight, linear-oblong, with a deep longitu- dinal groove; endosperm horny. Trees with pinnatifid, spreading-recurved, unequally pinnate leaves; segments rigid, elongate-lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, V-shaped incross-section. Spadices borne in leaf axils, erect; peduncle compressed, with umbellate branches at the end. Spathes cori- aceous, strongly compressed. NOTE. Phoenix palms grow wild only in countries of the Old World, from Canary Islands, in the southern part of the Mediterranean region, all over Africa, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, the southern slopes of Himalayas, Assam, as far as Upper Burma and China. In the Tertiary, palms very similar to Phoenix grew in many parts of central and southern Europe as well as in Transcaucasia (Western Georgia). 1. Leaf blades curved to reflexed, usually light green; corolla as long as PSM CTYEK ss ates neiee hs Biber ee ess oeene teeae ts Phy canarvensyvs Hort. + Leaf blades slightly curved or barely so, glaucous; corolla twice the fenpth of calyx sys. e Avamet tes aie e rk Ne camelce Phe silve simi s Hox, Ph.canariensis Hort. Chabaud. in ''La Province agricole No. 19 (1882) 293''. -Beccari in Malesia III (1886) 347-369; Bailey, Cyclop. of Hort. ID (1927) 2594; Ginkul 1.c.,118.-Ph.tenuis Hort.—Ph.dacty- lifera var. Jubae Welb. et Berth. (non L.) Hist. natur.des Canaries II, 289.-Ph. Jubae Christ in Engl. Bot. Jahrbuch. IX (1887) 170. Tree; trunk erect, solitary, covered with scars — remains of shed leaves; height of stem to 12-15m (in this country not exceeding 2.5—3 m); coma containing numerous leaves, from 150 to 200 in number; leaves pinnate, arcuate, light green; leaf petioles with strong acicular spines at base; leaf segments on lower part of rachis aggregated in fascicles of 2-3, the fascicles rather distant; pinnae above the middle of rachis parallel in one plane; maximum length of leaflets 45-50cm, breadth 3-5cm; pistillate inflorescences to 2m long, the staminate shorter; peduncles flat, ribbon- like, to 5.5cem broad and 1.5cm thick; rachillae tetragonous, very numer- ous (up to 200); spathes navicular, compressed, ferruginous-brown, to 45-50cm long; staminate flowers angled, 9-10mm long, cup-shaped, tri- gonous, short-tridentate; petals subobtuse; stamens 6, slightly shorter than the petals; pistillate flowers spherical; calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed; corolla about equaling the calyx; petals reniform, twice as broad as long; * Named after the country Phoenix, i.e. Phoenicia, whence the ancients first became acquainted with the phoenix palm. 371 468 469 fruit ovoid, obtuse at both ends, about 2cm long and 1.5cm thick; meso- carp thin, tough; seed ovoid, rounded at the ends, about 1.5cm long, grooved on the ventral side (Plate XXV, figs. 16-21), P.canariensis is cultivated as an ornamental plant in-:gardens of the subtropical region; takes first place in the gardens of Sochi, Sukhum and Batum. Provenance — Canary Islands (27-29° N. lat. at Caldera di Palma). Ph. silvestris Roxb. Fl. Ind. III (1832) 787; Beccari in Malesia III (1886) 347-364: Brandis, Ind. Trees (1921) 645; Ginkull.c., 109. Tree; trunk erect, solitary, covered with light gray remains of leaf bases, to 5-—6m tall: leaves numerous (120-150), pinnate, arcuate, cinera- ceous-gray on the upper surface, intensely green underneath, covered with mealy bloom; segments grouped in 3's or 4's, rather closely set along the rachis, 30-32cm long and 4-5cm broad; petiole armed along about 1m with strong pugioniform spines 3-—15cm long; pistillate inflorescences to 1.5m long, the staminate shorter; peduncles smooth, flat, ribbon-shaped, about 4.5cm broad and 1cm thick; branches numerous (150-200); spathes coriaceous, navicular, densely covered with rusty scales; staminate flowers angled, ovoid, 7-8mm long; calyx short, cup-shaped, obtusely 3-lobed; stamens 6; pistillate flowers spherical, yellowish, crowded, in 2's or 3's or solitary; calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed; petals obtuse; corolla twice the length of the calyx; style subulate, with a curved stigma; fruit cylindric, rounded at the ends, yellowish-red to orange-colored, with easily separat- ing mesocarp; seed cylindric, rounded at both ends, 20mm long and 10mm broad, narrowly grooved on the ventral side (Plate XXV, figs. 10, 11). Occurring in gardens of Sukhum and Batum. Provenance — eastern India, in parts adjoining the Himalayas, as well as in the lowland parts of Deccan and Mysore. Cultivated in many tropical and subtropical countries. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. The boles of this palm are used in India as building material. The leaves are used for making sacks and bags; the petioles are employed in basketry; the leaves serve for covering huts. The sweet sap furnishes syrup, sugar, anda potent alcoholic arak-like liquor ("toddy", or palm wine). In our climatic conditions only of decorative value. Genus Jubaea* H.B. et kK. Humb. Bonpl, et Kunth. Nov. gen. et sp. pl. I (1815) 247, tab. 96; Martius, Hist. nat. Palm. III, 294, 324 tab. 161 f. III. Staminate flowers in upper part of spadix, borne on short pedicels; calyx of 3 linear-lanceolate carinate sepals; petals ovate, subobtuse, coria- ceous; stamens 13-27; filaments subulate, united at base. Pistillate flowers on the lower one-third of the branches, ovoid-conic, angled; calyx broadly ovoid; Petals as long as the sepals, imbricate. Fruit large, broad, at- tenuate to a point at the apex, fleshy. Seeds globular, pointed at the apex. Endosperm cartilaginous. A tree with a massive thick cylindric trunk and broad-based pinnatifid leaves; spadices up to 1m andlonger, densely pannose. J.spectabilis H.B. etK., 1l.c.; Ginkul, l.c., 182-199. Tree; trunk thick, up to 10m tall, cylindric, somewhat distended in its middle part, nearly smooth, covered with long transverse scars, some- times attaining in this country 33; min height; leaves pinnate, forming a * Named after Juba, king of Numidia. ote 470 strong coma, erect in the middle part, reflexed at the margins; petioles of many leaves with broad triangular base, ribbed, to 1-2.5m long; seg- ments lance-linear, rigid, somewhat irregularly arranged along the petiole, reversed V-shaped in cross-section, to 75cm long, 30mm broad, bisected at apex, lustrous dark green on upper surface, dull underneath; spathe ligneous, to 1m long, navicular, covered with tobacco-colored panniform pubescence; peduncle of spadix branched, laterally compressed, densely pannose; flowers subsessile, clustered or solitary; staminate flowers vina- ceous -brown on the outside, grayish-red on the inside, witha light yellow spot at the base of petals; pistillate flowers dark purplish-gray; ovary pale lemon-colored, with short thick stigmas: fruit yellowish, flattened at base, 3-4cm long, enclosed by mesocarp to lem thick at base; seeds with 3 pores in upper part, these covered with a cinnamon-colored film. Occurring in gardens of Sukhum and Batum. Originating in South America (Chile), where it grows between 31 and 35° S, lat. Also cultivated in some subtropical countries. Almost entirely extinct in its native country. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, The palm was used in Chile for extraction of sap which yielded syrup and a kind of brandy. Fruit pulp edible: seeds containing up to 35 per cent oil. Leaves were used for covering huts and for fiber production. In our climate this palm can only be of ornamental base. Genus Butia* Becc. Becc. Malpigia (1887) 347, 442.- Cocos Mart. p. pt. Staminate flowers in upper part of spadix, pistillate flowers below. Ca- lyx of staminate flower trigonous, small, valvate, Petals obliquely elongate; Stames 6, with subulate filaments. Pistillate flowers spherical-ovoid; calyx lobes ovate, coriaceous, imbricated. Petals coriaceous, broad-based, imbricated, Ovary ovoid, prolonged into a short style. Low, rarely tall, trees; trunks covered with distant spines or scars left by fallen leaves. Leaf petioles vested with prickles or rarely spines, clasping only a portion of the trunk periphery. Leaves pinnatisect; segments ensiform or lanceolate, fasciculate. Rachis nearly 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back under- neath. Spathe fusiform, coriaceous. Spadices initially erect, b@écoming nutant in fruit, sublanate. Fruits surrounded by juicy pulp; drupe globose to oblong, containing 3 seeds separated by ligneous partitions. B.capitata (Mart. ) Becc. in Agric. colon. X (1916) 489 t.5; Ginkul Lie. O19 7, fies) 26.27, -Co.ceisinca pitalati Mart. bitch Natepalms igi 4. t.78-79. -C. australis Hort.-C.cam'pestris Hort. Tree to 4-—5m tall; leaves pinnatifid, veryrigid, glaucescent or cinereous- green, arching, with raised segments to 2.5m long; petioles flat to slightly concave above, studded with firm recurved spines, these replaced toward the base by progressively longer ligneous thick elongated fibers; leaf segments arranged along the rachis in groups of 2-3 (sometimes 5), ensi- form, rigid, darker on the upper side than on the back, to 60—75 cm long; lower part of young leaves tomentose, soon glabrescent. Spathes fusiform, light green, pruinose, to 1.25m long. Spadices several, to 110cm long, * A local South American name of the palm. J13 473 strongly branching, the branches compressed-angled, lanate, naked. Flowers pistillate and staminate, sessile, arranged on the same spadix, the former placed nearer the peduncle, the latter on the middle and ter- minal part of the spadix. Sepals of staminate flowers lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, about 1/3 the length of flower. Petals 3, lanceolate, concave, asymmetrical, lemon-colored. Pistillate flowers with obtuse sepals and broad-based petals. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Fruit ovoid-globose, yellow, juicy, sweet, edible, to 25mm long and 20mm broad, Seed globose, 18- 20mm long and 10-14mm broad. Southern Brazil, Cultivated in subtropical regions; often occurring in gardens of Sukhum and Batum. Has industrial and ornamental value. Seeds contain up to 44 per cent of liquid palm oil. In addition to B. capitata (Mart.) Becc. species occasionally cultivated on the Black Sea coast are B.eriospatha Becc. andB. Yatay Becc, Genus Washingtonia* Wendl, Wendl, in Bot. Zeit. XXXVII (1879) 68. Flowers borne on branching peduncles; calyx tubular, cup-shaped, deep- ly trilobed; corolla 3 times as long as the calyx, with narrow lobes. Stamens 6, their filaments free, fusiform. Fruit ovoid-oblong, baccate, with thin dry pericarp. Seed small, oblong, concave at base; endosperm horny; ovary very small. Palms with robust trunks attaining up to 25m in height; trunks covered with scars in lower part, in upper part clothed with remnants of shredded petioles interwoven with cinnamon-colored threads. Leaves form - ing a large coma at the summit of the trunk; leaf blades orbicular -peltafid, deeply dissected into segments; rachis and ligule short or lacking; segments bifid at the ends, furnished on the margins with long whitish filaments; leaf petioles as long as the blades, thick, glabrous, armed with strong re- curved spines. Occurring in the south-western part of the United States, notably in the desert parts of California and Arizona, as well as in Mexico (Sonora State), ° Explanation to Plate XXV Washingtonia filifera H. Wendl.: -1. Part of flowering inflorescence. -2. Part of fruiting in- florescence, -3. Leaf blade with filaments on the margins. -4, Flower magnified, -5. Same in longitudinal section, -6. Inside view of corolla, showing glands. -7, Flower diagram. -8. Fruit cut in half. -9. Seed (figures 1-9 after Sargent), -Phoenix silvestris Roxb,: -10, Leaf petiole with pugioniform spines (after Ginkul). -11. Attachment of blade to petiole (after Schnizlein), -12. Staminate flower partly open, -13. Pistillate flower at the time of pollination, -14. Seed from ventral side. -15. Same from dorsal side (figures 12-15 after Beccari), -Ph. canariensis Host: -16. Leaf petiole with terete prickles, -17. Part of peduncle with two pistillate flowers (figures 16-17 after Ginkul). -18. Pistillate flower (after Beccari), -19. Open staminate flower (after Ginkul), -20. Perianth of mature fruit, with four out of the six staminodia visible. - 21. Seed from ventral side (figures 20-21 after Beccari),-Chamaerops humilis L,: 22. Pistillate flower magnified 3 times (after Schnizlein). - 23. Ovary in longitudinal section (after Schnizlein). -Trachycarpus excelsa H. Wendl,: -24, Staminate flower: petal with stamen. - 25, Pistillate flower with calyx and corolla, -26, Pistillate flower with perianth removed (figures 24-26 after Hooker). -27. Bisexual flower with one stamen and one petal removed (after Beccari). * Named for Washington, the first president of the U.S.A. (1732-1799). 374 PLATE XXV 375 474 1, Leaf petioles armed with strong spines only along the lower one-third Ste: DRO ALERED, PROT AR Ge W.filamentosa (Wendl.) O. Ktze. + Leaf petioles armed with strong spines all the way up gaa Mis UE RIN Cars, “aS gay, Deer oe W.robusta H, Wendl. W.filamentosa (Wendl.)O. Ktze. Rev, pl. gen. II (1891) 737; Sargent, Silva of N, America; *X.47, fig, DIX; Ginkull,c., 198. -WAfilafera H. Wendl. Bot. Zeit. (1879) 68. -Pritschardia filamentosa Wendl, Bot. Zeit. XXIV (1876) 807, -P. filifera Linden, III. hort. XXIX (1877) 32,105, - Neowashingtonia filifera Sudw. Forest Trees Pacif. Slope (1908) rgo. Tree, up to 25 m tall, with cineraceous-green, glabrous, multisect leaves, the elliptic blade split into 75-80 segments attaining up to 1.5m in length; segments to 5-6cm broad, bisected at the ends, furnished with whitish threads on the margins; leaf petioles as long as the blades, armed in lower one-third with strong yellowish antrorsely curved spines, these to lcm long in lower part and gradually disappearing in upward direction; ligule oblong-triangular, to 12—14cm long; rachis 15-16cm long, elongate- triangular; spadices long, arching, covered with numerous spathes, outer Spathe tubular-elongate, glabrous; bracts on branches of second order coria- ceous; flowers in loose racemes, numerous, subsessile; calyx tubular-cup- shaped, divided nearly to the middle into 3 ovate lobes; corolla with lanceo- late acuminate lobes; stamens free to the base; anthers lance-globose; ovary turbinate, contracted at summit into a filiform style; fruit baccate, to 9mm long and to 6mm broad; seed ovoid-ellipsoid, 5—-6mm long and 4-5mm broad (Plate XXV, figs. 1-9). Originating in North America - desert parts of Southern California and western Arizona. Very common in cultivation throughout the subtropical parts of southern Europe, where it ranks as one of the most beautiful or- namental plants. Often cultivated in gardens of Sukhum and Batum, W.robusta H, Wendl. Berl. Garten, Zeit, II (1883) 198; Orcutt. Botan. Gazette IX (1885) 262; Ginkul, l.c., 162. -W. filifera S., Wats. in Proceed. of the Americ. Acad. XXV (1890) 136 (non H. Wendl.). -Neowashingtonia robusta Britt. N. Amer. Trees (1908) 138. Tree, up to 30m tall; leaves light green, circular in outline, consisting of 75 segments to 130 cm long; segments bisected at the ends, furnished with whitish threads on the margins; ligule equilateral-triangular, witha strap-shaped appendage on the margins, to 1cm long; rachis very short, elongate-triangular; blade beneath the rachis covered with grayish-white flaky tomentum forming below a light spot; petiole armed throughout on the margins with large, antrorsely curved, light yellow spines; spadices longer than the leaves; inflorescences dense; calyx campanulate truncate trilobed; corolla twice as long as the calyx, consisting of 3 lance-subulate acuminate petals; stamens 6, in 2 series, with linear-hastate anthers; ovary turbinate, with trifid stigma; fruit black, lustrous, with thin peri- carp, to 10cm long and 8cm broad; seed 6—7 mm long and 5mm broad, Distributed in the U.S. A., in California, in the Colorado Desert, and in the adjoining parts of Arizona. Commonly occurring in gardens of the subtropical zone of southern Europe. Often grown in gardens of Sukhum and Batum, although much less hardythanW. filamentosa (Wendl.)O. Ktze. A good plant for parks, but quite unsuitable for indoor and greenhouse cultivation. 376 475 476 Genus Chamaerops* L, L. Gen, ed. 1 (1737) 354. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Inflorescence branching, rather small, the peduncles short, the spathe large, sessile; flowers small, yellow; peri- anth of staminate flowers in two series: the outer segments shorter than the inner, trifid; stamens 6, with short hastate filaments, connate from the middle; fruit ovaloid, with 3 globose stigmas, containing 1 seed; seed with compound horny endosperm. Usually a bushy plant; caudices from 2 to 3, sometimes to 6m tall, covered with stiff fibers formed by dead leaf sheaths; petioles rough with thickened straight or slightly recurved spines; leaf blade compound, suborbicular, cuneate-emarginate at base, deeply laciniate, the segments deeply bifid. Ch. humilis L., Sp. pl. (1753) 1187; Martius, Hist. nat. Palmarum (1823- 1850) 248, t. 120,124; Curtis, Bot. Mag. (1860) t. 2152; Bailey, Cyclop. of Hor igeGhoel ).7isisi:hGinkuly lee, 165, Caudices usually low, rarely tall, usually arising from a common root- stock; lower leaf sheaths densely hairy, to 10-15cm long and 3.5cm broad; petioles to 70-80cm long, convex on both sides, sparsely armed with re- trorse spinesto1.5cm long; leaf blade dissected into segments to one-third, rigid, grayish-dark-green on the upper side, cineraceous beneath, covered on both sides with fugacious hairs; blade 50-60 cm long, with bifid segments; rachis none; ligule rudimentary; spadices several per caudex, 12-25 cmi long, borne in clusters at the base of caudex; peduncles flattened; perfect flowers subsessile or short-pediceled; calyx with strongly acuminate segments; petals acute, golden-yellow; fruit yellowish, fleshy, spherical-ovoid, from 1.5 to 2cm long (Plate XXV, figs. 22, 23). With us, in the gardens of Sukhum, Sochi and Batum, being a xerophytic plant, it finds the conditions of Sukhum most congenial; in the Crimea it suffers badly from cold weather. Originates in the western part of the Mediterranean region; southern Italy, Balearic Islands, southern France, Sicily, eastward to the shores of the Adriatic and Albania; North Africa: Algeria, Morocco, and Tripolitania, Cultivated in gardens of southern Europe Since ancient times, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, In southern Europe, especially in Italy, it has long been used as a fiber plant, for various kinds of baskets, mats, hats, brooms, etc. In North Africa it is gathered and carded by special machines into fibers which find a good market in North America as filling material, known under the trade term ''Grin végétal". Genus Trachycarpus** H. Wendl. H. Wendl. in Bull. Soc. bot. d. France VIII (1861) 429; Beccari in Webbia, I (1905) 41-53, Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. siphon. (1900-1907) 37. Inflorescence borne on short peduncles, with coriaceous spathes, racemi- form, dense, to 1m long; calyx 3-fid, small; petals 3. Flowers polygamo- dioecious [sic] (perfect and staminate flowers borne on the same or different peduncles); stamens 6-9, short; ovary trilocular, 1-seeded by abortion; * From Greek chamai, low, and rops, shrub, alluding to the low growth. ** From Greek trachys, rough, and carpos, fruit. Sh Th 477 fruit fleshy, olive-shaped, slightly curved; seeds reniform, the endosperm dark gray, horny. Trunk tall, slender, clothed with cinnamon-colored fibers; leaves in an apical tuft, flabellate, pinnatisect along the margin; petioles serrate-margined, several times the length of blade. '’. excelsa (Thunb). H. Wendl. in Soc. bot.d. France VIII (1861) 429 Beccari in Webbia I (1905) 41; Ginkul, l.c., 141.-Chamaerops excelsa Thunb. Fl, jap. (1784) 130. -Ch. Fortunei Hook. in Bot, Mag, (1860) t,5221, Tree. Trunk shapely (to 10 m tall), coated with a thick layer of cinna- mon-colored strong fibers and remnants of petioles; petioles to 70-75 cm long, serrulate-margined; leaf blades flabellate, dissected, dark green on the upper surface, glaucescent beneath, the segments bidentate at the ends, devoid of whitish threads on the margins; staminate flowers borne in leaf axils, disposed in a racemiform, yellow to yellowish-green inflorescence, this sometimes attaining 1m in length, branching, the small flowers in clusters of three, the petals ovate, subobtuse, 4mm long and 3mm broad; pistillate inflorescences fleshy, resembling the staminate, the calyx green, acuminate, the sepals broadly oval; petals one-third longer than the sepals, resembling them in shape; ovary pubescent at base; stigmas 3, slightly shorter than the ovary; anthers grayish-black; epicarp thin, mesocarp blackish-purple, glutinous, endocarp firmly united with the seed; seed reni- form, 10 mm long and 7mm broad (Plate XXV, figs. 24 — 27). This species includes the so-called Chusan palm, imported by Fortune from eastern China; it had been described under the name Chamaerops fortunei Hook. (Bot, Mag. t. 5221), but evidence was later provided by Beccari that it hardly differs from T.excelsa. Often cultivated in Cri- mea and in the Caucasus, where it is regarded as one of the most hardy palms, In gardens of Crimea, from Alushta to Tesseli; along the Black Sea coast from Tuapse southward down to the Turkish border, Also occurring in gardens of Trabzon, in the Pontic region, and in Sukhum and Batum districts where it also comes up spontaneously from seed. Streets of towns on the Black Sea coast are occasionally planted with this palm. It is likely that T. excelsa H. Wendl will also enter intocultivation incertain districts of Uzbekistan and possibly also of Tadzhikistan. Grows in subtropical areas of eastern Asia, from Japan, across theislands of Kyushu and Formosa, down to the central and southern provinces of China and beyond to the bor- ders of Tibet, i.e. in the region situated between 27 and 395°N, lat, -T. excelsa H. Wendl. is widely cultivated throughout the subtropical regions of the world. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, The fibers of this palm find extensive ap- plication in the life of the rural population of China, The workers make hats from them for protection against the rain, mattresses, mats, strings, and ropes. The fiber is also very suitable for brush making, and it is widely used for this purpose in our industry. Besides the palm species here described, the following species are also cultivated in gardens of Abkhaziya, Georgia and Adzharistan, according to to data supplied by 8.G. Ginkul (l.c.): 1) Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (central and southern Africa) Sukhum; 2)Sabal palmetto Lodd. (southern states of North America) Sukhum; 3) Sabal Adansoni Gaertn. (same provenance) Sukhum and Batum; 4) Rhapidophyllum hystrix H. Wendl, et Drude (Same provenance) Sukhum and Batum; 5) Livistona 378 478 australis Mart. (eastern Australia) Batum and Sukhum; 6) Livistona chinensis R.Br, (southern China, Bonin-Sima and Liu-Kiu Islands) Batum and Sukhum; 7) Erythea edulis S, Wats. (California, Arizona) Batum, Sukhum; 8) Erythea armata S, Wats.(Guadalupe in the Pacific Ocean) Sukhum, Batum; 9) Arecastrum romanzoffianum Cham. (subtropical South America) Sukhum, Batum; 10) Butia eriospatha (same provenance) Sukhum; 11) Butia yatay Becc. (subtropical Brazil, Argentine, Uruguay) Sukhum, Batum; 12) Butia bonneti Becc. (southern Brazil) Sukhum. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, All the species listed above have decorative value. The fruits of Butia species are edible. Some palms may also be cultivated for production of liquid oil; the oil content amounts to 64 per cent in the seeds of Butia capitata Becc,. and may be used as substitute for the more common coconut-oil, Theseedsof Livistona chinensis R.Br, also yield a fatty oil (up to 70 per cent) and leaves of this palm are also widely used in China and Japan for the production of palm fans which are exported in large quantities to all parts of the world. ORDER 6. SPATHIFLORAE Flowers bisexual or, more frequently, unisexual, often reduced to a single stamen and a single pistil, regular, with simple perianth, or devoid of perianth as a result of reduction, sometimes forming a simple spike (spadix), enclosed by a spathe. Herbaceous plants of dry or marshy habitats, or plants with reduced stem, floating on the water surface. FAMILY XXVIII. ARACEAE* NECK. Flowers unisexual, destitute of perianth, or bisexual with choripetalous perianth, small, numerous, inserted on the fleshy scape axis and forming a dense spiciform inflorescence, a so-called spadix, subtended by a spathe; spathe inclosing the spadix or adhering to it on one side only. Stamens with short filaments or destitute of filaments. Ovary 1-locular or 3-locular, with numerous ovules and a small sessile stigma. Fruit baccate or dry. Seeds containing endosperm and astraight embryo, Perennial, rather large plants, with a tuber-like rootstock or a stout creeping rhizome. Leaves mostly basal, long-peduncled, cordate, oval, sagittate, rarely not differentiated into petiole and blade. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Mostrepresentatives ofthis family contain saponin or related substances, as well as alkaloids, nitroglycosides, es sential oils, and tannin-like substances, and are considered as poisonous. Some of them are used for medicinal purposes. They are often rendered innocuous by drying or boiling, while the rootstocks, whichcontaina large amount of starch, may actually be used for food. Key to the Genera 1. Leaves not differentiated into petiole and blade; limb of spathe re- Sembpling the’ foliage leaves a iuy «a ale sy Moree duces ied a= 15, A@orujs da. * Arranged by O.1. Kuzeneva, 379 479 480 + Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade; limb of spathe differing from the foliage leaves... .. w \sisy hoist + elayap ela: > 7)... mrer 2. Involucral bracts oblong to lanceolate, much longer than the flowers; leaves linear, many times exceeded in length by the scape; both outer and inner perianth series 2- merous; stamens 1-4 (oftenirregular); heads Harrow, Cup-Sshaped ik 2 Wad ese 2. E. decemflorum Maxim. + Involucral bracts oval or orbicular, obtuse, shorter than or as long as the head; both outer and inner perianth series 3-merous; stamens 6; heads Nemisphericaly. 45 (i vgudis cutis Sebi Rais Mya iee «hdd foe ile an 3. Outer perianth segments in staminate and pistillate flowers free, in staminate flowers only slightly coherent at base ee a ai AR, RRR a OUR! as go al ge eRe .. 3. E. ussuriense Koern. + Outer perianth segments in staminate and pistillate flowers united into a@ CUpular INVOLUGCEL sca, op Ayswa au cdscmcliy ot oth Sarena, one at chums eee 4. Heads many-flowered (30-80 flowers); scapes exceeding 0.3mm in thickness; leaves to 7mm broad; involucre one-fourth to half the length ONE EEE VNC re le cae Societal" We MCE, Va 4, E. robustius Makino. * Arranged by E. I. Shteinberg. | ** From Greek erios, down, and caulon, a stalk. | 748 392 + Heads of up to 10 flowers; scapes filiform (less than 0.3mm thick); leaves few and at most 2mm broad; involucre equaling or just shorter mata Ter ecm Moen, Me es SOR Gee ee oes on Ee Cc bm O ro Sis We Uno. orm 1. E.Sieboldianum Sieb. et Zucc.ex Steud. Syn. pl. Cyp. II (1855) 272; Hook, Fl. Brit. India VI, 577; Ruhland in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 30 (1903) 111. E.sexangulare Mart.in Wall. Pl. as. rar. III (1832) 28, non L.—-E. heteranthum Benth. Fl. Hongkong. (1861) 382; Maxim. Diagn. pl. as. VIII (1893) 12; Kom. Fl. Manchzh.I, 418.-E. bucharicum Bornm.*? nomen nudum in Fedch. Rastit. Turk. (1915) 811.—Ic.: Ruhland l.c.112, fig.15a-g. 496 Annual; leaves basal, narrowly linear, subulate-tipped, glabrous, pel- lucid, few-nerved, to 6cm long, ca. 1-2mm broad; peduncles 5-angled, ag- gregated in a rosette, 2-3 times the length of leaves, attaining up to 10cm; sheaths obliquely truncate, glabrous, shorter than the scapes, to 1.5 long; heads ovaloid-spherical, grayish, to 4mm broad; involucral bracts oblong to lance-oblong, glabrous, obtuse, much shorter than the head, chaff pointed, embracing the flowers; in staminate flowers the outer perianth segments united intoaclosedwing, irregularly 3-dentate at apex, glabrous, the tube of inner perianth series with 3 unequal teeth terminating in a black gland; stamens 6, with globose whitish anthers; in pistillate flower outer perianth segments 2, narrowly linear, acuminate, somewhat unequal, the inner perianth series wanting; ovary 3-loculed; style long, with 3 filiform stigmas. June-October. (Plate XXVII, Figure 3, a-d). Ricefields and truck farms, as a weed. -Centr. Asia: Pam. -Al.Gen. distr.: Africa, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chin., Australia. Described from Japan. Type in Berlin. 2. E.decemflorum Maxim. Diagn. plant. nov. as. VIII (1893) 7; Ruhland l.c., 37; Kom. Fl. Manchzh.I, 418; Kom.and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. J, 340. Annual. Leaves basal, linear, acuminate, flat, 3-5-veined, to 4cm long, 1-1.5mm broad; scapes to 25cm tall, 4-angled, few (3-6), with weakly developed sheaths; heads cup-shaped, 5-6mm broad, few-flowered (ca. 10); involucral bracts lance-ovate, acuminate, glabrous, 3-4mm long, 1-1.5mm broad, twice as long as the flowers; chaff whitish, lance-linear, 1-nerved, as long as the flowers, with whitish (when dry) trichomes at the summit; in staminate flowers the inner perianth segments 2, connate below, lance- linear, slender, the inner segments united into a 2-fid tube, the lobes terminating in a black gland; stamens 1-4, often irregular; in pistillate flowers the outer perianth segments 2, free, narrowly spatulate-linear, glabrous, inner segments 2, terminating in a black gland; inner perianth segments of both pistillate and staminate flowers bearded with whitish (in dry state) trichomes on the outer side at the summit; ovary 2-loculed, stigmas 2, sometimes 4. July-August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 1, a-d). Wet meadows and flood valleys. -Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bur. Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from Japan (Nippon). Type in Leningrad. 3. E.ussuriense Koern. ex. Rgl. Tent. Fl. Ussur. (1861) 157; Maxim. Diagn. plant. nov. as. VIII (1893) 16; Kom. Fl. Manch. I, 419; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. 1, 340; Ruhland, 1. c. 100. * All specimens named by Bornmuller E. bucharicum, which are to be found in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, were collected in juvenile condition, and this makes it extremely difficult to arrive at a clear picture concerning this species. 393 497 Annual; leaves basal, ensiform-lanceolate, obtuse, ca.10cm long, 4mm broad, thin, glabrous; scapes 4-5-ribbed, to 12cm tall; sheaths loosely adhering, obliquely truncate, to 35cm long; heads hemispherical; involucral bracts few, rounded-oblong to ovate, glabrous, yellowish, about as long as the head; chaff cuneate-ovate, pointed, covered with few hairs; receptacle naked; staminate flowers: outer perianth segments 3, free, united only at base, oblong, obtuse to subacuminate, glabrous, incurved; inner segments 3, forming a tube with 3 equal teeth bearing black glands; stamens 6, the anthers black; pistillate flowers: outer perianth segments 3, free, oblong, incurved; inner segments 3, thickish, whitish, dentate, with long trichomes on the inner side and a gland at the summit; ovary 3-loculed, the stigma 3-lobed. August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 5, a, b). Silty, alluvial shores of rivers and lakes. -Far East: Uss. Endemic. Described from the shores of Lake Khanka. Type in Leningrad. 4, E. robustius (Maxim. ) Makino in Nippon Shokubatsu (1926) 725. — E.alpestre var. robustius Maxim. Diagn. pl. nov. as. VIII (1893) 24; Kom. and Alis. Opr. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I (1931) 340.-Kom. and Alis., l.c., tab. 105 (sub E. ussuriensi); Makino, l.c., 725. Annual; leaves 10-20, 4-15-veined, to 13cm long and to 7cm broad, ob- tuse, half as long to as long as the scapes; scapes 18 cm tall, numerous sheaths loose, 2-7cm long, obliquely truncate; heads hemispherical when young, ellipsoid at flowering, compact, to 5mm broad, many-flowered (30-80); involucral bracts rounded-oval, compact, all glabrous, light-color- ed, one-third to half as long as the flowers, 1-1.5mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad; chaff elongate-oval, slightly short-pubescent in upper part; staminate flowers 4-6 per inflorescence, the outer perianth segments united into a broad cupular structure inverting the flower; inner perianth segments form- ing a thick whitish tube, each of the 3 teeth bearing a black gland; stamens 6, the anthers black; outer perianth segments of pistillate flowers united into a navicular involucel inverting the flower; inner segments of pistillate flowers 3, free, spatulate, whitish, spongy, with a black gland at the sum- mit and long hairs on the inner surface; ovary 3-loculed, the style long, the stigma 3-lobed. August-September. (Plate XXVII, Figure 4, a,b). Sandy shallows. -Far East: Uss. (Lake Khanka). Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from the Far East (Lake Khanka). Type in Leningrad. o. E. chinorossicum Kom. in Bull. Jard. Bot. de Pierre le Grand XVI (1916) 156. -Exs.: HFR No. 2373 (sub E.ussuriensi). 498 Annual; leaves linear, acuminate, pellucid-septate at base, 3-10-veined, to 10cm long and to 2mm broad; scapes numerous, to 12cm long; heads hemispherical, few-flowered (to 10), naked, to 5mm broad; involucral bracts orbicular, to 2mm long, whitish, subcoriaceous, about as long as the head; torus naked; chaff glabrous; staminate flowers 3 or 4, the outer perianth segments united into a wing-like involucel investing the flower, the inner segments united into a tube, the 3 teeth each bearing a black gland; stamens 6, the anthers black; pistillate flowers 5-6, the outer perianth segments united unto an involucel terminating in 3 teeth and investing the flower; inner segments of pistillate flowers free, white, spongy, terminating in a black gland, with long trichomes on the inner side; ovary 3-loculed; style 1; stigmas 3. August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 2, a-e). Tidal mud. -Far East: Uss. Endemic. Described from the coast of Vostok Bay. Type in Leningrad. ini 394 FAMILY XXX. COMMELINACEAE* RCHB. Flowers bisexual, regular or slightly irregular. Perianth of 2 series; outer series of 3 green sepals, inner series of 3 colored petals. Stamens 6, of which only 3 fully developed. Ovary trilocular, each locule with 1 to several ovules; style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Fruit a capsule. 1. Inflorescence subtended by a spathiform or foliaceous, broadly ovate BACs Ss heozry Se Ne, i a ee Mecca 3) Se GB ally 1. Commelina L. + Inflorescence without a spathiform bract .... 2. Aneilema R. Br. Genus 247. Commelina** L,. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 40. Sepals 3, the outer cucullate,free, elongate-elliptical, the 2 inner ones approximate, obovate, green, sometimes persistent in fruit. Petals 3, free, the outer ovate, short-ungulate, the 2 inner ones often long-ungulate; stamens 3, all fully developed, free, with long slender naked filaments, 2 facing the inner sepals, the anthers with parallel locules, the third facing the outer sepal, with locules divergent in lower part; staminodes 3, with 3-lobed limb; ovary glabrous, 3- or 2-loculed; capsule dry; seeds small, subpyramidal to ellipsoid, more or less flattened. LC. Communis, LL. Sp. pl: (1753)/40; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 0," 543.—Ie.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevest.Kr.I (1931), tab. 106. -Exs.: HFR No. 1344. Annual; roots fibrous; stem mostly branching, ascending to erect, smooth, 15-40cm tall; leaves lance-ovate, 2-8cm long, 0.6-2cm broad, acuminate, folded, the sheaths broad, membranaceous, mostly covered on the underside with scattered short hairs; inflorescences borne on long ped- uncles, in the axils of upper leaves; a foliaceous, broadly cordate spathe subtending the inflorescence and inclosing it before emergence; flowers somewhat irregular; sepals greenish, membranaceous, ovate, 2 of them united at base; corolla of 3 unequal petals, of which 2 large, dark blue, rounded-obovate, short-clawed at base, the third smaller, lance-ovate, pale; stamens 3; staminodes 3; pistil with 3-loculed ovary and style re- curved at the summit. July-September. (Plate XXVI, Figure 8). Rocks, dry mountain slopes, and river banks; as weed in fields and gardens. Caucasus: West. Transcauc. -Batum (naturalized); West. Siberia: Alt. -Barnaul (naturalized); East. Siberia: Daur. (naturalized); Far East: Kamch. (naturalized), Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: China, Japan; in North America considered as naturalized. Described from America. Type in London. NOTE. Cultivated by the Goldi Tribe} who extract a bright blue dye from the petals. Its distribution area as a weed is greatly increasing. Genus 248. Aneilemaj}t R. BR. R. Br, Prodr. (1810) 270. Sepals 3, free, the outer elongate-elliptical, cucullate, the 2 inner ones obovate to oblong, all green or hyaline, subpetaloid, persistent; petals * Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva. ** Dedicated to the professor of botany, N. Commelin (Amsterdam, 1667-1771 [should be 1731]). + [The old Russian for the Nogai tribe. J tt From the Greek aneu, without, and eilema, cover, envelope. 395 PLATE XXVII 499 ‘4 396 502 3, alternating with the sepals, free; stamens 6, of these 3 or 2 fully devel- oped, free; filaments of stamens hairy or naked. Ovary sessile, naked or covered with short glandular hairs, 3- or 2-loculed, each locule containing 1-20 ovules. Seeds small. 1. A. Keisak Hassk. Commel. Ind. (1870) 31.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr.I, tab. 106. Perennial; stem weak, ascending, sometimes rooting at the nodes, (15) 25-40 (75) cm tall (f£. minor Kom.10cm): branches erect; leaves amplexi- caul, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 3-5 (8)cm long, 4-5 (8)mm broad, acute, attenuate at base; peduncles bearing single flowers, terminal or axillary, in 1's-2's (3's), thickened at apex in fruit, 3-angled; sepals green, foliaceous, longer than the petals; petals membranaceous, thin, white or rose-colored; fertile stamens 3, staminodes 3; capsule hard, lustrous, 3- loculed, 3-valvate, each locule containing 3 to many seeds; seeds flattened. July-August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 9). Silty shores of lakes and rivers.-Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Japan, China. Described from Japan. FAMILY XXXI. PONTEDERIACEAE*DUMORT. Flowers bisexual, nearly regular or bilabiate. Perianth tubular, 6- merous, or tube undeveloped and the petaloid segments essentially distinct. Stamens 6, of which 3 sometimes reduced. Ovary superior, 3-loculed or 1-loculed. Style filiform; stigma 3-lobed or entire. Fruit a capsule, 3- celled, with numerous seeds in 2 ranks, or 1-celled; embryo cylindrical. Aquatic or palustrine plants, with leaves sheathing at base and paniculate inflorescence. Pres]. , Rel. Hoenkean. I (1830) 127. Flowers more or less regular, in stellate arrangement; perianth 6- merous, corolla-like, without a distinct tube. Stamens 6, subequal, or the inner ones longer than the others. Fruit an elongated coriaceous capsule. 1. Leaves petioled, cordate, fleshy; flowers large; inflorescence many- HommetseGs Wert, SPs es. ete 8 1. M. Korsakowii Rgl. et Maack. + Leaves long-petioled, lanceolate; flowers few, smaller ........... ME ene ice ot. wife wp 6 oe Se 2. M. plantaginea (Roxb.) Kunth. * Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva, ** From Greek monos, single, and chorion, envelope. Explanation to Plate X XVII 1. Eriocaulon decemflorum Maxim.: a) habit, b) inflorescence, c) pistillate flower, d) staminate flower. -2, E. chinorossicum Kom.: a) habit, b) inflorescence, c) outer perianth of pistillate flower, d) pistillate flower with outer perianth segments removed, e) staminate flower. -3. E. Sieboldianum Sieb. et Zucc.: a) habit, b) inflorescence, c) pistillate flower, d) staminate flower. -4. E. robustius (Maxim) Makino: a) inflorescence, b) staminate flower. -5, E. ussuriense Koem.: a) staminate flower, b) pistillate flower. 397 503 504 1. M. Korsakowii Rgl. et Maack in Mém. Acad. Sc. Petersb. sér. VII IV, No. 4 (1861) 170.—M. vaginalis Kom., Fl. Manchzh.I, 422 non Presl. - Ic.: Rgl. et Maack op. cit., tab. XII, f. 1-7; Gartenflora (1862) tab. 374; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost.Kr.I, tab. 107. Perennial; stems solitary or several, (20) 40-60cm tall, erect or as- cending, smooth; leaves cordate-ovate or sublanceolate, acute; basal leaves long-petioled, the petiole (10) 20-40cm long, exceeding the blade, the sheath amplexicaul, membranaceous, auriculate above, the blade (3) 6- 12cm long, (1.5) 4-7cm broad; cauline leaves alternate, approximate near the inflorescence, the petiole (4) 6-12cm long, with a broad foliaceous in- flated sheath, the blade (2.5) 8-10 (13)cm long, (2) 5-10cm broad; raceme terminal, many-flowered (rarely 3-4-flowered), simple or few-branched at base, exceeding the leaves; flowers large, blue; perianth 6-merous at base, the segments subdivergent, 1.2-1.8cm long, with a yellow median band; stamens 6, of these 1 larger than the others; ovary free, 3-loculed, many-seeded; style 1, slightly longer than the stamens, with a capitate stigma; capsule ovoid, rounded-3-angled. July-September, rarely begin- ning of October. (Plate XXVI, Figure 10). Silty soil at the shores of still water. Far East: Uss., mainly s. part. Gen. distr.: Manch., N. China. Described from Ussuri (Lake Khanka). Type in Leningrad. 2. M. plantaginea (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. pl.IV (1843) 135.-Ponte- deria plantaginea Roxb. Fl. Indica II (1832) 123. Perennial; stem decumbent, slightly ascending; leaves petioled, lance- olate, obtusely tipped, narrowly cordate, with lobes rounded at base, smooth, obscurely 5-veined on the underside, the blade 10-15cm long, 0.8-1.8cm broad, the petiole 10-20cm long; inflorescence 2-4-flowered, erect, at length nodding; flowers short-pediceled, bright blue; perianth strongtly 6-fid, colored, the segments lanceolate, the inner ones narrower than the outer; stamens 6, of these 1 larger than the others; anthers of the larger stamen rounded; ovary 3-loculed, the locules containing numerous ovules; style shorter than the stamens; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- seeded. August-September. Far East: Uss.(s. part). Gen. distr.: Japan,e. India. Described from India. Type in London. NOTE. Our specimens are characterized by leaves which are longer and are borne on longer petioles as compared with specimens from Japan and India. ORDER 8. LILIITFLORAE Flowers predominantly bisexual; perianth in 2 series, all the segments alike, usually petaloid, more rarely sepaloid, mostly 3-merous; stamens 6, rarely fewer. Pistil 3-carpellate; ovary 3-loculed, rarely 1-loculed, with anatropous ovules. Endosperm fleshy or horny, rarely mealy. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Herbaceous, mostly terrestrial, perennial plants, often with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes, rarely annuals. Explanation to Plate XXVIII 1, Juncus compressus Jacq.: inflorescence, flower. =2. J. gracillimus (Buch.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. : flower. —3. J. Gerardi Lois.: inflorescence and flower. =-4. J. atrofuscus Rupr.: inflores- cence and flower. -5. J. salsuginosus Turcz.: inflorescence and flower. -6, J. epimetrocarpus V. Krecz. et Gontsch, : inflorescence and flower. ~7. J. jaxarticus V. Krecz. et Gontsch.: inflorescence and flower. ~8. J. soranthus Schrenk: inflorescence and flower. 398 PLATE XXVIII 399 FAMILY XXXII. JUNCACEAE VENT.* Perianth 6-merous, biseriate, with 3 outer and 3 inner segments; per- ianth segments glumaceous or, more rarely, coriaceous; individual flowers prophyllate or with a common bract for a group of flowers. Stamens 6, more rarely 3; anthers oblong, basifixed, with parallel locules, dehiscing by ver- tical slits. Ovary superior, unilocular or trilocular; style reduced or well developed, with 3 stigmas. Fruit a 1- or 3-celled, loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3 or numerous, more or less tailed at one or both ends. Annual or, more often, perennial plants, with a creeping rhizome or forming dense tussocks, sometimes stoloniferous. Culms terete, more rarely somewhat flattened, simple, leafy or covered with bladeless sheaths in lower part, hollow or filled with spongy or cobwebby pith. Leaves reduced to bladeless sheath, or bearing a blade, the blade rudimentary or fully developed, flat, canaliculate, or terete, septate or aseptate; sheaths open, membranaceous- margined and often auricled, or closed and hairy at the orifice. Inflores- cence corymbose, umbellate, variously paniculate, or racemose. 1. Leaf sheaths always open, more or less membranaceous-margined; leaves glabrous; capsule trilocular, many-seeded....1. Juncus L. + Leaf sheaths closed; leaves more or less hairy-margined; capsule uni- locular, S4seeded, .. 74 5). \aty.\s ae REE men gees wo gocy Lz Le Genus 250. Juncus** L. Gen, pl. ed. I (1737) 104. Inflorescence of various kinds, ranging from a simple head to a com- 507 pound panicle; flowers solitary on the inflorescence branches, subtended by a pair of bracteoles, or clustered in heads, surrounded by a ring of bracts (i.e. without bracteoles at the individual flowers). Perianth seg- ments thin-coriaceous, rarely membranaceous, more or less hyaline-mar- gined. Ovary 1-locular, or incompletely to completely 3-locular; style terete, sometimes very short, obsolescent; stigmas 3, covered with long papillae, mostly exserted. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds oblong or ovaloid, often with rather long tail-like hyaline appendages. Perennial rhizomatous plants, rarely annuals. Leaves with open sheaths, without auricles or auricled; leaf blades flat, grasslike or terete, stemlike, or tubular, septate. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. In spite of the fact that some representatives of this genus often comprise a sizable proportion of hay and of pasture vegetation, hardly anything is known about their nutritional value. Ac- cording to the scanty data available, they resemble grasses in their chem- ical composition. Their acceptability in pasture is poor, rarely fair or good, Eaten satisfactorily in the form of hay. * Arranged by V.I. Krechetovich and N. F. Goncharov. ** Name of rush mentioned by Virgil and other Roman authors; from Latin jugere, to tie, unite, interlace, as the plants were used for weaving baskets, mats, etc. 400 1. Individual flowers subtended by a pair of hyaline bracteoles .... 2. + Flowers without bracteoles, in clusters surrounded by an involucre GE yalIMe DPACTS se ew wlio os meals sera tucreste Wut Mina Mabbepsiicnitse Stina dag spent opanes CO Reif rig) AAT San RPP ROS ST DE ANY el REE Ra sols bGah ea a ce 3. =F) pgs PCE TOTS ON EH AS aS aR RROD Bg pH AR re nt AW Balt 3. Leaf sheaths distinctly seeicled (Plate XXX, FEEE SS Lied tachi, oc, 1s ST aE, BODE PeREOR EY PLT weet te wr Per anMe ne Nok yaar ga ne 2. J. tenageia Ehrh. + Leaf sheaths without eielieny gradually prolonged into blade ,.. 4. 4, Extremely small plants, not exceeding 0.8-5cm in height, with 1 or 2 flowers at the end of the culm ...... ch va sepch a AS) Vay ca taries SE NCARE BS, van cits . 2 eee eee rere 10. J. minutulus V. Krecz. = Gontsch. + Larger plants, with umbellate many-flowered inflorescences ,,. 5. 5. Capsule spherical or subspherical, 2-2.5mm long (Plate XXX, Figure UT eee ae ccs hed ae a io oh Roe aio) Ges PTS ea SHAT Cru oe See eer Ise + Capsule ovaloid or ellipsoid, 3.5-4.5mm long (J. bufonius s. lat. —- plate S2Ox. Big ume slG) ened aisyea-% Bese Satakind sal omeiuctecukal eciurncete Be em 6. Outer perianth segments gradually attenuate into a short point; culm erect, withdivaricate branches; capsule spherical ........ a si6 - Yee reiraiE mi iifa olin oketea ie iobs al UCRack caicyes. Sl OT cm ase canioee + Outer perianth segments abruptly contracted into an elongated, in- durate, outward-curved point; culms prostrate, ascending, with nod- ding flexuous branches; capsule ovoid-spherical..... EE eee PE ~ ete areeie amass ai 4, J.amuricus (Maxim.) V, Krecz. et Gontsch,. a0 47., Blowers to 6 or more mm long .....«. oy coiliia Be git acct A 8. + Flowers-usually not exceeding 5mm inlength ......... et = wo 8. Rather tall, few-stemmed plants, with open, divaricate-branched in- florescence; perianth segments 6.5-7.5mm long, str ngly segregated, the inner ones greatly exceeding the ellipsoid capsule ....... ae AG RINE RR Bel IRONS AME eee eal hye 5. J. bufonius L.s. sf it Dart many-stemmed plants, with congested abbreviated inflores- cence; perianth segments 6-6.5mm long, clustered in 2's or 3's, the inner ones only slightly exceeding the ovoid-cylindrical capsule 5 eee --.-+- 6 J. nastanthus V.Krecz. et Gontsch. 9. Plants forming spreading tussocks, with arcuate-ascending culms, branching from close to base; flowers 5-5.5mm long, with unequal a iecaa segments; capsule shorter than the inner perianth segments A hae ROGOOROF Hh RIE PES 8. J. Juzepezukii V.Krecz. et Gontsch. ag Breet plants, with upright branches, branching only at the upper part of culms; flowers 4-5mm long; capsule usually equaling (or exceeding) Pie Inner Per lami SCOMIOMES teiide i ie wulise, oe, abi 6, all) ails Pi eueniOe 10. Culms and branches stout; perianth segments and capsule of about the same length; perianth segments broadly dull silvery-hyaline, the outer acute, the inner obtuse, lance-ovate; flowers 4.5-5mm long; seeds Binet? OS) = OFA TN NT a ae etal e occa Ra nea ail cl dana ee alia é Se es 9. J. turkestanicus V. Krecz. eaeomicche a Gime seri ees slender; perianth segments unequal, lanceolate, the outer cuspidate, the inner subobtuse, shorter than or as sgRE as the capsule; flowers 4-5mm long; seeds ovoid, 0.5mm long . Bay Sa TOW 80 io ionti ht wae, ihe eh bebe me et aS se cro ce ee ce: 11 (12). Culms destitute of cauline and basal leaves, bearing only foliaceous obtuse sheaths See the upper sheath with a short blade - J. fili- formis L.).. Sai dai. 1S slay ete Sere) esta cheng A TREE Ne aR ASS I ea eo eer 12. 401 + , Culms with I to Several blade-bearing leaves... 0... ss 2 me 29. 12. Seeds with hyaline, narrow, long, winglike appendages at the ends; flowers blackish-purple throughout (Plate XXIX, Figure 13) ...... Tei enc dike BY Mey. “in ideal hossaive 233; Buch, in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 109.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 148a, 148b, Perennial, glaucescent-green, densely cespitose plants, with a creep- ing rootstock; culms numerous, arising in rows, erect, subapplanate-ter- ete, 10—30cm tall, bearing 1—3 leaves; basal sheaths scale-like, the upper ones tubular, yellowish-gray, bladeless; leaves linear, the radical very short, the cauline borne near the apex, applanate-canaliculate, 0.5— 0.8mm broad, finely pointed, equaling the involucral bracts, becoming brown above; auricles membranaceous, long-fimbriate, 5—6mm long, in- florescence capitate, of 1—4 flowers, sometimes one of the flowers re- mote; bracts foliaceous, very long, resembling the upper cauline leaves, and similarly furnished with fimbriate auricles; flowers (excluding cap- sule) 2.5—3mm long, congested; prophylla ovate, ferruginous, obtusely hyaline-tipped, to 2mm long; perianth segments broadly lanceolate, acu- minate, equal or subequal, narrowly hyaline-margined; stamens ca. 1.5mm long, the anthers linear-oblong, twice the length of filaments; capsule longer than the perianth, ovaloid-trigonous, rather abruptly contracted in- to a long beak, castaneous or ferruginous, 3—4mm long; seeds irregular, chaffy, to 1.5mm long, hyaline-margined, July. Arctic and high-mountain tundra. —Arctic: Nov. Zem. (Kolguev), Arct. Eur., Arct. Sib. (Nakhodka Creek in the Ob Bay, Nadym river basin); Eu- ropean part: Kar.-Lap. (Khibiny, Kol'skii Peninsula), Dv.-Pech. (n.—e. Cisuralian part; Mt. Sablya), Volg.-Kam. (beyond Ural, southward of Ker- lygan Mts, and Kress-Taskyl). Gen. distr.: European and American arct- ic region, mountains of Europe and Asia. Described from the Alps of Lapland [sic]. Subgenus 5. Ozophyllum (Dumort. ) O. Ktzein Post et O. Ktze Lex. gen. phan. (1904)303.-Ozophyllum Dumort. exO. Ktze, l.c. (progenere). — Phylloschoenus Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. ser. XVII(1869)172 (progenere).-Arthrophyllon C.Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 627 (pro sectione). Explanation to Plate XXIX 1, Juncus filiformis L.: inflorescence and flower. —-2. J. brachyspathus Maxim.: flower. = 3. J. balticus Willd. ~4. J. arcticus Willd. ~5. J. Haenkei E.Mey.-— 6. J. Muelleri Trautv. ~ 7. J. Leersii Marss.: inflorescence, flower, and portion of culm.— 8. J. effusus L.: por- tion of culm. —9. J. decipiens (Buch.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. — 10. J. inflexus L.: inflorescence and flower.— 11. J. paniculatus Hoppe: flower. — 12. J. filiformis L.: seed. 13. J. beringensis Buch.: seed. — 14, J. brachytepalus (Trautv.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. ~ 15, J. acutus L.: inflorescence and flower. 422 PLATE XXIX 423 —Junci septati Buch, in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 101.— Perennials (rarely annuals), loosely cespitose, with a short rootstock, sometimes stoloniferous. Leaves tubular, more or less flattened, nodose-septate (hence dry leaves articulate), with short obtuse auricles. Inflorescence subcompound to strongly compound, bracteate. Flowers 2-4mm long, gathered in glomerules, with common bracteate involucel. Perianth seg- ments lanceolate, equal or unequal. Seeds nutlike (rarely caudate). Cycle 1. Nomalosperma V, Krecz, et Gontsch,— Seeds nutlike, non- caudate, 0.4—0.7mm long, 537 Series 1, Supini V.Krecz. et Gontsch, — Culms decumbent, rooting; leaves filiform. Flowers 3.5—4mm long, green; outer perianth segments acute, the inner obtuse. 32. J. bulbosus L. Sp, pl.)(1753) 827, non Lespi ply, ed!'2!—= Je sitrp1— nus Moench, Enum, pl.Hassiae 1 (1777) 167.—J. setifolius Ehrh. Calam. exs. Dec. XII No. 86 et Beitr. VI (1791) 83; E.Mey. in Ldb.F1. Ross. Ve ea27.—1c.:; Hegi Ill, FI ME, AGS, fig.296.— Exs.: HER Noe, 169, Nejta4 (wars pygmaeus); Pl, Finl.2xs. No. 562 (f)"flurtamn’s). Perennial, green, non-rhizomatous plants, forming fasciculate tufts, usually flowering in their first year; culms very slender, terete, erect or ascending (and rooting at the nodes), more or less branching in upper part, 2—15 (25) cm tall; radical leaves shorter than the culm, the lower reduced to bladeless, broadly hyaline-margined sheaths, the upper long- sheathing, with a slender, narrowly linear, filiform or capillary, obscure- ly nodose-septate blade; auricles long, obtuse; cauline leaves 1 or 2, short- er than the inflorescence; inflorescence slightly forking, umbellate, rarely simple, subpaniculate, containing few remote heads; heads 2—6 —(8)-flow- ered, to 8mm broad, often viviparous or leafy-tufted; prophylla broadly hyaline-margined, oval, acuminate to subobtuse, mostly one-half to two- thirds the length of the perianth; flowers 3.5—4mm long; perianth seg- ments lance-oblong, subequal, the outer acute, the inner subobtuse to ob- tuse, broadly hyaline-margined; stamens mostly 3, 1.5—1.7mm long, half as long as the tepals; anthers ovaloid-oblong, about as long as (rarely shorter than) filaments; style short; capsule barely or slightly exceeding the perianth, oblong-ovaloid, obtuse, mucronulate, brown; seeds 0.5— 0.6mm long, obovaloid, acute, subferruginous. June — July. Forest bogs, meadows, canals, and shores, — European part: Lad.- Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Mid. Dnepr. (n.-w. part). Gen.distr.: Western and Central Europe (except n. and s.), Algeria, Tunisia, Madeira, Azores. Described from Hessen (Mt. Tammelsberg, near Marburg). NOTE. Of frequent occurrence are aquatic forms (f. fluitans) with strongly elongated culms, capillary leaves, and few-flowered, very lax heads, Series 2, Alpini V.Krecz. et Gontsch, — All perianth segments obtuse, the outer mucronulate. Flowers 2,5—3mm long. 33. J. alpinus Vill. Hist. pl. Dauph.II (1787) 233; E.Mey. in Lab. Fl. Ross. IV, 224.—J. fusco-ater Turcz. et auct. nonn.fl.Ross. non Schreb. —J. erectus Bess. Prim. fl.Gal. I (1809) 241.—J. Fischeri Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou III (1855) 303.—J. Fischerianus V.Krecz, in Fl. transb.II (1931) 142.— Exs.: HFR No.1684aetb; Pl. Finl. exs.No. 563, 564. 538 Perennial, green, cespitose plants, with a short creeping rootstock; culms erect applanate-terete, 15—50cm tall, leafy; basal sheaths light a8 424 brown, essentially bladeless; leaves applanate-terete, obscurely articulate, shorter than the culm; auricles rounded, to 1.5mm long; inflorescence compound, umbellate-paniculate, with obliquely rising branches; involucral leaves poorly developed, short; flowers 2.5—3mm long (excluding capsule), in glomerules of 3—8, pale, castaneous to blackish-brown; prophylla ovate, acute, hyaline or ferruginous, reaching the middle of perianth; perianth segments equal, ovate to oblong-ovate, hyaline-margined, obtuse, the outer mucronate; stamens 6, to 1.5mm long, the anthers about as long as the filaments, white, oblong; capsule trigonous, oblong-ovoid to ovoid, obtuse, castaneous to blackish-brown, 2.8—3.5mm long, slightly exceeding the perianth, short-pointed; seeds castaneous, 0.4—0.7mm long, oblong-ovoid, reticulate. June —July. (Plate XXX, fig. 4). Wet meadows, roadways, shores, and sands.— Throughout Arctic; Eu- ropean part: throughout (scarcer towards s.-e.), except Low. Volg.; all Caucasus; all West.and East.Siberia; Far East: Kamchatka. Gen.distr.: Europe, Asia Minor, North America. Described from France (Dauphine, mountains of Briancon). series 3. Articulati V.Krecz. et Gontsch. — Flowers 2.5—3mm long, the outer perianth segments always acute, the inner obtuse or sub- acute. 34. J. lampocarpus Ehrh.Calam. No. 126 (ca.1791) et ex Davis in Trans. Linn. Soc. X (1810) 135; Buch.in Engl. Jahrb. XII (1890) 376.—J. articulatus L.Sp.pl. (1753) 465, exp.; E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl.Ross.IV, 220eeo Ds — J. acutiflorus.auct..noan.fl.ross,.,. non Ehrh. — le. Sy- reish, Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub.I, 227.— Exs.: HFR No. 1689. Perennial, green plants, with a short rhizome; culms terete, faintly sulcate, 20—60cm tall; basal sheaths reddish-brown; leaves terete, pro- minently septate-nodose, shorter than the culm; sheaths broad, with elong- ated obtuse auricles; inflorescence subcymose, the branches few, terminally divaricate, dichotomously forking twoor threetimes; bract erect, halfas long as the inflorescence; flowers 2.5 - 3mm long, crowded in spherical glomerules of 8 — 12 in axils and at the ends of branches; prophylla lanceolate, acute; perianth segments lanceolate, equal, greenish-centered, with brownish periphery and white-hyaline-margined, the outer subacute to acute, the inner subobtuse to obtuse; stamens 1.8mm long, the anthers about equaling filaments; capsule trigonous, oblong-ellipsoid, distinctly short-beaked, brownish, lustrous, 3.5—4mm long, nearly one and a half times the length of perianth segments; seeds light brown, 0.5mm long, ovoid. June — Au- gust. (Plate XXX, fig. la). Marshes, wet situations, and shores.— European part (except the Arctic region); Caucasus; East.Siberia: Ob., Irt., Alt.; Centr.Asia (except high mountains). Gen.distr.: Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, Iran, north-western Mongolia. Described from northern Europe. 35. J. Turczaninowii (Buch.) V. Krecz.sp.nova in Addenda, II, 629.—J. lampocarpus var. Turczaninowi Buch. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XII (1890) 378 et in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 219.—J. virens V. Krecz. in Fl. transb.II (1931) 142, ex p., non Buch.—J. lampocarpus Kom. et Alis. Key pl. east. reg. USSR I (1931) 353, ex p., non Ehrh., Perennial, light green plants, with a short creeping rhizome; culms terete, finely sulcate, 20—50cm tall; leaves rather soft, applanate-terete, obscurely septate, with weakly developed suborbicular auricles and broad 748 425 sheaths; inflorescence compound-umbellate, somewhat compact, many- branched; bract erect, shorter than the inflorescence; flowers 2—2.3mm long, in hemispherical glomerules of 6 —9 at ends of branches and in axils; prophylla ovate, acute; perianth segments equal, lanceolate, acute or the inner ones Subacute, greenish, scarcely brownish and hyaline-margined; stamens 1.5mm long, the anthers oblong-ellipsoid, about half the length of filaments; capsule oblong-ellipsoid, 2.8—3mm long, distinctly short- beaked, brownish, lustrous, slightly longer than the perianth; seeds to 0.4mm long, ovoid. July—August. Marshes and wet places. — East. Siberia: Daur. (Nerchinskii District); Far Fast: Ze'-Bur., Ud.;:Uss., Sakh. Gen! distr: : North-eastern' Mon- golia, Manchuria. Described from Nerchinsk. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Pyramidati V. Krecz. et Gontsch. — Plants producing rooting stolons. Flowers 3mm long; perianth segments unequal, acute; flowers aggregated in many-flowered heads. Sekine Rots ehyi “Boiss.” Diaen! seri” VIF T846) "108. Boriegrser. et Gontsch. in Fl. Turkm. 1, 2 (1932) 245.—J. pyramidatus var. Kot- schyi Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 356.— J. Fontanesii var. Kotschyi Buen. ineanel Pilar, Se (1o0e) 192. Perennial, green plants, with rooting stolons; culms erect, 10—35cm long; basal sheaths hyaline-margined, rounded at apex, short-cuspidate; leaves flattened, subfalcate, distinctly septate; inflorescence subcompound to compound, the subdivaricate branches bearing 4—10 heads; bract much shorter than the inflorescence; flowers 3mm long (including capsule), 8 — 10 per head; inner perianth segments broadly lanceolate, longer than the lanceolate outer segments, acute, yellowish-green; stamens 6, the anthers linear, longer than filaments; capsule trigonous, ovoid, 4mm long, green, at length reddish, abruptly short-beaked; seeds pyriform, 0.4— 0.5mm long, apiculate, golden-yellow. Fruiting June. Centr. Asia: Mount. Turkm. (Kushka). Gen. distr.: Persia. Described from Persia (Mt. Sabst-Bushom, near Shizar). Type in Geneva. 940 37. J. arianus V. Krecz. in Bull. Jard. Bot. URSS, XXX, 1—2 (1931) 99; B.Fedtsch. et Gontsch. in Fl. Turkm. 1, 2 (1932) 245. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, the procumbent stolons rooting at the nodes; culms suberect to erect, 8—10cm long; basal sheaths reddish- purple, white-membranaceous, rounded at apex, bladeless; leaves sub- falcate, distinctly septate; auricles ovate, obtuse; inflorescence of 1—3 approximate heads, the heads spherical, many-flowered, to 1cm in dia- meter; bract longer than the inflorescence, inflated at base; flowers 3mm long, the segments equal, lanceolate, acute, hyaline-margined, purplish- brown, more or less green-backed; capsule trigonous, ovoid, gradually attenuate to a short beak, 4.5mm long, purplish-brown, lustrous; seeds pyriform to fusiform. Fruiting September. Wet saline places. — Centr. Asia: Mount. Turkm. (Kushka river valley, near Chil'dukhter). Endemic. Described from location indicated. Type in Leningrad. Series 5. Prismatocarpi V. Krecz. et Gontsch. — Flowers 3-4mm long, aggregated in fasciculate-stellate heads, pale green; all perianth segments acuminate. Capsule equaling to slightly exceeding the outer peri- anth segments. 36. ‘J. Leschenaultit Gay in Laharpe, Monogrs Jone.” (fe27) tat. — J. prismatocarpus var. Leschenaultii Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 426 36 (iS06) 152 (incl. \var..thermalis, Buch.);. Kom. Fl, Kamch.1[, 280. — ii pLismateocarpus,var,,.thermalis Hulten, Fl. of Kamtch.1(1927) 222. Annual or perennial, green plants, forming small tufts; culms slender, rather weak, flattened, 15—30cm tall; leaves flat, slender, obscurely septate, 0.7—1.5mm broad, shorter than the culm; auricles of basal sheaths rounded, to 1mm long; inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, with long slender branches; flowers 3—4mm long, congested in fasciculate- stellate heads of 3—12, the heads 8—10mm in diameter, very remote; prophylla membranaceous, oval, acute, reaching the middle of perianth; perianth segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate-tipped, terminating in a slightly reflexed point, subequal, green, indurated, scarcely hyaline-mar- gined; stamens 3, half as long as the perianth, the anthers oblong, half the length of filaments; capsule oblong in lower part, trigonous-conic above, equaling to exceeding the outer tepals, lustrous, castaneous; seeds light castaneous, ellipsoid-ovoid, acute, 0.5-0.6mm long. Fruiting July. (Plate XXX, fig. 2). Borders of springs and shores. — Far East: Kamch., Okhot., Ud. Gen. distr.: India, China, Japan. Described from India (Nilgiri Hills). Series 6. Papillosi V. Krecz. et Gontsch. — Plants minutely papil- lose. Inner perianth segments longer than the outer. 39. J. nipponensis Buch. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XII (1899) 340 et in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 198. 341 Annual or perennial, green (turning blackish upon drying), stoloniferous plants; culms applanate-terete, (25) 50—70cm tall, leafy up to the mid- dle; leaves soft, applanate, faintly septate, 1.5—2mm broad, with more or less free sheaths, the auricles subobtuse, short; inflorescence widely speading, compound umbellate-paniculate, with numerous, ascending, re- peatedly and compactly forking branches; bract one-third to half the length of inflorescence; flowers 2.5mm long, in few-flowered glomerules (1 — 3—5 flowers), these thinning out gradually towards the ends of branches to paired or solitary flowers; prophylla membranaceous, ovate, acute, half as long as the perianth; perianth segments green, hyaline-margined, narrowly lanceolate, acute, the inner ones shorter; stamens ca. 2mm long, the ellipsoid anthers greatly exceeded by the filaments; capsule trigonous- prismatic, lanceolate, gradually attenuate to an elongated point, 3.5—-4mm long, one and a half times the length of perianth, stramineo-ferruginous; seeds ca. 0.4mm long, obovoid, tawny. July—September. (Plate XXX, fig. 8). Wet places. — Far East: Uss. (Murav'ev- Amurskii Peninsula, near Vla- divostok-Transhel'). Gen.distr.: Japan. Described from Nippon (Yoko- hama). Type in Leningrad. 40. J. virens Buch.in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 220.—J. nipponen- sis Kom. Fl. Mandsh.I (1901) 429, non Buch.— J. papillosus Kom. et Alis. Key pl. east. reg. USSR I (1931) 353, non Franch. et Sav. Perennial, light green, short-stoloniferous plants; culms terete, rather firm, 10—40cm tall, leafy to fairly high up; leaves rather firm, applanate- terete, distinctly septate, more or less free-sheathing; inflorescence com- pound, compactly paniculate-umbellate, subsecund-lobate, with abbreviated erect branches; bract shorter than to equaling the inflorescence; flowers 2—2.3mm long, in glomerules of 2 —5, in pairs at the ends of branches, 427 942 the ultimate ramifications drawn out in a line and hence ramifications and flowers appearing unilateral; prophylla membranaceous, ovate, acute, half as long as the perianth; perianth segments coriaceous, thickened, green, hyaline-margined, acute, unequal, the inner slightly longer; stamens 3, 1.8mm long, the anthers oblong, one-half to two-thirds the length of fila- ments; capsule trigonous, broadly lanceolate, rather abruptly short-beak- ed, 3mm long, brownish; seeds 0.4—0.5mm long, lanceolate, tawny. Fruiting June—August. (Plate XXX, fig. 3). Shallows and peaty meadows.— Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., Uss., Sakh. Gen.distr.: Japan. Described from vicinity of Blagoveshchensk. series 7. Acutiflori V.Krecz. et Gontsch. — Flowers 3mm long, aggregated in fasciculate heads, dark; all perianth segments long-acumin- ate; capsule elongate-beaked, longer than the perianth. 4i. "J. atratus, Krock, Bl siles, 1 (1 7er) 502--- oo aecutii torus Litw. in Maevsk, Fl, Sr. Ross. 5thed, (1917)662, non Ehrh, —- J.sylvaticus Schmalh. Fl. Yu.-Z. Ross. (1886)601, non Ehrh.— Exs.: HFR No, 492; Kneuck. II, No. 52, Perennial, dull green plants, with a creeping rootstock; culms terete, subsulcate to smooth, 50—120cm tall, leafy nearly up to the middle; basal sheaths brownish; leaves subcylindric-prismatic, strongly sulcate when dry, shorter than the culm, obscurely septate, with broad hyaline-margined sheaths, the auricles subobtuse; inflorescence compound, irregularly um- bellate-paniculate, the branches numerous, erect or drooping (in shade); flowers 3mm long, in hemispherical heads of (2) 6—10; prophylla mem- branaceous, ovate, acute, up to half the length of perianth; perianth seg- ments equal or subequal, blackish-brown, scarcely hyaline-margined, apic- ulate, slightly reflexed; stamens ca.2mm long, anther nearly as long as filament; capsule trigonous, subabruptly elongate-beaked, castaneous, 3.5 — 3.8mm long; seeds lanceolate, black-apiculate at the ends, 0.5—0.6mm long. June—July. (Plate XXX, fig.5). Woods, forest glades and margins, shores.— European part: Upp.Dnepr., Upp. Volg. (Melenkovskii District), Volg.-Kam., Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Prichern. , Low. Don. , Low. Volg., Zavolzh.; Caucasus: West. Transcauc. , Dag., East. Transcauc.; West.Siberia: Upp. Tob. ,Irt.,Alt.; East. Si- beria: Ang.-Sayan.; Centr. Asia: Aral.-Casp., Pribalkh. Gen. distr.: West- ern Europe; Chinese Dzhungaria. Described from Silesia. Series 8. Cephalophori V.Krecz. et Gontsch. — Inflorescence com- pactly capitate; flowers dark brown, with acute perianth segments. 42. J. alpigenus C.Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 627; E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 227; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 213.—J. me- lanocephalus Boiss. Fl.Or. V (1884) 360.—Exs.: HFR No.1761; FI. Cauc. exs. No. 154. Perennial, green plants, with a short creeping rootstock; culms terete, erect, 15—45cm tall, leafy; basal sheaths broad, tawny, obtusish, blade- less; leaves terete, faintly sulcate, shorter than the sheaths; auricles ob- tuse; inflorescence capitate, to 2cm in diameter; bracts divergent, one of them many times longer than the inflorescence; flowers 2.5—3 mm long; perianth segments lanceolate, mucronate, equal, castaneous to blackish- castaneous, scarcely hyaline-margined; stamens 3 (6), ca. 1.5mm long, the anthers nearly equaling the filaments; capsule trigonous, ovoid to ovoid- ellipsoid, castaneous, shorter than the perianth segments, short-beaked; seeds oblong, ca.0.5mm long, light brown. June. (Plate XXX, fig. 6). 428 Alpine bogs and peats.— Caucasus: Ciscauc., West., South. and East. Transcauc. Gen.distr.: Asia Minor, Armenia, Greece, Macedonia, Bul- 543 garia. Described from Turkish Armenia (Mt.Mush). Type in Berlin. Cycle 2. Urosperma V.Krecz. et Gontsch.— Seeds caudate, fusi- form-falcate, to 1.5mm long. 43. J. kamschatcensis (Buch. ) Kudo, Fl. Peramush. (1922) 88; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk. and North. Sagh. III (1932) 301.—J. Faurien- sis var. kamschatcensis Buch. in Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 159; Hultén. Hinot Kamitch. 1, 29. Perennial, green, compactly cespitose plants; culms erect, subterete, 15—32cm tall; basal sheaths 2—3, bladeless or bearing a reduced blade (1—10mm long), brownish; leaves 1—2, erect, remotely septate, the auricles oblong, obtuse; inflorescence terminal, comprising 2—6 distant heads, of these the central sessile, the others borne on long strict pedun- cles; bract equaling to exceeding, rarely shor'ter than the inflorescence; flowers 3—3.5mm long, in congested heads of 3—5; prophylla oval, obtuse, white-membranaceous, mostly reaching the middle of perianth; perianth segments equal, lanceolate, castaneous to light castaneous, the outer acute, the inner subobtuse, hyaline-margined; stamens 3—6, half as long as the perianth, the anthers linear-oblong, as long as the filaments or nearly so; capsule ellipsoid, 3.5—5mm long, dark castaneous, mostly much longer than the perianth; seeds 1.4mm long, fusiform-oblong, the lower append- age short, the upper longer, slender, tail-like. Far East: Kamch.Gen.distr.: Northern Japan, Kurile Islands. De- scribed from Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk). Type in Leningrad. Subgenus 6. Juncastrum (Fourr.) O.Ktze in Post et O. Ktze Lex. gen. phan. (1904) 303; Fourr.in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon., n.sér., XVII (1869) 172 (pro genere).—Junci thalassii Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 100.— Densely cespitose perennials, with a short rootstock; basal sheaths blade- bearing or bladeless. Leaves cylindric, the cauline firm, spiny, without auricles. Inflorescence terminal or seemingly lateral, paniculate, strong- ly compound; lower bract spiny. Flowers 2—3.5mm long, in glomerules; prophylla forming an involucel; involucral bracts mostly equal. Seeds with a terminal caudate appendage. Series 1. Acuti V.Krecz. et Gontsch.— Anthers reddish; flowers dark. All perianth segments obtuse. 44. J. acutus L.Sp. pl. (1753) 325 (quoad var.a); ed.2 (1762) 463; E. Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 243; Grossh. Fl. Kavk.I, 185 (incl. var.). Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with a short ob- lique rootstock; culms terete, firm, (2.5) —3—4mm thick, with solid pith, 50—150cm tall; basal sheaths broad, tall, firm, more or less lustrous, 544 argillaceous or castaneous-brown, blade-bearing or bladeless; leaves cy- lindric, firm, spiny-pointed, about equaling the culm; inflorescence lateral, contracted ovaloid-paniculate, often with elongated lower branches bearing similarly compact secondary inflorescence; bract erect, prolonging the culm, rigid, spiny-pointed, usually exceeding the inflorescence, dilated at base, hyaline-margined; flowers 2.5—3mm long (excluding capsule), in clusters of 2—5 at ends of branches; prophylla ovate, long-acuminate, sub- ferruginous, broadly hyaline-margined; perianth segments equal, the outer broadly lanceolate, mucronate, the inner ovate, obtuse to retuse, all broad- ly hyaline-tipped, ferruginous to brown, greenish at base; stamens 6, the 429 anthers 2mm long, oblong, reddish, 3—4 times the length of filaments; capsule ovoid-conic, apiculate, olivaceous or fulvous, lustrous, 5mm long, twice the length of perianth; seeds oblong, to 1.5mm long, castaneous, with short white appendages (the upper longer). Fruiting June —July. (Plate XXIX, fig.15). Coastal sands and wet saline places.— Caucasus: West. Transcauc. (Poti, Grigoleti), East. and South. Transcauc., Tal. Gen. distr. : Atlantic Europe from western coast of Iceland and England, Mediterranean, northern Per- sia. Described from England. 45. J. tyraicus Pacz. Fl. Chers.I (1914) 381 (nomen sub sequente). — Jimaeé wtus ssp. sty radi cu s!* Paez.’ lic. ; 380) %tsyrina ex Wulff, SF letanr. 1,2 (1929) 55.—J. Tommasinii Pacz. in Zap. Novor. Est. XXXIV (1909) 103; Shesterikov, Opred. (1912) 111, non Parl. Perennial, flavescent cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with a strong rootstock; culms firm, terete, 50—80cm tall; basal sheaths pro- fuse, castaneous, lustrous, blade-bearing and bladeless; leaves cylindric, equaling to exceeding the culm; inflorescence umbellate-paniculate, forking compact to dense, erect (not lateral), with recurved branches; bract over- topped by inflorescence; flowers 2mm long, in 2's or 3's; prophylla ovate, acute; perianth segments ovate, equal, brownish, light-centered, hyaline- margined, the outer subacute, the inner obtuse; anthers 1.8mm long, red- dish-yellow, 4—5times the length of filaments; capsule ellipsoid, obtusish, short-beaked, 3—3.2mm long, ferruginous, lustrous; seeds resembling those of J. acutus L. Fruiting June —July. Sandy coasts and shores of saline lakes. — European part: Prichern., Crimea (Evpatorskii District —Donuzlayskoe Lake). Gen.distr.: Rumania (Dobruja), Bulgaria. Described from the Dniester estuary. Type in Lenin- grad. 46. J. littoralis C.A.M. Verzeichn. Pflz.Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 34.— J. acuto-maritimus? E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 234.—J. acutus var. littoralis Trautv. in. A.H.P.V (1878) 480.—J. Kareli- ni Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 297. 545 Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with an oblique ligneous rootstock; culms terete, firm, 1.5—2mm thick, with uninterrupt- ed pith, 40—80cm tall; basal sheaths lustrous, castaneous-brown, blade- bearing or bladeless; leaves cylindric, shorter than the culm; inflores- cence lateral, forming an open panicle with long drooping branches; bract mostly shorter than the inflorescence or as long; flowers 2.5mm long, crowded in 2's—5's at the ends of branches; prophylla ovate, acute, about equaling the perianth; perianth segments equal, greenish below, hyaline- margined, the outer lanceolate, carinate, subacute, the inner ovate, rounded at summit; anthers 1.5mm long, dark, much longer than filaments; cap- sule oblong-ovoid, apiculate, 3.5—3.8mm long, ferruginous-brown, one and a half times to twice as long as the perianth; seeds as inJ. acutus L. Fruiting May. Coastal and saline situations.— Caucasus: Dag., East. Transcauc., Tal. ; Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum. (Blumbash), Amu-Dar, (Katta-Kurgan), Pam.-Al. (Peishambe). Gen.distr.: Northern Persia. Described from Sari Is. (Cas- pian Sea). Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Maritimi V.Krecz. et Gontsch.— Anthers yellow. Flowers light-colored, the outer perianth segments acute, the inner subacute to acute. 430 47, J. maritimus Lam. in Encycl. Méth. bot.III(1789) 264; E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 234.—J.ponticus Stev. in Bull.Soc. Nat. Moscou XX, 2 (1857) 94; Boiss. Fl.Or.V, 354.—J.maritimus B ponticus Aschr. et Gr. Syn. II, 2 (1904) 456. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with a creeping rootstock; culms in rows, distant, firm, to 2.5— 3mm thick, 50—100cm tall; basal sheaths light brown to light castaneous-brown, obtuse, bladeless; leaves cylindric, firm, equaling to exceeding the culm; inflorescence paniculate, compound, lobate, lateral, 10—20cm tall, witherect, slightly forking, unequal branches; lower bract erect, equaling to exceeding the inflorescence; flowers 3— 3.8mm long, in 2's—3's (5's) at the ends of branches; prophylla ovate, acute, reaching up to and above the middle of perianth; perianth segments lanceolate, greenish-yellow, becoming stramineous, hyaline-margined, subequal, the outer acute, the inner subobtuse; anthers ca.2mm long, twice the length of filaments, yellow; capsule ovoid-prismatic, equaling to barely exceeding the perianth, acuminate, short-beaked; seeds ca.3mm long, ovoid, ferruginous, with oblique whitish tails. Fruiting June—July. Wet saline and coastal situations. — European part: Prichern., Low. Don (Azov coast), Crimea; Caucasus: Dag., East. Transcauc., Tal. ; Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum (Dzhebel). Gen.distr.: Atlantic Europe, Mediter- ranean, Asia Minor, Persia. Described from England. 48. J. Nevskii V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova in Addenda, IIT, 629. — J. maritimus B.Fedtsch. Rast. Turk. (1915) 213, non Lam. 546 Perennial, glaucous-green, densely cespitose plants, with an oblique rootstock; culms crowded, firm, sulcate, sublustrous, to 2mm thick, 50—80cm tall; basal sheaths latericious-brown, bladeless, more or less lustrous; leaves cylindric, firm, spiny-pointed, shorter than the culm; inflorescence lateral, contracted fasciculate-paniculate, 5—10cm long, the erect branches slightly forking at the ends; bract erect, shorter than to equaling (rarely exceeding) the inflorescence; flowers 2.5—3mm long, solitary or in 2's (3's); prophylla broadly lanceolate, acute, ca.2.5—3mm long, barely reaching the middle of perianth; perianth segments unequal, stramineous, subferruginous above, slightly carinate, hyaline-margined, the outer acute, the inner shorter, subobtuse; anthers 1.8mm long, dark, slightly exceeding the filaments; capsule oblong-ovoid to conic, acute, beaked, 3.2—4mm long, greenish-brown, lustrous, much longer than the perianth; seeds brownish, 0.8mm long, oblong, slightly curved, with short whitish unequal tails. Fruiting June. Wet saline depressions. — Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum., Mount. Turkm., Amu-Dar., Pam.-Al. (w. part). Described from Kugitang (at the sources of Kara-su). Type in Leningrad. Subgenus 7. Juncotypus (Dumort.) O.Ktze. in Post et O. Ktze. Lex. gen. phan. (1904) 303. —Juncotypus Dumort. (pro genere) ex Post., l.c. —Junci genuini Buch, in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 100.— Perennials, with indurate rootstocks. Culms usually leafless; basal sheaths colored, more or less coriaceous, obtuse, sometimes bearing a rudimentary blade. Inflorescence lateral, paniculate or subpaniculate-fasciculate; bract con- tinuing the culm, acute. Flowers 2—5mm long, solitary, with a pair of bracteoles; perianth segments lanceolate, unequal, the outer always acute. Seeds ovoid, with a small appendage (rarely with two caudate appendages). 431 547 Cycle 1. Steirocaula (Griseb.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch.—Steiro- caulos Griseb. in Spicil. fl. Rum. II (1845) 407.— Large, densely cespitose plants. Inflorescence paniculate, many-flowered. Flowers pale, 2—3 (4) mm long. Series 1. Glauci V.Krecz. et Gontsch. — Lower sheaths purple, cher- ry-colored, or orange; capsule oblong, attenuate into a short beak, about equaling to exceeding the perianth segments. 49, J. inflexus L. Sp.pl. (1753) 326, non L.Sp.pl.ed.2.—J. glauc- us Ehrh. Beitr. VI (1791) 83; E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross.IV, 222, ex p. (quoad pl. ex Ross.med.et austr.); Tzyrina in Wulff, Fl.taur.I, 2, 55.— J. glaucus ssp. longicornis Tzyrina, l.c. (sec. descriptionem et localisationem), non Bast.— Exs.: Kneuck.I, No.19; Dorfl. No. 4780. Perennial, cinereous-green densely cespitose plants, with a ligneous rootstock; culms terete, sulcate, smooth, subapplanate, 50—90cm tall, 3—4mm thick at base; basal sheaths dark purple, prolonged into a re- duced, obtuse, paler blade; interruptions in the spongy culm tissue to 1cm long; inflorescence contracted-paniculate, lateral, 3—7cm long, the branches unequal, repeatedly and compactly forking at the ends; bract erect, one- fourth to one-third the length of the culm; flowers 3—4 (4.5)mm long, dis- tant, borne at the ends of branches; prophylla lanceolate, acute, greenish- ferruginous, ca.1mm long; perianth segments subulate-lanceolate, slen- derly point-tipped, broadly green-ribbed, ferruginous-bordered and nar- rowly hyaline-margined, the inner nearly 1mm shorter than the outer; an- thers ca. 2mm long, linear, slightly longer than filaments; capsule oblong to ellipsoid-ovoid, 2.8—3mm long, rather abruptly short-beaked, usually equaling to exceeding the inner tepals but always shorter than the outer ones; seeds brown, obovoid, with a rather small appendage, ca. 0.4mm long. June—July, (Plate XXIX, fig.10). River banks and wet sandy places.— European part: Upp. Dnepr., Mid. - Dnepr., Upp. Don. , Prichern., Low. Don. , Zavolzh. (Sergievsk), Crimea; throughout the Caucasus; Centr. Asia: Kara-Kum. Gen. distr.: Western Europe, Asia Minor, Persia. Described from southern Europe. 50. J. paniculatus Hoppe ex Mert. et Koch, Deutschl. Fl. II (1816) 574; Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII, 1 (1829) 183.—J. glaucus var. pani- culatus Buch. in Bot. Jahrb. VII (1886).162.—J. glaucus var. longi- cornis Buch, in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 134, ex p.—J. longicornis Bast. in Journ. de bot. III (1814) 21.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austr.-hung. No. 1865. Perennial, glaucous-green, compactly cespitose plants, with a short rootstock; culms terete, with a thickened lignified rind and uninterrupted spongy tissue, 50—80cm tall; basal sheaths brownish-purple, bladeless, lustrous; inflorescence open-paniculate, forking, nodding, to 10—12cm long, with erect, rather short bracts; flowers 3mm long, distant; pro- phylla ovate-triangular, to 1mm long, acute; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, pale, stramineous at summit, scarcely ferruginous- bordered, nar- rowly hyaline-margined (paler than the dark capsules), the inner shorter; stamens ca.2mm long, anther equaling to exceeding filament; capsule el- lipsoid, brown, lustrous, 3—3.5 (4)mm long, pointed, short-beaked, usual- ly longer than the outer perianth segments; seeds ferruginous, obovoid, to 0.5mm long. Fruiting June—July. (Plate XXIX, fig.11). Coasts. — European part: Crimea (Massandra and Alupka). Gen. distr.: Mediterranean. Described from the Mediterranean coast, between Duino and Monfalcone (Istria). 432 51. J. brachytepalus (Trautv.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch.sp. nova in Addenda, II, 630.— J. glaucus B. Fedtsch, Rast. Turk, (1915) 213, pro max.p.; Buch, in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 153.— J. glaucus var. bra- chytepalus Trautv. in herb. Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose, with creeping rootstock; culms terete, slightly compressed, 50—90cm tall, thickened at base (to lcm in diameter); basal sheaths broad, latericious or orange, sublustrous; inflorescence lateral, rather densely paniculate, to 5-7cm long; bract strongly abbreviated, indurate-tipped and spine-pointed; flowers (exclud- ing capsule) ca.3mm long, congested; prophylla membranaceous, ovate, ca.1mm long, acute; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, green, at length stramineous, more or less hyaline-pointed, subequal; stamens 1.5mm long, the anthers as long as the filaments; capsule ellipsoid, 4mm long, brownish or subferruginous, short-beaked, exceeding the perianth; seeds ovoid, 0.3-0.4mm long. Fruiting June. (Plate XXIX, fig. 14). Wet saline places, — Centr. Asia: Dzhung.-Tarb., Pribalkh., Tyan'- Shan., Pam.-Al., Syr -Dar., Mount. Turk, Gen. distr.: Kulja, Afghanis- tan. Described from Dzhungariya (Kentau). Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Effusi V. Krecz. et Gontsch. — Basal sheaths light brown or reddish-brown; capsule emarginate or rounded-obtuse; culms smooth; inflorescence more or less open. 52. J. effusus L. Sp.pl. (1753) 326 (s.str.); Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906)135.— J. communis a effusus E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 221, — Ic.: Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub.I (1906) 224, — Exs.: HFR No. 1688. Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, with creeping rootstock; culms firm, finely sulcate (smooth in live specimens), sublustrous, 50-120cm tall, prolonged almost imperceptibly (without any definite enlargement and sep- arated merely by a faint flange) into an acute bract (to 12—25 cm long); basal sheaths light brown, bladeless; inflorescence lateral, umbellate-paniculate to subcapitate or compactly lobate-capitate, with unequal, repe tedly fork- ing branches; flowers 2 —2,5 (2.8)mm long, solitary, distant or at ends of branches approximate; prophylla small, ca.1mm long, membranaceous, ovate, subacute; perianth segments lance-linear, acute, subequal or the outer ones somewhat longer, greenish, with a faint ferruginous periphery, narrowly hyaline-margined; stamens 1.5mm long, anthers nearly as long as filaments; capsule obovoid, brownish, lustrous, emarginate at summit, about as long as or slightly shorter than the perianth; seeds oblong-ovoid, ca. 0.5mm long, ferruginous. Fruiting June-July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 8). Marshes, boggy meadows, shores, and canals, — Throughout the Euro- pean part (except Arctic). Gen,distr.: Europe, Asia Minor. Described from Western Europe (Sweden), NOTE. Forms occur with capitate inflorescences, and these might be confounded with J. Leersii Marss., but they can be readily distinguished from the latter species by their smooth, non-ribbed culms. 53. J. decipiens (Buch, ) Nakai, Rep. Veg. Kamikoti (1928) 35; Satake in Journ, Fac, Sci. Univ. Tokyo (bot. ) IV, 2 (1933) 177. — J. effusus var. decipiens Buch, in Bot. Jahrb. XII (1890) 229 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 136; Kom, and Alis, Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. I (1931) 344. Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with an oblique, ligneous rootstock; culmsterete, slender (ca. 1mm thick — Sakhalin) or stoutish (2mm thick), 40—-80cm tall; basal sheaths reddish-brown or pur- 433 548 PLATE XXX 434 plish-brown, rarely light brown, obtuse, bladeless; inflorescence a spher - oid panicle, lax, 2-—3cm long, with numerous slender branches; bract softly spiny, one-fourth to one-third the length of inflorescence; flowers 2mm long, solitary; prophylla membranaceous, to 1mm long, acute; peri- anth segments narrowly lanceolate, finely pointed, subequal, pale, stramin- eous-green, slightly ferruginous to hyaline-margined; stamens 1.5-1.7mm long, the linear anthers somewhat shorter than the filaments; capsule obo- void, truncate and apiculate, light brown, equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth segments; seeds oblong, ca.0.5mm long, brownish, Fruiting July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 9). Wet places, meadows, and marshes, — Far East: Ze.-Bur., Ud., USs., Sakh, Gen.distr.: Japan, Manchuria. Described from Japan. NOTE. The Sakhalin plants are more slender, with blackish-purple sheaths; they represent perhaps a distinct strain, Series 3. Conglomerati V. Drecz. et Gontsch, — Capsule retuse; culms sulcate; inflorescence compact. 54, J. Leersii Marss, Fl. Neu-Vorpomm. Rig. (1869) 451; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 138.- J. communis B. conglomeratus E. Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 221.- J. conglomeratus L.Sp.pl. (1753) 356, ex p.; Asch. et Gr.Syn.II, 2 (1904) 444. - Ic.: Syreish, 111, Fl. Mosk. gub.I (1906) 224. - Exs.: HFR No. 592, 552 Perennial, cinereous-green, densely cespitose plants, with a creeping rootstock; culms slightly compressed, strongly sulcate, the furrows most pronounced above near inflorescence (both in fresh and dry condition), 30- 75cm tall; basal sheaths ferruginous-brown bladeless; culms prolonged into abbreviated spiny bract (5 - 15cm long) strongly inflated in flowering, the bulge membranaceous-margined; inflorescence lateral, capitate, some- times short-branched, the branches very short, divided; flowers 3mm long, congested; prophylla membranaceous, soft, subacute; perianth seg- ments linear-lanceolate, subulate, acute, ferruginous or castaneous, green on the inside, narrowly hyaline-margined, the outer slightly longer than the inner; stamens 1.5mm long, anthers almost as long as filaments or slightly longer; capsule obovoid, emarginate, mucronulate, brownish, lustrous, equaling the perianth; seeds obovoid, oblong, ca. 0.5mm long, ferruginous. June-July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 7). Marshes, wet places, and canals. - European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.- Il'm., Upp. Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Prichern., Low. Don., Crimea, Gen. distr.: Europe. Described from Pomerania Stral- sund, Tribsees), Cycle 2. Herporrhiza V. Krecz. et Gontsch, — Plants of moderate size, with creeping rootstock; culms and offshoots in rows; inflorescence fascicular-paniculate, few-flowered; flowers 3-—5mm long, green or more often dark-tinged. Explanation to Plate XXX 1. Juncus lampocarpus Ehrh.: inflorescence and leaf, a) perianth with fruit.— 2. J. Leschenaultii Gay: portion of inflorescence.— 3. J. virens Buch.: perianth with fruit.—4. J. alpinus Vill.: same. — 5. J. atratus Krock.: same.— 6. J. alpigenus C. Koch.: inflorescence.— 7. J. Thomsonii Buch.: same.— 8. J. niponensis Buch.: perianth with fruit.—9. J. biglumis L.: inflorescence.— 10 and 10a. J. leucochlamys Zing.: same.—11. J. castaneus L.: perianth with fruit.- 12. J. triceps Rostk.: inflorescence, a) perianth and fruit.-— 13. J. triglumis L.: inflorescence.— 14. J. Schisch- kini Kryl. et Sumn.: same.—15. J. Tenageja Ehrh.: leaf sheaths.— 16. J. Juzepczukii V.Krecz. et Gontsch.: portion of plant.-— 17. J. sphaerocarpus Nees.: perianth with fruit.— 18. J. nastanthus V.Krecz. et Gontsch.: portion of plant. 435 Series 1. Filiformes V. Krecz, et Gontsch, —- Culms slender, in dense rows; flowers green, 3-5mm long, exceeding the capsule. 55. J. filiformis L.Sp.pl.(1753) 326; E, Mey. in Ldb, Fl. Ross. IV, 223; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 127; Grossh, Fl. Kavk.I, 184; Kom. Fl.Kamch.I, 277; Sam. in Hultén, Fl, of Kamtch.I, 220, -Ic.: Syreish. Ill, Fl. Mosk. gub.I, 223, —- Exs.: HFR No.491; Pl. Finl, exs.No.558; Fl. Pol, exs. No. 1003; Kneuck. II, No. 51. Perennial, light green, loosely cespitose plants, with long creeping rather slender rootstock; culms slender, distant, compressed-terete, pro- longed into an erect bract, 25 — 70cm tall including bract; covered at base with subferruginous narrow bladeless sheaths, terminating in abbreviated slender obtuse-pointed blade; inflorescence loosely fasciculate, lateral in relation to bract, few-flowered (4-12 flowers); bract as long as the culm; flowers 3mm long, subsessile or borne on short pedicels not ex- ceeding 2-—2,.5cm; prophylla hyaline, ovate, ca.1.5-—2mm long, obtuse, the outer narrowly lanceolate, slenderly pointed, the inner short, lanceol- ate, acutish; stamens ca.1.5mm long, the anthers one-third to two-thirds the length of filaments; capsule spherical-ovoid, round-tipped, barely mucronulate, 3-—3.2mm long, about equaling the outer tepals; seeds ob- long-ovoid, subferruginous, ca.0.5mm long. June-July. (Plate XXIX, fig a We). Marshes, wet meadows, and shores, — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.- Pech., Lad.-Il'm,, Volg.-Dnepr., Upp. Volg., Mid. Dnepr., Volg.-Don., Prichern, (Nenasytets); Caucasus: Ciscauc., West. and South. Trans- cauc.; West. and East.Siberia; Far East. Gen,distr.: Western Europe, Described from Western Europe (Sweden),: 56. J. brachyspathus Maxim, Prim, Fl. Amur. (1859) 293; Buch, in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 128; Kom. Fl. Manch.I, 426; Kom, and Alis, Opr. rast, Dal'nevost. Kr.I, 344.- J. filiformis var. brachyspath- us Rgl. in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., sér, VII, IV (1861) 157.- J. filiform- is var, uralensis Pohle in sched, Perennial, green, densely cespitose plants, with short creeping root- | stock; culms slender, densely tufted, compressed-terete, 15—30cm tall; | basal sheaths brownish; leaves filiform-linear, tol mm broad, nearlyreaching _ the inflorescence; inflorescence lateral, few flowered (1 —6 flowers), capitate | or fasciculate; bract merely 3 —4 times the length of inflorescence; flowers 5mm long, subsessile or borne on pedicels to 1.5cm long; prophylla hyal- ine, ovate, subacute, to 3mm long; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, greenish, broadly hyaline-margined, the inner rather shorter than the outer; stamens 2—2,3mm long, the anthers nearly twice the length of filaments; capSule ellipsoid, 4.5mm long, brownish, round-tipped, mucronulate, equal- ing the outer tepals; seeds glutinous, ovoid, ca. 0.5mm long, subferrugin- ous. Fruiting June-July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 2). Shallows, shores, and water meadows, — European part: Dv.-Pech. (riv- er Usa: Adak; river Shchugor: Vel'dar-Kyrta); West.Siberia: Ob. ; East. Siberia: Yenis, (Turukhansk region and Lower Tunguska), Ang.-Sayan. (Kirensk region), Daur., Len.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bur., Okhot., Sakh., Ud., Uss.Gen.distr.: Northern Mongolia, Manchuria. Described from Chikrak Isthmus, below Nikolaevsk on the Amur. Type in Leningrad. 57. J. curvatus Buch, in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 128; Miyabe et Miyake Fl, Saghal. (1915) 490; Miyabe et Kudo, Fl. Hokk, and North, Sagh. III (1932) 298; Satake in Journ. Fac. Sc. Univ. Tokyo (bot. ) IV, 2(1933). 176. 436 Perennial, densely cespitose plants, with horizontally creeping rootstock; culms approximate, slender, 50-—90cm tall, subcompressed (slightly sul- cate whendry); basal sheaths brown, dull. Inflorescence lateral, of 3-5 flowers, fasciculate, to 2mm long; bract shorter than the culm; flowers 3—5mm long, the lower borne on slender curved pedicels to 1.8cm long, the others subsessile to sessile; perianth segments narrowly lanceolate, 554the outer longer, acute, slightly involute-margined above, the inner short- er, Subobtuse; stamens 6, half as long as the perianth, the anthers half as long as filaments; capsule about as long as the inner tepals, ellipsoid, stramineous, lustrous; seeds obovoid, brownish, slightly reticulated, 0.6 — 0.7mm long. Marshes, — Far East: Sakh.Gen.distr.: Kurile Islands, Northern Japan (Jusan saki [?], Yezo [Hokkaido]. Series2. Inundati V.Krecz. et Gonisch.-— Culms slender (to1 —1.5mm thick), arranged in wide rows; flowers brownish, 3 —-4mm long, shorter than the capsules. 58. J. inundatus Drej, in Kréger's Tidsskr, II (1838) 181. - J. bal- ticus var. inundatus Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1877) 119.- J. balticus X filiformis Buch. Bot. Jahrb. XII (1890) 216 et in Engl, Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 146. —Ic.: Rchb.Ic. Fl.Germ. 1X, tab, 410, fig. 916. - Exs.: Pl, Finl. exs, Nos. 147, 556, 557. Perennial, cinereous-green, the stout creeping rootstock covered with brown scales; culms slender, 25-—60cm tall; basal sheaths narrow, honey- brown, lustrous, firm, bladeless (the upper ones merely bearing a slender bristle); inflorescence lateral, fasciculate-paniculate, with slender lax branches, few-flowered, 2—3cm long; bract one-third to one-half the length of culm; flowers 4mm long, distant, at the ends of branches; bracts membranaceous-tipped, ovate, subacute to subobtuse; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, ferruginous, greenish on the inside, white-hyaline-mar - gined, the inner ones slightly shorter and more obtuse; stamens 1.8mm long, the anthers as long as the filaments; capsule oblong-obovoid, light brown, apiculate, 3mm long, shorter than the perianth; seeds ovoid, 0.5 - 0.7mm long, brownish, Fruiting July. Shores and wet sandy places, — European part: Lad.-Il'm. (along the shores of the Gulf of Finland). Gen.distr.: Baltic States, Scandinavia, Germany, Denmark. Described from Denmark. 59. J. Muelleri Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1877) 119 et X (1889) 536, — "Forma gracilis J. arctici'"? Buch. in Engl, Pflzr. VI, 36 (1906) 147.— J. filiformis @ arcticus Pohle in schedul. Perennial, light green loose plants, with creeping rootstock; culms slender; basal sheaths light brown, rather soft, bladeless; inflorescence lateral, fasciculate, to 1cm long, few-flowered (1-4 flowers), the feeble pedicels not exceeding the flowers; bract slightly spiny, four-fifths as long again as the inflorescence; flowers 3.2 -4mm long, oblong; prophyila broadly ovate, obtuse, to 1.5mm long; perianth segments linear-lanceolate, ferruginous-brown, light-centered, narrowly hyaline-margined, about equal or the inner ones somewhat shorter; outer perianth segments apiculate, the inner acute; stamens 1.8mm long, the anthers half as long again as the filaments; capsule linear-oblong, 4—4.3mm long, slightly longer than the perianth, brownish, subobtuse, barely mucronulate; seeds oblong -ellipsoid, 0.6 - 0.7mm long, tawny to dark yellow, without distinct appendages. Fruit- ing July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 6). 555 437 556 Stony and sandy shores. — East.Siberia: Yenis. (river Chuna, Lower Tunguska), Ang.-Sayan. (Kirensk. and river Ilim), Len, -Kol. (Zhigansk. river Olenek). Endemic. Described from river Olenek (above river Dal- gas). Type in Leningrad. series 3, Arctici V.Krecz. et Gontsch. — Culms 2 - 2.5mm thick: flowers 4-5mm long, castaneous, about equaling to exceeding the capsule (rarely shorter), 60. J. arcticus Willd.Sp. pl. II (1799) 206; E.Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 223: Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 147.-J. arcticus var. de- pauperata Trautv, in A Hy Pv (1ST ty is: Perennial, green plants, with stout creeping rootstock; culms firm, terete, erect (ca. 2—2.5mm thick, 10-30cm tall); basal sheaths sub- ferruginous or light brown, bladeless; inflorescence lateral, fasciculate- capitate, of 4-8 flowers; bract rigid, spiny, much shorter than the culm, 3-5cm long; flowers 4-5mm long, short-pediceled to practi- cally sessile; prophylla broadly ovate, hyaline-tipped, obtuse, 1.5mm long; perianth segments castaneous, pale-green on the back, hyaline-mar- gined, unequal; the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner shorter, oblong-ovate, broadly hyaline-margined, obtuse to subobtuse; stamens 1.5mm long, the anthers at least twice as long as the filaments; capsule ellipsoid, blackish- brown, equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth; seeds ovoid, 0.4mm long, ferruginous. Fruiting July — August. (Plate XXIX, fig. 4). Wet and sandy places in tundra; mountainous tundra. — Arctic: Nov.- Zem. (Kolguev), Arct. Europe, Arct.Siberia; European part: Dv.-Pech. (Upper Pechora Basin); East.Siberia: Yenis., Ang.-Sayan. (Tunginsk Distr. ), Len.-Kol. Gen.distr.: Fenno-Scandia, Iceland, Greenland, and Alps. Described from Lapland. 61. J. balticus Willd. in Magaz. Naturf. Fr. Berl. II (1809) 298; E. Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross.IV, 222; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 144, — J. balticus var. europaeus Engelm. in Trans. Ac.St. Louis, II (1866) 441.-J. arcticus var. baltica Trautv. in A. H.P.V (1878) 119, — Exs.: HFR No. 791; Pl. Finl.exs. Nos. 146a, 146b, 555: Kneuck. II, No. 49. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with ligneous creeping stout root- stock; culms firm, terete, finely sulcate, 30—50cm tall, arising in rows, subdistant; basal sheaths light brown to brown, somewhat lustrous, blade- less; inflorescence lateral, tightly-paniculate, 2-—5cm long, the branches unequal, divided at the ends into short branchlets; bract indurate, spiny, one-fourth to one-third the length of inflorescence; flowers (3.5) 4-—4.5 (5)mm long, in corymbose fascicles at the ends of short branchlets; pro- phylla subcoriaceous below, ferruginous, whitish-hyaline above, ovate, ca. 1.5mm long; perianth segments ferrugineo-castaneous, pale-centered, hyaline-margined: the outer lanceolate, mucronate, the inner somewhat broader, shorter, acute; stamens 1.8-—2mm long, the anthers twice as long as the filaments; capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 5mm long, brown, some- what lustrous, longer than the perianth; seeds subferruginous, obovoid, ca.0.7-0.8mm long. Fruiting July - August. (Plate XXIX, fig. 3). Sandy shores, beaches. — European part: Kar.-Lap. (shores of Lake Onega), Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Il'm. (Baltic seaboard, Lake Ladoga). Gen. distr.: shores of the Baltic Sea and adjoining lakes. Described from the Baltic seaboard (Warnemiinde), 438 62. J. Haenkei E.Mey.Syn. Juncor. (1822) 10; Kom. Fl. Kamch, I, 278.= J&Xbalticus Sam, in Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. 1, (1927) 216; non Willd. - J. balticus var. Haenkei Buch. in Pflzr.1V, 36 (1906) 145. - J. arcticus Bong. in Mém. Ac.St. Petersb., ser.6, II (1831) 167, non Willd. Perennial, cineraceous-green densely cespitose plants, with long creep- ing rootstock; culms erect, 40-—65cm tall, firm, terete, finely sulcate, 1.5 -—2.5 mm in diameter below; basal sheaths indurate, stramineous to light brown, lustrous, bladeless, obtuse, mostly terminating in a short bristle; upper bract greatly exceeding the inflorescence, 6 —-20cm long, subulate- pointed; inflorescence a lateral tightly fasciculate panicle, not exceeding 2.5cem (very rarely to 4.5cm long), many-flowered; flowers 5mm long, terminal sessile or lateral on pedicels 1—-4mm long; prophylla membrana- ceous, oval, 1.5—2.5mm long, acute to subacute; perianth segments nar- rowly lanceolate, greenish on the back, brown to castaneous at the margin, hyaline-bordered, the outer markedly longer than the inner, subulate- tipped, the inner acute; stamens ca.2mm long, the anthers linear -oblong, equaling to slightly exceeding the filaments (at most twice as long); cap- sule trigonous, oblong-obovoid, shorter to barely longer than the perianth, cinnamon-colored, mucronulate; seeds ovaloid, 0.7- 0.8mm long, brown. Fruiting July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 5). Meadows, sandy shores, and shallows. — Arctic: Anad. (Gizhiginskaya estuary); East. Siberia: Len.-Kol. (Boru on the Aldan); Far East: Sakh., Uss., Ud., Okhot., Kamch. Gen.distr.: North America, Pacific sea- board (Sitka, Unalaska). Described from North America (British Colum- bia, Nutka Bay). Cycle 3. Caudata V.Krecz. et Gontsch. - Seeds caudate, 2-2.5mm long. 63. J. beringensis Buch. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XII (1890) 226 et in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 129; Kom. Fl.Kamch.1, 278.- J. Drummondii 557E. Mey. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 235, quoad pl. kamtsch. - Ic.: Buch. in Engel Pilar: 129, fig.<69) Perennial, green plants, forming small dense tufts, often with creeping rootstock; culms erect, flattened, soft, finely sulcate, 20- 35cm tall, 1.5—2.5mm thick; basal sheaths bladeless, indurate, obtuse to short-tipped, castaneous below, stramineous above; inflorescence lateral, umbelliform, to 2cm long, 2 —6(-8)-flowered; terminal flowers sessile, the lateral ones on pedicels to 10mm long; bract short, slightly exceeding the inflorescence, 2-4.5cm long, subulate-tipped; flowers ca.5mm long; prophylla broadly oval, obtuse, 1.5-2mm long, membranaceous, purple; perianth segments lanceolate, blackish-purple, hyaline-margined above, the inner acute, slight- ly shorter than the outer; stamens ca.3mm long, the anthers large, linear - oblong, at least 3 times as long as the filaments; style cylindric, to 1.5mm long; capsule exceeding the perianth, 5-6mm long, trigonous-ovaloid, obtuse, short-mucronate, blackish-purple, lustrous; seeds 2-2.5mm long, planiform, containing a ferruginous kernel, caudate at both ends, the appendages long, slender, lurid-hyaline. Fruiting July. (Plate XXIX, fig. 13). Alpine meadows and meadow-covered slopes. - Far East: Kamch., Okhot. (Yamskaya estuary), Sakh. Gen.distr.: Islands of the Bering Sea, Japan (in mountains). Described from Koraginskiilsland. Type in Leningrad. 439 Subgenus 8. Forskalina O. Ktze in Post et O. Ktze. Lex. gen. phan. (1904) 303. - Junci subulati Buch.in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 99. - Perennials with strong creeping rootstocks. Culms in rows, leafy. Leaves cylindric, hollow, non-septate. Inflorescence paniculate; flowers to 3.5mm long, with unequal perianth segments. Seeds few, ovoid, weakly caudate. 64. J. subulatus Forsk. Fl. aegypt.-arab. (1775) 75; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 748; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 102. - Exs.: HFR No. 329. Perennial, cinereous-green plants, with creeping ligneous rootstock; culms terete, smooth, finely sulcate, to 100cm and upward tall; basal sheaths purplish-brown, bladeless, acute; leaves cylindric, hollow, smooth, subulate-tipped; ligules small, semicircular; inflorescence large, pani- culate, subcontracted, the solitary flowers borne on unequal branches; lower bracts subulate, overtopped by inflorescence; prophylla ovate, sub- ulate-tipped, membranaceous, pale, shorter than the perianth; flowers 2—2.5mm long; perianth segments unequal, abruptly apiculate, the outer longer, lanceolate, more coriaceous, the inner shorter, broadly lanceolate and broadly hyaline-margined; stamens half the length of perianth, the ovaloid anthers longer than the filaments; capsule equaling the perianth, trigonous, ovoid, cinnamon-brown, lustrous, mucronate; seeds 0.6 - 0.7mm long, subferruginous. Flowering June, fruiting July — August. Saline places. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (surroundings of Shirabad), Mount. Turkm. (Khodzha-Kala). Gen.distr.: Mediterranean (eastward as far as Syria and Mesopotamia). Described from Egypt (Alexandria). Subgenus 9. Cephaloxys (Spreng. ) O. Ktze in Post et O.Ktze, Lex. gen. phan. (1904) 303, ex p.- Cephaloxys Spreng. ex Desv. (1808), sec. Buch. (pro genere). - Junci graminifolii Buch, in Engl. Pflzr.IV, 36 (1906) 101 (pro pl. perenn. ), - Cespitose perennials, the culms leafy atbase. Leaves grasslike, flat. Inflorescence capitate, few-flowered, Flowers in fascicles, subtended by a common bract. Seeds nutlike, without append- ages. 65. J. prominens (Buch. ) Miyabe et Kudo in Trans.Sapporo Nat. Hist.Soc. V, 1 (1913) 40; Hulten, Fl. of Kamtch.I, 222.- J. falcatus E. Mey. in Ldb. F1. Ross. IV (1853) 228, ex p.- J. falcatus var. pro- minens Buch. in Engl. Pflzr.1V, 36 (1906) 247. Perennial, green plants, with creeping horizontal rootstocks; culms erect, terete, distinctly sulcate, 15 -—40cm tall, leafy at base (with 1 or 2 leaves): basal sheaths brownish, bladeless; leaves falcate, acute, mostly shorter than the culm, 1-—3mm broad, half as long as the culm; inflores- cence little divided, mostly containing 3 heads, of these the central sessile, the lateral ones borne on branches; bract shorter than to equaling the in- florescence; flowers 5-—5.5mm long, on pedicels to 2.5mm long, aggregat- ed in hemispherical heads of 6-10; prophylla membranaceous, obovate, apiculate, 3.5mm long; perianth segments unequal, the inner shorter, ob- long, obtuse, 4mm long, green on the back, dark ferruginous towards the periphery and ferruginous-hyaline-margined, the outer elliptic, acute, 3.5mm long, otherwise resembling the inner segments; stamens 6, half the length of the outer tepals; anthers linear, white, equaling to slightly exceeding the filaments; capsule considerably longer than the perianth, trigonous, ovoid, obtuse; seeds 0.5-—0.7mm long, ovoid. Wet places. — Possibly occurs at the southern extremity of Kamchatka, as it is to be found on the adjoining island of Paramushiro. Gen, distr.: 440 Japan (Yezo), Kurile Islands, North America. Described from Japan (Yezo), Oshima Province, Hakodate). Type in Sapporo (Japan). Species of Dubious Position in the Flora of the USSR J. trichodes Steud. Syn. Cyp. (1855) 306; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 128 (in nota sub J. filiformi). Perennial. ''Rootstock creeping, entangled, covered with fibers; plants cespitose; culms very slender, terete, leafy (up to 2 feet tall): leaves soft, very slender, canaliculate, smooth, both the radical and cauline near- ly as long as the culm; inflorescence terminal, compound; flowers pedi- celed and sessile, small, subtended at base by two ovate pellucid scales; 559 perianth segments green and ferruginous, variable, oblong, obtuse, barely equaling the oblong capsule. — J. filitormus Stev.. Urbr,.— A very re- markable plant, collected by Sanson as far back as 1836; it is commended to the attention of Russian taxonomists. St. Petersburg region (Regio Pet- ropolit)". The species can be determined solely by a study of Steven's specimen. The naming of Sanson as collector of the St. Petersburg flora raises doubts (might not the species have simply been obtained by Steven ''ex herb. Pet- ropolit'’ and the annotation in Steven's unclear handwriting interpreted by Steudel as "regio Petropolit. ''?). Genus 251. —- Luzula* DC. D.C. in Lam. et DC. Fl. franc.I (1805) 198 et III (1805) 158. Inflorescence paniculate, umbellate, or capitate; flowers solitary or crowded in glomerules, with hyaline ciliate prophylla. Perianth hexamer- ous, the segments connate at base, subcoriaceous, acute, dentate or lacer- ate, mostly equal and dark-colored. Ovary unilocular; style filiform or obsolescent; stigmas 3; ovules 3. Fruit a trigonous 1-celled loculicidal 3-valved capsule. Seeds 3, ovoid, oblong, or spherical, with a more or less developed mealy appendage [caruncle] at one end. Perennial grass- like plants; culms leafy all the way up; leaves flat, with whitish ciliate hairs on the margin; leaf sheaths closed; auricles lacking; cauline leaves shorter than the radical. Economic importance. Little is known about the nutritive value of the genus, and reports are often conflicting. Readily eaten by deer in the tundra (L. Wahlenbergii, L. spicata, L. parviflora, and cer- tain other species). In forest and mountain regions eaten unwillingly by cattle or not at all. Since species of Luzula hardly ever form pure Stands, they are of little importance as fodder. 1. Inflorescence with solitary flowers on the branches ........... 2. Inflorescence with flowers crowded in glomerules of 2, 3, or more, and if flowers solitary, they do not exceed 2mm and their seeds are devoid of a large caruncle (in other cases the caruncle may be nearly as ener eas te Seed aS CI Seah ie Re ak eee 1 GM * From the Italian name Lucciola andthe Latinluceo -— to shine, sparkle, as most European species of this genus have inflorescences with lustrous silvery flowers; according to a different interpretation, from lucus — coppice, referring to the usual habitat of the European species. 441 560 561 2. Capsule shorter to slightly longer than the perianth; leaves linear, 1 j—\3)(5) mam bined )iieepecnk aeegull bets wosats tenes pa ieBy + Capsule much longer than the perianth; leaves from 5 to 10mm ROA. ics! drei: ares son enter es) EAT Rae coe, Ea en ans CE A’ 3, Flowers 2.5mm long; outer perianth segments acute, the inner obtuse or subobtuse, rufous or stramineous (Siberia) . A Ea” Bae See ibe sf ebehe ita Seabee BRbe Ts, 3 We ue oe GL ee it Ts, Pits cere Fisch, + Flowers 3.5 -—4.5 (5)mm long, all the segments aristate, castaneous (CAUCE SUS jswacuutle '« furumaus a Ae Lin gebeh = eth lena nk ons teris (Sma iDC;: 4, Flowers 2.5mm long (capsule to 4mm long); perianth segments acute; leaves to 4-—5mm broad,.... 3. L. macrocarpa (Buch. ) Nakai: + Flowers 3-—4mm long; leaves (4)5-10mm broad..........9. 5. Densely cespitose plants; perianth segments acute (Eurasia)..... se a Gobeaei ee. Roel at ba ve cuancreath beats Were sly fe POG RA 4, L. pilosa (L. ) Willd. + Plants with long stolons; perianth segments dentate above, mucronate, Ustcumectin tka) ss. susan oem Calas Seen ganar go tea] BD OMe a samehe 6 (1). Inflorescence cymose; flowers 2.5—3mm long, silvery-white, rarely pinkish or yellowish; leaves slenderly pointed...... wig be Pe eee at eisuse aa ce deals Acai elite Remon en a Chea ey aris 6.,L. nemor osa. E.Mey. + Inflorescence paniculate, umbellate or capitate; flowers usually dark- colored, rarely golden or light-colored, never exceeding 2mm in length; leaves abruptly pointed and often terminating in a callosity Aid) eb aweatihs al Heil eh cartna ANTS ARC CAIs 5: eaters s+ Ceeeuud Batordany haw aris Oe Pe amg inom Ae 7. Inflorescence diffusely paniculate, with long ieee drooping branches, each bearing 1 —2 (3) flowers; flowers ca,.2mm long....... 8, + Inflorescence paniculate, umbellate or congested, with rather thick branches, each bearing from 2 or 3 to 15 —20 or more flowers in glom- F erules; flowers (1.5)2-—4mmlong......... ei sialon. tel See bOx 8. Large, non-tufted plants; leaves 6-10mm broad; flowers ca, 2mm longs) arither's equaling filaments, fpedoloo.ltak bos Lage ele: Oo: + Cespitose plants, not exceeding 30cm in height; leaves ca.2-4mm broad (the cauline even narrower, at most 2.5mm broad); flowers 2. 2: 5mm Jong ssvanthers, exceeding the,filaments poism Pauw * bay peek eeloaglt hye Saat) eee sit spew HO. fee. y Wiel helke mb 2 igerast Rupr. 9, Capsule longer than the castaneous perianth segments; flowers often solitary or in 2's or 3's at the ends of branches, (Eurasia)...... werkt iwtod. oft doi, moMame et. elit 8. Le parwmid lor ayi(PhrhapDesm + Capsule as long as the light perianth segments, at length blackish; flowers solitary. (Far East)...9. L. melanocarpa (Mchx, )Desv. 10. Large forest plants; leaves ribbon-like, to 15mm broad; flowers 3.5-—4mm long, inner perianth segments longer than the outer; seeds 1,.4-—1.7mm long, but without, agdiistinet eanunelers). alti.) .ba Sa. a Neu aly oh Sp lailsinia ay ailaabe | a RRS ala cal vig htoly Silvatica (Huds. iGaude + Mountain-meadow plants of moderate size; leaves at most 5-6mm broad; flowers 1.5-—3,5mm long; perianth segments equal or the inner SOK Ter nc inspite, joursngeeuicaesgishienen tei tes Solas, tet ae ever ete, cone oie sys push surabeiae i 1g 11, Prophylla strongly fimbriate, nearly equaling and sometimes exceed- ing the flower (and then the inflorescence spicate, nodding); seeds not cCarunculate:), lower bract, poomiiyn developed jude me gumaniite ene cline 2 + Prophylla scarcely fimbriate, ciliate, shorter than flower; seeds dis- tinctly carunculate; lower bract leaf-like, well developed... 16. 442 12, 13. 14, 15, Prophylla longer than flower, silvery, hence inflorescence somewhat whitish; inflorescence spicate, nodding, the culm being very slender St SHSS Bx. NE eras, Barden Mewei kaso A eerie: AD is,Js\S.p a,c abrapntlng) DC. Prophylla equaling the flower; inflorescence capitate or oblong, sim- plé.or branching 2i- yeh! {Rar armiwiiy Feta OR Pe OM og BE sags: Densely cespitose plants; basal sheaths light brown; leaves flat, ratherbroad alaiagid oti fh: ageacannd hays der LO er est dors cl aoa agro aaah 2 Sop pre WONT aah Ot Binoy! Rosi gery rit it Cet aio’ cemrity (sidtwoningd @ | hea eS ae BORE to tbe Se toe i abspetis 9 aerretetiy ee eee cf SHOT ks OAR Re tans WeKe BP Salk iid a nar ommea ig aus WR: was ds chy Cudthy si sph eipnte ital ee SET hose © oy pone ere ‘hai igheagmaiinda | geet trie 8 OMe dpe ete edit Se STH PRGA a Py en ; * caddabhe’ ry sie e ‘ ‘ tha PeeP Ps : Ne, URES SED yonsnih tus pretreat (oem adhe ols , jerk ROW 9 Yadiby mem HeMBA Erith egs j dete cn a spa + ve hy ot MER, AER ad 40 Sohbet mins Sotto _. ; m " . " i + - ly . we P f : + ' 3 cs; obese bas ir 7a WE, hie “ye , * : 4 TA". ahi? Pe ool rN fn = * ' mi tae Fy ws u , : Kika a y if e Paw Pe , 22-909 ; ch " t 4 ¢ ee wig i i OX CRAY oo ~ ae ty y ‘ x, 1 18 , ay ry : $ | a r ; } t Pa P ¥ D 7 3 id ty o 4 Ley ; t f : ; Ls ‘ eo ge 7. m wm 4 ." a ti . | j.4.-0,7 op ions 4-0.6om tekey ; : eae P Al ; { inf ¢ exw: TT Lew a 2 Tt ra i, he 4 ats on A oN ; ite ees $6 Petar.) " ADDENDA Il DIAGNOSES PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN TOMO III FLORAE URSS COMMEMORATARUM (DIAGNOSIS OF NEW SPECIES AND GENERA MENTIONED IN THE THIRD VOLUME OF THE FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R.) Aprili 1935. SCIRPUS L. 1. S. Komarovii Roshev. sp. nov.— Scirpus supinus var. leiocarpus Kom. in A.H. P. XX (1901) 344. Planta annua 15—30 (— 50) cm alta, caespites parvos formans; radix fibrosa; caules 1—5, erecti, planiusculi, glabri; vaginae foliorum inferiorum sine lamina, brunnescentes; laminae foliorum superiorum + angustae, rudi- mentariae. Inflorescentia capitata, (1—) 3—4 (-—8)-spiculata; bractea 1, ad 20 cm longa, erecta, fere cylindrica, basi paulo dilatata; spiculae 5—7 mm longae, ovatae; glumae steriles rotundato-ellipticae, margine late-scariosae, paulo carinatae, apice breviter acuminatae, virides, margine hyalinae albae, demum brunnescentes. Setae hypogynae retrorsum aculeolatae, caryopsidem fere duplo superantes; stigmata 2. Caryopsides rotundato-ovatae, fere 1.5 mm longae, planocompressae fere laeves brunneae. Typus: Asia orientalis. Distr. Amur. In paludibus circa Innokentjevka. 21 VII 1895 Leg. V. Komarov. Affinitas: Differt a Scirpo supino L. setis hypogynis praesentibus. 2. S. bucharicus Roshev. sp. nova. Planta annua, 35—70 cm alta, caespites formans; radix fibrosa; caules plures, erecti, + cylindrici; vaginae foliorum inferiorum + brunnescentes; laminae foliorum superiorum + angustae, rudimentariae. Inflorescentia capi- tata 5—15-spiculata; bractea 1, 10—30 cm longa, erecta, fere cylindrica, basi paulo dilatata; spiculae elongato-ovatae, 7—10 mm longae; glumae steriles lanceolato-acuminatae, tenuiter scariosae, apice carinatae, mucronatae, virides, margine albae, tunc demum brunnescentes; setae hypogynae caryopsidem duplo superantes, retrorsum aculeolatae. Stigmata 2. Caryopsis obovata, subtrigona (carinis duabus acutis, tertia—obtusa) transverse rugulosa, fere nigra. Typus: Asia media. Tadshikistania, Hissar, Ladshak in oryzetis. 24 VI 1913 Ne 557. B. Fedtschenko. Affinitas: Differt a Scirpo Komarovii Roshev. inflorescentia 5—15 spi- culata, 7—10 mm longa et caryopside obovata, transverse rugulosa (nec rotundato-ovata sublaevi). 457 HELEOCHARIS R. BR. 3. H. meridionalis G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Pauciflorae Svenson, Rhodora 31). — H. rhizomatibus tenuibus; caules in fasciculis satis densis, tenues, erecti vel adscendentes, griseo-virides, subsulcati, 4—20 cm longi. Spiculae pauci- florae, ovatae v. globosae, 3—7 cm longae; squama infima spiculam amplec- tens, obtusa vel acuta, '/.—*/, (plusque) longitudinis spiculae longa; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, acutae, pallido-fuscae usque ad atro-castaneas, margine hyalino lato (rare angusto); achenium griseum, obovatum, triquetrum; stylo- podium minutum, acute-triangulare vel aciculare, longitudine minore quam ‘/, longitudinis achenii; setae hypogynae 4—6 (rarissime nullae), achenium (cum stylopodio) superantes, dentibus retrorsis. Typus in Instituto botanico Ac. Sc. URSS: Fergana, prope pag. Ak-sai, Ne 569, 1913, leg. Dessjatova. Hab. ad ripas, in paludibus pratisque humidis et apud nives alpinas Transcaucasiae et in regionibus montanis territoriisque adjacentibus Asiae Mediae soveticae (Alatau songoricum, Tian-Schan occidentalis, Pamiro-Alai) atque Turkestaniae chinensis (Kuldsha, Kaschgar). Affinitas: A proxima specie H. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link. stylopodiis minoribus (longitudine minore quam ’/, longitudinis achenii nec non 3/,—'/, longitudinis achenii) et setis hypogynis achenium superantibus differt. 4. H. Svensonii G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Aciculares Svenson). — Syn. Eleocharis acicularis var. longiseta Svenson Rhodora 31 p. 189.—H. rhizo- matibus tenuibus; caules in caespites, filiformes, erecti v. adscendentes, subsul- cati, virides, 2—15 cm longi. Spiculae parvulae, ovatae v. cylindricae, 2— 5 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens, obtusa, '/,—'/, longitudinis spiculae longa; squamae ovatae, inferiores obtusae, superiores acutae, virides, margine hyalino lato vel (rarius) fuscae cum stria mediana viridi (margineque hyalino); achenium angustum oblongo-obovatum; stylopodium conicum v. conico-mamillatum; setae hypogynae 4, achenium valde, usque duplo, superan- tes, dentibus retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS: Reg. Ussuriensis, distr. Vladi- vostok, pr. pag. Gaivoron ad fl. Santacheza, 1927. leg. P. Virscho. Hab. ad ripas, in oryzetis, ad vias humidas etc. in Dahuria (rarissime), regione Amurensi atque Ussuriensi, Mongolia orientali, Mandshuria, Korea, China, Japonia, ins. Liu-Kiu. Affinitas: A proxima specie H. acicularis (L.) R. Br. setis hypogynis achenium valde superantibus differt. Nomen in honorem monographi huius generis cl. H.K. Svenson datum est. 458 5. H. ussuriensis G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Pa- lustres Svenson). — Caules erecti virides subsulcati 7—50 cm longi. Spiculae 7—15 cm longae, cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae. Squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, acutae, fuscae cum stria mediana viridi angusta margineque hyalino; stylopodium breviconicum basi latum, longitudo stylopodii = 1.2— 1.5 latitudinis (rarius aequilonga); setae hypogynae 5, achenium valde superantes dentibus satis crebris, partim paten- tibus flexuosis, partim retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: In valle fl. Rakovka, prope Nikolsk- Ussurijsk, Ne 907, 1913, leg. V. L. Komarov. Hab. ad ripas et in pratis humidis reg. Amurensis neque Ussuriensis. Affinitas: Ab H. mamillata Lindb. fil. stylopodio brevi-conico (non mamillato), longitudine latitudinem superanti, ab H. /eptostylopadiata G. Zin- serl. stylopodio latiore, ab H. intersita Zinserl. forma stylopodii setisque 5 differt. 6. H. leptostylopediata G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson).-— Caules erecti virides subsulcati, 10—50 cm _ longi. Spiculae 8—12 mm longae, ovatae v. ovato-cylindricae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, acutae, fuscae cum stria mediana viridi (interdum evanescente) margineque hyalino. angusto; stylopodium angustissime conicum (longitudine latitudinem duplo-triplo supe- rante), interdum apice aciculare; setae hypogynae 4—5 (6), achenium superantes dentibus crebris partim patentibus partim retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Baschkiria, Canton Zalair, jug. Irendyk, Ne 515, 1929, leg. O. E. Knorring. Hab. ad ripas in Rossia europaea (ad Volgam mediam), in montibus Uralensibus territoriisque adjacentibus, in Sibiria (Kusnetzkij Alatau), reg. Amvrensi et in montibus Caucasicis (aream disjunctam habet). Affinitas: A proximis H. mamillata Lindb. fil. et H. ussuriensi G. Zin- serl. stylopodio angustissime conico differt. Ab H. eupalustri Lindb. fil. setis longioribus dentibus majoribus partim patentibus atque forma stylopodii differt. 7. H. intersita G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — Caules erecti, rarius curvato-adscendentes, 5—50 cm longi, viri- des, subsulcati. Spiculae 5—15 mm longae, cylindricae, rarius ovato-cylin- dricae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lan- ceolatae acutae, fuscae cum stria viridi mediana angusta margineque hyalino angusto; stylopodium conico-mamillatum (a basi lato sursum subito attenu.- tum) vel breviter conicum (longitudo = 0.7—1.3 latitudinis); setae hypogynae 4 (rarissime 0), achenium superentes (interdum usque ad 1.5 et plus) dentibus satis magnis crebrisque retrorsis. 459 Typus in Inst. bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Alborossia, distr. Rjecziza Ne 343. 1927, N. M. Savicz. Hab. in pratis humidis paludibusque et ad ripas per totam fere zonam silvaticam Eurasiae a Germania usque ad reg. Ussuriensi, in Caucaso et in America boreali. Affinitas: Haec species formam stylopodii inter H. mamillatam Lindb. fil. et H. eupalustrem Lindb. fil. intermediam habet. A prima specie forma stylopodii, setis 4 dentibus retrorsis, a secunda forma stylopodii setis lon- gioribus differt. Ab H. ussuriensi G. Zinserl. forma stylopodii setisque 4 den- tibus retrorsis differt. 8. H. eupalustris Lindb. fil. Varietates novas describo: Var. genuina G. Zinserl. var. nov. — Caules virides. Squamae fuscae cum stria viridi mediana margineque hyalino. Hab. praecipue in partibus mediis et septentrionalibus (rarius australi- bus) areae speciei. Var. nigrispicata G. Zinserl. var. nov.—Caules virides. Squamae fuscae, stria viridi mediana nulla v. evanescente. Hab. praecipue in Sibiria et in partibus septentrionalibus areae speciei in Rossia europaea. 9. H. crassa Fisch. et Mey. ex Becker in Bull. Soc. Moscou 1858, I, p- 75 (nom. nudum). — Caules crassi (basi usque ad 5 mm lati), erecti, 20—90 cm longi, virides(rarius glauco-virides), teretes v. subsulcati ad basin spiculae constricti. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae; squamae infimae 2, spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae acutae v. apice obtusiusculae, cum stria mediana viridi striis angustis fuscis cincta, margine hyalino lato; stylopodium coni- cum, longitudine latitudinem superante, rarius aequilonga v. minore; setae hypogynae 4 (rare 0), acheniis minores v. aequilongae (rare achenium supe- rantes), dentibus retrorsis. Ty pus in Inst. Bot. URSS: Sarepta 1857 leg. Becker. Hab. ad ripas, in pratis humidis et in salicetis inundatis in parte austro- orientali Rossiae europeae, in Kasakstania, Asia Media et Caucaso. Affinitas: a proxima specie H. eupalustris Lindb. fil. squamis margine hyalino lato (quod spiculae pallescentes sunt) differt. Varietates: var. typica G. Zinserl. — Caules virides. var. glaucescens G. Zinserl.— Caules glauco-virides. 10. H. globularis G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Pa- lustres Svenson).— Caules erecti, pallide-virides, subsulcati, 30—80 cm longi, 460 ad basin spiculae plus minus constricti. Spiculae globoso-ovatae, 5—10 (—12) mm longae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovatolanceolatae, acutae, atro-fuscae, stria viridi mediana nulla v, evanescente, margine hyalino angusto; stylopodium conicum longitudine latitudini aequi- longa v. latitudinem usque ad 1.5 superante, rarius minore; setae hypogynae 4, achenium superantes, dentibus in partibus inferioribus setarum retrorsis, in superioribus partim patentibus partim retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS: Avatschinskaja Guba 1910 Ne 168 leg. B. V. Perfiliev. H ab. in paludibus et ad thermas Kamtschatkae. Affinitas: Ab H. eupalustri Lindb. fil. spiculis glohoso-ovatis seti- achenium superantibus dentibus in partibus superioribus patentibus, ab H. intersita G. Zinser]. forma stylopodii spiculisquae globoso-ovatis differt. 11. H. kasakstanica G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — Caules tenues, in fasciculis satis densis, erecti, glauco- virides, subsulcati 20—5O cm longi, ad basin spiculae inconspicue constricti. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae, 5—12 mm longae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, inferiores obtusius- culae, superiores acutae, stria viridi mediana angusta (interdum evanescente), striis fuscis cincta, margine hyalino lato; stylopodium conicum, longitudine latitudinem superante; setae 4 vel O achenii breviores dentibus retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: pr. Uralsk, 1910, Ne 54-a, leg. V. Borodin. Hab. ad ripas et in pratis Kasakstaniae borealis. Affinitas: Ab H. eupalustri Lindb. fil. squamis margine hyalino lato, inferioribus obtusiusculis, ab H7. crassa Fisch. et Mey. squamis inferioribus obtusiusculis, dimensione plantae minore differt. 12. H. ecarinata G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palu- stres Svenson).— Caules glaucescenti-virides, erecti, subsulcati, 25—45 cm longi. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae, 5—13 mm longae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, inferiores obtusiusculae, aliae acutae, fuscae, stria viridi mediana nulla v. evanescente, margine hyalino satis angusto; stylopodium minutum, conicum, longitudine atitudinem paulo superante v. aequilonga; setae hypogynae 4, achenio bre- viores v. aequilongae, dentibus retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: in valle fl. Buchtarma (Sibiria altaica) Ne 103 leg. D. I. Jakovlev. Hab. in Sibiria altaica (in parte austro-orientali) et in montibus partis borealis provinciae Semiretschensk (olim) et in Mongolia (pr. Lugan-Churen). Affinitas: Ab H. eupalustri Lindb. fil. stylopodio minuto, ab H. crassa Fisch. et Mey. et H. kasakstanica G. Zinser]. stylopodio minuto, margine hyalino squamarum angustiore, stria viridi mediana nulla v. evanescente differt. 461 13. H. turcomanica G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — Caules crassi (ad basin usque ad 5 mm latae), subteretes glauci, 20—50 cm longi, ad basin spiculis plus minus constricti. Spiculae ovato-cylindricae v. cylindricae, 5—30 mm longae; squamae infimae obtusae spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae acutae v. inferiores obtusiusculae stria mediana viridi lata striis fuscis angustis cincta margine hyalino lato; stylopodium mamillato-conicum, latitudine longitudinem supe- rante v. aequilonga; setae hypogynae4, achenio longiores, dentibus flexucso- patentibus, in parte inferiore retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Transcaspia, distr. Aschabad, Bagir Ne 1221 leg. V. Lipsky. Hab. ad ripas in Turkestania australi. Affinitas: A proximis speciebus H. crassa F. et M. et H. kasakstanica G. Zinserl. stylopodiis mamillato-conicis dentibus flexuoso-patentibus in parte inferiore retrorsis (nec omnino retrorsis), ab H. kasakstanica G. Zinserl. autem caulibus crassis, spiculis valde longioribus differt. Ab H. argyrolepide Kjerulff setis longioribus caulibusque crassis differt. 14. H. argyrolepidoides G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — Caules erecti sulcati (apud specimina crassiora ad basin teretes), 10—60 cm longi, ad basin spiculae inconspicue constricti. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae, 7—15 mm longae; squamae infimae 2 spiculam semiamplectentes; squamae ovato-lanceolatae acutae stria viridi mediana satis lata striis fuscis angustis cincta margine hyalino lato; stylo- podium brevi-conicum,ad apicem rotundatum tuberculoque praeditum, latitudine longitudinem aequilonga v. superante; setae hypogynae 4 (5), achenio breviores (rare superantes) dentibus crebris retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: prov. Voronesh distr. Valujsk, Veidelevka 1911 leg. V. A. Dubjanski. Hab. ad ripas, in paludibus pratisque Rossiae europeae austro-orienta- lis, Tauriae et Caucasi (Kisljar). Affinitas: A proximis speciebus H. argyrolepide Kjerulff setis dentibus crebris retrorsis (sed non raris in parte superiore setae patentibus, inferiore retrorsis), ab H. equisetiformi (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. forma stylopodii setisque achenio brevioribus (sed non valde superantibus) differt. 15. H. eu-uniglumis G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. pp. — Caules virides, erecti v. adscendentes, 5—70 cm longi, subsulcati. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovatae, 10—25-florae, 5—15 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens, obtusa, 1/,—1/, longitudinis spiculae longa; squamae ovatae v. ovato-lanceolatae, acutae v. inferiores obtusiusculae fuscae v. atrofuscae stria viridi mediana angusta, evanescente v. nulla, margine hyalino evanescente, angusto usque ad satis lato; achenium obovoideum lenticulare; stylopodium conicum, longi- tudine latitudinis longiore, aequilongo v. paulum minore; setae hypogynae 4 462 (rarissime 5) v. 0, achenio breviores aequilongae v. paulum eum superantes. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Ingria, Lachta 1 VII 1866 leg. Meinshausen. Hab. in pratis humidis, praecipue salsugineis, ad ripas, litora marina et ad fontes in Europa occidentali, URSS parte Europaea, Sibiria (usque ad Baicalem et Jacutiam), Kamtschatka, Tauria, Caucaso et Transcaucasia, Asia media et Mongolia. Affinitas: Ab H. transcaucasica G. Zinserl. stylopodiis minoribus, ab H. Klingei(Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. spiculis rite angustiorbus squamis rite obscu- rioribus, a H. multiseta G. Zinserl. setis 4 (non 5—6) brevioribus, ab H. septen- trionali G. Zinserl. squama infima obtusa (sed non acuta) breviore, ab H. oxyle- pide (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. squamis obscurioribus, acheniis basi non valde attennuatis dimensioneque stylopodii, a caeteris proximis speciebus hoc loco descriptis forma stylopodii differt. Species polymorpha. 16. H. tranmscaucasica G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Pulustres Svenson).—H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. pp.— Caules_ erecti glauco-virides, 12—55 cm longi subsulcati. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato- cylindricae, 6—12 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens obtusa longitudine minus quam !/, longitudinis spiculae; squamae lanceoiatae acutae atrofuscae (rarissime pallide-fuscae) stria mediana angusta (rarius nulla), margine hyalino lato; achenium obovoideum lenticulare; stylopodium anguste- conicum longitudine 1'/,— duplo latitudinem superante longitudinis achenii dimidio subaequali; setae hypogynae 4 achenium superantes vel aequilongae dentibus satis crebis retrorsis (in parte superiore setae interdum patentibus). Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Armenia, pr. lac. Gilli 22 VII 1928 leg. O. Zedelmejer et T. Heidemann. Hab. ad ripas et in pratis Transcaucasiae (et Turciae regionum adjacen- tium) et ad ostia Borystheni atque Tanaitis. Affinitas: A caeteris speciebus proximis (H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. coll.) dimensionibus stylopodii differt. 17. H. Klingei (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. In diagnosi a cl. C. Meinshausenio dato emendo: Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae, crassae (latitudinem rite circa triplo longiores), 5—13 mm longae, (15—)—20—25-florae; squama infima pallide-fusca, obtusa, longitudine '/, longitudinis spiculae non superante; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, obtusiusculae, fulvidae pellucidae, margine hyalino lato, stria mediana nuila v. evanescente; stylopodium conicum, longi- tudine latitudinem paulum superante, aequilonga v. paulum minore; setae hypogynae 4—5 achenio breviores (rarius aequilongae v. eum paulum supe- rantes), dentibus crebris retrorsis. 463 H ab. in Kasakstania orientali. Affnitas: A proxima specie H. eu-uniglumi G. Zinserl. spiculis rite latioribus squamis pallidioribus pellucidis, ab H. multiseta G. Zinserl. setis breviorbus (sed non achenium rite valde superantibus) differt. 18. H. multiseta G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palu- stres Svens.).— H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. pp.—Caules erecti, glauco- virides, subsulcati, 15—50 cm longi. Spiculae ovato-cylindricae v. cylindricae, 5—15 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens obtusa, rite '/, longitu- dinis spiculae non superans; squamae ovato-lanceolatae v. lanceolatae, obtusius- culae v. (praecipue superiores) acutae, fuscae stria viridi mediana nulla v. angusta (rarius latiore) margine hyalino angusto v. lato; achenium obovoideum lenticulare; stylopodium conicum longitudine latitudinem superante, aequi- longa v. (rare) paulum minore; setae hypogynae 5—6 (rarissime 4) achenium (rite valde) superantes, rarius aequilongae v. breviores dentibus retrorsis (interdum in parte superiore setae patentibus). Ty pus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Mugodshary, ad rip. fl. Ters-bulak, Ne 915, 1927 leg. H. Krascheninnikov. H ab. in pratis humidis (praecipue saisugineis) et ad ripas in Kasakstania, Kirghisia et Turkestania chinensi. Affinitas: A speciebus proximis H. Klingei atque H. eu-uniglumi setis achenium rite valde superautibus, ab H. paucidentata G. Zinserl. forma stylopodii setisque dentibus crebrioribus differt. 19. H. septentrionalis G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — H. uniglumis (Link.) Schult. pp. — Caules erecti, rarius adscendentes, virides, subteretes, 15—60 cm longi. Spiculae ovato-cylindricae v. cylindricae, 4—15 mm longi; squama infima ovato-lanceolata, acuta, '/,— '/, longitudinis spiculae longa, spiculam amplectens; squamae ovato-lanceo- latae, acutae v. obtusiusculae, atrofuscae stria mediana viridi nulla margine hyalino angusto; achenium obovoideum lenticulare; stylopodium breviter conicum, longitudine latitudinem paulo superante aequilonga v. paulo minore; setae hypogynae 4—6 (v. 0) achenium paulum superantes, aequilongae v. paulo minores dentibus satis crebris in parte superiore setae patentibus. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS: Insulae Solovetzkenses leg. Bjalinitzky-Birulja. Hab. ad litora maris Albi atque maris Glacialis (sinus Kolaensis). Affinitas: A proximis H. eu-uniglumi G. Zinserl. et H. fennica Palla _squama infima acuta longiore differt. 20. H. oxylepis (Mecinsh.) B. Fedtsch. Varietates: var. typica G. Zinserl. (var. nov.) Stylopodium conicum. Per totam aream speciei crescit. 464 var. applanata G. Zinserl. (var. nov.). Stylopodium mamillatum. Per totam fere aream speciei crescit. 21. H. scythica G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. pp.— Caules erecti glauco-virides 17 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens obtusa, rite '/, longitudi- nis spiculae non superans; squamae ovato-lanceolatae acutae pallide-fuscae (rarissime fuscae) stria mediana viridi praeditae v. stria mediana nulla, mar- subsulcati, 20—35 cm longi. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae, 5— gine hyalino lato; stylopodium pastilliforme v. mamillatum (interdum ad breviter conicum vergens) latitudine longitudinem valde superante; achenium obovoideum lenticulare ad basin paulo attenuatum; setae hypogynae 0 v. 4, achenio breviores v. aequilongae dentibus raris v. satis crebris retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Prov. et distr. Jekaterinoslav (olim) 1895, Ne 72, leg. S. Grigorjev. Hab. in pratis inundatis et ad ripas Ucrainiae australis, Rossiae euro- paeae austro-orientalis et Kasakstaniae occidentalis. Affinitas: A proximis speciebus H. fennica Palla squamis pallidis. setis (si adsunt) brevioribus, ab H. oxylepide (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. acheniis basin paulo (sed non valde) attenuatis squama infima longiore, ab H. pauci- dentata G. Zinserl. setis nullis v. brevioribus differt. 22. H. fennica Palla (in Kneuck. Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 1901, 212) (Sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson).— H. uniglumis (Link) Schult, pp.; diagnosem a cl. Palla datam emendo: Caules erecti virides v. glauco-virides subsulcati, 10—50 cm _ longi. Spiculae globosae, ovatae v. cylindricae 2—15 mm longae; sqvama infima spiculam amplectens, obtusa, rite 1/, (apud spiculis minimis 1/.) longitudinis spiculae non superans; squamae ovato-lanceolatae acutae v. obtusiusculae, atrofuscae stria mediana nulla v. angustissima margine hyalino angusto v. lato; achenium obovoideum (interdum globosum) lenticulare; stylopodium breve, mamillatum (rarius pastilliforme v. breviter conicum), latitudine longi- tudinem valde superante; setae hypogynae 0 v. 4—5, achenio longiores den- tibus retrorsis. Descripta ex Fennia. Cotypus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Fennia, prope Jacobstadt leg. Palla (Kneucker, Cyperac. et Juncac. exsiccatae Ne 73). Affinitas: A proximis speciebus H. scythica G. Zinserl. et H. oxy- lepide (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. squamis atrofuscis setisque (si adsunt) longioribus, ab H. oxylepide autem acheniis basi paulo (nec valde) attenuatis, ab H. pau- cidentata G. Zinserl. setis brevioribus dentibus crebrioribus differt. Varietates: var. baltica G. Zinserl. Setae hypogynae nullae v. evanescentes. 465 Hab. ad litora maris Baltici (frequenter), rarissime in pratis humidis Sibiriae orientalis. Var. sareptana G. Zinserl. (pr. sp. in Fl. Ross. austroorient. Ill, p. 279). Setae hypogynae 4—5, achenium superantes. Hab. in pratis inundatis ad ripas et in locis salsugineis Europae atlan- ticae et mediae, Rossiae europeae austroorientalis, Sibiriae (praecipue in partibus australibus), Kasakstaniae borealis, Mongoliae borealis, Transcauca- siae orientalis et rarissime ad litora maris Baltici. 23. H. paucidentata G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (sect. Palustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — H. uniglumis (Link) Schult. pp. — Caules glauco-virides, subsulcati, 10O—40 cm longi. Spiculae cylindricae v. ovato-cylindricae 6—13 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens, obtusa, rite '/, longitudinis spi- culae non superans; squamae ovato-lanceolatae, inferiores obtusiusculae superiores acutae pallide-fuscae stria mediana nulla v. angusta margine hyalino angusto v. lato; achenium obovoideum lenticulare; stylopodium mamillatum, pastilliforme v. brevissime conicum, latitudine longitudinem multo superante; setae hypogynae 4 achenium multo longiores dentibus raris parvis retrorsis (in parte superiore setae interdum patentibus.). Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: pr. Aulie-ata, 1916 Ne 586, leg. M. Sovetkina. H ab. ad ripas et in pratis humidis Kasakstaniae et Kirghisiae. Affinitas: A proximis speciebus 1. oxylepide, H. fennica et H. scy- thica setis achenio multo longioribus, ab H. oxylepide autem acheniis ad basin paulo (nec valde) attenuatis differt. 24. H. Komarovii G. Zinserl. nom. nov. — H. triflora Kom. in Fedde Re- pert. XIII (1914) 162.— Nomen H. triflora a cl. V. L. Komarovio datum delen- dum est, quod anno 1880 cl. Béckeler (Flora XXXVIII) sic plantam mexicanam nominavit. 25. H. Korshinskyana G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. Padlustriformes subsect. Palustres Svenson). — Caules glauco-virides subsulcati, 35—50 cm longi. Spi- culae globosocylindricae, 5—7 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens obtusa, 7/,—'/, longitudinis spiculae longa; squamae ovato-lanceolatae acutae pallidefuscae stria mediana evanescente margineque hyalino lato; achenium obovoideum rotundato-triquetrum; setae hypogynae 5—8, achenio breviores v. aequilongae dentibus crebris retrorsis. Hab. in Ural australi (in prato inundato fl. Ik, leg. Korshinsky — typus!) et in Turkomania (pr. opp. Kara-Kala). Affinitas: A caeteris speciebus sect. Palustriformes florae URSS, quae squamam infimam spiculam amplectentem habent, achenio rotundato-triquetro (nec lenticulari) differt. 466 26. H. Maximoviczii G. Zinserl. sp. nov. (Sect. /atermediae Svenson). —- Caules adscendentes, rarius erecti, tenuissimi, sulcati, 10—35 cm longi, virides; ad basin spiculae interdum ramulus cum spicula minuta sterili adest. Spiculae ovatae v. ovato-cylindricae, apice acutae (rarius obtusiusculae) 2.5—6 mm longae; squama infima spiculam amplectens pallida obtusa, rite '/,—1/,; longitudinus spiculae aequilonga; squamae ovatae, acutiusculae, stria viridi mediana lata striis fuscis angustis limbata margineque hyalino lato; stamina 3; achenium elongato-obovoideum rotundato-triquetrum; stylopo- dium minutum breviter (usque ad brevissime) conicum latitudine longitudinem superante; setae hypogynae 6, achenio breviores dentibus parvis retrorsis. Typus in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS: Reg. Ussuriensis, distr. Olga pr. pag. Vasilkovo, 1930 Ne 946 leg. I. K. Schischkin. Hab. in paludibus, pratis humidis oryzetisque, ad vias humidas reg. Ussuriensis atque Amurensis (in parte orientali), Mandshuriae et Koreae et ad thermas Natschikinenses in Kamtschatka. Affinitas: A proxima H. afflata Steud. (H. japonica Miq.), qua in Korea, Mandshuria, Japonia, China, Java et uno solum loco (ad fl. Tuman-gan) reg. Ussuriensis crescit; stylopodio breviter conico latitudine longitutinem superante (non basi lato subito sursum attenuato longitudine latitudinem superante) setis achenii brevioribus (non superantibus, aequilongis v. rarius paulo brevioribus) differt. 27. H. petasata (Maxim.) G. Zinserl. comb. nov.— Scirpus petasatus Maxim. in Bull. Soc. Moscou LIV, 1 (1879) 64.—Haec species ab H. tetra- guetra Nees, specie indica, a qua nostram plantam auctores nonnulli non distinguerunt, caulibus triquetris (non tetraquetris) tenuioribus dentibus setarum hypogynarum flexuosis partim patentibus (non retrorsis) differt. Hab. in reg. Ussuriensi et Amurensi (rare in parte orientali), in Mand- schuria, China boreali et ad thermas pr. pag. Apacza in Kamtschatka. CAREX L. 28. C. Grossheimii V. Krecz. sp. nova. Planta cinerascens, rhizomate repente, culmo 25—50 cm alto foliato, foliis planis 2—3 mm latis. Inflorescentia compacta abbreviata 2—3 cm longa, spiculis 6—10 ovatis vel oblongoovatis apice et in parte maxima infima femineis, media superneque masculis, inferne androgynis, squamis ovatis acutiusculis fulvo-castaneis utriculo brevioribus. Utriculi semicoriaceis ovati circiter 3 mm longi plano-convexi ferrugineo-flavi dorso valde elevati et multinervulosi ventre paucinervulosi superne marginibus vix scarioso erosi basi rotundati (vix stipitati) in rostrum breve antice fissum subsensim contracti. In pratis subalpinis Armeniae sovieticae et turcicae (inter decurs. super. flumin. Cyri et Araxis). 467 Typus: Armenia sovietica, distr. Nor-Bajazet, ad ripam fluminis Zanga, 16 VII 1928, O. Zedelmeyer et T. Heidemann leg., in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. disticha Huds., cui consanguinea, habitu humiliore, foliis angu- stioribus, utriculis minoribus rostro breve et orificio vaginorum evoluto tubu- liformi facile distinguitur, atque a C. lithophila Turcz. sibirica, cui habitu proxima, differt inflorescentia compacta paucispiculosa spiculorum utriculo- rumque coloratione et utriculis minoribus semicoriaceis subsessilibus rostroque forma. 29. C. diplasiocarpa V.Krecz. sp. nov.— C. Schreberi Kom. Fl. Mandsh. | (1901) 361, non Schrank. — C. praecox Kom. et Klob.-Aliss. Key plants East. Reg. URSS I (1931) 282. Planta virescens non rigida, rhizomate longe repente, caulibus tenuibus trigonis superne scabris 20—40 cm altis, foliis planis subplanisve ad 2.5 mm latis culmo subaequilongis. Spiculae 5—8 ovatae vel oblongo-ovatae gyne- candrae (non raro mediae atque interdum supremae ex tot masculae vel sub- masculae) ad 1 cm lg. 0.8 cm lat. spicam ovatam ad 2—2.5 cm longam for- mantes, squamis lanceolatis carinantibus acutis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi lanceolato-ovati, teniter coriacei, 4.5—5 mm lg. plano-convexi basi rotun- dati sessiles ferrugineo-flavi e ventre multinerves e dorso 3—5-nervii superne (ad ?/, partem) anguste serrulato-alati in rostrum conicum elongatum biden- tatum recte (lateribus esinuatis) contracti. Hab. in pratis Orientis Extremi URSS et Mandshuriae adjacentis. Typus: in viciniis pag. Troitzkoje prope lacum Chanka, Ne 78, 21 V 1909 (pl. florif.) et 10 VI 1909 (pl. fructif.), A. Czerski et M. Czerska lege- runt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. praecoce Schreb., urticulis subduplo longioribus lanceolatis conico- longerostratis atque squamis brevioribus, spiculis longioribus coloratione pallescente et mollitia distinguitur. 30. C. Ijimii V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. pallida f. elegans Kik. ih Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 51.— C. brizoides Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 317, quoad pl. Martianow, ex Minussinsk (sec. sched. Meinsh.). Planta laete virens, rhizomate repente tenui, culmis gracilibus triquetris 15—45 cm altis, foliis planis epapillosis 1.5—2 (2.5) mm latis apice longe attenuatis. Spiculae in numero 3—6, androgynae vel mediae (raro aut termi- nales) masculae vel mere masculae ovatae 5—7 mm lg. appressae superne congestae, squamis ovatis acutiusculis carinatis subferrugineis marginibus hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi membranacei lanceolati vel oblongo- lanceolati 3.8—4.2 mm longi plano convexi tenuiter nervulosi (praecipue e dorso), supra basin ad apicem angustissime setuloso-alati in rostrum ab- breviatum rectum antice ferrugineum fissum et hyalino marginatum sensim contracti. 468 In silvis coniferis subalpinis praeterea in nano-pinetis (ex quibus enim in tundra alpina progredit) montium Sajanensium et Baicalensium ab jugo Abakanensi orientem versus usque ad Dahuriam selenghensem et akschaeen- sem et Mongoliam kenteicam. Typus: Montes Sajanenses, regio Tunka, in valle fl. Oka superior, adversus Buksoi, 7 VIII 1902, V. Komarov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. accrescenti Ohwi (C. pallida C. A. M. olim) bene differt utri- culis et follis epapillosis, foliis angustioribus longe attenuatis, utriculis haud divaricatis minoribus angustioribusque tenuiter nervulosis vix alatis atque rostro brevi rectoque. Nomen in honorem cl. M. M. Iljin, florae sajanensis exploratoris, datum est. 31. C. acrifolia V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. curaica var. rigida Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 317.--C. curaica Crossh. Ma. Kasx. I (1928) 159, non Kunth. — C. stenophylla C. A.M. in Verzeichn. Pflz. Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 30, non Whlb. Planta rhizomate repente, culmis trigonis basi incrassatis superne scabris + rectis 10—25 cm altis, basi vaginis latis fuscescentibus aphyllis vestitis, foliis planis margine subrevolutis 2.5—4 mm latis abbreviatis, rigidis subito acutatis substrictis. Spiculae numerosae (10—15) spicam oblongam interdum trilobatam ad 2 cm lg. formantes, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis ferrugineo-fuscis utriculis aequilongis. Utriculi oblongo-ovati tenuiter coriacei 3.5—4 mm lg. plano-convexi ferruginei basi rotundati stipitati ventre nervis inconspicuis instructi (e dorso enervii) marginibus vix alati superne scabri in rostrum elongatum scabrum bidentatum sensim contracti. Hab. in pratis humidisque subalpinis Caucasi austro-orientalis et cen- tralis (Daghestaniae, Atropataniae borealis, Armeniae et Ossetiae australis) usque ad 2000—2500 m. s. m. atque Persiae borealis. Typus: Daghestania australis, m. Tufandagh. 31 VII 1830, n° 181, C. A. Meyer legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. curaica Kunth, qua cum auctores nonnulli hanc speciem unificant, urticulis obsolete nervosis vix alatis oblongis, spicae forma atque foliis rigi- dioribus substrictis bene differt. 32. C. duriusculiformis Krecz. sp. nova. — C. duriuscula var. interrupta Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 85.—C. stenophylla var. duriuscula B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1925) 189, non Trautv. Planta cinerascenti viridis, rhizomate ramoso, caespites subdensos for- mans, culmis tenuibus obsolete trigonis sublaevibus 5—25 cm altis, foliis primum canaliculatis demum setiforme convolutis flexuosis, vaginis griseo- fuscis dilatatis subfibrillosis. Inflorescentia oblongo-ovata 0.7—1.8 cm lg. basi relaxata, spiculis 3—7 parvis paucifloris, squamis ovatis acutis infus- catis margine late hyalinis utriculos aequilongis. Utriculi ovati (3) 3.2—3.7 469 (4) mm lg. plano-convexi mellinei vel ferruginei basi rotundati breviter stipi- tati utrinque 5—7-nervi (maturi — subenervii fusci nitidi) in rostrum sublon- gum clare bidentatum scabrellum sensim contracti. In stepposis alpinis vario-herbosis, festucaceis vel schistosis et in pratis alpinis siccis in altitud. 3000—4500 m s. m. montium Tian-Schan, Pamiro- Alaj, Hindukusch, Karakorum et Kwen-Lun nec non in excelsioribus Serindiae et Tibetiae totae. Typus: montes Alajici—in collibus prope hibernaculum Tschapkan- Deves in valle flum. Dara, 23 VI 1913, sub n° 1333 N. A. Dessiatova legit (fr. immat.) et ib., in valle Alajico ripa sinistra rivuli Bir-dshar (in declivitate ad flum. Kisyl-ssu) n° 29, VI 1913, sub n° 1464, eadem legit —ambae in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservantur. A C. uralensi C. B. Clarke et sequente habitu humiliore, foliis setiformi convolutis, spica minus relaxata, utriculis minoribus oblongis, squamis minime hyalinis, angustioribus et a C. duriuscula C. A. M., cui habitu simillima, differt utriculis nervosis rostratis spica longiore squamis longioribus. 33. C. stenophylloides V. Krecz. in Wa. Typxm. I, 2 (1932) 230, tabl 93.— C. stenophylla Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 120, quoad pl. As. Med., ex p.; B. Fedtsch. in A. H. P. XXXVIII (1924) 188, (excl. var.) ex p. — C. stenophylla var. pellucida Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 84, ex p. Planta rigida glaucescenti-viridis, rhizomate incrassato funiculiformi surculos densos aggregatos gerente, culmis obtusato-trigonis sublaevibus 15—45 ecm alt. basi vaginis solidis cinereo fuscis obtectis, foliis rigidis sub- planis vel subconvolutis culmo aequilongis 2—3 mm lat. Spiculae 4—10 divaricatae in spicam densam divaricatam oblique pyramidatam 1—2.5 cm lg. congestae, squamis ovatis acutis castaneo-fuscis margine hyalinis utriculis sub- aequilongis. Utriculi semicoriacei late ovati vel late-elliptici 3—4 mm lg. plano-convexi ventre nervis 12—18 tenuibus superne evanescentibus percursi dorso subenervii subsessiles in rostrum abbreviatum subconicum scabrum breviter bidentatum subsensim contracti. Hab. in locis salsis et subsalsis desertis et deserto-steppaceis submon- tanis usque ad 1500 m. alt. Asiae Mediae, Affghaniae, Persiae borealis, Armeniae turcicae nec non Transcaucasiae. Typus: Asia Media (Heptopotamia), in viciniis urbis Kopal, n° 2658, 22 V1 1909 (fructif.), V. Lipsky legit—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. stenophylla Whlib. et C. uralensi C. B. Clarke, quibus proxima, urticulis late ovatis (fere subrotundatis) subsessilibus brevirostratis evanescen- ti-nerviis (dorso subenerviis) spica densa divaricata et structura robustiore et squamis fere toto pellucidis majoribus differt. 34. C. rigescens (Franch.) V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. stenophylla var. 470 rigescens Franch. Pl. David. I (1884) 318.—C. stenophylla var. pachystylis Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 121, quoad. pl. David. Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizomate surculos singulos gerente, caespites laxos formante, caulibus robustis_ trigonis laevibus 10—25 cm altis basi va- ginis + fibrillosis fuscescentibus vestitis, foliis planis vel subcanaliculatis 2—3 mm latis rigidiusculis scabriusculis. Spica 4—8-spiculata pyramidato- ovata, 1—2.5 cm longa pallescens sicut squamis vix ferrugineis marginibus latissime albo hyalinis, utriculis aequilongis vel longioribus. Utriculi tenuiter coriacei elliptici vel ovati3—4 mm lg. primum ventre paucinervosi demum subenervii breviter pedunculati in rostrum breve bidentatum scabrum sensim contracti. Hab. in locis flavo-argillosis subhumidis apertis Mongoliae interioris sinensis, Mandshuriae et Chinae borealis. Typus: Mongolia orientalis ,,Géhol, bords des chemins“, n° 1786, M. l'abbé A. David legit— in Herb. Inst. Ac. Sc. URSS, duplicatus in Herb. Musei Parisiensis conservatur. A speciebus collimitaneis C. duriuscula C. A. M. et C. stenophylloides mihi differt: a prima — utriculis oblongis majoribus, foliis planis, squamis pallidi- oribus longioribusque, a secunda— squamis dilatatis elongatis spica pallida utri- culis elongatis subenerviis, habitu utriculorum C. stenophyllae Whlb. similibus. 35. C. Szovitsii V. Krecz. sp. nova.— C. paniculata Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV (1863) 277, pro pl. cauc.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 313, ex p.; Grossh. Ma. Kasx. | (1928) 161; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 404, non L.— C. paniculata var. Favrati Grossh., |. c.— C. paniculata var. Favrati . robustior Kuk in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 182, quoad pl. cauc.—C. pani- culata var. latifolia C. A. M. in herb.—C. paniculata var. caucasica Lesk. in Journ. Soc. Bot. Russ. XVI, 1 (1931) 70, fig. 1. Planta cinerascenti-viridis dense caespitosa, culmis robustis trigonis scaberrimis 60—120 cm altis basi vaginis castaneo fuscis subfibrillosis aphyl- lis late vestitis, foliis planis 5—10 mm latis (specialiter juvenalibus) apice cucculato contractis deinde breviter incrassato subsubulatis scabris culmo brevioribus. Inflorescentia magna rhomboideo vel ovato paniculata (6— 9 cm lg. X 3.4 cm lat.), spiculis numerosissimis ramosa, ramis_ infimis declinatis vel subpatentibus, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineo-rufis margine late hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi coriacei ovati 3.8—4.5 mm lg. plano-convexi basi subcordati vel late rotundati brevipedunculati antice ner- vibus 3—5 evanescentibus postice — subenervii ferrugineo-fusci sublucidi a medio anguste serrulato-alati in rostrum curvulum nntice profunde fissum sensim contracti. Hab. in pratis subalpinis et paludibus aut secus rivulos usque ad 2000 m altit. in Caucaso centrali et occidentali atque in Lazistania turcica. Typus: Ossetia australis regionis Kudar, in prato humido loci Segaut, 1850 m alt., n° 28, 30 VII 1928. leg. E. et N. Busch — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. 471 A C paniculaia L. et C. Favrati Christ, quibus proxima, differt: a prima utriculis majoribus (3.8—4.5 mm nec 3 mm lg.) antice = nervulosis, squamis brevioribus minime hyalinis, foliis latioribus (S—10 mm nec 4—5 mm lat.) a secunda — magnitudine characteribusque praecedentibus. 36. C. Kabanovii V. Krecz sp. nova. Planta cinerascens laxe caespitosa, rhizomate stolones incrassatos breves emittns, culmis crassiusculis (ad 1 mm crassis) rectis compresso obsoleteque trigonis sulcatis laevibus 20—35 cm altis, foliis aut crassiusculis canaliculato- triquetris 1 mm latis apice subabrupte obtusatis basi marginibus scabris. Planta dioéca, spiculis solitariis: masculis—linearibus 1—1.5 cm lg., squamis oblongis aureo-rufis obtusis instructis, femineis— aut linearibus 1—1.5 cm lg. + densis 20—25-floris, squamis ovatis obtusis ferrugineis marginibus late hyalinis utriculo duplo brevioribus. Utriculi oblique erecti semicoriacei ovati vel elliptici 2.8—3.2 mm lg. inaequaliter biconvexi multinervii breviter stipitat. in rostrum subbreve laeveque apice albo-hyalinum ore oblique emarginato subabrupte contracti. Typus: In sphagnosis litoris orientalis ins. Sachalin adversus sinum maritimum Odoptu, 4 VIII 1930, n° 3428—29 a cl. N. Kabanov lecta: A C. Redowskiana C. A. M., cui consanguinea, stolonibus culmis foliis- que crassioribus (ad 1 mm nec 0.4 mm crassis), culmo recto laevi, spiculis multifloris (20—25-floris nec 5—12-floris) densioribus, utriculis latioribus minoribusque non declinatis differt. Nomen in honorem cl. N. E. Kabanov, florae sachalinensis investigatoris, datum est. 37. C. diastena V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. laeviculmis Kom. Fl. penins Kamtsch. I (1927) 233, ex p. non Meinsh. — C. laeviculmis var. kamtschatica Kom. in sched.— C. traiziscana Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 182, non F. Schmidt, ex p. Planta cinereo-viridis stolonifera laxe caespitosa, culmis trigonis tenuibus superne scabris, foliis rigidulis 1—1.5 (2) mm lat. subcanaliculatis rectis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae in numero 3—5 hemisphaericae divaricatae gynecan- drae apice aggregatae, rachide inflorescentiae geniculatim flexuoso, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineis carinatis=+ late hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utri- culi membranacei lanceolati 4—4.2 mm lg. plano-convexi glaucescenti-flavidi nervis tenuibus elevatis (antice 10—12, postice 6—8) percursi, pedicellis incrassatis subspongiosis, in rostrum laeve apice haud profunde fissum conico contracti. Hab. in turfosis peninsulae Kamtschatka nec non insulae Sachalin (Mitsuriyoka). Typus: In decursu fl. Paratunka, prope pag. Nikolajevskoje, in tundra muscosa inter fl. Tichaja et lacunas Paratunkae, 9 VII 1908 (fructif.), V. Ko- marov legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS. conservatur. 472 A C. pseudo-loliacea F. Schmidt, cui consanguinea, differt foliis subca- naliculatis 1—1.5 mm (nec 2—3 mm) latis, inflorescentia interrupta, rachide flexuoso, urticulis lanceolatis, rostro conico, squamis ferrugineis (nec pallidis) ; a C. traiziscana F. Schmidt rhizomate stolonifero, utriculorum forma et a C. laeviculmi Meinsh. inflorescentiae forma, rhizomate stolonifero et utriculis minoribus distinguitur. 38. C. hylaea V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. gracilis Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 281 (excl. syn.); Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 328, non Schkuhr. — C. canescens var. subloliacea Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 217, ex p., non Laest.— C. canescens var. subtenella Kiik., ib., 218.—C. ca- nescens var. tenuis O. F. Lang in Linnaea XXIV (1851) 538 — C. canescens var. faetevirens Aschr. in Fl. Brand. | (1864) 770. Planta debilis laetevirens laxe caespitosa, culmis tenuibus trigonis decum- bentibus superne scabriusculis 30—50 cm altis, foliis tenuibus elongatis mollibus 1—1.6 mm latis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae in numero 3—6 subhdistantes sphaericae vel late-ovatae 0.4—0.6 cm lg., inferiores bractea filiformi in- structae, squamis ovatis acutis carinatis, carina anguste viridi, marginibus late albo-hyalinis utriculis subduplo brevioribus. Utriculi obiongo-ovati mem- branacei 2.5—2.8 mm lg. plano-convexi virentes utrinque tenuiter nervulosi breviter stipitati in rostrum breve fere conicum subscabrum antice vix fissum sensim contracti. Hab. in silvis umbrosis subhumidis Europae orientalis nec non Sibiriae occidentalis. T y pus: Ingria, Obla, in pratis humidis umbrosis, 26 VI 1874 (fructif.), C. Meinshausen legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Videtur Carici canescenti L. species oecologica parallela est et ab ea coloratione laetevirente, mollitie, spiculis subglobosis paucifloris, squamis utri- culis subduplo (nec vix '/,—'/,) brevioribus, nervulis utriculi conspiciendis pallidis (nec obsoletis fuscescentibus) distinguitur. 39. C. amblyorhyncha V. Krecz. sp. nova. —C. Heleonastes Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 215, ex p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 64, ex p.; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 119, non Ehrh. Planta cinereo-viridis caespitosa, caulibus trigonis rectis scabris 10— 30 cm alt., foliis rigidulis planis subcarinatis 1.5—2 mm latis culmo breviori- bus. Spiculae 3—4 globosae vel ovatae pauciflorae vix 5 mm lg. paulo distan- tes, Squamis ovatis obtusis ferrugineis carina pallida marginibus _hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi tenuiter coriacei oblongo-elliptici 2.5—3 mm lg. plano-convexi flavidi apice ferruginei utrinque inconspicue 6—8-nervosi stipitati apice late conici suberostrati laeves antice vix fissi. Hab. in paludibus subalpinis Sibiriae altaicae, angaro-sajanensis, jacu- ticae et dahuricae nec non Mongoliae borealis. Typus: Ircutia in regione Tunca — montes Sajanenses, ad ripam lacus Iltschir, 19 VIII 1902 (fructif.), V. Komarov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. 473 A C. Heleonaste Ehrh., cui hahitu similis, squamis obtsis, rostro utricu- lorum conico obtusato laevi, utriculis minoribus et spiculis aggregatis differt. 40. C. Slobodovii V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C.ps eudo-foetida Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 115, ex. p. Planta laete-viridis, rhizomate breve repente laxe caespitoso, caulibus basi rotundatis + fistulosis superne trigonis et scabris 10—30 cm altis, foliis tenuibus flexilibus planis 2—4.5 mm latis culmo brevioribus longe attenuatis scabris. Spiculae in numero 6—12, spicam oblongam laxam basi interdum relaxam 1.5—2 cm lg. 1—1.5 cm lat. formantes, squamis oblongo- ovatis acutis ferrugincis marginibus hyalinis utriculis aequilongis. Utriculi membranacei ovati vel oblongo-ovati 3.5—4 mm lg. (1.5—1.8 mm lat.) plano- convexi antice obsolete nervosi breviter stipitati, in rostrum fissum vix scabrellum vel fere laeve sensim contracti. Hab. in declivibus paludosis alpinis salsugineis usque ad 3500 m alt. montium Pamiro-Alai occidentalium (in regionibus Zerawschan et Hissar, Sogdiana antiquorum). Typus: Tadschikistania, reg. Tavil-Dara, decliv. borealioccident. jugi Zagara, in clivo meridionali adversus p. Dara-Dshou, 3020 m alt. s. m., in prato humido caricineo, n° 112, 9 VII11933, a cl A. Slobodov lectus.—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. pseudo-foetida Kiik., cui consanguinea, caulibus scabris tenuibus (basi ad 1.5 mm nec 2—2.5 mm crassis) elongatis, foliis mollioribus planis, spica laxa relaxaque, utriculis oblongis et rostro scabrello differt. Nomen in honorem A. A. Slobodov florae Asiae Médiae investigatoris dilegentissimi. 41. C. similigena V. Krecz. sp. nova. Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizo- mate repente laxe caespitoso, culmis filiformibus applanato-trigonis flexuo- sis superne scabris 15—30 cm lg., foliis 1.5—2 mm latis setiformi-convolutis longe attenuatis flexuosis culmo subaequilongis superne scabris. Spiculae 2— 5 pauciflorae spicam angustam basi subinterruptam, 0.7—1.6 cm lg. formantes, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineis marginibus late hyalinis. Utriculi oblongo- ovati vel elliptici 3—3.5 mm lg. mellineo-flavi plano-convexi antice ad basin vix 3—4-nervulosi stipitati, in rostrum medium sublaeve vel vix scabrum sensim contracti. Hab. in salsis alpinis montium Tian-Schan Asiae Mediae. Typus: Tian-Schan centralis, reg. Przewalsk, in valle fl. Konurulen, n°n° 862 et 863, 1 VII 1908 (fr. immat. et matur.), R. Roshevitz legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. URSS conservatur. A C.enervi C. A. M. coloratione, habitu tenuiore gracillimo, foliis setifor- mibus longe attenuatis, utriculis minoribus + ovalibus apice vix scabrellis differt. 42. C. dichroandra V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. acutu Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV (1853) 313, quoad pl. cauc.—? C. gracilis var. libanotica Kiik. in Eng!. 474 Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 323.— C. gracilis var. angustifolia et tricostata Grossh. Ma. Kasx. | (1928) 163. Planta cinereo-viridis stolonifera, culmis robustis trigonis superne sca- briusculis interdum sublaevibus 30—90 cm altis, basi vaginis aphyllis Jateri- ceo-fuscis subnitidis obtectis, foliis planis 3—5 mm latis marginibus sub- revolutis sensim attenuatis culmo subaequilongis. Spiculae in numero 4—7, terminales 1—3 —d oblongae vel clavatae 3—8 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis obtusatis fuscis carina late alba, ceterae — Q cylindracae 5—7 cm lg. densae vel subdensae rectae, inferiores — pedunculatae, bracteis imis inflorescentiam superantibus, squamis lanceolatis acutis atro-fuscis, carina pallida valida apice incrassata, utriculis lingioribus et subduplo angustioribus. Utriculi late ovati 3 mm lg. biconvexi flavidofusci demum atro-fusci 3—5-nerves, rostro brevi truncato. Hab. ad ripas fluviorum Transcaucasiae et Turciae adjacentis. Typus: Transcaucasia, Dshawakhetia. Prope oppidum Akhalkalaki (Prov. Tiflis), ad ripam fluminis Toporovan-tschaj, 10 VI 1907, E. Bordzi- lowski legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. gracili Curt., cui proxima, coloratione cinerascenti, aphyllopodia, spiculis masculis incrassatis variegatis, squamis femineis incrassatis, culmo subglabro differt. 43. C. Knorringiae Kiik. (inedit.) ex B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII. 1 (1924) 201 — nomen nudum. Planta viridis, rhizomate repente, culmis trigonis scaberrimis 50— 70 cm altis basi vaginis aphyllis ochraceis subfibrillosis obtectis, foliis accrescentibus planis 2.5—3.5 mm latis marginibus subrevolutis subito acu- tatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 angustae cylindricae rectae, superior — 3 ad 4 cmlg., squamis ferrugineo-fuscis obtusis, caeterae —Q 2—4.5 cm lg. laxae, inferior — pedicellis ad 1.5 cm lg., bractea ima inflorescentiae subaequi- longa, squamis lanceolatis acutatis atro-fuscis utriculis sublongioribus. Utriculi (in statu juvenali) obovati ca 3 mm lg. enerves, rostro brevi vix emarginato. Ad aquam in loco unico Asiae Mediae regionis Osch: ad lacum Tschar- ajgyr, 5960 ped. alt. disposito, n° 140, 8 V 1913 (fr. immat.), O. Knorring legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. gracili Curt. aphyllopodia, utriculis enerviis differt et a C. fusco- vaginato Kiik., cui collimitanea, utriculis enervibus distinguitur. 44, C. sareptana V. Krecz. (indescrip.) in Maescx. , Da. Cpeau. Pocc.“, 6 usa. (1933) 190.— C. gracilis Litw. in Fl. Ross. Austr.-Or. Ill (1929) 297, quoad pl. Becker. ex p. Planta virescens vel laetevirens caespitosa, culmis acute trigonis superne scabris 70—85 cm altis, vaginis inferioribus brunnescentibus aphyllis (?), foliis non rigidis planis 3—4 mm latis marginibus revolutis culmo subae- quilongis. Spiculae in numero 4—6, terminales 2—3—6 condensatae 2— 475 6 cm lg. oblongae, squamis lanceolatis obtusis pallide ferrugineis, caeterae — 9 cylindraceae 3—6.5 cm lg. (0.4—0.6 cm lat.) densae vel subdensae rectae vel declinatae, imae — pedicellatae, squamis lanceolatis acutis ferrugineis dorso late pallido-carinatis marginibus anguste hyalinis utriculis subaequilongis vel brevioribus et multiplo angustioribus. Utriculi oblongo-elliptici 3—3.6 mm lg. (1.3—1.8 mm lat.) plano-convexi virentes vel virenti-ferruginei utrinque 7— 10-nervii stipitati rostro brevi cylindrico subemarginato. Hab. ad ripas in decursu inferiore fl. Volga. Typus: Sarepta. Tausch. leg. (fr. mat.)—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. fusco-vaginata Kiik. utriculis oblongis plano convexis (nec subin- flato-biconvexis) majoribus (3—3.6 mm lg. nec 2.5—3.2 mm lg.), spiculis femineis pallidis et coloratione bene differt et a C. appendiculata (Trautv.) Kik., cui videtur magis proxima, foliis latioribus viridioribus, spiculis pallidis, squamis non appendiculatis diversa est. 45. C. lineolata Cham. ex Meinsh. A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 338 (sub C. Schmidti) nomen — C. lineola C. A. M. ex Fries, Nov. fl. suec. Mant. Ill (1842) 145 nomen—C. Schmidtii Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. | (1927) 238; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. | (1927) 187, ex p., non Meinsh. Planta viridis, rhizomate caespitoso, caulibus trigonis scabris validulis 15—50 cm alt., basi vaginis brevibus latis castaneis subnitentibus vestitis, foliis 3—4 mm latis planis apice + subito acuminatis marginibus revolutis. Spiculae 3—5 approximatae subsessiles: terminales 1—2— d obovatae vel incrassato-clavatae 1—15 cm lg., caeterae (1—2)—9 ovatae vel breviter cylindraceae 0.8—2 cm lg., bractea ima inflorescentia breviore, squamis ovatis obtusatis atro-fuscis, nervo dorsali pallido inconspicuo percursis, utri- culis aequilongis vel brevioribus. Utriculi membranacei elliptici vel ovati 2—2.5 mm Ig. plano-convexi vel biconvexi -(sed non turgidi) cinerascenti- virides enervii rostro brevi vix emarginato, ore purpureo, marginibus laevibus vel subsetulosulis. Habitat in tundra paludosa Anadyrensi et Kamtschatica. Typus: Insula Koraginsk (ex herb. Chamisso)—in Herb. Inst. Bot- Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Schmidtii Meinsh., cui proxima, utriculis ellipticis applanatis (nec inflatis) rostro emarginato, squamis obtusatis brevioribus atricoloribus, spicu- lisque atris ovatis densis ad 2 cm lg. 46. C. retorta (Fries) V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. caespitosa var. retorta Fries in Bot. Notis. (1843) 101. Planta flavescenti-viridis dense caespitosa, culmis scabris tenuibus 50—80 cm altis apice subnutantibus, basi vaginis purpureis opacis vestitis, foliis accrescentibus planis 2—2.5 mm latis elongatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—4 subdistantes: terminalis — dé clavatus ad 3—4 mm lg., squamis lanceolatis ferrugineis, caeterae — Q oblongae vel cylindricae 1.5—3 cm lg. 476 relaxae vel basi rariflorae subdeclinatae brevipedunculatae, bractea ima spiculam suam superantibus, squamis lanceolatis acutis vel acutatis ferrugi- neis et ferrugineo-fuscis, carina pallida, utriculis vulgariter subaequilongis vel sublongioribus. Utriculi elliptici inaequaliter biconvexi 3 mm lg. enerves cenerascenti-virides, in rostrum abrupte subsensim contracti. In paludosis Europae boreali-occidentalis. Typus: Upsala in Saby-trask. E. Fries, Herb. norm. fasc. XI. (fr. mat.) in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. caespitosa L. rhizomate dense caespitoso spiculis elongatis, utri- culis magis elongatis, squamis acutatis longioribus differt. 47. C. fusco-cuprea (Kiik.) V. Krecz. sp. nova.— C. limosa var. fusco cuprea Kiik. ex Matsum. Ind. pl. Jap. II, 1 (1905) 118 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 505; Miyabe et Kudo, FI. of Hokk. and Sagh. II (1931) 255; Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sc. Hokk. Univ., ser. 5, VI, 1 (1932) 160, fig. 106. Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizomate breviter repente, culmis trigcnis laevibus 15—30 cm altis inferne foliiferis, basi vaginis integris rubro-fuscis vestitis, foliis rigidulis longe attenuatis planis 1—1.5 mm latis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae in numero 2—3 subdistantes: terminalis — ¢ recta lineari-lanceo- lata, squamis angustis ferrunineo-fuscis acutisque, caeterae—Q, ovato- lanceolatae ad 3 cm lg. (1.2 cm lat.) apice fere semper masculae pedunculis tenuibus nutantes, bractea ima vaginis vix 1—2 mm lg. lamina spiculam suam non superante, squamis oblongo-ovatis sensim acutatis ferrugineofuscis utriculos longioribus aequilatis. Utriculi ovati vel late ovati 4 mm lg. caesii costato nervosi basi apiceque rotundati laeves, rostro brevi vix emarginato. Hab. in paludibus et pratis humidis insulae Sachalin nec non insu- lorum Kurilensium. Typus: Japonia, Yeso, Jubutsu—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. limosa L., cui consanguinea, foliis, planis, squamis oblongis sensim (nec subito) acutatis ferrugineo-fuscis (nec cupreis), rhizomate breviter stolo- nifero differt. 48. C. decaulescens V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. caucasica B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 207, ex p.—C. caucasica var. abbreviata Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 88 —C. caucasica yar. brac- teata Litw., ibid., 89. Planta procera cinereo-viridis, rhizomate caespitante breviter stolo- nifero, culmis tenuibus trigonis superne scabris 35—70 cm lg., basi vaginis aphyllis rubrofuscis obtectis, foliis accrescentibus 3—5S mm lg. marginibus revolutis breviter acutatis culmo duplo brevioribus basi demotis. Spiculae in numero 3—4 capitato-condensatae rectae sessiles (interdum ima distanti brevi pedunculata) ovatae 0.8—1.2 cm lg. 0.5—0.9 cm lat.: terminalis — gynecandra caeterae —9Q, bractea infima vix evoluta seti-vel squamiformi, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineo-fuscis nervo dorsali ferrugineo utriculis 477 brevioribus. Utriculi oblongo-elliptici, 4—4.5 mm lg. applanato-trigoni ferru- gineo-aurei enervii stipitati, in rostrum breve bidentato-emarginatum subsensim contracti. Hab. in schistosis et lapidosis humidis et in angustiis ad rivulos in alt. ca 2—3000 m partis occidentalis Asiae Mediae alpinae. Typus: Tian-Schan occidentalis, ad riv. Andaulgan, infra confluvionem, 23 VII 1897 (fr. submatur.), B. Fedtschenko legit— in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. caucasica Stev., cui consanguinea, culmo valde elongato, spiculis capitato-condensatis densis ovatis apice obtusis, utriculis oblongioribus, enervibus fuscescentibus, squamis ovatis utriculo brevioribus differt. 49. C. perfusea V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. atrata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 287, quoad pl. sibir.; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 271; Meinsh. in A.H. P. XVIII (1901) 347, ex p., non L. — C. atropurpurea Fisch. ex Trevir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXVI 1 (1863) 538 (nomen), non Bcklr.; Trautv. Incr. fl. Ross. IV (1884) 812. — C. atrata var. aterrima Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 398, ex p., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 108—C. loncho- saccus C. B. Clarke in Kew. Bull. Misc. Inf., Add. ser., VIII (1908) 77, quoad pl. Turczan. Planta viridis vel pallide ‘viridis, rhizomate crasso brevique dense caespitoso, culmis validis superne scabris 50—80 cm altis basi vaginis purpureis aphyllis obtectis, foliis planis 4—7 cm latis breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 4—7, fasciculatim congestae nutantes relaxae brevi- pedunculatae, terminalis — gynecandra ovata, caeterae — Q oblongae vel cla- vato-obovatae 1.5—3 cm lg. 0.7—0.9 cm lat. apice rotundatae, bractea ima inflorescentiam superante, squamis ovatis acutulis ferrugineo-fuscis vel atro-fuscis nervo dorsali pallidiore marginibus anguste hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi elliptici 4—4.5 mm lg. applanato-trigoni violascenti- ferruginei basi obsolete nervulosi subsessiles, rostro bidentato emarginato. Hab. in humidis alpinis Sibiriae, Mongoliae et Asiae Mediae boreali- orientalis nec non Arcticae sibiricae orientalis. Typus: Sibiria, prov. Tomsk, distr. Zmeinogorsk, in partibus superio- ribus fluminum Czernovaja et Birjuksa, in tundra alpina, n° 355, 4 VIII 1910 (fr. mat.), M. P. Fomin legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Medwedewii Lesk., cui proxima, foliis breviter acutatis, inflore- scentia racemosa nutanti laxa, spiculis 4—7 (nec 3—5) clavato-oblongis majoribus, utriculis basi evanescenti-nervibus violascentibus, squamis longio- ribus et a C. aterrima Hoppe, cui autem proxima, foliis breviter acutatis pallescentibus, spiculis atro-purpureis (nec atratis), squamis brevioribus, utriculis basi nervulosis differt. 50. C. aequivoca V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. atrata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 287, ex p.; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII (1901) 347, ex p.; Grossh. Wa. Kasx. | (1928) 165, ex p., non L.—C. atrata var. nigra Meinsh., | ¢.; 478 Litw. in Sched. ad H.F.R. IV (1902) 69, non Boott.— C. nigra Grossh., l. ¢., non Bell. —C. atrofusca Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV (1813) 108; C. A. M. Verzeichn. Pflz. Cauc.-Casp. (1831) 30, non Schkuhr. Planta rigida vel flavo-viridis + dense caespitosa breviter stolonifera, culmis superne attenuatis laevibus vel sublaevibus 15—40 cm altis, basi vaginis latericeis subfibrillosis aphyllis obtectis, foliis rigidulis planis 3— 5 mm latis marginibus revolutis abbreviatis breviter acutatis basi congestis culmo duplo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 congestae vel subcongestae, termi- nalis— gynecandra, caeterae —Q late ovatae 1—2 cm lg. 0.6—0.8 cm lat. densae apice obtusae, bractea ima setiformi inflorescentiam subaequilonga, squamis ovatis acutatis vel obtusatis atro-fuscis nervo dorsali marginibusque concoloribus utriculis subaequilongis et + angustioribus. Utriculi elliptici vel late elliptic! 3—3.5 mm lg. applanato-trigoni enervii flavidi subsessiles, rostro breve atro bidentato-emarginato. Hab. in pratis alpinis alt. 2400—3000 m Caucasi. Typus: Prov. Tiflis distr. Gori (Cartalinia) in declivio occid. mont. Tskhra-Tskhar6, 1—2 VI 1916 (fr. mat.), P. N. Krylov et E. I. Steinberg legerunt atque in prato alpino montis Tskhra-Tskhro-mta, 12 VI 1907 (flor. et fr. immat.), E. Bordzilowski legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS con- servatur. A C. atrata L., C. perfusca m. et C. Medwedewii Lesk., quibus similis et proxima, his characteribus differt: a prima — spiculis unilateraliter capitato- congestis apice obtusis densis, squamis latioribus et obtusioribus utriculo brevioribus, utriculis apice rotuzdatis, in rostrum subito contractis, a se- cunda-—culmo breviore, foliis basi congestis spiculis brevioribus, utriculis pallidis et squamis longioribus aut a tertia —statura minore, culmo sublaevi utriculis minoribus. 51. C. pauxilla V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. atrefusca Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 553 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 149, quoad pl. ajan.; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 122, ex Planta viridis, rhizomate repente pre vanahely breviter stolonifero, culmis tenuibus apice nutantibus trigonis superne scabris 20—40 cm altis in parte inferiore foliatis, basi vaginis brunnescentibus fibrillosis obtectis, foliis planis mollibus paucis 2—-3 mm latis breviter acutatis culmo duplo-triplo brevio- ribus. Spiculae in numero 2—5 subcongestae: terminales 1—2 — 4, obovatae vel oblongae 0.6—1.3 cm lg., squamis ovatis acutiusculis ferrugineis, caeterae —Q obovatae et oblongo-clavatae 1—2.2 cm lg. (0.5—0.6 cm lat.) laxulae nutantes pedunculis tenuibus scabris ad 3 cm lg., bractea ima foliata inflorescentiae subaequilonga, spuamis ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis obtusatis rubro-ferrugineis dorso pallido utriculis perbrevibus et angustio- ribus. Utriculi ovati vel ovato-elliptici 3.5—4 mm lg. plano-convexi enervii superne rubro-ferruginei basi et ad margines pallidi, rostro perbrevi fusco scyphiformi vix emarginato. 479 Hab. in pratis alpinis dahurico-jacuticis et montium Ochotensium Sibiriae Orientalis. Typus: Dahuria, Angara Superior, in loco humido trajectus Jaktschij- Dzelinda, n° 923, 24 VII 1912 (fr. submat), V. Sukatschev et H. Poplavska legerunt —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. behringensi C. B. Clarke et C. musartiana Kiik., quibus collimi- tanea, utriculis enervibus rubro-ferrugineis, squamis obtusatis perbrevibus, spiculis ferrugineo-fuscis concoloribus, culmo elongato differt. 52. C. musartiana Kiik. sp. nova (inedit.) ex B. Fedtsch. XX XVIII, 1 (1934) 206, nomen solum — C. ustulata a typica Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1808) 571, ex p. Planta virescens, rhizomate brevi + caespitoso, culmis trigonis scabris 30—40 cm altis, basi vaginis subcastaneis fibrillosis obtectis, foliis rigidulis planis 3—4 mm latis breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3— 5 subdistantes: terminalis — d oblongo-obovata recta, squamis ovatis fusces- centibus subacutis, ceterae— Q ovatae et oblongo-ovatae 1—2 cm lg. 0.5—0.6 cm lat. laxulae nutantes pedunculis tenuibus laevibus ad 3 cm lg., bractea ima inflorescentiae subaequilonga, squamis oblongo-ovatis scutis ferrugineo-fuscis nervo pallido utriculis aequilongis. Utriculi (immaturi) oblongo-elliptici obsolete trigoni 4 mm lg. flavo-virides 5—6-nervii sessiles, rostro brevi ferrugineo cylindrico vix emarginato. Typus: Asia Media, m. Tian-Schan, Issyk-kul, Musart, VIII 1877 (fr. immat.), A. Regel legit. — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. behringensi C. B. Clarke, cui proxima, utriculis apice laevibus, squamis aequilongis, pedunculis spicularum laevibus differt et a praecedente utriculis nervosis, squamis acutis, pedicellis spicularum laevibus diversa est. 53. C. melanostoma Fisch. (errore — melastoma) ex Boott, Ill. gen. Carex II (1860) 100 nomen sub C. Tol/miei; Trautv. Incr. Fl. Ross. IV (1884) 318. — C. podocarpa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 352, quoad pl. kamtsch. — C. Tolmiei Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 193.—C. Toimiei var. longius- cula Hultén, ib., 195.—C. Tolmiei var. invisa Kiik. in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 110; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 249.—C. atrofusca Kom., ib., 194.—C. atrofusca var. fulvicoma Kom., ib., 261 (excl. syn.) — C. Krascheninnikovii Kom., ex Hultén., |. c., 194 (nomen). — ? C. macrochaeta var. paramushirensis Kudo in Journ. Coll. Agr. Hokk. Univ. XI, 2 (1922) 81. Planta flavo-viridis, rhizomate brevi lignoso stolonifero, culmis vali- dulis acute trigonis laevibus 20—40 cm altis in parte inferiore foliatis basi vaginis ochraceis vel castaneis fibrillosis obtectis, foliis rigidulis planis 3—5 (6) mm latis marginibus revolutis sublaevibus breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 subcongestae: terminales fess Gs oblongo- lanceolatae 1—2 cm lg., squamis oblongo-ovatis obtusatis spadiceo-fuscis, caeterae — © ovatae vel oblongae 1—2.5 cm lg. laxulae, pedicellis ad 2 cmlg., interdum spicula infima distans longepedunculata nutans, bractea ima vix inflorescentiae aequilonga, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis ferrugineis vel 480 castaneis nervo pallido utriculis brevioribus angustioribusque. Utriculi oblongo ovati vel oblongo-elliptici 4.5—5 mm lg. applanato-trigoni viriduli ferrugineo- maculati 4—5-nervulosi sessiles apice laeves, rostro cylindrico fusco dilatato- emarginato. Hab. in herbosis peninsulae Kamtschatka et insularum adjacentium (Pribylovensium et Kurilensium nec non Unalaschka). Typus: Ins. Pribylovenses, ins. Sancti Pauli. Langsdorff communicavit in Herb. Fischer., (pl. florif.) — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A praecedentibus similibus culmo, pedicellis spiculorum et utriculis majoribus oblongioribus differt et a C. Tolmiei Boott utriculis majoribus imprimis diversa est. 54. C. mimula V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. parviflora Kryl. in Fl. Sib. Occ. III (1929) 476, non Host. Planta flavescenti-viridis, rhizomate brevi caespitoso breviter stolonifero, culmis validulis trigonis rectis sublaevibus 20—25 cm altis, basi vaginis purpureis vix carinatis aphyllis vestitis, foliis rigidulis strictis planis 2.5— 4 mm lat. margine revolutis breviter acutatis culmo subduplo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 capitulam lobatam divaricatam formantes, interdum inferior — brevipedunculata subdistans, terminalis— gynecandra majuscula, caeterae — d dense ovatae vel oblongo-ovatae 0.6—1.2 cm lg. 0.4—0.6 cm lat., bractea ima foliacea inflorescentiam superante, squamis ovatis obtusatis atrofuscis nervo concolore marginibus anguste hyalinis utriculis subbrevioribus. Utriculi obovati tuberculato-granulosi trigoni 2.5 mm lg. enervii virescenti- vel olivaceo-ferruginei basi late cuneati apice rotundati laeves vel vix scabrelli, rostro brevi recto emarginato. Hab. in regione alpina muscoso-lichenosa monitum Altaicorum Sibiriae. Typus: Altai, reg. Bijsk, in parte superiore fl. Anui Niger, in tundra muscoso-lichenosa cacuminis Talitski bielok, n° 118b, 12 VII 1928 (fr. matur.), E. G. Pobedimova legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Halleri Retz., cui consanguinea, utriculis majoribus, squamis obtusatis, spiculis 3—5 (nec 1—3) majoribus, culmis validioribus laevibus differt et a Caricibus: malanocephala Turcz., oligantha Steud. et Angarae Steud., quibus habitu proxima, characteribus sequentibus diversa est: a prima et secunda —utriculis minoribus, granulosis et a tertia — utriculis enervibus 55. C. adelostoma V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. Buxbaumii var. alpicola Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. ed. 1 (1820) 41; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 39. Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 394. Planta coerulescenti-viridis, stolones tenues emittens, culmis tenuibus trigonis scaberrimis 15—35 cm lg. basi vaginis purpureo-rubris aphyllis vestitis, foliis rigidulis planis (basi subcarinatis) 2—3 mm latis breviter acutatis strictis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—4, superiores — congestae, inferiores — 481 subdistantes sessiles densae, terminalis — gynecandra vel tota mascula clavato- ovata 1—1.5 cm lg., caeterae — Q ovatae vel oblongae 0.8—1.5 cm lg. 0.6— 0.7 cm lat., bractea ima inflorescentiam aequilonga, squamis ovatis acumi- natis ferrugineo-fuscis dorso cuneatim viridi utriculos brevioribus vel aequilon- gis. Utricili elliptici vel late elliptici papillosi trigono-convexi 2.5—3 mm lg. nervis 3—4 costatis obsoletis cinereo-virides basi apiceque rotundati, rostro Subnullo fusco emarginato. Hab. in paludosis arcticis et alpinis Fenno-Scandiae, Kareliae (in m. Chibiny) et URSS polaris oriente usque ad peninsulam Jamal. Typus: Lapponia murmanica, Tjuva-guba prope urb. Murmansk, ad ripam fluvii, n° 7762, 25 VI 1921, M. I. Nasarov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS conservatur. A C. Buxbaumii Whlb., cui consanguinea, utriculis erostratis, squamis acutis (nec aristulatis) minoribus utriculo brevioribus (nec + longioribus) differt 56. C. emasculata V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. Buxbaumii var. australis Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 39; Litw. in Sched. ad H.F.R. VII (1911) 152. C. Buxbaumii var. heterostachya Litw., ib., 153.— C. Buxbaumii var. macro- stachya Hartm. Handb. Scand. Fl. ed. 5 (1849) 268; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 394. — C. Buxbaumii var. cylindrica Russow in Arch. Naturk. Liv. Est. Kurl., 2 ser., IIl (1862) 102. Planta viridis, stolones répentes emittens, culmis tenuibus trigonis superne scabris 40—70 cm altis basi vaginis latericeo-rubris reticulatim fissis vestitis, foliis strictis rigidulis 2—3 mm lat. marginibus revolutissimis setiforme attenuatis culmo brevioribus. Spriculae 3—5 subdistantes laxulae, terminalis — gynecandra basi pauci mascula vel vix mascula, anguste cylindrica basi interdum ramosa, caeterae—Q cylindricae 1.5—4 cm lg. 0.4—0.6 ci lat., bractea ima inflorescentiam subaequilonga, squamis lanceolatis sensim setoso- acutatis ferrugineo-fuscis nervo pallido utriculis aequilongis vel vix longiori- bus. Utriculi elliptici obsolete trigoni epapillosi 2.5—3 mm lg. viriduli demum flavido-ferruginei, nervis 5—6 tenuibus conspicuis percursi, basi apiceque rotundati, rostro angustato emarginato, dentibus rectis, ore fusco. Hab. in silvis et silvulis frondosis, fruticetisque solo humoso Europae totae, Sibiriae occidentalis et Caucasi nec non in silvaticis Kasakstaniae. Typus: Ingria, Sestroretsk — Dubki, in silvis frondosis solo humoso, 3 VII 1888 (fr. mat), C. Meinshausen legit — sub nomine C. Buxbaumii var. polygama in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Buxbaumii Whib., cui similis, spiculis cylindraceis ssh adethh (0.4—0.6 cm nec 0.8—1 cm lat.) utriculis viridulis vel fuscescenti-viridulis, rostro anguste (nec late) emarginato, denticulis rectis (nec divaricatis) differt. 57. C. chaleodeta V. Krecz. sp.nova.—C. pallescens B glaberrima C. Koch in Linnaea, XXI (1848) 612. — C. pallescens Grossh. Da. Kask. | (1828) 106 et auct. fl. Cauc., ex. p. 482 Planta viridis, rhizomate brevi dense caespitoso, culmis tenuibus trigonis sublaevibus 20—50 cm altis, vaginis basalibus rubescenti-brunneis aphyllis, foliis planis 3—4 mm latis glabris (sed vaginis eorum plus minusve sparse pilosulis) breviter acuminatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5, sub- congestae: terminalis— d clavata ad 1.5 cm lg., squamis acutis cupreo- rubris vel pallide ferrugineis, caeterae — Q ovatae vel oblongae 0.5 1.5cmlg., pedunculis rectis, bractea ima basi non undulata inflorescentiam superante, Squamis ovatis cupreo rubris subtrinervibus, nervo centrali pallido in aristulam setuliformem subrecurvam abeunte, utriculis aequilongis vel paululo longiori- bus. Utriculi oblongo-elliptici turgidulo-trigoni 3 mm lg. smaragdinei tenuiter nervosi, apice erostrati vel rostro vix conspicuo ore flavo. Hab. in pratis subalpinis, decliviis, fruticetis silvisque usque ad _ alt. 2500 m. Caucasi, Lazistaniae et Armeniae. Typus: prov. Tiflis, reg. Akhalkalaki, in decliviis meridionalibus lacus Tabistskhuri, 6 VII 1916 (fr. mat.), P. Krylov et E. Steinberg legerunt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. pallescenti L., cui consanguinea, culmis sublaevibus et laevibus, foliis glabris, bractea non undulata, squamis intense cupreis longioribus, utriculis smaragdineis 3 mm (nec 3—3.5 mm) longis distinguitur. 58. C. stilbophaea V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. ustulata Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 295, quoad. pl. alt.; C. A. M. in Ldb. FI. Alt. IV (1833) 232; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 356, ex p.; Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 342; Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 277, non Whlb.— C. atrofusca Kiik. in Engl Pflzr. 1V, 20 (1909) 553, quoad pl. sibir. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 149; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 122, quoad pl. sajan. Planta pallide vel flavido-viridis, rhizomate stolonifero laxe caespitoso, culmis obsolete trigonis rectis apice nutantibus laevibus 20—50 cm altis, basi vaginis brunnescentibus, foliis non rigidis planis 3—5 mm latis breviter acumi- natis scabriusculis subrosulatis culmo multo brevioribus. Spiculae 2—5, sub- congestae, terminalis— 4 obovata 0.7—1.5 cm lg. nutans, squamis oblongis atrifuscis acutiusculis; caeterae — Q obovatae vel subclavatae 1.2—2.5(3) cm Ilg.0.5 cm lat. densae, pedunculis tenuibus laevibus ad 2 cm lg., bracteis imis cum vaginis ad 1—1.5 cm lg. laminisque inflorescentiam superantibus, squamis lanceolatis setuloso-acuminatis atrifusco-rubris, nervo pallido utriculis duplo anyustioribus et longioribus apice subaequilongis. Utriculi elliptici vel oblongo- elliptici plani 4—5 mm lg. in parte superiore purpureo-fusci demum nitentes enerves subsessiles apice rotundati marginibus subsetulosi, rostro brevi vix emarginato hyalino-coronato. Hab. in pratis alpinis m. Altaicorum et Sajanensium Sibiriae. - Typus: Ircutia, m. Sajanenses regionis Tunka, in valle Norin-Chore, 3 VIII 1902 (fr. mat.), V. Komarov legit—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C@. atrofusca Schkuhr, cui consanguinea, utriculis maturis nitidis 483 subito in rostrum abeuntibus, squamis brevioribus foliis breviter acuminatis abbreviatis, coloratione differt. -59. C. oxyleuca V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. ustulata Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 356, quoad pl. turkest. — C. ustulata « typica Rgl. in A.H. P. VII (1880) 571. —C. atrofusea Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 20 (1909) 552, quoad pl. turkest.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 215—C. atrofusca var. minor Kik., |. c., 554; B. Fedtsch., |. c., 216. Planta cinerascenti-viridis breviter stolonifera, culmis validulis trigonis laevibus 10—30 cm alt., foliis abbreviatis rigidis strictis planis paulo revolutis 3—4 mm lat. breviter acuminatis sublaevibus culmo duplo-triplo brevioribus. Spiculae 2—5 subcongestae, terminales 1—2— d ovatae 0—1 cm lg. nutantes, squamis ovatis acutatis atrifuscis, caeterae—Q ovatae vel oblongo-ovatae 1—1.5 cm lg. densae declinatae vel nutantes, pedunculis incrassatis 2— 3 cm lg., bractea vagina ad 1—1.5 cm lg. et lamina inflorescentiae aequi- longa, squamis ovatis acutis atro-fuscis carina in parte superiore albida utriculis subbrevioribus. Utriculi oblongo-elliptici vel oblongo-ovati plani 5 mm lg. atro-fusci vel apice pallescentes enervii marginibus scabrellis, in rostrum subconicum scabrellum apice albo-marginatum subsensim contracti. Hab. in pratis alpinis montium Asiae Mediae. Typus: Fergana, reg. Marghelan, in prato humido salebroso alpino prope trajectum Ters-Agar, n° 1354, 24 VI 1913 (fr. submat.), N. Dessiatova legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS conservatur. A C. stilbophaea mihi et atrofusca Schkuhr, quibus consanguinea, squamis apice albo-apiculatis, spiculis magis congestis rectioribusque, peduncu- lis vix declinatis et incrassatis, altitudine et coloratione differt. 60. C. Gorodkovii V. Krecz. sp. nova. Planta dilute vel caesio-viridis, rhizomate subrepente stolonifero laxe caespitoso, culmis subtrigonis laevibus 10—30 cm altis basi vaginis rubro- brunneis dissolutis obtectis, foliis regidulis planis 2.5—4.5 mm latis margini- bus scabris apice attenuatis circinantibus culmo subaequilongis. Spiculae in numero 3—5 distantes, terminalis ovato-lanceolata 1.5—2 cm longa, squamis late lanceolatis acutatis ferrugineo-rubris, caeterae — Q lineari-lanceo- latae 2—4 (5) cm longae relaxae basi rariflorae, pedicellis tenuibus scabris usque ad 3—4 cm iongis nutantibus, bractea ima vaginis 1—1.2 cm longis laminis spiculae aequilongis, squamis lanceolatis vel oblongo-obovatis obtu- satis ferrugineo-fuscis carina viridi + aristulatis apice albo-marginatis utri- culis subaequilongis vel brevioribus. Utriculi membranacei trigoni lanceolati, 4—5 mm longi virescentes demum apice infuscati enervii pedicellati superne et ad margines + setulosi in rostrum perbreve dilatatum subintegrum albo marginatum subsensim contracti. In schistosis Ochotiae Orientis Exstremi URSS. (Nagajevo, Penshina). Typus: Sinus Touj, in schistosis montanis prope Nagajevo, 4 VII 1932, 484 B. N. Gorodkov et B. A. Tichomirov legerunt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. 61. C. Meinshauseniana V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. frigida var. densa Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 359; Grossh. Ma. Kas. | (1928) 171. — C. frigida Alb. Prodr. Fl. Colch. (1895) 252.—-C. ferruginea Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou, IV (1813) 68, non Scop. — C. capillaris Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 414, ex p., non L.—C. sempervirens ssp. tristis var. pendulina Kiuk. in Bull. Hérb. Boiss., 2 sér., IV (1904) 58 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 570. — C. tristis var. pendulina Grossh., |. c., 172. — C. tristis var. orthostachya Bordz. in herb.—C. fimbriata Grossh., |. c.. 172.—C. hispidula var. karaczaica E. Busch. in Act. Hort. Bot. Jurjev, X, 1 (1909) 1, fig. 1. Planta viridis, rhizomate obliquo dense caespitoso, culmis tenuibus nutantibus trigonis superne scabriusculis 30—70 cm lg., basi, vaginis brun- nescentibus valde fibrillosis vestitis, foliis mollibus elongatis planis 1.5— 2.5 mm latis tenuiter acutatis culmo subbrevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 distantes, terminales 1—2 — ¢ lanceolatae vel lanceolato-clavatae 1.5—2.5 cm lg. nutan- tes, squamis oblongis acutis vel acutatis fuscescentibus marginibus irregula- riter hyalinis, caeterae — Q lineolato-lanceolatae 1.5—2 cm lg. laxae nutantes, pedunculis tenuibus scabris ad 4—5 cm lg., bractea ima vagina ad 2 cm lg. lamina inflorescentiae aequilonga instructa, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis vel acutatis ferrugineo fuscis, nervo prominulo pallido, marginibus plus minusve late hyalinis, ad '/, utriculi brevioribus. Utriculi lanceolati vel lanceolato- elliptici trigoni 6—6.5 mm lg. viriduli apice ferruginei tenuiter nervosi basi cuneati, in rostrum elongatum anguste conicum marginibus setulosum apice albo-hyalinum valde oblique sectum sensim abeuntes. Hab. in pratis subalpinis locis humidis et silvis montanis declivium borealium Caucasi occidentalis et centralis. Typus: Caucasus, inter Darial et Lars, 14 V 1861 (fr. mat.) Ru- precht, — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Habitu C. frigidae Bell. C. ferrugineae Scop. et C. tristi M. B. similis, sed species hae a specie nostra differunt: prima — spiculis densioribus majoribus fuscisque, utriculis coloratis vix nervulosis, secunda — utriculis latioribus sub- duplo brevioribus, autem ambae — rhizomatibus laxis stoloniferis et tertia — utriculis minoribus, spiculis densioribus rectioribusque, pedunculis brevibus. 62. C. stenocarpa Turcz. ex Bess. in Flora XVIII, Beibl. 1 (1834) 27 (nomen). — C. tristis Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVIII (1855) 349; FI. baic.-dah. II, 2 (1856) 234; C. A. M. in Fl. Alt. IV (1833) 205; Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 294, quoad pl. asiat.; Meinsh. in A.H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 358 (excl. pl. caucas.); V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 131, non M. B.— C. tristis var. asiatica Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 94.— C. sempervirens var. y. Boott, Ill. gen. Carex, IV (1867) 569 (quoad. pl. asiat.). — C. sempervirens ssp. tristis Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 569 et in Journ. 485 Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 155.—C. sempervirens ssp. tristis var. asiatica B. Fedtsch. in A.H. P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 217.—C. frigida Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 569, non Bell. —C. fuliginosa Kik., 1. c., 556 et 151, quoad pl. Lessing. — C. fuliginosa var. pronella Printz, Veg. Sib. Mong. Front. (1931) 157, tab. V, fig. 2 et 3. Planta virescens, rhizomate denso brevique, culmis tenuibus apice subnutantibus obsolete trigonis laevibus 20—50 cm altis, vaginis basalibus fuscescentibus et fissis, foliis rigidulis planis 3.5—6 mm latis reclinatis breviter acuminatis culmo duplo-triplo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—5 subdistantes: terminales 1—2— 6 oblongae angustatae 1—1.5 cm lg., squamis ferrugineo- fuscis acutatis et membranaceis, caeterae — Q ovatae vel oblongo-ovatae 1.5—2.3 cm lg. laxae nutantes, pedunculis tenuibus scabris ad 5—6 mm lg., bracteis imis cum vaginis ad 2 cm lg. laminisque vix longioribus, squamis ovatis acutis vel acutatis spadiceis vel ferrugineo-fuscis nervo concolore marginibus + hyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi oblongo-ovati plano- trigoni 5—6 mm lg. enervii apice ferruginei marginibus subulato-setulosi stipitati, in rostrum conicum applanatum oblique retusum ore hyalino sensim abeuntes. Hab. in pratis et rupibus subalpinis Asiae Mediae et montium Alltai- corum et Sajanensium Sibiriae Mongoliaeque. Ty pus: In rupibus subalpinis ad torrentem Kudun m. Sajanensium, 1830, (fr. mat.), Turczaninov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. tristi M. B., cui proxima, magnitudine, foliis latioribus, spiculis majoribus longepedunculatis nutantibus, squamis acutis, utriculis enervibus magis setulosis differt. 63. C. micropodioides V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. pyrenaica Grossh. Ma. Kasx. I (1928) 158 et auct. fl. cauc., non Whlb. —C. pulicaris Boiss. FI. Orient. V (1884) 397, non L. Flanta cinerascenti-viridis caespitosa, culmis trigonis laevibus vel sublae- vibus 5—20 cm altis, foliis plicatis 0.8—1.2 mm latis culmo duplo brevioribus. Spicula androgyna 0.8—1.5. cm lg., squamis ovatis spadiceis obtusatis. Utriculi in numero 10—25 (vulgariter 14—16) ovato-lanceolati 3—3.5 mm lg. inaequaliter biconvexi vel obsolete trigoni pedicellis 0.5 mm lg., enervii flavido-virides demum reclinati, in rostrum laeve sensim contracti, nucibus obovatis vel ellipticis biconvexis vel obsolete convexiusculo-trigonis, stig- matibus vulgariter 2, sed non raro 3. Hab. in pratis alpinis Caucasi nec non Lazistaniae turcicae. Typus: Transcaucasia, in regione Sotschi, in parte inferiore fl. Bzyb prope trajectum Laptrachu, n° 8514 (fr. mat.), G. Woronow legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. micropoda C. A. M., cui proxima, culmis laevibus et utriculis metabolistylis subtrigonis differt. 486 64. C. ulobasis V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. montana var. manshuriensis Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 396; Kuk. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 442 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 114; Kom. et Klob.-Alis. Key plants East. Reg. USRR I (1931) tab. 89. Planta virescens, rhizomate lignoso dense caespitoso, caulibus rectis superne scabriusculis 15—25 cm alt., foliis 1—2.5 mm latis planis culmo subaequilongis rectis tardius basi circinatis, vaginis basalibus purpureis apice foliis vetustis crispatis dense instructis. Spiculae 2—3 congestae, terminalis — 6 lanceolata vel lanceolato-clavata 0.8—1.5 cm lg., squamis obtusatis ferrugineo- incisis, caeterae— Q ovatae 1—1.5 cm lg. sessiles, bracteis squamiformibus, squamis late ovatis acutatis vel subincisis ferrugineo fuscis marginibus late hyalinis et ciliolatis setuliferis utriculis sublongioribus. Utriculi oblongo- elliptici trigoni applanati 4—4.5 mm lg. flavescenti-virides superne ferruginei nervulis 3—5 incrassatis percursi sparse pilosuli basi cuneati et subspongiosi, apice in rostrum breve fuscum bidentato-emarginatum sensim contracti. Hab. in declivibus siccis, fruticetis et quercetis Orientis Extremi URSS nec non Mandshuriae et Koreae borealis. Typus: in pratis elevatis prope pag. Babstova (in decursu austr. fl. Amur), in fruticeto querceo, 26 V 1891 (cal. vet., fr. mat.), S. Korshinsky legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. montana L., cui consanguinea, foliis vetustis basi valde circinan- tibus, squamis masculis obtusatis (nec acutatis), femineis (ut bracteis) margine albo-hyalinis atque utriculis oblongo-ellipticis (nec obovatis) majoribus squa- mis subaequilongis imprimis differt. 65. C. euxina Marc. in Sched. Caric. exs. Kneuck. XIla (1904) n° 30 et in Allg. Bot. Zeit. XV (1905) 33 (sub C. ¢transsylvanica), nomen. — C. depressa var. euxina Woron. et Marc. in N. Busch., Marc. et Woron. Sched. ad Fl. Cauc. exs. I — II (1905) 8; Grossh. Ma. Kasx. I (1928) 168. — C. depressa var. transsilvanica Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 463, quoad pl. cauc. et pers. — C. transsylvanica Boiss. Fl Or. (1884) 410; Kiik. in Allg. Bot. Zeit. XI (1905) 33, non Schur. — C. pilulifera Grossh., ib., 167, non L. — C. debilis Boiss. et Bal. in sched. 1866, non Mi hx. nec Sol. Planta cinerascens dense caespitosa, caulibus laxissimis laevibus decum- bentibus 10—25 cm alt., foliis rigidis planis 2—3 mm lat. apice attenuatis culmo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus fulvis fibrillosis. Spiculae 3—6, termi- nalis — 3 lanceolata vel clavata 0.6—1.3 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis obtusa- tis fulvisque; caeterae — Q superiores 1—2, spiculae approximatae imae 1— 2 subradicales longe capillari-pedunculatae, omnes —oblongae 0.5—1.2 cm Ig. laxulae, bractea inflorescentiae aequilonga, squamis ovatis acumi- natis fulvis utriculis aequilongis nervo medio apice prominulo scabro. Utri- culi oblongo-obovati (subpyriformes) subrotundato-trigoni 3—3.3 mm lg. virescentes demum fulvescentes 5—6-nervulosi superne sparse (praesertim ad angulos) pilosiusculi basi cuneati stipitati in rostrum late conicum vix emarginatum breve sensim attenuati. 487 Hab. in decliviis herbosis et silvaticis montanis Tauriae et Caucasi borealis (Stavropol, Majkop) et occidentalis nec non Turciae adjacentis. Typus: Abchasia. In collibus graminosis circa Suchum-Kale, 17.30 IV 1905, leg. G. Woronow, n° 27 Ff. cauc. exs. — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. transsylvanica Schur, cui proxima, culmis laxissimis decumbenti- bus, foliis angustioribus, utriculis angustioribus longioribusque densius et longius pilosulis differt. 66. C. scabricuspis V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. praecox Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 301, pro pl. caucas.; Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 397, pro pl. cauc, non Jacq. — C. caryophyllea Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 463, pro pl. cauc.; Grossh. Ma. Kak. | (1928) 168, non Lat.— C. caryophyllea var. caespitosa Kiik., |. c., 465, pro pl. cauc.; Grossh., |. c., 168. Planta pallida cinerascenti-viridis caespitosa, stolones breves emittens, culmis tenuibus subcurvatis obsolete trigonis laevibus 20—35 cm altis, foliis rigidulis basi rosulatim congestis planis 2—3 mm latis longe attenuatis marginibus subrevolutis culmo duplo-triplo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus atro-spadiceis subfibrillosis. Spiculae 2—4 subdistantes: terminalis —d obo- vata obtusa 0.6—2 cm lg., squamis obovatis acutatis ferrugineis marginibus hyalinis, caeterae — Q ovatae vel oblongae 0.6—1.2 cm lg. 0.5 cm latae sub- densae, ima pedunculis ad 1 cm lg. instructa, bractea inferiore vagina brevi laminam setiformem gerente, squamis ovatis setuloso-acutatis carinatis carina superne scabra, ferrugineis dorso pallido utriculis aequilongis. Utriculi late obovati (pyriformes) convexo-trigoni 2.3—3 mm lg. flavescenti-virides demum ferruginei enervii superne sparse breveque pilosiusculi basi cuneati, apice in rostrum late conicum breve vix emarginatum subito abeuntes. Hab. in pratis subalpinis (usque ad 2700 m) Caucasi et Armeniae turcicae. Ty pus: Caucasus, Carthalinia, Abastuman, n° 871, 9 VI 1881 (fr. mat.), A. H. et V. F. Protherus legerunt —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS duplicatus typi in Mus. Helsingfors. conservantur. A C. verna Chaix, cui consanguinea, rhizomate magis caespitoso, culmis laevibus, vaginis spadiceis, utriculis enerviis, densius pilosis, squamis cari- natis, carina scabra differt. 67. C. ruthenica V. Krecz. sp. nova—C. praecox Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV (1853) 301 (excl. var.), pro pl. ross. et occid.-sibir., non Jacq. — C. praecox var. umbrosaeformis Fleisch. Riedgr. (1832) 18. — C. caryophyllea Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 463 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 126, ex p.; Litw. in Fl. Ross. Austr. Or. III (1929) 303; V. Krecz. in Maes. Ma. Cp. Pocc., 6 uaa. (1933) 199, non Lat.— C. caryophyllea var. umbro- saeformis Kik., l. c., 464; Litw., 1. c.—C. umbrosa Kik., |. c., 466, ex p. (quoad pl. ,, Mittelrussl. Mosk., Mohil., Dago“); V. Krecz. in Maenk., I. c., 199, 748 488 non Host. — C. polyrhiza Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 397 quoad pl. mosq. et Mohil., non Host. Planta virescens, rhizomate repente laxe caespitoso, stolonifero, culmis tenuibus curvulatis trigonis superne scabris 15—35 cm altis, foliis longis rigidulis reflexis 1—3 mm lat. marginibus revolutis longe attenuatis culmo subaequilongis, vaginis basalibus spadiceis fibrillosis. Spiculae 2—4, conge- stae: terminalis— 4 lanceolata vel clavata 1—2 cm lg., squamis ovatis vel obovatis ferrugineis obtusatis vel acutiusculis, caeterae — Q oblongae 0.6— 2cm lg. (0.4—0.5 cm lat.), laxiusculae vel basi rariflorae, inferior — pedunculo ad 1—1.5 cm lg. instructa subdistans, bracteis imis cum vaginis 5—7 mm lg., et lamina spiculae aequilonga, squamis late ovatis, imis— acutulis, superio- ribus — obtusis spadiceo-fuscis nervo viridi marginibus subrevolutis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi subrotundato-obovati convexo-trigoni (2) 2.3—2.5 mm lg. flavido virentes demum brunnescentes superne + dense et longiuscule pilosuli nervis obsoletis basi cuneati apice in rostrum abbreviatum subcuneato- cylindricum fuscum vix emarginatum subsensim abeuntes. Hab. in decliviis herbosis, fruticetis et silvis collucatis Europae orien- talis silvatico-stepposae stepposaeque (a Germania et Pannonia usque ad montes Uralenses) nec non Sibiriae occidentalis, altaicae, angaro-sajanensis et kasakstanicae. Typus: Sibiria occidentalis, in reg. Tjukalinsk, prope p. Jelanskoje, in loco depresso steppaceo, n° 145, 28 V 1902 (fr. mat.), N. Skalosubov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. verna Chaix (C. caryophyllea Lat.), cui similis, gracilitate, foliis virescentibus (nec cinerascentibus) longioribus angustioribusque, spiculis angustatis et laxiuscuis, squamis obtusioribus utriculo brevioribus, utriculis minoribus vix nervulosis densius pilosulis, rostro breviore latioreque differt, et a C. umbrosa Host., cui formis silvaticis caespitosis proxima, foliis longe attenuatis et utriculorum rostro breviore latioreque, pubescentia densiore brevioreque atque nervulis vix elevatis diversa est. 68. C. conspissata V. Krecz. sp. nova. —C. caryophyllea Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. [V, 20 (1909) 463, quoad pl. sibir. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 126, ex p. — C. caryophyllea var. caespitosa Kiik., |. c., 465, ex p., et 128. — C. pediformis var. brevis Drob. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. XII (1914) 107, tab. 14; Podp. in Publ. Fac. Sc. Univ. Masaryk, 101 (1928) 21. Panta virens, rhizomate vix repente dense caespitoso, culmis filifor- mibus subtrigonis laevibus flexuosis 5—-20 cm altis, foliis mollibus 1--2 mm latis subcoavolutis apice breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus, vaginis basa- libus spadiceo-fuscis perfibrillosis. Spiculae 2—3 subdistantes: terminalis —- 3 obovata vel clavata 0.5—1 cm lg., squamis obovatis obtusis pallide ferru- gineis marginibus hyalinis, caeterae—-Q ovatae vel subglobulares 0.3— 0.8 cm lg. (0.3 cm lat.) laxiusculae pedicellatae (ima ad 1 cm lg.), bractea ima cum vagina colorata ad 8 mm lg. et lamina setiformi abortiva, squamis ovatis 489 acutis apice obtusatis ferrugineis vel brunnescenti-ferrugineis nervo pallido marginibus subhyalinis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi late obovati (rotundato- pyriformes) rotundato-trigoni 1.7—2 mm lg. viriduli vel cinerascenti-viriduli dense breveque pilosuli enervii basi late cuneati apice in rostrum perbreve late conicum ferrugineum vix emarginatum = subito contracti. Hab. in pratis humidiusculis salsuginosis Sibiriae centralis orientali- sque (angaro-sajanensis, dahuricae et jacuticae), nec non Mongoliae adja- centis. Typus: Ircutia, in reg. Balagansk., in prato fluminis Uda prope pag. Stscherbakowo, n°n° 671 et 770, 3, VI 1908 (fr. mat.), N. Maltzev legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A praecedente, cui consanguinea, culmis tenuioribus laevibus, foliis mollioribus angustioribusque, rhizomate caespitoso, utriculis subglobosis minoribus vix rostratis brevius pilosulis enerviisque differt. 69. C. campylorhina V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. pilosa Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 388; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 636, quoad pl. extr. orient., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 167; Kom. et Alis. Key pl. East. Reg. USSR I (1931) 312 (excl. tab.), non Scop. — C. pilosa f. gracilior Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 385. — C. falcata F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., ser. 7, XII (1866) 194, ex p., non Turcz. Planta virescens, stolones longos tenues emittens, culmis trigonis lae- vibus 40—70 cm altis alte foliatis basi vaginis purpureis aphyllis vestitis, foliis mollibus planis 5—8 (12) mm lat. breviter acutatis marginibus et utrin- que sparse pilosis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—4 valde distantes: termi- nalis — 5 oblongo-clavata 2—3 cm lg., squamis oblongis obtusis rubro-ferru- gineis, caeterae —Q lineares 3—6 cm lg. (interdum basi ramosae) 5— 10-florae, floribus distantibus, pedunculis rectis laevibus imis ad 10— 12 cm lg., bractea infima cum vagina ad 2—3 cm lg., lamina ea vix duplo longiore, squamis ovatis acutiusculis vel obtusis ferrugineis dorso late flaves- centibus nervo viridi, utriculis subduplo brevioribus. Utriculi obovati obtuso- trigoni 3.5—4 mm lg. virescentes demum flavidi laeves multinervulosi basi late cuneati apice in rostrum breve valde curvatum laeve conico-cylindri- cum subbidenticulatum et late purpureo marginatum stbito abeuntes. Hab. in silvis Orientis Extremi URSS partis meridionalis, nec non Mandshuriae et Koreae borealis. T y pus: Regio Chabarovsk (in ripa sinistra fl. Amur) ad lacum Bolonj- Odschal prope hospitium Iergul, n° 62, 22 V 1910 (fr. mat.), I. W. Kuzne- tzow legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. pilosa Scop., cui consanguinea, coloratione pallidiore et magni- tudine spiculis rari-et paucifloris, squamis brevioribus (3.5—4 mm, nec 4.5—5 mm lg.), rostro magis curvato purpureo marginato differt. 70. C. algida Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XI (1838) 104, nomen. — C. panicea Turcz., ib., XXVIII, 1 (1853) 341, quoad pl. Kawoktanam. — 490 C. panicea 8. Trev. in Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 291.—? C. depauperata Hornem. Plantel. II (1806) 829, non Good. — C. panicea y pauciflora Whlb. Fl. suec. Il (1826) 602.— C. sparsiflora var. pauciflora Anderss. Cyp. Scand. (1849) 34; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 511.—C. vaginata Trautv. ex Middend. Sib. Reis. I, 2 (1874—1856) 99, non Tausch. — C. quasivaginata C. B. Clarke in Kew. Bull. Misc. Inf., Addit. Ser. VIII (1908) 79. Planta flavescenti viridis, stolones subterraneos longos emittens, culmis tenuibus obsolete trigonis laevibus 5—20 cm alt., foliis rigidiusculis declinatis carinatis canaliculatis marginibus revolutis 2—3.5 mm latis breviter acutatis culmo duplo-triplo brevioribus. Spiculae 2—3 distantes: terminalis — 3 oblongo-ovata 0.7—1 cm lg., squamis ovatis atro-cupreis obtusiusculis, caeterae — Q 0.5—1.3 cm lg. rariflorae 3—8-florae, pedunculis rectis ad 1— 1.5 cm lg., bractea ima cum vagina ad 1 cm lg. apice ferrugineo et hyalino marginata, lamina dilatata eae vix aequilonga, squamis ovatis obtusis vel obtusatis cupreis vel rubro-fuscis concoloribus utriculis subduplo brevioribus. Utriculi membranacei oblongo-ovati convexo-trigoni 3—3.5 mm lg. viriscenti- fusci subenerves in rostrum perbreve subrectum fuscum vix emarginatum contracti. Hab. in tundra Arcticae eurasiaticae (Islandia inclus.) nec non regionum excelsiorum montium Sibiriae et Mongoliae. Typus: In alpe Kawokta, 1834, Kusnetzov legit—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Species a collimitaneis C. vaginata Tausch. et C. falcata Turcz. habita- tione et characteribus numerosis differt; imprimis statura minore, inflorescentia spiculisque depauperatis et utriculis minoribus rostratis, rostro vix emarginato. 71. C. pseudo-lanceolata V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. [lanceolata Poplaw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. XII. (1914) 199, quoad. pl. nertschin. Planta virescens, rhizomate lignoso breviramoso caespites densos for- mante, culmis trigonis scabris 10--25 cm altis, foliis primum rectis culmo brevioribus demum decumbentibus et culmo subduplo longioribus 2 mm latis, breviter acutatis, vaginis basalibus spadiceo-rubris. Spiculae in numero 3—4 distantes: terminalis — 3 lineari-lanceolata vel lineari-clavata 0.8—1 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis rubro-ferrugineis late hyalinis, caeterae — Q 0.8—1.4 cm lg. relaxae pauci (3—5)-florae, axi flexuoso, pedunculis vaginis bracteatis vestitis, bractea ima cum vagina ad 1.5 cm lg. apice late ferruginea et hyalina acuta, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis rubro-ferrugineis carina viridi, late hyalinis utriculis subduplo longioribus. Utriculi obovati rotundato- trigoni 2.5—3 mm lg. virescenti-flavi enervii superne regulariter breviter pilo- suli, pedicellis cuneatis curvatis, apice + rotundati, rostro obliquo integro atricolorato. Hab. in declivibus siccis, silvis collucatis et in saxosis Dahuriae. Typus: Dahuria orientalis, prope stationem viae ferreae Sedlovoj Razjezd, n°n° 295 et 316, 12—13 VI 1903 (fr. mat.), D. Litwinow legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. 491 A C. lanceolata Boott vera differt imprimis utriculis enervibus et a C. nanella Ohwi, cui magis proximia, differt culmis evolutis longioribus et utriculis majoribus. 72. C. callitrichos V. Krecz. sp. nova. —,,Carex ad C. tenuissimam Boott simillima“ Kom. Fl. mandsh. I (1901) 402. Planta splendide viridis, rhizomate longo repente ramoso, caespites -laxos formante, culmis rotundato-trigonis 2—6 cm altis laevibus, foliis longis capilliformibus 0.2—0.8 mm latis mollibus decumbentibus longe attenuatis culmo 5—6-plo longioribus, vaginis basalibus castaneis vel rubro-fuscis vix fibrillosis. Spiculae in numero 2—4 distantes: terminalis — d lineari-lanceo- lata 0.5—0.8 cm lg. spiculam femineam superans, squamis lanceolatis acutis pallide ferrugineis marginibus hyalinis, caeterae — Q lineares 0.5—0.7 cm lg. rariflorae 1—3-florae, axi flexuoso, pedunculis brevibus vaginis bracteatis vestitis, bracteis ad 8 mm lg. acutis hyalino-marginatis, squamis lanceo- latis acutis ferrugineis vel pallide ferrugineis carina pallida marginibus hyalinis utriculos superantibus. Utriculi (immaturi) oblongo-obovati trigoni 2.5—2.8 mm lg. viriduli enervii breviter pilosuli basi cuneati apice * rotun- dati, rostro brevi integro infuscato. Hab. in silvis piceo-abietinis et mixtis subconiferis URSS prov. Ussu- riensis et Mandshuriae borealis. Typus: in piceetis inter flav. Sutar et Chingan in trajectu Luba- winski priisk — hospitium Chinganskoje, orientem versus a pag. Paschkowa, 14 VI 1895 (fr. immat.), V.L. Komarov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc URSS conservatur. A C. nanella Ohwi rhizomate longe repente castaneo-purpureo, foliis tenuibus capilliformibus sordide viridibus culmum longe superantibus et oeco- logia alia facile dignoscitur. 73. C. reventa V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. pediformis a genuina et B pedun- culata Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 309.—-C. pediformis var. rhizina Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 491 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 135, quoad pl. Or. Extr.; Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. | (1927) 200.—C. pedi- formis f. parviflora Kiik. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1910) 7.— C. rhizina Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. | (1927) 255, non Blytt. Planta viridis vel virescens, rhizomate ramoso longe repente, culmis tenuibus trigonis toto scabris 30—50 cm altis, foliis mollibus longis planis 2—3.5 mm latis + tenuiter acutatis culmo subbrevioribus, vaginis basalibus spadiceo-rubris subfibrillosis. Spiculae in numero 2—4 distantes: terminalis — & lanceolata 1—1.2 cm lg. spiculam femineam vix superans vel non superans, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineis vel pallide ferrugineis marginibus late hyali- nis, caeterae — Q lineares 1—1.5 (2) cm lg. rariflorae, pedicellis ad 2 cm lg., bracteis setuloso-acutatis cum vagina 1—2 cm longa, squamis ovatis setulife- ris ferrugineis carina pallida apice scabrella marginibus hyalinis utriculis longioribus vel subaequilongis. Utriculi obovati rotundato-trigoni 3—3.8 mm 492 lg. viriduli demum flavidi nervis incrassatis regulariter breve pilosuli pedicel- lis cuneatis subspongiosis, rostro brevi obliquo integro. Hab. in silvis Orientis Extremi URSS a Kamtschatka usque ad Koream borealem et Dahuriam, nec non Mandshuriae et Jacutiae australis. Ty pus: insilva collucata frondosa prope Mariinsk Amurensis, 11 VI 1856 (fr. mat.), C. Maximovicz legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. rhizina Blytt, cui consanguinea, coloratione pallidiore, squamis longioribus, utriculorum nervis validioribus et rostro magis evoluto differt. 74, C. aneurocarpa V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. pediformis Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 402. — C. pediformis B pellucida Meinsh., ib., 403, quoad pl. turkest.— C. pediformis Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 490, quoad. pl. turkest. et dshung.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 212 —C. car- diolepis C. B. Clarke ex B. Fedtsch., l. c., non Nees. —C. pediformis var. nana Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. St. Pétersb. VII (1910) 101. Planta caesio-viridis, rhizomate brevi obliquo, caespites densos formante, culmis validis curvulis obsolete trigonis superne scabris 10—40 cm altis, foliis rigidis strictis vel falcatis subplanis vel plicatis 2—3 mm latis + tenuiter acu- tatis culmo duplo-triplo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus fuscis fibrillosissimis. Spiculae in numero 2—3 distantes: terminalis—d clavata vel obovata 1— 1.5 cm lg., squamis oblongo-ovatis obtusis pallide ferrugineis late hyalinis, caeterae — 9 a spicula mascula remotae (admodum spicula mascula spiculas femineas saepius superans) oblongae 1—2.5 (3) cm lg. rariflorae, pedunculis ad 4—5 cm lg., bracteis apice ferrugineis et late hyalinis cum vagina ad 2 cm g. retusis aristuliferis, squamis late ovatis obtusatis setuliferis ferrugineis vel pallide ferrugineis carina pallida apice scabrella marginibus hyalinis utriculos subsuperantibus. Utriculi obovati convexo-trigoni 3.5—3.8 lg. ad latera api- cemque densius breveiter pilosuli ad angulos denudati fuscescenti-virides de- mum fuscati et subnitentes enervii pedicellis elongatis cuneatis, in rostrum obli- quum perbreve integrum subsensim abeuntes. Hab. in pratis subalpinis et alpinis montium Alatau Kazakstaniae et m. Tian-Schan orientalis atque in montibus Koktschetau. Ty pus: Kuldsha, Chorgos, 5—6000 ped., 15 V 1878 (fr. mat.), A. Regel legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. pediformi C. A. M., cui collimitanea, utriculis enervibus, spiculis masculis excedentibus et squamis obtusis differt. 75. C. Bordzilowskii V. Krecz. sp. nova. —C. nitida Trev. in Ldb. FI. Ross. IV (1853) 306 et in Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 457, quoad pl. cauc.; Grossh. Da. Kasx. I (1924) 166.—C. obesa Boiss. Fl. Or. IV (1884) 414; Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 392, quoad pl. cauc.—C. nitida var. iberica Bordz. in herb. Planta cinereo-viridis, stolones elongatos emittens caespites laxos for- mans, culmis rectis vel vix incurvis validulis trigonis superne scabris 10—25 cm 493 altis, foliis rigidulis scabris marginibus revolutis 1.5—3 mm latis flexuosis vel curvatis longe attenuatis culmo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus purpureo-fuscis fibrillosis. Spiculae in numero 2—4 subdistantes: terminalis—d oblongo- clavata 1—2 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis acutis ferrugineis ad margines pal- lidioribus et hyalinis, caeterae — Q ovatae vel oblongae 1—2 cm lg. rariflorae pedunculatae, pedunculis imis ad 2m lg., bracteis infimis vagina ad 1—1.5 mm lg. et lamina inflorescentiae subaequilonga instructis, squamis oblongo-ovatis cuneato-acutis ferrugineis trinerviis inter nervos pallidis marginibus hyalinis utriculis aequilongis vel eos subsuperantibus. Utriculi semicoriacei ohlongo- elliptici convexo-trigoni 3.8—4 mm lg. primum virescenti-flavi et sparsim breve setulosi demum olivaceo-fusci et glabri subnitidi 5—6-nervii nervis subcos- tatis basi rotundati subsessiles apice in rostrum mediocre laeve cylindricum ore hyalino oblique secto et emarginato subsensim contracti. Hab. in decliviis saxosis montium Caucasi, Turciae et Persiae borealis, nec non in Jaila Tauriae. Typus: Iberia, Tiflis, in jugo Telety, 28 IV 1908 (fr. matur.), legit T. Roop —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. AC. nitida Host. squamis femineis late ovatis obtusis utriculo breviori- bus differt et a C. turkestanica Rgl. cui consanguinea, caespitibus . relaxis, culmis et foliis haud papillosis, utriculis costato-nervosis, squamis brevioribus pallidioribusque diversa est. 76. C. relaxa V. Krecz. sp. nova. Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizomate adscendente, stolonibus tenuibus, culmis tenuibus subtrigonis sublaevibus 10—35 cm altis, foliis rigidis setiformi-con- volutis apice crispatis 1—1.5 mm latis scabris longe attenuatis culmo brevio- ribus, vaginis basalibus fuscis fibrillis atro-fuscis obtectis. Spiculae in numero 2—3 distantes: terminalis — 4 lineari-lanceolata 1.2—2.5 cm lg., squamis pal- lide ferrugineis (fulvis) lanceolatis obtusatis, caeterae — Q oblongae 1—2 cm lg. laxae basi rariflorae, pedunculis rectis ad 3 cm lg., bracteis imis vagina ad 8—10 mm lg. apice subferruginea et lamina setiformi-convoluta spiculae subaequilonga munitis, squamis ovatis subulato-acutatis pallide ferrugineis nervo albo utriculis subaequilongis. Utriculi obovati obsolete trigoni 3 mm lg. virescent-ferruginei laeves obsolete costato-nervosi basi late cuneati sessiles apice in rostrum vix evolutum subobliquum vix emarginatum decoloratum abrupte contracti. Hab. in herbosis humidis Dahuriae. Ty pus: Transbaicalia, territ. inter fl. Nertscha et Kuénga, in paludosis loci Suchaja Balka in via ad p. Novyje Klutschi, n° 812, 18 VI1911 (fr. mat.), V. Sukatschew et H. Poplawska legerunt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Species C. nitidam Host in mentem revocat. 77. C. minutiscabra Kiik. ex B. Fedtsch. in A. H. P. XXXVIII, 1 (1924) 212 (nomen nudum). 494 Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizomate repente tenui longe stolonifero, culmis obsolete trigonis superne scabriusculis sublaevibus 30—50 cm lg., foliis rigi- dis rectis planis vel marginibus revolutis 2—3 mm lg. longe attenuatis culmo duplo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus fuscescentibus subfibrillosis. Spiculae in numero 3—4 vix distantes: terminales 1—2— ¢ lineari-lanceolatae vel clavato- lanceolatae 2—2.5 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis acutis pallide ferrugineo-fuscis marginibus hyalinis, caeterae — Q in parte superiore 4, basi rariflorae 2--3 cm lg. brevipedunculatae, pedunculis ad 1 cm lg. vaginis vestitis, bracteis vagina 0.4—1 cm lg. et lamina spiculam duplo superante instructis, squamis ovatis acutis ferrugineis carina pallida apice scabrella marginibus hyalinis utriculis aequilongis. Utriculi elliptico-obovati obsolete trigoni 4 mm lg. flavescenti-virides glabri vel ad margines apiceque vix scabriusculi enervii basi late cuneati apice in rostrum conicum ore fusco + bidentato subarupte contracti. Ty pus: Asia Media, Heptopotamia, in regione Dsharkent, in monte Ak-tasty-tau, n° 1563, 23 VI 1910 (fr. mat.), A. Michelson legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A praecedente foliislatioribus, spiculis masculis subbinis, femineis pauci- floris, utriculis enerviis et a C. Alexeenkoana Litw., cui similis, diversa vagi- nis bractearum, quae in C. Alexeenkoana laminae basi auriculatis, sed in specie hac — abruptis. 78. C. eremopyroides V. Krecz. sp. nova. — C. secalina Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 681, quoad pl. sibir., ex p., et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 174, quoad pl. transb. et jakut.; V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1930) 133, non Willd. Planta cinereo-viridis dense caespitosa, culmis trigonis laevibus 5— 20 cm altis, basi vaginis rosaceo-fuscescentibus obtectis, foliis rigidulis planis 2—3.5 mm latis longe attenuatis scabris culmo longioribus. Spiculae in numero 4—6, inferne distantes: terminales 1—2— d breviter clavatae 0.8—1.2 cm lg. pedunculatae (pedunculis vix 5—8 mm lg.) supra spiculam femineam sequen- tem vix excedentes, squamis oblongo-ovatis et lanceolatis acutis pallidis nervo viridi, caeterae—-_Q oblongae 1—1.5 cm lg.--densae, pedunculis imis ad 2 cm lg. vaginis subvestitis, bracteis infimis vagina ad 2 cm lg. et lamina inflorescentiam superante instructis, squamis ovatis acutis albicantibus nervo viridi apice scabrello utriculos duplo-multotiesque superantibus. Utriculi haud seriati appressi ovato-lanceolati vel oblongo-ovati plano-convexi 5—6 mm lg. virescentes demum rosaceo-ferruginei utrinque glabri antice 3—4-nervulosi postice — enervii marginibus serrulato-alati basi rotundati breviter stipitati, in rostrum elongatum planum membranaceo fissum bidentatum sensim abe- untes. Hab. in ripis arenosis solo salsuginoso Cis- et Transbaicaliae, Mongoliae et Jacutiae. Typus: Dahuria selengensis, ripa lacus Gussinoje, n° 1617, 22 VI 1915 495 (fl. mat.), V. Sukatschew legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. secalina Willd., cui vicaria, dimensione, spiculis masculis brevipe- dunculatis, squamis earum longioribus acutis femineisque abbreviatis et utri- culo duplo (nec '/;) brevioribus, utriculis oblongo-ovatis (nec lanceolatis) ab- breviatis ventre 3—4-nervibus dorso enervibus differt. 79.C. flavella V. Krecz. (indescr.) in Maesck. Ma. Cp. Pocc., 6 nag. (1933) 184 (in nota sub C. flava L.). Planta viridis, culmis trigonis laevibus 15—30 cm altis, foliis mollibus planis 2—3 mm latis breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 2—4 sub- congestae interdum inferior subdistans: terminalis—d sessilis lanceolata 0.5—1 cm lg., squamis oblongis ferrugineis obtusis, caeterae —Q globulares vel ovatae 0.7—1 cm lg. 0.8—0.9 cm lat. densae inferior pedunculis ad 1.5 cm. lg. instructa, bracteis culmos multo superantibus, squamis ovatis acutis subfer- rugineis dorso viridi utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi obovati subinflato-trigoni 3.5—4 mm lg. virescentes demum flavescentes nervosi subsessiles in rostrum elongatum laeve apice profunde fissum et bidentatum ore ferrugineo subito contractum, rostro '/, utriculi subaequilongo. Hab. in pratis et fruticetis paludosis Rossiae boreali-occidentalis et oc- cidentalis (in regionibus submontanis Valdaicis et Medio-Rossicis partis bore- ali-occidentalis) nec non in Alborossia et Polonia adjacenti. Ty pus: Prov. Vladimir, distr. Melenki, in fruticetis paludosis fl. Kolpj prope pag. Zakolpje, n° 5469, 15 VI 1914 (fr. mat.), M. I. Nazarov legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. flava L. coloratione viridi, spiculis minoribus subglobosis (0.7— 1 cm X 0.8—0.9 cm lat., nec 1—2 cm lg. X 1—1.2 cm lat.), utriculis minori- bus (3.5—4 mm, nec 5—6 mm lg.), rostro subrecto differt. 80. C. philocrena V. Krecz. sp. nova. —C. Oederi Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 384, quoad pl. songor.; Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 673, quoad pl. turkest.; B. Fedtsch. in A.H. P. XXXVIII (1924) 220. — C. flava var. Oederi Rgl. in A. H. P. VII (1880) 573. Planta virescens vel cinereo-viridis, culmis obtusato-trigonis validis laevibus 10—30 em latis, foliis rigidulis = planis 2—4 mm latis scabris longe attenuatis culmo subbrevicribus, vaginis basalibus rosaceo-brunnescentibus. Spiculae 4—6 (supericres congestae, inferior — distans et non raro longe dis- tans), terminalis—d breviter clavata 0.8—1.5 cm lg., squamis lanceclatis acutis subferrugineis; caeterae — Q ovatae vel breviter cylindricae 1—1.8 cm lg. 0.7 cm lat. densae ima pedunculo interdum ad 3—4 cm lg. instructa, bracteis infimis inflorescentiam multo superantibus, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis subferrugineis, vel vix ferrugineis dorso flavescenti-viridis utriculis brevioribus. Utriculi divaricati obovati subinflato-trigoni 3.5 mm lg. viriduli demum flavi 4—5-nervii subsessiles in rostrum abbreviatum rectum apice + breviter bidentatum subito contracti. 496 Hab. in paludiculis fontinalibus ets ecus rivulos montium Asiae Mediae, nec non Songoriae. Typus: Buchara, prov. Darvaz, in decliviis meridionalibus jugi Petri Magni, loco Arzyng, 820 ped. alt., n° 2732, 19 VII 1899 (fr. mat.), V. Lipsky legit ——in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Oederi Retz., cui consanguinea, coloratione, spiculis 4—6 (nec 2—A4), squamis masculis lanceolatis, acutatis (nec obtusis), femineis pallidiori- bus, utriculis flavo-viridis, rostro evidentius bidentato differt. 81. C. aspratilis V. Krecz. sp. nova.— C. diluta Meinsh. in A. H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 382, quoad pl. Goldean,; Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 659, quoad pl. ex Westsibirien et Omsk et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 171, quoad pl. omsk.; Kryl. in Fl. Sib. Occid. Ill (1929) 515. — C. bineruis Meinsh., l. c., 383, quoad pl. omsk.;— C. diluta var. badia Kiik. ex B. Fedtsch. in A. H. P. XXXVIII (1924) 219. —C. distans B. Fedtsch., |. c., quoad pl. omsk. Planta cinereo-viridis, culmis trigonis laevibus 20—80 cm altis, foliis rigidis rectis planis vel subconvolutis 2—4 mm latis scaberrimis_ breviter acutatis culmo subduplo brevioribus. Spiculae 3—4 subdistantes: terminalis — d obovata vel incrassato-clavata 1.5—2.5 cm lg., squamis obovatis ferrugineo fulvis, caeterae —Q ovatae vel oblongo-ovatae densae 1—2 cm lg. 0.7 cm lat. inferiores—pedunculatae, squamis ovatis obtusis vel obtusatis subspadiceis trinervibus dorso flavescenti-viridibus utriculis subduplo brevioribus. Utriculi dilatato-obovati obtuso-trigoni 3—3.3 mm lg. virescenti-flavi inferne ferru- gineo maculosi nervibus 2—4 incrassatis instructi sessiles in rostrum breve scaberimum bidentatum subito contracti. Hab. in salsis et pratis salsuginosis Cis- et Transvolgensi-uralensibus nec non Sibiriae et Kasakstaniae occidentalis centralisque usque ad Dahuriam selenghensem. / Ty pus: Kasakstaniae prov. Turgaj, distr. Kustanaj, in salsis silvae Ara- Karagaj prope lacum Beloje, n° 97, 28 V 1921 (pl. deflor.) et 8 VI 1921 (fr. mat.) N. V. Pavlov legit —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Karelini Meinsh., cui simillima, utriculis apice asperulis et squamis intensius coloratis facile distinguitur atque a C. distanti L., cui consanguinea, utriculis minoribus (3—3.3 mm, nec 4—4.3 mm lg.), 3—4 (nec 5—6)-nervi- bus, rostro brevi conico, squamis femineis utriculis duplo (nec vix '/3) brevio- ribus, spiculis superne collatis, bracteis imis inflorescentiae subaequilongis diversa est. 82. C. Smirnovii V. Krecz. sp. nova. Planta cinereo-viridis stolones incrassatos emittens, culmis trigonis superne scabris 50—70 cm lg. alte foliosis, foliis rigidis planis 3—5 mm latis longe attenuatis culmo subaequilongis, vaginis basalibus rubro-fuscis integris. Spi- culae 3—5 inferne subdistantes: terminales 2—3—d congestae lanceolatae vel clavato-lanceolatae 2—2.5 cm lg., squamis ellipticis obtusatis fuscescenti- 497 bus, ceterae — Q ovatae oblongo ovatae vel oblongo-clavatae 1.8—3 cm lg. 0.8 cm lat. laxiusculae inferiores— pedunculatae, squamis ovatis acutis subspadiceis trinervibus dorso pallidis, utriculis subduplo brevioribus. Utriculi coriacei oblongo-ovati obtuso-trigoni 5—6 mm lg. cinerei vel flavescenti- cinerei nervibus (in statu maturo) elevatis subincrassatis, subsessiles in rostrum breve laeve late haud profunde emarginatum rectidentatum subferrugineum subabrupte contracti. Hab. in pratis turfosisque Sibiriae occidentalis (a fl. Irtysch orientem ver- sus), altaicis, angaro-sajanensis et austro-baicalensis nec non im Mongolia tota. T y pus: Sibiriae prov. Irkutsk, reg. Balagansk, ad ripam humidam turfo- sam lacus Bolschoje prope pagum Ustj-Ossinskoje, n°n° 1351 et 1290, 3 VII 1910 (fr. mat.), N. Maltzev legit—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. riparia Curt. cui similis, statura minore, foliis angustioribus, spi- culis minoribus haud numerosis, squamis femineis acutis vel vix aristulatis utriculo brevioribus facile distinguitur et a C. rugulosa Kik., cui proxima, utriculis cinereis vel flavescenti-cinereis ovatis vix 5 mm lg., squamis brevio- ribus, spiculis abbreviatis et oecologia diversa est. Nomen in honorem cl. Valent. lv. Smirnovii florae sibiricae investigatoris datum est. 83. C. Sukaczovii V. Krecz. (indescr.) in Fl. transb. II (1931) 136. — C. heterostachya_ Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. 1V, 20 (1909) 741, quoad pl. mandsh. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 192, quoad. pl. transb., non Bge. Planta virescens, stolones longos emittens, culmis tenuibus trigonis saepius laevibus 50—80 cm altis, foliis rigidulis planiusculis vel canaliculatis 2—4 mm latis longe attenuatis culmo brevioribus, vaginis basalibus aphyllis rubro-fuscis solidis subnitidis reticulatim fissis. Spiculae 3 —6 inferne distantes: terminales 2—3-——d approximatae lanceolatae vel clavatae 1.5— 3 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis acutis ferrugineisque, caeterae — Q cylindricae 2—3.5 cm lg. 0.6 cm lat. densae inferiores — pedunculatae, bracteis evagi- nantibus culmos superantibus, squamis oblongo-ovatis asperulo- et incrassato- aristulatis spadiceis nervo dorsali elevato pallido utriculis brevioribus. Utri- culi coriacei ovati vel late ovati biconvexi 4 mm lg. ferrugineo-rubri subni- tentes costati basi rotundati breviter stipitati in rostrum sublongum laeve acridentatum ore ferrugineo subabrupte contracti. Hab. in stepposis et pratis siccis Sibiriae angaro-sajanensis, dahuricis, nec non Mongoliae adjacentis. Ty pus: Dahuria, territor. inter fl. Nertscha et Kuénga, fl. Gorbitza, in prato sicco prope ostium fl. Gorbitschikan, n°n° 1882 et 1890, 9 VII 1911 (fl. immat.) V. Sukatschev legit et n° 737,2 VII 1911 (fr. mat.), R. Abolin legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. songorica Kar. et Kir. et C. haematostachydi Lévl. et Vant.,quibus collimitanea et proxima, differt: a prima — utriculis costatis sanguineo-rubris 498 et a secunda—utriculis latioribus brevioribus, nervibus utriculorum bene evolutis tantum in utriculis maturis foliisque rigidis. 84. C. occultans (Franch.) V. Krecz. sp. nova.— C. filiformis var. oc- cultans Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 3 sér., X (1698) 89. — C. lasiocarpa var. occultans Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 747 (excl. pl. mandsh.); Akiyama in Journ. Fac. Sc. Hokk. Univ., ser. V, II, 1 (1932) 232, fig. 170.— C. filiformis F. Schmidt in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. VI sér., XII (1867— 1868) 198. Planta cinereo-viridis, rhizomate laxo stolonifero, culmis tenuibus superne trigonis et scabris 50—70 cm altis, foliis elongatis subconvolutis ad 3 mm lat. culmo vix brevioribus, vaginis basalibus rubescenti-fuscis nitidis soli- disque. Spiculae 3—5 inferne distantes: terminales 1—3 — 4 approximatae lineari-lanceolatae, 2.5—4 cm lg., squamis castaneis lanceolatis acutisque, caeterae — Q oblongae ad 4 cm lg. basi relaxae inferiores brevipedunculatae, squamis oblongo-ovatis acutis vel aristulatis trinervibus dorso pallido margi- nibus laevibus hyalinis utriculo subaequilatis et longioribus. Utriculi oblongo- ovati plano-trigoni 5 mm lg. pilis suberectis apice rarioribus obtecti basi rotundati subsessiles in rostrum bene distinctum laeve et glaberrimum brevi- ter dentatum subsensim contracti. Hab. in paludosis Japoniae borealis nec non insulae Sachalin. Ty pus: Japonia, Yeso: Mororan.— in Herb. Mus. Parisiensi conservatur. A C. lasiocarpa Ehrh., cui consanguinea, squamis femineis utriculo aequilatis longioribusque, rostro utriculorum distincto et glaberrimo, foliis subconvolutis culmisque scabris differt. 85. C. hypaneura V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. silvatica var. angustifolia Litw. in Sched. ad H. Fl. URSS IX (1932) 63. Planta virescens, rhizomate laxo, culmis tenuibus apice :utantibus obtuse trigonis laevibus alte foliosis 30—60 cm altis, foliis + mollibus planis 3—4 mm latis breviter acutatis culmo brevioribus. Spiculae 4—6 inferne distantes: terminales — lineari-clavatae 2—4 mm lg., squamis ob- longis acutis ferrugineo virentibus, caeterae — Q anguste lineares vel lineari clavatae 2—-3.5 cm lg. rariflorae nutantes, pedunculis pertenuibus scaberrimis ad 5—6 cm lg., squamis oblongo-ovatis sensim in aristam attenuatis carina apice scabra trinervibus dorso viridi in partibus caeteris albescentibus utri- culis subbrevioribus. Utriculi obovati obtuso-trigoni 4.5—5 mm lg. primum virescentes demum brunnescentes tenuiter evanescenti nervosis basi cuneati in rostrum elongatum antice profunde fissum dentibus + divaricatis laeviter asperulum ore subferrugineo subabrupte contracti, vix in °/, juli caduci. Hab. in silvis siccis frondosis, in fruticetis et ad margines silvarum Cau- casi occidentalis (in Abchasia, Imeretia, Mingrelia et Georgia nec non in Lasistania turcica). Typus: Abchasia, distr. Suchum. Loco herboso ad marginem silvae 499 prope monasterium Novo-Athonense, 3 et 10 V 1906 (fr. mat.), E. Bordzi- lowski legit — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C, silvatica Huds., cui consanguinea, coloratione pallida, foliis sub- duplo angustioribus, utriculis brevioribus subnervulosis, rostro subscabro et foenologia differt. 86. C. jacutica V. Krecz. sp. nova.—C. pulla var. tristigmatica Trautv. in A. H.P. V (1877) 130.— C. rotundata Meinsh. in A.H.P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 376, quoad pl. Czekanowsk. — C. rostrata ssp. rotundata Ki. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 723, ex min. p. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 182, quoad pl. jacut. — C. dichroa Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XL (1920) 304, ex p. Planta virescens stolonifera, culmis trigonis apice scabris 10 —40 cm altis, foliis rigidulis planis vel marginibus subinvolutis 1.5—3 mm latis longe atte- nuatis culmo aequilongis, vaginis basalibus ferrugineo-rubris. Spiculae 3— 5, terminales (1) 2—3— 3 approximatae 1—2 cm lg., squamis spadiceis vel brunneis ovatis acutis marginibus hyalinis, caeterae — Q distantes (superior ad basinddisposita) oblongo-ovatae vel breviter cylindricae 2.5 cm lg. 0.9—1 em lat. densae rectae superiores breviter pedunculatae, squamis ovatis acutis vel acutatis spadiceis nervo inconspicuo marginibus pallidis hyalinis utriculis subangustioribus et brevioribus. Utriculi divaricati obovati inflati 4—4.5 mm lg. virescentes apice brunnescentes nitidi tenuiter nervosi basi rotundati breviter stipitati, in rostrum sublongum cylindricum laeve (="/, utri- culi) breviter bidentatum subito contracti. Hab. in silvis humidis montanis Sibiriae in elevatione Dahurico-Viti- mensi et in Jacutia. Typus: Sibiria orientalis, ad fl. Olenek. Inter fl. Tomba et fl. Maigda 6 VII 1874 (fr. submat.), A. Czekanowski et F. Mueller legerunt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. rhynchophysa C. A. M., cujus verosimiliter forma alpina est, dimensione omnium partium, foliis angustioribus, utriculis minoribus differt, atque a proximis C. rotundata Whlb. et C. saxatili L. differt characteribus sequentibus: a prima culmo scabro, utriculis minime obscuris rostro elon- gato, spiculis masculis sessilibus, a secunda—utriculorum forma et colo- ratione. 87. C. procerula V. Krecz. sp. nova.— C. pulla var. laxa Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1877) 120.—C. pulla f. pedunculata Kjellm. in Vega Exp. Vet. Jaktag. Stockholm | (1882) 560.—C. pulla var. sibirica Christ in Vet. Ak. Handb. Stockh. XXII (1887) 181.— C. vesicaria ssp. saxatilis f. laxa Kik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 728 et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 186. Planta virescens breviter stolonifera, culmis tenuibus apice nutantibus trigonis superne scabris 40—70 cm alt., foliis rigidulis planis 2—3 mm lat. elongatis longe attenuatis culmo subbrevioribus, vaginis basalibus rubescen- tibus. Spiculae 3—4: terminales 1—2—daggregatae a caeteris distantes 500 lineares 1—2.5 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis acutatis brunnescentibus, cae- terae — Q oblongae vel cylindricae 1.5—3 cm lg. 0.6—0.7 cm lat. densae distantes pendulae pedunculatae, pedunculis pertenuibus capillaribus laevibus interdum circinatis ad 5—6 cm lg., squamis lanceolatis acutiusculis spadiceis nervo concolori apice sordido, albo-hyalinis utriculis angustioribus breviori- busqu.e Utriculi fere horizontales oblongo elliptici vel elliptici 4—4.5 mm lg. rubescenti-fusci nitidi enervii stipitati in rostrum breve laeve vix bidentato- emarginatum subito contracti. Hab. in paludibus et ripis udis Sibiriae angaro-sajanensis, dahuricae, jacuticae et zeja-burejanae. Ty pus: Reg. Amurensis, territor. fl. Zeja. In itinere inter punctum astro- nomicum prope Vozdvishenskoje et lacum Toko Jakutiae: lacus Okonon, 1293 m alt., ad ripam, n° 516, 18 VIII 1911. N. Prochorov et O. Kuzeneva legerunt — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. saxatili L., cui consanguinea, culmis elongatis, spiculis cylindricis longioribus longe pedunculatis, squamis femineis lanceolatis acutiusculis, utriculis oblongo-ellipticis longioribus differt. 88. C. dolichocarpa C. A. M. ex Kom. FI. penins. Kamtsch. | (1927) 264 (nomen sub C. Michauxiana).—C. rostrata Meinsh. in A H. P. XVIII, 3 (1901) 366, non Mchx.— C. Michauxiana Bcklr. in Linnaea XLI (1877) 336; Kiik. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 20 (1909) 705, quoad pl. asiat. et in Journ. Russ. Bot. 3—6 (1911) 178; Kom., 1. c.—C. Michauxiana ssp. asiatica Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I (1927) 207, fig. 14——C. Fischeriana C. A. M. in herb. et ex Hultén, |. c. (nomen sub praeced ), non Gay. Planta virescens, rhizomate caespitoso, caulibus laevibus subtrigonis 25—60 cm altis, foliis planis 3.5—4.5 mm latis subito acuminatis culmo aequilongis. Spiculae in numero 2—4 distantes: superior — 6 longepedunculata (pedunculis 1—1.5 cm lg.) lineari-lanceolata 1.5—2 cm lg. spicam femineam longe superans, squamis angustis pallidis acutiusculis, caeterae— Qo hemi- sphaericae 1.5—2 cm lg. laxae pedunculatae, bractea ima vaginante culmum superante, squamis ovatis obtusatis subferrugineis medio virescentibus 4— 5-nerviis utriculis duplo vel 2'/, brevioribus. Utriculi divaricati anguste lan- ceolati obtuso-trigoni 10—13 mm lg. flavescenti-virides multinervosi bre- viter (ad 1.5 mm lg.) pedunculati superne cuneati marginibus asperulis, apice aculeato bidentati. Hab. in muscosis peninsulae Kamtschatka, atque in insulis Kurilensibus, Yezo et Chonshiu Japoniae. Typus: Kamtschatka, Petropavlovsk, Rieder n° 204—Zin Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A C. Michauxiana Bcklr. foliis latioribus, spiculis masculis longioribus longius peduculatis spicam femineam longe superantibus, squamis 4—5 (nec 3)- nervibus, nervis medianis praeditis differt. 501 JUNCUS L 89. J. amuricus (Maxim.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. — /. bufonius var. amuricus Maxim. Prim. fl. Amur. (1859) 296. — J. bufonius Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 425, non L.—/J. sphaerocarpus var. amuricus Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 108; Kom. et Alis. Key pl. East. reg. USSR I (1931) 344. Planta annua viridis vix fasciculata, culmis filiformibus decumbentibus 3—10 mm altis e basi ramulosis vel simplicibus, foliis linearibus planis vix 0.3—0.4 mm latis brevibus. Inflorescentia pauciramosa vel subsimplex, ramu- lis capillariformibus elongatis flexuosis nutantibus, floribus valde distantibus 2.5—3 mm longis. Tepala lanceolata (intima — breviora) apice in mucronem subulatum elongatum recurvum subabrupte contracta viridia superne subfer- ruginea margine late hyalina, staminibus tepalis 2'/,-plo brevioribus, antheris oblongis filamento triplo brevioribus. Capsula rotundato-ovata atro-virens, demum fuscescens erostrata tepalis plus minusve brevior, seminibus circiter 0.2 mm longis ellipticis utrinque breviter subulato appendiculatis. In locis inundatis ripariis secus fl. Amur Orientis Extremi Mand- shuriaeque. Typus: ,Amur. Zwischen Monglomai, auf dem Sande. 2 IX 1855. Maxi- mowicz.“ (sub nomine junco bufonio var. amurico Maxim.) — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. sphaerocarpo Nees, cui consanguineus, culmis decumbentibus vel ascendentibus, tamulis nutantibus, tepalis longius subabrupte mucronatis, recurvatis et capsula subovata differt. 90. J. nastanthus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. —/. ranarius Aschers. et Gr. Syn. Il, 2 (1904) 423; Hegi, Jll. Fl. Mitt. Eur. II, 2, (1909) 156, non Song. et Perr. — J. bufonius var. ranarius Syr. Maa. Ma. Mock. ry6. | (1906) 221, ex p.—/. mutabilis Savi, F!. pis. I (1798) 364, non Lam. (1794).— /. bufonius var. mutabilis Aschers. et Gr., Syn. II, 2 (1904) 422, ex p.—/. bufonius 7 con- gestus Whib. Fl. Gothob. (1820) 38.—//. bufonius B fasciculatus Koch, Syn. ed. 1 (1837) 732.—J. bufonius a compactus Celak. Prodr. Fl. Béhm. (1869) 83.— J. bufonius var. glomeratus Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1880) 554. — ? J. congestus Schousb. ex E. Mey. Syn. Junc. (1822) 40, nomen nudum. — ? J. querioides Pourr. et Willk. Prodr. Fl. Hisp. | (1861) 181. Planta annua viridis fasciculato-caespitosa, culmis rigidulis numerosis radiantibus et decumbentibus 3—10 (15) cm altis e basi ramulosis, foliis filiformibus brevibus. Inflorescentia dichotoma, ramulis abbreviatis recurvatis floribus 2—3 ad apicem in fasciculos congestis secus ramos alternatim disposi- tis, floribus 6—6.5 mm longis, bracteis 2 mm lg. obtusis. Tepala lanceolata viridia margine late hyalina inaequalia, intima—latiora 4.5—5 mm lg., externa acutiora 6—6.5 mm lg., staminibus 1.5 mm lg. antheris filamento subaequilongis. Capsula cylindraceo-obovata 4 mm longa tepalis internis aequilonga apice applanata, rostrata, seminibus late ellipticis basi planis 0.5 mm longis fuscescentibus nitidis. 502 In glareosis, arenis et arenosis ripariis atque in locis humidis, solo arenoso et subsalso, Eurasia orientalis versus ad limites orientales Dahuriae et Mongoliae nec non in Caucaso et Kasakstania. Typus: ,,Ingria, in viciniis opp. Tzarskoje Selo, in glareosis ad ripam fl. Kurminka, 151X 1915, leg. S. Jusepezuk“, (sub nomine /. ranario) in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. bufonio L. s. str. differt anthesi praecociore, habitu humiliore, ramis ramulisque abbreviatis, floribus fasciculatim congestis brevioribus (6—6.5 nec 6.5—7.5 mm lg.), tepalis internis capsulam vix (nec valde) supe- rantibus, capsula cylindrico-ovata (nec elliptica) atque ab J. ambiguo Guss. (quocum sub nomine /. ranario Aschers. et Gr., non Song. et Perr., mixtus est) ramis fasciculiferis et floribus majoribus (6—6.5 nec 4—5 mm lg.), habitu robustiore diversus est. 91. J. Juzepezukii V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. — /. bufonius auct., ex p. Planta annua viridis fasciculata, culmis numerosis arcuate ascenden- tibus 5—20 cm altis a basi ramosis, foliis filiformibus abbreviatis. Inflore- scentia ramosa, ramis superne incurvatis tantum secus latus internum flori- bus|distantibus vel superne magis congesti instructa, floribus 5—5.5 mm longis, bracteis obtusis ca 2 mm longis. Tepala lanceolata viridia margine late hya- lina, inaequalia externa — acutiora 5—5.5 mm longa, interna — acuta latiora 4 mm longa, staminibus 2 mm longis, antheris filamento subduplo brevioribus. Capsula, oblongo-obovata circiter 4 mm longa tepalis internis subaequilonga, seminibus 0.5 mm longis ellipticis utrinque applanatis. In glareosis et arenosis Eurasiae (usque ad Baicalem) et Caucasi. Typus: ,Ingria, in viciniis opp. Tzarskoje Selo, in glareosis ad ripam fl. Kurminka, 15 IX 1915, leg. S. Jusepczuk“ (sub /. bufonio)— in Herb. Inst. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. ambiguo Guss. culmis subvaginantibus arcuate adscendentibus a basi ramosis, floribus longioribus (5—5.5 nec 4—5 mm lg.), capsula tepalis internis breviore (nec aequilonga vel longiore) differt. 92. J. turkestanicus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova.-—j. bufonius Vved. Drob. et alii, Onp. pact. oxp. Tam. I (1923) 55 et auct. fl. turk., pro max. parte Planta annua cinerascenti-viridis fasciculata, culmis numerosis incras- satis rectis vel superne subcurvatis 10—30 cm altis e medio ramosis, vagi- nis latis laminiferis, foliis subconvolutis ca 1 mm latis inflorescentiam attigen- tibus. Inflorescentia inaequilateraliter, ramosa ‘subconstricta, ramis rectis apice subcurvatis, floribus 4.5—5 mm longis inferne remotis superne magis congestis, bracteis acutiusculis 1—2.5 mm longis. Tepala late lanceolata fere ovato-lanceolata dorso anguste viridia margine latissime argenteo-membra- nacea subaequilonga, externa— acuta 4.5—5 mm longa, interna — obtusiu- scula et obtusa 4—4.7 mm longa angustiora, staminibus 1.5 mm_longis, antheris filamentis subaequilongis. Capsula oblongo-elliptica ferruginea apice rotundata 4—4.8 mm longa tepalis internis aequilonga vel vix superante, 503 seminibus rotundato ovatis 0.3—0.4 mm longis pallide ferrugineis nitidis. In pratis et pratulis fontinalibus Asiae Mediae, Kuldschae et Persiae hyrcanicae. Typus: ,,Kasakstaniae pars heptopotamica, reg. Alma-ata, distr. Bien- Aksu, in planitie Istyk, n° 503, 3—21 VII 1928, leg. M. N. Smirnov — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab J. ambiguo Guss. cui consanguineus, habitu robustiore, tepalis inter se et capsula + aequilongis dilatatis latissime argenteo-marginatis, internis — obtusis, seminibus brevioribus rotundato-ovatis bene differt. 93. J. minutulus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. —/. bufonius var. par- vulus Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. 7 Uppl. (1858) 241.— J. bufonius f. dimera Buch. in herb. Planta annua virescens mollis minutula 0.8—5 cm alta, culmis filifor- mibus rectis simplicibus vel vix uniramulosis, foliis capillaribus mollibus culmo duplo brevioribus. Inflorescentia terminalis uniflora vel ramulum unicum uniflorum rectum emittens, floribus 2.5—3.5 mm longis, bracteis vix 1 mm longis, obtusis. Tepala lanceolata margine late hyalina inaequalia, externa ~~ acuta 2.5—3.5 mm longa, interna — breviora obtusata 2—3 mm longa, staminibus 1—1.2 mm longis, antheris filamentis 1.5-plo brevioribus. Capsula oblongo- eliptica fuscescens apice rotundata 1.5—2.5 mm longa tepalis internis bre- vior, seminibus ovatis 0.3 mm longis apice cum appendiculo obscuro. In locis humidis ripariis et depressis Eurasiae (usque ad Dahuriam). Typus: ,,Sarepta, 24 V 1851, in feuchten Wiesen haufig, A. Becker.“ (sub nom. j. bufonio f. dimera Buch. teste)—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab omnibus praecedentibus e grege /. bufonii L. s. lat. dimensione minima, inflorescentia subuniflora, floribus parvulis bene differt. 94. J. macrantherus V. Krecz. et. Gontcsh. sp. nova.— /. castaneus B. Fedtsch. Pacr. Typx. (1915) 214, non Sm. — /. sphacellatus Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 233, quoad pl. ex Tschirtschik. Planta perennis viridis, rhizomate repente longe stolonifera, culmis tere- tibus laeviter compressis 30—60 cm altis 2—3-foliatis basi vaginis latis fuscescentibus vestitis, foliis canaliculato-plicatis (in sectione transversa semi- lunaribus) ca 4 mm latis obsolete articulatis. Inflorescentia breviter ramosa 2—6-capitata, ramis erectis, phyllo inflorescentiam aequante vel superante, floribus 6—7 mm lg. brevipedunculatis in fasciculos 3—10-floros congestis, bracteis late lanceolatis vel ovatis subferrugineis tepala subaequantibus. Tepala inaequalia: externa—lanceolata acuta dorso viridia marginibus infuscata, interna—anguste lanceolata fuscescentia apice + membranacea obtusata externis longiora, staminibus 5—6 mm longis, antheris oblongo- linearibus flavis (2.5) 3—3.5 (4) mm longis 3—3.5-plo filamentum superan- tibus. Capsula oblongo-elliptica vel oblongo-ovata castanea 7—9 mm longa apice in rostrum ca 1—1.8 mm lg. abrupte contracta. Stylus ca 2.5—3 mm lon- 748 504 gus ex tepalis valde exsertus. Semina oblonga fuscescentia 0.6 —0.7 mm longa cum apendiculis longis angustisque 3.5—4 mm longa. In pratis subalpinis fontinalibus et ripariis Asiae Mediae. Typus: ,Prov. Samarkand, alpes Serawschan, in valle fluv. Jagnob supra Novobad, 3100 m alt., 31 VII 1913, n° 715 (fr. mat.) atque non procul ap. Novobad in valle Kazandemir alpium Hissar, 3100—3200 m alt., 30 VII 1913, n° 712 (pl. flor.), J. Bornmiiller leg.—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservantur. Ab J. sphacellato Decne et J. himalensi Klotzsch., quibus proximus, differt: a primo—floribus minoribus, tepalis inaequalibus latioribus haud subulatis, staminibus longioribus, antheris filamentis 3—3.5-plo longioribus, capsula perigonio longiore, a secundo —antheris filamento triplo longio- ribus capsulaque ex perigonio minime exertis apice non conico-pyramidatis et floribus majoribus. 95.°J. leucochlamys Zing. (indescr.) ex V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. II (1931) 141, fig. 98. — J. castaneus Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II (1856) 241, non Sm., ex p. Planta perennis cinerascens longe stolonifera, culmis rectis rigidis teretibus 50—80 cm altis alte foliatis, foliis accrescentibus applanato-cana- liculatis ca 5 mm latis, vaginis supremis latis exauriculatis, basalibus — aphyllis liberis fuscescentibus. Inflorescentia umbelliformis, ramis rectis diva- ricatisque inaequalibus simplicibus vel *dichotomicis, fasciculos cymosos 5—12 gerens, phyllis 2 imis inflorescentiam superantibus, floribus 4—5 mm lon- gis, in capitula 5—12-flora congestis, bracteis ovatis oblongo-ovatisve obtu- satis albicantibus perigonio subduplo brevioribus. Tepala aequalia lanceo- lata acuta pallide castanea, staminibus ?/,; tepalorum aequantibus, antheris linearibus ca 1 mm longis, filamento duplo-triplo brevioribus. Capsula convexo- trigona cylindraceo-elliptica subferruginea basi pallida nitida in rostrum elongatum subabrupte contracta 8—10 mm longa perigonium duplo-triplo superans, seminibus 3—3.5 mm longis appendiculis longis angustis caudi- culatis instructis. In pratis et silvis paludosis subalpinis angaro sajanensibus regiomon- tanis Dahuriae, Jacutiae et Mongoliae adjacentis. Typus: ,Dahuria, distr. Tschita, ad balneas Darassun, VII 1894, n° 101, G. A. Stukow legit (cum nota cl. V. Zinger!) in Herb. Inst. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab j. castaneo Sm. et /J. tricipiti Rostk. quibus proximus, differt a primo—dimensione colorationeque, inflorescentia valde ramosa 5—12 (nec 1—3)-capitata, tepalis omnibus (nec tantum externis) acutis, capsula longiore apice acutata, a secundo—floribus minoribus (4—5 nec 6— 8 mm lg.), tepalis aequilongis aut dimensione colorationeque. 96. J. gracillimus (Buch.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. — J. compres- - sus var. gracillimus Buch. in Engi. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 112. — /. compressus S05 Kom. Fl. Mandsh. I (1901) 427; Kom. et Alis. Key pl. East. reg. USSR I (1931) 344, non Jacq. Planta perennis virescens, rhizomate repente lignoso caespitoso, culmis compresso-teretibus, rectis (30) 50—70 cm altis 2—3-foliatis, foliis linearibus canaliculatis vix 1 mm latis elongatis apice subito acutatis fere obtu- sis, vaginis breviter rotundato-auriculatis, basalibus subaphyllis acuminem ca 3 mm longum gerentibus. Inflorescentia oblongo-paniculata effusa 10— 15 cm longa, ramis elongatis gracilibus apice ramulosis rectis vel subnutan- tibus, phyllo imo gracili inflorescentiam superante, floribus 2 mm longis remotiusculis prope apicem ramulorum dispositis, bracteis apice membrana- ceis rotundatis vix 1 mm longis. Tepala rotundato-obtusa convexa aequalia virescenti-brunnea dorso viridia margine hyalina, externa —lanceolato- elliptica late hyalino-marginata, staminibus 1—1.5 mm longis, antheris oblongo- linearibus filamento aequilongis. Capsula ovata 2.8—3 mm longa castaneo- brunnea nitida apice in rostrum breve subabrupte contracta, seminibus ovatis circiter 0.3 mm longis ferrugineis. In pratis humidis salsuginosis ad vias littoraque arenosa Orientis Extremi URSS, Mandschuriae, Chinae boreali-orientalis, Koreae et Japoniae. Typus: ,Oriens Extrem. URSS. Peninsula Muravjovi-Amurensis, ad marem in viciniis oppidi Vladivostok prope stationem viae ferreae Okeanskaja, n° 696, 10 VIII 1929, V. A. Transchel leg. —in Herb. Inst. Bot Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. compresso Jacq., cui consanguineus, inflorescentia dispersa, ramis longissimis tenuioribusque et capsula ovata apice acutata (nec rotundato- trigona et apice fere convexa) imprimis differt. 97. J. heptopotamicus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova.— /. bulbosus var. salsuginosus Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XVI, 4 (1868) 272.— Jj. bul- bosus var. nigricans Rgl., |. c., ex p.—J. Gerardi var. salsuginosus Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 113, ex p. Planta perennis cinereo-viridis, rhizomate repente, culmis rectis tere- tibus 10—30 (40) cm altis, foliis canaliculatis applanatis 1—1.3 mm latis apice subobtusatis, vaginis vix auriculatis basi aphyllis fuscescentibus. Inflo- rescentia subcymoso-congesta, ramis 2—5 brevibus divaricatisque, phyllo recto inflorescentiam aequilongo vel superante, floribus 3.5—4 mm longis in fasciculis 2—5-floris ad apicem ramorum congestis, bracteis ferrugineo- fuscis ca 1.5 mm longis rotundis margine hyalinis. Tepala oblongo vel lan- ceolato-elliptica rotundato-obtusa aequalia dorso late carinata virescenti- infuscata ad margines late purpureo-fusca fere non membranacea, staminibus circiter 2 mm longis, antheris filamentum 3—4-plo superantibus. Capsula oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-elliptica 4—5 mm longa atrofusca apice rotun- data et rostrata perigonium valde superans, seminibus 0.5 mm longis ovatis ferrugineis. In salsis et subsalsis Soongoriae heptopotamicae et sinicae nec non Tian-Schan orientalis. 506 Typus: ,Soongoria, distr. Dsharkent, in loco Kara-Saz, n° 2123, 8 VII 1910 (fr. mat.) atque ibid., non procul fonticulos Arassan, n° 1428, 22 VI 1910 (pl. flor.) A. 1. Michelson leg. — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc URSS conservatur. Ab /. atrofusco Rupr., cui proximus, inflorescentia compacta fasciculifera et capsula majore perigonium valde superante aut ab /. sa/suginoso Turcz. cui, in statu florenti simillimo, differe tepalis obtusis aequalibus (nec acutis inaequalibusque) et capsula longiore. 98. J. jaxarticus V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. —/. Gerardi auct. fl. turk., non Lois., ex p. Planta perennis cinereo-viridis, rhizomate repente caespitoso, culmis rigidis rectis 30—60 cm altis unifoliatis, foliis applanato-canaliculatis ad 2 mm latis subito acutatis, vaginis basalibus fuscescentibus subfibrillosis. Inflorescentia oblongo-paniculata, ramulis inaequalibus_ erectis, floribus 4 mm longis ad apicem ramulorum remotis interdum fasciculatim congestis, phyllo brevi, bracteis membranaceis pallidis ovatis acutis 1.5 mm longis. Tepala late lanceolata vel lanceolata acuta late virescentia tardius_ stra- minea ad margines apicemque anguste ferruginea marginibus hyalina interna — breviora minime acuta, staminibus ca 2 mm lg., antheris filamentos 3—4-plo superantibus. Capsula obovata 3.5 mm longa _ virescenti-brunnea in rostrum breve subabrupte contracta perigonio brevior, seminibus ovatis circiter 0.5 mm longis ferrugineis. In salsis Asiae Mediae pedemontanae boreali-occidentalis. Typus: ,,Fergana, distr. Marghelan, in salsis humidis septentrionem versus a can. Chan-aryk, n° 544, 14 V 1913, N. Dessiatowa leg. — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. Gerardi Lois., quo cum mixtus est, bracteis tepalisque acutis, argenteo-virescentibus atque capsula perigonio breviore, floribus majoribus bene differt. 99. J. Turczaninowii (Buch.) V. Krecz. sp. nova. —/. /ampocarpus var. Turczaninowii Buch. in Bot. Jahrb. XII (1890) 378 et in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 219.— /. virens V. Krecz. in Fl. Transb. II (1931) 142, non Buch., ex p.—/. lampocarpus Kom. et Alis. Key pl. East. reg. URSS | (1931) 353, non Ehrh, ex p. Planta perennis virescens, rhizomate breviter repente, culmis teretibus striatis 20—50 cm altis, foliiss:mollibus applanato teretibus inconspicue articulatis basi laeviter rotundato-auriculatis. Inflorescentia umbellata com- posita, ramis numerosis subcompactis, phyllo brevi floribus 2—2.5 mm longis in fasciculis haemisphaericis 6—9-floris ad apicem et ad basin ramorum con- gestis, bracteis ovatis, acutis. Tepala aequalia lanceolata acuta (interna — acutiuscula) virescentia vix fuscescenti- et hyalino-marginata, staminibus S07 1.5 mm longis, antheris oblongo-ellipticis, filametis duplo brevioribus. Cap- sula oblongo-elliptica 2.8—3 mm longa infuscata nitida rostrata perian- thium paullulum superans, seminibus ca 0.4 mm longis ovatis. In paludosis et locis humidis Dahuriae, Mongoliae, Mandshuriae et Orientis Extremi URSS. Typus: ,,In humidis Dahuriae nerczinensis, 1831, Turczaninow“, in herb, Ledebouri et Meyeri (sub nom j. /ampocarpus var. Turczaninowii Buch. teste) in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab J. lampocarpo Ehrh., cui consanguineus, omnibus tepalis semper acutis, floribus minoribus (2—2.3 nec 2.5—3 mm longis), capsula breviore (2.8—3 nec 3.5—4 mm longa), perianthio paullulo (nec 1?/,-plo) longiore, foliis obsolete septatis minime auriculatis differt. 100. J. Nevskii V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova.—j. maritimus B. Fedtsch. Pacr. Typr. (1915) 213, non Lam. Planta perennis glaucescenti-viridis, rhizomate obliquo dense caespi- toso, culmis cumulatis rigidis sulcatis subnitentibus ad 2 mm crassis 50— 90 cm altis, basi vaginis testaceo-fuscis subnitentibus aphyllis vestitis, foliis cylindricis rigidis acutis culmo brevioribus. Inflorescentia secunda racemoso- paniculata subcompacta 5—10 cm longa, ramis erectis apice subramulosis, phyllo recto inflorescentiam vix subaequante, floribus 2.5—3 mm longis soli- tariis vel geminis (trinis), bracteis late lanceolatis acutis 2.5—3 mm longis carinatis. Tepala inaequalia stramineo-flava superne subferruginea subcari- nata margine membranacea externa — acuta interna — breviora obtusiuscula, staminibus 1.8 mm longis, antheris atris, filamenta subsuperantibus. Capsula oblongoconico-ovata 3.2—4 mm longa virescenti-fuscescens nitida acutata et rostrata perianthium superans, seminibus 0.8 mm longis infuscatis oblongis subincurvis appendiculis brevibus inaequilongis instructis. In demissis humidis subsalsis Turcomaniae et Tadshikiae (Buchara olim) Asiae Mediae. Typus: ,Turcomania, ad fonticulum Kara-su prope pag. Kughitang, 12 Vil 1031, n° 763, S. A. Nevski leg. — in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab J. maritimo Lam., quo cum mixtus est, rhizomate cumulatim (nec seriatim) caespitoso denso (nec repente), inflorescentia constricta (nec dif- fusa), capsula oblongo-conica perianthium superanti (nec ovata perianthio subaequilonga) aut oecologia alia bene differt. 101. J. brachytepalus (Trautv.) V. Krecz. et Gontsch. sp. nova. — J. glaucus auct. fl. turk., pro max. p.; Buch. in Engl. Pflzr. IV, 36 (1906) 153. — Jj. glaucus var. brachytepalus Trautv. in herb. Planta perennis cinereo-viridis, rhizomate repente dense caespitoso, culmis teretibus laeviter compressis 50—90 cm altis basi usque ad 1 cm incrassatis, vaginis dilatatis testaceo-rubris vel aurantiacis subnitidis aphyllis vestitis. Inflorescentia secunda subdensa paniculata 5—7 cm longa, phyllo abbreviato apice rigido pungenti, floribus 3 mm longis congestis, bracteis membranaceis ovatis acutis ca 1 mm longis. Tepala lanceolata acuta viridia tardius straminea = membranaceo-marginata subaequalia, staminibus 1.5 mm longis, antheris filamentis aequilongis. Capsula elliptica 4 mm longa, fusce- scens vel subferruginea breviter rostrata perianthium superans, seminibus ovatis 0.3—0.4 mm longis. In locis humidis subsalsis Soongoriae et Asiae Mediae montanae (Affghania inclus.). Typus: ,,Songoria.—In Kentau, 3 IX 1843, Al. Schrenk leg., n° 58 herb. Trautvetteri (sub nom. /. glaucus var. brachytepala et brachyspatha Trautv. teste) in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Ab /. inflexo L. (J. glauco Ehrh.), cui consanguineus, vaginis basalibus aurantiaco-rubris (nec purpureis), culmis basi duplo-triplo crassioribus, capsula perianthio valde longioribus differt. LUZULA DC. 102. L. sibirica V. Krecz. in Fl. transb. Il (1931) 144.—L. campe- stris var. alpina Ldb. FI. Alt. Il (1830) 45; Kryl. Da. Aatas VI (1912) 1400. — L. multiflora ssp. asiatica Kryl. et Serg. in Kryl. Fl. Sib. Occ. Ill (1929) 556 (incl. var. et ff.).— L. campestris Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XXVIII (1855) 300, non DC. Planta perennis caespitosa virescens vel erubescenti-virescens estolo- nifera, culmis rectis 10—40 cm altis foliatis, foliis planis crassiusculis 1.5—2.5 mm latis, pilosiusculis basi demotis. Inflorescentia contracta subum- bellata vel subcapitata et capitata glomerulos 3—10 sphaericos vel ovales 5—12-floros gerens, phyllo_ inflorescentiam superante, floribus 2.3— 2.8 mm longis. Tepala subaequilonga lanceolata ferrugineo-rubra (fulva) vel castaneo-purpurea ad margines apicemque aureo- et albido-hyalina, exteriora— acutiora, staminibus 1.4—1.5 mm longis, antheris filamentis subaequilongis. Capsula late ovata fulva acutata perianthio brevior (raro subaequilonga), seminibus 1.2—1.3 mm longis oblongo-ovatis appendiculo 0.2—0.3 mm longo. In alpinis Sibiriae, Mongoliae et Orientis Extremi URSS. Typus: ,,M. Sajanenses, reg. Kitoi, hibernacula sojotica ad fontes fl. Osna, n° 494, 11 VII 1873, Czerski et Hartung leg.—in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. A L. multiflora Lej., cui proxima, habitu humiliore, inflorescentia com- pacta pauciglomerata, foliis crassiusculis, floribus aureo-fulvis vel castaneo- purpureis, antheris filamentis aequilongis, capsula perianthio subaequilonga differt. 509 Explanatory List of the Major Russian References Fedtsch. Rast. Turk, Fl. Turkm. Grossh, Fl, Kavk. Kom. Fl. Kamch. Kom, Fl. Manchzh. Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast, Dal'nevost. Kr. Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. Maevsk. Fl. Sr. Ross. Opred. rast. okr, Tashk. Schmalh. Fl. Yu.-Z. Ross. Syreish. Il]. Fl. Mosk. gub. Fedtschenko, The Plants of Turkestan The Flora of Turkmenistan Grossheim, Flora of the Caucasus Komarovy, Flora of Kamchatka Komarov, Flora of Manchuria Komarov and Alisov, Key to the Plants of the Far Eastern Region Krylov, Flora of Western Siberia Maevskii, Flora of Central Russia Key to the Plants of the Tashkent District Schmalhausen, Flora of South-Western Russia Syreishuk, Illustrated Flora of the Moscow Province 510 Explanatory List of Geographical Names Mostly Abbreviated in This Text Alt. — Altai Amer. — America Amu-Dar. — Amu-Dar'ya Anad, — Anadyr' Ang. -Sayan. — Angara-Sayans, Aral. -Casp. — Aralo- Caspian region Asia, Trop. Subtrop. Centr. North. South, East. West, As. Min. — Asia Minor Atl, — Atlantic Austral. — Australia Balk. -As. Min. — Balkans-Asia Minor Batum. — Batumi Casp. — Caspian Cauc. — Caucasus, North. South. East. West. Centr. Ciscauc, — Ciscaucasia, North. South. East. West. Centr. Chuk. — Chukot coast Crimea, North. South. East. West. Centr, Dag. — Dagestan Daur, — Dauria Dnep. — Dnieper; Upp. Dnep., Low. Dnep. , Mid. Dnep. Don — Don; Upp.-Don. Low.-Don, Mid.-Don Dv. Pech. — Dvina-Pechora [region] Dzhung. -Kashg. — Dzungaria- Kashgaria Dzhung. -Tarb. — Dzungaria- Tarbagatai Eur. — Europe. Centr. , South. , East. , North. , West., Atl., Arct. Gr. Cauc. — Greater Caucasus Himal. — Himalayas Ind.-Him. — India-Himalayas Irt, — Irtysh Jap.-Chin, — Japan-China Kamch, — Kamchatka Kar.-Lap. — Karelia-Lapland oll Kop. -Dag. — Kopet-Dagh Kyz. -Kum. — Kyzyl-Kum Lad. -Il1'm, — Ladoga-I]'men' Laz. — Lazistan Len. -Kol. — Lena-Kolyma region Medit. — Mediterranean; East. North South. East, Centr. Mong. — Mongolia Nov. Zem. — Novaya Zemlya Ob. — Ob' region Okhot, — Okhotsk Pam. -Al, — Pamir-Alai Pribalkh. — Pribalkhashskii Raion {Lake Balkhash region] Prichern, — Prichernomorskii Raion [Black Sea Region] Sakh. — Sakhalin Scand, — Scandinavia Siberia, East., West. , South. , North, , Centr. Syr-Dar. — Syr-Dar'ya Waly (ay) Dalivsh Tob. ‘= Tobel; Wppiy) Mids) Low: Transcauc,. — Transcaucasus Turk. Arm, — Turkish Armenia Turk. Laz. — Turkish Lazistan Turkes. — Turkestan Turkm, — Turkmenia Tyan'-Shan. — Tien Shan Ud. — Uda region Ussur. — Ussuri Volg. — Volga Volg. -Don — Volga-Don Volg.-Kam. — Volga-Kama Wienis.\/o. \Menser Zabaikal'e — Transbaikalia [Trans- baikal region] Zavolzh, — Zavolzhskii Raion {[Trans-Volga region] Ze.-Bur. — Zeya-Bureya ALPHABETICAL LIST of Families and Genera Appearing in Volume III Acorellus Palla... ACOTATSILS Here eee ee ee Ame iiliewm:-a\, JR. Br. een, vs jt Araceae Neck. .. Arisaema Mart. Arum L., Blysmus: Panzy ttre os sae ehe Bolboschoenus Palla. Bulbostylis Kunth Butia Becenniana. Call aylips € are xm@ilicith.. tahise osee eee oe © © © © © @ Chamaerops (jag), o weit Cobresia Wilidaainany, . «ae Comme lamacliel ts, . .eee ae Commelinaceae Rehbigni.iis). st Cyperaceae J, St. Fils) 2. se Cyperus Loo. ee oe ee Dichosty lasUPABloy, co .0emds oie Eminium (Blume) Schott... .... Eriocaulaceae Rich.igmmey. =. sim ErioCcanldaniberwe io Ss hedge Eriophorum Linigqilavind, oo... Fimbristylis Vahl. Heleocharis R. Br. ome "état wg 6 8 1s Russian page* Russian page Helesechoenus Lak tide eee 41 Jatbiae acoHyB:. ete. sea. eas 468 Juncacese) Vent xaz.wengl o . akdeiad OO Juncellus (Kusth)C.Es lake 7 8 junc asl, .entee cen. + «ats S04 K yidi a gia Rettbe”, .cicer. aeiak 25 Lerman: We tics ates Me . 402 Lemnaceae Dumort. ....... F 491 Luzula, DC... o s+. SEBEL a ee 959 bysichitu my Schottisiotl. +. acm 480 Monochori ayPresl. bie ., nena «| 902 Palmae eh aE 20. ae 464 Phoenix LL... «4. dee ee 466 Pontederiaceae Dumort. ........ 502 Pyecreus: Beauv, =. adeadie eee ee Rhynchospora Vahlaieemem oo tee Schoe nmsebiaml. >. ‘ anaxand 98 Seirpus Lo, i. > See ba au ee SpirodeletSchicid? oid ©.sea 482 Symplecarpwu’s Salish. ..citeit .: 481 T oru limi) Deswair. =. iS ae ee Trachicarpuss Wendy, — «fee 476 Trichephorum » Pers. ~ . aii) +, ie 37 Washingtonia Wendl. ..... 4, 298 Wolffia Horkel et Schleid, 494 * [These page numbers appear in the left-hand margin of the translation. ] 748 612 Cover printed in Jerusalem, Israel - oTS a & : oa ee i i 2 ) ; es i ‘D fs: ie j \ a ro 4 ¢ Maly _ st ih 2 n5 on " iL 4 : ne Swe 5 3 S g ‘ BE 4 _ A, ane aay TV TN i ‘p SSE Ss Seon awe fe) te 2 x i Fae oP. SM, i i “% i MEIC “, ibs Takase | % & S S muy < ii Sp a ‘ bad | \ oy, ely iy { i dal | ii eh Mi iil a Y caoures Bs lh Y i) 1 V S ry q 1 i Cp | SS f } ty, al h ey ft ———— Ay / L& gee MSS J; < | mh ‘| ‘“ Y Ses | 4b =O 7 ithe a o Te i Spit %; Sis Aon PES Lass pa ) & 4 x | a) ! if i iL 6 Or A311 Ea nbgt Flora of the U.S.S.R