‘ th vib poe a yp ere aay re ae ) a? riiva hopes detet Ot an" why . . iN sha atlas Mea tat peat ie y ' ' vy , \ ' hy Mae ; eta) ‘ se ‘g' M ' %! ) : ‘ ben tytnly yh trae 5 Ni Pas) : 11 b ‘ 7 : i Wy iylastt MRL be GAA \ ' Paden Wy ger Et ' ‘ yaa yen ads } ee) : rh) ‘ : " R : . a ; ae: yas ah Pua SSE Nh ’ \ Ceiysgi AED PBS ' ! RT CHAN ; TEAM Uhh ; Waa NEY, Y art WAN Aa eR pe J Valk ary ? f fy arb ray } . . ) 4 Be : Ys 4 Weg tute Ate a. ACER, ey ‘ + RG} Ne a YE . ’ ‘ ’ ae " Wwe \ : j a the BOOS 4? cn " rd i } aye ary , dy an ieerg TEV Uh 14) , y i ’ ’ ‘ : ya wi’) mee y Wave t ral rey ‘ ‘ily ‘ ; Tssyhs et iatan) § \ Talat ets ate 4 Pwr eM 1 no ' fret ’ ; ; Wiad ding i 4 Pemtea re iets ugha ip vedi Re attd ae fash bye ; : i Ai veh Pyeare rete t i? we DUET ELIE. ‘ E . . rd 7 . F i * jl of iy aval F ; (PRC rere mrt i Mae VPA ed + 47 tab fo Se va iaan ae A 4 Kt : iN ray 4, fey oy b ‘ , 7 ded % ? ne a ‘ a4 my , ve , og ae 4 hd gag her eact f crise Gaby) pp Ores ty Sy Dotty 4 eas diaper ma PoP aOR Reve tes t me “ES be pier G0 2 nang ener ny edie es hb 8 Fad pana , birt Oe F. pied ra ad ee Sy Ae LE tayear de Pe i ieatia tae ‘ f\ bsg! * pie fag Bids ary ba D td Ip ners ; Lu fam Shay oe) Nita t iat ' vi yaensaee ” 4 , a Pete e ENE 8s Varah gaan A'49} ri ee) ada by bh ad Oe ~ » ot oF f Ny brea ier na | Hy inh oath } 4 hae ey hh ‘ “a det bs peby, Pei ME IE Ant pintecls titans Lay t its! 10! oe { pened S ks ‘al t SY ond hit 4 ea 4 ~~, fe rans ~~, ie SS WS meee, a Nate” 9 GP Ne ARS m ng ey a rts ee a iy TITUTION NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYRAIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT] 7 w Pos w a eae 7) = oe 1 1 NY = = / pe S < NSE ae < sa LS¥Y % z Soy = = SQL Ly. ro) , 3 ‘ B 2 i Gjf 3 We 2 3 g = = “iy = ea ae fe : d = 5 . = es = uvugit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sa 1uUVve & uw x rr au = 2 i) = ~. tf Zp 2 = “4 ra a ee a < 1 WSS = = a Uy = = = ac 5 a “Wt 3 a 5 ~ Fad 2 Pd 25) cea s wy NITUTION _ NOILOALILSNI _NWINOSHLIWS ~°4 luvua Slt LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN™ INSTITUT! o a Me fo) = = ig ie — oa s an ao — @ : 2 Ne 5 : : 2 = Pe Pe NY Es = i ies — Fs) ASN ee) = Bs) = a wy Fe — = ¥ — 2 a ee m 2 iB ri = wn = wn oes wn wo LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvdd = ‘~ wn = * ” a 22) lf < = < = iy a = py ee 4 = 4 thy, Z 4 ty i MY: S 2 E Zz 7 fe Vine z Ss > = Pe = >" a 77) 2 7) Zz FITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAtdYVuddail LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE GLE | ES NI ~\ ! RARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS S31uvue LIBRARItsS NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILS INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI S3iNVYGIT LIBRARI INSTITUTION INSTITUTICN Soe | INSTITUTION TITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYAIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT! NVINOSHLINS SSIYVUYSIT LIBRARIES ” z wo Zz os = Ks Zz Mee! Saat SS = WN Se a ef 5, = ea LPI; y °Z WH > = we 2 Gf GY 5 i Uf Uf 5 WR S AW 8 FY; 2 SYUG 2 WS _ YQ 2 “yy = 2 Gy 2S = eile tE amet ath. - MVUSIT_ LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS Pk uJ = lo = Ree a lu ~ : “Ss z GN 2 a 5, = =F MS = {6 Fa sh = a) 2 tr GY, 2 ONG, EY A aaa tae Fy at \ Ne LPN aay a ENTS aca AS IO ey Ue, the - “Guy, — Vay & VL af = WA a Ny s/ — \c@dh = Uf m ey = rs m ne @ ELS m Qe — if?) = (@p) : = LOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3JIYVYAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNL z n” =z esi wn w < = aes aie = Pad 4 Ce . = = B oe BW GB 5 ae \ fe) = : ESQ 2 g : > = = = \ = Fe BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI savavedia. + hem ae ‘WSs . NV NOILALILSNI ILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!1Y¥Vuaiy SJINYVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN SaluYVUGIT LIBRARIES SJIYVUSIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION NOILOLILSN aoe INSTITUTION BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvudl LIBRAI w z= ! = < < At < Z =) 3 4 Zz a Vol, = 5 = N z = Z, Gf i= z 2 \ > = ; >" = >" = Ss eS ; = na “we = w > Ww HANLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31NVYGIT LIBRARIES iInsTiTuTION NOISE Se = ”) ~~ & uw 7 wl a 5 = oc as w es oc 4 A en Cc : = S = = i 4 4 4 oO ty a oO = oO ii 2 _ Zz a = = BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI Saiuvugia LIBRA : 8 : S : : a 0] 2) QD fa a = o m | z : tn Zz op hie w JILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN = o z ae no z wn : < = 2 @&s = < = Vth fo = = (s NS ey z = if? f o == : a VE ‘, nw 2 ; an ip a Or < \ O ee oO Vil = Z E ie = Z 4 > = = a . 2 = Z BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI Saiuvudi7 LIBRA — Ww _— = ec : z a é typ oy SA fara = ES ne a : = z : a best e e ow = Vj = ie 1 in = | 20, tiie ~ 8 = g | 5 : 2 _ 2 as Z ee I NOSHTINS 4 1uvud ie LIBRAR! ES Mer ea ONL WV Sills = 2 Ss) a fe) inp = S) > Lye 3 > : i> : - SRE x ae > oO = JJ=7450013 “y te be — -« + Pe ee in Akademiya Nauk SSSR FLORA of the U.S.S.R. Volume XV B.K. Shishkin, Editor Matlvales, Parietales, Myrtiflorae TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN Waste ats BOT ANICHESKII INSTITUT IM, V.L. KOMAROVA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR FLORA of the U.S.S.R. (Flora SSSR) (Series initiated by V.L. Komarov) Volume XV Malvales, Parietales, Myrtiflorae Chief Editor B.K. Shishkin Volume Editors B.K. Shishkin and E.G. Bobrov Compiled by K.S.Afanas'ev, A.G.Borisova, S.G.Gorshkova, M.M.Il'in, M.V.Klokov, V.P.Maleev, O.A.Murav'eva, E.G.Pobedimova, A.I.Poyarkova, Ya.I.Prokhanov, B.K.Shishkin, E.[.Shteinberg, V.N.Vasil’ev, and S.V.Yuzepchuk Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR Moskva-Leningrad 1949 Translated from Russian Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1974 1/7/3 The Publication of this Translation was Supported by THE UNITED STATES—ISRAEL BINATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Copyright © 1974 Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd, Cat. No.61006 1 ISBN 0 7065 1470 X Translated by N. Landau Printed in Jerusalem by Keter Press Binding: Wiener Bindery Ltd., Jerusalem Available from the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Service Springfield, Va. 22151 i Baene © MONE CON as, IN sS Russian English page page SiCieMAvicUNdex of Speeres im Volume XV eo. soe ie ae nie vil vii Peta Me MEM: CAUCUS UNE. Sea ci aevig) Ae Behave vel ¢ aWaleiye b,onave.lotals. w acd Sie) oui Vv 1 Once nei ep ual SS PITTS Stele iats “> uerelera sieeve) 6, speisteee vreuecsmeneveile 1 3 eum ECL Cyc MPA CGAS! IMSS.) ie ose etal 2 sas « eke! sc eeun 1 3 PME NPEOUGEMEL A preicle ss m.aeis c'sira cite 5,6 Re ueschiavan nate foifey nanstecekene 2 4 Genus Wee ORC MOTUUS le: es, 5c c.cs 6 o's: 5, op emenel ahve 2 4 EC CHAUS OO H ere le MBU Ura eis te tel, uote) ose loer a 4 eaelie one ecu 4 5) Family C. IVieivaerte: ssn ce eeu ehh) a eae 23 Bal EW MEO MG CICEA Mivelovaiel< alee leis cs. «) ss \syeveln\n ia) aimin}s sige a efal'a sels 24 All Tilo Te SIMIAN Dee INeln dys 5 Wanita Sicwata maa Wie oC 25 22 Gemusioae Vial Opie: We Sal ss cielo see ciety 25 22 Minise se Wialvede Ave Ste tills) PsN). playa w waieteya ovens 29 25 GenmisiGoe. wea lye la Jab .veniSp.. | Wey. lmhe sees 30 25 EMIS Oral MV WWscuanline 91 ails a ape etauy mooi colvopsl ataueions 31 26 GEUNSIOO de Ta V A neil, Lely 2. te telaye goatee ‘cabin opal oneke 16 58 GeUMSISOOM INL Cea ie | lePckdis la wetce aosae lv aeeees 84 64 GOMMUSy One Aelita eyah ay.” yeUbiisced oa, aia recone tabenene 127 95 Geils sco Wial val placa jim) 2s). scion 144 107 GEMMsTOGoe a TEL OND GANS. cic «ls etesiciere 146 108 EMMIS USD Olen MG! Wmlze: aan va gorse, icici w ese ce syste eye aL apeaates 149 111 nine por WM OIS@E AS RODD .r ae oisis aad sues ers, enamels eae oieieiens 150 lal GENUS Ss leer S Gt) lige arate arenk yo cae oan lol 2 Gems oe. Oste he taka \Presl. an’. oe 50 168 125 Cents Gossypium Lo 7 ia) setekstonene Banmhyome )) ) Miyitacede Pets.) .../..- «cielo clashes ++ efi eet Genus eee EMC VapiWS wh ECtit. : te telat erate anally CoCuls Oimeroueve caren Eine APS sory Sip oo Sea oor KGW (tO (Geena SoG 5655 ooo emismo una ssid oc aga ours or denial miissieieaie, RCD), tics, «57 Senaodche Ser le laher olanetereys Cemusys Ac merce lS Was Me). wie kee cles nie eles ele TUDO. jonkolmeeS SjoeKel mh aionens Soe nbn 45.00 on GenusAIZS Sa Bypm dy OND Maes Se, eee Nel sis oteite Gemis, 9245 (Chamaecneri wimp Adans.0% 217.) Muibe se OumonederRammann, ) oo... eles ae ees ie 4 ee GENUS 225. Ome wine) Eekimss Boo geqnobgeccod Geimspo2GanOmmot wera Le. eon. 2 sews ole Misculine Ate GI CACCACWD Goes oi. te pie sale sees Gees eee Cems OTaeGuyre ae Uo ks os ow ee dhe oo = alte Family CXIV. Hydrocaryaceae Raimann ............-. GeMiisgOZ Si male ap ar Cae cyeustgneaietietts Sereyeiier shia Gls /eatenle Family CXV. Halorrhagidaceae Lindl. ..........+... (GSMs GALS Wyo yovolsy I wisn IL 2 SMe Gece d< Hamill GXVil: sappuridacede, DW Ge sc i.si-))-1: 21s) -\s12 cl-pr}ay Gems QBs jap pwlwits 5 8 ob see0eo aonb oad Family CXVIl. Cynomoriaceae Engl, .....2-. sense Geng Pil, CE yankoy in Ow aioyim a eR A ea sce coe cc Addenda XIV (Diagnoses of New Species Mentioned NMA AO CUNT AT MONONA i riMtenteitc cerencbte’(ctveie/0 fenlaucmentiie: eo leuevaussic (eis ocallp eulee eye te 2 He ay MN NNN CHUGINS Ue clam) iocel atc 4's leis s/c) ole yoiejallo\ eH s\yi'e oei"elle\ cl miles.» ‘Vemetainion Nesiioms ont ine USSR Grainne oc acgo Geog ace gr eb Uris enue NORMAN iM OUSHE FeCaka Wielavoree~ lsissickov eis 2 ayer e)eis = ee eieiqie'se om me 515 O15 516 518 920 020 526 527 532 930 536 540 041 048 903 503 904 504 599 565 566 567 067 O71 O71 621 627 628 630 630 633 637 638 662 662 668 668 670 671 6795 Taka 387 387 387 389 394 394 394 396 400 401 402 405 405 411 415 415 416 416 417 429 426 426 426 429 429 465 4710 470 472 472 472 477 417 495 495 499 499 501 O01 503 027 906 9909 SUBJECTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ERGENES ) Arete te ite A coer outs s Sts, Gh Pat Shetek ee Editorial Staff HMMM MMBC AC ] | UNetks 2s eaiee ay wan, Je Byers 6 Arranged by V.P. Maleev Family Malvaceae (with the exception of PEESCHTIS AGO SS yp NMA) hes 2% eels eee. fa oe Arranged by M.M. I1’in SSMUS (GOSS yp VMN G pert = & arnlatetcld ole shal alee Arranged by Ya.1. Prokhanov HAMM ACHINIGIAUCCAC a c's a eins ses nos oe ce ele Arranged by A.I. Poyarkova Hammies Pieaceae,|Myrtacede yo 22. otc wis cae Arranged by B.K. Shishkin Families Guttiferae, Elatinaceae, Frankeniaceae, Tamaricaceae, Datiscaceae, Elaegnaceae, Halorrhagidaceae, Hippuridaceae, Py MOWMMORIACCAS Mi atieta = © sreiale ici tin «/=.0)i oy 0 ce aaa Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova Families Cistaceae, Violaceae (with the exception of the subgenus Melanium PMEAAVI SAV THOME) Hi cel ctatteyieai-e allem foun tarje) =) =, se (3) oyleyo tae Arranged by S.V. Yuzepchuk Subgenus Melanium genus Viola ........ Arranged by M.V. Klokov Hamahy, DbviiclacaCeac.. . o.oo e+ 2s 5 ceils Arranged by E.G. Pobedimova Family Lythraceae (with the exception of PRP CIIIS May GEG WMA) ES view 2). Siac oie wre Gi ens oi Arranged by K.S. Afanas'ev Germs TENGEN | Ge citwk se thee oie on eyes Arranged by O.A. Murav'eva Bi akMMliyas PUMMCASCAC. Yo ciercade esis ani tele aes 2 ate os 6) Arranged by A.G. Borisova Benny OMATwACEAE Biss. wk hi nied ex o/s ts, 6 ss 5 sles Arranged by E.I. Shteinberg Bey PyGrOeAlyACEACS es aise are es oe ne eles Arranged by V.N. Vasil'ev Repocrs Ol plant fossils’ 6 Jeune i. ste ses eeu Coe Arranged by A.N. Krishtofovich Addenda — Descriptiones plantarum novarum in tomo XV Florae URSS commemeoratarum The plates were drawn by the following artists: Z.V. Kobyletskaya — I-VI, VIII, IX, XII, XIN—XXI, XXV, XXVI, XXXII, XXXII; G.V. Arkad'ev — VI; R.M. Aleksan- drova — X,XI; N.Z. Semenova- Tyan-Shanskaya — XXII, XXIV, XXVII, XXXI. Vi _ Hee CADSH Sr isglss ley seurauia art eh is 6 ca) ees yd le efter’ spe amen eee — mC WOlitoniusple ck cy Coase (Scop ie nd benecte ae, ven vel ous einiay se ake eae ReoMEee Genus 881. Tilia L. Section 1. Astrophilyra V. Engl. isa amlealeytomentosawVioenicn! <5 2" sc eae) 2) oS) ew Sea 5 os Pole : 2a lemandshurica Rupe... <2). - 25. eee hb 8 sia) tage Section 2. Anastraea V. Engl. Sam TaaSVSEV Ia Steve, moe heh ele Ree. OU ae ere marca apleweancasicas Rupr \ oc. se) ss eee Leena 8) Ane eee nae ee ae oho Sem MITE COra ad here esis, es she “kar ee eo se ee ey eee AR Gaumlmbemoniitola tev: . s).d6 oe ite yo) S) ve) ee, ey ee eae ee FReNCGTAINOlaT DOSSe VI, oa 2) bie nee edges ale a eed UC ae SeelMAMULENSISG UPI Wet) ets Ce hs Gr kee as ce Vay oe, ey Sue ae a S340 ae aqueti\G: K. Schn: - eimertd is) Qf Aatdoos Ss Ae ee WO Mlemsibinicapease lie ttc iis scan oie ee et) a le > eel Us AN iba mele mcm rdatauMile, wie walle .o haoc sie. eA) ve. We Ue him So ea ee Family C. Malvaceae Juss. Tribe 1. Malopeae Rchb. Genus 882. Malope L. Pe Meinl tidals Can ua i.s, Rea Get bee aia. adage ek GH-s Ate baat eee oma art Lee IGE SMe fa ies sata ats. a, gi ca Neg bite Ge, Gunes ace eee 1. M. Sherardiana (L.) Jaub. et Sp SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SPECIES IN VOLUME Xv* Order 27. Malvales Lindl. Family XCIX. Tiliaceae Juss. Genus * Corchorus L. Tribe 2. Malveae A. St.-Hil. Genus 883. Malvella Jaub. et Sp. * [This index has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original. ] ** [Russian page numbers appear in the left-hand margin of the text.] Vii Oey ew Net oe! Deel ie my ire) hie riwa fa Shel is) | Ser Wal ite 25 30 9350. 9360. 9370. == VS) aie em Was CS 9 BS) Ses SS 55555 Genus 884. Malva L. Section 1. Bibracteolatae DC. p Nerocarpa wlifinyc apis couse eayvaley co) te! tonirar dense! Wuhiety oa ver Rommel Ua ieee reste Marmeniacawlliin: wviccirciter reps iyhea eonemrew coemte: ee ouvert steer oe en acme Section 2. Bismalvae Medik. PTE CIS AER CTS ee eee RE ee Nt Seal edits tel voiniea: /erictelg Une toe Car ae This pera coi bars) Game ad pee eet Te Si LN Aig ie i SAA Rea ere uMstDR, a ara ie We Ze MMOS ata arcane eat te LAN ml cist ih fang Goin | hanna Soca keene Se IVeStrisn es Meee ENE mre a ie doit fy See ey be isloser tes Me Yet tek deci) vada wet CHE CEA METOSIMRES yes tok SE artnet eile cael) cia ata awUee eke SU ae ambioiiay Guss-aiie te dene. Bere Cg ee, Uc hiceham transis, A. Ni at aia Maubitianamlecars 6 vas cosa Remick) Gee opus) o9e oe kaw wnt i=l! Pe ee ech ci e Grossheimlig hinges; ae otis Re ce eer eye cara) 6s sR ayant eae MICAeensSisMAlIyy ete) sl als Apt ean SR Oe na Dads at eal SC pe Sanh ae buchavical lijintee ees es a oe ets Byoatwener! ote sis ERR Section 4. Planocentrae (Kristoff) Iljin Section 5. Conocentrae (Kristoff} Iljin mohileviensis Downar ... . . TS Ah Ee ee ee Bees ens paminealarcayl inh picctes atest 00 /e) eor evel esi cliow (os Jet ae care ie Meverticillatat lec faeel ai 6 hie Staten eaten Sem une Rome ae Peelers GRASP ME sai ieanes Sel see ce) iat oes oo eA eN sy CMA Meee ita Memeo ee Pemelical Gracin fc." a) oie eit oy Reba Sea ce ea tara Genus 885. Lavatera L. Section 1. Olbia Medik. Bethnuninigracar Lt 2." See lR A yi Boiss RTs Opn.) a ers amet Tae ate nae eT na Measheminiatialcambesstusne We Meat Ano ie Ge nese, eames Sponckatag Ad Ujmapumbs cynione yeni chil so ce syst" Adunes a ee ate Nam Cstsee 4 ue Sam Section 2. Stegia DC. trimestris L. Genus 886. Alcea L. erUgOsArALeher tare retin tran pee te amen et ce) corre Reis: (oy em ene pkusariensis lyin: . yer eee oe a ar papel tig ol ecu ovata camel ae Bitaamica Vlimise ro sire! eh oe hs | oa een eRh MoD Wee ca Bee Solita eles eae a wNovopokrovsky ily Uji ai 026 oh. ho eee callin iy cue Ro ce ne ue Resa abchazicavllyim 4, ey ccc te ee a ere meme et esi aly cur taht dis eens psycophyilla: Mtincee Nike ole aka ape ne Oat ae oth ye ot a ecare ect Vill 99 92 92 93 94 95 9380. 9390. 9400. 9410. Ge etaccomanica lijimi res teens | Seles eo ON aie UE RE oP onl BipAtelankoranicay yin elf ole ates fee Vo, sent eee Wek yeh 0 le ous ty 9. A. tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse. .--.------- e+ eee eee NOVAS achsachanica! lin... 28 hee tee es OS sce tn Rass fiseAGrossheimitdlinws +) colegio e yells SOE hegre lle eh ke ne eee en HDVUA’ flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse::. > # - 0s re 2 et ee ee le ee Doan Sushovskyilltinies tn ee ents hc eee aS Mere «2 heer Goa tay tee aie AuActtranscaucasicaglbinus yacht aye) cc) tye) at bol ile yet) etuieM cdi et oi reatdrot a enrouareae P5eeAMSophigowilinme cre: - CML eG mets yy ak Ot ee ah RL Pe yerre eo ee em Nee Atakcarsianamleitwit eset se ae eh Sb ata Mil aera ts See Neexcubitar lisinites = es ee PN) Raa ee SME Ee Reel ee 1greAtmudifloral(lindh) Boiss.) = 2: 0S. ee Low AEroloviana (fiscis)y tN Me): yo was ge 4 OR ay thabers Me Da Acsitewinowiilliine tse we ee oa hel vole a al eee eae PiveAkopetdaghensis) Ijin’ ') 22. ts Re ST ca ee Dee ncarakcalensis@Rreynit-)s/i8 oust. is fay bik eu vels Rigs dee eee mangas Dey Nebeal aSsical lpi tiy cys lot cis, Sle uili 8 sh oy ee ial Gay “culated eae al righ tal 24 Aarhyticarpa)(Urautv:)) Mjin owe...) 8s eee ee on aie eee DIA anculata breyn €b,oint <6 6 a6. 6 os is) ws ego) celles : 26. A. Antoninae Ijin ....-- 2+ SARS lise an alee ce Se Oi Awpallidax(We et) K.)\ Bessiys) o) sy ie vis f= A ye pe Weyene = 9) © eeu yennee 25eeAcwburkeviczi limes 29 2). e 2 = ee es oA a Ba ay et ane Dom Atitletdrerchiimpoisstiat | Mics 0 yl ee eugs. eG etue tel © peice) = Nel urepetmtommermze SOs ACW oronowitljin se kt ee es ew se a ee eR ee SiepAc hyrcana Grasshweper)- lcm de Koha ye ees: oo SO 3) a Sastre ee erates 32. A. baldshuanica (Bornm.) Ijin. . - - - + - ee ee eee et eet sgveAcibrevniana litin) =: J+ -, @ © 02 6 2 2 alle als Oey Aeeac, = Sul AN rece Ws “e664 6 oso Os oH Sig Sei nhac tay Mes Nate Pe San met ote Genus 887. Althaea Section 1. Hirsuta Ijin Tho RT ORG he a aie aa de oko AcNom oN 5.8 5.5 c ay Reindwagii a. ak. ays, {e sy +s pete patel 2 ee ee ey amie tle ge agen Meabois Section 2. Althaeastrum DC. S/N Goines Ik) 6 6 6 6.65 65 Pe Cm re Ta tN Teams Yee wht Joh Amy Acoarmeniacarilen: i... susclie asec see © wh oh Verein eh omy meee RAS taurinensis’ D) Geis: its, Uae (She eel Ne a: bs) Mae, Nel ete radio stn De gna etree Route 6. A. broussonetiifolia Ijin . . 2...) 6 8 ee ete ee es i Nexcannabinaw las set he ee Gemeente) fe Vek torah re) Mall halbvelieran lr Dee OMmotaie 8. A. narbonensis Pourr. ..-. - - tact, oS eicies) bhualg: LGnahe moe eee tenn Genus 888. Malvalthaea lljin 1. M. tramscaucasica (Sosn.) Ijin. . 6 6 6 ee ee ee ee Genus 889. Abutilon Adans. lee Agnbheophirastiy Medik. «.00=-<) < 0s) [se yale betel, hal Re ee 129 130 131 134 137 139 141 142 143 146 oo oo vue QAO Genus 890. Sida L. EBGIINOGA Tisai sy ateen iar ar ye did cagis Meu 8 tel ol tee: taeom fe Gt alien ap egn Gul at Coal 150 Tribe 3. Hibisceae Rchb. Genus 891. Hibiscus L. Section 1. Azanza DC. NRTA Ce IEG) LE keen fo ile Clay ah bstnietnene ee Weianeoe se Se DRY Kae De edhe ibe 152 SUSU IAC Sila pemter vob? shecivel et oh at" ois ted ae loco Piebietin Nema, te Aecieed.0 152 Micanmnabings less Wiss we aackh athe veh belie varaje es les SR Se an) aac ene ee 153 Fesabdarittawlec ie ues ee certs: os A telve bet lee ny ee dee eater Bee eT es 155 Section 4. Lilibiseus Hochr. . rosa-sinensis L. .... . AACE Re ack RU ic mM a Aun Anes 156 Section 5. Trionum DC. > ROMS gai ol oo of 6 po, oe eee em ERE Oot ood toh Bae 157 Peer ToT les heres fore alia, oe eb tettgal Cea Shia! er OUR ky hte wa UN 159 Section 6. Abelmoschus DC. PRESCULENCUS! lio eins Vaya ie tes Ce Vs Batra cake te thre eeeeee eee emwtaliet ar ce 165 Section 7. Spatula Hochr. LaplanisOlusmO Wee trae diy oa oe ae ke eee eRe. See Nae ea? solar 168 Genus 892. Kosteletzkia Presl ~pentacarpos (1z.)- db. “ss s8 ss 3) et st ea ne al pe Reet od vane aed ace 168 Genus *Gossypium L. Subgenus 1. Eugossypium Tod. Section 1. Breviloba Tod. PANE DACCUM LL sereie cea bette en we: wel tests sulercr mee thie ea CPU Mabe SU ALLIE Mae pelea 175 BEZAILZe VAL ORO Key oid. sees Sik, cdyts! Nach eau cae a oe ae aS lL ea 176 Section 2. Karpas Rafin. Subgenus 2. Magnibracteolata Tod. PUP SUtOIN Lee) Sees. la lched Valetta ngihchs ude ee cbahy ane ee AS nbd entree 178 EP aAIDESCENS alin. ius. ©) 6 cin Give: ve p's vd = veMtgbea Nanette p em Yenee new MERU ce 179 BPENGATe! MOG: 2) 0 feta Gest elec ms MOM ae aed hier Mee ea ey eich Sh 180 Section 3. Synspermia Tod. EP RubescemSMmastenic.( ae, tities 2 cos Yate: al URI 1 Pa aay ye) gee ay COMA 182 wumelianum(load.jibrokh., + =.) ls 4% iss aucy is mepnekys ntuearee celtol amen ie 183 9420. 9430. Family* Sterenliaceae Schott. et Endl. Order 28. Parietales Lindl. Family Cl. Actinidiaceae Van-Tiegh. Genus 893. Actinidia Lindl. Section 1. Leiocarpae Dunn a ee, ket’ Salta, Sem tlel Pen =) ware ay) Kote lle: > leah au jetties | Mane tent uren ane, Cite al) agl ep Se Lied per ee Sees a) 6) othe eh isjiten Mii iee sare ok isl iat eel ese Lees ou ves eh) bert te eo? Hav," hep hse) \e 'a). key Seth lenge) oe) ey) a] fay 0 \e! ie: ten ell iene. eA kolomiktawMaximig ste! useremie sii oi vel la (ai .c0) te 2. A. arguta (Sieb. et Zuce.) Planch... - - -- +--+ --+--> WAGE Giraldit@iDielsts: ¢ stars ee BO 530 Section 2. Astyla Koehne AVA. verticillata (Arduino) am:...- . 9. =.:.¢ahs Je 2.0 Ree ne ak 530 SAV acowiptiacae Ww ilidsaye. site! ue itahile' (eter lap! ysis ie: gee “he aR tatlet OEE ea Mena he 531 GaAnavinidisw borne ms sens clues see sistent ccs) celine vetdaiar Uoecies seeegeeilley Ue) Mc tee ieee 532 Genus 918. Peplis L. leePoralternitolian Mos eimmehs ar) aiic tp Ae ok micas ith, Ber alc ts eugne ree ames 533 DINO see WP portula Lsvaiteybitcies wonky tered lispisl mone CORR. Alhs e2hte rs! a. a eee 534 SeELeMyNCAtCAMEOOSIUNy fash Staion elite si Not wan Sie tan og og dole a aie nate 534 Genus 919. Middendorfia Trautv. Teac: bonysthenicasinauty: «Ue cso 15 4y"%) eles peyies Ga gal el ea a ws ee 535 Genus 920. Lythrum L. Subgenus 1. Hyssopifolia Koehne Section 1. Salzmannia Koehne eleatribracteatum! Salzm: i. a fis, 245 ee So ek sR eee 8 541 2 albenanime Mare beniras rg hevtoletts vo See te pokes eee hn 1S. es le 542 Slew Komanoviis Munavees es ee siete eta te cae ote re retort on jefe sine 543 Section 2. Euhyssopifolia Koehne AM ethesioidest ede: Geet ee hie car ce cat te le) latte, ao Aerie: dist A Aes 544 SHE alini¢oliumeWarve tukira wae serie, (Sis elon Daas ge Mal ace, gaa a a ale 544 Guulewhyscopitoiiavlevs 2 mob ass va 14 ala) oMon Blin pale Worl ane Lea 545 He OdOriiSOSI ss Ts re ee, valle waar eects ehh cA cl ah oe cots 545 O72 0 FEES y leveSchellcovnikoviie SoSme co) fue! cn eae cue che tala seer ccc iere koe oe stacey em 546 OME lenoidestBoiss: eet Ao ue a ee a ete A acd ee wets 547 LORE thymifaliarlic in smiiiane SAMs Al ve ube A gy ON eae aha oe) 547 Subgenus 2. Salicaria Koehne Dele sallicarta Westy ic. hy cere Neal RSE TP ARRAN ster ate Mobe eptmradies 2) 20 elles 548 1 2Se Interme dium Wed bey cee CN uals ® oo lata Meee Cgc aia ee teeeest (ce! Ve epee Oh 551 AS Mlesmuine atin clam wel Slots 5. cages Jon he) slaieiins Hay Lenn sian pe ctwc rt aac igo Ve 551 Family CXII. Pumicaceae Horan. Genus 921. Punica L. 1Gn Ps oranatiim y Led Sic Vek Si io ah TE RS File, ER ge 593 Family Combretaceae R. Br. Family * Myrtaceae Pers. GenuskxEucalyptus L. Herit. — IE: cammiferai(Gaertn’))Hochr.. .- <4.) <4 se See, Ce See 559 — 2. Es citetowionas looks airline 0 asia) 2 G8 Re Oe Sie re Ree 560 — Sesncamaldulensis“Dehnhy.o se is0.s0 qo. ole Cen ee ea Cicely nee ey ee ae 560 XX — Coy Th GARR TEE) GIG) S08 Bah ae ea ZO LAST ne eS RT St el tence ets Cal 561 — ree UEMImera SloGbee tte oF cole ot ah, ot SM aN EN ANN co ata” edema Os woke) mee Ree 561 — Gabssolabilusie ability eles of on ch inliehys yey e/a Wheel ale bel se \seteras hea calle 562 _ aise Macarthuri )Deanevet /Maiders oe ee) Ee Ee, 563 ~ SEA viminalisgleabillidiewis Wenge sh ees wait day aM ore shine ea gee 563 — OQMBURGinere ambi Mure Aue. et get Von, ROE ESS RY AAR TD be ES HR Oa ea eae 564 Pn AT eRe aettlaral Slebii Picks cic at he Mee Sh asia halt LR. tl nha. Bina) User cas 564 PLE rsaltcttalias( Sol) (Cavs ek nets ee eh es ar. CRRBMRNREY, Mabe Rin a 565 Family CXIll. Onagraceae Lindl. Tribe 1. Jussieueae Rchb. Genus 922. Ludwigia L. Nealenmnalustris: (age utc re Wen Sn nae ne tae toa! 1s ae on yrs ae cet sg 568 Deleeprostratatioxbe cet ni tia sk ee Sie he ye ees ees pee a 568 Tribe 2. Epilobieae Spach Genus 923. Epilobium L. Section 1. Schizostigma Hausska. Nem eae hinsutirmn lay eieeies cei ies it on, Seca Se Son WA es ee ile ee 578 S7a0 meee ve aparvifloram (Schreb.) DG." 3 2 je eo. fh Se ee 580 SUE emontanumielatmeneey is aes aoa eos, nisi gous ao Bu dalle mle le eal Nea Ope 581 AME ac ollinumeGimneleem etl te eos ete e e te ee utt ne Uae Ne Secs tard cai 582 5 artlanceclatum Sebivety Mati. ecjis oe. cul a. Wel [oP iycbtlneics: oe 3 ate Me 585 Section 2. Synstigma Hausskn. Gememada nin MGrisst, oe eee ea. eles vote etna. car te cay ely a LeU cae 586 Zo eis LETTE NA bal Sy WSIS 0101 A A oe rea ee eR NEN MMRUTH ig"! 8 587 Rutobscurume(Gchreb:) oth, 2) 200 1. sf, eye), eaeech @ be lees ee eee 588 Ombemroseum™(Sehrep yr mersai. coy. he Ne ives Bons at oe ek eee Cen tremens 588 TOWE-nervosum: Boiss: etyBuhse 005 2 0) Sik oe SYR ee 589 MISC #consimile aussie! ies ey se 4, boule oi. oe ade auch cM reRRen serieeae 590 ORAONMMO OE talmaatenseoteinby ! 0 o's 2) os. css, 2). 6 ce See) eee er a 590 Sueeeacianschanicumieravie oe. rly tote ML WS ee eas eelsgu aah eel ora 591 TA SE ctermopnillumi Pauls e)) 2) obec We tui oe Ro gies oe eatin era 592 lSyie-wsubnivale Ma"Ropree et es a es ee ete ee) hen) teal) on ae 592 AGE rupicola: Pavia ah gir SM. ge Peeks Soe SERIAL 8 593 IE apOneicuntMaaussiene.. ie. io. Ok Pee Jee Ok ae a eae 593 SBE MoriolGumwmidawsslen. #0 xe be ta )'s i bel cabs Mg be we Dey akc an 594 WOMmEasamunense Welaussions = 94,542 cas, [eee ies Moe ly cg SO a mae 594 20 RE scephalostigma?bausskn. = i =... 5 es ae ee es 595 2LERE-acalycinumeliaussicn: + 70S) 2 7.9) MOY NINE ME REE oa ae tage a eee 596 Wises 2 als. CV lInGrOSte ma: INOM: =) 0 wish -. Sy swiS greedy) haley, uate Meee ae 596 2S AEA eNuUCICAG PUM WOME, 6e ys)ixe ce elie a VN tele ge Fe ade be aa) huey taco emia ete 597 Zoe eenanoulabumni Iomega) eet RA KEM L Relat ope On ce A i Ru 597 DSU AMALE MITE MOM Le hgey Mee eae oe ae Sa ea a ee ne ier, Sea Ram DT LT I ie ee nea 597 ZOMbewanatolfouna, AUSSI: 5.) cor) sos. ces, Se yS NAO Nie abies Gees) ot eollagh ae Ne ake ke Uae 598 Pie cepprionop hylan: mausskme: o.oo) \oy vailies 2) 6p a ue eye: oak eae ath: See 598 DemEemaponicumuiniausskay fers en ss ete ee ee heme anne mT tat a aes 601 POM Ee ale nOcal one mlallSSicmsjy.e” 47 eRe Psi PM beech IE Pa Ras Dae 602 XX1 303, Ea clandulosum( Mehmeti naar Lak a cliche coe ae ee 603 SI Ee bifariums Moms caedieon ale 0. Aly ah oiace 9. Noy el aa aids AER 604 07604032, E, alotdumiMa Ber cats Vet) cai ch Aelia, staal Shee tae Aaa ane re 604 387 Eo SemmascensieaAs. Mey 03 02) Ne i eR ed eA ae 605 Sf EersubaloiGummblausskinas), chen so choc aloe Reon E oe els oe eae nn UNE as eer Soe 605 35.15 scontusumeblausskemye css eh cect te wea) ce Rect tarak ARORA Ree ae oritae aeeaeae 606 S02 E,, alpinum dae ee yeaa) hia els et el cl ban) koe gee a eC, 607 37 .E.sextulatum-eblausskns “sf ibn oh hea ok Seen weet Os ee ee eee cm 607 SOA Eslactiflonampidaussknepssei ny ot: uP woes oie We, esate Weal a ms ats ke een 608 SOM Excalsinefoliunmen Vite rumen ee teu ties puri re tneey TE AOU ll age REN Ts ES gene 609 40 Te abelningianummansskne aie cle gies aks) oh) ca ot eee 610 AUMES Bongardtivlagssicrs wae eat Ne Rene Ned tele eae. Namah toa tetieenTE 611 Did0l. Az. E, Elornemannil, Rehbs.ny epee vont Wa CRN oh neces fo bP ee eee 612 Ase EMMUN ALE NSE RPT te Ss Reet cc) sek the at sacs a ay braids Re el epee 612 AAEM AD AINSENE, Mac uate ire yer eee Rains GA eGy te oo disuoedl ein) Susie a ane ae 613 A PE pMutan Seema bie ete Loess ee ea tye Livia es. hae oe 614 AG Ee Gavimicamer isch sarsry (hie Ck ae, SR ey Some cae? 8) ee 617 AT SE tunaranumesalisi nes seen he ale eee NSP eee 2k, be 618 ASME alpestcen(lacgywwrock: ere. Lae whe eee et tS ae awe oe 618 AON SE Starceiciim Sale ka suey me ives Shain alk ee Meats ewe eires ye te ly eae 619 SOMES modestumsraussknsiiy ee en hee ences at oh 2 ela ee eer 620 SIEGES sminutit/orumbpldausskn wes spew ect cs nye oe | a une eee 620 Genus 924. Chamaenerium Adans. Section 1. Hebesty le Steinb. Deel, Chevancustitolium, (LjiSecop! a. i) een ke toe. le ee 622 2yChx Stevents(Baiss i Sosusa ho: ytecnsy FAUE Phuc weet geal a. yap raaieaes 624 of Chalancustissimum(Eaussin.) Sosmi.) § 4. 20 i)t 2) sadige pe duerlny Go awe 624 a. Gh..caneasicum:,(ilausskn:)) SOSH. =.) << c))6. + gee ie pen pede oe 5 ae 625 se Cheicolechicumy (Alb): Steinbs.<; «Serer. 24 20 Gy 2 ee ilps lr gat ooo eee 626 Section 2. Leiostyle Steinb. GuChlati€oliaum (2) Phe, Fre oye. 59 20 by A te es SRE ee ae 626 TuCh thalimifolium Sallsbs 2. (Tek Se 3 Re SR a 627 Tribe 3. Onagreae Raimann Genus 925. Onagra Adans. OM biennisi(LjMSeOps x Sy so kin whch alge eee oc) aang ah ao ae ee 628 2N@OUnmunicatan(l..)) Moench: es. ta) isis itlue dor el ne saad Woes ep ee eae 629 Genus 926. Oenothera L. IeiOF odorata Jaege SOS Ra Soe or Ry Oita 630 Tribe 4. Circaeeae DC. Genus 927. Circaea L. Section 1. Uniloculares Aschers. et Magn. DiOOam te Gacal pinay es gee 0S Ge ce eles: Lew, eur, eo toy akg pgm Sa eins 633 XX1l 9800. 9810. 9820. 9828. 24. 75). Se eS) alata) SS) AA AAR AAR AAA AAA AAA AAAS aig ora @ SoS =o wo . songaricum Rupr. Section 2. Biloculares Aschers. et Magnus SUING Claw Ee nTege He A ee yall het habit tells A Pmlitecicnallonamey sect tg commits Lowey) Reece cole MRS eT Nt . quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. . ......... SPMOllisROIE DWE ENGUCEy ones. eee ee her sec a ieee, Oa ne PEOUO AMR OVER Net moire iten dC iens We Cat nd Five N Family CXIV. Hydrocaryaceae Raimann Genus 928. Trapa L. ANiaximowicZilMiworsh: aoe co ie ees Ne Be PaIbereUlkeramVe Vassily (oon. Ye ba asl ame Le PROLANI UV ASSTIEin) ete ee nee aT a ENS Komaroviie VAE Vicssils ai ea jet l sy e eyes oS eee ae sulsonshinskyiwVe Wassiliec 6 auel of 2 fe eee eulbitwinawii, Ve Vassili.9.) «3. 2). AVA Mem ct giod i fn . conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler. ........2.2.. ti peCRUeE tata (lls PuViar WASSUP a8 ja ene ccoxsn culos eye Ses: -CDLENtGLONAlism ViunVassile im See. scsi aus eels eo sil ROSSI CAV SUV ASS UemE MN coe Fete te ky SA SENAY aE METS) Ls IP gil MCS Wat A Un a Rea lst ae SRW ec IT astEachanican(imler)ie Winters) ey ees. ae ae ke macolicanGanWor nerans = ph ght ee he een MlvncananGraWionomy Wee ee ewe av Ae 5 RES GET AV WSS A I A ae RT Ca MCOLENI CAPA Obie Gretta e ta Perce seed eng Rie Meibinicaviler gat Glee ee bet AIMUGENSISMELeN Me tes aL Seren an AMEE GNA Sie aE Be CunataVe Wiassilom La at Wwe Ale SL Simoni. Vassilecis ts i. bh 2 ww MIAnshunieawrlerssculPeiieuesay ite eee 9 be Rath RM lonzicornis V. Vassil. . .... . micarinihiaea, (peck) Vv. Vassil..) 2 3) kia 2. & wh. CULOPACa Mera ei tiar sh tant cob Cotte, Sede kee oe Family CXV. Halorrhagidaseae Lindl. Genus 929. Myriophyllum L. sisoetophyllumelon yah ew) ieee Be) a on BRUSSURIENSey a Maxinyace i) ay oe cen eu emake) panes . verticillatum L. svalternifiorum, DG. -15.s6 «602. 4% ake URL ie BIS DICAtUmel sneer eel Mad oh sel cy eit Ne: Phle Pe ee Leah Be Family CXVI. Hippuridaceae DC. Genus 930. Hippuris L. Family CXVIL Cynomoriaceae Engl. Genus 931. Cynomorium L. XXIII PV marisa yeh e ie tis coi 2a hye le Med ted salle er af ean ey, LeMae Ma Wa ae Bete trcapliylleta lira 3 he Me U8 ep ia) Melee Aion) suman e yoy a alan si iA Ware pore eM Deng 634 635 636 636 637 643 644 644 647 647 648 649 649 650 651 651 652 053 654 654 655 655 696 659 659 660 650 661 661 662 664 664 665 666 667 669 670 671 PRE ACE This volume of Flora of the USSR contains descriptions of 524 species belonging to 54 genera and 19 families, contained in the orders Malvales, Parietales and Myrtales. Many plants of economic value are included here, representing the families Tiliaceae, Malvaceae, Actinidiaceae, Tamaricaceae, Eleagnaceae and Punicaceae. Like the previous volumes, Volume XV contains descriptions of the more important cultivated plants, particularly jute, cotton, tea and eucalyptuses. Here also the description of cultivated plants is confined to the general characteristics of the species; there are 28 such descriptions of culti- vated plants. The treatment of plant material for Volume XV has brought to light more than sixty new species, of which 45 previously unpublished ones are formally described in an appendix to this volume. Many innovations have been introduced by M. M. I1'in in the systematics of Malvaceae. An achievement of major significance is the treatment by S. V. Yuzepchuk and M. V. Klokov of the extensive Violaceae family. A quite unique position within the general framework of the published treatments is occupied by water-chestnuts which are presented in great detail by V.N. Vasil'ev. Tine) 1aiclivores 1 Order 27. Malvales LINDL. Flowers cyclic, except for the androecium which is not always cyclic; perianth of 2 whorls, rarely apetalous; flowers bisexual, rarely diclinous, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; calyx and corolla usually pentamerous; stamens numerous; carpels two to many united in a single superior ovary; ovules 1 or numerous, with two integuments. Family XCIX. TILIACEAE JUSS. Flowers in rather many-flowered inflorescences, rarely paired or soli- tary, actinomorphic, bisexual, sometimes by reduction unisexual; perianth double, 5- or rarely 7-merous, sometimes with a distinct epicalyx; petals occasionally wanting; stamens and pistils sometimes adnate to a more or less raised projection of the receptacle (androgynophore); stamens numerous, rarely 10, free or connate at base into 5—10 fascicles, with 2 united or distinct anthers; sometimes 5 of stamens sterile and trans- formed into petal-like staminodes; ovary superior, one to many-celled, with one to many ovulesineachcell; style witha capitate or more or less arcuate stigma; fruit a many-seeded capsule, dehiscent or breaking up into parts, or,by abortion of most ovules,a 1- or 2-celled nut; seeds with endosperm surrounding the embryo,rarely exalbuminous. The genus Tilia is known in the USSR from Tertiary and Quaternary deposits; leaf imprints are sometimes accompanied by vestiges of fruits. Tilia cordata Mill. in Tertiary deposits of Alt. (Chingistai); in interglacial deposits of U. Dnp. (Drozhzhino, Samostrel'niki); U. V. (Galich); in postglacial deposits of Lad.-Ilm. (the village Vyaz,near Luga); in Quaternary deposits of Cisc. (Zheleznovodsk). — T.m agnifolia, without indication of authority, in Paleogenic layers of M. Dnp. (Svapa, Radubichi). — T. platyphylla Scop. in Quaternary deposits of U.Dnp. (Samostrel'- niki); in interglacial deposits of U. V. (Potylikha); in Quaternary tuffs of Bes. (Daraban) and M. Dnp. (Mushkutintsy), Cisc. (Zheleznovodsk); in Akchakagyl deposits of E. Transc. (Mal. Kvabebi).— T.sachalinensis Heer in upper Due formation of Sakh. (Mgachi); reported occurrence in Cretaceous deposits near Cape Rogatyi dubious.— Tilia sp.in Oligocene layers of Balkh. (Ashutas); in Tertiary deposits of Kamch. (location un- 2 specified); in interglacial deposits of U. Dnp. (Mikulino, Drozhzhino, Murava, Dubrova, Samostrel'niki); U. V. (Lobachi); in the Lower Quaternary of V.-Don (Krivobor'e); in late Quaternary tuffs of E. Transc. (Makart). Grewia crenata (Ung.) Heer in Oligocene layers of Uss. (Amagu, De Friz [De Vries] Peninsula).— G.obovata Heer in Upper Cretaceous deposits of Ze.-Bu. (Bur. Tsagayan); in Oligocene layers of Uss. (Rechnoi Peninsula).— Grewia sp. in Oligocene layers of Balkh. (Ashu- tas).— Grewiopsis tiliacea Schimp. in Faleocene layers of L. V. (Ushi). — G.yukonensis Holl. in Upper Cretaceous deposits of An. Apeibopsis deshayesii Heer in Dag., in Mediterranean (Kemakh) and Chokrak-Spirialis [Kerch] layers (Khaivol-Dere ravine). Key to Genera 1. Trees with more or less orbicular of broadly ovate, palmately veined WSERVSSIGS as DAMUGNON SIUC WP he o) Gat ome een GlaciRorcieon aaa aRoLeiie ce meric tel - 881. Tilia L. ar Herbs or subshrubs with more or less elongated, pinnately veined ISSN S SEA UIE el CESSES SAG rome be Giy\ > aothe tumelny Moan terceniel Gielen *Corchorus L. Genus *CORCHORUS®* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 529 Flowers solitary, in pairs or in many-flowered inflorescences, yellow, with a 5- or 4-merous perianth; stamens and pistils adnate to an androgy- nophore slightly raised above the receptacle; stamens ten to many, not united; ovary 2—5-locular, with numerous ovules in each locule; style with an obtusely margined 5-toothed stigma; fruit a many-seeded dehiscent capsule. Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, with pinnately veined, more or less elongated leaves, densely covered with simple or stellate hairs. Economic importance. The two species of jute described below — CJcapsulamis L. and Cy olito1tuts ba amore, particularly, theviotgmciee are cultivated plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries of the Old World. They are grown as a valuable source of high-quality fiber. Jute cultivation has been known since ancient times in India, where it is widespread to this day (between 1929 and 1939, the area under jute averaged 1,057 thousand hectares, the yearly production amounting to about 1,470 thousand tons). Jute is also cultivated in Indo-China, South China, southern Japan, Formosa, Java, Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and in some African colonies. Jute cultivation has been recently introduced into the southern states of the USA and Mexico. First attempts to introduce jute into this country were made in the sixties to eighties of the last century. These attempts had no practical results, even though it was ascertained that jute could be grown in Transcaucasia and in Central Asia. More extensive attempts at jute cultivation were initiated in 1927 and it was found that this crop could be successfully grown in West and East Transcaucasia, in the Turkmen, Uzbek and Tadzhik SSR. Establishment of jute cultivation in the USSR is of very great importance, as jute is one of the most valuable sources of raw material for the bast and, to some extent, the textile industry. Jute fiber * Name used by Theophrastus in reference to the genus Anagallis. is very soft and elastic; it varies in color from light yellow to dark brown and has a silky sheen. It is used for the production of coarse sacking. In combination with wool and cotton, it is used in the textile industry for the production of various fabrics. It takes dyes very readily and is therefore used for carpets and upholstery cloth. It is also employed in the manufac- ture of cordage, ropes and burlap. The leaves of C.olitorius are used in India for food as a cooked vegetable and for seasoning. 1. Capsule globular, rugose, containing about 30 seeds; flowers small, 56 lana! sim sGlL evan neigh yh a oho oes war dles ec ovanG Ao8 bao asc 1. C.capsularis L. ar Capsule elongated, cylindric, ribbed, with numerous (up to 200 and more) seeds; flowers larger;ca. 10mm in diameter’ .... 2. C. olitonius L. lee capsularia: (i. (Sp. pl.) (753) 553;, DCs Prodr, 11824) 505-sHeoke ml izpeite tach ehaH5)) Soi ult, wa SSSRA Vs) 213. = \les) Kulllta esl Sosh ave motiige lelare Annual; stem up to 2m tall and 1—3cm in diameter, erect in upper part, sometimes branched below, light green to claret-green; leaves subglabrous; broadly linear, long-attenuate, serrate, with two caudately elongated teeth at the base of the blade, 5—-15cm long and 2—6cm broad; flowers small, RramMMpinucdrameren, yellow, Solitary (Or in SrOupSs Of 2 ore mim the) leatvascis or Slightly above them; perianth 5-merous; stamens 20—35; style short, with a saucer-shaped papillate stigma; capsule subglobular or obconical, 1—2 mm in diameter, coarsely transversely rugose, dehiscent into 5—7 valves; seeds ca. 30, small, trigonous, dark brown or gray. Cultivated in Transcaucasia and in the southern republics of Central Asia. Originating from India; cultivated throughout the tropics and sub- Peoples Wescribed arom india. hype in Wwondon. 2-1C- olitorius li. Sp. pl. (1753) 529; DC: .Prodes 1 (1824) 5045) Hook: Hiewemie. Indi) 1.(1875).857;. Kul't. £l.0oSSSR, V, 222. ley kul'tast PeSSSiRe We Tehalkesrb neces AIS) es Annual; stem 1—3m tall, sinuate throughout or only in upper part; leaves narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, but not attenuated or only slightly so, serrate, with two caudately elongated teeth at the base of the blade, 5-12 cm long and 2—6cm broad; flowers ca. 10mm in diameter, yellow, 1—3 in the leaf axils; perianth 5-merous; stamens 50—100; style with a saucer-shaped densely papillose stigma; capsule narrowly cylindric, 5—-10cm long and 0.4—0.8cm in diameter, longitudinally ribbed, point-tipped, dehiscent into 3—6 valves. Cultivated in Transcaucasia and in the southern republics of Central Asia. Originating from India (?); cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Described from India. Type in London. Genus 881. TILIA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 514 Flowers in three to many-flowered corymbose or sometimes racemose pleiochasia, borne singly together with lateral buds on leafy shoots; pedicels * From Greek ptilon — wing, alluding to the peduncle furnished with a winglike bract. with small scalelike caducous bractlets; peduncle bearing a large lanceolate or ligulate bract, this adnate to the middle or two-thirds to the peduncle; flowers actinomorphic; perianth of 5 sepals alternating with 5 petals; in some species there are 5 staminodes, alternating with and shorter than the petals; stamens numerous, in 5 fascicles opposite the sepals; anthers united or distinct and then filaments fluffy-forked at apex; ovary 5- (some- times 3-) locular, with 2 ovules in each locule; style glabrous or pubescent, with 5 stellately spreading stigmas; fruit nutlike, by abortion of remaining ovules 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded, with a woody or leathery shell, more or less hairy, with rather prominent ribs; seed rounded-ovoid or obovoid, with embryo embedded in endosperm. Trees, rarely shrubs. Buds with 2 or 3 scales; shoots glabrous or like other parts of plant densely covered with simple or stellate hairs; leaves shed before’ winter, borne on rather long petioles, alternate, in 2 ranks. Cotyledons and first seedling leaves palmately lobed; other leaves entire, rarely, especially on strong suckers, slightly lobed, rounded-cordate or broadly ovate, more or less emarginate, rounded or subcuneate at base, more or less tapered-ovate at apex, with denticulate or rarely entire margin, palmately veined at base, pinnately veined above; stipules caducous. Bark of young trees smooth; that of old trees dark, with longitudinal fissures. Economic importance. Linden trees are economically valuable in many respects. They are known, above all, for their nectariferous flowers which are of great value for apiculture. Of special significance in this respect are some of the widespread species that often occur in forests, namely rcondatal Mill} an the Huropean part/of the USSR; T.caucasica Rupr in the Caucasus,and T.amurensis Rupr. inthe Far East. Linden honey is excellent with a pleasant taste and delicate aroma. In spite of the rela- tively short duration of flowering (2—3 weeks), linden yields a large amount of honey and the output of linden groves is estimated at 0.5—1 ton of nectar per hectare annually. According to data supplied by A.S. Butkevich (apiary of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow), the daily intake of linden nectar ranges from 3 to 5.5kg per hive, and the total amount of honey per summer amounts to 50kg per hive. With favorable summer con- ditions, the flowering and thus the annual yield of linden honey is very regular, the greatest quantity of honey being produced in warm, damp weather. The honey yield decreases in very hot, dry weather, as well as in cold weather; it is adversely affected by cold, dry winds. On the periphery of the distribution area, there are unfavorable con- ditions which interfere with regular flowering, late spring frost having the most pronounced effect. The time of linden flowering varies according to regional climatic conditions but, even within the same region, flowering sets in 10-15 days earlier in hot weather than in cold weather. The total area of natural linden stands in the USSR amounts to about 1.2 million hectares. In many regions the area under linden is reduced due to felling for timber and bast. Linden wood is light (specific weight ca. 0.5), soft but strong. Its color is uniformly cream or nearly white; after prolonged keeping, it sometimes acquires a greenish tinge. Heart- wood is not pronounced. The wood is easy to split and readily workable; it is widely used for making furniture, miscellaneous bowls, troughs, vats, hives, etc. Charcoal made of linden wood has various technological uses. The cells of the medullar rays have a high starch content which is partly transformed into a fatty oil; hence linden wood refuse, ground into meal, can be used in feed for livestock. The inner bark, which is widely used for soaked bast, mats, wickerwork, etc.,is of considerable economic importance. Linden flowers have medicinal uses and are a popular remedy for colds and other ailments, chiefly for their diaphoretic effect (linden tea). The seeds contain a fatty oil which can be used for food and fuel. Finally, linden trees are very valuable for landscaping. Great height, beautiful appearance, profuse flowering and the strong and pleasant aroma of the flowers, render these trees most valuable for town landscaping and for use as alley and park trees. Linden trees are readily trimmed, so that the heads can be shaped. They can be transplanted even at the age of 60—70 years. When cut down, they produce numerous suckers; these, how- ever, grow slowly. i Underside of leaves and other plant parts densely covered with srellaterhains- Mowers wath staminodes). Aa:cisyiy..2 kee one eae Des ef Underside of leaves and other plant parts glabrous or with tufts of hair confined to the intervenal angles on the leaf underside, or covered with simple, rarely stellate hairs; flowers without stami- DOCS Aa is Dok Eee a ee Re ree Mall as iyo} cite ts pasty he Bie 2. Leaf teeth relatively small, glabrous, markedly unequal ......... AST AN ali ORR is Ue Ba Pee 5 Anny Ce Cee maT ta ea ae 1. T. tomentosa Moench. ty Leaf teeth relatively large, distant, more or less equal, obliquely ipi@uisliqve bd age UC AMR t wR deae ace Loewe. |. eae een Bea 2. T. mandshurica Rupr. 3. Veins on lower leaf surface prominent, parallel; fruit shell tough, ROO ge WHS HRT uae Gupsticrrae st: VEE yah eal set «> wae boobs Lap et ce eae ee aie a 4, a Veins on lower leaf surface less prominent, more or less flexuous, NOt Oana wicl mreuiteshellhsubcorlaceOUs). cts cast + -sceeeeEe mee 8. 4, Leaves firm, subcoriaceous, the underside with more or less per- sistent pubescence of stellate hairs; style densely pubescent through- OUI oe eb Als CMA EA ase en Eb Satey fTan 5. t5b) ahd lg ake 3. T.dasystyla Stev. i Underside of leaves glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs; style Pils rou ss OrspubeSeent mins homper-palribites a sais BA see Seen ed seta By 5. Leaves densely pubescent beneath, mainly along the veins; leaf teeth AICMMEP OWE MOty acUS tae) My he) ante a Lae adh Holeegenienh. 7. T.cordifolia Bess. 5a Leaves glabrous beneath, rarely slightly pubescent; leaf teeth dis- PR IACH iy EUS TAL OM feyemeh pedis ehabne ve! aie a Ulel Soo 2d ine oy Ge Mea Nee Or 6. Style pubescent to the middle; inflorescence repeatedly branched, onvem Gacemutorm.,of 1020 flowers). 4o-)4) 48 5. T. multiflora Ldb. Style glabrous; inflorescence corymbose,of 3—l0Oflowers ..... ie 7. Leaves (at least some on the upper flowering shoots) longer than broad, strongly oblique, prominently cordate or almost rounded at base; bracts to 15cm long and 3cm broad; fruit elongate-ovaloid, strongly HNO CCM em? AesH ens ktolsite slahehe (AN Rhea ares 6. T.begoniifolia Stev. +r Leaves mostly as long as or shorter than broad, less oblique, usually cordate; bracts to 8—-12cm long; fruit subglobose or oblong, smooth Oiamere DIN SCID Np eran en yy Piet neti taeiel edie ely lat ak Oe uel neni ae elie 4. T.caucasica Rupr. Soy GLiSehi eteicla) etbyaol haley = Weekes erm E ReMi eG on 3 ot SA oh ie 2: ar SNS HAVO GUS USD, pestis alii) ye Ver. EE fa de Phe Retr oe | Ser tte Men 10: 9. Leaf underside and shoots glabrous or slightly pubescent with white PVT SEY es Miata Sen ua ee Tk. sa eee ae pe UNS MeN mbes sta 8. T.amurensis Rupr. ar Leaf underside and shoots with dense rufous pubescence ........ GEL REE Ee ERO ity ee EAT os Vas he ee ae tee ei 9s) Wa taquett Clik. Selina: 10. Leaves, at least partly on flowering shoots, truncate or long-cuneate at oase, nots Slaucous peneat lair meyers lees sis anes 10. T.sibirica Bayer. +r Leaves deeply cordate, rather intensely glaucous beneath ........ Pe hogs Ca Cn eke em SAT Gtr Cts NSE Se a Oe cee ne ln BR Ro 11. T.cordata Mill. Section 1. ASTROPHILYRA V. Engl. Monogr. Tilia (1909) 69.— Under- side of leaves and other plant parts densely clothed with mainly stellate hairs; veins of third order always parallel; stamens 45—50 or more, with more or less distinct anthers; flowers always containing 5 staminodes, these alternating with petals. 1. T.tomentosa Moench, Verzeichn. (1785) 186; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 180; Crke schn- SWaubholzis WL 3863. Enel sWionosr: = 1 kos—) Tar otmmidacto) lira) Vent. in Mem. Inst. Nat. Sc. et Art. IV (1802) 12.— T.alba Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, III (1811) 300, non ed. 1,11 (1783) 230.— T.argentea Desf. ex DC. Cat. Horti Monsp. (1813) 150; DC. Prodr. I (1824) 513; Stev. in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. III (1834) HOSP Lids hE “Rossa ly 44355 sBay ermal Verh. Zool. -Bot. Ges. Wien, XII (1862) 46; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 847.— T.fo- liolaris DC. Prodr,1(1824)513.—Ie.;'C:K. Schn. I. c.f. 255 I=n, £. 258 pane iCable Germ. Vile tao. 3 24: Tree, to 30m tall, with broad crownand upright branches; buds rounded- ovaloid, 5-7 mm long, densely clothed, like young shoots, with small stellate hairs; annotinous shoots glabrous or glabrate; petioles 3—6cm long, densely pubescent; leaves 6—11cm long and 5—10cm broad, firm, glabrous, dark green, sometimes with solitary hairs above, densely white-tomentose beneath (on lower, shaded leaves tomentum sparser or almost absent), more or less oblique or almost equilateral, cordate or subtruncate or subcuneate at base, short-acuminate at apex, closely and very unequally denticulate, the veins of third order very prominent beneath; inflorescence 6—10- flowered, with densely pubescent pedicels; floral bract large, 5—10cm long and 1.5—2.5cm broad, lanceolate or ligulate; flowers 10—15 mm in diameter; sepals often pubescent, 1—5 mm long; fruit to 7mm long; staminodes rather narrow,ca. 4mm long; style glabrous, much longer than stamens; fruit densely pubescent, with a firm woody shell, tuberculate or rugose, with prominent longitudinal ribs, elongated or rarely globose,ca. 10mm long. Ee uly, tice September. Oak and mixed woods.— European part: M. Dnp. (S. W. part), Bes. (central part). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Hungary, Rumania), Bal.-As. Min. (Balkan Peninsula, W. part of northern Anatolia, Amanus Range in northern Syria). Described from cultivated specimens from the vicinity of Kassel in Germany. Type in Berlin. Economic importance. A very beautiful tree that deserves to be widely cultivated. Note. A characteristic representative of the sub-Mediterranean "Tllyrian'' element, occurring inthe forests of the S. W. section of the 61006 1 8 European part of the USSR. Reports of occurrence in the former Kherson Province are very dubious. Also reported for the Caucasus (see e.g.: Grossg., Fl. Kavk., III, 1932, 55), this being based on a single herbarium specimen, kept in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Guriya, near Nikolai, coll. Frick, 1847, No. 1018), also cited by Ruprecht in his ''Flora Caucasi.'' This specimen does indeed represent a sterile shoot of T.tomentosa; but its connection with a tree growing wild in the forests of West Transcaucasia is very doubtful, since nobody else has discovered this tree in the well-explored forests of West Transcaucasia. Equally doubtful is Grossgeim's report ''in the western and eastern border regions of the Caucasus,'' as there is no record what- ever of this species either for Lazistan or for the Caspian part of Iran. 2. T.mandshurica Rupr. apud Maximovicz in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. Sales L24)et imelel.|, biol. 11,(1858) 413: Rupr., in Bull, Acad@ sen Pétersb. XV (1857) 262 et in Mél. biol. I1(1858) 513; Bayerin Verh. Zool.- Bot. Ges. Wien, XII (1862) 48: Maxim. Prim. Fl. amur. (1859) 62 et in Bull. Acad. Se. Pétersb. XXVI; 434; Mél. biol. X,586: Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. Miao Vane Monorn.. Ul4: C.Kiisehn.. laubholzk. Wilt 3645 iNelken tabi: silv. koreana, XII (1922) 46; Kom. and Alis. Opred. II, 739.— T.pekinen- sis Rupr. apud Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XV (1857) 124; Rupr. Won aaa, AZ — Wess (CHING svelte Ie. tig Soa ee NEN ently (Cs elo, Ay. Oval andgAltiss Ite. Mable 224; Wayers li ve: tab. 1X, f.3: Tree to 15m tall, often many-stemmed from base, with a broad dense crown; buds 2—8 mm long, densely pubescent with stellate hairs, as are the young shoots; annotinous shoots glabrous; petioles densely pubescent, 4—5 cm long, on strong sucker shoots to 8-10cm long; leaves 6—12cm long and 5—-12cm broad,firm, shiny green glabrous or sparsely pubescent above, densely grayish-tomentose beneath, suborbicular to broad-ovate, at apex sharply acuminate, cordate to subtruncate at base, more or less oblique or equilateral, the marginal teeth larger and more equal than in T.tomen- tosa, spreading, obliquely triangular, long-pointed, the veins of third order very prominent beneath; leaves of sterile and especially of sobole shoots to 20-30cm long and as broad, more deeply cordate, more coarsely serrate and sometimes almost 3-lobed, less tomentose beneath; inflorescence (5)10—15-flowered, with densely pubescent pedicels; bract 7—9cm long and 1.5—3cm broad, widening toward base; flowers 10-12 mm in diameter; sepals 4-5mm long, densely pubescent; petals 7-8mm long; staminodes 4—5 mm long; style glabrous, much longer than stamens; fruit subglobose or elongated, 8-11 mm long, with firm shell, more or less tuberculate, densely tomentose, rips) net prominent: Fl, July;) fr) September: Siberian stone pine-broad-leaved and oak woods, river valleys, and mountain slopes. — Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu. (E. part). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Korea, N. E. China). Described from the Khekhtsyr Range, at the confluence of Ussuri and Amur rivers. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Nectariferous; of less importance in the Far Basi uiane ha moiase nis Ss Rupir. and “la taqueti: (Cake Schule mnannalky: because it occurs in the forests of the Far East much less frequently than the other two species. Occasionally cultivated in W. Europe and of value as avery handsome park tree. 10 Note. Thetree T.pekinensis Rupr., described from the vicinity of Peking, with larger leaf teeth and almost triangular leaves, does not differ substantially from T.mandshurica Rupr. Section 2. ANASTRAEFA V. Engl. Monogr. Tilia (1909) 68.— Leaves and other plant parts glabrous or pubescent with mainly simple or forked hairs; veins of third order parallel or strongly flexuous and not parallel; stamens 15—40, with united or distinct anthers; staminodes usually wanting, rarely present. Series 1. Rubrae Meleev.— Shoots reddish-brown or reddish; leaf veins of third order prominent beneath, parallel; leaf teeth aristate; fruit shell firm, woody. 3. T.dasystyla Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV (1832) 260, XIX (1856) 248,327: Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. III (1834) 102; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 442; Boiss. Fl. or. 1 (1867) 847; Bayer in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XII (1869) 33; Simonkai, Revisio Tiliarum Hung. (1888) 328;, Sshinmallionigh ae 130.— Tirubra’ subsp. caweasica,f. dasystyla(Stev:.) V- Bnet Monogr. (1909) 108; Medvedev in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 23,9.— T.rubra varcdasystyla C»K.Schny Laubholzk. 1) (1912) 379.— Ic.» Bayer am Were Aool-Sot., Ges.) XU (1862) tabs Le, £2: Tree to 15—20cm tall; shoots reddish-brown, at first pubescent, becoming glabrous; petioles 2—3cm long, at first pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves firm, dark lustrous green above, prominently bearded beneath with rufous hairs, especially in angles between the principal veins, rufous - pubescent along the veins, especially in their lower part, sparsely pubescent beneath with simple and stellate hairs (especially young leaves), mostly 7—9cm long and 5—7cm broad, rarely 5—6cm long and as broad, often sub- orbicular, somewhat oblique, broadly rounded at base or slightly cordate, short-acuminate at apex, the marginal teeth small, obtuse, separated by shallow notches; bract narrowly ligulate,ca.8mm long and 2cm broad, lustrous; inflorescence of 3—7 flowers, mostly 5-flowered; flowers 3—10cm in diameter; sepals densely pubescent,ca. 5mm long; petals 5-6 mm long; style densely pubescent throughout; fruit with a hard woody shell, densely rufous-pubescent, prominently 5-ribbed,ca. 10—12 mm long and 7-8 mm broad, with persistent style. Fl. June; fr. July—August. Woods. — European part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from Mount Kastel' in southern Crimea. Type in Helsinki (?); cotype in Leningrad. Economic importance. A very ornamental tree, deserving wide adoption beside T.euchlora C.Koch which is one of the most beautiful linden species. Note. T.dasystyla Stev. is reliably recorded for a few (8—10) locations in the Crimean mountains. Itapparently occurs more frequently in southern Crimea and more rarely on the northern slopes. A detailed study is needed on the distribution of this species in Crimea. It has been re- ported by Gaiek (see Prodromus Florae Penins. Balcanicae) for Bulgaria, but there is no confirmation of this in the Flora of Bulgaria published by oe 11 Stoyanov and Stefanov, and thus this species can be considered as being endemic for Crimea; there is, however, a possibility of its occurrence in Asia Minor. In its pubescent style it resembles T.obliqua Hort. from Lower Austria, but is readily distinguishable from it by other characters. It also differs from the Caucasian T.multiflora Ldb. T.dasystyla Stev. shows close resemblance to the frequently cultivated T.euchlora C.Koch. (e. g.,numerous specimens in the Nikitskii Botanical Garden im. Molotov) which is believed to be a hybrid T.dasystyla Stev. X T.cor- Cavey Will eBut eee hema iCoKochrditters markediiyirom Tl. drars yasitiy = la Stev. in having a completely glabrous style. 4. T.caucasica Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 253; Boiss. Fl. or. Supplem. iG me aocso nil ikavki sil jo6)— Tt. cwb ra DCY Prodr: I (1824) Baylis Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV, 260, XXIX (1856) 248, 326; Ej. in Nouv. Mem. III (1834) 102; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,441; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 847; C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. II, 379; Medvedev in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada 23,13; Grosse.,1.c: 56.— T.rubria’ subsps caucasica V. Engl) Monogr. (1909) HOt) ie pilast yepiiy bos Mids taun.-cauc. etrauct sila Caucasimet iauriae, non. Scop; f.pisewdorwhira’Wagn. in’ Grossg. jie. )sa;non GHissscha: ai l.wwuloaanivs Medwsiise. non Hayek. Tint ernmledind Boiss. l.c. 1 (1867) 847,ex p.— T.carinthiaca Schmalh. Fl. I (1895) ToOenon) Bose. — Lruprieschtin, Borbas,Geogr. atque Enum) plant.) Commit: Castriferrei in Hungaria (1887) 265.— Exs.: Herb. Normale, No. 4611 (sub T.ruprechtii Borbas); Callier, Iter tauricum, No. 561, No. 562 (sub T.amurensis Rupr.); G.R.F.No. 808 (sub T.intermedia DC.). Tree to 30—35m tall; shoots and buds reddish-brown or sometimes yellowish, glabrous; buds to 10mm long; petioles glabrous,ca.5cm long; leaves glabrous, suborbicular to broad-ovate, 4-8cm long and 5—8cm broad (larger on sterile shoots), rather abruptly acuminate, slightly cordate to rounded at base, more or less oblique to equilateral, quite glabrous on both sides; only expanding leaves, especially on sterile shoots, puberulent mainly along veins beneath; always with axillary tufts beneath, light green shining above, glaucescent beneath, serrate with mucronate teeth, the mucro as long as or longer than the tooth; inflorescence 3—8(10)-flowered; floral bract stalked or sessile, to 8-12cm long; flowers 8-15 mm in diameter; sepals glabrous on the outside, 5-6 mm long; petals 6-7 mm long; style glabrous; fruit subglobose or elongated, to 10-12 mm long and 5-8 mm in diameter, rather prominently nerved, densely tomentose. Fl. end of June— itil tiGs ATI OUSt—sepbember. Beech, hornbeam and especially mixed woods in ravines. — European part: Crimea (throughout mountainous Crimea); Caucasus: Cisc. (also occurring on the Stavropol Plateau), Dag., W., E.and S. (?) Transc., Tal. Endemic. Described from Northern Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Of considerable importance for apiculture owing to its wide distribution in the Caucasus. Note. As indicated by the extensive synonymy, this linden species, widely distributed in the Caucasus and in Crimea, has been variously con- ceived by different authors, many of whom conceded the occurrence in the Caucasus of other (West European) species (T.rubra DC.,T.vulgaris Heyne,etc.). However, the study of extensive herbarium and live material lends support to the approach of Ruprecht who admitted the presence in the ils Caucasus of only one species of this series, described by him as T.cau- casica Rupr.,if one disregards the two species with restricted local distribution — T. multiflora Ldb. and T.begoniifolia Stev. (see below)... T.caucasica Rupr: differs markedly from \T/rubr ai DC. (or T.carinthiaca Bosc) which replaces it in the more westerly | Mediterranean regions, in that the shoots and the underside of leaves are tomentose ard not wholly glabrous as in T.caucasica Rupr.; moreover, veins of the third order on the underside of the leaf are less prominent and less strictly parallel, while the leaves are more glaucous beneath. As regards T.ruprechtii Borb., described from Crimea, what is described under this name are shade-grown sobole shoots of T.caucasica with large leaves that have broader and less pointed teeth, and depauperate inflores- cences. T.caucasica displays variability mainly in shape, hairiness and ribbing of the fruit, and Ruprecht distinguished accordingly the following forms of this species: (1) f.lasiocarpa Rupr., with fruits covered with long rufescent tomentum; (2) f.angulata Rupr., with strongly ribbed fruits; (3) f.ecostata Rupr.; (4) f.subcostata Rupr., with ribless and obscure- ly ribbed fruits, respectively; (5) f.sphaerocarpa Rupr., with globose appressed-pubescent fruits. These forms are not geographically delimited, and differences in the extent of rib development can be found on the same tree. Moreover, rib development depends apparently on the degree of fruit ripeness. There is, therefore, no justification for attaching much impor- tance to these differences in fruit characters as proposed by Ruprecht. The following hybrids of T.caucasica are reported for the Caucasus (Croseo Malyviayvic (IIL, 19256 —5))- PaGancas Vea Give ond ata, Extremely variable; Weaves mostly small to medium; veins of the third order less distinct, reticulate to parallel; leaves light green or glaucescent beneath; leaf teeth usually aristate; inflorescences smaller than those of T.caucasica, often not more than 4—5cm long, sessile or short-peduncled; fruit mostly small, ribless or ribbed. The following forms are distinguished: T.caucasica typicaX T.cordata typica (T.kozlowskyana Grossh. et Wagner), — fruit rather small, ribless, more or less tomentose. Hie enule else aan oulal: ax wie od ata Nil \almio elem to) arma Grossh. et Wagn.) — fruit more or less ribbed. 5. T. multiflora Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 442; Bayer in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ces Wien, iy 2: Ss olssuidal home supplirloaG: uRupr. eh le) Cane. 254. ater IMI@GKYS ia Westie, Able Bots (Seca, Zoi NO, — Is Selwe esi Gem wee, maw hen = flora €.K.Schn. Laubholzk. Im (1912) 379: Grosses. FIs Kavk. iL, 56) — i aubra, subsp. Caucasieaivar. typiea ta multenlor a (leds) V. Engl. Monogr. (1912) 108. Tree, distinguished from T.caucasica Rupr. by the many-flowered (10—20 flowers), repeatedly branched inflorescence; style tomentose in lower part (sometimes up to the middle); leaves firmer, the teeth blunter, but with a mucro longer than the tooth. Otherwise resembling T.cauca- Saican rupee Ayuly ste. uly Awaust: Woods of the lower maritime belt. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (Abkhazia, W. Georgia). Endemic. Described from Georgia. Type in Leningrad. 14 Economic importance. Of interest for landscaping because of the many-flowered inflorescences and profuse flowering. Note. Morphological characters and distribution of species insuffi- ciently investigated. Its typical specimens differ clearly from T.cauca- sica,while others are transitional between the two species. T.multi- flora Ldb. is endemic for West Transcaucasia, but that is where T.cau- casica also grows and is indeed much more widespread. The distri- bution of the two species in this area has not been studied in detail, but T.multiflora Ldb. is apparently associated with the lower belt and does not reach high up into the mountains. In any case, typical specimens Cm tenmuhion low a edo, (ditter trom Lo caucaisica Rupr, So mulch thar they cannot form a single species. The repeatedly branched, many -flowered and sometimes almost racemose inflorescence of T.multiflora Ldb. testifies to the antiquity of this species which is probably to be counted among the Tertiary relicts of Colchis. Hiecevts anhvoridyreported torithe Caucasus: Tenn ul tasloica ieee lorie detan- limakashviliana Grossh: et Wagner in Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, Me eharnacterstas forithe/ hybrid T)cawcasicaX Ticorda tia (see above), but style pubescent up to the middle. Ble begonitolialStev. iniBull: Soe Nat, Mose, SX (enn) 328) Bayer in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XII, 39.— T.rubra var. begoni- folia (Stev.) C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. II (1912) 379.— T.rubra subsp. caucasica var. typica f. begonifolia (Stev.) V. Engl. Monogr. (1909) 107.— T.prilipkoana Grossh. et Wagn. in Grossg., Fl. Kavk. Ill (1932) 56.— T.caucasica Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (i869) 259,ex p.— T.in- termedia Hohen. Enum. Talysch (1838) 404, non Hayne.— T.platy- Mayors NMedy.sinwViestne Tit; Botisada,’234 4 iex py ler Caw scinm, icy aie io4e. A tree; shoots and buds reddish-brown, glabrous or sometimes (mainly on lower sobole shoots) with transient pubescence; petioles 3-6cm long; leaves ovate or broad-elliptic, especially those on upper flowering shoots longer than broad (8—12cm by 6—9cm), usually strongly oblique, slightly cordate or more often rather broadly rounded and without a sinus at base, singly or doubly serrate with aristate teeth as in T.caucasica Rupr., long-acuminate, with prominent veins of the third order, with axillary tufts, glabrous elsewhere or, especially on sobole leaves, pubescent on the veins beneath and on the petiole with scattered stellate hairs; inflorescence 3—6-flowered; bract borne ona stalk 1.5—3cm long, broadly ligulate, to 15cm long and 3cm broad, shining; flowers ca.1.5cm in diameter; style y glabrous; fruit elongate-ovaloid, 10—12mm long and 3.5—7 mm in diameter, with 4—5 very prominent ribs, with persistent style. Fl. June; fr. August. Weeds. (Caucasus Macy) (2) S! Transe:\(UplandiKarabakh), Welvas@en- distr.: Northern Iran (Gilan). Described from Upland Karabakh. Type in Leningrad. Note. A species closely related to T.caucasica Rupr., but differing mainly in the shape of leaves and fruits. T.begonifolia Stev. is one of the endemic species associated with the woods of Hyrcania [now Gorgan or Asterabad], to which it is confined in the USSR in Talysh as well as in N. Iran. It also occurs in Karabakh Mountain area (e. So, Wa wae Shusha), in the woods of which the Hyrcanian influence is very pronounced. In the 1a) herbarium of the Botanical Institute there is a specimen collected by Alekseenko in the Derbent district, which justifies the assumption that this species occurs in maritime Dagestan. Beside this species, one finds in Talysh the true T.caucasica Rupr., but no study has yet been made ito de- termine the delimitation of the two species and the habitats with which they are associated. Series 2. Platyphyllae Maleev.— Veins of the third order prominent beneath, parallel; marginal teeth acute, not aristate; fruit shell firm, woody. 7. T. cordifolia Bess. Prim. Fl. Galic. 1 (1809) 343.— T.platyphyl- los subsp. cordifolia C.K.Schneid. Laubholz. II (1912) 376.— T.pla- typhyllos var. cordifolia (Bess.) V. Engl. Monogr. (1909) 92.— Toplaty phy bios Scop, Ml. vCarn: (2)nd(l778) 37ayext passlidiay ) MiteiResss I (1842) 442; Shimallow rl Mis0k—- Ws culiro pate lMiSpiiplavel 75a) mame ex pi ale hy C.K: Sehh.wlitei mi y25 sabe Tree to 40cm tall, with a broad crown; shoots and buds brown, at first pubescent, becoming glabrous; young shoots and petioles densely pubescent; leaves shed much laterthanin T.cordata Mill., onpetioles 2—4.5 mm long, or- bicular, somewhat oblique, rather deeply cordate at base, short-acuminate, sharply serrate but teeth not aristate, with large axillary tufts beneath, dark green above, paler but not glaucescent beneath with prominent and parallel third-order veins, 5-8 cm long and 6—9cm broad, on sterile shoots to 17cm long and 19cmbroad; inflorescence 3—9-flowered; floral bract 5—-9cm long and to 2.5cm broad; flowers 1.5cm in diameter; sepals ca. 6mm long; petals ca.8mm long; style glabrous; fruit globose or slightly elongated, with 4 or 5 ribs, the firm woody shell velutinous. Fl. June— beginning of July; fr. August—September (flowering a fortnight earlier than in T.cordata Mill.). Woods.— European part: U. Dns., N. Dnp. (Volhynia), Bes.; Caucasus: N. Caucasus (?). Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur. Described from Galicia. Type in Kiev. Economic importance. Of landscaping interest, like other races of this SeGuesh. Among these, 1) omandit oliaibhuhi ands iup ha ty phy her Scop. s.s.,as well as their forms, occur most frequently in cultivation. One of their important assets is the late leaf-fall (much later compared with other species). Note. T.cordifolia is one of the races of large-leaved European linden, which is known as a whole under the name T.platyphyllos Scop. In actual fact, this species represents a geographic series consisting of four races which differ mainly in the vesture and color of the lower leaf surface (for details see: Schneider,l.c.). These races apparently have partially overlapping distribution areas and the morphological differences between them are not clear-cut. The dominant race in the eastern part of Central Europe and western part of the Ukrainian SSR is the one described as T.cordifolia Bess. However,the characters distinguishing it from other races of this series and the exact geographic distribution need further study. It is very doubtful whether any representatives of this series grow 16 Ta in the Caucasus, even though they are reported for this area Cr pilenbayt phyllos seop., 1: pseudorubra Schneid.) by many authorities. Her- barium material available is insufficient for final solution of this problem. It is certain that this race does not occur in the Crimea. Series 3. Cordatae Meleev.— Veins of the third order not prominent on the undersurface of the leaf, more or less flexuous and not parallel; mar- ginal teeth obtuse or pointed; fruit shell rather thin, subcoriaceous. 8. T.amurensis Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 253; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. II, 24: V. Engl. Monogr. (1909) 84; C.K.Schn. Laubholzk. II (1912) 374; Nakai, Fl. silv. koreana, XII, 38; Kom. and Alis. Opredel. II, 739; Vasil'ev in Vestn. DV FAN, 32,5 (1938) 69.— T.cordata Maxim. Prim. Fl. amur. (Ve5o"e2snen Millj—Tvcordata var: mandshurica,Maxim? in Bull: Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XXVI (1830) 434.— T.amurensis var. kryloviana Kom. in Bot. Mat. Gerv. Bot. Sada, VI, 1 (1926) 13.— Ic.: C.K. Schn. l.c. men0e—o- Nakai, lic.) tab.7;'\ Kom. and Alis. 1c. Fable 225; Vial silievpaileiery, Figure 1, 4—5. i Tree to 25m high; bark dark gray, scaly, sometimes deeply furrowed; buds 5—8mm long, with three scales, of which the first envelops about half the base of the bud and does not reach more than half its length; young shoots with white silky fugacious pubescence; annotinous shoots glabrous, brown or reddish; petioles glabrous, 3—5.5cm long; leaves at first rather densely white-velutinous, soon glabrescent except for brown axillary tufts and sometimes with few hairs along veins, light glaucescent beneath, sub- orbicular to broad-ovate, rather deeply cordate to subtruncate at base, long- acuminate, with tapering long-acuminate teeth, 4.5—7cm long and as broad; leaves on sobole shoots to 10—15cm long, more coarsely serrate, with al- most semicircular mucronate teeth, sometimes shallowly lobed; veins of third order on leaf underside slightly flexuous; bract 3.5—7cm long, broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, yellow above, stramineous beneath; inflorescence 3—8(20)-flowered; flowers 15-16 mm in diameter; sepals 5—6 mm long, woolly-pubescent outside; petals 6-7mm long; stamens 25—30, some filaments dilated in lower part; style glabrous; fruit 5-8 mm long, globose or elongated or sometimes almost pyriform, smooth or more or less ribbed. Fl. first half and, in more northerly regions, second half of tibysare. end of Awoust. Broad-leaf-elm woods in river valleys and beech woods on mountain slopes.— Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu. (E. part), Uda (S. part). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, N. and centr. Korea). Described from Amur. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Of the three linden species growing in the Far East, T.amurensis is the most valuable as nectar-bearer. It is most widespread and occurs in relatively large concentrations, often in valley woods close to villages. Another asset is that it flowers later and more persistently, and its flowers do not drop in poor weather aswith T.taque- ti. A beehive at the time of flowering of T.amurensis yields more than 10kg of honey per day. 18 Note. Maksimovich (see Prim. Fl. amur. 6 2) distinguished two forms of this species — one with globose obtuse fruits borne on a short stalk; the other with ellipsoid or obovaloid and distinctly pointed fruits, less profuse and borne on a longer stalk. The first form grows, according to Maksimo- vich, in the lower Amur and Ussuri area, the other along the rivers Bureya and Zeya. Examination of ample material has not confirmed the existence of these two forms, as the fruit differences indicated are sometimes to be found on one and the same tree. Neither are the differences in the number of fruits or length of the fruit stalk sufficiently pronounced. Also, the specific characters differentiating between T.amurensis Rupr. and the Korean linden T.koreana Nakai (Fl. silv. koreana, XII, 1922, ial) which differs only in the pyriform shape of the fruit, are of doubtful validity; such fruit shape is alsc to be foundin T.amurensis Rupr. K.P. Soloviev (see Tr. Dal'nevost. univ. IV, No. 8,1927) and P.N. Krylov pointed out the presence of two forms of T.amurensis inthe Far East — an early- flowering ''small-leaved'' form and a late-flowering ''medium-leaved"' form; the latter was described as T.amurensis var. kryloviana Kom. As discovered later (see Vasilev, 1. c.), the description of this variety was based on unreliable data of collectors who believed it to be more late-flowering iaanitheviyoical i jaimuneeinsis. “In-actualy tact. sa, mil rein Sil Si ivciien secon loviana (the ''medium-leaved,'' late-flowering linden) does not differ either in time of flowering or in other characters from the typical T.amuren- sis Rupr.; the ''small-leaved"' or early-flowering linden is T.taqueti Cake ischnt 9. T.taqueti C.K.Schn. in Fedde, Repert. VII (1909) 200; Nakai, Fl. silv. koreana, XII (1922) 44; Vasil'ev in Vestn. DV FAN, 32 (8) (1938) 70.— To aia wiPSasiS ei, wll lxtes Or, x oo— Wi wie Nelseul, Worcl, 440.— Ie. ¢ Vasilley, lec. Figure 1; Nakai,l.c. tab. 8 (sub. T.rufa) et 11. A tree to 30m tall; bark gray, slightly scaly, sometimes furrowed; buds ovoid, obtuse, 6-7 mm long, with two outer scales, of which the first covers more than half the bud base and reaches two-thirds the length of bud; shoots densely covered with shaggy rufous tomentum consisting partly, as on other plant parts, of stellate 6-rayed hairs; petioles densely rufous- pubescent, 2—4cm long, toward fall sometimes glabrous; leaves suborbicular to broad-ovate, abruptly acuminate, shallowly cordate to subtruncate at base, usually somewhat tapering, 3-—5cm long and 3—5.5cm broad, on sobole shoots to 8-9cm long and as broad, rather shallowly and sometimes partly doubly serrate with acuminate teeth, dull green with scattered white hairs above, glaucescent beneath, at first with dense rufous stellate tomentum which usually disappears completely by mid-summer except for rather indistinct axillary tufts; veins of third order slightly flexuous; inflorescence 2—4-, rarely 5-flowered; floral bract linear to spatulately enlarged toward apex or even emarginate, greenish-stramineous above, yellowish-stramineous beneath; flowers 10—12mm in diameter; sepals 4-5 mm long, woolly- pubescent outside; petals 5-6mm long; some filaments dilated at base and sometimes in fascicles of 2 or 3; fruit globose or elongated, ca. 5mm long, smooth or obscurely tuberculate. Fl. end of June—beginning of July, 9 days eeielieie Waaial A) 4 2 yaa. wl ie Sars) Se IRnhoe, : f IL) Mixed broad-leaved-and-Siberian stone pine and broad-leaved-and-spruce woods on mountain slopes and in upper part of river valleys between 200—250 and 700m above sea level. — Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu. (E. part), Uda(S. part). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Korea). Described from South Korea. Type was kept in Berlin. Note. A species recently established for the flora of the Soviet Far East (see Vasil'ey, l. c.), where it was earlier confounded with T.amuren- sis Rupr. This is the ''small-leaved"' or early-flowering linden of Far Eastern beekeepers. As mentioned by Ya. Ya. Vasil'ev, the differences in flowering dates of T.taqueti and T.amurensis persist when they grow side by side in the region where the distribution areas of the two species overlap. T.taqueti is identical with T.rufa Nakai described from Korea. A cotype of the latter in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR differs from T.taqueti only in the shape of the bract which is strongly spatulate at apex. Considering the generally great variability in the shape of the bract of linden trees, this character is of no significance, the more so that Nakai does net indicate it as a distinguishing character of T.rufa. T.taqueti grows in woods on mountain slopes higher up than T.amurensis Rupr. which is associated with river valleys and lower mountain slopes. Thus, even though the two species have largely overlapping distribution areas, they are never- theless spatially separated. 10. T.sibirica Fisch. (on the labels of the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) ex Bayer in Verh. Zool.- Bot. Ges. Wien, XII (1862) 232 Iommi, il, Miaincligia, itl, 27s Co ik. Sclan, ILaulo= HolZ isp Ne iano le ViOnoris io: esyl Fle Zale psi a) Villy eo Sn ieiora. data var. sibirica Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XXVI (1880) 433. — T Ssemicuneata Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 252.— T.parvifolia Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 441, ex p.— T.cordata Kryl. Fl. Alt. (1901) 186, non Mill. A tree to 27m tall, with an erect trunk and crown set high up; buds rounded-ovaloid; young shoots glabrous; annotinous twigs dark reddish- brown; petioles 2—3.5cm long; leaves dark green, paler but not glaucescent beneath, with a relatively faint network of veins, glabrous or with axillary tufts of long rufescent hairs beneath, abruptly acuminate, oblique and in- equilateral, subcordate, truncate or slightly cuneate at base, singly or some- times partly (especially large leaves of vigorous shoots) doubly serrate with small antrorse teeth, 4—-5.5cm long and 4.5—6 cm broad; leaves on young trees, especially on sobole shoots, more closely resembling those of T.cordata,less oblique and deeply cordate at base, to 8-9cm long and 8—-10ecm broad; bract lustrous above, lanceolate or dilate toward apex, to 1.5cm broad in upper part; inflorescence 5- or 6-flowered; flowers 1—1.5cm in diameter; sepals 5—6 mm long, woolly-pubescent on the outside; petals 6-8 mm long; style glabrous; fruit ca. 7mm long and 5mm broad, abruptly narrowing to a short beak, obscurely ribbed, densely clothed with short pubescence. Fl. end of July—beginning of August; fr. September. Black tundra with Siberian fir, spruce, Siberian stone pine, and pine-and- broad-leaved woods. — W. Siberia: Alt. (N. part, inwesternfoothills of Kuznetsk Ala-Tau in E. part of Salair Range along Uda River, and also along rivers Tom' and Mras-Su, to north at upper reaches of Srednyaya Ters'! at 20 54°30! N. lat and by the river Taidon at 55° N. lat), Ang.-Say. (near Krasno- yarsk, along the range on the left bank of the River Yenisei, between rivers Karaul'naya and Minzhul' and nearby Mana floodplain). Described from former Tomsk Province. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Of landscaping value for Siberia. Note. The principal distribution area of Siberian linden — the ''Linden Island" — is situated in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Ala-Tau and extends over some 400sq.km. Here,as at the other West Siberian locations indi- cated, this linden grows as a high-stemmed tree, as a component of the fir- spruce-Siberian stone pine "black taiga''* (see Krylov in Izv. Tomskogo univ., 1891). Inthe herbaceous plant cover of this taiga one finds other elements of broad-leaved woods, which are represented here by up to 18 species (Osmorrhiza amurensis, Sanicula europaca, Asarum euro- peicwm, Gal tomekry low iM; iesituca extremiorientalis,etc.); there is here a fragmentary occurrence of these species in isolation from their distribution areas. Around Krasnoyarsk, linden grows among under- brush of open broad-leaved-and-pine woods (see Prein in Iav. Vost.-Sib. otd. Russk. Geogr. obsch. XXV, No. 4—5, 1895 and in Izv. Krasnoyarsk. podotd. Russk. Geogr. obshch.,I, No. 6,1904; [l'inin Bot. zhurn. SSSR, No. 4, 1934); isolated specimens,shrubs to 1.5m high; sometimes fails to flower, being depressed by unfavorable conditions (cold, rigorously continental climate and pronounced dryness); linden here clearly dying out. Specimens of linden taken out of this environment and transplanted in Krasnoyarsk have developed normally. As indicated by Krylov (1. c., see also Il'in in Mater. po ist fl. i rastit. SSSR, I, 1941), linden in Siberia, like the accompanying species, are a relict of earlier, more widely distributed broad-leaved forests. These relicts are referred to the Upper Tertiary period, but this is uncertain. T.sibirica from the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk differs slightly from spe- cimens of this species from Kuznetsk Ala-Tau, in that it does not show so clearly the characteristic features of the species — the inequilateral leaves with very slightly notched base. This, however,is not due to specific dif- ferences but because linden develops here a few sobole shoots with leaves which do not clearly show the specific characters of T.sibirica; some of the upper leaves of the Krasnoyarsk linden have the characteristic shape of the Siberian species. 11. T.cordata Mill: Gard: Dict. ed. VIII (1768); Shmal'g. Fl. 1,179; Vesnnele,Monosr.. (4aiCakvschn>] Ladbhelzk. il, 32.2) eu hop ayer pias SpitplGl 4o3)i5 l4vexips—= Te uilns i folia Scopes Hl Oarny eda2y iain) i ep ary bio lias hhrh) Beltre) Nature. Well 71910) 159: Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 441; Bayer in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XII,15.— T. micro- phylla Vent. in Mém. Inst. nat. Paris, IV (1802) 5,tab.1.— T.septentri- onalis Rupr. Pl. Ingrs I (1860) 209:~rly Cauchi@869)) 2524) mls Aape sono VIII (1935) 1893.— T.subtruncata Spry eo in Zap. WWaze) unitve) 3690 (1936); Bobrov in Sovetsk. Bot. (1944) 2,18.—Ic.: C.K.Schn. l.c. f. 249m-o, 251 a-s; Syreishch. Fl. Mosk. Gub. II (1907) 355; Fedch. and Fler. FI. Even shoss.) Eioure ol0; iMiaevsk: hlioedin .nicuie: 2 Ose iliscsirs ta Cualkuecae No. 1012; Call. Iter tauricum, Nos. 563, 896, 897. Tree to 20m tall, or taller; bark of young trees smooth, of old trees furrowed; sometimes fairly high spreading shrub in northern regions; * (Mountain taiga with Abies sibirica predominant.] 21 Diz. buds ovaloid, obtuse, ca.6 mm long and 4mm broad, red or yellowish- brown, with two minute scales, one reaching middle of bud; shoots at first thinly pubescent, becoming glabrate, or glabrous to begin with, red or olivaceous; petioles 2.5—4.5cm long; leaves oblique or almost equilateral, cordate at base, long-acuminate, singly or doubly serrate with obtuse antrorse teeth, dark green glabrous except for scattered hairs on veins above. rather intensely glaucescent and with axillary tufts of rufous hairs beneath, 2—8cm long and about as broad; leaves on lower shaded (especially sobole) shoots to 10—12cm long and broad, more glaucous beneath and with less pronounced brown tufts; inflorescence 3—15-flowered; bract stalked, 3—7cm long and 1—1.5cm broad; flowers 0.8—1cm in diameter; sepals ovate, pointed, 3—5 mm long, woolly -pubescent especially on margin and at apex; petals 4-6 mm long; style glabrous; fruit subglobose, 4-8 mm in diameter, obscurely ribbed, rather densely tomentose. Fl. end of June— beginning of August; fr. August—September. Deciduous and coniferous woods.— European part: Kar.-Lap. (S. part), DyestPect sad -lim., U..V., V.-Ka.,,U. Dnp., M.,Dnp.,,V.-Don; Transy.3iy, Com... ., Ural, Bes., Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W.and ES Dransc a Wie oie beria: Ob (S. part), U. Tob. Gen. distr.: Iran (N. W. part), Scand. (up to 64°—65°30'N. lat), Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min. Described from England. Type in London. Economic importance. Valuable among linden trees for its nectar, as most widespread species, occurring in greatest profusion. Typical species and numerous horticultural varieties widely grown. Note. T.cordata Mill. appears in the north in southern subzone of taiga zone growing in spruce and spruce-fir forests, on rich, well-drained soils, chiefly among underbrush. Farther south, common in broad-leaf-and- spruce and broad-leaved woods (especially oak). In pure stands, or mixed with other species, linden woods are particularly widespread in Bashkir ASSR in western foothills of Urals and on watersheds west of Belaya River. Considerable areas occupied here by linden woods with Ulmus scabra, Acer platanoides,and solitary oaks, and by mixed woods where linden occurs in second layer, first layer being formed by oak and partly pine. In Crimea and Caucasus, T.cordata Mill. occurs much less frequently than T.caucasica Rupr. and is mainly associated with upper forest belt. Small-leaved linden growing in European part of USSR and in Caucasus was set up by Ruprecht as separate species, T.septentrionalis Rupr. Distinctive characters indicated by Ruprecht are depauperized inflorescence of 3—6 flowers and less pronounced glaucescence of leaves as compared with T.cordata Mill. The number of flowers generally varies widely in inflorescence of T.cordata s.1., often in the same specimen. In northern part of distribution area, especially in the Leningrad Region from where T.septentrionalis was described, inflorescences in fact mostly few-flowered, but even in some linden specimens referred by Ruprecht him- self to this species, 8-flowered inflorescences are found. However, few- flowered inflorescences often occur in T.cordata from West Europe. Number of flowers is here a character conditioned by habitat and therefore not to be considered a stable specific feature. The color of lower leaf 23 surface (generally very characteristic for T.cordata Mill.) again shows no consistent differences between specimens from West Europe and from the USSR, particularly from the Leningrad Region. Leaf color of latter, including some of Ruprecht's specimens,is as pronounced and intensely glaucous as of West European ones. Certain other specimens, especially from northern part of distribution area, do have a less glaucous and some- times definitely green leaf underside. These specimens represent shoots that developed under the forest canopy, often on sucker shoots. On such shoots grown in the shade, leaf glaucescence is generally indistinct or altogether absent. In northern sections of distribution area, particularly in the Leningrad Region, shaded form of linden mainly grows as under- shrub; this character is not consistently specific but merely due to ecolo- gical conditions. Thus, examination of ample material from various parts of distribution area shows characters adopted by Ruprecht for separation of T.septentrionalis to be inadequate. It should, however, be noted that T.cordata Mill. displays a great variety of forms (both in nature and in cultivation), i.e.,in outline of leaves, shape and vesture of fruits, etc. Present data are insufficient to determine the hereditary stability of these forms and detect possible representatives of distinct races with definite distribution areas. A distinct race of T.cordata Mill. is likely in Southern Urals and on the Middle Volga Heights, as noted by I. 1. Sprygin (see Uch. Zap. Kazanskogo Gos. univ., Vol. 36, part 6, 1936) who writes that, according to preliminary data at his disposal, ''within the area of the Middle Volga Heights there are at least two races of which one, so far more reliably established in the eastern part of the region (the right bank of the River Dema) and named according to the shape of the leaf base T. sub - truncata,closely resembles T.sibirica Fisch.'' The same indication is given for Southern Urals by Yu. D. Kleopov (see Mater. po ist. fl. i rastit. SSSR, I, 1941). Among herbarium material from these regions, there are specimens of linden with a less notched, almost truncate leaf base which is also broader than usual in T.cordata Mill., and with broader, strongly reflexed bracts. The data are, however, insufficient to distinguish this race, and the species is in need of special investigation. The existence of a South Urals race, distinct from T.cordata Mill.,is witnessed by the fact that in the isolated South Urals this linden may have survived the glacial period apart from the western T.cordata Mill. which persisted in the west, spreading in the Holocene over the USSR. T.cordata Mill. also penetrated from the west, across the Urals into West Siberia where, as opposed to the relict T.sibirica Fisch.,it is apparently a postglacial immigrant. icone datey Mill i pilialts7 piv I Nols scope (= Mia, uilis a ristiienames Menem Gews tl (813) 47.— Ie.c (©. Ki Schns Waubholzk.) Wi (1912)\rr 252les cle This hybrid displays characters intermediate between the ancestral species. Leaves more or less oblique, glabrous and green above, glau- cescent with scattered whitish or brownish axillary tufts beneath; fruit appressed-pubescent, obscurely ribbed. Reported as wild-growing in Northern Europe. Often occurring in cultivation, chiefly as an alley tree. Valued for its good and rapid growth on dry sandy soil. 20 24 Family C. MALVACEAE JUSss.* Flowers nearly always bisexual, with alternating elements of five cycles; calyx 5-merous,very rarely 3- or 4-merous, mostly united at base, valvate in bud; corolla convolute in bud, 5-merous, rarely wanting; stamens mostly in 2 whorls, monadelphous, outer (episepalous) whorl sometimes trans- formed into staminodes, inner or epipetalous whorl with filaments usually cohering into tall tube [staminal column] repeatedly separated at apex into numerous filaments bearing 2-celled transversally dehiscent anthers; pollen grains large, characteristically relief-patterned and echinate; carpels three to many, united into single pistil with superior ovary; style with divisions the number of carpels or twice as many, with sessile, mostly capitate stigmas; ovules 1 to numerous in each locule,borne on central placenta; involucel (epicalyx) often present below flower, of 1 to many bract- lets, these distinct or variously united; fruit dry, schizocarpic by separation into numerous one-seeded carpels, or 3- or more often 5-loculed capsule, very rarely a berry.— Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with alternate leaves and stipules. Large family, most abundant in tropics. Of four tribes (Malopeae, Malveae, Ureneae and Hibisceae), only one — the Wreneaie | does net occur in the USSR. There are altogether 12 senerna and 72 wild-growing species in the USSR. Key to Genera 1. Carpels numerous, congested in head (Malopeae) .... 882. Malope L. ar Carpels numerous, borne in single whorl around carpophore, or fruit By Capsule or com poundsiollicher grees isl oe ad ee eee ee De P MAb ridtvaicapsulle; epicalyx always present (Hibiseeae)i/2— sin ween: Sih + Fruit separating into one-seeded carpels or fruit a compound ROITIIS LEB (NEMA Tevale) Nn ee Bete te) ee RM EMSS Teak reric ra kh eI 5 3. Epicalyx of 3 large, broad, incised bractlets; seed covered with very Moncncepll clei VS gM, Yack yeh yalecons 2p isopidber sa hibeccesta an pNeMaORe *Gossypium L. oh Hoicalyx Of MUNVOTOUS marrow ikacthets: iy ins ee Eig cle eee enon 4. 4, Fruit depressed (broader than long), d-lobed, with 1-seeded locules; flowers reddish-purple; leaves very slightly lobed to subentire SCR aeMlot cake ey ve Lcmisink Nok Gorcoich ye Sadat ital Wh /iiaodh cae 892. Kosteletzkya Presl. ap Fruit longer than broad, not lobed, with 5 or several many-seeded MONS UES Uris (es yh MGI LY: cA A BOM BORA 891. Hibiscus L. Ong pebpucall yx wetibim e Aes ely ASe Wake Den vie CE) Dah a Pl Sie RGR Rae ea a a 6. + Epicalyx always present, even if composed of only two bractlets... 7. 6. Heute lcormpound follveled Sm cade S ye Oi Be 889. Abutilon Adans. a eMitgseparabinogntOnl-seeded) carmpelsatiiin alee oy aeons 890. Sida L. Os Plants with simple, long, 4-pronged and stellate hairs; epicalyx of 3—5 bractlets, these distinct or partly united to form 2-lobed seg- Taner Saree ek Men he MNS BR AS Weis cc NSN ee lhe el eS Sates 888. Malvalthaea Ijin. ate Bolcallvyxt brackets always eMntinien tit) Vs We) Sea enee Wi kOH EN Naa nett Cipne a aia 8. 8. Epicalyx composed of 2 or 3 completely distinct bractlets....... oF + Bpicaliec—b Gacthebs tunitEedvat base wikis: COTTAGE MIN. Sle ieee ILO), * Treatment by M.M. Il"in (except the genus Gossypium). 21 25 26 $)- Petals without notehvat apex: carpels anillatred mires yen) uence! rnin 5 ae ata SI RNR HOA NL Mae oS GOs thal Sorprocte ata tee Be 883. Malvella Jaub. et Sp. 3% Petals notched at apex; carpels not inflated ........ 884. Malva L. LOS Wr picalyscof stb roadkbmactler Sire tatls t\venadiehentene gt ee 885. Lavatera L. + Bractlets of epicalyx more numerous (5—11),narrower ....... ule Teal Flowers large, not less than 30mm in diameter; staminal column always 5-angled and glabrous; carpels 2-locular; apical locule Stenulemsepar atediby SpurLous\SSprumanl .)./vaqk) Sue tau tianret fe 886. Alcea L + Flowers smaller, mostly to 20mm, never more than 30mm across; Staminal)columnieylindrices \carpels*always 1-loculard) 2aieen) Sele. Reopen aitcare URE Set ra oan (uae os moses RE Cok coi USO s SAME en tae 887. Althaea L Tribe 1. MALOPEAE Rchb. Consp. (1828) 201.— Flowers bisexual, mostly : with epicalyx; carpels numerous, indefinite, arranged in a head, initially in b ranks, later in no definite order; carpels 1-locular, 1-seeded, adhering to carpophore, indehiscent or dehiscent into two valves by a longitudinal dorsal slit. Genus 882. MALOPE* L. L. Gen. pl. (1737) 207 Flowers large, red, purple or white; epicalyx large, of 3 bractlets; carpels numerous, distinctly patterned in maturity,indehiscent. Annuals, rarely perennial herbs, with entire or lobed leaves. Genus contains 3 or 4 species distributed in Mediterranean region. 1. Annual, glabrous; leaves orbicular to broad-ovate, often 3-lobed oh iS By ae Oe OCONEE GW SES NO Ne AD SORRELL CNM S| Be) be 1. M.trifida Cav. i Perennial, mostly hirsute, at least on involucel; leaves oblong-ovate US) OCICS BNA NE MO ec A) a OO PE sen eter An Bio BA a 2. M. malacoides L. 1. M.trifida Cav. Monad. Dissert. (1790) 85; DC. Prodr. 7, 429; Baker iy LOU HOt) Booty SOOVITE) hes = wlewsweCavod nc stab. XV at: 2; Batley Stands Cycl. Hort. (1916) 1973. Annual, 20—100cm high; stem erect, cylindric, often purple, glabrous or rarely scabrous with sparse short bristles, simple or more often branched from base; leaves petiolate, petiole of lower leaves longer than blade, of middle and especially upper leaves shorter than blade; blade of lower and middle leaves orbicular-ovate, rounded at base, rarely cordate to slightly tapering to petiole from rounded base, entire and then obtuse or mostly 3—5-lobed, lobes semiorbicular, obtuse or triangular, acute, three of lobes larger, two outer ones rudimentary, rarely subentire, mostly crenate or serrate (especially in acute-lobed forms), glabrous on both sides, margin usually hirtellous; upper leaves more oblong, subrhomboid to rhomboid- hastate; stipules small, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; flowers solitary in leaf axils, long-pediceled, pedicels greatly surpassing subtending leaves, * From Greek malos — delicate, and ope — hole, slit. 22 a9 in upper part with scattered stellate hairs, in lower part glabrate, almost horizontally spreading, jointed below flower, joint being point of flexure in fruit; bractlets of epicalyx broad-ovate, strongly cordate at base, entire, abruptly attenuate at apex, prominently nerved, margin hirsute as with calyx; calyx 1.5—2times as long as epicalyx, distinct from slightly below micdle; calyx-lobes oblong, acuminate; corolla large, to 60mm long (var. grandi- flora L.),nearly twice length of calyx, purple; petals oblong-obovate, strongly tapering toward base, claw with tuft of bristles at base; upper stamens much shorter than corolla, staminal column glabrous, dark; carpels numerous, up to 50, light-colored, compressed laterally, with prominent transverse dorsal wrinkles spreading radially onto sides; seeds glabrous, dark brown, smooth. In the USSR only in cultivation, occasionally naturalized. Gen. distr.: Med. (N. Africa). Described from Baetica* (Spain). Type in Madrid. Economic importance. Ornamental plant with attractive flowers, widely used for bedding in gardens and parks. Stems contain tenacious coarse fiber which is not, however, utilized. According to results of studies by S. L. Ivanov and N. F.. Kokotkin, seeds contain about 15.85% fatty oil of green color, with iodine number 119.0. 2. M. malacoides L. Sp. pl. (1753) 692; DC. Prodr. 1,429; Boiss. FI. of. 1,817; kdb. FI. Ross. 1,430; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 16; Grosso. al icavk Moe se le.: Rehb.' le. Fle 'Germ,) Vata. @lUpoyen te om Opie xs: Billot, wl. Gall. et Germ. exs. No. 3024; Gandoger, Hl, Alper. exs: No. 481. Perennial, 10—50cm high; stems several, very rarely single, more or less ascending at base, rarely erect, simple except few occasional branches, usually densely covered with spreading bristly hairs (these simple, 2-pronged or many-pronged), rarely glabrate; leaves oblong-ovate, oval or oblong, rounded or, especially lower ones, slightly cordate, obtuse or rounded at apex, Simple or very rarely 3-lobed, crenate or crenate-dentate, hirsute beneath, especially on veins, with rather appressed bristles, with more scattered bristles above, or glabrous on both sides; radical and lower cauline leaves with petiole greatly exceeding blade, middle with petiole about length of blade, upper with petiole shorter than blade; stipules lanceo- late, acuminate, entire, persistent; flowers solitary in axils of middle and mainly upper leaves, long hirsute pedicels surpassing subtending leaves; bractlets of epicalyx ovate, subcordate at base, somewhat abruptly attenuated at apex, margin and nerves outside ciliate-hirsute; corolla 20—40 mm long, 2—2'/, times length of calyx, rose-purple, lilac in drying; petals broadly oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, truncate or retuse or apiculate at apex, sides of claw woolly at base; staminal column 5-angled, glabrous; carpels numerous, glabrous, with transversal wrinkles on back extending onto sides and radially converging at frontal end; seeds glabrous, with slightly con- eave sides. Fl. April—June; fr. June—Jul. (Table I, Figure 1.) Rocks, limestone, thickets of prickly shrubs, and arable fields. — Cau- EASuS ee (eanse.. Gen. distr. > Med., Bal--As. Min.) Army -hucd. Desc ciged from Etruria (Italy). Type in London. * [Baetica covers present-day Andalusia. ] 23 (27) PLATE I. 1 -~Malope malacoides L., habit, calyx with epicalyx, carpel, seed, fruit with calyx and epicalyx; 2— Althaea ludwigii L., habit, flower, epicalyx, calyx with epicalyx, carpel, seed. 24 30 Economic importance. According to A. Kh. Rollov, leaves are used for food. Leaves and flowers have emollient and lenitive properties, and are used in popular medicine for gargling. Roots rich in mucilage. Note. This species cited by Ledebour, referring to Nordmann's report from Transcaucasia near Turkish border, without exact location; it has not since been collected by anyone else. Its occurrence is quite likely, as it is known from Anatolia and from the southern coast of the Black Sea. Tribe 2. MALVEAE A. St. Hil. Fl. Brasil. I (1825) 173.— Flowers mostly bisexual, with or without epicalyx; number of style divisions corresponding to number of carpels, these 1 to indefinite; carpels in regular ring around carpophore, with 1 to several seeds. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs or even shrubs and trees. Genus 883. MALVELLA* Jaub. et Sp. Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. Pl. or. V (1853-1857) 47 Flowers 5-merous, bisexual; bractlets of epicalyx 3, distinct, filiform- setaceous; calyx united at base; petals not notched, hairy outside; staminal column short; fruit small, splitting into transversely inflated 1-seeded schizocarps. A monotypic Mediterranean genus. 1. M. sherardiana (L.) Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. Pl. or. V (1853—1857) 47; Bosse lawOrs Lote. shamal to: ET wy siGrosso. (Wl ian as Gio ae Merbvavysherardianalls. Sp. pl. ed. 2.(1763) 1675: (Cavandilie i ilouad: DISS Os, OC. Prodrsl, 43s db. Wi dRoss.)' 1,433) chy batter aa aes folia Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 433,p.p. (plantae Hohenackerianae) non Desi Menberi Gavhisch: dnviklerrb: Inst) Both WAcs Sey —powGial acrmlena clr diana Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. (1862) 101; Baker in Journ. of Bot. SoOC Wso5 Pedceh. and Piers Ely hvrop. Ross: ol. Wcs:siaubuneinsperioe. twa a Cavanill. Ue. tab. Herb.) Canc sNesisrie Perennial, woody at crown; stems several, decumbent or partly ascending, 10—50cm long, rather slender, usually curved, simple or branched mainly below, densely leafy, thickly covered with stellate hairs forming (as on petioles, both leaf surfaces, pedicels and calyx) a velutinous coat, only near base often glabrescent; leaves petioled, rather small, orbicular or lowest reniform, simple or slightly lobed, somewhat conduplicate when young, cordate at base, evenly and coarsely crenate; petiole shorter to longer than blade; stipules linear-lanceolate, almost scarious,caducous; flowers solitary in leaf axils nearly from stem base; pedicels slender, not jointed, longer than calyx and flower; epicalyx-bractlets 3, setaceous-filiform, one- third to two-fifths as long as calyx; calyx 5-7 mm long, campanulate, divided to below middle into ovate acute lobes, these connivent in fruit; corolla twice length of calyx, reddish-purple; petals obovate, stellate-hairy outside, scarcely notched at apex, truncate, with short glabrous-margined claw; staminal column glabrous, very short, together with anthers shorter » A diminutive appellation derived from the generic name Malva. 25 31 32 than corolla; fruit of 8-13 (mostly 9-11) carpels arranged in ring or somewhat irregular and then reminiscent of Malope fruit, somewhat in- flated, obovate, beaked, irregularly alveolate, densely covered with stiff hairs, laterally at center glabrous and fenestrate-reticulate with trans- versely much elongated loops; seeds convex, brown or dark ferruginous, densely verrucose. Fl. May—July; fr. May—October. (Plate II, Figure 2.) Steppe slopes, as weed in fields, roadsides, etc. — European part: Crim. (S.); Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran] Described from Asia Minor (Bithynia). Type in London. Note. Malva cymbalariaefolia Desr. (Encycl. meth. Ill, 1789), 753) is presented by Ledebour and by de Candolle, as a species closely related to M.sherardiana L. (=Malvella); but most authorities con- sider it to be synonymous with Malvella sherardiana (L.) Jaub. et Sp. As we have been able to ascertain,Malva cymbalaria Desr. is referred to the genus Malva,as fully confirmed by the original description. The author of the species, comparing it with M.sherardiana L., mentions that it differs from the latter in the broader epicalyx-bractlets, larger ; flowers of M.silvestris L. type, erect pedicels, and lobed glabrous leaves resembling in size those of Morotundifolia, Je. The wauuiiisnuon 4 characterized. All these features have nothing in common with Malvella. The author states that the location is unknown; the plant was obtained by him from Moscow, through Demodov. It is quite impossible to discover the origin of this plant. I believe this to be a specimen of M.silvestris with small, little lobed leaves. Eichwald's specimen from Tarki (ad litt. occid. m. Caspii prope Tarki), which was referred by Ledebour to M.cym- balariaefolia Desr.,is the true M.silvestris L.,but with small leaves since the whole upper half of the main stem was apparently destroyed © by animals. Eichwald's specimen agrees fully with the original description of M.cymbalariaefolia Desr., but cannot be the one used for the description of the species, as Eichwald's collections were set up long after publication of the species. ) Genus 884. MALVA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 768 ¢ a Flowers bisexual, varying in size, mostly in axillary fascicles, rarely solitary and then in racemose inflorescence; epicalyx of 2 or 3 bractlets; calyx of 5 lobes connate in lower part; corolla 5-merous, as long as to much longer than calyx, purple, mauve, pink or white; petals notched or truncate at apex, narrowing to claw,this fringed at base or glabrous; staminal column glabrous or hairy; fruit small, separating into 8-16 one- seeded carpels; seeds reniform. Annual, biennialor perennial plants, some- times woody at base, with petioled, entire, lobed or palmately divided leaves. A genus widespread in the Old and partly in the New World, comprising about 125 species. * From the plant's Greek name malache — derived from malachiso — to soften, mitigate, referring to the medicinal properties. ; ‘ 26 : te 33 +A + WOE lel Leaves, at least the middle and upper ones, palmately divided or CHISISIe CLEC Regs mauanaay Sein ea kei Netra s avn beany Moreira Mic Mehr a tli ARE a To 2 Ali teanies cin plegor Oenhlva om — LOWS tty Aisle ene cht Ne Jaina abthed. © bie ea 6. Large plants, 50—120cm high; epicalyx of 3 bractlets; corolla 2\o—3 times length of calyx; sides of ripe carpels largely rupturing (Section shismalyacwWicdik din sD Cui). ii ile eta La Be Small plants, 10—15cm high; epicalyx of 2 bractlets; corolla about length of calyx; sides of ripe carpels whole (Section Bibracteolatae ON ee Unis ik cae IAEA phen cP SU RENE Os A Ne ae es egw Le eb aM gE got nl 5. Stem covered with long, thin, divergent hairs; carpels hispid at top EDA OMMO UCL Cy Fates adh el mb lp ap val biechet a Valence hay 3 Caley shes et 5. M. moschata L. Stem covered with appressed stellate hairs or many-pronged spreading hairs interspersed with simple ones; carpels always IRENE CBT Sys og Cea hic ah he 1 Bact cle Peay Wart 3p) ta hte ae SAD eR Dee RI 4. Stem covered with appressed stellate hairs; petals rather deeply INOUCLANSC OOF Meer er Cay AA pelos or eee Tc one eM A ogee i 3. M.excisa Rchb. Stem covered with spreading, many-pronged, 2-pronged and simple emis: apetalscryeny ently wnotehedy wt ivels Maia ite ee 4, M.alcea L. Stem covered only with 4-pronged appressed hairs; staminal column densely covered down to base with retrorse hairs; carpels minutely puberulentionsboaclgey.: \-cleenintie heel sets wis iyesnt 2. M.armeniaca Iljin. Stem covered with stellate hairs interspersed with appressed 3- pronged (or only these hairs developed); staminal column glabrous Orivithy scattered shortharrsuat tops. canpels) clabrousm iyevom neh ee Par BuIA orion sec Pe la re Wahine tte, oe ete aia Ry Age Tul gi oe Sok 1. M. leiocarpa Ijin. BERACHCTiCLOtaepirCcaly itianhiys. te poten aa) RAAT Ree ee a ie sae) Keaviesverisped, mangin with numerous, small teeth, sku. oe hea eee. Eeaves moycrisped,marein coarsely! crenate ayes s)he eee os 10. Petiole of lower and middle leaves equaling or exceeding blade .. 11. Petioles of lower and middle leaves 2—4 times length of blade... 13. Blade of upper and middle leaves strongly cuneate at base, gradually passing into petiole (Plate III, Figure 3)....... M. pulchella Bernh. Blade otal leaves) distinetly icondater a iiisih) < aael aie ee Reon are We 27 34 39 We ites 14, IDNs Is Oe ZOE Tall glabrate plants; leaves lustrous above, as long as or scarcely longer than broad; petal-claw not fringed on margin; staminal column plabrous ormeanhy (Sor) cultivated splenic aera ep eens Ghia win 7 met Plants more or less hairy; leaves typically broader than long; petal- f claw firingedionymakcine Stanarnal co lulmun: havtryyay iene a. eer etree reine nna by ROLES ck BAINES? AANA URGE NE SLANE SEE Fk RMR tA os SON 18. M.verticillata L. Calyx-lobes broadly triangular, acute, covering fruit; petal-claw . frinced. “European part of solv wisem shan: sll eriak ils ces icine) elaine rT te AGA RCN. SOU aahd alte en ata We. Ge Leama: Vas 16. M.mohileviensis Down. Calyx-lobes acuminate, connivent above fruit; petal-claw not fringed. ear LA Set aris freee aera aaah volee eth.) Samet men ities 5 17. M. pamiroalaica [ljin. Stem always with stellate hairs; flowers subsessile; calyx stellately pubescent, accrescent and wide-open in fruit; petal-claw fringed; carpels with raised transversal wrinkles on back, sometimes reti- culated, margins sharply raised, almost winged. .15. M.parviflora L. Stem glabrous or with scattered simple, 2-pronged or rarely stellate hairs; pedicels one-third to half length of flower; calyx glabrous or ciliate on margin with long simple or 2-pronged hairs; lobes of fruiting calyx incurved, covering fruit; petal-claw slightly fringed at base; carpels sharply wrinkled on back, with raised margins forming radial ridges in ripe fruit at juncture of adjoining carpels ......... AA ie Ma eRe A haen Aare a Rens ames Se a et es LCR 14. M. pusilla Sm. Staminal column covered with stellate hairs, rays of hairs spreading Hama MRC CHOMS: VEG ys Gai ly, la GOUSH iy sk .u- heal oo = Me Mee gies ee LG. Staminal column with simple or 2-pronged retrorse hairs ..... PAO Petals at least 4—5 times length of calyx, very broad at apex, abruptly narrowing into claw, ratio of petal length to width 1:1 or 2:1.75; corolla usually plain dark violet, purple or white; flowers 1—5 in leaf axils; calyx lobes) Obtuse; stem, mostly Stud yeah. valk 9. M. mauritiana L. Petals usually 3 times length of calyx, oblong-obovate or narrower, gradually tapering down to claw, ratio of length to width averaging not more than 2:1; flowers 1—5 in leaf axils (mostly 3 or 4); stem ie lative ley set Sia dete EA tS Ae RCE cea otek si Nae bo utat nat gs ne MeN aae abe Stamina oltimanelaleOUS) 4) ~~ no 4 reads) heh. te 10. M. grossheimii Ijin. Stamumal¥columnrstellately joubesceimt i. xa a. Tt ee Sy Se TCU UE (OU TOUS Masi ece garden arene Meee, MURAI aM ens sera aa hat, 6. Mosilvestris i: Lmitivamleacst ini th sicatteged ahadinst Vien nn. delsed..el cists unk een en IS) Stems mostly erect, with spreading simple or 2-pronged hairs, often interspersed with small stellate ones; pedicels usually with stellate and simple hairs; flowers mostly shorter than subtending leat. lobes of iruitine Calyx! Spreaduno’ Pig. i ll ihe Wi. erecta breesis Stem mostly ascending or decumbent, covered, like pedicel and calyx, with small appressed stellate hairs; flowers equaling or exceeding subtending leaf; corolla smaller; lobes of fruiting calyx adhering to GUI ENE SOUR) APSA a Re ei BR age WE Cee LOSS CULM A i 8. M.ambigua Guss. Petal claw naked at base; corolla bluish, not more than twice length (OIC He | Ah MW AR y Aaa Ewe Eee Cre IRS Cn Ae I fl. M.jnicacensic, Ale Petal claw always distinctly woolly at base; corolla always larger SF eye met UNGa TAT SeTSUAME Ueto ReaNocte)® Mere isepe satis, cath Mumeync rn alg Raan eae ao es 12. M.bucharica I[]jin. 28 36 Section 1. BIBRACTEOLATAE DC. Prodr. I (1824) 431.— Annual plants with epicalyx or 2 bractlets and solitary flowers in leaf axils. Series 1. Aegyptiacae Iljin.— Corolla about equaling calyx. 1. M. leiocarpa Iljin in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, IV, 4 (1923) 26.— Mees yp ttavauctirturkest mon T.;) Grosse. Fill Kavi. ii no2no.p.mluidly HP MROSS se leto4te Bolssu re lore. tele. "p..p. A small annual plant, 5—15cm high, rarely higher; stems solitary or several, covered with stellate hairs interspersed with 4-pronged rays in two opposed pairs, sometimes only hairs of second type present; leaves thickish, with scattered hairs, blade mostly as long as petiole, palmatisect into 4 or 5 narrow oblong segments, these in turn 3-lobately toothed, usually glabrous above, hairy beneath on veins and margin or sometimes glabrate; stipules green, sparsely long-ciliate; flowers solitary in leaf axils, on pedicels somewhat exceeding petiole of subtending leaf, upper ones often crowded on very short pedicels; bracts resembling stipules; epicalyx of 2 lanceolate-linear sparsely long-ciliate bractlets borne at same level below calyx; calyx hemispherical below, lobes broadly-triangular, ciliate on margin, glabrous beneath, forming fold at their juncture; vesture of calyx composed of long-rayed 2-pronged, often stellate hairs, more profuse at calyx base; fruiting calyx accrescent, with connivent lobes; corolla in dry state blue, about length of calyx; petals oblong-obovate, notched at apex, claw fringed-hairy at base; staminal column glabrous or mostly with sparse short hairs; carpels 10—12, readily separating in maturity, strongly compressed laterally, with raisea margins, shallowly broad-channeled along the dorsal line, sometimes distinctly transverse-wrinkled, sides with pro- minent radial ridges; seeds dark brown. Fl. April—May; fr. April—June. (Plate IV, Figure 3.) Desert and semidesert regions, clayey and solonchak soils, arable fields.— Caucasus hs icanse., Centr. Asia Karak (W.), Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: apparently endemic. Described from numerous specimens from Azerbaidzhan and Turkmenia, the first from Sumgant (near Baku). Type in Leningrad. Note. As already indicated previously,M.aegyptia L. was shown LOVE aNCOMpPOSite SMECICS mepresenting a Series Of specliese wil omel: (1888—1890) first separated from it the species M.libyca M. from Algeria. A study of all specimens known to the author has shown that these species differ in hairiness of the staminal column, presence or absence of fringes on petal-claws, vesture of carpels, etc.; the least difference is to be noted in the structure of vegetative organs. It has thus been possible to set up a number of species from the ancient Mediterranean; e.g.,M.mediterra- Mere iinmuVinelemamti roam iiny, Wile tits Serta Unis Nom cine st Ijin, M.effimbriata Iljin, M.armeniaca Iljinand M.leiocarpa Iljin. The last two occur in the USSR. We have not seen specimens of M.aegyptia but, judging by the few specimens from Egypt, Cyprus, Meso- potamia, Arabia and Greece, they approach most closely M.leiocarpa fijin. Species of other series (M:hispanica L., M.stipulacea Cav., M.trifida Cay.) are known only from the extreme southwest of Europe and from northwestern Africa. XY 37 2. M. armeniaca Iljin in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, IV, 4 (1923) 26.— M.aegyptia auct. cauc. non L.; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,62,p.p.; Boiss. Fl. or, 1; 818) p.p.¢7 Baker in Journ; of Botany, “4Syreishchsdllyeel. 11,357. Mi swlvestrasviry li ise Zap. Sib. VIII (1935) 1899 et auct. plur.— M.silvestris var. Bimauritiana Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 819; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 340; O. and Be bedehs ‘PerechJerast.efurk, 11,3142; Shmal'e) (Hl. YL hoy Grosse il. Kavk. III,62.— M.silvestris subsp. mauritiana (L.) Asch. et Gr. Fl. Nordostd. Flachl. (1898-1899) 489. M.sinensis Cav. Monad. Dissert. (1790) 77; Il'in in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 704; Idem in Maevsk. Fl. 7 No. 510.— Leia in) EM Use VOst. p. (03; Pisurel tes; "Sy retsheh mies.) helibarsier Vie Viitab!CLigViala[ste]:f.4839). Plants up to 250cm high; stems solitary, rarely several, mostly very ‘sturdy, cylindric, erect, simple or with rather long branches from base, glabrous or covered, sometimes densely, with long simple and often 2- prongedhairs, or else only at end of stem and branches; petioles long, semiterete, channeled and densely hairy above, as long as or ily times, rarely Oils times, length of blade; leaf-blade orbicular or rarely semi- orbicular, subtruncate to deeply cordate at base, mostly 5-lobed (rarely 3—7-lobed), lobes gently rounded, sometimes obscure, coarsely crenate, 39 Bl glabrous on both surfaces or with scattered simple or 2-pronged hairs on veins, very rarely uniformly covered with scattered hairs including stellate; stipules lanceolate to ovate, scarious-herbaceous, many-nerved, margin long-ciliate; flowers in axillary fascicles of 5—15 (very rarely less than 5); pedicels subequal, from half to 1/5 times length of flower, glabrous or with stellate or simple or 2-pronged hairs, or with different hair types inter- mixed and completely imperceptible joint or (in case of glabrous pedicels) joint barely perceptible and short flowering branchlets arising from axils; epicalyx-bractlets oblong-oval or ovate, obtuse or rounded at apex, covered with scattered hairs, margin ciliate; calyx-lobes broad, plicate at angles, stellate-hairy with admixture of long simple and 2-pronged hairs, some- what accrescent but only partly covering fruit; corolla uniformly dark- to almost black-violet in drying (purple when fresh), sometimes light violet and light purple respectively, with dark veins, rarely pink or white, 4—5 times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate, 15—30mm long and 11—22 mm broad (length to width ratio 1:1 or 2:1.75), gently notched at apex, abruptly narrowing to claw, this bearded at base; staminal column covered with short-rayed stellate hairs; carpels 10—14, glabrous or sparsely (rarely densely) covered with long hairs, reticulate-wrinkled on back, lateral faces glabrous, slightly wrinkled radially, scarious, easily rupturing; seeds blackish-brown, reniform, 2—2.5mm long, uniformly and finely wrinkled. Fl. June—October; fr. July—October. Waste places, near fences, gardens, roadsides, potato fields, gullies, meadows and fallows; often cultivated.— European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm., U. Dnp., U. V., Dv.-Pech. (S.), V.-Ka., Transv., V.-Don, M. Dnp., U. Dnp., B1., ie DonwC@rimen Werstoeria Ob ws: lob lt ALi. ws Siberia incl. Ancor Dau Han Bast: Ze. -Bu.. USS sient.) Astas) Ar = Caspryb alkh:: Koza (delta of Amu Darya), ya Dai. She anu —aiaucious bain sACl sl fina Gen. distr.: Med., W. Eur. (Portugal, Spain, Italy). Type in London. Economic importance. Of same practical importance as M.silvestris L. for medicinal uses, honey production and food. As regards ornamental value,far superior to M.silvestris, owing to large, intensely colored flowers. Also preferable as food, due to higher yield of large, mainly hair- less leaves. Does not differ from M.silvestris in its popular medicinal value. In Iranian pharmacopoeia it is employed in mixture with violets, Nymphaea vecand Wa Atay ph s jj uymbaey Aharon), cia) melo aiid. etc., for preparation of a purgative infusion (Hooper, Useful Plants and Dcugsiof iran and tragqh 193i). Note. We previously (M.M.Il'in, Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V, 1, 1924) adopted the name given this species by Cavanilles — M.sinensis Cav. and referring to specimens from China (no precise indication of location). According to this authority, flowers of this mallow are whitish with purple nerves; but investigations have shown that this character is incidental and relatively rare, occurring sporadically throughout the distribution area of M.mauritiana L., China included. Our interpretation was based on the ambiguity of the short diagnosis provided by. Linnaeus and by his synonymy drawn from the studies of Bauhin (Pin., 1671), Dalechamp (Hist. Génér., I, 1587), Tournefort (Inst., 1700 and 1719), Matthioli(Diosc., 1554 and 1565) and Morison (Hist., 2,1715). Examination of descriptions and especially of drawings by these pre-Linnaean authorities has convinced us that the 61006 1 40 ae illustrations cannot possibly be referred to M.mauritiana L. and relate mainly to other genera. Thus, for instance, Dalechamp's Malva major tertia, cited by Linnaeus as a synonym of M.mauritiana L.,is, to judge by the drawing and description, an altogether different species than M.mauri- tiana as now internationally accepted. The plant shown in Dalechamp's drawing has a strongly curved and much branched stem, ovate leaves, narrow and deeply notched petals, while the flowers are smaller than those of M. silvestris pumila repens on the next drawing. In the description, the stems are presented as decumbent or ascending, and the flowers small and white. This plant cannot therefore be synonymous with M.mauri- tiana L. in its present-day connotation. The source of Tournefort's Synonym cited by Linnaeus — M. rotundifolia, italica, flore amplo purpuras- cente is provided with neither drawing nor description and is referred by Tournefort to Barrel's illustration (Barr., Icon. Rac.), but I have been unable to get hold of this publication. As regards Matthioli's synonym, the drawing of Malva major alter in the beautifully illustrated edition of 1565, Geterms to tievoemus ) Aulicle a: and his alitera icanet (Miximasa uligniigalcatcyelaey as the illustration depicts the same plant as that of Dalechamp, the latter having apparently adopted it from Matthioli. Bauhin's synonym — M. hede- racio folio — is difficult to interpret, as no description is given, but among the synonyms listed there is Malva major tertia, i.e., the species cited by Dalechamp and not relating to M.mauritiana L. In Morison's publi- cation there is no illustration of his M.perennis hispanica flore carneo amplo; according to the very general short description, the plant indicated may be equally referred to M.mauritiana L. as to M.silvestris)—E. Therefore, all the synonyms cited by Linnaeus for his M.mauritiana L. cannot provide grounds for the assertion that M.mauritiana of Linnaeus and of later authorities is one and the same species. As requested, B. A. Fedchenko, while in London, looked over the specimens of M.mauri- tiana L. and M.silvestris L. in the Linnaean Herbarium, but found it impossible to carry out a thorough examination of these species because of their poor condition. Linnaeus, in his publication ‘Hortus upsalensis"' (1798), p. 200, reports the mallow species Malva hederaceo folio, borrowing the name from Bauhin and referring to it the above-mentioned synonyms of Dalechamp, Morison, Tournefort, Matthioli and Barrel, but he identifies his species with M.silvestris L. of the Swedish flora (Linn. Fl. suaec., 1745, No. 581). On the other hand, Linnaeus' short description in his "Species plantarum" and his annotation to the species Malva hederaceo folio in his ''Hortus upsalensis": ''Diff.aM. (sylvestri) Fl. Suaec. No. 581 magnit. florum et glabritie totius pl. nec non in aliis pluribus notis, quae distinctam indicant speciem,'' suggests that Linnaeus described in fact the mallow which later authorities also considered as M.mauritiana L. If so, the synonyms quoted by Linnaeus and his descriptions of this mallow are not in agreement. This ambiguity led this author to adopt Cavanille's name — M.sinensis Cav. — which comes next in priority. Now, however, considering that the name M.mauritiana lL. is deeply rooted in the literature, we propose that the earlier name be retained,as M.mauriti- ana L. and M.sinensis Cav. are merely synonyms of the same species. 41 53 54 Series 2. Glabritubae Iljin. Staminal tube glabrous or merely papillose at the top. 10. M. grossheimii Iljin in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXIV, 3 (1949) 280. Biennial (?), perennial (?). Stems to 50 (?)cm high, slightly branched, somewhat ascending at base, with scattered thin straight and partly stellate hairs, glabrescent toward base; leaves long-petioled; leaf-blade somewhat stiffish, glabrous on both sides, in young leaves sparsely covered with short mostly simple hairs mainly on veins, with slightly sunken veins above, 5-lobed, lowest occasionally 7-lobed, obtuse crenate-margined lobes about half diameter of blade, base cordate; petioles channeled and hairy above, glabrate beneath; stipules and bracts ovate to oblong-ovate, acute and some- times irregularly toothed at apex, herbaceous at center with broad scarious margins or scarious throughout, margin ciliate; flowers 2—4 in axils; pedicels long, covered with appressed stellate hairs, distinctly jointed some- what below flower; calyx stellate-hairy, broadly triangular acute lobes ad- hering to fruit; epicalyx half as long as calyx, the bractlets ovate to oblong- ovate, subobtuse, at first hairy outside, finally glabrous, margin long-ciliate; corolla reddish-violet when dry,to 20mm long; petals broadly oblanceolate, deeply parted at apex, petiole marginally bearded at base; staminal column glabrous or obscurely and minutely papillose in upper part, papillae some- times transformed into minute simple papillose hairs; fruit 5-6 mm in diameter, glabrous; carpels 10—12, rather prominently reticulate-wrinkled on back, scarious sides with faint radial lines; seeds reniform, with broad, almost flat back, ca.2mm long; uniformly and finely wrinkled, brownish. Fl. June—August (?); fr. June—September (?). Caucasus: E.Transc. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Uzuntala. Type in Leningrad. Note. The species described is reminiscent of plants of the series Silvestres Iljin but, because of the features associated with hairiness of the staminal column, a diagnostic character of much importance in the family Malvaceae, it cannot be included in this series. It could rather be referred formally to the series Nicaeenses, but this is characterized by simple, distinctly retrorse hairs. The species is therefore set up in a separate series. Series 3. Nicaeenses Iljin.— Staminal column with simple and 2-pronged retrorse hairs. 11. M.nicaeensis All. Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 40; DC. Prodr. I, 433; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 340; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 819; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 436; ©. and B. Fedch. Perech. rast. Turk. 11,142.— M.montana Grossh. FI. Kavk. III (1932) jn laKoyal JEVoNes Sect. Hascieus latae DC., subsect. Planocentrae Kristoff in Hereditas, VII (1926) 346. — Flowers in axillary fascicles; carpels firmly attached to flat or concave carpophore; epicalyx-bractlets 3, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. Series 1. Rotundifoliae Iljin.— Lobes of fruiting calyx covering fruit. 13. M.neglecta Wallr. in Syll. Ratisb. I (1824) 140; Shimial:to acer siioe Sy Geishehnn mle Mosk. Guba silt Sac Vie wsle. iE (NO. a0 Ome iis ition ray aa) e Yugo, Vost..V.(04; Grossg.. Win -Kavk, Iive2; jmedcehs and ler: PipbyEwhosse 360.— M.rotundifolia L. Sp. pl. (1753) 688,p.p.; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 341; DC. Prodr. I, 432 (excl. variet.); Boiss. Fl. or. I, 820; illo, IMI IRKOSISS WS SRS IMIS IBS EMIS welbur Cae, IL, Wt, 105 ses (> aiavel 1B). Jereclelm. Regechamca stun lumke: 2 0420 Vie wauil oleh a smenenOre wr le vimean Oly Mlatcochies Suppl. I (1811—1815) 62; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 435.— M.prostrata Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. I (1785) 63 et in Exerc. Phytol. I (1792) 80.— Ic.: Fedchenko and Flerov,l.c. Figure 513 (page 631); Syreishch. Figure on page 358; Inyelalo\ Wes TN Cesecay Wi, ANSSie7 Perennial, 8—45cm tall, grayish-downy, with thick tap-root; stems numerous, ascending or procumbent, very rarely erect, often woody at base, branched except at ends, terete, usually turning dingy-purple in lower part, rarely green throughout, densely clothed from base with stellate down; leaves long-petioled, petiole mostly many times length of blade; leaf-blade 44 (57) PLATE Ill. 1 -Malva mohileviensis Down., calyx with epicalyx, corolla in section, fruiting carpel from the side and from the back; 2 — M. verticillata L.,a fragment of middle part of the stem with leaf and flower fascicles; 3 -M. pulchella Bernh., leaf. 45 5g 60 about 30mm broad and 25mm long, orbicular or rarely subreniform, cordate at base, 5—7-veined, 5-lobed, densely stellate-pubescent or with hairs only in angles and then these sometimes 2-pronged, margin ciliate, lobes usually gently rounded, crenate, two outer ones obsolescent; stipules ovate-lan- ceolate, greenish or scarious, stellate -pubescent, ciliate-margined; flowers mostly 3 or 4 in axils, rarely solitary; pedicels long, unequal, upright or in fruit somewhat nodding, terete, jointed near flower, several times length of flower, but shorter than subtending leaf; bracts resembling stipules but nearly always scarious; epicalyx-bractlets linear, sometimes oval, one-half to two-thirds length of calyx, stellate-pubescent like calyx and pedicels; calyx divided to middle, lobes ovate-triangular, somewhat accrescent and closing above fruit; corolla pink, twice to thrice length of calyx; petals ovate, notched at apex, claw long-fringed at base; staminal column with long simple hairs; carpels 14(12—16), compressed laterally, heavily pubes- cent, with hardly any pattern perceivable through hairs, sides slightly rup- turing in maturity; seeds dark brown, very finely wrinkled, reniform, whitish at the hilum. Fl. June-September; fr. July—October. Gardens, roads and fences, waste places generally.— European part: Balt eads-lim- Un V.. Ve-Don, Eransve, le Viena. Don. sil. Crime, Bese iam Un bnp.; Caucasus: Cisc., Das...) andas: Mranse:s (Centr. Asia. (Awe Canoe Rakes Zul Dard. ©. oh., ovr Do, Kyz. Ko) Karak 2pamau Dy su\iina. qh niigkanaes Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., Meme Wwued. tran Ind .>him., Dzu:-Kash., Monps tinh... IN: and iw China, Described by Linnaeus from Swedenas M.rotundifolia L. (p. p., speci- mens from the vicinity of Stockholm). In determination of species M.neg- lecta Wallr.,no indication of geographic location. Economic importance. Used in folk medicine in the same way as M.pusilla Sm. Use in food goes back to remote antiquity. It is men- tioned by Hesiod and Horace. The plant was cultivated by ancient Greeks and Romans as a common salad vegetable. It was still cultivated in Europe in the Middle Ages (Camerarius). According to Startewant, it is still grown at present in Egypt. The main part eaten is the young leaves which are used raw and prepared as a salad. All the young green part is edible and has an agreeable taste due to the mucilage exuded in chewing. According to A. A. Grossgeim, the leaves contain up to 200mg% ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 102 grams carotene (provitamin A). These data refer to M.rotundi- folia L. and probably belong to M.neglecta. The fresh fruits are also edible. The seeds, according to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina, contain about 17.7% light green oil, with iodine number 125.7. M.neglecta is also reported as cattle feed. According to data supplied by M. Sovetkina, the plant contains 84.2% water; the percent composition of oven-dried material is: 16.97% crude cellulose, 4.26% crude oil, 15.62% crude protein (13.07% al- bumen), 44.40% nitrogen-free extract, 18.75% total ash. Note. The plant is exceedingly polymorphic, with a large number of varieties of which some Middle Asian ones have been described: var. xero- phila Krassn., Enum. pl. Tian. or, 34(M.xerophila Krassn. in herb.) with smaller, 5—7-lobed leaves covered on both sides with very short pubescence, large acutish leaf-lobes, and petioles mostly shorter than blade; this form occurs in Tien Shan; f.humilis Ijin (Bot. mat. Gerb. V, 8) with numerous short woody stems with short internodes, the smaller leaves 46 61 rounded and without lobes; occurring in the Dzarket District; f.ramo - sissima Ijin with stem very thick and woody at base, and numerous elongated branches; so far identified from Kulja, but may also occur in adjoining areas of the USSR; var. bucharica Iljin is a more delicate, tall greenish plant, soft-hairy, with numerous flowers gathered at end of stem; this variety of as yet uncertain taxonomic validity, occurring frequently enough in Tadzhikistan and particularly in Bal'dzhuan, is still in need of further study. What exactly is meant by M.rot. 6B bakuensis Grun., (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XL, 4, 41 0) is not quite clear; according to the author, it is characterized by erect stems and relatively narrow epicalyx segments. It has accordingly been referred to M.pusilla Sm. (see note to preceding species). 14, M. pusilla Sm. in Engl. Bot. IV (1795) tab. 241; Il'in in Fl. Yugo-Vost. VencOs Grosso Hit) Kavk: Tlp63s* ryl): Hl. Zap, Siboc Villy m0 0 hsv ico). TUE Hokie wleNiSpe p12 / (i753) 688, ip. piel Syreishchy 1k EE Moskymcoulo. il: 358: Fedch. and Fler. Fl. Evrop. Ross. 631.— M.rotundifolia 8 pu- silla (Sm.) DC. Prodr. I (1824) 433.— M.borealis Wallm. in Liljebl. Sv. Fl. ed. 3 (1816) 374; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 341; Boiss. Fl. or. ISO Keb Ross-60),436-e Shimal af). 0, 175; Kary le meee Ault leat M.henningii Goldb. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. V (1817) 133.— M.humi- fusa Henning in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VI (1823) 76.— M. mepie nismGul- denste ditlicsi(178'7) 283 Nox875)—1c.: Syreishch:. Figure onipase sas; Exe. GuR Ew oNo.962. Annual or biennial, 15—50cm high, green, with long thin taproot; stems several to many, erect or ascending, rarely decumbent, mostly branched from base, sometimes dingy-purpleatbase with sparse simple, 2-pronged and stellate hairs, sometimes glabrous; petioles densely pubescent along channel above, glabrous elsewhere, just about exceeding blade; leaf-blade reniform, 20-60 mm long and 35-80 mm broad, 5-lobed, mostly glabrous above or sometimes with scattered simple or 2-pronged or very rarely stellate hairs between lobes, glabrous beneath or with few simple hairs on veins, rarely covered throughout with simple, 2-pronged or stellate hairs, lobes rounded, irregularly dentate or almost crenate, outer two little developed; stipules green, lanceolate, glabrate, margin long-ciliate; flowers 2—10 or sometimes more in axillary fascicles nearly from stem base; pedicels unequal, usually twice to thrice length of flower, with scattered simple and 2-pronged hairs, strongly elongating in fruit; bracts resembling stipules, paler, scarious; epicalyx-bractlets about equaling calyx, rarely somewhat shorter, narrowly linear, subglabrous or margin long-ciliate; calyx divided to two-thirds into ovate-triangular lobes, accrescent in fruit, mostly glabrous, margin long-ciliate; corolla whitish or faintly bluish (in dry condition); petals oblong-lanceolate, slightly notched at apex, claw slightly fimbriate at base; staminal column glabrous, very rarely with scattered short hairs; fruiting carpels 8—12 (commonly 10or ie), compressed laterally, with sharp ascending margins, hence ridges forming at lines of contact reticulate-rugose on back and more or less pubescent, lateral faces thin especially at center, scarious and easily rupturing in fruit, radially wrinkled; seeds resembling those of preceding species. Hy une Octooen jain. July—October: 47 62 Waste places and rubbish dumps, gardens and orchards, etc. — European part: allimesions except Arctic; (W.Sibenia (Ob Us Lob Irie Aline Ee ita Yen), Ang.-say.;) Har Hast: Uss:5 Caucasus: 'Cisc., hy Eranseh)) Centres Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (Alai Range). Gen. distr.: Seand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., N. W. India (Himalayas). Described by Linnaeus under the name M.rotundifolia; M.pusilla Sm. was described from England. Type in London. Economic importance. This species is used in popular medicine. A decoction of leaves and roots is used as a gargle for treatment of inflam- matory conditions of respiratory organs (sometimes with addition of honey and vinegar) and for external treatment as fomentations for skin inflam - mations, ulcerations, swellings and hemorrhoids; it is applied in enemas, etc.; rarely taken internally, e.g., according to P. N. Krylov, an infusion of roots is used for slimming and, according to I. Ya. Slovtsov, an infusion of leaves with milk is used for its diuretic effect. The medicinal value of the plant is due to the high content of mucilage in the roots and foliage. M.pusilla is also used as food. In the spring and early summer, the young leaves and shoots provide an excellent vegetable with laxative proper - ties and are used for prophylactic treatment of colds. It is eaten fresh as a salad, but can also be cooked. The fruits are edible. According to M. P. Dubyanskaya and A. F. Sulima-Samoilo, the fresh plant contains: water 87.9%, nitrogenous compounds 4.9%, nitrogen-free extract 5.4%, ash 1.8%; dry weight composition: nitrogenous compounds 40%, nitrogen-free extract 45%, and ash 15.0%. The value as a salad is enhanced by the satis- factory vitamin content: the young leaves contain, according to S. Sokolova and Z. Chernikova, 0.2% vitamin C, which amounts to 0.85% of dry weight, 0.101% in fruits. According to data of the Division of Plant Resources of the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the leaves contain at the beginning of summer 0.03% vitamin C, and the aerial part in fall 0.12% fresh weight; according to A. A. Grossgeim,112.1—243.2mg%. C.L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina report that the seeds contain a green-colored oil, with iodine number 128.0. According to A. Kh. Rollov, the roots are used for making toothbrushes. Note. Linnaeus mixed up two species under the name M.rotundi- folia L. and thus introduced a good deal of confusion into the synonymy of two readily distinguishable species: M.pusilla Sm. and M.neglecta Wallr.,a more northerly and a more southerly species, respectively. Linnaeus indeed realized that he put a heterogeneous mixture under M.rotundifolia L.,as appears from his note: ‘In ours (i. e., Swedish specimens), the flowers are generally smaller and corolla plain white, in plants from Stockholm the corolla is larger and purple as in plants from abroad.'' This led a number of taxonomists to give the name M. rotundi- folia for the first specimens,i.e.,for M.pusilla. M.pusilla was described from specimens grown by Hudson from seeds obtained from Pelham in England. This problem was discussed by M.M.Il'in ina special note (Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada, XXI, 3,1922). The species is very polymor- phous, with a large number of forms over its distribution area. Only the morphologically most clearly defined varieties and forms from Soviet territory are mentioned here: var. hirsuta Kaufm. (M.rotundifolia aohirsuta Kaufm.; M.borealis vikhaiasuita (Kauim. invPetuank: Keane 48 ee 20 i 63 64 obz. Mosk. gub. I in Scripta botan. VI, No. 13, 1896, 108) — a plant with two kinds of hairs, long stiff, and short branched; var. glabrior Kaufm. (in Petunn. Krit. obz. Mosk. gub.,p.108; M.rotundifolia B glabrior Kaufm. in Syreishch. Fl. Mosk. gub. 1,1907, 359'— both in the European part of USSR); f. pilosissima [jin (Bot. Mat. Gerb. Gl. Bot. sada, AVA IED 1924, 8) — a biennial or perennial plant with thickly stellate-downy leaves, so far known only from the Ussuri area; f. sessiliflora TIljin (l.c., 9) — a biennial or perennial with prostrate stems, grayish stellate -pubescent leaves and sessile flowers, reported for Soviet Central Asia; f. glomerata Iljin (1. c.) — with elongated stems and numerous flowers in crowded fas- eicles, also reported for Centr. Asia. Series 2. Parviflorae Iljin.— Lobes of fruiting calyx spreading. 15. M. parviflora L. Amoen. Acad. III (1756) 416; Sp. pl. Il (1762) 969; DC. Prodr. I, 433; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 341 (excl. syn.); Boiss. Ei or wi a70iGrogso. Hil nivay ki wil) 655) O!vand By hedcehs Permeche react. Turk. 11,142.— M.microcarpa Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 436, non Desf. — M.mareotica Trautv. in Tr. Bot. Sada VIII, 1 (1883) 161, non Delil. — Nein hee Cc anliwex THort.) ex '@ivA IN. ineind. sem. Hort) Retro. el (1845) (os Mrauty.) le. 162." lel Biorl et’Paol, ley Fl, Italy (1901) 30d bxse: Palaest, No. 148. Annual, 5-30cm high, with long thin taproot; stems solitary, erect, rarely several and then ascending, simple or weakly branched, covered with stellate hairs; petioles usually longer than blade, channeled and pubescent above, glabrous elsewhere; leaf-blade orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate at base, 5—7-cleft into gently rounded irregularly crenate-dentate lobes, sparsely covered above with mostly stellate hairs or glabrate, more densely covered beneath with stellate or 2-pronged or sometimes simple hairs; stipules lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, green, Slightly pubescent; bracts resembling stipules but paler; flowers mostly 2 or 3 in axils, subsessile, pedicels stellate-hairy; calyx divided to 7/.—"/; into broad rounded mucronate lobes, sparsely stellate-hairy, strongly accrescent and widely spreading in fruit; corolla barely exceeding calyx, bluish (?) in dry condition; petals oblong, scarcely notched at apex, claw glabrous; staminal column glabrous; carpels 10(9—11), cross-wrinkled on back, glabrous, reticulate-beaked, with somewhat raised sharp margins, sometimes with prominent winged transversal pattern and elevated teeth on margins (f. cristata Boiss.), sides glabrous with radial ridges; seeds reddish Ss moothyicluohtly lustrous yE la April—sjune: Waste places in extreme south. — Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., Kara K. Gen. distr.: Med., N. Afr., Asia Minor, Iran. Described from North Africa. Type in London. Economic importance. According to S. L. Ivanov and N. F.. Kokotkina, the seeds contain about 13% light greenish oil, with iodine number 113.8. Note. In our specimens the fruit is always glabrous, but heavy pubes- cence is sometimes encountered in plants from S. W. Europe, Asia Minor and Africa. Earlier Russian authorities, and occasionally foreign ones, presented M.microcarpa Desf. as synonymous with this species. This 49 65 cannot be correct,as M.microcarpa Desf. is not a synonym of M.par- viflora L. and clearly differs in smaller fruits borne on slender and rather long stalks; and it is certainly not synonymous with f. cristata Boiss. (as proposed by Boissier). M.microcarpa Desf. does not occur in the USSR. Section 5. CONOCENTRAE (Kristoff.) Ijin, hoc loco.— Sect. Fascicula- tae DC. subsect. Conocentrae Kristoff. in Hereditas, VII (1926) 346.— Car- pophore distinctly conical; mature carpels easily falling apart; flowers always in sessile fascicles. Series 1. Mohilevienses Iljin.— Petioles of middle and lower leaves 2—oa times lensth of blade: 16. M. mohileviensis Downar in Bull. Soc. Mosc. I (1861) 177.— M.pul- Cmeitveal Hiseh. vet Mey.) in Ind: sem! Hort? Petrop. Wit s3s9 (1840) 18, non Bernh.; Trucz. Fl. baic.-dah. I,18; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 436; Maevsk. Fl. 509.— M.verticillata Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII-(1890) 342,p.p. non L.; O. and B. Fedch. Perech. rast. Turk. II, 142; Trautv. in Tr. Bot. Sada Ville ho2ss Rupes SEs Inger 2 ie Slay’ oe EM why i735) oKureyaee weal Lape sie. Vili;1900/— Moerispa var. comp lamata Litw.* im Zhimrm, Russk. Bot. Obshch. VII (1922) 1924, 118.— Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast Dakinevostis kr) Plate 226)— ExsY #GuRawb a Nomi2 tz. Annual, 35—150cm high; stems solitary or several, erect or ascending, rarely simple, mostly branched, green or dingy-purple in lower part, glabrous in upper part or with scattered stellate hairs, rarely more densely pubescent; lower branches prostrate or ascending; leaves long-petioled, petioles of lower leaves strongly pubescent on channeled upper side, several times length of blade, upper as long as or longer than blade, obscurely jointed below blade and abruptly passing into it; leaf-blade suborbicular, cordate at base, 5—7-lobed, mostly glabrous or with scattered hairs above, hairy beneath on veins or rarely glabrous throughout or covered all over with scattered simple or 2-pronged or stellate hairs, lobes broadly ovate- triangular, obtuse or in upper leaves often acute, with crenate-dentate margin; stipules broadly lanceolate, green, pubescent; flowers numerous, subsessile,in axillary fascicles, these sometimes containing long-pediceled projecting flowers; epicalyx of 3 lance-linear pubescent bractlets; calyx- lobes ovate-triangular, acute, variously covered with long-rayed stellate hairs, these usually softer at margin; fruiting calyx prominently netted- veined, often becoming glabrous except at margin and lustrous, somewhat accrescent lobes covering fruit; corollausually twice, more rarely 1'/,times length of calyx, pale purplish or reddish, in drying bluish-violet or pale vio let; petals obovate, notched at apex, claw slightly fringed within, rarely without fringe; staminal column, especially at top, with retrorse hairs; carpels pale, glabrous, thin-walled, transversely rugose on periphery of back, sometimes with median dorsal line, sides radially wrinkled; seeds brown, minutely puncticulate, flattened dorsally, compressed laterally. Fl. July-September. (Plate III, Figure 1.) 50 ee a Waste places and rubbish dumps, vegetable and flower gardens, etc. — European part (very rarely): Ibe liliaal.., WE IDyaioay We Wo5 Wha IDYoias) Wo NEN, & Wasiberia:’Ob,.U: Tob. lnt., Alt; EV siberia: Yen, Ano:-Say.,.Dat.¢ (rar East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (E.). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi., rarely and sporadically in W. Europe, naturalized in gardens. Described from vicinity of Mogilev. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. According to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina, the seeds contain 10.4% greenish oil, with iodine number 116.9. M.N. Var- lakov reports that flowers of this mallow are used in Tibetan medicine as a diuretic. The stems contain strong bast fiber — according to P. F. Med- vedev, about 14—18% — occasionally used by local population for production of coarse fiber articles. The young shoots or leaves can be used as a salad or cooked vegetable. As far as feed properties are concerned, M.mohileviensis is one of the most valuable forage plants, because of its high protein content and its succulent and tender consistency. It is readily eaten by horses, cattle and swine. When fed to cows,it markedly increases the milk yield and, according to P. F. Medvedev, improves the quality of milk by raising its fat content. The herbage becomes coarse after flowering. M.mohileviensis has almost double the amount of 66 digestible protein contained in cultivated forage plants suchas legumes, sun- flower, rape,etc. The chemical percent composition, as established by I. V. Larin, shows the following values. 1 t Development stage Water Ash Protein* | Albumen |Cellulose| Fats RB eg nee extract a ee Before flowering ...... 81.4 2.32 4.18 3.61 2.67 0.94 8.49 Onset of flowering ..... 79.30 3.00 3.98 3.17 3.27 1.00 9.45 ETHMILO WET e fevers michele oes 81.40 2.63 S75) 2.19 4.14 0.75 HeSe Seed tipeming “o22.5..6. 53.40 6.40 8.40 6.90 13.56 = 16.24 * Including albumen. The feed value of this species is shown according to P. F. Medvedev, in the following table: Content, % Forage ] ve Development stage : condition crude crude nitrogen-free E albumen e cellulose ash protein* fat extract before flowering ... 3.5 27 0.6 4.2 Zell 6.3 Green Elen OweTaNerae eles): 3.4 2.4 1.0 5.8 2.6 6.6 Ha before flowering ... 20.8 16.0 3)-3) 25.38 PET Bil) y Pulleilowerm 9 ase sns. 17.4 12.4 Bee) 29.8 13.3 34.3 * Including albumen. 5] 67 One hundred kg of green herbage of this mallow contain 1.4kg digestible albumen and 7.7 starch equivalents, the figures for hay being 9.1 kg and : 48.1kg, respectively; the feed is thus in no way inferior to legumes. Ac- - a cording to P. F. Medvedev, the fall yield amounted to 30.4 tons per hectare, 7 considerably more than sunflower, legume mixtures, etc. The yield of digestible albumen was 1.1 tons, higher than in the case of the crops men- tioned. The yield of aerial parts ranges mostly from 40 to 80 tons per hectare, less in more northerly areas. This mallow, combined with other plants, gives silage of good quality. One of the important advantages of this species as a forage plant consists in the fact that it gives two or three crops during the growing season. The yield of seed fluctuates between 0.4 and 1.1 tons per hectare. Thus,Malva mohileviensis is an excellent forage plant, both as regards palatability and yield. It is suitable for green feed, hay and silage, and it is easy to grow. Note. This species, like all the others of this section, originates from South-East Asia, mainly from China. It is there that the polymorphism of this species is most pronounced. Notwithstanding a number of publications on this subject, the systematics of the various forms is as yet far from being clear. Species of this section are distributed in the Himalayas, in India, Vietnam, the provinces of China, Manchuria, Mongolia, Kashgar and Dzungaria. In Soviet Central Asia it does not penetrate westward beyond the Pamir-Alai Mountains. The spread through Asia into Europe pro- ceeded across the Far East and Siberia at one end, while at the other end it went — chiefly as the cultivated M.crispa L.— by way of Near Asia. Species of this section were also introduced into America, especially South America, where they have developed forms somewhat different from the Asian ones, and now sometimes recognized as distinct species, such as: M.brasiliensis Desr. from Brazil,a very vigorous plant with setaceous epicalyx-segments already growing in Europe; or M.meluca Graebn. from the Andes Mountains of South America, introduced by seeds which found their way into Germany in 1919 with wool from Bolivia and already widespread in Europe and, to some extent,in the USSR. The first of these American species was grown in the past in the Leningrad Botanical Garden, while the second is grown there at present. In India and in the Himalayas there are some very hairy species, both with mostly pubescent carpels — M.neilgherrensis R. Wright, and with glabrous carpels, to which one can possibly refer the race cultivated in botanical gardens under the name M.nepalensis Hort. An Abyssinian species,M.abyssinica A.Br., described as long-stemmed, pubescent, with acute denticulate leaf lobes and small sessile flowers in compact fascicles, as well as the above-men- tioned species, were cultivated at one time at the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. In the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, there is plenty of material of this series from Soviet Central Asia, China and Japan, which displays a wide range of forms. As regards the relationship between M.verticillata L. and M.pulchella Bernh. see note to the first species. According to D.1I. Litvinov,M.erecta Gilib. is synonymous with the species under consideration, but this seems doubtful. 17. M.pamiroalaica Iljin n. sp. in Addenda XIV, 675. Annual or biennial, 20—60(100?) cm high; stem simple or weakly branched, erect, covered with scattered simple, 2-pronged or fasciculately stellate 52. 68 69 hairs, more hairy in upper part, glabrescent below or almost glabrous throughout except very tip; lowest branches elongated and ascending; leaves long petioled; lowest petioles often arcuately upturned, 3—5 times length of blade, middle ones 2"/5—3 times length of large blade; leaf-blade suborbicular or semiorbicular, mostly 5-lobed, in uppermost leaves often 3-lobed, lobes semicircular, more rarely broad-ovate, obtuse, less than half blade diameter, coarsely crenate, cordate at base, outer lobes never overlapping though closely approximate, upper surface with scattered appressed simple or 2- pronged hairs or glabrate, only in youngest leaves more densely pubescent, pubescence of lower surface varying in extent, of similar hairs with ad- mixture of stellate ones; stipules narrow-ovate, acuminate, semiscarious, l long-ciliate; flowers in compact fascicles in leaf axils, mostly from very base of stem, sometimes with odd flowers rising above fascicle on fairly long pedicel; young fascicles densely hairy; bracts narrower and more acuminate than stipules, long-ciliate; epicalyx of 3 narrow, lance-linear, long-acuminate, slightly arched-recurved, hairy bractlets; calyx with simple, 2-pronged and stellate hairs at base, sometimes exclusively stellate -hairy in upper part, ciliate-margined, lobes oblong-ovate, broader and rounded at base; fruiting calyx strongly accrescent, rather pale, more glabrous, pro- minently yellow-nerved, long-acuminate lobes closing in above fruit; corolla in dry condition always whitish, at top very faintly bluish, barely surpassing calyx, 3.5-5mm long; petals obovate, claw not fringed; staminal column only at very top with simple retrorse hairs; carpels 10 or 11, pale brownish or rufescent, prominently cross-wrinkled on back, margins sharply denti- culate at ends of wrinkles, sides prominently rugose radially; seeds ca.2 mm long, with broad almost flat back, very finely and uniformly rugulose, reddish- brown or olivaceous-brown. Fl. (June) July—August; fr. July—August (September?). Waste places and rubbish dumps.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Kashgaria, W. Himalayas. Described from Tadzhikistan, from Lyangar- Gisht in the Pamir River valley. Type in Leningrad. Note. Most closely related to M.mohileviensis Down., distributed mainly in western part of Middle Asia, penetrating into Soviet territory only in easternmost part of Pamir-Alai Mountains. In Tien Shan it is already mixed with M.mohileviensis Down. Series 2. Verticillatae [Iljin.— Petioles of lower and middle leaves equaling, shorter or barely longer than blade. 1S Mevyerticilataia. Sp. pl! (1753) 6898 (DCs) Prod 41.433: (Cavern) Monadelph. Dissert. 78; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 342, p. p.— Vireo hem, 1 ihaeholi1a lH: Angel.) vidi Herder insInd! semi Hort.) ietrop: (1861) 50.= (?) M. rotundifolia var. alchemillaefolia Wall: Cat: No. 1884 (1828) 52.— M.alchemilloides H. Paris. in Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. (1866) Gi Mirupestris HrPragens. videiHerderindndy sem, Hort. Petrop. (1861) 50.— (?) M.verticillata y purpurascens Herd. in Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. (1866) 62.—Ic.: Jacq. Fl. austr. I (Hort. Vindob.) tab. 40; Cavanill. l.c. tab. XXV, f. 3: Enel Ss Botutabwetiaan Annual, 20—200cm high; stem erect, terete, simple or mainly at base slightly branched, with scattered hairs or subglabrous, green or purplish; 23) 70 leaves orbicular or lower subreniform, broader than long, cordate or subtruncate at base, 5-lobed, lobes suborbicular or slightly elongated, obtuse, coarsely crenate-dentate, to half blade diameter or shorter, both surfaces glabrous or with scattered hairs; petioles of lower leaves half as long again as blade, those of middle (sometimes all) leaves as long as or shorter than blade, never incurved-ascending as those of M.mohileviensis Down.; flowers densely fascicled in axils of nearly all leaves, short-pediceled, only sporadically long-pediceled; calyx roughened with hairs, prominently netted-nerved, with broadly triangular lobes, yellowish-rufescent in fruit, slightly accrescent and covering fruit; epicalyx-bractlets narrowly lanceo- late, acuminate, hairy, shorter than calyx; corolla half as long again as calyx, pale mauve or rose (in fresh condition), scarcely notched petals narrowing toward base; staminal column covered in upper part with short simple hairs; carpels 10—12, glabrous, pale cinnamon-brown when ripe, resembling in structure those of two preceding species. Fl. June—July; fr. July—sep- tember. (Plate III, Figure 2.) Arable fields, vegetable and ornamental gardens. — European part: Balt. (Vilnius), Lad.-Ilm. (Leningrad), U. V. (Moscow). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi., W. Europe (introduced). Described from China. Type in London. Economic importance. Apparently related to M.mohileviensis Down. and M.meluca Graebn. Note. As rightly stated by D.I. Litvinov (Zhurn. Russk. Bot. Obshch., VII, 1922), it has so far been impossible to determine the exact relationship between M.verticillata L., described from China,and M.pulchella Bernh., based on cultivated plants grown from seed derived from the same country, i.e., those species under whose name the mallow just described appears in European and Russian floras. Herder (Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. 1861 and 1966), who devoted much time to sorting out the numerous syno- nyms of this and related species, still further increased the existing con- fusion by including in the synonymy some markedly different species of another section,e.g.,M.parviflora L. Also Hedlung,in a paper dealing with the systematics of these mallows (Botan. Notiser, 1891), failed to clear up the problem. At any rate, following Fischer and Meyer (Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop.: 1839), most authorities agree in one thing,i.e., that the petioles of M.verticillata L. are shorter than those of M.pulchella Bernh. On the basis of a specimen in our herbarium, grown in 1835 from seeds obtained from Bernhard (as recorded on the label written by Meyer), the very authority who described M.pulchella Bernh. (Select. sem. Hort. Erfurt., 1832), we regard this sample as representing the main morpholo- gical features of the type of species concerned. The short petioles and the leaf-blade with long-cuneate base, gradually tapering into the petiole, are highly characteristic. Our herbarium contains such specimens from Korea (vicinity of Seoul, collected by Kalinovskii in 1886). No such specimens are known from the USSR; the appellation M.pulchella Bernh. cannot therefore be adopted for our native species of this series. It is known that M.verticillata L., described from China,is also characterized by short petioles, as confirmed by many authorities; but its leaf-blade is apparently cordate at base,as such a striking feature as the long-cuneate leaf base could not have been overlooked by Linnaeus. In the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, there are many 54 PLATE IV. 1—~Malva bucharica Iljin, flower, staminal column with style and stigmas, fruiting calyx, carpel in side and top view,seed; 2-— Malvalthaea transcaucasica (Sosn.) Iljin, flower, staminal column with style and stigmas, fruiting calyx, calyx with epicalyx, carpel in side view, seed; 3 -Malva leiocarpa I)jin, calyx with epicalyx, staminal column with style and stigmas, fruiting calyx, carpel in side view, seed; 4 —M. armeniaca Iljin, calyx with epicalyx, staminal column with style and stigmas, fruiting calyx, carpels in side and top view, seed. a5 specimens from China and Japan which can be accepted as representing this species; especially typical in this respect are specimens collected in 1851 by Tatarninoy in the vicinity of Peking. On USSR territory, such specimens were collected in 1905 by V. A. Izmail'skii in a vegetable garden in the vicinity of Vilnius, and by this author in 1949 on waste land in the samearea. These are the only recorded noncultivated specimens of this species. The Herbarium also contains various specimens of plants grown in the botanical gardens of St. Petersburg and Moscow, especially in the former, both under the name indicated and under synonyms — M.alche- mivkaefoliathHAnsl: Me alechemillotdies H. Paris,” M. ruplestaits THe Pragens,etc. In Western Europe this species is much more widespread, having escaped long ago from botanical gardens; it occurs in arable fields, waste places and rubbish dumps. In the USSR, the species more widely distributed as a weed is the Sino-Siberian M.mohileviensis Down. HO MNVinewispa larson pl. sed. 201762) 970) WCaeProde. 1/283 -ehotsspeal or. I, 821; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 437; O. and B. Fedch. Perech. rast. Turk. iia Rupee) hia incor 6 le 27: Kory: ale Zap. Silo. “Vill SOs Il litaesiab Eile Mugo-Vost - Ve Oo: sonal os Ea ion Wenvdereiine.t) Vakray Soc matcgora mele. Sp. pl. (1753) 689; Hedch. and Fler. Fl. Evrop. Ross. 631.— M.brevi- flora Gilib. Exerc. Phytol. I (1792) 81.— M.crispa var. genuina Litw. in Zhurn. Russk. Bot. obshch. VII (1922) 118.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. V, fap. CE XWilyt 4034. Annual, 40-—200cm high; stems erect, simple, glabrous or in upper part with scattered long-rayed stellate hairs; leaves, especially lower, long- petioled, 5—7-lobed, plicate-undulate, margin sharply denticulate; flowers numerous, subsessile or very short-pediceled, fascicled in axils with occasional long-pediceled flowers; epicalyx-bractlets linear; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute; corolla 1*/>—2 times length of calyx, pale mauve or rose or almost white,in drying mostly pale violet or bluish; petals broadly obovate, gently and shallowly notched at apex; carpels 10 or 11; pale, glabrous, with thin faces transversely rugose at margins, and single faint dorsal line; seeds brown, minutely puncticulate. In other characters re- sembling preceding species. Fl. June—September. Vegetable and ornamental gardens, waste places. — European part: Balt., Lad.-Ilm., U. V., Dv.-Pech. (S.), V.-Ka., Transv., V.-Don, L. Don (N.), BI. (N.), M. Dine. Us Dapp, Sess eiVerotoe ria: @©bs i. Lobe, lists) AliteaE slo erelcn. Dau. Gen. distr.: W. Eur. (sporadically), Jap.-Chi. Described from Syria as a cultivated plant. Type in London. Economic importance. An ornamental plant, grown in gardens and eaSily naturalized. Like all species of the section Conocentrae [)jin, it originates from subtropical Asia, mainly from China, where the polymorphism of the Species — not yet clearly delimited — is evident. In China it has long been known as an ornamental. It is also included in most ancient Chinese pharmacopoeias as a plant of medicinal value. It reached Western Europe, across S. W. Asia, not later than the 16th century and possibly much earlier,as an ornamental and perhaps also as a food and medicinal plant. D.1. Litvinov maintains that it was also used in the past in S. W. Asia as a fiber plant. According to Cavanilles (1790), the fibers of this plant are suitable for spinning and especially for making fishing nets. It is now used 74 in Europe, Asia and North America as an ornamental. It is also employed 5 as a home remedy for burns, skin and eye irritations, colds, etc. It is used for food as a salad or cooked vegetable. The seeds contain a green-colored oil, with iodine number 127.5 (according to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina). Curled mallow is a forage plant of high quality, with an exceptionally high content of digestible protein. The yields equal those of forage legumes. Everything that has been said concerning the feed value of Malva mohi- leviensis applies equally to M.crispa. Note. This species, very closely related to M.verticillata bL.,is most probably its cultivated derivative. It was apparently selected, for its handsome large leaves and attractive habit, for use as an ornamental and a food, and was thus multiplied and spread. Its present distribution area, if it is possible to speak about it, extends far west of that of M.mohile- viensis Down. 20. M.meluca Graebn. in Verhandl. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg, 63 (1920) 103 (nomen'‘nudum); Medvedev in Tr. prikl. bot. XI, 1 (1936) 3 and in Kul't. Fl. SSSR, V (1940) 273.— Ic.: Kul't. Fl. l.c. Figure 129 and Medved. Novye korm. kul't. SSSR [New Forage Crops of the USSR] (1948) Figure 28. Annual, up to 200—300cm high; stem erect, terete, simple or slightly branched, to 2cm in diameter at base and here prominently reticulate with elongated loops, glabrous or very sparsely hairy; leaves large, petioles of middle and lower leaves as long as orbarely longer than blade; leaf-blades orbicular, about as long as broad, bright green, glabrous and lustrous above, sparsely covered beneath with mostly simple appressed hairs, deeply and mostly narrowly cordate and with anthocyanin spot at base, 5—7-lobed, lobes obtuse, semiorbicular, crenate-dentate, not reaching middle of blade; upper leaves smaller, with shorter petioles; flowers borne on very short pedicels, in compact axillary fascicles of several; calyx with broadly trian- gular acute lobes, light green; fruiting calyx yellowish-brown, with lobes covering fruit, hirsute, with ciliate margin; epicalyx-bractlets lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtusish, shorter than calyx; corolla half as long again as calyx, pale rose or lilac-rose, at base whitish when fresh, becoming bluish-lilac in drying, claw not fringed; staminal column glabrous or nearly so; carpels 10 or 11, transversely rugose on back, sides with prominent radial lines. Fl. June—(August) September; fr. July—October. Cultivated as fiber-yielding and forage crop, easily naturalized in areas of cultivation. — European part: mainly in Lad.-I1m. (Pushkin, Suida), Us Dips) Vii -Kar) Geni distr ys Am., Wekurs Described irom: Germany, from plants grown from seed originating from Bolivia. Type in Branden- burg (?). Economic importance. Primarily a fiber plant,a useful substitute for jute in cordage production. The fiber is coarse, inferior in quality to kenaf and hemp. According to P. F. Medvedev, the fiber is somewhat brittle in twisting; its breaking strength is 14kg without a knot and 9—-10kg with a knot. According to the same source, the fiber yield averages 15—16% (13.3—21.0%) of the weight of stems, which works out at 1.1 to 1.8 tons from one hectare. The seeds contain about 20% oil, of the semidrying kind, which can be used in the soap industry. The seed yield fluctuates between 0.5 and 1.2 tons per hectare. This species is also a good fodder plant, rich in 57 76 digestible protein, like M.mohileviensis and M.crispa. The chemical composition of the herbage, as reported by Medvedev, is as follows: (water 72.0%), crude protein 17.4% (albumen 12.7%), fat 5.5%, cellulose 24.6%, ash 10.6%, nitrogen-free extract 41.9%. Thus,as regards feed value, it surpasses Sudan grass, kochia, amaranth,etc. M.meluca can give two crops during the growing season, about 20.0 to 37.0 tons in all. Mixed with other plants it can be used for silage. Note. The description of this species is mainly based on specimens grown in the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, from seeds obtained from P. F. Medvedev who grew this mallow the town of Pushkin, on experimental plots of the All-Union Institute of Plan Production. Grebner published only the name, and no description of this species has been found in the literature. The seeds of M.meluca Graebn. were obtained by the All-Union Institute of Plant Production directly from Germany. In the course of cultivation at the Botanical Institute in Leningrad, a considerable polymorphism was detected with regard to shape of epicalyx and hairiness. Examination of more ample material will probably result in some corrections. According to Schilling (Die Faserstoffe d. Pflanzenreiches, II (1924) 182),M.meluca is very closely related to M. crispa L. and belongs to the M.verticillata L. group, a statement with which one cannot disagree, but he does not join it to M.crispa L. by way of a synonym, as proposed by P. F. Medvedev (Novye voloknistye kul'tury SSSR [New Fiber Crops of the USSR] (1940) 191) It differs essentially from M.crispa inits noncrisped leaves. In any case, the species is not markedly differentiated from M.verticillata L. Genus 885. LAVATERA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 690 Flowers bisexual, mostly large, solitary or several in axils of floral leaves, forming racemose or spikelike inflorescence; epicalyx of 3 sessile bractlets; corolla mostly pink or mauve, very rarely yellow; staminal column with reniform anthers; ovary of 6—40 carpels; style acute, villous within; fruit consisting of numerous 1-seeded carpels in regular ring around elevated dome-shaped or discoid carpophore; carpels separating in maturity, reniform, compressed laterally, indehiscent. Mostly annual or perennial herbs, also shrubs and even trees, with alternate, mostly lobed leaves covered with stellate hairs. Mainly Mediterranean genus, containing about 24 species. Of these only one species occurs in Australia (L.plebeja Sims.); four species are recorded for California. 1. Annual or biennial plants; carpels 10-18, transversely wrinkled on TENE WO BC ee 1S: srs Hatin dt wad? SY y Fund cothadeyeniba ok atu GORD ea ae er eae ea ean 3 75 Recennialjplants: canpel sy? 0 [23h smooth. pa aetkemr eee ane ee 2 Named after the German naturalist and physician Lavater, a friend of Tournefort (1741-1809). 58 77 2. Epicalyx much shorter than and distant from calyx, strongly inflated TAY EISEN ay a ie Were Nae ee ls i Oe ee aR 2. L.cashemiriana Cambes. + Epicalyx slightly shorter than and barely separated from calyx, not arte @ kal gurantee Cheatin reste Yar eg felcs al eh sie “ey ae dieesiim paren be 1. us thuringiaca LL. 3. Stem with bristly, somewhat retrorse hairs; carpophore expanded into a disk, this completely covering the carpels; staminal column glabrous PRS eR PA ey: ten nares inkl aay Ot MWe SAU Ta NURS A yeep ah aoe, LARD: vai Tayl Alt Waban *L.trimestris L. at Stem only with appressed stellate hairs; carpophore cone-shaped, not covering carpels; staminal column with scattered hairs ......... Beer Wee 3 Se cape al dab ce hale 1 es ovbeate bd wtiemal tals by ticent. asf anh say ied 3. L.punctata All. Section 1. OLBIA Medic. Malv. (1787) 41 (pro gen.) — Carpophore dome-shaped or turbinate. Series 1. Thuringiacae Iljin.— Perennial plants; carpels smooth on the back. i, don tharingiacasl.}Spsrpls(b053)0691;-DC~ Prodriy 1, 43893) adbegiilytallt. Ill, 235; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 430 and 782; Baker, Syn. Malv. in Journ. of BotswocxvVill, 213." Boiss Fle orieL,.823; Shmal's. Fl.) Sri x Yuaint Thossi 5 MipIiScy lye Ele Zap: iSibty VIL SO5s(hinvingF].. Yugo-Most.5 Wega; Org amd BY Fedeht))Perechy x.) Lurkest, M,139; GCrossg..Fl.vKkavks liad.) bayvalis garis Mart. Prodr. Fl. Mosq. (1817) 121.-Malva thuringiaca Vis. Fl. Dalm. III, 1 (1850) 267; O. and B. Fedch. 1.c. (non Kill et Kl.).— Ic.: Rehba tle, blesGerm.o Vj tab ol, £04854; Hegi, IIL.) Pl) Mattel -nuropasw, 1; fab, £820 f) 4 and on) page) 473) fo1 977; ‘Bl. Yugo-Vost. V, Figurertey, Syreishch. Fl. Mosk. gub. 11,359; Fedch. and Fler. Fl, Evr. Ross., PAo28ebioure slls— Exs.:))Woront Bly Abchaz.jexs: 15\VIl1 90m Perennial, 25—200 cm high, covered with stellate hairs, especially in upper part; stems numerous, simple or with branches confined to upper part; leaves petiolate; petioles of lower leaves as long as or longer than blade, others shorter; leaf-blade rotund, truncate at base or slightly cordate, 5-lobed, in upper leaves 3-lobed, lobes rounded, triangular or rarely elonga- ted, obtuse or rarely acute, margin crenate or dentate; stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; inflorescence loose, much elongated raceme, with solitary large long-pediceled flowers in the axils; pedicels jointed below the flower; epicalyx indented to one-third its length or lower into rounded or oval apiculate segments, shorter (by as much as one-third) than calyx, somewhat inflated in fruit together with calyx; calyx cleft nearly to middle, lobes ovate, acuminate; corolla 2—2.5cm long, 3—4 times as long as calyx, pink; petals rounded at apex, deeply 2-lobed, mostly entire, cuneate - ly attenuate toward base, with stellate hairs at base; staminal tube equal to or slightly exceeding calyx, with long fascicled hairs; fruit of 20—23 car- pels borne around dome-shaped or slightly elongated carpophore; carpels glabrous, rounded at margins, with rather prominent nerve along back, sides smooth or nearly so; seed reniform, dark-brown or grayish-brown, whitish in notch,smooth. June—September. 59 78 A common plant in meadow steppes, steppe scrub, sometimes stony steppes, open woods and dry-valley meadows, wood openings, and as a weed in the southern part of the deciduous forest belt, and in the forest-steppe and steppe zones; sporadically in semideserts (meadows), ascending in moun- tains up to/2,000im:—"Huropean parts Wad) — lm. U Wn iW Vier Veaian, M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., Bl., L. Don, L. V.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc. (rare), S. and E. Transc.; W. Siberia: Ob (Tobolsk, Tyumen), U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Minusinsk); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (only the northernmost part), Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Scand. (S.), Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Dzu.-Kash. Described from Pannonia, Thuringia and Tataria. Type in London. Economic importance. According to V.S. Algazin, this plant yields fairly good fiber, suitable for production of binder twine, string and rope. Itis also grown for its flowers as an ornamental plant. There are reports referring to the high food value of this species. The seeds contain, according to Algazin's data, between 1 and 14% oil. S.L. Ivanov and N. F’. Kokotkina report an oil content of up to 15.8%, with iodine number 103 to 123.9. The leaves contain a certain amount of rubber (Il'in). There is a small amount of alkaloids (V.M. Pobedina). According to investigations conducted by the Division of Plant Resources of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the green shoots contain at the beginning of summer about 0.08% vitamin C (dry weight basis), the leaves at the end of summer up to 0.11%, the lower about 0.07%, and the fruits about 0.09%. The vitamin C content of the leaves reported by A. A. Grossgeim is 112.2—205.9mp%. The plant is nectariferous. It is employed in popular medicine: an infusion of the roots is used as a gargle in the treatment of respiratory complaints. Note. A considerable number of varieties of this species have been identified in the USSR: var. odontopetala Trautv. (in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) — petal lobes unequally and sharply denticulate (Caucasus); var. protensa Beck. (Flora v. Nieder-Osterreich, II, 1 (1892) 536) — the middle lobe of upper leaves much elongated and usually pointed; var. obtusiloba Beck. @: Gs; 536) — all lobes rounded, obtuse, middle one often elongated; var. Draciypetala Somm., elev. (Tr.! Bot) Sada xv) (190)r95\= vate! maa — crantha Kos.-Pol. et Preobr. in Izv. Bot. Sada, XIV (1914) 3) — branches few, not exceeding main stem (Caucasus); var. mugodsharica Iljin (in Bot. Mat. Gerb. V, 1 (1924) 74) — carpophore flat, only at center slightly raised (Mugodzhary); var. brevipedicellata Ijin (1.c.) — branches exceeding stem, flowers small, pedicels short, carpophore flat; var. pal - mata Rgl. (Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. (1866) 36) — leaves palmately lobed (=L.apiifolia Radde ined. 1.c.). It may be noted that this species undergoes a progressive modification in transition from the forest belt toward the steppe and semidesert zones in the south (of the European part of USSR), expressed by more profuse branching, shorter pedicels, and transformation of epicalyx segments from rounded to narrowly oval. However, on the Main Caucasus Range, which has a more mesophilic climate, it assumes the features associated with the more boreal countries. Inthe direction of the easterly limit of its distribution range, in the mountainous areas of Soviet Central Asia, the plants acquire a dense soft pubescence. 60 2. L.cashemiriana Cambess. in Jacquem. Voyage d. l'Inde, IV (1844) 29; Hoole Mile rita inicio Baker ta Journ, Of Bott oaylUNG 23 dies Tdtin uy 79ringiaca var. macromera Litw. in Russk. Bot. Zhurn. VII (1922) 80 ep, telah oberg cay aay Shilo Sie sea at Cot Onna 'ere ial (Litw.) Ijin in Bot. Mat. @erb-4 Vb (924) 7. lew Cambess. lic. tab. 32. Perennial, 100—180cm high; stem erect, branched, terete, densely clothed with yellowish-golden stellate down; leaves cordate, unevenly crenate-dentate, with rather scattered appressed stellate hairs above, rather densely velutinous beneath, lower 5—7-lobed, upper gradually decreasing in size, 5-lobed, more compactly hairy, lobes ovate, oblong- ovate or oblong, obtuse to subacute; flowers mostly solitary in axils of upper leaves; pedicels pubescent, slightly shorter to longer than flower, those of unopened flowers crowded at top of inflorescence very short; epi- calyx densely fringed (like calyx) with stellate hairs, segments ovate, muc- ronate, connate at base, markedly shorter than and not adjoining calyx, spreading, strongly accrescent and recurved in fruit; calyx with ovate acute lobes; corolla pink, 35—50mm long; petals obovate to oblong-obovate, gradually tapering to petiole, margin woolly at base; staminal column long- hairy; carpels 20-25, glabrous, dorsal line not prominent, sides slightly transversely rugose; seed reniform, dark, slightly compressed laterally. Fl. June-August; fr. July—September. (PlateV, Figure 2.) Grassy mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Ind.- Him. Described from Kashmir. Type in London. Economic importance. Apparently of the same value as the preceding species. According to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina, the seeds contain 12.4% oil with iodine number 121.9—129.0. Note. A species closely related to L.thuringiaca L., differing mainly in the accrescent spreading epicalyx. D.1I. Litvinov also mentioned this character for the Pamir-Alaian specimens, separating L.thuringia- ca var. macromera Litw., but he did not compare it with the Kashmir species, together with which it constitutes the extreme geographic race of the general distribution area of the series Thuringiacae Ijin. Series Punctatae Iljin.— Annual or biennial plants; carpels transversely rugose on the back. 3. L.punctata All. Auctuar. ad Fl. Pedemon. (1789) “Age IDC, IPiwoches iL, 430 SBoOissealaior. L823; Baker; syn. Maly. sink sour O1sB Ot) DOxOveNne DID (Caicos els ewe INL) SS) lp ley icevial inh iss Wil, Jetgy TEL oeloue Cate Uh Gigos iis. Ge jc 439; 2 Boiss. .l.c.4 623.) Bakery lic. 2 bare cbse ial EnOSse 1,430: 1.0. and B. Medch! Perech. r.. Purkest: 11,140. lc:; (hehbb. esp ial Germ. V,tab. CLXXVI, f. 4853.— Exs.: Woron. Pl. Abchaziae exs. (sub. L.bienni); Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 36 (sub. L.bienni). Annual, rarely biennial, 15—100cm tall, clothed throughout with appressed stellate hairs; stem erect, terete, dingy-purple or purple at base or nearly throughout (stellate hairs showing up against colored background), simple or often branched from base; leaves petiolate, with petiole shorter than blade, lowest usually early deciduous, subreniform, others 5-lobed, cordate, the three central lobes broad-ovate or obovate-subobtuse to acute, two outer 61 (81) PLATE V. 1—Lavatera punctata All., habit, carpel in side view, seed; 2— L. cashemiriana Cambess., inflorescence, leaf from middle part of stem, calyx with epicalyx, enlarged fruiting calyx, carpel in side view, and seed. 62 +. hagas lobes narrower; upper leaves 5-lobed or more often 3-lobed, mostly truncate at base, elongated central lobe acute, usually shorter lateral lobes spreading or somewhat ascending; bracts often lanceolate, lobeless, with very short petioles; all leaves with serrate margin, with appressed stellate pubescence on both sides; stipules lanceolate or oblong acuminate; flowers numerous, solitary in axils; pedicels 5—15cm long, jointed some- what below flower, greatly surpassing leaves; epicalyx two-thirds length of calyx, broad, semiorbicular, mucronate, plicate between adjoining seg- ments, mucro divergent; calyx united to about middle, segments broadly triangular or oblong-triangular, acuminate, 12-15 mm long; corolla 1/y—2/5 times length of calyx, 20—40 mm long, pinkish-mauve (bluish-violet in drying); petals obovate to oblong-obovate, shallowly and gently notched at apex, short claw hispidulous; staminal column with scattered hairs; fruit. of 10—17 carpels borne around prominent, narrowly conic, longitudinally furrowed carpophore; carpels reniform, rounded on back, compressed laterally, 2.25-3mm long, 2—3mm broad, and 1—1.5mm thick (at the back), yellowish-green, ripening pale brown, glabrous, with prominent dorsal line and parallel transversal wrinkles converging radially at center of lateral faces; seed glabrous, brown or grayish, scarcely shorter than carpels. FI. May—September; fr. July—October. (Plate V, Figure 1.) 83 Steppes; penetrating into fields as a weed and ruderal plant, roadsides, railroad embankments, rarely in woods.— Centr. Asia: Kara K. (Caspian coast); Caucasus: Dag) Wibtand S¥Pranse-; Tal.!’ GenvedistrsamMlede ease Min. Described from the vicinity of Nice. Type in Turin. Economic importance. The stems contain a coarse fiber of no practical importance. A honey plant. Used in infusion as a home remedy for colds. Note. Occurring chiefly in seaside localities of the Black Sea and Caspian regions, but penetrating sporadically into continental Transcaucasia (Aresh, Kirovabad,etc.). Can be used as ornamental on account of the attractive flowers. Section 2. STEGIA DC. Fl. Fr. IV (1815) 835.— Carpophore expanded into a disk and covering the carpels. *L.trimestris L. Sp spl tedyd (1753) 692; Baker, Syn. Malv. in Journ. Ot BOR eo Vili2 4120 DEM: Prodre) 1/438) (Boiss. Pll oro sama ae Seen Wz. Ross 7l M765 ain mr Yugo=Vosts ViieOR)—iersr Ne hin wale Geum 2 We Glee ies ea2.— bxsis) bil. JePalaest: texse Nomooer Annual, 20—120cm high, hairy; stem erect, terete, mostly branched, rarely simple, purple in lower part and sometimes throughout, densely covered with somewhat retrorse bristly simple or rarely 2-pronged hairs, often with some stellate hairs only at top; leaves hairy on both sides, more densely beneath with stellate hairs, sparsely above with simple and 2-pronged appressed and sometimes some stellate hairs; lower leaves with petioles to 15cm long, hirsute, blade rounded, deeply cordate or subreniform, margin crenate or dentate; cauline leaves with petiole approximating length of blade, this resembling a slightly dissected grape-vine leaf, 5-cleft into triangular obtusish or acute lobes, deeply cordate; upper leaves with petiole shorter than smaller 5- or 3-lobed cordate blade with elongated 63 84 85 middle lobe or rarely blade oval and without lobes; stipules lanceolate or oblong, acuminate; flowers solitary in leaf axils, more crowdedat end of stem, mostly surpassing corresponding leaves; pedicels 10-120 mm long, lowest longest and gradually becoming shorter up stem, jointed near flower, hirsute; epicalyx-segments semiorbicular, terminating in recurved mucro, covered on margin (like calyx) with appressed stellate hairs and sometimes with scattered bristles on surface, plicate at junction of segments, up to two- thirds length of calyx and together with it somewhat enlarging in fruit; corolla large, 3—5cm long, rose-red or more rarely white, infundibular at base; petals oblong-obovate, scarcely notched or subtruncate at apex, slightly asymmetric, claw bearded at base; staminal column glabrous; fruit of 10—18 carpels; carpophore flattened, patelliform, surrounded by rounded ridge, completely covering carpels from above; carpels glabrous, pale, at length turning dark, ca. 3.5—4mm long, 2-3 mm broad and 1.25—-1.5mm thick, rounded back with median line, distinct transverse wrinkles often anastomosing and converging radially at center of compressed lateral faces; seeds dark brown, glabrous. Fl. June—October; fr. July—October. In the USSR, only in cultivation; growing wild in the Mediterranean Region, where it flowers already in March. Described from Syria, Spain and France (Narbonne). Type in London. Economic importance. An ornamental plant commonly grown in gardens and parks. Sometimes grown in W. Europe to provide food for bees. The stems contain a coarse fiber which is of no practical value. The seeds, according to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina, contain about 11.7% greenish- colored oil, with iodine value 120.9. Genus 886. ALCEA * L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 687 Flowers bisexual, large,in a racemose inflorescence; epicalyx of 6—9(5—11) triangular or oblong-triangular segments united in lower half; calyx of 5 lobes also united in lower part; petals large, notched at apex, tapering to a claw; woolly margins at claw base; staminal column always d-angled and glabrous; fruit small, of 18—40 carpels in a ring around the carpophore; carpels 1-seeded, incompletely bilocular by false septum passing in upper part of carpel from: dorsal side to beak, separating latter from rest of carpel but not adhering at beak end, apical division seedless, lower containing a single seed; carpels compressed laterally, more or less grooved on back, often winged on margin, lateral faces differing in pattern, inner around notch glabrous and mostly smooth, outer commonly wrinkled radially, glabrous or hairy; seeds-reniform. Biennials or perennials, with alternate simple or palmately lobed or dissected leaves, more or less covered with stellate and fascicled hairs. An ancient Mediterranean genus, mainly distributed in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region, containing about 60 species. Economic importance. All the species of this genus are ornamental, coarsely fibrous (up to 12—14% fiber in the stem), suitable for paper production. Honey plants. * From Greek alce, strength, probably referring to the vigorous growth of certain species, particularly A. rosea L. 64 86 Oo + NW) =F Os Cultivated plants; flowers varying in color, often double; carpels Veby Anse SOMVeLUIMES py LO; ‘GM MrlOM es.) e205 8) ee eile Sis Jats Tec keyee JU. Wild-growing plants; flowers not double; carpels smaller ..... 2. Mlowmercsuwiite ene amsorrye WMowuyn 2 i) aoe eh iy ay era) epee he imete a oe 3: loners. ominle. ole ol IES Ore VollibiiSlovns Tako pester un AeA ol ab Aaland oo 8 24. Flowers white or cream, often yellowish at base (in dry condition often yellowish, at base sometimes greenish-tinged) ............. 4, Flowers clear, canary-yellow, in drying entirely green or blackish- PUGS DMT Get en tote Tete Meee Mee HIE arias fed ea: io tice ele lake e Te ot Maas for lea aoe Bana 10. Carpels completely wingless or obscurely winged at dorsal margins “tol rp hes a Mac los Dcagmatate UC te 6 Ln dein her ta eRe TPT MEN at) SEs. 5 2 cee 3. CGaepels distinctly wim ceva mar Sirs i Lh YO SVEN Abe Seber. Nenana im reyegas es Whole plant densely clothed with silky-velutinous tomentum; flowers white; carpels completely wingless, with glabrous sides; Turkmenia Jha te oho To Ons A Sue Ae ca Sa oe ee a 25. A. angulata Freyn. Plants hairy, but without dense velutinous tomentum; flowers creamy; carpels with scarcely developed flange at dorsal angles, sides hairy imecentraltpanmty \Caueasus Ao Re ot oe. FN SE Oe ae a ee ee 6. Epicalyx half as long as calyx; winglike flange of carpel scarcely expanded; both sides of leaf same color ...... 15. A. sophiae Iljin. Epicalyx 7/;—3/, length of calyx; winglike flange expanded to 0.5mm; Mndersideyor leavecsspaler, ottenvorayisihit ai. 16. A. karsiana Litw. Leaves palmately dissected almost to base into oblong or oblanceolate Seomentss) Carpelsyolabrousyon the sides ‘or nearly (So* as an ses ene oa Sul kt eb MOOR Dg OL tL AOR cCnCN Cpa CAI ROR Chr ame eo heli Isp Asexculoitag lly um: Leaves lobed; sides of carpels always hairy in central part (but see Aekuscciiko mae NE joe ate par MYA) e785 Aah ai ea eee ee Ba 8. Winglike flange of carpel not more than 0.5mm high; stems simple, densely hairy; epicalyx to "hy 4 length of cally (athe iat mame anne Wancliketlancesprominent mot less than’ 0:7 dimim broadiie ae. wen: oN Plants 40—100cm high; stems branched, slender, covered in upper part with small appressed stellate hairs, only in lower part with long- rayed fascicled hairs; flowers creamy (in drying somewhat yellowish); eprealyswhali lencthion, calyx Wy shoe she Pare 14. A.transcaucasica Ijin. Plants 75—200cm high; stems simple, sturdier, covered in upper part with small stellate as well as large long-rayed fascicled hairs, or sometimes stems almost glabrous; flowers white, yellowish (in drying often greenish) only at base; epicalyx one-half to two-thirds length of calyx or even longer ..... 18. A. nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. Carpels wingless or marginal flange not more than 0.6mm broad. . EARALN GS Gh eden Beare Ra aeten ee ao PRM RSS UF TM Ter E GY RMR ROS Ea pa cere daa ne Carpels with well developed winglike flange, this mostly 0.75-2mm [SNCOSN CH eS heat UA A i i Ac RRL en Dae ena eamran ORLY LO Biase! Mae 80 ie bis 18. Sides of carpel glabrous or with scattered fugacious hairs .... 12. Hides; Om carpel distinctly hairy in central,part \O2) |e 2) Gee ie il By Plants glabrous or nearly so; leaf-blade dissected nearly to base into oblong, lanceolate or linear segments; epicalyx one-third to ineihinenmothiy Otacialyea We Sst ive letes Maia 12. A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse. Plants hairy; leaf-blade less deeply dissected, segments broader. . 65 87 US 14, Nas Gr. lite 18. 20), Deli. 2s Plants 30—100cm high; flowers bright yellow, drying greenish; (CANT SSIS outscy, Ben oats a itty hala ao Se oi Bee ce hick coy ctiyetiate Nar ovibe hc ces Aca AR me one eae a As Plants 100—200cm high, covered with small stellate appressed as well as long-rayed fascicled hairs; flowers pale yellow, not turning distinctive cree iC emt ies a A city a allaleweama valle iaeiie 26. A. antoninae Iljin. Stems clothed only with small appressed hairs; long-rayed fascicled hairs wanting; leat-lobes) luttle developed, semiorbicular (7%) 2 fee mpheecies ew rene fede: \aubickgo conn iieh Mecaltaigh tally Mental Mien xe Ninn 11. A. grossheimii I]jin. Stems covered with long, simple, strongly retrorse, scattered hairs; stellate-fascicled hairs occurring only at very top; leaves ribifoliate HIRE Rei neale CyapraMe nears aeUEeS otrewict 6 Moma ammnan iii. EA. 10. A. sachsachanica I[ljin. Leaves dissected down to base into oblong or oblong-linear seg- TAS Tie Jaya orate aala cp teels mtbientnted ip. pines claro Awe et aalier 13. A. sosnovskyi Ijin. Leaves simple, lobed or dissected (like a currant leaf) to not more thant ciamebervOn oiaGe yc te a taeeie lee ctuee om enui ic, osu bo.) cuuseee mile eee ee eee 16. Plants covered with small stellate appressed hairs, often glabrous in lower part; inflorescence mostly secund; epicalyx one-half to two- ibis length on calyscs Crimea, Cis cau@a silane cake cba cmtm Nani lee ER ah Ree ans di icQkt Metsu" wits bicrancns Ne Becta al {Su i rah ia rat a Dati 4, A. novopokrovskyi Ijin. Plants silky-tomentose or densely clothed with small stellate and long-rayed fascicled hairs; inflorescence not one-sided; Turkmenia Gy as EAC ROME CMC ECMO ORM LE OL tolc emer Tenn aor Ae fe eet ce IAMCE IC Pee ot oh ici ce did Plants silky-tomentose; leaves simple or slightly lobed; epicalyx at least half length of calyx; carpel sides with scattered stellate hairs HMMA ETO MEET OAT. fale ie Wakete clays sys eng ue osteo 7. A. turcomanica Ijin. Plants densely hairy but not velutinous; leaves dissected (currant- leaf fashion) to middle of blade diameter; epicalyx three-fourths to about equal the calyx; carpel sides woolly, in central part with BDVEESSeOMn PLU Emeline Sd ver yi enue ae 6. A.sycophylla Iljin et Nik. Carpels completely glabrous on sides; leaves velutinous-whitish beneath, palmately dissected, segments reaching to middle of blade ShievanSirero Tne CK OSIO naw a teten Meee e ic Gee os nee 8. A. lenkoranica []jin. Carpelpsides hairy Sinycentica liypaetins tueaicy ciepnencientes tay aN albeoribee phate Ie Lg. Whole plant densely velutinous; leaves netted-veined above; carpel sides farinaceous around notch; Crimea ....... 3. A.taurica Ijin: Plants with different characteristics; carpel sides not farinaceous in proximal part; Caucasus, Centr. Asia, European part of the USSR Plants clothed with soft hairs; leaves very thin; wings of carpels very thin, semitranslucent, recurved, those of adjoining carpels over- ESTO ONG YON Meee nO Nem PTs) ara ve el Sines 5. A. abchazica Iljin. Plants clothed with stiffer hairs or subglabrous; leaves relatively Suiihs wines, Of icampels different feompabove.cOaArS ery sy cyanea as. 2 le Rather low plants; stems glabrous or roughened with very scattered small stellate hairs; leaves simple or scarcely lobed; epicalyx one- watiietol voy later Weraailal Cie eelhise fee oes 5s 9. A.tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse. Taller plants, covered with both small stellate and long-rayed fasic1eled haincuor.onliy wa tial, |etbeieya ped lium alee fa locgeh ety eon aaa 22. Altar Pamiriplantss leaf margin, siltahithy ancy) als aes eeeemenese ee Aaah eA csi lew, oO Oa oi A ee dyin eon de Snake 19. A. froloviana (Fisch.) Ijin. 66 30. 89 31, 33. CGaucasian-FPuropean plants; leaf margin never hainy (0. '.7.).)... Do Leaves ribifoliate, segments half blade diameter or deeper; epicalyx usually about half length of- calyx... ...).....). 1. A. rugosa Alef. Leaves with broad ovate or semiorbicular lobes not more than one- third blade diameter; epicalyx two-thirds to three quarters as long as OE Mealy equaling SANK el. ee we cs allele 2, A. kusariensis I[ljin. Plants glabrous throughout; carpels winged; epicalyx half length of EME WA ene AVanie ee eMiees Paes hate ave se ny gh hier s) s 33. A. freyniana I[ljin. Rianisraiways mone Or Less matiry (2. Pe Te tere ere kore, statin la es 25. Carpels mostly wingless; plants of Soviet Central Asia ....... 26. Carpels winged; plants of the Caucasus and the European part of the WISSEL URES Desi Boy IRI i Al GR ae UMP me Ui a Gm NPRM MEMS See hci schoi a 31. Leaves ribifoliate, segments oblong, more than half blade diameter. . MERE TN Oe PEER EM Room eso eet ON tet el MoS a? Carliay (SGT a oa Pras MANOR CUam a DEMBeen felts 20. Leaves simple or slightly lobed, lobes not more than half blade CU NEVNCC Ian, Pe AaR IER Lea et re ee eae tg) enon ae ee var feo ste ay mated em oe 28. Stem glabrate; leaf lobes oblong, more than half blade diameter, DROACeSRTAIMOASEH Welete Jane ccc co el syle «6 Wate ane 23. A.talassica Iljin. Densely pubescent plants; leaves ribifoliate, segments one-third blade diameter, narrowing at base ..... 22. A. karakalensis Freyn. Whole plant clothed with dense velutinous tomentum; carpel sides slightly rugose-reticulate in convex part around notch .......... PEIN Ne SAIS ae aT ENE TANS 24, A. rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Ijin. elanits neve) VeElUMMOUS-TOMVEMLOSE . .0 1/2/25 5 1a). vee et ateettel pmciie gene ate Zoe Epicalyx deeply dissected into linear or oblong segments; corolla intensely lilac (in dry condition), with thin white rays turning golden- yellowish toward base; carpels completely wingless .......... ss BI Re SR ee ol ta a 32. A. baldshuanica (Bornm.) Ijin. Epicalyx dissected not more than one half or two thirds its length into iota omlacrom Oblona-triangular Segments. . 300. cae cre Grune iuehins 30. Inflorescence leafless, flowers remote; epicalyx segments two-fifths to half length of calyx, broad, strongly recurved in fruit; carpels Sey oA MOMS OD EU Mae inte her te ty ace ess 21. A. kopetdaghensis I[]jin. Inflorescence leafy, flowers more approximate; epicalyx-segments not recurved in fruit, half to three-quarters length of fruiting calyx; Garvelig* laren wk cima lieNlenie Te hi ee al n+ ola 20. A. litwinowii I]jin. Sides of carpel glabrous or with scattered fugacious hairs ..... 32. Sides of carpel always appressed-hairy in central part (very rarely glabrescent,see A.hyrcana Gross.) DAES NK A AES EG ORV aT Sa 34, Epicalyx half length of calyx; inflorescence many -flowered, relatively small flowers bluish-violet when dry; carpels 3-4mm long ..... Cie a Sant bE he el GSI gh aga ae cl a at 29. A.heldreichii Boiss. Epicalyx as long as or one-third shorter than calyx; flowers and Cee MM AMIO CT ects ofa) ', ete! ele ola) evel Bt sips, oe) elbe MMa) a0 tel Moll feel een ca OE Plants more or less velutinous, especially stem and leaves beneath; Cocollaipink when diy mostly *bluishy Europe yi ye. ct etn ieee dan “ht Seah bane as, tab he Ce a J Ae a 27. A. pallida (W. et K.) Bess. Plants densely hairy, but not velutinous; corolla when dry intensely IMleveg , Wresinc@ei@e Silay) overs ako \Oupwd ced etn) Gelan bi 28. A.turkeviczii Ijin. 67 90 34. Plants densely velutinous with small stellate and numerous long- rayed fascicled hairs; leaves velutinous with short whitish hairs; flowers large; epicalyx two-thirds length of to equal the flower; eCarpel wanes MOpiSMMeacime i. ees). lays ered eile 31. A. hyrcana Grossh. aur Plants covered throughout with small stellate and some scattered long-rayed bushy hairs; leaves same color on both sides, not velu- tinous beneath; flowers relatively small; epicalyx half as long as calyx; carpel wings very thin, semitransparent, mostly spreading or Sviemeriet LEScele TA Pat eM BS inn Faas oe ER 30. A. woronowii [ljin. The genus Alcea is phylogenetically young; it approaches most closely the genus Lavatera, butnot Althaea. The genera Alcea and Althaea differ so markedly that it is incomprehensible that they have been con- sidered till now a single genus; the difference is particularly conspicuous in the structure of the staminal column and of the carpel (c.f. diagnoses). A detailed intrageneric classification into lower taxonomic units — sub- genera and sections — is not yet clear. It may be recalled that Boissier established two sections of the genus Alcea: §1. Apterocarpae Boiss. — with wingless carpels, §2. Pterocarpae — with winged carpels. A detailed study has shown that this character is a formal one and unsuitable for classification of the genus,as closely related species may be either winged or wingless. Even for the purpose of formal sectional subdivision, the character does not stand up to criticism, since it would call for deter- mination of the degree of wing development which on account of its gradual- ness cannot be used to delimitate these types. This made it necessary to renounce completely Boissier's sectional scheme. Nothing else can, how- ever, be proposed instead of Boissier's scheme, as there are no sufficiently clear morphological characters that can be used for subdivision of this genus. Establishment of Komarov's evolutionary series is also beset with great difficulties. These can perhaps be overcome by means of a detailed analysis of the genus as a whole. i vAG rugosa Allets| im Oest,) Bot. | Zcitschm. 2a. 7) (W862) 254. vd nae rugosa Litw. in Russk. Bot. Zhurn. AGO 22) O24 slsialr sell Sime aE ee Yao Vost: We 699. —JA. fic ifokiay Cav. /Disse \linGl790)).92) (aon dh, exclisiyme): Baker, Syn. Malv. in Journ of Bot. XXVIII, 208 (p.p.); M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. Il, 42 (excl. syn.); DC. Prodr. I, 437 (excl. syn.); Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 432 (excl. syn. et pl. lenkoranicam,tauricam et altaicam); BOSS. IF, ©. Il, 833; Shmal'g. Fl. Sr. i Yuzhn. Ross. 1,178 (excl. pl. taur.); Grossg. Fl. Keaivilc we Why 6 lel Ae oOls) anrelign nClO lay rar aiialely ene trey alee eml yl i ene el filctotial Roissy (El, Om (1 S6i7).G33 (exc lkyysryias ole) -) urease @enreaeal (eGo) pA Sin) Aker went o li aivar. 'b telolom Oven et) Sit. Nusisk,iigarls Hl Gls5e Ma0e—elGayy dict talmceuulona sm Ulta es soamen (00. Figure 482. Perennial, 50-—200cm high; stem terete, erect, more or less branched, usually covered with hairs of two kinds: short stellate predominant in upper part and often wanting below, and long-rayed fascicled, these mostly scattered in upper part,in lower part of stem more dense, with longer rays and with retrorse bristles; stem sometimes hairless at base or very rarely with scattered small appressed stellate hairs (var. stellulata [ljin); 68 91 radical and lowest cauline leaves long petioled, petiole greatly exceeding blade, this rotund, almost entire or slightly 7-lobed, strongly cordate; blade of succeeding leaves with broadly rounded lobes more than one-third blade diameter; middle leaves ribifoliate, with 5—7 lobes, these mostly oblong, slightly enlarged distally and often apiculate, gradually tapering toward base and reaching to at least middle of blade; upper leaves smaller, 3—5-lobed, very rarely almost unlobed, cordate or truncate at base, short- petioled, sometimes with narrow and deeper lobes (fist enu ibe bia satya): all leaves crenate-dentate, upper surface green, mostly smooth, rarely some- what wrinkled, with scattered stellate hairs, lower surface green or common- ly canescent with rather dense stellate pubescence; stipules 3- or 4-cleft to middle, pubescent; flowers in long leafy raceme, solitary or in pairs; epicalyx 7-15 mm long, of mostly 6(5—7) segments, these triangular or rarely triangular -oblong, united to middle or rarely to one-third, commonly half as long to*rarely two-thirds as long as calyx; calyx 15—25mm long, parted to two-thirds into triangular-oblong lobes, covered like epicalyx with large stellate hairs; corolla 2—2'/5 times length of calyx, bright yellow, gradually turning green in drying, in prolonged drying or natural fading blackish-green and at length often blackish-violet; petals oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, 30-—60mm long and 32—45 mm broad, distinctly notched at apex, claw margins woolly at base; fruit 14-20mm across, of 29—35 car- pels; carpels varying in shape from oblately obovate or broadly obovate to prolately suboval (f. astrachanica Litw. (p.var.) 1. c., 1M), 4—7mm long and 4.5—6 mm broad, broad-winged, deeply channeled and hairy on back, 1—2 mm across (between wing margins), sides convex, smooth and glabrous around notch (this ca. 1 mm deep), in peripheral part radially wrinkled, glabrous, passing into wings, in intermediate, somewhat depressed part densely woolly with antrorsely appressed hairs; wings 0.75—2 mm broad, stiffly membranous, distinctly decurrent toward basal end, interrupted at top before reaching apical beak, this hairy at tip; seed reniform, grayish or brown, mostly minutely white-pustulose or almost smooth, slightly channeled and (like lower end) sometimes with short fugacious hairs, ca. 3mm long and 2-2.5mm broad. Fl. June—September; fr. July—October.(Plate VI, Figure 2.) Steppes, steppe scrub, calcareous, schistose or other outcrops, dry- valley meadows, open dry pine or walnut woods, glades, arable fields, fallows, weedy places, and as a ruderal plant in the steppe belt of E. Ukraine and Ciscaucasia, and in the steppes and xerophytic woods of the Caucasus: — Buropeanvoarh-\ Fil. i..Don, Trans. 4(S.)s Sue; Caucasuce Ciseqmieue rand S. Transc. Gen. distr.: apparently endemic in the USSR, cultivated in the northern part of Arm.-Kurd. Described from Gandzha (?) (formerly Eliza- vetpol, as it appears from the original description). Type in Vienna(?); cotype in Leningrad. Economic importance. The same as that of other species of this genus. The plant contains traces of rubbery substances — about 0.2% (M. M. I1'in) and traces of alkaloids (A. A. Grossgeim). During flowering fresh leaves contain about 0.10% vitamin C (Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR). Note. Avery polymorphic species throughout its distribution area, needs specialized study. 69 92 93 2. A.kusariensis Iljinin Zam. po sist. r Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR, XV (1949) 38.— Althaea kusariensis [jin in Grossg. Fl. Kavk. II (1932) 60. Perennial, 25—100cm high; stem simple, rarely sparingly branched, terete, heavily pubescent down to base with small, stellate, appressed, densely long-rayed, fascicled hairs; leaves long-petioled (petiole of lower leaves much longer than blade), usually grayish, on upper surface green with more scattered stellate hairs, usually slightly reticulate-rugose, 5—7-lobed, lobes ovate or almost semiorbicular, rarely more elongate and sometimes not more than one-third blade diameter or even less, margin crenate-dentate or almost twice dentate, base cordate; stipules 3—5-parted, caducous; flowers solitary,in rather long, loose inflorescence; epicalyx 10—14 mm long, 6 or 7 segments united mostly to one third to three quarters length of calyx, prominently veined like calyx; calyx 18—-20mm long, divided to two-thirds, 2—21/.(3) times smaller than corolla; corolla bright yellow, often turning green in drying, 35—50mm long; petals 25—-40mm broad at apex, distinctly notched; fruit 16-18mm in diameter; carpels 25—30, winged, part around notch convex, glabrous and smooth, remaining part radially wrinkled (wrinkles usually dichotomously branched), lateral faces densely hairy in middle part. Fl. June—August; fr. July—September. Clayey slopes, screes, coastal sands, as weed in fields, and roadsides. — Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Possibly occurring in adjoining Iran. Described from the vicinity of Kusary in Azerbaidzhan. Type in Leningrad. Se. Actaurnca lyin sp. nov. aniAddendal shy 679. —"Althiaea “fven fola auct. taur. non. L. Perennial, 30—100 (?)cm high; stem mostly sturdy, simple or slightly branched, erect or ascending, densely velutinous with numerous small and larger long-rayed stellate hairs, these particularly dense in upper part of stem; leaves long-petioled, palmately 5—7-parted, segments ovate or semi- orbicular, oblong-ovate or even oblong-obovate,to one-third or at most the middle of blade, very rarely lanceolate or oblong, reaching nearly down to base of blade (f. angustiloba Iljin),in lower leaves segments scarcely perceptible; all leaves cordate at base, dentate-crenate, upper surface densely stellate-velutinous, rugose, by sunken veins, lower surface also densely hairy, prominently netted-veined; uppermost leaves reduced in size, 3—5-lobed; stipules 3—5-parted; flowers in long, many-flowered raceme, borne singly or lower ones in pairs; epicalyx 7-12 mm long, mostly of 7 or 8 segments, these triangular or oblong-triangular, usually united to middle, half to two-thirds length of calyx; calyx 15-22 mm long, parted to */>—*/3, densely hairy like epicalyx; corolla yellow, turning green in dryin ee 35 ay ¥ p YX; yi , g& ying, 35—50 mm long, 2—2 1, times as long as calyx; fruit 16—18 mm in diameter; carpels 25—32, obovate or orbicular in radial plane, 5—7 mm long and 5—6 mm broad, distinctly winged, deeply channeled and hairy on back, distance between wings 1.5—2mm; wings 1—2 mm broad, thin, radially wrinkled, decurrent at base of copiously hairy beak; lateral faces around notch (this 1-1.5mm deep) convex, smooth and farinaceous, in middle depressed part densely covered with antrorse directed hairs extending onto beak, periphery of wings glabrous; seed reniform, slightly channeled dorsally, ca.3mm long and 2mm broad, dark brown, densely and minutely white - pustulose, short-hairy on beak and sometimes on hilum. Fl. June—August; fr. July—September (?). 70 ——— a - 94 Steppes, stony sun-exposed slopes, limestone, clayey slopes facing sea, gullies, open pine woods, rubbish dumps and cultivated fields. — European part: Crimea. Endemic. Described from Alupka, Krestovaya mountain. Type in Leningrad. Note. Readily distinguishable from A.rugosa Alef. by velutinous tomentum which characterizes entire population of this species, as well as invariably rugose upper surface of leaves. 4, A.novopokrovskii Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 676. Perennial, to 100cm high; stems mostly branched, often ascending, covered with small stellate hairs, often canescent in upper part, glabrous below (always?); leaves green above with scattered stellate hairs, canescent beneath with thicker coat of hairs, margin crenate; middle leaves cordate, 5- or 7-lobed, lobes obtuse, ovate or oblong-ovate (middle one often more elongated), to '/y—'/2 blade diameter; upper leaves with shorter petioles, smaller, mostly 3-lobed, gently notched or truncate at base; stipules 3- or 4-parted; flowers short-pediceled, solitary,in rather compact racemose inflorescence, this usually one-sided; epicalyx 6—9 mm long, divided to '/,_1/, (7/3) into 6 or 7 broadly triangular or oblong-triangular segments, 2—2'/, times shorter than calyx; calyx 15—18 mm long, divided to '/—/ its length, covered with appressed stellate hairs (like epicalyx); corolla 30—35 mm long, yellow, in dry condition usually green; fruit 15—17mm across; carpels about 28—30, 4.5—5mm long and 4-5mm broad (radially), somewhat winged, deeply channeled on back and hairy along dorsal line up to end of beak; wings 0.3—0.5mm broad, radially nerved, glabrous, with span of 1.5-2 mm, sides around notch (this ca. 1 mm) convex, glabrous and smooth, in central part densely covered with appressed antrorse hairs; seed reni- form, ca.3mm long and 2.25mm broad, reddish-brown, minutely whitish- puncticulate. Fl. July—August; fr. August—September. Scrub thickets, on slopes.— European part: Crimea (Kerch peninsula), L. Don (eastern coast of Sea of Azov). Endemic. Described from Crimea, vicinity of Feodosiya. Type in Leningrad. 5. A. abchazica Iljin in Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR XV (1949) 39. Perennial (?), relatively low (?); stems rather sparsely covered with small, soft, stellate hairs, interspersed with long-rayed bushy hairs; lower leaves thin, palmately 7-lobed; middle leaves 5- or 7-lobed, lobes oblong- ovate or oval, rarely ovate, reaching to middle of blade or less, base of blade mostly cordate, margin crenate or crenate-dentate, upper surface green, with scattered soft appressed simple, 2-pronged or stellate hairs, lower surface somewhat canescent, more densely hairy, with mostly stellate hairs; lower and partly middle leaves long-petioled; upper leaves with truncate or broadly cuneate base, 3—5-lobed; stipules 2- or 3-parted; flowers singly in loose inflorescence leafy only at base; epicalyx of 6 or 7 triangular or oblong-triangular segments, united to base or just below, reaching half or slightly more than half calyx length; calyx cleft to slightly below middle, not distinctly nerved (like epicalyx), covered with soft stellate hairs, 15—20mm long; corolla 30—40mm long, yellow, in dry condition green or even carulescent; fruit 12-16 mm across; carpels 20—30 (?), ovate, winged, TA oe 96 ca. 3mm long and 4mm broad (excluding wings); flattened on back, covered in upper half with stellate hairs, with rather sparse and short hairs on beak, in lower half hairy only along median line or glabrous even at base; wings to 1.5—2 mm broad, very thin, semitranslucent, spreading, those of neighbors overlapping, radially wrinkled, glabrous; lateral faces around notch convex, glabrous and almost smooth, in narrow depressed middle part densely covered with appressed antrorse hairs, glabrous on periphery, radially wrinkled, wrinkles passing into wings; seed brown, white-puncticulate, slightly channeled on back. Fl. June—September; fr. September (ee Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Pettskir Gorge. Type in Leningrad. 6. A. sycophylla Iljin et Nik. sp. nov. in Addenda XIV,676.— Althaea Pe nvo ll ta©-. cts redtischaymerceh: Haast. Turke li) Kanon jeaenecs Gane Annual (?), perennial, 1—2 m high, mostly densely covered with small stellate hairs interspersed with larger stellately fascicled hairs with spreading rays, more rarely hairs more scattered (f. glabrescens Ijin); stems terete, Simple or rarely with sparse short branches, usually with scattered hairs in lower part; leaves large, suborbicular, lower and middle long-petioled, ribifoliate, deeply cordate at base, 7-lobed, lobes oblong- obovate or suboval-oblong, narrowed toward base, obtuse, crenate, reaching to nearly middle blade, lower surface more densely stellate-hairy, upper surface with rather scattered hairs; upper leaves similar in shape but smaller is. o-loped stipulessmmosthy s= on paced: yoedicelis | 0X5 lemien- shorter than subtending floral leaves; flowers borne singly in racemose inflorescence; epicalyx parted to "ly into 7-11 lanceolate or oblong seg- ments, reaching to Bh or nearly equaling calyx; calyx 15-18 mm long (in flower), parted to two-thirds; corolla bright yellow, turning green in drying, 2—-2'/5 times length of calyx; petals 35—-45mm long and 20-40 mm broad, oblong-obovate, claw hairy-margined; fruit 15—18mm across; ecarpels 32—38, mostly ovate, 3.5—4mm long and 4.5—5mm in diameter, 1—1.25mm in dorsal span, wingless, longitudinally grooved, woolly beak, only at very base glabrous, margins glabrous and transversely rugose; lateral faces around notch (this ca. 1mm deep) slightly convex, smooth and glabrous, in middle, slightly depressed and scarcely wrinkled part appressed- lanulose, on periphery glabrous and radially wrinkled, wrinkles often dicho- tomously branched; seed reniform, 3—3.5mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, distinctly channeled on back, whitish-puncticulate, at narrow end and often on margin with short hairs, rarely hairless. Fl. May—July; fr. July— September. Foothill slopes, usually among xerophytic scrub. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Karakalinskii brook). Endemic. Described from Daine river. Type in Leningrad. 7. A.turcomanica Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 677. Perennial, yellowish-green; stem and leaves velutinous-tomentose with dense stellate hairs; leaves long-petioled, petiole mostly longer than blade, this ovate, obtuse, cordate, slightly crenate or almost entire, prominently veined beneath; stipules more or less parted, broad; flowers in racemose inflorescence; epicalyx of 6 or 7 triangular or triangular-oblong segments, 61006 1 oN divided to '/. or 7/3, reaching to middle of calyx or somewhat higher; calyx prominently nerved (like epicalyx), densely woolly with spreading long- rayed stellate hairs; corolla yellow, drying green; fruit large, multicar- pellate; carpels rather large, 5—6 mm long and ca. 6 mm broad, orbicular or rounded-ovate, back ca. 2mm broad, deeply channeled, transversely rugose, covered to margins with small stellate hairs extending throughout back of beak, winged at base and glabrous on inside except bottom of channel, wing- less in remaining part, sides almost reticulately rugose right up to inner convex part around notch (this 1-1.5mm deep), in upper part and especially on periphery covered with small scattered stellate hairs, these without any definite orientation as in other species of this genus; inner part of earpel, near beak, convex, glabrous, in upper half smooth, in lower half wrinkled; seeds reniform,ca.4mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, reddish-brown, densely white-puncticulate, slightly channeled on the back. Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Kopet Dagh Mts., River Sumbar valley. Type in Leningrad. Note. Described from teratological specimen, but with numerous, well- developed fruits borne on normal portion of stem. 8. A.lenkoranica Iljin in Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR XV (1949) 40.— Althaea hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet in Diagn. pl. or. nove ser tt No. 5 (0856)'67 (p.p. excl pl. arm. ture)y; lidb, Bil, wRose. ale 431 (p.p. solum pl. lenkor.); Grossg. Fl. Kavk. IlIl,61.— Aleea hohen- Acie ri Boiss, il. or. 1,883) (p.p., excel. pli, arm. turc.),. Perennial, to 100cm high; stem simple or sparingly branched, semi- terete, densely covered with small stellate and long-rayed fascicled hairs, rays usually retrorse especially in lower part of stem; leaves long- petioled, whitish or grayish beneath with velvety coat of short hairs, green above and densely to rather sparsely covered stellate-hairy, 5—7-lobed, lobes oval-oblong (mostly broadest at or just above middle), reaching half to two-thirds of blade diameter, unevenly crenate-dentate, cordate at base, lowest leaves often narrowly cordate and then two outer smaller lobes pointing downward; stipules 3—5-parted, caducous; flowers borne singly in racemose inflorescence; epicalyx 10-14 mm long, or 6 or 7 segments united mostly to one-third their length, ol, as long as calyx, nerves (as in calyx) not prominent; calyx 18—20mm long, divided to two-thirds, 2—2"/> (3) times shorter than corolla; corolla bright yellow, often turning green in drying, 35—50 mm long; fruit 16-18 mm across; carpels winged, channeled on back and hairy along channel, sides around the notch convex, glabrous and smooth, in the remaining part radially wrinkled and completely glabrous. Fl. JUNE |, AUCUSt: Vicon uly ASUS. stony slopés.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal. (Lenkoran). Endemic, pos- sibly occurring in adjoining Iran. Described from Mugan Steppe (Shagriar). Type in Leningrad. Note. The synonymy of this species and its taxonomic position were extremely confused from the very start by Boissier himself, when he set it up as Althaea hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet. The reason was that he described the species from two specimens: one from Lenkoran, using Hohenacker's collections (the first specimen recorded), and another one from Guy de Pavillon's collection from a locality near Ilica (between Erzurum and Bayburt) in Turkish Armenia (the second specimen). The two speci- mens belong to two entirely different species. The text of the original We 98 description, composed by Edmond Boissier together with Huet, combines characters of both species, but mainly those of the second specimen, from Turkish Armenia, which has white flowers (in description — corollis niveis), whereas the Azerbaidzhan species has bright yellow flowers. Beside the color of flowers, the characters belonging to specimens from Turkish Armenia are, according to the description, shallowly lobed leaves (rounded and ovate lobes), epicalyx half the length of calyx, the calyx one-quarter the length of corolla, and the hairiness of carpel sides; the Azerbaidzhan specimenhas the winged carpels and various characters shared with the Turkish-Armenian species. Thus,nearly the whole description is based mainly on the latter species. In ''Flora orientalis,'' Boissier refers Althaea hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet to the genus Alcea and places it in the section Pterocarpae and in the group with raised calyx nerves, a feature which is not to be found in proper Lenkoran specimens of the Azerbaidzhan species but is quite evident in the Turkish-Armenian species. Moreover, the term used to describe flower color was changed in ''Flora orientalis'' from ''niveis' to ''albidis.'’ Since the description was largely based on the Armenian species and clearly does not agree with the one from Azerbaidzhan, and in consideration of the regulation concerning types, I retain the name Alcea hohenackeri Boiss. for the Turkish-Armenian species, while establishing the name Alcea lenkoranica Iljin for the lectotype. 9, A.tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII (1860) 44° Alta ea tabrisiana Boiss. etbuhse, ) ce. 7 Grosse. ie Kenice iit Git Anic ea Nite tio lval-yol sora PabiBotss: ba \orrrel (1867) G34, p.p.. Baker, Syn. Maly. ‘in Journ. .of Bot. 2X VILL, 208, p.p, et Wavion ViEems war. babmisitana: lyin inherb.— Aiea ra tal Aber.” tm Oster Bot weitschie., -xibee (0862) e253. Perennial, 30-120cm high, mostly many-stemmed from base; stems usually branched in lower part, terete, almost glabrous except for very scattered rough stellate hairs or at base rarely simple or 2-pronged retrorse hairs; leaves long-petioled, rounded-ovate to suborbicular, un- divided or mainly lower 5—7-lobed, obtuse semiorbicular, ovate or oblong- ovate lobes not more than one-third or rarely half blade diameter, narrowing in lower part (f. sycophylla Iljin), base cordate, in upper leaves often truncate, margin crenate-dentate, both surfaces green, lower paler, roughened with scattered stellate hairs, upper often glabrate; stipules 2- or 3-parted; flowers in inflorescence solitary; epicalyx 5-10mm long, 6—8 segments united to middle, 2—3 times shorter than calyx, very rarely longer, calyx 14—20 mm long, divided to two-thirds, covered like epicalyx with appressed stellate hairs; corolla yellow, drying green, 25-50 mm long, twice length of calyx; fruit 16-—18mm across; carpels 25—38, obovate to suborbicular-oval, 5—6 mm long and as broad (radially), broad-winged, thin, radially wrinkled wings 1-2 mm broad (distance between them 1—2 mm), not extending to hairy beak, decurrent onto lower end, channeled and hairy on back, sides around notch (1—1.5mm deep) convex, glabrous and smooth, in central part distinctly covered with short appressed hairs, in outer part glabrous, radially wrinkled; seed reniform, 2.75—-3 mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, channeled on back, brown or grayish-brown, minutely white-pustulose. Fl. June—August; fr. July—September. 74 — 99 100 Mountain slopes.— Caucasus: 8. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Iran,near Tabriz. Type in Paris; cotype in Leningrad. Note. The species needs further critical study, as the material available is insufficient. S.G.Tamamshyan's collections from Artyk, Mount Kyzyldag, contain specimens which, as far as habit and fruit structure are concerned, belong to this species, but differ markedly in indument; the stems and leaves are covered with small stellate hairs. Pending collection of more ample material,I classify them as A.tabrisiana var. armena jin. 10. A. sachsachanica Iljin in Addenda XV, 276. Perennial (?), stems several (?), 50—75(?) cm long, relatively slender,spar- ingly branched, covered with scattered simple and fewer 2-pronged distinctly retrorse hairs, sometimes with sporadic much shorter stellate-fascicledhairs, these more numerous on youngest parts of stem; leaves long-petioled, petioles covered with stellate-fascicled hairs, in lower leaves longer than blade, in middle leaves about as long; leaf-blade ribifoliate, cordate at base, deeply parted to middle of its diameter or much deeper; lobes broadly oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, serrate, rounded at apex, covered above with scattered stellate hairs interspersed with short appressed simple and 2-pronged hairs, somewhat more densely beneath; stipules 2- or 3-parted, scarious, copiously hairy, macrescent; flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves; pedicels short, densely covered with stellate-fascicled hairs, shorter than calyx; epicalyx half length of calyx, densely hairy like calyx and pedicel; corolla yellow, in drying green, about 21/. times length of calyx, 30—40cm long; fruit 12—14mm in diameter, separating into approximately 25 carpels; carpels with very narrow wing-flange,ca. 0.5mm, deeply channeled and hairy on back, sides glabrous and smooth except for radial wrinkles on narrow periphery; seeds reniform, cinnamon-brown. Caucasus: S. Transec. Endemic. Described from Kasabakh in Azer- baidzhan, near Mount Sakhsakhan. Type in Leningrad. Ii. A. grossheimii [jin in Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR; XV (1949) 40. Perennial, 30-—100cm high; stems commonly several, relatively slender, branched especially in lower part, rarely simple, covered throughout (as are petioles) with only small stellate hairs, at very base sometimes almost glabrous (long-rayed retrorse hairs never present); leaves rather small, stiffish, lower and middle 4—10cm broad and as long, subrotund or broad- ovate, cordate at base, mostly 5—7-lobed, lobes mostly little developed, semiorbicular, never reaching one-third of blade diameter, often almost entire, margin crenate, both sides covered with small stellate hairs, green, or lower faintly canescent, uppermost smaller and often 3-lobed; stipules 2- or 3-parted; flowers solitary in racemose inflorescence; epicalyx 5-10 mm long, 2/5 (2)—3 times shorter than calyx, united to middle, with 6 triangular segments; calyx 12—15(20) mm long, parted to 7/;—*/4 into triangular-oblong lobes, densely covered (like epicalyx) with stellate hairs; corolla yellow,in dry condition greenish at base, 13/4—2(21/4) times length of calyx; petals notched at apex, 25—35(40) mm long and 25—45(50) mm broad, claw woolly-margined at base; fruit 12-17 mm in diameter; carpels 30—35, 75 101 relatively small, oblately broadly obovate, more rarely prolately suboval, 3.75-5 mm long and 4—4.5mm broad (laterally), 1-1.5 mm broad (radially). channeled and hairy on back, marginal wings obsolescent, never more than 0.25—0.5 mm broad, reaching to carpel base and at top to base of hairy beak (not interrupted as in A.rugosa Alef.), lateral faces near notch (this (0), See ll Taaiaal deep) convex, Smooth and glabrous,in central part also smooth, with scattered small fugacious hairs, becoming glabrous, at flanged margin radially wrinkled and glabrous; seed 2.5—3mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, reniform, channeled on back, very minutely pustulose, brownish-cinnamon oLorayishe) Hl, July--septembper; tr. August Octoper: Stony steppe mountain slopes, walnut woods. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic (but probably also occurring in Arm.-Kurd.). Described from Armenia near the Alagez mountain, Darlagez region. Type in Leningrad. Note. All the known locations are so far confined to Armenia, and this probably accounts for this species being confounded with A.tabri- Siana Boiss. et Buhse which it resembles in habit. A.tabrisiana is, however, easily distinguishable by its larger carpels which are strongly winged and always densely hairy on the sides; also by the stem which is glabrous or nearly so. 12. A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII (1860) 44.- Althaea flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse,l.c.; Grossg. FI. avila Mule Gi Ac cat went ollimarq volta wiatamBouss:) Hilelomeal (1867) 834, p.p. Perennial, 30-100cm high; stems mostly branched, especially in lower part, rarely simple, erect, glabrous or with scattered fugacious stellate hairs,these sometimes more numerous at stem base and interspersed with simple or 2-pronged long-rayed hairs; leaves long-petioled, 5—7-cleft down to base, segments oblanceolate, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowing at base, with dentate or dentate-incised margin, outer segments shorter, turned down- ward and broader at base, both surfaces green, glabrous or with sparse fuga- cious stellate hairs, lower surface sometimes canescent with scattered stellate hairs; uppermost leaves much smaller, with 5 linear segments; petioles glabrous or very sparsely hairyh stipules entire, sometimes with a single tooth at apex or scarcely 2-parted; flowers solitary, pubescent pedicels much shorter than subtending leaves; epicalyx 5-8 mm long, (2)2"/—-3 times shorter than calyx, of 6 broadly triangular segments united to middle; calyx covered, like epicalyx, with appressed stellate hairs, 14—18mm long, divided to two-thirds; corolla yellow, in dry condition green, twice length of calyx, 25—-30mm long; fruit 12—14mm in diameter; car- pels 24—30, oblately obovate or almost round, 3.5—4.25mm long and 4—4.5mm broad, 1—1.25 (1.5) broad at back, distinctly channeled and hairy along channel, hairs decurrent onto beak, margin practically wingless or obscurely wing-flanged, sides slightly convex and smooth near notch (ca. 1mm deep), the remaining part except extreme periphery transversely wrinkled; seed 2.75—3 mm long and 2—3 mm broad, reniform, reddish-brown or grayish, often minutely white-pustulose. Fl. April—June; fr. June— August. Stony slopes.— Caucasus: E.Transce. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Dzhulfa (flowers) — the first specimen, and from Qarah Dagh, between Tri and Alliar in Iran (fruit). Type in Paris; cotype in Leningrad. 76 102 105 Note. Boissier,in Flora orientalis, merged A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse and A.tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse as a single variation placed under A.ficifolia Boiss. non L. (= A.ru gosa Alef.), even though the two species differ conspicuously not only in their leaves but more parti- cnlarivyinmtheim teuit'eharaeters. iD. . Litvinov (Zhurn. Russk. Bot. Obshch. 7, 1922 (1924) 114) in maintaining that these two species are almost indis- tinguishable. Moreover, both these species also differ from A.rugosa Alef. In the description of A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse there is reference to two specimens, of which one in flowering condition is recorded under No. 455 from Jolfa, and between Araxes (Araks) and Tabriz. In the Herbarium of the Komarov Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, there is a specimen recorded by the same collectors under the same number, but in fruiting condition and derived from a different location: Persia, Einal-Sernal; it does not conform at all to the description given by Boissier and Buhse. The label bears an inscription in somebody's handwriting "A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse, Original,'' but the inscription is wrong. Some sort of confusion has occurred in this case. This specimen approaches most closely A.tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse, differing only in the glabrous mature carpels. 13. A. sosnovskyi Iljin in Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR, XV (1949) 41. Perennial (?); stem in upper part covered rather densely with small homogeneous stellate appressed or semiappressed hairs (lower part of stem missing); leaves long-petioled, the upper palmately 3—5-cleft to base; segments oblong or oblong-linear, incised-dentate, middle one with distinct pair of lobes in lower half, outer with one-sided retrorse lobe at base, upper surface green, with sunken veins, covered with scattered stellate hairs, lower surface prominently veined, canescent with denser stellate pubes- cence; stipules 3- or 4-cleft to middle; flowers solitary, rarely paired, in somewhat remotely flowered leafy inflorescence; pedicels shorter than calyx; epicalyx 6—8 mm long, of 6—8 triangular segments united to middle, 2—21/, times shorter than calyx; fruit ca.12mm across (young); carpels 25—34, small, wingless, stellate-pubescent throughout on scarcely channeled back, sides around notch slightly convex, smooth and glabrous, in central part densely covered with short hairs, on periphery radially wrinkled; seed (young) reddish-brown, channeled onback. Fl. June (?)—July; fr. July (?). Grassy meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Described from Kakhetia, Chalaubani. Type in Leningrad. Note. There is a single specimen in the Botanical Institute im. V.L. Komarov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, consisting of only the upper portion of the plant; it is, however, so characteristic that it cannot be referred to any yellow-flowered species of this genus. It differs from A.rugosa Alef. and A.kusariensis Iljin in its wingless carpels and its leaves that are divided down to base; from A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse, which has similar leaves, it differs in the hairy carpel sides as well as the densely hairy stem and leaves; the character distinguishing it from A.grossheimii Iljinand A.tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse is the leaf shape; from the latter it also differs in the wingless carpels and the copious indument of stem and leaves. 77 (103) Ean ye fh 55 qh iN PLATE VI. 1— Alcea angulata Freyn, upper part of plant, carpel in side view and in top view, seed; 2—A.rugosa Alef., leaf, carpel in side and top view, seed; 3 — A. baldshuanica (Boram.) Ijin, inflorescence and leaf from middle part of stem, carpel in side and top view, seed. 78 106 14. A.transcaucasica Iljin in herb. (1925) nomen; Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN Gruz. SSR, XV (1949) 41.— Althaea transcaucasica Iljin in Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 61. Perennial, 40—100cm high; stems mostly several, branched, terete, relatively slender, often one-sidedly dingy-purple, covered with small appressed stellate hairs, more densely so in upper part, sometimes with isolated larger ones, at base densely covered with long-rayed retrorse fasciculed hairs; leaves long-petioled; lower petioles longer than blade, middle about as long as or shorter than blade; leaf-blade rotund, with scattered small stellate hairs above, more densely hairy beneath (especially in the case of upper leaves), deeply cordate, 5—7-lobed; lobes semiorbicular or more rarely broad-ovate, commonly not more than one-third of blade diameter, margin coarsely double-crenate; lower leaves large,to 15cm in diameter, decreasing in size up stem, upper sometimes rounded or truncate at base, 3—5-lobed; stipules mostly 3-parted; flowers solitary, very rarely in pairs, short-pediceled; epicalyx 5-7mm long, mostly of 7(6—9) oblong- triangular or oblong segments, united to o—'|5s half as long as calyx; calyx 12—18 mm long, parted to two-thirds; corolla 2-2/5 times length of calyx, in dry condition cream-yellow, green at base, in fresh condition probably creamy (?), yellow at base; petals deeply notched at apex, 25—35 mm long and 20—27 mm broad, claw woolly-margined; fruit 15—17mm in diameter; carpels approximately 32, almost round or broad-ovate, 4-6 mm long, 5—6 mm across, broad-winged; wings 1—1.5mm broad, thin, semitranslucent, transversely wrinkled, in young condition compressed and almost closed, in full maturity erect, margins 1.5—3 mm apart, glabrous or at the channel end with scattered short hairs; back of carpel hairy along the channel right up to the beak, the sides around the notch glabrous, smooth and convex, elsewhere radially wrinkled, in central part densely appressed-hairy, at the periphery glabrous; seed reniform, 2.5—2.75mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, reddish- brown, minutely white-puncticulate. Fl. June—August; fr. June (?). Caucasus: Transc. (Adzharia). Endemic. Described from Lower Chorokh. Type in Leningrad. 15. A. sophiae Iljin in Zam. po sist. r. Bot. inst. AN SSR, XV (1949) 42.— Althaea hohenackeri Trautv. in Tr. Bot. Sada IV, 2 (1876) 358 (non Boiss. et Huet.). Perennial (?); stem erect, not less than 100cm long, terete, slightly branched, covered with small stiffish, closely appressed stellate hairs, more densely so in upper part; leaves long-petioled, indurated and stiffish, scabrous (especially beneath) with scattered small stellate stoutish hairs, confined to veins, rays of neighboring hairs not overlapping, hairs more distant above, both surfaces green; middle leaves deeply cordate at base, d-lobed to almost 7-lobed with two outer lobes less developed and retrorse; lobes round or very broadly ovate, obtuse and rounded at apex, about or slightly more than one-third of blade diameter, margin crenate or crenate- dentate; upper leaves soon deciduous, mostly 3-parted; pedicels 10-—20mm long; epicalyx 7-10 mm long, united to middle, of 6 or 7 triangular or oblong- triangular segments, half length of calyx or shorter, with short appressed stellate hairs; calyx 15-20mm long, appressed-hairy, divided to middle, lobes oblong, attenuated at apex, with prominent longitudinal nerves; corolla 79 107 in fresh condition creamy, with yellow base, turning yellowish when dry and finally whitish to dingy pink with green base, 30—50mm long, 2-2"), times length of calyx; petals notched at apex; fruit 12-15 mm across; carpels 26—30, 3.5-4mm broad, barely developed winglike flange ca. 0.25, rarely 0.5mm broad; back hairy right up to beak, mostly flattened, 1.25—-1.5mm across; sides around notch (0.75—1 mm) convex, smooth and glabrous, in central part smooth and short-hairy,on periphery glabrous and radially wrinkled; seed 2.5—-3 mm long, reniform, brown or grayish-brown, commonly whitish-puncticulate. Fl. June—August; fr. August (?). Caucasus: 8. Transc. Described from Artyk vicinity, Kyzyldag Mountain in Armenia. Type in Leningrad. Note. Up till now, the species is known from only two locations, from the collections of S. Tamamshyan and Radde. According to Trautvetter who worked out and published a list of plants collected by Radde, these specimens belong to A.-hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet and are also in full agreement with the specimens from Shovits' collections from Khvoy [Khoi] vicinity which Boissier lists as one of the locations of his species in "Flora orientalis'' (I1(1867) 833). As regards the latter, we were unable to check the resemblance since, for unknown reasons, these collections could not be detected in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute im. V. L. Komarovy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. However,we greatly doubt the correctness of Trautvetter's considerations. The species described, moreover, appears to have nothing in common with A.hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet (see note to A.lenkoranica Ijin). In any case, A.sophiae Iljin cannot be identified with Boissier's description. Our species approaches most closely A.transcaucasica [ljin, from which it differs in the scabrous leaves, the nature of their indument, the uniformly green leaf surfaces, and the fewer, almost wingless carpels. 16. A.karsiana Litw. in Zhurn. Russk. Bot. Obshch. VII (1922) 1924, WANs Sa eu plale ee eves iene Wah. Woo UGE Gioia, Tl sive WUE, Gil, — Me ivetiolia subsp. karsw am al iSordz .) in tine weumey. bole Sada me rin (LGN) Dre Perennial, to 100cm high; stem simple, densely hairy, in upper part with small appressed and larger long-rayed spreading hairs; lower and middle leaves long-petioled, suborbicular or rounded-ovate, radical sometimes oblately reniform, deeply cordate at base, from obscurely to (mostly) distinctly 7-lobed (f. lobata Bordz. 1.c.), lobes short, obtuse, rarely sul acute, never more than half and mostly one-third of blade diameter, margin crenate-dentate, green upper surface with more scattered simple, 2-pronged appressed or stellate hairs, undersurface paler green or canescent with heavier stellate pubescence; upper leaves smaller, short-petioled; stipules ovate, 3-parted to middle; flowers subsessile or short-pediceled, pedicels shorter than calyx, not exceeding 10 mm (var. pedunculata Ijin), some- times elongating in fruit; epicalyx of 6—8 oblong-triangular segments united to one-third, 10-12 mm long, reaching "la 4 of calyx length; calyx 15—-20mm long, copiously stellate hairy (like epicalyx); corolla creamy, yellow at base, when dry faintly yellowish with greenish base, 35-50 mm long, 2—-2'/5 times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate, to 40mm broad at apex, gently notched, claw copiously woolly-margined at base; fruit 16-18 mm across; 80 108 109 carpels 30—35, winged, about 4.5—5 mm long, back ca. 1—1.25mm broad, channeled, stellate-hairy, margin with winglike flange not more than 0.5mm broad, thin, glabrous, radially nerved, beak more densely hairy throughout, sides around notch convex, glabrous and smooth, in remaining part radially wrinkled, on border between these parts with short appressed antrorse hairs; seed reniform, dark brown, densely white-puncticulate, ca. 3mm long and 2.5mm broad, channeled on back. Fl. July—August; fr. August (?). Steppes (?).— Caucasus: W. Transc. (?). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Kars province. Type in Leningrad. iVeeavexcubita HijinviniZam.)po sist.) ©. Bot, insty AN Grugs SSR iXV, (1949) 43. Perennial (?), branched plant; stem relatively slender, sometimes dingy- purple, scabrous with scattered small appressed stellate hairs; middle and upper leaves relatively small, palmately 5-parted nearly to base, lower leaves (missing) probably 7-parted; segments oblanceolate to suboblong, subobtuse or rounded at apex, dentate or dentate-crenate, outer somewhat retrorse, stiffish, with scattered small appressed hairs; stipules and bracts mostly 3-parted, caducous, stellate-hairy; pedicels short, elongating in fruit; epicalyx of 6—8 oblong-triangular segments united to about middle, about half length of calyx; corolla white, sometimes faintly pinkish in drying, 2—2"/ times length of calyx, 35-40 mm long; fruit 15-17mm across; carpels approximately 25, winged, ca.4mm long and 5mm broad, deeply channeled, glabrous on back except very short hairs confined to median line and scarce- ly perceptible even at tip of beak; wings glabrous, radially wrinkled, thin, ca.0.75—1 mm broad; sides around notch convex, glabrous and smooth, in adjoining central part glabrous or with sporadic very short appressed hairs, elsewhere glabrous, radially wrinkled; seed reniform,ca. 3mm long, dark brown, whitish-puncticulate. Fl. June?; fr. June? Stony slopes.— Caucasus: W. Transc. (?). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Chorochriver valley. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species grows in Turkey quite close to the USSR border, on the stony slopes of river Choroch, and its occurrence in the USSR is very likely. It approaches most closely Alcea sintenisii Hausskn., with similar leaves and snow-white flower; it also grows in a contiguous area, but differs markedly in carpel characters. The carpels of A.sin- tenisii Hausskn. are almost wingless on the back and very densely hairy. 18. A. nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 833, in observ. — Althaea nudiflora Lindl. in Transact. Hort. Soc. VII (1830) 251; Baker, Syn. Malv. in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 208; O. and B. Fedch. Perech. Ge uig—2 times length of epicalyx, divided to 7/3—°/4 into oblong subacute lobes; both epicalyx and calyx copiously stellate-hairy; corolla white, at base yellowish, when dry somewhat rosy-tinged with greenish base, 2'/.-3 times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, 3.5—6.5cm long and 3—6cm broad, distinctly notched at apex, attenuate claw densely woolly at base; fruit 16—22 mm in diameter, with conic or flattened hairy carpophore; carpels 28—34, strongly compressed, mostly ovate or almost round, 3.5—6 mm long and 5—6.5mm across, back 1.5—2 mm broad, wings thin, radially wrinkled, glabrous, entire (angular at outlets of veins), 0.75—1.5mm broad, extending throughout carpel except hairy beak; narrow dorsal channel stellate-hairy at bottom; sides around notch somewhat con- vex, glabrous, part between this raised section and glabrous wings densely covered with antrorse hairs, or very rarely hairs scarcely developed (f. leiocarpa Iljin); seed lunate, slightly elongate and often slightly hairy at upper end, rounded at lower end, scarcely channeled on back, 3—3.5mm long and 2-3 mm broad, reddish-brown or almost gray, glabrous or densely pustulose, dull. Fl. end of May—September; fr. July—September. Mountain steppes; steppelike and exposed plant habitats; stony steppe slopes, dry meadows, rocks, screes, fallows, and fields of the mountain zone.— W.Siberia: Alt. (rare); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Himalayas (?). Described from plants grown from seed obtained from Altai. Type in London. Economic importance. A very attractive plant, sometimes grown in gardens. According to V. L. Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova, the stem yields 11% of a very tough nonglossy yellowish-green fiber. Fiber product tests at the Division of Plant Resources of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR have shown that this species is suitable for industrial production of coarse yarn and for production of binder twine, cordage, rope, sackcloth, etc. According to A. A. Belozerskii, the seeds contain only 3g of protein per 350¢ of flour; the low protein yield is accounted for by the high mucilage content. Analytical results show that nearly the entire protein content belongs to globulin: 16.86% total nitrogen, 0.67% sulfur, 2.41% histi- dine, 8.93% arginine, 1.95% tyrosine and 3.33% lysine. Only traces of water- soluble protein. A honey plant. Note. A. nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. is a very polymorphous species, but its variable characters do not show any geographic trends in the material at our disposal. Among V. Lipskii's collections from Tadzhikistan, especially from Denau, near Sangardak there is a specimen marked as N. 2076 and identified as Althaea nudiflora Lindl., but it differs markedly from all forms that can be included in the character fluctuations of this species and look like a different species, but the availability of only one rather imperfect specimen prevents determination of this specimen _ (there are no fruits as the plant is at an early flowering stage; nor is it clear whether the flowers are white or pink when fresh — in the herbarium specimen they are whitish, with some brown spots, and some lilac-tinged in upper part). The leaves of this plant also differ distinctly from A.nudi- flora (Lindl.) Boiss. in having deep rounded incisions. We therefore refrain from describing this species at this stage and just name it A.san- gardensis [ljin sp. nov. 19. A.froloviana (Fisch.) Ijincomb). nov. =A lithaeaygimio Vormiarnra Fisch. Laud. Hort. Brit. (1830),nomen nudum; Fisch. ex Don, Syst. Gard. Bots W(1s3l) 467, nomen:—A.ifroleoviana H. Prag. vi Moris. Enum) ‘Sem. h. Taurin. 1831, nomen nudum; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,433 in nota ad. A.fici- foliam Cav.— A.frolovii Fisch. (sp. altaicum Gebleri in herb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Sc. USSR); Litw. in Russk. Bot. Zhurn. 7.114.— A.ficifolia Dab aekd. palte iiiy(ks 3i)i286 enon Caves Idd. sl) Ross 4 i432)isolumapolemayt y: Kryl. Fl. Alt. 185,non Cav. (quoad pl. flavifloram).— Alcea ficifolia Pall. Reise, II (1773) 533,non L.— Althaea nudiflora var. frolo- Viana Litw. in Russk. Bot. Zhurn.),.7, 114; Kryl. Pl.» Zap. Sib. Us97? Perennial, resembling A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss., but differing clearly in color of corolla which is sulfur-yellow when fresh and usually green when dry; flowers crowded at top and all opening at same time, and somewhat smaller fruit (14-15mm in diameter). Fl. June—August. Steppe slopes and foothill steppes. — W. Siberia: Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Pamir near Khorog). Endemic. Note. There is only a single specimen from Pamir, collected in 1931 by S. Yu. Lipshits in Khorog, from Shakhdar gorge, and the species has not since been found in any other collection. The plant does not differ in appearance from the Altai specimens with similar inflorescence and sulfur- yellow flowers which, however, do not turn green whendry. Toverify their identity, it is necessary to make further field observations and to collect more ample material, especially as the specimens available have unripe fruits. 20. A. litwinowii Ijin comb. nov. (A.nudiflora Lindl. X rhyticarpa Trauty.).— Althaea litwinowii Iljin in Bot. mater. gerb. V,1 (1924) 1.— A.pallida O. et B. Fedtsch. Perech. rast. Turk. (1909) 140 et auct. LuGkKeSt-wpilglist pion wWaldsit..qeb. WKib.— Exstiniol: der: turnkesty Vie Nowe (Subs Acme llidla). Perennial, 50—150cm high; stems several or solitary, mostly simple, covered only with small stellate hairs (these more profuse in upper part), or also with scattered long-rayed stellate hairs,or only with the latter (especially in lower part), or very rarely subglabrous; leaves long-petioled, 83 HAR) blade ovate or broad-ovate or suborbicular, shallowly 3—5-lobed or almost unlobed, crenate or crenate-dentate, cordate at base, in uppermost leaves often rounded, both surfaces and petiole stellate-hairy; lower petioles longer than blade, middle about as long, upper shorter than blade; stipules 2—5-parted; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, forming racemose inflores- cence of varying length; pedicels as long as or shorter than calyx, or flowers subsessile; epicalyx parted to “o— Ys into lanceolate or broadly lanceolate segments, one-half to three-quarters length of calyx; calyx parted to two- thirds into triangular-oblong lobes; both calyx and epicalyx densely stellate-pubescent; corolla when dry mostly pale violet, when fresh pale pink, at base yellowish or rarely almost whitish; petals notched at apex, claw hairy; staminal column mostly yellowish, drying greenish; fruit 15—20mm in diameter; carpels 25—32, mostly winged, rarely almost wing- less, approaching either carpels of A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. or those of A.rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Ijin. Fl. May—July; fr. June—August. Foothills; also as weed or ruderal.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kulja). Described from Tien Shan, from a number of specimens. Type in Leningrad. Note. The hybrid nature of this species is indicated not only by its morphological characters but also by the manner of its distribution. While A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. is a mountainous species, usually growing above an altitude of 1,300m, A.rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Ijin is a species associated with plains and does not grow in the foothills above the line in- dicated. A.nudiflora occupies the central mountain belt throughout Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai and it is entirely absent from Kopet Dag. A.rhyticarpa surrounds these mountain systems and, being more adapted to plains, it easily spans the distance to Kopet Dag where it occurs frequently, even though it appears in the Kashka area in a somewhat changed form. A.litwinowii Ijin either occurs sporadically in the area of con- tact between the two above-mentioned species or it is dispersed among stands of one or the other, or else it forms more or less extended groups in this mountain belt. This hybrid species does not occur in Kopet Dag where one of the parental species, namely A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. is absent. As regards morphological characters, it represents a wide ampli- tude of fluctuation between the parental species, even though these belong, according to Boissier, to two different sections: A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. to the section Pterocarpae, while A.rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Iljin is classified under Apterocarpae. The range of variation is therefore most apparent in the features of the carpels which more often approach those of A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss.,in having mostly well developed wings, although these are usually weaker than in A.nudiflora, while almost wingless carpels also occur. The most characteristic feature of this hybrid species is the pale pink color of corolla, not occurring in the parental species, which, when dry, turns to pale violet. We do, however, encounter every possible transition from white to intense violet, the characteristic colors of A.nudiflora (Lindl.) Boiss. and A. TJM \7 1g th = Canina ( Traut.) Iljin, respectively. Transitional stages are also notice- able with regard to hairiness, leaf shape, etc. Considering that this hybrid is widely distributed in the mountains of Soviet Central Asia and forms considerable concentrations in the transitional mountain zone, we award it specific status. 84 114 21. A. kopetdaghensis Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 677. Perennial, tall, green; stem rather sparsely covered with small stellate hairs interspersed with few long-rayed, radical and lower cauline leaves, these long-petioled, subrotund, deeply cordate, 7-lobed, with very shallow semi- orbicular lobes, margin crenate, upper surface sparingly covered with stellate hairs, lower surface more densely so; bracts small, mostly 5-parted; inflorescence almost leafless; flowers solitary or in pairs; pedicels 5-15 mm long; both calyx and epicalyx densely stellate -pubescent; epicalyx 2—2'/, times shorter than calyx, parted to '/2—7/; into broadly triangu- lar to oblong-triangular segments, these recurved in fruit and covered within with simple appressed antrorse hairs (only base of epicalyx glabrous); calyx 15-17 mm long, divided to two-thirds into oblong-triangular lobes; corolla light pink (?), drying faint dingy lilac, at base yellowish-greenish, 22"), times the length of calyx; petals 30—40 mm long, notched, the claw woolly at base; fruit about 15mm across; carpels 30-32, 3—4mm long and 4—4,5mm across, flattish back 1.25—1.5mm broad, transversely rugose, winglike marginal flange thin, obscurely and obtusely denticulate, dorsal line hairy except at very base of beak, beak hairy throughout; sides with short simple antrorse hairs borne in central depressed part, peripheral part glabrous, radially nerved (not reticulate), nerves prolonging to marginal teeth, proximal part around notch (this 1—-1.5mm deep) convex, glabrous and almost smooth; seed 3—3.5mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, reniform, flattened or barely rounded on back, brown, minutely whitish-pustulate. Fl. May (?), dime diilys sir. uly: Stony mountain slopes, screes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Firyuza Gorge, Kopet Dagh. Type in Leningrad. Note. There is only one single specimen of this species, and it is missing the lower and middle part of the stem; there are only lower leaves. A very distinctive species as regards the characters of epicalyx and carpels, approaching most closely A.litwinowii Ijin, but differing from it in its very elongated, leafless, remotely flowered inflorescence, the broad strongly recurved epicalyx-segments, and the small carpels. A.kopetdaghensis I[ljin is somewhat reminiscent of A.karakalensis Freyn on account of its inflorescence and color of corolla, but the two species differ conspicuously in leaf shape. 22. A.karakalensis Freyn in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér. II, 12 (1903) 1066. Perennial, to 2m high; stems sparingly branched, with scattered hairs in lower part, upper part (like branches, petioles, epicalyx and calyx) copiously stellate-hairy; petioles about as long as blade; leaves thickish, green and sparsely stellate-hairy above, more densely so beneath, suborbicular, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, all 5—7-lobed, crenate-dentate, lobes to one-third of blade diameter, very obtuse, obovate, larger central lobe sub- cuneate at base; inflorescence an elongated raceme, abruptly leafless above middle; pedicels stoutish, lower about 20mm long,half as long again as epi- calyx, upper about length of epicalyx; epicalyx in flower ca. 15mm long, about half length of calyx, parted to below middle into 7 ovate-lanceolate acute segments; calyx ca. 2—3 mm long, lobes lance-ovate, acute, 3—5-nerved but not distinctly striped (haud lineatis), grayish-tomentose on inside, glabrous at base; corolla in dry condition grayish-blue (griseo-coerulea), 85 15 116 in middle part yellow, at base green, twice length of calyx, ca. 43 mm long; petals obovate, notched; fruit (immature) densely stellate-hairy on back; carpels convex on back, with wingless margins, obtusish; seed reniform, smooth, unripe ca. 2.3mm long and 2mm broad, obtusish. Fl. May (?). Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Karakalinskii District, from Mt. Sundzodag. Type in Geneva. Note. We were unable to detect in the Komarov Botanical Institute either Sintenis' original specimen or any other specimens from Turkmenia that would conform to this description. The only plant with such leaves growing in Kopet Dagh is A.sycophylla I]jin et Nik., but it has sulfur- yellow flowers. According to the described leaf shape, the plant would closely approach A.schirazana Alef. of Iran, but this species has a different inflorescence (leafy) and different carpels. As regards inflores- cence and flowers, A.karakalensis Freyn resembles A.kopetdaghen- sis I[ljin, but the two species differ markedly in leaf segmentation. 23. A.talassica Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 677. Perennial (?), tall; stem terete, dingy-purple (always?), subglabrous, branched, in inflorescence and at tips of branches with small appressed scattered stellate hairs, below with very scattered long-rayed simple or 2-pronged or rarely 3-pronged retrorse bristles, sparser down stem, in lower (missing) part possibly glabrous (?); leaves large, long-petioled, 5-cleft or almost 7-cleft, cordate at base, segments oblong, elongated, obtuse, crenate-dentate, more than half blade diameter, stiffish, both surfaces green, upper with scattered small stellate hairs, lower more densely hairy; upper leaves smaller, 5-cleft, in inflorescence 3-cleft; stipules 2- or 3-parted (to middle); flowers solitary or in pairs; epicalyx of 6 or 7 triangular leaflets, united to about middle, half length of calyx; corolla pink (?), when dry light lilac, 2—3 times length of calyx, 40-60 mm long; fruit of more than 30 car- pels; immature carpels wingless, but with slightly elevated margins, hairy on back, sides around notch glabrous, in central part with antrorse appressed betray Eu aduly. (2 )is'tr- vn dually 1020) Meadows.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Endemic. Described from Talass Ala- Tau, vicinity of the Kamlchai-Sai village. Type in Leningrad. 24, A. rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Ijin comb. nova.— Althaea rhyticarpa Trautv. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIII (1860) 454.— A.rhytidocarpa O. et B. Fedtsch. Perech. r. Turkest. II (1909) 140 et auct. turk. non heavy Alcea “sulphur eal Bimal criocehiton! Boiss. Plssor. i lene) 827,p.p. (petalis violaceis); Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 142.— Exs.: Sinten. Iter transc.-pers. No. 347b and 1655. Perennial, 50-200 cm high, velutinous -tomentose, yellowish-green throughout; stems commonly several, terete, slightly branched, mostly in lower part; radical leaves with petioles 10-20 cm long, much longer than blade; blade of radical and lower cauline leaves orbicular or somewhat rounded-reni- form, ca. 6-15cmacross, cordate, 5—7-lobed; lobes rather shallow, broadly semiorbicular, mostly obtuse, with crenate margin; middle leaves with petiole usually as long as or shorter than blade, resembling that of lower leaves but sometimes 3-lobed and at base often barely cordate or almost truncate; upper leaves much smaller, mostly ovate or rounded-ovate, unlobed, rounded at base, petiole at most half as long as blade; stipules 2- or 3-parted, pubescent; flowers in elongated racemes, solitary or in 2's, rarely in 3's, 86 Tay pedicels 0.75—2cm long, lower shorter, upper longer than subtending leaves; epicalyx 8-14 mm long, parted to about 7/3—*/, into oblong-triangular seg- ments; calyx 18—20mm long; both calyx and epicalyx densely stellate- velutinous; corolla rich reddish-lilac, in dry condition bluish-violet or some- times dingy purple-violet, yellow at base (sometimes greenish in drying), with spreading yellow rays in upper part of petals, mostly 2-21), times length of calyx; petals obovate, distinctly notched at apex, 2.75—-5cm long and 2.3—4cm broad, claw woolly at base; fruit 16—18 mm across, with broadly conic pubescent carpophore; carpels 25—30, almost round or rounded- subovate (proximal end narrower), 4.5—5.75 mm long and 4—5.25mm across, back 1.75—-2 mm broad, wingless, channeled, more deeply in lower part, glabrous throughout especially in channel, except almost glabrous lower end; carpel sides prominently reticulated, including convex part around notch (1—1.5mm deep), covered between convex part and margin or only in central part with short variously directed hairs, very rarely at length glabrescent; seed lunate, with few short fugacious hairs at upper slightly elongated tip and sometimes at lower rounded end, 3—3.5mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, reddish-brown, glabrous, sometimes obscurely whitish-puncticulate, dull, almost flat on back, with obsolescent channel. Fl. May—September; fr. June—October. Hummocky sands, loess deserts, gravelly desert slopes of low-mountain rellet, waste places, as a weed in cereals. — Centr. Asia: Balkh:, Syr: Di; Amun. Ky zis, Mtn. yLurkm,..Gen. distr.; Dzus-Kash. (Kulja). Described from Chu River, Kazakhstan. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Of same value as other species of this genus. V. A. Dubyabskii reports that in Iran and Turkmenia the roots are used in medicine. The flowers are used for dyeing leather. 25. A.angulata Freyn et Sint. Iter transc.-pers. 1900-1901, No. 1882.— Althaca anpulata /Nreyn in Bull. Herb. Boiss.’ IIL, 12 (19108) 1065: Ozand Ss pHedehjwiwereelhs wo plunrkest. lh 45 bis |: Wiener aoiahe menos Perennial, 60—300cm high, yellowish-green, velutinous-tomentose throughout with stellate hairs; stems several, terete, sturdy, branched from base,to 1.5cm thick in middle part; radical and lower cauline leaves with petiole to 15-20cm long, somewhat exceeding blade (this 10—16 cm long and 10—18cm broad); middle petioles about equal to or shorter than blade, upper still shorter; leaf-bladé cordate,in lower leaves orbicular, in upper broad-ovate, almost rounded or truncate at base, with crenate or crenate- dentate margin, all slightly 5—‘7-lobed, except 3-lobed uppermost, with rounded obtuse lobes, sometimes middle and upper leaves almost unlobed, more rarely leaves cleft nearly to middle into oblong segments (f. aceri- folia Iljin); stipules ovate, broad, mostly deeply 3—4-parted, floral 4- or o-parted into narrow segments, caducous; inflorescence an elongated raceme, sometimes up to 50cm long, leafy below, almost leafless at top; flowers solitary, on pedicels 8-15 mm long; epicalyx 16—23 mm long, parted to "g/g into 6—9 triangular-oblong acute segments, slightly shorter than to about equal to calyx; calyx 18-25 mm long, parted to 3/4 its length; corolla white, at base yellow and when dry greenish, 2'/;—2'/> times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate, deeply notched, 40-50 mm long and 30—45 mm broad, claw woolly-margined at base; fruit 16—20 mm in diameter; carpels 25—32, ovate to rounded-ovate, narrower on proximal side, 4.75—5.5 mm long and 5—7mm across, back 1.25—2 mm broad, wingless, distinctly channeled with 87 118 Tea prominent median line, transversely rugose, densely stellate-pubescent throughout except in lowest part,hair rays spreading at tip of beak; carpel sides reticulate-wrinkled almost to notch, quite glabrous, notch 1—2 mm deep; seed reniform, 3.5—-4mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, smooth, dull brown. Fl. May—August; fr. June—August. (Plate VI, Figure 1.) Mountain slopes, mountain stream valleys, and subalpine meadows. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran (?). Described from Kopet Dagh, from Mt. Sunzodag. Type in Geneva; cotype in Leningrad. 26. A.antoninae Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 678. Perennial, 1-2 m high, greenish; stems covered with small appressed stellate hairs (especially in upper part) and more scattered long-rayed sub- divaricate large fascicled hairs; petioles of radical leaves to 20cm long, longer than to about equal to blade; middle leaves with blade about 10-—15cm across, gradually decreasing in size up stem, petiole about length of blade; petioles of upper leaves shorter than blade; blade of lower and middle leaves rounded-reniform, deeply cordate, faintly 5—7-lobed, with shallow rounded crenate lobes, stellate-pubescent, sparsely above and more densely beneath; upper leaves 3-lobed, broad-ovate to ovate, almost velutinous; stipules 3—5-parted; inflorescence leafy except at top, with single flowers; epicalyx 14—18cm long, parted to =, into 6—9 triangular-oblong acute segments, Ve as long as to nearly equal to calyx; calyx 17—20 mm long, mostly divided to ah its length; corolla yellow (in dry condition), 2-21, times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate, notched, 40—45cm long and 30-40 mm broad, claw woolly at base; fruit 17—20mm in diameter; carpels 30—35, ovate, 4.25—4.5 mm long and 5—5.5mm broad, back 1—1.5 mm broad, pro- minently transversely fugose, with glabrous winglike whitish flange not more than 0.5mm broad, deeply channeled, stellate-pubescent only at bottom of channel, covered right up beak with somewhat spreading hairs except at tip; carpel sides glabrous, with quite well-defined peripheral zone, radially rugose (not reticulated) all over or only in wing area (nerves produced across winglike flange into shallow dentations), inner area surrounding notch (1—1.5mm) usually convex, faintly reticulate-rugose; seed reniform, brown, rounded or almost flat on back, 3—3.5mm long and 2.5—3mm across, whitish-pustulose throughout. Fl. May (?)—June—July; fr. July—August (?). Mountain ravines.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Ai-dere gorge (A. G. Borisova's collection). Type in Leningrad. Note. Somewhat resembling in habit A.angulata Freyn et Siut., but differing in the yellow corolla and absence of the dense velutinous tomen- tum; it is also readily distinguishable from that species by its carpel characters. From A.sulphurea (Boiss. et Hoh.) Alef. which has its northern limit to the south of Kopet Dagh, it is also distinguishable by the density of the indument (pubescentia non pannosa) and its color (non flavida), as well as by the less intense coloring of the corolla (in A.sulphurea Alef. it is intensely green throughout when dry). 27. A. pallida (W. et K.) Bess. Enum. (1822) No. 872; Alef. in Oest. Bot. Zeiischcn XC, 6) (1862) 255" Allihae al palienca WW et Ke lim Walid enses pl. III (1800) 773 et Waldst. et Kit. Pl. rar. Hungar. I (1802) 46; DC. IPieoclieg IL, 3s IONS IMS Ores IY SROS IBekere iin JOuiea, Or IROR, SOOVIMIL, BOTs 88 120 Shmal'g. Fl. 1,178; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 432 (excl. pl. lenkoran.).— Ic.: Waldst. et Kit. l.c. tab.47; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V, tab. CLXXV\V, f. 4850; Hest ube y a Vitter Vik, fo O73) — bis): ob. saustro,-hune." Not 043; Petrak, Ply moray. exs), No! 3a. Biennial, 50-150cm high, with fusiform taproot, velutinous throughout with dense stellate and larger stellate-fascicled hairs with long ascending rays; stem sturdy, branched or simple, erect; leaves suborbicular or rounded- ovate, long-petioled, unevenly and coarsely crenate or crenate-dentate, cor- date or upper truncate or rounded at base; lower leaves to 15cm across, rather shallowly 5—7-lobed with rounded obtuse lobes; upper leaves in inflorescence usually 3-lobed or almost unlobed, upper surface with long simple, 2-pronged or multi-rayed appressed hairs, lower surface more densely covered with stellate hairs; stipules 2-parted but sometimes, especially ininflorescence, 4-parted; flowers single or in 2's or 3's in elongated leafy racemose inflorescence; pedicels 5—15mm long, often elongating in fruit to 20—25mm; epicalyx 12—18 mm long, about as long as or slightly shorter than calyx, parted to Yo—"/3 into 5—7 broadly triangular segments; calyx 14-—20mm long, parted to 7/43 /- its length; corolla pink or reddish- pink, yellowish at base, lilac when dry, often turning bluish, 2-215 times length of calyx; petals broadly obovate, 35-45 mm long and 20—30mm broad, deeply notched, elongated claw woolly at base; fruit 15—16 mm across; earpels 32—35, round or rounded-ovate, 3.75—4.5mm long and 4—4.75 mm broad, back 1—1.5mm broad, deeply channeled and stellate-pubescent (throughout on beak), only at lower and glabrous, margins winged; wings ca. 0.5mm broad, transversely wrinkled, thickish; carpel sides reddish- brown or almost light red, glabrous or with few short fugacious hairs at top between beak and beginning of winglike flange, peripheral part radially rugose (not reticulated), central part more intensely colored and faintly reticulate-rugose, inner smooth part surrounding notch 1mm deep; seed reniform, ca. 2.75—3mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, flattish or barely convex on back, cinereous or grayish-brown throughout, densely whitish-pustulose. Fl. June—August; fr. July—August. Grassy coastal slopes, scrub, vineyards, and waste places. — European part: Bes.,M.Dnp., Bl.,Crim. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Hungary. Type in Prague. Economic importance. The plant has the practical uses characteristic of the genus. The flowers yield a black dye. It is possible that statements by V. N. Nordman, Pogozhev, Brodovskii, and others, concerning this species, refer to A.rhyticarpa Ijin and partly alsoto A.rosea L. Note. This species does not reach eastward beyond the European part of the USSR. It is not found in the Ukraine. In A. A. Grossgeim's Flora (Fl. Kavk. III, 59) it is reported from Terek area, far to the east and in dis- junction from its distribution area. As we have not been able to examine specimens from these locations, it was impossible to indicate this species for the Ciscaucasian region, Since the accuracy of this report is doubtful. All reports of A.pallida Bess. from Soviet Central Asia refer to A.litwinowii [ljin. Zee Ae turkevieczit lljimin Zam. po sist. r. Boty imst. (AN Gruze SSR} XV (1949) 44. Perennial (?); stem covered in upper part with copious down of stellate hairs and few scattered larger 2-pronged hairs (rays not appressed); 89 lower part of stem missing; upper leaves 5—7-lobed, lobes broad, ovate, not reaching middle of blade, unevenly dentate, very shallowly cordate or trun- cate at base, upper surface green, stellate-pubescent, lower canescent with denser stellate hairs, petioles about as long as or slightly shorter than blade; stipules 4- or 5-cleft nearly down tobase; flowers in leafy raceme, solitary, lower often in 2's; epicalyx 10—12 mm long, of 7—9 oblong-triangular seg- ments united to about middle, two-thirds length of calyx, both calyx and epi- calyx covered with quite large spreading stellate hairs; calyx 15-17mm long, divided to below middle into oblong-triangular lobes; corolla intensely lilac in dry condition, 35—40 mm long, twice length of calyx; petals to 40mm broad, deeply and broadly notched, strongly overlapping; carpel more than 30 (not quite mature) short-winged, channeled and hairy on back, carpel sides glabrous, around notch convex and smooth, in peripheral part radially wrinkled. Fl. June—July; fr. July (?). Rocky slopes. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (at the border). Gen. distr.: Turkey. Described from former Artvin district, from Hatyl. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species comes closest to A.woronowii Ijin which is, however, distinguished by smaller flowers; epicalyx with broad triangular segments, appressed-hairy and at most half as long as calyx. The species A.calvertii Boiss., withwhich it might be compared not for the characters which are inadequately presented inthe description, but for the geographic proxi- mity (Erzerum), differs in having pink flowers and epicalyx half the length IZ of calyx, Fruits were missing in the specimen of A:calwertii described by Boissier. As regards A.schirazana Alef. (sometimes erroneously reported for the Caucasus) and A.kurdica Schlecht. which have lilac flowers, although of less intense color,the carpels of these species are always hairy on the sides. Moreover, the epicalyx of A.kurdica is one- third the length of the calyx, while the middle and upper leaves of this species are deeply parted; in A.schirazana Alef. the epicalyx is half as long as calyx, the carpels are larger, etc. 29. A.heldreichii Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 832.— Althaea held- reichii Boiss. Diagn. ser. II (1853) 103; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 20 jm A DOrdzi low skill Wissjmliiina Bop )Zhurn AN sole, Mil? (1946) 27.— Exs.: Stojan, Fl. Bulg. exs. 14 VI 1930. Perennial, tall, copiously clothed with subappressed hairs, hairs at stem base with longer rays; stems erect, very rarely short-branched; leaves suborbicular, cordate at base, crenate-dentate, rather shallowly 5-lobed, lobes semiorbicular, obtuse; upper leaves 3-lobed or almost unlobed, often ovate, truncate or rounded at base; all leaves densely hairy on both sides, usually subvelutinous beneath, more sparingly stellate-hairy above; stipules small, 2- or 3-parted; flowers in an elongated and rather densely many- flowered leafy raceme, 1 to several in axils of floral leaves; pedicels 2—6 mm long, somewhat elongating in fruit; epicalyx 5-8 mm long, mostly half to rarely two-thirds length of calyx, cleft to middle or rarely one-third Hear broadly triangular acute segments; eels 10—13 mm long, divided to Yo ay corolla pink, drying bluish-violet, 2—2 “I times length of calyx; petals notched, 22—30 mm long and ca. 20mm broad, claw woolly at base; fruit 14—16 mm in diameter, torus almost flat, densely pubescent; carpels appro- ximately 30, almost round or rounded-ovate, 3—4mm long and 3.5-4mm 90 M22 rs across; back 1—1.5mm broad, deeply channeled, with stellate hairs along dorsal line (beak hairy throughout), narrowly winged only at lower end; wings 0.25—0.5mm broad, transversely wrinkled; carpel sides glabrous, smaller part around notch (this 0.5—0.75 mm deep) convex and smooth, larger outer part with radially spreading wrinkles extending into wings; seed (young) ca. 3mm long and 2.5mm broad, reniform, glabrous, dark brown, minutely white-pustulose or almost smooth, very slightly depressed on back. Fl. July—August; fr. August. Limestone and steppe slopes.— European part: Bl. Gen. distr.: Balkans. Described from Kortiati ravine near Thessalonica (Salonika). Type in Geneva; cotype in Leningrad. 30. A. woronowii Iljin comb. nov.— Althaea woronowii Iljinin Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 59. Perennial, 40—150 (?) cm high; stems slender, much branched, rarely simple, covered throughout with small thin stellate hairs, with or without occasional long-rayed hairs, apparently pulverulent; lower and middle leaves long-petioled, suborbicular or rounded-ovate, shallowly cordate, o—7-lobed, crenate, obtuse semiorbicular or oblong-rounded lobes mostly one-third of blade diameter; upper leaves with shorter petioles, tapering or rounded at base, rarely unlobed; all leaves rugose and sparsely stellate- hairy above, prominently veined and more densely pubescent beneath; stipules dissected; flowers borne singly in leafy inflorescence, on pedicels 2-8 mm long; epicalyx 6—8mm long, parted to '/.—"/3 into 6 or 7 broadly triangular segments, half length of calyx; calyx 12-15 mm long, parted to two-thirds, velutinous-lanate; corolla pinkish-red, drying violet, 21/3 times length of calyx; petals 25—40 mm long, notched, claw hairy; fruit 14-16 mm across; carpels 20—25, relatively small, round or ovate, 2.5mm long and 3.5-4mm across,back 1—1.5mm broad, deeply channeled, stellate-hairy along dorsal line except at lower tip, beak stellate-hairy throughout, margins distinctly winged; wings ca. 0.25—0.5 mm broad, radially wrinkled, glabrous, semitranslucent, usually somewhat recurved or even upturned at edge; carpel sides around 0.75—1 mm deep notch, glabrous, smooth and convex, in outer part glabrous with radial wrinkles extending into wings, narrow central part covered with short appressed antrorse hairs; seed reniform, 2.5—-3mm long and ca. 2mm broad, grayish-brown, minutely pustulose, slightly depressed on the back. Fl. June—July; fr. August. Stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (?). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Borchkha (now Borgka, Artvin district, Turkey). Type in Leningrad. Note. The species is not known from present-day Soviet territory, although occurrence is likely; known from Artvin vicinity, from former Artvin district of Russian Empire, now belonging to Turkish Armenia. Its epicalyx is reminiscent of A.heldreichii Boiss., but it is readily dis- tinguishable from it by completely different indument, solitary flowers, and carpels with hairy sides and characteristic winged margin. A.woro- nowii also resembles to some extent A.calverti Boiss. as described from the vicinity of Mt. Erzerum. Unfortunately, this species is not repre- sented in our herbarium and full comparison is not possible; moreover, Boissier's species was collected without the fruit which, in this genus, 91 124 provides important systematic characters. Referring to Boissier's original description, our species differs in homogeneous indument, branching, and corolla 2'/.—-3 times length of calyx. 31. A. hyrcana Grossh. Opred. rast. Kavk. (1949) 165.— Althaea hy Rea na \Grossh. ini rit Bots mada lines ers) No: el (1920) 9; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,60.— Alcea hohenackeri Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 833, p.p. (quoad specim. talysch.?).— Althaea pallida Hohenack. Enum. pl. Talysch. (1838) 392,non W. et K.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 432 (quoad specim. Hohenackeri); Radde, Faun. u. Fl. Casp.-Gebiet, 366.— Alcea pallida Radde (non W. et K.) Mus. Cauc. II (1901) 69 (quoad specim. Hohenackeri).— A.kurdica schirazana Boiss. p.p. (quoad spec. ad Astara) in Fl. or. I (1867) 834. Perennial, 75—150 (?) cm high; stems simple or branched, terete, densely covered with hairs of two kinds: small stellate and long-rayed fascicled spreading, in upper part almost velutinous, in basal part often with long- rayed hairs in light patches on a dingy-purple background, sometimes at length glabrescent or with isolated groups of long-rayed fascicled bristles; lower and middle leaves rather large, petiole more or less length of blade; blade suborbicular, deeply cordate, 5—7-lobed, lobes to My— My of blade diameter; upper leaves much smaller, short-petioled, more deeply lobed, lobes usually somewhat narrowing toward base; lower surface prominently veined, softly grayish-velutinous with thick coat of stellate hairs, upper surface with shorter hairs, with impressed network of veins and hence apparently wrinkled (especially in younger leaves); stipules dissected nearly to base into narrowly lanceolate segments, caducous; flowers soli- tary in a fairly loose inflorescence, on pedicels 5-10mm long; epicalyx 16—20 mm long, parted to ze into 6 or 7 broadly lanceolate or triangular- oblong segments, not less than one-third to nearly equal to calyx; calyx ca. 20mm long, divided to 7/;—%/5 its length, velutinous; corolla intensely pinkish-violet, 2-2"). times length of calyx; petals 40—45 mm long and to 40mm broad, notched, claw woolly; fruit 15-17 mm across; carpels about 30—32, ovate or more rarely rounded-ovate, 4-5mm long and 5-6 mm across, back 1—1.25 mm broad, deeply channeled and stellate-hairy along dorsal line except at lower end, beak woolly-villous above, margins winged; wings ca. 0.5—0.75mm broad, radially veined on both sides; carpel sides around ca. 1mm deep notch convex glabrous and almost smooth, in outer part reticulate-rugose with long radially elongated loops, at junction of these areas with appressed antrorse mostly persistent hairs; seeds reni- form,ca.3mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, obscurely channeled on back, commonly grayish-whitish or more rarely grayish-brown, pustulose and covered with hairs especially when young, bearded at upper end. Fl. and fr. May—July. Sandy shores and scrub in the littoral belt of the Caspian Sea and Talysh area.— Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: Iran. Endemic in Lenkoran area. Described from several specimens of Talysh, the first of which is recorded from Shakhagach according to Grossgeim's collections. Type in Tbilisi. Note. A distinctive species of the Caspian littoral, easily distinguish- able by the whitish velutinous underside of its leaves and the hairy seeds. This species is somewhat reminiscent of A.schirazana Alef. and 92 z ae ee A. kurdica Schlecht., described from southern Iran, and is sometimes confused with the former. Both these species differ clearly from A.hyr - cana Grossh. in the nature of indument (always short), epicalyx 2—3 times shorter than calyx, and different carpels. A certain polymorphism may be observed within the species A.hyrcana Grossh. itself. Thus, for instance, there are specimens from Astara with completely glabrous carpel sides, possibly in advanced stage of maturity (f. glabrescens Iljin),or more profusely branched forms, as from the vicinity of Kaladagn (f. ramosissi- ma Ijin). 32. A.baldshuanica (Bornm.) Iljin comb. nov.— Althaea baldshuan- ka Bornm. in Russk. Bot. Zhurn. I (1914) 5.— A.pallida Rgl. in Bornm. l.c. non W. et K.— Exs.: Rgl. Iter. turk. 8-20 V 1883 (sub A.pallida). Perennial, 30—120(150) cm high, hairy; stems several,terete, erect or often ascending, sometimes purple-tinged or just purple-striped, covered throughout with two kinds of hairs: small stellate and predominantly semi- divaricate long-rayed fascicled; leaves green, radical and lower cauline with petioles 10—20cm long, exceeding this orbicular or broad-ovate blade, cordate at base, shallowly 5—7-lobed, 8-15cm across, lobes obtuse, semi- orbicular, margin crenate-dentate; petiole of middle cauline leaves more or less length of blade, this mostly orbicular,6.5—10cm across, faintly cordate 125 or truncate at base, shallowly 5(3)-lobed, central lobe usually somewhat more elongated; upper leaves short-petioled, blade 3-lobed or sometimes unlobed, broad-ovate, mostly rounded at base; all leaves with scattered stellate hairs beneath, more sparsely covered above with simple, 2-pronged appressed and sometimes stellate hairs; stipules mostly deeply 2-cleft, caducous, those of floral leaves parted nearly to base into 3—4 linear hairy segments; flowers borne singly in leafy raceme on pedicels 3—13 mm long, in upper part of inflorescence mostly shorter than subtending leaf; epi- calyx 2—2*/) times shorter than calyx, 6-13 mm long, dissected to 7/,—‘/s or deeper into 7-10 (mostly 8) linear or rarely oblong-linear segments; calyx 15-24 mm long, parted to 7/3—%/, into narrowly oblong lobes; both epicalyx and calyx copiously stellate-hairy; corolla 2"/>—-3 times length of calyx, very bright, when dry dark lilac, with sparse thin longitudinal golden rays, at base yellow; petals mostly oblong-obovate, 40-—60mm long and 20-—40mm broad, deeply notched at apex, very gradually narrowing down to woolly - based claw; fruit 10-14mm across; carpels 15—20, mostly rounded-ovate (proximal endnarrower), 4—4.5mm long and 5.25mm across, back 2—3 mm broad, wingless, obscurely channeled, sharp-margined, cross-wrinkled and hairy throughout even at low end, hairs in lower part appressed, in upper part somewhat spreading; sides in outer part radially reticulate-rugose and densely covered with appressed antrorse hairs,in very slightly convex part surrounding notch (ca. 1mm) glabrous, scarcely wrinkled; seed reni- form, brown or grayish-brown, 3.5—4mm long and 2.75—-3 mm broad, glab- rous, dull, whitish in notch, scarcely depressed on back. Fl. April—July; fr. June—August. (Plate VI, Figure 3.) Loess deserts, mottled soils, adyrs, fallows, and ruderal sites. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (S.). Gen. distr.: Afghanistan (?). Described from Bol'dzhuan, hills of Dangara (Tadzhikistan), according to Regel's collections. Type in Leningrad. 93 1 33. A.freyniana Iljin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV, 678.— A.kurdica B schirazana Boiss. forma? Freynin Bull. Herb. Boiss. III, 12 (1903) 1068; O. and B. Fedch. Perech. r. Turkest. 1,141. j Perennial, glabrous in all parts; leaves cleft to middle of blade, deeply cordate, green on both sides, prominently veined, lower crenate with mucro- nate teeth, upper mucronate-dentate; flowers bright reddish-violet; corolla ca.53mm long; epicalyx parted into 8 segments, equal to or just exceeding pedicel and barely reaching middle of calyx; young carpels with developed marginal wings. Fl. May—June. Grassy slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Ashkhabad). Endemic. Established according to Freyn's diagnosis from Ashkhabad vicinity. Type in Geneva. Note. This short description is quite sufficient for acceptance of this plant as anew species. Complete lack of indument is an altogether rare occurrence in the genus Alcea,and this feature is stressed as being characteristic in this case. Among hairless species whose distribution areas approach Kopet Dag are A.glabra Alef.,A.flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse, A.tholasani Stapf.,and A.pedunculata Boiss. et Hausskn., but all of them have yellow or white flowers. A.denudata Boiss. from Turkish Armenia, with intensely reddish-violet flowers, has a glabrous stem, but its leaves are hairy. Freyn himself suggested that this plant might represent a new species, as indicated by his note (''vielleicht doch eine eigene Art, da das Indument ebensowenig passt als die Form der Blatter"). ———— S400. rosea Li So. pl) (1758) 687s Boiss. Fil or! l831) Alii aaea rosea Cav. Diss. II (1790) 91; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 207; DC. Prodan 3s snmia | oii eis iin an Be wWugo=Vosth Vi6O9aS Anise nensis Cav. Diss! II (1790) 91, tab: 29, f.3.—'A.nigra Medv. in Zelen. stroit., 11—12 (1939) 60.— Ic.: Cavan. l.c. tab. 28,f.1; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V.tab. CLXXV; Varlikh, Russk. lekarst. rast. (Russian Medicinal Plants), (ky Suse p ledehee encase Gunlavedll meinen anise ctsyre. LIE SAUL ers Aes Perennial, 100—250cm high; stem sturdy, erect, rough-hairy; leaves long-petioled, round or ovate, cordate, 5—7-lobed, upper 3-lobed, crenate- dentate, roughly tomentose on both sides; flowers (often double) singly or in 2's or 3's in axils of spikelike inflorescence, large, short-pediceled; epicalyx of 6 or 7 segments, shorter (often by half) than calyx; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; both epicalyx and calyx woolly-tomentose; petals blackish- red (var. nigra), violet, pink or white, notched and hairy at apex; fruit separating into 20—40 carpels, these large, often to 8mm long, deeply channeled on back and hairy in channel, margins with well developed wings, sides around notch smooth and glabrous, in peripheral part radially wrinkled anol hay ceed laren, er ler uly. October: A cultivated plant, originating from the Balkans. Described from culti- vated specimens. Type in London. Economic importance. Cultivated for ornament and for medicinal uses. The flowers yield mucilage. A dyestuff extracted from the petals is used for coloring wines, vinegar, and various liquors, food products, hides, silk, and wool. Plants with blackish-red flowers (var. nigra) are preferred for all these applications. According to V. N. Lyubimenko and V. A. Brilliant, as well as according to V. N. Nordman, the pigment contained in the petals of this species, called althaein, is chemically the monoglycoside of myrtillidin — 94 128 Co2Ho3012Cl; the amount reaches 11% (Nordman). N. P. Sobyanin and S. G. Saakov report that the substance can produce a variety of colors in neutral, alkaline and acid solution, including pink and green; it can there- fore be used as an indicator in chemical practice. The flowers contain mucilage and are used as a gargling solution; they are also taken internally as emollient for treatment of catarrhal gastric complaints; they have a sweetish, slightly astringent taste, due to a certain amount of tannins. According to N.I. Sharapov, the oil yield is 21%. The oil has iodine value 118, saponification value 190, and specific gravity 0.926 (at 15°C). It somewhat resembles linseed oil. According to data of the Division of Plant Resources of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the vitamin C content of the leaves is about 0.15% of fresh weight. Lebedev reports that 1 hectare may yield between 1.2 and 4.4 tons of flowers in- cluding calyx and epicalyx. From 5 tons of fresh flowers, one gets 1 ton of dried flowers (i. e., 1 kg from 2,000 and 2,500fresh flowers). Considering the medicinal value of the flowers and roots, and their use for dyeing, cultivation of this plant should be definitely worthwhile. Genus 887. ALTHAEA®* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 686 Flowers bisexual, relatively small, in racemose-paniculate leafy in- florescence; epicalyx of 6—12 linear or lanceolate segments united in lower part; corolla commonly to 20, rarely to 30mm long, petals narrowing to woolly-based claw; staminal column cylindric, mostly hairy, hairs mostly short-papillose; fruit small, of 8-25 carpels, these 1-celled, always wing- less, convex on back and usually with prominent dorsal nerve, glabrous or hairy; seed reniform. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate, unlobed, lobed, or serrately dissected leaves. A Mediterranean-Pannonian-Pontic genus, containing about 12 species. 1. Annuals, not more than 50cm high; carpel sides radially wrinkled throughout; calyx clearly enlarging in fruit (Section 1. Hirsutae Ijin) oF Perennials, mostly more than 50cm high; carpel sides smooth in central part; calyx scarcely enlarging in fruit (Section 2. Althaea- Steric JF ht daa ie malate tak he stave oi STE as Bal tae kas gtk Wy oS Re 35 2. Petiole of lower and middle leaves 2—4 times length of blade, this covered above with appressed simple hairs; pedicels surpassing sub- tending leaves; corolla relatively large; sepals oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate; carpels transversely rugose onthe back ..... Diab ey sat lates hk BAN Nee LS CORES. ck ba Ee le CORR, ch rh ERS I) VAY hirsuta. AF Petiole ys times length of glabrous or above sparingly stellate -hairy blade; pedicels shorter than subtending leaves; corolla relatively small; sepals oblongly ovate-triangular, acuminate; back of carpel not USO SOM STAR OES Lith eas tile OOi2,” oR LDA ae She aR ae ALludwileia) Le * From Greek altainein, to heal, referring to the medicinal properties of A. officinalis. 95 129) 3. Carpels quite glabrous; seed always minutely whitish-verrucose.. 1 ey etre dd Asean a ta laf Mey cn Na Matis eat hiner Noses it Rad a Sued WN aaa po Mager Rc 4, + Gairpelis hairyrataleastyabitOp y ripe Eruitey eee alee omiie Nene kil. eiea pelt cote tiae mnie 5. 4, Stems virgately branched, covered in upper part with short-rayed stellate hairs, appressed rays less than 1mm long; peduncles 1- flowered, rarely 2- or 3-flowered, in axils of upper leaves; corolla lg=-o0pomlone.)A— 3s utimiesilenigthsonucallys< (tent aie) an 7. A.cannabina L. a Stems not virgately branched, very densely covered with spreading fasciculate hairs, rays to 1—2 mm long; flowers in terminal inflores- cence; peduncles several-flowered; corolla 15—20 mm long, We—2 times URevaleoie atop em ey et ho came Manine: oalrhe re to hee Ney) aha eeihtne fy ory) eee ria 8. A.narbonensis Pourr. 5. Middle and upper leaves cuneately tapering, deeply parted or dissected, sinuses more or less enlarged in lower part; carpels glabrous at base; seed minutely whitish-verrucose on back, at least in lower part Evia hh ata ime atau wearin Sas Uda nagMseiakine he) SUE MAA REG R, Jats ain 6. A. broussonetiifolia [ljin. aF Middle leaves always rounded-cordate, cuneate-cordate or shallowly MOPChed TEoMm cuneate Wace \oliawA heim. altel each: keane tee eee 6. 6. Carpels hairy only at tops; seed minutely whitish-verrucose in lower (ORLM ESN AKOMOlAM OTOL eer ee ere Ae RP ar anh Tc Negi tre st canine ek Tera 5. A. taurinensis DC. 1 Carpels hairy throughout or glabrous at base; seed smooth, not VACATE CO SIS! leluks ah fal’ Silas iiss! abi abies aetna vet raul Beery nec Meet ethan Te LENT RPM I Tee a OS ae Te 7. Plants mostly light green; middle leaves round or ovate, almost un- lobed or slightly lobed, cordate or truncate at base; carpels hairy throughout, including base, almost without transverse rugosity...... Se Ee TST EM RE EE ROLE coh cern KOA CRIN bao Ra C RDNA Et ak Ee I OO 3. A. officinalis L. aR Plants mostly dark green; middle leaves 5-lobed, ribifoliate, with shallow sinus at often subcuneate base or truncate; carpels glabrous apace bransmwe Goely mc sos eyom baloney tials 4, A.armeniaca Ten. Section 1. HIRSUTAE Iljin.— Annual plants; calyx strongly enlarging in fruit; carpels radially rugose on the sides. I SAUMabhosibheel IE sion jolly (1753) 687; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 140; DC wr Todi 143.71; ssoLsise» Hhi@r.; Loo4-s lecdbe ible SROSic wl 426 Som macllor IE tS ee Gh shay Tene SEO WOE WW OMSe tO, eatcl ise Metclela, Ieiescla, i. AD GHAKE Sins WS eo Eneolsisie EME envi. (INL Os ese Isveren IMLS MI Wi US ih, ILS) 7 Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. V,tab. CLXXII, f. 4846.— Exs.: Sinten. Iter orient. No. 8981; Georgietf, Kl. Bulgar.-exs. 29)Vil 1930. Annual, 25—50cm high; stems terete, erect, solitary or several, simple or branching from base, covered with long stiffish bristly spreading simple hairs sometimes interspersed with stellate (especially in upper part), often purple below; petioles of radical and lower cauline leaves 2—4 times length of blade, middle about as long as blade, upper very short; upper surface of blade with sporadic or scattered simple appressed hairs, lower surface with simple slightly tubercled hairs on veins and scattered stellate, margin ciliate, both surfaces minutely pitted; radical and lower cauline leaves usually marcescent, slightly palmately 5—7-lobed with rounded broad gentle lobes; middle cauline mostly 5-cleft or rarely 3-cleft with oval or ovate lobes; uppermost commonly 3-parted or dissected into narrow oblong seg- ments; all leaves unevenly and coarsely dentate with rounded teeth, cordate 96 or sinutate at base, rarely truncate; stipules lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, with long spreading simple hairs; flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels long, obscurely jointed, with indument like that of stem, twice length of flower and subtending leaf (only uppermost pedicels of un- developed flowers short); epicalyx lo ae length of calyx, of nosy 8 elon- gate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate segments united to ag— Ee with promi- nent midnerve and two lateral nerves, these and margin beset with tubercle- based long simple bristles; calyx united to one-third, with linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, prominently 3-nerved lobes (nerves beset with bristles 130 like those on epicalyx), accrescent and enclosing fruit; corolla rosy-purple (2) (in dry condition bluish-violet), whitish below, 1+/. times length of calyx (only in unopened flowers as long as calyx); petals broadly cuneate, truncate or obscurely notched at apex, margin finely erose, claw bearded at base; staminal column glabrous; carpels 12—18, narrow, with prominent dorsal line, transversely wrinkled on back, wrinkles converging radially on com- pressed lateral faces; seed dark brown, glabrous and smooth. Fl. April— dives tise une September. Stony and clayey desert-steppe slopes, open xerophytic woods and scrub, meadows in extreme arid climate, weedy and ruderal places. — European park Beswibl., Crim). Ve; ‘Caucasus: Cisce 7 Dagl We, Ha jand) sy i cansexy halkCGent. Astras Ming Durkmitkara ik. \Geny distr Atle Hines vied. Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from France, Italy and Spain. Type in London. Economic importance. The seeds contain, according to H. I. Sharapov, about 16% yellowish-colored oil, with iodine number 116.3, acid value 3.8, saponification value 209, specific gravity 0.9312, refraction coefficient at 23 7@ 14.7503 2. A. ludwigiit Ll... Mantigsa (1771) 5165 ‘Baker in Journ. of Bot) XXVML, iO DCs Prodrii/l,4375 Boiss. Bl. on:.1) 824; Tl"in.in Izv, PBoLrt sada aw ils Q2=3 = "Wess Caw, DISS, Telos SO, it. Bs la—sjaa, Se les Wo Ro. 29a). Annual, 5-35cm high; stems several, rarely one, ascending or prostrate (one sometimes suberect), terete; stems, like plant as a whole, covered with stellate hairs interspersed with few simple or 2-pronged tubercle-borne hairs; petioles half as long again as blade, with indument like that of stems; leaf-blade thickish, palmately 5-parted (rarely 3-parted), segments broadly obovate or broadly cuneate,in upper leaves narrower oblong, with 3 large crenations (rarely almost lobed) at apex; upper surface with somewhat impressed veins and sparsely scattered stellate hairs or almost glabrous; lower surface glabrous or diffusely stellate-hairy; flowers 1—3 in leaf axils (occasionally accompanied by short flowering branchlet) nearly down to stem base; pedicels short, hairy like stem, obscurely jointed quite close to flower, somewhat elongating in fruit, mostly shorter than corresponding leaves; epicalyx of 8—10 narrow linear segments united to one-third, lanate; calyx 131 united to +/—'/>, with oblongly ovate-triangular acuminate lobes, densely lanate; fruiting calyx inflated, connivent lobes covering fruit; corolla whitish- rose, scarcely exceeding calyx; petals oblong-oval, briefly truncate at apex with minute denticulations, claw hairy at base; staminal column glabrous or with long simple spreading hairs at base; carpels 8—10 (very rarely ie), narrow, flat or slightly channeled on back, smooth, with prominent dorsal OF I) line and minute hairs (lens!), sharp-margined, sides with prominent radial wrinkles; carpels separate in maturity by rupture of inflated lateral walls; torus narrow, hairy; seed dark brown, glabrous, smooth. (Plate I, Figure 2.) Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., collected only once in Shirabad valley near Kaplar village) onvsolonetzic soil. (Gens distr: Wed: (Sicily), Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Bal.-As. Min., Iran, N. W. India, Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Orange River). Described from Africa. Type in London. Section 2. ALTHAEASTRUM DC. Prodr. I (1824) 436.— Perennial plants; calyx scarcely enlarging in fruit; carpel sides smooth in central part. Series 1. Officinales Iljin.— Leaves entire or palmatipartite; carpels hairy. ae AvofitcinalisiEeusp: pl(l753) 606; DCW Prodr! 1486+ Ddb. cml alt: ip Zsien widbs bie oss: wiptolaishmals: Noll Ti Krys aps joule VMiistovo iin in DE Yuco> Vest. Ve ioeG. ©. and ede.) Rereceh sige iuckesty Walt Grosige) Hi iKavk-) TMIIG08 = Tel: Varlikh, hussk Slevarst rast., p.46; Kom. Sbor. sushka i razv. lekarstv. rast., 3rd Ed., Plateraoc NMaevek, Ei 7th Bd 0. .0c,.bieure 201s hehb. lev Hi Ge rma mys tal @ EPOwIM, 1764 Oh reses (Gri. UNO ob. a and bp: | Perennial, 60—150cm high, covered with many-pronged or substellate hairs,in upper part often velutinous-sericeous; rhizome branched, with rather fleshy thickish roots; stem erect, Simple or slightly branched, one to several, terete, lower part glabrous at flowering, sometimes dingy-purple, in thicker stems with interrupted longitudinal furrows passing at base into almost reticulate pattern with elongated loops; petioles usually much shorter than blade, 2—6.25cm long; lower leaves broad-ovate to almost round or reniform,with cordate, rounded or truncate base, mostly obtuse, often with one or two weak lobes oneach Side, wilting at flowering and fruiting; middle leaves similar, mostly rounded or truncate at base, more entire, 5-l5cm long and 3—12.5cm broad; upper leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, rounded or broadly cuneate at base; all leaves irregularly crenate-dentate, usually more densely hairy beneath; stipules narrowly lanceolate or linear, caducous; flowers on pedicels 2—10mm long, borne on many-flowered, rarely 2- or 3-flowered peduncle in axils of upper and middle leaves, peduncle (with flowers) equaling or slightly exceeding petiole, rarely to 12cm long; soli- tary flowers on pedicels 2—4cm long occasionally arise from axils in addition to peduncles; epicalyx of 8-12 linear segments connate only at base, 3-6 mm long, about half calyx length; calyx 6—12 mm long, divided to two-thirds into triangular-ovate acuminate lobes, half length of corolla, enclosing fruit; corolla pale rose or almost white, rarely reddish-rose; petals 10(8)—20(21) mm long and 6-17 mm broad, broadly obovate to oblong- obovate, shallowly notched at apex, sides of claw hairy-ciliate; staminal column and filaments sparsely scaberulous-papillose; fruit 7—8(1 0) mm across, 0115-25 carpels; Carpels 3—3. 5mm long,'2.5—3 mm across 4 ; 98 133 (view from the side), back 1—1.5 mm broad, with rather faint dorsal nerve and slight transverse wrinkles, with obtuse slightly rounded margins, densely covered throughout with stellate hairs; sides thin, glabrous and smooth, slightly wrinkled radially and hairy only in narrow marginal strip; seed dark brown, glabrous and smooth, reniform, 2.5mm long and 1.75mm broad. Fl. and fr. July—August (September). Meadows, especially saline, shore thickets and scrub in bottom lands, tugaic soils, mud flats in semidesert areas, banks or irrigation canals, and fallows on solonchaks.— European part: M.Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., Bes., Eien @ run. la Won il, Vier Canucasus Cise., Dag. Bi \and is. lransc: ales W. Siberia: U. Tob.,Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Minusinsk); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Mtn. Turkm. (rare), sye DAT .Sh. Gen. distr.: S. Denmark, Centr. and Atl. Eur., E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., N. Am. (introduced). Economic importance. This Althaea is of medicinal importance and appears in nearly all pharmacopoeias. The part primarily used is the root which contains up to 35-36% of mucilage. According to analyses made by Rollov, and also by Golenkin and Gomilevskii, the roots contain up to 37% starch, 8-10% sugar, 2—19.8% asparagin, 11% pectin, 1—-1.5% oil and salts (of malic, sulfuric and phosphoric acids), with phosphates particularly abundant. Betaineis also present (Orlov). The saccharose content, according to A. A. Grossgeim, may be as high as 20.2%. Nonlignified roots of the second year's growth, which are washed and cut into cubes or powdered, are used for pharmaceutical purposes. Pharmaceutical preparations include Althea Syrup, a pectoral infusion made of the root cubes. The powdered product is used as a pill excipient and as a demulcent for gargling either by itself or mixed with sage. Radix Althaeae is taken both internally for intestinal catarrh, and as a mouthwash for inflammations of the respiratory tracts, palate and throat. The roots are obtained from both wild-growing and cultivated plants. Flowers and leaves are used unofficially for the same purpose. Widely used in home medicine of many nations for external appli- cation (lotions and washes for inflammations, swellings, burns and herpes) and internally (for coughs, antitoxic treatment, etc.). The oil obtained by pressing the seeds has, according to G. Tropp, specific gravity (at 15°C) 0.927—0.940, refraction coefficient at 20°C 1.4778—1.4787, acid value 12.10—15.07, saponification number 190.4—195.1, ester value 178.3—192.5, hydroxyl value 13.8, Reichert-Meissl number 1.23, Polenske value 0.60, un- saponifiable residue 0.80—0.94, iodine number 12.02—13.05, thiocyanogen value 80.8—83.2, and hexabromide number 5.06—11.10. This oil contains oleic acid 30.8%, a-linoleic 1.85, 8-linoleic 0.65, saturated acids with melting point at 58°C 9.7%, unsaponifiable residue 0.94%. This oil may be used, according to Tropp, in the varnish and paint industry. Rutovskii reports that the flowers and leaves contain an essential oil: in flowers 0.24%, with melting point 36°C; in leaves 0.022%, with specific gravity 0.920, acid number 88.7 and ester value 33.9. This oil has a valerian scent. The flowers con- tain the pigment malvidin (C,7Hi4O7) which is used as a red dye for wool; with a mordant of ferric salts, a blackish-blue dye is obtained; with alu- minum salts gray or grayish-violet; with stannic salts dark violet (Nordman, also Danilevskii and Kononov). According to M.Il'in, the leaves and roots contain rubbery substances at the rate of 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. 99 134 According to A. A. Grossgeim's data, dried leaves contain about 390g of provitamin A (carotene) and 75mg% vitamin C, while the roots contain 14.7% vitamin C. Glue is produced from the roots. In some localities, ground and boiled roots are used in food, sometimes with milk. A honey plant. Cultivated chiefly for its medicinal uses. The stems contain a rather coarse and short, creamy-colored fiber. The fiber output, according to V.L. Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova,is 10.5%; according to Schilling, it is up to 13%. The fiber is of no practical value for spinning, but can be used for paper manufacture. 4. A. armeniaca Ten. Ind. Hort. Neap. (1837); Baker in Journ. of Bot. POCVlllL, 141 Boiss: (hls or) S25sshmalio, ME 1, Ams On and Btibedeh: Perech. r. Turkest. II, 140; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. III,60.— A.taurinensis C. A.M. Verzeichn. (1831) 207, non DC. (ex parte) et auct. rossic.— A. mic- rantha Wiesb. ex Borb. in Oesterr. Bot.-Zeitschr. XLIII (1893) 36 (nomen nudum) in obs. — Exs.: Sinten. Iter transcasp.-pers. No. 950. Perennial, 50-—200cm high, erect, sometimes branched only in inflores- cence; stem terete, densely velutinous with stellate-fascicled hairs, in lower part glabrous or sparsely hairy and often dingy-purple; leaves petiolate, ribifoliate, lower often scarcely lobed, irregularly and coarsely dentate; middle leaves with petioles 2—5 cm long, blade 6—12cm long and 6—12 cm broad, 5-parted with broad ovate or oblong-ovate lobes, truncate or very shallowly cordate at base; upper leaves mostly 3-cleft, very rarely dissected nearly to base (f. dissecta Iljin), rounded or cuneate at base; all leaves densely hairy, especially beneath, lower leaves often with relative- ly dense indument on upper surface; stipules linear, falling in flower; flowers in a racemose-paniculate leafy terminal inflorescence often solitary in leaf axils and then always shorter than leaves, with pedicels 0.5-59cm long, mostly borne on axillary floriferous branchlets, short-pediceled, in groups of 3 to many or in umbels about equaling or surpassing corresponding leaves; epicalyx of 7-10 lanceolate or linear segments united at base to 1, or /3,6—-8mm long, about equaling or rather 3/,, rarely 7/3 of calyx length; calyx 8-12 mm long, partedto "ly into oblong-ovate or ovate lobes, these con- nivent above fruit; corolla pink, 14/.-2 times as longas calyx; petals obovate to oblong-obovate, 12(10)—17(20) mm long and 6—12 mm broad, with small apical notch, claw hairy-fringed; staminal column and filaments sparsely and minutely papillose; fruit 6-9 mmindiameter; carpels 14—20, back stellate -pubescent, except for the glabrous lower part which does not extend above middle, with pro- minent dorsal line andtransversely wrinkled margins; sides transversely wrinkled in rather narrow marginal area, smooth central part thinly and 137 finely farinaceous; carpels ca. 3mm long and 2.5mm broad, back 1—1.5mm broad; seed reniform, 2—2.5mm long and 1.75—2 mm broad, brown or grayish-brown, glabrous and smooth, not verrucose. Fl. June—September; fr. July—October. (Plate VII, Figure 2.) River floodplains, dry and solonchak meadows, bottomland scrub, sea and lake shores, borders or irrigation canals, forest openings, weed-infested woods, vineyards, field borders, rice paddies, gardens, and railroad embank- ments.— European part: L.Don (Manych); Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. and Sraldansen Dats Centr. Asia: BalkheDatiy= Mancow si Shy oye IDs lene it vlen Kyz.K., Kara K. (delta of Amu Darya),Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.; Centr. Eur. (Hungary), As. Min. (Turkey), Iran. Described from Armenia. Type in Naples. 100 (135) PLATE VU. 1—Althaea broussonetiifolia Ijin, upper part of stem with flowers; 2— A.armeniaca Tenore,leaf; 3 — A. taurinensis DC.,leaf; 4—A.narbonensis Pourr., stem fragment; 5 — A. can- nabina L.,stem fragment. 101 ens Economic importance. The stem contains, according to V. L. Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova, 11.3% whitish, silky fiber of fairly good quality, but so far it has not found any practical application. In any case,the stems are quite suitable as material for paper manufacture. 5. A.taurinensis DC. Prodr. I (1824) 436; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 431.— Avofficinalis, 8 Willd. (Sp, pl- ll (1800) 771,— A.taurinens ®s, C14, M1) (non DE.) Ind..caucas.«(183l) 207, ex: p.— Avnauht 1 Alor a Reh, le. ml. Germ. (V—VI) (1841) 19; Bge. Ind. Sem. 1856, 36.— A.officinalis subsp. taurinensis (DC.) Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII, 141.—Ic.: Rchb. l.c. V—VI, tab. CLXXIV, f. 4848 et 4847b [f. multiflora (Rchb.) jie se: ble, Ital. iexs. Norio 27, Perennial, 50—150cm high; stems erect, branched, terete, rather densely clothed, almost as in A.narbonensis Pourr., probably down to base (?) with branched-stellate hairs with spreading or subappressed rays; petioles of middle leaves 1.5—4cm long, shorter than blade, this 6-12 cm long and about as broad, mostly 5-parted nearly to base (f. multiflora (Rchb.) Ijin), unevenly crenate-dentate, with shallow sinus at base, intermediate lateral segments oval, oblong-ovate or oblong-oval, often with lobe about the middle, outer segments smaller and confluent at base with intermediate, directed sideways and somewhat downward; upper leaves mostly 5- or 3-cleft, rounded or obtusely cuneate at base, with oblong-oval or oblong segments; sometimes all leaves lobed (f.lobata Iljin), with broader seg- ments; lower leaves less dissected; all leaves hairy on both sides, more sparsely above, usually green, angles between lobes always acute; stipules linear, macrescent and caducous; flowers in terminal and axillary inflores- cences, shorter to longer than corresponding leaves; flowers in inflores- cences short-pediceled, individual axillary ones on pedicels often up to 8cm long; epicalyx 6—8.5 mm long, parted to 73/4 IMmtO-i(— 3 lanceolate sear ments, 7/,—°/4 calyx length; calyx 9-10 mm long, parted to ‘/:—7/; into oblong- ovate to ovate lobes; corolla pink, 2—21/5 times as long as calyx; petals obovate or oblong-obovate, 15—24mm long and 12—20mm broad, somewhat notched at apex, claw hairy-fringed; staminal column and filaments glabrous or nearly so; fruit 8-10mm across; carpels 15—20, back stellate- hairy only at top or rarely down to about middle, with prominent dorsal ridge, margins prominently transverse-rugose; carpel sides transversely rugose in rather broad peripheral part, sparsely and finely farinaceous in smooth central part; carpels 3—3.5mm long and 2.75 mm broad, back 1—2 mm broad; seed reniform, 2.5—3 mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, brown, glabrous, in lower part and especially on back sparsely and minutely whitish-verrucose. Fl. July—September; fr. July—September. (Plate WALL, Figure 3.) Caucasus: Cisc. (Alagir); E. and S.Transc. Gen. distr.: Italy, Balkans (Dalmatia). Described from the vicinity of Turin in Italy. Type in Paris. Note. Itis difficult to determine to what extent the Caucasian plants are iden- tical with the Italian plants as the latter are represented in the herbarium by only a few specimens; they do, however, agree inall principal characters (indument and rugosity of carpels, consistency of seed coat, corolla size, hairiness of stem, etc.). It may be noted that the leaves of certain Italian specimens are largerand more hairy, but others do not differ from the Caucasian ones. 102 1 By) It Should be pointed out that Meyer quite correctly identified his plants from Sara Lakeas A.taurinensis DC. (they alsoincludedtypical AAarmeniaca Ten.). We may note that many of Hohenacker's collections from Khanlar (Hele- nendorf), identifiedby Meyeras A.taurinensis var., fell into the hands of West European botanists, among them Boissier who puts them down erro- neously (though admittedly with a query) as A.armeniaca Ten.? Since most of Hohenacker's plants had deeply dissected leaves, confrontation with Italian specimens created the impression among European taxonomists that the Caucasian plants represented a different species, and they referred them to A.armeniaca Ten, Reichenbach, who was not acquainted with this name, set up Hohenacker's specimens — in view of their leaf dissection and leaf hairiness — as a Separate species, A.multiflora Rchb. A similar error occurs among Hungarian taxonomists, who identify the typical A.ar- meniaca Ten. from Hungary as A.micrantha Wiesb. (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1889) 285). It is true that Celakovsky, in addition to A.mi- crantha Wiesb.,also reported A.armeniaca Gen. for Hungary (from vineyards in the vicinity of Ofen [now part of Budapest] and Gran [now Esztergrom]), but we do not know what these specimens represent. Hoch- reutiner (in Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Gén. (1902) 31) considers A. mic - rantha Wiesb. as merely a variety of A.officinalis L., and treats A.taurinensis DC. ina similar way. It should be pointed out that the leaf segmentation is a very variable character in this species. Already in Hohenacker's collections from Khanlar (Helenendorf), we find upper and middle leaves parted nearly down to base, as represented in Reichenbach's drawing, and simply lobed leaves which are considered a typical feature of the Italian plants. Upon examination of the admittedly scanty material from Italy preserved in the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, we find that they display a similarly wide range of variability as regards leaf segmentation. The same may be stated in respect of carpel indument. As a rule,ripe carpels are hairy only at the very top but, within the same collection (e. g., Hohenacker's), the indument comes down occasionally to the middle of the carpel. We observed the same phenomenon on one of the Italian specimens. Thus,if more ample material were avail- able so that we could distinguish A.taurinensis f. lobata Iljin and A.taurinensis f. multiflora (Rchb.) Ijin as separate species with transitional forms, then we may have to distinguish in the Caucasus, as well asin Italy, A.taurinensis DC. with lobed leaves and carpels hairy only at the very top,and A.multiflora Rchb. with leaves parted nearly down to base and carpels hairy down to the middle of the back. Finally, we do not know which specimens should receive the appellation A.armeniaca Ten. — the ones which we adopt in this Flora or those which we name here A.tavurinensis f. multiflora (Rchb.) Iljin, as we have not seen Tenore's original determinations. Boissier applies to both sets the name A.arme- niaca Ten. If examination of the original determinations of the first authority show that this name should be given to A.taurinensis f. mul- tiflora (Rchb.) Iljin, then the species concerned are to receive the following names: 1) Acsarmeniaca Ten. (=A.taurinensis f.multi- toma oihin = Amul ti flora Rehb.):) 2 Alt aur imen sis; DCL A= Alt au rinensis f. lobata Dyjin);'3) A.micrantha Wiesb. (= A:armeniaca auct. fl. Ross.). 6. A. broussonetiifolia lin sp. nov. in Addenda XIV,678.— A.canna- bina Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 432,p.p. (pl. sarept. et astr.); Il'in in Fl. Mugo-Viost1V,o99 et auet.. volo.) mon Ii (0 am imalelania eal iia tray el Yugo-Vost.)V, 699) etauct. volo, mon Nen, = /Exs.heliyIteritunkest lens (only A.b. subsp. aralensis Ijin). Perennial, to 200cm high (?); stem simple, terete, thick at base, branched, covered (including lower part,as in A.armeniaca Ten.) with short tomentum of scattered stellate-fascicled hairs; petioles of middle 140 leaves 1.5—-4cm long, much shorter than blade, this scarcely longer than 141 broad, 6-14cm by 6—12 cm, cuneate or rarely obtusely rounded or truncate at base, never cordate, 5-parted nearly to base or deeply 5-cleft, oblong- oval or oblong segments narrowing strongly toward base and almost petio- lulate, irregularly and coarsely dentate, the middle lobe large and often dentate-lobulate, the lower lateral lobes smaller and considerably fused with the intermediate lobes, directed upward even if but slightly so, never retrorse, the angles between the lobes not simply cuneate but with enlarged indentation at the bottom, almost like in Broussonetia papyrifera; upper leaves 3- or 5-parted nearly to base, the narrower segments cuneate at-base, mostly somewhat recurved, the symmetry axis of the blade often at an angte to the petiole; lower leaves 5-lobed, not cordate, the first leaf pairs usually entire, small, chrysosplenifoliate; all leaves more or less densely hairy,asin A.armeniaca Ten., especially beneath; stipules linear, caducous; flowers in narrow leafy terminal racemose-paniculate inflorescences as well as in leafless axillary inflorescences shorter to scarcely longer than corresponding leaves (leafy flowering branchlets surpassing the leaves); pedicels much shorter than calyx, only in occasional axillary flowers reaching 4-5cm: epicalyx 5-8mm long, parted to 7/—°/s into 7—9 lanceolate segments, reaching ah of calyx length or longer; calyx 6—10mm long, parted to M3 /4 into ovate or oblong-ovate acuminate lobes; corolla pink, 1/g-1"/5 times or rarely twice as long as calyx; petals obovate to oblong-obovate, 8-15 mm long and 5—10mm broad, slightly notched at apex, claw fringed-hairy; staminal tube and filaments almost glabrous or very sparsely and minutely papillose; fruit 7-8mm in diameter; carpels 15—18, back rather copiously stellate-hairy except at very base, with linear dorsal ridge, transversely rugose at margins; sides transversely rugose in rather broad peripheral part, central part smooth and sparsely and finely farinose; carpels 2.75—-3 mm long and 2.25—3 mm broad, back ca. 1.5mm broad; seed reniform, brown, glabrous, sparsely and minutely whitish- verrucose especially in lower part. Fl. July—August; fr. August—Sep- tember. (Plate VII, Figure 1.) Banks of Lower Volga, Baer Knolls, solonchak sites in delta of River Volsa; alone beach. =>, European part:s2L. Va; (Centra, Asia: usyrs Daj Kyze kK: Endemic. Described from Krasnoarmeisk (Sarepta, 1839, Wunderlich). Type in Leningrad. Note. Inits typical form, the species is widely distributed in, and apparently confined to, the delta of the River Volga and the adjoining coast. It differs markedly from the preceding species in the characteristic leaves and the small flowers, as well as in other characters. In Soviet Central Asia, this species is represented by a distinct race (subsp. aralensis Ijin), which often has stiffer leaves with narrower segments, while the en- largement at the base of incisions between the segments is often hardly perceptible. 61006 1 104 Fg a Oe 142 Series 2. Cannabinae Iljin.— Leaves divided down to base; carpels glabrous. 7. A.cannabina L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 686; Baker, Syn. Maly. in Journ. Gas ors oes Vilna Axe Cy Peo dics 1h 4365) BOUss. hl. ond L623) luidloea sab, Rossel’ 232. p 2p (excl. plisarept set astr:); Shimal'a Gr lyusroai Yuzhe Rossen ie. pepe O-, andes. redehsPerechh "ri (Turkests l, 140;..Gcossse iieayic MMGOn— Cac wneho ales wl. Germs Viitabs Cle ie 48 age Zelen., Stroitel'stvo, 11—12 (1939) 59.— Exs.: Alexeenko, Pl. turk. exs. No. 3843; Sinten. Iter. transcasp. pers. No. 949. Perennial, 50—-180cm high, virgately much branched; roots thick; stem mostly erect, terete, hairy from base, covered throughout even in fruiting (sparsely in lower part, more densely above) with short-stellate hairs, these with rays usually appressed and less than 1mm long; petioles shorter than blade, in middle leaves 1—6cm long; upper and partly middle leaves hemplike, 3-parted to base, segments lance-oblong, narrowing toward base (especially central), coarsely and unevenly serrate, usually with larger tooth near middle, lateral segments (except in uppermost leaves) with linear-oblong or oblong, divergent, and somewhat retrorse lobe (hence leaf seemingly 5-cleft); middle leaves 4—-12cm long and 3—-13cm broad, often with broader segments; lower leaves often shaped like geranium leaves, 5-parted, with oblong to suboval lobes; all leaves covered on both sides with many-rayed stellate hairs, more copiously beneath; stipules linear, caducous; flowers in axils solitary, on often reclinate pedicels to 10cm long or on 2- or 3-flowered peduncles to 20cm long, with pedicels 1-~3cm long; both pedicels and peduncles longer than leaves, often 2—4 times; epi- calyx 5-10mm long, two-thirds length of calyx, of 7-9 lanceolate or oblong acuminate segments united to one-third or rarely to middle; calyx 8-12 mm long, parted to two-thirds into broadly ovate or rarely oblong-ovate point- tipped lobes, these connivent in fruit; corolla red or reddish-lilac, 2—3 times length of calyx; petals 18—20(12—30) mm long and 10—15(6—17) mm broad, broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, shallowly notched, claw hairy; staminal column and filaments roughened with scattered and very short papillae; fruit 7-9 mm in diameter; carpels 12—16, back glabrous throughout, with distinct dorsal ridge, with transversal wrinkles extending onto sides; carpel sides smooth and lightly farinaceous in central part; the carpel 3-3.5mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, back 1-2 mm broad; seed dark brown or grayish- brown, reniform, 2.5—3 mm long and 2—2.5mm broad, glabrous, covered with small light-colored warts. Fl. June—September; fr. July—October. (Blake Win Picture! S.). Light deciduous woods, more rarely pine woods, wood margins, shrub thickets (Cotoneaster, Paliurus, etc.), especially onstony slopes, chalk slopes and limestone, meadows, rarely needlegrass and forb steppes, weedy places, roadsides, waste places, pastures, and parks.— European part: Bit) ) erin eCauessns: Cisc..Daga, HYS.and We Lranse),) Malti ena Asie Sy De Eom Anat Dean. Als Mini} Durkm, “Gentdistat: Elunceaiay (introduced), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd.,Iran. Described from Hungary, Italy and Narbonne. Type in London. Economic importance. An ornamental plant. According to foreign data, the fiber, with an output of 12%, was used in earlier times for fine fabrics. 105 143 According to V. L. Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova, as well as A. A. Arno and N. I. Nesterovich, the fiber of this plant is not suitable for spinning, as it is brittle, it tears and breaks easily and has limited elasticity. The stem may be used for paper manufacture. A honey plant. 8. A.narbonensis Pourr. in Cav. Diss. 1 (1790) 94; DC. Prodr. I, 436.— A.cannabina subsp. narbonensis (Pourr) Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXVIII (1890) 141.— A.cannabina palmatipartita Zelen. Mat. FI. Kryma (1906) 225.— ? A.multiflora Zelen1.c. non Rehb.-— Ic.: Cav. Diss. ,t. SXixX, 2: Bonnier, Fl Compl. France; suisse,et) Beloe, IL) tab, 9 Besos, Ble) tals exs.)No.599) Perennial, 50—150cm high, branched, often only in inflorescence; roots rather thick; stem mostly erect, terete, covered from base and throughout upper part with stellate-fasciculate hairs, these with spreading overlapping rays 1—2mm long; petioles shorter than blade, those of middle leaves 1—6 cm long; upper leaves 5-parted, segments oblong or lanceolate, unevenly and coarsely serrate, central segment attenuated at base, lateral segments confluent at base; uppermost leaves sometimes 3-parted into linear seg- ments; middle leaves almost round, 4-10cm long, cordate at base, 5-cleft or rarely 5-parted into mostly oval or rounded-oval lobes; all leaves covered above with more or less appressed 2-pronged and many-pronged hairs, lower surface usually silky-lustrous with dense subappressed fascicled many -pronged hairs; stipules linear, wilting and soon falling; flowers in terminal paniculate few-flowered inflorescence as well as in axils of upper leaves, solitary (pedicels to 10cm long) or on 2 to 8-flowered peduncles to 10—15cm long, with relatively short pedicels; pedicels and peduncles 1‘/>-3 times length of leaves; epicalyx 5-8 mm long, parted to */:—7/; into 6—9 oblong or lanceolate segments, */;—°/, length of calyx; calyx 7-10mm long, divided to thy into ovate or oblong-ovate cuspidate lobes, these connivent to cover fruit; corolla pink-violet to reddish-violet, 14/9 times length of calyx; petals 15(12)—20mm long and 7-14mm broad, obovate to oblong-obovate, slightly notched at apex, claw hairy-fringed; staminal column and filaments sparsely and very minutely scaberulous-papillose; fruit 7—8 mm in diameter, of 11—14 carpels; back of carpel glabrous throughout, with distinct dorsal ridge and with transversal wrinkles extending onto sides; carpel sides smooth and lightly farinaceous in central part; carpel 3.5mm long and 3mm broad, back to 1.5—2 mm broad; seed dark brown, reniform,ca. 3mm long and 2mm broad, glabrous, covered with small slight-colored warts. Fl. June—September; fr. July—October. (Plate VII, Figure 4.) Woods, coppices, wood margins and glades, parks, vineyards, wooded and rocky slopes.— European part: M. Dnp., Bl., Crim. Gen. distr.: S. France, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece (?), Rumania. Described from the vicinity of Narbonne. Type in France. Note. Up till now, this species has not been recognized in the USSR and throughout southeastern Europe. It has only been reported for the South of France, Spain and northern Italy. All records for the Balkans are ours, on the basis of herbarium specimens. Earlier records of A.canna- bina L. inthe Ukraine refer infact to A.narbonensis Pourr. Indi- cations for Lower Volga should be referred to A.broussonetiifolia 106 144 145 Iljin. The distribution area of A.narbonensis, contiguous with that of A.cannabina L.,is more northerly and does not extend far to the east; there are no records of it from the Caucasus or from Soviet Central Asia. All the same, its occurrence in the Caucasus is quite likely. Concerning Near Asia, there is no certainty as to the occurrence of this species, since the species described by Boissier from Taurus Mts. [Toros Daglari] — A.kotschyi Boiss. (Diagn. ser.,2,1 (1856) 102),as well as Wiedeman's specimens from Amasya and from Tokat and are almost identical with A.narbonensis Pourr. The scarcity of material and its incompleteness (no mature carpels available) preclude final judgment. In the contact area, transitions between A.cannabina L. and A.narbonensis Pourr. are possible. Some authorities (e. g., L. Celakovsky, @esterr: Bot, Zeimsehu: XXIX (1889) 286) maintain that A.narbonensis Pourr. also differs from A.cannabina L. in leaf segmentation, approaching A.taurinensis DC. in this respect, but a close scrutiny of all the material at our disposal, re- | lating to this species, has shown that leaf segmentation is not a consistent character and displays a wide range of variation from the typical leaf of A.cannabina L. evenin southern France. Genus 888. MALVALTHAEA® Iljin Iljin in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, V, 1 (1924) 9 Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, solitary in leaf axils; epicalyx of 3—5 dis- tinct or partly united segments, some segments seemingly 2-lobed; calyx- lobes gradually long-acuminate, covering fruit; petals truncate at apex; fruit separating into carpels, these transversely wrinkled on back, with dorsal line. Monotypic genus of hybrid origin. 1. M.transcaucasica (Sosn.) Lijec) 95. ‘Grosse. Ea iayike sll Gee Mathva triams'eam calsiica,Sosn:) im Vestn) Tifl., Bot, Sada, S2"(or4) ano: Annual, to 25cm high; stems solitary or several, terete, simple or branched from base, more or less densely covered with long spreading simple bristly tubercle-based hairs as well as stellate hairs; petioles twice length of blade, only in upper leaves shorter, with indument like that of stem, flatly channeled above; leaf-blade more or less round, glabrous or sporadically appressed-hairy above, with simple and usually some stellate hairs on veins beneath, both surfaces minutely pitted (lens!); radical leaves slightly 3—5-lobed, with shallow semicircular lobes, irregularly crenate- dentate; cauline leaves palmately 3- or 5-cleft or even parted into linear segments, these dilated at end and 3-lobed in turn; stipules lanceolate or linear, herbaceous, margin long-ciliate; flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels with indument like that of stem, not distinctly jointed, 2—6 times length of flower, exceeding leaves, only uppermost as long as or shorter than leaves; epicalyx usually of 3 distinct lanceolate or ovate, mostly long- acuminate segments, covered with long simple tubercle-based hairs, and with or without some stellate hairs; epicalyx-segments sometimes more numerous and some of them connate; calyx united at base, lobes oblong or more often lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, with indument similar to * Combining the names Malva and Althaea,to indicate the hybrid origin of the plant. 107 146 that of epicalyx, with tubercle-based hairs on margin, somewhat accrescent in fruit, connivent at apex and covering fruit; corolla rosy,in dry condition light violet, paler at base, slightly shorter to longer than calyx; petals broad- ly cuneate, truncate at apex, margin finely erose; staminal column glabrous; carpels 12—15, back slightly wrinkled transversely, with dorsal line, sides with very pronounced radially disposed ridges; seed light brown, glabrous and smooth. Fl. April—May; fr. May—June (Plate IV, Figure 2) Wormwood steppes, rocks, more rarely as a weed.— Caucasus: E. and S.Transc.: Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described as Malva from numerous specimens, the first being from Geok-Tepe. Type in Tbilisi. Note. This genus is most probably a hybrid, the result of a cross between Althaea hirsuta L. and Malva leiocarpa Iljin. It occurs only where these two species grow together. Its morphological characters are intermediate between these species, approaching either one or the other. It resembles Althaea hirsuta L. in aspect but formally, on account of its epicalyx, it is referrable to the genus Malva. The epicalyx-segments are either distinct or partly united and approaching the genus Althaea. The corolla comes closer to either Althaea hirsuta L. orto Malva leiocarpa Iljin. As regards indument, this genus is furnished with both simple long spreading hairs, like those of Althaea hirsuta,and 4- pronged and stellate hairs, resembling those of M.leiocarpa I[ljin. In any case, this hybrid genus has a well defined distribution area; within its limits, especially in Eastern Transcaucasia, it appears in massive concen- tration. It may be considered an example of the formation of a young genus, as yet insufficiently differentiated from the parental forms. Genus 889. ABUTILON* Adans. Adans. Fam. II (1763) 398 Flowers without epicalyx and bracts, solitary in leaf axils; corolla often large, mostly yellow; styles filiform or clavate, villous at top; carpels from 5 to indefinite, rounded or beaked at top, 1-celled, 3—9-seeded, arranged one above another, remaining on carpophore or falling in maturity and dehiscent by two valves. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, rarely small trees, with mostly stellate indument; leaves mostly unlobed, cordate, more rarely lobed. A large genus, containing about 100 species distributed through tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres. 1. A.theophrasti Medic. Malv. (1787) 28; Baker in Journ. of Bot. XXXI, 24: (Crosse. Fly) Kavkw Mill, 58.— Sida vabutilon 1. Spy pla G53) ison Siimlia et olitapmicchsa@at.| Hort: iGorenk, ) (0812) 55:5 DCi se rods 64/0 Abutilon abutilon Rusby, List of Pter. and Sperm. in Mem. of theTorr. Bot. Club, V (1893-1894) 222; Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. % Name given by the Bukharian philosopher and physician Avicenna or Ibn-Sina (980-1037) to the species described below, and hence in 1791 this species was named after him. The name Abutilon is derived from the Greek words a — not,bous — bull,and tilos — watery excrement, the plant being used as a remedy for diarrhea in cattle (Rogovich). 108 Il, 740.— A.avicennae Gartn. De fruct. et sem. (1791) PASS ALsClloy.,) 1st Al) Ross le4 39) Boiss. Ml ork 6565) Samal oii. 1 765, 0hiniin Gal Yyupo> Vest: WGlo om bile Meanch vias Ils" @ emda Wwedeh.Penech. neilur wesite lh, Lasi5, Ie.: Rchb. Ie. Fl. Germ. V, tab. CLXVI, No. 4862; [l'in,1.c.694, Figure 480. Annual, 25—150cm high (rarely lower); stem erect, cylindric, simple or with short flowering branchlets at top, almost velutinous in upper part with dense coat of glandular hairs; lower part (especially of long stems) sparsely hairy, with regularly reticulated periderm, reminiscent of maple bark; leaves long-petioled, with blade to 15cm long, broad-ovate, deeply cordate, long- acuminate, gently crenate, green on both sides and velvety with dense cover of stellate hairs; flowers borne both on main stem and on branchlets in raceme or,in the case of large plants,in racemose-paniculate inflores - cence; pedicels as long as or longer than flower; subtending leaves sur- passing flowers as well as axillary flowering branchlets; pedicels jointed 147 above middle; calyx cleft down to or just below middle, lobes oblong-oval, oval or rounded-oval, mucronate, with midnerve prominent at base, densely stellate-hairy often with some glandular hairs at base; corolla 6-15mm long, half as long again to twice as long as calyx, pale yellow, obovate petals slightly notched at apex; staminal column short, conic; fruit 14-2 times calyx length; carpels 12—15, densely covered with soft bristles, tipped by aristate recurved beak (hence fruit stellate in top view), mostly blackish in maturity (upon removal of yellowish waxy coat); seed reniform, ca. 4mm broad, dark, minutely whitish-verrucose (lens!). Fl. July—September; fr, August—October. As a weed of cotton, millet, etc., field margins, gardens and parks, river valleys and depressions near pits, estuaries, mostly singly, mainly in southern-steppe and desert zones. — European part: M.Dnp. (S.), U. V. (rare), Bis i. Don Mransy. (i Was (Caucasus: \Cises, Dacl, Wise anG! Baiiinance : Maley Centr, Asia =) Ar. 'Casow Balikhe, 7 Waves. itm: (iui maseukeenecaneen Kye, Amu Dy, Sy D. 2) she) Pam Al) GenwWidistr.. ) Med Atbiecar Acie Australia, and America. Described from India. Type in London. Economic importance. Long cultivated for its coarse fiber which is suitable for making sackcloth, binder twine, string, hammocks, fishing nets, etc. The fiber is fairly tough, water-resistant, whitish-gray, but coarse and brittle. According to Surkov, fiber output amounts to 14-27% dry weight; the fibers are 1.547—1.595 mm long and 0.0136 —0.0235 mm thick; according to Medvedev fiber output amounts to 27% dry weight and the fibers are 4-5mm long and 12—16 microns thick. Iol'son reports that 1 hectare of cultivated Abutilon may yield about 1 ton of fiber; wild-growing, it would yield about 0.5 ton; the yield of stem residues suitable for paper manufac- ture and for fuel, would be 5 and 2.5 tons, respectively. According to Iol'son and Stepanov, the seeds contain a large amout (15—20% and even up to 30% dry weight) of oil, golden-yellow in color, almost tasteless and odorless. In its chemical constants, this oil approaches cotton, sesame and peanut oil; it is a semidrying oil forming a colorless film, adhering well to glass without peeling off. This oil, when natural and even more so when refined, is quite suitable for use in food and for hydrogenation. Inferior grades may be used as varnish oil, as supplement to drying oils for technical purposes and for use in soap manufacture. The oil is soluble in chloroform, benzene, extraction gasoline, carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. According 148 to G. R. Stepanov's data, the specific gravity of the oil at 15°C is 0.9186 109 149 (according to L. M. Iol'son, 0.9300—0.9315), specific viscosity 8.4, refractive index 1.470, solidification point +17°C; melting point +12°C and -12°C, flash point 264°C, fatty acid solidification point +22°C, fatty acid melting point +32°C, acid number 4.4528 (according to Iol'son, 3.11—6.36), saponification number 190.5 (according to Iol'son, 189.3—192.6), fatty acid neutralization number 199.81, mean molecular weight of fatty acids 280.7, Hehner num- ber 95%, Reichert-Meissl] number 0.9896, Polenske value 1.3471, iodine number 123 (according to Iol'son, 124.2—1 33.2), amount of glycerin 10.17, unsaponifiable residue 0.8%. The fatty acids closely resemble in their physical properties those of soybean oil. The chemical composition of seeds, according to Iol'son,is as follows: water 8.7—9.7%, crude fat 16.0—16.5%, crude protein 17.4—19.8%, cellulose 16.9—-19.7%, ash 4.4—5.35%, nitrogen-free extract 31.75—33.8%; as computed for dry weight, the seeds contain 17.58—18.27% crude fat and 18.66—21.35% crude protein. A. Belozerskii obtained 9.0g¢g pure protein per 250g seed meal; it contained histidine, asparagine, tyrosine and lysine. V.N. Nordman reports that the flowers are used for coloring wines; in China they are used for making India ink. According to data of the Division of Plant Resources of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, air-dried leaves contain 0.18—0.20% vitamin C. A.A. Grossgeim gives the leaf yield of rubbery substances as 0.28%. In home medicine, a decoction of roots and an infusion of flowers are used to some extent both externally and internally, mostly in treatment of inflammatory conditions. A honey plant, but not of great importance. Note. Another species sometimes cultivated in the south for fiber is A.indicum Sw. It differsfrom T.theophrasti Medic. in having smaller leaves, grayish beneath and more coarsely toothed; the stem is covered with small appressed stellate hairs. Hybrids between this species and A.theophrasti occur in the Soviet Union. Beside this species, certain other Asian species of this genus have been cultivated for technical use, especially in the Northern Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory), such as A.asiaticum G.Don, A.crispum G. Don, A.fruti- cosum Guill. et Perr.,the American A.mollissimum Sweet,etce. Or- namental species grown on the Black Sea coast include the large-flowered, bright-colored South American species — A.regnellii Miq.,A.sello- vianum Rgl.,etc. No complete list of species grown in the USSR has yet been drawn up. The species so far known in the USSR are included in the following key. if ierem covered with horizontaliv spreadine: hadrsh'.).72).)). OUet eee 2 « Stem with closely appressed, mostly velvety pubescence ....... 3. 2. Annuals; calyx not more than 5mm long, strongly reflexed in fruit; corolla not exceeding 5mm in length; fruit globose, awnless; carpels GrSstinet downto base rst Peta pene esas eerie et AS A. crispum G. Don. F Shrubs; calyx not less than 12—20mm long, not strongly reflexed in fruit; corolla ca.15—20mm long; fruit slightly oblong, carpels united + OBIS IN dS rR AT BREN S OMAN? TS NICELY RCN DEE Se A. mollissimum Sw. Ju lowenrsireddish=purpl ey to. yoy SE Rr DUR AL Tae a See oer nae 4, 35 Hilowensiy ellow sorvyellowis 6:2) Aaa: 0. ae ase ark aoe ney 2 eae ea aan 5. 4. Calyx verrucose, densely covered with nonappressed stellate hairs Pim awierite bed 1 xuftei Recideay (ash tae SS! oP ake SEN OME PR OA 2 eetletse gROR Cs MARR ER A. regnellii Miq. 110 150 a Calyx smooth, with closely appressed pubescence, not verrucose, with Spreading Conduplicatersiepalisy) sey 6/2). si) eels bl \aeen A. sellowianum Rel. Fee Oarpelicn ars thine ty COM sO) DAS EY wae). 8 of Patent eyes ectelt aa 8 A.crispum G. Don. oP Carpelcidvs tinct, Only at sbOpws ie seme its .s. fa. fe ks) Syke Me Obie ahem ram amet te ne 6. 6) # Staminal columm smooth; annual plant ).o4.).42). 1, A. theophrasti Medic. a be iera tite se @ Lana rail ea ley Wak) abret alatcemeees te far Veta!) , heer, Hl Bl Vet to SGOe ileulieas Der. i kust. Kryma (Trees and Shrubs of Crimea), Figure 41.— Exs.;: Baenitz, Herb. Dendrol. 7 1x 1899. Shrub, to 300cm high; young branches covered with scattered stellate hairs and usually with dense short crisped hairs mostly ranged in two stripes; woody parts glabrous; petioles much shorter than blade, densely covered above with short crisp hairs; blade ovate, cuneate at base, coarsely and usually doubly incised-toothed in upper part, often 3-lobed or even 3-parted, with larger central segment, glabrous and green on both sides or sparsely covered with simple hairs on veins and stellate between veins, usually puncticulate above, upper leaves often cuneate-rhombic; stipules hirsute; flowers axillary, solitary, often double; pedicels very short, densely stellate-hairy; bractlets 5—10, linear, briefly united at base, sometimes slightly enlarged in upper part, acute at apex, shorter to longer than calyx, with scattered stellate hairs or subglabrous; calyx campanulate, 12—20 mm long, very densely stellate-pubescent, yellowish-green or yellowish-rufescent, united to middle, with triangular acute lobes; corolla 35—65 mm long, 3—4 times length of calyx, rose-purple or reddish-lilac, rarely white, with dark spot at center; petals oblong-ovate, rounded at apex, claw with long -bearded margins; staminal column glabrous; style and stamens shorter than petals; capsule ovaloid, briefly constricted at top, 20-27 mm long, exceeding calyx by Ya—“Va its length; ferruginous with dense stellate hairs; seeds large, 3.5—-5 mm long, reniform, compressed, smooth, dark brown, glabrous on sides, covered on back with dense long hairs forming a kind of wreath around seed. Fl. June—September; fr. September—October. Mountain slopes, — Caucasus; Tak Gen. distr: As: Mane, Arena hound, Iran, Ind/-Him.,Jap.-Chi. Described from Syria. Type in Londen. Economic importance. This plant is mainly valuable as an ornamental. It is grown for this purpose throughout the world's tropical and subtropical li 154 regions. This species has a fiber content of about 10% of air-dried weight of stems. The fiber is inferior in quality to kenaf, shorter (averaging about 14u in length), grayish-brown, shiny, moderately strong, soft; it is used for cordage and for paper manufacture. The seeds contain 24.6% light-yellow oil, with iodine number 98.93 (according to S. L. Ivanov and I. F. Kokotkina). The species is used in popular medicine. The flowers are eaten in China. The leaves are used as a tea substitute and as a shampoo. A honey plant. Note. Because of cultivation since very early times in all the conti- nents, it is difficult to determine with certainty the origin of this species. Most probably the homeland of this plant is China and, possibly, Near Asia. According to some authorities (V.1. Lipskii, Hohenacker, Colenati, and others), it is not a cultivated plant in Lenkoran' area of the Caucasus, but A. A. Grossgeim maintains that it is naturalized in the Caucasus. The plant is cultivated in the extreme southern part of the European part of the USSR (Crimea), in the Caucasus, and in Soviet Central Asia. Section 3. FURCARIA DC. Prodr. I (1824) 449,emend. Hochr. l.c. 101.— Bractlets forked at apex, rarely entire, linear or setiform, ciliate, always more or less adnate to calyx at base; calyx-lobes with thickened margin and midrib. *H. cannabinus L. Syst. ed. X (1759) 1149; Cavanill. Monad. Diss. III, 143°) DC Prodr! 1,.450:\\Hochr: Rev. sen) Hibiscus; wl4. — lel: Cavaniils tec) tab, EIbt As Pir iWedvedev’ in'kul't. ly (SSSR) V.Pigure 120—124: Annual, to 300—400cm high; stem simple or branched, erect, glabrous, sometimes with sparse sharp tubercles; leaves long-petioled, the lower entire or nearly so, middle and upper mostly deeply palmately 3—7-cleft into oblong or oblong-oval acuminate, serrated segments with rounded interstices between serrations, green and glabrous on both sides; flowers solitary in axils, short-pediceled; bractlets 7—10, linear, adnate at base to and shorter than calyx, recurved in fruit; calyx minutely hairy, lobes elon- gate-linear, stiff, prickly-ciliate on margin, triangular toward base; corolla large, yellow, creamy or white, with reddish-purple spot at base; capsule ovoid or rounded-ovoid, shorter than calyx-lobes, densely covered with long simple antrorse appressed hairs, dehiscing by 5—7 valves; seed angled, irregularly reniform,ca.5mm long and 2.5mm broad, brown or dark gray, glabrous, smooth, covered with scattered light-colored chaff. Fl. July— SepLembers ir. AususyOctober: Widely cultivated in Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia; grown extensively throughout the tropics. Wild-growing in Africa and Asia. Economic importance. Mainly a fiber plant, yielding a whitish or some- times yellowish fiber of good quality, with a silky sheen, tough, with tensile strength of 25—30kg and average fiber length 2—3 mm and thickness 12—20u; technical thread length 150-180cm. As regards fiber quality, kenaf hibis- cus is somewhat inferior to jute, but superior to Abutilon theophrasti. Fiber output, according to P. F. Medvedev, ranges from 9 to 22% air-dry weight of stems. The yield of fiber per stem fluctuates between 12 and 50g; this works out at 1—-1.5 tons of fiber yield per hectare, the stem yield being d5—-10 tons. Kenaf fiber is used for making string, binder twine, fishing nets, 114 155 burlap, wrapping cloth, tarpaulin, upholstery and napped fabrics, as well as tablecloths and napkins. The chemical dry weight composition of kenaf stems, as reported by P. F. Medvedev, is as follows: moisture 10.50%, ash 2.80% (comprising iron 14.30%, calcium 19.76%, magnesium 16.95%, potassium 14.0%, sulfur dioxide 13.38%), PoOs 0.269%, total nitrogen 0.39%, protein nitrogen 1.40%, cellulose 49.04%, pectins 14.50%, fats 1.20%, lignin 16.44%. The foliage is used in some countries as a substitute for spinach. The flowers contain a red dyestuff, particularly valuable for use with food products. The seed contains on the average 20% (17.9—35%) oil; this is amber-yellow or golden-yellow in color, transparent, stays well, with a smell reminiscent of fresh hemp oil and taste resembling that of sunflower oil; it is not inferior in quality to cotton or peanut oil. Beside its food value, the oil has technical uses; it is easily hydrogenated and belongs among semidrying oils; inferior grades are used for soap manufacture. The following constants have been determined for kenaf oil: iodine number 93.81—104.77 (Ya. Peive), 93.81—106.0 (L. Iol'son), 102.5 (M. Bauman); acid number 3.2 (M. Bauman), saponification value 194.5 (M. Bauman), 193.8—196.1 (Ya. Peive). The oil contains, according to Peive: palmitic acid 12.45%, stearic acid 7%, oleic acid 53.67%, linoleic acid 22.88%, and glycerin 10.65%. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.9206—0.9261 at 15°C. M.Bauman reports the following chemical composition for the seed: crude protein 24.9%, crude fat 19.3%, nitrogen-free extractive 27.9%, cellulose 19.8%, ash0.5%, water 7.6%. The protein of kenaf seed contains, according to A. Belozerskii, water-soluble protein 15.38%, lst globulin 16.50%, 2nd globulin 18.41; the water-soluble protein contains: histidine 2.57%, arginine 6.23%, tyrosine 1.80, lysine 3.05%; 1st globulin: histidine 3.24%, arginine 12.16%, tyrosine 2.04%, and lysine 1.95%; 2nd globulin: histidine 3.68%, arginine 13.60%, tyrosine 2.13%, and lysine 2.63%. The seed yield per hectare ranges from 2 to 10 tons. *H. sabdariffa L. Sp. pl. (1753) 695; Cavanill. Monad. Diss. II, 170; Dee rodriiy iy 4oasihochrs prev.) Senriphabiseusy kG. Annual, 200—300cm high; stems erect, often reddish, mostly branched, glabrous except for slight pubescence at nodes; leaves long-petioled, un- divided or more often deeply 3—5-palmatipartite, sometimes divided down to base, serrulate, cuneate or especially the lower sometimes rounded at base, green and glabrous on both sides; flowers solitary in axils, on short hairy pedicels; bractlets 8—12, united at base and adnate to sepals; calyx soft-hairy in united part, lobes elongated, subglabrous, reddish-tinged on back, lobes and bractlets fleshy; corolla yellow or creamy; capsule densely covered with simple antrorse appressed hairs, shorter than calyx; seed large,ca.5mm long, reniform, glabrous, verrucose, rufous-brown. Fl. in fall in the USSR. Occasionally grown in the USSR, in Transcaucasia and in Central Asia, at present mostly for experimental purposes. Maturity can only be secured by means of photoperiodic treatment or vernalization. Cultivated through- out the tropics. Economic importance. The stems yield a fairly tough fiber which is used for making cord and binder twine, as well as sackcloth. The main impor- tance of the plant is,however, its use in food. The fleshy calyxes are mainly used, sometimes together with the capsules (without seeds). They are used 115 156 LS) 7 in preparation of cakes, puddings, jellies, jams, soft drinks, and occasionally pickles. The petals contain the dye substances hibiscin and gossypetin, used for coloring medicinal syrups, liqueurs and other drinks. The plant has medicinal value and is listed in Indian and Mexican pharmacopoeias as a diuretic, an antiscorbutic and as a remedy for gastric complaints; the leaves, fruit and seed are used for this purpose. ‘The seed contains about 20% oil. Another species of this section grown as an experimental crop is H.surratensis L. which differs from other species described here in its forked bractlets (a fiber plant). Section 4. LILIBISCUS Hochr. Rev. gen. Hibiscus (1900) 130.— Bract- lets distinct, glabrous, linear, shorter than calyx; sepals partly united; column of stamens and pistil exserted from corolla. *H.rosa-sinensis L. Sp. pl. (1753) 694; Cavaniil. Monad. Diss. III. W582 IX, Pieoclie, i. 44s) leloelarenir, Loe.) USS less Ckhveialll Ie. alo, ILZD<. fey: A small tree or shrub, 3—6m high; annotinous shoots slightly pubescent; petioles shorter than blade, heavily pubescent; leaves ovate, rounded or in upper leaves slightly cuneate at base, acuminate, coarsely dentate, green and glabrous on both sides, or principal veins with short simple hairs, especially beneath; stipules linear-acuminate, ensiform; flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels very long, covered with short hairs, jointed considerably below flower; bractlets 6—8, linear, almost distinct, half length of calyx or slightly longer; calyx narrowly campanulate, united part longer than oblong-trian- gular acute lobes; both calyx and bractlets rather loosely covered with very small 2- or 3-pronged or substellate hairs interspersed with some simple ones; corolla large, up to 8-10cm long, rosy-red, red, or rarely white; petals obovate, rounded at apex, claw bearded on margin; staminal column glabrous, prominently exserted from corolla; capsule subglobose. Widely grown along Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Soviet Central Asia. Native in the tropics and subtropics of South-East Asia. Now ex- tensively grown in all tropical, and partly subtropical, regions. Economic importance. Primarily an ornamental plant, grown for its beautiful flowers which are often double. The seed ripens in the USSR, and the plant can be successfully propagated by cuttings and by seed. The stems contain soft, light-colored, strong fiber of good quality, not inferior to kenaf. According to Shilling, the industrial fiber may reach 300cm in length. It is used in Japan, China and India for cord matting, fishing nets, coarse fabrics, and for paper manufacture. Inthe USSR it is grown solely for ornament. The petals yield a purple dye used for coloring fabrics and liquors, and for dyeing hair. The petals are used in India for preparation of a special kind of marinade. The plant has uses in popular medicine. Section 5. TRIONUM DC. Prodr. I (1824) 453 emend. Hochr. Rev. Gen. Hibiscus (1 900) 136.— Bractlets numerous, linear, distinct, undivided; calyx large,inflated in fruit, many-nerved, the margin nerveless. 116 158 2. H.ponticus Rupr. Fl. cauc. (1869) 251; Lipsk. Fl. Kavk. 261; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Ill,64.— H.palustris Hochr. Rev. genr. Hibiscus (1900) 140, PROM noms aku MicKe2Z99 Ml rauiveninerementa, W622) ator o's cus) Gy Wo- ron. in Tr. Bot. Muz. AN SSSR, VII (1910) 132 et in herb. non Thore. — LPreasicus soon hieus shupry anwverby—le):) Kolakovek “bh; )Abkih.] lit Plate XVIII. Perennial, to 200cm high; stems erect, sturdy, simple, terete, glabrous except for small stellate hairs at top, woody in lower part; leaves large, with petiole shorter than blade; leaf broad-ovate, upper ovate, rounded or scarcely cordate at base, coarsely dentate with larger central teeth or almost 3-lobed, tapering at apex to long point, upper surface dark green, turning brown or black in drying, grayish beneath with dense tomentum of small stellate hairs; stipules lacking; flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves; pedicels much longer than calyx, coarse, stellate-hairy, distinctly jointed below flower; bractlets 10—15, thickish, copiously stellate -hairy like calyx, linear, connate at base, slightly shorter than sepals; calyx cam- panulate, 2—2.5cm long, united up to or just above middle, broadly triangu- lar-ovate lobes apiculate; corolla large, 7-9cm long, 315-4 times length of calyx, rose-colored; petals oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, with glabrous claw, outer surface and margin covered (especially when young) with small scattered stellate hairs; staminal column glabrous; capsule about as long as persistent fruiting calyx, glabrous, prominently reticulate, aristate at top, valves glabrous within, long-hairy on margin; seed strongly convex, ca. 2mm in diameter, glabrous, rufous, verrucose. Fl. July—October; fr. September— November. (Plate VIII.) Seaside bogs of the Black Sea coast.— Caucasus: W. Transe. Endemic Described from the estuary of Sufsa river [Supsa]. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. According to V. L. Nekrasova, I. A. Pankova and L. P. Ponomareva, the plant yields tough and flexible fiber of good quality, resembling kenaf fiber. The fiber length averages 4.5mm, the output being about 12% of total stem weight. The fiber can be used for twine, cord, ropes and sackcloth. P.F.Medvedev reports that 1 hectare may supply 4—5 tons of stems and about 300kg of seed. The seeds contain 13.4% pale yellow oil with iodine number 115.0 (according to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Ko- kotkina). V.L.Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova report tannin inclusions in the heartwood, medullary rays and epidermis. Pectin inclusions were dis- covered in the cortical parenchyma. An attractive plant, deserving more attention for ornamental use. Mote PE pom ECs RupAy US lake Ke o'sitieiic tzilay aN sore atta Chaar pos (L.) Ldb., represents in the Caucasus a very interesting ancient Paleogenic relict, with the same kind of highly disrupted distribution area and a similar type of habitat in seaside bogs, especially in river estuaries, except that Kosteletzkya is associated with different sea basins. H.ponticus Rupr. often grows together with Osmunda regalis L., Ilene) imaypoylahiseralia pram nave cdiwie dehy, 1) Alb.) Pitie mio ateyia, ie a uiearsiie aa C. A.M. and other relict plants. It is distributed on the Black Sea coast from the estuary of Kodoriin Abkhazia to Chorokh (Goruh) River, i. e., down to the country's southern frontier. In the same work (Flora caucasica, p. 299) F. Ruprecht, who established this species, questions whether this might not be H.palustris L. described by Linnaeus from North America. La ag Yu. N Voronov (Tr. Bot. Muz., 1910, 132) expresses even greater doubt as to the independent status of the Caucasian species, and he suggests the possibility of connection with the Italo-French species H.roseus Thore. In the Herbarium there is an actual sequel relating to this conclusion, as there are determinations of this plant in Voronov's own handwriting that read H.roseus Thore (=H.ponticus Rupr.). In actual fact H.roseus so closely resembles the Caucasian species that it can only be distinguished by rather insignificant characters. The difference has thus been defined by F. Ruprecht: in the Caucasian species the leaves are cuneate or rounded at base, in the Italian they are cordate; the stem of the Caucasian is simple, that of the Italian branched; pedicels of the former are distinctly jointed, those of the latter lack a joint; the stigmas of H.ponticus reach 7 of corolla length, those of H.roseus only reach the middle of the corolla. A review of the Herbarium material has shown that only the first character is significant for the purpose of distinguishing these species; the others are inconsistent; moreover, this can only be stated with certainty with regard to the French specimens: there are only two Italian plants in the collection and their leaves have no distinctly cordate base. In Italy, H.roseus Thore grows in seaside bogs in the Venice region and along the coast of Tuscany, i.e., side by side with Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (ES) Ldb.; in the Tuscan location, a white- or yellow-flowered race of H.aquaticus DC. is known, beside the rose-colored. H.roseus Thore is also reported from Mantua, by the Po River,i.e.,at a considerable dis- tance from the sea, where it probably penetrated across the marshes of the river valley from the Venetian thickets of this plant. A long way from here, the species appears again on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, in the bogs of the west coast in the South of France, in the provinces of Landes and Basses-Pyrénées, and penetrates partially into the interior along the Adour River valley. As H.roseus Thore is described from France, the Italian plants, approaching more closely the Caucasian, might be combined with the latter under the name H.ponticus Rupr. However, Fiori states (Nuova Fl. anal. d'Ital. II (1925-1929) 164) that the leaves are more or less cordate at base (may be the description was taken from French authorities?). The Hibiscus that occurs in Africa by the lagoons of the Algerian coast in the bay between the towns of Bougie [Bejaia] and Djidgelli, was identified by Battandieu as H.palustris L. Finally,a North Ameri- can species very closely related to this series —-H.moscheutos L.— also occurs in coastal marshes, along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, from Massachusetts to Louisiana and Texas; it also grows in the interior of the continent in solonetzic bogs by the shores of the lakes Erie and Ontario, on the Canadian side. The American Species differs from the Caucasian and the European ones in very insignificant characters — narrow ovate-lanceolate leaves, clearly cuneate at base; but these characters are not always very pronounced. This is the reason why many American as well as European systematists combine all the species mentioned into one species Hiimios cheuto,s T:,or Hi pa lu stress ely, asuti was incorrectly done by the monographer of the genus Hibiscus Hochreutiner, and, finally,H.roseus Thore. In our view, it is preferable to consider them as separate species of the species-series H.moscheutos L.,the origin of which must be referred to the Paleogenic or even Cretaceous littorals of the Mediterranean. 118 160 3. H.trionum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 697; DC. Prodr. I, 453; Hochr. Rev. gen. Hibiscus, 144; Boiss. Fl. or. 1,840; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 64; OFA} anes. A Pedch. Perech:’ r. Wurkest:. 11, 143; Shmial'o.) FY) 1T,'1 79); iintine Fl) Yugo-Vost. V,705;)Kom. and Alis. @pred. ‘rast. Dal"nevost. kr. 11, 740; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. III,33.— H.ternatus Cavan. Monad. Diss. (eoOiT2) lida rly Rossi) 438; Maxim: Prima Fl) amur) Gl.—/H) ves 1 > Ca minis (Can ye Ik) Ness (hola, enaclMAlhisn ACh eloel salon wy Ay eee IIL im, alia HEP MUO VOSt alc) orieure cet. best TN SEV, ho oe mC ayannliy lie, IDV ie 2 and i3:= Rehbs le. Vi) tabliC Lexx f 4860. Annual, 5—75cm high; stem erect, usually angularly bent at the nodes, covered with scattered stiff 2- or 3-pronged and fascicled hairs, and with two strands of short softer hairs decurrent from leaf base, mostly branched, lower branches elongated, ascending or almost decumbent; petioles as long as or shorter than blade; uppermost leaves mostly unlobed or slightly lobed, spatulate or rounded-oval in upper part, rounded or slightly cordate at base, often marcescent; lower cauline and first branch leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the segments directed upwards, scarcely lobed at top; other cauline leaves 3-parted to base, divisions oblong pinnately cleft or lobulate, cuneately narrowing toward base, middle division longest, with obtuse lobules some- times dissected in turn, basal lobules of outer segments often recurved; upper surface of all leaves glabrous or with few scattered simple bristles on principal veins, green; lower surface slightly paler, with simple and 2 to 3-pronged bristles interspersed with stellate hairs, margin often purple-edged; stipules setaceous-subulate, long-ciliate; flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels longer than subtending petioles, jointed below flower, in fruit strongly curved at joint; epicalyx-bractlets 10—13, linear, ciliate with long spreading bristles, arched-upturned, in flower 7/,—3/, length of calyx, in fruit half length of calyx or less; calyx campanulate, pale, 20-nerved, nerves purple, in dry condition almost blackish-violet, with elevated tu- bercles bearing fascicled long-rayed bristly hairs, internerves glabrous or stellate -hairy like tips of teeth and folds between them; flowering calyx 10—15 mm long, parted to middle into broad triangular teeth, these hairy within; fruiting calyx inflated, 15—30mm long and 10—20mm broad, teeth one-third its length; corolla 17—33 mm long, 14/>—2 times length of calyx, pale yellow with large purple eye, in prolonged drying orange with blackish- violet eye; petals oblong-obovate to obovate, rounded at apex, with scattered, somewhat fugacious hairs on outside, claw obsoletely hairy-margined or glabrous; staminal column short, abruptly dome-shaped at base, covered with long bristly hairs; seeds reniform or irregularly so, convex, 2-3 mm long and 1.75—-2.5mm broad, reddish-brown or grayish-cinnamon or oliva- ceous, glabrous, densely verrucose. Fl. June—October; fr. June—November. Steppe and desert slopes, sand and pebble banks of rivers and lakes, pebble conglomerate and stone-and-gravel habitats, most commonly waste and ruderal places and as weed, especially of cotton, corn, durra sorghum, soybean, alfalfa, rubber-bearing plants, rice, etc., also in fallows and edges of fields planted with southern crops. — European part: Bes., Bl., Crim., M. Dnp. (S.), V.=Don (S.), LL. V.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., We, BE) and S: Transc., Tal.; E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balin Ozue— arbre lash. oy. 0). Ani Di ePana All. Koy eianca Keer igrae Turkm. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (S.), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran, Arm. - Kurd., Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Tib., Mong., Jap.-Chi., Indo-China, all Africa, Australia, America. Described from Italy and Africa. Type in London. 119 162 Economic importance. According to A. Kh. Rollov,a diaphoretic syrup is prepared from the leaves. According to M. M.I1'in's data, the herbage contains about 0.3% of rubber substances. Data supplied by the Kamenetsk- Podol'sk Institute of Technical Crops (D. Vakulin), states that the seed contains 23.8% of oi]; according to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina — only 18% of pale yellow oil with iodine number 125.0. Sometimes grown as ornamental. Note. Evidently a species of East Mediterranean origin, now wide- spread in all continents, through the tropics and subtropics, and penetrating into the southern steppe areas of the northern hemisphere. In spite of the extraordinarily extensive distribution area, the species retains throughout its essential morphological features. Various specimens do not, however, conform to the description given above. Already Barrelier (Icon. pl. 1714) presents a good reproduction in Figure 471 (Alcea veneta,etc. =H. trio- num L. of ourdescription), and in Figure 472 (Alcea africana, etc. =H.trionum var. hispidus DC.), of two markedly different forms. Subsequently, Linnaeus presents, in addition to the typical species, the fommyS Weltimilatvy€ Siclamivay alr icana, quoting Mourneiontayliney, correspond to the two types defined by Barrelier. Descriptions of new forms of H.trionum affiliation soon beganto appear, even during Linnaeus' lifetime. Thus, Miller (1768) describes H.africanus Miller and H.hispidus Miller. The renowned monographer of the order Mal- vales, Cavanilles (1790), mentions three related species: H.trionum L., with leaves dissected down to petiole into narrow lanceolate coarsely serrate-crenate divisions, from Africa and Carniolia (Eastern Italian Alps), and in support of his view he refers to Linnaeus! ''Species plantarum" (1753) and his ''Hortus upsalensis" (1748); H.ternatus Cav. (non Mast.), also with leaves dissected down to petiole but pinnatisect or pinnatilobate, i. e€., Specimens to which present-day authorities apply the name H.trio- num L.,a species reported from North Africa. Cavanilles includes a supporting reference to Lobel (Icon. 1591, tab. 803), who is also cited by Linnaeus but,in this case,as a synonym of his typical species H.trio- num L.,as Lobel presents only the species described here. Finally,the third species introduced by Cavanilles — H.vesicarius Cav. differs, according to this authority, inits leaves being merely palmatisect or palmati- lobate;it is also reported from Africa and it is given as a synonym with Journefort's query (Inst.), i.e. he raises the Linnean form B, with some doubt, to the standing of a separate species. All the three species presented by him are supplied with good drawings (LXIV, Figures 1—3). If one were to agree with Cavanilles' treatment of these species, then the species described here for the USSR would have to be named H.ternatus Cav. The well-known monographer of the genus Hibiscus, Hochreutiner (1900) does not agree with Cavanilles' treatments of the species H.trionum L. He maintains that H.trionum s.str. (confirmed by Lobel's illustration) and H.ternatus Cav.,as well as the species described before Cavanilles — H.africanus Miller and H.hispidus Miller — are synonyms which he combined in var. hispidus DC. (Prodr. 1,453). As regards Cavanilles' third species, he reduces it to the rank of variety — var. vesicarius Hochr. It is difficult to say at present who is right in the treatment of the species H.trionum L.,because of inadequacy of available material, al- though Hochreutiner's approach seems to be the correct one. We may (163) PLATE VIII. Hibiscus ponticus Rupr., upper part of the plant, with flowers and fruits, leaf from the middle portion of the stem, dehiscing capsule, seed. 121 165 observe, however, that H.hispidus Miller and H.africanus Miller are not synonymous. It should be noted that Hochreutiner, who favors a more comprehensive and formal conception of the species, applies to var. his - pidus DC. different characters than those proposed by Linnaeus and Cavanilles and incompatible with the latter's illustrations. A review of Soviet herbaria shows that they contain both H.ternatus Cav. and H.trionum Cav.,as conceived by Cavanilles, but specimens of H.trio- num Cay. are few and old. Here belongs one herbarium leaf from Astrakhan. Two herbarium leaves are recorded for the Caucasus; one from A. Overin's collections is identified as Hibiscus calycosus. There are similar specimens from the Cape of Good Hope,in Africa, and from the Salzburg area, in Europe, brought by Eklon from Fischer's her- barium. There are also a few specimens that were grown in botanical gardens, including some grown by Meyer in the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. As nearly all these specimens are stuck onto the same sheet with various other species or even genera, all with a common label, it is quite impossible to determine whether they were collected in the USSR or merely slipped in accidentally as a result of some mistake. We therefore arrive at the conclusion that the species widely distributed in the USSR and described here for the Flora of the USSR, is to be given the name H.trio- num L., while the specimens with serrate segments are to be provisionally established at varietal level as var. africanus (Miller) jin Comb eynove: although they may become a separate species,H.africanus Mill. There have been essentially two different approaches to this question among Russian taxonomists. E. Regel' (Tent. fl. ussur. (1861) 30), in agreement with Cavanilles, calls the species under consideration H.ternatus Cav. and notes that he grew all the three species — H.ternatus Cav.,H.trio- num L. and H.vesicarius Cav.— for many years, without ever noticing any transitions between them. K.Maksimovich (Prim. fl. amur. (1859) 62), while naming the species commonly distributed in the USSR H.ternatus Cav., observes that all the three species mentioned above may be combined into one, Since the leaves, on which the differentiation is based, are very polymorphous. Ledebour (1. c.) mentions that the specimens which he saw in cultivation differ from the wild-growing plants presented by him in the narrow, serrate- crenate leaf segments, i.e., he describes them in the sense of Cavanilles' H.trionum. Without resolving the problem of the independent state of these species at the present stage, we have become convinced, upon examination of the cultivated specimens, that the leaf attributes represent a consistent character. All contemporary Soviet taxonomists combine the species Mentioned into one H.trvonum [.) evidently underithe immlueneeor K. Maksimovich, without ever having subjected the material to critical analysis. Other species of this section which have been experimentally cultivated in the USSR include H.roseus Thore and H.moscheutos L. (as orna- mental and fiber plants) — see note to H.ponticus Rupr.; also H.cocci- neus Walt. and H.grandiflorus Michaux, both from North America; the first of these differs from all the other species of this section in its pubescent seed; the second is distinguishable from H.ponticus Rupr., 122 166 H.roseus Thore and H.moscheutos L. by the very woolly calyx, from Hecoceimelis | Walljjoy theihairiess seed, and) from) H.tr to nmum by the copiously downy canescent undersurface of the leaves. Section 6. ABELMOSCHUS DC. Prodr. I (1824) 449.— Leaves mostly palmatilobate; bractlets numerous, linear, often caducous; calyx calyptri- form, splitting lengthwise in flower; fruit elongated, mostly lanceolate. *H. esculentus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 696; Cavanill. Monad. Diss. III, 168; DG Prodi. I 45 0stiochrey Rev.) cenre Hibiscus, cl'50) — Te. s3Cavanilly aa ex tab losh) if .2., Annual, 30—200cm high; stems simple or branched, with scattered simple hairs or subglabrous, often bent at nodes, green or dingy-purple; leaves with long hairy petiole, mostly digitately 5—7-lobed or parted, upper sometimes down to base, cordate, rounded, lobes and segments from broadly oval to oblong, somewhat narrowing toward base, rather coarsely serrate- dentate, both sides green, with simple or 2-pronged appressed hairs on veins and sometimes between them; stipules subulate-linear, hairy, cadu- cous; flowers solitary in leaf axils,on short thick hairy pedicels; epicalyx of 8—10 linear hairy, at length deciduous bractlets, united at base, slightly shorter than to equal to calyx; calyx covered with antrorsely appressed hairs, short-toothed at margin, splitting spathelike on one side; corolla yellow (green in drying), rarely orange, with dark center, 25—50mm long, 2-2/5 times length of calyx; column of stamens and pistil shorter than corolla, glabrous; capsule slightly hairy, at length almost glabrous, oblong to oblong-linear, 5—1ll-angled, often curved attop, 6—-30cm long; seeds numerous, large, ca.5mm long, strongly convex, dull, ranging in color from light green to blackish, glabrous, striated by small, scarcely raised, light- colored warts. Fl. July—August; fr. August—September. In the USSR, it is grown in southern Ukraine, in Crimea, in the Caucasus, and in Central Asia. Its cultivation is widespread in the tropics and sub- tropics of all continents. Apparently native in Africa. Economic importance. Primarily cultivated as a tasty vegetable. Most palatable is the unripe green fruit which is eaten fresh or cooked, as a substitute for asparagus; chopped pods are used in making mucilaginous soups and sauces; very young pods are pickled like capers. In cultivation areas, the pods are ground for winter use. Analysis of okra fruit,as carried out by L. Arutyunyan, V. Akopdzhanyan and S. Petrosyan, showed the following composition: water 86.54—86.92%; dry matter 13.46—13.08%, this containing nitrogenous substances 2.81—2.85%, fats 0.38—0.46%, carbo- hydrates 7.65—7.79%, cellulose 1.0—1.18%, and ash 0.82—0.98%. The quan- tities reported indicate 1.84% assimilable nitrogen, 0.36% fats and 0.31% carbohydrates. The net calorific value per 1kg of marketable pods is 315. The yield of green pods for use as vegetable, as reported for the USSR by P. F. Medvedev, ranges from 2.3 to 4.7 tons per hectare. Roasted okra seed is also edible, and it is highly valued as a coffee substitute. It is, in fact, regarded as the best coffee substitute in the world; according to Boryaev, it is reminiscent in taste, flavor and color, of mocha coffee. According to S. L. Ivanov and N. F. Kokotkina, the seed contains 13 167 168 about 18% oil of pale yellow color, with iodine number 126.2, used in food. The seed protein contains, according to A. Belozerskii, 15.10% of water - soluble protein, 15.86% 1st globulin, and 17.95% 2nd globulin. The water- soluble protein contains histidine 2.66%, arginine 6.53%, tyrosine 1.37% and lysine 2.92%; 1st globulin: histidine 3.08%, arginine 8.14%, tyrosine 3.49% and lysine 2.54%; 2nd globulin: histidine 3.68, arginine 12.38%, tyrosine 3.68% and lysine 2.85. The corolla and the stigma of the flower are used in the tropics for extraction of a dye. One plant produces in the USSR between 9 and 100 grams of seed, the seed yield from a hectare ranging from 400—2,000 tons (P. F. Medvedev). Okra is used in popular medicine for its diuretic and anticatarrhal effect. The stem contains bast fibers which are used in gunny production. The fiber is shiny, silky, creamy - colored, inferior in strength to kenaf, jute and, of course, to hemp; technical thread length may reach 150cm. The fiber yield, according to P. F. Medve- dey LSom, 00 oiper plant) or M52. O\tons) per hectares) the Mmboeroutpubus 12% of air-dry weight. The fiber is used in making string, binder twine and sackcloth. The stems are also used as raw material for paper production; the yield, according to the same authority, is 3.5—4 tons of air-dried stems from 1 hectare. Thus, on account of its multiple applications, okra is a useful crop. Note. One cannot accept Medvedev's assumption (Novye kul'tury SSSR (New Crops of the USSR) (1940) 120) that okra originates from the West Indies, since it is known that it was found in Africa long before the discovery of America. According to Strutevant (Notes of Edible Plants (1919) 302), the Arab Abu'l-'Abbas-el-Nebati, who visited Egypt in 1216, clearly describes both the morphology of this plant and its use for food in Egypt. It is also known exactly when okra was first introduced into America, namely in 1658, at first into Brazil, whence it gradually spread through South and North America. All present-day American taxonomists and plant experts con- sider this species as an introduction from Africa which does not occur in America in a wild state. On the other hand, it still grows wild in Africa to this day, as recorded, for example, by Schweinfurth on the banks of the White Nile. Other crop plants belonging to this section, which have been grown ex- perimentally in the USSR, include H.abelmoschus L. (fiber, oil, and medicinal plant) and H.manihot L. (fiber, edible leaves, glue production, ornamental). The first of these differs from H.esculentus L. inits acute leaf segments which are not attenuated at base, the outer ones retrorsely hastate, and the fruit which is ovate or oblong-ovate in outline; the second species is distinguishable from the other two by its larger flowers, the large bractlets which are ovate to oblong-ovate (not linear) and persist in fruit, and by the leaves which resemble those of the mS dee euphorbiaceous species Manihot palmata. Section 7. SPATULA Hochr. Rev. genr. Hibiscus (1900) 166.— Bractlets enlarged in middle part, narrowing at base, distinct. *H. planifolius Sweet, Hort. brit. éd. 2 (1827) 51; Hochr. l.c. 168. Grown in the USSR as an experimental fiber plant. 124 169 Genus 892. KOSTELETZKYA* Presl. Presl, Rel. Haenk. II (1835) 130 Flowers bisexual, pentamerous; epicalyx-bractlets 7—13, narrow, per- sistent in fruit; staminal column elongated; style 5-branched; fruit a sub- globose depressed 5-celled capsule, somewhat constricted at base, with 1 seed in each cell. Herbaceous plants growing in littoral and xerophytic areas of the Mediterranean region, tropical Africa and Central America. 1. K.pentacarpos (L.) Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 437; Boiss. Fl. or. L 838; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 64; [l'in in Py Wueo=ViosteV,, (0 ta. biewonisiennis pentacarpos L. Sp. pl. (1753) 697; Cavanill. Monad. Diss. 1,145; DC. Prodnr i. 44 (0H Me cehiui Pisch.intherb. (Botayinst. AG. S€.—= RPawomia Dicminacamp oO Sy Rehbyvic i.e (Germ) (84 1)2.0) ieee i ie gin eGtcio Vost. l.c. Figure 485; Fedorov in Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, ser. 5, No. 1,15 (flower and fruit); Cavanill. l.c. tab. LXVI, 3; Rchb. l.c. tab. CLXXIX, PyoR Perennial, 50—200cm high; stem erect, terete, branched especially in upper part, rather copiously covered with stellate hairs, often woody and glabrescent in lower part which is prominently reticulate with a longitu - dinally cellulated pattern, to 2cm in diameter at base; lower petioles long, middle as long as or slightly shorter than blade, the upper very short; leaves cordate (except sometimes the uppermost), ovate or rounded-ovate, the uppermost often oblong, irregularly crenate-dentate, mostly sharply 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), lateral lobes sometimes poorly developed, middle lobe very large, especially in upper leaves; uppermost leaves often sub- hastate; all leaves covered on both sides with appressed stellate hairs, usually more densely above; stipules filiform, stellate-pubescent; flowers solitary in leaf axils on upper part of stem; pedicels 2—10cm long, rarely below or above this range, jointed below flower, shorter to longer than corresponding leaves, stellate-pubescent, erect in bud, recurved inflower at articulation, erect again in fruit; epicalyx of 6—13 bractlets, these markedly linear, acuminate, 7/,—*/, as long as calyx; calyx divided to two-thirds into oblong-oval acute lobes; both calyx and epicalyx stellate-hairy; lobes of fruiting calyx appressed to fruit; corolla 20—30mm long, 2—3 times length of calyx, rosy-purple; petals obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, not notched, claw beardless, outer surface with scattered, partly fugacious stellate hairs; staminal column glabrous; fruit a 5-celled depressed, loculi- cidally dehiscent capsule, ca. 8-12 mm across, valves prominently keeled and transversely rugose from keel, stellate-hairy, with copious simple hairs of varying length along keel; seed reniform, 3.5—5mm long, strongly convex on sides, grayish-brown, glabrous, patterned with thin, parallel, whitish lines retracing outline of seed. Fl. July—August; fr. August—October. Seaside bogs of the Caspian littoral (W. and S. coast). — European part: S.V. (delta of Volga River), L. Don (Georgi's report for the Don estuary); Caucasus: Tal. (Lenkoran' and Sara Lake). Gen. distr.: Italy, Iran. Described from Venice. Type in London. Economic importance. Kosteletzkya is above all a fiber plant, yielding fiber of good quality, used in Lenkoran' District of Azerbaidzhan for making strings, and fishing and bird-catching nets. According to A. A. Fedorov, one « Named after V.F. Kosteletzky, professor of medicinal botany at Prague in the second quarter of the 19th century. 170 plant furnishes from 20 to 40 stems. According to V. L. Nekrasova and I. A. Pankova, fiber length fluctuates between 655u and 5,984u , with a diameter of 14.5—18u and lumen 3—7yu. Fiber output by stem letting is according to the same source, about 30%, of this 12.2% long fiber and 17.8% combings. The fiber is soft, shining, white and strong. The local popu- lation uses mostly the wild-growing plants, but there are occasional plantings. In the past, Kosteletzkya fiber was used for adulteration of kenaf. A plant of considerable ornamental value. Note. This species is of ancient littoral-xerophytic derivation. The spread of this species is of interest on account of its much disrupted distri- bution area. In the Soviet part of the Caspian Region, it is widespread in the seaside bogs of the Lenkoran' coast and Sara Island, among Juncetum and Phragmitetum. There is also a collection from the delta of the Volga (recorded for Astrakhan), without indication of the collector's name (apparently Georgi's collection), not since repeated by anyone else. In the literature, there is Georgi's report for this location. Taking into con- sideration that lotus thickets have survived to this day in the Volga delta, it is quite possible that also this representative of a tropical and subtropical race may be found in the area if specially searched for. Along the southern coast, this species reaches nearly as far as Soviet Central Asian domains (Astrabad [Gorgan Bay]). As regards the Azov Sea region, there is Georgi's report in the literature (Don estuary), but it has not been confirmed by any other person, and there is no specimen from this area in the herbaria. Then this species appears again at a great distance, in Italy, where it also centers on three locations widely separated from each other: on the Adriatic coast near Venice,on the Ligurian coast in Tuscany, and on the Tyrrhenian coast in proximity to Naples. The Italian plants do not differ from the Caspian in vegetative parts and flowers; there are no fruits on the few Italian specimens in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In Spain,K.pentacarpos (L.) Ldb. is replaced by a closely related species, K.boscai (Pau) Beltran, which differs from ours in minor characters: more dissected calyx, with narrower sepals. It grows along the coasts of Valencia and Catalonia among seaside reed thickets. Sennen (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 72,1925) devoted a special paper to the distribution of this species in Spain and expressed astonishment that it was discovered as late as 1909, even though such authorities as Cavanilles, Costa, Salvador, Cadevalle,and various other botanists who had visited Spain, had not discovered this species. It is difficult to judge from Sennen's rather obscure argumentation whether his astonishment centers on the acci- dental introduction of Kosteletzkya into Spain or on its survey by botanists, although he seems to have given some priority to the first consideration. In fact, all the disconnected area portions of this species, and of American species of this genus, should be regarded as relict fragments of once ex- tensive Neogenic distribution of Kosteletzkya species. A fairly closely related species is the American K.virginica (L.) A. Gray which grows in marshes and on sandy shores of the Atlantic coast, in Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey,and down to Florida. The American species has larger flowers than ours. Another related species,K.altaeifolia A. Gray, occurs from California to Florida, as well as in Cuba, on marshy coasts and 126 eye more rarely inland in Florida on the shores of large lakes. Xerophilous species are characterized by more dissected leaves (Mexican species K.paniculata Benth.) or smaller ones (e. g., the Mexican species K.sagittata Presl and K. hispida Presl,or the Abyssinian species K.adoensis Mast.). Genus * GOSSYPIUM* L.** L. Sp. pl. (1753) 693 Flower mostly in bracteate helicoid cymes, more rarely solitary at the end of elongated peduncles with sympodial (bracteal) leaves subtending the pedicels at the nodes; there is always an involucre (epicalyx) of 3 bracts at base of flowers; bracts mostly persistent, often large, exceeding flower, variously dissected to almost entire, rarely small, scalelike, undivided; floral nectaries present in one or two whorls; calyx thin, scarious, 5-lobed with rounded sinuses between lobes, or calyx truncate, lobeless; stamens of inner whorl in 5 fascicles of filaments united all the way up; anthers bilocular, reniform, dehiscing along a line running over crest of anther; pollen grains more or less echinate-tubercled; carpels (2)3—5; style club- shaped at top, with lobed stigmas; fruit smooth capsule, with relatively thin, slightly fibrous pericarp, mostly tardily dehiscent; in the case of glabrous or short-haired seed endocarp is usually covered with ciliate - fibrous coat (kapok-bearing cotton); with long-hairy seed (lint-bearing cotton) endocarp is glabrous; seed obovoid, beaked at funicle, with two- layered indument — shorter fuzz (linters) and longer lint of flattened hairs, or only with fuzz as result of shedding of lint, or only with lint following shedding of fuzz. Small woody plants; in the USSR grown as an annual herbaceous crop. Plants minutely dotted throughout (except cotyledons in the subgenus Noto - xy linon) with ''glands" or gossypol receptacles, these more or less trans- lucent depending on degree of immersion below epidermis; indument of stellate or fascicled hairs; leaves palmately lobed or parted, usually of two types: typical leaves on normal vegetative shoots, and less dissected bracts or bracteal leaves on sympodial flower-bearing cymes; foliar nectaries, mostly 1—5, nearly always of moderate length, rarely lacking. The genus contains 67 species (Prokhanov, 1947) distributed through the tropical region of both hemispheres, classified in 5 subgenera and 16 sections. Cultivated species belong to 4 sections and 2 subgenera. There are 6 species of Gossypium L. cultivated inthe USSR. These include numerous varieties, largely produced by Soviet breeders. Economic importance. Cotton is a source of textile fiber of world-wide importance, and the principal industrial crop inthe USSR. The raw material of the textile industry is provided by the long fibrous hairs that cover the seeds of the lint-bearing species. The fiberlike hairs are suitable for spinning, in spite of rather restricted length (20—60 mm), owing to their flatness and spirality. While the fiber of all lint-bearing species is suitable * Name derived from the Arabic word goz, silky. ** Treatment by Ya.I. Prokhanov. 127 WZ L(t) for spinning, there are marked differences in quantity (yielding capacity) and quality (staple length and thickness). Cotton lint has today innumerable uses. The walls of lint hairs consist of pure cellulose, covered on the out- side with cuticula, a sebaceous film of cutin. Upon removal of cutin with fat solvents, or scouring, one gets absorbent cotton which consists of pure cellulose and has wide medicinal application under the name ''Gossypium."' The roots of G.herbaceum L. are also used in medicine. Cottonseed is extracted from the kernels; in crude condition it is poi- sonous because of the gossypol content. Only after gossypol removal, cottonseed oil can be used in food. In recent times, increasing use is made of the fuzz (linters) of the most widely cultivated Upland cotton. As regards these uses, aS well as various other applications of cotton, consult the ex- tensive specialized literature. Note. The genus Gossypium L.,as well as the genera Thespesia Correa and Lagunaria G. Don, should be transferred from the family Malvaceae to the family Bombacaceae (Prokhanov, 1947), due to the following features characteristic of Bombacaceae: (1) cup-shaped, often truncate calyx, with rounded sinuses between the lobes; (2) margin of leaf or leaf lobes entire or scantily and sharply dentate, but not crenate; (3) on the whole, tardily dehiscing fruit — a capsule, often with a fleshy and fibrous perianth; and (4) the mostly present kapoklike fibrous proliferation of the inner wall of the capsule cells. 1. Leaf lobes obtuse or acuminate, more or less narrowing at base; stem terete, with firm wood; indument often two-layered; peduncles nodding; bracts mostly united over much of their length with short inward-pointing incisions; only inner extrafloral nectaries developed, stellate-hairy; floral nectaries glabrous; seed rounded, with appressed fuzz, very rarely glabrous; Old World plants, with 13 pairs of large chromosomes (subgenus Eugossypium Tod. em. Prokh.) .... 2. ate Leaf lobes acuminate, broadest at base; stem slightly compressed or angled, with loose wood; indument always one-layered; peduncles erect; bracts distinct, rarely somewhat united at base, with rather long up- right or spreading teeth; mainly both inner and outer extrafloral nec- taries developed, the inner glabrous; floral nectaries with rings of hairs; seeds elongated, with rumpled or appressed fuzz or without fuzz; New World plants, also cultivated in the Old World, with 26 pairs of chromosomes (13 large and 13 small pairs) (subgenus Karpas Reams Gets MEI O i hy ARUN eM RN Eee fy eR REN are eR es 1 a bon Book dU Be 2. Leaf lobes mostly more or less oblong, acuminate or merely point- ipped:y capsule larse/ or iSmialik iano @euleGne) ty tar -\. 1. G. herbaceum L. AF Leaf lobes more or less rounded, rarely mucronate, always markedly eonstricted at base; capsule nearly always small, 3-celled ........ Hite act hee ROR ahha ie Dane deck PME Mk Cus oe tds Bre 2. G.zaitzevil Prokh. Be Capsule globose or elongated, 3—5-celled, not acuminate, mostly briefly point-tipped, light green, dull, more or less distinctly dotted depending on degree of gland immersion, smooth, rarely slightly pitted; seed with rumpled fuzz or smooth, nerved, glabrous; staminal column with rather long distinct filaments nearly from base,-these progressively increasing in length from the rather short lower ones 128 to the longest erect uppermost; corolla yellowish or creamy-white; calyx 5-lobed, with distinct triangular, obtuse or acuminate lobes, rarely subtruncate, lobeless; bracts distinct, mostly with erect teeth, not enlarging in fruit; plants more or less shaggy with simple spreading hairs; leaves clearly cordate at base, light-colored, usually with relatively short divergent lobes; stipules not accrescent, on the sym- podia rather short, ovate (section Magnibracteolata Tod. em. Prokh.); pedicels rather short, not exceeding the flower; involucral bracts suberect, more or less cordate at base; sympodial leaves equilateral, Bollobedior entices (ioutmoty2 Obed) yh giais! i. alice oes Beles palace ei 4, Capsule always elongate, 3 to 4-celled, acuminate, dark green, shiny from almost superficial glands and rather densely pitted; seed with appressed fuzz or very black, scabrous, hairless; staminal column bare in lower part, only inupper part with rather short spreading filament ends, middle ones longest; corolla nearly always yellow; calyx com- monly truncate, with straight or wavy margin, without distinct lobes; bracts slightly united at base, with somewhat divergent teeth, usually enlarging in fruit; plants covered with appressed stellate hairs, but often more or less hairless; leaves slightly cordate or truncate at base, dark-colored, with relatively elongated lobes, these in 3-lobed leaves antrorsely parallel; stipules elongated, especially on sterile shoots, often accrescent (section Synspermia Tod. em. Prokh.) ........ Op Calyx-lobes triangular, often hastate; petals more or less convolute or half-spreading in flower, not always surpassing involucre; anther dehiscence late; style barely or slightly exserted above staminal column; capsule small or medium-sized, rarely large; seed practically bare, blackish-brown, smooth, nerved, with sparse fuzz or quite glabrous, rarely villous; stems soon glabrescent, lustrous; leaves briefly palmatilobed or palmately cleft (subsection Liophaea Prokh.). Leaves palmately 3 to 5-lobed to not more than half the length, with short triangular lobes, flat; involucral bracts rotund, notched with numerous arcuately spreading teeth; seed with grayish fuzz only around the funicle or glabrous, the lint fibers relatively short, silky... 2. .': ARSE e pttcel UR SiR N Sct cit oar RS Oa en octamer ne LM Lata die Os Skea iy oD. Gy tisanen. hod: Calyx-lobes triangular, obtuse or acute, but not acuminate; petals spreading funnelwise at anthesis, more or less surpassing involucre; anther dehiscence early; style commonly much exserted from staminal column; capsule small, medium or large, mostly with copious rumpled fuzz; stems more or less villous; leaves mostly briefly palmati- lobed, but sometimes palmatifid (subsection Multibracteata Tod. em. ERCOUCIAN JMS aisuitine Na (serra geile dehuh ob Ges soca hive alls el, elle ln te Os ENE A AG 5, Leaves commonly 3-lobed to more than half length, lobes often elongated, oblong-ovate; the few 5-lobed leaves with posterior lobes directed upward; capsule medium-sized, mostly more than 4cm long; cellativelya candy smatunermey Cs oie GR AS Meee 3. G. hirsutum L. Leaves commonly lobed to less than half length, on main branches mostly 5-lobed, lobes relatively broad, triangular-ovate, posterior horizontally divergent; capsule mostly large, more than 4cm long; mainly mid-season and late-maturing ....... 4. G.albescens Rafin. 129 6. Involucral bracts often revolute, with numerous, rather long and almost parallel teeth; outer extrafloral nectaries mostly lacking; leaves parted to *h—4/5, their length into lanceolate segments; seed quite glabrous or only with a crest of fuzz ...6. G.frutescens Lasteyr. 175+ Involucral bracts revolute only in upper part, with relatively shorter 176 and markedly divergent teeth; outer extrafloral nectaries usually well developed; leaves parted to about aI their length into oblong- ovaterseamentss seed irreoulariy | icoveRned swith: Guzzo rota) chesuereene le tsa Ge aes, oe. Hath yoy oe UPC TE At Pah, 9 isa kage ba 7. G.jumelianum (Tod.) Prokh. Subgenus 1. Eugossypium Tod. Osserv. (1863) 19,p.p. Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII (1947) 66.— Section Eugossypium Tod. Relaz. (1877— 1878) 97, 98, 120. — Lint-bearing cotton of the Old World. Description in the key. Section 1. BREVILOBA Tod. Osserv. (1863) 46,em. Prokh. l.c. 69.— African subgroup, Zaitsev in Tr. prikl. bot. XVIII,1 (1 928) 14, 47.— Capsule globose or elongated, 3—5-celled, dehiscent in varying degree, with glands deeply immersed and hence scarcely punctate, smooth or slightly pitted; bracts with margin briefly incised throughout, subulate teeth medium-sized, slightly united at base, not enlarging and recurved in fruit; calyx mostly 5-lobed, short lobes obtusely triangular; corolla mostly yellow; leaves cordate at base, light-colored, with single nectary on midrib, lobes rela- tively short, with no supplementary lobules between them; stipules more or less horizontally spreading, not accrescent. Despite its name, this section was not restricted in its distribution to Africa, but also encompassed the whole of Near Asia as far as Pamir and, possibly, Central Asia. Anyhow, the cultivation of cottons belonging to this section is considered by many investigators to be autochthonous in Soviet Central Asia. Both species (G.herbaceum and G.zaitzevii) are, however, vanishing relict crops in the USSR which only occur as an insig- nificant adjunct to plantings of other cottons that have displaced them. Another section of the Old World cultivated lint-bearing cotton, namely — Indica Tod. ampl. Prokh., or Zaitsev's Indo-Chinese subgroup, distributed in India and Indo-China, does not occur in cultivation in the Soviet Union. 1. G.herbaceum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 593; Tod. Osserv. 53; Tod. Relaz. 3 aWets. Cotton, pled 55:) Prokh. i Bot. -Zhurne SSoR, SOOx1 70). — er NV ere ralon 24 ite Aw Shrub, ours annual, 30—120cm high, witha fairly sparse 2-layeredindument; stem sparingly branched, with monopodial branches only at base, but with numerous many-flowered sympodia; leaves rotund or subreniform in out- line, 4-8cm long and 7-10cm broad, deeply cordate at base, palmately 5-(7)-lobed roughly to 1/(3/s) its length, lobes broad, rounded-ovate or ob- long-elliptic, moderately acuminate or merely point-tipped, decreasing in size from largest central (this 2.5—5cm long and 1.5—4cm broad) to basal, blade without supplementary lobules in fairly open interlobal sinuses, 5—7-veined, thin, rather flat, yellowish-green, lighter beneath, at length glabrescent above, only margin and veins beneath hairy; stipules subulate- linear, 10-15 mm long and 1.5—2 mm broad, in flowering sympodia obliquely 130 se ovate-lanceolate, 7-12 mm long and 3—6 mm broad; involucral bracts broadly ovate, 2—2.5mm long and as broad, half length of corolla, cordate below, subobtuse, with roughly 11 teeth (4-7 mm long); calyx cup-shaped, 7-10 mm long, more or less undulately and unequally 5-lobed; petals 2.5—3cm long, yellow, with dark red basal spot; staminal column ca.11mm long, only in lower one-third free of filaments; pollen yellow; capsule ovoid or subglobose-ovoid or depressed-globose, 2.5—3.3cm long and 2.2—3.5cm broad, more or less obtuse at apex and abruptly beaked, 3 to o-celled, with small supplementary furrows at top in middle of valves, tardily dehiscent, always smooth, light green or more or less yellowish; seed usually with dense, coarse and relatively short lint fibers. Fl. July— September; fr. September—October. Only in cultivation, as contaminant in planting of short staple cotton. — Caucasus: "EH: Transc.; Centr. Asia: Syr°D., Pam. -All, Amu. Dy ita ark, Described from Uppsala (Sweden) from a plant grown in the botanical gar- den. Type (see photograph: Watt, Cotton pl.,tab. 24, f. A) in London. Note. This species represents an ancient local crop of Soviet Central Asia, and of adjacent Iran and Afghanistan. As it is nowhere known in wild state, it may be assumed that the origin of G.herbaceum is tied up with cultivation. 2. G.zaitzevii Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII (1947) 70. Shrub, ours annual, ca.1m high, with fairly sparse 2-layered indument; stem commonly unbranched except for sparse monopodial branches at base, with many-flowered cymes; leaves reniform in outline, 2.2—6.3cm long and 4.2—8.3cm broad, shallowly cordate at base, palmately (3-)5-lobed to about 7/2(7/5) its length, lobes ovate or almost round, obtuse, sometimes briefly point-tipped, markedly constricted at base, central lobe largest (1.1-4cem long and 1.6—3.2cm broad), the basal smallest; petioles 2—4.5cm long, pubescent; stipules linear, 7-12 mm long and 1—2 mm broad, the sympodial obliquely ovate-lanceolate, 6-14mm long and 2—6 mm broad; bracts rotund, 1.5—2.3cm long and 1.6—2.2 cm broad, cordate at base, margin with roughly 9 teeth (4-6 mm long); calyx cup-shaped, 5—6 mm long, sub- truncate, with slightly wavy margin; petals 2—2.5cm long, yellowish, with reddish basal spot; staminal column 9—10mm long, in lower one-third free of filaments; capsule ovoid-globose or trigonous-ovoid, 2—2.8cm long and 1.8—2.5cm broad, terminating in short beak, 3-(4)-celled, with deep furrows at top, smooth, light green; seed with grayish fuzz and with dense white coarse lint fibers 20-—22mm long. Fl. July—September; fr. September—October. Only in cultivation, as contaminant in plantings of American cotton. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Sinkiang Province). — Described from Chinese Turkestan (Sinkiang Province). Type in Leningrad (Herbarium of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Plant Growing). Subgenus 2. Karpas Rafin. Sylva tellur. (1838) ampl. Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII (1947) 72.— Subgenus Leiophaium Rafin. l.c.— Subgenus Lanigerum Rafin. p.p. typical l.c.— Lint-bearing cotton of the New World. Description in the key. 13] Tas Section 2. MAGNIBRACTEOLATA Tod. Osserv. (1863) 64,em. Prokh. — Subsection Magnibracteata Tod. Relaz. (1877-1878) 97,100, 190.— Central American subgroup, Zaitsev in Tr. prikl. bot. XVIII, 1 (1928) 12, 47.— Description in the key. This section includes Upland cotton, at present the main international cotton, as well as Bourbon cotton and the G.tricuspidatum (or Harland's G.punctatum) group. Each of them is represented by a corresponding subsection in the section Magnibracteolata. Only cotton of the Tricuspidatum group, our subsection Obliquifolia, morphologically somewhat transitional toward the South American section Synspermia, is altogether unknown in cultivation in the USSR. Upland cotton (subsection Magnibracteata) and Bourbon cotton (subsection Liophaea) are cultivated in this country, although on a widely different scale (about this see below). The section as a whole has at present two centers of specific and intra- specific differentiation: one in southern Mexico and Guatemala, the other in northwest Mexico. Each of them is characterized by its assortment of forms: the south Mexican and Guatemalan center comprises the dominant wealth of forms of wild-growing and cultivated Upland cotton, while the northwest Mexican center (Prokhanov, 1947) contains the range of Bourbon cotton, as well as the cottons of subsection Obliquifolia which are not grown in the USSR. Neither the subsection Magnibracteata nor the subsection Liophaea reach southward beyond the northern frontier of Nicaragua. Only cotton of sub- section Obliquifolia spreads beyond this limit and even penetrates outside Central America, into the South American territory of Columbia. Subsection 1. MAGNIBRACTEATA Tod. Relaz. (1877—1878) 97,100, 190, em. Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII (1947) 73;— Upland cotton. De- scription in the key. The center of specific and intraspecific differentiation is in southern Mexico and Guatemala. In the USSR, as in the U.S. A., most of the cultivated varieties are of the Upland cotton type. Two species of Upland cotton are grown in the Soviet Union: G.hirsutum L., mainly comprising the early varieties of the more northerly cotton zone,and G.albescens Rafin., which contains largely mid-season and late forms of Upland cotton from the more souther- ly cultivation areas. The essential morphological difference between these groups was first pointed out by Watt in 1907. Ss GuiniesuiumlySp. ‘pill (U763)09 >emont Wyusy sts matn(D/Gm) aloes Osserv. 73; Tod. Relaz. 210; Watt, Cotton pl. 183; Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, DOO (194 7)73. = Gireliciwo sum, Systy nat: (eds 12 yn 7em)v4e2 non alius.— G.schottii Watt. Cotton pl. (1907) 206. Shrub, our annual, 0.9—-1.2m high; stem sparingly branched, with only few (1—3) ''monopodial"' branches at base, but with numerous many-flowered sympodial cymes, clothed with persistent hairs; leaves rotund or reniform in outline, somewhat cordate at base, 3 to (5)-lobed to roughly 7/2(3/s5) its length, rarely (var.schottii) palmately 3 to 5-parted, usually with three main triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate lobes (the central one the biggest) and broad, slightly folded sinuses between them, with additional very short antrorse posterior lobes, palmately 5-veined, moderately hairy, especially on the veins beneath, more or less glabrescent above, the single nectary on the midrib beneath up to 25mm from the petiole; petiole about half as long again as the blade; stipules obliquely linear-lanceolate, the sympodial 179 obliquely ovate-lanceolate; bracts rounded-ovate in outline, the margin deeply notched, usually with 7—11 linear-triangular acuminate teeth; calyx- lobes obtuse or acute; petals large, whitish-creamy, without a spot or with a small purple spot at base, turning reddish in fading; pollen faintly creamy (sometimes faintly yellow, according to Harland); capsule fairly large, ovoid-oblong or globose, mostly 2.5cm long, smooth, with deeply immersed glands and hence slightly dark-punctate, 4-(5)-celled, widely dehiscent; seed with lint fibers of mostly medium length. Fl. July—September; fr. September—October. Only in’ cultivation, > (huropean’ part: Bes, Bl; Lb. Don; Lv Ves Caucasus. Dag., E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp.,Balkh. Established by Linnaeus according to description by Philip Miller from a live specimen grown in the Chelsea Botanical Garden in London. Type (see photograph in Watt, Cotton ple etae sie f Ab) im iondon. Note. This species contains most of the early varieties of Upland cotton grown in the more northerly cultivation regions in the USSR. Minis ispeeles us sienericaily welaved torthe: toue Gime x We am commode the small-fruited wild-growing Upland cotton (with a conspicuously black - dotted capsule) of northeast Mexico, S. Guatemala and Salvador. 4, G.albescens Rafin. Sylva tellur. (1938) 18 [Musselin Rohr Anmerk. aber d. Cattunbau (1791) 109]; Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXII (1947) 74.— G.siamense Tenore in Atti del R. ist. d'Incor. di Nap. VI (1840) 175, nom Miussac els: — Gr hie sultuim (aut: psp: Tod) Osserv. 735 mod. Rellaz 210,non L. (1763).~ G.mexicanum auct. Watt, Cotton pl. (1907) 226, non Tod. (1868). Shrub, ours annual, 1—1.8 m high; stem moderately branched from base, usually with only 3 or 4 monopodial branches, higher up with numerous sympodial cymes; leaves 8.5—13cm long and 12—20cm broad, deeply cor- date at base, palmately 5-lobed to half its length, rarely (var. luxurians) palmately 5-parted, usually with triangular-ovate long-acuminate lobes, the largest central to 8cm long and 7—7.5cm broad, posterior lobes hori- zontally spreading, with sinuses between lobes more or less folded, pal- mately 7-veined, moderately hairy on veins above and throughout beneath, with 1—3 nectaries on veins beneath (central 13—25 mm, lateral ones 7-12 mm from petiole); bracts 1.5—2.5cm long (from petiole) and 1—1.5cm broad, 3-lobed; petioles 6—20cm long, villous; stipules on main stem ob- liquely lanceolate, 15—19 mm long and 3—4mm broad, sympodial obliquely ovate -lanceolate, 10-—13mm long and 3—6 mm broad; bracts ovate-triangu- 180 lar in outline, 4-5.5cm long and 2.4—-4cmbroad, notched to ye, with 9—14 linear-triangular acuminate teeth (the central 2—2.5cm long); calyx campanulate, 14-17 mm long, tube 8—10mm long, unequal triangular obtuse lobes 3—7mm long; petals 4.5—5cm long, creamy-white, without basal spot, turning red when fading; staminal column 15—16mm long; style ca. 25mm 181 long; capsule globose-ovoid to ovoid-oblong or rarely ovoid-conic, (3.2)4—4.8cm long and 3.2—4(5.5) cm broad, acuminate or obtusish, often abruptly beaked, sometimes with apical grooves, smooth, obscurely dark- dotted by deeply immersed glands, 4- or 5-celled; seed mostly with brownish or greenish fuzz and usually white, moderately long lint fibers. Fl. July— September; fr. September—October. Only in’ cultivation: — Caucasus: ‘Dag. EH, Transe:; Centr.) Asia hvskh.s Syr D., Pam.-Al., Amu D., Kara K. Established by Farinesco according to Rohr's description from live plants grown in the Experimental Station on Santa Cruz Island (Lesser Antilles). Type unknown. Note. The specific distinctiveness of this Upland cotton was already established by Watt in 1907, even though under the wrong name of G.me- xicanum. This species comprises most of the high-yielding mid-season and late varieties of Upland cotton grown in the USSR. G.albescens Rafin. originates from the south of Mexico from the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas butthe wild progenitors have not been dis- covered. Since 1845, there has been a steady expansion in the U.S.A. of the high-yielding G.albescens Rafin. at the expense of the less produc- five Gui s'sut wm: Subsection 2. LIOPHAEA Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. XXXII (1947) 74.— Subgenus Leiophaium Rafin. Sylva tellur. (1838) 14.— Bourbon cotton. Description in the key. The center of specific and intraspecific differentiation of Bourbon cotton is in northwest Mexico (a secondary center in N. Guatemala). In the USSR Bourbon cotton is of no commercial importance whatsoever. It is only represented by a relict crop, the ''Khindi'(G.figarei Tod.), which is grown on small plots in western Georgia (Dekaprelevich, 1921). 5. G.figarei Tod. Relaz. (1877-1878) 208.— G.punctatum var. nigerium ("nigeria") Watt, Cotton pl. (1907) 168; 70; Watt in Kew Bull. (1927) 326.— G.punctatum var. timofeevii Dekapr. in Zap. Nauchno- prikl. otd. Tifl. bot. sada, II (1921) 2,7.—?G.birkinshawii Watt in Kew Bull. (1927) 330. Shrub, ours annual; stem moderately branched, with few prostrate "monopodial' branches and numerous many-flowered sympodial cymes; leaves almost round in outline, cordate at base with dark violet tubercle, 8.5—9cm long and 10—11 cm broad, (3)—5-lobed scarcely to one-third, upper 5-lobed and lower 3-lobed, with short-ovate acuminate entire ciliate- margined lobes, palmately (5)-7-veined, flat, dull, more or less glabrous, with single nectary on midrib below; sympodial leaves relatively small, 3-lobed; petioles as long as blade; stipules obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, those subtending sympodial leaves obliquely ovate; involucral bracts pointed- ovate, 3—3.5cm long and 2.8—3cm broad, deeply cordate at base, with nec- taries in sinus, notched to 7/3 their length, with 7—11 linear long-acuminate teeth (1.5—-1.8cm long), sometimes with small supplementary bracteoles 3—6 mm long at base (at inner nectary); calyx 7—8mm long, with sharply triangular, entire, sometimes acuminate lobes; petals to 4cm long, not exceeding involucre, turning red when fading; capsule subglobose or ovoid- ellipsoid, abruptly beaked, 4-(5)-celled; seed naked except for dense grayish 134 182 fuzz around beak (var. timofeevii) quite naked, cells interlocking, with scant, silky, pure white lint fibers 16—23.5mm long. Fl. July—September; fr. September—October. As weed in plantings of ''Egyptian'' cotton; sporadically planted in western Georgia. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (cultivated?); Centr. Asia: Kara K. (as contaminant of Egyptian cotton). Gen. distr.: (in cultivation) Mesopotamia, Upper and Lower Egypt, Cochin-China (?). Described from the Palermo Botanical Garden (Sicily) from a live plant grown from seeds obtained from Egypt. Type unknown (possibly in Florence?). Economic importance. Hindi cotton is of no practical importance because of the scantiness and shortness of the fiber, even though it is thin and silky. In any case, as a contaminant, it greatly lowers the quality of "Egyptian" cotton fiber. Note. According to L. L. Dekaprelevich, it was still cultivated in 1921 in some places in western Georgia. This species had probably found its way here in the preceding century together with seed of Egyptian cotton. It would be of interest to explore present occurrence of G.figarei in western Georgia under local cultivation and among plantings of ''Egyptian' cotton in other places. This species originates from S. Mexico (Cook, 1909). The name Hindi does not therefore allude to India but to the West Indies where G.figarei probably occurs. ! Section 3. SYNSPERMIA Tod. Osserv. (1853) 96.— Subsection Syns- permia Tod. (1877-1878) 97, 102, 249.— South American subgroup. Zaitsev in Tr. prikl. bot. XVIII, 1 (1928) 12,47.— Gossypium peruvianum Cav. sensu latissimo.— Description in the key. Note. If all the forms which belong here are to be classed as a single aggregate species, as certain cotton experts are still inclined to do, then this complex of forms should not be named Gossypium barbadense, as was customary hitherto, but should receive the oldest related name Gossypium peruvianum. As regards G.barbadense,I have established that this name was given by Linnaeus to a definite Old World cotton of the section Indica, and certainly not to a representative of the South American subgroup. The section Synspermia contains, beside perennial arboraceous forms with fiber of moderate length, cottons with fiber of the highest quality, such as Sea Island, ''Egyptian,'' etc. Unfortunately, these cottons, having rather small bolls, produce low yields. The arboraceous forms, on the other hand, have huge capsules but relatively short staple. The Sea Island and "Egyptian" cotton are undoubtedly the most characteristic components of this section. The section owes its name Synspermia to the fact that in some of its representatives the seeds within the capsule cells adhere to each other in a little pyramid. The center of specific and intraspecific differentiation of the section Synspermia lies inthe mountains of Ecuador and Peru. Onthe whole, though the natural distribution of species of this section does not reach beyond South America, many representatives of this section are fully naturalized in the Old World (Egypt, Turkestan, etc.). 183 6. G.frutescens Lasteyr. Du Cotonier (1808) 84; Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII, 76.— G.barbadense auct. Mill. Dict. ed. 8 (1768); Parl. Sp. dei Cotoni, 48; Watt, Cotton pl. 265,non L. 1753.— G.maritimum Tod. Osserv. (1863) 83, excel. var. nom.; Tod. Relaz. 225.—Ic.- Lasteyr. l.c. elles. Shrub, ours annual, 0.6—0.9m high; stem sparingly branched, with few "monopodial'' branches and with sparingly flowered sympodial cymes; branches glabrous; leaves 9-14cm long and 12—17cm broad, cordate at base, palmately 3—5-parted to *la— 4/5 their length, palmately 5—7-veined, scarcely coriaceous, glabrous above except hirtellous veins, more or less stellate-hairy beneath; segments broadly lanceolate, acuminate, commonly entire, slightly concave, central largest (7.5—11cm long and 3.5—5.2cm broad), sometimes with tooth on one side, separated by folded sinuses; nectaries on veins 1—3 (central round, 6-18 mm from petiole, lateral 4—7 mm); sympodial leaves 3-lobed from cordate base, rarely entire, oblong-ovate, 7-—1lcm long and 4—-14cm broad, with nectaries only on mid- rib beneath; petioles 5-l13cm long, glabrous; stipules linear, 10-18 mm long, 1.5—2.5mm broad, acuminate, erect, sympodial obliquely ovate-lanceo- late, 6—15mm long and 2—5mm broad; pedicels nodding, 1.5—3.5cm long; involucral bracts round in outline, 2.9-3.2cm long, 2.8—3cm broad, usually without nectary in sinus, margin notched to '/,—7/, its length into 8-11 trian- gular-subulate teeth (the largest central 10—13 mm long and 2—4mm broad); calyx campanulate, with tube 7-8 mm long and obtuse lobes 2—3 mm long, bearing nectaries at base; petals twice length of involucre, yellow, with faint transversely oblong red spot (5X10mm); staminal column ca. 20mm long, with spreading filaments at top (1.5—2.5mm long); style 24~-25mm long; capsulevovorid-conic) 4/5>,9/o.cm lonp and 2273-1 cm broad, abruptly tem— minating in narrow beak 5-10mm long, with no apical grooves, dark green, not glaucescent, 3-celled; seeds 5—6(7) in cell, 11—12 mm long, black, with no fuzz, only with thin white lint fibers, these sometimes up to 60-62 mm long. Fl. July—September; fr. September—October. Only incultivation.— Caucasus: E. Transc. (Kirovabad); Centr. Asia: Syr D. (Tashkent, only inexperimental station). Gen. distr.: West Indies, south-east part of the U.S.A. (Georgia and South Carolina), Hawaii and Fiji Islands. Described from Spain. Type unknown. Note. This species yields fiber of the best quality. Originating from Colombia, whence it first penetrated into the West Indies. Sea Island cotton, as the name indicates, thrives on sea islands. It is, therefore, all the more surprising to find it growing in the USSR under the continental conditions of Kirovobad without any indication of growth sup- pression. The identity of this long-fibered Kirovabad cotton with the original Sea Island cotton is, however, subject to some doubt (N. I. Mali- novskii) and needs confirmation. The description is based on indisputable Sea Island cotton grown at an experimental station near Tashkent. 7. G.jumelianum (Tod.) Prokh. in Bot. Zhurn. SSSR, XXXII (1947) 77.— G.maritimum var. jumelianum Tod. Osserv. (1863) 84; Tod. Relaz. 225.— Gi barbadense auct. Parl: Sp, dei Cotoni! (1866) 48: jo opis) nen L. (1753).— G.peruvianum auct. Watt, Cotton pl. (1907) 213,p.p.; non Cav. (1788). G.peruv. var. aegyptiacum Watt in Kew Bull. 1927, 332. — G.frutescens Lasteyr. var. j}umelianum (Tod.) Prokh. nom. altern. 61006 1 136 184 185 Perennial or annual, 1—1.6 m high; stems only at base with 1 or 2 ''mono- podial'' branches, with numerous and many-flowered cymes 30—45cm long (first internode 20—25cm long), glabrous or at tips scarcely stellate-hairy; : petioles (4)7.5—12.5cm long, slightly stellate-pubescent; leaves 10—16.5(22)cm long and 12—23(32) cm broad, cordate at base, palmately (3)5—7-parted to two-thirds their length, with ovate, acuminate, slightly concave segments (largest central 9—10cm long), palmately 5—7-veined, stellate-hairy beneath especially on veins; nectaries on veins 1—3 (central horseshoe-shaped, 10—20 mm from petiole, lateral 6—-10mm from petiole); sympodial leaves 3-lobed from slightly cordate base, 5.5—12.5cm long, rarely entire, obliquely Ovate-elliptic, 4.5—10.5cem long; stipules linear-lanceolate, 15—22mm long and 2.5—4mm broad, acuminate, erect, caducous, Sympodial obliquely ovate, 8—17mm long and 7-10mm broad; pedicels (0.5)1-5 cm long; involucral bracts ovate-oblong or round in outline, 4-—5cm long and 3—4cm broad, with reddish, transversely oblong nectaries in basal sinus and with lateral auricles, margin fringed to one-third into (3)8—12 linear-subulate teeth (3 uppermost somewhat connate at base); calyx broadly cup-shaped, 8-10 mm long, subtruncate with obsolescent lobes, furnished with nectaries at base; petals 5.5—6cm long, about twice length of involucre, bright yellow, with small dark red spot on claw; staminal column ca. 30mm long, surmounted by spreading filaments 2—4mm long; style ca. 38mm long; capsule ovoid- conic, 3.86—4.7 cm long, 2.5—2.8cm broad, briefly point-tipped, dark green lustrous, punctate with black pits, 3-celled; seed black, with fuzz at one or at both ends, and with long, thin and commonly brownish lint fibers. Fl. July— September; fr. September—October. Only in cultivation with artificial irrigation.— Caucasus: E. Transc. (S. Azerbaidzhan); Centr. Asia: Kara K. Gen. distr.: Egypt, western part of the U.S. A. (Arizona). Described from Egypt. Type unknown. Note. As ahybrid species that arose in Egypt from the perennial G.mustelium Watt which had spread there since 1821, and the Sea Island G.frutescens Lasteyr. which was introduced there in 1838, it deserves a separate specific name. An alternative has, however, been pro- posed for those who wish to combine it in one species with the Sea Island species G.frutescens Lasteyr. in presenting this ''Egyptian" cotton as a variety of that species. In the USSR, ''Egyptian"' cotton provides all of the country's high quality cotton. It is grown only on the southern limits of the cotton area. Family * STERCULIACEAE SCHOTT. et ENDL. Sterculia glehniana Heer (dubious identification) in undetermined conditions of Sakh. (Mgach).— S.vinokurovii Krysht. in Upper Cre- taceous deposits of Ar.-Casp. (Kul'denen- Temir). Firmiana (Sterculia) tridens (Lugw.) Krysht, in Sarmatian formations of Bl. (Krynka). Buetineria acqualifolia (Goecpp.) Mey, — Alamen una va elo uel 1— folium (Goepp.) Kr. et B. Pterospermites dentatus Heer in Paleogenic layers, Lower Due series, Sakh. (Pil'vo).— P.sachalinensis Krysht. in Upper 137 186 Cretaceous deposits of Sakh. (Varnak Creek valley), in Paleogenic deposits, Lower Due series of Sakh. (Soldatskaya Pad' valley), in fact probably different,species:— P.spectabilis) Heer jin Paleogenic or) Upper, Cre- taceous layers of Anadyr (between Telegraficheskoe and Omona), in Paleo- genic layers, Lower Due series, Sakh. (Yrkry River, north from the mouth of Kamennaya Pad' and Takinoe Pad! valleys).— P.tschernyschewii Konst. in Upper Cretaceous layers, Tsagayanskoe series, Ze.-Bu. (Tsa- gayan). — Pterospermites auriculatus Pojark. in Tertiary deposits of Sakh.— P.anianicus Krysht. in Upper Cretaceous layers of Anadyr (Umkuveem River).— P. sp. Pojark. in Danian layers of the west coast of Kamchatka. Order 28. Parietales LINDL. Flowers spirocyclic or cyclic, 4- or 5-seriate; stamens usually numerous; carpels with parietal placentae projecting toward center of ovary, rarely seeds borne at base of ovary. Family CI. ACTINIDIACEAE VAN TIEGH.* Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious; calyx of 5 imbricated sepals, caducous or persistent in fruit, sometimes becoming coriaceous and accrescent; petals 5, imbricated in bud, distinct, sometimes connate at base; stamens numerous, distinct or adnate to base of petals; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slit or by two pores at apex or at base which may enlarge into a slit; ovary superior, multicarpellate, rarely of few carpels, sometimes only three, united throughout or only at the sides and distinct at base; placentae weak or much thickened, projecting into ovary; ovules with single integument, borne in two rows at proximal angle of cells or crowded on thick placentas; fruit a many-(3)-celled berry or septicidal capsule; seeds from numerous to one in each cell, embedded in jellylike succulent pulp; endosperm developed, fleshy; embryo straight, large, “y— 3/4 seed length. Trees or climbing shrubs; leaves alternate, exstipulate, undivided dentate or entire; flowers in short axillary dichasial inflorescences, these sometimes reduced to a single flower, or else branched, paniculate. The family contains 4 genera and about 300 species, mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, about 80 species in tropical America, and a few species in Australia. Actinidiophyllum sachalinense Pojark. in Oligocene (Upper Due) layers on the west coast of Sakhalin (Vagis River). * Treatment by A.I. Poyarkova. 138 iyi Genus 893. ACTINIDIA* Lindl. Lindl. Nat. syst. ed.2 (1836) 439. - Trochostigma Sieb. et Zucc. in Abh. Akad. Wissensch. Munchen, Il] (1843) 726, tab.2. -Kolomikta Rgl. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XV (1857) 219. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious; sepals united at base, caducous or persistent in fruit; stamens numerous, distinct, with slender filaments, anthers extrorse, dehiscing by longitudinal slit; ovary of many carpels, these completely united or with only lateral walls united and free on adaxial side; styles as many as carpels, mostly filiform, arcuately spreading, more rarely thick and not clearly delimited from ovary, distinct or more or less connate; ovules in two rows at adaxial angle of carpels; fruit a many-celled berry with numerous small seeds; seed coat thin, finely alveolate. Climbing shrubs, with buds completely or partly em- bedded in a pad above leaf scar; flowers in small cymose panicles, some- times reduced to a solitary flower. More than 30 species in S. E. Asia, chiefly in China and Japan; a few species occur in Manchuria, Ussuri (Maritime Territory), Himalayas, Formosa, Cochin China, Java and Sumatra. Economic importance. Most species of this genus are of value as fruit bearers. Actinidia fruit, beside its excellent taste and delicate aroma, has a high content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). As regards vitamin C content, the fruit of some of the Actinidias is surpassed only by a few species of wild rose; its vitamin content is 5 times higher than that of such commercial vitamin sources as blackcurrant and spruce needles, and 13—15 times higher than that of lemon. Actinidia fruit is valuable because when preserved it maintains its vitamin content for many months. The fruit of the Soviet Far Eastern species A.kolomikta and A.arguta is readily consumed fresh, dried, pickled or stewed by the local population. It is used for making excellent jams, fruit candies, pastes, and wine. It is also used commercially as a confectionery filling. So far Actinidia has been grown on avery small scale. The first steps toward commercial cultivation of Actinidia, including breeding and hybridization, were taken by I. V. Michurin who investigated the wild-growing Soviet species and produced a number of new varieties which are horticulturally far superior to the original forms. For further production of new Actinidia varieties, foreign species should also be introduced, especially those of the section Vestitae Dunn., characterized by large fruit which, for instance in the case of Aj ehinensias: Plt yattains the size ofa hens eos.) Trialsiwith AY ko = lomikta have shown that the species is very adaptable and can readily withstand the climatic conditions of Leningrad, Voroshilov-Ussuriisk, and Canada. From these trials,it seems likely that suitable cultivars could be produced for the northern regions of the RSFSR, Siberia and the Far East, areas with a limited choice of fruit trees. A valuable asset of Acti- nidia species is their exceptional resistance to fungal diseases and pests of various kinds as well as to frost damage because of their late flowering. As Actinidias are climbers, they should be planted among stands of other trees, in orchards, parks, protective belts and wooded plots, where they are also ornamental. Actinidia species are also useful in apiculture as they are a good source of pollen. See also information concerning economic value in notes on individual species. * From Greek acis — star, referring to the radiate styles. 139 188 Aictinidia sp. Kr, et B.. in) Upper Cretaceous ideposits!ot Ze: eur (Bu.-Tsagayan). 1. Leaves narrow, lanceolate or oblong, completely glabrous; fruit variegated with numerous light spots; flowers bright rose, with FS UMhe UA Ae IAS puso ams ualtanr Pets phipk gh amis act oe Uae *A. rubricaulis Dunn. ar Leaves much broader, elliptic or oval to orbicular; fruit not spotted; nlowe hapwhite,,eReen Sn wihite: Orr, fadint lye rOSet jaa leur vals a: leben a en ate 2s 2. Anthers dark; fruit green, without calyx; shoots light-colored; buds completely concealed under bark of pad above leaf scar; leaves not WML Welle ort Sel hail eer opty: Baers: NGS Poi cAMe Dc roiiey gM PaREAU etree oak oan N = teh are mem 3. at Anthers yellow; fruit with persistent calyx; leaves often with white ormszareddish jtip gst hey tak Be LEE (ISIE GS AIS RRS DUR EES <.CS Nanfee as wa 4. on Leaves thick, glabrous or sparsely setose on veins; fruit 1.2-—5scm LOMAS, AMO SOS WOM NOiNs V5 5S a's toe 2. A. arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ale Leaves thin, mostly copiously setose on veins, petioles often strigose; LOU) Sia @ ede, Mlronalsy, oloMWoalers 3A By Ay iA ona eol oo Glee 3. A. giraldii Diels. 4. Shoots dark, reddish-brown; buds completely concealed under bark; fruit sweet, beakless, with dry calyx at base ...1. A. kolomikta Maxim. ar Shoots brownish-gray; upper part of buds exposed; fruit bitter, with PIGS OAC HEV se LANE bites 2. eye ARERR 2) Cee EE DEO) OO le ae Di Bis re cule loxereileelol@) sonatas -(e walhibakaliaKo Wee WaT rn Ae Gc els ORS BEE OME E ERG Ako ls 4. Ee Aer Seer et lho Pas Ms 4. A.polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. ac EEC tS OLODOSe Oe aMle Sci) SN ike ts UES Sees 5. A. sugawarana Koidz. Section 1.) ILFIOGARPAL Dunn emend. Pojark. > Sect. beiocarpae Dunn: in Journ. Linn. Soe. XXXIX (1911) 404.— Sect. Ampulliferae Dunn. l.c. 402.— Ovary glabrous; fruit glabrous, without light-colored spots, with or without beak; leaves devoid of dense tomentum, largest sparsely setose or pilose and with axillary tufts. Series 1. Kolomikta Pojark.— Anthers yellow; fruit green, with dry calyx, beakiess, sweet; shoots dark, reddish-brown; buds completely con- cealed under bark of pad above leaf scar; leaves green, often with large or rosy spot. Beside A.kolomikta Maxim., this series also includes A.platyphylla A. Gray from Japan (to judge from the cotype, a species very closely related to, if not identical with, the former) and A.gagnepai- nii Nakai from Central China (Szechwan). 1. A.kolomikta Maxim. in Mém. prés. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. IX (1859) 68; in Bull. Acad. Se. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 19; Fr. Schmidt in Mem. Acad. ‘Sez Pétersb. i VIlysér. Xi, 2) (1868), 118) Bidishen. “Opis. Vesov Primor. Prilozh. (1898) 3; C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. 11,327; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh.III, 36; Dunnin Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIX, 404; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. 11,747; Vorob'ev In Tr. Dal'nevost. Fil. An SSSR, I (1935) 3593 in) Lr) Gorno- taezhn. st. Dal'nevost. Fil. AN SSSR, I11(1939) 18; in Tr. Dal'nevost. Bazy AN SSSR ser. obshch. 1(1948) 37; Kitag. Lineam. fl. Mandsh. III(1939) 316. — Brunus?kolomikta Maxim. in Bull) AcadwSe.\Petersh: xv) 356) ml2en— 140 189 190 Kolomikta mandshurica Rgl. ex Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XV (1857) 219.— Trochostigma kolomikta Rupr. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersp. XV (1857) 261.— Ie:: EH. u. P. Pflanzenfam. 2 Aufl. 21 (1925) f. 26, PD ieMiomey and Alicwit eh late 220 strocit Der! mkust. vost. (1934) Figure 10; Sugawara, Ill. Fl. Saghal. Ill, tab. 596.— Exs.: G.R. F. No.1916. A twining shrub; stem branched, ca. 2cm,rarely to 4—5cm in diameter, climbing upon trees to height of 15m, sometimes procumbent and rooting, in exposed places sometimes erect, 1.5—2m high; young shoots trailing, cinnamon-brown, lustrous; annotinous shoots brown or reddish-brown, with oval yellowish lenticels; bark of stems dark brown; buds concealed within leaf scars; leaves on average 8—10(13)cm long and 5—7(10) cm broad, oval to elliptic-oval, acuminate, cordate at base, often asymmetrical, thin (in herbarium chartaceous), dull, green, leaf tip usually white in sun, at length variegated, turning pink or raspberry-red, both surfaces with thin russet hairs on veins, hairs longer and more copious beneath, forming axillary tufts, margin finely simply or doubly serrate; flowers dioecious, white or rosy, strongly fragrant, 1-1.5cm in diameter, staminate in 1—5- flowered (mostly 3-flowered) corymbs, pistillate (or hermaphrodite) soli- tary; peduncles subtended by small caducous bracts, pubescent; sepals oblong, to 5—6 mm long and to 2—2.5mm broad; petals broad, round or obovate; staminate flowers with rudimentary styleless ovary; pistillate with morphologically normally developed but rarely functional stamens and oblong ovary; styles 8—12(15), connate at base, free portion recurved; fruit to 18mm long and 10mm broad, dark green, with 12 darker longitudinal stripes, smooth, mostly oblong-ellipsoid, more rarely globose or napiform, obtuse at both ends, with dry persistent calyx at base and tuft of wilted styles at top; fruit pulp soft, succulent, exceedingly sweet or sour-sweet, with agreeable flavor; weight of berry 1.5—4g; seeds to 90, dark brown, 2mm long and 1mm broad. Fl. mid-June to beginning of July; fr. mid- September (second half of August) to second half of September. Woods, mostly Siberian stone pine — broad-leaved and mountainous spruce-and-fir woods. The optimal conditions prevail in spruce-and-fir woods containing some broad-leaved species and Siberian stone pine, at altitudes between 500 and 900m above sea level, where it grows into a large climber with stem to 4—6cm in diameter. It mainly occurs in open places, felling areas, old burnt-out areas, windfall, among rocks, margins of stony places, slopes of gullies and mountain streams; in such places it spreads luxuriously and forms dense thickets. It does not thrive in unthinned forest. The altitude range varies according to region: in the north the upper limit is 150—500m, in the south it rises to the highest peaks (up to 1,800 m).— Far East: Uda (in a narrow strip along the Amur River nearly EY. HO) 7 IN lat.), Uss., Sakh. (Centr. and S. Kurile Islands, the N. limit at Iturup Island). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Japan, Korea, Manchuria, N. China). Described from N. Amur. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The fruit of A.kolomikta is very sweet, with agreeable taste and delicate aroma. It is particularly valued on account of its vitamin C content which attains up to 9,300mg per kg. It is consumed both raw and processed. This species is less important in the Far East than A.arguta, but it acquires considerable importance in the more northerly areas where A.arguta does not occur. Being more cold-resis-— fant, A-kolomikta is of potential value as a fruit crop for parts of the 14] sLigial Soviet Union that have a severe climate. I. V.Michurin bred three valuable new varieties: Ananasnaya Michurina (Michurin's Pineapple) (Michurin, Soch. (Works) II (1948), Plate XLV) which stands up well to transport; Krupnaya michurinskaya (Michurin's Large) (1.c., Figure 204) and Klara Tsetkin (1.c., Plate XLVI). Michurin's students later produced a number of additional varieties. The fruit of A.kolomikta is used by the local population as an anthelmintic. Series 2. Argutae Pojark.— Anthers dark; fruit green, without calyx, beakless, sweet; shoots light-colored; buds concealed under bark of a pad above leaf scar; leaves green on both sides. Beside the two species occurring in the USSR, the series also contains A.rufa Planch. — in southern parts of Japan and Korea, and A.purpurea Rehd. — in Central China (Western Szechwan, Hupeh and Yunnan). 2. A.arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Mig. in Ann. Mus. bot. Lugd.- Bat. Il (1867) 15; Fr. et Sav. Enum. pl. Jap. 1 (1875) 58; Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. VII sér. XII, 2 (1868) 118; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 18; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III, 35; C,K. Schn. Laubholak. il, 326). Kom. and: Alisi, Opred.,r., Dalinevost. kre i, 747% Nakai in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XLII, 256; Vorob'ev in Tr. Dal'nevost. Fil. AN SSSR, I (1935) 358; in Tr. Gornotaezhn. st. Dal'nevost. Fil. AN SSSR, III (1939) 7; in Tr. Dal'nevost. Bazy AN SSSR, Gen. Ser. I (1948) 27; Kitag. Lineam. fl. Mandsh. III (1939) 316; Sugawara, III, Fl. Saghal. Ili, 1295.— Peochios tisinia\ are uta sie). et Zuce. in Abh. Acad. Wiss Muenehig iy (1843) 164;— Aietinidia, cordifolia, Miq. lsc.— Avacuminata Budischt. in Zap. Sib. Otd. Geogr. Obshch. IX-X (1867) 435; Trautv. Tr. IB. Se WAL, a7 ANY Sibi lid arses) IB uiGhisi@lae. Wo ele ieewray, lees — Als ian = lanandra Finet et Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. LIl,Mém. IV (1905) Pe pe wnonw Eh ranclas—wAL rut aw Hinet et iGagnep. AL.j¢.4,nonsP lance Aes ee var. arguta Dunn. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIX (1911) 402.— A.polyga- ma hort. et auct. nonn. non Planch.— A.callosa var. arguta Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XV (1901) 148; Mak. et Nem. Fl. Jap. 2 ed. (1931) (doer NGnt Cake. schn, lien fig: 215 a5216 a, bs Komswand Alisy) leet) Wlanere ai E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. 2 Aufl. Bd. 21 (1925) f. 26, A—C; Strogil, Der ue kuSt: D. Vost. (Trees and Shrubs of the Far East) (1934) Figure 9; Sugawara, l.c. tab. D9). A large climbing shrub, ascending upon trees up to 25m; stem 10—15 (16—18)cm in diameter; bark light brownish-gray, splitting lengthwise and peeling in lamellate strips; annotinous shoots gray or light-brown, with numerous oblong and partly punctate light-colored lenticels; young branch- lets spirally winding; buds completely concealed within leaf scars; petioles glabrous, "a" /9 length of blade, this to 6-15cm long and 3—10cm broad, rounded-ovate or ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, rounded or shallowly cordate at base, abruptly acuminate, firm to subcoriaceous, dark-green and lustrous above, paler beneath, mostly glabrous except axillary tufts beneath, more rarely at first sparingly setose on veins, margin closely setose- serrate, serrations mostly simple, rarely double, narrow, often more or less appressed; flowers dioecious, in axillary few-flowered cymose corymbs; bracts very small, hyaline, caducous; rachis and pedicels slender, with 142 OD russet pubescence; flowers greenish-white, fragrant, (1)1.2—-2cm in diameter, staminate generally smaller than pistillate; sepals 3.5—6 mm long, 1.5—4 mm broad, oblong-oval or elliptic, rarely oboval, densely lined with fine yellowish tomentum, less hairy to subglabrous on the outside, ca- ducous; petals obovaloid; anthers dark; staminate flowers with rudimentary ovary; pistillate flowers always with stamens morphologically normal but containing sterile pollen (as indicated by trials); pistil with globose glabrous ovary and numerous styles, these at first erect, then radiate-spreading; fruit smooth, dark green, with delicate, succulent, sweet pulp of unique flavor, 1.2—3cm long and 1.2—2.7cm broad, variable in shape; globose, spherical, oblong, laterally compressed and cylindric, obtuse or with short laterally compressed beak; seed brownish-orange, numerous, up to 120—180 in one fruit; fruit weight ranging from 1.5 and 10g. Fl. second half of June to second half of July; fr. October. Mixed woods, mainly Siberian stone pine-and-broad-leaved and fir-and- broad-leaved with hornbeam underbrush, on northern slopes. Occurring sporadically and mostly in small groups of 5—10, densely entwining all trees. Growing on stony, well drained soil, especially near little streams and water sources. In coastal areas descending right down to coast, where it becomes mostly established among rocks and near springs. The altitude range of A.arguta is determined by atmospheric precipitation and tem- perature conditions; lower limit fluctuates between 150 and 300m, upper between 600 and 800m above sea level.— Far East: Uss. (S. part), Sakh. (S. and Kurile Islands — Kunashiri Island). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Japan, Korea and Manchuria). Described from Kyushu Island, Japan. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. On account of the high quality and chemical com- position of its fruit,as well as its high productivity, A.arguta occupies the first place among the Actinidia species known in cultivation. One full- grown climber yields up to 30kg of fruit, and occasionally even 40—50kg. The fruit of A.arguta is collected and eaten by the local population. It is eaten fresh, and is used for stewing, pickling and jam making; it is dried for storage, preserved in honey, or fermented with a small amount of sugar into an excellent aromatic wine. The fruit is also used for fillings in the confectionery industry, where, to counteract its insufficient acidity, it is mixed with a paste of magnolia vine (Schizandra chinensis) fruit. The chemical composition of A.arguta fruit: water 83.37%, dry matter 16.63; ash 0.74%, cellulose 2.55%, saccharose 2.16—3.9%, crude protein 0.75%, reducing sugars 3.46—5.22%, saccharose 2.16—3.9%, crude protein 0.75%, albumin 0.50%, total acids 1.21—1.29%, volatile acids 0.06%, tannins and pigments 0.19—0.95% (Branke, 1935). A.arguta displays great variability in its characters, especially in the shape and size of the fruit. Vorob'ev (1939), who describes five forms (vars rhynchocarpa Vorob!,var. compressie¢arpa Vorob.)var:. rotundifolia Vorob.,var. microcarpa Vorob., and var. macro- carpa Vorob.), points out that these by no means take into account the variability of forms occurring in nature. Michurin (Soch. (Works), II (1949), Figures 201, 202, 203) produced by selection three varieties of A.arguta — Urozhainaya (High-yielding), Pozdnyaya (Late) and Rannyaya (Early) — which he particularly recommends for cultivation; some of them mature 143 193 considerably earlier than the wild-growing forms. When grown in Central Russia and Leningrad, A.arguta suffers from frost damage and does not always flower. It is propagated by seed which has very high germinability, 4 as well as by green and hardwood cuttings. A.arguta is also an excellent ornamental plant. 3. A. giraldii Diels in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XXXII, Beibl. 82 (1905) 75.— A.megalocarpa Nakai in Report FristSc. Exped. Manchouko, IV, 1 (1934) 9; Nakai, Hondo, Satake et Kitag. in his Report, IV, 4 (1936) 33; Kitag. Lineam. fl. Mandsh. III (1939) 316; Vorob'ev in Tr. Gornotaezhn. st. Dal'nevost. Fil. AN SSSR, III (1939) 15.— A.komarovii Teterev in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ak. sel.-khoz. nauk,Sb. k Vsesoyuzn. S''ezdu Komsom. (1936) Gl nommenides wie: (Nakai i wen tals ii nVioronev lc av Eh crab} A twining shrub, closely resembling A.arguta, differing mainly in the thin (in herbarium thinly chartaceous) leaves, with more developed setose indument, and large oblong fruit up to 9cm long. A tall climber, like A.ar- guta; petioles long, glabrous or strigose; leaves 10—12(18) cm long and 8—9(10) cm broad, mostly oblong-oval or oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate, acu- minate, with cuneate or rounded or rarely subcordate base, almost glabrous except for axillary tufts beneath, or setulose-pilose on the veins, especially beneath, margin closely serrulate; staminate flowers in 3—7-flowered corymbs; hermaphrodite flowers solitary; peduncles puberulent, sometimes with longer spreading hairs; flowers from 1cm (staminate) to 2cm (herm- aphrodite) in diameter, white; calyx caducous, obtuse lobes 3—6 mm long, 2.5—-3.5cm broad, subglabrous to finely pubescent on inside and near apex outside; fruit obovoid, obtuse; anthers dark; ovary elongated, smooth, with numerous styles; fruit yellowish-green or green, oblong-cylindric, obtuse ‘at both ends, to 3—3.5(4) cm long and to 2 cm in diameter, sweet, aromatic; fruit weight averaging 6.5g9; seeds 130—160, brownish-orange, 2.5mm long and 2mm broad. Fl. second half of June—July; fr. first half of October. Siberian stone pine-and-broad-leaved and fir woods, mainly on northern slopes. — Far. East: Uss. (S.E. part, Suputinskii Reserve). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (N. Korea, E. Manchuria and province, Kopeh, Shantung and Shensi in North China). Described from Shensi Province. Type was in Berlin. Economic importance. Deserves introduction into cultivation both for its fruit and its ornamental value. Of considerable interest as potential parent for production of large-fruited varieties. Note. The name A.giraldii Diels should apparently be adopted for this species, as the available material shows no evidence that A.me - galocarpa Nakai, described later,is a species different from A.giral- dii. Confrontation of the descriptions of the two species presents certain difficulties, since A. giraldii is described from a flowering specimen (from N. part of Shensi province), while the description of A.megalocarpa is based on a fruiting specimen (from Yehol). Examination of herbarium material gives no grounds for distinguishing a Manchurian and a Chinese species. Thin (noncoriaceous) leaves are indicated for both A.giraldii and A.megalocarpa,as opposedto A.arguta. Additional features pointed out for A.giraldii are setose indument of petioles and pedicels, and glabrous calyx. These characters, indicated for A.giraldii, are also to be found in numerous samples from Ussuri area and Manchuria that were 144 194 referred by Vorob'ev to A.megalocarpa,as well as in samples from the vicinity of Peking and from the Shantung Peninsula. Beside the series Argutae, attention of fruit growers should also be directed to species of the very closely related series Melanandrae Pojark., which are also characterized by large fruit: A.melandra Fr. from Central China (Szechwan and Hupeh) and A.hypoleuca Nakai from Japan. They differ from the species of the series Argutae in the beaked fruit which is dark reddish (at least in A.melanandra),and the narrow leaves with whitish underside. Series 3. Polygamae Pojark.— Anthers yellow; fruit yellow, with per- sistent calyx, mostly beaked; leaves often white-tipped or white-spotted. Beside the two species which occur in the USSR (A.polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. and A.sugawarana Koidz.), this series also contains A.lecomtei Nakai from N. China (provinces of Szechwan and Hupeh). 4, A.polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. in Mém. prés. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. IX (1859) 64; in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 19; Planch. ex Mig. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. III (1867) 15 (et var. latifolia); Fr. Schmidt in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII sér. XII, 2 (1868) 118; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III (1905) 39, C.K. Schn. Laubholzk. II, 327; Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIX, 403; Makino et Nem. Fl. Jap. ed.2, 733; Kom and Ais sOpred. «2 Daillnevost, kis l(t) Voroblevuinir. Dailaevesie Fil. AN SSSR, I (1935) 361; in Tr. Gornotaezhn. st. Dal'nevost. Fil. AN SSSR, Tit Gh939) 235 Kitas, Mineam!. fly Mandsh., Ill (1939) 316. — fr ochosmiem, polygama Sieb. et Zucc. in Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. Munchen, 1V (leas) N6Oy ir oe hoSsticma Trepianida,Sieb: et Zuce: Wy cia, uae omic Dipp. Handb. Laubholzk. III (1893) 25 cum fig. non Planch.— A.repanda Honda, Nom. pl. Jap. (1939) 214; in Acta Phytotax. et geob. Kyoto, IX GeO" Sueawara, lil. Hily Saphalk, Wih(194(0)) 12300 —ailke so @ ghee occ laremnlence Helge belies Kom. anand. Aliss [vechwlate’ 22/6: sstro pil Decrees D. Vost. (Trees and Shrubs of the Far East) (1934) Figure 11; Sugawara, Iks ents DST UAN A climbing shrub; stem not more than 2cm in diameter, to 4—6 m high; bark reddish, slightly exfoliating; young and annotinous shoots light-colored, dull, brownish-gray, with sparse light lenticels; tip of buds projecting from leaf scars; Shoots less trailing than in two preceding species; leaves broad-ovate to oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, point-tipped, rounded or cuneate or rarely subcordate at base, to 10—15cm long and 7—-10cm broad, thin, dull, glaucescent-green, sometimes white-tipped, veins beneath sparsely setose, rather dense axillary tufts consisting of thin arachnoid rufescent hairs, margin usually more coarsely serrate than in two other species; 195 petioles glabrous or sparsely setose; flowers solitary in leaf axils, rarely in 3-flowered corymbs, large, to 2.5cm in diameter, very fragrant; calyx of 5 oblong or oval lobes, to 8mm long and 4mm broad, often almost glabrous outside, puberulent within, persistent in fruit; petals oboval; staminate flowers with rudimentary styleless ovary; anthers orange; pistillate flowers always with stamens and a long lageniform ovary with numerous styles; ripe fruit light orange, solid or with dark longitudinal stripes, 145 196 2—4(5) cm long, 0.6—2cm in diameter, cylindric (var. crassicarpa Vorob.) or more often narrowly cylindric (var. longicarpa Vorob.), terminating in slender straight or curved beak, with persistent green calyx, bitter, with pungent, burning taste which, according to some authorities, disappears in fruit subjected to frost; seeds numerous, up to 350 per berry, light brown, 1-1.5mm long, 0.6—1mm broad. Fl. second half of June — first half of July; fr. second half of September,some fail to ripen. Fir and Siberian stone pine-and-broad-leaved woods, especially in exposed places, felling areas, near rocks, and stony places; in small groups, mostly together with A.arguta and A.kolomikta, but much rarer than these species. Upper limit lies between 250 and 300m above sea level, lower limit about 100m:— Far. East: Uss. (only S. W. part), Sakh. (S. part). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Japan, Korea, Manchuria). Described from the vicinity of Nagasaki. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The value of A.polygama is mainly orna- mental. Experiments are being made in the use of this species in inter- specific hybridization for the production of new varieties of Actinidia., It is advisable to investigate the chemical properties of this species, as it contains some specific substances that attract cats (like valerian), so that plantings are often damaged. 5. A. sugawarana Koidz. in Sugawara, Pl. Saghal. (1937) 231, descript. japon.; Honda, Nom. Pl.jap. (1939) 214; Sugawara, III. fl. Saghal. III (1940) Pvveicony i Ica: sucawaralyl.'c.0 tabs sos 5: Woody climber, closely akin to A.polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. From the illustration presented by Sugawara, it has broad-ovate leaves, rather strongly attenuating from a broad shallowly cordate base and long- acuminate, the margin rather coarsely serrate,as often in leaves of A.po- ly gama, the broader variants of which it closely resembles; fruit with persistent calyx, rounded-ellipsoid, obtuse at the top, beakless, crowned by a tuft of wilted styles. Woods.— Far.East: Sakh. Endemic? Described from Sakhalin. Location of type unknown. Note. All the data concerning A.sugawarana, including the descrip- tion, are published in Japanese. The only original information available is the above cited illustration of leaf and fruit,as presented by Sugawara. A.sugarawana is apparently compared by its authority with A.poly- gama for which systematists, including those who could observe this species in nature (Komarov, Vorob'ev), indicate the elongate-cylindric, distinctly beaked fruit. However, in Shashkin's paper (Aktinidii, ikh svoistva, sorta i perspektivy ikh kul'tury (Actinidias, Their Characteristics, Varieties and Prospects of Their Cultivation), 1937), Figure 10 shows, among fruits of A.poly gama, one fruit which, in its shape and lack of beak, resembles A.sugawarana fruit. In any case,this Actinidia closely approaches A.polygama and its relation to that species still needs clarification. Section 2. MACULATAE Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIX (1911) 405.— Ovary or rarely only its upper part with copious russet pubescence; fruit glabrous, green or brown, light-spotted throughout, with persistent calyx; leaves green, not variegated, glabrous or largest with axillary tufts. 146 * A. rubricaulis Dunn in Kew Bull. (1906) 2; Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXIX (1911) 407. A twining shrub; annotinous shoots cherry-red, with light oblong lenticels, slender, glabrous; upper part of buds projecting, lower part con- cealed under bark of pad above leaf scar; leaves quite glabrous, dark green above, lighter yellowish beneath, 3-10cm long, 1—3cm broad, oblan- ceolate or narrowly elliptic, long acuminate, narrow but usually rounded at base, margin finely and rather remotely serrulate; flowers commonly solitary, borne on slender glabrous reddish pedicels, staminate and her- maphrodite, dioecious, 13—17 mm in diameter, apparently bright rose; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous except ciliate margin; petals oblong-obovoid, twice as long as sepals and stamens; anthers yellow; ovary russet-hairy at top; fruit spotted, with persistent calyx. Erroneously reported for Michurinsk as a cultivated plant. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (provinces of Yunnan and Szechwan). Described from Yunnan. Type at Kew?; cotype (Henry, No. 10696) in Leningrad. Note. Theuse of A.rubricaulis in interspecific hybridization of Actinidias is reported by I. B. Michurin and by his student I. N. Shashkin, by whom this work was continued. But the Actinidia which was employed in this work cannot be recognized as A.rubricaulis Dunn. Counter- indications are provided in the illustration of this plant presented in 197 Shashkin's paper (1. c., Figure 2) and his detailed description. The charac- teristics indicated by Shashkin for this Actinidia are: (1) dark anthers (in A.rubricaulis yellow), (2) fruit without calyx (in A.rubricaulis with calyx), (3) ovate (1.c., Figure 1) or elliptical leaves with setose indu- ment (in A.rubricaulis lanceolate and completely glabrous) and gray flaking branches (in A.rubricaulis cherry-red). The description mentions yellow subepidermal spots on the fruit, but this spottiness is clearly of a different kind than that associated with A.rubricaulis and all the species of section Maculatae in which the fruit is spotted throughout, whereas on Shashkin's photograph of "'A.rubricaulis" the coloring of the fruit appears to be plain. The Actinidia described by Shashkin under the name "'A.rubricaulis" is undoubtedly closely akin to A.arguta, since only this species and its nearest relatives have the combination of characters indicated by Shashkin. The chromosome count carried out by Shashkin showed the same number (2n= 96) for A.arguta and for "A.ru- bricaulis,'' whereas the number determined for other species (A. kolo - mikta, A.polygama) was 48. The striking resemblance of this ''A. ru - bricaulis' to A.arguta was noted by I. B. Michurin himself (Soch. (Works) III (1948) 595) in the description of the first specimens grown by him. The true A.rubricaulis Dunn is undoubtedly of pomological interest, as are other species of the section Maculatae, suchas A.callosa Ldl. s.l.,A.curvidens Dunn, and the closest relative of A.rubricaulis — the species A.coriacea Dunn. Family® THEACEAE D. DON (TERNSTROEMIACEAE R. Br.)* Flowers solitary or fasciculate, axillary or terminal, actinomorphic, commonly hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual; sepals 5—7, distinct or somewhat * Treatment by B.K. Shishkin. 147 198 ISIS) connate at base; pair of bractlets often present; petals 5,rarely 4,or numerous, distinct or basally connate; stamens numerous, rarely 5, distinct or more or less united and basally adnate to petals; anthers 2-locular, dehiscing longitudinally, very rarely by apical pores; ovary superior, 2—10-loculed, with 2 to many ovules in each locule; style 1 or more; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or indehiscent, dry or drupaceous; seed usually with scant endosperm; embryo straight or curved, variously folded or spirally coiled. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, coriaceous, usually evergreen, exstipulate leaves. The family contains 16 genera and about 175 species in the tropics and subtropics. Ternstromiacinium euryoides Felix in Paleocene deposits, Sumgait formation of E. Transc. (wood). Genus *® THEA* L. iby, So ple (ALTE) Bl Flowers hermaphrodite, pedicellate, nodding, solitary or in fascicles of 2—4; sepals 5—7, persistent; petals 5—9, white with a yellowish hue, basally connate; stamens numerous, in two series, outer united into a tube and basally adnate to petals, inner 5—15 distinct; anthers versatile; ovary superior, 3—5-locular, with 4—6 ovules in each locule; styles 3—5, filiform, connate below; fruit a woody loculicidal capsule, with 1 large globose or ovoid seed in each cell. Evergreen shrubs or small trees (up to 1Om high), with chestnut-gray or brown bark and alternate, serrate, evergreen leaves. The genus contains 4 species,in tropical and subtropical Asia. Widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in the southern part of the temperate zone. 14; Ths sinensis, Sp.ppl.) (752) 515.— Th chinmen sis (Sims, (Bots Mine (1807) tab. 998, quo ad nom.— Camellia thea Link, Enum. Horti Berol. II (1822) 73.— C.chinensis O.Ktze. Rev. Gen. (1891) 64.—C.sinensis Or Ktze.) in Tr. B.S: X (1887), 195, invobs,— Ie.2 Trans. Linn) Soc: lzondons XXII (1859) tab. 61. A shrub or small tree to 10m high, with spreading branches; leaves alternate, evergreen, oval, acuminate, short-petioled, dark green above, light green beneath, at first slightly pubescent; flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2—4; sepals rounded, unequal; corolla 2.5—3cm in diame- ter, falling together with stamens; stamens numerous; anthers small, ovate; fruit a fiattened capsule, on a thickened stalk; seed ovaloid, 10-13 mm long, outer coat firm, dark grayish-brown, to 1 mm thick, inner coat very thin, shiny. Fl. mid-August to September; fr. October—December. Cultivated in mountainous tropics and subtropics. In the USSR tea is grown in W. and E. Transcaucasia, in Talysh, and in Northern Caucasus. It is native in the mountain forests of Tonkin and Annam, at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,000m. Described from China. Type in London. Many varieties are known in cultivation, the more important being: 1. var. bohea (L.) DC. Prodr. I (1824) 530; Pierre, Fl. Cochinch. II (1882) tab.114.— Thea bohea L. Sp. pl. ed. 2 (1762) 743.— Branchlets * Theh (Te) — the word for tea in one of the Chinese dialects. 148 200 erect; leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, dark green; flowers commonly soli- tary; styles basally connate. Peivene noir iduisn (yy DCr Prodi) 11824) 580; Pierre, HIS, Cochinch. Ml, babe ele hea vaca ils: Tea ssp.y pls eds 2 (1762) 735.— Camellia vi- ridis Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. II (1822) 73.— Branchlets spreading; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish, light green; flowers in fascicles of 2—4; styles distinct. 3. var. cantonensis (Lour.) Choisy, Mém. (1855) 68; Pierre, Fl. Cochinch. II (1887) tab. 113.— Thea cantonensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 339.— Leaves oblong-lanceolate; flowers solitary, mostly terminal; styles distinct only at ends. 4, var. assamica (Mast.) Choisy, Mém. (1855) 68; Pierre, Fl. Cochinch. II (1887) tab.114.— Thea assamica Mast. in Journ. Agric. et loi, Sees hal, U0 (1844) 63.— Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers in fascicles of 2—4; styles distinct only at ends. The tea plants grown in plantations are apparently hybrid forms. In spite of the enormous importance of the tea plant, there is so far no detailed monograph of the genus Thea. Some new cultivars have been produced by Soviet breeders in the Caucasus. Economic importance. ‘The tea leaves are used for making a beverage which is popular nearly throughout the world, acting as a mild stimulant of the nervous system. The active principle is the alkaloid thein, CgHi9N4Ozg. The thein content of the leaves ranges from 1 to 5%, mostly about 3%. Beside thein, the leaves contain 3.9 to 5.8% of nitrogen, 8 to 13% of tannins, and a small amount of essential oil which imparts the flavor to the beverage. Tea was used as a beverage in China as early as the 8th century B.C., but it began to acquire widespread use there in the 6th and 7th centuries A.D. Tea was variously designated in different Chinese dialects as ''te,"' "chia" or ''cha,'' and the name for tea in all the languages was derived from one of these sounds. The first to adopt tea from the Chinese were the Japanese who began to use tea in the year 805 A.D. By the 13th century tea was already a widely known beverage in Japan. Europeans became acquainted with tea in 1517, when the Portuguese first brought it to Europe. Tea arrived in Muscovite Russia in 1638 from Mongolia, as a gift of the Khan of Altyn (about 4 poods).* The beverage began to spread, and by the end of the 17th century tea was being imported into Russia in large quantities. In the second half of the 17th century (1657—1664), tea became known in Germany, Holland and England. In China, tea is brewed (often with fragrant flowers of other plants) in tiny lid-covered porcelain cups which are allowed to stand for a minute or two near burning coal; the clear liquid is then decanted into another cup. It is drunk without sugar or any other addition. The tea mostly drunk in America and in Japan is the so-called green tea (in the USSR it is popular in the Central Asian republics). Tea plants were first cultivated in China, and then spread to Japan. In 1824, the Dutch began to grow it on the Island of Java, and in 1834 the English planted it in the Himalayas. At present, the most important tea cultivation areas are in China, Japan, India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Africa (Kenya and Natal), and South America (Brazil, up to 1,500m). In Europe, tea grows in the open in the USSR (Caucasus), in southern England, Portugal, Sicily, and W. France. * [1 pood = 16.38kg.] 149 201 The tea plant was first grown in Europe under glass in 1763. As reported by Linnaeus, the captain of a Swedish boat,on a voyage from China, put some seeds in a soil-filled pot; the seeds germinated on the way and the young plantlets, that had not yet lost their cotyledons, were brought to Uppsala. This resulted in the plants which found their way into the principal green- houses of Europe. Tea cultivation was first introduced into Russia in 1848, in Sukhumi, but the first commercial plantations were established in 1884, when 2 hec- tares were planted in Chakva near Batum, and subsequently in Ozurgety, now Makhardze district. The development of the cultivation in prerevo- lutionary times was very slow: the total area under tea did not exceed 1,208 hectares and there were only two tea processing plants. The Soviet government gave much attention to the development of this valuable crop and already by 1940 the area of tea plantations reached nearly 50,000 hectares. Beside Western Georgia, where new plots are continually being cleared for tea planting, cultivation of this crop is also expanding in Krasnodar Territory (on the Kuban) and in Azerbaidzhan (Lenkoran) and Zakataly- Belokany district. It is estimated that the potential area available for tea growing in Western Georgia is 100,000ha, in Lenkoran up to 25,000 ha, and in Zakataly- Belokany up to 10,000ha. The yield of tea leaves on Soviet plantations has been steadily increasing. Whereas in 1933, the leaf yield from 1ha amounted to 800—900kg, it rose to 1,500 kg in 1935, and it now stands at 2,500kg, while in many sovkhozes and kolkhozes it is as high as 4,000kg. Newly organized plantations give the first picking in the third year (about 10% of full harvest). The tea plant gives a full harvest by the sixth year. Inthe USSR four pickings a year are normally made, with occasional supplementary pickings. The part picked consists in the tips of young shoots, with two or three leaves, leaving intact two or three leaves at the base of the shoot. (In tropical countries, where there is no winter, 20 to 30 pickings are made in the course of the year.) The picked leaves are subjected to complicated processing prior to marketing. This is necessary to bring out the unique aroma that is absent in the fresh leaves. These, moreover, are toxic and may cause severe poisoning. Family Cll. GUTTIFERAE JUSS.* Flowers regular, bisexual; calyx mostly deeply 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, very rarely 4(Hypericum paramushirense Kudo), yellow or golden, rarely dark red or purple; stamens numerous, rarely 6—18, basally connate into 3—5 bundles, very rarely all stamens united at base or almost distinct; pistil with superior 3—5-loculed ovary and 3—5 styles; fruit a dehiscent capsule, or baccate and indehiscent; seeds numerous, exalbuminous, small, cylindric, sometimes winged, punctate or pitted or papillose. Peren- nial or very rarely annual herbs, subshrubs or shrubs; leaves opposite, * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. 150 202 rarely whorled, exstipulate, with numerous glands, these dotlike and pellucid, more rarely black. The family contains 47 genera and about 850 species. Key to Genera 1. Stamens 9, connate into three bundles alternating with three broad hypogynous glands; petals purple or dark red; styles 3, distinct, one- third as long as ovary; flowers terminal and axillary, solitary or in PAS CUCUSS AOR DA ee Oe is dusahidaiel Soph pens Vout ec Ho ad at SUR Mr is 894. Triadenum Raf. cts Stamens numerous, rarely 9-18, connate into 5 or 3 bundles, rarely united only at the base of filaments or distinct; hypogynous glands none; petals golden or yellow, rarely purple-rosy on abaxial side; styles 3—5, distinct or sometimes basally united, 1.5—3 times as long as ovary, rarely as long or shorter; flowers mostly in corymbose, paAnieulate Om racemose intlobeSeences faci aisbic-weer 3 Sob Hyperieunray ls: Genus 894. TRIADENUM* Raf. Raf. in Med. Repos. N.York (1808) 352 Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or in fascicles of 2—5, short- pediceled; calyx deeply parted, persistent; sepals 5, equal, margin entire; petals rosy or purple, caducous, imbricated in estivation; stamens 9, collected in three bundles alternating with three hypogynous glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule leathery; seed small, cylindric, punctate. Perennial herbs; leaves entire, sessile, opposite, dotted with glands. The genus Triadenum contains three species growing in East Asia (1) and North America(2), in the states along the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Louisiana. 1. T. japonicum (Blume) Makino, Nippon-Syokubutu-zukan (1925) 326; ef. Kimura in Journ. Japon. Bot. XI (1935) 834.— Elodea japonica Blume in Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. II (1852) 15.— E.crassifolia Blume in Mus. Bot, Lugd.-Bat. Il (1852) .15.— Envy ire imilcarRelvim Mem pAWead: Se. Pétersb. VII, sér. IV, 4 (1861) 33,non Nutt.— Hypericum virgini- cum Migq. Prol. Fl. Japon. (1866—1867) 146 (non doJ55) Lod cls mayne tie a: var. asiatica Maxim. inMém. Biol. Ac. Pétersb. XI (1881) 157.— H.faurieri R. Keller in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1897) 637.— Triadenum asiaticum (Maxim.) Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III (1907) 45; Kom. and Alis. OpredsuraWallimevosts /kic.y Wi 48u— Teyap Sie1-eymipyayshiaytem erunma (Maxim.) Nakai in Journ. Coll. Sc. Univ. Tokyo, XXVI, 1 (1909) 97.— Triadenum crassifolium Nakai, Tyosen-Syokubutu (1914) 503.— Ic.: Makino,l.c. f.629; Nakai, Tyosen-Syokubutu, f. 195. Perennial, glabrous plant, with a simple straight taproot and thin feeding roots. Stems simple, erect, 16—45cm long, terete, sometimes bushy - branched; leaves oval, oblong or oblong-ovate, 2—5.5cm long, 0.8—2.3(3)cm * From Greek tri — three, and aden — gland, alluding to the three hypogynous glands alternating with three bundles of stamens. 151 203 broad, obtuse, entire, sessile, opposite, subcordate at base, copiously pellucid dotted; flowers terminal and axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2—5, short- pediceled; bracts lanceolate, 1.5mm long, subacute; calyx deeply parted, 4mm long, 14/.—2 times shorter than corolla; sepals oval or lanceolate, 3—4 mm long, 1.5mm broad,acutish, reddish, entire, eglandular; petals purple or dark red, oblong, 5-6 mm long, 2mm broad, obtuse, eglandular; stamens 9, collected in 3 bundles alternating with 3 broad hypogynous glands; ovary ovaloid, 3.5mm long, cinnamon-brown; styles 3, distinct, one - third as long as ovary; capsule ovaloid, 0.6—1.2 cm long, 4mm broad, point- tipped, dark purple, finely furrowed; seeds small, 1 mm long, cylindric, roundec at ends, longitudinally puncticulate, cinnamon-brown. July—August. (Plate IX, Figure 1.) Lake shores, dry and overgrown oxbows, boggy oxbows, overgrown water reservoirs; hassock-grass, moss and peaty morass bogs; wet and water- logged meadows. — Far Hast: Uss., Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Korea and Japan). Described from Japan. Type in Holland. Genus 895. HYPERICUM* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 783.— Androsaemum Adans. Fam. II (1763) 444. - Hipericum Necker. Delic. gallo-belg. Il (1768) 318.- Elodea Juss. Gen. (1789) 255.—- Hypericon J.F. Gmel. Syst. II (1791) 1156. — Eremanthe Spach, Hist. nat. veg. Phaner. V (1836) 421.- Roscyna, Olympia, Crossophyllum, Drosanthe Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2 ser.V (1836) 359-364. — Millepora Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 787, non Spach. — Drosocarpium Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon XVI (1868) 353. Calyx deeply parted, persistent; sepals 5, equal or sometimes unequal or variously shaped; petals 5, very rarely 4 (H. paramushirense Kudo), convolute in bud, golden or yellow, rarely purplish-rosy on abaxial side, caducous or sometimes persistent; stamens numerous, basally connate in 3—5 bundles or rarely few and connate only at base of filaments or distinct (H.mutilum L.); ovary mostly incompletely 3—5-locular, rarely unilocular, many-ovuled; styles 3—5, distinct or basally connate; stigmas capitate, clavate or rarely globose; capsule leathery, dehiscing into 3—5 many-seeded cells, rarely 1-celled or sometimes berrylike, 1-celled and indehiscent; seeds numerous, small, cylindric, ovaloid or oblong-ova- loid, winged, villous or pitted; flowers solitary or numerous in cymes forming paniculate or corymbose inflorescences. Perennial or very rarely annual herbs, undershrubs or shrubs; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, entire, sessile or short-petioled, surface and margin or margin alone dotted with pellucid or sometimes black glands. Some 200 species distributed through the temperate and subtropical zones, and the mountain regions of the tropics; particularly abundant in the Mediterranean region. In the USSR, 51 species. Hypericum perforatum in interglacial layers of U. V. (Potylikha). H.quadrangulum L. in Pliocene layers of U. Don (Krivobor'e). 1, Perennial herbs or undershrubs or shrubs; corolla longer than calyx; Stamens basally tCOMnare Way Se OMOUIICILEIS Waite (Senger wey cits een) ee lee 2. a Annual herbs; corolla shorter than calyx; stamens (6) 18, all distinct, persistent; ovary unilocular; styles 3; capsule leathery; seeds linear= DiLredA(seetion 5.ABirathiys *Spaich) iy ery eiaik woe au 48. H. mutilum L. * From Greek hypericon, a plant name occurring in the writings of Pliny, Hippocrates and Dioscorides. SZ 204 9. 205 + Shrubs and undershrubs, sometimes herbs; stamens numerous, DAO NOUS eve Mem Ie ances stake eta) veel fer eny oa chile ini’s agra laetunyte fey/ferlinyserb'shtiaibes: 1 Bho Herbaceous plants, sometimes woody at base, rarely small under - shrubs; stamens mostly numerous, 3-adelphous (Section 4. Euhy - SNAe VITO) Oe etd cSuei ke seiaytee als Re: hs WC ACH ON pre aL RT eae lela We Shrubs or undershrubs; styles 3—5; ovary 1—5-loculed; capsule berry liken] celled or leathery 3759 -eelled © 262) niin <(ye teg oehye * = Herbaceous plants; style 5; ovary and capsule 5-celled; styles 4- emiolledn( Seetiont2.\| “Rosey (Sp )y Bail s)k 1s) eters eyes moles eee 6. Stamens 60—100 in each bundle; style 5; ovary and leathery capsule 5-celled; flowers very large, 7—8cm in diameter; leaves evergreen (Section 1) DH remanthet (Sp) ionss: ye. oy eee eve i: Hvcalyeinum, I, Stamens 0-25) inva’ bundle: Styles 3; capsule berrylike, a cellledior leathery, incompletely 3-celled; flowers 2.5—4cm in diameter, rarely solitary, mostly in inflorescences; leaves not evergreen (Section 3. Mackeosemabiaa, (UNclenys.)) (Coches en Grecia) en ee ee a oo 5: Capsule berrylike, dark blue or black, indehiscent, soon falling; style shorter than ovary, corolla somewhat exceeding calyx; sepals ovate, obtusish, entire, partly spreading, notglandular-dotted .......... Bo coi luclfe | Biase Sens iuin Diner he marten rsk ia taht. Maia E9 iol 4, H.androsaemum L. Capsule leathery, oblong-ovaloid, dehiscing at the top, persistent; styles same to two times length of ovary; corolla 2—3 times length of calyx; sepals lanceolate, acute, upright, margin with sparse sessile ornsuallised. bilaiek i olands ix. iia sit jeeincsteperie ase 5. H.inodorum Willd. Flowers 4.5—8cm in diameter; sepals ovate to rounded-ovate, obtusish; styles basally connate, 2—3 times shorter than capsule; leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, subacute, clasping... 2. H.ascyron L. Flowers 4.5—5cm in diameter; sepals ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, acute; styles distinct, half length of ovary and 5—6 times shorter than capsule; leaves oblong-oval,acute .... 3. H.gebleri C. A. Mey. Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5,narrowly linear or narrowly linear-lanceo- late, 1—3cm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, pellucid-dotted, margin revolute; inflorescence spiciform-paniculate, interrupted; sepals mostly unequal; corolla 2—3 times as long as calyx; stamens in bundles of 7-9; capsule many-furrowed; seed minutely linear -pitted UR fea Spt RM et cbt iy ay Nace cen become Veh Le ott AE ede 6. H. asperuloides Czern. All Veave's Opposite; Stamens in ‘bundles of L030: very ecandelyy Seale Bs Be Deen La TL PRES ER RE CRORE Mean Ma MER Ek MEN up searay eT MR CTE eel ea AU ey "abt 8. SHAME MS) aN UME NE SOP Saad’ Gee cece ore re AIR A ERE OE ai re 9, SHAMASAS IMPVANSIOOLS., iia looiaCllas Oe NOKBO 7 os avo 6 6 boo oo 6 0 6b Bb 10. Stamens in bundles of 3-5; sepals unequal, outer broadly oblong- oval, others narrowly oblong, all terminating in minute black-glan- dular point, sparsely toothed margin sometimes beset with black glands; calyx about as long as or somewhat shorter than corolla; leaves oval to oblong-oval, 0.4—-1.6cm long, 1.5—6 mm broad; stems branched, ZAamcled prOcumo Cnty sa.rn.!.. caene es |: 8. H. humifusum L. Stamens in bundles of 6 or 7; sepals unequal, outer broadly ovate- oblong, acutish, others lanceolate, acute, margin with sparse black stipitate glands; calyx 2'/,—3 times shorter than corolla; leaves ovate or oblong, 0.8—1cm long, 5-8 mm broad; stems almost pro- cumbent, Simple, more or less terete... 9. H.formosissimum Takht. 206 10. I). 20). Sepals imbricately overlapping, dimorphous, outer broad-ovate, cuspidate, others ovate-oblong, acute, all entire, eglandular; stamens in bundles of 25; flowers in crowded cymes .... 7%. H.olympicum L. Sepals not overlapping, uniform, stamens in bundles of 10-30 ... 11. Leaves glandular-dentate, base with small acute downward -pointing AUT CTE SRS ie IE AS Eee Pte ties oy) Gh a ene Bott tee a OUR Reais relive aided A ek Ae Leaves not glandular-dentate, sometimes dotted with black glands, DASe. exauricUlate wrest es. ore Wek los te Usdte eel eh ates oP ne tee oe enue Abra EP Oa Seem RR Rete Ih} Inflorescences corymbose or racemose (3—7-flowered), 3.5cm long, 2.5cem broad; sepals oblong to oblong-linear, obtusish; styles 3 times as long as ovary; capsule exceeding calyx; leaves linear-oblong, [e5--Ginom broad: Stems eneety tO Soren LOM Mints tok vee tele ie mee enmenel eine Le Eta Sigs MR NNE tal eee nay eee EE ON GA eR PE Tk edie 12. H. ptarmicifolium Spach. Inflorescences cymose, loose (1—3-flowered); sepals elliptic, obtuse; styles about equaling or slightly longer than ovary; capsule shorter than calyx; leaves broadly oblong, 2—9mm broad; stems bent, weak, OMe Or Ctl LOMO ee OP ALOR MeN eran ay ciate PRP 13. H.buschianum G. Woron. Capsule marked only with longitudinal lines and stripes ....... 14. Capsule covered with longitudinal lines and stripes and with oblong or RoOuMCMolaMmGulareveSIClES. ats Sins es 2 bk ae Goce oS ela Pe ee 40. Pilantswaiainy, or clanditlarstubemecliod ser. si aw con Meher e os, oe Nanded Be ILS) EMG SHOT I OWS AAT we wt SAR Shee be eee Te eats, NS Ts Org! ale be et a a nae HG: Inflorescence a dense contracted cyme, 3—7.5cm long, 1.5—9cm broad; sepals obtuse; petals unguiculate; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear to’oblong,0.9-—2.5em long,2—5mm ‘broad; stems to 35cm longs, SeabmousHcoverediwith small risidvolandular tubercles: (ic. 2 vena EEL R GIR EN GS. Beli tal RRR EME oe ERNE Me Tew St ete TUM ie Mane SP aE 2 14, H.scabrum L. Inflorescence a loose oblong inflorescence, 3.5—25¢em long; 1.5—6 cm broad;. sepals acutish; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, 1.7—6 cm long, 1—2cm broad; stems, leaves and peduncles covered with short, Siratsht, spreadine, russet-white hares; Stems 075- lm: Tomer i 7yi.i a SEE SPRAAT ATA RN te MR RT ENG, vy CAMO Et MEAP MAINT e) TT R,, "Sess Aes 15. H. hirsutum L. DOSE VALLOUS 1!" Lh yh atk MERU Wi) TR RM le gatecu ants tral Mehi-ct Rims UMat Va cheat PARR a tase biG pecd striped-pittedror punctate = pittedvorrsniOObli yes hearer eee 30. Powers in terminal ey mestors—o, rarely Solatarye ©. 1) temo. 18. Flowers in panicles or in corymbose or racemose inflorescences, VET YN Gere ly Tit OFTITES: Mel. tam amare gota rae cts rceieirc. cee. ree tans cone ne WER eta Ie), Sepals oblong to oblong-linear; petals eglandular in upper part; leaves oval-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-6 mm long, 2.5—4 mm broad, surface eglandular, margin with circular ridgelike bulges; small pUlemute et. Nem hi oli 4s} ee eee Ra wee oken e 11. H. marginatum G. Woron. Sepals elliptic; petals sometimes with sporadic glands at apex; leaves elliptic to broad-elliptic, 0.5—1.8cm long, 0.3—1cm broad, surface sparsely pellucid-glandular, entire margin without bulges; plants to SUCHIN ON ESR GN 3 Dances ee eee ees OF te 10. H.nummularioides Trautv. Inflorescence a cylindric, spikelike pyramidal panicle, 5-20cm long, capsule 3—5 times (rarely twice) as long as calyx ..:.... 20. Inflorescence oblong, corymbose or racemose, 3.5—7(10) cm long; Capsule 2-2-7 times acl Loni actcallyxe yy ses Laie Ae en a PAY Marsintor sepals beset with black -clandulacsreeting hs + ceca ttm QBs 154 eae 23. 24. 29: 26. Bl Margin of sepals beset with black capitate short-stipitate or sessile CUEMAS OE IIOME IMTS Sea IMVO SE SMTOOGI A a verter MRAP Ske ect ecte Cay 3 24, Flowers in cymes of 3 or more, forming a cylindric, subspiciform, dense and more or less contracted spikelike panicle, 5-18cm long and 1.5—6.5cm broad; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, RE WMONC Te imei cH Me Cf ihe WEN RM RAN aie UN enh Ce ek 16. H. ponticum Lipsky. Flowers in cymes of 1—3 or 3—9, forming a loose pyramidal panicle; ean oneot Dea CUSHNO LE EVO UES sala ey ard fe Seat eb Meat eeIeE 0h on, 22. Cymes 1—3-flowered, forming a pyramidal panicle, 2—7(9) cm long, Paioao crab roaod bracts toblome sine. 1) 50%, eee Chenin te Ce ae Mee D ARS veeke ei h OA SO des Ad SON Si 17. H.helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. Cymes 3—9-flowered, mostly forming elongated panicle or some- times a raceme 10—20cm long and 2.5—5cm broad; bracts lanceolate Gr bmosdihy Flimcairs yabste) fen chy BR ert LE eee ed 23. Leaves oblong, 1.3—5cm long, (0.1)—0.6(1) [?] cm broad; bracts lan- ceolate; sepals elongate-oval; petals 3—4 times as long as calyx; Capsules (unripe), slightly longer ithansealya 9 2 ae ee eh eo ae Ae ol ONE hg Co ee Oe ae ers Bea 19. H. antasiaticum Grossh. Beavesmiinear(O;41 rem loniss:0,1—0:.2 em broad: Voraets broadly linear; sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; petals 4—5 times as loneyasvicalyxweapsuley2—setimies: asslonis as) ically xq 5 ey ene oe ao CEs NTIS REL Gh errs Be Pesce: Gaile Us cepacia beisaihe Pad ia MERA APS 20. H.lydium Boiss. Flowers in a loose panicle 12—20cm long and 2—4cm broad; margin of sepals sparsely beset with black, subsessile capitate glands or sometimes almost smooth; petals 3—4 times as long as calyx; style twice length of ovary; capsule ovoid-oblong, 0.8—1cm long, 3 times as Honewais) calyx Mone acuminate | Mie ea 18. H.elongatum Ldb. Flowers in loose raceme 12cm long and 4.5cm broad; margin of sepals always beset with black short-stipitate capitate glands; petals twice as long as calyx; capsule ovoid-conic, 0.6cm long, twice as hone kasceallvias Wyld. Beep elwecks wld hep det liom, 21. H.chrysothyrsum Woron. Flowers in cymes or corymbs of 3—7,1.5—2 em long and 1.5—2em broad; margin of sepals beset with black glandular teeth; petals eglandular; capsule ovoid, 5mm long, about as long as calyx ...... Peels heeeetpae ed Yap stn tianiinty perils Ral olnepel erp yee, 013 th sa 27. H.fissurale G. Woron. Flowers in cymes of 1—7, forming a corymbose or racemose or oblong inflorescence; margin of sepals and of upper part of petals beset with black, capitate, stipitate or sometimes sessile glands,or rarely mar- gin of calyx almost smooth, with few stipitate glands ......... 26. Margin of calyx with black capitate stipitate or sometimes sessile CTCL S Feats rik ist Sabi cy ae RAN A outs Laie VOL) he ie sl aT ee a a at. Sepals with mostly smooth margin or terminating in a point tipped by a black gland, or sometimes margin in upper part with a few black Capitereast pia te folands oe ths 4 nls fale eee a ee eee 20% Cymes 1—‘7-flowered, forming a corymbose, rarely racemose, some- times interrupted inflorescence 3.5—4cm long and 1.8cm broad; leaves narrowly oblong to linear, 0.8—1(2) cm long, 0.2—0.8cm broad, CeVviolude Snare Iie te eal ripe ie pew ty ls CAD i Pee, Rie 22, Healpestre) Steve: Cymes 1—3-flowered, forming an oblong or almost corymbose in- florescence; leaves obovate or elliptic, flat, margin not revolute 55 208 Pag). 30. AOO 2 Pst: oo. 36. Zs Inflorescence mostly an oblong panicle 2—3cm long and 1—1.5cm broad; bracts oblong to sublinear; leaves obovate or spatulate- oblong, 0.8—1.7cm long, 0.2—0.5cm broad; almost an undershrub, with brown, or castancousshbark.ecplandullaie )-) cictale jo weiic (leit etic ae URE ikea. chia a Mei tap sees Wes cee Pde ene orile eeprom eeh Suleman 25. H. armenum Jaub. et Spach. Inflorescence subcorymbose, 4cm long and 3cm broad; bracts elliptic; leaves elliptic, 0.4—-1.3cm long, 0.3—0.7cm broad; stem woody at base, with scattered red glands. .. 26. H.theodori G. Woron. Inflorescence a narrow, raceme-shaped, interrupted panicle, 7(10) cm long, 2—3cm broad; bracts oblong-oval, obtuse; sepals oval- oblong, acutish, mostly smooth-margined, sometimes with few black short-stipitate glands; petals light yellow; styles 2"/o times as long US HOME Hiab SuEAC ey cl choise mea chao katisy Gartenfl. ‘tab. Uae; Somoku, Dzusetsu, Ed. Makino (Iconogr. Pl. Nippon), XIV, tab. 33; Bot. Miao rte O00 tar Exes "Gl Raby No. Lots: Perennial; stem upright, 4-angled, glabrous, smooth, sometimes slightly branched in upper part, 50—120cm long; leaves oblong-ovate or oblong, opposite, clasping, acutish, 4—6(10) cm long, 0.5—4cm broad, glaucous beneath, entire, with numerous pellucid lined glands; flowers very large, 4.5—8cm in diameter, solitary or in fascicles of 3—5 at ends of stem and branches; calyx deeply parted, 2—3 times shorter than corolla or sometimes longer (var. macrosepalum Ldb.); sepals ovate or rounded-ovate, obtusish, smooth, 1—1.5cm long, 0.6—1cm broad, or elongated, 3-4cm long, sometimes longer than petals (var. macrosepalum Ldb.); petals obovate to oblong- obovate, 3—4cm long, 1.5—2cm broad, obtuse; stamens numerous, collected in 5 bundles; ovary brown, ovoid, 5-7 mm long, 5-celled; styles 5, connate at base or to middle (var. genuina Maxim.) or through two-thirds (var. longistylum Maxim.), 2—3 times shorter than ovary, or half as long as capsule (var. genuinum Maxim.), or twice as long as ovary and slightly shorter than capsule (var. longistylum Maxim.); capsule oblong-ovoid, 1.7—2cm long, 0.8-1cm broad, brown; seed oblong, 1.5mm long, minutely pitted, brown, with a scarious wing on one side. June—July. (Plate IX, Figure 2.) Birch and pine-and-birch woods, forest margins, coppices, terraced willow stands; forest, floodplain and wet meadows, alluvial mounts, peats, lake shores and river valleys.— W. Siberia: Ob, Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang -Say., Dats) Par Hast: Ze. Bu. Uday Uss, Gent idistris diape chi, N. Am. Described from Siberia. Type in London. 159 214 Economic importance. All parts of the plant are poisonous. Shunned by animals in the fields and in hay. It has a toxic effect when eaten (V. E. Iva- nov. Yadovitye r. (Poisonous Plants) 1923). 3. H. gebleri Ldb. Fl. alt. Ill (1831) 364; Fl. Ross. 1,446; Kom. FI. Manlchzh. Tl, 42; Bedeh: Rast. Turk. 572; Kom. Pl. pol) Kamich, (Il, 303: Kom. fandwAlis., Opred. 175) Dalmevost. kre 746; (ey ly Zapp vollor 1903.— H.ascyron var. brevistylum Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Peteuche Wo (1659) /65.— le. + dpe le, sole ROssty Waitab eo de Sucaiiena aml, Fl. Saghal, III, tab. 598. Perennial; stem upright, more or less 4-angled, smooth, green or brown or reddish-brown, mostly branched at top, 50cm to 1m high; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate (the upper) or lanceolate, or oblong or narrowly oblong, 3—6 cm long, 0.4—1.5cm broad, acute, somewhat narrowing at base, decus- sate: flowers 4.5cm in diameter, few, 1—3 at ends of branches or on axillary pedicels; calyx deeply parted, 5—7 mm long, 2—3 times shorter than corolla; sepals ovate-oblong, oval-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, 2—2.5mm broad, acute, 2—3 times shorter than petals; petals bright yellow, obovate, 1.4cm long, 1cm broad, attenuate at both ends; stamens numerous, in 5 bundles; ovary ovoid, brown, 5mm long, 5-celled; styles 5, distinct, half as long as ovary and 5—6 times shorter than capsule; capsule oblong-ovoid, 1.2—1.6cm long, 0.6—0.8cm broad, 5-celled, 2—3 times length of calyx; seed small, 1.5mm long, oblong-ovaloid to oblong, minutely pitted, obtuse, scarious-winged on one side and at ends. July—August. Wet riverside meadows, mixed-grass meadows, wood borders, riverside osier beds, birch wood openings, fire clearings on slopes, larch and birch underbrush on riverside terraces, fluvial sands, and shores of rivers and lakes? Wi. siberia: Alt:; 2. Siberia: Ano s—say.,Daus; Kar Hasty Kamichy Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Lake Zaisan). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from the mountains near Bukhtarma River,near Dzhingiztei check-point. Type in Leningrad. Section 3. ANDROSAEMUM (Adans.) Godr. et Gren. Fl. Fr. I (1848) 320.— Androsaemum Adans. Fam. II (1763) 444.— Androsaemum Necker. Elem. II (1790) 395.— Stamens in 5 bundles of 10—25 each; capsule 1-celled, berrylike, indehiscent or leathery, subtrigonous, opening at top; seed keeled or winged. Subsection 1. EUANDROSAEMUM R. Keller in E. u. p. Nat. Pflanzen- fam. LI; 6 (1895) 211.— Styles short; fruit berrylike, indehiscent; calyx long-persistent; seed ovaloid, keeled, beaked or winged. 4. H.androsaemum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 784; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 788; IML, IBS IML, etic. -Camle. I, 228s Wworroim, tia Wien Tl, iene, IMI, INO, 9). 10: Gio lls Mendes Waa lel ly ue Gi © iawivae, Mbeya Welle” Iticeyae.” IU (1778) (5 Amdo Ss vem mi Othicimake Alle Ul Peden, ml (i 7e5) i Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,444.— A.vulgare Gaertn. De fruct. et sem. (1788) 151.— H.rugelianum O.Ktze. Ind Lips. ex Dippel, Laubholzk. III (1893) DOMplee a Dull Ol tum Wort. ex Dippely lacs mee BoOltsse =. Elen\oleraiacnumnaa CyAnvieyrninischedisa— Hycawucas le um. stev. ln Merb a secen EMOiet en 160 (215) PLATE 1X. 1—Triadenum japonicum (Blume) Makino, habit, details of flower, capsule, seed; 2—Hypericum ascyron L., upper part of plant, capsule, seed; 3 —- H. inodorum Willd., portion of plant, capsule; 4 —- H. androsaemum L., capsule. 161] ZrALiel Cistus,pervvely nye nmitolims.Gmel jun \inschedis.— ice mele Bot. ov. Mil tabs 12215 Oak. schn. Laubholzka lisse vRichion nlc we bllne Genenag 16, WENO BHD em ISS ..o MLE MPa: sebeis\a MINIO)s bla: Undershrub, 30cm to 1m high, glabrous, branched, with brown bark; leaves sessile, broad-ovate to ovate-oblong, 3.5—1llcm long, 1—6(8) cm broad, coriaceous, obtuse to subacute, rounded at base, glaucous beneath; flowers 3—8 in a short almost umbellate or corymbose inflorescence 2—3cm long and 2.5—6cm broad, sheathed by approximate upper leaves; sepals mostly unequal, herbaceous, ovate, 8-9mm long, 5-7 mm broad, obtuse or subobtuse, entire, destitute of glandular dots, persistent and half- spreading; petals oblong-ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1-1.3cm long and 0.8cm broad, slightly exceeding calyx, obtuse; stamens numerous, in 5 bundles; ovary subglobose to rounded-ovaloid, 6mm long, 3-5 mm broad, dark blue or black; styles 3,2 mm long, one-third length of ovary, recurved; capsule berrylike, dark blue or black, 5-8mm long and 5—8 mm broad, shorter than to nearly equaling calyx, indehiscent, soon falling; seed small, 1mm long, oblong-ovaloid or ovaloid, keeled, beaked, dark brown or brown, minute- ly pitted and finely striate. May—July. (Plate IX, Figure 4.) Shaded beech and alder woods, and gulches; in mountains up to 1,300 m.— European part: Crimea (cultivated); Caucasus: W., E. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Iran, Bal.-As. Min. (Trebizond Vilayet). Described from England. Type in London. Note. A Tertiary relict species (Voron. l.c. 12). Subsection 2. PSEUDANDROSAEMUM R. Keller in E. u. P. Pflanzen- fam. III, 6 (1895) 211.— Styles equaling or slightly longer than ovary; cap- sule coriaceous, opening at top, persistent; calyx caducous; seed broad- winged or with a winglike keel. 5. H.inodorum Willd. Sp, pl. III] (1800) 1449; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 789; Supply i25;\Voron. in/Mat. Fl. Kavk. Ill, Now9,12; Grosse Fly Kavyk. Il, 65.—H.ramosissimum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 449, cum formis. — i. WoC On mm var S ulb mim fl omeuime Somme: et Wevanvarc: init en-marerd nium SoOmimM-wetiWwevavetveari mult it lows me Somme vetieve invita BS. Savin (1900) 93.— H.rariflorum Steyv. in schedis.— Androsaemum xylosteifolium Spach, Hist. nat. végét. Phanérog. V (1836) 420; Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I (1842—1843) 74.— Ic.: Jaub. et Spach,l.c. I, tab. 38.— Exc lam@ames. ess). NO. 1395 iG, Race Noel aiS: Shrub, to 1m high, glabrous, with brown bark; branches numerous, up- right, 2-edged, densely leafy; leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic or ovate- oblong, 1—4(6) cm long, 0.4—2(3) cm broad, sessile or nearly so, obtuse, sparsely glandular-dotted; flowers solitary, spreading on uppermost branchlets or sometimes in loose 3—7-flowered corymbose or cymose inflorescences 2.5cm long and 2.3cm broad; bracts lanceolate, 7mm long, 1.5mm broad, acute; sepals lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, acute, erect, margin mostly with sparse black sessile or sometimes stipitate glands; petals oblong-oval, 1.5cm long, 0.6 cm broad, obtuse, 2—3 times length of calyx; stamens numerous, equaling or exceeding petals, in 5 bundles; ovary oblong-ovoid, 4mm long, 2mm broad; styles 3, nearly 162 218 twice as long as ovary; capsule oblong-ovaloid or ovaloid, 1—1.2 cm long, 0.5cm broad, brown, finely grooved lengthwise, persistent, dehiscent at top, slightly longer than calyx; seed small, 1 mm long, oblong-ovaloid, cinnamon brown or chestnut brown, lustrous, winged, immature wingless, pitted- striate. May—June. (Plate IX, Figure 3.) Oak, beech, and mixed woods, forest borders, gulches; ascending in mountains up to 1,200m.— Caucasus: Cisc.,W.andS.Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Cappadocia. Type in London. Note. A Tertiary relict species (Voron. l.c., page 15). Section 4. EUHYPERICUM Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 785.— Perforaria Choisy, Prodr. Hyperic. (1821) 47; DC. Prodr. (1824) 546; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 446.— Stamens in 3 bundles of 5—30 each; styles 3, distinct; capsule; trigonous, 3-celled; seed cylindric; sepals imbricated or not; petals per- sistent. Subsection 1. CORIDIUM Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. II sér.v (1836) 358.— Small evergreen shrubs or undershrubs; leaves acicular, linear, verticillate, jointed; capsule longitudinally striped; seed villous or finely linear- pitted. Series 1. Asperuloidea Gorschk.— Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, in whorls of 4 or 5; capsule many-furrowed; seed minutely linear-pitted. 6. ivasperuloidés Gzernscex! Purez.) in Bull) Sect) Nat. Mosqmexecean 2 (1858) 385.— H.asperulaefolium G.Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. II, No. 9 (1906) 17,non Czern.; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. IJI,66.—H.galiifolium UU ch EMS Canc. (1869) 245; Boiss. (Bi wons,isupp! 6/1264 Shimallow sepals U2 Perennial, undershrub, glabrous; stem slender, woody at base, some- times ascending, 4-angled, simple, 40cm long, 0.5—1.5cm thick; leaves sessile, 4 or 5 in each whorl, narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1—3cm long, 0.5—-1 mm broad, acute, prominently 1-veined, revolute-margined, dotted with pellucid glands; cymes forming a 15—25-flowered, interrupted spikelike paniculate inflorescence, 10cm long, 3cm broad; bracts linear-lanceolate, 3mm long, 1mm broad, acute or nearly so, margin with sparse black capi- tate stipitate glands; petals oblong-elliptic or oblong, 0.8—1cm long, 2mm broad, 4 times as long as calyx, in upper part sometimes with stipitate black glands; stamens numerous, collected in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 3mm long; styles 3, slightly longer than ovary; capsule ovoid or sub- globose, 5-6 mm long, 3-4 mm broad, mostly twice length of calyx, many - furrowed, 5—6 mm long, 3—4mm broad, mostly twice length of calyx, many - grooved, brown, lustrous; seed small, oblong or cylindric, 1—1.5mm long, light brown, obtuse, slightly curved, minutely linear-pitted. July—August. Calcareous rocks, limestone, dry grassy slopes, open glades among pine woods and dry grassy places. In mountains up to 2,000m.— Caucasus: Cisc. (Cherek River ravine, Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR), Das Eh iGanisc: Endemic. Described from Dagestan, near Aum-Shali. Type in Kiev. 163 Zdke) 220 Subsection 2. OLYMPIA Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 786.— Olympia Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Il, sér. V (1836) 360, pro gen. — Sepals unequal, imbricated, acute; petals persistent; stamens numerous, short, 25 in each bundle; cap- sule leathery, longitudinally furrowed; seed linear-pitted. 7. H.olympicum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 784; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 790; Voron. ime Witt) ole Kayky lil Norss 6. —IOly mip war ola nicavspach), kasi nacht. véget. Phanérag. V (1836) 407.— H.adenophyllum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 445.— Ic/: Sibth. Fl. Graeca, VIII, tab. 772; Bot. Mag: tab. 1877.— Dpeeino IIS (Gresece, Gx—3 times shorter than corolla; sepals unequal, outer broadly ovate- oblong, 2—2.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, acutish, others lanceolate, 2—2.5mm long, 1mm broad, acute, with brown lined and black round glands on the surface, margin sparingly furnished with black stipitate glands; petals oblong, 7mm long, 1.5mm broad, obtuse, persistent; stamens 6 or 7 in each bundle; ovary subglobose-ovoid, 3 styles 2—3 times as long as ovary; capsule ovoid, 3mm long, brown, obscurely striate; seed 1.3mm long, ova- loid-cylindric, straight or sometimes curved, obtuse, brown, linear-pitted. June. QP Al Fissures of limestone rocks.— Caucasus: S.Transce. (S. Armenia, Daralagez,near Arpa). Endemic. Described from this location. Type in Leningrad. Subsection 4. TRIADENIOIDEA Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 786; Sect. Triadenioides Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I (1842—1843) 49.— Small shrubs and undershrubs or suffrutescent herbs; leaves evergreen, nonjointed; sepals caducous; petals persistent; stamens 15—20 in each bundle; capsule longi- tudinally furrowed; seed with a small keel [caruncle] on inner side, villous, finely striate. Series 1. Nummularioidea Gorschk.— Flowers few, solitary or in terminal cymes; sepals with black stipitate glands on margin; glabrous plants. 10. H.nummularioides Trautv. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. X (1866) Soe eDOIss. Lin Ory suppl. lar) Voron. aa Mate. Bla Keawien siipuNioy nme Guossee Hi kav Wl 69. Hina im muda riod e's warp Ulm Wha Mp ows Tae aiiuike (as itl MBotmsadaNo, d (1895) 40, Vases GUR He) Now Om,. 165 Ze) Perennial, to 30cm high, glaucescent, glabrous; stems numerous, woody at base, slender, terete, ascending or almost prostrate, simple, branched; leaves sessile, elliptic, broad-elliptic, 0.5—1.8cm long, 0.3—1cm broad or narrowly elliptic (var. dshessaricum Woron.),notched at apex, sparing- ly pellucid-glandular, margin entire and not thickened; flowers few, soli- tary or mostly 3—9 in terminal cymes, 2.5cm long, 3cm broad; bracts lanceolate, 3mm long, 1.5mm broad, acutish, with few black stipitate glands on margin; sepals unequal, elliptic, 5mm long, 2.5mm broad, subobtuse, margin sparingly beset with black capitate stipitate glands; petals oblong to oblong-oval, 1.6cm long, 0.8cm broad, obtuse, 3 times length of calyx, sporadically glandular at apex; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary oblong-ovaloid or oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm long; styles 3, about as long as or slightly longer than ovary; capsule oblong-ovaloid, brown, 7mm long, 4mm broad, slightly exceeding calyx, finely furrowed; seed 0.7—-1 mm long, cylin- dric-ovaloid, brown, finely grooved, villous. June—August. Mountains, in subalpine and alpine zones (up to 2,750 m), meadows, moraines and calcareous rocks.— Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Nakhar mountain (1,800m). Type in Leningrad. Note. A Tertiary relict species (Voron. l.c. 5). 11. H.marginatum G. Woron. in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) 6; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 69. Perennial; stems branched from base, tufted, slender, smooth, mostly glaucescent, 7-9cm long; leaves almost covering stem in two ranks, fleshy, elliptic to oval-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-6 mm long, 2.5—4mm broad, somewhat narrowed to subpetiolate base, surface eglandular, margin with a thickened ridge all round, with oil ducts and pellucid dots; flowers l1toseveral in terminal cymes; bracts and uppermost leaves lanceolate to oval-lanceo- late, with pellucid punctate, linear or streaked glands, margin beset with short-stipitate black glands; sepals oblong to oblong-linear, 3.5—4mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, sometimes subspatulate at base, obtuse, margin co- piously studded with black stipitate glands, back with pellucid glandular dots, streaks and lines; petals light yellow, 1.2cm long, 3-3.5mm broad, eglandu- lar at apex; stamens 12—15 in each bundle; capsule (unripe) striate; seed unknown. August. Rocks (growing in tufts). — Caucasus: possibly occurring in W. Transc. Collected in former Artvin district, near the bridge across the river Ardanuc-su, close to Ardanug village. Described from this locality. Type in Tbilisi. Subsection 5. CROSSOPHYLLUM Spach, Hist. nat. végét. Phanérog. V (1836) 308; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 786.— Herbaceous plants or undershrubs; leaves sessile, auriculate at base, margin glandular-pectinate; sepals caducous; petals persistent; stamens 10—15 in each bundle, persistent; capsule longitudinally furrowed; seed pitted-lined, slightly keeled. Series 1. Ptarmicifolia Gorschk. — Leaves, bracts and sepals glandular- toothed or glandular-pectinate on the margin. 166 223 12. H. ptarmicifolium Spach Hist. nat. végét. Phanérog. V (1836) 404; Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. 1 (1858) 40,p.p.; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 66.— H.orien- PAE MaoSon ipl Meas) Tob pws Ido. Ploy Ross. 1, 4510 JH te ulin efor tii Spach, Hist. nat. végét. Phanérog. V (1836) 404; Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I, Depea il One hen Mmanlen vce Pibcin Mlhe aot OL MM niet Vary tO UE net Orert i Boiss. Hl vor) 11867) 795.— H.orientale var. typicum) Somm. et Lev. in Tr. B.S. XVI (1900) 341.— H.orientale subsp. H.ptarmi- caefolium Spach ex Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No.9 (1906) 20.— IGee Mawlos Ge SO,” Whereis Il, wel, yey US) Ikea welch Cason — (Cele. elon SG)—2 IDSs) 6 (Go IRs BL IN@s Toe Rls (Cazes Gxso INOd tHOR Isles I Cele, IN@, 42il2) JE, or. exs. No. 268. Perennial, glabrous, herbaceous, 10—35cm high; stems numerous, erect or sometimes more or less curved; leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong - linear, 1.2—3 cm long, 0.3—0.4 cm broad, or else oblong, 0.6 cm broad (var. teberdinum Woron.), or narrow 1.5—3mmbroad(var. adzharicum G. Woron.), subobtuse, decussate, glandular, toothed on margin, auriculate at base, lanceolate acute auricles 0.3—0.4cm long, also with glandular -toothed margin; flowers 3—7inacymose, corykbose or racemose inflorescence,3.5cm long, 2.5cm broad; bracts linear-oblong, 8mm long, 1.5mm broad, withacute glandular-toothed auricles atbase; calyx deeply parted, 5mm long; sepals ob- long to oblong-linear, unequal, 4mm long, 1.5 mm broad, obtusish, with glandu- lar-toothed margin; petals oblong, 0.8—-1.4cm long, 5-7 mm broad, obtuse, in upper part with sparse yellowish punctate and streaked glands, 2—3 times as long as calyx; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary oblong-ovoid, 2 mm long; styles 3, distinct, 3times as long as ovary; capsule oblong -ovoid, 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.5—0.6 cm broad, 17/:—2 times length of calyx, brown, furrowed; seed 1—1.5mm long, cylindric, brown, pitted-lined. June—July. (Plate X, Figure 2.) Middle mountain and subalpine zones (600—2,200m), on clayey and steep southern slopes, stony places, rocks in pine woods and on subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. De- scribed from Asia Minor. Type in Paris. 13. H. buschianum G. Woron. ex N. A. Bush. in Tr. B.S. XXIV (1905) 291 et in Busch., Mark. et Woron. Fl. Cauc. exs. No. 14 (nomen nudum); Vonon, tn Wats shu Kaka tills Nos 952 a: Grosse .7 MEY Kavk wiGGia a Macs a ly Gave mexs ty NOny | ae Perennial, glabrous plant to 25cm high; stem terete, faintly 2-edged, assurgent, scantily leafy; leaves delicate, broadly oblong, 0.7—3cm long, 0.2—0.9cm broad, obtuse, copiously pellucid-dotted, with glandular -toothed margin, lanceolate acute auricles 0.2—0.4cm long, their margin also glandular-toothed; flowers 1—4 in a cymose inflorescence, 6cm long, 2cm broad; bracts oblong, 6 mm long, obtuse, with lanceolate auricles, glandu- lar-toothed; sepals unequal, oblong-elliptic, 4mm long, 2mm broad, obtuse, with glandular-toothed margin; petals oblong, 1.4cm long, 0.3cm broad, obtuse, 3 times length of calyx; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles, shorter than petals; ovary ovoid, 0.5cm long; styles 3, about as long as ovary; capsule ovoid-conic, brown, 5—6 mm long, 2.5—3 mm broad, thin-walled, furrowed, slightly exceeding calyx. July. ' Subalpine zone.— Caucasus: Dag. Endemic. Described from former Andi District between Kodory Pass and Khupro village. Type in Leningrad. 167 224 ZEN Subsection 6. HOMOTAENIUM R. Keller in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. I, 6 (1895) 213.— Sectio Taeniocarpium Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I (1842—1843) 47,p.p.— Herbaceous plants; sepals with entire glandular or glandular- toothed margin, caducous; petals persistent; stamens 15 in each bundle; capsule 10—20-grooved; seeds numerous, villous or pitted. Series 1. Scabra Gorschk.— Stems scabrous, covered with minute glandular tubercles. 14. H.scabrum L. Centuria, I (1755) 25; Amoen. Acad. IV (1759) 287; So pla) 163) (lO4c. idbankl. SRossil, 450s7Botsse Hissar. nl) 7 SiGnuaVjoreorn: in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Ill, No. 9,24; Fedch. Rast. Turk. 973; Grosss. Fl. Kavk. DM o A kere el (Zap. tb VALU lOO Gl sernidgahs fre Umns pleclo. slic. sao len eps Ross. I (1829) 6; Ean lavalt ih, S662 7 thas Cra loge ll Mar Velie sey NOR Cavin wer var. asperum Trauty. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXXIII (1860) 457 and iar ADIOS IBS So MIN SEZ US tle lath Moy renoysh bMiaaMnyeliany aaah oatvolioileGl imam laveioleley, IDS ‘Sevaclaatll. des) Kaukas. Mus. Il (1901) 68.— HJ bourgiae: Boiss, im Fl, or.) i (he72) 796.— H.scabrum var. bourgaei Lypski, Fl. Kavk. (1899) 258. — He sic abyeumy yam, ed oc allyse,Kize. in Ube. W Gre < INO dt Glee) minder Drosanthe secabra Spach in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. Il, V (1836) 3H) Sih Ooi, = 1@52 Ibo, IL TROSSI, Wald. INO, 7, lbs ye lnlewdo., IN, (Caue, INO. 27ee Perennial; stems numerous,17—35cm long, sometimes 10—15cm long (var. micranthum Boiss.), woody at base, mostly terete, ascending, virgate, brown or reddish, mostly branched at top, scabrous, covered with minute, rigid glandular tubercles, these sometimes projecting (var. hysso- pifolium Boiss.), or almost smooth (var. glabrum B. Fedtsch.); leaves sessile, glaucescent, lanceolate or oblong-linear or linear or oblong, 0.9-2.5cm long and 2.5mm broad, or broadly oblong (var. hyssopifolium Boiss.); leaves of sterile shoots small, linear, 0.3—1cm long, 1mm broad, all leaves obtuse, revolute-margined, pellucid-dotted, attenuate at apex and mucronate; flowers numerous, in a dense cymose corymb, 3—6(7.5) cm long, 1.5—6(9) cm broad; bracts oblong to oblong-linear, 1-2 mm long, 0.7 mm broad, acutish, scarious-margined, entire or occasionally denticulate; calyx 2—3 times shorter than petals, cleft to Hae ios 2a mm lonely la lea maran broad, lobes unequal, ovate or lanceolate or oblong, 1—2 mm long, 0.5—1.3 mm broad, obtuse, scarious-margined, entire or denticulate, eglandular or occasionally glandular; petals yellow, oblong, 6-8 mm long, 2—4mm broad, or 4-6 mm long (var. micranthum Boiss.), tapering to a claw 2mm long, at apex mostly with black capitate stipitate glands; stamens few, 6—10 in three bundles; ovary ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3,twice as long as ovary; capsule oblong-ovaloid or oblong-ovoid, 7mm long, 2—-4mm broad, 3 times length of calyx, acutish, brown, furrowed; seed 1.5mm long, ovaloid- cylindric, brown, longitudinally white-villous. May—July. Dry, stony, steppe and mountain slopes, and dry upland steppes, rocky outcrops, dry stony stream beds, arboraceous juniper and steppe belts, bramble thickets. In mountains up to 2,700m.— Caucasus: W., E. and S. Transc., Tal.; W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.- Haro Mito. Lurkim., Syr 1D), Pam—Aly Psa, Geniudistie sisal Assi letter (Asia Minor), Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Arabia. Type in London. 61006 1 168 (225) NG AE, 4 i A Wee WV ro = ae PLATE X. 1—Hypericum humifusum L.,capsule,seed; 2—H. ptarmicifolium Spach., capsule, seed; 3 — H. hirsutum L., capsule, seed. 169 228 Economicimportance. Allapigeous parts of the plant contain a coloring pig- ment. Inneutral dip or with ammonia mordant, astem extract gives apale straw color, a flower extract a honey color; a leaf extract yields a nut-brown color in neutral dip, honey with ammonia mordant (O. A. Enden,Kras. ie Turkm. (Dye Plants of Turkmenia) in Tr. Turkm. Fil. AN SSSR, No. V (1944)). The flowers contain a pigment which is used for home production of a yellow dye, while an acid extract of flowers yields red and pink colors. The herbage and the flowers contain an essential oil (Pavlov, Rast. syr'e Kazakhstana (Plant Raw Materials of Kazakhstan) (1947) 356). Series 2. Hirsuta Gorschk.— Stems, leaves and pedicels covered with spreading russet-white hairs. 15. H. hirsutum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 786; M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. II, 230, Ldb. HS alte Wie S6bs sya el. Ros.) 1,449 episs Boiss wl lt nor. tLe (ise sane claces Hips Ol ands wwedceh) RPerechs ieee thurks (244 eVoront iam letameryle aviv, A No. 9,25. syreishch. Dl. Fie) Mosk.) sub. 361; Pedehe (Rast: Miia. to (73s iuedeh- andy Eller. Fighvyropysnoss 632. 1hl. Vucogvest. vi 12s Grosso. “Hi ikavic sil, 68: Keyl Zap.. Sida Vill, 1905s —le ta Pimiete Beta oVwetab altace Rchbs gic Ml iGeenam Vel tana 20: . oyacemsnic lieslerer S625— = Ising lsvelalos JEM, (Geieanw eS. INO. ISVs (oI. 1. INO, IQO7 2. lone Jel. Bohem. et Morav. exs. No. 951. Perennial to 00 em) mi high; irhizomesl.5>2smm thick, creepine:iisvems terete, erect, not furrowed, covered, as are leaves and pedicels, with soft, crisp pubescence of unicellular spreading russet-white hairs (longer on stem); plants occasionally almost glabrous except for scattered short hairs at top (far cra lingercieie ms KG: Woron.); leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, 1.7—5(6) em long and 1—2cm broad, obtuse, bluish-green, with scattered glandular dots, destitute of black marginal glands, subsessile, petioles not exceeding 1-1.5mm. Flowers numerous, in a rather loose panicle 3.5—25cm long and 1.5—6cm broad; bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2mm long, 0.6mm broad, acute, margin with black-glandular teeth; sepals linear-lanceolate or lanceolate to lance-oblong, unequal, 3.5—4mm long and 0.7-1 mm broad, acutish, glabrous, margin black-glandular-denticulate; petals yellow or lurid, oblong-elliptic, 1—1.2 cm long, 0.5cm broad, 2—3 times calyx length, inequilateral, in upper part mostly with sparse black capitate stalked glands; stamens numerous in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 1.5mm long; styles 3, 6mm long; capsule ovoid or oblong -ovoid to conic, brown, 4-6 mm long, 3—5 mm broad, furrowed; seed 1mm long, cylindric, brown, striate-villous. July—August. (Plate X, Figure 3.) Gulches, shrub thickets on slopes; tall-grass meadow, steppe and wooded mountain slopes, woods and their borders, stony meadow steppes, solonetzic glades, floodplains and pebble conglomerates, plowland. Rising in moun- tains up to 2,800 m.— European part: Lad.-Ilm. (S. part), UP Weiner Un Dnp., M. Dnp.)'V.-Don, Transv., U: Dus.) Bes., Bl) (N. part), Crim... Don (N. part); Caucasus: Cisc.,Dag., W., E. and S. Transc.; W. Siberia: Ob (S. part), U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia; Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur., Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja), Mong. (N. W.). Described from Europe. Type in London. 170 229 Economic importance. The leaves contain 101.3~-120mg%, according to some data up to 300 mg%, of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (Grossg. Rast. res. Kavk. (1946) 244). Series 3. Pontica Gorschk. — Flowers in a cylindric, dense and con- tracted, subspiciform panicle 5—18cm long, 1.5—6.5mm broad; petals 2—3 times as long as calyx. 16. H.ponticum Lipsky in Tr. B. S. XIII (1893—1894) 282; Shmal'g. FI. I,172.—H.hyssopifolium subsp. ponticum Lipsky from Voron. in Mate bl> Kavi II, No. 95 29;>-Grosse. Pl Kavk. 10,7: Perennial, glabrous, to 40-—50cm high; rhizome 4mm thick, creeping; stems mostly numerous, ascending or erect, terete, brown or reddish; sterile branchlets in leaf axils appressed, 0.9—1.4cm long, densely leafy, shorter than cauline leaves, closely covering upper part of stem and in- florescence; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 0.8—2cm long, 0.5-1mm broad, obtuse, revolute-margined, narrowing at base, sparingly glandular- dotted; flowers numerous, in cymes of 3 or more, these forming a cylindric dense contracted subspiciform panicle 3—18cm long, 1.5—6.5cm broad; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 2—2.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, sessile, revolute-margined, acute, slightly shorter than calyx; sepals elliptic or ovate -oblong, 2mm long, 1.5mm broad, obtusish, mostly densely black- glandular-toothed; petals oblong-oval, 7-8mm long, 3mm broad, 2—3 times as longas calyx, margin in upper part beset with black stipitate glands; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-3 mm long; styles 3, about as long as or longer than ovary; capsule ovoid to ovoid- oblong, 7mm long, 3-5 mm broad, acute, conic, obscurely furrowed, nearly 3 times length of calyx; seed 1.5mm long, bacilliform, longitudinally villous. June—July. Dry slopes.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Novorossiisk. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Helianthemoidea Gorschk.— Flowers long-pediceled,ina loose pyramidal panicle 2—7(9)cm long; petals 3—4 times as long as calyx. 17. H.helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. Diagn. ser. I, VIII (1849) 116; Pl Pors,ot 302s) Medch. Rast) \lurk,\/o72370,)\and By Medeh #rPerech)) re burk: 2,144.— Drosanthe helianthemoides Spach, Hist. nat! végét. Phanér. V (1836) 379. Perennial; stems numerous, virgate, terete, with 2 prominent lines, 20—50cm long, woody at base; leaves narrowly linear-cylindric, 0.8—2 cm long, 1-1.5 mm broad, or broadly linear, 2-3 mm broad (var. latifolium Boiss.), subacute, convolute, sessile, opposite; leaves of axillary branchlets 0.3-1cem long; flowers often numerous, 2 or 3 (sometimes solitary) in cymes, on pedicels 0.5—0.8cm long, forming a loose pyramidal panicle 2—7(9) cm long and (1.5)2—3.5cm broad; bracts oblong-linear, 1.5—2mm long, acute, entire or slightly glandular-serrulate; calyx deeply parted, 2—2.5mm long, 3—4 times shorter than corolla; sepals ovate-oblong, 171 1.5-2.5mm long, 1—1.5mm broad, obtuse, reddish at base, densely black- glandular-toothed; petals lurid, oblong-obovate, 0.9-1cm long, 3-4mm broad, obtuse, in upper part with stipitate or sessile glands, these black on margin; stamens 40—45, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 2mm long; style 3, distinct, 1,5—2 times as long as ovary; capsule ovoid, acute, 4-5mm long, 4mm broad, twice length of calyx; seed 2—3 mm long, oblong-cylindric, brown, minutely short-villous. May—June. 230 Gravelly, stony and clayey slopes (up to 1,300 m), needlegrass steppes on mountain slopes, and mountain passes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr. : Iran. Described from Iran between Kermanshah and Hamadan. Type in Geneva. Series 5. Elongata Gorschk.— Flowers in loose subracemose panicle 10—20cm long; petals 2—5 times as long as calyx. 18. H.elongatum Ldb. Fl. alt. III (1831) 365 Grosso: sal. ttayies ile (iced: Miles Zap. otb)v Villy L906. Eishayas)S Oj tdvonlei qaeia NI - eeyabale taur.-Cauc: (1808) 231, excl. var. B et y non L.— H. hyssopifolium £6 elongia t wim wlidb. while Ross ant (1842) 451; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 799.— Hahiins — So patolwum subsp. b.eloneatu ms Udb: vex, Voron.))in Mats sha keane WENO Oo a2 dl layyes sO Dish.© La unm saucte wls a iltiel inom) Vill he) Oraraiac Bomedch.sherech.. i. dunk. 2,144, aypre cu my Kar (et) Keun ipa Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 175.— Ic.: Ldb. Ic. Fl. Ross. tab. 486; Rchb. IPs CGieirs IM, velo, Bees Perennial, glabrous, glaucescent or cinerescent, 20—50cm high; stems mostly terete, brown or reddish-brown, erect or sometimes more or less divergent, vegetative, short-branched, densely leafy (var. caespitosa Kryl.), with short axillary branchlets; leaves oblong-linear to oblong or broadly linear, 1—2.5cm long, 0.5—1cm broad, or linear-filiform, 0.5—lcm long and 0.5—0.7mm broad (var. caespitosa Kryl.), subobtuse, with scattered pellucid dots, revolute-margined; flowers numerous, in cymes of 3—9 forming loose subracemose panicle 12—20cm long and 2—4cm broad; bracts lanceolate, 3mm long, obtusish; calyx parted to a Or money 3—4(5) mm long, lobes ovate-oblong to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2—3(4.5) mm long, 1—2 mm broad, obtusish, margins in upper part with sparse capitate subsessile glands or occasionally smooth; petals oblong- obovate, 1—1.2 cm long, 0.4—0.5 cm broad, 3—4 times as long as calyx, obtuse, inequilateral, with black capitate stipitate glands on margin and glandular streaks on surface; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid-conic, 2.5—3mm long; style 3,distinct, twice as long as ovary; capsule ovoid- oblong, 0.8—1cm long, 0.4—0.5cm broad, long-tapering, 2—3 times as long as calyx; seed 2—2.5mm long, cylindric, obtuse, curved, brown, white- or fus- cous-villous. June—July. (Plate XI, Figure 3.) Steppe, stony, dry, fine-earth and gravelly mountain slopes, rocks, needle- grass steppe zone, steppe and tree-and-scrub belts. In the mountains up to Z200miA-> Hucopean, part: Cyime; (Caucasus Daeyy sand ©. Mransies. 231 Tal.; W.Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Dzu.-Tarb., Mtn. Turkm., Pam Als T. sh.).\Gen. distr. Bal.-As,(Main.. Arms Kurd.) trent sDescmbed from W. Siberia, Irtysh River between Bukhtarminsk and Semipalatinsk. Type in Leningrad. 172 Oe Economic importance. The seed, ground into a powder, is used internally in very small doses (being considered toxic) as a remedy for malaria; it also has a laxative and tonic action (Pavlov, Rast. syr'e Kazakhstana (1947) 356). 19. H. antasiaticum Grossh. in Izv. Azerbaidzh. Fil. AN SSSR, I (1941) 45. Perennial, glabrous; stems to 40—-50cm long, brown or reddish-brown, erect, unbranched, except for short axillary branchlets; leaves oblong or narrowly linear (axillary branchlets), 1.3—5cm long, 1—6(10) mm broad, subacute, revolute-margined, subsessile; flowers numerous in cymes forming elongated panicle 10—17cm long and 3—6cm broad; bracts lan- ceolate, 2—-3mm long, acute, entire; calyx 3—3.5mm long, parted to a lobes eclongeate-oval, 2—2.5 mm long, 1.51.7 mm bread, acute or acutish, margin closely pectinate with black-glandular teeth; petals bright yellow, oblong-obovate, 1.2—1.3cm long, 0.6 cm broad, 3—4 times length of calyx, with sparse black clavate stipitate glands on margin and light-oval glands on surface; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 3mm long; styles 3, distinct, about as long as ovary; capsule (immature) 4mm long, slightly exceeding calyx. June—July. Subalpine belt, on calcareous slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (near Kyu- Kyu, Nakhichevan, whence described). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Aiswenia Baku. 20. H.lydium Boiss. Diagn. ser.I,1 (1842) 57; Voron. in Mat. FI. Kavko li INO: Jol: Grosso Mile ian. Ll als aah S’eio arsmelumamisaricicn et Noe Diagn. ser. II, 1 (1853) 107.— H.hyssopifolium var. lydium Boissiel li tor's lAihe 2) Goo: Perennial, glabrous, pale green, glaucescent, to 35cm high; stem mostly numerous, terete, with 2 lines, erect, more or less branched in upper part; axillary branchlets abbreviated; leaves narrowly linear (lower sometimes broadly linear), 0.4—1.2cm long, 1-2 mm broad, obtuse, revolute-margined, sparingly pellucid-dotted; flowers numerous, in cymes of 3—7 forming an elongate slender loose panicle 14cm long and 2.5cm broad; bracts broadly linear, 2.5mm long, margin entire; sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2—2.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, margin black-glandular-denticulate; petals oblong, 1cm long, 4—5 times length of calyx, with black capitate sti- pitate glandsin upper part; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3, elongated, 4-5 mm long; capsule ovoid or oblong- ovoid to conic, 6-8 mm long, 2.5mm broad, 3 times length of calyx, obscure- ly furrowed, brown; seed 1.5-—2 mm long, cylindric, pale brown, longitudinally villous. ines why Mountain steppes and stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transe. Gen. distr.: Med. (E.), Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from Kadmia. Type in Geneva. 21. H.chrysothyrsum G. Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9 (1906) 30; Grosset Al? wivavk. TIL) 72% Perennial, glabrous, glaucescent, to 50cm high; stem terete, 2-lined, erect, with sparingly leafy axillary branchlets; leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 0.7-1.2 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, subobtuse, revolute-margined or 173 233 almost flat (f. vegetum G. Woron.), with scattered glandular dots; flowers numerous, in 3—9-flowered cymes forming loose raceme 12cm long and 4.5cem broad; bracts linear, 4-7 mm long, 1 mm broad, obtuse; sepals ob- long to oblong-lanceolate, 3mm long, 1mm broad, or oval to oval-elliptic, 4—5mm long (f. ve getum G. Woron.), acutish, with black capitate stipitate marginal glands; petals lurid, oblong, 6-9mm long and 3mm broad, or 9-11 mm long (f. vegetum G. Woron.), 2—3 times as long as calyx; sta- mens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 5mm long; styles 3, about as long as ovary; capsule ovoid-conic, 6 mm long, 3.5—4mm broad, furrowed; seed slightly curved, 2mm long, longitudinally villous. June. Calcareous gravelly slopes, among shrubs in forests. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W. Transc. Described from Novorossiisk. Type in Tbilisi? Series 6. Perplexa Gorschk.— Flowers in a racemose, mostly interrupted inflorescence, 2—7(10) cm long; petals sometimes reddish on abaxial side. 22. H.alpestre Stev. Verz. taur. Halbinsel (1857) 95.— H.perplexum Woron. subsp. H.alpestre Stev. ex Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9, 40.—H.hyssopifolium var. B ety M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 231, p.p.— H.hyssopifolium var. a abbreviatum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 451,p.p.— H.obtusatum Fisch. ex Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I (1842—1843) Hd, nom: — He repens. Jaub. et spy Wlustr. lice non il.s Boss. Hier me 801 (part. quoad hab. taur.).— H.tauricum R. Keller in Candollea, IV (1929—1931)279.— Ic.: Jaub. et Sp. l.c. tab. 26. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 12—30cm high; stems numerous, as- cending, slender, terete, brownish; leaves delicate, with fairly distinct mid- rib, narrowly oblong or linear, 0.8—1(2) cm long, 0.2—0.8 cm broad, subob- tuse, copiously covered with pellucid lined and punctate glands, margin revolute; cymes 1—3(7)-flowered, short-peduncled, forming a corymbose or rarely racemose, sometimes interrupted inflorescence 3.5—4cm long and 1.8cm broad; bracts oblong-linear, obtusish, 4-5 mm long; calyx 3mm long, parted to three-quarters, 3-3/5 times shorter than petals; calyx lobes oblong, 2—2.5mm long, 1mm broad, obtusish, rarely subacute, covered in upper part with black short-stipitate or rarely subsessile glands; petals light yellow, oblong, obtuse, 7-9 mm long, 2.6mm broad, margin sparsely covered with black clavate stipitate glands; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid or more or less oblong-ovoid, 2mm long, brown; styles 3, twice as long as ovary; capsule oblong-ovoid, 0.8—1cm long, 2.5mm broad, brown, dull, obscurely and finely furrowed; seed oblong-cylindric, curved, obtuse, 1.5mm long, minutely furrowed and white-villous. June—August. Exposed, stony mountain slopes on the yaila.— European part: Crim. Endemic. Described from Crimea. Type in Leningrad. 23. H.polygonifolium Rupr. Fl. Cauc. I (1869) 247; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Il, 71.— H.perplexum G. Woron. subsp. H.polygonifolium Rupr. from Voron. Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No.9 (1909) 35.— H.hyssopifolium Eichw. Plant, nov. casp.-cauc. (1831—1833) 30,non Vill.— H.hyssopi- folium var. y M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 231, part.— H.hyssopi- folium a abbreviatum Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 451.—H.coris M.B. 174 234 Beschreib. Lander zw. Terek. und Kura (1800) 210, nomen nudum. — H. re - pens Jaub. et Sp. Tlustr. I (1842—1843) 50, excl. var. 8; Boiss. Fl. or. iaeh excel. hab. tammes) Fi: loc. suppk: 1 25seishimealton heh 2. pact. — H.perforatum var. 6 punctatum Choisy in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 550.— H.linarioides Bosse in Gartenz. III (1835) 99,ex descr. sec. Boiss. l.e.— H.abbreviatum (Ldb.) G. Woron. ex Bush in Tr. B. S. XXIV (1905) ZG le sy Jalbanety Spe lec: tab. 26s slbthorpvet) sms ly |Gracecas Vill, EO ie awe MGs i. Ei. INO L623 Ply or, exs. No: 190: Perennial, glabrous throughout, 10-—25cm high; stems erect, simple terete or slightly 2-edged; leaves subcoriaceous, broadly oblong to oval, 0.7—2.5cm long, 0.4—0.8cm broad, or narrowly linear-oblong (var. lina- rioides G. Woron.), with subrevolute margin, greenish above, bluish-green beneath, sparsely glandular-dotted, with axillary branchlets; flowers in cymes of 3—7,forming slender interrupted almost racemose panicle 7-10cm long and 2—3cm broad; bracts oblong-oval to oval, 4mm long, obtusish; calyx 3-4mm long, parted to two-thirds or more, 3—4 times shorter than corolla; calyx lobes oval or oblong, 2—2.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, acutish, 3—5-nerved, mostly smooth-margined, sometimes with few capitate black short-stipitate glands; petals light yellow, oblong, obtuse, 1.2 cm long, 0.4cm broad, margin densely beset with capitate black stipitate glands; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles, mostly 12 in each; ovary oblong-ovoid, 2mm long, brown; styles 3, 2'/. times as long as ovary; capsule narrowly oblong-conic, 1cm long, 0.3cm broad, coriaceous, obscurely furrowed; seed 1mm long, oblong-ovaloid, flattened, more or less curved, light brown, furrowed and white-villous. July—August. Mountain slopes (600—2,680m) with xerophytic vegetation, alpine and sub- alpine meadows, and mountain woods.— Caucasus: Cisc.,S. and E. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min.,Iran. Described from Armenia. Type in Leningrad. Note. Yu.N. Voronov (1.c. 40) establishes numerous forms of H. poly- gonifolium which he bases on various combinations of four main charac- ters: inflorescence structure, leaf shape, sepal shape, and development of sepal glands; thus: f. normale andf. cymopodium according to length of inflorescence branches,f. latifolium and f. angustifolium according to leaf shape,f. platysepalum andf. stenosepalum according to sepal shape,f. glandulosum andf. euglandulosum according to extent of gland development on the sepal margin. H. polygonifolium is, according to Voronov, a very variable race, as different forms occur among plants growing in the same place. 24. H.karsianum G. Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9 (1906) 41—42; Grosso. Fl. -Kavk. (11,70: Perennial, glabrous, glaucescent, 8—18 cm high, with thin rhizome; stems numerous, Simple, ascending, terete; leaves linear to linear-oblong, 0.6—2 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, rather prominently veined, subobtuse, densely pellucid- dotted, convolute, almost tubular; cymes few-flowered, forming pyramidal racemelike panicle 1.8—4cm long, 1—2cm broad; bracts oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 3mm long, smooth-margined; calyx 2—3mm long, 3—4 times shorter than petals; sepals ovate, 2mm long, 1.5mm broad, acute, some short- cuspidate, cusp occasionally tipped by black stipitate gland, rugose by 4 or 5 nerves, internerves with oil ducts; petals oblong, 0.9-1.1cm long, 2.5mm 175 235 236 broad, purple-rose on abaxial side, margin covered with black stipitate glands; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary oblong-ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3, about as long as ovary. June. Mountain rocks (up to 3,400 m).— Caucasus: S. Transe. (Kars province [Turkey] near Surbkac). Endemic. Described from former Kars Province. Type in Leningrad. Note. Immature seeds in an unripe capsule small, pitted-velutinous (Voronoy, l.c.). Series 7. Armena Gorschk.— Flowers in a corymbiform or oblong paniculate inflorescence 1.5—4cm long, or in cymes, rarely solitary. 25. H.armenum Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. I (1842—1843) 65; Boiss. Fl. or. [nsossiVoronkkin Mats HL iKavk# Il Noo) 42:"Grossio. El) havic. 7 ll wr Ike. =) JEWIO; Eb SOs US Ca wal, sisi Perennial, glabrous, woody at base, almost suffruticose, 7—20cm high; stems numerous, terete, without angles, erect, ascending or divaricate, with brown bark; leaves thin to almost fleshy, flat, obovate, spatulate-oblong, 0.8—1.7cm long, 0.2—0.5cm broad, obtuse, narrowing at base, subsessile, densely pellucid-dotted; cymes 1—3-flowered, forming more or less oblong panicle 2—3cm long and 1—1.5cm broad; bracts sublinear or oblong, entire, obtusish, 3-4 mm long; calyx deeply parted, one-third as long as corolla lobes obovate to oval, obtuse, 2.5—3 mm long, 1—1.5mm broad, 3—5-nerved, densely covered in upper part with clavate black stipitate of sessile glands; petals cuneate-oval to oblong, inequilateral, 1cm long, 0.3cm broad, obtuse, with black clavate stipitate glands inupper part; stamens 40—50, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 2mm long; styles 3,twice as long as ovary; capsule ovoid to oblong-ovoid,6 mm long and 3mm broad, twice length of villous, brown, brown; seed cylindric, obtuse, curved, 1—1.5 mm long, papillose, brown. July—August. Rocky mountain slopes (at altitudes of about 3,500 m).— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Erzurum. Note. The seed of this species is villous, and not "finely punctate" as indicated by Boissier, R. Keller, and Voronoy. 26. H.theodori G. Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9 (1906) 43; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Ill,69.— H.repens f. foliis latioribus, sepalis glan- dulosis Alexeenko in schedis. Perennial, glabrous, woody at base, 14—25cm high; stems numerous, ascending or decumbent, slender, slightly branched at ends, with scattered reddish glands, mostly densely leafy; leaves elliptic, 0.4—-1.3cm long, 0.3-—0.7cm broad, obtuse, minutely glandular-dotted, flat or more or less revolute; cymes mostly 1-flowered or few-flowered, forming corymblike inflorescence 4cm long, 3cm broad; bracts elliptic, obtuse, 5mm long; calyx cleft to middle, 3mm long, lobes ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, obtuse, with black clavate subsessile or short-stipitate marginal glands; petals yellow, oblong, obtuse, 1cm long, 0.4cm broad, 3-31/5 times longer than calyx, margin in upper part with black clavate short-stipitate glands; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, with 176 3 styles; capsule ovoid to ovoid-lanceolate, 1cm long, 0.3cm broad, about three times length of calyx, furrowed, brown, lustrous; seed oblong, curved, obtuse, 2mm long, brown, longitudinally villous. June. Calcareous rocks in mountain up to 1,250m.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Shemakha district near Myudzhi village. Type in Leningrad. 27. H.fissulare G. Woron. in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22 (1912) Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 71. Perennial; stems numerous, erect, smooth, slender, often with glaucescent bloom, 15—18cm long, woody at base; leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 1—1.2cm long, 4-5 mm broad, flat, with slightly revolute margins, subpe- tiolate, surface profusely covered with punctate and lined pellucid glands, margin with black capitate stipitate glands; flowers in 3—7-flowered cymes 1.5—2cem long and 1.5—2¢em broad; bracts elliptic, 2—3mm long, obtuse; pedicels shorter than calyx; calyx deeply parted, 5mm long,half as long as corolla; sepals oval-oblong, 4mm long, 2 mm broad, obtuse, with punctate, lined and streaky pellucid glands, margin glandular-toothed; petals golden, oblong-obovate, 1cm long, 3mm broad,upper margin eglandular; styles 3, distinct, twice as long as ovary; capsule ovoid, 5mm long, 3mm broad, equaling calyx, acute, brown, glandular-striate; seed 0.7—1 mm long, cylindric, brown, minutely villous. July. Rocks: rock crevices. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (former Artvin district, Hodlar-su river,near Mezrehod). Endemic. Described from the location indicated. Type in Leningrad. Series 8. Attenuata Gorschk.— Stems terete, sparingly covered with black punctate and lined glands; sepals and petals entire, upper part black- dotted on margin and on surface. 28. H.attenuatum Choisy, Prodr. Hyperic. (1821) 47 et in DC. Prodr. I (1824) By4e)2 Iolo, SIMS TROIS s Up cakes “Pune@va5 lel oeiey—Cleila, I, Zolle iOfan., Fl. Man'chzh. III,43; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. II, 747. — H.erectum auct. Fl. Japon. non Thunb.— Ic.: Kom. and Alis. l.c. 748, Zant, bake 2 aOnseTounces2 yiChoisyil cy dobatey 6. Eas. oG yay Nom koi: Perennial; stems numerous, erect, terete, more or less prominently 2-ribbed, 10—35(45) cm long, with sparse punctate and lined black glands; leaves sessile, opposite, oval to broad-oval or oblong -oval, 2—3.5cm long, 0.6—1cm broad, obtuse, profusely punctate with pellucid and black glands on surface and on margin; flowers few or occasionally numerous, very rarely solitary, in loose corymblike paniculate inflorescence 2—9(17)cm long and 2—4(8) cm broad; bracts oblong-oval, 5mm long, acutish, sparingly black-dotted on margin; calyx deeply parted, half as long as corolla; cepals lurid, oblong-obovate, 0.9-1cm long, 4mm broad, obtuse, margin in upper part sparsely black-dotted; ovary ovoid, brown, 2.5mm long; styles 3, distinct, about as long as or slightly longer than ovary; capsule ovoid or ovoid-oblong to conic, 4mm long, 2mm broad, about equaling calyx, brown, finely furrowed; seed 0.7cm long, oblong, light brown, minutely pitted. June—September. 177 238 Fields, steppes, steppe slopes, dry glades, wood borders, dry stony slopes, shore pebbles, and near crops.— E. Siberia: Le.-Kol., Ang.-Say.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda, Sakh. Gen. distr.: Mong. Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Korea, China), Described from Dauria, near Makarov. Type in Paris. Series 9. Kamtschatica Gorschk.— Stems terete, purple or reddish- brown, without black glands; flowers in a corymblike paniculate in- florescence, 3—5cm long; sepals and petals covered in upper part on sur- face and on margin with sparse black punctate and lined glands. 29. H.kamtschaticum Ldb. in Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. III (1841) ISB. EA Rosso, 447; Komrmr): “Kamch. i, 3027 stom. and Alig ’*Opmed: r. Dal'nevost. kr. II, 743.— Ic.: Miyoshi et Makino, Pocket-Atlas, Alp. Pl. Jape wlytao:. 2 Omi LS. Perennial, glabrous, with thin, woody, more or less branching rhizome; stems numerous, erect or sometimes flexuous, smooth, terete, brown or reddish-brown, mostly branched in upper part, 10—35(45) cm long; leaves sessile, decussate, oval or oblong-ovate to ovate, 1.4—3.5cm long, 0.7—-1.6cm broad, obtuse, glaucescent beneath, half-clasping, entire, sparingly black- dotted on surface and margin; flowers few, sometimes solitary, forming corymbiform paniculate leafy inflorescence 3—5cm long and 2—4cm broad; pedicels shorter than leaves and bracts; bracts oblong to oblong-oval, 6—7 mm long, obtuse, margin black-dotted; calyx deeply parted, half as long as corolla; sepals reddish, oblong to oblong-oval, 6mm long, 2.5mm broad, entire with sparse black punctate and lined glands on margin and in upper part; petals golden, oblong, 1—1.2cm long, 4.5mm broad, obtuse, occasionally with sparse black lined and punctate glands on’ surface and margin in upper part; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary broad-ova- loid, 3—3.5mm long, brown; styles 3, distinct, about as long as or slightly longer than ovary; capsule oblong-ovaloid to conic, 7mm long, 2.5-3mm broad, brown, about equaling or slightly exceeding calyx; seed 0.5mm long, cylindric, flattened, beaked at tips, more or less curved, minutely pitted, light brown, June—August. Forest zone, grassy tundras near the sea, dry low-grass meadows among Betula ermani woods and willow stands; riverside woods, wet riverside meadows, grass plots near hot springs, near water sources. — Far East: Kamch., Uss., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (N. Japan). Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. 30. H.yezoénse Maxim. in Mél. Biolog. Ac. Pétersb. XII, 4 (1886) 420.— Ic.: Sugawara, Illustr. Fl. Saghal. III, tab. 600. Low perennial; stems 12—13cm long, simple, almost 4-angled, glabrous; leaves mostly approximate, elliptic-lanceolate, 0.8—1.7cm long, 0.4—0.8cm broad, subobtuse, sessile, entire, profusely pellucid-dotted and with few black punctate glands on surface and on margin, mostly with very short axillary fascicles; flowers 3—7 in corymbiform inflorescence; pedicels 0.5cm long; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, acutish, smooth margin with few black glandular dots; calyx deeply parted, about half as long as corolla; sepals unequal, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5mm long, 2mm broad, acutish, sparsely 178 (239) PLATE XI. 1—Hypericum acutum Moench., calyx,seed; 2 —H. elegans Steph., calyx, seed; 3 —H. elongatum Ldb., calyx, seed. 179 black -dotted in upper part and on margin throughout; petals pale yellow, inequi- lateral, obovate-oblong, 0.9—-1.2 cm long, 3.5-4.5mm broad, obtuse, margin in upper part sparingly black-dotted; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary broad-ovoid, 3-angled, with 3 styles. July. 241 Far East: Sakh. (S. part and the Shikotan Island). Gen. distr.: Jap.- Chi. (N. Japan). Described from Japan, from around Hakodate. Type in Leningrad. ‘ 31. H.erectum Thunb. Fl. Japon. (1784) 296.—Ic.: Sugawara, Illustr. Fl. Saghal. III, tab. 599; Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. Makino (Iconogr. Pl. Nippon.) XIV, tab. 29. Perennial, glabrous; stems terete, erect, (14)25—70cm long, mostly purple, simple or branched at end; leaves lanceolate, 1.5—4.5(5)cm long, 0752. Ze ma broad, opposite, sessile, half-clasping, subacute, entire, more or less appressed, sparsely black-dotted on surface and on margin; flowers mostly numerous (very rarely solitary), in loose paniculate or corymbose inflores- cence 3—10(18) cm long and 3—5.5cm broad; bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, whole margin black -dotted; calyx deeply parted, 4.5—5.5 mm long, half as long as petals or shorter; sepals linear -lanceolate to lanceolate, 4—4.5(5) mm long, 1—1.25 mm broad, acute, entire, with black punctate and lined glands in upper part and on margin; petals pale yellow, oblong to oblong -obovate, 1.2—1.3cm long, 2—2.7(3—5) mm broad, obtuse, surface and margin with black glandular dots and lines; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; anthers black-dotted; ovary ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3, about 25 times as long as ovary; capsule ovoid to ovoid- oblong, 4-7 mm long, 3.5—-4mm broad, brown, furrowed, with yellow glandular striation; seed oblong or cylindric, 0.7mm long, minutely pitted longitu- dinally, lustrous. June—August. Dry woods and shrub thickets.— Far East: Sakh. (S. part and the Shikotan Island). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Japan). Described from Japan, Nagasaki. Type in Sweden. Note. H.attenuatum, inhabiting S. Sakhalin and Japan, differs from this species in purple stem devoid of gland dots, lanceolate leaves, and lanceolate to linear-lanceolate sepals. Series 10. Acuta Gorschk.— Stems 4-angled; flowers in loose corym- bose inflorescence 2.5—3 cm long and broad. 32. H.acutum Moench. Meth. Plant. (1794) 128; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 69.— H.tetrapterum Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. p. VI (1823) 94; Ldb. FI. HOSS insta: "BOL a, Or. Wh cO osm shina al 5o Ta No ks) YorrOm. Vly vite Hi igaviks wl NO. 9, 430 qa reiward ry amie Fan er IV Is nl tate | eate. salt (1808) 229,p.p.— H.quadrangulum C.A.Mey. Enum. pl. Cauc. (1831) 7 onion es Hey cia oie aval eat wna Wahilonex di. EUS SROSsis: I (1842) 448, exelmuicviiy) bvetz. — lev: Rekbb. le. bls "Gemm- Vi, tab: 344." Poi bor ale DEP jan xss: (Grae No. 197 le Iwexss Help. Oh. aolowenN Oem Fl. Boehm. et Morav. exs. No. 647. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 30—70cm high, stoloniferous at base; stems erect, branched at top, 4-angled, sometimes brownish; leaves oval 180 243 or ovate-oblong, 1-3cm long, 0.5—1.7cm broad, half-clasping, obtuse, pellucid-dotted, green above, giaucescent beneath, margin and sometimes surface beneath (f. stigmatophyllum G. Woron.) with black glandular dots; cymes few-flowered, in loose corymbose inflorescence 2.5—3cm long and 2.5--3cm broad; bracts lanceolate, 3—4mm long,acute; calyx about half as long as corolla; sepals lanceolate, 3mm long, 1mm broad, acute, entire, eglandular or occasionally with few black round sessile glands; petals pale yellow, oblong, 7mm long, 2mm broad, margin in upper part sparsely covered with black sessile round glands; stamens numerous, in 3bundles; ovary oblong-ovoid, 3mm long, brown, 3 distinct styles zs length of Ove rye capsule oblong or oblong-ovoid, 5mm long, 2.5mm broad, acutish, brown, 1 vy times length of calyx; seed 1mm long, oblong, brown, minutely longitudinally pitted. July—August. (Plate XI, Figure 1.) Lowlands and lower mountain zone; bogs and wet places, banks of brooks and rivulets, around ditches, oak woods. — European part: U. Dns., Crim.; Caucasus: 1Cise.) W. EB. and Ss viiranse.; Tal), Gen: \distrs: Centres andeAthk Eur., Bal.-As. Min.,N. Afr. Described from Europe. Type in London. Series 11. Quadrangula Gorschk.— Stems 4-angled; flowers in loose paniculate inflorescence 4.5—11(18) cm long, 3.5—4(6) cm broad. 33. H.quadrangulum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 785; Ldb. Fl, Ross. I, 448; Shimeallo.g ls Wig: Syreisheh,) iiky il) Mosk. Gub. Il, 36175 \upeaviost: Wel Os aikGcyvlerries Zapegotbs| Villy 1805; cMiaewskay Ells aids ai youl. ce leer a estar cole: Boteuvileitab..o70s) Rehbe wie. uP lay) Germ svi tao \3433\\ Sy pelshchealeicwssiene a acne Gian Hie Nom LOO. Hie "Bohien wet) Moray. exs. Non bl47)3 sales cil: en Germ.) exs. Nos 2035: 1. .exs) vaustro-hune. sNoy 3647; Hi ol ex.s Now 75. Perennial, glabrous, with almost horizontally spreading rhizome; stem erect, 4-angled, smooth, reddish-brown or brown, more or less branched in upper part, 25—60cm long; leaves sessile, ovate-elliptic to elliptic or broad-oval, 0.6—3.5cm long, 0.3—1.6 cm broad, obtuse, flat, sparingly pellu- cid-dotted, smooth margin sparsely black-dotted; flowers numerous, forming loose paniculate inflorescence 4.5—11(18) cm long and 3.5—4(6) cm broad; bracts elliptic, 3mm long, obtuse; calyx deeply parted, 5mm long, 2—3times shorter than corolla; sepals broad-elliptic to elliptic or oval, 4-5 mm long, 1.5—2(3) mm broad, obtuse, sparsely black-dotted on surface and sometimes on margin; petals golden-yellow, oblong-elliptic, 9-14mm long, 4~5mm broad,obtuse, black-dotted; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 3mm long, brown; styles 3, distinct, slightly longer than ovary; capsule ovoid to oblong-ovoid, brown, 5mm long, 3mm broad, equaling calyx, finely furrowed; seed 0.5mm long, brown, cylindric, minutely pitted longitudinally. June—August. (Plate XII, Figure 3.) Spruce, deciduous and mixed woods, forest borders; dry-valley, dry, flood- plain, mid-level water course, mixed grass bottomland and riverside meadows, shores of rivers and lakes, ditches in peat, grass-and-scrub and wooded grassy slopes, neglected fields, arable fields and gardens.— Euro- peanwpact-) iwads—liin., Dyashechs, UL VsiiVer- Kas, UetDni: iM. nie. Wome Transv., U. Dns.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Ob (S. part); E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Ibryul' village). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from Europe. Type in London. 18] 244 Series 12. Elegantia Gorschk.— Stems terete, black-dotted; ovary oblong-pyramidal, 3.5—13(23)cm long and 3—8(12) cm broad. 34, H. elegans Steph. ex Willd. Sp. pl. III, 2 (1805) 1469; M.B. FI. taur. -cauc. 10,230; (11/519: bdbw ily alt. Tl, 3685"). Hi Ross, 250; Boiss, Fl» or; T, 305;fShmal'o.) FLA, 1723' Voron. in’ Mat Fl, (haves Ty No. 9545. Fis Yugo-Vost. 1V, Mil; Grossig.) Pl) Kavi, UM 00; Vian Zap. sib, VilIs1S0% =H. pul chr timmy Pall \ Indi Paurre. (see Nyse aris 230.— H.kohlianum Spreng. Fl. Hal. (1806) 214.— Ic.: Rehb Ic. Fl. Génmy Viytab. 350:9rh, Wueo-V ost. Tl, Pisure 467) poi las Es? lems. austro-hung. No. 515. Perennial, glabrous throughout; stems erect, simple, 18—45cm long, terete, smooth, thinly 2-ribbed, black spotted at top, branching corymbose- paniculate; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5—2.5cm long, 0.3—0.9cm broad, subobtuse, sessile, half-clasping, sub- cordate at base, pellucid-dotted, revolute margin black-dotted; leaves of axillary branchlets 1—1.8cm long and 1—1.5mm broad; flowers in cymes of 1—5, forming a corymbiform or oblong-pyramidal panicle 3.5—13(23) cm long and 3—8(12)cm broad; bracts lanceolate, acute, 4-5 mm long, 0.6 mm broad, margin sparsely black-glandular-denticulate; calyx 5-6 mm long, 2-2", times shorter than petals, divided down to base; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acutish, 4-5 mm long, 1—2 mm broad, margin long- toothed, teeth tipped by black glands; petals inequilateral, obliquely oblong- ovate, 1-1.2cm long, 5-6 mm broad, with yellow dots on surface and black ones on margin; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary oblong-ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3, distinct, twice as long as ovary; capsule oblong- ovoid to conic, 7-8 mm long, 4-5 mm broad, finely grooved; seed 1mm long, oblong-cylindric, sometimes more or less curved, obtuse, brownish, pitted- punctate. June—August. (Plate XI, Figure OX) Needlegrass, meadow, stony and scrub steppes; stony slopes, chalky mountains, limestone, solonetzic steppe meadows, birch groves, mixed birch and pine woods on sand dunes; shores or rivers and lakes; fallows. — European part: U.V., V.-Ka., U. Dnp. (near Kremenets), M. Dnp., V.-Don, iransva. Webs, Bess Bl. Crim. ssDon; "Caucasus: Cisse!) Daas, Wand E. Transc.; W. Siberia: Ob (S. part), U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang. -Say. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Siberia. Type in London. Economic importance. Young plants are readily eaten by livestock in the Caucasus (Larin, Korm. rast. estestv. senok. i pastb. SSSR, 1937). Used as a home remedy for skin complaints, hemorrhages, burns and stomach troubles. Series 13. Crispa Gorschk.— Suffruticose, glabrous; flowers numerous in cymes forming loose open panicles. 35. H.crispum L. Mant. (1767) 106; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 448; Boiss. FI. or. I, 806; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9, 45.— Ic.: Sibthorp, F1. Graeca, tab. 776; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI,tab. 345. Perennial, undershrub, glabrous, with brown bark, to 45cm high, pyra- midally branched from base, branches divaricate; leaves lanceolate or 182 245 oblong, 0.4-1cem long, 1~3mm broad, cordate at base, with undulate margin, pellucid- and black-dotted, sessile, opposite; flowers numerous, in cymes of 1—3(5) at ends of branches, forming loose open panicle; bracts lanceolate, 1—2 mm long, acute; calyx 2mm long; sepals ovate to ovate-oblong, 1.5—2 mm ‘long, 0.5mm broad, acutish, entire or denticulate; petals linear-oblong, 8mm long, 4 times length of calyx, eglandular; stamens in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 2mm long, brown; styles 3, distinct; capsule ovoid, brown, 2.5—3 mm long, 2mm broad, brown, striate; seed cylindric, 1.5mm long, puncticulate, brown. Possibly occurring in the border regions of S. and W. Transcaucasia. Reported for Turkish Armenia. Described from Syria. Type in London. Series 14. Montana Gorschk.— Stems terete or at the top 4-angled; inflorescence an ovoid or oblong panicle 2—7cm long and 2.5—4cm broad. 36. H.montanum L. Fl. Suec. II (1755) 266; Sp. pl. II (1763) 1105; Bote mith vor t.307 6 chmaliei Pi. Ly bids Pedeh,: andy iter: IML; Jaye. IROSIS, 633: Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No.9, 46.—H.montanum 6B Ldb. FI. Ross. I (1842) 450.— H.tauricum Hort. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, (1842) 450.— H.montanum var. scabrum Koch, Synops. (1837) 135.— H.per- foliatum var. pseudociliatum (Keller) G. Woron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9 (1906) 49.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. VI, tab. 347; Engl. Bot. II, taba2iip: bedeh. andjFler..1..cLehiaurce Sl4j—) Mxs/: GR, Puno, 196g. rae or exs. No. 213; Fl. stiriaca exs. No. 1201. Perennial, glabrous throughout; stems simple, erect, occasionally some-: what flexuous, rarely slightly branched in upper part, terete, brown or @ reddish, 20—60cm long; leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 2—6 cm long, 0.5—-3.5cm broad, acute or obtuse (var. caucasicum Boiss.), more or less scabrous beneath, glaucous, sessile, half-clasping, margin mostly revolute and sparingly black-dotted; 2 or 3 upper leaf pairs copious- ly pellucid-dotted; flowers rather few, in cymes of 1—7, forming short- ovoid panicle, 2—7cm long and 2.5—4cm broad (var. caucasicum Boiss.) or ovoid panicle 4—9 cm long and 3—4mm broad; bracts linear to linear- lanceolate, 6 mm long, black-glandular -denticulate, acute; calyx deeply parted, 5—6 mm long, 2-215 times shorter than corolla; sepals linear- lanceolate to lanceolate, 4mm long, 1—1.5mm broad, incurved, margin black-glandular-denticulate; petals oblong, 1-1.3cm long, 2mm broad, eglandular; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 3mm long, brown; styles 3, slightly longer than ovary; capsule broadly ovoid-conic, 6—9mm long, 4-5 mm broad,; seed 0.5-1 mm long, cylindric, more or less curved, pitted-punctate. July—August. Pine, beech, beech-and-birch, aspen, and oak woods, birch groves, birch and rhododendron formations, wooded and shaded slopes, coppices, thin wood and tall grass associations, subalpine and forest meadows, in mountains up to 2,000 m.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., U. Dns., Bl.; Caucasus: Cise., W: Transe.) Gen. distr): Centr. Eur.;Bal.-As? Min. |Described from Europe. Type in London. 183 246 247 37. H.venustum Fenzl. Pugill. Pl. nov. Syr. et Taur. occid. (1842) 7; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 806; Voron. in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 22,9; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 70.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 42. Perennial; stems numerous, simple, erect, glabrous, almost 4-angled at top, 35—70cm long; leaves ovate, 1.5—3cm long and 0.5—1.5(2) cm broad, sessile, obtuse, half-clasping, upper and mostly middle leaves cordate at base, copiously pellucid-dotted; flowers in cymes of 2—7, short-pediceled, forming oblong elongate almost racemose panicle 2—10cm long and 1.5—2.5cm broad; bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, acute, margin glandular-toothed; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 6—7 mm long, 1.5mm broad, acutish, margin closely glandular-toothed; petals light yellow, oblong, 1.4—1.5cm long, 5mm broad, twice length of calyx, eglandular; stamens numerous, in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid, 4mm long; styles 3, half as long again as ovary; capsule oblong-ovoid, brown, 6mm long, 1.5mm broad, about equaling or slightly shorter than calyx, brown, furrowed; seed 1mm long,cylindric, more or less curved, brown, minutely pitted-punctate longitudinally. July—August. Subalpine and upper wooded mountain zones, banks of brooks, coppices and wood borders.— Caucasus: W., E. and S.Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Taurus. Type in Vienna? Series 15. Bupleuroides Gorschk.— Leaves in perfoliate pairs apparently forming a single broadly oblong-elliptic leaf. 38. H.bupleuroides Griseb. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturgesch. XVIII (1852) 299 in obs.; Boiss. Fl. or. 1,809; Voron. in Mat. Fl. Kavk., No.9, MieG GOs son milan ia vice ill GO} a El. pleas ton martina diy sins oleae Pétersbi Il (1837) 314; Ej. Fl. Ross. 1, 445,non LL.— Exs.: Herb. Pl») Canc. INO oor Perennial, glabrous, green, 50—80cm high; stems erect, terete, simple, with long internodes; leaves delicate, decussate, pairs of opposite leaves perfoliate, apparently forming a single large, broadly oblong-elliptic leaf, 9—21(28) cm long and 3.7—7(10) cm broad, obtuse, entire, eglandular; flowers 4—11,o0n pedicels 1.8—2.5cm long, in cymes of 1—3, forming loose leafless panicle 6—13(14) cm long and 6—14cm broad; bracts lanceolate, 1mm long, acute; calyx parted to two-thirds, 3mm long, one-fifth or less of corolla length; sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2.5mm long, 2mm broad, finely denticulate margin with black capitate glands; petals oblong-linear, 1.5—2 cm long, 2.5 —3mm broad, margin with sparse capitate black stipitate glands, surface with yellow glandular lines; ovary ovoid-conic, 3.5mm long, many -grooved,brown; styles 3,3 times length of ovary; stamens 50—60, in 3 bundles; capsule oblong-conic or ovoid-conic, 0.9—1.3cm long, 5-7mm broad, brown, finely grooved, 3—4 times as long as calyx; seed 1.5mm long, oblong, more or less flattened, mostly curved, puncticulate. June—August. Mountain woods, deep damp gulches in the mountains, wooded slopes, openings, beech woods.— Caucasus: W. and E. Transce. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from the Caucasus. Note. A tertiary relict species (Voronoyv,l.c. 48). 184 248 Subsection 7. HETEROTAENIUM R. Keller in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 6 (1893) 213.— Millepora Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 787,non Spach. — Herba- ceous plants with sessile half-clasping leaves; margin of sepals sparingly black-dotted or black-glandular-denticulate; petals persistent; stamens in bundles of 15—25; capsule parallel-furrowed, two-sidedly vesicular; seed linear-pitted. Series 1. Origanifolia Gorschk.— Plants hairy throughout; flowers in contracted corymbiform panicle 2.5—6cm long and 2.5—3cm broad. 39. H. origanifolium Willd. Sp. pl. III (1800) 1467; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 810; Vorontsin Vestn. fitk Bot. sada,22.'8:: Grosso. Fl. Wave: ING: H.pulverulentum Fenzl, Pugill. Pl. nov. Syr. et Taur. occid. (1842) U1. = lest Jatlo, Ce Sos Whlvisnie, Wo velos lGs=- laxsos lkleido, Ill, Cae, IN@, 440). Perennial, densely canescent with short straight white unicellular hairs; stems ascending, terete, 10—20cm long, woody at base; leaves oblong to oblong-oval, 1—1.7cm long, 0.4—0.6 cm broad, obtuse, tapering toward base, surface abundantly furnished with pellucid and black glandular dots; flowers in contracted corymblike short-branched panicle 2.5—6cm long and 2.5—3cm broad, bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3—4 mm long, acutish, black-glandular-denticulate, calyx 4-5 mm long, 2—3 times shorter than corolla; sepals oblong-linear or broadly oblong, 4-5 mm long, 1-—1.5mm broad, acutish, with short black-glandular teeth, sometimes black-dotted on surface; petals yellow, oblong-obovate, 0.9—1.2 cm long, 3—3.5 mm broad, obtuse, sparingly black-dotted in upper part; stamens 30—35,in 3 bundles; ovary ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 2.5mm long; styles 3, distinct, about twice as long as ovary; capsule oblong-ovoid to conic, 8-9 mm long, 4mm broad, brown, sparsely furrowed, with few oblong glandular vesicles along valves; seeds 1.5—1.7mm long, cylindric, more or less curved, obtuse, brown, finely punctate-pitted. May. Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E.Transc. (Ateni Gorge on Tana River, right tributary of Kura River, near Gori). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Turkish Armenia. Type was in Berlin. Series 2. Perforata Gorschk.— Plants glabrous; flowers in open pani- culate or corymbose inflorescences. 40) He perforatium WeiSpee, pll)(1753)) 765s db. (alt, ail, 3640p Ei Ross. ly 4473) Boiss. El; ors, 1 c093; Shmalton ily liek: Wore ont. smaller. Ee i Hi exs. “austro-hune. No. 2040; Fl) Gall tet Germ, exs. No. 1143. A minute annual; stem (0.7)2—4cm long, procumbent, with ascending branches, rooting at nodes; leaves opposite, oblong-oval or spatulate or oblong-elliptic, 0.6—1cm long and 1—1.5(2) mm broad, tapering to petiole —5 mm long, petiole about 17/.—-2 times length of blade (petioles of upper leaves shorter than blade); stipules minute, 0.3—0.5mm long, barely per- ceptible, scarious, triangular, toothed; flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, pedicels ca. 0.3mm long; sepals 4, broadly lanceolate, 0.7mm long, 0.3mm broad, rounded, often with a tooth on one side; petals 4, elliptic or oval or obovate, 1mm long and 0.6mm broad, scarcely larger than sepals; stamens 8, shorter than petals; capsule depressed-globose, concave at summit, 1.5—2 mm in diameter, 4-angled, 4-valved; seed horseshoe-shaped, with un- equal ends, brownish, 0.3mm long, transversely wrinkled. June—September. Ponds, lakes, rivers, rivulets, backwaters, shallows in standing water, wet silty shores, and damp alder groves. - f. terrestris Seub. in Nova Acta Ac. Leop. XXI (1845) 47; Kosinsk. iment Lo Sy reisheh tlc. 364.— Ne. )seub wy i. c: tabs ll; fila Mime: dent 0.7-2cm long; stem procumbent, strongly branched; leaves almost fleshy, minutely tuberculate, petiole about as long as blade; terminal leaves rosu- late; flowers numerous; petals rose-colored. — Terrestrial form, growing out of water, on the shores of lakes, ponds, rivers and brooks. Pinte rmverdia ySeub. dc. 47; Kosinsk, lic. 16; Syreish@ie yl. eagsG4e a, lewzeoeus. Icy tab. Ill, fis.2.— A larger plant; stem procumbent, branched; leaves translucent; petioles much longer than blades; flowers numerous, alternate; petals white. — In shallow water. Tes wOin.ev isa Seub. 1c 47s Mosinske kee. 165 syicelsiieln. mca Saba lew Seub, jc!) tab. ILL, file. 35 Stem erect, scantily branched, clomeaked: with long internodes; leaves 3—5-nerved; flowers sparse; petals white. — In running water. Bueopean pagts Kar.-lap.. Dy. Pech... Izad.-limis, UsVE, Vikas Ulin: INU IDiajos, Wo=Diorm, Us IDinst, ile Doms Ib) Woe (Canicasuss WWe Ilireinise. (Batum Bota- nical Garden); W. Siberia: Ob, U. Tob. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Europe. Type. in London. 199 (267) 1—Myriophyllum spicatum L.. plant fragment, leaf, staminate flower, pistillate flower; 2—M. verticillatum L., habit, staminate flower, pistillate flower; 3 —Elatine alsinastrum L., PLATE XIII. habit, flower, seed. ? ; 4— E., triandra Schkuhr. habit, capsule, seed 200 61006 1 269 5. E.hungarica Moesz. in Magyar. Bot. Lapok, VIi, 1—3 (1908) 24; Kosinsk. in Fl. Az. Ross. 14,16; Gorshk. in Maevsk. Fl. Ed.7, 512: Corshky Inve wuce-VOSt aww low bay lub sentir wazakhst., Il, 4621: — E.campylosperma Borbas, Fermtud. K6zl. XIII (1881) 315; Trautv. in heirs. is © hike hiriana, CHA Meyo ex Beck: ani Bully Soe. Nat.) Mosc. POOay (le 58))26). why dir opi prer Be Medtisich,) Rast.) Turk) (1915573), Monomeric, TEL Ves I45 ri 2020 lone Wosiniske) let i latenikVunl and we late will. ya Esa lin hiuinowexs Nou V46ul, Merit hexs) iReige Boh). Slov. No. 342. A minute annual; stem 3—6cm long, procumbent, branched, rooting at nodes; leaves elongate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong-oval, 4—6(9) mm long, 1—1.7mm broad, obtuse, petiole 1-2 mm long; upper leaves sometimes subsessile or [?] lance-spatulate, lower with petiole 1.5—5 mm long, equaling or exceeding blade (var. lon gipedicellata Kossin.); stipules lanceolate or more or less subtriangular, 1—1.5 mm long, toothed, acute; flowers soli- tary, alternate; pedicels 0.5mm long, or (in var. longipedicellata Kossin.) upper 3mm long and lower 4—5(6) mm long, equaling or slightly shorter than leaves; sepals 4, oblong-ovate or oblong-oval, unequal, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, obtuse, twice as long as petals; petals 4, oval, rounded, 0.8—1 mm long, 0.5—0.7mm broad; stamens 8, shorter than petals; capsule globose, depressed, 1.3mm in diameter, 4-valved, 4-celled; seeds numerous, 0.5mm long, brownish, horseshoe-shaped or falcate. June—August. Rivers, ponds, lakes and wet shores.— European part: V.-Don, Bl., L. V.; W. Siberia: Irt. (shores of lakes Kunakai and Telekei, [former] Akmolinsk district). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Hungary). Described from Hungary. Type in Budapest. Section 3. CRYPTA Seub. in Nov. Acta Ac. Leop. XXI (1845) 41.— Leaves opposite; stamens as many as petals. Series 1. Triandrae Gorschk.— Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; seed almost straight or more or less curved. 6. E.callitrichoides (Rupr.) Kaufm. Mosk. Fl. (1886) 97; Shmal'g. Fl. 1, 1643) Syreishch. Dll: Plo Mosk.) cub) Il; 363;) Gorshk. in\Maevsk) Fly fd. 7, O12) Sie tamdynie vant ical litre ice howdie si Ny1) anisehed: G35) Alsinastrum callitrichoides Rupr. Fl. Ingr. I (1860) 197.—Ic.: py aershieh: erly 3632s. Eas iG HiRn Pinon T4 60R teierjiom elle more eNom 5 Annual; stem 2—10cm long, procumbent, in upper part ascending, with white internodes; leaves opposite, linear-elliptic or oblong-linear or oblong- ovate, 5—6(10) mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, obtusish, slightly notched at ends of veins, somewhat translucent, lustrous, tapering to a petiole, this shorter than blade; stipules scarious, almost white, oval or ovate, 0.7—-1.5mm long, acute, with more or less denticulate margin; flowers sessile; sepals 4, oblong, obtuse, 0.4—0.5 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm broad, about half as long as petals and capsule; petals rose-colored, obovate, 0.7-1 mm long, 0.4—0.5 mm broad; stamens 4(5.6); ovary globose, 3-celled; styles 3; capsule globose, concave at summit, 1mm in diameter, 3-celled, 3-valved; seed almost straight or slightly curved, 0.5mm long, transversely wrinkled. July— August. 201 270 Ponds, lakes and bogs.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from Finland. Type in Leningrad. 7, E.,ambigua Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. I (1831) 103; Kosinsk. in Fl. Age Ross. 14:18 Kryl: FisiZap. ‘Siow Vill} LOO, — Baatea cuca avenes pedicellata Kryl. Fl. Alt. I (1908) 181.— Ic.: Wight, 1.c. Suppl. tab. 5; Kosinsk. l.c, Plate V; il and Plate VWl,2; Hegel Ile PL Vol os9, i202 ta Exs.: Fl. exs. Reip. Boh.-Slov. No. 344; Fl. Hung. exs. No. 745. Minute annual; stem 1.5—3(6)cm long, procumbent, much branched, rooting at nodes; leaves spatulate or ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong- ovate or elliptic, 2—4(5) mm long, 0.7mm broad, obtusish, entire, with petiole 1mm long or subsessile; stipules 1mm long, scarious, lanceolate, acute, with toothed margins; flowers solitary, axillary, alternate; pedicels rather thick, 1.5—2.5mm long, sometimes half as long as leaves or mainly twice length of petals, recurved in fruit; sepals 3, oval, elliptic or ovate, 1—1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, rose-colored, 2—3 times aslong as calyx; stamens 3, shorter than petals; ovary oblong-ovoid, 3-celled; styles 3; capsule oblong- ovoid, 1.3—1.5mm in diameter, concave at summit, 3-celled, 3-valved; seeds numerous, oblong-ovoid, 0.5mm, almost straight or scarcely curved, trans- versely wrinkled. July—August. Lakes and ponds.— W. Siberia: Alt. (Barnaul district, Ozerok village, in the Rogul'kino lake). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Hungary), Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi. (Korea). Described from India. Type in London. 8. E.triandra Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. I (1791) 345; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 165; Fedch. and Fler. Fl. Evr. Ross. 635; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III, 46; Kosinsk. in Fl. Az. Ross. 14,19; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 304; Gorshk. in BR Vuse-VOstmabvr. cha SSSRviL)/15.> Bory ze tow um Kom asia Glavn. Bot. Sada, XXX (1931)206; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. II (1932) 748.— Alsinastrum triandrum Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) 197.— lens oycenshchulinc. DL 363; Wwedeh. and Hier. J. i¢.263a2;siocimsiean ine. Plate VaZzvancdmelate Vill, 2) Heo, Wl. ISe Vl SSsOo tl.” AO] taki. Worms cme: Alice (ney Plate 2h, bisuges! I. 2 and 13: /Exsieblerbsale inom. INoaia: bi inl sexs. No. 607; 808; Fil exs. austroshiuneseNo 720427 Minute annual; stem 2—8(10)cm long, much branched, decumbent or ascending, with short light-colored internodes, rooting at base and at nodes; leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, 0.5—1.4cm long, 1—2 mm broad, obtuse, entire, dark green, opaque, narrowing to petiole 0.5—3 mm long or subsessile; stipules 0.7—1 mm long, lance-ovate or triangular, scarious, acute, serrulate, sessile, caducous; flowers sessile, opposite or alternate; sepals 2(3), partly persistent, two broadly ovate- lanceolate, obtuse, 0.5(0.7) mm long, 0.3mm broad, third reduced, 0.3mm long; petals 3, oval or orbicular, white or rose-colored, 0.7(1) mm long, 0.5 mm broad, slightly exceeding sepals; stamens 3, shorter than petals; ovary globose, 0.7mm long and 0.9mm broad, 3-celled; styles 3, persistent; cap- sule depressed-globose, 1—1.5mm in diameter, 3-celled, 3-valved; seed slightly curved, rufous-brown or brownish, rugose, 0.5—0.7mm long. June— August. (Plate XIII, Figure 4.) Waterside sands, silty shallows, shores of lakes, ponds, coves, brooks and rivulets, ricefields, lakes, ponds and ilmeni; sometimes in whole groups (on oozy sands). 202 a eS ee 272 \ f. terrestris Seub. in Nov. Acta Ac. Leop. XXI (1845) 43.— Stems procumbent, with ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, thickish; flowers numerous, all opposite; petals reddish. — Shores. fhontermledia Seub. Isc, 43, tab.1l, fig: ].— Stems procumbent at base, ascending; leaves lanceolate or lance-linear,translucent; flowers mostly alternate; petals white. — In shallow water. f. submersa Seub. l.c. 43.— Stems erect; leaves lanceolate or lance- linear; flowers alternate; petals white.— In relatively deep water. f, stenophy lla/Seub. l/c. (43, tab. 11, figs. 2..— Stems floating, elongated; flabby; leaves elongated, lance-linear to sublinear; flowers mostly alter- nate; petals white. — In running water. Bucopesnpart, Kare Wap. Dyv.—eeeh.., Mad: -lMraa) Uv, Vinita (Miass), L.V.; Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Stalinabad [now Dyushambe] district on the road to Gissar); Far East: Kamch. (near the mouth of Korenevaya river), Ze.-Bu. (village Michailovskoe between these rivers), Uss. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from Germany. Type was in Berlin. Family CIV. FRANKENIACEAE Dc.* Flowers regular, hermaphrodite; calyx gamosepalous, tubular, persistent, 4—7-toothed; petals 4—7, pink, carneous or violet, rarely white, distinct or occasionally united to about middle, crenulate limb spreading, elongated claw with liguiar appendage on inside; stamens 4—6 or numerous, mostly in two whorls, distinct or shortly connate at base; pistil 1, with 3-lobed style; ovary superior, 1-celled, with 1—4 parietal placentae bearing numerous ovules; capsule dehiscing loculicidally, enclosed in persistent calyx; seed small, ovoid or oblong, with crustaceous testa and linear raphe. Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. The family contains 5 genera and 46 species. Genus 898. FRANKENIA* L. L. Spec. pl. (1753) 331 Flowers sessile, solitary or in cymes or leafy corymbs; calyx 5-toothed, rarely 4-toothed, petals 5 (rarely 4), pink or rarely white; stamens 4-6, distinct, in two whorls, those of outer whorls shorter; filaments filiform dilated at base; style filiform, parted into 3 or 4 lobes, with oblong or clavate stigmas; capsule unilocular, dehiscing into 3—5 valves. Herbs or under- shrubs, much branched, with small, entire, exstipulate, opposite or verti- cillate leaves. The genus Frankenia contains 35—40 species, mainly distributed on the shores of seas, rivers and lakes, and in desert areas of temperate and warm regions of the world. * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. ** After Frankenius, professor of medicine at Uppsala, who died in 1661. 203 Niedenzu divided the genus into two subgenera: (1) subgenus Afra, mainly composed of the Mediterranean species, and (2) subgenus Oceania which comprises the Afro-Australian and South American species. In the USSR, the genus Frankenia is represented by only three species, all belonging to subgenus Afra Niedenzu. Subgenus 1. Afra Niedenzu in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 6 (1895) 286.— Calyx not more than 4'/, times as long as width of its tube; petals with mostly broad limb and always with toothed ligular appendage; style lobes stigmatose on inner face to middle or down to base; ovary ovoid- pyramidal or ellipsoid, mostly 3-31/o times as long as broad; seed ovoid or oblong; floral leaves adnate to calyx, bracteal. Section 1. EUFRANKENIA Niedenzu 1].c.— Calyx 3/y—-4 1/5 times as long as width of its tube; petals mostly exceeding calyx, obovate or oblong, narrowing at base to linear claw, ligular appendage linear; ovary with 1—10 ovules on each placenta. 1. Flowers almost solitary, axillary and terminal, small; petals 3.5—4(5) mm long, slightly exceeding or sometimes about equaling calyx; annual plants, with obovate leaves ...... 1. F. pulverulenta L. a Flowers in leaf axils or in dense terminal or axillary leafy corymbs or cymes; petals 6-7 mm long, mostly one-third longer than calyx; perennials or undershrubs, with oblong-linear or broad-oval leaves ... 2. Calyx, stems and underside of leaves clothed with short, stiff spreading hairs, rarely branches glabrous (var. laevis (L.) Boiss.) or some- times calyx glabrous in upper part (f. meyeriana G. Woron.); leaves linear to oblong-linear, occasionally oval, subacute, 3-8 mm Lon OuSes rai) DMOAC SD yee UK. Ste bis B.S Os eee 2. F.hirsuta L. phe Calyx with hairy ribs; stems sparingly covered with rather long hairs, sometimes almost glabrous; leaves broad-oval, 0.7—1.2cm long, A> immubeoac, subslabrous or Sparsely Short shane poenc ariel w.u-eeniene ete iA or coi MM Di ty hin, Patel WAL Aan Wout. Slale Laci aN lias “a. ohelitoR A 3. F.bucharica Basil. 1) HE plverulentay I. S ply ola) (7,59) Si a2sues lala. weily salle slyy 3 haplt| aemele ROSS sl yZOleBOLssia bl swOres. LG 9)) Shimalo alte + lige le NL OGOn nus tiipiviiaiis Fl. Kavk. III, 9,69; Fedch. and Fler. Fl. 636; Bazilevsk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb.) Clavne (Bot. isaday, MW, 34: Grosse)) Hk piardcus Ii (ose Kacyile ghee pacha Silo, WIM, Igsilite leeks ails atseiniries IKewasuklashs) Ws 44522 — la jo IN Siew leini:e @ Dorinalis, Jet) 8.ene ctiaO,Ktze., in, Tr. B.S. L Sst) Aah le. Bios et Paol. Ic. El. Mal. 142.— Exs.: G. RoE No. 1964: 2. r. A.M. Now sayand (aloe Annual; stem prostrate-branched, 10—30cm long, or simple, 3—5cm long (f. perpusilla G. Woron.), covered with short, white, more or less appressed hairs; leaves mostly 4in a whorl, obovate, 2—7 mm long, 1—2.5mm broad, obtuse or retuse, pulverulent-pubescent beneath, narrowing at base to a petiole 1—1.5mm long; flowers borne singly, rarely more in leaf axils 204 274 and at ends of branches; calyx glabrous, cylindric, 2.5—3.5mm long, 1—-1.5mm broad, prominently 5-ribbed, 5teeth subulate, 0.5—1 mm long; petals pink, 3.5—4(5) mm long, 0.7—-1 mm broad, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, crenulate, narrowing almost from middle to a claw 1mm long, ligular appendage linear; stamens 6; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 3-valved, 2mm long, 1mm broad; seed oblong-ellipsoid, acute in lower part, 0.5—0.7mm long, 0.3mm broad, pale brown, sparsely and minutely villous. May—August. Wet solonchaks, solonetzes, and steppes. — European part: Bes., Bl., Come Weve: Caucasus: Cisse, Pact, Et Transe.7 °Wesiberiay UPToOb iri. Alita Centre sAsias “Ar Casp., Balkh?, Dzuy-Tarb.; Ware Key Mtn Aurkimass Amu D. (Kerki), Dyin Dasteam AA ee Shai Gen distr: Vvicdiy Balt vee Winn.) Weme—-Kucde, tran’ Dzu.-Kash., N.’and Ss) Africa. *Described from Bucope: Type in London. 2, Ie loins IG \Sios joll. (1753) 331; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 780; Shmal'g. Hive Plenecdcechs vand! hlerer ni G3ao2 Veron. 1 Mat. * Plata. Masog: 10,03; Bazilevsk. in’ Bot®? Mat. ‘Gerb: Glavn? Bot. Sada, ll; 36;"Grosse. Fl. Kavke tikes ravi imi Tsentr .” Kazakhstiell, 463; Kryl SB @Za peo. Vilievolo esta enn Ss I Spaipl. / (2758) 478. Pe and P Petan@ yA) IMenar mia sched.— F.hirsuta M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 286 et III (1819) 275, in@ia Ib. le lavslspjoul Clay IDYC5 lereroyolag: I (1824) 349; Ldb. FI. alt. II, 54; eee Le. Ross. 1,267/— Pin tier mied ia DE! Prodr:)1(1824) 349; Ldby HI Ross: l, ZOG.—= 12.2 Gin Siel Jewlog Ee Sos Whlwiswie, IU (1844—1846) UNOS, 12. lawie Suwa vom save vis" schmalhy ic. 1,121) F.wary ne nisi is) Botsehs im Bote Mat. Gerb. Inst. bot i zool. AN Uzb. SSR, XI (1948) 10.— Ic.: Sibth. et Sm. ll, (GreaeCal, IW, Ho BASS Jew, Sie SjOo MUNCSie5 WY, weg Iso Weds 6 Gi, Ie. Ie No. 1963; Herb. Norm. No. 4610; Fl. Cauc. exs. No. 269. A much branched undershrub, 35—40cm high; branches procumbent or ascending or erect (var. erecta Boiss.), knotty, rarely glabrous (laevis (L.) Boiss.), nearly always sparsely or densely covered (var. interme - dia (DC.) Boiss. and var. hispida (DC.) Boiss., respectively) with short white 1-celled stiff straight hairs; leaves linear to oblong-linear, 3-8 mm long, 0.5—4mm broad, subacute, revolute-margined, sparsely or densely (var. hispida (DC.) Boiss.) covered beneath with short white hairs, ciliate petiole 0.5—1 mm long; flowers in axillary and terminal corymbs om orm lonovand 7-8 mmebroad; ‘calyx cy lindrie;4.5—omm longs.) mam broad, prominently 4- or 5-ribbed, with 5 lanceolate, acutish, sometimes elongated (var. erecta Boiss.) teeth, covered with short white hairs or in upper part glabrous (f. meyeriana G. Woron.); petals 5, purplish-pink, obovate, crenulate, 6-7 mm long, 2.5—3(4)mm broad, narrowing at base to a petiole 3mm long, ligular appendage 3mm long; stamens 6; capsule ova- loid to oblong-ovaloid, 2.5—3 mm long, 4.5mm broad, 3-valved; seed 0.3—0.5 mm long, light brown, oblong, pointed below. June—July. (Plate XXV, Figure 3.) Coastal solonchaks and solonetzes, wet and swollen solonchaks, solonchak deserts, and Stomy Steppes. European part: Bes 7 ble, Crim. ea Wons law: Caucasus Cisse. Dac, Hands. @ransey \Weolberia.; U-Wopes lich \Cenkir. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz.K., Kara K.,Mtn. Turkm., Amy D. (Kagan); Dye Dr Pana. Aleit e Sas (Gent distr: a7 (Centics ume, Medes Anema — Konda wiicane N. and S.Africa. Described from Europe. Type in London. 275 276 3. F.bucharica Basil. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Gl. Bot. Sada, II, No. 10 (1921) 330 -n xs.reG. Hast. INO eae: Undershrub, to 30—35cm high; stems numerous (4—15), slightly ascending at base or more or less procumbent (var. mironovii (Botsch.) Gorschk.), suberect, terete, knotted, reddish, branched from middle or in upper part, sparsely covered with white 1-celled hairs 0.5—1cm long, rarely glabrate; leaves fleshy, broad-oval, 0.7—1.2(2) cm long, 0.4—0.7 cm broad, obtuse, glandular-dotted, glaucous beneath, sparingly hairy or glabrate, dull-green, scabrous or pulverulent above, entire, mostly crisped margin sparsely ciliate or glabrate (var. rosea Gorschk.); petiole 1.5—2 mm long, ciliate, broadly marginate; flowers numerous in leaf axils, 5 or 6 at ends and at base of two divergent forked peduncles, or in cymes; bracts foliaceous, 2—2.5(3) mm long, 1.3—-1.5 mm broad, about half length of calyx, or unequal, 1.3-4mm long, longest slightly shorter than calyx (var. rosea Gorschk.), or inner bract reduced (var. mironovii (Botsch.) Gorschk.); calyx tubu- lar or cylindric, 4-6 mm long, 2—2.5mm broad, shorter than petals, with 5 oblong-rounded ciliolate teeth 1—1.5mm long, prominently 5-ribbed, ribs covered with long white hairs; petals white or rose-colored (var. rosea Gorschk.), obovate, 7mm long, 3mm broad, irregularly crenulate, cuneate at base, narrow claw 3mm long, ligular appendage 2.5mm long; stamens 6; ovary trigonous-ellipsoid, 2mm long, 1.2 mm broad, brown, glabrous; style filiform, shortly 3-lobed, 5.6mm long, with 3 clavate stigmas. June—July. Solonetzes, wet saline meadows, shores of rivers and brackish lakes. Rising in mountains up to 600—700m.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Kara K., Pam.-Al.,T.Sh. Endemic. Described from Sarai vicinity (banks of the iver Pyandzh [Ab-i-Panja].) Type in Leningrad. Note. F.bucharica Basil. is a composite species, comprising plants with white and pink petals, smooth-margined and ciliate leaves, etc. Unfortunately, the type is not indicated by the author either inthe description or in the herbarium. The herbarium contains plants with four different location records. One of the specimens is accompanied by an analysis of the species and we take it to be the type of F.bucharica Basil. This plant is white-flowered; plants with pink petals are classified as var. rosea Gorschk. Bochantsev (in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. bot. i zool. AN Uzb. SSR, No. XI (1948) 8, 9) described new species related to F.bucharica Basil.,namely Fitranskaratavica Botsch. and F.vvedenskyi Botsch.) Vhesdis= tinguishing characters proposed for these species are very unconvincing. Family CV. TAMARICACEAE LINDL.* Tamariscineae Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat.1 sér.IV (1825) 344; Boiss. Fl. or. 1,758; Tamariscineae et Reaumuriaceae Ehrenb. in Linnaea, II (1827) 241; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 180. Flowers mostly small, with petals 3-4 mm long, or else larger, 5-8 mm long, hermaphrodite, solitary or mostly in simple or compound racemes, * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. 206 Za panicles or spikes; calyx deeply 4- or 5-parted, persistent; petals 4 or 5, distinct, sometimes persistent; stamens 4-10 (rarely 12—14) or numerous, inserted on hypogynous disk, distinct or basally connate, united to middle or in 5 fascicles; pistil 1; ovary superior, ovules borne on placenta arising from base of ovary; styles 3—5, short, or stigma sessile capitate; capsule 3—5-angled, pyramidal, 3—5-valved, dehiscent down to base; seeds mostly numerous, covered from base or from middle with unicellular hairs. Undershrubs or shrubs or small trees; leaves mostly small, 1-5 mm long and 0.5—1 mm broad or else larger, 0.7—5cm long and 1.5mm—lcm broad, entire, alternate, exstipulate, mostly sessile, rarely subpetiolate. The family Tamaricaceae contains 3 genera and about 125 species distributed through Europe, Asia and Africa. Key to Genera 1. Petals with two appendages; stamens 5—12 or mostly numerous, distinct or mostly united at base to form 5 bundles; styles 3—5; seeds albuminous, hairy all over (1. Reaumurieae Niedenzu)....... PPR GteM eA ened Ue tyctecynea tel yp. x4 Leth LE Vitae WN 2) Sie Oh Taal Se o/h Oe al 899. Reaumuria L. + Petals without appendages; stamens 4—10 (rarely 12—14), distinct or filaments connate at base or up to middle; styles 3 or 4 or else stigma sessile; seeds exalbuminous, glabrous, with hairy beak at apex (2 “ilardoari cece WNiedenz a) Ti ea . saiknbai eae octet alse ate hd eee ode z 2.. Stamens 4 or 5 (rarely 6—10—12—14), the filaments distinct; styles 3 or 4. short; beak omisced hairy (from base ji.) ar) is SOO), Abeageeib< Ib. ate Stamens 10, filaments united to middle or merely at base (Myricaria elegans); stigma sessile; beak of seed hairy from middle ...... 901. Myricaria Desv. cEMe Tey Geert ira Tor Gee ie Le fel jel fe’ ie Jie) wis ot fel ce se! © s: lo. Vion hoy nel at bo! wo) stume, 6. ‘ef fe Tribe I. REAUMURIEAE Niedenzu in Pflanzenfam. III, 6 (1895) 292. — Reaumuriaceae Ehrenb. in Linnaea, II (1827) 273; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 137.— Flowers solitary or in loose raceme; petals with 2 oblong appendages; stamens 5 to many, connate at base to form 5 bundles; ovary 3(2—4) -celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; capsule 3—5-sided, 3—5-valved; seeds albuminous, covered throughout with long hairs. Genus 899. REAUMURIA* L. L. Syst. ed.10,11 (1759) 1081.— Hololachne (vel Hololachna) Ehrnb. in Linnaea, II (1827) 273.— Eichwaldia Ldb. in Eichw. Pl. casp.-cauc. (1883) 38. Flowers hermaphrodite, mostly large, 5-merous, solitary, borne on lateral or abbreviated spuriously terminal branchlets or disposed in loose raceme; bracts (sometimes wanting) imbricated, obtuse or pointed, longer to shorter than corolla; calyx coriaceous or fleshy, subcampanulate, 5-parted or d-lobed, persistent; petals white or rose-colored or violet or carneous, * Named for Réaumur, mathematician and naturalist (1683-1757). 207 278 straight or somewhat oblique, obtuse or slightly notched at apex, narrowed at base, caducous, rarely persistent, with two appendages (scales), these fimbriate or toothed or entire; stamens 5 or numerous, distinct or basally connate to form 5 antepetalous bundles, filaments persistent, subulate -fili- form, more or less dilated at base, dentate, rarely entire; pistil 1, with globose or ovaloid, 3—5-sided ovary, and 3—5 styles; capsule cartilaginous, with 3—5, partly deflexed valves; seeds globose-clavate, fleshy, obtuse or beaked, awniess, covered with straight long brownish unicellular hairs. Undershrubs or shrubs, to 80cm high, with numerous upright or flexuous branches; leaves coriaceous or fleshy, exstipulate, entire, sessile, rarely obscurely petiolate, dotted with salt-secreting glands. Of the 22 species distributed chiefly in Asia, S. Europe (1) and N. E. Af- rica (2), 12 species occur in the USSR. te + Leaves 1-5 mm long, short-cylindric, scalelike; flowers small, with petals 3—4.5mm long; stamens 7—10, distinct; ovary elongate-ellip- Soild stylesssh(Subeenus: 1. VEto lola elametEitrenbt)) ()2 earner | oem Ef meres pie ONE: REECE dR tO 4 1. R. soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. Leaves 1—5cm long, rarely 3—5 mm long, linear, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-oval, rarely scalelike, short-cylindric; flowers relatively large, 5-8 mm long; stamens 15 to many, often in 5 bundles; ovary globose, or ovaloid; styles 4 or 5 (Subgenus Zo IhWieSAvlion Bice Ire, Cis NillGlcosiet ite te ewe RE INEM BREE ORES Ae eae OS Re he Leaves flat, obsoletely petiolate; axillary branchlets wanting; bracts sparse; petals with fimbriate-dentate appendages; placenta bearing 4—10 ovules (Section 1. Odontoglossa Niedenzu) ............ 3: Leaves terete or subterete, fleshy, sessile in axils, sometimes with abbreviated axillary branchlets bearing fascicled leaves; bracts mostly dense, appressed to calyx; petals with fimbriate appendages; placenta bearing 4 ovules (Section 2. Blepharoglossa Niedenzu) RGAE yt AROS, Sl NI: EERE RODIN CORR, ACSA eR AILS PU ON ee 6. BG ATACINSS CULL USS i 0 NTI Nay VT EIS, Mts Soho tren ae Nan OR Ct Gul Sr a 4, Branches erechiOrimMOrer Or less eappresscGr a wien tue) eanei cite t amet De Leaves lance-oval, mucronate; flowers mostly sparse; bracts lance-linear, acutish; calyx as long as or longer than petals, with obovate-acuminate lobes; capsule 1/y—-2 times shorter than calyx. . ME aD etree klcache GitSEe ORGANS Leg AORN IS SSS Ae ae 2. R.sogdiana Kom. Leaves ovate or oblong-oval, obtusish; flowers numerous; bracts linear, obtusish; calyx 2-211, times shorter than petals, with trian- gular-ovate acutish lobes; capsule twice as long as calyx .......- Rigi ahgey Tat eu eerce LN soap tee wns Men sacmellesyngel oh MEAUSRY 2) eC aiars pte) mM NE arava 3. R. reflexa Lipsky. Leaves lance-linear, lance-oblong, elliptical or linear, narrowing at base; bracts linear-lanceolate or linear; dilated basal part of fila- ments obscurely crenate-dentate, capsule ellipsoid or obovoid- LOMO TARP Ey SURE SARE MS ONE aulesy, ih ot reheeee var Mean Pe ce Ako emcee tr! eh erat ee ee 6. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, more or less dilated at base; bracts lance-linear; dilated part of filaments subentire; capsule pyrami- Ge Ee Sh fro ci Wesucp Gmc hen cet es eu LUMP APE rN e nina eh A emo Re 4. R.turkestanica Gorschk. Leaves lance-linear, lance-oblong or elliptical, 0.5—1.5cm long, 0.2—0.7cm broad, or linear-lanceolate to linear, 0.5—1.5cm long, 208 2g 280 1—1.5mm broad (var. angustifolia (M.B.) Gorschk.), acute, or lanceolate to subspatulate, obtusish (var. korovinii (Lincz.) Gorschk.); calyx-lobes round or ovate-deltoid, acutish or mostly lone potted petals, Scarletyvor pink; capsule yelilipSord ay) aie): ey 6) es Bl Ee Pa eS AbO eae a a PME eS I MO, CO COL a Ye ERD PO 5. R.cistoides Adam. + Leaves narrowly linear, 0.8—1.1 cm long, (0.5)0.7—1(1.5) mm broad, obtusish; calyx-lobes broadly triangular -ovate, obtusish or mucro- nulate; petals pink,rarely white; capsule obovoid-oblong ......... doe cca cacy Hea etal: 13.) A Oe enn OMe ae 6. R.kuznetzovii Sosn. et Mand ie Leaves 0.3—1cm long, with no clear attenuation at base, more or less OCOIESS SEE Omi OWA Sy MN myles suserin fs ayes ubella | yayen ane: (cin cu te cM) eat Roe RS 8. ats Leaves 1—5cm long, narrowing at base, divergent from flowers .. 11. Che EECACHS pais ce acl Lary biran Callers wil (iS) 5) 01 «ce veuieue dh Cth sina 2). ate Bracts numerous,in many ranks; abbreviated branchlets in leaf SPAISe uty KAS CICS) NSA VSS). Maru cutah mite sie yee de ike aphyse cep lley Chea Meats Rihana Weeeeewaiane 10. 9. Leaves narrowly linear to subfiliform, 0.5—1 mm broad, obtuse; bracts equaling or exceeding calyx; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- nate; styles slightly shorter than ovary .... 7. R.kaschgarica Rupr. aly Leaves linear, 0.8—-1.8 mm broad, acutish; bracts as long as or shorter than calyx; limb of petals triangular, acute; styles mostly onecthiucd longer! thanjovaliny tres tien. aa 8. R.zakirovii Gorschk. 10. Branches spiny-tipped; leaves 0.5—4mm long, short-cylindric or oblong-linear; bracts ovate-oblong, acute, forming imbricate in- vOlucce calyx -lobesyovate-obloneracutes petalsspinkw sa.) - aspen BOS Ae aS rot ered ae TAR Se it Laem t Ns Hea UD ANT BY See i Ke 10. R.fruticosa Bge. as Branches not spiny; leaves 0.7—1cm long, subulate-linear to linear or spatulate-filiform; bracts filiform or linear-subulate, dilated at base, not involucral; calyx-lobes reniform-orbicular, interruptedly fapeminioito shogt aumicle: petals) pale pinion iCarneOus) mesa weer wenera « 5 SY tulich pe are Stage Picaicins R ANMea es URL n/a Pumelet On a) die, i en 9. R. persica Boiss. 11. Leaves oblong-linear, 1—4cm long; calyx-lobes ovate-orbicular, point-tipped; petal limb and appendages fimbriate; dilated part of PUlMMentSASD Smith els wows este AE bas Sas 11. R.oxiana (Ldb.) Boiss. ar Leaves linear, 1—2.5cm long; calyx-lobes broad-oval, subacuminate; appendages of petals dentate-margined; dilated part of filaments CHE PATI etre ate Peat oil: (hed ane) aimee oh AMIS ele 12. R.badhysi E. Kor. Subgenus 1. Hololachne Ehrenb. In Linnaea, I1(1827) 273, pro gen. Conf. Maxam. Haun. pile, Mongols Ti(1889)) HOG By. Hy Tancute Cleese) nome Schanginia Sievers ex Pall. in Nova Acta, X (1797) 375.— Flowers small, petals 3—4.5mm long; stamens 7—12; ovary elongate-ellipsoid; styles 3; leaves 1-5 mm long, scalelike, short-cylindric. 1. R. soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. Fl. Tangut. 1 (1889) 97; Ej. Enum. Pl. Mongols I eh0e 7 -Gorshks in, Biot.iMats iGerbs MiVi ts 16) dl Ge el aunancirentex soongorica Pall. in Nova Acta Petrop. X (1797) 374.— Hololachne Soiongorilica (Pall) Hhrenbh win MinnaeayIl (182k2 73; Widba. Hla alts Hk, Be We IL olek SISMSY Ross.) UE he UR sie 1Grexvlla MMe aeyo), rouiloyn AVIUNL YS) ILSin > Teles! Tar eye wiana Hook. f. ex Hend. a. Hume, Lahore to Jarkend (1873) 313.— Ic.: eee tals LO adi wliconre pil Ml wRoSSsitaio, 443% 209 281 Dwarf shrub, 10—25cm high; bark pale yellow; branches numerous, flexuous, densely leafy, mostly procumbent or ascending; leaves 1-6mm long, 0.5mm broad, scalelike, short-cylindric, half-cylindric or linear, fleshy, obtuse, glaucescent, glandular-dotted; flowers minute, axillary, solitary on abbreviated spuriously terminal branchlets or forming loose spikelike leafy inflorescences; bracts 3, lanceolate, acutish, 0.5—0.7mm long, one-third length of calyx or less; calyx deeply lobed, 1.5—2.5mm long, one-half to two-thirds length of petals; calyx-lobes triangular, subacute, with white-scarious margin; petals white, oblong-ovate, 3—4.5 mm long, 2.5mm broad, half-spreading, obtuse, cuneately attenuate at base, caducous, the two appendages oblong, half as long as petals, fimbriate; stamens 7—12, distinct, mostly equaling petals; filaments dilated at base, entire; ovary elongate-ellipsoid or ovaloid, 1.6mm long; styles 3, about one-third shorter than ovary; capsule oblong-ellipsoid or ovaloid, 5mm long, 2mm broad, smooth, 2—3 times as long as calyx; seeds oblong, 3-4mm long, attenuate at base, acuminate at summit, covered with long brownish hairs (in upper part more or less glabrous). July. (Plate XIV, Figure 6.) Stony, desert and solonetzic steppes; dry, stony slopes, solonetzes and solonchaks. — W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Described from Lake Nor-zaisan. Type in Leningrad. Subgenus 2. Eureaumuria Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 78.— Flowers fairly large, solitary or panicled; petals 0.5—0.8—1.5cm long; stamens 5 to many, often in 5 bundles; ovary angled-globose or ova- loid; styles 4 or 5; leaves mostly large, 1—5cm long, rarely minute, 3—5 mm long, linear or ovate-lanceolate or oblong-oval, rarely scalelike or short- cylindric. section! lL.) “ODONTOELOSSA -Niedenzu in Eu. (Py Pilanzentanas li, 6 (1895) 292.— Bracts linear-lanceolate, sparse; petals with fimbriate- dentate appendages; placenta bearing 4—10 ovules; leaves flat, ovate or oblong-oval or lance-oval or lanceolate, rarely linear, obscurely petiolate; axillary branchlets wanting. Series 1. Reflexae Gorschk.— Branches numerous, deflexed; petals with subentire or denticulate appendages. 2. R.sogdiana Kom. in Tr. SPb. Obshch. Estestv. XXVI (1896) 159; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. IV, Nos. 15—16, 118. Perennial, undershrub, to 30cm high, with pale yellow bark; branches numerous, mostly spreading, flexuous; leaves coriaceous, lance-oval, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 0.5—1.2cm long, 0.2—0.6 cm broad, mucronulate, petiole 0.5mm long; flowers solitary, sparse, or forming loose panicle 3.5—8cm long, 3.5—7cm broad; bracts lance-linear, 5-6 mm long, equaling or shorter than calyx, acutish; calyx deeply 5-lobed, 6—8 mm long, equaling or exceeding petals; calyx-lobes obovate or triangular, acuminate, with narrowly scarious margin; petals pink, oblong-ovate, 6-7 mm long, 3mm 210 ZG2 broad, somewhat oblique, caducous, obtuse, appendages oblong, 2 mm long, subentire, one-third length of petals; stamens numerous, basally connate to form 5 bundles; filaments dilated at base, entire; ovary globose, 3mm long; styles 5; capsule oblong-ovaloid, obtusish, 4mm long, one-half to two- thirds length of calyx; June. (Plate XIV, Figure 5.) Mountains, steppe slopes and the wood-and-shrub zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kushka, Islam-Chesme), Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan R. valley). Endemic. Described from River Kum on the Zeravshan Range (altitude 1,500m). Type in Leningrad. 3. R.reflexa Lipsky in Zap. Kievsk. obsch. estestv. XI, No. 2 (1891) 7; Cause ting Bote WlateiGerby, Wl Los16 16h hxss eer AIM. Noms O9e Perennial, undershrub, to 70cm high, with paleyellow bark; branches flexuous, spreading, densely leafy; leaves coriaceous, ovate or oblong-oval, 0.3—1.8cm long, 0.2—1cm broad, obtusish, rounded at base, petiole 0.5mm =. long; flowers numerous in loose panicle, 5—8cm long, 3.5—7cm broad, flowering branches mostly spreading; bracts linear, 2-3 mm long, shorter than to equaling calyx, appressed to calyx, obtusish, not recurved; calyx deeply 5-lobed, 3—4 mm long, 2—2'/, times shorter than petals, triangular- ovate acutish lobes narrowly scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong-ovate, 8mm long, 2.5—3 mm broad, somewhat oblique, obtuse, caducous, appendages oblong, denticulate, 2"/o-3 times shorter than petals; stamens numerous, basally united to form 5 bundles, filaments dilated at base, entire; ovary globose, 4-5 mm long; styles 5, about one-third shorter than ovary; capsule oblong-ovaloid or elongate-globose, 6—8 mm long, obtusish, twice length of calyx; seed oblong-obovoid, 5mm long, attenuate below, clavate in upper part, covered with long brown hairs. June—July. (Plate XIV, Figure 4.) Clayey foothills, gravelly clay slopes, clayey hills with white clay out- crops, and chalky mountains. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. De- scribed from Kizyl-Arvat. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Cistoideae Gorschk. — Branches numerous, erect or more or less appressed; petals with two fimbriate appendages. 4. R.turkestanica Gorschk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Sada, IV, 15—16 (1923) 118.— R.vermiculata var. latifolia M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 17.— R.hypericoides var. latifolia (M.B.) Trautv. in Bull. Soe. Nat-~ Mose: p11) (1866) 314;, Boiss: Pls.or.o1, 76154 Rel er Millokess.van Madiwskl Kavi lll, 9, (Sus. Gistiow-de S.nRips'g wariro Sanghi yiplencaS coides auct. Fl. As. Med.— Exs.: H. F. A.M. No. 310. Perennial, undershrub, 20—60cm high, with yellowish bark; branches numerous, erect, densely leafy; leaves flat, coriaceous, ovate or oval-oblong, 0.5—1.5cm long, 0.2—1cm broad, acutish, more or less dilated at base, sub- petiolate, or else leaves lance-linear to linear, 7mm long and 2mm broad (f. contracta Gorschk.). Flowers numerous, in loose panicle, 4-9cm long, 3—4(7) cm broad, or in contracted racemose panicle (f. contracta Gorschk.), occasionally solitary; bracts lance-linear, 3—5 mm long, erect, not spreading, equaling or shorter than calyx, mucronate; calyx 5-lobed, 3—6(7) mm long, about half petal length; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, scarious-margined; petals rose-colored, somewhat oblique, 283 obcordate, 0.7—1.3cm long, 3-5 mm broad, obtuse, narrowing at base, the two appendages 3—4 times shorter than petals, obtuse, fimbriate-margined; stamens numerous, shorter than petals, in 5 bundles, filaments dilated at base, entire; ovary globose, 5-sided, 3—3.5mm long; styles 5, about as long as ovary; capsule pentagonal-pyramidal, 0.8—1.2cm long, 0.3—0.5cm broad, twice calyx length; seed obovoid, 4-5 mm long, attenuate at base, dark- umbonate at summit, covered with long brown hairs. June—August. (Plate XIV, Figure 3.) Solonchaks, solonetzic sands, sandy plains, loess hills, mottled low mountains, red clay outcrops, and stony foothill slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. (Baku): Cente. Asia: Balkh., Kara K., Mtn. Gurkm.;)Pam--Al i sh: 3Gen- distr.: Iran. Described from Kazakhstan. Type in Leningrad. 5. R.cistoides Adam in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. z. Naturkunde, I (1805) 61; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Ill, 75.— R.hypericoides Willd. Hort. Berol. (1809) 578, Gxapes dos PLY Ross il, 1 38 (excl. syn. Hypericum alternifo- lium Billard.): Boiss. Pl, or? 1, 76lfet aucts plum non Willd:; Shimeale: Hii tee Penk Wer! i Kust) Evee Ross. Kavi i) sibs) loi. nolk siiomasie Bast wakavie 1 2a. Role NMilokoss. ine Mat.) Fle wi wee larkoap Hocpeethae’ Bow eodioc tags 16. T.leptostachys Bge. Racemes forming loose, open panicles; petals persistent ...... Zale: Racemes forming contracted panicles; petals caducous ....... 22. Racemes dense; bracts ovate, mostly exceeding pedicels and calyx; petals erect, connivent; anthers obtusish; bark crimson or reddish- brown, sometimes almost yellowish ..... 17. T.ramosissima Ldb. Racemes mostly loose; bracts linear, almost subulate, mostly ex- ceeding pedicels; petals spreading; anthers apiculate; bark reddish- Leite OVNI PRR SONS Ly Petite jeraiseese We: advan hua at fal Ua Meera. 4 23. T.ewersmannii Presl. Racemes 4—15cm long, 3—4mm broad; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalinc or shorter) than pedicels; soar ruloust iO aera nee EB ee MR PETES otic d bdo fae’ od iahduvde’ly’ ish Bagi hes wallic 24. T.korolkovii Rel. et Schm. Racemes 2—6(9)cm long; bracts ovate-subulate or lanceolate, equaling, shortecvor once rithank cal yas) ss), sear Wel eaeh op ieee Wawa Ze Racemes 3—6(9) cm long, 2.5—3mm broad; bracts ovate-subulate, ex- eeedinevealyx:) barckerurouistpuiole: Wes. .bee 18. T. arceuthoides Bge. Racemes 2—3 cm long, 3—3.5mm broad; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, as long as or shorter than calyx; bark brownish-cinereous........ MAU SEY RAI SNCS EN lon = Mol AOC ota mR We Sh LIME ries 19. T. karakalensis Freyn et Sint. Racemes 1cm broad, bracts ovate-deltoid or broadly cordate-del- toid, mostly shorter than pedicels; flowers large; petals 3-—4mm long; stamens 12—13(14), rarely 10; disk 12- or 13(14)-lobed, rarely 10-lobed, confluent with dilated base of filaments; bark violet-brown or purplish-brown or grayish-brown ....20. T.passerinoides Delile. Racemes 0.4—0.6cm broad; bracts lanceolate, shorter than or as long as calyx (including pedicel); flowers smaller; petals 2.3-2.5mm long; stamens 10; disk 5-lobed; filaments slender, not dilated at base, inserted on and between lobes of disk; bark brown ............-. Buia d Cire parece Gobet cl bewsal Mis) etree cope bmraiwaumrs! Sern euclea) cia ike og 25. T.komarovii Gorschk. 220 295 296 Economic importance. Various Tamarix species are beautiful orna- mentals, particularly valuable for planting on saline soils and for sand fixing. Strong growth, easy propagation by suckers and cuttings (these readily producing adventitious roots in the presence of moisture) make tamarisks very suitable for afforestation of solonetzic steppes and sands. All species are good nectar plants. The wood is hard, firm, suitable for turning. All plant parts are rich in tannins — in the roots 16—18%,in the leaves 11-12%. The ash has a high Na2gSO, content. Tamarisk leaves are used as a home remedy for spleen complaints; the flowers are used for treatment of jaundice; the bark serves as an astringent in cases of hemorrhage, and an infusion of branches is used against rheumatism (Rollov, Dikorast. r. Kavk. 496; Sukachev. Dendrol.,523). The branches of some species are used for dyeing hides (O. A. Enden in Tr. Turkm. Fil. AN SSSR, INO AV): Owing to its wax content, tamarisk wood burns outstandingly well when fresh, i.e., straight after being cut,a phenomenon noted by desert travelers (N.V. Pavlov, Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. II, 474). Subgenus 1. Eutamarix Gorschk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4 (1938) 78, 81. — Flowers mostly small; calyx 0.5—1 (rarely 2.3) mm long; petals 1-2.5 (rarely 3-4) mm long; stamens 4 or 5 (rarely 6—8), equal; leaves half-clasping. Section 1. VERNALES Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 17.— Racemes borne on shoots of previous year, lateral, rarely terminal, mostly early flowering; flowers mostly 4-merous, rarely 5-merous. Series 1. Elongatae Gorschk.— Racemes mostly elongated, 9-20cm long, 0.4—1cm broad; bracts broad-linear or linear, equaling or exceeding corolla; stamens 4—8. 1. T.octandra Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 17; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 766; Reg. and Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 109; Medv., Ders ikust. Kavi. 10; Grosse. PE okavk) Il, 77; Gorshkini Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4,79,81.— T.rosea Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 19.— T.tetragyna var. pallida Trautv. in Tr. B.S. II (1873) 533.— T.tetragyna Radde, Die Samml. des Kaukas. Mus. II (1901) 68,non Ehrenb.— T.octandra var. duplex Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. rosea (Bge.) Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 110. Shrub, with yellowish-brown bark; leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5—~2.7mm long, 1-3 mm broad, acute, narrowly scarious-margined, sessile, subcordate at base, auriculate; racemes simple, lateral, 4.5—9cm long, 0.6—1cm broad, solitary, loose, mostly spikelike; peduncles 0.5—4cm long, scaly; bracts broad-linear or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5—5.5mm long, 1-2 mm broad, equaling or exceeding pedicels, acutish, narrowly scarious-margined; pedicels 1mm long; calyx 2—3mm long, about one-third shorter than petals; sepals 4 or 5 (rarely 7), broad-ovate to suborbicular, 1.5—2.5mm long, 1.7—2.5 mm broad, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; petals 4 (5—7), pink, 221 23) obovate or oblong, 3—4.5mm long, 1.241 “5mm broad, caducous; disk 4-angled; stamens 8, of these 4 inserted on disk angles, with filaments dilated at base, the other 4 inserted between angles, with nondilated fila- ments; anthers acute or minutely apiculate; ovary 2 mm long; styles 3 or 4, half-spreading, one-third length of ovary. May—June. Valleys and banks of rivers and rivulets.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran (N.Iran). Described from Khvoy, northern Iran. Type in Leningrad. 2. T.meyeri Boiss. Diagn. ser.I, 10 (1849) 9; Vol'f and Palib. Opred. der. ikust. 608; Roll. Dikorast. rast. Kavk. 496; Reg. and Mlokoss. in Mate Bighktavikitll,9) 108s Medv. (Der! 1mkust: ikiavinil®: nGorshis annie Yugo-Vost. V; 7183) Grossis: Ply Kavk: 1) 77; Gorshk, tin’ Bot. *MatiaGerb. Bot. sinst/ AN SSSR) Villy4"82;) Rusan. Sredneazy, Tamary427 vie tire gyna C.A.Mey. Verzeichn. (1831) 165; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, p.1 (1844-1846) 134,non Ehrenb.— T.tetragyna var. meyeri Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) (Go Dehetragyna war. heterantha i. Lonestbraecreata: ONtiae: im he. BSele (ee) 17s) — Myricariandahuriea krasn.Mimilzya. busses Geogr. Obshch. XXII (1886) 10, 50,non Ehrenb.; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 167; Fedch. andy Mera. Emre ROSS. cos ds = letshusan iit cy lnisure alte ae Excess Corby Nowa i iGuiie Sook, Nows040% Shrub or small tree, to 3—4(5) m high, with gray or brownish-gray bark; leaves linear or lance-linear, 1—4.5mm long, 0.2—1 mm broad, obtuse, slight - ly incurved, semiamplexicaul, slightly dilated at base, subcordate; racemes lateral, simple, 5—13(15) cm long, 4-8 mm broad, dense; peduncles 0.5-4cm long, with oblong obtuse scales at base; bracts broad-linear, 3—4(5) mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm broad, acuminate, spreading, more or less dilated at base, ex- ceeding calyx, sometimes about equaling corolla (including pedicel); pedicels 1—1.5mm long; flowers 4(5)-merous; calyx 2—2.5mm long, one- third shorter than petals; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.7—-1.2 mm broad, obtuse, broadly scarious-margined; petals white, pale pink or pink, oblong-oval or obovate-elliptical, 3-4 mm long, 1.5mm broad, recurved, obtuse, oblique, partly caducous; disk 4 (rarely 6)-angled, mostly dark red; stamens 4 (rarely 6), equaling or slightly exceeding corolla, dilated filament bases inserted at disk angles; anthers more or less apicu- late; ovary lageniform, 1.5—1.8mm long, 0.7mm broad; styles 4, obovate- lageniform, 2"/o—3 times shorter than ovary, divaricate; capsule 5—7mm long, 2—3mm broad, about 2"/, times longer than calyx. April-May. (Plate KV, Figure 8.) Shores of rivers, seas and lakes, sandy solonetzic places, solonchaks, solonetzes and bottom of dried-up reservoirs. Rising in the mountains (along streams) up to 1,220m.— European part: L.V. (Kuma River); Cau- casus: isc. ;Dac Hy and 'S; Transe.) Talk; (Centr) Asiad KyateenS: Way Kara K., Mtn. Turkm., Amu D.,Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: E.Med. (N. Egypt, Palestine, W. Syria), Bal.-As. Min. (Cyprus),Iran. Described from Caspian islands. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The green branches impart a dark raspberry or cherry color to hides (O. A. Enden in Tr. Turkm. Fil. AN SSSR, No. V, 1944). 3. T.elongata Ldb. Fl. alt. I (1829) 421; Ej. Fl. Ross. Il, 1) 133; Boiss. Bie or, (6r; Pavi; Fl, Vsentr. Kazakhst., Il, 454; Kryl, Bll apr Sioa veiie 222 Pe . 1915; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 78, 82: Rusan. 298 Sredneaz: Tamar. 44.— Ic.: Ldb. Ie. Pl. Fl. Ross. Ill, tab. 254; Rusan. ce rniouUmoe tg a- Excuey G. iv.0k, NOL oo aGir a isoolh, Nor s042>" ik A vs Nogalzn Shrub or small tree, with yellowish-gray or brownish-gray bark, to 1—3(5) m high; leaves broad-linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-9mm long, 0.3—3 mm broad, acute, broadly cordate at base, auriculate, semi- amplexicaul; racemes lateral, simple, 6—15(20) cm long, 0.4—0.8cm broad, dense; peduncles 1—2cm long, covered with oblong obtuse scales; bracts linear, 3—6 mm long, 0.3—0.7 mm broad, acuminate, at first somewhat spreading, at length recurved, equaling or exceeding corolla (including pedicel); flowers 4(5)-merous; calyx 1.5mm long, shorter than petals by uy or more; sepals broad-ovate, 1mm long, 0.3—0.7mm broad, acutish, narrowly scarious-margined; petals pale or bright pink or pinkish-violet (occasionally white), oblong-oval or elliptical, 2—2.5mm long, 1-1.3 mm broad, oblique, obtuse, recurved, partly caducous; stamens 4 (rarely 6 or 7); disk 4(6—7)-angled, gradually dilated at base, equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; ovary ovoid-oblong, 1.3—2 mm long, styles 3, very short, 5-6 times shorter than ovary; capsule 4-6 mm long, 2 mm broad, 2-4 times as long as calyx. April-May. (Plate XV, Figures 1,7.) Shores of rivers and lakes, hummocky sands, solonetzes, and solonchaks, and solonetzic clayey steppes; occasionally in mountains (up to 1,800 m). — W. Siberia: U. Tob. (Kustanai Region, Naurzum-Karagai), Alt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz.K., Kara K., Amu D., Syr D., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. (N. part). Described from Arkaul Mt. near Lake Zaisan. Type in Leningrad. Note. A species replacing T.meyeri Boiss.; it is readily distinguish- able from it by the more or less elongated, narrower racemes; the rather narrow, linear bracts which often exceed the corolla (including pedicel); the three short styles, 5—6 times shorter than ovary; and the broadly cor- date-based, auriculate leaves. Series 2. Tetrandrae Gorschk.— Racemes up to 7cm long, 3-8 mm broad; bracts triangular-lanceate, shorter than to rarely equaling calyx; stamens 4 (rarely 5 or 6). 4, T.tetrandra Pall. in Neue Nord. Beitr. VII (1796) 430; Ldb. FI. RoOsSsS+ Wiel Has; Bee: Lent Gens amar, sp. 26: Borst) Bion el) (oor Shmal'g. Fl. I, 168; Bol'f and Palib. Opred. der i kust. 606; Reg. and Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III,9,106; Medv. Der. ikust. Kavk. 10; Gross.) Ele wavk ellen ie Gorschis in Bote Mater Gerbw Bote: lasts in Sookie 4a, Gol vr aude wea Pall Noy. sActavAct \Petrop wae (lno7) Zul Orne Mist euts Ieckal Vice oO) Ciba a yPalles” ly eer 26s =. abet leeibitnws st a ellayes Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 26.— T.tetrandra f. alba Stev. et f. rosea Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1856) 255. Shrub or small tree, 2—3 m high, with dark brown or black bark; leaves ovate -lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, narrowing, cuneate at base, narrowly scarious-margined, appressed, not sheathing; racemes lateral, solitary, loose, 2—7cm long, 3-8 mm broad, mostly sessile; bracts triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.3—2 mm long, 228 acute, more or less dilated at base, longer than pedicels but shorter than or equaling calyx; flowers 4-merous, aromatic; calyx 1.3—2 mm long, about one-third shorter than petals; sepals ovate-oblong, 1—1.5mm long, acutish; petals pink or white, elliptically concave to oblong, 2—2.5(3) mm long, 0.9-1mm broad, mostly recurved, partly caducous; stamens 4 (rarely 5 or 6), disk 4-lobed (rarely 5- or 6-lobed); filaments inserted on disk lobes, dilated at base, equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; anthers ovoid, apiculate; ovary mostly 1—-1.8mm long; styles 3(4), elongate -clavate, divergent, 2—3 times shorter than ovary; capsule 5.5—6 mm long, 1.7—2.5mm broad, 3—4 times as long as calyx. April. Sea coasts, and shores of rivers, brooks and lakes. Grown in gardens. — European part: Bes., Bl. (Odessa), Crime Caucasus = We licanseeonelmcannces (foothills of Ararat peak, Aralik). Gen. distr.: W. Med. (Istria, Pola [now Pulj]), E. Med. (W. Syria, Beirut), Bal.-As. Min. (S. Greece, E. Bulgaria, 299 Burgas District, Cyprus,northern Turkey). Described from Crimea. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Very ornamental and used horticulturally for planting in dry sunny places. Easily propagated by seed and by cuttings. The long racemes are very useful for bouquets (V. P. Maleev). Note. Differing from T.szovitsiana Bge. by dark brown or black bark and narrowly scarious-margined leaves. Series 3. Laxiusculae Gorschk.— Racemes rather small and mostly slender, 0.7—5 cm long, 2—4(5) mm broad; peduncles sparsely covered with scales; bracts oblong or ovate-lanceolate, equaling, shorter or longer than pedicels; sometimes equaling or exceeding calyx; stamens 4. 5. T.araratica (Bge.) Gorschk. in Sov. Bot. (1936) 4,118; Gorshk. in Bot) Matt iGerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSRi Val, 4779), Sb Wee laise a jyalicn yalac aucras— tica Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 35; Reg. and Mlokoss. in Mato ble swavike il; 95105. Shrub with brown bark, to 1—2m high; leaves ovate-oblong to subrhombic, 1—2 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, decurrent, carinate at base; racemes lateral, solitary, slender, 1—4(5) cm long, 3—4mm broad, rather loose, sub- sessile or with peduncle 4mm long; bracts oblong, 1—1.5mm long, 0.7mm broad, obtuse, mostly longer than pedicels, shorter than to equaling or some- times exceeding calyx; flowers 4-merous; calyx 0.7—1 mm long, half length of petals; sepals triangular-ovate, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, broadly scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong-elliptical, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.5—-1mm broad, recurved; stamens 4; disk 4-angled, passing into more or less dilated base of filaments, these mostly 14/> times length of petals; occasionally filaments notdilated; anthers obtuse; styles 3 (rarely 4), 4—5 times shorter than ovary. April. (Plate XV, Figure 5.) River valleys.— Caucasus: S.Transc. (valley of Arguri River, near Erivan). Endemic. Described from the indicated locality. Type in Leningrad. Note. T.araratica (Bge.) Gorschk., which is considered by F.N. Rusakov to be a form of T.szovitsiana Bge., differs from the latter in ovate-oblong to subrhombic leaves; rather loose, slender racemes (half as broad); oblong, broadly scarious-margined bracts, not cartilaginous at apex; smaller flowers; obtuse anthers; and 3 styles, rarely 4. 224 6. T.litwinowii Gorschk. in Spis. rast. Gerb. Fl. SSSR, X, Nos. LXI— LXIV (1936) 24; Ej. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 79, 85. — 200 LT. baxa var. parvitilor a Litw. in Spis. rast. G. Ror. Vv ((1905) 79, — T.szovitsiana Rus. Tr. Turkm. Fil. AN SSSR, V (1944) 35, non Bge. — fev; Rusan. oredneaz, -tamart hiounre 13) 2 HacsiG. RYE St No. slay G. F. SSSR, No. 3048. Shrub or small tree, with brown or (on young branches) brownish-red bark, to 2—3m high, widely branched; leaves ovate-oblong, 1—2 mm long; 0.5mm broad, acute, decurrent, cuneate at base,narrowly scarious-margined, half-clasping; racemes lateral, solitary or mostly clustered, 0.7—2(2.5)cm long, 0.2—0.3(0.4) cm broad, slender, loose, subsessile or borne on peduncles 2—5mm long, these covered at base with sparse brown scales; bracts ovate- lanceolate, 0.7—1 mm long, 0.3—0.7 mm broad, acutish, equaling or exceeding pedicels, these as long as or shorter than calyx; flowers 4-merous; calyx 0.7-1mm long; sepals ovate-triangular, 0.7mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm broad, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; petals pink or scarlet or dark rose- colored, oblong, 1—1.3mm long, 0.5—0.7mm broad, one-third as long as calyx, obtuse, recurved; stamens 4; disk 4-angled, dark red, passing into dilated base of filaments, these equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; anthers obtusish: styles 3 (rarely 4),4—5 times shorter than ovary; cap- sule 3mm long, 1mm broad, about 3—4 times as long as calyx; March— April. (Plate XV, Figure 3.) Shores of rivers and lakes,near wells, and on coastal sands.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Kzyl-Orda), Balkh. (Bet-Pak-Dala),Kyz.K. (Amu-Darya delta), Kara K.,Mtn. Turkm.,Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran. (E. Iran). Described from Farab,on Amu Darya. Type in Leningrad. Note. F.N. Rusanov refers T.litwinowii to T.szovitsiana Bee. This is, however, difficult to accept,as T.szovitsiana Bge. differs in its large, subcylindric, dense racemes, 2.5—4cm long and 0.6—0.8cm broad (mainly 1'/:—2 times broader), and correspondingly large flowers (2—24.times as broad). T.szovitsiana occurs in N. W. Iran (described from Azer- baidzhan Province, Khoy District), while T.litwinowii is distributed in Soviet Central Asia and E.Iran. In 1930, we studied T.litwinowii in nature, in tugais along the rivers Amu Darya, Murgal and Tedzhen, where it grows in massive concentrations. 7. T.androssowii Litw. in Spis. rast. G.R.F. V (1905) 41; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat: Gerb) Bot, inst. AN SSSR; Vilg4, 79, 85; Rusaneyisredneaz. Mamar: D0 Ces oS atin lees, Pore Seale cies Gc RE) Se Omi oslant Arboraceous shrub, to 5m high, with reddish-brown bark; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1—2.5mm long, 0.3—0.5 mm broad, acute, often incurved at 301 apex,narrowly scarious-margined; sharply decurrent at base, partly clasping; racemes lateral solitary or clustered, often with slender branches, 2—3(5) cm long, 3—4(5) mm broad; peduncles 0.5—1cm long, sparsely covered with bractlike scales; bracts oblong, 0.7—1 mm long, shorter than pedicels, tipped by cartilaginous subulate incurved point; pedicels 1-1.5mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 4-merous; calyx 0.7—1mm long, one-third shorter than petals; sepals ovate, 0.5—0.7mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, keeled, broadly scarious-margined; petals white, obovate, 1-1.5mm long, 0.7mm broad, spreading, almost caducous; stamens 4; disk 4-angled, DDS 302 confluent with dilated base of filaments, these equaling or slightly ex- ceeding corolla; anthers cordate, apiculate, purple or often yellow; styles 3 (rarely 4), clavate, 3—4 times shorter than ovary; capsule 4—5mm long, 1mm broad at base, about 4 times as long as calyx. April. Clayey, solonetzic basins, quicksands, shores of lakes and rivers. — Centr. Asia: Kyz.K. (Kulan-hak village), Kara K.,Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Farab on R. Amu Darya. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Parviflorae Gorschk.— Racemes 1—4cm long, 3—5 mm broad; peduncles densely covered with scales; bracts ovate, 1.5—2.5mm long, equaling or exceeding the calyx. 8. T. kotschyi Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 30; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 770; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 78, 84; Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 32.— T.tetrandra var. parviflora Boiss. im Kotschy, Pl. “Pers. austry No; 100. > Tikotschyi yar. rosiea iatw. in Tr. Bot. Muz. AN, III (1907) 112.— Ic.- Rusan. Mrs lets bhgre FINS). ce), Arboraceous shrub to 2m high, with grayish-brown bark, leaves broad - ovate, 1—2 mm long, 1—1.5 mm broad, acute, cartilaginous -white-marginate, angular at base, half-clasping; racemes simple, lateral, solitary, 1—4 cm long, 3—5 mm broad, rather loose; peduncles 3-5 mm long, densely covered with ovate-lanceolate acutish scales; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, keeled, 1.5—2.5mm long, acute, equaling or exceeding calyx (including pedicel); pedicels equaling calyx; flowers 4-merous; calyx 0.7—1 mm long, about half length of petals; sepals broadly ovate-rhombic, 0.5—0. 7mm long, 0.6mm broad, acute, scarious-margined; petals pink or white (very rarely yellowish), oblong-obovate, 1.7-—2 mm long, 0.7—1 mm broad, obtuse, spreading, caducous; stamens 4; disk 4-lobed, confluent with dilated vase of filaments, these equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; anthers obtuse; ovary conic, 0.8-l1mm long; styles 3 (rarely 4), 3-4 times shorter than ovary, obovate, connivent; capsule 2.5—4mm long, 1.5mm broad, about 4 times as long as calyx. April: River banks.— Caucasus: S. and E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Kara K. (Farab), Mtn. Turkm.,Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from S. Iran, near Gere. Type in Leningrad. Series 5. Laxae Gorschk. — Racemes loose, 0.5—2.5(3)cm long, 4-9 mm broad; bracts oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 2—3 times shorter than pedicels; stamens 4(5—6). 9. T.laxa Willd. in Abh. phys. Kl. Preuss. Acad. Wissensch. (1812— 1813) ed. 1816, 82; Ldb. Fl. alt. I, 422; By tbe Ross lle aise (aise eee. tam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 35; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 770; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 168; Kryl. Fl. Alt. II, 446; Roll. Dikorast. rast. Kavk. 496; Vol'f and Palib. Opred. der. ikust. 606; Reg. and Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9, 103;'’Medv. Der. ikust. Kavk. 11; Gorshk. in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V; 718; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. TII,.75; Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. YW, 464; Kryl) Pl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1015; Gorshk. Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, i) i) On PLATE XV. 1—Tamarix elongata Ldb.,inflorescence; 2 — T. hohenackeri Bge., part of inflores- cence, fragment enlarged, disk; 3 — T. litwinowii Gorschk., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, flower, pistil; 4 — T.laxa Willd., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, disk; 5 — T. araratica (Bge) Gorschk., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, disk; 6 — T. florida Bge., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, disk; 7 — T. elongata Ldb., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, pistil, 8 - T. meyeri Boiss., part of inflorescence, fragment enlarged, pistil. DRI 79,84: Gorshk. in.Maevsk. Fl., Ed. 7,513; Rusan. Sredneaz.- Tamar. 37,7 T.laxa var. transcaucasica Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 35.— T.pallasii Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat.1 ser. IV (1825) 343; Lity. in Spiss rast: GoRok. Mi; 102. ie.; Paulsen, Sthd: Ver. Pamir, 20a Yugo-Vest:, Fic. 488; “Rusan.ive;, Pigure)15, 9 bxs, : .G. Rak eNO eign, 1962. Shrub, to 2—3 m high, with reddish-brown, rufous-brown or grayish-brown bark; leaves ovate-oblong to subrhombic, 1—2(4) mm long, 0.5(1.5) mm broad, acute, narrowly scarious-margined, decurrent, keeled at base; racemes lateral, loose, solitary, sometimes clustered, 1—2.5(3) cm long, 4-7 mm broad, or much abbreviated, 0.5—1.2 cm long, 4~9mm broad, corymbiform (var. vulgaris Bge.), subsessile or short-peduncled; peduncles 2.5—3mm long, sparsely covered with oblong brown scales; pedicels 1.8—2(2.8) mm long, 2—3 times as long as calyx; bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1—1.2 mm long, acutish, scarious-margined, cartilaginous in upper part, most! in- curved, 2—3 times shorter than pedicels; flowers 4(5)- merous, calyx 0.7—0.9 mm long, half length of petals; sepals broadly obovate, subterete, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm broad, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; petals oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, reflexed, white or pink, 1.7—2 mm long, 1mm broad, caducous; stamens 4(5—6); disk 4(6)-angled, confluent with enlarged base of filaments, these equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; anthers cordate, short-apiculate, reddish-violet; styles 3 (rarely 4), obcor- date-clavate, 3—4 times shorter than ovary; capsule 4—6(7) mm long, 1mm broad, 5—6 times as long as calyx. March—May. (Plate XV, Figure 4.) Solonchaks, solonetzes, sands, sandy steppes, river banks, coasts and lake shores: Hucopean part: Jo, Don Wav. Caucasus Ciscaar. lranses; Weroivermas rt. Alts; (Centr. Asia: Ar -C@acior, Beli. ian Kok@ancan Kee Mtn. Turkm., Amu D. (near Olot, south of Kara-Kul), Syr D., Pam.-Al. (Gissar, Lake Tuz-Kari, Sen-zara basin). Gen. distr.: Iran, Mong. (S. W. part). Described from Krasnoarmeisk (Sarepta) and the Caspian Sea. Type was in Berlin. Note. Ditterme from the closely related) i. omacilas Willd) in having shorter and broader lateral racemes; ovate-lanceolate or oblong bracts, 2—3 times shorter than pedicels; and capsule 5—6 times as long as calyx. 305 Series 6. Floridae Gorschk.— Racemes mostly elongated, to 5-9cm long; flowers 5-merous; bracts broad-ovate or linear-oblong, longer than pedicels but not exceeding calyx; stamens 5. 10. T.hohenackeri Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 44; Boiss. PESOn | Wis yshmal'os Lil. I too vexel: syns; Reg. sandwiVilokosis4 imp Niet Bi havik. (los 99; Grosse vi. Kavie. Il, Wie; Gorshks ineBotua Maz | @embor IBYOyr, MASE, CAIN) (SSSIn, Wis 45 TSS SS IwISiein. Sieechheewz, Wearasie, 722 —W', ei = Sustifolia Hohen. in Bull. Soc! Nat. Mose. (1838))363:mon Wdby T.hohenackeri f. frondosa Lipsky in Zapisk. Kievsk. obshch. XII, 2 (1892) 10.— T.hohenackeri var. glandulosa Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. bungeana Rgl. et Mlokoss.et var. pontica Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. taurica Rgl. et Mlokoss. etf. iberica Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. 228 Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 101,102.— T.hohenackeri var. ferganica IDIeOlSOnr ia IRiSiclo, INfOY DOG, — Wess. ieelSielias Mk, sy Tiere INS Sigman leds eG Qlaye Js) 5 No. 1959; 1G. . “SSSR, No: 3045: Shrub or small tree, 1—3(5)m high, with brownish-red bark; leaves lanceolate, 1-5mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, incurved, dilated at base, decurrent, partly clasping; racemes lateral, solitary or clustered, 1.5-—9cm long, 3—5(8) mm broad, loose, on peduncles 0.5—2cm long; bracts linear- oblong, 1-2 mm long, obtuse, exceeding pedicels, slightly shorter than or occasionally nearly equaling calyx (including pedicel), keeled; pedicels 0.5-1.5mm long; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1.3—1.5mm long, mostly one- 306 third shorter than petals; sepals ovate, acutish, 0.8—-1mm long, 0.6mm broad, scarious-margined; petals ovate-elliptical, erect, pink, 2-—2.5mm long, 0.7-1 mm broad, mostly persistent; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, with deeply notched lobes; filaments slender, about same to 15 times length of corolla, inserted between lobes of disk; anthers cordate, obtuse; styles 3 (rarely 4), clavate-spatulate, 2—3 times shorter than ovary; capsule 4-5mm long, three times length of calyx. April—May.(Plate XV, Figure 2.) Maritime sands, solonchaks and solonetzes, sea shores; rising in the mountains up to 900 m.— European part: Crim., L. V. (on the watershed Volga-Ergeni, floodlake Beskul); Caucasus: Cisc.,Dag. W., E. and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Kzyl-Orda), Balkh., Kara is nal, Abe san Arnau Dy, Syar Dy, Pam,=Al., T..Sh,) Gen distr.: ‘Iran (N. Iran [former] Asterabad Province, W. Iran, on the plateau). Described from Khanlar (former Yelenendorf). Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The green branches impart a dark raspberry or cherry color to hides (O. A. Enden in Tr. Turkm. Fil. AN SSSR, V, 1944). 1d ae floridavBoe. Wentam. Gen. Tamar | spec.)(#852)/3'7:) Pavlos Tsentr. Kazakhst. II,464; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, WAGs) Rusan: Srednieaz.. Vamar. 64, Taf ho rwdiagwaie: ic eumerc npiew Chavar awk Oise Deer et yar cule hier Bise. jetta kK Oms Cliyein ice: Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 38—40.— T.askhabadensis Preyn et Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2,sér.III (1903) 1059.—Ic.: Rusan. l.c., PHlspice 2 Odi c= Hash ey) (Gait ip Nota Ses GUE SSS ns Net S044 Shrub or tree to 4-6 m high, with purplish-rufous bark; leaves broad- ovate or broad-cordate, 0.5—1 mm long, 0.5mm broad, decurrent, semi- amplexicaul, cartilaginous-margined, acuminate, incurved; racemes lateral, loose, solitary, 1—5cm long, 3—4mm broad, densely disposed on branchlet; peduncles 2—5 mm long; bracts broad-ovate, 1—1.5mm long, cartilaginous in upper part, acutish, longer than pedicels but not exceeding calyx, scarious- margined; peduncles 0.5—1mm, shorter than calyx, flowers 5-merous; calyx 1—1.4mm long, about half as long as petals; sepals ovate-rhomboid, 0.5—-1mm long, 0.5mm broad, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; petals ovate or ob- long, pink or white (var. albiflora Bge.), 1.8—2 mm long, 0.8mm broad, connivent, mostly caducous; stamens 5; disk mostly 10-toothed; filaments slender, half as long as corolla, inserted between teeth of disk; anthers mostly obtusish; styles 3, obovate, mostly 4—5 times shorter than ovary; capsule 2—2.5mm long, 0.7-1 mm broad, about twice as long as calyx. April—June. (Plate XV, Figure 6.) Banks and beds of rivers, streams and lakes; sandy and clayey places. — JO Caucacucn;h. and Seiranse-.; Centr, Asia: Ani —Caisp: Balkh.\ Koya. Kee 229 308 Kara Ki; Mtn. “‘Turkm., Syr' D: Pam: -Al., TSh. Gent distr.) tran: Daur Kash Described from Husseinon, near Yandaq. Type in Leningrad. Section 2. AESTIVALES Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 41.— Racemes on young shoots, terminal, rarely lateral, mostly late flowering; flowers mostly 5-merous (rarely 4-merous). Series 1. Graciles Gorschk.— Racemes mostly terminal, rarely lateral, (0.5)1—3(6) em long, 3—4(5) mm broad; flowers 4- or 5-merous; stamens 4 or 5; disk 4- or 5-angled, passing into dilated base of filaments. 12. T. gracilis Willd. Abhand. physik. Kl. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. (@8i2=1813) leds hes Cl: Ldbivrl Ross; Way 134;" Boiss. Flore 72: Fedch. and Fler. Fl. Evr. Ross. 638; Roll. Dikorst. r. Kavk. 496; Medv. Der. i kust. Kavk: 11; Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. Il, 465; (Gorshk:%in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 720; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, Vil. 42°79). 88)Rusan. Sredneaz.’ Tamar. Si—-/T.cupres'siftormyrs Ldb: :) alt le( 1829)642'3) (Hs sRosse il, 134: | Pav Pil isentr: Kazeakhst. il, 464,466; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIIl, 1916; Gorshk. In Bot. Mat: Gerb. Bot. insta AN Sook, Vil, 4, 79) e924 tianecustipolaamidb: in Eichw Snow: ecasp.-cauc. II (1831-1833) 12; Ej. Fl. Ross. II,134.— T.polystachya iidbe Hl Ross.) il, 1 (1844 1e46)"i3s0— 0. Waal variWore ec ndleny aan Caspuca cerneh variim ave nantvha Bee, et cars poly sian ya Boe. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 35.— T.laxa Schmalh. Fl. I (1895) 168. Hom WHid. pepy— Laspiridonowil B. redtsich, jn Bot, Mat.” Gero. sGlayime Bot. Sada, III, 44-48 (1922) 182.— T.tetrandra auct. Fl. USSR,non Poli lead int hichwtttab.(8; dbiele. ol rl Rosse lM rab: husane Mi ee sicwre IS 7. Shrub to 3—4m high, with purplish-brown or grayish-brown bark; leaves lance-linear, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 1—4mm long, 0.5—1(2) mm broad, acute, decurrent at base, sometimes auriculate; racemes occasionally lateral, mostly terminal, 1—4(6)cm long, 3—4(5) mm broad, forming loose, fairly short panicle; bracts lance-subulate or subulate, 1.5—2 mm long, acute, mostly equaling or shorter than calyx (including pedicel), gibbous at base and mostly with minute auricles; pedicels 0.5—1.5(2) mm long; flowers AS Or o-merouss calyx 11s mm lone imosthy 1/o—2fo times shorter than petals; sepals ovate, 0.5—1mm long and 0.5mm broad, obtuse, broadly Scarious-margined; petals obovate-elliptical or obovate-oblong, 1.5—2. 5(3) mm long, (0.7)1—1.5 mm broad, pink, spreading, caducous; stamens 4 or 5; disk mostly 4- or 5-lobed; filaments dilated at base, inserted at angles of disk, equaling to Gio times length of corolla; anthers apiculate, mostly purple or violet-pink; styles 3 (rarely 4), 4 times shorter than ovary; capsule 4-6 mm long, 2mm broad, about 4 times as long as calyx. May—June. Shores of rivers, lakes, seas and estuaries; clayey and solonetzic steppes, solonchaks, dunes and hummocky quicksands.— European part: L. Don (R. Manych, northeastern shores of the Azov Sea), L. V.; Caucasus: Dag. (near Derbent, Makhachkala, near Lake Akh-Tel'); W. Siberia: U. Tob. ([former] Chkalov Region, between Irgiz and Chkalov [Orenburg]), Irt., Alt., Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh. Gen. distr.: Mong. (N. W.). Described from iInetooni of lehysh River. Type Bermin: 230 13. T.leptopetala Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 72; Gorshk. inmBot.eviat;, Gerben Bots inst! AN SSoOR, Vilv4t 79:89. Tf. Leptopetala -vyar. karabachensis Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 103. 309 Shrub with rufous-purple bark; leaves ovate to subrhomboid, 1-1.5mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm broad, acute, scarious-margined, semiamplexicaul, de- current at base; racemes lateral or terminal, loose, 0.5—2cm long,4mm broad; peduncles 2—3mm long, sparsely scaly; bracts ovate, 0.7—1mm long, acute, exceeding or equaling pedicels; pedicels 0.5—0.7mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 4 or 5-merous; calyx 1mm long; sepals ovate-rhomboid, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 0.6mm broad, acute, scarious-margined; petals spatulate- oblong or oblong-linear,1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, obtuse, spreading, nearly persistent; stamens 4 or 5; disk 4- or 5-angled, confluent with the dilated base of filaments; anthers obtuse; style 3, short. May. Caucasus: E. Transc. (near Khudoferinsk). Gen. distr.: Iran (N!). Described from southern section of Elburz Mountains, river Lari Rud. Type in Paris. Series 2. Hispidae Gorschk.— Plants covered all over with straight short hairs; stamens 5; disk 5-angled, confluent with enlarged base of filaments. 14. T. hispida Willd. Abhandl. physik. Kl. Akad. Wissensch. (1812—1813) ech Sie (7; ludow! Bl: Ross. 1,1, 135s Bees) Tentam: Gen. Tamar sspec. 69: Bors, sevors ly mos ishmal ej hPL Tiwoos Pavl. Ohl MEisentreaikezaleicts mule 465,468; Gorshk. in Sorn. rast. SSSR, III, 300; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VIL, 4, 79,88; Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 56.— T.pen- tandra var. Pall. Fl. Ross. I, II (1784) 72, excl. tab. 79.— T.tomen- tosa Smith. in Rees. Cycl. XXXV (1819) 35.— T.canescens Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér.I,IV (1825) 348.— T. hispida var. genuina Bee. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 69.— T.karelini var. hirta Litw. in Spis. rast. G.R.F. V (1905) 79.— T.lipskyi Gaudoger in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XVIII, sér. 4 (1918) 27.— T.hispida f. internodiis abbre- Vitis. Bao.) Mon.met ti iim te nmod iis we lhomea tis Mi horn in seheumraa Herb. Fl. As. Med. fase. XIII (1927) 44.— Ec.: C.K.Schn. Laubholzk. II, s42;aulsen istud.!) Veo. sPamir’ 212 Rusans lict) Kigumge 22s pias: Gave ENO sd2 05. (ie ATA Now Sil 1. ta; joe Shrub or small tree, 1.5-5'm high, with brownish-red bark, on young branches pale red; all plant parts densely covered with short straight unicellular hairs; leaves broadly cordate-ovate, 0.5-1mm long, 0.5—0.7 mm broad, acute, not decurrent at base, subauriculate, semiamplexicaul; racemes terminal, mostly congested, (1.5)4~7cm long, 3—5 mm broad, or much elong- ated, 7-17cm long, 2—4mm broad (var. hirta (Litw.) Gorschk.), in a dense, more or less contracted panicle; bracts ovate-cordate, 1-1.5mm long, about equaling or sometimes slightly exceeding calyx (including pedicel); pedicels 0.5—0.7mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1—1.3 mm long, one-third shorter than petals; sepals rounded-ovate, 0.5—-1mm long, 0.5mm broad, acutish, sometimes violet-tinged in upper part; petals oblong-elliptic, pink or scarlet, 1.5—-2 mm long, 0.6—1 mm broad, reflexed, caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-angled, confluent with dilated base of 3) SLO filaments, these about equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; anthers ob- tuse; styles 3, short, obovate, mostly one-third as long as ovary; capsule 4—5(7) mm long, 1mm broad, slender, reddish or violet-scarlet, 4—5 times as long as calyx. July—September. (Plate XVI, Figure 2.) Saline deserts, set and sulfate solonchaks, solonetzes, saline margins and depressions of hummocky sands, river banks and beds, lake shores and solonetzic meadows. Occasionally in mountains, up to 500m.— European part: L.V. (Gur'ev); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz.K., Kara K., Syr De, Pam. Alm. shi Gene distrs: Mong.) Jap. Chit )Describedi tromutie shores of the Caspian Sea. Type was in Berlin. Economic importance. Occurring as weed in irrigated ricefields. Notes leh sip ideas vars pile ranidra ince wistashyiRgic mips bh shone Willd.X T.passerinoides Delile (Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 57). Series 3. Bungeanae Gorschk.— Racemes spicate, dense, 0.7—3cm long, 3—4(5) mm broad, in contracted panciles; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, slender filaments inserted on lobes. Loe) La bunsen Ee olsis. el Oi. ol (1867) 774; Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 61. — T.ninae Gorschk. in Sov. Bot. (1936) 4,117; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bota liste AND Spl. Vill 4030, 905 — ley: Rusan. lie iomurey2dee 4s Shrub or small tree, 5-6 m high, with reddish-brown bark; leaves ovate, 1—1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, decurrent, semiamplexicaul; racemes terminal, spicate, dense, 0.7-3cm long, 3—4(5) mm broad, subsessile, or borne on peduncles 0.5cm long, forming contracted panicle; bracts lanceo- late, 0.7-1 mm long, equaling or shorter than calyx (including pedicel), acute, scarious-margined; pedicels 0.3—0.5mm long, 2—3times shorter than calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1-1.5mm long, sepals ovate, 1mm long, 0.5mm broad, obtusish, broadly scarious-margined; petals oblong-ovate, pink,1.5—2 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad,obtuse, Nes times length of calyx, partly caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, slender filaments inserted on lobes, slightly exceeding corolla; anthers obtuse; ovary ovoid, 0.8—1 mm long; styles 3, one-third to half as long as ovary; capsule 4.5mm long, 1.2 mm broad, 3—4 times as long as calyx. May—August. Flats with clayey bottom and sandy deserts, relict valleys in sands. — Cente. Asia: Kyz.K.. Kara K., syr,D.) (Genny distr: Iman.) Described tom Kefterkhan, on the road off Kerman-Yazd. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Micranthae Gorschk. — Racemes elongated, slender, loose, 4—15cm long, 2-3 mm broad, forming dense contracted panicles; disk 5- angled, passing into dilated base of filaments. 16. T.leptostachys Bge. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII (1854) 293; Boiss. Fl. or. 1,776; Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazkhst. Il, 466,470; Kryl. Fl. Zap. sib. VIII, 1917; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VIL 4,80,92; Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 58.— T.ramosissima Bong. et Mey. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VI sér.IV (1845) 190,non Ldb.— T. gallica var. micrantha Ldb. Fl. Ross. II,I (1844-1846) 135,p.p.— Ic.: Rusan. ice ncume’s Zell Scand 22) ihe. 61006 1 232 sdk il Shrub, 1—2(4) m high, with rufous-gray bark and more or less appressed branches; leaves narrow-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1—4(6) mm long, 0.5—3(4) mm broad, acute, decurrent; racemes 4—12cm long, 2—3 mm broad, loose; peduncles 0.5—2.5(5.5) cm long, forming dense contracted panicles; bracts almost subulate, 1-1.5mm long, acuminate, equaling or exceeding pedicels, these equaling or slightly longer than calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 0.7—0.9mm long; sepals ovate, 0.5—0.6 mm long, 0.4mm broad, acute, narrowly scarious-margined; petals obovate, pink, 1.5mm long, 0.6mm broad, obtuse, twice as long as calyx, half-spreading, caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-angled, confluent with dilated base of filaments, these 1-2 times length of corolla; anthers muticous; styles 3, obovate, 4—5 times shorter than ovary; capsule 1.8mm long, 0.5mm broad,twice length of calyx. May— September. (Plate XVI, Figure 5.) Shores of rivers and lakes, sea coasts, solonetzic and clayey steppes and depressions in hummocky sands.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. ienwaga Ko, Vitae) Duckim:, Syr D., ©eShemGens distr: Monsi( Seen be scribed from 8. part of the sands of Malye Bursuki, near the Aral Sea. Type in Leningrad. Series 5. Ramosissimae Gorschk.— Racemes 1—6(9) cm long, 3-5mm broad, forming diffuse or fairly dense panicles; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, 10-lobed or 10-toothed; filaments inserted between lobes or teeth of disk. ie tramosissima kdb. Fl. alt? 1 (1829) 424: Ic: folo IEU, IHOSS.) IL, Irs Gogshk, in El: Yupo-Vost. VV; 720: Pavil. kil; Msentr. Kazakhista, iio: 468; Gorshk. in Sorn. rast. SSSR, Ill, 300; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 80,93; Gorshk. in Maevsk. Fl. Ed. 7,514; Rusan. Sredueaz. Tamar. 76.— T.pentandra Pall: Bl. Ross. 1, (788) 72; De Pea non) talon Qe akKGry”d AE Zaps Sib. Vile 196. a yp a iilaks a iivaiei mors Desv. (1824),sensu DC. Prodr. III (1828) 26; Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 49; Boiss. Fl. or. I, 773; J. Gay in Blanche et Gaillardo Catal. degiihiexbs de) Syscie, WO) jexplittw Mam Spissrast..G. ib! wVilCloOsi han: Iii ie One Wiz AON Isls: INiedv. Weis. ikiisi: dakar al2ew Cricolscsier Ruleksanil< Ui fos MgO aylullansnsign vate a rMtatenclO:Siennan© ta Bge. set var: pycnostachys Bge. Tentam Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 50.— T.pallasii auch. Wet spa liasii var.ikasodechiian ay Role vet Willokosiss. et ever alicex (— uscula Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. caspica Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. daghestanica Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. longifolia Rgl. et Mlokoss. et var. kumensis Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, No. 9 (1909) 88, 90-98. — T.paniculata Stev. in DC. Frodr. Il (1828) 26,nom. nudum; Shinai or eure Ibook Malevich abil, tice 5) Zola ie joramlilnierey Bienen teint Caucwsl (808) 246Gemon Liredos. le) Rosswell, lls 5.— yoraml l jie ay wrens vulgaris Ldb. et var. pycnostachys Ldb. Fl. Ross. Il,I (1844—1848) ie aa lsikcalvency olalllalsiiinidtook, Ele rite limos I (1874) 248. — T.odessana Stev. ex Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 48.—Ic.: ilo lee Mal weROsise ll C.c tab os) BotveMas. \OxXoOCCmME tail, Glas. CuKenSehin. Laubholzk. II, 342; Fl. Yugo-Vost., Figure 488; Rusan. l.c., Figure 20, 16.— pas mG, shee e NO weSaG) 80 VE phyA IML a Now ards Shrub or small tree, 1-—3m high, with reddish bark; leaves ovate or deltoid-cordate, 2—5 mm long, 1—2 mm broad, acute, semiamplexicaul; 233 312 a3 racemes 3—5cm long, 3—-5mm broad, or elongated, 6-8 cm long (var. odes - sana (Bge.) Schm.), or abbreviated, 0.5-1.5cm long, 3-4mm broad (var. brachystachys Bge.),on peduncles 0.2—1cm long, in diffuse or fairly dense panicles; bracts ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 1.5—2 mm long, acute or more or less elongated, linear-subulate (var. odessana (Bge.) Schm.), 1.5—-2.8mm long, exceeding calyx (including pedicel); pedicels 0.5—-0.7 mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 0.7-1mm long; sepals ovate, 0.5—0.7mm long, 0.3—0.5mm broad, more or less acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined; petals obovate, pink, scarlet, violet or white (var. albi- flora Gorschk.), 1—1.5mm long, 0.7-1mm broad, lee times length of calyx, slightly notched, erect, connivent, mostly persistent; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, lobes notched; filaments filiform, equaling or mostly 14/o times length of corolla, inserted between disk lobes; anthers obtusish; styles 3, clavate, mostly 3—5 times shorter than ovary, connivent; capsule trigonous-pyrami- dal, 3—4mm long, 0.7—1 mm broad at base, 3—4 times as long as calyx. May—September. (Plate XVI, Figure 4.) Sandy and clayey solonetzic steppes, chalky mountains, solonetzes, solon- chaks, banks of rivers and streams, lake shores and sea coast; hummocky sands. Grown in gardens and parks.— European part: Bes. (Balty District near Pereimy village), Bl. (Tingul Liman), L. Don, L. V.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag. ss ands... leansce:) lala; Centr) Asia Ars=Casps alk: slOyakes Karan. Viths Gurkmessyr Diy Pan, -Al-s 0. sh.) Gen. idistr. 2 halt A coe Niue. Iran, Mong., Jap.-Chi. (China), Tib. Described from the shore of the Lake Nor-Zaisan. Type in Leningrad. Note. Occurring as weed in new fallows; among irrigated wheat, barley and alfalfa; along borders of irrigation ditches. 18. T.arceuthoides Bge. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII (1854) 225; Bowes, IM, Ore, Ue wae Coreslailkey tha eer, Wiles (ero, IBOE, ihase. JAIN SSSR, Vil, 4, 80,95; Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 67.— T.montana Kom. in Tr. SPb. Obshch. estestv. XXVI (1896) 142.— T.pallasii var. tigrensis Franchet, Pl. Turkest. (1883) vO, non Bee el abu rlwesitta nite a Miia Tr. Bot. Muz. AN, VII (1910) 72.— T.turkestanica f. brachystachys Litw. ex Gorschk., in Bot. \Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR; VIL 4, 93.— ter: Ruisan Wile ce iioures 22s lO. = has i Gh OSS re NO oO. Shrub or tree, to 2—3m high, with rufous or brownish-purple or some- times gray bark and spreading, often dense branches; leaves ovate or sub- deltoid, 1-2 mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, decurrent at base; racemes subsessile, erect or often spreading, rather dense, 3—6(9) cm long, 2.4-3.5mm broad, forming a loose or sometimes fairly dense contracted panicle; bracts ovate-subulate or lance-subulate, 1—1.5mm long, shorter than to exceeding calyx (including pedicel); pedicels 0.5—0.7mm long; flowers 5-merous; calyx 0.5—0.7mm long, about half as long as petals; sepals ovate to oblong- ovate, obtusish, 0.4—0.5mm long, 0.3mm broad, mostly scarlet or reddish- lilac, broadly scarious-margined; petals pink or violet, obovate or elliptical, 1—1.7mm long, 0.6mm broad, erect or more or less spreading, caducous; stamens 5; disk mostly purple, deeply 5-lobed, lobes often notched and then disk almost 10-lobed or 10-toothed; filaments slender, nearly twice as long as corolla, inserted between lobes or teeth of disk; anthers obtuse or some- times subacute; ovary conic, 0.7—1.3mm long, 3 styles 5—7 times shorter than ovary; capsule 3mm long, 0.7mm broad, about 4-6 times length of calyx. June—August. 234 Banks and beds of mountain rivers and streams, in the maple zone and in the lower part of the juniper zone (up to 3,600 m).— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dau kaon Mine muck oye De Pam = Ali ot oh. iGeny distr: (Dzu. Kashi: Mong. Described from Mt. Karatan near the town Samarkand, bank of Zeravshan River. Type in Leningrad. 19. T.karakalensis Freynet Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér. III (1903) iGO iGorshke- in Bet, Mati-Gerb. Bot. Insti “AN SSSR, VIE 4761) 959— inidersa kialen Sistvall. isicoparia (Freyn ‘et Sint. et var. ver rue Eile r a, Freyn et Sint. 1.c. 1062.— T.florida Rusan. in Rast. i sreda (Plants and Environment) (1940) 277, pp.,non Bge. Shrub, to 2—3 m high, with fuscous or brownish-cinereous bark, some- times white-verrucose; leaves cordate or broad-ovate, 0.5—1.5mm long, 0.3—0.5mm broad, acute, subamplexicaul, decurrent at base; racemes 2—3cm long, 3—3.5mm broad, or more elongated and slender,to 5cm long, 2—3 mm broad (var. myriantha Freyn et Sint.), erect or slightly spreading, dense or fairly loose, on peduncles 1—3mm long, forming more or less contracted panicle; bracts lanceolate, 0.7—1 mm long, acute, equaling or shorter than calyx (including pedicel), pedicels 0.3mm long, about half length of calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 0.7mm long; sepals ovate, obtuse; 0.5mm long, 0.3mm broad, broadly scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong, 1mm long, 0.5mm broad, 15 times length of calyx, caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed; filaments slender, equaling or slightly exceeding corolla, inserted between disk lobes; styles 3, obovate, mostly HA length of ovary. June—July, River banks and shores of lakes.— Centr. Asia: Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from Kara-Kala. Type in Leningrad. Note. F.N.Rusanov maintains that the description of T.karakalen- sis Freyn et Sint. is based on summer flowers of T.florida. Since certain spring-flowering tamarisks sometimes come into flower again in summer, and, conversely, summer flowers occasionally bloom in spring, there are no grounds for combining these species, the more so as T.kara- 314 kalensis differs markedly in having mainly terminal racemes in con- tracted panicles, smaller flowers and 5-lobed disk. Subgenus 2. Trichaurus (Arn.) Gorschk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4 (1938) 78,96.— Trichaurus Arn. in Wight a. Walker Arnott. Prodr. Fl. Pen. Ind. or. I (1934) 40.— Flowers large; calyx 1-3mm long; petals 2.5-5mm long; stamens 10—13(14), mostly unequal, alternating longer and shorter; racemes terminal, forming loose panicles, rarely lateral; leaves amplexicaul or sheathing. 20. T. passerinoides Delile, Fl. Aeg. (1813) 58; DC. Prodr. III, 97; Boiss. Hor Waid ornGorshi= inaBot 1 WViate Gerben Bot inist. AINRSSsine Walle oles husanSredneez ylamar, 47/— Tipasserinoides divanic ata hvenb: in Linnaea, II (1827) 276.— T.pycnocarpa DC. Prodr. III (1828) 97.— T.macrocarpa Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 79; Boiss. FI. ORM Ti Mi omubda bids) Huey ior) (insherb:) 1906) non snudum, — ieee He uirraist (awe hie a ikea nevis (Dene et) Tip y cne'c-axip us Dene) in wacG: Voy. de l'Inde, IV (1844) 58,59.—Ic.: Rusan. l.c., Figure 20, 15. 235 ey) Perennial. Shrub to 1—2m high, with purple, violet-brown or grayish- brown bark; leaves broad-deltoid or broad-cordate, 0.3—2 mm long, 0.7—2 mm broad, acute, amplexicaul; racemes 2—6cm long, 0.7—1 cm broad, subspicate or loose (var. macrocarpa Ehrenb.),on peduncles 1-2cm long, forming loose diffuse panicles; bracts ovate-deltoid, 1—1.5mm long, equaling or shorter than pedicels; flowers large, 5-merous; calyx 1.5—2.5mm long; sepals broad-ovate, 1-2 mm long, 1—1.7mm broad, subacute, broadly scarious-margined; petals pink, ovate-elliptical or ovate-oblong, 3-4mm long, 1.5—2.5mm broad, 2—3 times as long as calyx, caducous or persistent (var. macrocarpa Ehrenb.); stamens 10—12(14); disk thickened, deeply 10—12(14)-lobed, confluent with dilated base of filaments, these often unequal, alternately longer and shorter; anthers short-apiculate; ovary lageniform or ovoid-pyramidal; styles 3 or 4, mostly obovate, one-third to half as long as ovary, connivent; capsule 6-8 mm long, 3mm broad, or larger, 0.8-1.2 cm long, 3—5mm broad (var. macrocarpa Ehrenb.). March—May. River banks, sea coast, solonchaks and maritime sands.— Centr. Asia: KaraK., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Med. (E.), Bal.-As. Min. (E. part), Iran, N. E. Africa (N. Egypt). Described from Egypt. Type in Paris? Species of Dubious Origin 21. T.kasakhorum Gorschk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4 (1938) 91. Shrub to 3m high, with brown or grayish-brown bark; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—2mm long, 0.5mm broad, acute, partly semi- amplexicaul, decurrent at base; racemes 4—10(13) cm long, 3—4mm broad, mostly dense; bracts lance-subulate, 1—1.5 mm long, equaling or exceeding pedicels; pedicels 1mm long, equaling calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1mm long, one-third shorter than petals; sepals ovate, 0.6mm long, 0.4mm broad, acute, scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong, 1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, obtuse, persistent; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed; filaments slender, 14/4-11/otimes length of corolla, inserted on disk lobes; anthers obtuse; styles 3, 4-5times shorter than ovary. June. Sandy and solonetzic steppes, river banks and lake shores. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Endemic. Described from Kazakhstan, Kzyl-Orda District near the Saar-Sarai site. Type in Leningrad. Liyoric lel eyo t ois) tae hynsh Bees x IE. ann als 1 sisi al Micloem Ena seme Sredneaz. Tamar. 60,61). 22. T.karelinii Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 68; Boiss. FI. or. 1,776; Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. Il, 446,470; Gorshk. in Sorn. rast. SooR, III, 301; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 80, 92.— pial Vays i cunt vars ots riaim esis s tma’ Wdbyrextnarel) im 'Bul esoce mene Mosc. (1939) 154. Shrub, with purplish-brown bark and slightly spreading branches; leaves short-ovate, 1-—1.5mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, subamplexicaul, obtusely short-decurrent at base; racemes terminal, 5-15cm long, 2-4mm broad, with peduncles 0.5—3.5cm long, forming diffuse panicles; bracts lanceolate, 1.7—2 mm long, acute, equaling or exceeding calyx (including pedicel), more in) ie) lo» 316 or less dilated at base; pedicels 0.5—0.7 mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 5-merous, subsessile; calyx 1mm long, at most one-third shorter than petals; sepals suborbicular, 0.5—0.7mm long, 0.5mm broad, obtuse, scarious-margined, often pinkish-violet-tinged; petals oblong-elliptical, pink or violet, 1.3—-1.5mm long, 0.7mm broad, obtuse, connivent or erect, partly caducous; stamens 5; disk small, 5-angled, confluent with enlarged base of filaments, these about equaling corolla; anthers mucronulate; styles 3, oblong-clavate, 4—5 times shorter than ovary; capsule 5—6 mm long, 1-3 mm broad, 5—6 times as long as calyx. May—September. (Plate XVI, Figure 1.) Sea coasts, river banks, shores of brackish lakes, margins of hummocky sands, solonetzic and clayey deserts. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Ak-su, Lake Alakul), Kyz.K., Kara K.,Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran (Khurasan province), Mong. Described from Ogurchinskii Island (on Caspian Sea). Type in Leningrad. Hybrid iiramosisisima WdosX Tehus prda Willd.’ (Rusant in) Rast i sreda (1940) 277). Note. Occurring as weed in fallows, waste places and mulberry tree nurseries. 23. T.ewersmannii Pres] ex Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 48; Gorshiewinvil: Yuso-Vosta iM, (20; ) Pauli’ bl. i isentr. iWavakhist ilo. 269: Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 80,95; Gorshk. in Meese Uiiles Eds 7;oi4) i pralliiicalyan: (maywe an tha” idbr rie sRhess:. II, 1 (1844—1846) 135, ex p.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1960. Shrub 2—3m high, with reddish-brown bark; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 1.5—4mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, rounded at base, de- current, often inflexed at apex; racemes 1—3.5(4) cm long, 2—3mm broad, loose, forming diffuse loose panicle; bracts sublinear-subulate, acute, 1.5mm long, scarious-margined, exceeding pedicels, these 0.5—0.7 mm long, shorter than calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1mm long; sepals triangular-ovate, 0.5—0.7 mm long, 0.5mm broad, acutish, scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong, 1.8—2 mm long, 0.7-1 mm broad, twice length of calyx, obtuse or retuse, spreading, persistent; disk deeply 5-lobed, lobes mostly deeply notched; stamens 5; filaments slender, 1/2 times length of corolla, in- serted between lobes of disk; anthers acute; styles 3(4), obovate, connivent, half as long as ovary. May—August. Clayey desert steppes, river banks and shores of brackish lakes. — Hucopean part: Lave; Caucasus: Cise.; Centr. Asia’ Ari Casp. asallsh: Endemic. Described from Volga estuary. Type in Leningrad. Hybrid Tacanvloisassima tudb.X'T.leptostachys Been (Rusan. in Rast. i sreda (1940) 277). 24. T. korolkovii Rgl. et Schmalh. in Tr. B.S. V (1877) 582; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4, 80,95.— T.leptostachys Russ. Sredneaz. Tamar. (1949) 58,59,non Bge. p.p. Shrub with rufous-brown bark; branches more or less appressed; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 1—1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, acuminate, subamplexi- caul, decurrent at base; racemes to 15cm long, 3—4mm broad, on peduncles 0.5—2 cm long, in dense, more or less contracted panicles; bracts lanceolate, 237 317 318 acuminate, 1mm long, about equaling or shorter than pedicels, these 1mm long, exceeding calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 0.7mm long; sepals tri- angular -ovate, 0.5mm long, 0.4mm broad, acute, scarious- Berea petals pink, ovate or ovate-oblong, 1—1.3mm long, 0.7 mm broad, 1 4 2 times length of calyx, erect, obtuse, caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, lobes slightly notched; filaments slender, about equaling corolla, inserted between lobes of disk; anthers obtuse; styles 3, one-fourth as long as ovary. May—June. River beds and banks. — Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Lake Alakul', Baigakum station), Kyz.K. (between Amu Darya and Khiva, Khazar-Ama), Kara K. (Farab), Mtn. Turkm. (Aidin,Germab). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kash- garia). Described from mountain Khazar-Ama between Amu Darya and Khiva. Type in Leningrad. Hybrid T.ramosissima Ldb.X T.leptostachys Bge. (Rusan. in Rast. i sreda (1940) 277). Note. F.N. Rusanov, in his latest publication (Sredneaz. Tamar. 1.c.), considers; iikor olkiovil toibela form or Lilept ostach ys Been alt should be noted that T.korolkovii is distinguished by lanceolate bracts, about equaling or shorter than pedicels, erect petals, 5-lobed disk with slightly notched lobes, and slender filaments about equaling calyx, inserted between disk lobes. 25. T.komarovii Gorschk.in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, VII, 4 (1938) 96.— Ic.: Gorschk. l.c. 97, fig. 6. Shrub with brown bark; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1—2 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, acute, semiamplexicaul; racemes terminal, loose, (1.5)3—6 cm long, 4—6 mm broad, on peduncles 1—2 cm long, in diffuse panicles; bracts lanceolate, 1.7—2 mm long, acute, scarious-margined, shorter than or equaling calyx (including pedicel); pedicels 0.5—0.7 mm long, one-third to half length of calyx; flowers 5-merous; calyx 1.9mm long; sepals ovate, 1mm long, 1 mm broad, acutish, scarious-margined; petals oblong-elliptical, pink, 2.5mm long, 1-1.5mm broad, at least tele times length of calyx, obtuse, reflexed; stamens 10; disk almost 5-lobed; filaments slender, unequal, alternately longer and shorter, inserted on and between lobes of disk; anthers obtuse; ovary oblong-ovoid, 2.5—3mm long; styles 3, one-fourth as long as ovary. June—August. Sands, solonchaks. — Centr. Asia: Kara K. (Aidiu, Dzhebel, Akhcha Kuima). Endemic. Described from Aidin station. Type in Leningrad. Hybrid T.passerinoides DelileX T.ramosissima Ldb. (Rusan. Sredneaz. Tamar. 50). Dubious Species 1. T.affinis Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 36; Pavl. FI. Tsentr. Kazakhst. II, 464; Gorshk. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, Vil; 4: 78, '81)—' T lax a Bee. tin Meém! Acad) Sc) -Petersb. unt eau) 2am non Willd.— T.gracilis Rusan. Sredneaz. grebenshch. (1949) 5,p.p., non Bge. Shrub with pale, yellowish-brown bark; leaves cordate-ovate, 1.3—-2.5mm long, 0.5—1.3 mm broad, acutish, more or less enlarged at base, decurrent, 238 (319) PLATE XVI. 1— Tamarix karelinii Bge., part of inflorescence, disk; 2 — T. hispida Willd., part of inflorescence, disk; 3 - Myricaria alopecuroides Schrenk, inflorescence, fragment of inflorescence enlarged, stamens,seed; 4 — T. ramosissima Ldb., part of inflorescence, disk,seed; 5 — T. leptosta- chys Bge., inflorescence, fragment of inflorescence enlarged, disk. 239 g24 semiamplexicaul; racemes lateral, loose, slightly spreading or drooping almost to middle, subsessile, with oblong scales at base; bracts oblong or cordate-ovate, concave, equaling or slightly shorter than pedicels, these somewhat longer than calyx, slightly spreading or half-inflexed; flowers 4- or 5-merous; sepals ovate to suborbicular, broadly scarious-margined, obscurely denticulate; petals obovate, about twice as long as calyx, cuneate at base, divaricate, caducous; stamens 4 or 5; disk 8—10-toothed, con- fluent with narrow or slightly dilated base of filaments; anthers purple, cordate, mucronulate; styles 3 or 4,subclavate. April. Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Described from the shores of Aral Sea, Barsuki, Yamart-Kul. Type in Leningrad. Note. A dubious species. Referring to an imperfect type available in the herbarium, F. N. Rusanov stated in 1940 (Rast. i sreda, 277) that "it has been definitely established that T.affinis Bge. is a hybrid between T.gracilis Willd. and T.litwinowii Gorschk.,'" and in 1949 (Sredneaz. Tamar. 51) he included it among the synonyms of T.gracilis Willd. T.affinis Bge. differs from the latter in having lateral racemes, and ob- long or cordate bracts equaling or shorter than pedicels. 2. T.aralensis Bge. Tentam. Gen. Tamar. spec. (1852) 59; Gorshk. iMmeBotaviat. Gerd, Bot. InstwAN Sosk; Vi, 4,80) 9s. 1. oracles Willd. X T.hispida Willd. Rusan. in Rast. i sreda (1940) 277. Shrub with brownish, castaneous or rufous bark; leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-lanceolate, acute, 1.5mm long, 0.7 mm broad, short-decurrent at base; racemes short-peduncled, in diffuse panicles; bracts lanceolate, acutish; sepals 5,acutish; petals 5, ovate, caducous; stamens 5; disk 5-lobed, lobes impressed; filaments filiform, inserted between lobes of disk. Sea coast.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (northern shore of Aral Sea). Endemic. Described from the locality indicated. Type in Paris. Note. An uncertain species; the type is unknown to us. It does not seem right to regard it as a hybrid between T.gracilis Willd. and T.hispida Willd. 3. T.altaica Niedenzu in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, XXI (1925) 287. Because of incomplete description and absence of type, it is impossible to secure reliable information concerning this plant. Genus 901. MYRICARIA* Desv. Desv. in Ann. sc. Nat.IV (1825) 345.- Myrice Saint-Lager in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon (1881) 159. Flowers hermaphrodite, fairly large (petals 5—8 mm long), 5-merous, mostly in long terminal or lateral racemes or spikes; bracts ovate, oval, rhomboid or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sometimes long-acuminate, equaling or exceeding calyx and corolla; calyx deeply 5-parted (nearly to base); petals white, pink or lilac-red, oblong or obovate, oblique, obtuse or retuse; stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter, filaments connate at base * From the Greek myrice, the name used by Theophrastus and Dioscorides for the tamarisk, T.africana. 240 a2 (M.elegans Royle) or mostly to middle and above, persistent; ovary trilateral-pyramidal to conic, with sessile, capitate, more or less 3-lobed stigma; capsule elongate-pyramidal, 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds numerous, small, 1-1.5mm long, exalbuminous, beaked at summit, beak covered from middle with long, white, unicellular hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs to 2.5-3m high, sometimes dwarf, glabrous, with numerous straight or flexuous branches; leaves exstipulate, entire, sessile, mostly large, 0.7—1.5cm long, linear, lanceolate, lance-linear, oblong-ovate, ovate, oblong-linear or oval, 2—4 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad. The genus Myricaria contains 10 species, distributed in Europe and mainly in Asia (Central, Middle, and S. Siberia), growing in mountain areas, in the timber and subalpine zones, where it rises to 6,500m and above, forming dwarf trailing forms. Six species occur in the USSR. Economic importance. The bark and other parts of Myricaria species yield a black dye. All plant parts, especially the bark, are rich in tannins and are used for tanning. The leaves contain 83.3mg% of vitamin C (Grossg. Rast. res. Kavk. 366, 350 and 247). 1. Stamens connate only by the filament bases; calyx 1.5mm long, one- Eniied ple noting Ole Stalls i tee... bie soeare ae hada oad l.t tl! oh lee ie 1. M.elegans Royle. aR Stamens adnate to filaments for To /a3 calyx 3—4mm long, slightly ShOTRbE TEP MAM OCEANS # cam ic, ca bt t gesweina: wet os hadi 0 a “opiteteciien ewan aati IRE Ree Rae ae ame ae he PAS Leaves 2—4mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, more or less enlarged at base; Deanehes| denselyalicaiviem cacemies mos Livy~dense =] ae cele mimi sae By + Leaves 0.4—1.5cm long, 1—2.5mm broad, more or less narrowed at DSSS, ieeieelby) Ginlleiceeols teelelSiaalersh Sie amieiniboalers) WOON Gk a A SEA a Gack 5. 3. Racemes terminal (rarely lateral), destitute of scales at base; bracts lance-oval, broad-oval or broad-ovate, acute or long-acuminate, equaling) orjexsceediner pedicel wit hy ca lvsq Orlexceedineicorolla yal neur 4. ar Racemes lateral, with numerous scales at base; bracts ovate-ellip- tical, obtuse, 0.5—1 cm long, 2—5mm broad, about equaling pedicel NAPAUTL ONS Gke Whore MIN ee ASR eed Se Xe ae ae bahia Cay awe 4, M.squamosa Desv. 4. Racemes 4—10cm long; bracts lance-oval, 5-7 mm long, acute, equaling onysibiohthyiexceedime \calivasc (dmeludine pedicel!) | Al) Saw es ieee eee Th8 Wiig I Ts RG RN SHI a AR Ea (43 ee A 2. M. germanica (L.) Desv. + Racemes 8—18(35)cm long, subspicate; bracts broad-ovate or broad- oval, long-acuminate with spreading apex, 0.5—1.3cm long, equaling or So OSraalihalerConctoy ENE 4 ches waaae =o gckis MOM ache rue 3. M. alopecuroides Schrenk. Bs Meayes) lanee-linear or linear, 0f4— jo en lone. loom sbcoad a caces mes terminal, mostly loose; bracts oval-oblong, long acuminate with TIE TONY, UDI MANE SIE os. CAE RA RD OSE, 5. M. longifolia (Willd.) Ehrnb. ats Leaves oblong-ovate, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.4-1cm long, 1—~3mm broad; racemes lateral, rarely terminal, dense; bracts rhomboid or ovate-oblong, broadly scarious-margined, shortly point-tipped ..... is, ISLE a Ame geuaee wee EN. ey ce ee Neat es)ty Ft a oe 6. M. dahurica (Willd.) Ehrenb. Section 1. PARALLELANTHERAE Niedenzu in E.u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 6 (296.— Anthers cordate -oblong, with parallel locules, dorsifixed; filaments almost distinct, connate only at base; calyx one-third as long as petals; sepals ovate; bracts ovate, equaling or slightly exceeding pedicels. 241 323 324 1. M. elegans Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. I (1839) 214; Gorshk. in Izv. GL. Bot. Sada, XM, 2,°h7% L381. = leas Maxim): Enum.) Hive \Vionsoltalon lex, , f. 15-165 7 Basu; Ind. /Med-,-El. tab, 100, Shrub to 4—4.5m high, with reddish-brown bark; branches straight, more or less spreading, densely leafy; leaves flat, 0.5—-1.5cm long, 2-4mm broad, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, subobtuse, narrowed at base, sessile, mostly spreading; racemes lateral, rarely terminal, loose, 6—14cm long, 1—1.4cm broad; pedicels exceeding calyx; bracts ovate, acute, 2.6mm long, equaling or slightly exceeding pedicels, margins scarious and slightly crenulate at base; calyx 1.5mm long, one-third as long as petals; sepals triangular or ovate, obtusish, broadly scarious-margined; petals white, pale pink or pink, oblong-oval, 5mm long, 2.5mm broad, obtuse, narrowed at base; stamens shorter than petals; filaments connate only at slightly expanded base; anthers acutish, 1.5mm long; ovary trilateral, 4mm long, with sessile capitate stigma; capsule elongate -pyramidal, 5-7 mm long, 2mm broad, 3—4 times length of calyx; seeds small, 1mm long, acutish, beaked at summit, beak 1.5—2 mm long, hairy from middle. July—August. Mountain slopes, ravines, banks of mountain brooks and streams.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Tib. (N. part). De- scribed from Lippa in Kunavur (Himalayas). Type in London. Section 2. RENANTHERAE Niedenzu in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 6 (1895) 296.— Anthers reniform, strongly divergent below, locules dehiscing laterally, filament penetrating between them, distinctly coherent by their backs only in bud; filaments expanded at base, connate to Yo—3/43 calyx some- what shorter than petals, sepals linear; bracts equaling or exceeding pedicel with calyx and sometimes longer than petals. Series 1. Germanicae Gorschk.— Leaves 2—5(9) mm long, 0.5-1mm broad, subacute, more or less enlarged at base; racemes mostly dense. 2. M.germanica (L.) Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. IV (1825) 349; Shmal'g. HE pL Oop Gonshk. sinrvizv. Gl. Bote Saday SOCVI 2). 0. Oa——) lecsraeees Gixeiae mimic te aide.) Spxspill.” (i7i5is)) Per le Vn epeio, aicle a) Willig aime olin physik. Kl. Preuss. Acad. Wissensch. (1812—1813) ed. (1816) 85.—Ic.: Hew Mis ble sVielatab. 84h. 3—Se. = Mxs.) Ply Exs.) ReilpeBohtsolog No. 245; C.Billot, Fl. Gall. et Germ: exs. No. 767 et 767 bis. Shrub to 2.5m high, with reddish-brown bark and numerous densely leafy branches; leaves linear or linear-oblong, 2—4(9) mm long, 0.5—1.5mm broad, subacute, slightly incurved at apex; racemes terminal, dense,4—10cm long, 0.8—1.2cm broad; pedicels equaling or shorter than calyx; bracts lance-oval, 5—7 mm long, acute, broadly scarious-margined, equaling or ex- ceeding calyx; calyx 4mm long, slightly shorter than petals; sepals oblong- oval, acutish, narrowly scarious-margined; petals pink, white or lilac-red, oblong-elliptical, 5mm long, 2.5mm broad, obtuse, caducous; filaments connate Aes free portion dilated at base; anthers obtuse; ovary pyramidal, 3—4mm long, with capitate stigma; capsule elongate-pyramidal, 8mm long, 3mm broad, twice as long as calyx, smooth; seeds 1mm long, oblong, ob- tuse, beak hairy from middle. June—July. 242 Banks and beds of rivers and streams, lake shores, floodplain forests; in the subalpine zone (up to 2,350m). Grown in gardens and parks. — European part; U. Dns.,Bes.,M.Dnp. (W.part). Gen. distr.: Scand. (S. part), Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (N. part). Described from Germany. Type in London. 3. M.alopecuroides Schrenk in Fisch. et Mey. Enum. pl.I (1841) 65; cb ME eos Whale odin Kyla El aap sib > Mili 96s Grosses yr Tica . Miia ovine maa ea (Cian Wey Ververehn: (1831) 165,non Desv.; iobasbecs bol (Boiss: FL or, WOn63sShmal's, Bl; 1; \6",psp. 3 (Gorshk > in Fl. Yugo-Vost. V,721.—M.macrostachya Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1841) 423.— M.herbacea Ldb. Fl. Ross. II,1 (1844-1846) 132,non Desv.— M.germanica var. bracteata Franch. in Bot. Jahresber. II (1883) 967.— M.germanica var. alopecuroides (Schrenk) Maxim. Fl. Tangut. I (1889) 96; Enum. Pl. Mongol. I (1889) 112; Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9,112; Gorshk. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, Savi, 2.079, Lamarixeserimanica/vars cas plicathers.» sym I (1805) 328.— Tamarix germanica M.B.FIl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 247, noni. ere. Hl. Mugo-Vosty, ioure 4895— Es..2) Gi Ro a) Nowloao: Shrub, 1—2 m high, with yellowish-gray or brownish-gray bark, leaves 1—6 mm (lcm) long, 0.5—1(4) mm broad, linear or linear -lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, slightly incurved, subsessile, more or less rounded-expanded at base; racemes terminal, rarely lateral, dense, subspicate, 5—18(35) cm long, 1—1.5cm broad; pedicels as long as or shorter than calyx; bracts broad- ovate or broad-oval, 0.5—1.3cm long, broadly scarious margined and erose- dentate at base, long-acuminate with patent apex, equaling or exceeding corolla; calyx 4—4.5mm long, slightly shorter than petals; sepals oblong- oval, acutish, scarious-margined, more or less incurved at apex; petals pink, oblong-elliptical, 5-7 mm long, 2.5—3.5 mm broad, obtuse, tapering at 325 base, caducous; filaments connate as free portion dilated below; anthers 0.5mm long, obtuse; ovary pyramidal, 4mm long, with sessile capitate stigma; capsule elongate-pyramidal, 0.8—1cm long, 3mm broad, twice length of calyx; seeds 1.5mm long, oblong, beak hairy from middle. May—August. (Plate XVI, Figure 3.) Valleys, pebbly banks, drying beds of mountain rivers, streams and lakes, mountain slopes (in the juniper zone, etc.), gorges, in mountains up to 3,000 m:— "European part: +L.V: (Krasnoarmeisk), Bes., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisse.) DagsW:)E. vandtS) franse.;,W.siberia: Alt; Ey Siberia: Maur, Centr: Asia: Balkh., Amu D.,Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand. (S. part), Centr. Eur., Arm.-Kurd., Iran, Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Chi. (N. W. parts of China), Tib. Described from Koksu River in Central Asia. Type in Leningrad. Note. A species replacing M.germanica (L.) Desv. and readily distinguished by the much elongated (up to 18—35 cm) subspicate racemes; broad-ovate or broad-oval bracts, equaling or exceeding the corolla, long- acuminate, with spreading apex. Economic importance. The leaves contain 83.3mg% vitamin C (Grossg. Rast. res. Kavk. 247). 243 326 4. M.squamosa Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. IV (1825) 350.— M.dahurica var. microphylla Bge. Suppl. Fl. alt. (1836) 79.—M.armena Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 763.— M.germanica O. et B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sér. 2,1 (1900) 225,non Desv.; Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII sér. XV, 2 (1869) 243.- M.germanica var. squamosa (Desv.) Maxim. Fl. Tangut. I (1889) 96; Ej. Enum. Pl. Mongol. (1889) 112; Rgl. et Mlokoss. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. ITI, 9,115; Gorshk. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada, XOOV, 2, 180. — Mi vermlantca vars inter medal holvetw\lokoss: in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 115.—M.alopecuroides var. squamo- sa Grossh. et var. intermedia Grossh. Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 78,non Maxim. Shrub, to 2m high, with brown bark; branches numerous, straight, more or less appressed, densely leafy; leaves linear-oblong, 1.5—5 mm long, 0.5—-1 mm broad, subacute, slightly incurved, sessile, more or less enlarged at base; racemes lateral, dense, 5—10(18)cm long, 1—1.3cm broad, copiously scaly at base, scales broad-ovate to subrhomboid, obtuse, 2—6 mm long, 1.5—5mm broad; pedicels as long as or shorter than calyx; bracts ovate- elliptical, 0.5—-l1cem long, 2—5 mm broad, enlarged in middle part, obtuse, broadly scarious-margined, about equaling calyx (including pedicel); calyx 3—3.5(4) mm long; sepals oblong-oval, acutish, narrowly scarious- sate te ce petals pink, oblong-elliptical, 5-6 mm long, 1.5mm broad, obtuse, 1 My— 2 times length of calyx; filaments connate ae. dilatedin free part; anthers obtuse; ovary pyramidal, 5mm long, with sessile SEs DLIaiS stigma; capsule elongate- pyramidal, 0.7—1 cm long, 3mm broad, 2—2 "y times as long as calyx; seeds 1mm long, oblong, obtuse, beak hairy from middle. June—July. Valleys, sandy and mostly pebbly banks and beds of mountain rivers, streams and lakes; mountain slopes, gorges (pebbles); rising in the moun- tains in the timber and subalpine zones up to 2,500—3,500 m. — European Darieer ia caucasus Cise., Dag Wie and . lranses; We. sibeGral. Wkcte, Mita Pa Siberia: Dane iCentr Asta: Balk ht sym D., Pant Allah oh) Gene distr.: Centr. Eur. (in cultivation), Iran, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi. (N. China). Described from ''the Orient.'' Type in Paris. Series 2. Dahuricae Gorschk.— Leaves large, 0.4—1.5cm long, 1-~3mm broad, obtuse-tipped or acute, tapering at base. 5. M. longifolia (Willd.) Ehrenb. in Linnaea, II (1827) 279; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1I,1,131; Turez. Fl. baie.-dah. I, 428; Gorshk. in Izv. Gl: Bot. Sada, XXVI, 2AM, US, 3 Na) Saar Tesi eene jan eh euleeulll,. leyeus\e II (1776) 320, 439; AGhans 7/19 non Li: Ej) Bl. Ross. 1/2'(1788) 73. — Laidecandra Pall me Ross. I, 2 (1788) tab. 80,descr. excl.— T.longifolia Willd. Abh. physik. Kl. Preuss. Acad. Wissensch. (1812—1813) (ed. 1816) 85.—Myricaria linearifolia Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1,IV (1825) 349.— M.longi- folia var. typica Maxim. Enum. Pl. Mongol. I (1889) 113.—Ic.: Pall. iIneise. lee. Anan) tal, Ht. 25) ij. he HOS le Cr celna le Oxoxe ie A; Maxim. ere talon Omens te Sers Mi Cemiyewh) smu NOE ae Zeige Shrub with light yellow or sometimes, on young branches, brownish bark; branches straight, more or less appressed, densely leafy; leaves flat, lance- linear or linear, 0.4—1.5cm long, 1-1.5mm broad, acute, narrowed at base, sessile, mostly appressed to branches; racemes terminal, lobes B= 1 Giana 244 32) long, 1cm broad, simple or compound; pedicels equaling or longer than calyx; bracts oblong-oval, 0.6—1.2cm long, exceeding calyx and sometimes corolla, narrowly acuminate, withbroad scarious smooth margin; calyx 3.5—4 mm long, one-third shorter than petals; sepals lance-linear, acute, narrowly scarious-margined; petals white or pale pink, oblong-oval, 5-6 mm long, 2mm broad, obtuse, narrowed at base; stamens shorter than petals, filaments connate Bae dilated in free part; anthers obtuse; ovary pyramidal, 4.5mm long, with sessile capitate stigma; capsule elongate-pyramidal, lcm long, 3mm broad, 2'/--3 times as long as calyx; seeds 1mm long, ob- long, acutish, beak hairy from middle. July. Banks and beds of rivers and lakes.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong. (N.part). Described from Dauria. Type was in Berlin. 6. M.dahurica (Willd.) Ehrenb. in Linnaea, II, (1827) 278; Ldb. Fl. Ross. hig worry late: Zap. sib. Villy bole. /Gorshk.. iniizvoVGl Bote sada. POG ian Led oh O2s loam apie x, Cava tela, .Waliidh Albina mplavscil< skal Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. (1816) 85.— T.germanica Schang. in Neue Nord. Beitr. VI (1793) 490; nonval.— Myricaria davurrica, De te rodn MMGLS23) 98. vido. Wl. valtj Il (i831) 224,> M.dayurteasvyacasm a cucor Bayle Bee, Suppl HL jalt: (1836) 79.— M. longifolia var ecient adier Maxim. Enum. Pl. Mongol. I (1889) 113.— Ic.: C.K.Schn. Laubholzk. II (1909) 345. Shrub, to 2.5—3m high, with grayish-brown bark; branches erect, more or less appressed, rather sparsely leafy; leaves flat, oblong or linear- oblong or oblong-ovate, 0.4—1 cm long, 1-3mm broad, obtuse-tipped, narrowed at base, sessile, more orlessappressed to branches; racemes dense, 4—-7.cm long, l—1.5cm broad, lateral, rarely terminal; bracts) ovate = oblong or rhomboid, 4-8 mm long, 3-4 mm broad, short-pointed, broadly scarious-margined, narrowed at base, equaling or exceeding calyx (including pedicel); pedicels equaling or shorter than calyx; calyx 3-4mm long, slightly shorter than petals; sepals oblong-lanceolate or lance-linear, acutish, narrowly scarious-margined; petals pink, oblong-oval, 5-6 mm long, 2.5—-3 mm broad, obtuse; stamens shorter than petals; filaments connate 45 and more, free part dilated at base; anthers round, obtuse; ovary oblong- ovoid, 4mm long, with capitate stigma; capsule elongate-pyramidal, 0.7-1cm long, 2—3 mm broad, 2—-21/5 times longer than calyx, smooth; seeds 1mm long, oblong-ovaloid, beak hairy from middle. May—July. Pebbly and sandy banks of mountain rivers; often rising into the moun- tains in the lower alpine zone (Krylov).— W. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong., Tib. (N. part). Described from Siberia, from Daurian Alps. Type was in Berlin. Family CVI. GISTACEAE LINDL.* Flowers in cymose-paniculate or cymose-racemose inflorescences or solitary, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, with biseriate perianth; * Treatment by S.V. Yuzepchuk. 245 328 sepals 5, other two differing from the others in size and sometimes in shape, or wanting; petals 5, white, yellow or pink; stamens numerous, sometimes unequal, mostly all fertile, more rarely outer sterile; carpels 4 or 3; ovary superior, unilocular or incompletely 3—10-locular; seeds numerous. Shrubs, undershrubs or herbs; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, with or without stipules. Key to Genera 1. Small shrubs with wrinkled leaves; capsule 5-valved...902. Cistus L. ar Herbs or undershrubs; leaves not wrinkled; capsule 3-valved..... De Zu leaves opposite: all stamens) tertile: stismarcapitarenist.a:aeeaeeeeeen eae of. G S aE APRA air OP GRE Lint PPAR CaM eRe CN LNT es Genta INH 903. Helianthemum Adans. a5 leaves aliennates Outersstamenssstenriles(Stiomia (3 — lobed. ieee alae ESOS AE gi ic) epee a er coe Part, ee em REA OP Ge ae Bi. 904. Fumana Spach. Genus 902. CISTUS* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 523 Sepals 5, rarely 3, all equal or outer 2 differing from others; petals 5, red [?] or white, with yellow base; stamens numerous, all fertile; stigma large, capitate, sessile or borne on a style; capsule many-seeded, 5-valved, splitting by 5 large slits. Much branched shrubs, with opposite leaves, exstipulate, tomentose. i oepals: vate; petals pinks Astyle ras lone\ asistamens Saat esen Enea ne Ben Se oaciiva dic nes Wok fs actors tar Mw hed ae We Te) Lo Gpl's! ho sce Gale ooh Uh Nu eh BELCAO EN a ge 1. C.tauricus Presl. ab Sepals cordate-lobed at base; petals whitish; style obsolescent ..... Se cnet Rea Ras es iiet Waa) fa) orth Sha wi day dl tem aa Sten ap Laan ey as ow ae ee ae 2. C.salvifolius L. Section 1. EUCISTUS Spach in Ann. sc. natur. 2 sér. VI (1836) 368.— Erythrocistus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1(1824) 264,p.p.—Brachystylia Willk. Icon. et descr. pl. II (1856) 13, 28.— Sepals similar in shape, the outer 2 smaller or slightly larger than the inner, not enlarged and not cordate at base; flowers pink. ieataunicus,Presl,Welk (rag: ((1822)245—sGNe retic use \t seek taur.-cauc. II (1808) 9,non L.— C.creticus var. tauricus Dunal in DE. Prodr. 1'(1824) 264: db. El, Ross. 1, 238: labo aan Meet Gia les C.villosus @ genuinus Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 437.— C.villosus @ tauricus Gross. Cist. in Engl. Pflzr. (1903) 14.— C.polymorphus subsp. incanus var. Borientalis a heterophyllus et B spathu- laefolius Willk. Ic. et descr. pl.II (1856) 22.— Ic.: Willk. l.c. tab. 80A. Gin IBe * From Greek kistos or kisthos, generic name occurring in the writings of Theophrastus and Dioscorides. 246 329 Perennial, shrub, much branched, erect or prostrate; branches terete, gray-tomentose with stellate hairs, sometimes glandular; leaves opposite, 1—5 cm long, 0.8—2 cm broad, elliptical or rounded-obovate, minutely api- culate from rounded apex, narrowed at base into petiole, this flattened, 1—2 cm long, enlarged at insertion into small sheath, slightly undulate margin obscurely revolute, veins prominent, both surfaces grayish-green or canes - cent, sparingly or densely stellate-hairy; flowers terminal, solitary or in cymes of 2 or 3,on fairly long gray-tomentose pedicels; sepals yellowish- or grayish-green, tomentose-villous outside, brownish-yellow, smooth and more or less lustrous within, ovate, rounded at base, produced at apex into beak 2—3 mm long, equal, 10—12 mm long or outer 2 somewhat shorter than others; petals ca.25mm long, obovate-cuneate, pink; stigma hemispherical, filiform style as long as stamens; capsule ca.8mm long, globose or sub- globose-ovaloid, dull yellow, tomentose-lanate, splitting in maturity nearly to base by 5 slits; seeds angular, smooth, brown. May—July. (Plate XVII, Figure 1.) Dry mountain slopes, open woods and coppices.— European part: Crim. (S. coast); Caucasus: W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described iom Crimea, bypein Prapue:. Economic importance. Ornamental and used for making dye. Section 2. LEDONIA Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 265,p.p.; Willk. l.c. oe Le Cond ay spach, lc. 369,p,e¢en.— Outer sepals envelopines daner, ones, cordate-lobed at base; flowers whitish. oC ssalvitolimisiss Sp. pl.(1753) 524: Ldb. Fl. Ross... B238s—"@ss 7 — deritis Presl, Fl. sic. (1826) 116.—C.creticus ytauricus Eichw. Casp.-cauc. (1831) 22,non Dunal.— C.salvifolius var. vulgaris Willk. lcebideser: soll (1856) a0, Cac lie. etdeser.= 11; tabs tavswowech Cisits tabwots; Willk: Jac. stab.91,t-.l>2.— HKxs.: Mapnier, FE Select NommloZile Perennial, shrub, densely branched, erect, rarely prostrate; branches terete, slightly wrinkled-furrowed throughout, dark brown, thinly short- tomentose; young shoots and base of pedicels densely stellate-tomentose, sometimes glandular; leaves 1.8—3.2cm long and 1—2cm broad, mostly ovate-oblong or obovate, amplexicaul, more or less cuneate at base, tapering to petiole 3—5 mm long, rarely cordate-based, rounded-obtuse or somewhat pointed at apex, slightly revolute-margined, entire or unevenly undulate, 330 reticulate-rugose above, prominently pinninerved beneath, grayish-green on both sides, blade and petiole stellate-tomentose; flowers terminal, solitary or in inflorescences of 2 or 3; sepals 5—10—13, long, yellowish-green, more or less membranous, finely netted-nerved with nerves spreading fanlike from center of base, outer two embracing others, broadly cordate and auri- culate at base, acuminate at apex, stellate hairy outside, inner surface nearly always covered with long, simple outward-pointing hairs, inner 3 broad-ovate, more rounded at base, terminating in beaklike point 1-3mm long, stellate-hairy outside, subglabrous within; petals white, lemon-yellow at base (yellow in drying), obovate-triangular, slightly notched at apex; ovary rounded-pentagonous, minutely punctate-pitted, with scattered, fairly long, antrorse hairs, concave at summit; stigma depressed-globose, sub- sessile; capsule splitting down to base by 5 valves; seeds numerous, dark brown, 4-angled-globose, pitted. May—June. 247 Lower mountain zone, broad-leaved woods, dry meadows, more rarely rocks. — Caucasus: W. Transe. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Italy. Type in London. Genus 903. HELIANTHEMUM* Adans. Adans. Fam. II (1763) 443 Flowers in simple or racemose circinate cymes; sepals 5,two outer always 2—3 times shorter than inner, these subequal, 3—5-ribbed; petals 5, yellow, orange-yellow or pink; stamens numerous, all fertile; stigma large, capitate; style filiform; capsule trigonous, 3-valved, unilocular or incom- pletely 3-locular. Undershrub, more rarely perennial or annual herbs; leaves all opposite or upper alternate, with or without stipules. 1 ANaTONCIEN US) tee Poti Cece oePen tcirtey) Suncare ee neaee fon crack Oneay Cor GM O-sbatOaD ay TOS ce OL eo VLOuO wo £0 Phe, ah IPXeneC hah aulell ee ey eee Cie aoe et oy Caen OT MEET OLY Tones Unione gem fick lo cot 4, 2. Pedicels erect in fruit; bracts equaling or exceeding pedicels... 3. ate Pedicels spreading, upper arched-ascending; bracts nearly equaling OSC CCIS, Aas are eae aL lb erialassary gerne Ate 8. H. salicifolium (L.) Mill. 3 Capsule volalior OUSs les eyes see ee opel 6. H.ledifolium (L.) Mill. Sod ar Cajoswile cleaisicihy joblloiss@eiais so lawn 606 6 05 q 4s 7. H.lasiocarpum Willk. 4, WEA eSuS Luu Te 4 ieise i. sel ale ete Ne ae oe ORE! ofl ar Stee aap Fag waar ge erent de ar imeaves exstipulate” (spied wn Ms cb teetos Peon crgedt: eno kien ahead + Celt eae en ee HOR 5 Low shrubs with subspinescent branches (Centr. Asia) ........... Ui pene sy Cipher SPAR rE RD cde RO So eM ee ae ce 2 9. H. soongoricum Schrenk. + Herbs or undershgubs (Puropean part, Caucasus) |). 4.222288 Oo. 6 Sepals with ramified network of nerves ... 1. H.dagestanicum Rupr. oF SeoalisewieMOutmewich ta metwOrteks Ol meieie'S Siete lo ¥- -uls Maier Mra he 7 WAERIES) DISSTaM Oia OMA SACS WS on bb bce Opes AyosE lola coe olole 9.2 8. ar Leaves cinereous or whitish with dense stellate hairs ........ $). 8 Kovwlancsplants. with flowers, io—2 Cmyinediiaimiet eis tea. Ney pal wenn EE OEE kL ein Hod al inks co Geli Pine aE cab Pac he 2. H.hirsutum (Thuill.) Mérat. ar Mountain plants, with lower tors: ol@mpinicikamereimy) palin tases ieee a MM Hee Sh RA Ae day Bye Bee eae 3. H. grandiflorum (Scop.) Lam. et DC. 9). Wowlancdiplants wilowers lb so) Chain Ciannete iia y.ae ieee) Meena ener PENG i we cts ha Hie ee VARA le REET 4. 4, H.nummularium (L.) Dun. a Momataine plants yilowerrSe 2h Sago. 2) Cm, taycaammeberget ms. a.m) .))-ale te ari arene LB i aR vinkh uid esta yel Js iaeay otha le 5. H. tomentosum (Scop.) Spreng. ORC avesmoreenh (OM Ob SIGS gene uegiemcnner de. fate ees pkey liye erg mee Tate aF Meaviesrcicay — Or white tomentose oemeciin (ii -y air) cm-i- eyl-mry teem 12. 11. Sepals covered with loosely appressed longish hairs; leaves flat or TaeKeWelly NEKO) yt Rete MIMI cna On try okie Mae Bi an fOdcn ce ak ORG) Oe cayOniao pom Cate ob sd chlo. Gc 12, ae Sepals covered with spreading long hairs; leaves revolute ..... WS}. 2% Inflorescence 3—10-flowered; flower buds globose; flowers medium- sized; leaves lanceolate, acute .......... 10. H. rupifragum Kern. an Inflorescence 2—5-flowered; flower buds ovoid; flowers rather large; leaves lanceolate to obovate, mostly obtuse or subobtuse..... tae ie Macy Pie a tn dyin aes Saal gig LotR de elas ch oe ig 11. He alpestze (Wacqe wwe: * From Greek helios —sun,and anthemon — flower. 248 13. Flowering stems to 10cm long, leaves sessile or with petioles to 2mm long; flower buds ovoid, acuminate; plants of alpine and sub- SIOMMENZ OMS Mia EU Opera bilan e 13. H.buschii (Palib.) Juz. et Pozd. a Flowering stems to 20cm long, leaves with petioles to 5mm long; flower buds globose, obtusish; plants of mountain slopes, hills and FOCKSOULCTODS | Pe teeta ahah 12. H. orientale (Grosser) Juz. et Pozd. Hake) SSYSyOVsH USE siralilam Syougcteyohhavaulacen 12'S MMe Aeetria eoe eMnneea ais iin Sruieok sa a Bil hte ree 155 + Sepa Svmitiialooselyvlaporessediwarns: Wis eek T ees lsa stone mnie castrate 16. ane UDz Compact plant; sterile rosettes present; leaf scars on woody shoots of previous year approximate; petals (5)7-8mm long ........... 3 LAR Heer tLe Rt ph aU Wee Sn Ce AOL ae eel ec Beet 15. H. stevenii Rupr. a Loosely cespitose plant without rosettes; leaf scars remote; petals Seed MOM OMS Waifs cre ean ek ve deemed he BW iM. Hl. séorsicum Jug et eozd. 16. Flowering stems to 20cm high; sterile rosettes present; rosulate USSNES Chia Siegen taelO jaa psa) SEs oh ON Suauinyer Sve Naas ss Gy Gy we Slayc kis ce iba cha th eR ae Gea ee a or loam era ae 14. H.canum (L.) Baumg. + Flowering stems to 33cm high; leaf rosettes wanting; leaves of Suenrle anidunlowenins (Stem's talk ey Sri... 2! scky el ot eee eeiemcnd: tan Ee meme eae Subgenus 1. Ortholobum Willk. Icon. et descr. pl. II (1856) 63. — Embryo simply folded; cotyledons straight, slightly shorter than radicle; placenta with 12—2 [sic] ovules; style longer or shorter than stamens; stipules always present. Section 1. EUHELIANTHEMUM Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 276, p.p.; emend. Willk. Ic. et descr. pl. II (1856) 103.— Petals longer than, rarely as long as sepals, yellow, white or pink; stamens numerous, in several rows; flowers in simple racemose inflorescences, bracteate; style filiform, geni- culately curved at base; capsule ovoid or globose, included in calyx or exserted. Perennials (undershrubs). Note. Soviet species of this section are characterized by extreme polymorphism and cannot be regarded as being fully explored. All of them except for H.dagestanicum Rupr.,are often combined into a single aggregate species H.chamaecistus Mill.,in which a number of sub- species as well as varieties and forms are distinguished. Some of these are of no systematic significance; see,e.g., Grosser's monograph in Engler's ''Pflanzenreich,'' or the treatment of Crimean and Caucasian Cistaceae in Mat. dlya Fl. Kavk., contributed by I. V. Palibin. In the present treatment of the section, we have adopted the classification of Janchen which appears to be the most satisfactory. There is, however,a need for further study. Economic importance. This section comprises a number of ornamental species which were widely cultivated at one time (especially in England), and are represented by numerous horticultural varieties. 1. H.dagestanicum Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 143; Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. 71; Grosser, Cist. (1903) 67.— H.oelandicum Radde, Grundz. (1899) 249 333 334 266.—H.daghestanicum var. angustifolium Palib. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Ill (1909) 127.+—Ic.: Rupr. Fl. Cauc. tab/ 4) f3. Perennial, undershrub, 5—15cm high; taproot dark, woody, curved, uneven- ly tuberculate, with peeling, transversely fissured bark; stems numerous, short, slightly curved or flexuous, forked, cinereous with short tomentum except in woody basal part; leaves 0.5—l1cm long and 1.5—5 mm broad, elliptical, with petioles 1—1.5mm long, cinerescent-green above, grayish beneath, densely tomentulose on both sides, revolute-margined; stipules linear, equaling or slightly exceeding petioles; racemes short, (1)2—3-flow- ered; pedicels 5—8 mm long, curved, tomentose-villous, nodding in fruit; outer sepals linear-lanceolate, twice as long as inner, villous-tomentose on both sides, inner 8mm long, oval, obtuse, dull yellow, thinly farinaceous - tomentose, with 3—4 moderately prominent nerves ramified near apex, in fruit 1.2cm long, 7mm broad; petals oval, twice as long as calyx; capsule globose, 5-6 mm long, greenish-yellow, puberulent; seeds ca. 2—2.5mm long, angular, coarsely pitted. April—May. Dry stony (mostly limestone) and clayey mountain slopes, meadows and scrub.— Caucasus: Dag. Endemic. Described from vicinity of village Gimri above the River Sulak. Type in Leningrad. 2. H. hirsutum (Thuill.) Mérat, Nouv. fl. env. Paris, ed. 1 (1812) 204.— Cistus hirswtus Thuile), envy.) Paris /(1799)) 266. = Hobs eunauina Pers. Syn. pl. II (1807) 79.— H.vulgare B concolor Rchb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1832) 714.— H.vulgare 8 hirsutum Koch, Syn. (1837) 81. Perennial, undershrub, 10—40cm high, with erect or ascending, rather densely tomentose and sometimes glandular shoots; leaves linear-lanceo- late to broad-ovate, 10—30 mm long, 3—9 mm broad, with nearly always flat or sometimes slightly revolute margin, green on both sides, hairs scattered, antrorse above, fascicled beneath,petiole 3—4 mm long; stipules lanceolate, diffusely pilose or glabrous on both sides, margin with long, white, straight or slightly curved hairs; cymes more or less elongated, 4—15-flowered, with bracts (2)5—6 mm long; occasionally flowers solitary; outer sepals long-hairy, inner 6—8 mm long, short-tomentose or with long white hairs, especially on nerves, and with scattered hairs or glabrate between them; petals orange-pink, 8-12 mm long, cuneate, slightly notched, with lemon- colored basal spot; capsule dull yellow, 5—6 mm long, ovaloid-globose, densely covered with fascicled hairs; seeds dark brown, 1—2 mm long, coarsely alveolate and minutely punctate-pitted. May—July. Stony, sandy and calcareous hills, dry meadows and slopes.— European part: UsDns., UsbDnp.i, Ws DapsnCrimess Caucasus: Cuse., Dar hE ancien iranses) Gen. distr; Atl. sand »Centr.. Hurry «Described fromalthe viemmgeor Ievaiciisi | WAX) aual IE Nenisy, 3. Hosrandiflorum (Scop.))ILam. et. DC. FY. Fr. Tv (1805) 621)— Caos oe Pandiflhorus Scop., Hl. Carngkeda2, 11772) 377) = blobs cune ums grandiflorum Pers. Syn. pl.II (1807) 79.— H.vulgare B grandi- florum Roth, Enum. plant. II (1827) 548.— ?H.tauricum Sweet, Cistineae (1825—1830) tab. 105. Perennial, undershrub, 10—30cm high; shoots erect or ascending, copiously tomentose with rather long hairs, arachnoid or subglabrous; 250 335 leaves oblong-oval, broad-lanceolate or broad-ovate, 13—25(40) mm long, 4—9 mm broad, with petioles 3—5 mm long, diffusely appressed-hairy above, glabrate beneath, hairs longer on veins and margin, margin flat or slightly revolute; stipules 4-12 mm long, lanceolate, gradually acuminate, margins and to less extent both sides pilose; cymes 3—8-flowered, on mostly incurved pedicels; outer sepals linear-lanceolate, [?]—4mm long, inner 8-11 mm long, oblong-oval, pale green or yellow (in fruit), with 3 brown or dark claret ribs covered with fascicled hairs to 2mm long, sometimes glabrous or sparsely tomentulose between ribs; petals bright yellow, broad-obovate, 10—15 mm long; capsule 7—8 mm long, oblong-ovaloid, densely stellate -hairy; seeds brown, 2mm long, ovaloid, with 2 or 3 large pits on sides, surface punctate-pitted. May—June. (Plate XVII, Figure 4.) Mountain forest meadows, stony subalpine slopes and rocks. — European Damir Grima Caucasus: (alli negions \a Geni distr.; (Centra khua ied im bes scribed from Italy. Type probably in Rome. Note. The species H.nitidum Clem. in Atti della terza reun. d. scient. Ital. (1841) 517, closely related to H.grandiflorum and chiefly characterized by (almost) completely glabrous leaves, has also been indi- cated for the Caucasus; it is, however, doubtful whether our glabrous-leaved forms of this type correspond fully to Clementi's species described from Dalmatia. 4, H.nummularium (L.) Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 280.— Cistus nummularius L. Sp. pl.l (1753) 527.— Helianthemum WWI eicS we tomentosum Benth. Catal. pl. Pyren. (1826) 88.—H.vulgarea dis- color Rcehb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1832) 714.— H. Veu l prairie SubSspya maar mularium Thell. in Bull. herb. Boiss. 2 sér. VIII (1908) 791. Perennial, undershrub, 10—30(40) cm high, strongly branched, with as- cending or rarely procumbent shoots; stems in lower part woody, dark brown or grayish-brown, articulate by spiny transversal leaf scars, more or less arachnoid, in upper part greenish-gray, tomentose, leafy; leaves 4—25(30)mm long, 3—8mm broad, opposite, oblong-oval, more rarely linear- lanceolate or ovate-orbicular, green and sparsely appressed-hairy or some- times glabrous above, glaucescent-tomentose beneath, with a prominent mid- rib, margins revolute or flat; petioles 2—5mm long; stipules 1—1.5(2) mm broad, linear-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides, margin bearing long, white, ascending, curved or straight hairs; cymes 3—8-flowered; pedicels densely tomentose, usually arched in fruit; bracts resembling stipules; sepals tomentose above, outer linear-lanceolate, one-third to half as long as inner, these 6—8 mm long, oval, greenish-yellow, with longer hairs on nerves; petals 7—11 mm long, orange-yellow or yellowish-pink, broadly obovate, with darker lemon-yellow or orange-yellow spot at base; capsule 5—7 mm long, dark yellow, round-oval, tomentulose seeds 1.5—2 mm long, dark violet, ovoid-oval, minutely punctate-pitted, sometimes coarsely alveolate. May—August. Limestone and chalky mountain slopes, stony steppe locations, and pine WONG a HuUropeanipack Kar. haps Dy Pech. ; lead. lim sl VINE akan: VeaVon Wie Popes) Bl soaps BesyiC rim...) Caucasus: Cise sap, Eis Weand S. Transe. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Europe. Type in London. 25] 336 Note. The distribution of this polymorphic species is broken up within the USSR flora into a number of parts. Its probably rather complex race composition has not yet been fully explored. So far the only race of H.nummularium that has been named and defined is the distinctive but most critical northern race H.arcticum (Grosser) Janchen in Mitteil. d. Naturwiss. Ver. Univers. Wien, VII (1909) 41 (H.chamaecistus subsp. barbatum var. arcticum Grosser in Engl. Pflanzenr. 14 H. (1913) 831), characterized by its very thinly tomentose or glabrous branches and its leaves which are quite glabrous above, revolute-margined, thickish, at first stellate-hairy beneath, finally more or less glabrescent; its sepals and pedicels are often glabrous, the ribs of sepals turning red. This form was described from Kandalaksha and the type is apparently preserved in Helsinki. Up till now there has been no material relating to this plant in Leningrad herbaria and it has not been possible to carry out an adequate study. 5. H.tomentosum (Scop.) Spreng. Syst. veget. II (1825) 592.— Cistus ftomentosus Scop. Ann. hist..nat. (1769) 53)— Hoy ulloairie vars 9s col polii Gremli, Neue Beitr. Fl. Schweiz. III (1883) 44.— H.scopolii Rouy et Fouc. Fl. Fr. II (1895) 298.— H.chamaecistus subsp. 2. nummu- larium var. B scopolii Grosser, Cist. (1903) 85.— H.nummularium yar. ©. Scopolii C.K.Sehn. Laubholzk. I (1909) 352. Perennial, 15—40cm high; shoots erect or ascending; stems densely clothed with long hairs,in upper part grayish-green, sometimes canescent; leaves oblong-oval or broad-lanceolate, 10—30mm long, 4-10mm broad, with flat or slightly revolute margin, green, sparsely covered with antrorsely appressed hairs, glaucescent and densely stellate-tomentose beneath; stipules 5-10 mm long, oval or linear-lanceolate; cymes 3—8-flowered; outer sepals 4—6 mm long, long-hairy, inner 8—10 mm long, with fascicled hairs 2mm long on nerves,thinly tomentulose or sparingly pilose or some- times glabrous between the nerves; petals 10—15 mm long, yellow, lemon- colored at base; capsule 7-9mm long, covered with short fascicled hairs, 1.5—2 mm long, brown, ovoid, sometimes angled, minutely punctate-tuber- culate. May—August. Calcareous stony slopes of the alpine and subalpine zones, alpine meadows. — Caucasus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Centr. Hur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Italy. Type apparently in Rome. Section 2. BRACHYPETALUM Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 271; Willk. le. et descr. pl. Il (1856) 83.— Aphananthemum) Spach in Ann. se. nat. 2, sér. VI (1836) 360.— Flowers in simple, rarely paired racemose in- florescences; petals very small and narrow, shorter than sometimes not developing outer sepals; capsule trigonous, glabrous or nearly so, rarely pubescent. Annuals. 6. H.ledifolium (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) No. 20; Grosser, Cist. (1903) 101; Palibin,l.c. 137.— Cistus ledifolius L. Sp. pl. (1753) 527.—'Cniloticus Ly Mant, pl. (1772) 246:—) Hi: ni loti eum Pers syn: II (1807) 78.— H.villosum Fisch. et Mey. Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. Ill 252 CESS6)r 14 non Thibs-eldo. Miu Ross. 1,239, — Hiann wuamearisch: im Steud. Nom. ed. 2 (1840) 733.— H.ledifolium var. microcarpum Willd. Ic. etdeser, opl.0l (1856) 65; Palibin, I: e.138.—Ie.: Rehb, ley FlL&Germ: 111, feeaohic MoOWweect, ClSt.witab. 4 is Willey dic tab 41 20-1255 sxs ss Borns lt. pers.-turc. (1893) No. 20, 936. Annual, erect, rarely ascending or procumbent; villous-tomentose throughout; stem terete; leaves 1.5—5(7) cm long, 0.4—1.4cm broad, ellip- tical-lanceolate or lanceolate, rarely elongate-obovate, gradually cuneate- tapering at base into petiole, subacuminate, more rarely obtusish at tip, with smooth or occasionally obscurely dentate-undulate and revolute margin, both sides and petiole stellate-hairy; stipules lanceolate or linear, acute, 3—4 times shorter than leaves; flowers in loose elongated or shortened race- 337 mose inflorescences; pedicels sturdy, 2—8 mm long, one-third to half as long as bracts; two outer sepals green, 1-nerved, linear-lanceolate, shorter than inner sepals, these ca. 9mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, light green, more or less membranous, with 3 prominent dark green or greenish-brown nerves; petals subcuneate, yellow, with golden-colored basal spot, shorter than sepals; capsule many-seeded, 7-9 mm long, yellow, glabrous, coriaceous, shorter than or rarely equaling inner sepals; seeds ca. 1.5mm long, orange- russet, coarsely alveolate, with scarious-winged funicle, glabrous or minute- ly villous. April—May. Stony places. — Caucasus: S. Transc. (Erevan?). Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min.,Iran. Described from Montpellier. Type in London. Note. It appears that nobody has recently collected this plant in the USSR. 7. H.lasiocarpum Willk. Ic. et descr. pl. II (1856) 88; Grosser, Cist. (1903) 103; Palibin,l.c. 139.— Cistus annuus Pall. in herb.— C.nilo- ticus M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 9,non L.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 239; Shimele- Fl. Vol OO = HH. milo taewum CAA Meys Verz) (635) a omtmon Pers.— H.niloticum ylasiocarpum Boiss. Fl. or. (1867) 441.— H.tauricum Rupr. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XIV (1856)236; Ind. sem. Hort. Petrop. 1851 (ex Rupr.).— Ic.: Willk. 1. c. tab. 122.— Exs.: Kotschy, It. cil.-kurd. (1859) No. 124. Annual, erect, 15—70cm high; stems erect, terete, 1.5—3 mm in diameter, lanulate, greenish-gray, mostly simple, sometimes with ascending branches from base; leaves 1.3—3.5(5)cm long and 0.2—0.5(1.5) cm broad, upper sessile, middle and lower with petioles 2—4 mm long, linear, oblanceolate, decurrent at base, subacuminate, revolute-margined, stellate-tomentose on both sides; stipules lance-acuminate, stellate-hairy, one-third to half as long as leaves; racemes elongated, loosely 2—6-flowered; pedicels sturdy, lanulate, shorter than calyx; sepals villous or stellate-tomentose outside, outer linear-lanceolate, acute, slightly shorter than inner, these 1.2—1.5cm long, paler, ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, rather prominently 3-nerved; petals subovate-cuneate, yellow, withnobasal spot; capsule many-seeded, about equaling sepals, 1—1.2cm long, coriaceous, ovoid-globose, 3-angled, opening by 3 lobes; seeds to 0.5mm long, dark, faintly alveolate, villous, funicle zigzag or hooked. April—June. 338 Dry stony and grassy mountain slopes, dry meadows and scrub. — Cau- casus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from the Cau- casus (Alaverdi District, Talysh). Type apparently in Berlin. . 253 339 8. H. salicifolium (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict. 4d. 8(1768) No. 21; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 4 2393 Boiss/ Fl, or..1)441; shmal esr i. 109! Cis tus Ss aliicn hol milisMin ase. 4 pl. (1753)527.—C.aegy ptius Pall. Ind. Taur) ex Lidb) Wes] (C) Ve ditolius Georgi, Beschr. Russ. Reichs, Nachtr. (1802) 2 06 non Ws: Casino ugh ieris Host, Fl. austr. Il (1831) 56.— H.denticulatum Thib. in Pers. Syn. II (1807) 78. — H.salicifoliumivary macrocanpim) Wiliki. ic: (cum ff. vulgare, macrosepalum, brachysepalum, microcarpum); Palibinvlse. 144>146. —tes) Rehbs ict rilatGerm.. Tite 45 38 laliter sare Deutsell. 13) tab l2 563) Willk tele tabih2 3¢) Sweets iCist:) tab.G7 i) aoe Bornm. Pl. Anat. or. (1889) No. 159. Annual, 5—25cm high, densely branched at base; stems simple, pale green or cinereous, tomentose-villous, arched-ascending, rarely erect or procumbent; leaves 1—2cm long, 0.2—0.7cm broad, obovate to obovate-lan- ceolate, rarely suborbicular, narrowed at base into petiole 2—6 mm long, subobtuse, stellate-tomentose on both sides; stipules ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acutish, stellate-tomentose, one-third to half as long as leaves; racemes elongated, 6—13-flowered, flowers alternating with ovate- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate bracts, these shorter than arcuately spreading pedicels; outer sepals linear-lanceolate, half as long as inner, these ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-ribbed; petals oblong, pale yellow, darker at base, longer or shorter than sepals; capsule many-seeded, oblong-subglobose, 3-angled, subglabrous; seeds orange-russet, 1mm long, coarsely pitted, minutely crenate-villous, funicle membranous-winged, straight or curved. April—May. Dry stony places, mountain slopes, and steppes. — European part: Crim. (S. coast); Caucasus: Cisc.,Dag., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Portugal and Spain. Type in London. Section 3. PSEUDOMACULARIA Gross. Cist. (1903) 92.— Flowers solitary or numerous, long-pediceled, borne on branches leafy throughout; sepals yellow; stamens numerous; style exceeding stamens, geniculate at base; capsule included in sepals. Undershrubs and shrubs. 9. H. soongoricum Schrenk in Fisch. Enum. pl. (1841) 94; Ldb. FI. Rossi 2415S 2Cistus thymitolius halk; Beitrage, Il (1786) 197. Perennial, shrub, 3—10(15) cm high, densely branched, procumbent; tap- root thick, 1-—3cm in diameter, dark brown or earthy-gray, rugose-tuber- culate; branches woody, strongly flexuous; with peeling bark, brittle, thick at base, uppermost spiny, in upper part slender, 1—1.5mm in diameter, yellowish-canescent, tomentose; leaves 1—2cm long, 2—3.5mm broad, linear-lanceolate or elongate-oval, short-petioled or subsessile, l1-nerved, revolute-margined, arachnoid-tomentose above, glaucescent velutinous- tomentose beneath; stipules exceeding pedicels, linear-lanceolate, acute; flowers solitary, spuriously terminal or in few-flowered cymes, nodding, on arched-recurved pedicels ca. 1cm long or longer; sepals pilulose, outer 4—5(7) mm long, filiform-linear, usually one-sidedly adnate at base to inner sepals, these ovate-lanceolate, 7—9(11) mm long, yellowish-green, with 3(4) brown nerves; petals ca. 8mm long, cuneate, light orange -yellow, with darker lemon-yellow basal spot; capsule 5—8(9) mm long, equaling sepals, 254 340 ovoid-trigonous, thinly pubescent; seeds ca. 3mm long, ovoid, acuminate, coarsely alveolate, angled, sometimes strongly rugose, unevenly wing-ribbed, fuscous-brown. May—July. River banks and lake shores; dry, stony places, limestone rocks and DIACers. awC chine oNSta: Wzu. arb... 0. oh. Pam.—Al.; Gen. distr: zm. Kash’ (Kuldja). Described from Dzungaria. Type in Leningrad. Note. A polymorphic species which does not lend itself, however, to systematic subdivision. Subgenus 2. Plectilobum Willk. Ic. et descr. pl. II (1856) 139.— Embryo twice folded; cotyledons curved at about middle, much longer than radicle; placenta with 6—2 [sic] ovules; style shorter than stamens, filiform, at length curved at base; lower leaves always without stipules, upper some- times stipulate. Undershrubs. Note. In the treatment of our section of this subgenus, we have made use of a thesis by N. G. Pozdeeva,a student at the University of Leningrad, "Krymskie solntsetsvety iz sostava sektsii Chamaecistus Willk. i ikh blizhaishie rodichi'' (Crimean Rockroses of the Section Chamaecistus Willk. and Related Species) (1938-1939). section 1.5 PSEUDOCISTUS Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 275, p. Sect. Chamaecistus Willk, Ic. et descr. pl. II (1851) 139.— Flowers rather small, simple, paired or ternate racemose inflorescences, occasionally solitary; petals slightly exceeding inner sepals, yellow; stamens numerous; only upper leaves with stipules or (in our species) all leaves exstipulate. Note. As in the case of the section Euhelianthemum, the species of this section are exceedingly polymorphic and are often combined into an aggregate species H.marifolium. In the present treatment, we have attempted a somewhat more extended exploration of the concrete component races than the one presented by Janchen. More ample material will, how- ever, be needed for their final and complete determination. Series 1. Italica Juz. et Pozd.— Leaves green on both sides. 10. H. rupifragum Kerner in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XVIII (1868) 18.— Hralpesmre ft. 3rupifreeum Grosser, Cist. (1903) 121) femmes i LOlimm war, @ itadieum Grosser, Cist, /(1908) 117 pp, Perennial, 5—-17cm high, densely, rarely sparsely cespitose undershrub; shoots curved at base, dark brown, violet- or reddish-tinged, loosely tomen- tose, jointed in lower part by transverse leaf scars; sterile shoots 2—4cm long, forming leafy fascicles; flowering shoots 7—17cm long, arched- ascending at base, canescent with dense short tomentum; leaves opposite, lanceolate, without stipules, green on both sides, covered especially on veins with long white appressed hairs, sometimes with an apical tuft of hairs, narrowed at base into a petiole, this flat, 2—8 mm long, sometimes slightly reddish, obscurely dilated and amplexicaul at base, or else leaves sub- sessile; cymes 6—8-flowered, loose or occasionally fairly dense; pedicels 255 (341) PLATE XVII. 1—Cistus tauricus Presl.; 2-—Fumana viscidula (Stev.) Juz., from fragment of plant, open capsules, calyx from below, seed side and top view; 3 -Helianthemum stevenii Rupr., habit, inflorescence, flower, calyx,style; 4 — H. gtandiflorum (Scop.) Lam. et DC., general habit, flowering shoot. 343 344 (2)6—13 mm long, obliquely ascending, straight or somewhat curved; bracts 2—3(4) mm long, linear, tomentose on both sides; sepals covered with long divaricate or strict hairs, sometimes glandular, outer one-sidedly united at base not more than to middle with the inner, these twice length of outer sepals, 4-5 mm long, greenish-yellow, with darker often obscure nerves; petals 5—6 mm long, yellow or orange-yellow, cuneate, with lemon-colored basal spot; capsule dark yellow, ovaloid-subglobose, (4)5mm long, densely covered with short hairs; seeds 1.5—2 mm long, brown, minutely tuber- culate. May—July. Chalk, limestone and gravelly slopes. — European part: Dv.-Pech. (Karnagorsk), V.-Ka., Transv. (Khvalynsk), M.Dnp. (Korvcha), V.-Don (Stalingrad), U. Dns. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from Austria. Type in Vienna. Note. Within the range adopted here, this is a polymorphic and apparently composite species, classifiable into a number of vicarious forms. However, as the relevant material is limited, we are only in a position to present preliminary indications of proposed subdivisions. The Central European H.rupifragum s.str.,to which the description given above largely applies, occurs in the Soviet Union only in the U. Dns. region. The South Russian cretaceous plant was designated long ago by Ruprecht as H.italicum Bcretaceum Rupr. (Fl. cauc. (1869) 140); after thorough study, it is due to be established as a separate species,H.cretaceum Juz. ined. Ruprecht indicated as its characteristic features the suberect fruit- stalks, revolute leaf margins, and short seeds. The South Uralian plant (H.baschkirorum Juz. ined.) is characterized by fully procumbent stems, sparingly hairy leaves, few-flowered inflorescences, and small flowers. Finally, the plant from Pinega (provisionally referred by Sterner to H.alpestre) has glabrous, completely flat leaves, erect stems, and relatively large flowers (H.pinegense Juz. ined.). 11. H.alpestre (Jacq.) DC. Fl. Fr. V (1815) 622.— Cistus alpestre Jacq. Enum. stirp. Vindob. (1762) 93 et 248. Perennial, 3-12 cm high, densely cespitose, with sterile rosettes; flowering shoots 3—12cm long, arched-ascending, sparsely tomentose and often glandular in upper part; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, rounded at apex, obtuse or subobtuse or acutish, narrowed into petiole to 7mm long or subsessile, with slightly revolute or flat margin, green on both sides and covered with scattered long appressed hairs or glabrate, 6—18 mm long and 2—6 mm broad; inflorescence simple, 2—6-flowered, rachis eglandular or sparsely glandular; sepals greenish- gray, diffusely tomentose or without tomentum, mostly covered with long, erect, spreading or appressed hairs, outer sublinear or oblong-oval, half as long as inner, 4—5 mm long; petals 7-10mm long, broadly obovate, dark yellow, with brownish-yellow basal spot; pedicels erect or horizontally spreading in fruit; capsule 4—5(6) mm long, ovoid, clothed with scattered fascicled hairs; seeds orange-russet, angled, minutely punctate-pitted. June—August. Alpine mountain zone. — European part: U.Dns. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from Austria. Type in Vienna. 12. H. orientale (Grosser) ua, Ci IPOZzcl, COM, mMOwel,— IAs fan 2 iP Wi © ll vw taal var. italicum f. orientale Grosser. Cist. (1900) 117; Palibin in Mat. 345 Fl. Kavk, 23°(1903) 149.— H.marifolium( vy tpalieum & pulse Palibin,l.c. 148,p.p. (quoad pl. taur.).— H.rupifragum f. orientale Janch. in Abh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, IV,I (1907) 52,p.p.— H.oelandi- cum ahirtum Ldb. Fl. Ross. (1842) 240; Taliev, Opred. r. Evr. ch. (1935) 429.— H.caucasicum Fisch. in herb. Perennial, 4-20cm high, loosely to rather densely cespitose, with appressed mats 5—10cm in diameter; shoots sturdy, flexuous, dark brown, with spinous leaf scars, branched; sterile rosettes usually well developed; flowering shoots arched-ascending at base, stellate-tomentulose like pedicels and with long spreading hairs; leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, rarely ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into rather long petiole, acute, subacute or rarely obtusish, green on both sides, densely covered, like petioles, with long spreading fascicled hairs forming apical tufts, rarely glabrate; leaves of sterile shoots revolute-margined, 4-20mm long, 2-5 mm broad, petioles 3-10 mm long; leaves of flowering shoots larger and broader, flattish, 5-10 mm long, 2—7 mm broad, sessile or with petioles 1-5 mm long; inflorescence simple or branched from base, 2—13-flowered, flowers medium - sized or large; flower buds 3—5 mm long, globose, rarely ovate-globose or ellipsoid, obtusish or scarcely acuminate, with green or reddish stripes, sericeous-villous with dense stellate and fascicled hairs; petals 6—7mm long, 7-9 mm broad, bright yellow, obovate-cordate; ovary densely hairy; pedicels elongated in fruit, erect or rarely spreading; capsule hirsute. Otherwise resembling H.rupifragum Kern. May—July. Dry sunny, stony (mostly calcareous) slopes.— European part: Crim. (yaila); Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. De- scribed from Asia Minor. Type (Sintenis, It. Orient. No. 1098) in Leningrad. 13. H.buschii (Palib.) Juz. et Pozd. comb. nova.— H.marifolium yar. italicum f. busichii Palibin in Mat. Fl: Kavk. 23 (1909) 148. Perennial, undershrub, 4—-10cm high, compactly cespitose, with tufts (5)7—-15cm in diameter; shoots sturdy, flexuous, in lower part often turning red (as are petioles and leaf blades), with approximate spiny leaf scars; sterile rosettes well developed, rosulate leaves 5-15 mm long, 1.5—3 (commonly 2) mm broad, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, subacute or subobtuse, mostly revolute-margined, narrowed into petiole 2—7 mm long, diffusely fascicled-hairy or sometimes subglabrous above, with long stiff hairs beneath, mainly on prominent midrib and on margin; flowering shoots short, ascending to erect, stellate-tomentose, in upper part with scattered spreading fascicled hairs; leaves flat (only lower occasionally revolute - margined), ovate-lanceolate, broad-lanceolate or lanceolate, subacute, sub- obtuse or obtuse, lower (smallest) 4—6 mm long, 2mm broad, middle 7-11 mm long, 2—3(4) mm broad, upper 4—10(13) mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm broad, with petioles 1-2 mm long or upper ones sessile; inflorescence simple or very rarely branched, 2—6-flowered; flowers medium-sized or fairly large; flower buds 3—4(4.5)mm long, ovoid, ovoid-ellipsoid or rarely round-ovoid, acuminate, villous by stellate and fascicled hairs; sepals tomentose with stellate and spreading fascicled hairs, 4-5mm long; petals 4-6 mm long. June—July. Alpine and subalpine meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. (Centr. and W. part of the Main Range). Described from Krasnodar Territory (Acheshbok, Tkhach). Type in Leningrad. 258 — 346 Note. A form analogous (parallel) to European H.alpestre; its origin is not, however, associated with H.rupifragum,but with H.orien- tale. Fedchenko's Crimean (Chatyr Dag) plant, referred here by Palibin, represents, in our opinion, merely a modification of H.orientale. Series 2. Cana Juz. et Pozd.— Leaves densely white- or gray-tomen- tose beneath. 14. H.canum (L.) Baumg. Enum. stirp. Transsilv. II (1816) 85.— Cis - tus tcanus (2’Sp. pl. (1753) 525.—°C.marifolius L.’ Sp.’ pl.’ (1762) 741.— C.vinealis Willd. Sp. pl.II, 2 (1799) 1195.— Helianthemum vineale Sprengel, Fl. Hal. tent. nov. (1806) 153.— H.canum Baumg. Enum. stirp. Transsilv. II (1816) 85.— H.oelandicum ytomentosum Koch, Syn. (1836) 364. Perennial, 10—30cm high; shoots ascending from base or erect, sterile short, flowering longer; stems in lower part dark brown or earthy-gray, short-articulate by leaf scars, with uneven, sometimes peeling bark, loosely tomentose, in upper part canescent, rather densely appressed-tomentose; leaves oblong-oval, rarely linear -lanceolate, 6—20(25) mm long and 2—4mm broad, narrowed at base into petiole 2—6 mm long, somewhat dilated and amplexicaul at base, subacute, upper side green, covered with long white antrorsely appressed hairs, lower surface withgray or white tomentum and, especially on nerve and margin, mostly with long hairs; flowers solitary or in 2—10-flowered inflorescences; pedicels 6-15mm long; sepals tomentose and mostly covered with long appressed or spreading hairs, outer linear, half as long as inner, these 4—6 mm long, oblong-oval, greenish-yellow; petals 3—6 mm long, dark yellow; capsule 3—4 mm long, oblong-ovaloid, villous-tomentose. June. Stony slopes and chalky outcrops.— European part: U. Dns., M. Dnp. (Kursk Region), Crim. (?). Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur.,Med. De- scribed from W. Europe. Type in London. Note. We provisionally refer to H.canum some of the plants of Crimean foothills which differ slightly from those of the Crimean yaila and of the southern coast of Crimea. They should, however, also be checked apdinist: Evel sicaue asic tim Juz. ev Pozd. i577. steven Rupr, in sehled. exsJuz et Pozd:) in Addenda XIV, 679. — Cistus marifolius M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 8,p.p.; Rupr. Fl. Gaues (1969) 140! Chcanws) fT)’ ser ieo'cephala’ Rupre ier Ti Perennial, undershrub, 4—10(14) cm high, densely cespitose with mats 5—15(23) cm in diameter; leaf scars approximate; rosettes formed by upper leaves of sterile shoots markedly developed; leaves 7-20 mm long, 2—4mm broad, with petioles 2—9 mm long, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, niveous-tomentose on both sides or only beneath with stellate hairs and on both sides densely fasciculate -hairy, sometimes with slightly revolute margins; flowering shoots arched-ascending, stellate-tomentose as are pedicels, and with scattered spreading hairs, their leaves usually flat, often obtuse, 5-18 mm long, short-petioled or sessile; inflorescence simple or rarely branched, 2—9-flowered; flowers medium-sized 259 347 or large; flower buds 4-5 mm long, subglobose-ovate to broadly obovate, villous with stellate and spreading fascicled hairs; sepals (4)5—6(7) mm long, villous with white spreading hairs; petals (5)7—8 mm long and about as broad. May—June. (Plate XVII, Figure 3.) Open stony places.— European part: Crim. (Yaila). Endemic. De- scribed from Crimea. Type in Leningrad. Note. Plants from the southern coast of Crimea differ in habit from H.stevenii, but cannot be readily differentiated from it. 16. H.ciscaucasicum Juz. et Pozd. n. sp. in Addenda XIV, 680. — H.marifolium var. canum f. vineale Grosser, Cist. (1903) 117, p/p.; Palibin in Mat. Fl. Kavk-’ 23 (19098) 150, pp. Perennial, undershrub, 10—33 cm high, loosely branched, rarely cespitose with mats 6—15cm in diameter; shoots slender, arched-ascending, stellate- tomentose, with remote leaf scars; sterile rosettes poorly developed; leaves mostly uniform throughout, narrowly or more often broadly linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, only exceptionally lower leaves of flowering shoots oval or suborbicular, acutish, rarely subobtuse, tomentose with stellate hairs and on upper surface fascicled-hairy, flat, the mid-cauline leaves and those of sterile shoots larger, 1—2.5cm long, 2—7cm broad, with petioles 1-12 mm long; upper cauline leaves 0.8—1.7cm long, 2—4mm broad, sessile or sub- petiolate; inflorescence simple or branched, 4—12-flowered; flowers medium-sized; flower buds globose or subglobose-ellipsoid, rarely ovate- globose, acuminate, spreading-villous with stellate and fascicled hairs, 3—4mm long; sepals 4—6 mm long, tomentose and sparsely covered with long fascicled hairs; petals 5-6 mm long; pedicels arched-deflexed or sig- moid in fruit. May—June. Dry slopes of hills and mountains. — Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic. De- scribed from Biberdovskoe village. Type and cotypes in Leningrad. ViprEccorcicum: Juz. et Pozd: nesp. t_ Addenda Xs GOR aa rl smiastent folium var. canum £. vineale Grosser, Cisit. (1903) 117,p.p.; Palibin in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 150,p.p. Perennial, undershrub, to 20cm high, densely branched, more rarely cespitose with mats 5—-13cm in diameter; leaf scars remote and not always pronounced; sterile rosettes poorly developed, those present consisting of clusters of ascending leaves at ends of sterile shoots; leaves linear-lanceo- late or narrow-lanceolate, rarely broad-lanceolate, lower cauline to ovate- spatulate, acute, subacute or subobtuse, pale stellate-tomentose beneath and with spreading fascicled hairs, these scattered above, more profuse on margin and midrib beneath and on petiole, margin often revolute, especially in leaves of sterile shoots; largest leaves 10—19 mm long, 2-12 mm broad, petiole to 9mm long; cauline leaves 5—15mm long, (1.5)2—4mm broad, with petiole (1)2—6 mm long, or upper sessile; inflorescence simple, 3—10- flowered; flowers rather small or medium-sized; flower buds subglobose or short-ovoid-globose, obtuse or acuminate, 2.5—9(4) mm long; sepals tomentose and spreading-pilose with stellate and fascicled hairs; petals 3—5mm long. May—June. Dry stony slopes of mountains and hills.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Tbilisi and Akhaltsikhe. Type and paratypes in Leningrad. 260 348 Genus 904. FUMANA* Spach 349 Spach in Amn. sc. natur. 2 ser. VI (1836) 359 Flowers in cymes; sepals 5 (outer 2 smaller, inner 3 equal); stamens numerous, outer sterile, somewhat shorter than inner fertile stamens; petals 5, golden-yellow; style slightly longer than stamens; stigma 3-lobed; capsule rounded-trigonous, incompletely bilocular. Low, much branched undershrubs, procumbent or erect; leaves narrow, alternate, rarely opposite, with or without stipules. In the USSR there are only representatives of the subgenus Eufumana (Willk.) Janchen, characterized by spiral embryo and placenta with 4 ovules. 1. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, with stipules; pedicels much longer than TASER AES gtk ie Ue At mae Sl So Ve a We eg ae 1. F.viscidula (Stev.) Juz. a Leaves linear, without stipules; pedicels equaling or shorter than HeavGGn ees stake a we Me. plieh ate Lo 2. F.procumbens (Dunal) Gren. et Godr. Section 1. PLATYPHYLLON Janchen in EF. u. P. Pflanzenfam. 2 Aufl. Py ilal (aS 285) es TT 1. F.viscidula (Stev.) Juz. n. sp. in Addenda XIV, 681.— Helianthe- Mme ves ce Hotel mm IStev. in herbs jet litt. ad DO: rex Pali vin Milai vee e Kavk. III (1909) 9.— Fumana arabica Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 250; Bosca rhlavons i, 420 pape, olimial eo. Mbt, TO. Perennial, small, subcespitose, much branched undershrub, 6—15cm high, with procumbent or ascending shoots; stems in lower part ca. 2.5mm in diameter, grayish-brown, woody, glabrous, nodose, in upper part to 1mm in diameter, leafy, covered with yellow or rarely white spreading hairs, rather copiously glandular-viscid; leaves alternate, 0.6—1.3cm long and 0.1—0.3cm broad, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, usually subacute or acute, revolute- margined, short-petioled or sessile, green and short-hairy, more or less glandular-viscid, with prominent midrib beneath; stipules 5—6 times shorter than leaves; flowers solitary or in remotely 2—4-flowered cymes; petioles hairy like stems, somewhat thickened toward end, 2—3 times as long as leaves and 1%/o times length of inner sepals; sepals sparingly pilose, acumi- nate, outer two green, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, shorter than inner, these 0.7—1cm long, orange-pink or red, with 5(6) green nerves; petals golden; capsule 5—6 mm long, greenish-yellow, lustrous, ovoid-trigonous; seeds angled, large-pitted, dark, 2 or 3 in locule, funicle short, reddish. May—July. (Plate XVII, Figure 2.) Exposed stony places, screes, juniper woods, and gravelly slopes. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W. and E.Transc. (?). Endemic. Described from Crimea. Chirotype in Helsinki; neotype in Leningrad. Note. The section Platyphyllon Janch. is usually considered monotypic, consisting of the one species F.arabica (Pers.) Spach (Hist. nat. vég. Phanér. VI (1838) 10). However, upon closer scrutiny of the relevant material, we are convinced that this species is composed of a number of elemental forms. The description presented above refers primarily to the * Probably from Latin fumus — smoke, alluding to the thinly tomentose (smokelike) indument characteristic of some species. 261 350 Crimean plant which differs markedly from the true F.arabica in its distinctive indument and displays other well defined features. The material from Transcaucasia is apparently not quite identical with the Crimean, but it shows a very definite affiliation. e x * Se r Section LEIOSPERMA Janchen in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. 2 Aufl. 21 (1995) Sav. 2. F. procumbens (Dunal) Gr. et Godr. Fl. Fr. I (1848) 173; Willk. Ic. II (1856) 165; Boiss. Fl. or. I,447.—Helianthemum procumbens Dunal in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 240; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 240.— Cistus fu- mana’ LiyvSp.) pl. (4753),595; ’ Hichw.. Casp:-Caue..261>|/Hafumana) Mall, Gard. Dict. (1768) No.6; Shmal'g. I (1895) 110.— Cistus nudifolius Lam. Fl. Fr. Ill (1778) 163.— Fumana vulgaris Spach Hist. nat. végét. phanérog. VI (1838) 11.— F.nudifolia Janch. in O.B.Z. LVIII (1908) 396.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. 4531; Willk. Ic. et descr. I (1856) I, 188; Sweet, Cist. (1825—1830) tab. 16,68.— Exs.: Rchb. Fl. Germ. No. 367. Much branched undershrub, cespitose, procumbent, puberulent, 6-8 cm high; branches slender, 1-2 mm in diameter, woody at base; leaves ex- stipulate, 0.5—1.5cm long, 0.5—2 mm broad, linear, subtrigonous, sessile, with scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate margin, mucronate, fascicled at ends of sterile branches; flowers in loose 3- or 4-flowered cymes or soli- tary; pedicels as long as leaves, appressed-pubescent like whole plant, arched-reflexed in fruit; outer sepals shorter than inner, green, linear- lanceolate, mucronate, ciliate-margined; inner sepals ovate-oval, acuminate, reddish, with 4 or 5 lighter, mostly greenish, prominent, more or less crenate- ciliate nerves, glabrous within; petals yellow; capsule dark yellow, lustrous, ovaloid-trigonous; seeds dark, smooth, ovaloid-trigonous, large-pitted. May—August. Exposed dry places, calcareous and stony mountain slopes, rocks, and sands.— European part: Bes., Crim.; Caucasus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Anpmand iCenhres Hum, Meds balssAicihMine ;Weseribediironuihrances lias, and Crimea. Type apparently in Geneva. Family CVIl. VIOLACEAE Juss.* Flowers actinomorphic or mostly zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely diclinous (in certain exotic species); sepals 5, commonly distinct, imbricated, persistent; petals 5,hypogynous, mostly unequal, caducous; stamens 5, usually hypogynous, distinct or in some genera coherent, forming a closed cylinder or cone around ovary; filaments short or none; anthers 2-locular, introrse, connectives mostly appendaged above; ovary completely covered by stamens, unilocular, commonly 3- (rarely 2—5)-carpellate; placentas as many as carpels, parietal; ovules anatropous; pistil 1, with a single style; fruit a loculicidal capsule, in certain exotic genera a berry; seeds sessile or borne on a short funicle; embryo straight. Herbs, more rarely under- shrubs or shrubs, exceptionally trees, with simple leaves and small or leaf- like stipules. * Treatment by S.V. Yuzepchuk (except the subgenus Melanium Ging. of the genus Viola L.). 262 301 Genus 905. VIOLA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 933 Flowers solitary in leaf axils (in our species), zygomorphic, peduncle usually with 2 bracts and curved at summit; sepals somewhat unequal or subequal, with more or less pronounced reflexed appendages at base; petals unequal, lower one mostly larger than others, spurred or gibbous at base, others unguiculate; stamens hypogynous, with short, broad, distinct filaments; anthers distinct or slightly united, connectives produced at summit into a triangular coriaceous appendage; each of the two anterior anthers furnished with a spurlike or wartlike basal nectary projecting into spur of petal; ovary 3-carpellate, with 3 placentas bearing numerous ovules; style elonga- ted, mostly curved below, usually thickened or rarely attenuate above, smooth or variously appendaged, with an almost straight or more or less strongly curved beak topped by orifice of stigma, or beakless, apart from chasmo- gamous flowers, cleistogamous flowers also often produced later in the sea- son; these have quite a different structure (calyx always closed, petals abortive, stamens 2—5, not concealing ovary, anther locules small, appressed to orifice of stigma, style short); fruit capsule splitting by 3 navicular valves and usually dispersing seeds; seeds rounded-ovoid, smooth, with or rarely without an elaiosome, with brittle testa and copious endosperm. Perennial, rarely annual, herbs (in USSR), still more rarely undershrubs of varying habit; leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, with mostly persistent stipules. Note. The genus Viola contains some of the most popular and widely known ''flowers'' of Soviet wild and cultivated flora— violets and pansies. The specific composition of the genus is, however, exceedingly complicated and confused. The study of Soviet violets was undertaken in the first quarter of the present century by two recognized experts on this genus — the Baltic taxonomist K. R. Kupffer,** and monographer of the genus W. Becker.t The latest study by Becker, dealing with the violets of Asia and Australia, a comprehensive but unfortunately extremely disorderly work, is of particular importance. In the course of many years, Becker received plentiful material relating to Russian violets, at present largely the property of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was therefore ac- quainted, barring a few exceptions, with practically all Viola species of Soviet flora. If the present treatment contains a number of significant dis- crepancies in relation to Becker's publications, as regards establishment * Name for violet (and stock) used by ancient Romans; a diminutive derived from the Greek ion — violet. ** See particularly his publications: Predvaritel'naya sistema fialok russkoi flory, soderzhashchaya khorosho izvestnye do sikh por vidy, proizrastayushchie v Evropeiskoi. Rossii in na Kavkaze (Preliminary System of Violets of the Russian Flora, Containing the Currently Well Known Species Growing in European Russia and in the Caucasus). — Tr. Bot. sada Yur'evsk. univ., Vol.IV, 1903; Violaceae (in: N. Kuznetsov, N. Bush, A.Fomin. Materialy dlya Flory Kavkaza (Flora caucasica critica), No.23. Yur'ev, 1909). t Among his publications the following are of special interest to us: W. Becker, Violenstudien, I. u. II. Beih. zum Bot. Centralbl. Bd.XXVI, Zweite Abt.,1910; W. Becker. Fialkovye (Violaceae) (in B.A.Fedchenko, Flora Aziatskoi Rossii, No.8, 1915; this paper is unfortunately badly distorted because of the poor trans- lation from German); W. Becker. Violae Asiaticae et Australense, I—-II. Beih. zum Bot. Zentralbl., Bd. XXXIV,2,1917; idem, III, ibid. Bd. XXXVI, 2,1918; idem, IV—VI, ibid. Bd.XL, 2, 1924. 263 of certain species dismissed by Becker or relegation to the rank of synonymy of numerous species and subspecies among those described by him and, conversely, advancement to specific rank of certain forms described by Becker as varieties or subspecies, this is partly due to differences of approach and partly to the fact that the material from Soviet territory investigated by us greatly exceeds that known to Becker. In Becker's system the genus has been adopted as a basis for arranging the material in the form in which it appears in the second edition of A. Engler's ''Die Natiirl. Pflanzenfam.'' (Bd. 21, 1925, pages 365-376), con- 352 sidering that,in spite of all its imperfections, it is to this day the most complete and the least artificial. Deviations from this system are slight and largely concern the establishment of some sectional names proposed by earlier authors and holding priority claims,as well as rearranging certain subdivisions. Wherever possible, the category of ''series'' of species has also been introduced. The determination of violets is rendered very difficult by the frequent occurrence of hybrids in the field and in the herbaria. This applies parti- cularly to species of the subgenera Nomimium and Melanium which contain the overwhelming majority of our species. Authentic crosses between species of other subgenera are so far unknown. It is noteworthy that, while crosses between species of the subgenus Melanium (which includes pansies) are usually completely fertile, the numerous hybrids between various species of the subgenus Nomimium are asa rule sterile in varying degree, producing completely or partly defective pollen and in- capable of producing viable seed. On this basis, the so-called Kohlreuter's method * is widely adopted in the study of species of this subgenus. The method makes it possible to verify reliably the independent standing of indi- vidual, at times very similar, species that are linked by transitional forms of hybrid character, as well as to differentiate precisely between dubious nonhybrid forms and deliberately produced hybrids. In practice, it is usually enough to examine the pollen of the form suspected of hybridity in a drop of water (this being heated quickly to boiling point in the case of material taken from a herbarium specimen). After such treatment, nearly all pollen grains of 'pure'' forms are round and filled with granular con- tents; with hybrids, from 10—90% are hollow, transparent, ellipsoid or alto- gether irregular in shape, with wrinkled or fused walls. Upon confirmation of the hybrid nature of a given form, there is generally no difficulty in de- coding it, taking into account its morphological characteristics and the known composition of the violet flora of the locality concerned. Viola cf. hirta L. in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Krivoshei- no).— V.elatior Fr. in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Krivoshei- no).— V.ep ipsila Ldb. in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Mikhai- dowels Wau)! — Vi. pal w sit eis) le.) aim interglacial layers of U. Dnp. (Klet- soro), in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Mikhailovskii Yar, Lipa- Bylina).— V.tricolor L. in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Vyaskov Yar).— Viola sp. in Quaternary deposits of U. Dnp. (between Kletsovaya and Aksyunina), U. V. (Belolipki), in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Ob River, Vyaskov Yar). * See: K.R. Kupffer, Kohlreuters Methode der Art-Abgrenzung. Tr. Bot. sada Yur'evsk. univ., Vol.VI, 1905, je)De IL), 61006 1 264 ape key to Genera 304 ibe "True'' violets — flowers in various shades of violet or blue, rarely purple or white, exceptionally yellowish; median line of lateral petals forming an acute angle with median line of lower petal; style some- what clavately enlarged and variously beaked or hooked at summit, beak terminating in stigmatic orifice ...Subgenus 1. Nomimium Ging. Flower mostly entirely or partly (especially in central part) yellow (variegated), rarely violet or white throughout; median line of lateral petals forming obtuse angle with median line of lower petal; style not lee Sick Cur \SpeiooW anu Rear ee A en a ran ASO Canc SiCl A} 2. Flowers rather small, mostly yellow (only in one Central Asian species violet); lateral petals beardless; style lageniform, thickened above, 2-lobed at summit; stigmatic orifice on ventral side, between two lobes; caulescent plants with rosette of few radical rounded-reniform leaves; Sie Ule Su Siar tO Viale Mek ese ye alm olisevevelen site! s Subgenus 2. Dischidium Ging. Pianis diuterinowinvarileast (some onthe characters i aes at ieee ela 3. Flowers mostly yellow or occasionally white; spur mostly very short, not or just slightly exceeding calycine appendages; style gradually capitate-thickened at summit, pubescent on both sides; stigmatic ori- fice anterior, on hemispherical projection; stipules small,ovate ..... Encinas Wem ELY Sen kieAiks tok -Aie x MoM Reriaig A ANE pia: RANEY A, Subgenus 3. Chamaemelanium Ging. Flowers yellow, violet, white or variegated; spur mainly greatly ex- ceeding calycine appendages; style abruptly globose-thickened at sum- mit, pubescent on both sides in lower part, with large orifice in front and distinct flap at its base; stipules mostly large, foliaceous, more or ESISIS AC HRY, LCS CURR! pk, te meats te eet a mete. 4 thane Subgenus 4. Melanium Kupffer. Subgenus 1. Nomimium Ging. Mém. sur la fam. Viol. (1823) 11; DC. Prodr. I (1824) 291, pro sect. Perennial herbs varying greatly in habit; stipules more or less well developed, free or adnate to calyx; flowers violet, lilac, blue, purple or white (in one or two of our species pale yellow); lateral petals directed sideways and somewhat downward, bearded or beardless; lower petal with spur of varying length; style straight from slightly curved base or curved throughout, clavately enlarged upward, more or less bent forward at summit and terminating in short, variously directed beak, stigmatic orifice at tip of beak. 1 The most polymorphic subgenus, containing largest number of species. Style produced at summit into hooked or horizontally spreading beak; length of beak about equaling style diameter; capsule globose, mostly pubescent, appressed to ground,not splitting when dehiscing; acauline plants, often with creeping stolons and mostly fragrant flowers ...- 2. Style produced into a short, obliquely ascending or sometimes erect beak; length of beak less than half diameter of style; capsule oblong, MOSM y (labcOUS.eGect spluttine witen deli s eimgy We) evry eee lene ISO; Rie moceryicocoussplanic witkhwcice epi oS hOUOIMsNe) =e svete tent tee Je PAA Sad SVAeten SUOMOMIT SOU ShMimsg ha. sha heenrlt Pall Soh eh can eiuie deciiiait cd ttah aor! Merwiae neat -teeace te 265 399 Wai Leaves sparingly hairy, sometimes subglabrous, margins more or LASS Convex Th, UpPem-Pa lh Whales hieiyehier ellien) ale, Yetealseu relic eaiiia) ion \at (tue Me am Mes ay. Leaves sparsely white-hispid or subglabrous, margins straight or almost straight in Upper (Paley, Maps: «72 0s\ aan meget. eae ewelc metas 6. Stipules lanceolate, with ciliate fimbriae about equaling half stipule width; leaves cordate-ovate; flowers white in central part, violet on mar ois Petals Mote hed jul) sreiiaire he bali esisy aigelitey) etn any Ke 3. V.suavis M.B. Stipules broad-ovate, with short nonciliate fimbriae; leaves round- cordate; flowers dark violet; petals not notched)... ....5..... Be IPAPehanrS nen dhs rae’ laialals milveniTerels, ingelkenceiahyy ssl a5 acm ig oe ke Vieodorata, 1. Smaller and weaker plants of high mountains (Caucasus), to 7cm high; flowers slightly or not scented........ 2. V.ignobilis Rupr. Leaves with more or less uniformly scattered hairs, ovate or broad- ovate, broadest above base; flowers light violet (Central Asian plant) a aaais eae etal Mara: biea Pub Daa skitalialy Shel lah calcd wam aiiatioaay = WE MMe PEL ges 4. V.alba Bess. Leaves somewhat hairy or (almost) glabrous at base and margins, short triangular ovate wide at base; flowers bright violet (Central PN elena gale t) gl nen ievkete ay Sapheamhuweay Aur: ie AS ann nent en teint ea 5. V.sintenisii W. Bckr. Leaves more or less copiously pubescent; capsule pubescent..... 8. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent; capsule glabrous (Caucasian okey Of nih umounitesins))) shauna eaten eee 9. V.pyrenaica Ram. eaves deeply coOrdabercitaly aise: wi! jaan, aieebivaitle tan: velasiye) de yauae te hentote ea aml Ble Leaves truncate or shallowly and broadly cordate at base, cuneately HECURRE ITO) DETEOMS hey Hi sis plod Webmin Gack lite ells ails 7. V.ambigua W.K. Leaves ovate-cordate; stipules with very short fimbriae without cilia; flowers reddish-violet (lilac), not scented; petals notched; SOLU EMA Shy MCU KCl WOT Cop ia isl of latialg ne iol. chills geyuia welt Mee Gis uWidhartas glee Leaves round-cordate; stipules with fimbriae about equaling half stipule width, margin and fimbriae ciliate; flowers light violet, frag- rant; petals not notched; spur mostly straight ...8. V.collina Bess. Plants with leafy stems or with more or less ascending stemlike MOM UAL SIOOLES yh... watid rallye (arselog Sts) bist cee sahife ist Ra Vela ei Nay alee ee a aaa tet ie Ree e IDDM Stemoracauline (allleaxeswbaisell)iy » cid ye pum smear yeu cee) caren teenie BT: FalantspwuthybalsalwleatGOs ech eis Hh sees ivanetey ct) eter: bide cee Pehle een ean IZ PlantsvarOsulate paris tl@ wee tokin OyaAUINT © met.) ianiorkay ie hcc)t -ikedbath other shire ey lege 20. FHowiers vonkywingasstliSvotuc auiliimMmemlela ye se ma) seb... tile uenlel = Eh sae Saree Mente Sie EMowens) ny ascths of basaliandweaulame leaves is) ane! cqam.0s eaten mee 26. PFAMOUS lia Wise WEIN SUSMaAS 56 4.0.6 cio a dap UG ooo bc ob oO 56 14, Plants essentially acauline but forming ascending or upright stem- like shoots with elongated internodes (Far Eastern plants) Whe Pep eshts 23). Stipules of mid-cauline leaves usually not more than lcm long, ovate or short-lanceolate, 2—5 times as long as broad, with dentate or subentire margin; leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at apex .. 15. Stipules of mid-cauline leaves usually more than 1cm long, linear- subulate or oblong-lanceolate, commonly 5—10 times as long as broad, rarely ovate or broad-ovate and then margin with narrow elongated fimbriae; leaves mostly subacuminate, rarely obtuse ..... Leaves deeply cordate, lower mostly rounded at apex, other obtuse, very thin, with scattered hairs or glabrous; stipules small, slightly Foote dhormiSuUbentie! Ae aiken ono) cee cheney eine sem ee ae 13. V. mauritii Tepl. 266 356 Or 16. nies 18. oR 70 a2 Boke Die ZO Leaves broad-cordate, obtuse, thickish, usually covered (like whole plant) with minute delicate hairs, very rarely (whole plant even more Gugely | olabcous. stipules, somewhat. bigger, dentane, )) i.e wt... Be ALOT Walaa SL ae Co a ari aR A th og 21. V.rupestris F .W.Schwm. Stems mostly solitary; stipules narrow, brownish; leaves mostly ovate; sepals narrow, rather short; spur usually slender, often Gime et clo waanwetits clin Fer mney easclehanne ures Mimeba ene esklaiine PEN-tvivell 1 Tha mVRe om trate ieel eter ati ie Stems mostly several; stipules broader, green; leaves mostly broad; sepals broader and longer; spur rather thick, mostly somewhat (HUAN (E11 CHO NEW GOk ely Shes EN AE pas ee Ant a Ce Ul ea -Gape roa cara ads V0) li Mana 18. Leaves with deep and narrow sinus, with scattered short stiff hairs; spur 5—7mm long, straight or directed downward (European-Cau- Sacra plamt)iy Meee Sees Ml Vol eho hder ces Gah 12. V. sylvestris Lam. Leaves broadly cordate at base, mostly glabrous above; spur to 5mm long, mostly straight. (air, BaSitern)plantt)iey aeee hee ee no enen cea en ea ea EU? Ne PNA ee AS St SERVE MN PED gan RN EYE 14. V.silvestriformis W. Bckr. Leaves more or less deeply cordate, sinus deeper than broad GBGPOPSAanGOl Ames), 4 vivian daveb tide Uuee Was be an ake y ville yaa Ne aeRO eee 19. Leaves shallowly cordate, sinus less deep than broad. (Crimean- Galicasianvand’ Asian) plant iin Maw Te roe a eee ke 20. Stipules linear-lanceolate, long-fimbriate, fimbriae equaling or ex- ceeding width of stipules; flowers 12—20mm long; spur 3-S5mm TOURS» bat seg eis 23 ie al 5 aaaed ihe NS gn a 15. V.riviniana Rchb. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, dentate or shortly fimbriate; flowers LO=W stmimemlone;> spur? 4—Gormm thonpe\. a) Lae 16. V.tanaitica Grosset. Stipules ovate or elliptical, rather broadly long-fimbriate-dentate. (Siberian and Far Eastern plant) ... 20. V.sacchalinensis De Boiss. Stipes danceolate, orvobilione sOv ate wl a.44 25 +k ioe eine ee cies Noe ee Zell Stipules narrowly long-fimbriate-dentate (fimbriae exceeding width of stipule); sepals broadly lanceolate. (Crimean-Caucasian plant)... SSS OL gt SRM Cohen ica Weer Ck Oo See ccole Nat Ans Rec a Ar USN 17. V.sieheana W. Bekr. Stipules short-fimbriate-dentate; sepals narrowly lanceolate. (@entrailbAsianioliants) iy GW MWe .t yore Rak ON AM, es eee gee DOR Stem leafy throughout; flowers borne along nearly whole stem ..... PERC N CM GAS CHa M cM come aie Wind QM Mba TD Se SAUER OS Eiri, ONT Raya 18. V.isopetala Juz. Stems leafless, with only stipules in lower and middle part; cauline leaves and tlowers largely (confined tovupper pariwor solani sy we leaa) | SR aR ce ee ORBLE dT See Me Ds | PB os canes 19. V.fedtschenkoana W.Bckr. Leaves small, usually 1—2cm long and as broad, triangular, with shallowly cordate base; style with two rounded lobes at summit : Pe Phe LL luisa. Wet ra huts ae PAT Msp hid maine le 68. V.verecunda A. Gray. Leaves rather large,cordate; style flattened and marginate at SHUUTOU GO IEE Asya aed oh CANE SAL Se oes Ee a a mee ar UO cen alr vel Bum ED ia St ie ys) 24. Plant to 40cm high, suberect stemlike stolons, with finally much Clonaatedmnternodes! Wilowersr danke yiOle a tay Wye elt ean eran iene ole eieental SR PEE ease. Nb 25 AU A Med CVD ke 67. V.kamtschadalorum Bckr. et Hult. Plants not more than 25cm high; stolons not much elongating, ob- ingtely \ascencincs, tlow er Sipe: wien ay: Waltman.) tn section a eee uieay ots Bois Rhizome very thick, elongated; leaves thickish, round-tipped, obtuse or very short-pointed at apex; flowers 15-30 mm long, peduncles of Tara SCHAMA YAY MMT SAMMY Nase fen NeW ss De Bae ean Ner tune dahon) lla cUURe Dae 66. V.ursina Kom. 358 26. Dil Zin 30. ule Rhizome (like whole plant) weaker; leaves thin, subacute or subacu- minate:/ flowers smaller, oni peduncles to) 25 erm MonoR Minn. cue eae ean Piryaly Meme a te tig ae Eonig ity Rae Oa mera A Reach (EY 2 65. V.langsdorffii Fisch. True stems wanting, replaced by ascending flagelliform stolons; basal flowers whitish or yellowish, not scented; lateral petals beard- NRSC USM MRR RE RU c Aa Seg NT ANE SNM La cm ges Ale RMA) ahiaeta fk 69. V.amurica W. Bckr. Plants with true erect stems; basal flowers light violet, fragrant; liakeral oetailistineam Cie siSy ay akiirsad Matton Mla chuct ouesllonker lars: elitapraluenes "eee bvonne etcuaet Qale Rhizome long; leaves rather faintly veined, cauline obtuse or short- pointed; sepals lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, margins usually without cilia. (European and Siberian plant)..... DOP-Vemirabilisy I. Rhizome short; leaves prominently veined beneath, cauline subacumi- nate or subacute; sepals oblong to broad-ovate, ciliate-margined. (Transbaikalian and Far Eastern plant) RAREST AAI 2 PD RERRNT Rh SUC CER Re aee ae SS Mir? Or, SPSIMBED ic) os 0 ace See ents enue ey Ree th a 11. V.brachysepala Maxim. A tall plant (sometimes up to 1m high); leaves very narrowly oblong (length many times width), with hastate base; petioles long, winged in WOT ORS TOM OSCR? SR eaters Sener eP an UATE an rem ne Ne Fie Wink Oy eres LO.) 70. V.raddeana Rel. meaves ditterentiy (shaped inerrbasemot hiastave yi se etemenr ef Doe Leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular -oblong-lanceolate, with rounded, truncate or subcuneate base; spur short, barely exceeding calycine ADWeMGASeS&\ wo lava Nt aR ane oth. ei Recto Ce ANE NaS Ue 30 Leaves oblong-ovate or broad-ovate, with more or less cordate base; Sounemmachteledily wexceecimen CalyieuMlel ap EMC ae Sie a tegeh fleet meen nen BIE Plant glabrous throughout; stipules of middle leaves approximately equalinignpeniole weaves, cuncatelat base yi he... 25. V.pumila Chaix. The whole plant or only leaves shortly pubescent (strong lens!) Stipules large, foliaceous, equaling or exceeding peduncle; plant 2NO-—Ge0) (Cicay laaedate tShak One ay NOWICKESOSIMEY Ay yen oe seta auls 22. V.elatior Fr. Stipules smaller, not exceeding peduncle and usually less than half its length; plant 10—20cm high, more slender; leaves obscurely (UA OLSNCONKer an Eee ae eee REM rene roared ers ta Caan ae ee 23. V.persicifolia Roth. Stipules large, foliaceous, equaling or exceeding petiole, or else Slntorewere waletat joeniOley euatcl Chersjoglhy joiliaimelwe a5 aa ea ee 6 Gpob. 6 9 6 oo Sa Stipules smaller or inconspicuous, not exceeding half length of DEELO er Gemibaper Kaw Sika pees SR ste SBN eda Sora ears) DES Nh CAR Ren hn 36). Leaves oblong-ovate, with subcuneate to subcordate base, slightly POTTS Cinna. Ah meee eee AE Ont res Mind 1a aed elma 24, V.jordani Henry. Leaves round-ovate, with cordate base, more or less distinctly pointed SURO MNS NER Ua OE aD A CN a Rea ates tS RN tes tata UPN iy lay Sn aOR ete eeu 34. Stipules about equaling petiole, coarsely and sharply toothed ....... SUT ARCnet REMAN Ey eA Sea E NWA 28. V.austro-ussuriensis Kom. Siipules shorter ghanioetiolerideepily joimiiaitisec He tne a. stare een 35. Leaves openly cordate at base, relatively short-pointed; stipules of middle leaves about half length of petiole, rather broadly incised- Gemait ate: acer ce i dames oliulel by Seu es Maa eird iaill he rato oli 26. V. acuminata Ldb. Leaves more deeply cordate at base, mostly rather long-pointed; stipules smaller, about one-third length of petiole of middle leaves, Metve Meerow ly MIncisied = clembailes i) rename) te: 20. Vie ture zaninowal s uz. 268 359 360 SOR Sults 42. 46. Stems solitary or few, suberect, 10—30cm long at flowering time; leaves lanceolate from cordate base, slightly pointed; stipules fairly ISON Mam RMn eS ieee cLtal tea eh aoe (al oh eas fell eatin) peal Wa, niavr\eB ate ojoa sy" eMail 29. V. montana L. Stems rather numerous, ascending from mostly procumbent base, usually not more than 10cm long at flowering time; leaves oblong- cordate, mostly obtuse; stipules small .-.....4% 30. V.canina L. Plants with thin rhizome 1—2cm long; leaves 1—3cm long and about as broad, with very long petioles; flowers whitish or yellowish, on very long peduncles in axils of basal leaves. (A Far Eastern plant associated with marshy places; not truly acauline, as leafy shoots with cleistogamous flowers develop at a later stage) ............ SEU a ae cedesrebnnire sca kati, Sotto, coitvboael metry labs 69. V.amurica W. Bckr. lambs acliike ria py RROmMiralaOwew | fs) .ehies ata: fee edie oie, a) v5) os oe) on as ae ee 38. Flowers pale yellow, with short lower petal and very short spur; style gradually enlarged upward and then again attenuated, arched Sasa cmkamey Wevite ic sartiry "ej rapes seit, Wey fold waltanneeite’ 28 37. V.kusnezowiana W. Bckr. Flowers various shades of violet, rarely white; style unlike above ... since Oh tana ted tales ats stiey Te ruck de yes teak d detested 5 Coll Speers ie ate ral velba beectiva: cali AAR IR eat 3) Plants with a thin, long-jointed, horizontal rhizome and similar superficial or underground stolons with few leaves and flowers .. 40. Plants with short-articulate rhizome giving rise to terminal leaf- GOSCLUECKT CIEECD IN GySLOOMS NOM Ey weer sleot hs) soa edie nie eee ae ae 44, Silpulecriree ovate, hyaline i \ 3) a vvetlsms kpauky sha tei. o.duh (eee ene 41. Stipules united to middle (or slightly below) with calyx ....... 43. Leaves reniform, rounded at apex, quite glabrous on both sides; peduncles with bracts below middle; flowers pale lilac; spur about equahineyorysilichtly exceedinp calycine appendagesal.. i) hleienes a Baht ie ee OL ORR AO OL hc ator LOM CLL Stari Seer eT RM ees Ty Sosy 32. V. palustris L. Leaves mostly cordate-orbicular, rarely reniform, mostly obtuse- tipped or pointed, often moreor less hairy beneath; peduncles with bracts above middle; flowers lilac, rarely whitish; spur 2—3 times ASMOnG AS lepalth) ateys tee heed. Te gies be 45. V.variegata Fisch. Leaves ovate, with shallowly cordate base; flowers 0.8—1.4cm long; Spun sum maloniey thick: strarvehty rounded at stip a." 3. awa eee el eae ein cai PE PCC Hote Raveniensay ety sh het chairs Caatiet BS cepa weY IEW 46. V.ircutiana Turcz. WMeaveshormmiat Slp mai Cisedy st. apaceet Neila, ven edi bel Ol). Veaneisa) Lunez. Leaves deeply palmately dissected or divided (mostly to base) into BOON sie armenticih Geipeaete aan Mums GG Heads ead aries Ses en eee fale Leaves divided into 5 short-petioluled, undissected, irregularly den- PARCHSOCMMUCMIES NOM ano sie Cee ieee nk 64. V.dactyloides Roem. et Schult. Leaves otherwise segmented (mostly 3-parted, with dissected seg- ments) ee aged. eaks ede. staan aly ’s shake Vg aeeie moses (2. Leaves deeply pinnately or subpalmately dissected, composed in all of 8 or 9 entire or incised, oblong or linear segments ........... te AS nee Ee Peaw eg Sa st Pei e .: ceS Net si rls. false ts Sy othe 62. V.dissecta Ldb. Leaves 3-parted, with short-petioluled segments; lateral segments 2-fid in their turn, terminal mostly 3-fid, divisions again deeply GUISSGECTSd OX GHIETSSA AGSMTAES yl paw ay oh oS apeals ie so NOR edie Pot aes DL PY ae oer oe BY 363 364 Section 1. HYPOCARPEA Godr. Fl. Lorr. 1 (1857) 86.— Violamartia Rupr. Fl. cauc. I (1869) 147.— Uncinatae Kupffer in Oest. bot. Zeitschr. (1903) 328.— Acauline plants, often with creeping stolons and fragrant flowers; summit of style compressed laterally and produced into hooked or horizontal beak; length of beak about equaling diameter of style in its widest part; capsule globose, mostly pubescent, lying on ground, dehiscent, not dispersing seeds; seeds with very large elaiosome, strictly myrmeco- chorous. Group 1. Flagellatae Kittel, Taschenb. d. Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2 (1844) 933.— Plants with creeping stolons. Series 1. Odoratae Juz.— Stipules broad, short-fimbriate; flowers dark violet, fragrant, rarely almost without scent. 1; V. odorata’ Li) Sp: pl. (1753) 943; db. ‘Fl. Ross. 1, 249, /p: p: (@ ef 7 excel) ple Sibir) sShimal on Hie 89.5) Ul stexcietSulbispen ein Wieie ere iat Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 15.— V.odora Neck. Delic. Gallo- Beles iiv( 768) 367. — Vosiarcom en tos al Bee mintaurs -cauces™ (ha 08) mgm V.wiedemanni Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 457.— V.odorata subsp. wie - demanni Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 183.— V.odorata @ hir- SUriloiw Siew. E< iuclo, Wl, Ross. iy 249,— VWLOCOmeate Wele, PORMAGCATe Celak. Prodr. Ill (1875) 476.— V.suavis var. brevifimbriata W.Bckr. in Act. Hort. bot. Juriev. IV (1903) 108.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. No. 4498; Schlecht. Hall. Fl. Deutschl. XIII, tab. 70.— Exs.: G.R.F. Now Us09; Rehmaret Woloszez "Ell Poly Novice; iblierbiy bli iCaues Nona GE W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No.51 (nom. V.suavis). Perennial, acauline, 2.5—15cm high; rhizome thick, pointed, ascending, giving rise to basal leaf-rosettes and flowers as well as creeping super- ficial stolons rooting at nodes; leaves 1—9cm long, 0.9-8cm broad, sparingly short-hairy or subglabrous, suborbicular, scarcely longer than broad, more rarely reniform or broad-ovate, deeply cordate at base, tri- angular or slightly pointed or rarely rounded at apex, margins curved or straight only near apex, crenate-serrate; stipules broad-ovate or broad- lanceolate, subacute or acuminate, smooth-margined or in upper part glandular-fimbriate, fimbriae not exceeding half width of stipule, some- times ciliate; peduncles with bracts at or mostly above middle; flowers rather large, 1.3—2.5cm long, fragrant, violet; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse; petals notched, lateral bearded; spur straight or slightly curved, obtuse, violet, 2—4mm long; style compressed laterally, hooked at summit; beak about equaling diameter of style; capsule globose, 3-angled or obscurely 6-angled, densely short-pubescent. April—May. (Plate XVIII, Figure 1, ih) Woods (mainly broad-leaved), glades, and naturalized in gardens. — European part: Lad.-Ilm. (naturalized), Balt.; U. V. (naturalized), U. Dnp., NEDnpebes., Bln Crimes Caucasus? (Cise., Dap, Band (Wil gamceresecie Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described fron Europe. Lype in) London: Economic importance. One of the few of our violets widely distributed in cultivation. Numerous horticultural forms exist. 272 365 Note. V.wiedemanni Boiss., described from Ala-Dagh in Asia Minor and reported by Kupffer for various localities in the Caucasus as a distinct "subspecies" of V.odorata,is supposed to differ from the type in its reniform or round-cordate leaves being rounded or scarcely angular at apex. Such leaves occur quite often in V.odorata side by side with more typical leaves and they can hardly justify the separation of a distinct entity, the more so since they have no definite distribution area. It may be noted that Kupffer identified one of the herbarium leaves collected by K. Koch in Borchalo in E. Transcaucasia,as V.wiedemanni, with a note on the label pointing to its complete identity with the plant from Ala Dagh, while referring a duplicate leaf to V.odorata. V.odorata forms hybrids with V.suavis M.B.,V.alba Bess., V.hir - amit Vere onue tia Wel<., Vic Olina Besis.,, and’ V. ply ©.enaskcma vem, Most of them occur in the USSR (mainly in Ukrainian SSR and in the Cau- casus). 2. V.ignobilis Rupr. Fl. cauc. (1869) 149; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 185; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 17. Perennial, 3—7cm high, weaker and more slender than V.odorata; rhizome thickish, with approximate joints, giving rise to slender, creeping rooting aerial stolons to 12cm long, these bearing at their summit a rosette of basal leaves and flowers in the axils; leaves smaller than those of V.odorata,cordate-reniform or partly reniform, fully grown 0.7—-3.5cm long and 1—3.2 cm broad, rounded or very obtusely triangular at apex, with a rather deep sinus at base, crenulate or crenate-dentate, thin, glabrous, or petiole and veins soft-hairy; stipules thin, hyaline, ovate, acute, shortly ciliate and often glandular-ciliate; flowers 1.2—2cm long, scentless or very faintly fragrant; peduncles glabrous or slightly pubescent with recurved hairs, two bracts at or below middle; sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse or partly subacute; petals lilac, entire or crenulate or (lower petal) notched; lateral petals beardless; spur 2—3 mm long, straight, slightly attenuate toward tip, obtusish; ovary pubescent; style scarcely compressed laterally, recurved at summit, beak shorter than style diameter, horizontal or obliquely ascending at tip. May. Alpine zone of mountains.— Caucasus: Cisc. and E. Transc. (Main Cau- casus Range), W.and S.Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran (N.). Described from Gud-Gora Mountain and the vicinity of Kaishaur on the Georgian Military Road. Type in Leningrad. Note. This interesting species was thought until recently to be con- fined to the Main Range of the Caucasus. We have, however, referred to it unidentified or incorrectly identified specimens, from Lake Sevan, Tak-agach ravine (Polyanskaya) and from Askhi plateau (Shelkovnikov), preserved in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series 2. Suaves Juz.— Stipules long, lanceolate, with longer fimbriae; flowers violet, with white throat, fragrant. 3. V.suavis M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 164; Kupffer in Tr. Bot. Sada Yur'evsk. univ. (1903) 165; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 21; 2138 Grosset, Mat. k sist. i geogr. fialok Evr. ch. SSSR, II (1931) 8.— V.odo- rata B major M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 171.—? V.odorata B ste- yeni Bess. Cat. hort. Cremen. (1811) Suppl. II, p.17; M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. it (1819) 164.—V.odorata 8 glabrior Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 250.— V.odorata B suavis Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 458; Shmal'g. Fl. I (1895) 113, pro subsp.— V.glabrata Kupffer in Tr. Bot. Sada Yur'evsk. univ. IV (1903) 166—167,non Salis Marschlins.— V.sepincola Kupffer in Mat FI. Ravk. tt 9 (£909) 186, non Jord) —\Vepontica WaBekrs invbethes on Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 18.— V.sepincola subsp. pontica Gams in Hee Es Wik (1925)"648.— 2 Vitaurieca CC) AM tex Reis in inds seman Hort. Petrop. .J2860.—Ic.: Schlecht.” Hall. Fl. Deutsch tabs (22. Stumm, Deutschl. Fl. 20, 89 (1849) No. 11.— Exs.: G.R.F. No.1510; W.Bckr. Viol. exe) NO. E27. Perennial; rhizome rather thick, short-jointed; stolons to 20—35cm long, shorter and sturdier than in V.odorata, mostly subterranean flowering in the first year and then rooting and producing leaf-rosette and flowers; leaves round-reniform, cordate or broadly cordate-ovate, broadest in lower third, with deeply cordate base, obtuse or acutish at apex, crenate, puberulent, light green; petioles to 20—25cm long, covered with retrorse hairs; stipules to 2—3cm long, elongate-lanceolate, pale green, long-fimbriate, subglabrous; fimbriae equaling half width of stipule or slightly longer, glandular-tipped; flowers large, blue or pale violet, white at center to middle of petals; peduncle with two large fimbriate bracts at middle of peduncle or just below; sepals oblong, obtuse, rather short appendages appressed to peduncle; petals elongate -obovate or (lower petal) broad-obovate, lateral bearded and like the lower notched; spur whitish, 3-4mm long, thick; ovary glabrous; style with horizontal beak; capsule large, globose, with scattered short hairs. April. (Plate XVIII, Figure 2.) Woods, gardens, and other shaded places.— European part: M. Dnp., Ve Don. UsDis bes. bl... Won, he Vi) Crim: sCaucasusr elses Mace Weand Hh Pranse.) Cente Asta: 1). Sh., Pam.-All, syr Dr, Kopet Dacha wear distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (Balkans). Described from Merefa vicinity. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. Occasionally grown in gardens. Note. In conformity with the approach adopted, our forms of the type V.suavis belong to one species, irrespective of disruption in its distri- bution area. It may be noted that a large number of minor vicarious races, hardly distinguishable from this type, have been named in W. Europe (V.sepincola Jord. View Old tama, Wr iBckig., Ve eye muercd Cele. Wea Siried= aca A. et I.Kern.,V.adriatica Freyn). It is not quite clear which form grows in W. Ukraine; we had no material from this region at our disposal. At one time W. Becker referred plants from Galicia to V.cyanea Cel. (in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. (1872) 349) which presumed to differ from V.suavis M.B. in broadly cordate leaves with narrow sinus and sparser pubescence (see W. Becker in Beih. Bot. Zentralbl. XXVI, 2 (1909) 15-17). However, in his subsequent paper, Becker identifies V.cyanea in its former connota- tion with V.suavis M.B. (V.pontica W.Bckr.), thus greatly extending westward the distribution area of the latter, while imparting a different meaning to V.cyanea Cel. (ibid. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 18-19). Butina recently published treatment of the family Violaceae by Zablocki (in Flora 274 367 Polska (1947)), the West Ukrainian plant is again named V.cyanea Cel. A clarification of the whole problem is clearly needed. There are known hybrids of V.suavis M.B. with V.odorata L., Ve culbeanbesss, Ve hurt ami: Vi. am bicouayW.k. and iV. collima Bess. Series 3. Scotophyllae Juz.— Stipules linear-lanceolate, with long- fimbriate and hairy margin; flowers white or violet, fragrant. 4, V.alba Besser, Prim. Fl. Galic. I (1809) 171; Shmal'g. Fl. I (1895) 114: Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 458; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 20.— V.scotophylla Jord. Obs. Pl. crit. VII (1849) 9.— V.vi- rescens Jord. ex Bor. Fl. Centr. Fr. ed. Ill, 2 (1857) 77.— V.besseri Inuor, Jel, (Cees (1869) 151.— V.besseriana Rups.; in scheds) AV sold o> rata var. alba DC. Prodr. I (1824) 296.— V.odorata a. hirsutior, by, muajor-Ldb, Fl. Ross. 1,250.>Vs0odorata var. leucantha, Gaudin Fl. Helv. Il (1828) 196.— V.odorata var. acutifolia Neilr. Fl. Nied.- Oest. (1859) 769,p.p.— V.alba 6 violacea Wiesb. in Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. (1885) 45.— V.alba subsp. armena Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 178,non W.Bckr. in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. (1905) 528. —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. No. 4496.— Exs.: Callier, Iter taur. No. 547; Wor. et Schelk. No. 49 (nom. V.scotophylla var. violacea); W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No. 28, 29, 31, 53, 76 and 101. Perennial, 3.5—14cm high; rhizome thickish or relatively slender, with short internodes; lateral stolons fairly long, slender, with long internodes, raised above ground and then abruptly rooting, with alternate leaves, mostly floriferous; leaves usually dark green, rarely light green; rosulate leaves l—7 em long, 0.9—5.5cm broad, ovate, broad-ovate or round -oyate, rather deeply cordate at base, mostly with narrow, rarely open sinus, attenuate toward apex,in upper part with straight or sometimes concave margins forming acute, sometimes obtuse angle, shallowly incised-crenate; leaves of stolons mostly shorter, sometimes almost equilaterally triangular, with broader sinus; all leaves (especially hibernal) long-white-hispid, rarely subglabrous; petioles covered with stiff retrorse hairs; stipules linear- lanceolate, remotely long-fimbriate, margin ciliate-hairy (as are fimbriae); flowers rather large, 1—2cm long, fragrant; peduncles with bracts mostly somewhat above middle, not surpassing leaves; sepals oblong or rarely ovate, quite obtuse, ciliate, with short appendages; petals obovate, rounded at apex, white or violet or variegated (violet with white); lateral petals often scarcely bearded; spur long, compressed laterally, obtuse, slightly upcurved at tip, greenishor violet; ovary hairy; style with recurved beak; capsule small, globose, hispid. February—April (May). (Plate XVIII, Figure 3.) Woods and coppices, up to 1,500m above sea level. — European part: U; Dass Bes 4 Crim: Caucasus: /Cisc,.Dag., E..and Welmanse.. mala) Gen: distr.: Scand. (from Oland Island), Atl. and Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Desermibed tromyW Ukraine. Type, in Kiev. Economic importance. Grown as ornamental. Note. W.Becker noted on a tag, attached to a specimen of V.sinteni- sii W.Bckr. (see above) in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the 275 368 Academy of Sciences of the USSR, that it is related to, if not identical with, the Caucasian form of V.alba,a statement we cannot agree with. However, as regards full identity of the W. Ukrainian, i.e.,the true V.alba with the Crimean and Caucasian plants, it is as yet an open problem that should be resolved by parallel growing tests. As for V.armena Boiss. et Huet from Asia Minor (Diagn. ser. II, fasc. 5 (1856) 48), reported by Kupffer (as subspecies V.alb a) for E. Transcaucasia and Talysh, this indication seems to be based on a misunderstanding. Kupffer apparently did not see the "type of V.armena from Erzerum, but conceived of it on the basis of Hohenacker's plant from Ganja [now Kirovabad], referred by Boissier him- selfto V.armena. This plant does not, however, differ in anything sub- stantial from the form of V.alba commonly growing in the Caucasus,i.e., V.besseri Rupr. (probably Becker's idea when he made his determination), The position is somewhat different as regards the Lenkoran plant, also referred by Kupffer to V.alba subsp. armena; it does in fact differ to some extent from V.alba, chiefly in the shape and indument of the leaves. But here again we are opposed to identifying this plant with the original V.armena Boiss. et Huet on the strength of the first description of this species and, more particularly, the study of the plant from Mersina pub- lished by Becker in ''Viol. ex.'' as No. 76 under thename V.thessala, but sub- sequently referredby himto V.armena (see W. Bckr. in Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. XI (1905) 28). The Lenkoran plant differs markedly from the latter, mainly in having lower stolons, broader leaf sinus, as well as different pubescence and larger flowers. It is possible that it does indeed represent a certain approximation to V.sintenisii W. Bckr. A cross between V.alba and V.odorata L. was found in the Caucasus. Other known crosses of V.alba,with V.suavis M.B.,V.hirta L. and V.sylvestris Lam., have not yet been found in the USSR. 5. V.sintenisii W.Bckr. in Mitt. Thuring. bot. Ver. XXIV (1909) 1; iGeineBetas Bots Wentralbl SoOCVl, 21(kO10)25: id“ Violacw mile VAvemRosse SUCLO5) eI Vy avimienanBoiss. levers 1 S6r)r4565 pape — wis aula VAS Smet Ved hoax sway us) breyn in Bulle erbe wos. Ll (1912) 839.— Ic.: W. Becker in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXVI, 2 (1910) 27.— Exs.: sintenis it. transcasp.-pers. No. 1416 a et b, 1428, 1841, 2262—2265. Perennial; rhizome thin, with slender aerial stolons to 50cm long; leaves broadest at base, round-ovate or shortly triangular-ovate, deeply cordate at base, with narrow or half-open sinus,in upper part with convex margins or straight-acuminate (in other words, cordate or reniform, sur- mounted by a triangle), flatly crenate, pale green, hirtellous at base and on 369 margins or sometimes subglabrous; petioles sparingly covered with stiff retrorse hairs or glabrate; stipules linear-lanceolate, long-fimbriate, glabrous or in upper part slightly ciliate; flowers fragrant; petals light violet, broadly obovate, upper notched, lateral slightly bearded; spur some- what elongated, sometimes curved upward at tip; ovary sparsely hairy; style relatively long, gradually enlarged upward, with recurved beak; capsule globose, pubescent. February—April. Woods and gardens. — Centr. Asia: Syr D. (Tashkent, probably cultivated or naturalized), Pam.-Al. (Samarkand, same), Kopet Dagh. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Turkmenia (Kyzyl-Arvat, Kara-Kala, loldere ravine). Cotype in Leningrad. Economic importance. Grown as ornamental in Central Asia. 276 370 Group 2. Eflagellatae Kittel, Taschenb. d. Fl. Deutschl. (1844) 935.— Stolons wanting. Note. We do not classify the species of this group into series, as these would be monotypic. Be iVahirtall. Sp. pl. ed. 1753) 934: Ging! in DE, Prodr, 1\(1324) 205: Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 248, excl. syn.; Shmal'g. Fl. I (1895) 113, excl. subsp. aetna EM Zap. lb, Vill Osos Wibecker am Medeh. Eni VAze VOSS: 8 (1915) 26; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI (1918) 22.— V.ino- dona Andrz. Enum, pl. Podol. (1860) 16;non Gilib. > V.hirta ety pilea Maxim. Diagn. pl. nov. asiat. (1877) 737.— V.hirta subsp. brevifim- brtata ersubsp. Jonecifimbriata W. Bckr. in Beth. Bot. Centralol, XXVI, 2 (1909) 34; id. ibid. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 23 (subsp. longifimbriata).— Ice Iielals, IP. @remes ily welos PILI 528, Se Wel, Ike, I, (Geieaa, sella, WO, is 4493}. 2 (fig. sinistra); Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 20, 89 (1849) 4.— Exs.- G.R.F. No. 804; W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No. 33,33a and 151. Perennial; rhizome thick, vertical or ascending, sometimes branched; producing leaf-rosettes and flowers at summit; leaves triangular-cordate or mostly ovate-cordate, with deep sinus at base, usually somewhat longer than broad, acute-angled with almost straight margins in apical part; estival leaves large, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, both lamina and petiole short- hairy, stipules ovate or lanceolate, fimbriae not more than half width of sti- pule; peduncles overtopping spring leaves, bracts about middle; flowers lilac or pale violet, 15—20mm long,not scented; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse; petals notched; spur purplish, acutish, usually somewhat upcurved at tip; style compressed laterally, hooked at summit; capsule globoid, usually pubescent. April—May. (Plate XVIII, Figure 4.) Oak and other woods (deciduous, mixed and coniferous), groves, steppe and other grassy slopes, gullies, meadows, coppices, and fallows. — European pawEs Dy. -leCla,, Wo Ae, Beulica, UW. Dirac, We Was Ws- liom, Wieainsiy,, U, Dias)... MaDnp. vel 1. Don. Bese: We silberias Oo, Ul obey Alte) J silbjerctar gems: Ane .—oay.7 Caucasus. Cisc.) Dap., EH. Transcy, Centr vAsia 2 iDZue- Marcio Pash. Gen. distgarnearly all Ws Eur, Deseribed from Hugope. | iiyipe ma London. Note. As pointed out by Becker, the Asian (this includes the Caucasian) plant differs from typical V.hirta in the generally longer stipular fimbriae. This feature is not, however, always pronounced and it is,in our view, in- sufficient for separation of a distinct race or species. Ve her ta snybinidizes with Wiaodoratha Ll. 7V. sua vas Mee Vena IBOSiSa5 Wo elraal|o\ sh oll ey NV ey chal Woe Ol lime iss) Anas @igsisis) wruila Wo. GOL = lina is fairly common in the European part of the USSR. 7. V.ambigua Waldst. et Kit. Descr. et ic. pl. rar. Hungar. II (1804) 200) Kary El Zap.eoibe | Vill 1925; WW. Becker in) /BeinyBot.. Centigaliole XXXVI (1918) 27; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 192.— V.campe- Stris M.B. Pl. taur.-cauc. 1 (1808) 171; ll (1819) 162, — Vv. cam-pe - StmEs tae awGa suc a, 8 podolica, vy pannond ca Rehb, (Pileverity | (@823)) sie. — ve nnn tay lindo lL) (ROSS) 248) )oN oh —) Vidal et aN veneer meal en airals WC wrredme (1824) 295.— Vohirta subsp. campestris Sebumne ileal (ses) oe ley Waldst tien rat. wc. tab. 190. eto: Pia crit. (lene) relay POG 106 2) Os Seas Ieee (Ca ley vel. | Iho lbske Doral ised IN@iciaas ING 4/0): Callier it. taur. III, No. 546. DHT, (371) yA PLATE XVIII. Viola odorata L.,stipule,leaf; 2-— V.suavis M.B.,habit, leaf, stipule; 3 — V. alba Bess., leaf,stipule; 4 — V. hirta L., habit, stipule, flower, seed; 5 — V. collina Bess., leaf, stipule; 6 — V. ambi- gua W.etK.,stipule, leaf; 7 —V. uliginosa Bess., leaf, stipule, capsule, seed. Styles of Viola species, according to Becker: a—V. odorata L.; b—V. palustris L.; c—V.variegata L.; d—V. macroceras Bge.; e-—V. kus- nezowiana W.Bckr.; f—- V.caninaL.; g-—V.verecunda A. Gray.; h—V. ba flora ele Ve roulal= bella Nutt.; k —V. tricolor L. 278 313 374 Perennial, 3—15cm high; rhizome quite sturdy, with short internodes, ascending or vertical, sometimes branched, surmounted by leaf-rosettes and flowers; leaves 1—6cm long, 0.4-3cm broad, earliest triangular-cordate, others ovate, at base truncate, subcuneate or decurrent into petiole from broad and rather shallow sinus, longer than broad (sometimes twice as long), obtusish at apex (45—60°); summer leaves smaller than in V.hirta, some- what firmer, twice as long as broad, broadest at base, with convex or straight margins, prominently nerved beneath, crenate-dentate, lamina and petiole hispidulous or subglabrous; stipules narrow, linear-subulate, with fimbriae to 1.5mm long, without cilia or slightly ciliate at apex; 2 bracts about middle of peduncle, as long as leaves; flowers scarcely overtopping leaves, 15—20 mm long, fragrant; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; corolla mostly pale pink-violet, whitish at throat (occasionally white throughout); petal entire or lower slightly notched, lateral scarcely bearded; spur short, slightly exceeding calycine appendages, mostly curved upward; style compressed laterally, with almost straight or hooked beak; ovary and capsule globose, mostly densely pubescent. April—May. (Plate XVIII, Figure 6.) Dry open places and slopes, limestone and chalk outcrops, steppes, and Seruba Huropean part: U;Onp., Ve=Dom:, Vo-Ka., Transm), Blan€ rama: Caucasus: |Ciscs, Dag. 7h, iransc, 5 Gen. distr: :Centr) Burt Balls. avin: Described from Hungary. Type in Budapest. Note. ‘Hybridizing with V.odorata L.,V.suavis M.B..V.hinta L. and V.collina Bess. 8. V.collina Bess. Catal. Hort. Cremn. (1816) 151.— Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 249; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 24; id. in Beih. Bot. SentralbM SOx y L298 24: “Keyl El. Zap. Sib) Vill (1924) yeas a ymlpanariGine tin) De Prodr W824) 205.— Vuhirta var. je olla Rely in Bull’ Soc. Nat. Mose. xXx xiv (1861) 481.— V.hirta subsp. B col- ina Sehm: EIS 1/4895) 43: Mel Richba ile) he {Germ 4493) aaa oy Eee iGokR. be 2066S Woloszez.. Ply Pols exs) No: ol2: Perennial; rhizome sturdy, ascending, branched; flowers arising from among leaves of basal rosette; stolons lacking, but short aerial stem with very close internodes often present; leaves broad-ovate to orbicular, more or less deeply cordate at base, acuminate or subacuminate, very delicate, green above; summer leaves deeply cordate at base, lower round-cordate, as long as broad, upper cordate, half as long again as broad, acuminate; all leaves distinctly erose-crenate, lamina and petiole covered with spreading whitish hairs, more profusely on leaf underside; stipules narrowly lanceo- late, long-acuminate, pale green, long-fimbriate, with fimbriae equaling or exceeding half width of stipule, margin and fimbriae ciliate; peduncles not or scarcely exceeding leaves, with scattered hairs, long bracts at or mostly above middle; flowers medium-sized, light violet, whitish at throat, frag- rant; spur short, white, straight or curved upward; sepals oblong, broad, ciliate; petals narrow, commonly ovate, lateral bearded; style with hooked, slender, horizontal beak; capsule globoid, softly pubescent. April—May. (Plate XVIII, Figure 5.) Broad-leaved and mixed woods, glades, coppices, and grassy slopes. — Hipeoocan auch wOvecmecha Vi —-Kar, Balt. > lad. -hMineyU Dn. Un Ven Vas Wein: fieancven Vi nion wales Wiistoetcial: (UW. "Robn) oAlie: Tha Silbemaia ATM ces calls 279 375 Centr? Asia: T.Sh., Pam. Al.; Far) East: Ze.-Bu.; Uss., sakh.’ (Gen. / dusters: Scand., Centr. Eur., Jap.-Chi. Described from Kremenets.. Type in Kiev; cotype in Leningrad. Note. According to Becker's observation, not verified by us, the Far Eastern plant differs (at least sometimes) from the European only in the notched lateral and upper petals (at least no other differences can be dis- cerned in the herbarium). It may be noted that, unlike in the case of certain other plants with similar distribution, there is no complete disruption in the distribution area of V.collina,as it occurs sporadically in Southern Siberia. Crosses are formed with V.odorata L. (Ukr. SSR, Caucasus), V.su- avis M.B.,V.alba Bess., V.hirta L. (common in the European part of the USSR) and V.ambigua W.K. Of, Vapyrenaica Ram. lin DC. (Hl. By. Wi, (1805) 803,. Welsclacs | iagevetae Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) Z2Oae VIS Lab) alta, cal.) Mane sciail ? pin ore: Zeit. (1840) 180,non Kupffer in Acta hort. bot. Jurj. (1903) 106.— V.scia- phila Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed.II (1843) 90.— V.chelmea Halacsy Beitr. IP, IBjonie, (1894) 14.— Ie.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 4492b; Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 20 (1849) 89,6.— Exs.: Sintenis,It. Thessal. (1896) No. 886; W.Bckr. Waol> exs. Now 05. Perennial, 4—-8cm high (in flowers), glabrous, not stoloniferous; rhizome stout; leaves pubescent prior to expanding, at length glabrous or nearly so, broad-ovate or orbicular, shallowly cordate at base, subacute or obtusish, finally long-petioled, shallowly crenate; stipules broadly lanceolate, greenish, glabrous, shortly glandular-fimbriate; flowers medium-sized, pale violet, fragrant; peduncles surpassing leaves, bracts just below middle; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous, with distally attenuate appendages; lateral petals slightly bearded; spur short, acutish, curved upward, somewhat exceeding calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style gradually exceeding into short beak; capsule globoid, glabrous. April—May. Alpine zone of mountains.— Caucasus: E, and W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min., Centr. Eur. (a slightly different form). Described from the Pyrenees. Type unknown. Note. Ahigh-mountain Mediterranean type, conceived here as an aggregate species. Its distribution area is disjunct and it is possibly com- posed of a number of vicarious races. Becker (1.c.) mentions the charac - teristic features of the alpine form. The Caucasian does not seem to have been sufficiently explored. Kupffer (1.c.) at one time erroneously referred 1ORimMs) Or Ve Suayv Use...) to, Vio labiatiayyinphisiiigeatment vor Vaolacece (Mat. Fl. Kavk., 1909) he stated, however, that V. glabrata (i.e.,V.pyre- naica) "should now be removed again from the Russian flora" (1.c. 188). Mater, Becker identified Vi. py memaica, in D. 1. Sosnoyskil's collections from the Mt. Lomis-mta near Borzhomi (we have not seen these speci- mens); in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute we have detected material which belongs here from Adzhar-Imeretian Range (Zortis-Keli yaila), collected by E.1. Kikodze. The known hybrid between V.pyrenaica and V.odorata has not been found in the USSR. 280 376 Section 2. TRIGONOCARPEA Godr. Fl. Lorr. I (1857) 88.— Clado- Siiova. Hupige Hl Canc. i (1869) 148.— Rostratae Kupffer in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. (1903) 328.— Plants with floriferous stem, rarely without it; style gradually enlarged upward, short beak directed obliquely upward, rarely suberect, less than half diameter of style; peduncle erect in fruit; capsule oblong, splitting and scattering seed, with inconspicuous elaiosome (facul- tative myrmecochory). Subsection 1. MIRABILES Nym. Syll. (1854-1855) 226.— Plants initially acauline; stipules big, broad; flowers fragrant, in axils of basal leaves; flowers developing later in season (mostly cleistogamous) in axils of cauline leaves; summit of style smooth, unappendaged, with small bulge, rather short beak slightly inclined forward, with narrow stigmatic aperture. Our species of this subsection compose a single series. ie Vemirabilis Laysosuols ed wll 53) 936. Mud. al. uoss eile a 0s Shmal'g. Fl. I (1895) 114; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 214; Kryl. Pe Za0. solo. WL hob AV becker mmyhedchjuiil (vAZe ROS Sige (1915) 38; id. in, Beih., Bot, Centralbl. Xl, 2, (1924) 20; pup. (excl. syn.) — We me ay Daven whl Sacis et Sismbelia bray (psp) Ldbs lacus le42)e2 oi a Veiminabilis vari subelabrad. siti 760 sjayet, tf. Watis elpra kai wWeeeiekeac: l.c. (1915) 29; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1919) 236.— V. mi- rabilis var. glaberrima W.Bckr. l.c. (1915) 29 et l.c. (1917) 237.— Nemmuaia bilits) yar ke Smet z off ii Rel. in Bull, ysoc. Naty Mose. wis (1861) 450.— V.aperta Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. V (1782) 164; id. Exerc. phytol. i(it92)) 275. —lie.: Rehb. le, . El. (Germ, No, 4504; Schilecht. Hallarn: Dewisiellyy WAR aS cso leila) OOS Wieialslae sly alee Nios tis Callibieic, It. taur. III (1900) No. 544; Fl. austro-hung. No. 2870. Perennial, 6—40cm high; rhizome mostly multicipital, long, oblique or often horizontal, in upper part usually without roots, covered with vestiges of brown stipules, developing at first basal leaf-rosette and sterile chas- mogamous flowers, and subsequently stems with fertile cleistogamous flowers; basal leaves large, 2—10cm long, 2.2—9cm broad, light green, thin, convolute when young; stipules large, conspicuous, persistent, the lower broad-ovate, smooth-margined, the upper lanceolate, ciliate-margined; petioles long, glabrous or sparsely covered with spreading or retrorse hairs; lamina of leaf mostly round-reniform, with cordate base, obtuse or subacuminate, shallowly crenate, upper surface with scattered hairs or subglabrous, lower glabrous or with scattered short hairs especially along veins; stems weak or fairly strong, erect, glabrous or mostly hairy on one side, usually with a single long-petioled cauline leaf in lower part or at middle and 2 or 3 short-petioled leaves in upper part; cauline leaves re- sembling the basal or often reniform, obtuse or short-acuminate; stipules of cauline leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, ciliate-marginate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; chasmogamous flowers 1.3—2cm long, long-peduncled, in axils of basal leaves, fragrant; petals obovate, light violet, whitish at base, greenish-white spur obtuse or slightly pointed; sepals large, broad-lanceo- late or lanceolate, 3-nerved, acuminate, usually eciliate, rarely ciliate, with rather short round appendages; cleistogamous flowers short-peduncled, in 281 377 378 axils of upper cauline leaves; cleistogene sepals lanceolate to ovate-—lan- ceolate, mostly obtusish, longer or shorter than capsule; capsule acuminate, glabrous, distinctly stalked, stalk mostly longer than capsule. April—June. Deciduous (especially broad-leaved) and mixed woods, wood borders, coppices, rarely exposed slopes.— European part: all regions except Arc. andniuaV 7 Caucasus, Clsey DaesoW. clone miat Ob. Alice! Be omse ales moe ni Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl: Eur., Med. (Italy), Bal.-As. Min. Described from Germany and Sweden. Type in London. Note. The Siberian plant (V.mirabilis @ sulbelabra ldo. ive, p.p. et auct.), which differs markedly from the typical European form in usually having glabrous stems and petioles, and ciliate-margined sepals, probably constitutes a distinct, though by no means readily delimitable race of V.mirabilis (V.ledebouriana Juz. ined.) which, in some of its characters, tends toward the next species. V.mirabilis hybridizes with Wasivilwes tieis Mami air ivan tama Rehbp.and Vic Wipe Sir igs aoc: seul of them have been recorded in the European part of the USSR. 11. U.brachysepala Maxim. Primit. Fl. amur. in Mém. prés. Acad. Se. Pétersb. div. sav.’ IX (1859) 59.— V. mirabilis var. brachysepala Rgl. Pl. Radd. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV (1861) 450; W. Becker in BV medch: Pl: Az."Ross. 81915) 29:— V.mirabilis B subelabra db, Fl. Ross. I (1842) 251, saltem p.p. Perennial, 4-20cm high, in fruit up to 30cm; rhizome unicipital or multi- cipital, short, with roots all the way down from collar; basal leaves with inconspicuous fugacious stipules; petioles long, often equaling stem, 3- angled, quite glabrous or sometimes sparingly spreading-hairy; lamina reni- form or broad-reniform, rarely round-reniform, 1—8cm long, 1.5-—9cm broad, rounded or mostly short-acuminate, obscurely crenate,upper surface usually pubescent all over or near margin, rarely glabrous, lower surface hispidulous especially on mostly prominent veins; stem weak, 3-angled, glabrous or rarely short-hairy throughout; lower cauline leaf about middle, resembling basal in shape; upper cauline leaves with very short petiole, usually reniform-cordate, subacuminate or acutish; cauline stipules oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, ciliate-margined, mostly puberulent; early flowers in axils of basal leaves, peduncles equaling or shorter than petioles of basal leaves; later flowers 1 or 2 in axils of upper leaves (usually no flower in axil of first leaf), very short peduncles glabrous or with short hairs above, in fruit barely attaining length of capsule; all flowers chasmo- gamous and fertile (always?), somewhat larger than in V.mirabilis, ca.2.5cem long; sepals oblong to broad-ovate, usually shorter and broader than those of V.mirabilis,in fruit not exceeding half length of capsule, mostly obtusish or even rounded at apex, with generally ciliate margin, mostly with scattered hairs. Otherwise resembling V.mirabilis. May. (Plate XIX, Figure 1.) Deciduous woods, coppices, more rarely meadows.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Upper Amur,between Zeya and mouth of Komara River. Type in Leningrad. Note. Readily distinguished from V.mirabilis by the various characters outlined above, and mistakenly rejected by Maksimovich himself 319 and all subsequent taxonomists. Our examination of material relating to V.brachysepala disclosed the frequent formation of capsules from flowers borne in the axils of basal leaves and the presence of chasmogamous flowers inthe axils of cauline leaves; on the other hand, we did not observe any formation of cleistogenes in V.brachysepala. All these features are of very exceptional occurrence in V.mirabilis. Field observations on the flowering and fruiting biology of V.brachysepala are needed, however, before it can be ascertained that the indicated characteristic (i.e., flowers of only one type) represents indeed a specific character. Subsection 2. ROSULANTES Borbas in Kochs Synops. Aufl. III (1892) 161, 163, 196.— Plants with leafy flowering stems and basal leaf-rosette; head of style with a few colorless papillae, distinctly beaked in front, beak about half diameter of style, stigmatic orifice at tip of beak narrow. Series 1. Silvestris W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 39.— Stem usually solitary; stipules mostly short, narrow, more or less brown; leaves mostly ovate; sepals narrow, rather short; spur usually slender, directed downward. 12. V.sylvestris Lam. Fl. Fr. II (1778) 680,p.p.; emend. Rchb. Pl. crit. cent. I (1823) 80; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 253,p.p.; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 39; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 43.— V.canina L. Sp. pl. ed.1I (1753) 935,p.p, (sensu emend. Ging.), non L. Fl. Suec.— V.icianina minor DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 298.— V.canina Vac podolica iess. Cat. Hort.) Cremen, Suppl. TV, (1815))22) 25ranner.— Vaecanina 8 silvatie a Mr. oNoy,.) fl) suee?: ed! i (1828) 272Nexcla st bn V.silvatica Fries ex Hartm. f. in Bot. Notis. (1841) 81; Fr. Mant. III (1847) 121, excel. var.; Shmal'g. Fl. 1 (1895) 114,p.p. et excl. subsp. B Gl Vi Vereieliemioacini aime some, Gx Oc, Jnl, (Ceara, lie, Sel 1uuL, I (S57) N 78. Vis ly ersitaeiis oh typica Neum. Wahlst. Murb. Violae exs. IN@s LSe jis joel is cley ics INO, 8) 2) CwlOs tig 1eOS'S A ING, UMS —ke.8 IiGlalo, IPL, Cisitee (Sly 200) 201 ach (ral. Germ Noy 4o05— Exs 2) Gy Rab Nom atm: Baenitz, Herb. eur. No. 3446, 3447; Neum. et alii,l.c. Perennial, (5)8—15cm high, up to 25cm in fruit; rhizome short, scaly, giving rise to 1 to several stems and a rosette of long-petioled, sometimes overwintering leaves; stems ascending or erect, elongating in fruit, middle internodes longer than others; upper cauline leaves short-petioled, others long-petioled; leaf lamina orbicular, broad-ovate or cordate, crenate, with deep and (especially in lower leaves) often narrow sinus, in upper y= My with straight or slightly convex margins drawn out into point, 1—7cm long, 0.8—5cm broad, mostly hispidulous or glabrous, dark greenish, sometimes lilac-tinged; lower stipules connate in pairs, brown, scalelike, others distinct, brownish or uppermost greenish, 6-8 mm long, linear-lanceolate, with densely long-pectinate-fimbriate margin or sometimes subentire; flowers axillary, on peduncle with bracts at middle, medium-sized, 15—22 mm long, purplish-violet, darker at base, three lower petals dark lilac-striped; sepals narrowly lanceolate, with inconspicuous appendages, upper unappendaged 283 t 380 or minutely appendaged, others with appendages not exceeding 1mm in length; petals oblong, narrowish, lateral shorter than lower, bearded; spur 5—7mm long, tubular, straight or directed downward, rather slender, rounded at tip, not notched; style papillose at summit, with somewhat elongated horizontal beak; capsule oblong-ovoid, pointed, angled, glabrous. April—June. Shady woods.— European part: Balt., U. Dnp., M. Dnp., U. Dns., Bes., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E.Transe. Gen. distr.: Scand. (S. Sweden), Atl. and Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. (Balkan Peninsula). Described from France. Type in Paris. Note. The identity of Crimean and Caucasian forms, presented now- adays as V.sylvestris, with the plants of Lamarck and Reichenbach, needs confirmation with plentiful and carefully collected material. V.sylvestris hybridizes with V.alba Bess.,V.mirabilis L., V.riviniana Rchb., V.sieheana W.Bckr. (Crimea), V.montana L., Vecaninal lan and Vie jo cidanw Hanry ss) Withythe ~xception jor the shigsiaamc the last, all of them are known from Soviet territory (however, the cross between V.sylvestris and V.sieheana, reported by Becker from Crimea, is somewhat dubious). 13. V.mauritii Teplouch. in Zap. Ural'sk. obshch. lyubit. estestvozn. VII (1882) 37; Kupffer in Tr. Bot. Sada Yur'evsk. univ. IV (1903) 176; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 42; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centwalbiky X12) (1924) 45: Kryl Fl. Zapy Sib. y Willig 92 6a iV. wpa atomron mii Teplouch. l.c. (1882) 25,non Roem.— V.canina var. miithlen- bergii Trautv. in Tr. Bot. Sada, V (1877) 28,non V.mthlenbergii Rocca. Vie muarune heii ewes DGenvel calc avmay avandia. elOnie iteoyMera terme! W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 43.— Ic.: Teploukhov,1l.c. tab. — Exs.: G.R.F. No. 858; Dorfler, Herb. Norm. No. 3403. Perennial, to 10cm high; rhizome slender, oblique or vertical; basal rosulate leaves few, reniform or round-cordate, rounded or obtusely acu- minate at apex; stems ascending or erect, often leafless in lower and middle part, glabrous; lower cauline leaves round-cordate, with narrow sinus at base and apex as in basal; upper leaves ovate, cordate at base, with convex margins and somewhat attenuate obtusish apex; all leaves thin, glabrous or with scattered short hairs above, shallowly rounded-crenate or flattened- crenulate; basal stipules thin, lanceolate, remotely fimbriate; cauline stipules ovate-lanceolate to ovate, rather short, acute, remotely dentate or shortly fimbriate, sometimes almost smooth-margined, mostly somewhat deflexed; peduncles glabrous or with very short hairs above; flowers small, 10—13 mm long, pale violet, with darker veins; sepals small, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute, with inconspicuous truncate appendages; petals oblong- obovate, lateral crenate; spur 1.5—4mm long, slender, acutish, straight or scarcely recurved; style slightly enlarged toward summit, beak directed upward; capsule small. June. (Plate XIX, Figure 2.) Coniferous woods (fir and others).— European part: Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka. (Centr. Urals); W.Siberia: Ob; E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Le.-Kol., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Mong. (Lake Kosogol [now Héusgél Nuur]). Described from I[Il'inskoye Village, Molotov [Perm] Region. Type in Lenin- grad. 284 Note. The East Siberian plant corresponds to V.mauritii var. longicalcarata W.Bckr. (here also belongs Trautvetter's name in- cluded in the synonymy) and differs from the typical Cisuralian V.mauri- tii in slightly more acute upper cauline leaves, somewhat more pronounced leaf crenulation, slightly longer spur, and a little more pronounced enlarge- ment of style toward summit. We assume that further study of this plant would enable its differentiation from V.mauritii as a distinct species (v.teplouchovii Juz. ined.). There are known crosses of this form with V.rupestris Schm. (Le.-Kol., Dau.). 14. V.silvestriformis W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 242; id. ibid. XL, 2 (1924) 48. Perennial, to 15cm in flower and 25cm in fruit; rhizome slender, arti- culate; stems slender, suberect; leaves 2—3cm long, 1.5—2.5cm broad, orbicular or ovate from openly cordate base, upper subacuminate, obscurely and flatly crenate or subentire, diffusely and finely ciliate on margin and at 381 base,thin; stipules of basal leaves ca. 1cm long, 2mm broad, narrowly lanceolate, rather loosely disposed, brown, sparsely fimbriate-dentate; stipules of cauline leaves many times shorter than petioles, not exceeding 2.5—3 mm in width, brownish-green, remotely fimbriate-dentate; flowers large, to 2cm long, surpassing leaves; sepals ca. 5mm long, narrowly lanceolate, rather conspicuous appendages about as long; petals oblong- obovate, narrowish, lateral distinctly short-bearded; spur straight or scarcely curved, to 5mm long, greatly exceeding calycine appendages; style slightly villous-hairy,beak suberect. May. (Plate XIX, Figure 5.) Woods.— Far East: Sakh. Endemic. Described from Arkaivo, Piro and Due. Type (from Arkaivo) and paratypes in Leningrad. Note. Apparently, representatives of the series Silvestres, at present erroneously referred to V.sacchalinensis De Boiss. (V.komarowii W.Bckr.) occur also in other Far East regions, but the relevant material at our disposal is very incomplete and inadequate. The somewhat dubious hybrid V.silvestris X V.sacchalinensis De Boiss. is known from Sakh. Series 2. Rivinianae W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 52, emend.— Stems mostly several; stipules mostly longer and broader than in species of preceding series, green; sepals broader and longer; spur thickish, mostly somewhat curved upward. 15. V.riviniana Rchb. Fl. crit. I (1823) 81; W. Bekr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. xl 2 (1924) 93.— 2 V.canina var. macrantha Gimp. apud DOCH Ee rodr. 1 s24) 29s)— Vilclaminia oma cman tia aWallmes (Sehede serait: (322) "1503)— Vocanina' var. riviniana Mert/et Koch, Deutseal Eli il, GisZot— Vecanina CG stlyatiea b) riyiniame Hire Nova Plemsuee: edi (1828) 273ee— Viistine stirls) var) © ivan cman koch. Soymaiede CissniiSelidoe sik Ross.) le 2530p. max. p. Visiibvielst Gis) So meme flora Gren. et Godr. Fl. Fr. 1(1848) 178.— V.silvestris a nemo- Bia ba imacr ania Worl. Bad. Il (l8e0)r652.— Ve sit lvalt leray iG 285 382 383 var. macrantha Fries, Mant. III (1847) HPA OW, SS Ne BLE IL @EL AVBLIC: riviniana Boiss. Fl. or. 1 (1867) 459,p.p.— V.silvatica Fr. B. riviniana Aschers. et Graebn. Fl. Nordost. Flachl. (1899) 500.— V.caninaeformis C. Richter in Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien (1888) 221.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. No. 4502.— Exs.; Pil. Finl.,.exs. 293; Rehm. et Wol. Fl. Pol. exs. No. 14; W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No. 39,61, 134, 164 aetb. Perennial, 6—25cm high,in fruit up to 45cm; rhizome short, sturdy, scaly, its ramifications terminating in ascending or erect stems and few- leaved rosettes; leaves with petiole mostly much longer than lamina, sub- orbicular or deeply cordate; basal leaves often partly reniform, crenate, with deep sinus, subacute to subobtuse, with margins in upper part slightly concave and forming acute angle, 1—7cm long, slightly longer than broad, with scattered short hairs or sometimes subglabrous, thickish, green or light green; lower stipules brown, adnate to petiole, others free, green, linear-lanceolate, uppermost often elongated and foliaceous, with densely long-pectinate-fimbriate or toothed or rarely subentire margin, 5-15mm long and 1-3mm broad in middle part (excluding teeth); bracts subulate, at middle of peduncle; flowers large, 12—20(25) mm long, light violet, white at throat, not scented; petals relatively broad, lateral shorter than lower, bearded; spur long, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, 3—5 mm long, thick or fairly slender, obtuse or notched at tip, whitish or white; sepals broadly lanceolate, elongated, conspicuously appendaged, appendages of upper sepals 1mm long (those of lower sepals 2—3mm long); style glabrous or papillose at summit, beak directed obliquely upward; capsule oblong-ovoid, slightly pointed, glabrous. May—June. Damp, Shaded woods, wood borders, and meadows. European part: I. ranges, Lal. Gen. diste.: sal. Act Witten altace Described from Cilicia, Kagiraki (W. Siehen, No.131). Type in Geneva (or Breslau?). Note. We could not discern any significant differences between the Crimean plants and those from the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Concerning the dubious hybrid between this species and V.sylvestris, see note to the latter species. 287 385 18. V.isopetala Juz.,;nov. sp. in Addenda XIV,681.— V. silvestris subsp. turkestanica W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 40, petmax. pe Ve ray inlanaisubsp, masoie ia nie aisiis Vir clcie, plete yates v.fedtschenkoana W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 237 et) Xu, 2 (1924) 59. p. mas. pp. nee alibi. Perennial, 8—15cm, in fruit up to 25(40)cm high; rhizome rather slender, sometimes fairly long and branched, scaly; stems (1)2—4, ascending or sub- erect; rosulate leaves numerous; stems uniformly leafy, first internode close to ground level usually with only one ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate stipule; basal leaves reniform, cordate or broad-ovate, with broad cordate base and mostly open sinus, round or obtusish or subacuminate at apex; lower cauline leaves usually cordate or broad-ovate, upper ovate with base like that of basal leaves, obtuse or subacuminate or subacute; all leaves glabrous on both sides or upper surface with scattered short hairs at base or all over, margins shallowly crenate with mostly low teeth; petioles, like stems and peduncles, glabrous or commonly clothed (sometimes densely) with very short retrorse hairs; stipules 5-12 mm long, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, rather long and very acute, with more or less remote, long and slender fimbriae, upper often subentire; flowers borne all along stem from second internode, on long peduncles stipulate above middle (sometimes just below flower), mostly large, 1.5—2.5cm long; sepals 7-10 mm long, narrow, lanceolate, curved, slenderly long-acuminate, faintly 3-nerved, often with short hairs (especially at base and along midnerve), with short obtusish appendages; petals oblong-obovate, long and narrow, subequal, lateral bearded; spur fairly long, slender, mostly curved upward, acutish, 3-5 mm long, many times as long as calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style papillose at summit, with conspicuous horizontal beak; petals oblong, i= e2; Gian, IMorayers Woods (walnut, juniper, etc.) and coppices.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (W. Fer- gana Range), Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Fergana, Kugart River (Litvinov). Type in Leningrad. Note. After having twice described this interesting plant (as subspecies of V.sylvestris and V.riviniana), W. Becker later identified it with his V.fedtschenkoana W.Bckr. which he described from Tadzhikistan. The differences between V.isopetala and V.fedtschenkoana seem to be so marked that we could not follow Becker's example, especially in view of the fact that the two species have entirely interrupted distribution areas. In Desyatova's collections from Fergana (Margelan, vicinity of Kalkaman), W. Becker identified, beside ''V.riviniana subsp. margelanensis" (i.e.,V.isopetala Juz.); also its hybrid with V.rupestris Schm. (l.c. (1915) 45). The specimens referred to this "hybrid" represent, in our opinion, merely depauperate (dwarf) individuals of V.isopetala. It may be noted that we observed in them fully fertile pollen, this in addition to the fact that V.rupestris does not occur at all in the region in question. It should be noted, however, that on the periphery of the distribution area of V.isopetala and in direct proximity to the distribution limits of V.ru- pestris, one does in fact encounter forms which closely approach the former, while somewhat recalling V.rupestris. Thus, in Gul'cha area, Korzhinskii collected a violet plant, referred by Becker to V.fedtschen- koana which, however, is not identical with that species nor with 288 386 vV.isopetala (which it closely approaches). It is distinguished by low, depressed growth, orbicular leaves and broad stipules, while flower structure is reminiscent of V.isopetala. The unique dentation of the leaf margin in this form is characterized by few large, apparently sigmoid teeth. We have named it in schedis V.korshinkii, but material for description is obviously inadequate. Another affiliated form, V.ugamica Juz. ined., collected by Minkwitz on Kurumdzhul Pass (system of River Ugam), at the altitude of 3,100m (It. ad distr. Taschkent (1914) 832) is little known. It is distinguished by low growth, underdeveloped stem, round-tipped leaves, and notably by short, rather pointed spur 2—2.5mm long. It was mistaken by the collector for V.rupestris var. glabresecens Neum. which it indeed resembles to some extent (even though rather superficially). It has normally developed pollen and cannot be regarded as a cross between the two species. 19. V.fedtschenkoana W. Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 31; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 237, p.p. (quoad pl. e Buchara); iGevipid Sus 2 (1924592 plore: (excliysyntivietistat.) plury)s— WVies oh velsiteeiis subsp. turkestanica W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 40,p.p. (quoad pl. e Schitur-i-Tochtarack).— Ic.: W.Bckr. l.c. (On Ses letal (stigma). Perennial, 6—-16cm high; rhizome slender or fairly sturdy, sometimes branched, in upper part coarsely and acutely scaly; stems 1—2(3), erect; leaves few in basal rosette and on upper part of stem; middle part of stem leafless, with stipules only; all leaves cordate or broad-ovate, with broadly cordate base, sometimes subreniform, mostly subacuminate, glabrous (like whole plant) or sparingly hairy at base and near margin, erose-crenulate; basal leaves long-petioled, their petioles congested, conspicuously glandular - ciliate, long-persistent, becoming dark brown, firm; cauline leaves short- petioled, their stipules oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, subfoliaceous, to 1.2cm long, remotely, more or less shortly and mostly finely toothed; flowers few, borne in upper part of stem on peduncles 2—7cm long, small to moderate, 1-1.8cm long; sepals 5—6 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, faintly 3-nerved, glabrous, with short rounded appendages; petals oblong-obovate, pale violet or white, lateral bearded; spur 2—5mm long, exceeding calycine appendages many times, thickish or fairly slender, straight or scarcely curved upward, acutish, whitish or white; ovary glabrous; style papillose at summit, the short beak turned upward; fruit unknown. May. (Plate XIX, Figure 3.) Riverivalleyse— Cente Asia yer aint) Al (Tadzhik SSR). Endemic. Described from the valley of River Shurak, Aspringon village. Type in Leningrad. Note. Becker originally connected this plant mistakenly with V.mira- bilis L., and then, unjustifiably, put with it other forms of Central Asian Rosulantes described by him, which in fact relate to the preceding species. These errors are due to the extreme inadequacy of the type material of v.fedtschenkoana. In our attempts to disentangle the intricacies of this species, we based our investigations on A. Regel's excellent collections from Shitur-i-tokhtarak, which obviously refer to the true V.fedtschen- koana. 289 387 388 20. V.sacchalinensis De Boiss. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franc. LVII (1910) 188,emend.— V.sachalinensis B.Fedtsch. apud W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 140 (cfr. not. redactoris).— V.komarowi W.Bckr. ibid. in synon. idem in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 237 et XL, 2 (1924)64.— V.mutsuensis W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 53, saltem quoad pl. e Sachalin.— V.miranda W.Bckr. l.c. (forma stylo saltem in fl. unico ab auctore examinato — rostro a typice deorsum curvato).— V.mariae W.Bckr. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIV (1916) 322; id. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 1.c. 65 (forma rhizomate lignoso ut videtur extraterraneo).— V.silvestris Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 243,p.p.— V.silvestris a@ typica Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Petrop. (1877) 330, puMax ps VaeCaniiaGisiivmestrisinels mi Bull) See Naty Miese: XXXIV (1861) 490,p.p.— V.canina ¢ kamtschatica Ging. in Linnaea, I (1826) 407.— Ic.: W.Bckr. 1.¢c. (1915) p. 41, f. 4 (stigma).— Exs.: Karo, Pl. amur. et zeaéns. No. 343. Perennial; leaves with openly cordate base, lower ovate, obtuse, middle subreniform or orbicular, upper broad-ovate, obtuse or somewhat acuminate, almost completely glabrous or margin with scattered short hairs; stipules ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, to 1cm long, long-fimbriate-dentate; flowers rather large, pale violet; sepals broadly lanceolate, with elongated, notched or denticulate appendages; lateral petals long-bearded, lower 1.5—-1.7cm long, including spur, this rather short, rarely elongated, usually not more than twice length of calycine appendages, thickish or thick, slightly curved upward; style papillose toward summit, beak directed somewhat obliquely upward; capsule glabrous. May—June. (Plate XIX, Figure 4.) Forests (mostly taiga).— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Le.-Kol., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda, Sakh.,Kamch. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi., Mong. Described from Sakhalin Island (from Korsakov-Faurie, Nos. 543, 544, 545). Cotype in Leningrad. Note. Arather polymorphic species, in need of detailed study. As in- dicated by his synonymy, Becker maintained that there are in Sakhalin, beside his V.komarowi (the type of which originates from this island), three other related species. Two of these were also described from Sakha- lin, not counting V.sacchalinensis De Boiss.,a species described from Sakhalin, which Becker refused to acknowledge on account of disagreement between description and authentic specimens, and which he presented as his V.mutsuensis (described later than Boissier's species). While we consider this approach to Sakhalinian ''Rosulantes'' as being overenthusiastic, we cannot refrain from drawing the attention of botanists engaged in collecting in Sakhalin (and in the Far East generally) to species of this group. There are known hybrids of V.sacchalinensis with V.silvestri- formis W.Bckr. (dubious, see above), V.auritii Teplouch. (see W.Becker, l.c. (1917) 243),and V.rupestris Schm. (see W.Bckr. l.c. 242). Ap- parently, crosses with V.acuminata Ldb. also exist. Series 3. Rupestres Juz.— Like preceding, but whole plant mostly clothed with short delicate hairs; leaves mostly small, orbicular, obtuse; stipules broadly ovate. —— 389 21. V.rupestris F. W. Schmidt Neue Abh. béhm. Ges. I (1791) 60; Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) 133; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1927; W.Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 34; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 59.— V.arenaria DC. Fl. Fr. IV (1805) 806: Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 254.— V.alli- onii Pio, De Viola specim. (1813) 20.— V.allionii @ arenaria Rchb. Pl. crit. I (1823) 58.— V.glauca M.B.FI. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 165, 647.— V.livida Kit. in Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veget. V (1819) 363.— V.rupest- ris var. arenaria Beck. Fl. Neid.-Oesterr. (1892) 519.— Vie piers) tenes var. typica Neum. Wahlst. Murb. Viol. suec. fasc. 1 (1886) 16.— V.rupestris var. glaberrima Murb. in Bot. Not. (1887) 186.— V.rupestris var. glabrescens Neum. Sver. Fl. (1909) 274.— V.ca- nina 6 rupestris Rgl. Pl. Radd. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. Iv (1861) Hoe Vesilvestris) Ss “rupe'stri's’| Maxim. Diagn. pl.’novsasiat. (1877) 743.— V.silvatica subsp. y rupestris Schm. Fl. I (1899) 115.— ‘V.silvatica C) arenaria Aschers. et. Graebn. Fl. nord.-ost. Flachl. (1899) 500.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 4499, 4500; Rchb. Pl. crit. I,f. Tawa SChMlechte ial se Deutsche talon L2 oag— Ech. Ge hee a wN OSE eno Dion 2005—2008; Fr. Herb. Norm. VI, No. 26; Rehm. et Wol. Fl. Pol. exs. INOS Wi. Bek. Viole exs? INO CG talate 1i6y7 Perennial, 3-—10cm high (in flower); plant covered all over with short hairs, rarely sparsely pubescent or glabrous; rhizome short, jointed, scaly; stems several, ascending or erect, forming small tufts; leaves of basal rosette with long-petioled leaves; flowering stems uniformly leafy, elonga- ting in fruit; petiole of basal and lower cauline leaves exceeding lamina, that of upper leaves equaling lamina, this 0.7—1.5(2.5) cm long, orbicular or round- ovate, notched or cordate at base, rounded or obtusish at apex, margin crenate; stipules of basal leaves few, loosely disposed, adnate, lanceolate, long-fimbriate, others free, ovate or broad-lanceolate, fimbriate or sparingly denticulate, acute, 2—5 times as long as broad, 3—8 mm long, 1.5—4mm broad; peduncles axillary, two subulate bracts above middle; flowers not scented, 12—17 mm long, bluish-lilac or violet-lilac, whitish at throat; petals narrow- ish, oblong-obovate, lateral bearded, lower scarcely shorter than lateral; spur rather slender, tubular, mostly straight or slightly curved upward, 2—4mm long, 2—3 times length of calycine appendages, whitish or violet; sepals broad-lanceolate or lanceolate, acutish or long-acuminate, appendages not more than 1mm long; style papillose at summit, short beak subhori- zontal or directed slightly upward; capsule ovoid, slightly angled, acutish, pubescent or glabrous. May—June. Dry, sunny, grassy slopes, mostly sandy or stony, open dry woods, glades, and pastures.— Arctic: Arc. Eur. (Kanin); European part: Kar.-Lap., Dy -Pech.; V--Ka-, and all’regions southward to Bl.{ Ls Don. and wilcantsy. inclusive; Caucasus: ‘Cisc., Dag., E. and S. Transc.; W. Siberia: all regions; E. Siberia: all regions; Far East: all regions except Kamch. and USs.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (foothills of Alai and Turkestan ranges). Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. and Centr. Eur., Med., Bal:=-As. Min: (Balkan Peninsula); reports for Himalayas dubious. Described from Bohemia. Type unknown. Note. After some hesitation, we dicided to follow the example of most taxonomists and monographers of the genus and refrain from according specific status to V.arenaria DC. which is widely distributed in the USSR. 390 It differs fromthetrue V.rupestris Schm. s. str. in the characteristic indument of the leaves and other plant parts,whereas V.rupestris isa completely glabrous form. It is probably a local race, possibly not fully identical with glabrous-leaved forms of V.rupestris s.l. which occur in various places in the USSR. Having adopted this approach, we assumed that, in order to recognize the independent standing of V.arenaria which mostly grows in sandy habitats, it would be necessary to carry out a detailed study of the race composition of V.rupestris s.l. throughout its whole distribution area. In the USSR, there are known hybrids of V.rupestris with V.mira- buvlis. IeeViema uw bit bi heple Veils bola mag chia viVins) ac /elheculnemyeiarcniic De Boiss., V.montana L. and V.canina L. Other known hybrids are those with V.sylvestris Lam. and V.pumila Chaix. As regards dubious crosses with V.isopetala Juz.,see note to that species. Subsection 3. AROSULATAE Borb. in Kochs Synops. Aufl. III (1892) 164 et 204.— Plants with leafy flowering stems, without basal leaf-rosette; style as in species of preceding subsection. Groupe. versiciwoliae W.Bekr. in Beth. Bot. Centiralole POO. 2 (1917) 391.— Leaves triangular-oblong-lanceolate from broad base; spur rather short. 22. V.elatior Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. ed. II (1828) 277; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 251; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 1 (1917) 391; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sia Vill (1931): eWiBecker im Medeh.) ll, Aza Rossa Gul Oils) opie Venom towmmag(a.Sp. ol. wed aiti(ll,62). 1325) p. psa. momma: sot aunulberalte Fl. Germ. II (1789) 270 (excl. syn. nonnull.) et auct. plur. non L. sensu CeESimMchOn= Ve as te itolwa, Edbey His) alt. 1 (1829) 260,non Roth. — We mOnita Mm aavclen, A. 6 lati ctvol: imei. SOCea Nat NOSG se xexoalivie 2(1861) 497.— V.persicifolia subsp. elatior|Schm. Fl. 1 (1895) 116.— Vicaminave.e lation Doll, bl. Bad. IL(s862).— Vier eet a Gul. la lentioeme VAlMnsa 124: id. vExerc \phytolal (ly O2))2 7 o..12 Vs Bie O\e.e wa cueellle Iraclp ie taiee (1795).—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 4508; Rcehb. Fl. crit. 1, f. 209, 210; Schlecht. Hall rl DWeutsehl, 62.6 1s— Mocs. (Gelk. Nos. L057, 10a? ac Eek AG. Wig Noe Aaaurs W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No. 41, 142. Perennial, 14—50cm high; stem erect, more or less clothed, like whole plant, with very short hairs clearly visible only with lens, uniformly and moderately leafy; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, broadest at truncate or shallowly cordate base, abruptly cuneate-contracted into narrow wing of petiole; stipules very large, foliaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, in lower part mostly erose-dentate, in upper part entire, middle about equaling, upper exceeding petiole; peduncles with bracts well above middle; flowers attaining or overtopping leaves, large, light blue with white throat (base of petals), petals dark-striped; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals obovate, lateral conspicuously bearded; spur greenish, slightly exceeding calycine appendages; capsule prominently ribbed, cuspidate, glabrous. May—June. Floodplain meadows (and other grassy places), wet coppices (especially willow woods, ete.) thinned woods, and waterside rocks. — European part: Se) BalieOL np. Wi. Wonk Ve—Kar, iransv.. MM. Dnp. Ur; Dns. Bes), Bilt, Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., E. Transce.; W.Siberia: Alt.,Irt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., TP Slag even AR Shiae IDs Grea wciisinies Bh siceianals ha C exon erabe achaloLavAuelly a Johar aaleXolan Bal.-As. Min. Described from Sweden. Type in Stockholm. Note. Hybridizes with V.persicifolia Roth and V.pumila Chaix. Zone Densicitolia Roth ent. Elo Germ. Ii (1789) 270; W.Bckr. in Peli spon Cent cali, SOO, 211917) 3985) Kryls hl, Zap, Sibyl Vill o 32: DEPeae are WS elholwa War: yp uM Va) Sehm. Fl. Sro in Yuzbn Ross. Mss elise. p:— Vas taisnanarKite im Schultes Oesterr. HIP edyil) 1 (1814) 426; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 252; W.Becker,in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 50.— V.montana Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXIII (1877) seo Ospa ae VaNOn tana s Laghnin-asthel.. Pl. Radd. ins Bull. soc Nat. Mose. XXXIV (1761) 498.— V.montana B stricta Weinm. in Linnaea, PaN(hOSS)UGCr idk Ene Stirp..-Petrop, (183i) 24. —.V. camin auc is fercu ima D6ll. Fl. Bad. Ill (1862).— V.lactea Rchb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1830) 707, p-p. non Sm.— V.stricta Hornem. Fl. Dan. (1782) tab. 1812, non Hort. Hafn.— V.recta Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. III (1869) 47.— V.billotii F. Schultz, Fl. Gall. et Germ. exs. (1836) 4.— V.pseudostagnina Voroschilov in Byull. Mosk. Obshch. isp. prir. N.S. LII, 3 (1947) 49.— Ie, 3 iRyelalo, Wes Il, Gerwinn, 4907, wy t-eie acl, IP, Gimli, IL, AOBe Selalecliar, isle, He eDentschi Wi.Se Exsy: Hire Herb. eNorm. [Ve No. 435 (Baenitz lero. DUG NO oa; ola exsh NOG Lit el 2a W Bb eckre Viol. .exsnmNOn Gwar Perennial; stems 10—40cm high, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaves with petioles exceeding lamina, with cordate, truncate or rounded base, rarely narrowed into wing running down whole length of petiole, oblong or lanceolate to elongate-lanceolate, gradually tapering toward apex, pale green or yellowish-green, glabrous or (under microscope) slightly pubescent, margin shallowly and rather flatly crenate-dentate; stipules of mid-cauline leaves about half as long as petiole, those of upper leaves equaling petiole, linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed or entire; peduncles exceeding leaves, with bracts at or below summit; flowers small; petals obovate, milky-white with violet veins; spur greenish, obtuse, scarcely exceeding calycine appendages; capsule ovoid, acute. May—June. Inundated meadows and other exposed grassy places, open deciduous woods.— European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.-Ilm., Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka., Balt., Ua DnpasUaiv- AN esDongiihransy.) MADnps, Bile: We Siberia) Obey Alt. mnie Men Ane Sania Gene distr -yiocanG Atle and Centra ure Des ciellae cy stiaonn Leipzig vicinity,near Funkenburg. Type unknown. Note. The species V.pseudostagnina was established, as it appears to us, due to a misunderstanding. V.N.Voroshilov clearly took for the true V.stagnina a completely different plant — V.pumila var. orientalis Kupffer (for this see note to V.pumila Chaix), which led to anewname. This is why he failed to compare his species with V.persi- cifolia Roth, which has priority over V.stagnina Kit. Fully trust- worthy specimens of V.persicifolia that we have examined do not, in our view, differ in any respect from Voroschilov's Voronezh plant. Vener cuctto lic hybirmicdizeswath Vi elatvo chr, Voip un ila Chaix: AWin ogiGharineiiabey IOs, ehayol Ware eyiaual ig Ee 298 Group 2. Eu-caninae W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV 2 (1917) 379. — Leaves oblong or broad-ovate, broadest at end of lower third; spur mostly somewhat elongated. Series 1. Pratenses Juz.— Glabrous or subglabrous plants, with long stipules. 24, V.jordani Hanry Cat. pl. Var (1853) 159; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XOCX1V,, 2\(1917) 1379. — Vi. damn whi aliisyBorby in! Map winoy: lap. (1889-1890) 79.— V.vandasii Vel. Fl. bulg. suppl. (1821) 641.— V.provincialis Burnat, Fl. alp. marit. VI (1906) 266.— V.elatior provincialis Kirschl. Not. Viol. Rhin. (1840) 14.—V.elatior var. Blatif{ielia Vel.oF1, bullet (1891).— Vamontanalsipulbie si@enis: Wie, Prodr: 1\(1824) 299.— Ie,: Kirsehi. 1. c...tab, Il, f, 13) Exs)) W. Bekr) Viel. Sxcsin VIN@SMMe Perennial, 20—40cm high; rhizome strong, oblique, multicipital; stems glabrous or nearly so, uniformly and copiously leafy (stems almost com- pletely covered with leaves and stipules); middle stipules equaling petiole, upper longer, foliaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower pectinate- fimbriate, middle dentate (mainly in lower part and outside), upper subentire, glabrate; leaves long-petioled, broad-ovate or oblong-ovate, broadest at end of lower third, with flatly cordate base, slightly acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, crenate; flowers large, overtopping leaves; sepals lanceolate; petals pale violet, obovate, lateral conspicuously bearded; lower with well developed spur, markedly exceeding calycine appendages. May— June. Growth conditions unknown.— European part: Bl., Crim. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur. (France), Centr. Eur. (Hungary), Bal.-As. Min. (Balkan Peninsula, Cilicia); in Himalayas a very closely related species, V.falconeri Hook. f. et Thoms. Described from France (Var, Le Cannet-du-Luc). Type probably in Paris. Note. It is not definitely ascertained that this species grows on USSR territory. Becker (1.c., 1917) reports it for the Black Sea region (in the form pseudo-elatior W.Bckr. ibid. VI, 2 (1910) 306), but we have not seen any relevant material from there. We did find in the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute a specimen which apparently belongs to this type, though very unsatisfactory, from Crimea (near Koktebel', collected by KogenGolde) 49 Wie: tireat iw jordani in the wide sense of Becker, with the reservation that, upon detailed investigation, this species would probably break up into a series of vicarious races. The question whether our plant should be renamed V.danubialis Borb., V.vandasii Vel.,or perhaps some other name, remains open for the time being. 25. V. pumila Chaix in Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. I (1786) 339, II (1787) 666; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 389.— V.persicifolia ink. Enum. pl. hort. Berol. (1820) 240 Sure zal bates —clalmuies alm lucnie non Roth.— V.pratensis Mert. et Koch, Deutschl. Fl. II (1826) 267; Ldb. Hilt Ross» 1,251, p.p.— Volactea: Priesy Nov. Hi Sucesned., LIM 823) ea et auct. non Sm.— V.persicifolia var. b) pumila Garcke Fl. Deutschl. 294 og3 394 ed. XVIII (1869) 79, excl. syn. nonnul!.— V.persicifolia subsp. B pu- mile schmi, HL te oS) Id6tpe py Vi.mOm pane (8 per sa ei follia Mart. Fl. mosg. (1817) 45.— V.canina var. 6 pratensis Doll. Fl. Bad. III (1862); Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXXIV (1861) 497.— V. pu- mila var. typica Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 197 et var. orientalis Kupffer in Tr. Bot. Sada Yur'evsk. univ. (1903) 168-169. — liek Richb-wlic wl. Germ Z0a(be schlecht. Hall Fi Deutsche 12 civ EscsH: G.R.F. No. 909, 1506 (var. orientalis Kupff.); Woloszcz. Fl. Pol. exs. No. 509. Perennial, 4—20cm high, in fruit up to 30cm; rhizome short, mostly multicipital; root strongly branched; stems solitary or several, erect, quite glabrous (like whole plant); lower internodes short, clothed with brownish stipules, middle and upper much longer; leaves to 5cm long, 1.5—2cm broad, ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed downward, with obtuse or sub- cuneate base decurrent into conspicuously winged petiole, subcoriaceous, dark green, margin remotely denticulate, toward apex usually entire; lower leaf petioles exceeding lamina, petioles of upper leaves shorter than lamina; stipules of lower and middle leaves shorter than petiole, upper exceeding it, 2—4cm long, 3—8 mm broad, linear-lanceolate to oblong, entire or with fairly long subulate teeth at base; leaves glabrous, only margin sometimes roughened with very short, remote, bristly hairs; peduncles axillary, equaling or exceeding leaves, with 2 bracts at summit; flowers 12—18mm long, whitish or mostly pale violet, with darker veins, not scented; sepals curved-lanceolate, appendages 1—2 mm long; petals narrowly obovate, spur subconic, obtuse, 2—4 mm long, greenish, slightly or rather markedly ex- ceeding calycine appendages; style hooked, papillose at summit; capsule ovoid-oblong, angled, glabrous. May—June. Meadows and other grassy places, steppes, wood margins and open WOOGIS|, — IDwAojSeNal Ones IBeulws5 We Dyajos, Wa Won Worle, Sbiceimsiy5, Wo —IDyer., MSD: UOnis.. sie EV siCrim. \s\We Stoeirias all Teoions:) (Ee sibpeiqiemaem:. Anihesaya.) Centi. ASlat a Salkh wDzueslarb-iie ohm Genk distriisgseanceeyet: and Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min.,Dzu.-Kash. Described from France. Vype in Paris. Note. According to Becker,this species represents philogenetically aiWdenivative, of the preceding. In.the BH. part ofits distribution area, Vapi. mila often has broader leaves than the typical form, and Kupffer even established a separate variety, var. orientalis Kupff. (1.c.) to represent the eastern race of V.pumila. However, broad-leaved forms occur here side by side with narrow-leaved ones and, generally speaking, it has not yet been possible to arrive at a clearly defined subdivision of Soviet V.pumila into geographical races. Veep wu nidastornms hy bsids wath. ai wnt ain ay Richbsj | yaw Oe Sitges Slant. WoSlatri@ir Iie.) VW. OSiw@ Sieur Oley Iowa, Ws ion Oint eid A IL), eumcl We ehin Wiavel IE Series 2. Acuminatae Juz.— More or less hairy plants, with large stipules. 26. V.acuminata Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 252.— Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III (1905) 67; W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 48.— V.laciniosa 295 395 A. Gray in Parry, Narrative (1856) 308. = V.silvestris Trauty. et Meyer, Fl. ochot. (1856) 19,nec aliorum.— V.canina var. acuminata Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXXIV (1861) 492 (lus. a etb).— V.acuminata var. dentata W.Bckr. l.c. (1915) 49 et in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1916) 244;— Vimicrantha W. Bekr: in Bein: 7Bot.) Centyalol ony 2 (1917) 380,p.p. non Turcz.— V.micrantha proles grandistipulata W.Bckr. l.c. (1917) 383.— Ic.: Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I, 233.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1907; Karo, Pl. amur. et zedens. (1899) 350. Perennial, vigorous plant (5)10—40 em high, without basal leaf-rosettes; rhizome sturdy, vertical or oblique, densely covered with long roots; stems 2—4, strongly elongating in fruit, sturdy, erect, glabrous or in upper part more or less covered with stiff hairs, evenly leafy; leaves ovate or mostly broad-ovate, openly cordate base with truncate-arched lobes, rather shortly acuminate (especially upper), shallowly crenate or crenate-dentate, more or less pubescent, hairy beneath mainly on veins, 1.5—6.5cm long, 1.2—5cm broad; petioles fairly long; lower stipules adnate, others free, more or less leaflike, half as long (middle) or as long as petiole (upper), 1—3cm long and to 1cm broad, rather broadly or narrowly elliptical, deeply pinnatipartite -incised, with elongate, rather broad and very acute segments, or acutely long-toothed; flowers surpassing leaves, small, 1—1.5cm long, whitish or pale blue, on long peduncles, bracts close to calyx; sepals linear-lanceolate, very narrow, long-acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, short appendages truncate or rounded, toothed; upper and lateral petals oblong, longer than lower, lateral bearded, lower violet-striped, together with spur ca.1.5mm long; spur rather short; ovary conic, glabrous; style slender, slightly geniculate at base, gradually enlarged upward, head papillose on back and sides, gradually passing into beak, this short, directed forward; capsule ellipsoid. April—June. Wet places on river banks and floodplains. — E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Altai (?), Baikal and Dauria near Nerchinsk. Type in Leningrad. Note. The Daurian plant is most acceptable as type of this species. Gebler's Altai plant, advanced by Ledebour, does not belong to V.acumi- nata (it is probably a form of V.montana L.). Even though Ledebour in- cludes V.micrantha Turcz. among the synonyms of his species and mentions that he arrived at renaming this species as a homonym, V.acu - minata is actually based on entirely different type material and its description does not agree at all with Turchaninov's Chinese plant. Zw Vi. HUGeZANIiNO Wil Juz Mom nov. Vemlerantha’ hurez.. im isl Soc. Nat. Mosc. V (1932) 183,non Pres] nec Guss.— V.micrantha A. proles brevistipulata W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) Foor aa Vive Ustin ant ae auetepluten Selita papa mOonmEcls "Se sigs Perennial, usually lower and weaker than V.acuminata, 8—30cm high; stem erect, often slightly zigzagging from node to node, at least in upper part more or less covered with short soft hairs;leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, more deeply cordate at base than V.acuminata, mostly long-acu- minate (at least upper), crenate-dentate or almost serrate, mostly densely pubescent on both sides (and on petiole) or beneath only on veins, rarely sparsely pubescent, 1.5—5cm long, 1.2—3.5cm broad; stipules much smaller 61006 1 296 396 compared with V.acuminata,to 1.5cm long, mid-cauline leaves about one-third length of petiole, upper mostly not attaining length of petiole, lanceolate, long-acuminate, margin with very long, narrowly lanceolate or subulate teeth; flowers mostly smaller still than those of V.acuminata, 0.8—1.3cm long; spur 2—3mm long. Otherwise resembling preceding species. April—June. River banks.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from North China (near Kalgan [now Chang-chia-k'ou]). Type in Leningrad. Note. W.Becker regards this race as a more southerly one than V.acuminata, associated with warmer and drier climate. Its distribution area lies mainly outside the limits of our flora, but certain specimens from Ussuri (Maritime Territory) (e. g., Komarov's plants from Suputinka River valley) may be referred to it (they only differ perhaps in sparser leaf pubes - cence) and this is why we included it here. According to Becker, the two forms are mutually linked by "transitions.'' There is need for field obser- vations on the behavior of V.acuminata and V.turczaninowii in the area of contact. 28. V.austro-ussuriensis Kom. in Kom. and Alis. Opred. rast. Dal'ne- vost. kr. II (1932) 767.— V.acuminata subsp. austro-ussuriensis W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 49,saltem s. str.; id. in Beih. BotuGentralbl SOOMV, 21917) '244/-= vim verant natB. proles ergamchi. Spb ombotanZe lS austrO-UusSSuUrhems is IW. Bekr, asior (1917) 384. Perennial, 5-25cm high; rhizome short, rather slender; stems solitary or 2 or 3, slender or mostly fairly sturdy, erect, glabrous or in upper part pubescent, usually with few cauline leaves; leaves ovate, cordate at base with rather wide sinus, acutish or subacuminate, flatly crenate-dentate, glabrous or upper mostly with stiff hairs especially on veins and often all over (upper and lower), 1—4.5cm long, 0.7—-3 cm broad; lower stipules turning brown, other foliaceous, 1—2.5cm long, elliptical, coarsely and irregularly sharp-toothed; flowers not or slightly surpassing leaves, very large in relation to usually rather low stem, 1.3—2.5cm broad, apparently violet, peduncles with bracts in upper part; sepals lanceolate or narrow- lanceolate, conspicuous appendages slightly dentate; petals oblong or broad- ly obovate, lateral long-bearded, the lower with relatively long, thick spur, rounded at tip, 2.5-5mm long; style papillose at summit, short beak directed slightly upward; ovary glabrous; capsule unknown. May—June. (Plate XIX, Figure 6.) Borders of oak woods, grassy slopes, wet meadows and coppices, river banks and coasts.— Far East: Uss. Endemic? Described from Okeanskaya Station near Vladivostok. Type in Leningrad. Note. We cannot possibly agree with the interpretation of this form as a simple "lusus,'' at which Becker finally arrived. This is to all appearances an excellent species, philogenetically linked, on one hand, with V.acuminata Ldb. and,on the other hand, with V.montana L. It apparently hybridizes with V.acuminata Ldb. Series 3. Vericaninae Juz.— Sparingly hairy or nearly glabrous plants, with comparatively small stipules. 297 se) 398 29. V.montana L. Fl. Suec. (1755) 305; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXVL 2 (1910) 302; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VII,1929.— V.canina Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,252,p.p. et auct. plur. Fl. Ross. non L.; W. Becker in Fedch. FI. Az. Ross. 8 (1815) 45, saltem p. max. p.— V.ruppii Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 252 an All.— V.lancifolia Bess. Fl. Gal. I (1809) L73.—1Ve Ga manta) yy montana Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. ed.II (1828) 273; Shmal'g. Fl. 1, 115; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 386 (pro subsp.).— V.montana a glabra Weinm. in Linnaea, X (1835) 67; id. En. Stirp. Petrop. (1837) 27.— V.montana 6 ruppii DC. Prodr. I (1824) 299.— Vemvondtan a var. lat biodival Kryl an dacs 930, — che Rchba eis yG@erm,. tab. XIV, 4505, 4506b; Schlecht. Hall. Deutschl. Fl. tab. 1279.— Exs.: @. Rt EF. No. 755:. Pl. -Finl., exss.No.291;. Wi Beker. Viol) exs > Noise Perennial, 6-30cm high (in flower); rhizome very short, inconspicuous; stems solitary or few, mostly erect, elongating in fruit and often decumbent; middle and upper internodes elongated; leaves petiolate, lamina 2—7cm long, 1.5—4cm broad, ovate or broad-ovate, shallowly cordate or notched, crenate at base, with margins slightly concave, straight or convex in upper part, sub- acuminate with obtusish apex, in lower leaves shorter,in upper much longer than petiole, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stipules half or slightly more than half as long as leaf lamina, to2cm long, 0.5cm broad, lanceolate or subulate, subentire or usually more or less toothed, with several unequal teeth; whole plant glabrous or with scattered hairs; peduncles axillary, with bracts in upper part; flowers 1.5—2.5cm long, blue or violet-blue, sometimes whitish, not scented; petals oblong-obovate, lower shorter than lateral; spur cylindric, obtuse, yellowish or whitish, 2—4mm long, exceeding calycine appendages; sepals subulately curved, appendages 1—2.5mm long; style papillose at summit; capsule oblong-ovoid, obtuse, slightly angled, glabrous. May—June. Woods, coppices; also meadows and other grassy places.— European part: Kar;-lap.;,Dv.>Rech:; V.-Ka.,; Ballt.; Lad. -Ilm'.; Univ... V:-Don? tansy -, W. Dnp.. Ms Pap: Crim. Caucasus: ‘Cise..Dag.,, Eh. Pranse:;) W. Siberia: all regions; E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Sweden. Type in London. Note. In conformity with the tradition established among Russian taxonomists, we award specific status to this species, even though it clearly does not differ in any decisive way from forms included under V.canina s.str. The differences between these two species, within the range adopted, concern only to a limited extent such characters as leaf shape, size and shape of stipules, spur coloring, etc., and chiefly refer to features of habit. The distribution areas of V.montana and V.canina largely overlap and each of these species clearly represents a complex of different ecotypic significance; in other words, these species are examples of the so-called "local vicarism'' (Firgapper). Even though their retention as separate species finds support in their undoubted constancy as well as in reports concerning frequent occurrence of sterility in ''transitional'' forms, we consider the approach adopted in this treatment as temporary. Itis possible that further studies will make it necessary to combine the two species or, more likely, will lead to their subdivision into a series of more restricted entities. 298 401 There are known hybrids of V.montana with V.sylvestris Lam., V.riviniana Rchb. (very common in the Soviet Union), V.rupestris Schm., V.persicifolia Roth, V.pumila Chaix and V.canina L. 30. V.canina L. Sp. pl. I (1753) 935,p.p.; emend. Rchb. Pl. crit. I (1823))60,noa Ging: im DC.5 db. Hl. Ross. 1,.252,.p.p. (te) Shmal'g. Wilt Sr. i Yuzhn. Ross. I (1895) 115,p.p.; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXVI, 2 (1910) 300.— V.canina subsp. typica W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 386.— V.flavicornis Sm. Engl. Fl. I (1824) 304.— V.canina c)flavicornis Aschers, Fl. prov. Brandenb. (1864) (0. — Ve canina, @. slab uilles axkehb, 1. cis, Shmal'sym ls. 1.(1895) laa V.ericetorum Schrad. ex Link, Enum. Hort. berol. I (1821) 240; Borbas in Koch-Wohlfart. Synops. (1892) 204.— V.canina 8 ericetorum Rchb. iWensmmal'o. Vic. Vapuimeie avvar, eri ceto rum Giaowin J @ 2 veces | (ee 2991-1 ec anhinal Ve imecorum Rehb. i.e; Vee amunian wemgayer sia folia Gronw. Nagra anteckn. till Skanes Fl. (1859) 6.— V.lancifolia Wallr. Sched. crit. (1822) 98.— V.procumbens Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. V (1785) 23.— ? V.podolica Andrz. ex Trautv. in Tr. B.S. VIII (1888) 124, nomena. pies kechbisles Hl Germ, 4501, 8B, 7.6; Rehb. (Pliverit.wanaia2e 153.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1508; W.Bckr. Viol. exs. No. 64, 137,138. Perennial, 3—15cm high (in flower); rhizome very short; stems numerous, prostrate at base, ascending above, rarely suberect, forming tufts, somewhat elongating in fruit; lower internodes short, middle and upper more or less elongated; leaves petiolate, lamina 1—4cm long, 0.7—2.8cm broad, ovate or oblong-ovate, with cordate base and more or less convex or very rarely somewhat concave margins, obtuse or drawn out into an obtuse tip, crenate, glabrous or at base sparingly pubescent; petioles wingless, mostly much less than half length of leaf lamina, subulate or linear, entire or with several unequal teeth, largest to 1(2)cm long and 2(4)mm broad; whole plant glabrous or sparingly covered with short hairs; peduncles axillary, with bracts at top; flowers 1—2 cm long, blue, white at throat, not scented; petals obovate, lower shorter than lateral; spur cylindric, obtuse, whitish or more often yellowish, 1.5—3.5mm long, exceeding calycine appendages; sepals cordate-subulate, appendages to 2mm long; style papillose at summit; capsule oblong-ovoid, obtuse, angled, glabrous. May—June. (Plate XVIII, Figure 6.) Exposed, mainly sandy places, pastures, and scrub. — European part: Kar.-bap., Dv ech, V.-Ka., Balt. U.Dop.jladsallm,., Ujior Vl Dar We aon), Mranisy +, Crime Caucasus: Cise,, Dag., Hal ransc.) E.. ollbiegiel: ave rdmn my Mae Say. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. and Centr. Eur. Described from Europe. Type in London. Note. See note to preceding species. Some of the names included in the synonymy refer to forms that are intermediate between V.montana and V.canina s.str.; the significance of these forms is not quite clear. This applies particularly to V.canina var. lucorum Rchb. (in its generally accepted connotation). It appears that referring such forms to V.montana would greatly reduce the above-indicated distribution area of V.canina, since the most typical forms of this species are clearly con- fined in this country to the western regions of the European part of the USSR. 299 PLATE XIX. 1— Viola brachysepala Maxim., habit, stipule, summit of stem with capsules; 2 — V.mau- ritii Tepl.,habit,stipule; 3 -— V.fedtschenkoana W. Bckr., habit, stipule; 4 — V. sacchalinensis De Boiss., flower,stipule; 5 — V. silvestriformis W. Bckr.,same; 6 —V. austro-ussuriemsis Kom., top of plant, stipule. 300 402 The species known to form hybrids with V.canina are V.sylvestris Mame VA cupest ris Sschmy Va aivumianmalnchb. Vi pems1c¢itolia, oth and V.pumila Chaix,as well as V.montana L. Subsection 4. REPENTES Kupffer in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. (1903) 329.— Acauline plants with creeping rhizome forming underground stolons; sti- pules broad, often adnate to petiole; head of style smooth (without papillose appendages), with small protuberance at top and scarcely curved forward, style short and almost straight, stigmatic orifice broad. Monotypic subsection, standing by itself in this section (where it was placed by Kupffer) and possibly deserving to be set up as an independent section (Icmasion Juz. ined.). 81, V.uliginosa Bess. Prim. Fl.) Galic: 1 (1809) 169; Schrad. Neues Journ. IV (1810) 180; Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 296; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 248; Shmal'g. Fl. 1 (1895) 112. V.primulifolia Schult. Catal. Cracoy. (1806) et Observ. bot. (1809) 48,non L.— V.hybrida Wulfen ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. V (1819) 357.— V.scaturiginosa Wallr. Sched. crit. (1822) evi mmneke aysteph ini Gurez. Spis.) rasts)vvokr.) SPba ik 2 (1825) 683. — v.fennica Steph. ex Nym. Consp. (1854) 79,non Nyl.— V.nitens Host ex Rchb. Fl. Germ. excurs. (1830) 705; id. Fl. austr. I (1827) 281.— Vigne pucas Vin Bares Rupr. inBertn.) (eh anuss: Reich. IV (1845) 48.— V.oxysepala Borbas in Kochs Syn. 3 Aufl. (1392))194. >. Vir ipa wa Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. 6 (1854) 135.— Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 4492; Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. I, 89 (1845) tab. 3.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 456; Meinsh. Herb. Ingr. No. 75; Fl. austro-hung. No. 66. Perennial, 7-20cm high; rhizome elongated, slender, creeping, long - jointed, clothed with broad-ovate brownish squamose stipules, developing slender underground stolons and rosette of basal leaves, flowers arising from among basal leaves; petioles 2—15cm long, narrowly winged in upper part; leaf lamina 1—10cm long, 1—7cm broad, round-cordate or (outer leaves) reniform to ovate or triangular-ovate, crenate-serrate with appressed teeth, notched or cordate at base, slightly decurrent into petiole, angular at apex with almost straight margins, glabrous or sparsely short- hairy, pure green; stipules ovate or lanceolate, 5-10 mm long, entire or denticulate, adnate to petiole half length; peduncles with soon deciduous bracts above middle; flowers large, 2—3 cm long, dark violet, not scented; petals narrowish, not contiguous; spur obtusely conic, slightly curved up- ward, 3-5 mm long, dark violet; sepals lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, obt: sish, 4-8 mm long; style without papillae, with very small beak or al- most beakless; orifice of stigma relatively broad; capsule oblong-ovoid, slightly angled, obtuse, smooth. April-May. (Plate XVIII, Figure 7.) Wet, marshy meadows and coppices, alder groves, borders of damp woods, forest bogs, lake shores, and banks of brooks and streams.— Euro- pean partesimars Wap, Wad .-limeyBalty, WU) Dap ULV; Vin AU ainss Gen distr.: Scand. (S.Sweden), Centr. Eur. Described from W. Ukraine. Type in Kiev. Note. Attempts have often been made to separate from V.uliginosa Bess. some of its forms as distinct species, either on the basis of flower 301 403 coloration (thus, the inhabitants of Leningrad are well acquainted with "V.ingrica'' M.B., which is supposed to differ from typical V.uliginosa in the darker, saturated violet coloring of its flowers), or by the shape of sepals (V.oxysepala Borbas),etc. These attempts have so far been unsuccessful. The problem of race composition of V.uliginosa should not, however, be considered as being finally resolved (if only because of the lack of exact observations concerning flower color in various parts of the distribution area). V.uliginosa Bess. hybridizes with V.mirabilis L.,V.sylvestris Lam. Ve rivinian ach b, wand: Vim on tama ly. Section 3. |) PWAGIOSTIGMA, Godr. Fl. Lorr:3i(1757) 90ssastr: Sie lonosae Kupffer in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. (1903) 329.— Acauline plants, with mostly long-jointed slender rhizome; flowers mostly not scented; style nail-shaped, smooth at summit (unappendaged), flattened to form forward-facing truncate surface (resembling head of a nail) produced at front margin into short beak, with stigmatic orifice at its narrowed tip; peduncles erect in fruit; capsule and seeds as in species of preceding section. Series 1. Palustres Juz.— Stipules free; leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at apex, quite glabrous; flowers with short spur. A West European group, with Atlantic development center. 32. V.palustris L. Sp. pl. I (1753) 934; Ging. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 294; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 247; Shmal'g. Fl. I (1895) 112,,excl. subsp. B; W.Bekr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV (1917) 407; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VII, 1934.— V.palustris a) vulgaris DC. Prodr. I (1824) 294.— V.ino- dora Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. V (1785) 123; id. Exer. Phytol. I (1785) 274.— lee ehehion.t tex Ee Germ (44 0lemSehlecht:) Halit d2b3) [vec mG ativenk No, 455;8w saustro-hung. Nop2879:) Rehm: et Wol:ePl, sPol Nowe Aare be Perennial, 2.5—-15cm high; rhizome mostly slender, creeping, jointed, scaly, producing slender, jointed, aerial stolons 3—10cm long, with elongated internodes; leaves 2—5 in basal rosette; petioles narrowly winged, 1-14cm long; leaf lamina round-reniform with cordate base, 1—5cm long, 1-4cm broad, slightly, remotely and flatly crenate (often subentire), rounded or sub- obtuse at apex, very rarely short-acuminate, glabrous on both sides, yellowish-green, lustrous; stipules oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, free; peduncles 2—15cm long, with bracts about middle; flowers 0.7—1.5cm long, pale reddish-lilac or whitish, not scented; sepals ovate, obtusish, with very short appendages; petals obovate, lower violet-veined; spur pale lilac, mostly not more than 2mm long, half as long again as calycine appendages; stigma patellate, with broad orifice; capsule ovoid, angled, glabrous. Fl. April—June; fr. July. (Plate XVIII, Figure 2.) Wet and marshy meadows and glades, peat and sedge bogs (especially sylvestrine), damp woods (spruce, pine, mixed and small leaved) and their borders, coppices, banks of rivers and brooks, and lake shores. — European part? Kar,-Lap.; Dv. -Pech:;'V.-Ka.); Balt); U.Dnp:, Wads-Ime UO Vi, M2 Drape (rare), Bes. (rare). Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. andCentr. Eur.,Med. De- semibed trom Hurope. Type in London: 302 === _ 404 405 Note. Produces a hybrid with V.epipsila Ldb., widespread in the USSR, appearing wherever the parental forms grow together, and repro- ducing vegetatively. Series 2. Epipsilae Juz.— Stipules free; leaves mostly subacuminate, often hairy on veins beneath; flowers with longer spur. 33. V.epipsila Ldb. Ind. sem. Hort. Dorpat. (1820) 5; Ging. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 305; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,247; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot, Central- bi XV. (1017). 405s, hry) el.) Aapesibid VILL, 193337 Vi palus prals var. epipsila Maxim. in Mél. biol. DX (1877) 730.— Vipalustrus subsp. 8 epipsila Schm. Fl. I (1895) 112.— V.scandica Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. (1846) 35, 153.- V. suecica Fr. ibid. (1849) 556.-V.fennica Nyl. Spicil. Fl. fenn. Cent. I (1846) 28.-V.pubinervis Rehm. et Wol. Fl. Pol. exs. Cent. 1(1893) No. 18 et18b.—V.epipsila var.hyperborea Rupr. Fl. Samo- jed. cisural. (1845) 23. Exs.: G. R. F. No. 604; Dorfl. Herb. Norm. No. 4307, 5229: Rehm. et Wol.l.c. Perennial, 4—20(25) em high; rhizome creeping, oblique or horizontal, rather slender, jointed, clothed with brown vestiges of stipules, producing aerial stolons with elongated internodes; leaves basal, few (mostly 2); petioles long, narrowly winged, glabrous or sometimes slightly hairy in upper part, 1—6cm long, in fruit up to 9cm; lamina 0.8—5.5 broad, in fruit up to 10cm, broad-ovate, orbicular or subreniform from deeply cordate base, usually subacuminate or obtusish or rarely rounded at summit, shallowly crenate, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially on veins; stipules to 1cm long, ovate-lanceolate, free, white- scarious; peduncles fairly sturdy, with 2 bracts above middle, mostly in upper third; flowers not or slightly overtopping leaves, light violet or whitish, fairly large, 1.4-2cm long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with short obtusish appendages; petals oblong-ovate, lateral beardless or slightly bearded, lower violet-veined; spur rather thick, obtuse, slightly curved upward, 2—3 times as long as calycine appendages; style nail-shaped, flattened at summit, marginate, anterior beak directed upward, capsule ca. 1cm long, ellipsoid or oblong, glabrous. May—June. Meadows and other grassy places, coppices, damp woods and glades, peat and other bogs.— Arctie: Ares hur; Huropean part: /Kar)-Wap 7 iy. ech. Bale. Us Dap. fad. ll mew V¥,iVa-Deny Transv.; Wi Ssibemiacn@b. Gen: distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from Tartu. Type in Leningrad. Note. A dwarf form of this species from Arc. Eur. (Kanin, Bolshe- zemel'skaya Tundra) is V.hyperborea Rupr. It closely resembles V.repens Turcz., but the lower surface of its leaves is somewhat pubes - cent; beside dimensions, there is nothing significant to distinguish it from V.epipsila and it hardly represents a constant form. In any case, typical V.epipsila is also known from the regions where it occurs. Concerning hybrid V.epipsila X V.palustris, see note to the latter species. 34. V.repens Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838) 88.— V.epipsila auGi# Dl. eSitbesor,, Ct One Lxir, = Vp ku sir iis auc. Hlststbe voriet ig Extr.— V.epipsila subsp. repens W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 303 406 XXXIV, 2 (1917) 406.— V.epipsila subsp. palustroides W.Bckr. in Fedde, Repert. spec. nov. XVII (1921)'72: id. in’ Beith. "Bot. Centralbl. xi, 2 (1923) 146.— Viepipsila subsp. repens var. ipalus trodes W. Beka, ein Istuullips vatia Si, Wieirg YN Atel. es Blow, (22) ANY INOS (1928) 4.— Ic.: V. Brainerd Baird, Wild. Violets Nor. Am. (1942) tab. 65. Perennial, 2-—10cm high; rhizome horizontal, creeping, slender, jointed, with remnants of brown stipules and numerous rootlets at nodes, producing long, Slender, aerial stolons; leaves few, on long, mostly slender, glabrous petioles, 0.8-—2.5cm long and broad, in fruit up to 4.5—5.5cm, ovate-cordate from deeply cordate base, mostly subacute or subacuminate, flatly angular - crenate, glabrous on both sides or very rarely somewhat pubescent beneath (mainly on veins), thin; stipules small, pale green, at length turning brown; peduncles slender or fairly stout, with bracts scarcely or decidedly above middle; flowers not or slightly overtopping leaves, light violet, 1—1.5cm long; sepals narrowly ovate or oblong, obtuse, with very short, obtusish appendages; petals oblong-ovate, lateral mostly beardless, lower violet- veined; spur short, round-tipped, slightly curved upward, 2—3 times as long as calycine appendages; capsule 7-9mm long. May—July. Marshy meadow, peat and grass bogs, shores of rivers, streams and lakes, and stones.— Arctic: Chuk, An.; E. Siberia; all regions; Far Hast: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Okh., Kamch., Kurile Isles. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Man- churia), N. Am. (Aleutians, Alaska). Described from Transbaikalia (Shilka River and Krugloe). Type in Kiev; cotype in Leningrad. Note: ) The specific distinctiveness of V-repens is generally disputed; this form does, however, have its defined, though aggregate distribution area, and itis quite easily distinguishable. Series 3. Brachycerae Juz.— Stipules more or less adnate to petiole; leaves rounded at apex or obtuse, glabrous; flowers small, with extremely short spur. 35. V.brachyceras Turez. Cat. baic.-dahur. (1839) 191; id. Fl. baic.- dahur. 1 (1842) 183; id. in Bull. Soe. Nat. Mose. XV (1842) 301; Ldb. FI. Ross. I, 246; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 79; id. Beih. Bot. Central: XXXIV, 2)(1917) 408; Kryl. Fle Zap. Sib. VIIL, 1935: Perennial, acauline, to 6cm high (in flower); rhizome 2—3 cm long, oblique or vertical, rather sturdy, clothed at top with remnants of leaves and covered with rootlets, passing into slender, sparingly branched root; leaves of flowering plant mostly 2, rather small, 1—2cm long; petiole twice as long as lamina, slightly winged; lamina round-cordate, obtuse or scarcely acuminate, obscurely crenulate, glabrous, paler beneath; leaves of fruiting plant more numerous (up to 5), larger, 3—5cm long, more deeply cordate; stipules small, semi-adnate to petiole, fimbriate, at length turning brown; peduncles slender, with bracts above middle; flowers scarcely overtopping leaves, small, ca.8mm long, whitish; sepals ovate-lanceolate, narrowly scarious-margined, acuminate, faintly 3-nerved, with short rounded appen- dages; petals oblong-obovate, lateral bearded, lower shorter than others, lilac-striped; spur short, thick, barely exceeding calycine appendages; style scarcely geniculate at base, somewhat nail-shaped, flattened on top, with erect style; cleistogenic flowers beside chasmogamic; capsule relatively large,ca.6mm long, spotted dark brown. May—June. 304 Larch woods, rocks, and river banks.— W. Siberia: Ob (Ket' River basin); Hesiberia: jAnig.- Saye, We. Kol. Dau; Par Hast: Ze sun, Uss. )seademic: Described from Krugloe, on the road between Irkutsk and Kultuk. Type in Kiev; cotype in Leningrad. Note. Apparently a rare species; only a few habitats have been recorded. 36. V.hultenii W. Bckr. apud W. Bckr. et Hult. in Sv. Vet. Ak. Ark. f. Bot. 22 A, No.3, 01928) 4.—. Vo rotundifolia, Pypallenisceime, ine: Prodr. (1824) 295,p.p. (quoad.pl. Kamtsch.) non Banks; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 11842), 248. — Vi blanda.Regl. in, Bull.,Soc..,Nat. Mosc. XXXIV, 2)(i86il)) 479: W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 59; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917). 402,non Willd,—Ic.: Rgl) Pl. Radds (1861) PaloweVil ie 2 liar Perennial, acauline or sometimes very shortly cauline, slender, to 8cm high; rhizome whitish, slender, filiform, rather long-jointed, clothed with brown scales and bearing long slender rootlets; leaves 1—4 (mostly 2), usually remote; petiole twice as long as lamina,narrowly winged, glabrous; laminae 0,7—1.8em. long; 0. 9—2.3 cm) broad, reniform ;orbicular for sound reniform, deeply and narrowly cordate at base, rounded or scarcely acu- minate at apex, very shallowly crenate, thin, covered above with scattered whitish hairs, especially near margin, lower surface glabrous or with 407 scattered hairs at base; stipules ca. 1—1.5mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-ciliolate, very shortly adnate to petiole, dark brown; peduncles slender, glabrous, with bracts below middle; flowers overtopping leaves, small, 7-8 mm long, whitish, scented (?); sepals ovate-lanceolate, ovate or broad-ovate, scarious-margined, latter sometimes sparingly ciliate, 3-nerved, short and narrowish appendages rounded at apex; petals ca. 7mm long, oblong-obovate, lateral beardless, dark violet-striped, lower elliptic, slightly broader than lateral, with similar but more distinct stripes covering sur-\_ face; spur very short and rather slender, scarcely exceeding calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style almost nail-shaped, flattened and mar- ginate at summit, anterior beak erect or horizontal; capsule ellipsoid, green, glabrous. May—June. Marshy places, sphagnum bogs.— Far East: Kamch., Kurile Islands. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Japan). Described from S. Kamchatka (between Petropavlovsk and Avacha Sopka). Type in Stockholm; cotype in Leningrad. Note. A species mostly connected with V.blanda Willd., but apparently more closely related to V.brachyceras. Section 4. MEMORABILES W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1815) em.; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 255.— Acauline plants (with habit of V. palust ris); rhizome creeping, clothed with broad-ovate or round-ovate stipules; leaves broadly reniform; flowers pale yellow, lateral petals and lower bearded; style sigmoid at base, gradually enlarged upward and slightly arched forward, thickened at summit, beak retaining direction of style. A monotypic section. 305 408 37. V.kusnezowiana W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 88; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 254.— Ec.: W.Bekr. l.c. (1915) f. 22 (stylus). Perennial, 5—15cm high; rhizome horizontally creeping, slender, flexuous, jointed, pale, clothed at nodes with slender branched rootlets and small round scarious stipules; basal leaves remote, long-petioled, broad- reniform, broadly sinuate-crenate, deeply cordate at base, obtuse at apex or commonly with broad notch, glabrous on both sides or ciliate above along veins; peduncles slightly or considerably exceeding leaves, very slender, the 2 bracts above middle; flowers small, 8-10mm long; sepals ovate, glabrous or slightly ciliate on margin; petals yellowish, upper and lateral obovate or orbicular, lateral bearded, lower abbreviated, subnavicular, also bearded; spur very short, scarcely exceeding obsolescent calycine appen- dages; capsule conic, glabrous. June—July. (Plate XVIII, Figure 5; Plate XX, Figure 3.) Coniferous woods and riverside rocks.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Endemic. Described from Khalarovsk Territory, upper course of River Pymena. Type and paratype in Leningrad. Note. Avery rare species, occupying an isolated position, named after the botanist I. V. Kuznetsov. Section 5. VIOLIDIUM C. Koch in Linnaea, XV (1841) 251 ampl. (pro subgen.).— Adnatae W.Bckr. in A. Engler, Die Natirl. Pflanzenfam. Il Aufl. 21 Bd. (1925) 368.— Acauline plants, not stoloniferous; stipules ad- nate to petiole ip or more; style patellately flattened at summit and mostly marginate on both sides, with short beak in front; fruit as in two preceding sections. A mainly East Asian section, containing highly diversified and perhaps heterogeneous elements. Group 1. Umbrosae Juz.— Rhizome slender; leaves ovate, with deeply cordate base, more or less acute, upper surface mostly with scattered white hairs; petioles wingless; flowers not scented; lateral petals beardless; spur fairly long and thick. 38. V.selkirkii Pursh apud Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Journ. VI (1822) 324; Shimal'e. Fl. 1, 113; W)Bekry in) Beth) (Bot. ‘Centralbl, XoexTy, 2 (isit7) 412.— V.kamtschatica Ging. in Linnaea,I (1826) 406; Ldb. Fl. Ross. (ese VgimniorO Se. Eirias Noms Fil, «Suecaedsalln (leee)e2 ales lic oneal ROss. pL akeemhiry ls) Wl.) Zaps Sips. VIlk 1 936. — Ve won bie ribs, Bees adaicelas Hlkwaltsol(1829)) 257; db.) Pky Ross. 1, 245, py p.. (exels pl’cane!).— V.borealis Weinm. in Linnaea, X (1835) 66; id. En. stirp. Petrop. (1837) MNegeViikcaniey aticalvar., tinior osm Rely Pin Radda i(eei)) 22709 V.selkirkii var. angustistipulata W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. VOOM 2 (1917) 2a), NG = We Seliikaieleia \Welied jie Ole aile gee wey Wy. clic. ibid. (1917) 414.— V.salina Turez. in herb. olim ex Ldb. 1.c.— Ic.: Ldb. Gs ARM IRVOSISY, (1831) tab 2dGi Vive. sels Ra @e Mella). \/ Uae law We rae acer Ca Oss RY Eins NOs 290; a. b:. 306 409 410 Perennial, 1.5—14cm high, in fruit up to 20cm; rhizome slender, rather short, appearing slightly jointed; roots numerous, filiform, smooth, simple or branched; aerial stolons none; leaves numerous, long-petioled, 0.7—6.5cm long, 0.6—4.5cm broad, cordate or cordate-ovate, with deep narrow sinus and closely connivent basal lobes, acuminate, suberose-crenate, thin, with scattered white hairs above (mainly at margin) or subglabrous or with sporadic hairs on veins; stipules adnate to middle or above, ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute, pale green, glabrous, remotely and shortly glandular- fimbriate; peduncles not or slightly surpassing leaves, stout, abruptly recurved at top; bracts 4—7mm long, about middle; flowers 1—1.8cm long, pale violet; sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, very acute, scarious - margined, appendages fairly large, denticulate, mostly ciliate-hairy on mar- gin; petals obovate, lateral beardless; spur 5-7 mm long, thickened toward rounded tip, slightly curved upward; ovary glabrous; style slightly geni- culate, nail-shaped, flattened, marginate on both sides, distinctly beaked in front; capsule ca. 7mm long, ovoid, obtuse, glabrous. May—June. Shady coniferous and mixed woods on peaty soil (marshy places), also shaded rocks.— European part: Kar.-Lap., Lad.-Ilm., Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka., U. V.; Caucasus: Dag. (?); W.Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E. Siberia; all regions; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Kamch., Sakh. (including Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Seand., N. Am., Mong., Jap.-Chi. Described from North America. Type probably in London. Note. Our plant does not apparently differ in any way from the North American, which is remarkable considering that the overwhelming majority of North American violets differ completely from the European, with the possible exception of V.repens and V.biflora. All these three species are apparently Old World plants which are fairly recent immigrants in N. America. Vo salina Turez) appears to be merely a'dwarftorm’ of( Vis elhrr kaw from saline habitats. 39. V.carnosula W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 57.— aie a miczratica Be pihabra.Reliian Bull. soc.) Nats Moses .eoOaINe 21861) 472.— Veselkirki?i var. slabriescens, Bekr) et Hult. in’Sv, Vet. Ak. Ark. f. Bot. 22 A, No.3 (1928) 8. Perennial, acaulescent, ca.6cm high; rhizome creeping, slender, pro- ducing numerous slender roots; leaves long-petioled, orbicular or broad- ovate, with narrowly cordate base, obtusish, remotely crenate-dentate with gland on inner side of strongly truncate teeth, glabrous on both sides, petiole somewhat hairy below base of lamina; stipules pale, membranous, lanceolate, semiadnate to petiole; flowers rather small, often cleistogamous, not over- topping leaves, violet on peduncles with bracts at middle; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, with conspicuous appendages; appendages of lower sepals elon- gated, notched at apex, denticulate; petals oblong-obovate, lateral beardless; spur 6—7mm long, rather thick, slightly curved downward at tip; ovary glabrous; style somewhat nail-shaped, flattened at summit, marginate on back and sides, with distinct upright beak in front. July. Mountain slopes, at altitudes of 600—700 m.— Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Malka vicinity, slope to the river. Cotype in Leningrad. 307 411 Note. Avery critical species. Becker, who described it, retained all the original material relating to V.carnosula except for a single poor and completely crumpled specimen returned to Leningrad, which neither enables a full conception of this species nor verifies the correctness of its description. In E. Hultén's opinion, this is merely a mountainous form of Vioselkir kia 40. V.crassicornis Bckr. et Hult. in Arkiv f. Bot. b.22 A, No.3 (1928) oe lick, ultens ML ofpiaimtsch: Pll (1929)itabeid. te Perennial, acauline; rhizome vertical, jointed, bearing long, slender roots; stipules remotely glandular-ciliolate, lower (leafless) 1.2 cm long, broad, white, scarious; upper narrow, acuminate, Ssemiadnate; leaves numerous, long petiole mostly somewhat hairy in upper part, lamina 1—4.5cm long, 0.8—3 cm broad, round-ovate, deeply cordate at base, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate, upper surface with scattered hairs (mainly near margin), dark green, with paler veins, lower surface glabrous, glaucescent; flowers not surpassing leaves, whitish,ca.1.5cm long; peduncles with narrow bracts to 7mm long at middle; sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, narrowly white- scarious-margined, with rectangular or square appendages; upper and lateral petals broad-ovate, lateral beardless, lower elongate-obovate, with thick spur 5-6 mm long; style scarcely geniculate, nail-shaped, flattened at summit, marginate on back and sides, with half-ascending beak in front. End of May—June. 4 Woods.— Far. East: Kamch., Sakh. (2) Endemic. Described from Petropavlovsk. Type in Stockholm; cotype in Leningrad. Note {PA Species very cGeminiscent of Vi sel ka rik ii butane huctiehae i. probably more closely related to the Japanese V.tokobuchiana Makino. A hybrid between V.crassicornis and V.selkirkii was collected by E. Hultén in Petropavlovsk (W. Becker and E. Hultén,1l.c. p. 4). Group 2. Phalacrocarpae Juz.— Rhizome short and thick; leaves mostly ovate, with shallowly cordate base, obtuse or rarely subacute, more or less hairy; petiole conspicuously winged; flowers not scented; lateral petals bearded or beardless; spur mostly long, varying in thickness. 41. V.phalacrocarpa Maxim. in Mél. biol. IX (1876) 726; Kom. in Tr. Ba. 226 V5565 Wi. Becker in Hedehe Hike Aza Ross: (8i( 19s) ny Weve eit var. glabella Rgl. in Mém. Ac. Pétersb. VII ser.t. IV (1861) 77.— V.conilii Fr. et Sav. Enum. Jap. II (1879) 285.— Ic.: W.Bckr. l.c. Hale (Mists) —Ebkst: (GARE Nos Lol, Perennial, 4-10cm high; rhizome short, vertical, producing few long, sparingly branched roots; basal leaves 0.8—3.5cm long, 0.7—2.2 cm broad, in estival (fruiting) plants 7-12cm long, 4—7cm broad, ovate or round-ovate, shallowly cordate at base, obtuse or slightly acuminate, crenate-dentate with low teeth, sparsely or rather densely hairy on both sides as well as short or fairly long petioles rather broadly winged in upper part; summer leaves oblong-ovate, with rather deeply cordate base, mostly with scattered hairs or subglabrous; stipules adnate more than half, lanceolate, long-acu- minate, pale, fimbriate-margined; peduncles mostly overtopping leaves, 308 412 bracts 3—5 mm long, slightly above middle; flowers dark reddish-violet, 1.2—2.2cm long; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, glabrous or sparingly hairy, narrowly white-scarious margin smooth or rarely slightly ciliate, rather long appendages mostly ciliate-dentate and hairy; petals elongate -obovate, lateral bearded; spur long, thickish or mostly fairly slender, slightly curved upward, lilac or rather pale, 4—8(9) mm long; ovary mostly pubescent; style flattened and margined in upper part, short- beaked in front; capsule on short recurved stalk, ellipsoid, glabrous. May. (Plate XX, Figure 7.) Dry, exposed, mostly stony slopes, gullies, and thin woods. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from left bank of Ussuri River near the mouth of the Garma River. Type in Leningrad. 42. V.pacifica Juz. nom. nov.— V.phalacrocarpa var. brevical- carata W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 72.—V.keiskei subsp. transmaritima W.Bekr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 25. Perennial, 3—10cm high; rhizome short but sturdy, oblique, producing few long,smooth roots; leaves numerous, on relatively short, narrowly winged petioles, 1—5.5cm long, 0.7-3cm broad, ovate or broad-ovate, with obtusish or shallowly cordate base, obtuse or acutish at apex, shallowly crenate, slightly pubescent above, mostly glabrous or with few hairs near margins beneath; stipules semiadnate, large, lanceolate, acute, sparsely fimbriate; peduncles glabrous, mostly equaling or slightly surpassing leaves, bracts ca.5mm long, at middle; flowers 1—1.7cm long, white; sepals broadly lanceolate, subacute, rather long appendages right-angled, conspicuously toothed, glabrous like sepals; petals obovate, lateral beardless, lower notched, with brownish veins; spur 4—5(6) mm long, thick, slightly curved upward; style flattened, marginate, with ascending beak; capsule glabrous. April—May. Rocks, hill slopes, and scrub.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (?). Described from Vladivostok vicinity and Khanka Lake. Type and paratype in Leningrad. 43. V.alexandrowiana (W. Bckr.) Juz. comb. nova.— V.phalacro- Ccarpa subsp. alexandrowiana W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 72.— V.keiskei subsp. transmaritima var. leptophylla W.Bckr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 251 cum f. eo Wal lo.e eee somnnc! Wiebekia lacy 202. Perennial, small, sparingly hairy, pale green, 4-5cm high; leaves ca. 2.5cm long, 1 cm broad, oblong or oblong-ovate, somewhat narrowed into petiole or rounded at base, obtusish at apex, obscurely crenate-denticu- late, with scattered hairs or glabrous, veins prominent and hairy beneath; petiole about as long as lamina, winged in upper part, with scattered spreading hairs or glabrous; leaves of fruiting plants numerous, to 4cm long, to 2.5cm broad, subcordate at base, acutish, conspicuously winged petioles surpassing numerous erect or recurved pedicels; stipules adnate to above middle, lanceolate, entire; peduncles slender, slightly pubescent or glabrous, not surpassing leaves, bracts above middle, ca.6mm long; flowers 1—1.2cm 309 413 414 long, light violet; sepals broadly lanceolate, glabrous, with conspicuous, slightly toothed appendages; petals oblong-obovate, lateral usually bearded, lower with thickish spur, 3—4mm long; capsule oblong, ca. 1cm long, about twice length of sepals, glabrous. Fl. May; fr. August. ' Stony and rocky river banks, gullies.— E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say. Endemic. Described from Verkholensk area, Tutura village. Type in Leningrad. Note. Little known species, represented by insufficient and unsatis- factory material. 44, V.hirtipes S.Moore in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVII (1879) 378; Kom. FI. Man'chzh. III (1905) 55: W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 142.— V._phalacrocarpa var. pallida Yatabe in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, VI (1892) 102.— V.miyabei Makino, ibid. XVI (1902) 124.— Ic.: S. Moore, tees tabs Vii. 6: Perennial, 6—-12cm high; rhizome short, with smooth, brown roots arising from nearly one place; leaves 1—3, rarely 4; petioles rather long, densely short-hairy or almost villous in lower part or throughout; lamina 2.5—7.5cm long, 1—3.7cm broad, oblong-ovate, with shallowly or rather deeply cordate base, obtuse or rarely subacute, with flat or somewhat rounded crenations, glabrous or at base hairy; stipules linear-lanceolate, scarious, pale, semiadnate; flowers 2—2.5cm long; peduncles slender, equaling leaves, short-hairy or in upper part subglabrous, linear bracts about middle; sepals elongated, lanceolate, 3-nerved or faintly 5-nerved, glabrous, with triangular or subquadrate appendages; petals pale violet, oblong-obovate, lateral bearded; lower with rather slender spur, straight or scarcely curved, 6-8 mm long; ovary glabrous or slightly pubescent; style flattened at summit, mar- ginate on both sides, beak short. April—May. Meadows in river valleys and near lakes.— Far East: Uss. (Suifun River valley). Gen. distr.: Y.-Ch. Described from Manchuria. Type probably in London. Note. This species is extremely rare in the USSR and so far has apparently been collected only by V. L. Komarov. This group probably includes V.rossi Hemsl., reported by V. L. Kimaroy, and E. N. Klobukova-Alisova in Volume II of Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya (1932, p. 764). We have not seen any specimens from Soviet territory and have not included it in the Flora. In Komaroy's ''Flora of Manchuria" (Vol. III, Part 1, pp. 55—56) it is recorded only for Mukden Province. Group 3. Variegatae Juz.— Rhizome rather slender; leaves mostly orbicular, rarely ovate, cordate at base, mostly obtuse; petiole wingless; flowers inodorous; lateral petals bearded, rarely beardless; spur mostly long and slender. Series 1. Eu-variegatae Juz.— Leaves round-cordate, variegated above by paler coloring along veins; lateral petals bearded; spur rather slender to relatively thick. 310 415 45. V.variegata Fisch. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. I (1821) 240; Ging. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 293; Turez. Fl. baic.-dahur. I, 298; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 244; Maxim. in Mél. biol. IX (1877) 728; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 77; id. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 246.— V.variegata var. a typica Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXXIV (1861) 471.— V.tenuicornis subsp. primorskajensis W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 250.— V.baicalensis W.Bckr. MGV te Mil LeOnnis subsp. baticalensis Wikekr eewipaZ ole, ieee nol toc. Ietab. Vijte lao. Hes.: G. RoE. No. 12 10a (iype Wi. bien cal lensis W.Bckr.) 1210b (specim. fruct.); Karo, Pl. amur. et zeaéns. (1898) 134. Perennial, acauline, 2—12cm high; rhizome rather slender, short, with long, smooth roots arising from nearly one place; petioles short or fairly long, slightly winged only at very end, glabrous or with very short hairs; leaf lamina 0.8—7cm long, 0.8—5.5cm broad, orbicular or broad-ovate, distinctly cordate at base, glabrous or sometimes densely covered, espe- cially beneath, with very short almost papillose hairs, dark green above, mostly pale along veins, very often violet beneath; stipules 5—6 mm long, outer fairly broad, white-scarious, inner semiadnate to petiole, lanceolate, subentire or slightly fimbriate; flowers moderate to rather large, 12—22 mm long, equaling or surpassing leaves, with short or shortish narrow bracts about middle of peduncle; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtusish, scarious-mar- gined, with obtusish or rounded appendages, glabrous or in lower part with short papillose hairs, without cilia on margins or sometimes with few cilia on appendages; petals 0.8—1.3cm long, dark reddish-violet, whitish at base, lateral bearded; lower with thickish or relatively thin spur, pale-colored, 5-7 mm long, obtuse or acutish, usually more or less distinctly curved upward; ovary glabrous, globose; style nail-shaped, flattened and slightly convex on summit, marginate, with short anterior beak. April—June. (Plate XVIII, Figure 3; Plate XX, Figure 8.) Mountain slopes and hills.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad. Note. The plant reported in G.R.F. under No. 1210, supposedly collected by N. Mal'tsev in 1903 near the former Balagansk District, Irkutsk Province, we regard as an exceptionally slender form of V.varie- gata Fisch., of no systematic significance. Referring to the same material, Becker established his V.baicalensis W.Bckr. and, strange as it may seem, he did not relate it to V.variegata but to the Chinese V.tenui- cornis. We suspect that the reason for such a gross error was Becker's belief that his V.baicalensis grows in the region in question together with another form of the V.variegata type (which he was disinclined to recognize as a species), namely V.ircutiana Turcz., and would therefore have to be an element of another series. V.ircutiana had in fact been repeatedly collected by Mal'tsev in this area, and these collections were well known to Becker. It should be pointed out that nobody else has ever collected the true V.variegata within this region. We are quite con- vinced that the indicated G.R. F. number, which is the ''type' of V.bai- calensis, was not collected in the Irkutsk area and not by N. Mal'tsev, but that the labels had been mixed up during arrangement of the herbarium material. The records concerning location and collector's name appearing Sid 416 under No. 1210b should clearly be transferred to plant No. 1210a; in other words, V.baicalensis (GWevaride sata, forma) was in fact collected by Pal'chevskii in Vladivostok vicinity (sic.), where V.variegata is very common. (See also note to V.ircutiana.) It may be of interest to note that Becker referred to the V.tenuicor - nis type yet another form of V.variegata, described by him as V.tenui- cornis subsp. primorskajensis,to which he erroneously ascribed beardless lateral petals. 46. V.ircutiana Turcz. Cat. Baikal. (1838) 189 et in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 298; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 244.— V.variegata var. y ir- cutiana Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIV (1861) 471; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 247. =e come dinivan a vOucoreicdnns folia DC. Prodr. I (1824) 297.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1210b (specim. flor.). Perennial, closely approaching V.variegata Fisch., from which it differs in mostly ovate leaves, rounded or shallowly cordate at base, mainly quite glabrous above, lower surface also glabrous or with short scattered hairs at base; flowers smaller than in V.variegata, 8—14mm long; petals 4-7cm long; spur 3—5mm long, thick, almost straight, curved at tip. Otherwise resembling V.variegata. April—June. Dry open places, pastures.— E.Siberia: Ang.-Say. Endemic. Described from Irkutsk vicinity. Type in Leningrad. Note. A perfect species, quite wrongfully unrecognized in recent times, with a distribution area very distinct from V.variegata. Excellent spe- cimens of it were published in G.R.F. as No. 1210b under the name V.va- riegata. It is obvious that these specimens cannot be derived from the Vladivostok vicinity, as recorded on the attached label, but were apparently collected by N. Mal'tsev in the former Irkutsk province (this applies to flowering plants; the fruiting specimens included with them represent an entirely different plant, namely an emaciated form of true V. variegata, clearly corresponding to ''V.baicalensis' W.Bckr.). Series 2. Tenuicornes Juz.— Leaves solid light green above, mostly ovate; lateral petals beardless (in our forms) or scarcely bearded; spur somewhat more slender than in species of preceding series. 47, V.trichosepala (W. Bckr.) Juz. comb. nov.— V.variegata auct. Bip Ore bxtre pep. nonvmnicchs, si reynpin Ocstibon: Zevse hires (900) 43 V.variegata 8 chinensis Bge. in Rgl. Pl. Radd. (1861) 226,p.p. (quoad pl. Ussur.).— V.variegata subsp. chinensis W.Bckr. in Fedch. Hie Av Ross. 'S(1915)18:— Vivalrieoata fcalbult Noun biceyia,slaier rs V.tenuicornis subsp. trichosepala W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. POOGIN A UCL) eT) 249" Perennial, acauline, 4-10cm high; rhizome short, slender to fairly sturdy, obscurely jointed, almost smooth; roots slender, fibrous; leaves long- petioled, petiole practically wingless or toward summit scarcely winged, clothed (especially in upper part) with short retrorse hairs, lamina 1.5—2cm long, 1-1.8cm broad, ovate, rounded or mostly shallowly cordate at base, obtuse or rounded at apex, crenulate, upper surface glabrous or midrib in lower part and margins ciliate, lower surface glabrous or hispidulous near margin, often lilac-tinged; stipules 0.8—1cm iong, outer white-scarious, broad, inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, semiadnate, entire or fimbriate; flowers not or scarcely surpassing leaves; peduncles slender, with bracts ca.5mm long at middle; sepals ovate-lanceolate, subacute or acuminate, 3-nerved, often partly lilac-tinged, remotely hispid on narrowly and rather faintly white-scarious margin, with short obtusish ciliolate appendages, otherwise glabrous or slightly pubescent; petals 7-10 mm long, violet, oblong-obovate, lateral beardless; lower with 5—7 mm long spur, rather slender, lilac, slightly curved upward, ovary globose, glabrous or with 417 scattered hairs; style hair-shaped, flattened, marginate on back and sides, with short beak in front. May—June. Deciduous woods, meadows, grassy slopes.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Endemic. Described from Blagoveshchensk vicinity. Type in Leningrad. Group 4. Macrocerae Juz.— Leaves mostly rounded or truncate at base, obtusish at apex, stipules semiadnate to petiole, entire or with few fimbriae; flowers mostly fragrant; lateral petals bearded; lower with thick spur; rhizome short, passing into sturdy taproot. 48. Vimacroceras Bee: ia db: Fl, alt.qil (1%29) 257; lmdby Bly Ross: 02456 akcey let las Zap. “Sibi MIT; 1937; "WisBecker\ ins Pedch:) Fl. Az. Ross: 8 (1915) 76; id. in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. LIV, 5 (1917) 183,p.p.— V.macro- ceras subsp. eumacroceras Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III (1909) 218.— le wldby ale. ilk Rosey, | 1l.(4820).236) Perennial, acauline, almost glabrous, 5—-14cm high; rhizome short, oblique or vertical, passing into whitish, sparingly branched root; basal leaves of flowering plants 1.5—4.5cm long, 1—3cm broad, with petiole 1-8cm long, cordate or ovate-cordate, with short or fairly deep sinus, shortly cuneate-decurrent on upper part of petiole, attenuate toward apex, obtuse or obtusish, shallowly crenate-dentate; those of fruiting plants larger, to 6cm long and 4cm broad, with petiole to 14cm long; stipules densely covering upper part of rhizome, white-scarious, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or with few rather large fimbriae, semiadnate to petiole; peduncles 4—9 cm long, with bracts 4-6 mm long about middle; flowers moderate to fairly large, violet or purplish-violet, fragrant; sepals 5-6 mm long, 2—2.5mm broad, elongate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or rounded at apex, appendages short, obtusish or rounded, glabrous; petals 10—12 mm long, lateral bearded; spur rather thick, scarcely curved upward or almost straight, pale violet or whitish, 4.5—6 mm long; ovary glabrous; style nail- shaped, thickened toward summit, flat apical surface obtusely ridged on back and sides, short beak directed forward, stigmatic orifice turned slightly upward; capsule 7-9 mm long, ellipsoid, obtuse, glabrous; seeds large, brown or reddish-brown. April—June. (Plate XVIII, Bieure Ay alate XOe Eiource Da Alpine meadows, rocks, stony slopes, scrub, and banks of streams. — W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja). Described from Bukhtarminsk [now Ust-Bukhtarma]. Type in Leningrad. ies) _— iw) 418 419 49, V.somchetica C. Koch in Linnaea, XV (1841) 251.— V.campestris fl. purpur. M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 163.— V.imberbis Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 245,p.p. (quoad pl. cauc.).— V.purpurea Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXIX (1856) 310; Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 457; id. Suppl. (1888) 2.— V.uliginosa Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 455 quoad. pl. cauc. non Bess. — V.macroceras B. subsp. purpurea Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 218.— V.macroceras W.Bckr. in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. LIV, 5 (1917) 63, pep.mon. lidby— Exss:GURer.NNo7959;, Wobelir 1V rolmexse INo wwe: Perennial, acauline, glabrous or sparsely hairy, 3.5—16cm high; rhizome short, fairly thick, developing lateral roots and passing into whitish taproot; leaves of flowering plants 0.7—4.5cm long, 0.5—3cm broad, with petioles 2--20cm long, ovate or subtriangular, rounded at base or usually with rather deep sinus, obtuse-angled or subacuminate at apex, rather coarsely or finely but distinctly crenate-dentate, glabrous or roughened with sparse coat of very short stiff hairs (barely discernible with the naked eye), firm, in fruiting plants mostly only slightly larger, to 6.5cm long and 5cm broad; stipules whitish, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly ciliate, ad- nate to petiole one-half or more; flowers moderate to fairly large, 1.2—2cm long, purple, fragrant; peduncles 2—15cm long, with narrow linear-lanceo- late bracts approximately at middle; sepals 4-7 mm long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, subacute to subobtuse, with obtusish and mostly slightly toothed appendages; petals elongate-obovate, lateral bearded (in flowers reflowering in autumn often beardless); spur tubular or slightly enlarged at tip, obtuse, mostly somewhat curved, 3—7mm long; style as in preceding species, terminating in disklike surface; capsule 7-12 mm long, ovoid or oblong, obtuse, glabrous; seeds bright purple-red. April—June; often flowering again in August—September. Meadows, wood margins and glades, also rocks and stony places in the timber and subalpine mountain zones. — Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Mt. Bezobdal. Type in Leningrad. 50. V.prionantha Bge. Enum. Pl. Chin. (1831) 8; id. in Mém. sav. étrang. Pétersb. II (1835) 82; W.Bckr. in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. LIV, 5 (1917) GOV eViec hin ens s#alct..plur.gnonyG:. Dont Viiipalt faint sya. aellaniees nensis Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Pétersb. XXIII (1877) 315,p.p. et auct. plur. non Gino xs. karo el vamunrsaZeaens Now 2 10 (sec. W. Bekr.). Perennial; rhizome rather sturdy, with long, thick pale roots, these not always developing in one place; stipules rather broad, white-scarious or pale green, adnate more than half (free portion somewhat longer than in V.mandschurica W.Bckr.), sparsely ciliate; leaves lanceolate or oblong- ovate, broadest about middle, mostly subtruncate and abruptly contracted into distally winged and mostly pubescent petiole, more or less pubescent or sometimes subglabrous on both sides, distinctly crenate with 14—16 sub- proximate teeth on each margin, enlarging in fruit, triangular -ovate, with subtruncate or slightly cordate base; flowers 1.2—2 cm long, not scented, not or mostly surpassing leaves; peduncles with thin, often crisped, 4-7 mm long bracts at or above middle; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with long toothed appendages; petals rather short, violet, lateral beardless or slightly bearded; spur long (in type) and thick, often slightly curved upward, 3—7 mm long; ovary glabrous; style compressed and marginate. April—June. 314 420 Habitat unknown.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from N. China. Type in Leningrad. Note. V.prionantha occupies a special position among species of this group which constitute, together with the West European V.jooi Janka, a natural series, and it is referred to it provisionally; it apparently re- presents a transition to the next group. The Botanical Institute's material relating to this species on Soviet territory is so poor and incomprehensive that the problem of absolute identity of our plant with the Chinese must be regarded as unresolved. The specimens that we have seen (the collections of M. Korotkii from Blagoveshchensk vicinity and of A.S. Plakhtii from Amur valley opposite Astrakhanovka village) strike us as having somewhat narrower stipules and a shorter spur compared with Bunge's originals. We have not seen Karo's specimens from Blagoveshchensk (No. 279), cited by Becker. Group 5. Subsagittatae Juz.— Rhizome very short, with more or less horizontally spreading roots; leaves usually elongated, with mostly truncate and often subsagittate base, tapering to petiole, this rather strongly winged in upper part; flowers inodorous. Series 1. Philippicae Juz.— Flowers rather small, violet, with long, slender spur; lateral petals (almost) beardless. 51. V.alisoviana Kiss. in Bot. Kézlem. XIX (1921) 93.— V.philippica subsp. munda W.Bckr. in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. LIV (1917) 175.— V.munda Juz. in sched. Perennial, 6—10cm high; rhizome short, vertical, rather slender, short- jointed, pale yellowish-brown, producing pale, almost smooth roots, these arising from nearly one place; leaves 3—5, initially with short, narrowly winged petiole, 3—-4cm long and 0.8—1 cm broad, triangular -ovate, oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with truncate and abruptly cuneate base and with almost parallel margins; summer leaves with petiole reaching length of lamina, much larger; all leaves obtuse or subacute, crenate with few distant flattened teeth, sparsely or rather densely covered (especially on veins and petiole) with short stiff spreading or (on petiole) retrorse hairs, or lower surface subglabrous, light green; stipules adnate to petiole somewhat more than half, pale or sometimes violet, triangular-pointed in free part, entire or denticulate, ciliate; peduncles numerous, equaling or surpassing leaves, slender, minutely hispidulous, very strongly recurved above, with narrowly linear bracts 4-—10mm long at or mostly above middle; flowers medium- sized, 1.3—-1.8cm long; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acutish or slightly acuminate, scarious-margined, appendages rather short, rounded or truncate, glabrous or pubescent, slightly toothed; petals oblong-obovate, bluish-violet or violet, occasionally white (f. albiflora Kiss.), lateral distinctly bearded or beardless, lower dark-veined; spur long, slender, cylindric, straight or mostly curved upward, dark-colored, 4-5 mm long, several times length of calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style geni- culate at base, gradually nailwise enlarged, narrowly but distinctly marginate, with short beak; capsule ca. 16 mm long, ovoid, obtuse, glabrous, with curved remnant of style. May—June. 315 421 422 SV Sandy places along river banks, dry meadows (in woods and elsewhere). — Far East: Ze.- Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Nikolsk- Ussuriiskii. Type in Budapest. Note. We have not seen authentic plants of this species. Since in its detailed original description there is no indication of any deviations from the plant described by W. Becker under the name V.philippica subsp. mun- da from Blagoveshensk, we considered it possible to combine the two forms. "V.munda,"' on the other hand, is an insufficiently known plant, poorly re- presented in herbarium material accessible to us. We may point out that it is connected with V.prionantha, which has been referred to another group, by means of transitional forms that are known from China as well as from the USSR, and were regarded by Becker as hybrids (X V.subprionantha W.Bckr. in sched.). Series 2. Betonicifoliae Juz.— Flowers rather small, pale-colored (mostly whitish or white), with short spur; lateral petals bearded. 52. V.patrinii Ging. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 293; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dahur. I (1842) leiwexciim var. 8 ev 73 db: Pit Ross 124 a seionm wile Niemen (1905) 51; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 68; id. in Beibl. Bot. Jahre live S( VOT) 16ik Vi opla tani tvar.esiuls sialon ta talVieacinanevednas Fl. amur. (1859) 48.— V.patrinii f. hispida W.Bckr. l.c. (1915) 69.— V.primulaefolia L. Sp. sp. 1 (1753) 934,p.p. quoad pl. sibir.— V.pru- nellaefolia Fisch. ex Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1 (1824) 293.= Ic): W. Bekr. 1c. (1915) 68, f. 11 (stylus).— Exs.: Karo, Pl; amur) et zeaéns, (11899) 292. Perennial, slender, delicate, noncespitose, 4-17cm high; rhizome short; roots long, slender, unbranched, blackish-brown, arising from nearly one place; leaves with very long winged, glabrous petioles, 1—6.5cm long and 0.3—2.5cm broad, ovate, narrow -ovate, elliptical or oblong, often with al- most parallel margins, usually subtruncate or (mostly slightly) cordate, in fruit sometimes more deeply cordate or usually sagittate, abruptly con- tracted into wing of petiole enlarged in upper part, mostly obtuse, obscurely and remotely crenate or often subentire, in fruit often with few large acutish teeth in lower part, commonly glabrous or sometimes lamina and petiole densely covered at first, or (in the Far East) also with age, spur short, usually thin hairs; stipules lanceolate, acute, semiadnate to petiole, with smooth or remotely short-fimbriate margin; flowers white, medium sized, 0.8—1.5cm long, not or scarcely overtopping leaves; peduncles slender, glabrous or with short spreading hairs, narrowly lanceolate bracts at middle; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or subacute, glabrous, with short rounded appendages; petals oblong-obovate, lateral and lower with light violet stripes, lateral bearded; spur short, thickish, round-tipped, 1-3 mm long, slightly exceeding to twice as long as calycine appendages; style flattened and marginate at summit, short beak directed forward; capsule ca. 1cm long, elongated, glabrous, borne on erect stalk curved at summit (i. e., nodding). May—June. Wet marshy meadows, among tussocks and scrub, mainly in river valleys, rarely in forest glades.— E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Japan). De- scribed from E. Siberia. Type probably in Paris. 316 425 Note. The var. subsagittata Maxim., included among the synonyms CW Our wane ee presents, mm Mseeker's view, the typtcal Ve pat rin ii,but in estival state (in fruit) it is rather identifiable with the Far Eastern race of this species (V.subsagittata Juz. in sched.), characterized by broader leaves, particularly their base, and frequent occurrence of the sagittate leaf Shape, with very conspicuous and mostly divergent basal lobes (auricles). The latter feature, however, is pronounced only in specimens collected during fruiting; this is the reason why it has not yet been possible to separate the two races on the basis of material mostly collected during summer. The Far Eastern race often has markedly larger flowers. The more de- veloped indument of the leaves, as reported by Becker, hardly appears to be a consistent characteristic. 93. V.hissarica Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIV, 682. Perennial, acaulescent, 4-9cm high, forming small tufts; rhizome short; roots long, often somewhat branched, whitish, arising from nearly one place; leaves rather thick, firm, quite glabrous (including petiole), 3-6.5cm long, 1—2.5cm broad, oblong-ovate or ovate or narrowly triangular, with sub- truncate, slightly cordate or sagittate base, abruptly narrowed into wing of petiole, sometimes cuneate when young, broadest at base and gradually attenuate toward apex, obtuse or subobtuse, remotely and shallowly crenate or (especially in upper half) subentire; petiole rather short, relatively slightly winged, not exceeding and usually much shorter than lamina; stipules narrowly lanceolate, acute, semiadnate to petiole, entire; flowers 1-1.6cm long, pale violet; peduncles rather slender, not or scarcely surpassing leaves, with long linear-lanceolate bracts in lower part (often just above base); sepals oblong-ovate, subobtuse to subacute, glabrous, with subquadrate obtusish appendages; petals elongate-obovate, all dark violet-striped, lateral bearded; spur rather short but distinct, thickish, rounded at tip, 2-4 mm long, 3—4 times length of calycine appendages; style as in preceding species; capsule 0.8—1.2cm long, elongate-ellipsoid, glabrous, borne on recurved and distally somewhat flexuous stalk, appearing pendulous. April. Peat bogs.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.,Syr D. Endemic. Described from Gissar Valley (13—14km southwest of [former] Stalinabad). Type in Lenin- grad. Note. Although placed in the same series as the Siberian V.patrinii Ging., this species gravitates in all its characters to the Sino-Himalayan V.caespitosa Don(V.patrinii var. neapulensis Ging.) which is also reported for Afghanistan, rather thanto this series. It was only recently discovered by the energetic Central Asian taxonomist, Distinguished Scientist of the Tadzhik SSR, Yu.S. Grigor'ev. Series 3. Mandshuricae Juz.— Flowers rather large, dark violet, with relatively long, thickish spur; lateral petals bearded. 94. V.mandshurica W.Bckr. in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. LVI, 5 (1916) 179.— Werchiimten shusa We Beles imtedeht il vAze Ross. 8) (915) 70retennc res oluns none Gs Won Vepateinin vars (chimensis Maxim, meBwlly Ac Peters. OGM (UST N31 Th. p. leh auct. plur! non Ging.— Vi. patrinii var) mac ram thas Maxim. Prim. El amur, (1859) 48.— V.albida’ subsp. margimnata 317 (423) PLATE XX. 1—Viola dactyloides Roem. et Schult.; 2—V.macroceras Bge.; 3 —V. kusnezo- wiana W. Bckr.; 4— V. mandshurica W. Bckr.; 5— V. dissecta Ldb.; 6 —V. oxycentra Juz.; 7—V.phalacrocarpa Maxim.; 8—V.variegata L. 318 426 W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 141.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1908 Karo, Pl. amur. et zeaens. No. 136. Perennial; rhizome short, vertical, short-jointed; roots long, rather thick, almost smooth, dark brown or blackish, arising from nearly one place; leaves 2—5, 1.3—7cm long, 0.5—-1.8cm broad, in fruit to 11cm long and 5.9cm broad, ligulate to ovate-lanceolate, broadest in lower part, rounded or truncate at base or abruptly narrowed into petiole, shallowly and remotely crenate, with 8—10 marginal teeth on each side, sometimes subentire, in fruit often triangular or subsagittate, with more numerous teeth, on both sides sparsely and sometimes (especially on veins) rather densely covered with very short stiff hairs, rarely subglabrous, with prominent yellowish midrib; petiole long, winged or (particularly in fruit) broadly winged in upper part, clothed with short stiff retrorse hairs; lower stipules scalelike, brown, upper light brown or violet, connate more than half, free part lan- ceolate, smooth-margined or sparsely ciliate; flowers large, 1.5—2.3cm long; peduncles very long, surpassing leaves, gradually recurved above, mostly clothed with patent or slightly retrorse short hairs, with bracts 3—6 mm long at or somewhat below middle; sepals ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, scarious-margined, acutish or subacuminate, with dark spot at base, appen- dages short, broad, round-tipped; petals rather broad, dark violet with darker stripes, lateral bearded, lower notched; spur thick, slightly enlarged at tip, curved upward, pale, 3—4 times length of calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style enlarged upward, flattened and marginate at summit. April—May. (Plate XX, Figure 4.) Grassy mountain slopes, forest glades, woods (mainly oak), coppices, meadows and fallows.— Far East: Ze.-Bu.,Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Vladivostok. Type in Leningrad. Note. A species apparently occupying an isolated position. Group 6. Gmelinianae W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 395.— Rhizome mostly sturdy, passing into vertical taproot; leaves narrow to elliptic, gradually or rather abruptly narrowed into petiole, mostly glabrous; lateral petals bearded; spur varying in length. Series 1. Eu-gmelinianae Juz.— Leaves gradually narrowed into short petiole; flowers relatively small; spur short, rather thick. 55. V.gmeliniana Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. V (1819) 354; Ldb. FI. Ross. I, 246; Turez. Fl. baic.-dahur. I (1842) 299; W. Becker in Fedch. F1. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 63; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 400. — Vielan oeolaialiPalleiRerse, 1iii(l 776) 223.0230; noni = VAsuis Whosemalis Sm. in Rees Cycl. XXXVII (1819) No.9.— V.fischeri Sweet Hort. Brit. ed, II (1830) 44 (nomen).— V.gmeliniana @hispida et 8B glabra Ldb. lacey Nene linnania le iisic ompduritoliatGing, imDEey Prod iiie24) 294.- V.gmeliniana var. albiflora W.Bckr. l.c. (1917) 401.— Ic.: Gmel. Fl. Sib. IV (1769) tab. 49, II; W.Bcekr. l.c. (1915) 64 (styli).— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 454 (var. hispida Ldb.); Karo, Pl. amur. et zeaéns. (1898) No.133; (1899) No. 404. 319 427 428 Perennial, acaulescent, 2.5—8cm high; rhizome short, vertical. passing into vertical, smooth, blackish, sparingly branched root; leaves spatulate or oblong-elliptical, gradually narrowed into very short petiole or sub- sessile, obtusish or obtuse, subentire or inconspicuously flatly crenulate all along margin, 1.5—11cm long including petiole (this 0.2—2.5cm long), 0.25—2 cm broad, scarcely enlarging in fruit, glabrous or rough-hairy on both sides or only above (here sometimes densely); stipules adnate to petiole '/.—*/,, lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, pale or light green, remotely toothed-ciliate; flowers equaling or scarcely overtopping leaves; peduncles dark violet, glabrous or short-hairy, with bracts 0.8—1.2cm long at middle; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, appendages subquadrate, obtusish, often slightly toothed, with ciliate-hairy margin; petals oblong-obovate, lateral bearded; spur short but distinct, thickish, 1.5—4mm long, slightly curved upward, considerably exceeding calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style slightly geniculate at base, convex at apex and marginate on both sides and at back, with short beakinfront; capsule borne on stalk not surpassing leaves,ca.8mm long. May—June. Woods (mainly pine and birch), wood borders, exposed hills and glades, coppices, meadows and pastures, dry mountain slopes and hillocks with herbaceous vegetation. — E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Le.-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from Siberia. Type probably in Berlin. Series 2. Kunawarenses Juz.— Leaves gradually narrowed into distinct petiole about as long as lamina; flowers small, with very short spur. 56. V.tianschanica Maxim. in Mél. biol. X (1880) 576 et in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XXVI (1880) 427; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 66. V.kronenburgii W.Bckr. in Allg. Bot.. Zeitschr. (1905) No. 2.— V.kunawarensis W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 396, DaPaamon Royle: — Nesom e din amici. 3. cla busamkolelet blend ey inal ae soce Nat. Mose. XXXIX (1866) 527,non Ldb. Perennial, acaulescent, glabrous alpine plant 2.5—7cm high; rhizome vertical, stout, short-jointed, passing into sparingly branched, sturdy, whitish or brownish root; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, thickish, gradually narrowed into petiole, this about equaling lamina, rarely somewhat shorter or longer: stipules 3/4 adnate to petiole, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, acuminate, white-scarious, shortly glandular -fimbriate, long-persistent; flowers small, 0.5—l1cm long; peduncles not or scarcely surpassing leaves, with remotely glandular bracts above middle; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtusish, with short round-tipped appendages; petals mostly obovate, light violet or lower whitish with violet stripes, lateral beardless, lower obcordate; spur very short, scarcely ex- ceeding or no longer than calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style slightly curved, nail-shaped, rounded and hardly flattened at summit, not marginate, with short anterior beak. June—July. Alpine and subalpine meadows, mountain tundras, rocks and placers in the alpine zone (at altitudes of 3,000 and above).— Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al. (Pamir). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Chinese Turkestan. Type in Leningrad. | 320 ae Note. Becker identified V.tianschanica with the Tibeto-Hima- layan V.kunawarensis Royle. Weprefer,however,to retain the name given to our plant by Maksimovich, as the true V.kunawarensis apparently differs from it clearly enough in having thinner leaves with longer petioles, even smaller flowers, and more particularly broader, ovate or broad-ovate obtuse sepals. To be sure, V.tianschanica belongs to the same series as V.kunawarensis; with a view to under- lining its affinity with the latter, we call the series Kunawarenses. Series 3. Turkestanicae Juz.— Leaves mostly abruptly narrowed into relatively long petiole; spur rather long. 57. V.turkestanica Rgl. et Schmalh. in Izv. Obshch. Lyub. estestvozn., antrop. i etnogr. XXXIV, 2 (1882) 12,p.p. (excl. pl. alaica),emend. Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. f. XVIII (1929) 79 (excl. pl. e valle fl. Angren); W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 67,p. min. p.; id. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 398,p. min. p.— V.turkestanica var. @ ype cay Kom: /inmlre Seb. iobshch! test. SOxvr (1896) (excl pit allenica)- W. Becker, 1.c. (1915) 68.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 438. Perennial, glabrous, 2—10cm high; rhizome oblique or vertical, often fairly long and branched, in upper part with long-persistent brown stipules and petioles, passing into vertical slender whitish root; leaves with petiole mostly slightly longer or twice (sometimes four times) length of lamina, including petiole 1.3—10.5cm long, lamina 0.7—4.5cm long, 0.4—-2.5cm broad, ovate or broad-ovate, mostly with rounded base abruptly contracted into winged upper part of petiole, obtuse at apex, shallowly crenate throughout or only in lower part or subentire; stipules a adnate to petiole, broadly lan- ceolate, acute, remotely fimbriate; flowers not or slightly overtopping leaves, small or medium-sized, 0.9—1.6 cm long, yellowish-white or partly pale violet; sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, appendages rather short, obtusish or rounded at apex, mostly undulate-margined; petals oblong-ovate, upper usually pale violet, other white, lower violet-veined; spur conspicuous, mostly rather thick, straight or slightly curved upward, obtusish or acutish, whitish or partly pale violet, 3-4mm long; lateral petals bearded; ovary glabrous; style nail-shaped, hooked at summit, scarcely marginate, with Short beaks: June—aJ uly: Rocks, rock-shaded stones, meadows at the upper juniper limit. Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan, Kugitang). Endemic. Described from Zeravshan (the Dzhizhikrut Ravine). Type in Moscow; cotype in Leningrad. 58. V.dolichocentra Botschantz. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. bot i zool. AN UzbSSR, XI (1948) 11.— V.turkestanica Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. XVIII (1929) 79, p.p. (quoad pl. e valle fl. Angren) non Rgl. et Schmalh. Perennial, 5-10cm high; rhizome short; leaves broad-ovate, with broadly cuneate base, entire or obscurely toothed, glabrous, slightly winged glabrous petiole as long as or longer than lamina; stipules semiadnate to petiole, broadly lanceolate, acute, long-fimbriate; peduncles equaling petioles, with narrowly lanceolate long-fimbriate bracts below middle; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, to 7mm long, including short rounded appendages; petals 430 oblong-obovate, whitish with violet veins or pale violet, upper to 9mm long, lateral to 10mm long, bearded, lower to 15mm long (including spur); spur long and thick, rounded at tip, about equaling limb of petal, to 7.5mm long; style with short forward-directed beak; capsule oblong,to 9mm long. June. Stony slopes of river valleys.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (W.). Endemic. Described from the right bank of Angren River, upper course of Shavas River. Type in Tashkent. Note. We have not seen specimens of this species. To judge by the original description, which we present here with minor textual deviations, it combines (to a certain extent) the characteristics of V.turkestanica Rgl. et Schmalh. (flower color, spur shape) and V.oxycentra Juz. (flower size, spur length). 59. V.alaica Vved. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. XVIII (1929) 79, s. str. (quoad pl. alaicam).— V.turkestanica Rgl. et Schmalh. in Izv. Obshch. lyub. est. antrop. i etnogr. XXXIV, 2 (1882) 12,p.p. (quoad pl. alaicam); W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 67,p. max. p.; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 398,p. max. p. (excl. pl. ze- ravsch.) et quoad descr.— V.turkestanica var. atypica Kom. in Tr. SPb obshch. est. XXVI (1896) 117, p.p. (quoad pl. alaicam). Perennial, 2—10cm high, glabrous in all parts; rhizome vertical, passing into vertical, sparingly branched, slender, whitish root; petioles mostly about as long as lamina, rarely twice as long; leaves, including petiole, 1.3—7(9) cm long, lamina 0.8—3.5cm long, 0.4—2 cm broad, elongate-ovate or elliptical or broad-ovate, with rounded, subtruncate or cuneate base, abruptly or gradually narrowed into winged upper half of petiole, obtusish, entire or sparingly and obscurely shallow-crenate in lower part; stipules '/:—°/4 adnate to petiole, white-scarious, lanceolate, acute, fimbriate; flowers scarcely or mostly not overtopping leaves, medium-sized, 1—1.5cm long, dark reddish- violet; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, appendages rather short, rounded, almost flat; petals oblong-obovate, lateral bearded; spur conspicuous, thickish, pale, straight or slightly curved upward, obtuse or scarcely pointed, 3—4mm long; ovary glabrous; style slightly geniculate, nail-shaped, hooked and scarcely marginate at summit, short-beaked. May—June. Mountain ravines and slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai Range). Endemic. Described from Katta-Karakamuk. Type in Leningrad. Note. In setting up this species, A. I. Vvedenskii did not provide it with description nor indicate its type, and confined himself to presenting its synonyms: V.turkestanica Rgl. et Schmalh. p.p.,V.turkestanica var. rupestris Kom.,and V.turkestanica W.Bckr. The name V.alaica Vved. should therefore be regarded as nomen novum based on already published descriptions and on herbarium material that served for their constitution. Fedchenko's Alai specimens, composing the type material of V.turkestanica Rgl. et Schm., cannot provide the type for V.alaica as they have no flowers and Vvedenskii merely assumes that they had dark reddish-violet flowers which, according to him, represent the only reliable distinguishing feature of V.alaica. The specimens which served as a basis for establishment of V.turkestanica var. rupestris Kom.— of which Vvedenskii cites verbatim the Latin description, while indicating that it does not stand up to criticism — are similarly disqualified as the type 322 431 of V.alaica,also because they originate from Zeravshan. We therefore accept as type Korzhinskii's specimens from Katta-Karakamuk, on the study of which is based the original Latin description of ''V.turkesta- nica W.Bckr." cited by Vvedenskii. 60. V.oxycentra Juz. nov. spec. in Addenda XIV,683.— V.alaica Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. XVIII (1929) 79,p.p.— V.turkestanica var. 8 rupestris Kom..in\ Tr. SPb obshehs,est., Otd: bot! xvi (S96) 1 17; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 68. Perennial, glabrous, 3-—10cm high; rhizome short or fairly long, often strongly branched, forming small tufts, densely clothed with remains of stipules and petioles; root vertical, smooth, whitish; leaves with petiole equaling or 2—3 times as long as lamina, together with petiole 1-10cm long; lamina 0.7—3cm long, 0.4—-2.3cm broad, elongate-ovate, elliptical or broad- ovate, with rounded, subtruncate or sometimes very slightly cordate base, abruptly cuneately narrowed into winged uppermost part of petiole, obtuse or sometimes subacute, entire or crenate with obscure low teeth; stipules adnate "ly or more, lanceolate, acute, remotely glandular-fimbriate; flowers not often markedly overtopping leaves, relatively large, 1.2—1.8mm long, dark reddish-violet; sepals oblong-ovate or lanceolate, subacute or acute, with short, rounded, mostly undulate appendages; petals oblong-obovate, lateral bearded, lower broadly obovate; spur long, enlarged in upper part, mostly strongly curved upward, acute, 4-6 mm long; ovary glabrous; style nailwise thickened upward, hooked and not marginate at summit, short- beaked. June. (Plate XX, Figure 6.) Stony slopes in the juniper zone, scrub-covered slopes, cliff rifts. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (foothills of Alai, Zeravyshan). Endemic. Described from Kukand (rise from Baul site to the Bish-Kunysh Pass). Type in Leningrad. Note. Here we have separated this plant from the genuine A.alaica Vved. s. str.,as it apparently differs from it considerably in flower structure. Elucidation of the relationship of these two forms calls, however, for thorough examination of more ample material. Group 7. Pinnatae W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 119.— Rhizome short, with numerous roots arising at nearly same place; leaves divided, 3-fid or 5-fid, with dissected or incised segments, rarely deeply pinnately incised; flowers mostly fragrant; lateral petals bearded; spur elongated, mostly thick. We do not classify the species of this group into series,as each of them occupies (at least within the limits of our flora) a more or less isolated position. 61. V.incisa Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838) 88 (nomen); id. l.c. XV (1842) 302; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 246: W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 144; Kewl, Ml, Zeyoo Silo. » WIL, WO Sis. Perennial, acaulescent, minute, 2—4(6) cm high; rhizome short, oblique or vertical, scarcely branched, passing into smooth, vertical, whitish root; leaves with petiole equaling or shorter than lamina, ovate, mostly broadly 323 432 433 cuneate or subtruncate at base, 0.8—2.6cm long, 0.6—1.5cm broad, glabrous, incised-dentate or usually rather deeply pinnately incised (to qe of lamina width) on each side with 5—7 linear-oblong obtuse lobules 2.7mm long and 1—2 mm broad; stipules broadly lanceolate, whitish-scarious, semiadnate to petiole and densely covering top of rhizome; flowers 0.8—1.2 cm long, bluish-violet, peduncles with linear-lanceolate bracts above middle; sepals ovate or elliptical, 3-5 mm long, obtusish, scarious-margined, with rather short, round-tipped or obtusish appendages; petals obovate, lateral bearded; spur 3—5mm long, rather thick, slightly curved upward, whitish; style slightly flattened with triangular surface at summit, acute angle produced into minute beak. May. Gravelly and sandy places on the shores of lakes and rivers, stony moun- tain slopes. — W. Siberia: Alt. (Narym Range); E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (shores of Baikal Lake). Endemic. Described from Baikal near Goloustnaya near the stream Krestovka. Type in Kiev; cotype in Leningrad. Note. A rare species. We have only seen the specimens of V.incisa collected by Turchaninov himself. A plant from the Far East, kept in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute under this name, does not, in our opinion, belong here, and represents some kind of hybrid of V.dissecta Ldb. V.incisa is reported by Krylov for Altai, but we have not seen any specimens from that area. Boissier (Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér., 1901, p. 1076) pointed out the relationship between V.incisa and species of the group Pinnatae. His view was questioned by Becker (l.c., p. 125) but, we believe, without adequate grounds. 62. Vi. dissecta db. Fly alt. 1 (1829) 255; Ldb. FI Ross. 1, 244; Kryl Hie Zaper Sib. Willie lo Si Vi prune tan Lie Spe spit vec 53)0934 sone (Giicadh play site )eqdodl. ple salieein(h8 29) 256: dda WinwRossa loan. Vesna wil tay farciay wWallcda) inv ROemreet Sciiul te Systsn Vico. AV, (1819) 352, non INGUNES =" Wie, Joyal ial ial Brig el een iS) ilo) sl ie ak @ eel (Gabayers) bal JDK, eiciorclage: al (1824) 292. — Viepininiataaveh|o) Durezs (Hiei baick=daluice) I(R842) 78s — Wid dlabtet Vac adisiscic tay lususielabpmavet pubes clensr Role Pl kadcsul@lseu) 222.— V.pinnata var. pilosa Freyn in Oest. Bot. Z. (1889) 361.— Vepinneat a subosp. multe tidal Wo Biekr>: in Hedde, Repert.) Bein oa (1922) 439 et in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 123 (cum var. @ lati- Secihalet Blang@usit is eleta)l— Vo pinnatasubspy sibinmica WwW) Beki in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 82 (excl. var. lobata W.Bckr. l.c. 83) Etisubspe divsisieetia iW Bekrs lenses) — (el Gmiell Pl, Sib) 11Ve tab: Salva ie eine Wel) VEN al PAR alo Oram HESS jG, alt, oe N@. AMOR, I OReies Perennial, acaulescent, 5-25cm high; rhizome short, producing rather thick rootlets; leaves with petiole 2—18cm long; lamina 1—6 cm long, 1.5—7cm broad, orbicular or round-reniform in outline, shallowly cordate at base, deeply pinnately or almost palmatisect into 8 or 9 entire or dissected segments, subglabrous or rather sparsely clothed, especially beneath and on petiole, with stiff spreading hairs, lobules obtuse or subacuminate, or incised-toothed oblong or linear; stipules lanceolate, whitish-scarious, with sparingly ciliolate margin; peduncles glabrous, about equaling leaves; flowers light violet; sepals 3.5—6 mm long, ovate or oblong-ovate or lan- ceolate, obtuse or acuminate, glabrous, with short round-tipped or obtuse 434 appendages; petals 10-14mm long; spur straight or slightly curved upward, obtuse, 5—-7mm long, many times length of calycine appendages; style some- what enlarged upward, 8-10mm long, flattish summit produced into short beak; capsule 8-10 mm long, oblong-ovoid, glabrate. May—June. (Plate XX, Figure 5.) Wood borders, birch groves, pine woods, meadows and coppices, shaded hill slopes, rocks, and steppes.— W. Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E.Siberia: all regions; Far East: Ze.-Bu.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad. Note. This is a very polymorphic species; we are not, however, in- clined to impart systematic significance to the numerous varieties and even subspecies that have been established (on the basis of the leaf dissection character), as they are not geographically delimitable and, upon examination of ample material, prove to be rather elusive. The only distinctive form appears to be ''V.pinnata subsp. sibirica (resp. multifida) var. lobata'' W.Bckr. in which we found almost completely abortive pollen; it is probably a hybrid of V.dissecta with one of the undissected Siberian violets of Violidium section. 63. V.chaerophylloides (Rgl.) W.Bckr. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. (1902) 856 (nomen); id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 119.— V.pinnata auet. mult. fl. Jap. et Chin: saltem p.p.; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. Ill (1905) AG MOMs sae DlMinba tras viele. One hiya eur Op ly Wo ides Rell ime iver. (1861) 222 Vom nia tay subsp. ciate oO pihy ll oudies, We bckr.. inphedciiay -Eue RoE eROSSHLS bods) 84: — Vi Apinmata vara diseecta tf, a) teuseero- pinnatifida, b)triphylla, c)pedata Miq. Prol. Jap. (1866) 84.— Vipin ateamyaraucdds sec tal Franch. et Say. Enum. Jap. Il (1879) 40, non Rel. Perennial, 4—20(25) cm high; rhizome vertical, short, with few roots; leaves glabrous or sparsely pubescent, lowest sometimes ovate-lanceolate, entire, others 3-fid, glabrous or with very short hairs above and on veins beneath, segments with short but distinct petiolules, lateral 2-parted, upper 2- or 3-parted, all three ovate or ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, their lobules oblong, lanceolate or even narrowly linear, deeply incised- toothed or again 3-fid, glabrous or above and beneath along veins very short- hairy; flowers fairly large, fragrant, violet or whitish; peduncles with long narrow bracts below middle; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate, broad, 3-nerved, with distinctly notched and toothed appendages; petals broad-ovate, lateral slightly bearded; spur thick curved, 4-6 mm long; style flattened at summit; short-beaked. April—May. Rocks and shores of rivers and streams.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from former Ussuri Territory. Type in Leningrad. 64. V.dactyloides Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. V (1819) 351; Ging. in DCL Prodtl (lg24)9293- hurez,.. El.) baic.-daur. 1 (1842) oem: ainle Ross. 1, 244; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III (1905) 50; W. Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centcalbla 42 (GI924) 125.— Vidigitata Pall, Reise, Il (i776) 206,230 NOME. ava palma taolever sam Jail. Neue nord.) Bertraa vill (1793) 5s on ibs Patrmingex Ging .iniD)@. (Prodr. (1824) 293. — Ved acetyl oudes VacmuMl tivo aati We Bekraiim Beihy Bot, Centralbly xXoOxIV 72 (1916) 2 ie. Grael sl. Sib. ive(l 769) tabs XM ais .— Ps) Gak. FB: oNesi9o9: Karo, Pl. amur. et zeaéns. (1899) 279. 325 (435) PLATE XXI. 1— Viola kamtschadalorum W. Bckr. et Hult.; 2 — V. raddeana Rgl., upper part of plant; 3 — V. caucasica Kolen., habit, capsule; 4 — V. muhldorfii Kiss., habit, flower; 5 — V. orien- talis (Maxim.) W. Bckr., summit of stem with flower. 326 437 Perennial, 5—20cm high; rhizome mostly oblique, short, with numerous smooth roots arising from nearly one place; petioles long, glabrous or usually more or less pubescent all over or only in lower part; leaf lamina palmately 5-parted, subacute, sparsely pubescent above, rather densely beneath (especially on veins) or sometimes glabrous, segments oblong or oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, incised or toothed, subacute, with few large subacute teeth, borne on short, mostly spreading-hairy petiolules; stipules whitish, scarious, ovate-lanceolate, smooth-margined or sparingly long-fimbriate, about My adnate to petiole; flowers large, 1.5—2.5cm long; peduncles long, slender or fairly thick, not surpassing leaves (often half petiole length), with small bracts below middle; sepals oblong or lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous, with short obtusish appendages; petals blue, lateral bearded; spur long, rather thick, obtuse, slightly curved upward, 5—7mm long; ovary (and capsule) glabrous; style flattened and marginate at summit, short-beaked. May—June. (Plate XX, Figure 1.) Mountain woods (larch, birch, pine), mountain slopes, scrub, places shaded by Gocks,.—. E.. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say..|, Dau.;) Far East?) Okhe,Zes-Bue) Uss: Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria). Described from Siberia. Type unknown. Section 6. ARCTION Juz. ined.— Rather large plants; rhizome oblique, developing basal leaves and more or less erect stemlike flowering stolons; leaves round-cordate or reniform, long-petioled; stipules large, rather broad, subentire, more or less glandular; flowers large, with short thick spur, violet; style flattened at summit, marginate at back on both sides, with anterior beak. Our species of this section are very closely related and form a single natural series, which may be called Langsdorffianae W. Bckr. (in Engl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 21 (1925) 368). 65. V.langsdorffii Fisch. in DC. Prodr. I (1824) 296; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 250; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 60,p.p.; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1924) 145.— V.mirabilis B langsdorffii lus. subacaulis et parviflora Rel. Pl. Radd. (1861) 240:—Iec.: Rel. ks C4 TAS Wil, ty M429), Perennial, 3—18(25) cm high, at first acaulescent, at length developing mostly weak, flagelliform, flexuous, sparingly leafy, suberect flowering stolons; rhizome oblique, bearing few rather loosely disposed pale rootlets; stipules 1—2cm long, ovate-lanceolate, subentire, lower brown, upper green, ‘leaves with mostly long (sometimes very long) petioles, broad-ovate, orbi- cular or reniform, subtruncate-cordate or rather deeply cordate at base, acutish or short-acuminate, crenate-dentate with low and mostly small teeth, glabrous, thin; flowers smallish or mostly fairly large; peduncles rather long or often very long (up to 25cm), slender, scarcely or slightly surpassing leaves; sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceclate, acute to subobtuse, with short appendages; petals oblong-obovate, pale violet, lateral bearded, lower with very short thick spur; ovary glabrous; style flattened at summit and margined on both sides, terminating in suberect beak; capsule to 1.5cm long. June. B27) 438 439 Habitat unknown. — E. Siberia: Yakutsk (?); Far East: Sakh. (Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: N.Am. (Aleutian Islands, Alaska). Described from Unalaska. Type in Leningrad. 66. V.ursina Kom. in Fedde, Repert, XIII (1914) 235; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 2 (1923) 146.— V.langsdorffii var. ursina W.Bckr. et Hult. in Arkiv f. Bot. Bd. 22 A, No. 3 (1928) 7. Perennial, 10—20cm high, quite glabrous or scarcely pubescent, re- sembling V.langsdorffii, but more sturdy in all parts; rhizome hori- zontal, mostly very thick, elongated, developing short, horizontally or ob- liquely directed, often very strong, at length somewhat elongating stolons; basal leaves numerous, long-petioled, to 7cm long and 6 cm broad, reni- form or broadly cordate, with cordate or deeply cordate base, round-tipped or obtuse or very shortly acuminate, very shallowly crenate, rather thick; stems (flowering stolons) sparingly leafy, cauline leaves closely resembling basal; stipules large,to 2cm long, ovate or oblong, acute, cylindric or re- motely toothed; flowers 15—-30mm long and broad, pale lilac, on moderate or fairly long peduncles; sepals ca.5—7mm long, 2—4mm broad, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, subacute, whitish-scarious-margined, with very short appendage; lateral petals bearded; spur very short, yellowish; style flattened and mar- ginate at summit, almost beakless. June—July. Subalpine and alpine meadows, and scrub. — Far East: Kamch. (Koman- dorskie Islands). Endemic. Described from 8.Kamchatka. Type in Lenin- grad. Note. Plants from Komandorskie Islands are not quite typical when compared with the Kamchatkan ones, but they were included under V.ursina by V. L. Komarov himself. 67. V.kamtschadalorum W.Bckr. et Hult. in Arkiv f. Bot. Bd. 22 A, Noms (928) 6.— V.langsdorttiit B caullescens Ging m Dem eicocke in tae) 20% — Viimirabilesp 6 War os dort fii lusiac. camlesicens etidanis pirdwla: Rel. aneBull. Soc. Nats Mosc. XXXIV, 2 (1861) 485, 488. — Velame sdortiiy \kKom: Puteshit Kameh: (1912) 423; id. Fl. poluostr. Kamch. (1929) 332; W. Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 60,p.p.— Valanmssidorit-ivsubspyisachalimenisi's Wo Bekr an sevhe Bot. Centealble SXOOxXlV 12501916) 253) id. albid xc), 2) (1923) ae Perennial, 30-—40cm high; rhizome horizontal, often branched at top, strong, jointed, producing numerous, pale, branched rootlets; basal and lower cauline leaves ca. 2.5—-6cm broad and up to 7cm long, long-petioled, ovate, broad-ovate or rounded-triangular, broadly cordate at base, mostly subacute or subacuminate at apex; upper leaves to 5—6.5cm long, with shorter petioles, broad-ovate from shallowly cordate base, acutish or slightly acuminate; all leaves shallowly crenate, more or less pubescent (especially on veins), at length glabrescent; stipules ca. 1.5—2cm long, to 5mm broad at base, broadly spatulate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, margins remotely glandu- lar and ciliate; stems suberect, sturdy, mostly with elongated internodes, glabrous; flowers rather large, more than 2cm broad, dark violet, not or only slightly overtopping uppermost cauline leaves; sepals 8-9 mm long, broadly lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, with short obtuse appendages; petals 1.8—2.1cm long, obliquely elliptical (upper), elongate-obovate (lateral) or 61006 1 328 broadly obovate (lower), lateral bearded, lower notched at apex, thickish rounded spur slightly exceeding calycine appendages; style scarcely geni- culate, flattened and marginate at summit, with suberect beak; capsule rather large,ca.1—1.3cm long. June—July. (Plate XXI, Figure 1.) Meadows (mainly alluvial), scrub, grassy lowland plains and volcanic peak slopes (in the forest belt). — Har Hast: Kamch., Sakh. Endemic: Described from S.Kamchatka. Type in Stockholm. Section 7. BILOBATAE W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 226.— Perennial, mostly acaulescent plants, producing ascending or erect stemlike stolons, these occasionally rooting at nodes; stipules folia- ceous, lanceolate or ovate, entire or finely toothed; leaves variously shaped; flowers rather small, light-colored; style geniculate at base, nail-shaped, lobate-marginate on both sides, style anterior (at base of lobes) with beak. Series 1. Alatae Juz.— Stemlike stolons ascending; leaves orbicular, cordate or subtriangular; flowers only in axils of cauline leaves. 68. V.verecunda A. Gray, Bot. Jap. in Mem. Amer. Ac. Nat. Se. V (1858) 382; Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III (1905) 71.— V.japonica Franch. et Sav. Enum. Jap. I (1875) 42 et 11 (1879) 287.— V.arcuata subsp. vere- ecunda W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 227. Perennial, glabrous, acaulescent plant, developing ascending or upright stemlike flowering aerial stolons; basal stipules glabrous or remotely short-fimbriate; basal leaves with rather long petiole, small, orbicular, with narrowish, shallowly cordate base, obtuse or subacuminate, shallowly crenate; stemlike stolons with long internodes; stipules of cauline leaves subfoliaceous, 0.5—2 cm long, lanceolate or (upper) mostly subspatulate, acute, sparingly toothed; cauline leaves subtriangular-cordate, broadly notched, obtusish at apex with often concave margins, relatively short-petioled; peduncles long, slender, with bracts usually above middle; flowers only from stolons, small, 5—10 mm long, pale; sepals small, lanceolate or narrowly 440 lanceolate, acute, with small but well developed appendages; petals oblong- obovate, lateral beardless, lower violet-nerved, short round-tipped spur slightly exceeding calycine appendages; style 2-lobed, with rounded lobes and short upright beak between them; capsule small, ca. 7mm long, oblong, acute. May—June. (Plate XVIII, Figure 7.) Meadows, coppices, thin woods in river valleys, shores of rivers and Jakes. moangtactUsse: Genvadistrann dap. Clin | DeSceined ti com heuer: Series 2. Amuriacae Juz.— Like preceding one, but chasmogamous flowers in axils of basal leaves; few cleistogamous flowers produced in axils of cauline leaves. 69. V.amurica W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 62; id. Beih. Bots @eatcalbll, XXOdiv 2. (917). 230 4—. Ic.2) W. Bekrar lite. (U9 ks) 6 3ytean (stylus). 44] Perennial, 5—2 0(45) cm high, initially acaulescent, later producing as- cending flagelliform stolons, leafy in upper part; rhizome 1—2cm long, rather slender, oblique or vertical, jointed; basal leaves long-petioled, small, usually 1-3cm long and broad, enlarging in fruiting plants and then up to 7cm long and broad, cordate-orbicular, obtuse or subacuminate at apex, shallowly crenate, often slightly violet-tinged beneath, with scattered short hairs; stipules small, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, brown or violet, very shortly and remotely glandular-fimbriate; cauline leaves fairly large, cordate -orbicular, slightly acuminate from obtuse apex, short-petioled; their stipules to 1cm long, broadly or somewhat narrowly ovate, subentire, mostly obtuse or rounded at apex; peduncles elongated, in axils of basal leaves, with bracts above middle; flowers whitish or yellowish, small, 7-9mm long; sepals lanceolate, subacute, with short obtusish appendages; petals oblong-obovate, lateral beardless, lower violet-striped, with very short spur; ovary glabrous; style slightly geniculate at base, gradually nailwise enlarged upward, flattened at summit with broad elevated rim on both sides, anterior beak short but distinct, erect; few, apparently cleistogamous flowers developing later in axils of cauline leaves; capsule oblong, acute, glabrous. May. Wet meadows and grass-and-sedge as well as sphagnum bogs in river valleys and along sea coast, rarely in woods.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Endemic. Described from Bureya Range along Amur River (from Radde's specimens). Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Raddeanae W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 85.— Plants with more or less upright stem; leaves narrowly oblong-triangular; flowers only in axils of cauline leaves. 70. V.raddeana Rgl. Pl. Radd. I (1861) 256; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) Zoe Osos er. taloxe Vv Ube aox Perennial, 20—70(100) cm high; rhizome simple, very short and thickened; stems numerous, erect or decumbent, rather slender, with elongated inter- nodes, Simple or branched; basal leaves marcescent; cauline with short petioles winged in upper part, 1.5—8cm long, 0.4—2 cm broad, narrowly oblong-triangular, with subtruncate, slightly cordate or almost sagittate base, subacute, remotely and obscurely dentate or subentire; stipules foliaceous, to 4cm long, equaling or exceeding petiole, narrowly lanceolate, in upper part usually incised-toothed, obtusish or acute; flowers small, 9-16 mm long, not overtopping leaves; sepals lanceolate, subacuminate, with very short appendages; petals pale violet, lateral beardless, lower rather short, with dark violet stripes, very short spur slightly exceeding calycine appendages; ovary glabrous; style geniculate at base, subclavate, bilobate - marginate at summit, short-beaked; capsule oblong,ca.1cm long. (Plate XXI, Figure 2.) Wet (alluvial) meadows, willow patches, often on peaty soil, also sandy and sandy-pebbly river banks.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria and Japan). Described from mountains along Amur River. Type in Leningrad. 330 442 443 \ Subgenus 2. Dischidium Ging. Mem. sur la fam. Viol. (igre) ae Gs Prodr. I (1824) 300,emend.— Perennial plants, with stem and basal leaves; stipules small, free; flowers small, yellow, occasionally violet-tinged or violet; all four upper petals directed upwards, lateral beardless; style 2-lobed at summit, beakless, stigmatic orifice on ventral side between two lobes. A small natural group, with its principal development center in East Asia. All our representatives of this subgenus belong to the section Brevicalca- ratae W. Bcekr., characterized by the short beak (not more than 4mm long). 1. Leaves thin or fairly thick, veins not prominent beneath, marginal teeth with small, mostly indistinct glands; peduncles long, greatly exceeding leaves; flowers pale yellow or lilac, dark-nerved; capsule relatively ator = MeO ORV OR Eas eat cise etic lade! Gaeta va, ahi hho tow eena i. Mia. Nest sty a) ce” Nima angen ee ere as af Far Eastern species, with thick leaves, prominently veined beneath, marginal teeth with large distinct glands; peduncles short, scarcely surpassing leaves if at all; flowers yellow; capsule bigger and DTCC NN DUS wee Se ae Ng Sa CO Aen et te ee rear m eM PMS CRAIG) a 2. Flowers essentially pale yellow; marginal teeth of leaves rather TG ONOMCTSO MIG Nt eae: sok te RON Os Va Ths GRRL EROS STR A VS SPINS RSE Sie Saleesd tor caeaae oe at Flowers essentially violet; marginal teeth of leaves fewer (3—9 on Baie Inmmacsr ou) lied fa ae, kre Oy ATER pares 73. V.allochroa Botschantz. 3. Widespread arcto-alpine species; leaves shallowly crenate-dentate; flowers relatively small; sepals often ciliate-toothed; spur always EMAAR BE Ried EMEA kee Yo) cop tha brow Ot et wh tcy Tatistes Says. Je a) at Ma uM a, Tel Ve uelioraralue ar Caucasian species; leaves deeply crenate-dentate; flowers markedly larger; Sepals *smooth=marpined: spur often slightly hairy (<0) lin. emits tie hep eM Mines, caRe TSA REED, RAM s i een te, ans Bee an 72. V.caucasica Kolen. 4. Comparatively large plant (to 20cm high); leaves broadly reniform, quite glabrous on both sides or only near margin above ciliate -hairy SEE e eta WAR ham mame Siac, BETA TIMOR ROP SE AE CE eS 71. V. crassa Mak. + Smaller plant (up to 10cm high); leaves orbicular, densely hairy above and mostly slightly hairy beneath ... 75. V.avatschensis Bckr. et Hult. Tis iVveibitlora Da Sp. spill. edidt(l 753)0936.) db. "PIS SRoss.l 254.) Westelcn in Beih. Botan. Centralbl. XXXVI (1918) 39; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VII, 1938.— V.biflora var. typica De Boiss. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 sér. (1901) 1073.— V.biflora var. platyphylla Franch. Pl. Delav. (1889) 73.—?V.microceras Rupr. Beitr. z. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. II (1845) 22; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 410.— Ic.: Bot. Mag. XLII, tab..2089; Rehb. Ic. Bl. Germ: 4489?— Exs.: Wi Bekr:: Viol. exs 22; TAU S Perennial, 2—20cm high; rhizome creeping, oblique or horizontal; stems solitary or several, slender and weak, mostly ascending, usually with 2 or 3 internodes, glabrous; basal leaves 2 or 3(4), with slender petiole 1-10cm long; all leaves rather thin, broadly reniform-orbicular or cauline broad- ovate with cordate or deep-cordate base, at apex orbicular or the uppermost shortly acuminate, obliquely crenate-dentate, marginal teeth indistinctly glandular-tipped; basal leaves mostly glabrous, others glabrous or slightly pubescent above, sporadically or sparsely hairy on veins beneath; stipules 33] 444 small, 4—6 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, smooth-margined; flowers 1 or 2(3), moderate or small, pale yellow or lemon-yellow, on peduncles 1—6cm long; sepals linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, subacute, with inconspicuous appendages, glabrous or with ciliolate or even ciliate- toothed margin; petals oblong-obovate, 0.5—1cm long, brown-striped; lateral beardless, spur very short, obtuse; capsule 4-7 mm long, oblong- ovoid, glabrous. May—August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 8.) Tundras, alpine meadows, coppices, woods (mainly conifers and birch), shores of mountain lakes, brooks and streams.— Arctic: Arc. Eur.; European part: Kar.-Lap. (Kola Peninsula), Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka. (N. and Centr. Urals); W. Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E.Siberia: all regions; Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Seand:, Centr. Hur.: Meds Mong) J ap.-Chi. and: -Hum:, N Am: Deseribed from Europe. Type in London. Note. This widely distributed circumpolar species displays con- siderable variability and is likely to be subdivided in due course into a number of geographical species or races. We regard V.caucasica Kolen., which is presented below, as one of them. As regards V.microceras Rupr., which has been included by us for the first time among the synonyms of V.biflora and which was incorrectly referred by Becker to the group Stolonosae (i. e.,to section Plagiostigma in our classification), it is undoubtedly more closely related to V.biflora L. Ruprecht collected on Kolguev Island only one specimen of this form, which he described and illustrated inaccurately. The main error in the drawing in his paper (Give. talowl. 2) is that the peduncle of the central flower, correctly represented as being much longer than those of the lateral flowers, does not show the articulation clearly seen in the type of V.microceras which we investigated; it is situated near the lower edge of the leaf adjoining the peduncle. In other words, it appears that the peduncle of the central flower is not in fact a peduncle but the lower internode of the stem, of which the peduncle appears to be an extension; thus, V.microceras Rupr. is not an acaulescent form, but it produces flowers both in the axils of basal leaves and on the stems (like V.mirabilis L. or V.amurica W.Beckr.). In 1902, R. Pohle collected many specimens of an analogical form of V.bi- flora on Kolguev Island; he did not, however, hesitate to refer it to V.biflora. In Pohle's plants, stems are well developed and bear a large number of cleistogamous flowers (incidentally, the central flower of the authentic specimen of V.microceras was apparently cleistogamous). Further in situ investigations are needed to determine whether V.micro- ceras represents an anomalous modification of V.biflora devoid of taxonomic significance or a new species in formation. A third possible solution of the problem was put forward by A. I. Tolmachev,to whom we expressed our doubts. He suggested that V.microceras might perhaps be a hybrid between V.biflora and V.epipsila Ldb. This assumption seems to be the least likely for the following reasons: (1) the systematic remoteness of the proposed parents; (2) absence in V.microceras of any characteristics of V.epipsila beside the basally situated flowers; and (3) the occurrence of well developed capsules in some of the plants collected by Pohle. S82 445 72. V.caucasica Kolenati ined. ex Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 158.— V.bi- Mora vweanrcasmea Ruprs licl) Boiss, Pl.) ori Suppl. (1888) 73¢ = Vilbi- flora auct. pl. Cauc. non l..; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 23 (1909) 173.— Bes neco il, “auc, Neo. t3.) Wa Bckr. Viol. exs* No.2 Perennial, 5—25cm high; rhizome much shorter than in V.biflora; petioles of basal leaves to 15cm long; leaves (especially cauline) thicker and more deeply dentate than in V.biflora,cauline mostly with scattered hairs, conspicuously hairy on veins beneath; stipules ovate, obtuse; flowers relatively large; sepals mostly somewhat broader and less acute compared with V.biflora,never ciliate-toothed; petals 0.6—1.6cm long, often rather broadly obovate; capsule 5-9mm long. May—August. (Plate XXI, Figure 3.) Alpine and subalpine mountain zones, rocks, carpetlike alpine meadow, etc.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E.and W. Transc. Endemic. Described from the alpine zone of Kepez-dag Mountain. Type in Leningrad. 73. V.allochroa Botschantz. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Inst. bot i zool. AN Uzb. SSR, XI (1948) 10. Perennial, 5—15cm high, glabrous or with scattered short hairs; rhizome short, cordlike, with fibrous roots; stems several, delicate, slender, erect, curved, unbranched; leaves long-petioled, cordate or reniform, coarsely sinuate-dentate, with 3—9 teeth on each margin; stipules small, lanceolate, entire; peduncles slender, surpassing leaves, with small linear entire bracts above middle; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, to 4.5mm long, with obsoles- cent appendages; petals obovate, violet, with darker veins, 11-15 mm long; spur thick, round-tipped, ca. 2mm long; stamens subsessile, together with scarious appendages to 3mm long; style to 3mm long, clavate, 2-lobed at summit; capsule ovoid,to 5mm long. July—August. Rocks in upper zone of mountains. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (W.), Pam.-Al. ? Endemic. Described from near the Chimgan Botanical Station (Khadalak River gorge). Type in Tashkent. Note. We have presented a somewhat modified version of the author's description of this species. The Herbarium of the Botanical Institute con- tains a specimen of 'Viola biflora," collected by V. L. Komarov in Zeravshan ("'Madm, in rupibus locis umbrosis"), which closely fits the description of V.allochroa, but the color of the flowers cannot be ascer- tained as the specimen is old (collected in 1893). Becker identified it as "“V.biflora L. f. ad subsp. V.sze-tschwanensis W.Bckr. et H.De Boiss. vergens." 74. V.crassa Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XIX (1905) 87.— V.biflora var. crassifolia Makino, ibid. XVI (1902) 139.—? V.kurilensis Nakai ibid. XXXVI (1922) 33. Perennial, 8—20cmhigh; rhizome rather short, oblique, developing thick rootlets; stems ascending or erect, with 2 or 3 internodes, glabrous; basal leaves mostly 3, with shortish or fairly long petioles; stipules of cauline leaves relatively large, ovate, subobtuse or obtuse; all leaves about 3cm long and up to 5.5cm broad, mostly very broadly reniform or some occasionally suborbicular, narrowly notched, subobtuse or notched at apex, thick, glabrous above or with sporadic or scattered hairs near margin, quite glabrous and prominently veined beneath, lower shallowly crenate- dentate, upper with lower, strongly truncate teeth tipped by large gland; 338 446 flowers 1 or 2,dark yellow; peduncles short or fairly long, often slightly surpassing leaves; sepals lanceolate, acute; capsule rather big and broad; seeds ca. 2.5mm long, ellipsoid-obovoid, smooth. Otherwise resembling Wiacilso re ules |! Alpine meadows. — Far East: Kamch. (S.), Kurile Islands, Sakh.? Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Yezo [Hokkaido] Honshu, Korea). Described from Japan (former Kikuchu Province (Mount Iwate). Type in Tokyo. Note. This is the most widespread violet species on Kurile Islands; it is apparently very rare in Kamchatka whence we have seen only very unreliable and badly annotated material. 75. V.avatschensis Bckr. et Hult. in Arkiv f. Bot. Bd. 22 A, No. 3 (1928) 1.— Ic.: Hultén, Fl. Kamtch. III (1929) tab. I, fig. f, g. Perennial, 4-10cm high; rhizome horizontal, jointed, densely covered with rather thick whitish rootlets; stems mostly pale and leafless in lower part, glabrous; stipules ovate,i.e., broader than in V.biflora; basal leaves 1—3, long-petioled, round-reniform or reniform, deeply cordate at base, mostly obtuse, sometimes shallowly notched at apex; cauline leaves similar, but with gradually decreasing petioles; all leaves 1—2cm long, 2.3cm broad, shallowly and roundly crenate, with distinct yellowish gland on inner side of teeth, thickish, prominently veined beneath, mostly rather densely covered above with longish hairs, with scattered hairs beneath, mainly near margins and on veins, dark green, margins and petiole often dark lilac; flowers 1—3, yellow, not or scarcely overtopping leaves (same applies to capsules); larger compared with V.biflora,on much shorter peduncles; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtusish; capsule 5—7 mm long, bigger and broader than in V.biflora,on short stalk; seeds ca. 2mm long, ovoid, grayish-violet. In the alpine zone, on high volcanic cones, at altitudes of 900—1,100m, on deep volcanic ash or rock debris.— Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Stockholm. Note. A plant (in fruit), collected by B. N. Gorodkov and B. A. Tikhomi- rov in Penzhina River basin (Pal'matkina Range), resembles V.avatschen- sis in all characters, except perhaps for more numerous flowers on the stem (up to 5). We assume that it also belongs here. Subgenus 3. Chamaemelanium Ging. Mém. sur la fam. Viol. (1823) 1; DC. Prodr. I (1824) 291 (pro sect.).— Perennial plants with leafy stems (in USSR species); stipules small, free, mostly broad-ovate or lanceolate; flowers mostly yellow, more rarely white; upper petals sometimes violet or brownish; lateral petals directed upward; spur very short, not or scarcely exceeding calycine appendages, obtuse; style capitate, beakless, pubescent on both sides; stigmatic orifice anterior, on hemispherical pro- tuberance. Plants of this subspecies in the USSR all belong to the group Erectae W.Bekr., characterized by a short rhizome with numerous rootlets, presence (at least in the young plant) of basal leaves, the few erect stems mostly leaf- less in upper part. 334 ——-s ee 447 448 1. Cauline leaves, bearing a flower in their axil, with very short petiole or subsessile, lower cauline leaf (not floriferous) close to these (i.e., stem leafless in greater part); flowers large (to 3.5cm broad) .... 2. ot Cauline leaves, bearing a flower in their axil, distinctly pedunculate (peduncle sometimes fairly long), lower cauline leaf (not floriferous) distant from these, usually at middle of stem; flowers mostly medium - HUZOCMee ie US areas eae deat cy GEN A UTaU LOH E MS ib Ree o: tal neo ln es ot .eieie Jel ana ay ene tay Eien tare Be 2. Lower cauline leaf somewhat distant from upper, with well developed petiole; all leaves coarsely incised-toothed (Siberia) ............. Ree GAS ROSE Mt a nee celts, icetehidy ste bed slstethabe s., SRI (asa WON branhilkoncrel, 10% ar All cauline leaves closely approximate (appearing verticillate), with very short petiole or subsessile, shallowly crenate-dentate, sometimes subentire (former Ussuri Territory) Fa ON she eM a eM Har PS) ah de) he Sond Page bar Ror oa tet Sees Lele hie 77. V.orientalis (Maxim.) W. Bckr. 3. Flowers rather large,to 2.5cm long and 3.5cm broad; stems and petioles with characteristic dense indument of thin spreading hairs (iioncnden Us suicinle nratory)i As) f2 4). 50s) oe Sok be 79. V.muehldorfii Kiss. a Flowers relatively small,ca.1.5cm long and 2cm broad; stems and penole sy without suchindumenitretses, auccide(y .f ened ee. eee 4, 4, Mostly 2- or 3-flowered plants; leaves more or less acuminate (GentralAsialie is a: GAB | 80. V.acutifolia (Kar. et Kir.) W. Bckr. ats WirslOwiereOrOlAmis wed sista, SLL Le eke. teres GEM Ge MS) Ph RRR Ree, eee °. 5. Leaves slightly acuminate (Kurile Islands) .... 78. V.glabella Nutt. + Leaves obtuse, the basal rounded or even notched at apex (Altai) ..... 25 308 ch ale De es ele ae aah I ek a 81. V. fischeri W. Bckr. Series 1. Uniflorae Juz.— Flowers large; cauline leaves gathered on upper part of stem. (6. aVeunitloral i.) op. pple ed. i (1753) "936s (Gmel. File Sioe lV CGe7eo) WOW: Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1,225; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918); Revie Zap Sibi: Ville S405—Tlesy)Renb.) Pidverit.» 1)(1823)rtapano eOo: EROzhemels olca) tab: OL Vil SL De fon xs: 2 yG. RS be NOwLO Ss: Perennial; rhizome oblique or vertical, short or not very long, covered with long crowded rootlets; basal leaves long-petioled, broadly reniform, deeply cordate at base, obtuse, coarsely incised-serrate-dentate, with scattered hairs on both sides (especially along veins beneath), mostly glabrous by flowering time; stems 1 or 2,up to 20cm long in flower, further elongating in fruit, glabrous or spreading-hairy in varying degree, with scarious stipules at base, leafy only in upper part; cauline leaves 3(4), 2.2—10cm broad, closely approximate, the upper 2 or 3 subopposite or whorled, short-petioled or (upper) subsessile, reniform or suborbicular to rhomboid, with cordate, rounded, subtruncate or broadly cuneate base, sub- acuminate, obtusish or acute antrorsely directed teeth and indument as in basal leaves; stipules small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely toothed, 3—5 mm long; flower mostly 1 (rarely 2) in axil of second leaf, on rather short peduncle, large, to 3cm broad, yellow; sepals ovate or oblong, obtusish, with short appendage, glabrous, ciliolate-margined; petals mostly broad-obo- vate, with brown nerves, lateral bearded, 10—15 mm long, lower with very 335 449 short rounded spur; ovary glabrous; capsule rather large,to 2cm long, oblong; seeds ovoid, yellowish, ca.3mm long. May—June. Birch, pine, larch and mixed woods, coppices, meadows, peat bogs, banks of rivers and brooks, springs.— W. Siberia: Ob (Tomsk); Alt. (Semipalatinsk), E. Siberia: Yen, Ang.-Say., Dau., Lé.-Kol:;\Par Hast: Ze. Bu.” Gens distr: Mong. Described from Siberia. Type in London. 77. V.orientalis (Maxim.) W. Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 95; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 265,p.p:— V.uniflora var. orientalis Maxim. Enum. pl. Mong. (1889) 81,p.p. (auoad pl. mand- shuricam); Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. III, 72.— V.orientalis var. conferta W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 50.— V.conferta Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XXXVI (1922) 31.— V.uniflora (cumf. glab- ra) Maxim. in Mél. biol. I, IX (1877) 751, quoad pl. mandsh. et auct. plur. extremaorents Nomis. 7 Exs.:oG. Rin. iNet ots. Perennial, 5—-20cm high; rhizome oblique or vertical, with brown roots; basal leaves suborbicular or ovate, with cordate or deeply cordate base, gradually acuminate, glabrous or sparsely short-hairy (especially on veins beneath); stems 1—3(5), glabrous, sometimes puberulous above, leafless in lower part, with (2)3 leaves in upper part; cauline leaves approximate to the extent of appearing verticillate but differing in size, with very short petioles or subsessile, ovate with slightly cordate or rounded or sometimes subtruncate base, gradually acuminate; all leaves thickish, weakly crenate to subentire; stipules ovate, ca.2mm long; flowers 1 or 2,rather large, 2—3cm long and broad, yellow with brown veins, or mostly pubescent peduncles; sepals lanceolate; capsule 7-12 mm long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Otherwise resembling preceding species. April—June. (Plate XXI, Figure 5.) Woods.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi.? Described from Ussuri River and Olga Gulf. Type and paratypes in Leningrad. Note. Maksimovich included under the name V.uniflora var. orientalis Maxim. two different violets which he had collected himself — the Manchurian (from Ussuri River and other places) and the Japanese (from Nagasaki), but the description given to this variety is more applicable to the Manchurian form. W. Becker, author of the species combination "V.orientalis," at first quite correctly conceived and described under this name the Far Eastern (Manchurian) plant to which it should be assigned. Becker clearly came to refer V.orientalis primarily to the Japanese plant, while setting up our plant as a separate variety, V.orientalis var. conferta. On this basis, Nakai proposed for it the species combination V.conferta Nakai which is quite superfluous. The Japanese plant of Maksimovich should definitely be named V.xanthopetala Nakai,l.c. 29. Series 2. Glabellae Juz.— Flowers mostly smaller; first cauline leaf inserted rather lower (usually in middle part of stem). 78. V.glabella Nutt. in Torr. et Gray, Fl. N. Amer. I (1838) 142; W.Bcekr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 95; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 51.— V.canadensis Bong. in Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. 336 450 sér. VI, t. IT (1833) 125,non L.— V.canadensis 8 sitchensis Ldb. FI. Ross. I (1842) 255.— V.biflora B sitchensis Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXXIV (1861) 253. Perennial, 10—30cm high; rhizome horizontal, jointed, rather slender, 2—4mm in diameter, pale, with few scarious scales at top; basal leaves 1 or 2, with long glabrous petioles, reniform or orbicular, cordate at base, short-acuminate, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous; stems 1 or 2, glabrous, leafless in lower and middle part, but with a single scarious scale near base and 2 or 3 approximate leaves in upper part; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 3—9mm long; cauline leaves short-petioled, lower often at some distance from others and with somewhat longer petiole, orbicular or broad-ovate, with slightly cordate base, subacuminate, erose-crenate (like basal leaves), subglabrous; flowers small,ca. 12mm long,not or scarcely overtopping leaves, yellow; petals obovate, lateral bearded, lower broad and slightly notched, with very short spur; ovary glabrous; capsule oblong. July— August. (Plate XVIII, Figure 9.) Habitat unknown. — Far East: Kurile Islands (Urup Island). Gen. distr.: N. Am. (from Alaska to California). Described from North America. Type in London? Note. This plant was discovered by a Russian expedition to the Kurile Islands as far back as 1833. Our form is distinguished (always?) by the small dimensions of its parts, but in other respects it does not differ from the North American. 79, V.muehldorfii Kiss. in Bot. Kézlem XIX (1921) 92.— V.lasiosti- pes Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XXXVI (1922) 32. Perennial, 12—25cm high; rhizome horizontal, extensively creeping, slender, jointed, often branched, white, developing throughout its length slender branched rootlets and topped by few small white or brown scarious scales, 1—3 basal leaves and a single, simple, copiously spreading-hairy stem; basal leaves with petiole 5-20cm long, lamina 2—7cm long, 3-9cm broad, reniform, deeply cordate at base, abruptly short-acuminate, rarely subobtuse, erose-crenate with incurved teeth increasing toward apex (uppermost teeth often rather long and straight), with scattered hairs on both sides but especially on veins beneath, ciliate-margined; cauline leaves 3 or 4,lower at a considerable distance from others and inserted about middle of stem, on rather long spreading-hairy petioles (like basal leaves), broad-cordate, other 2 or 3 short-petioled or subsessile, crowded at summit of stem, unequal, outer cordate-ovate or broad-ovate with scarcely cordate or subtruncate base, long-acuminate, curved-serrate-dentate, inner ones smaller and narrower, innermost (terminal) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, subentire; indument of cauline leaves as that of the basal, but more copious; stipules of cauline leaves 2—3 mm long, ovate, acutish, subentire; flowers in axils of upper cauline leaves, solitary or 2,ca.2—2.5cm long, 3-3.5cm broad; peduncles glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 1.5~2.9cm long, surpassing leaves, small ovate bracts in upper part; sepals ca. 7mm long, narrow, lanceolate, subacute, entire, 3-nerved, glabrous, with very short obtusish appendages; petals golden-yellow with dark veins, 1.5—1.7cm long, obovate or suborbicular, lateral bearded; spur stunted, ca. 2mm long, thick, pale; ovary glabrous; stigma capitate, with stiff hairs on both sides; capsule 1.2cm long, ovoid, acutish; seeds ca. 3mm in diameter, round, pale. May. (Plate XXI, Figure 4.) 388i) 451 Wet woods, banks of streams.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Korea). Described from Ussuriisk, formerly Voroshilov. Type in Buda- pest. 80. V. acutifolia (Kar. et Kir.) W.Bckr. in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 96; id. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 263.— V.biflora B acu- tifolia Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XV (1842) 163; Ldb. FI. Rossa it2:— Vieund il oraivar Jae wta toll a is 7b edtsehee tml wise XXII (1904) 447.— V.biflora B sitchensis Regl? in Bull. Soc! ‘Nat: Mosc. XXXIX (1866) 528,nec alibi.— V.uniflora var. kareliniana Maxim. Fl. mongol. I (1899) 81.—V.kareliniana Litw. in sched.— Exs.: Kar. et Kir. No. 1265. Perennial, (6)10—30cm high; rhizome oblique or vertical, developing numerous, closely disposed brown rootlets; basal leaves 1 or 2(5), long- petioled, deeply cordate-reniform, obtuse or shortly acuminate, crenate- dentate, subglabrous or sparingly hairy, often absent by flowering time; stipules very small, ovate; stems 1—3, mostly flexuous, glabrous or in lower part stiffly spreading-hairy; lower cauline leaf long-petioled, without flower in its axil; other stem leaves usually approximate at summit, short- petioled, broad-ovate, slightly cordate at base, acuminate, with 1—3 (mostly 2) flowers in axils; stipules of cauline leaves 4—6 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or slightly fimbriate-toothed; flowers medium-sized, 1—2cm broad; sepals rather long and narrow, linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, 3-nerved, with very short appendages; petals obovate, pale yellow with brown veins; spur very short, slightly curved upward; capsule 6—12 mm long, ob- long, glabrous. May—June. Al\pine meadows, damp rocks, slopes of gorges, steppe mountain slopes, (spruce) forests, 1,000—3,000 m above sea level. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja). Described from Lepsa River, rocks of Suok-tau mountains. Type in Leningrad. Note. Becker, opposing this species to all the other species of the Erectae group, set up for it a separate subgroup Monophyllos W. Bckr. (cfr. E. u. P. Nat. Pfl. ed. Il, 21 (1935) 370); we do not see sufficient justification for this procedure. 81. V. fischeri W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIV, 2 (1917) 264; id. ibid. XXXVI, 2 (1918) 48; Kryl. Fl: Zap. Sib. VIIl (1935) 1940.— V. uni = flora 8 pumila Fisch. in herb. ex W.Bckr. l.c. (1917) 265.— V.uni- i Oreran anes mal Lpreisnt © Lamy Iii exc! Kary ie ey Oar Perennial, 8—12cm high; rhizome oblique or upright, covered with long slender brown roots; basal leaves (1)2; their petiole 5—~8cm long, glabrous or sparingly hairy, equaling stem, lamina 1—1.8cm long, 2.5—3cm broad, shallowly cordate or subtruncate at base, rounded or even slightly notched at apex, shallowly crenate, glabrous; basal stipules short, scarious; stems solitary, glabrous or sparsely hairy, bearing mostly 3 leaves in upper part, lower at a distance of 1.5—3cm from subopposite upper ones, and 1 flower; cauline leaves with petiole 1—2cm long, lamina 1.5—2cm long, 1.3-2.5cm broad, triangular -ovate, subcordate or subtruncate at base, with sparingly, shallowly and irregularly crenate margin, glabrous; stipules mostly small, ovate-lanceolate, slightly toothed; flowers small, ca. 1.5—2 cm broad, on 400 peduncle 2—5cm long; sepals 4.5—-8mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm broad, ovate- lanceolate or linear, with very short appendages; petals 8-15 mm long, yellow, lateral bearded, lateral and lower dark-striped; spur short, obtuse; style capitate, with small stigma, beakless, thickly papillose on sides. June. Alpine zone.— W. Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Sinyukha mountain (near Kolyvanskii Zavod). Type in Leningrad. Note. Avery rare species, known only from the authentic specimen. Becker assumed that it was philogenetically linked with American violets. But it is rather to be considered as being derived from V.acutifolia (Kar. et Kir.) W. Bekr. Subgenus 4. Melanium* Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 221; Gingins, Mém. s. fa fam. Viol. (1823) pro sect.— Jon Medik. Malvenf. (1787) 102, pro gen. Style globose-thickened at summit, beakless; orifice of stigma on ventral side of thickened summit of style; lower part of style projecting forward as flap; median line of lateral petals forming obtuse angle, rarely right or nearly right angle, with median line of lower petal; stipules in most species pinnately or palmately lobed, rarely unlobed; corolla often vari- colored (either bluish-violet or yellow in various specimens of same species) or variegated, with petals differing in color, in some species plain yellow or bluish-violet throughout. Species of this subgenus readily cross with each other, and the fact that these are fertile greatly complicates identification of each of the specimens collected. Artificially obtained hybrids include the universally euliivated pansy wviwo lay ijnicol.or vhortensiis jorand iio rayhort. The species which primarily contributed to the formation of these orna- mental plants are V.altaica Pall. and V.tricolor L., but other species also played a part. It is noteworthy that, upon naturalization, this cultivated plant hybridizes with V.tricolor L. and other large-flowered wild species. Among the species so far reported for Soviet territory, we leave out V.cenisia All., considering that Lagovskii's specimens, upon which this species was based, were not collected in the location indicated on the label, but in the Alps where it is endemic. ie Aerial stem short, with crowded leaves; perennial alpine plants, Tye OMICS ESS MOL. SE ONOMS, 6h oda whires apl'syecptch eects MeL aed ae eeepc ee Ee 2h rt Stems elongated, with distant alternate leaves; annual, biennial or perennial plants of plains or mountains, but not exclusively alpine, withour Subtemcanean stolonsor) wath short 'stolonsijyi ss Sty.) 01. 6. 2. Spur several times longer than appendages of lower sepals; corolla to 25mm long, always yellow; leaves with 1—3 marginal teeth on SECM SUCHE Cn Ls. M A coh Aue een Sonne OME HEAR aE RE MS bho hs Arta ole + Spur slightly exceeding to twice as long as appendages of lower sepals; corolla usually larger, bluish-violet or yellow (plants growing side by side displaying color variation!); leaves with more numerous aAveiglon uae) Keen aN WE eae eae! Le eB ee Re er ee ree OPW wares oe LAB ob IAN Get aye 4, * Treatment by M.V. Klokov. 339 454 IAs Stems and leaves rather densely covered with short hairs; leaves including petioles to 20mm long, petiole not more than twice length On leiminasbaseroOn lamina short CcuneakerO igh icine ciKernmt- ima neien tt anes OTE Me es, Ps EES PEEL NGID io calcd EPR APPR DLR ee ph yne tap meee oe ero, ROS re ooutahpysel NL leis Plant glabrous throughout; leaves to 55mm long, petiole of upper leaves 2—5 times length of lamina; base of lamina sinuate, rarely PAMIAC bere Meee LAR ere Te re Uma wel 106. V. meyeriana (Rupr.) Klok. Leaves with 2—5 low teeth on each side; leaves and petioles sparingly or rather densely covered with short hairs; spur 4-9 mm long, usually twice the length of appendages; Crimea and Caucasus ..... EM Sola Daten tare We Mtel bral a kcueet sconce eshte ele, ok eRe cn cOn ae (ome 104. V.oreades M.B. Leaves with 3—10 teeth on each side; leaves and stipules very sparsely hairy or quite glabrous; spur 3—7mm long; Siberia and Werke alVASHey Vewae eta, Meat oS eats el MAR en epy Netty athe, acy oy Seay emer ea D. Flowers yellow or bluish-violet; leaves and stipules somewhat pubescent; stipules deeply pinnatisect or pinnatipartite; West Slbpemiavancy Central WAcrar “kV Til steaee 102. V.altaica Ker.-Gawl. Flowers exclusively bluish-violet; leaves and stipules (like whole plant) glabrous; stipules not divided, toothed or often entire; East SHUONS TAISy RAGS | NPM OL Oe alr ii te (ar ames taes 18 PN ahaa 103. V.monochroa Klok. spur LO— 6mm lonics “stipules mot divided; toott@edh 2. fils aa. ieeen nie J crs So CMA AE ra aes iE Mem RL Pete RES hs idee Mae As ay 82. V.orthoceras Ldb. Spur much shorter; stipules pinnately or palmately divided .... 7. Perennial, mountain-forest or subalpine plants; corolla large, bluish- MOLeTErMcoOUushIOULNORspredomlnantlyesO, 82s wis os ctane-neun epee nme ee 8. Annual or biennial, rarely perennial plants; corolla of various sizes, predominantly smaller, yellow or variegated (predominantly yellow), rarely variegated with predominance of blue and then plants not MAOUMAVAUTOUS SY Gs GS Las fo nia ehs: Aol ed Ome tae. ah ole Nee a ee meme IZ Plants glabrous all over; stipules palmately divided into subequal MIeLOVeESeH Mets. CawoatimulaimSa, hut: ohare else: 83. V.declinata W.K. Plants at least slightly pubescent; stipules pinnately or palmately divided, leaflike terminal segment largest; other regions ...... we Calyx 13-19mm long; large plant, with stem to 1m long; Altai , Ct AG ICCA ER RIC MRO Re Cer Ce eae Ces) bl bly 85. V.disjuncta W. Bckr. Cally 3. 1214) ina Monseeetern itor. Oreimplomo we eet ne renee 10. Stipules pinnately divided with more numerous lateral segments (up LOM Sse C AICS TSN Mime ag wAns, gant pen tata Vergata 87. V.kupfferi Klok. Stipules palmately divided, with fewer lateral segments (up to 8); Sibertaancy@ entra AGUA te Aenea, | 0k REL OED ANAC Ueto mE ST. | SAAR e Omen, Te itd Upper petals very dark violet to almost black, others dark yellow with bluish margin; flowers 1—3 on stem, mostly solitary; leaves short- enV, AUIS, Uae. Vem ts Saran ae URE Dare ne Meee REND C 86. V.atroviolacea W. Bckr. Corolla bluish-violet; upper petals scarcely differing in color from others, flowers 1—5 on stem, rarely solitary; leaves subglabrous; Cleritrcal ANS aNr ye see he hey Auta eae Mal oe tea ork boat 84. V.tarbagataica Klok. Flowers relatively large; corolla greatly exceeding calyx, 15-25mm long, lower petal with spur about as long or slightly shorter .... 13. Flowers smaller; corolla often shorter than calyx, 5-14mm long, lower pera with Spur taloOutrece lonley sane eo) aa sane eee life 340 459 Ss 145, ILD IMG). Upper petals dark violet; lateral petals to middle and lower on margin blue-violet or paler bluish, bluish-violet color always pre- dominant; plants of forest regions of the European part of the USSR Oi PROMOS Wile RIM eMeNeA Owe ee cslma. MERC te She cei gine Matha, aa eran seen pas oode slg 14. Upper petals pale yellow or whitish with blue-violet tinge, rarely pale violet to middle; other petals yellowish or yellow, rarely bluish-mar- gined; yellow tones always predominant; more southerly plants Annuals or biennials with hairy stem; leaves to 20 mm, middle and UO PSryvOw Oaks MOMIMEOAGY Grete wee Se ie ee oleate Son WV. tricolor Is: Perennial plants confined to maritime dune sands, with glabrous Sreias IGeweS Mmaiweinowreie, CAUIMAS WO SS asian lomoewGl f.5 5.585 6 hs ye ko iain our oan bcc aac at aici cecal Ptr tae i Sas Tomer 88. V.littoralis Spreng. Leaves to 27mm broad, with 4—10 teeth on each margin; spurlike appendages of lower stamens papillose throughout their length; low- land plant associated with the forest-steppe and steppe regions of MUO pean Dart OL WIE SSR eee Sli eke ee 8 Ue aS 92. V.matutina Klok. Leaves 15-20 mm broad, with 3—6 teeth on each margin; spurlike appendages of lower stamens papillose to “6 (on concave side) or quite Smooth; mountain plants of Crimea or Caucasus ....... Gr Perennial plants; spurlike appendages of lower stamens papiilose; PUPperolsmichtmellows Mpper Onrem violet tinged. Creiaee see ieweMe SRNR ats te ath ce eah Rema td MER ELD SOR, le RT TN Ue 3 Hag CON a alg 90. V. elisabethae Klok. Annual or biennial plants; spurlike appendages of lower stamens devoid of papillae; upper petals always lilac-margined, pale yellow AtMOASS | GawCasuys asl esas eRe ee btn sha 91. V.vespertina Klok. Peduncles bractless or very rarely with rudimentary bracts con- cealedmnder Waree appendages ot lower sepals yi. shen nes eee 18. Peduncles with bracts never covered by calycine appendages ... 19. Corolla shorter than calyx, concave, usually pale yellow; capsule (ao mimaone- stems shortshamy, rarely Subplabrousias. ) ance 6 danucll ea listins Wiebt GWAC ER aRcomch tii pasa sis Shah ete Ot eee PRP PDEA IR Se LOW Vv voceultaeelnn,: Corolla distinctly exceeding calyx, flat, variegated, upper petals bluish-violet with whitish spot at base, lateral light yellow with bluish Mier oMnMOwer wellow: "capsuler4+—o mm lone. stems) olalscouls sen) ame PE Me eee cian Tn ate ce! oll eo Renta felt ter user Se Ye, veh css 100. V.modestula Klok. Plants densely clothed with long wavy hairs ... 99. V.parvula Tineo. Plants covered withi scattered, very short rigid hains: i eae. A. Corolla concave, shorter than calyx, pale yellow; lower petal not UIGAUASNTSIOAS Sly, ASSIA SC a2: |NSUSKE Ny i noua ain) mena monic iol iid dit vow du. Bho 3-6 lhe Corolla flat, exceeding calyx, often variegated; lower petal trans- WASTES SILA HLS TS IAG SC ST y OYE Seer ahaa ae OR crs PW nie E wan. lin bas alll nb BU, Sepals 5—16 mm long; spur of lower petal 6—14mm long; stipules Pinnatipartite; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate; aweed .......... dine ab contented tab btn Acie aa Rk ee eR ES Nia Mei Sm ER LR Sa a 93. V.arvensis Murr. Sepals to 8mm long; spur of lower petal 6-7 mm long; stipules pal- matipartite; upper leaves linear-lanceolate; decidedly steppe plants SRA eae i er Legare nD Tage ree heen eR nt 94. V.kitaibeliana Roem. et Schult. Larger plants; stem to 30—35cm long; upper leaves linear-lanceo- Lahey SiGNO SSS Shull sid kh on coeds eee ied a RP OEM Pre Nemo at mea ila Altre 3 ie) 2 Ae 34] 456 457 + Smaller plants; stems to 10—12cm long; upper leaves oblong-lan- eeolate Onsbroaderndistinctlyn OehIOlMaKers amen -arcerurweene asi tne tai men etme 24, 23. Corolla 5-10mm long; lower petal with spur 5—-9mm long; upper petals dark blue-violet down to base, lateral blue-violet to middle; SOW ULSVON Chale ws spe iuis as a ae MRen sence enc eye 96. V.cretacea Klok. ip Corolla 7-13mm long; lower petal with spur 6-12 mm long; upper petal light yellow or rarely with pale violet margin, lateral pale yellow; BLOWN SHON Sade (cress | Pee e ors VON Aaee coeMrente Luheele 97. V.lavrenkoana Klok. 24. Corolla greatly exceeding calyx; lower petal with spur 8—10mm long; spur only slightly exceeding calycine appendages; Crimea, Caucasus SAN a Oe eae re re CAEN DORE RS Donte Tar. Rewer 5, Wien 95. V.nemausensis Jord. + Corolla slightly exceeding calyx; lower petal with spur 5—7 mm long; spur nearly twice as long as calycine appendages; mountainous BEL Te LYNG TAT AG. eh Ute Aat\ a) an Sop Wasamclog sh Ey Linge’ Sie yah ieea rebee 98. V.karakalensis Klok. Section 1. PSEUDONOVERCULA Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 222.— Perennial plants with short creeping rhizome and rather long stems; stipules foliaceous, but not divided; corolla large, bluish-violet, whitish at throat; lower petal long-spurrred; median line of lower petal at an acute to almost right, but not obtuse, angle to median line of lateral petals. The section established by K. R. Kupffer includes only a few of the low- mountain species growing in the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees — Vico rnuta Ik. and) Vion tea uni cajPaus inithe Balkanse enimnemlag= V.orphanidis, and Soviet species of West Transcaucasia. The Balkan Species is distinguished from the above by more copious indument of rather long hairs and incised stipules. Series 1. Eucornutae Klok.— Indument sparse, consisting of short hairs; stipules toothed. 82. V.orthoceras Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 258; Boiss. Fl. or. I (1867) 463; Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 160; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, Pi923) 10s (Grosse. Ul iavik. alll (1932), 63. Vine One taaihi aminiabice aso TOntis tica Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 160.— V.cornuta ssp. orthoceras Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1910) 223.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 48 et 48b; Pl. orient. exs. No. 313. Perennial, 15—75cm high; rhizome slender, branched; stems branched from base, angled, with scattered short hairs; uppermost leaves round- ovate, with petiole slightly shorter than lamina, this 12—20mm long, 6-12 mm broad, margin crenate; cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely ovate, short-petioled, 25—60mm long, 12—28 mm broad, serrate-crenate with 8—12 teeth on each side; stipules foliaceous, obliquely ovate-triangular or ovate- lanceolate, 5-36 mm long, to 22 mm broad, serrate-dentate or sometimes incised-lobed, covered, like leaves, with scattered short hairs (especially on margin and on nerves beneath); flowers 2—8 on stem; peduncles all axillary, 25—120 mm long, glabrous; sepals linear-lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, 12—20mm long, to 2mm broad; corolla 25—40 mm long, bluish-violet, whitish at throat, lower petal ovate, terminating in short triangular point; 458. spur 10-16 mm long, slender, straight or curved upward; capsule oblong- ovaloid, 9-12 mm long, glabrous; seeds ca.1.8mm long. June—August. Alpine and subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: W.Transc. Endemic. Described from Transcaucasia. Type in Leningrad. Section 2. NOVERCULA Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 225, excl. Caudicaules Kupffer, 1l.c. 240.— Perennial, biennial or annual plants, with well developed, nonabbreviated stems; stipules pinnately or palmately divided; corolla size and color various, mostly variegated; spur short; median line of lower petal at obtuse angle to median line of lateral petals. Subsection 1. BRACTEOLATAE Kupffer,1l.c. 228.— Peduncles always with 2 scarious bracts in upper part. Series 1. Declinatae Klok.— Perennial plants of high mountains; stipules palmatipartite with subequal segments; corolla bluish-violet, large. Jan ndeclinatar WaldstimeniAuguse. Alpine and subalpine meadows.— European part: U. Dns. (only in Car- pathians). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Carpathians). Described from Hun- gary. Type in Budapest. Series 2. Disjunctae Klok.— High-mountain perennials; stipules pal- matipartite or less often shortly palmatipartite with approximate segments; corolla bluish-violet or variegated with predominance of bluish-violet, large or fairly large. 84. V.tarbagataica Klok. in Addenda XIV, 683.— V.dacica var. pal- mata W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923) 89. Perennial, 10-—25cm high; stems often numerous, ascending, subglabrous or with scattered short hairs about middle; leaves 12—50mm long, 5—-17mm broad, dentate-crenate, with 4-8 teeth on each margin, subglabrous, lower ovate to round-ovate, middle oblong-ovate, upper oblongly ovate-lanceolate, all petiolate; stipules 7-32 mm long, palmatipartite, terminal foliaceous 459 segment largest, 2 or 3 inner and 3—5 outer lateral segments narrow, linear-oblong; flowers 1—5 on stem; peduncles 20—110 mm long, subglabrous; sepals linear-oblong, bluish-violet, lower petal with yellow spot at base, upper petals not differing in color from lateral; spur 3—4mm long; capsule ovaloid, 7-8mm long. July—August. Subalpine or alpine meadows and mountain tundras.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. (S. E.), Dzu.-Tarb. (recorded for Sandyk-tas, Sary-tau, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Ala-Tau). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Tarbagatai Range. Type in Leningrad. 85. V.disjuncta W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XX, 11 (1906) 126; in Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 101; in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923) 87; Shishkin in Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII (1935) 1943 (emend.) ex parte (excl. syn.). Perennial, 40-—100cm high; stems ascending, creeping and leafless at base, with scattered short hairs beneath, glabrous or subglabrous above; leaves 25-70 mm long, 5—22 mm broad, dentate-crenate with 5—6(8) teeth on each side, leaf and stipule covered with scattered short hairs; lower leaves ovate to broad-ovate, with petiole about equaling or slightly shorter than lamina, upper ovate or oblong-lanceolate; stipules 8-48 mm long, shortly pinnatipartite, only those of upper leaves subpalmatipartite, terminal segment foliaceous, crenate, the 1 or 2 inner and 2—5 outer lateral segments narrow, oblong or linear-lanceolate; flowers (1)2—7 on stem; peduncles 45—140 mm long, scattered, short hairy especially above; sepals oblong or linear-lanceolate, 13-19 mm long, acute, oblong appendage notched at apex, irregularly crenate, 4-6 mm long; corolla 20—36 mm long, solid bluish- violet or lower and lateral yellowish at base with 4—5 conspicuous dark lines; spur 4—7mm long, slender, curved downward; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 8—1l1mm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.7—2 mm long, yellowish-brown, with whitish caruncle at acute end. July—August. (Plate XXII, Figure 1.) Mountain woods.— W.Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad. Note. Apparently hybridizes with V.atroviolacea W.Bckr. The interrelationship of these two species needs field study. Crosses with V.altaica Ker.-Gawl. have also been observed. 86. V.atroviolacea W. Bckr. in Fedde, Repert. XVII (1921) 75; in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. say, 11°(1923)64.— "Vitricolor var, elegans: Bees am scr EMLPalte st CLS 2O)6 4-0 ine RO Scien IN 1842) Siew een le EM AM tener. Dibeas Veal pesitmisissps elesamsiWwabckr da redchiw his Aq hess. 8 (1915) 105. Perennial, 15—30cm high; rhizome branched, slender; stems ascending, often creeping at base, short-hairy, like leaves; leaves 10—30(40) mm long, 4—12(27) mm broad, dentate-crenate with 5—7(9) teeth on each side, lower round-ovate to oblong-ovate, with small sinus or subtruncate at base, with petiole equaling or longer than blade, upper oblong-ovate or oblong-lan- ceolate, relatively broad, petiolate; stipules 5-25 mm long, palmatipartite, foliaceous terminal segment elliptical or oblong, crenate, relatively small lateral segments (1 or 2 inner, up to 5 outer) linear-oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate; flowers 1—3 on stem, mostly solitary; peduncles 55-130 mm long, 344 460 pubescent; sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, 9-12 mm long (in fruit some- times up to 14mm), with appendage 2.5-4mm long; corolla 17—25mm long, upper petals very dark violet (not fading in drying), others dark yellow, with bluish margin; spur 3—6 mm, curved upward at tip; capsule 8-10mm long; seeds ca.1.8mm long. June—July. (Plate XXII, Figure 2.) Borders of mountain woods, near upper timber line, alpine meadows. — W.Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad. Note. B.K.Shishkin (Flora Zapadnoi Sibiri, VIII (1935) 1943) also referred this species to synonyms of the Altaian V.disjuncta W.Bckr., with which V.atroviolacea apparently always occurs together and is linked by transitional forms. What prevents, however, unification of the two species is the rather conspicuous difference between their typical specimens. The problem of specific status of V.atroviolacea Bckr. can only be fully resolved by field observations. In our opinion, it is most likely that this is a vicarious high-mountain species, replacing V.disjuncta of mountain forests, both species belonging to the same series. Becker, who described the two species, classified them under different groups of his system. Sie VeKupierl KIOk; (Sp. n.. in Addenda XIV; 683. — V.tri Go lone tye. caucasica Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 239.— V.alpestris Grossh. Fl. Kavk. III (1932) 87,p.p. non W. Bekr. Perennial, 12—40cm high; stems ascending, covered with scattered, very short hairs; leaves 10—50mm long, 3—13 mm broad, serrate-crenate with 4—6 teeth on each side, covered with scattered short hairs, like stipules; basal and lowermost cauline leaves round-oval or ovate, with distinct sinus, petiole longer than lamina; middle and upper leaves oblong-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, cuneate at base and gradually narrowed into short petiole; sti- pules to 25—35 mm long, pinnately parted or deeply incised, the racemous terminal segment serrate-crenate, lateral segments (1—5 inner and 2—8 outer) oblong-linear or rarely narrow oblong-lanceolate; peduncles 20—-110mm long, glabrous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 8-11 mm long, acuminate, with appendage 3—4mm long; corolla 20—36 mm long, bluish-violet, lower and lateral petals with yellow dark-lined spot at base; spur 4-6 mm long, 1.5—2 times exceeding sepal appendages, fairly slender, obtuse, more or less curved, capsule oblong-ovaloid, 6-8 mm long; seeds 1.5—2 mm long. June—August. Subalpine meadows, mountain woods, also as weed in mountains. — Gaucasus: Wo, Bb. and S) Uranse. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd, )Describedeinom Borzhomi. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Curtisiae Drabble in Journ. of Bot. LXV (1927); LXVII (1929) 71,emend. Klok.— Perennial plants, associated with beaches; petals larger than sepals, more or less variegated, predominantly bluish-violet; stems and leaves slightly hairy or glabrous. Resembling V.tricolor L. in aspect, but with usually narrower leaves. 345 461 88. V.littoralis Spreng. Nov. Prov. Hort. Acad. Hal. et Berol. (1818) 43.— V.tricolor var. maritima A.F.Schweiger in Konigsb. Arch. I (1812) 210; Hagen, Chloris Boruss. (1819) 88.— Exs.: Pl. Pol. exs. No. 134. Perennial, 10—25cm high; stolons apparently overwintering in their lower part, thus acting as rhizome, producing slender, firm, branched, whitish subterranean stems (buried by sand), extending into aerial stems, these suberect or assurgent, simple or mostly branched, scabrous in lower part, smooth above; leaves 20—35mm long, 1.5—5.5mm broad, glabrous or nearly so, margin with 3 or 4 teeth on each side, these antrorse and indented above; lowermost leaves persistent, oblong-ovate with cuneate base, their petiole equaling or longer than lamina, with short hairs on margins, middle oblong-lanceolate with short glabrous petiole, upper linear-lanceolate; stipules 5-30mm long, pinnatipartite, terminal segment linear-lan- ceolate, lower segments narrowly linear, of these 1 or 2 inner and 2—5 outer, margins of segments sparsely hairy; peduncles glabrous, 2 5—S8.crm long, 1—15' on stem; Sepals ‘oblong or elimnear lanceolate, 7-10mm long, 1—1.5mm broad, glabrous-margined; appendages oblong, 2—2.5mm long, ca. 1.25mm broad, outer margin obliquely truncate and toothed; corolla 15—17mm long; lower petal (10)13—15mm long including spur, this 3-4mm long, slightly curved toward tip; upper and lateral petals oblong-obovate, mostly dark violet, lower yellow at base of limb, with 7 dark stripes; capsule ca.9mm long; seeds 1.17—2.25mm long. May—September. Maritime sands.— European part: Balt. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Baltic coast). Described from East Prussia. Type not preserved. Series 4. Eutricolores Klok.— Annual (or biennial) plants of medium size or fairly large; petals longer than sepals; corolla variegated, pre- dominantly bluish-violet; lower petal not transversely bearded at base of limb; stems and leaves more or less hairy. A mesophytic European group, mainly distributed in the forest zone. It is impossible to determine exactly the specific composition of this series. In E. Drabble's treatment (1929),the series Tricolores Drabble includes 10 species and varieties, but not V.tricolor L. s. str. Unfor- tunately, some of the species referred by him to this series, as,e.g., Vomontiucola Jord., do not properly belons hese; while others, even though undoubtedly belonging to this series, are indistinguishable from one another. It is quite likely, however, that this series consists of a number of vicarious species with which the Jordan species, distinguished in moderate number by the English botanist,* cannot be identified. Our extensive examination of material relating to V.tricolor kL. Ss. Str. confirms its complete resemblance to the Swedish type and the monotypic character of V.tricolor L.str. as a whole, but does not substantiate any definite conclusion about the standing of the English and French forms of the series. E, Drabble. Key to the British Pansies. Journ. of Bot. LXVII (1929) 71-74. Beside the English species of the group dealt with in this paper, there are some very distinctive Jordan species described from France and other countries. 346 465 Soe VJtricolor iis sp. pl. edli(1753) 935,'s. str. V.tricolor gé- nuina Wittr. in Acta Hort. Berg. II, 1 (1897) 36. Annual or biennial, 8—46cm high, dark green; stems erect or mostly ascending, simple or branched, often strongly branched from base, rather uniformly covered ali over with short but fairly sturdy retrorse hairs; leaves 6—75 mm long, 5-20 mm broad, with 3—6 marginal obtuse or sub- obtuse teeth on each side, short-hairy especially on margins and on midrib beneath; stipules somewhat more hairy than leaves, 3—30mm long, pinnati- partite, with large, mostly foliaceous terminal segment and with 0—3 inner and 3—6 outer lateral segments; lower leaves broad-ovate, ovate -triangular or oblong-ovate, petiole longer than lamina, this slightly notched, rounded or shortly cuneate at base; middle leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse-tipped, gradually narrowed at base to indistinct petiole, obtusely serrate; peduncles 3—12cm long, with scattered short hairs in lower part, glabrous above; sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5—-5mm broad, margin rather long- ciliate; appendages suboval or rhomboid, angular, 1.5—4 mm long, 1.5—2.5mm broad, irregularly toothed; corolla 18—27mm long; lower petal 12-18 mm long including spur, 7-15 mm broad, slightly curved spur 3.5—6 mm long; upper petals obovate, mostly dark bluish-violet, less often pale violet; lateral petal oval, overlapping upper and similarly colored or lighter, with 1—3 dark nectariferous stripes at base; lower petal triangular, with rounded margins, always yellow at base with 5—7 dark stripes, margin violet, often pale; spur bluish, rarely bluish-violet; capsule oblong-ovoid, 7-10 mm long; seeds obovoid, ca.1.5mm long, yellowish-brown. June—August. Dry meadows, margins and openings of mixed and coniferous woods, rarely in open deciduous woods, alder groves, as weed in fallow fields. — Himoapean part: Kar. laps salt. jiad.- lim... Dv: Pech. U: Dasa tL Drips U. V:, V.-Ka., M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., Bes. (N.), L. Don (N.); W. Siberia: Ueto licts Obey Genk distr. -tScand .-Atl and! (Centhe Bucs) Weseribed from Sweden. Type in London. Note. The material is, unfortunately, insufficient for precise deter- mination of the southern limit of the distribution area. There is no doubt, however, that this is a typical plant of the forest zone. It does not occur in the steppe and forest-steppe regions, at least in the European part of the USSR. Crosses of this species with V.matutina Klok. of the series Eusaxatiles Klok. occur frequently at the southern periphery of the distri- bution area. Crosses with V.arvensis Murr. are also very common. Series 5. Eusaxatiles Klok.— Rather large perennial or annual-biennial plants, mostly growing in low mountains; stipules pinnatipartite; corolla flat, greatly exceeding calyx, fairly large, variegated, with yellow color predominant. 90. V.elisabethae Klok. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 684.— V.saxatilis Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 4 (1909) 233-238, p.p. non Schmidt. Perennial, light green, 10—50cm high; rhizome short, slender (ca. 1 mm in diameter), its nonlignified [lignified in Latin description!—Transl.] ramifi- cations extending into herbaceous, soft, readily compressible stems, 1.5—4mm in diameter; stems usually 5—8, ascending, with long branches 347 (463) PLATE XXII. 1—Viola disjuncta W. Bckr.; 2—V.atroviolacea W. Bckr.; 3-—V.meyeriana (Rupr.) Klok.; 4 — V. monochroa Klok.; 5— V. altaica Ker-Gawl.; 6,7 —V. modestula Klok.; 8 —V.occulta Lehm.; 9— V. karakalensis Klok.; 10 —V.lavrenkoana Klok. 348 466 467 in lower part, covered more densely below, more sparingly above, with short retrorse hairs; leaves 10—70mm long, 4—20mm broad, with 5 or 6 subobtuse or obtuse marginal teeth on each side, sparsely hairy; stipules hairy like leaves or somewhat more copiously, 5-45 mm long, pinnatipartite, often leaflike terminal segment largest, lateral segments linear, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, obtusish or obtuse, 1—3 inner, 2—8 outer; lower leaves broad- ovate or ovate, petiole as long to twice as long as lamina; middle and upper leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, subobtuse or sometimes subacute, cuneate at base, short-petioled or sessile; peduncles 4—11cm long, with scattered short hairs at base, glabrous above; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 mm long, 1.5-3mm broad, margin and appendages ciliate; appendages oblong to subquadrate, 3—4.5mm long, usually narrowed toward base, with crenate margin; corolla 20—25mm long; lower petal 15-19 mm long in- cluding spur, 9-12 mm broad; spur subcylindric or slightly attenuate toward tip, 5-6.5mm long; other petals (in normally developed flowers) 12-13mm long, 7.5—8.5mm broad, upper obovate, pale yellow, often violet-tinged in upper half; lateral petals obliquely obovate, light yellow, with dark stripe at base; lower petal triangular-obcordate, yellow with dark stripes; lower stamens 2.5—~3mm long, their spurlike appendages 2.25—2.5 mm long, almost straight, covered at tip and to 1; on one somewhat inflexed side with small papillae. May—September. Borders and openings of mountain woods, mountain meadows. — European part: Crim. (mountains). Endemic. Described from the Crimean (forest) Reserve. Type in Leningrad. wi Vovespertina Kioks sp. niin Addenda X1V;6¢5.— Vosa xatriis Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 236—238, p.p. non Schmidt. Annual or biennial, 20—70cm high; stems ascending, branched below, not or Slightly attenuated at base, rather firm, sparingly covered all round in lower part and only on angles above with short retrorse hairs; leaves 9-60 mm long, 3-15 mm broad, with 3—6 obtuse or subobtuse teeth on each side, covered with scattered hairs; stipules somewhat more copiously hairy, 7—32 mm long, pinnatisect, terminal segment in stipules of lower leaves resembling other segments, in those of middle and upper leaves usually foliaceous; lateral segments linear or oblong, obtuse-tipped, 1—3 of them inner, 2—5 outer; lower leaves round-cordate or mostly ovate to oblong- ovate, with petioles equaling or longer than lamina; middle leaves oblong- ovate, cuneate at base, short-petioled; upper ovate or more often oblong- lanceolate, long-cuneate at base, without distinct petiole; peduncles 4.5-10cm long, glabrous, smooth or with sporadic short hairs in lower part; sepals linear -lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 9-15 mm long, 1.8-3 mm broad, ciliate-margined in upper half, mostly glabrous below, appendages sometimes ciliate at base, 2—4mm long, 2—3.5mm broad, somewhat en- larged toward apex and irregularly toothed on outer margin; corolla 16—22 mm long; lower petal, including spur, 15—-19mm long; spur 3.5-6mm long, straight or slightly curved; upper petals with lilac margin, pale yellow at base, the lateral bright yellow with one dark lilac stripe, lower yellow, with 5 such stripes; lower stamens 2.25—2.50 mm long, spurlike appendages quite smooth, ca.2mm long; capsule 7-10mm long; seeds obovoid, ope 6 mime loner” April—suly. 349 468 Glades of mountain woods and subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc. and most westerly part of E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Nalchik vicinity. Type in Leningrad. 92. V.matutina Klok. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 686.— V.saxatilis auct. fl. ucr. non Schmidt. Annual or biennial, 8—80cm high; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, often strongly ramified at base, covered with scattered short retrorse hairs; leaves 9-80 mm long, 4-27 mm broad, margin with (1)4—19(13) obtuse teeth on each side, leaf and stipules sparsely hairy; stipules 4-45 mm long, pinnatipartite with more or less remote segments, terminal segment larger, often foliaceous, lateral segments linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, more rarely oblong-obovate (upper), inner 1—3, outer 2—7; primordial leaves ovate-triangular, entire blade about length of petiole, usually caducous; lower leaves cordate, oblong-cordate or ovate-triangular; petioles 1-2 o times length of lamina with a weak sinus, middle leaves mostly oblong-ovate, short-cuneate at base, petiole often as long as lamina; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, with cuneate base, with short but distinct petiole; peduncles 2.5—12.5cm long, with few very short hairs in lower part, quite glabrous above; sepals oblong or linear-lanceolate, 8-17 mm long including appen- dages, 1.5-8 mm broad, margin more or less ciliate; calycine appendages suboval or oblong, 2—5 mm long, 1—-3.5mm broad, more or less toothed; corolla 17—25mm long; lower petal including spur 15—21mm long, the straight or slightly curved spur 4-6mm long; upper petals obovate, slightly truncate, white or bright yellow, sometimes with pale bluish-violet margin; lateral petals obliquely obovate, yellowish or yellow, occasionally with pale violet margin; lower petal obovate-triangular, with 5 dark stripes at base, always yellow, sometimes almost orange; lower stamens 2.5—3 mm long, their spurlike appendages 2.25—3 mm long, 0.2—0.4 mm thick, almost straight, papillose throughout; capsule 5—9mm long; seeds 1.25—-1.75mm long. May—August. Borders of deciduous woods, shrub thickets, pine forests, granite out- crops, sometimes as a weed. — European part: M.Dnp. (S.), V.-Don, Bes. (S.), Bl.,L.Don. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Valki, Kharkov Region. Type in Kharkov. Series 6. Euarvenses Klok.— Small annual or biennial plants of plains, meadows, and steppes, or weeds; stipules pinnatisect or palmatisect; corolla concave, shorter than calyx, whitish-yellow; spur not exceeding calycine appendages. 93. V.arvensis Murray, Prodr. design. stirp. Gotting. (1770) 173; Wittr. Viol. Stud. I (1897) 80; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 232; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 5 (1923) 73; GrosiscqehlyKayk. wiih (1932) 88; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII (1935) 1944.— V.tricolor var. ar- wens ic DC. Prodr..li( 1824))3 038 Ldbs. Hl, Ross wl) 25:7.aisoissey menor I,465; Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 104.— Ic.: Wittr. op. cit. fig. 50—71, 144—152, 182—209, 216—238.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 1512; W.Bckr. Violae exs. No. 25, 50, 96,179. 350 Annual or biennial, 5—50cm high; stems erect or ascending, simple or with ascending branches from base, covered with scattered, very short hairs; leaves 5—65(70) mm long, 2—22 mm broad, crenate or crenate-serrate (upper), with 2—5(7) teeth on each side, leaf including stipules covered with scattered short hairs, especially on margin and on veins beneath; lower leaves short- ovate or round-oval, slightly notched or rounded at base, petiole as long as or longer than lamina; middle leaves oblong-ovate or elongate-elliptical, cuneate at base, decurrent into short petiole; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, with indistinct petiole; stipules 2—40 mm long, pinnatipartite, terminal seg- ments largest, often foliaceous, lateral segments linear to narrowly lan- ceolate, of these 3 inner and up to 6 outer; flowers several to numerous on stem; peduncles 25—110mm long, glabrous, with 2 lanceolate scarious bracts at bend; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5-16 mm long (including appendage), acute; appendage 1—4mm long, irregularly toothed; corolla concave, markedly shorter than or about equaling calyx, 6—14mm long, bright yellow with paler upper petals; lower petal including spur 5.5—-14mm long; spur 1—4mm long, not exceeding calycine appendages, straight; capsule 6—10mm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5—1.8mm long. April—September. Weed in exposed places, roadsides, fields and gardens. Primary habitat apparently associated with sandy river banks. — European part: all regions; Wesinetcia: Ui tobe let.; En siberia: Ane. -Say.; Spreading Into Other Teclons, Gen. distr.: all Europe; recorded as adventive in various parts of Asia Minor and Central Asia,as well as in North America. Described from Germany (vicinity of Géttingen). Type in Gottingen. Note. A polymorphic species,needing special study. Readily hybri- Gizinoimnth NS te ico Vom lg Vematutina Kiok. V. lem alsiem Sasi iiss. and other species. The varieties proposed for this species appear to be mostly hybrid forms. 94, V.kitaibeliana Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. V (1819) 383; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. IIL 9 (1909) 229 (excl. var. majoriflora Kupffer). — Fedch. and Fler. Fl. Evrop. Ross. (1910) 648; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralinlepeie a (1923) Mop Cxpartes eicOss ob Uo Kav a ile (1932) iy — V.tricolor var. E.kitaibeliana Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1 (1842) 257; Boiss. Hikvorm W446) oarctim.—_ V.trLie olor ssp. kitaibel tana schulzver Weller, Fl. Schweiz. ed. III, 1 (1909) 336.— Exs.: Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 3658; Bie texsn boht—sloy. No.1944> Bekr) Violae exs. V, No. 124. Annual, 5—30(40) cm high; stems erect or sometimes ascending to almost procumbent, simple or branched from base, grayish by short retrose hairs; leaves 5-30mm long, 1-10mm broad, rather coarsely dentate-crenate with 2—4 teeth on each side, leaf including petiole sparingly or rather densely short-hairy; primordial leaves broad-spatulate, small, with petiole longer than lamina, subentire; lower cauline leaves orbicular or broad—ovate, petiole as long as or longer than lamina; upper leaves oblong or linear- lanceolate, developing toward end of flowering; stipules palmatipartite, terminal segment leaflike, petiolulate, crenate-dentate, 10-25 mm long, completely resembling leaves in shape and scarcely smaller in size, lateral segments narrowly linear to oblong-obovate, approaching terminal in shape and size, 3—5 of them inner; flowers 1—14 on stem; peduncles 22-75 mm long, short-hairy at base, glabrous above; sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, 470 5.5—8 mm long, acute, with small marginal teeth, appendage 1.5—2 mm long; corolla concave, slightly shorter than calyx, whitish-yellow, upper petals sometimes bluish; lower petal including spur 6—7mm long; spur obtuse, 1—2 mm long; capsule broadly ovoid, 4-7 mm long; seeds ca. 1.3mm long. April—June. Steppe, steppe and stony slopes.— European part: Bes. (S.), Bl., L. Don, Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.,W. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (S.), Bal.-As. Min., Mec. Also known from S. Sweden, where possibly introduced. Described from Hungary. Type in Vienna (2). Series 7. Hymettianae Klok.— Annual plants, fairly small or small; corolla of entomophilous type, flat, petals greatly exceeding sepals, but not large; upper petals often more or less bluish-violet, others mostly yellow; lower petal with transverse villous beard at base of limb (beside usual two longitudinal stripes extending into spur). This series contains species associated with dry stony outcrops in mountains and plains, as well as steppe sands; distributed chiefly in the Mediterranean region. 95. V.nemausensis Jord. Observ. s. pl. nouv. France, II (1846) 10; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 222—229.—- V.arvensis f. nemau- sensis Borbas in Koch's Synops, 3 Aufl. (1892) 225.— Ic.: Jord. l.c. Mictte nh sa xs. Herb. Mitac wiNOn aos Annual, 3.5—12 cm high; stems erect or ascending, simple or with as- cending branches from base, rather copiously clothed with short, somewhat retrorse hairs; leaves 5—-20mm long, 2-7 mm broad, crenate or coarsely dentate with 1—3 teeth on each side; stipules of mid-cauline and upper leaves palmatipartite, with foliaceous central segment and linear lateral segments (inner 1 or 2,outer 3—5); primordial leaves to 5mm long, spatulate, entire, glabrous, the petiole slightly longer than lamina; basal and lower cauline leaves broad-oval or broad-ovate, subglabrous, petiole equaling or longer than lamina, stipules wanting; other leaves (beginning with the one sub- tending the lowermost peduncle) oval or oblong-obovate, cuneate at base, with petiole shorter than to equaling lamina, more or less hairy, but glabrous above and at apex beneath; peduncles mostly 2 on a stem, covered with scattered, very short hairs or tubercles, 1.5—5cm long; sepals oblong-lan- ceolate, 5-6 mm long, 1—1.4mm broad including appendages, serrate-ciliate in upper part, glabrous below, their appendages almost round or rounded- quadrate, 1.5—2 mm long, toothed; corolla flat,to 9mm long and 7mm broad, 1 times length of calyx, yellow; lower petal including spur 8—10mm long, spur slightly curved and saccate at tip, 2—3 mm long; upper petals obovate, sometimes with bluish-violet margin; middle petals obliquely obovate, occasionally with faint bluish-violet margin; lower petal fimbriate-bearded at base of limb, without dark lines, spur bluish-violet toward tip; capsule ovoid-globose,ca.3mm long. March—May. stony Slopes. — European part: Bes,, Crim.; Caucasus; Dac. 2. iiranscs Gen. distr.: Med. Described from S. France (Nimes). Type in Paris (?). Note. The distribution area of this species is conspicuously broken up into discontinuous areas. 2 , i 471 96. V.cretacea Klok. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 687. Annual, 3—25cm high, mostly dark green, in lower part violet-tinged; stems ascending at base, simple or branched in lower part (plants branched from base or apparently many-stemmed were not observed), clothed with short retrorse hairs, densely in lower part, rather sparsely above; leaves 5-30 mm long, 1—7(9) mm broad, crenate or dentate with 1—3 teeth on each side, short-hairy (along margins to apex and on veins beneath); stipules 7—22 mm long, almost serrately dissected, terminal segment mostly folia- ceous, lateral linear gradually attenuate or rarely enlarged upward (inner 1 or 2, outer 2—4); lower leaves ovate, shortly cuneate at base, petiole equaling or somewhat shorter than lamina; middle and upper leaves oblong-ovate or sometimes oblong-obovate to oblong or linear-lanceolate, cuneate or long- cuneate base passing into more or less distinct petiole, in uppermost leaves petiole rather indistinct; flowers 3—20 on stem; peduncles 10—50cm long, with sparse or sporadic hairs in lower part, glabrous above; sepals oblong- lanceolate, 3.5—7 mm long including appendages, 1—2 mm broad, margin ciliate only at apex, appendages subovate or rounded-quadrate, 1—2 mm long, obtuse-tipped; corolla 6-10mm long; lower petal including spur 5—9mm lonoerspuGito..2) olmim dongs 1-5 maim, ta diameter, slightly curved, obtuse, twice length of calycine appendages; upper and middle petals obovate; lower petal triangular -obovate, not distinctly notched at apex, transversely fim- briate-bearded at base, bright yellow, with or without 3 faint dark stripes, margin bluish-violet, lower part whitish-yellow; upper petals dark bluish- violet nearly down to base; capsule 4—6 mm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.3—1.5mm long, yellowish-brown. May—June. Chalk outcrops and slopes.— European part: Bl. (chalk outcrops along Krynka River, south Donets Basin). Endemic. Described from the chalks of Kynka River. Type in Kharkov. Note. The area where this plant was collected in several locations and in considerable number, represents the most southerly concentration of chalk outcrops in the European part of the USSR. Here, beside the common chalk plants,such as Artemisia hololeuca M.B., one finds also endemic species, confined to this region,e.g.,Erysimum krynkense Lavrenko, and others. V.cretacea Klok. apparently belongs among these plants; it replaces here V.lavrenkoana Klok. which is distributed more to the north and is exclusively associated with sands. 97. V.lavrenkoana Klok. in Index seminum Hort. Bot. Charjkov. (1927) Ones Annual, 35cm high; stems erect or ascending at base, simple or branched in lower part, often with long ascending branches (up to 10) from base, clothed with short hairs; leaves 4.5—40mm long, 1.5—10 mm broad, crenate or dentate with 2—4 teeth on each side, rather sparsely hairy; stipules 3.5—-30mm long, pinnatipartite or almost palmatipartite, terminal segment mostly foliaceous, petiolate, greatly exceeding lamina width, lateral segments linear or oblong-lanceolate, often very narrow, outer 1 or 2,inner 1—6; primordial leaves oval or ovate, small, glabrous, entire, petiole as long as lamina; basal and lower cauline leaves cordate, ovate or oblong~ovate, shortly cuneate at base, petiole as long as or twice as long as lamina; mid- cauline leaves oblong-obovate, with rather long petiole; upper leaves 353 (longest) oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed toward base, short-petioled or subpetiolate; flowers 1—25 on stem or branch; peduncles 2—5cm long in flower, up to 10cm in fruit, with very scattered hairs in lower part, glabrous above; sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, (3)4-8 mm long, (0.8)1-2 mm broad, serrate-ciliate only in upper part or sometimes subglabrous throughout; appendages ovate to subquadrate, 1—2 mm long and broad, irregularly toothed; corolla 7-13 mm long; lower petal with spur 6—12 mm long, spur 2—3.5mm long, stoutly cylindric, obtuse, slightly curved upward toward tip; upper petals obovate, mostly light yellow, often with pale violet margin; lateral petals shortly obovate, light yellow; lower petal triangular-obovate, light yellow, without dark nectariferous stripes, with transverse short-fimbriate beard; capsule 4-9mm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.2—1.4mm long, light yellowish-brown or somewhat darker, lustrous. May—June. (Plate XXII, Figure 10.) Near-steppe and steppe pine woods, borders of birch woods (Betuletum borysthenicae).— European part: M.Dnp. (S.), V.-Don (W.), Bl. Endemic. Described from a pine wood of Merefa vicinity, Kharkov Region. Type in Kharkov. Note. This plant occurs exclusively on sandy soil in thinned parts of 5 Ukrainian pine woods, chiefly along the Northern Donets and its tributaries, where it is very characteristic. It occurs more rarely in the basin of the Dnieper and Southern Bug rivers. Onthe Lower Dnieper and the mouth of the Bug, it grows at the borders of woods formed by the endemic steppe birch, Betula borysthenica Klok. Specimens from the extreme south of 473 the USSR are distinguished by their larger flowers and probably constitute a separate species (V.borysthenica Klok. ined.). 98. V.karakalensis Klok. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 687. Annual, 2.5—7.5cm high; stems erect, simple, clothed with short hairs; leaves 4-17 mm long, 1.5—4.5mm broad, with (0)1—-3 marginal teeth on each side, short-hairy beneath and on margin, glabrous above, like stipules; lowermost leaves crowded in basal rosette, oval or broad-ovate, dentate- crenate or entire, petiole not longer than lamina; lower cauline leaves ovate or oblong-elliptical, dentate-crenate, petiole as long as to much shorter than lamina; upper leaves short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, narrow, crenate-serrate; stipules palmatipartite, terminal segment 5—11 mm long, completely resembling corresponding leaf but somewhat narrower and shorter, lateral segments linear or linear-spatulate, inner 1 or 2, outer usually 3; flowers 1—4 on stem; peduncles 10—35 mm long, glabrous, with scarious lanceolate bracts in upper part; sepals linear-lanceolate, 3.5-5.5mm long, to 0.8-1 mm broad, acute, appendage oblique, irregularly toothed, 0.8—-1.5mm long; corolla flat, much longer than calyx, yellowish; lower petal including spur 5-~7mm long; spur 1.5—2.5mm long, curved up- ward, rather thick, obtuse, bluish-violet, its dark color contrasting with rest of corolla, usually twice as long as calycine appendages; capsule shortly ellipsoid, ca.2.5mm long; seeds 1.2—1.3mm long,brown. April—May. (Plate XXII, Figure 9.) Stony slopes. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (foothills). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Kara-Kala District. Type in Leningrad. 354 a 4 Series 8. Parvulae Klok.— Small, villous annuals; spur much shorter than calycine appendages. 99. V.parvula Tineo, Pugill. rar. pl. Sic. (1317) 5-) Boise) Hor) 1 (1867) 466; Parlat. Fl. Ital. IX (1890) 202; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923)83.— V.tricolor var. bellidioides DC. Prodr. I (1824) 304,p.p.— V.tricolor var. parvula Presl, Fl. Sic. I (1826) 134.— V.oeculta f. villosa W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXVI, 11 (1910) 346.— Ic.: W. Bekr. in Mitt. Thur. bot. Ver. XIX (1904) 42,f.3.— Exs.: Wirelare \Vaolaerescs avi INO 55: Lule italyeexss Ui Nom loa s: Annual, 1-1lcm high; stems erect, simple or branched from base, whitish with rather dense cover of wavy hairs; leaves 4-25 mm long, 1.5—8 mm broad, entire, rarely obscurely crenate, cauline leaves and stipules clothed with long hairs; basal leaves rosulate, oval to suborbicular, glabrous, petiole about as long as lamina; cauline leaves elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled; stipules 4-18 mm long, lower simple, upper palmatisect, with large oblong-elliptical terminal segment and few linear segments; flowers 1—4 on stem (or in large, branched specimens numerous); peduncles 7—30mm long, glabrous; bracts very small, scarious, lilac; sepals oblong or obovate-lanceolate, villous-pubescent, 3.5—9mm long including appendage, linear-oblong, appendage 1—3.5 mm long, dark greenish-violet (much darker than sepal itself); corolla 5-9 mm long, scarcely exceeding calyx, light yellow; spur 1—1.5mm long, much shorter than calycine appendages; capsule short-ellipsoid, 4-5mm long; seeds oblong, ca. 1.4mm long, yellowish-brown. April—May. Dry stony mountain slopes.— Caucasus: ?S. Transc. So far known only iomtonimer Kars Province, ‘Gem. distra:) Med.; Bal -—As itn, Arm. heueds Described from Sicily. Type in Rome (?). Note. Very closely related to, if not identical with, this species is V.sosnovskyi O. Kapeller (Zam. po sist.i geogr. rast. (Tbilisi) 10 (1941) 45), described from Southwestern Georgia, Adzharo Imeretian Range. Without studying the authentic specimens, we are not in a position to form a definite opinion. Subsection 2. EBRACTEATAE Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 225.— Peduncles without bracts. Small or fairly small annuals. Large calycine appendages, completely concealing spur, are characteristic of this subsection. Series 1. Modestae Klok.— Corolla flat, exceeding calyx, variegated. An East Mediterranean series which also contains V.modesta Fenzl., an Iranian species with corolla 10-—18mm long,and V.ebracteolata Renzi iron Syielel 100. V. modestula Klok. in Addenda XIV, 688. Annual, 2—10cm high; stems conic or ascending from base, simple, glabrous; leaves 5—24mm long, 1.5—7 mm broad, glabrous or petiole and margin covered with very short conic papilliform hairs; lower leaves 355 475 476 exstipulate, ovate or oval, narrowed at base into petiole not more than half length of lamina, entire or obscurely crenate; upper leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, with 2—4 teeth on each side, narrowed into short petiole; stipules 1.5—7 mm long, palmatipartite, rela- tively large terminal segment oblong-lanceolate, lateral segments small, narrowly linear (inner rudimentary or solitary, outer 1 or 2), margin beset with conic hairs; flowers 1—3 on stem; peduncles 15—45mm long, glabrous; bracts wanting; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 mm long, 1—2.5mm broad, appendages semioval, 1.5—3.5mm long, entire, with conic hairs on margin; corolla greatly exceeding calyx, 7-12 mm long, variegated, upper petals bluish-violet with white spot at base, lateral bright yellow with bluish mar- gin, lower yellow; lower petal 6—9 mm long including spur, this 1-1.5mm long, curved, obtuse, completely concealed by large calycine appendages, pale yellow; capsule short-ellipsoid, 4-5mm long. April—June. (Plate XXII, Figures 6, 7.) Stony slopes in mountains and foothills.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gene distr icans - Described t-oni )lunkmeniay Viiv we ma lenimie raid: Series 2. Occultae Klok.— Corolla convex, shorter than calyx, pale yellow. O01, Vsocculta Lehmann, Ind. semin: in H. bot. Hamburg. a. 1629 coll. (1829), idem in Linnaea, V (1830) Litt. 46; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I (1842) 257; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 225; Becker in Fedch. Fl. Az. Ross. 8 (1915) 102: W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. LX, 11 (1923) 78; Grossg. eee ye iil(1932)) Sie Wed rie oom yar) apple mid wter Wala, DCay Ercochenl (e274), 3035— Veappendiculata Wi, Bekr. im Mitt. Maur. boty Wer mene (1904) 40.— Exs.: H. F. A.M. No. 438. Annual, 3.5-27cm high; stems simple, erect or ascending from base, often with many ascending branches, short-hairy, rarely subglabrous; leaves 7-60 mm long, 2—12(14) mm broad, covered with scattered short hairs (especially on margin and on veins beneath) like stipules, rarely subglabrous; lower leaves ovate or oval, long-petioled, entire; middle leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, obscurely crenate or, like upper, crenate-serate, with not more than 4 teeth on each side; upper leaves developing later narrow, oblong or linear-lanceolate, subsessile; stipules to 26 mm long, palmatipartite or pinnately incised, terminal segment larger, often foliaceous, lateral segments linear or narrowly linear, of these mainly outer developed, up to 7; flowers up to 1lonstem; peduncles 25—70(90) mm long, glabrous; bracts wanting or occasionally rudimentary, very small, con- cealed by calycine appendages; sepals oblongly ovate-lanceolate, (6)8—14 mm long, increasing in fruit to 19mm, their appendages semioval, with denti- culate short-hairy margin, (2.5)3—4 mm long, in fruit to 6mm; corolla 6—8 mm long, concave, distinctly shorter than calyx, pale yellow, upper petals sometimes bluish; lower petal 6.5—8 mm long including spur, this 1.5mm long, completely concealed by ca'ycine appendages; capsule ellipsoid, (oman lon seeds (Gaming lone. iy Niel leu e:, (Plate XXII, Figure 8.) A weed, in exposed places and fields. — European part: Crim. (rare and probably introduced); Caucasus: Dag sionancy Mrs bcanc cern @entic Asm chm lal 356 477 or nearly all regions... Gen?) distr): Asia Minor, Arm.-Kurd., Iran. De- scribed from garden specimens grown from seed supplied by Fischer from the Goteburg Botanical Garden, without exact indication of location (Siberia). Type in Hamburg. Specimens preserved in Leningrad, grown in the Bota- nical Garden, are apparently derived from the same seeds. The seeds are most probably of Middle Asian origin. Section 3. CAUDICALES (Kupffer) Klok.— Group Caudicales Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 240.— Alpine perennials, with long creeping rhizome and short stems, cespitose; stipules pinnatisect or pinnatifid, sometimes entire; corolla large, yellow or bluish-violet. Polychroism, i.e., variation in flower color of plants of the same species growing to- gether. Series 1. Altaicae Klok.— Leaves with rather numerous marginal teeth; flowers large; corolla yellow or bluish-violet; spur usually rather short. 102. V.altaica Ker-Gawl. in Edwards Bot. Regist. (1815) 54; Becker in Fedch. Fl. As. Ross. 8,98 (partim); W.Bckr. in Beih. z. Bot. Centralbl. Wa (GhO2S) (89s pi ps kervlkwile Zaps sibs sVAlb 19422 — Vi altamcamizal is herb. ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. V (1819) 383; Ldb. Fl. alt. 1, 263; iem Rossel 256.) ps pay) Keyl Eee IHL nV) We tant eeu aaa mb yqoniac rel Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 241.— V.altaica ssp. typica W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. V, 11 (1923) 91, p. max. p.— Ic.: Ker- Gav lewinich tao o4.— hxc G. ike FE No. 55°; vey Sminnow) Pls vali: wexc eso an Perennial, 4-16 cm high; rhizome multicipital, slender ramifications extending into stems; aerial stems with rather short internodes and crowded leaves; leaves round-ovate to oblong-ovate, long-petioled, 10-81 mm long (including petiole) and 3.5—-25 mm broad, crenate-serrate, with 5—10teeth on each side, subglabrous or very sparsely hairy; stipules 6—26 mm long, rather deeply pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, sparsely short-hairy on margin, terminal segment largest but not leaflike; lateral segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3(4) on each side, 0.5—5mm long; peduncles 25—140(200?) mm long, glabrous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 7.5-14mm long, rather shortly and obtusely acuminate; corolla 28—45 mm long, bluish- violet or yellow, lower and lateral petals with conspicuous purplish-black lines at base; spur 3—6 mm long, slightly exceeding calycine appendages, curved upward, rather thick, obtuse; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 10-11 mm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5—1.7mm long, light brown, with whitish caruncle at thin end. (May) June—August (September). (Plate XXII, Figure 5.) Alpine meadows and mountain tundras.— W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Sh) Baikh).(S- 8.))Dzu.-Rarbs ‘Gen. distr s:) Dzu.-Kash! Deseribed from Altai. Type in London. Note. Occasionally hybridizing with V.disjuncta W.Bckr. or V.atriviolacea W.Bckr. Always occurring in two forms: bluish and yellowish. We have not found in the herbarium material any examples of variegated flower coloring which is usual in the case of the Crimean-Cau- casian species V.oreades M.B. Specimens collected in Dzungarian 357 478 Ala-Tau are distinguished from the form described by rather dense indument on stem, leaves and stipules. This may perhaps be a distinct geographical race. As regards the East Siberian plant with exclusively bluish-violet flowers, we do not refer it to V.altaica but describe it as a separate species. There is a specimen labeled ''Urals. Teplaya Gora Borodin" of somewhat uncertain derivation, which resembles V.monochroa Klok. rather than V.altaica Ker-Gawl. 103. V.monochroa Klok.sp.n. in Addenda XV,689.— V.altaica Turcz. lL, [eue@accletablic. I (1842) 190,non Ker-Gawl.— V.altaica auct. Fl. Ross. p.p.— V.grandiflora Maxim. Diagn. pl. nov. asiat. (1877) 754, non Griseb. Perennial, 5-17cm high; whole plant glabrous; aerial stems with short internodes; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, long-petioled, 7-100 mm long (including petiole), 3-18 mm broad, crenate-serrulate with 3—8(9) teeth on each side; only lower leaves on sterile shoots round-ovate; stipules 3—20mm long, usually narrow, oblong or oblong-linear, with 1 or 2 teeth 0.5—2 mm long on each side or often entire, sometimes rather broad, with margin toothed throughout, teeth usually not exceeding half width of stipule; peduncles 6—16cm long; sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 7-11 mm long, obtusish; corolla 22—36 mm long, bluish-violet; spur 3—7 mm long, slightly exceeding to 2—3 times as long as calycine appendages; capsule 6-11 mm long; seeds 1.7-1.8mm long. June—August. (Plate XXII, Figure 4.) Alpine and subalpine meadows, stony mountain slopes.— E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad. 104. V.oreades M.B.F1. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 167; Rupr. Fl. Cauc. 58; Grosset ls Kavk ily. 8: Vialktieve aivar Grea d eis iupiter tin iVMietaee Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 241.— Vialtaica ssp. oreades W.Bckr. in Beith. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923) 91.— V.altaica Schmalh. Fl. I (1895) 116, non Ker-Gawl.— Exs.: W.Bckr. Violae exs. II, No. 44; Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 47; Bie more SMMING 22:3): Perennial, 3-—16cm high; rhizome strongly branched, giving rise to fertile and sterile aerial shoots; stems with short internodes and crowded leaves; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, rarely round-ovate (only reduced lowermost) or oblong-elliptical, long-petioled, 7-65 mm long (including petiole), 3—10(15) mm broad, crenate margin with 2—5(8) flat teeth on each side; stipules 3—25(30) mm long, mostly pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, with 1—3 lobes to 5mm long oneach side, sparsely or rather densely covered, like leaves, with short hairs; peduncles 30—120(130) mm long, glabrous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 8-13 mm long, obtusely acuminate; corolla 22—35(37) mm long, yellow, with dark lines on lower and lateral petais, or violet (mixed colors occurring in some specimens); spur 4-9 mm long, usually twice length of calycine appendages; capsule 5—9(11) mm long; seeds 1.8-2.25mm long. May—July. Stony slopes and meadows in the subalpine and alpine mountain zones. — European part: Crim. (Crimean Mountain); Caucasus: all regions. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Crimea. Type in Leningrad. 358 479 Note. The ''variety'’ described sy K.R. Kupffer, var. longicalcarata Kupff. (1.c. 243), is not a distinct form. Specimens collected by N. Al'bov on Gevandra Mountain, which differ markedly from the type, are apparently hybrids. Series 2. Minutae Klok.— Leaves with few marginal teeth; flowers rather small; corolla always yellow; spur long. 105. V. minuta M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 173; Ldb. Fl. Ross. I, 225; Boss. lor. i 461°] Vemimute varvty pica et'var: daghes tanuca Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 157.— V.minuta var. typica Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1909) 245; W.Bckr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923) 98; Crosse. Hi Kaye WE Ov an les Nupe © lee. 'ttalo. Vlei. Zan) Macs. mera kates Violae exs. III, No. 71; G.R.F. No. 305. Perennial, 2—7cm high; with creeping rhizome, cespitose; aerial stems with short internodes and crowded leaves, covered with short hairs,as are leaves; leaves 4—20mm long (including petiole), 2—10mm broad, petiole about equaling or rarely markedly longer than lamina but never more than twice as long, lamina orbicular, oval or ovate, short-cuneate or truncate at base, dentate-crenate with 1 or 2 teeth on each side or sometimes entire; peduncles 15—45(55) mm long, short-hairy all over or only above; sepals oblong-lanceolate, (5)7—9 mm long, with erose-dentate short-hairy appen- dages; corolla suborbicular in outline, 14-22 mm long; spur (5)7—12(14) mm long, several times length of calycine appendages, rather thick, obtuse, straight or slightly curved, often hairy; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 7-11mm long; seeds; 1. 75—2.25mm long. June—August. Rock debris inthe alpine zone of mountains.— Caucasus: Cisec. Endemic. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 106. V. meyeriana (Rupr.) Klok. comb. nova.— V.minuta var. mey- eriana Rupr. Fl. Cauc. (1869) 157; Kupffer in Mat. Fl. Kavk. IU, 9 (1909) 246; W.Bcekr. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XL, 11 (1923) 99; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Monee co tuupic, Li Cetaoe Vil tie, 210% Perennial, 3-8cm high, cespitose; stems with short internodes and correspondingly crowded leaves, glabrous like whole plant; leaves mostly long-petioled, 8-55 mm long (including petiole); petiole or lower leaves slightly longer or even shorter than lamina, that of upper leaves 2—5 times as long; lamina ovate or ovate-cordate, sometimes triangular-ovate, with cordate or rarely truncate base, 4-14 mm long, 3—12 mm broad, dentate- crenate with 1—3 teeth on each side; stipules oblong or linear, 2-10 mm long, entire or with 1 tooth, usually small; peduncles 25-65 mm long; sepals linear-oblong, 7-10 mm long, obtuse, appendages notched at apex but without distinct marginal teeth; corolla usually 20—25 mm long and about as broad, lower petal including spur 20—25mm long; spur 7-10 mm long, rather thick, obtuse; capsule ca. 7mm long; seeds ca.1—75 [?]mm long. July— August. (Plate XXII, Figure 3.) Rock debris in the alpine zone of mountains. — Caucasus: Cisc. (only on Elbrus Mountain). Endemic. Described from Elbrus. Type in Leningrad. 359 480 481 Note. Undoubtedly a completely distinct, narrowly endemic species, replacing in the Elbrus area V.minuta M.B. which is more widely distributed in the Greater Caucasus. The specific attributes of this form were first noted by V.I. Lipskii as far back as 1892. Family CVIII. | DATISCACEAE LINDL.* Dioecious plants, with flowers in racemes or fascicles; petals lacking; staminate flowers with 4—9-lobed calyx; stamens 9—11; pistillate flowers with tubular calyx adnate to 3—9-lobed ovary with 3 styles; fruit a capsule. Herbaceous plants with simple, lobed, deeply parted or pinnate leaves. The family Datiscaceae contains 3 genera and 5 species. Genus 906. DATISCA** L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1037 Flowers regular, dioecious, in racemes or fascicles; petals wanting; staminate flowers with calyx 1.5mm long and 4—9 unequal lobes; stamens 8—11 or more, opposite calyx lobes, subsessile, with elongated anthers; pistillate flowers with obscurely 3-angled calyx, 3—5-toothed, adnate to unilocular ovary containing numerous ovules; fruit a 3—5-ribbed capsule. Herbaceous, glabrous plants, with alternate, deeply lobed or often impari- pinnate leaves. The genus Datisca contains 2 species, one of them growing in W. and Centr. Asia as far as the Himalayas, the other in California and Mexico. ie Oncannabina li, Sp. pla (lias LOS Nie Bese) fern scene: mille: sac: imcem634: ldo Hla.Ross. .1, 238: Boiss.; Plafor. 147635, Sosnovsk. “imiMilate Hi Kavk., J1l.9) 249: Grosse.) Fl. Kavk. lla89: sic. le Groaccaitab. Jo0hs. Bese Grlk UNO. 906. Herbaceous, glabrous perennial; stem erect, 60—100cm high; leaves large, imparipinnate, 11—33cm long, petiole 3—7cm long, leaflets lanceolate, acute, irregularly serrate, 4—13(18) cm long, 0.4—2.5(3) cm broad; terminal leaflet often trisect, decurrent at base; flowers dioecious, in terminal racemes 3—20(30) cm long and 1.3cm broad, intermixed with upper leaves, these mostly linear, 0.5—1cm long; staminate flowers on pedicel 3-5 mm long, calyx 1.5mm long, with unequal, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute lobes: stamens 8—11 (or more), subsessile; anthers 3.5mm long, with loculi dehiscing laterally; pistillate flowers on pedicel 1—2 mm long, in elongated racemes up to 30cm long, calyx tubular, obscurely 3-angled, adnate to ovary, 0.8—1cm long, 3.5—4 mm broad, with 3—5 linear-lanceolate teeth; styles 3, filiform, 1.5—2 mm long, bifid, divisions villose within; ovary unilocular, with numerous ovules; fruit an oblong-ovaloid or narrowly oblong capsule, 6-7 mm long, 3mm broad, membranous, subsessile; seeds * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. **From Greek datesai— to heal,and iskeiv — to equate. The aerial parts of the plant are used internally in Italy for treatment of gastric, scrofulous, and other complaints. 61006 1 360 very small, numerous, 0.7—1mm long, 0.25—0.5 mm broad, oblong-ovaloid, brown, finely oblong-alveolate. May—August. Sea shores, banks of rivers, streams and irrigation ditches, wet meadows, tugais, along mountain streams in the Rosarium and Juniperetum zones (nm meountain's’ up to 2{300m),— (Caucasus > W... “and S)'Transic.; Val; “Centr. Asia: Syr. D., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min., Iran, Ind.-Him. Described from Crete. Type in London. Economic importance. A medicinal, dye-yielding and fiber plant. The roots, leaves and inflorescences contain a yellow pigment, datiscin, which imparts, upon application of aluminum mordant,a rich yellow color to wool and silk (V. A. Petrov, Rast. kras. Azerbaidzhana (Plant Dyes of Azer- baidzhan).— Tr. Botan. Inst. Azerb. fil. AN, 1940). The young shoots are eaten as a salad vegetable, with oil, eggs and salt. The plant has a high content of bast fibers which become strongly lignified and are therefore of low quality (Grossg. Rastitel'nye resursy Kavk. (1946) 33, 359, 388). Order 29. Myrtiflorae (Myrtales) ENDLICHER Flowers cyclic, with biseriate perianth rarely with undeveloped corolla, usually regular, rarely irregular; calyx more or less enlarged downward; ecarpels 2, rarely 1 to many, usually united into an inferior ovary, rarely earpel 1, free. Family CIX. THYMELAEACEAE ADANS.* Flower perfect, rarely unisexual, polygamous-dioecious; perianth [hypanthium] simple, petaloid, cylindric, claviform, infundibular, campanulate or urceolate, caducous or persistent in fruit, or articulated, upper joint caducous, lower joint persistent in fruit; perianth lobes [sepals] 4, rarely 5, erect or spreading; stamens twice as many as lobes, arranged in two whorls, or as many as lobes, rarely half as many (occasionally in Thymelaea passerin a); stamen filaments short, inserted at the throat, at middle or rarely at lower joint of tube; anthers bilocular, oval, oblong or linear; pistil 1; ovary free, unilocular, usually with solitary anatropous ovule; style simple, terminal or lateral; style long or very short or wanting; stig- ma capitate, globose, clavate or elongate; hypogynous scales forming a ring or a one-sided 1—5-lobed ridge, orlacking; fruit an indehiscent nut or fleshy (sometimes almost dry) drupe; seed with copious or very rarely scant endo- sperm. Trees or shrubs, rarely perennial or annual herbs; leaves alter- nate or opposite, always entire; inflorescences at ends of branches, more rarely axillary; flowers in heads, fascicles, umbels, racemes or spikes, rarely solitary. Out of 47 genera of this predominantly subtropical family, the Soviet flora contains 7 genera, all of them belonging to the largest subfamily Thyme- laeoideae. * Treatment by E.G. Pobedimova. 361 483 Key to Genera 1. Annual plants with slender stems; flowers greenish-yellow, 1.5—5mm long; -hypopynousisealesiwantingaye ih. e)ic susie ee eeene Moateke meme Zn Slalig lors idavelesasi cicibl ols) ual oewaeiaameilss OSA coi bo ata B66 bo bh ooo. ce ae 2) Inflorescenceto. 20) emilong, leatyawithis 3 tlowers in axils ye. eeen ae Hee He OPE Pe sb4 25) trek io pNOMMAO ees BrosakSe re Ree meY Pe ta iemtpemmeeis carat 2ahtn Steyn On Mee 907. Thymelaea Endl. m Inflorescences L0jemylonp leatless race moses ha aciiet. take an eceeiene eae Bern’ ast aapte Rs eSil a Weteass paw RIM oie COMETS. La SA" aie DEP erned tt oS. SMe te Pate aes 909. Diarthron Turcz. 3. Fruit a fleshy or almost dry drupe; hypanthium fully deciduous, large, COlOREM: cafes res Py ere) weeks Meet ts CRS. ta Ra See 908. Daphne L. ats Fruit a nut with whole of dry hypanthium, or half of it, persistent .. 4. 4, Whole hypanthium persistent in fruit; a much branched shrub (Tien inetd ara Ale Ving hat li ado Bee dy en ace es eat 913. Restella Pobed. 25 Hypanthium deciduous to middle; sparingly branched shrubs or under- Shrmubstandepecennialihercbs wilk siim ple ss tensile ln arin enememe Dis 5. Undershrubs and perennial herbs: stems simple, lignified only at base; hivpanthiiumeolabmousror mae arly SO 9 00st ss sirens, nite) oe on ein ae eee 6. ay Shrubs; stems branched, virgate; hypanthium densely silky -pubescent eee ea LS Dek orn, ERGNTE ahaa Bros Dano 912. Dendrostellera Van -Tieg. 6. Sepals 5,obtuse; inflorescences capitate ........ 910. Stellera L. oF Sepals 4, acute; inflorescences apicate or subcapitate ............ BAe ci fob Vo Abe Met at yee Red aka vst bkPepe Aue! ei, Le OTe. cir be 911. Stelleropsis Pobed. Genus 907. THYMELAEA* Endl. Endl. Gen. pl. Suppl. IV, 2 (1847) 65 Hypanthium urceolate or subinfundibular-tubular, persistent in fruit; sepals 4; stamens 8, concealed within perianth tube; ovary unilocular; style mostly terminal, rarely lateral; stigma capitate; hypogynous scales none. Annual herbs with crowded alternate leaves and axillary flowers. Of the 20 species of this genus, Soviet flora contains one species of the section Lygia (Fas) Meisn. in DC. Prodr. XIV (1856) 551. Thymelaea crassipes Heer in middle Sarmatian layers of E. Transc. (Khatseba). 1. T.passerina (L.) Coss. et Germ. Synops. analit. (1859) 360; Willk. et\ lange, Prodr, Pl. Hisp 1.298; sshmal)s., Flin ll, 4039 sosnm., ini Mate EM: Kavk. 28 (1910) 253; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1946.— Stellera passeri- mea io. Spa pla, (1753) 559. Thy melaga arvensis tami.» Bian eml (1778) 218; DC. Prodr. XIV,551.— Lygia passerina Fas. in Atti Ac. Napol. (1787) 247; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,89.— Passerina annua Wickst. in Vet. Acad. Hand. Stockh. (1818) SAO ae ILfellog Welle = levoysysi5. IML bys), == Te, 2 Garcke, Ill. Fl. Deutschl. (1903) 537; Cesati et Gibelli, Comp. Fl. Ital. I (1867) tab. 38.— Exs.: G.R. F. No.1634a and b; Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 83; Hl .exs, austro-hun es. Ne. de2i. * From Greek timos— thyme,and elea — olive, since many species resemble thyme in habit, while the fruit resembles the olive. 362 Annual; stems slender, with strict branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, 5—15mm long and 0.5—4mm broad, acute; flowers small, 1.5—3mm long, solitary or paired in leaf axils, with 2 bracts, these leaflike, ciliate at base; pedicels very short, with fascicles of long, white, upright hairs; hypanthium urceolate, greenish-yellow, densely covered outside with short appressed hairs; lobes erect, small, rounded at apex; stamens 2—8 (mostly 4-6); ovary glabrous; style terminal, filiform, 0.5mm long; stigma capitate; fruit pyriform, dark, smooth, included in hypanthium. June—September. Stony limestone and chalky slopes, wet sands, solonetzic places, meadows andinields.—(hurepean! part: Mi. Dap:s Vs-DonaM.=Ka.), Bes; BL. Don, Lave, Crim.; Caucasus: all regions; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (at the border of Transv., Mugodzhar Hills), Alt.; Centr. Asia: Syr D., Amu D., Pam. Al., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur. (S. Germany), Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm. - Kurd., Iran, Dzu.-Kash., Ind.-Him. (Punjab, Kashmir). Described from Europe. Type in London. Genus 908. DAPHNE* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 351 Hypanthium colored, infundibular or salveriform, with cylindrical tube and horizontally spreading lobes, deciduous or rarely fully persistent and 484 enveloping the fruit; sepals 4; stamens 8,upper whorl] often exserted at throat; ovary unilocular; style terminal, very short or wanting; stigma capitate; hypogynous scales forming a ring or a ridge surrounding ovary base; fruit a succulent or sometimes almost dry drupe. Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves alternate or (rarely) opposite, deciduous or evergreen; flowers in heads at ends of branches or in short racemes or rarely in axillary fascicles of 2 or 3. The genus Daphne contains about 100 species, distributed mainly in S. E. Asia, Himalayas, Iran and the Mediterranean region in Europe. There are 18 species in the USSR. Daphne personiaeformis Weber in Tertiary deposits (?) of Sakhalin (Mgach). ile Flowers appearing before leaves, 3—5 on a stem, in axils of previous Weas SHCAV Sys! + pp aieisy aly Mains sere Tepe 1. D. mezereum L. 7h Blowers appearinicartern leawes 02, seas Ite a tle ones esi apes ea Re Zin WeAaWeSsMCOMmaGeousweveronreceny wy fio 2) i. ef Gy Ab ene heehee ie en tee os + ILEEVES NOE COIMACCOUSG, GOCICIOUS V5 65695 ooo ou ob oe oo bol ils Be EMow erswinverk ha kyicaleenie sit? f.0ive yee en. (2) a tiy's Vm nenee ee weiner cree A. 1 MON eies;, shay weieiaaiwael laveeiClss 7 S9G oo ese SG bao 0-0 Go bop) Sus alec 6. 4, Flowers crowded at summit of stem in axils of upper leaves, forming 2) OSSUCIOESreiaalmiasil IaSevel Bs a 5G 4 6 Ble 6 O10 ogee 5. D. glomerata Lam. ety Hlowers) 20m leat axils; longi-pedicelied 1») 2) yaw.) - Weare = 3. 5. Flowers long-pediceled, in pairs in leaf axils, bractless .......... aN EN re tte rare eh OS ey BNE I) Gc \diue at pac bile Penkon oka be 2. D.pontica L. « From Greek daphne — laurel, the leaves and fruits of many species resemble laurel. 363 485 OE Flowers 5—10 in leaf axils, with small (9X 3mm) mitriform mem- HEAROUS HFACTS Sh SrSuiNetay ale te keen emer Aay Sale te ent ae 4. D.laureola L. Leaves’ obovate, 334-4: 3 em lone andi Aloe mPoroadi iy ara. tmee ee EEE ety Seah CUNIR REN games Garemtay pesos atte. ete a Morir etal 16. D.blagayana Freyer. Leaves elliptical, oblanceolate, oval or linear-lanceolate, 2-—5cm ons andr: 270 QkemaMouco sys Gerad et ete at a.) eect aby nreh Rimes An any gic ene a ts Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3.5—5cm long and 0.4—0.5cm broad, glab- THOUS Ose ia rete Ako RARER RAS aie” as, gee Mervin metas ee be 11. D. angustifolia C. Koch. Leaves elliptical, oblanceolate or oval, 20—28mm long and 2-9mm proad,.moneor less maiaeyi ty Sian SS Me RS PE ee Tee cee 8. Leaves covered with short appressed antrorse hairs, upper surface HeGO nunc wihtite =dObtbeCa ihe vale amehmentemre 14, D. pseudosericea Pobed. Leaves covered with long hairs, upper surface never white-dotted Hypanthium 3 times as long as sepals, these suborbicular, broad, ob- AUS viag hee Sai te Os A= DR ne Pa dee 15. Di circassica G, Woronk Hypanthium 1-2 times as long as sepals, these lanceolate, acute Per SCRe Pas Ameer Ne aM g ncMMEe tah ater, alex 20 adcar ciples attiet GOcomied «cn Sakae La cae amrome GE Hypanthium copiously pubescent outside, sepals broad-ovate; leaves oblong elliptical slightly elongate at basieh =. . tai sien aia tant en ia mnane Fay SIRES AW C/o aC he LAR Se Sa are ee Oe 12. D.transcaucasica Pobed. Hypanthium more sparsely pubescent outside; sepals lanceolate, narrow; leaves oblanceolate, strongly elongate at base .......... Rok Ue GRP OE I cl ARSE: BMRAPRY De ths ek PM aul aimctes: tah RRR is 13. D.baksanica Pobed. MlomReies 2S) aia, N@ehe BeMUlS) Bs Gyo io 6 evoke 8 3. D. albowiana G. Woron. Flowers in terminal heads or on spurs along flowering branch... 12. Inflorescence withnmarrow leahiike bractise sei) see ese cee ele ee ets IS), Intlores @ene eS) Eo raSteat en io yt UI eG OTe BOR ORNS on Tal taie ctolaig 14, Shucuion 3 0=-4 Oliemrhiiohs \ilowersapinks tOvia Gyns SIGUE My finales) tie en eer enema AAMT See SUN Thy tetra, ae ayers Aten reo aE Cae ME puahar Ta aeGic Re SER lei OD ene oun ler Shiu) (S=-loremnhishe slowmercsrehieiricy =mnede MOveliiyns tellice Cy aisaien ame tomes ost) og? AEP ae a A al AD on a Bee a ad 5 LS Dy julva Ke Role leaves crowded at end of branchesflowers palle yellow!) 22°27 .mea PEE STA Nea OT SMe Me LG Mal ORT ANS MO RE Nea is ah Ie 10. D.kamtschatica Maxim. Leaves evenly spread out on branches; flowers white ........ 15: Inflorescences at ends of branches and on spurs disposed along whole Home rine ranches cirupe weeds (a eee. 9. D. axilliflora (Keissl.) Pobed. Inflorescences always terminating branches; drupe black or red .... SEAS EL ORL Tks ocho MERE Raa Reb ae eh MMe o? SI) LS Se A ag eae ey retrace Malte e 16. Hypanthium copiously clothed with silky appressed hairs ......... Seale We wel aah tide: WSU Pcie. ER) 4 RNC PME ay Goma lt Nerang 8. D.caucasica Pall. Hypanthium sparingly covered with scattered hairs ......... We Leaves of vegetative shoots obovate, broadest above middle and gradually tapering toward base; drupe bright red; sepals 6—7.5mm lovia2h5—32 75 minibsoad (Ukraine) 22% 7. ieee 7. D. sophia Kalen. Leaves of vegetative shoots oblong-elliptical, slightly tapering at base; drupe dark red to nearly black; sepals 6.5—8 mm long, 4.25-5mm [SUCCOVENG LY (ALTA ae Jee ges SET See TAGS AUP ag age SE SPUR 6. D.altaica Pall. 364 486 487 Section 1. MEZEREUM Spach, Hist, vég. phan. 10 (1841) 439.— Leaves deciduous; flowers appearing before leaves, 3—5 on a stem, in axils of previous year's leaves; stem summit monopodial. fhe abwnen7ereuiny lisp pls (iis) eSoGseidbawh ly valltehliy (ie SEE ROSS: Ill, 548; Kalen. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1 (1849) 304; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. XIV,530; Shmal'g. Pl: Il, 402; Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 28, 258; Greocssa-0i le Kavi! (G30; (ikry lhl) Zapeisibs) Vilby loa 6 hive Ware mezerneum Scop: Fl. Carn. ed. 2,1 (172) 276. =." wiomarererorew Gullo, exerc. phytol. 1 (1792) 7.— Daphne albiflora Wolf et Schoell, in Oelhf. Abbild. Wildbaiime, 3 (1804) tab.33.— Mezereum officinarum C.A.M. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. (1843) 358.— Daphne houtteana Ldl. et Paxt. Ee teat (1850) 170.— D.mezereum var. grandiflora Dipp. Laubh. III (1893) 192.— D.mezereum var. albaplena Rehd. in Bail. Cycl. Am. Hort. 1 (1900) 456.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XI, tab. 556; Varl. Russk. lekarst. rast. (1899) Pilawe 106,— lxsins Go lets I, INO, Osis Inleielo, ler, Wiaenie. Nomstice El eolavexs. (No. 602nehl. (rinlesexs.: .No. 296, Shrub, sparingly branched, 0.5—1.5m high, with yellowish-gray bark; branches glabrous, bare in lower part, with traces of previous year's leaves, young branches appressed-puberulent; leaves alternate, crowded at ends of branches, 3—8 cm long, 1.5—2 cm broad, oblong-oblanceolate, obtusish, narrowed to a short petiole, sparingly ciliate, green above, glaucescent beneath; flowers 3—5 in axils of leaves of previous year, pink (var. rub - rum Ait.) or white (var.album Ait.), fragrant; perianth [calyx] salver- form, tube [hypanthium] 6—8 mm long, appressed-hairy, lobes [sepals] broad, ovate, obtuse, two-thirds as long as tube; pistil one-third as long as tube; ovary glabrous; stigma capitate, subsessile; drupe ovaloid, bright red; kernel broadly ovaloid. Fl. March—June; fr. June—August. Shady, damp, coniferous and deciduous woods of southern regions in the subalpine mountain zone.— Arctic: Arc. Eur. (Kanin Peninsula); European Demi mi)Sosnetin’ Mat: Fle Kavk. 28;274;¢Grossoe Ek Kavk. III, 91.— D.comosa Adam in Weber et Mohr, Beitr. z. Ntrk. I (1805) 53.— D.imerica C. Koch in Linnaea, XXIII (1849) 613.— D. glo- meratia Lamytynalvalis «Coch; lics— D.¢lonveriat av Pypauwientt oma Meisn. in DC. Prodr. XIV (1856) 539.— Ic.: Jaub. et Sp. Illustr. IV, tab. 303; Volt andi Pali m@pr. der, i *kustarn. 254° (C.K. Schn | WaubholzkjsilWsgs: Shrub, 50cm high, with brownish-gray bark; stem sturdy, sparingly branched, bare, with traces of previous year's leaves; leaves crowded at summit of stems, oblong, lanceolate or obovate, 1.5—3cm long and 0.7—1.1cm 367 490 broad, obtusish at apex, cuneate at base, sessile, lustrous above, light green and quite glabrous beneath; flowers fragrant, in fascicles of 2 to 15 ona peduncle, or 1 to 3 (8B pauciflora Meisn.); pedicels to 15mm long, crowded at summit of stem in axils of upper leaves, forming pseudoter minal head; bracts oblong or broad-obovate, scarious, caducous; hypanthium 15mm long pink outside, white inside, glabrous or covered all over with short white hairs (var. puberula Sosn.),or parts of hypanthium unevenly pubescent; lobes lanceolate, half as long as hypanthium, acute, many -nerved, reflexed at anthesis; stamens included; pistil 3mm long; ovary glabrous; style not more than 0.25mm long or none; stigma capitate; hypogynous scales with low straight margin; drupe red. Fl. May—July; fr. July—August. Subalpine and alpine meadows.— Caucasus: all regions, except Talysh. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Turkish Armenia. Described from Asia Minor. iyoeaine kr arcis:. Economic importance. With its pink, fragrant flowers, this shrub is potentially of ornamental value, but so far it has not been introduced into cul- tivation to a sufficient extent. According to E. A. Bush's report, this plant is very poisonous. Note. Beside the two variations mentioned, Koch describes B nivalis C. Koch, which has a 3-flowered inflorescence with 2 bracts. However, this form, as well as the two preceding ones, is linked with the type by means of transitional forms and is apparently of no systematic Significance. Section 3. DAPHNANTHES C.A.Mey. in Anny Sc. Nat. (1843) 62 (sect. Gnidium Spach incl.).— Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, rarely not coriaceous, deciduous; flowers always in heads at ends of branches, rarely in racemes or very rarely also in short axillary racemes; summit of shoots pleiochasial, rarely sympodial or very rarely monopodial. Series 1. Alpinae Keissl. in Bot. Jahrb. XXV (1898) 37.— Leaves deci- duous, not coriaceous; flower heads sessile, ebracteate; branching mono- podial. Ge ID, aliteuicey Pall; IML Ross. WIGS bolo, sae luelo, iM. euk. WG 7s Lidb. Fl. Ross. Ill, 548; Kalen. in Bull. Soc: Nat. Mose, (1849)/310; Kryl. TEL) Zo). Sle) s | WUE IUSHRCi5 oR lie we | IES Vile Ge Shrub, 40-—80cm high; bark brown, dark gray below; branching mono- podial; lateral branches numerous, at first covered with short appressed hairs,becoming glabrous; leaves lanceolate-elongate;celliptical or some- times suboval, 2.5—6cm long and 0.7—1.5cm broad, short-acuminate or sub- acute, tapering to short petiole, green above, glaucescent beneath, glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent at base; leaves of vegetative shoots oblong- elliptical, subacuminate; flowers salverform, white, fragrant, 3—7 at ends of branches; hypanthium 10mm long, with scattered appressed hairs; sepals elliptical, rounded at apex, 6.5—8 mm long and 4.25—5 mm broad, half to two- thirds length of hypanthium; stamens of upper whorl exserted; pistil small, in lower third of hypanthium; stigma capitate, sessile; ovary glabrous; drupe black; kernel pyriform, with hard coat. Fl. May—June; fr. June—July. 368 491 492 Serub on mountain slopes, scrub steppe.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.; W. Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in London. Economic importance. Like other species of the series Alpinae, this species is grown in gardens as an ornamental shrub, for its shining snow- white, very fragrant flowers. The bark and wood are a popular home remedy for toothache. The plant is extremely poisonous. ube sophia i Ze,-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi., Mong. Described from N. Mongolia. Type in Leningrad. Genus 910. STELLERA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 559 Flowers colored; hypanthium infundibular to tubular, articulated; sepals 5; stamens twice as many as and facing sepals, in 2 whorls; ovary unilocular, bearded at apex; hypogynous scale forming a lateral ridge; nut 1-seeded, included in lower joint of hypanthium. Perennial herbs; stems unbranched, woody at base; inflorescences capitate, terminal, surrounded by bracts; leaves alternate, subsessile, entire. i Suichamacjasmie, le), Spyply (Gli 53)h559s,, Meisns) inj DG) brodragrgiye: 549: Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. V (1890) 196.— Passerina stelleri Wikstr. im Actal Holm..(1818) 321; ..idb) (Ply) Ross: 1l,5464— Stelhera posed Nakai in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXXIV (1920) 147.— Wikstroemia chamae- jasme (L.) Domke in Bibliot. Bot. 111 (1934) 58.— Exs.: G.R.F. No. 988. Perennial; root woody, 40—50cm long, dark brown; stems simple, 20—40cm long, herbaceous with woody base, glabrous, leafy; leaves oblong- elliptical, acuminate, 17—30mm long and 3-8 mm broad, glabrous, green, subsessile, with petiole 1mm long; inflorescences capitate, terminal, 20—25-flowered, surrounded by leaves; pedicels 1mm long, thick, jointed at junction with hypanthium, glabrous; flowers infundibular, colored, glabrous, bent about middle in fruiting; hypanthium 10-nerved, 8-12 mm long, glabrous, reddish, constricted at middle, articulated after anthesis, lower joint ovaloid or ovoid, persistent, upper cylindric, deciduous; sepals unequal, broadly elliptical, 3—4 mm long, obtuse, reddish outside, white within; stamens 10, in 2 whorls in upper joint of hypanthium; anthers of upper whorl slightly ex- serted; filaments minute, slender; anthers oblong, narrow, yellow, obtuse at apex, emarginate at base; style not longer than stigma or stigma subsessile, globose; hypogynous scale 1-sided, narrowly ligulate, with entire margin; nut pyriform, brown, enclosed in lower joint of the dry perianth. May— August. Steppes, dry mountain slopes, borders of pine woods, forest glades. — E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong. Jap.-Chi. Described from Siberia. Type in London. Economic importance. The roots of this plant are used in Middle Asia to produce book printing paper. The plant may be of interest for production of special kinds of paper. * Named after G. Steller, traveler and naturalist, first half of the 18th century. ST 503 Genus 911. STELLEROPSIS* Pobed. 504 Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 144 Flowers colored, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; hypanthium infundi- bular to tubular, articulated; sepals 4; stamens twice as many as and opposite sepals, in 2 whorls; hypogynous scale inequilateral, surrounding ovary; nut 1-seeded, included in lower hypanthium joint. Perennial herbs or undershrubs; stems unbranched or sparingly branched, woody at base; inflorescence spicate or subcapitate; leaves alternate, subsessile, entire. i mintlorescence spicare, cloncate; a — (Crm lOMme Oy ea. tee 2 oe Men eae eee 23 Inflorescence with spikes about 1cm long or subcapitate ........ 4, 2. stems to 40cm long; root with brown cortex; tlowers pale pink (ae RGAE Rae eto, cAihet cl Menara” eM it ae 1. S.altaica (Thieb.) Pobed. itr Stems to 25cm long; root with ashy-gray or grayish-brown cortex; PHOW.E ES VOLO W (0 bey gl a niin ey ca ok. ah) et Telia aye, ve oy SRE Map ce 2 Ue aunts RSP es te ee ana 3. 3. Stems woody to middle, slightly branched; leaves oblanceolate, 15—20 mm long and 3—3.5mm broad; sepals half as long as hypan- CIMUATITR MS kD eT a! oy coi be ReetteMea Ay MERI CE RCN aK ae CR Me 6. S. antoninae Pobed. ats Stems with thick caudex at base, unbranched; leaves obovate, 13-15mm long and 5—7mm broad; sepals nearly equaling hypanthium ........ i PRG eR RMN IP ERD Arete liad 5. S.turcomanica (E. Czern.) Pobed. 4, Leaves linear, 15-16 mm long and 1.5—-2 mm broad, with involute mares. Sepals som lone and O47 51 mim broads eye laiel tat aes ame OM oe MS Aa ON Ch BR ate ME ca ein Ba, Mette Meds RO ARAL. 7. S. iraniea’ Pobed oF Weayes elliptrealsbroadercs Sepals broadens Seyi scan en ont cele. eee Oe bee voltliowens: yellow; Caucastansplants: () si .cc. Ya Guleve "loth ella oe Leen Gt + Riowers: pale pink: Central! Asian plant's) 9 (2 5Ch ais ch ates le bs er oie Wes 6. stenis'20—24 unbranched;!siepals"ovate; stigmaydepressed ity i» aaa Bom ABE Noetarad SUM Caer yc toaniene comets 8. S. magakjani (D. Sosn.) Pobed. a Stems 7 or 8, sparingly branched; sepals broad-oval; stigma globose. . Av Pc ci Saks Grameen hier a oh Mie” bc bbe Rly a ae Ae a we 9. S. caucasica Pobed. 7. Stems about 45; leaves ciliate-margined; flowers covered outside with Scattered white sha siiy REM Cae Rite a 3. S.issykkulensis Pobed. ag stems! 2—6; leaves and flowers glabrous’ or mearily (SO) i.) i. ee tee ene 8. a7 Plants 7-—14em high leaves 12-13 mm: lone and 2—sam broad wee see SRD e HobenteP op thas AL AG MS DAs a ENEMA RR TAPES teeth ened nk BOR 2. S.tarbagataica Pobed. + Plants 14—30ienw high leavesmlo—1 (mm Vonsrands4— bmn bGocd eta nee BCE Nd eran GAR CeO aM ee it) Le 6 ee Oe a 4. S.tianschanica Pobed. Series 1. Altaicae Pobed.— Stems herbaceous, slightly lignified at base, dying off each year; flowers whitish-pink; stigma globose or depressed; Central Asia. 1. S.altaica (Thieb.) Pobed. comb. n.— Stellera altaica Thieb. in Pers. Syn. I (1805) 436; Sweet, Hort. Birt. ed. III (1839) 592; Endl. Gen. Pi supple iVnil Gs; Meisne inde. oP rodry oy, 550 lp. peiikecy tale Zoe sib: VIII, 1949, p.p.;— Passerina’ racemosa ‘Wickstr’ in Act. Holm, * Name indicating resemblance to the genus Stellera. 378 —— ee 505 (1818) 324; Spreng. Syst. veget. ed. XVI, II (1825) 241; Ldb. Fl. alt. II, 72; Ldb. Fl. Ross. Ill, 445,p.p.— Wikstroemia altaica (Thieb.) Domke in Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) 59,p.p.— Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. (1833) tab. 374. Perennial, with a woody 3—4-angled root; stems numerous, erect, simple, lignified at base, green, sulcate, glabrous, leafy; leaves alternate, numerous, elliptical, gradually acuminate, narrowed toward base, glabrous, 20-25 mm long and 5-10 mm broad, slightly revolute at margin, l1-nerved, petiole 1mm long; spikes initially short, elongating to 3-7cm; flowers fragrant; hypan- thium infundibular, glabrous, 8-10mm long, reddish; sepals 4, whitish within, 5-6 mm long and 2.5—3 mm broad, broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, narrowed toward base; upper whorl of stamens slightly exserted, lower 1—1.5mm lower down; anthers oblong, 0.8—1 mm long, obtuse; filaments short; ovary ovaloid, glabrous, hairy at apex; style 1mm long; stigma globose; hypogynous scale inequilateral, elevated margin broad, entire; nut dark green, pyriform, included inlower joint ofdryhypanthium. July—August. Dry gravelly mountain slopes in the lower zone of mountains, and forest glades.— W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. and T.Sh. (E.). En- demic. Described from Altai Mountains. Type in Montpellier. Note. This species might be introduced into cultivation for its pretty whitish-pink flowers, the fragrance of which is reminiscent of carnations. So far unknown in gardens. Flants propagated in the Botanical Institute from roots and seeds brought from Altai failed to become established. Plants from live roots died off and so did the seedlings. It would appear that cultivation of this plant is difficult and may call for special methods. 2. S.tarbagataica Pobed. in Bot. mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (io4o) Maile Steiilera CValtavea Kryl, Hl) Zap. Sib. Vill (1935)) 195 0Ke. oe (quoad pl. e Tarbagatai) non Thieb. Perennial, 7—13cm high; root woody, with brown cortex, 2—3-angled; stems few, Simple, herbaceous, lignified at base, green, densely leafy; leaves elliptical, tapering toward both ends, green,12—13 mm long and 2—3 mm broad, 1l-nerved, glabrous, subsessile, with jointed petiole 0.6mm long; inflores- cence terminal, of very short spikes, subcapitate, at summit of stems, con- taining up to 15 flowers; pedicels 1mm long; flowers infundibular-tubular; hypanthium 10—12 mm long,very sparingly hairy; sepals spreading, lan- ceolate, 4—5 mm long and 2mm broad; lower whorl] of stamens 0.5mm below upper; filaments barely discernible; anthers broad; pistil in lower joint of hypanthium; ovary covered all over with short white hairs, bearded at apex with longer hairs; style 0.6mm long; stigma globose; hypogynous scale inequilateral, elevated margin 3-toothed; fruit unknown. June. (Plate XXIV, Figure 1.) Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (W. Tarbagatai). Endemic. Described from Tarbagatai. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is distinguished from the very closely related S.tianschanica Pobed. by lower stem and narrrower leaves. It greatly resembles S.caucasica which is distributed in the Caucasus, but the resemblance is apparently purely external. 3. S.issykkulensis Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 152. Perennial; root to 2cm thick, multicipital, with dark brown cortex; stems herbaceous, slender, up to 45 from one root, simple, 8—10 cm long, densely 379 506 leafy; leaves glaucescent-green, elliptical, tapering at both ends, ciliate on margin, l-nerved, 12—14 mm long and 3—4mm broad, subsessile, petiole jointed, 1mm long; inflorescences capitate, terminal, 20—25-flowered; pedicels thick, 1 mm long; flowers infundibular-tubular, covered outside with long white scattered hairs; hypanthium 9—10mm long; sepals upright, 4—5 mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, lanceolate, narrowed at base; whorls of anthers 1.5mm apart; filaments minute; pistil in lower joint of hypanthium; upper half of ovary covered with white upright hairs; style minute, 0.5mm long; stigma depressed-globose, papillose; elevated margin of hypogynous scale 3-toothed. Fl. end of May. Mountain slopes. — Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (northern shore of Issyk-Kul Lake). Endemic. Described from Issyk-Kul Lake. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species was described from a specimen collected in May, apparently well in advance of normal flowering time which is June for most related species. Its low stem had probably not yet attained full length, as the lignified remains of the previous year's stems are nearly as long as the vegetative shoots. Even though possible changes with age have to be con- sidered, we must recognize the plant as representing a distinct species in view of the number of stems (more than 40), multicipital root, ciliate leaves, and hypanthium pubescent on the outside, i. e., features never associated with S.altaica and at times just discernible in some specimens of S.tian- s'¢ hanmucar 4, S.tianschanica Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 153.— Stellera altaica Thieb. ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. XIV (1856—1857) 550,p.p.; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1949 (quoad pl. e m. Tianschan).— Wikstroemia altaica (Thieb.) Domke in Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) 59. Perennial, 13-—30cm high; root 1—3-angled, with light brown cortex; stems 8—20, simple, herbaceous, densely leafy; leaves elliptical, acute, glabrous or with sporadic cilia on margin, 15-17mm yong and 4—6 mm broad; inflorescences subcapitate or consisting of very short (1cm long) terminal spikes, 15—20-flowered; flowers infundibular; hypanthium 10—12 mm long, glabrous or with very diffusely scattered white hairs; sepals 4-6 mm long and 1.5—2mm broad; ovary bearded at apex, beard sometimes reaching down to middle of ovary; stigma globose, often depressed; elevated margin of hypogynous scale usually toothed. July. (Plate XXIV, Figure 2.) Alpine and subalpine mountain zone, tundras and meadows, slopes. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Dzu.-Tarb. (Dsungarian Ala-Tau, rarely). Endemic. Described from Arpa-Chay valley. Type in Leningrad. Series 2. Turcomanicae Pobed.— Undershrubs with thick woody caudex or stems lignified to middle, annually producing buds and sparingly branched; flowers yellow; stigma oblong, ovaloid, globose or depressed; Turkmenia, Iran, Caucasus. 5s Siturcomanica (H.Czern)))Pobed. comb. o—— Pity me Valea t ue manica E.Czern. in Fedde, Repert. XXVII (1930) 273.— Wikstroemia turcomanica (E.Czern.) Domke in Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) 59. 380 —=_—— (507) PLATE XXIV. Habit and unfolded flower: 1 —Stelleropsis tarbagataica Pobed; 2 —S. tian- schanica Pobed; 3 —S. turcomanica (E. Czerm.) Pobed; 4-Dendiostellera macrorha- chis Pobed. 381 509 510 Perennial, 15—20cm high, forming thick caudexes at base, caudexes and root with cinereous cortex; stems 15—20, erect, glabrous, sulcate, green, unbranched; leaves obovate, mucronulate from obtuse apex, glabrous, glau- cescent, short-petioled; inflorescence 3—7cm long, spicate; peduncles glabrous; flowers infundibular, fragrant; hypanthium 8mm long; sepals 6—7mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, linear, acute, glabrous; ovary smooth, bearded at apex; stigma oblong; hypogynous scale with broad, obtuse, coarsely and unequally toothed elevated margin. April—June. (Plate XXIV, Figure 3.) Juniper thickets on mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet- Dagh). Endemic. Described from Mt. Palyzak. Type in Leningrad. 6. S. antoninae* Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 157. Perennial, 15-22 cm high; root woody, with brown cortex; stems up to 20 from one root, erect, perennial, green, woody to middle, branched, glabrous, densely leafy; leaves oblanceolate, 15—-20mm long, 3-3.5mm broad, acu- minate, tapering toward base, l-nerved, with slightly revolute margins; petiole 0.5—1 mm long; inflorescences terminal, spicate, 3—4mm long, 7—17-flowered; pedicels 0.5mm long, sturdy, thickened upward, jointed at junction with hypanthium; flowers yellow; hypanthium 8-nerved, 10-12 mm long, sometimes faintly reddish outside, glabrous upper joint obconic- cylindric, deciduous, lower ovoid or ovoid-conic, persistent; sepals 4-6 mm long and 1—2 mm broad, narrowly lanceolate, glabrous; whorls of stamens 1mm apart; anthers broad at base, obtuse at apex; style 1mm long, erect, filiform, smooth; stigma ovaloid, papillose; elevated margin of hypogynous scale denticulate; fruit unknown. June. Gravelly mountain slopes, juniper thickets.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet-Dagh). Endemic. Described from Geok-Tepe area. Type in Lenin- grad. 7. S.iranica Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 159.— Stellera altaica var. minor Boiss. Fl. or 1V (1879) L051, p.p. (quoad pl. iranica); Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. 28, 282 (pl. iran.). Perennial, 15cm high; root woody, with gray cortex; stems 10, erect, simple, green, glabrous, lignified at base; leaves linear, 15—16 mm long and 1.5—2 mm broad, acuminate, 1-nerved, short-petioled; inflorescences 5—6-flowered, terminal; pedicels 0.5mm long, thick, glabrous; flowers yellow, infundibular, articulated after anthesis; hypanthium reddish, 10mm long, constricted at middle, lower joint narrowly conic, persistent, upper obconic-cylindric, deciduous; sepals narrow, linear, 5-6 mm long, 0.75—-—1 mm broad, with strongly involute margins, glabrous; whorls of stamens 0.25mm apart,the 4 stamens facing sepals slightly exserted; filaments short; anthers narrow, obtuse at apex; ovary oblong, glabrous, pubescent at apex; style more or less elongate, erect, filiform, glabrous; stigma globose, depressed at top, plump, papillose; hypogynous scale with coarsely and unevenly elevated margin; anthers unknown. Fl. June. Possibly occurring on USSR territory. — Described from N. Iran, between Shahrud and Tash. Type in Leningrad. * Named for Antonina Georgievna Borisova-Bekryashcheva, from whose collections the plant was described. 382 yal 8. S. magakjani (Sosn.) Pobed. comb. n.— Stellera magakjani Sosn. in Dokl. AN Arm. SSR, VII, 3 (1947) 137. Perennial, 12—13cm high, woody at base; root vertical, with light brown cortex; stems numerous, erect, herbaceous, lignified nearly up to middle, densely leafy; leaves elliptical, 8-12 mm long and 2—3 mm broad, tapering toward ends, slightly revolute at margin, very sparsely ciliate, mucronate, 1-nerved, glaucescent, short-petioled; inflorescence subcapitate, 15-flowered, bractless; flowers yellow, tubular-infundibular; sepals ovate, subacute, 3—6 mm long, 1-3mm broad, about half as long as hypanthium; stigma depressed-globose; ovary hairy at apex, borne on a gynophore of nearly equal width; hypogynous scale with denticulate elevated margin; fruit unknown. May—June. Alpine and subalpine zones.— Caucasus: 8S. Transc. Endemic. Described from the pastures of Knishik village in former Mikoyan area, Armenia. Type in Tbilisi. Note. This species possibly grows in N. Iran. 9. S.caucasica Pobed. in Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, XII (1949) 1G leo aks Slekad mia aicjeimyo sta. Wikstr. iexiCNvA. \Mey.n Viera. Sh rleamg;. (1831) 42,p.p.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. III, 546 (quoad plantam Meyerianam). — Stellera altaica Thieb. ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. XIV (1856-1857) 548.— Stellera altaica var. minor Boiss. Fl. or. IV (1879) 1051, PapPs Sosn- ini Matyi. Kav. 28; 282 fp. pr Grossp Fl) Kayks siiyg29 Perennial, 8-15cm high; stems erect, herbaceous, sometimes branched, lignified at base, glabrous, densely leafy; leaves elliptical, 8-10 mm long and 3—3.5mm broad, acuminate, glabrous or with scattered white hairs on margin, glaucous; inflorescence subcapitate, 4—5-flowered, terminal; flowers infundibular; hypanthium 8—10mm long, with scattered hairs; sepals 5-6 mm long, broad-oval, acute; ovary oblong, densely bearded at apex; style 0.75mm long; stigma globose; hypogynous scale with broad, obtuse, 3-toothed, elevated margin. July. Limestone slopes in subalpine zone.— Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic. Described from River Khasant. Type in Leningrad. Genus 912. DENDROSTELLERA* Van-Tieg. Van-Tieg. in Ann. Sc. Nat. VII, sér. 17 (1893) 199; Bull. Soc. bot. France, 40 (1893) 74; Domke in Bibl. bot. 111 (1934) 125.— Stellera, sect. Dendrosellera C.A.Mey. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. I (1843) 359. Flowers colored; hypanthium clothed with white silky hairs, infundibular to tubular, articulated; stamens twice as many and opposite sepals, in 2 whorls; hypogynous scale inequilateral, surrounding ovary; nut 1-seeded, enclosed in lower joint of silky-pubescent hypanthium. Shrubs to 2 m high, with virgate branched stems; inflorescences spicate; leaves alternate, subsessile, entire. * From Greek dendron-— tree and stellera — generic name of herbaceous plant, alluding to the woody virgate stems. 383 1. Plants with long virgate branches; bark bright yellow; young branches Glanelke Pies Bey Wrees is te. Aachen Pe Sate Demon cen, Sp irem meet tal terol ve aaeestl ct Rawle Mele Mey Re rere ae sh Plants with repeatedly branched stems; bark gray or grayish-brown; PraAnehSar Vedas ey a Vee eNN Se Hone farts ota a ps lelca Meer cal Pee ter Gitte Saute enreics tie, Geen 4, 2. Plants 0.8—2m high; leaves 20—35mm long and 1.5—3mm broad; intlonescence sporleate: to).) Denvilonse). We cis ene 2. D.arenaria Pobed. Plantss5s0—70iemehtohsWeavesrvbroader ss ety dmege tars Nr Rete nae tie OE 3. Inflorescence loose; flowers large; hypanthium 10—12 mm long; sepals 4—5 mm long; plants heavily white-silky-pubescent; on sands of PRUCLC TNE TAC EIN Nie) neuen ener, Aiea he cap Gaal te NO gr 6. D.turkmenorum Pobed. 25 Inflorescence compact; flowers small; hypanthium 8—10 mm long; sepals 2—3mm long; plants more sparingly silky-pubescent; Lake Balkwachmaces Pew wate hese a 1. D. stachyoides (Schrenk) Van-Tieg. 4, Plants 50—70cm high; leaves 35—50mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, iilual ah, SiO Nava yy Tots OMI KS AaavelGronial Sis samy bila at ole oc 3. D.linearifolia Pobed. + Plants 20—40cm high, with broader leaves ................. °. 5. Leaves green; inflorescence loose, 7-10cm long, 20—25-flowered Bo Pati ala ARB eak ir bac ed al Rati its ee a AEN NCD or) 4. D.macrorhachis Pobed. ati Leaves, glaucescent, thick; spikes 3—-5cm long, 15—20-flowered ...... EONS RUE te edn aP MeN CuEE soe WERE MTR nd Utolite Metter ce etre s ets Jeet ae 5. D.olgae Pobed. 1. D.stachyoides (Schrenk) Van-Tieg. in Ann. Sc. Nat. VII sér. 17 (1893) 199: Domke in Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) 59.— Passerina ammodendron Kar. et Kir. Enum. pl. alt. (1842) 175.—Stellera stachyoides Schrenk in Bull. Sc. Acad. Pétersb. 10 (1842) 253; Jaub. et Sp. Ilustr. tab. 301: Meisn. in DC. Frodr. XIV (1856—1857) 550.— Ic.: Jaub. et Sp. ies tabs JOn. Shrub, 30—60cm high, with cinereous or gray bark; branches virgate, with yellowish-brown or dark red bark; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 20—30 mm long and 5—6 mm broad, pubescent when young, glabrous in age, short-petioled; petiole jointed and slightly dilated at base; peduncles pubescent; inflorescences spicate,to 7cm long; hypanthium 8—10 mm long; sepals 2—3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, spreading; ovary oblong, with scattered short hairs, densely villous-bearded at apex; style 0.75mm long; stigma conic; hypogynous scale cup-shaped, with broad, obtuse, elevated margin. May—September. Riverside sands, clayey soil, slopes of plant-covered sandhills, and depressions between barchans and hummocky sands.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. Endemic. Described from River Emel', near Lake Balkhash. Type in Leningrad. 2. D.arenaria Pobed. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 690. Shrub, 0.8—2 m high, with gray bark andvirgate, strict branches; leaves linear, 20—35 mm long and 1.5—3mm broad, with revolute margins, at first pubescent, in age with scattered hairs on lower surface or glabrous, short- petioled; petiole jointed and slightly dilated at base; peduncles 8.5—1lcm long, white-pubescent; inflorescence spicate; flowers infundibular, yellow, articulated after anthesis; hypanthium narrow, 8—10mm long; sepals 1~2mm long, oblong-lanceolate, spreading; ovary oblong, with scattered short hairs, villous-bearded at apex; style 0.75 mm long; stigma conic; hypogynous scale cup-shaped, obliquely truncate, with broad obtuse elevated margin. April August. 384 53 oe Overgrown hummocky sands.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Muyun-Kum sands), Kyz.K. Endemic. Described from southeastern Kyzyl-Kums, village Abish- Kuduk. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. The long, woody roots of this species contain firm fibers suitable for textiles. Samples of strong thick cord produced from fibers of this species were exhibited in 1933 at the Turkmenian Exhibition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 3. D.linearifolia Pobed. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 691. Shrub, 50—70cm high, with grayish-brown bark and reddish strict branches; leaves linear, 35-50 mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, with revolute margins and often reflexed at apex, short-petioled, glabrous, upper ones clothed beneath with long silky hairs; peduncles 2—6 cm long, pubescent; hypanthium 8—10mm long, covered with long silky hairs; sepals 2-4mm long, lanceolate, acute, yellow, subequal, reflexed; anthers very narrow; ovary oblong, with scattered short hairs, densely villous -bearded at apex; style 0.75mm long; stigma conic; hypogynous scale cup-shaped, obliquely truncate, with long narrow elevated margin. May—August. Ravines, depressions, on loam and sandy loam.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range and Bet-Pak-Dala). Endemic. Described from Tur- kestan Range near Egaly village, Kurum-Saibel' Pass. Type in Leningrad. 4. D.macrorhachis Pobed. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 692. Shrub, 30cm high; stems virgate, lignified at base, with light cinereous bark; 2-year-old branches reddish-brown, annotinous, green, herbaceous, glabrous, all leafy; leaves lanceolate, annotinous, green, herbaceous, petioled, entire, scattered, at first pubescent, becoming glabrous in age; petiole 1.5—2 mm long, thick, jointed and slightly dilated at base; inflores- cence elongated in loose spike, 7—10cm long, 20—25-flowered; flowers sub - sessile; pedicels short or wanting, scattered, thick, jointed, bracteate, white, pubescent like peduncles; hypanthium simple infundibular, horizontal or pendant in fruit, 8-10 mm long, densely white-pubescent, articulated after anthesis, lower joint oval or ovoid, persistent, upper conic-cylindric, deciduous; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, half as long as hypanthium, with scattered hairs on back, yellow and glabrous above, spreading or reflexed after anthesis; four upper stamens slightly exserted; filaments capillary, short; anthers erect, minute, yellow, linear-oblong, obtuse, emar- ginate at base; hypogynous scale patelliform, with slightly elevated margin, lower margin extended; ovary oblong-cylindric, stalked, pubescent all over and densely bearded at apex; style erect, filiform, glabrous, half as long as ovary at anthesis; style oblong-elongate, obtuse, thick, papillose; fruit un- known. (Plate XXIV, Figure 4.) Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Kyz.K. (on residual outcrops). En- demic. Described from the slopes of Sultanuizdag near Mount Sheikh- Dzheli. Type in Leningrad. 5. D.olgae Pobed. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 692. A dwarf shrub, 15—40cm high; root thick, woody, contorted; caudex thick, branched, with gray bark; branches numerous, divaricate; leaves 15—-25mm long and 2—6 mm broad, narrowed at base, acuminate, thick, glaucescent, 515 glabrous, revolute-margined; petiole 2mm long; inflorescence short-spicate, 3—5 cm long; peduncles pubescent; pedicels short, jointed at junction with hypanthium, covered with fascicles of white hairs; hypanthium infundibular, white-seriaceous outside, more sparsely than in preceding species, yellow, 8—10mm long; sepals 4-6 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at base; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at base; hypogynous scale patelli- form, with oblong elevated toothed margin; stigma conic; ovary with large white beard at apex; fruit unknown. Clay and gravel-and-clay deserts.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from valley of River Chandyr in W. Kopet-Dagh. Type in Lenin- grad. 6. D.turkmenorum Pobed. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 693. Shrub, more than 50cm high; root to 125cm long, with rufous cortex; stems branched, old ones bright yellow, young reddish; leaves scattered, lance-linear, 22—28 mm long and 2—5 mm broad, green, 1-nerved, gradually acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, glabrous, initially with scattered hairs; petiole to 2mm long; inflorescence in spikes 3—5cm long, loosely 10—13-flowered; peduncles pubescent; hypanthium infundibular, 10-12 mm long; sepals 4-5 mm long, 2mm broad, lanceolate, acuminate; anthers narrow, linear, whorls 1—1.5mm apart; pistil in lower joint of hypanthium; ovary bearded at apex or nearly over entire upper half; stigma conic, papillose; nut greenish; hypogynous scaie cup-shaped, with narrow elevated toothed margin. May—June. Sands.— Centr. Asia: Kara K. Endemic. Described from sands near Akcha-Kuim. Type in Leningrad. Genus 913. RESTELLA* Pobed. Pobed. in Botan. Zhurnal SSSR, 26,1 (1941) 35 Hypanthium persistent in fruit, covered with scattered hairs; sepals 4; stamens 8; in 2 whorls; ovary sparsely pubescent all over; style short; stigma capitate; hypogynous scale short, inequilateral, elevated margin toothed. Much branched shrubs with scattered leaves and capitate-umbel- late inflorescences. 1. R.alberti (Rgl.) Pobed. in Botan. Zhurn. SSSR, 26, 1 (1941) 36.— Stellera alberti Rgl. in Tr. B.S.IX (1886) 616; Gartenfl. XXXVI (1887) 649.—Ic.: Rgl. 1.c. tab. 1262; Pobedimova,1.c: Shrub to 2m high, much branched, lower branches glabrous, with cinereous bark, upper bark blackish, appressed-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, 30-35 mm long and 8-10 mm broad, obtuse, tapering at base, glabrous or covered with short appressed hairs, more densely beneath, short-petioled, lower sessile; buds in leaf axils white-pubescent; peduncles appressed- pubescent; flowers subsessile, yellow; hypanthium 8—10mm long, with scattered appressed hairs; sepals oval, obtuse, toothed, 1.5—2 mm long, * A name coined artificially by anagrammatic rearrangement of the generic name Stellera. 386 516 upright; stamens included in hypanthium; anthers linear-oblong; ovary ovoid-oblong, subsessile, sparsely appressed-pubescent; style terminal; stigma globose; nut pyriform, enclosedin withered persistent hypanthium. May—August. In the subalpine zone, among wood and scrub vegetation. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al.,Syr D. Endemic. Described from "Eastern Bukhara." Type in Leningrad. Family CX. ELAEAGNACEAE LINDL.* Flowers actinomorphic, perfect or unisexual (plants then dioecious); staminate flowers with 2-parted or 2-lobed perianth and 4 free stamens; perianth of pistillate and perfect flowers tubular or campanulate, 2- or 4-lobed; perfect flowers with 4 stamens inserted in throat of perianth; pistil 1, with superior unilocular ovary, 1 style and cylindric or oblong one- sided stigma; fruit drupaceous, orange-colored, yellowish or reddish, fleshy part developing from receptacle. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, entire, exstipulate. The family Elaeagnaceae contains 3 genera and about 45 species. Key to Genera 1. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious; perianth 2-parted or 2-lobed; staminate flowers with scarcely developed receptacle; stone with Honeitudiral rOOVE On ONETSIGE ey, on. 1 LATS ee 914. Hippophae L. 2. Flowers perfect; perianth 4-lobed; stone 8-striate ..915. Eleagnus L. Genus 914. HIPPOPHAE** L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1023.-— Rhamnoides Moench, Method. Pl. (1794) 343 Dioecious plants; staminate flowers with 2-parted perianth, 4 free stamens and oblong subsessile anthers (filaments abbreviated); pistillate flowers with tubular 2-lobed perianth; pistil 1, with superior unilocular ovary, a single short style, and elongated stigma exserted from perianth; fruit a fleshy orange drupe; stone with longitudinal groove on one side. Shrubs or small trees; flowers appearing with leaves; leaves alternate, simple, entire, ex stipulate. The genus Hippophaé contains three species distributed in Europe and temperate Asia. 1.) He chamnoides aa" Sp), pl (753) 0285) db. HIS Cali lV, 298-oE ere ROSS aul a2re luce Leb alice-cahurm. MeaG (> BOLsse sly Ore lV jel. Shimal eo Fl it 05:5 Medeh.fand Flere Pl’ Hvr.) Rossi 650; Pentkoysk: * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. ** From Greek hippos — horse,and phaes — radiant, luminous. 387 DLT Der. i kust.))Kavke 1; 2085" Voli and: Palib. Der. 1 kust. 2 tosasosnovsl. wid Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9,286; Syreishch. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub.\ Il, 378; Medv. Der: 2 kust.Kavky Ed. 3, 243;) Grosse.) (Mio Kavks, M7925 Keyless oZap. Sib. VIII, 1950; Gorshk. in Maevsk. Fl. Ed. 7, 522.— H.sibirica Hort. ex Steud. Nom. bot. ed. II, 1 (1824) 770.— H.littoralis Salisb. FProdr. (1796) 73.— H.rhamnoides var. sibirica Rgl. Dendrol. 177.— H.rhamnoides subsp. eurhamnoides Servet. Monogr. des Elaeagn. (1911) 28.— H.rhamnoides var. angustifolia Dipp. Laubholzk. III (1883) 214.— Hippophaés rhamnoideum St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon. VII (1880) 88.— Ie.:; Pall. Fl. Ross: tab: 68; Rehb. Ic. FIL Germs x tab. 549; Syme, Engl. Bot. VIII, tab. 1245; Schlecht.; Lang u.’ Schenk, Fl. Deutsehil) id. 5, X tab. 973; Bot. Mas. CXOxCX DT tab. S016 7) syneushichs alae. i svssenedch., and thMlecs ile. vic eVvOSSe .o0: A shrub or small tree, 1.5—5 m high, with brownish-green, yellowish- brown or black bark, numerous branches, and spines 2—7cm long; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2—8cm long, 0.2—0.8cm broad, subobtuse, more or less narrowed at base, subsessile, with more or less revolute margins, dark grayish-green above, silvery-white suffused with brown or yellow beneath, clothed with white and brown stellate scales; staminate flowers in short minute spikes, 5-8 mm long and 4-6 mm broad, with 2-parted perianth, lobes ovate-orbicular, 3—4mm long, 3—3.5mm broad, concave, greenish-brown, covered outside with numerous brown and sparse white stellate scales; stamens 4,half to two-thirds as long as perianth; anthers 1.5mm long, oblong-linear, almost sessile anthers with very short filaments; pistillate flowers 2—5 in axils of branchlets, on pedicels 0.5mm long; perianth of pistillate flowers tubular, oblong-obovate, 2.5—4mm long, 1—1.5mm broad, brown, covered outside with stellate brown and few white scales, lobes obtuse, covered inside (densely in upper part) with rather long white hairs; pistil in lower part of perianth-tube; ovary glabrous, globose- ovaloid, 1-2 mm long, about half length of perianth; style 0.6mm long; stig- ma oblong, 0.5—-1 mm long, 1-sided, exserted; ripe drupe globose, ovaloid, globose-ovaloid or short-ellipsoid, 0.8—1cm long and 0.3—0.6 cm broad, or ellipsoid, 5-7 mm long and 3mm broad (var. minor Servettaz.), glabrous, orange or reddish, succulent and aromatic; stone ovoid-oblong, 4-7 mm long and 4-5 mm broad, or oblong-ellipsoid, 4—5 mm long and 1.5—2 mm broad (var. minor Servettaz.), dark brown, sometimes almost black, lustrous. April-May. (Plate XXV, Figure 2.) Coasts, banks of lakes, mountain streams and brooks; riverside pebbles, pebbly springs, riverside shingle, tugais, willow and poplar woods on sands, upper limit of deciduous and lower limit of coniferous trees (up to 1,800— 2,100 m), ravines, slopes, rocks and bluffs. — European part: U. V., Bes., Bik. Don; Caucasus: Cise., Dag W., as ands. Lranscy Wales Wisibemior Irt. (Omsk), Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.- Tarb., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl.Eur., (ireland and Scotland), Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min., Iran. (N.), Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Tib. Described from Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. A handsome ornamental plant grown in gardens and parks, either singly or in hedges. An invaluable plant for fixing sands, landslides, railroad embankments and protection of railway lines against snow drifts (I. 1. Yakovlev -Sibiryak, Obepikha (Common Sea Buckthorn), 1948). 388 518 The wood is fine-grained, yellow, with brownish-yellow heartwood, tough, rather hard, heavy,very durable. It is suitable for fine carpentry and turning. Used for staking grapevines. The ash has a high potash content. The fruit has a sourish, aromatic flavor; the drupes are a favorite food of pheasants; they are considered by the local population to be a dainty and are made into infusions, liqueurs and jams (especially in Siberia). Young shoots and leaves produce a blackish-brown dye, and fruit a yellow dye, with iron salts (Med- vedev, Der. i kust. Kavk., Ed. 3,244). The foliage contains 10% tannin and provides tanning material. The plant is used in popular medicine (Rollov, Dikorast. r. Kavk. ikh raspr., svoist. i primenenie, 1902). The fruit is very succulent, slightly mucilaginous; it has an agreeable sourish flavor and a pineapplelike aroma. Frozen fruit (without stones) contains (L. I. Afa- nas'eva) up to 3.56% sugar (glucose 1.96%, fructose 1.0%), acids (including malic acid) 2.64%. The pulp contains 8% oil. The fruit is eaten raw, es- pecially after frost; it is added to flour to make a special kind of bread; it is also made into jellies, deserts and candies. Pectin has to be added to the fruit juice for jelly making. The fruit is also used for making jam which resembles barberry jam in flavor. Reserves of sea buckthorn are considerable. It is a valuable honey plant. The vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content is as follows: in leaves 230—262 mg%, in fruit 120 mg% (according to other data 172.8—198.6 mg%), in fruit juice 200 mg% (according to other data 500-900 mg%). The ascorbic acid is very stable and keeps well. Sea buckthorn deserves attention as a source of vitamin C (Grossgeim, Rast. res. Kavk. (1946) 17, 86, 244). Sea buckthorn oil was found to contain 90 mg% carotene (provitamin A). Genus 915. ELAEAGNUS* L. L. Spec. pl. (1753) 121.— Elaeagrus Pall. Fl. Ross. I (1789) 23.— Octarillum Lowr. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 90. -Lepargyrea Rafin. in Am. Monthly Mag. (1818) 176. - Leptargyreia Schlecht. in DC. Prodr, XIV (1856-1857) 607 Flowers perfect, sessile or pediceled; perianth campanulate or cylindri- cal, with 4 triangular or ovate lobes, yellow, glabrous inside or pubescent in upper part (lobes), yellow, silvery-white outside and covered with white stellate scales; receptacle hollow, concave, enlarged in upper part, tapered below; stamens 4, inserted in throat of perianth, alternating with lobes; pistil 1; ovary superior, unilocular, situated at bottom of receptacle and becoming united with its walls; style elongated, filiform, often surpassing perianth; stigma capitate; fruit a globose, ellipsoid, ovaloid or ovoid- ovaloid, dry drupe, at first silvery, scaly, with age fuscous, with sparse fuscous scales to subglabrous; stone oblong, 8-striate. Shrubs or small trees, rarely full-grown trees, with branchlets sometimes transformed into spines. The genus Elaeagnus contains 40 species distributed in the Medi- terranean region, and in temperate and tropical Asia. Three species grow in the USSR. Elaeagnus acuminata Web. in Tertiary layers of W. Transc. (Goderzskii Pass).— Elaeagnus sp. in Tertiary layers of U.V. (Zveni- gorod) — dubious report. * From Greek elaie — olive,and agnos — pure, chaste. 389 (519) i AN VP Wy, UF ‘ ! in Ay é y Qe WS ie NIA iy OZ WZ yy HAY) Wi Sag es Ly Ws PLATE XXV. 1—Elaeagnus angustifolia L., branchlet with flower, flower,calyx, leaf pubescence, branchlet with fruit; 2— Hippophaé rhamnoides L.,branchlet with fruit, pistillate and staminate flowers; 3—Frankenia hirsuta L.,habit,calyx, petals with appendage. 390 522 1. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate or oval, 3—7cm long, 1.5—4cm broad, silvery and covered with white scales above, silvery-brown, with white andiarwsset-orowm scales beneath 2 ile. a 1. E.argentea:Pursch. ate Leaves lanceolate, oblong-linear, oblong-ovate, oval-lanceolate or elliptical, 1.5—7cm long, 0.4—2 cm broad, silvery on both sides, with amilby anther Seales ig ahiee eisai «| (een > pe (hile ole he aice yeria ike otte tap wt Gente Mallet SHI 2. 2. Leaves oblong-linear, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 2.5—7cm long, 0.4—1.5cm broad, 5 or more times longer than broad; perianth lobes distinctly 3-nerved, slightly shorter than tube... 2. E. angustifolia L. at Leaves elliptical, oval-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 1.5—5cm long, 0.7—2 cm broad, 2—3 times longer than broad; perianth lobes 1-nerved, DDO OUity SMOG ASPB S altar Leia coma Mental Livagco ks! o's. EOiai (ol oye 3. E.orientalis L. 1. E.argentea Pursch, Fl. Amer. Sept. I (1814) 114; Shmal'g. Fl. I], 405; Syreishch. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. II, 378; Gorshk. in Maevsk. Fl.. Ed. 7, 523.— E.commutata Bernh. in Allg. Thir. Gartenz. II (1843) 137.— E.glabra Hort. ex C. Koch, Dendrol. II (1872) 389.— Ic.: Gartenfl. XXXVIIL, 626; Syreishch. l.c. 379; Bot. Mag. CXXXVII, tab. 8369. A shrub or small tree, 1—3m high, with dark gray bark; young branches russet-brown, densely covered with brown or russet-brown scales, unarmed; leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, 3—7cm long, 1.5—4cm broad, sub- acute, rounded at base or uniformly narrowed toward both ends, silvery on both sides, densely covered with white stellate scales and on the lower sur- face, especially along veins, with russet-brown scales; petiole 4—6 mm long, flowers almost solitary, in leaf axils, nodding, very fragrant, on pedicels 2—3mm long; perianth tubular, subcampanulate, narrowed at base, 1cm long, silvery white, covered with stellate scales, yellow and more or less glabrous within; lobes ovate, acute, 3-3.5mm long, half length of tube; stamens 4; anthers elliptical; style thick, cylindric, with short stigma; drupe rounded-oblong to globose, 1cm long and as broad, silvery when un- ripe; stone ellipsoid, pointed at both ends, 8mm long, 4mm broad. Grown in gardens and parks.— Euoprean part: Lad.-Ilm. Gen. distr.: America. Described from North America. Type in London? 2. E.angustifolia L. Sp. pl. (1753) 121; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 405; Sosnovsk. ime Mata duley, Kayks 1li.9.2 95: MaG. Popov inv Tr. po prikk wbotya@enmit selt SOG, 3,/465;4Grossg.- bli Kayk:) 111,933 Pavl. Fl Tsentins Kazakhst, ieai6; Kolar Ad paiSib: mViLlL PhO Sd Conshikwedin (Walevsiks | HlreH Git puoelonies oikerelnce gentea Moench, Meth. pl. (1794) 638.— E.tomentosa Moench, l.c. 638.— Bn cana iam). Healt (h778) 4708-— Evhor tens. SsaMe Sa miei tau Caneeiis( KOS) HMA luido. wMiesailt. 1, 1583.2), Hl. Ross. IIL, oai: Beds yay OF Te, 4 Ob6hps pea se sdiaeiiyed if om s WHortivet SchlechtpunIDC.s Prod MIV (1857) G1 5.— Bahorten sis) varnangustifolia Sehlécht.sin DEC: IAC (609 we inom tiers liathSy Siotws oO wiice-aliSchlecht. vin\WGsy Prodns lie: 609.— E.songarica Schlecht. in Linnaea, XXX (1860) 344.— E.oxycar- pa Schlecht. l.c. 344.— E.hortensis subsp. songorica Servettaz, Monogr. des Elaeagn. (1911) 85.— E.caspica (Sosn.) Grossh. Opr. p. Kavk. (1949) 187.— Ic.: Fall. Fl. Ross. tab.4; Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XI, tab. 549; Schlecht. Lang et Schenk. Fl. Deutschl. ed.3,X, tab. 972. 391 A shrub or small tree, 3—7m high, with reddish-brown bark, unarmed or with sharp spines, 0.7-3cm long; young branches and both leaf surfaces silvery-white, densely covered with stellate scales, or upper leaf surface grayish-green or green and almost without scales (var. virescens Sosn.); leaves lanceolate, oblong-linear, linear-lanceolate, sometimes elliptical - lanceolate, oval or oblong-ovate, 2.5—7cm long, 0.4—1.5cm broad, obtuse or subacute, with petiole 0.5cm long, Wet, as long as blade, or leaves large, 6.5—-10cm long and 2—4cm broad (f. culta Sosn.); flowers fragrant, 1—3 in leaf axils, on pedicels 2mm long; perianth campanulate or broadly campa- nulate (f. culta Sosn.), silvery-white, densely covered with white scales and sparse, small yellowish glands; perianth-tube 5—6 mm long, 2.5—-3mm broad; lobes lanceolate, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acutish, yellow and glabrous inside, sparsely covered with small brownish glands, distinctly 3-nerved, slightly shorter than tube; stamens 4, with short filaments and oblong anthers; style elongate, about equaling perianth, curved in upper part; drupe rounded-ovaloid, rounded or subglobose (var. caspica Sosn.),0.7—-1.4cm long, 0.5—1 cm broad, or large, olive-shaped, 1.7—2 cm long, 1.3cm broad (f. culta Sosn.), silvery when unripe, densely covered with scales, yellowish- brown when mature, with sparse brownish scales, subglabrous; stone oblong, oblong-ovoid or narrowly cylindric (f. culta Sosn.), obtuse or pointed at both ends. May—June. (Plate XXV, Figure 1.) Sea coast, shores of rivers and lakes, desert river beds, floodplain woods, Russian olive-poplar tugais, marshy solonchakous meadows, solonchaks, dunes, near downstream valleys in floodplains, among thin floodplain scrub, Haloxylon woods, borders of forest "islands; sands, margins and hollows of hummocky sands, depressions among shifting sands, deflation basins, valleys between sand ridges, steppes, declivities of argillaceous steppes. Cultivated in gardens and parks. In mountains up to 700m.— European part: U. V. (Moscow Region), U. Dnp. (S. part of Belorussian SSR), V.-Don, ieansves Billy Dons LV. .Bes. 3 1eavucasus:” Cisc.,) Dasiiw., Eavand Ss iiranses Tal. .Wesiberia-:vU, Eobu (Orsk)sirty.Alt:; Centr Asia’: Ar! -Caspys bella. iy Zak Ware Keio yanD., Pam, We iGen. distien. Weda vibes) Nitin. peecate Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kashg., Mong., Jap.-Chi. (China), Tib. Described from Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. The fruit contains 10—55% protein, much glucose and fructose,as well as a large amount of potassium and phosphorus salts. It is widely consumed, both in its natural state and as a seasoning; it is used for soups, gruel, a kind of bread, and stewed fruit. Oleaster crops abundantly and regularly. The fruit is distilled into avery strong alcoholic drink which combines a winelike flavor with the headiness of vodka. Oleaster fruit can also be used for the production of alcohol: 100kg of fruit yields 12—13 liters of alcohol with fusel oil content not exceeding 1.17%. The mealy fruit pulp can be fried; by adding it to flour, one can produce various tasty, sweet pastries. A satisfactory honey plant. Oleaster honey is amber- colored and very aromatic. According to Mirzoyan, a powder made of the mealy part of the fruit, which he calls ''pshagin,'' serves as a substitute for astringent medicaments in treating gastroenteritic complaints. In fall the leaves contain 150—250mg% vitamin C (ascorbic acid), in May 27.2 [sic ] mg% (according to other data 251.6—328.2 mg%). Oil from flowers is obtained by enfleurage; the pomade contains about 2% oil. Use in perfumery and cos- metics should be encouraged. 61006 1 392 524 925 The plant yields a gum which is suitable for use in the textile industry for calico printing. (Grossgeim, Rast. res. Kavk. (1946) 16, 47, 63, 84,179, 242, 312, 332). Oleaster gum commands high prices. The bark and foliage are excellent tanning materials. The wood is of considerable value; it is used for posts, beams and various objects of domestic use, and also in production of musical instruments. The upper part of the trunk and the branches make excellent firewood. Oleaster is widely used for hedges, forest reclamation and sand fixing. It is of great ornamental value on account of its silvery foliage, its very fragrant flowers, and its yellowish-brown fruit (Vv. A. Vyshenskii in Rast. res. Turkm. SSR, 1 (1935)). 3. FE. orientalis L. Mant. Pl. (1767) 41; Sosnovsk. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Mie: 30 Grosse, Wal Wkavixe MilL;o3a- imeem a siléd>. jr Ress -7Melt (ie4g)i sale Pehlomiens is) var, 7 Mob. ly taur.-caue, 1(1808)) lias E.hortensis var. latifolia Koch in Linnaea, XXII (1849) 615.— E.hor - tensis y orientalis Schlecht. in DC. Prodr. XIV (1856-1857) 609. — E.hortensis subsp. continentalis Sery. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2. VIIL, 6 (1908) 383; Ej. Mon. Elaeagn. 82.— E.angustifolia C. Koch, Wench (4 872) 390: pa»pisbBoisss) HM yor] Vi, 1056)\p. pu aan ms (aioe: munjoudaile nities (Outen) ineir. Be Siwoe (088%) 23850 EY an gust miodine Ves Dia OSC. Kieischn: /Maubholzkg iM (1912), 410;— Ie:: Fall. Fl. Ross. Palo wos am Beco es nG. oR. H. NOS ASS Ale 3a. A shrub or tree, ca. 3m high, with reddish-brown bark, and with spines 1.5—2 ecm long or unarmed; leaves and young branchlets silvery-white, densely covered with round stellate scales; leaves ovate-oblong, oval, oval- lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, 5; 5rem lonow0i(=2 emul noad, or small, 1.5—1.7mm [?] long (f. sphaerocarpa Litw.), obtuse, petiole Os5—1 em lone, Ye—" length of blade; flowers on pedicels 2—2.5mm long, fragrant, 1—3 in leaf axils; perianth campanulate, 7.5—8 mm long, or large, 0.8—1cm long (f. culta Litw.), or smaller, 0.5cm long (f. spontanea Litw.), silvery-white, densely covered with stellate scales and with few small yellowish glands; tube 3.5—4 mm long, 2.5—3.5mm broad; lobes triangular- lanceolate, or lanceolate, acutish, 1-nerved, yellow within, subglabrous, about as long as tube; stamens 4, with short filaments and oblong anthers; drupe ovoid-ovaloid, 1cm long, 0.7cm broad, subglobose to globose, 8mm in diameter (f. sphaerocarpa Litw.) or pedatiform, 1.5cm long, 1cm broad (f. spontanea Litw.), or larger, 2—3cm long, 1.5—-1.8cm broad (f. culta Litw.), unripe silvery, covered with scales, in maturity brown, with few brownish scales, subglabrous; stone oblong, obtuse at both ends or somewhat pointed. May—June. River banks, sea shore, riverside poplar and mixed woods, along irri- gation ditches, Erianthus thickets in river valleys, solonchak steppes, foothills, and mountains (700—2,000m).— Caucasus: S. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Kara K., Mtn. Turkm., Syr D. (Tashkent), Pam.-Al. (Kugitang). Gen. distr.: Iran (N.). Described from ''the Orient.'' Type in London. 593 526 Family CXI. LYTHRACEAE LINDL.* Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, 3—-6-merous, homomorphous or trimorphous; calyx tubular or campanulate, with mostly broad upright teeth and with outer teeth (appendages) alternating with and mostly narrower than calyx-teeth or sometimes wanting; petals 6—4 or fewer, or none; stamens as many as main calyx-teeth or twice as many or rarely fewer, inserted in calyx-tube; ovary incompletely 2—4-locular; ovules numerous; style simple, with capitate stigma, or lacking; capsule membranous, herbaceous or coriaceous, many -seeded, with central placentation, indehiscent (irregularly torn) or dehiscent by 2 valves or more rarely by 4 apical teeth. Perennial or annual plants with opposite, verticillate or alternate leaves; flowers disposed singly or paired in axillary cymes, or in axillary and ter- minal spicate or spicate-paniculate inflorescences. Key to Genera 1. Capsule coriaceous; capsule-valves under microscope (in trans- mitted light) transversely and closely striate ...... 916. Rotala LL. a Capsule herbaceous or membranous; capsule-valves not striate ... 2. PagiCapsculervindeliseenti(ieresulariya bursting) ot! 22). ee eee 3. + Capsulletdehiscent by 2 valviesron. 4 aprealsieetliwy aire) octane aenten ene 4, 3. Flowers in (1)3 to many-flowered axillary cymes; calyx with 4 teeth and 4 appendages (these often lacking).......... 917. Ammania L. as Flowers solitary in the leaf axils; calyx with 6 teeth and 6 appendages; APPCMGA Ce SASOMNCt InMeismialekeimeo.) Sey.) a0 ail bo) eebagenee ar Gee Pepilts iE: A VeaGansuleyopening by; 4 apical teeta sa) any. 919. Middendorfia Trautv. at CapsMleyopenim My PA MVE Seem Acero. | wikiley alien eas 920. Lythrum L. Genus 916. ROTALA** L. L. Mant. II (1771) 175 Flowers small, 3—6-merous; calyx hemispherical, campanulate or tubular, with or without setaceous appendages (outer teeth); petals persistent, more rarely caducous or wanting; stamens 1—6; ovary sessile or borne on very short stalk; style short or lacking; capsule coriaceous, septicidal, valves (under microscope in transmitted light) transversely finely and closely striate. Aquatic or paludose, annual or rarely perennial, glabrous plants, commonly with opposite or verticillate leaves. The genus Rotala contains about 50 species, mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Two species of the section Euantiorotala Koehne occur in the USSR as weeds of rice paddies. * Treatment by K.S. Afanas'ev, except for the genus Lythrum L, ** From Latin rota — wheel, from the whorled leaves of R. verticillaris L. 394 527 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with blunt or more or less cordate base, l-nerved; calyx with setaceous appendages 3—4times Bsmlonc as Calyocteeth by Gives oye: 1. R. densiflora (Roth) Koehne. iF Leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, with cuneate base, pinnately veined; Galy< unappendarery! i, oii i OL is, 2. R.indica (Willd.) Koehne. 1. R. densiflora (Roth) Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 164 et in Pflanzenr. IV,2165,35.—Ammania densiflora Roth in Roem. et Schult. Syst. III (1818) 304; Roth, Nov. sp. Ind. or. 99. Annual; stem erect, rarely ascending, simple or, mainly in upper part, branched, 4-angled, thickish below, 10—30cm high; leaves sessile, linear- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with blunt or more or less cordate base, lower acuminate, upper obtusish, revolute-margined, prominent midrib beneath, 6—35 mm long, 1.5—6 mm broad; inflorescences spicate, terminal and axillary; flowers small, 3-6-merous, mostly 5-merous; calyx campa- nulate, 1—2 mm long, with broadly triangular teeth, setaceous appendages 3—4 times as long as or rarely equaling teeth; petals violet-pink, obovate or oblong-elliptical, rounded or more or less emarginate at apex, rarely subacuminate or toothed, 2—3 times as long as, rarely equaling calyx-teeth; style “/—/; length of ovary: capsule round-ovoid, often subglobose; seeds ovoid or oblong-ovoid, convex on outer side, concave on inner side, yellowish, 0.3—0.5mm long. Fl. August-September; fr. September. Rice paddies. — Centr. Asia: Syr D.,Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Med., Iran, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi., Indonesia. Described from East India. Type in Berlin? 2. R.indica (Willd.) Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 172 et in FileanZenr. Vili 6,40. Sosnovsk. inMat. PlucKavk, ll,9) 305;-Grossey) in! Kavk. III,94.— Peplis indica Willd. Sp. Pl. II (1799) 244.— Amma - nia peploides Spreng. Syst. I (1825) 444; Boiss. Fl. or. II, 742.— Mavele tia tinediea DC. in-Mem. Soc. Gens 1,2 (1826) O2 stale toe wiew AN Erocnan lit (on Hohenwarnime Malyseh. 369: "idb) Ply Ross = ipa on Rotala peploides Boiss. Fl. or. Suppl. (1888) 237.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 262%. Annual; stem ascending, usually curved, branched or simple, thickish and 4-angled in lower part, obscurely 4-angled above, 5-25cm long; leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, cuneate at base, rounded or sometimes mucro- nate, with somewhat wavy andvery narrowly cartilaginous margin, pinnately veined, 7-18 mm long, 2—9mm broad; flowers 4- or 5-merous, subsessile, in short axillary spikes, usually not exceeding leaves; calyx without appendages, narrowly campanulate or rarely tubular, 2—2.5(3) mm long, with triangular acuminate teeth; petals obovate, very small, half as long as calyx- teeth, persistent; style half as long as to equaling ovary; capsule ellipsoid, bilocular, many-seeded; seeds cuneate-ovoid, convex on outer side, 2-angled on inner side, 0.3—0.5mm long. Fl. August—September; fr. September. Ric epaddies. = (Caucasus: Tali: (Centr. Asia: Fam.-Ab. 1 (Gens distr: Iran, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi., Ceylon, Java, Philippines. Described from East India. Type was in Berlin. 395 Genus 917. AMMANNIA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 119 Flowers essentially 4-merous, small, in (1)3-flowered axillary cymes; calyx campanulate or urceolate, after anthesis hemispherical or spherical, herbaceous, 8-nerved; appendages (outer teeth) lacking or mostly short; AY petals 0—4, obovate or orbicular, fugacious; stamens 2—8; ovary sessile, 4 incompletely 2—4-locular; style longer than ovary or stigma subsessile; 528 capsule globose or ellipsoid, thinly membranous, irregularly bursting transversely, many-seeded. Annual plants of mountain bogs glabrous, with erect or slightly ascending stems and opposite leaves. The genus Ammannia contains about 30 species, mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres. A few species also occur much further to the north in Europe and North America, where, as in the USSR, their distribution is apparently connected with rice cultivation. Indeed, the species occurring in the Soviet Union are predominantly weeds of ricefields. All our species belong to the subgenus Euammannia Koehne. 1. Style distinct,as long as or longer than ovary .....-.++-2-+4.. Qi Style very short (less than 0.3 mm),sometimes obsolescent ...... 4, 2. Flowers subsessile; calyx pubescent; capsule included in calyx tube Pee ASE Le) sae re a RR One Es Pe Ree 3. A. pubiflora (Koehne) D. Sosn. a Flowers on well developed, rather long pedicels; calyx glabrous, Ganely soulecullents Capsulesexceedinip calyx |) .) 2) ssh -\-ne e= eee ae Se Calyx 1.5-2.5mm long; capsule 2.5—3mm in diameter; stamens 4—8; Iipaves usually 03 0mam, lone .dilaced abowe midellery: ary larry jeaceeerte MN der cat eate eines THs FONG s MRM iy ac akeeme ye 1. A.arenaria H.B.et K. + Calyx 1-1.5mm long; capsule ca. 1.5mm in diameter; stamens 4; leaves usually 4-20 mm long, not dilated above middle ............ NS nc BS ae OM nee Re A AR One ERR Rey er meee ESE 2. A. multiflora Roxb. 4. Capsule included in calyx tube; calyx slightly pubescent, with large ovate-triangular appendages, these greatly exceeding small calyx-teeth le | Baa Me ASST RAR TOGL Ct SUNBT Ae C Sa 4. A.verticillata (Arduino) Lam. ite Capsule exceeding calyx-tube; calyx glabrous, unappendaged, with large SBT teeth ee ay! Brae RL ea eae een chek sual Ses tlc eyelet Shelb tes bbe alan ae ict fine eal cana ea D. 5. Upper leaves with blunt or subcordate base; flowers sessile; calyx 1.3—2 mm long, teeth equaling or slightly shorter than tube; capsule IEA ea NaaNaal a Ol aNoN bras Mes wee rata uoL swe ema oe erste mei fart 5. A. aegyptiaca Willd. a Upper leaves narrowed toward base; flowers on short pedicels (to 1mm) or subsessile; calyx 1.5mm long, teeth usually half as long as UIgeSs GevOSENle I.) iaaiaal wal (Ohi Naa Kei 5 4 5 beg eae 6. A. viridis Hornem. Section 1. EUSTYLIA Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1 (1881) 244; Pflanzenr. IV, 216, 43—45.— Style 0.3mm long,or slightly longer, slender, 529 filiform; leaves auriculate-cordate, sometimes lower and very rarely middle cuneate; petals always lacking. * Named for Johann Amman, Professor of Botany at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the first half of the 18th century. 396 530 1. A.arenaria H.B. et K. Nov. gen. VI (1823) 150; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. I,95:— A:-auriculata Willd. Hort. Berol. 1 (1806) 7,tab. 7 p.p.; Ldb. Fl, OSes) Ly IZ a2 IBOISS 5 INE ies UL i Gesig VAL hie le Uline Weigel eile Gun Elia ales Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 245; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216, 46; Sosnowski Wate ly Kavi I O07 .— Ie.: Sornye rast Ssokes LM, ol le Bays. -) Herb. Vel. iCaues No: 84. Annual; stem erect, branched or simple, 4-angled, very narrowly winged, 20—75cm high, sometimes thickened in lower part (to 6 mm in diameter) by development of loose air-filled tissue; leaves linear-lanceolate, lower more or less narrowed toward base, others with dilated auriculate-cordate base, usually dilated above middle, subacaulescent, (10)20—30(60) mm long, (2)3-12 mm broad; flowers in axillary (1)3—15-flowered cymes; pedicels of middle flowers 2—5(10) mm long; petals violet, obovate, with short claw; calyx 1.5—2.5(3)mm long, glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent, campanulate-urceolate, hemispherical in fruit, with 4 short triangular teeth; appendages very small or often wanting; stamens 4—8; style to 2—3 mm long; capsule subglobose, 2-3 mm in diameter, exceeding calyx; seeds angular- ovoid, finely and faintly grooved longitudinally, lustrous, convex on the outer side, thickened on the margin, 0.2—0.4mm long. Fl. July—September; fr. August—September (October). Ricefields, marshes and wet places.— Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi., N. Australia, Centr. and S. America, S. Africa. Described from Venezuela. Type in Berlin or in Paris. Note. Two, apparently ecological,forms of A.arenaria occur to- gether in the USSR: (ae. hyrcanica Koehne (l.c.), with a stronger, branched stem, 2—5 mm indiameter atbase, leaves scarcely dilated above middle, and calyx 2—2.5mm long; and (2) f. persica Koehne (1.c.), with a simple, slender stem, 1.5—2(3)mm in diameter at base, leaves dilated above middle, and calyx 2.5—3 mm long. 2. A. multiflora Roxb. Fl. Ind. I (1820) 447; DC. FProdr. III, 79; Boiss. Fl. or. Il, 743; Koehne in Fflanzenr. IV, 216 (1903) 48. Annual; stem simple, slender, 4-angled, scarcely winged, mainly in upper part, with obliquely ascending branches, more rarely simple, 7—-40cm long; lower leaves lanceolate, narrowed toward base, others linear or oblong- linear, auriculate-cordate and dilated at base, subacaulescent, 4—2 0(30) mm long, 1—3(8) mm broad; flowers numerous, small, in axillary 3—7(15—20)- flowered cymes, slender pedicels of middle flowers 2—3(5) mm long; petals violet, obovate; calyx 1—-1.5mm long, campanulate, 4-angled, with triangular acuminate lobes and obsolescent appendages, hemispherical in fruit; stamens 4, equaling or exceeding calyx-lobes; style to 1mm long; capsule subglobose, slightly exceeding calyx; seeds very small, ca. 0.2 mm long, resembling Seeds ion ANairenar ial) hy duly—Aucust. Ricetields and smarshes.— Centr. Asia: !Pam Al” (Gentedisim: Arn = Kurd., Iran, Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi., Ceylon, Australia, Africa, Madagascar. Described from the vicinity of Calcutta. Type in London. Note. A variety widely occurring in the USSR, var. parviflora (DC.) Koehne (DC. 1.c. 78), is distinguished by 3—7-flowered cymes. 397 531 3. A. pubiflora (Koehne) D. Sosn. in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VIII (1915) 165; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,94.— Ammania coccinea subsp. pubiflora Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 250; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216, 50; Sosnovsk. in Mat: Fl: Kavkadil 9.1308. =A. coceineas Boiss. li son: Suppl. (1888) 239. Annual; stem 9—11cm long, erect, branched from middle or from base, with short internodes, terete in lower part, 4-angled above, narrowly serrate- scabrous on angles; leaves lanceolate or linear, auricled, obtusish; flowers subsessile, 1—3 in leaf axils; pedicels of middle flowers obsolescent or rarely 1—2(4) mm long; petals pink, ‘/—'; as long as calyx; calyx 2.5-3mm long, thinly pubescent, urceolate-campanulate, in fruit urceolate-globose, with short, broadly triangular lobes and small appendages often almost equaling teeth; style My as long as ovary; capsule included in calyx-tube; seeds angular-ovoid, lustrous, finely grooved longitudinally, with scattered minute papillae on convex outer side, concave on inner side, 0.2—0.3 mm long. Fl. and fr. August. Wet places.— Caucasus: E.Transc. Endemic. Described from Shirvan Steppe. Type in Leningrad. Section 2. ASTYLIA Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 251; Pflan- zenr. IV, 216, 43—50.— Style less than 0.3 mm long or lacking, very rarely to 1mm long,thick; leaves rarely all auriculate-cordate; petals often wanting. 4, A-verticillata (Arduino) Lam. Encyel. 1 (1783) 134,exel. var. B: aman eli tae, hy os DO ie rodrstlil iO yeBO1ssh walatorh (ue a(eiorpescle synon. A,a2egy pilaca; Koehne in) Pilanzenr. IV, 216; 5is%shmalla. ie Yuzhn Ross, 1, 3607; Sosnovsk. in Mat. Fl. Kavky Il 95i309); sGrosssiaie Kavk Il, Sos4— Cornelia viertnei ll atayArduino;, Animadv. tspecinenlt (1764) 9,tab.1.— Ammania salicifolia Monti,Comm. Acad. Bonon. V,1 opuse. (1767) 112,non Hiern.— A.caspica M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 4903 (lid; DE. Prodrt IMS718: = Avic’asip vay Hohen WwEnum eilalysen: GSS Wel33. pp. A glabrous, glaucescent annual; stem erect, sometimes slightly ascending, simple or, more rarely (mainly in lower part) branched, terete in lower part, 4-angled above, scarcely winged, 7—20(28)cm long; leaves opposite (some - times partly in whorls of 3), oblong, lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, acute, lower narrowed toward base, upper with blunt base, thickish, scabrous-mar- gined, often reflexed after anthesis, 10—25(30)mm long, (2)3—7 mm broad; flowers small, sessile, crowded in dense (1)3—7-flowered axillary cymes; calyx 1.5—-2 mm long, puberulous, campanulate, in fruit globose-campanulate; appendages large, ovate-triangular, usually spreading, greatly exceeding small calyx-teeth; petals 0—4, red, fugacious; stamens 4, equaling calyx- tube; seeds cuneate-ovoid or oblong-ovoid, lustrous, and finely grooved longitudinally on outer side, concave on inner side, 0.3—0.5 mm long. Ricefields and wet places. — European part: L.V.; Caucasus: E. Transc.; reported in the literature for Centr. Asia (Turkmenistan, Gasan Kuli) and Bl. (Dnepropetrovsk Region). Gen. distr.: W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., MaMmMovicunrd., Iran. Described tieom italy, 53i2 5. A. aegyptiaca Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. I (1809) 167; DC. Prodr. Ill, 78.— A.caspia Hohen. Enum. Talysch. (1838) 133,p.p.; Ldb. FI. Rosse lg 2b peo. Sal wero lara iver. tmeoOliv.. il. trop, /Atr 211 (1871) 478, excl. synon.,non Monti; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II, Sse Anau aici lata 8. stubs,es sil ts, Boiss., .PL..om.) 1, 743)exel, synon.— A.baccifera subsp. aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 259, 260; Pflanzenr. IV, 216,55; Sosnovsk. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Meeks 0 Grossi fl. qigavik., LILI 9a: A glabrous, glaucescent annual; stem erect, rarely slightly ascending, usually divaricate-branched, terete in lower part, 4-angled above, scarcely winged, (8)15—30(60)cm long; leaves narrowly oblong, oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, lower cuneate-attenuate toward base, upper blunt or sub- cordate at base, often reflexed in fruit, thickish, scabrous-margined, 10—30(70) mm long, (2)4—10(16) mm broad; flowers small, sessile or rarely subsessile, in 1—3-many-flowered dense axillary cymes; petals lacking; calyx 1.3-—2mm long,broadly campanulate, with triangular teeth equaling or slightly shorter than tube, without appendages, glabrous; stamens 4, equaling or slightly shorter than calyx-teeth; capsule reddish, 1.5—2.5 mm in diameter, subglobose, exceeding calyx; seeds angular-ovoid, finely grooved longitudinally, lustrous, concave-convex, 0.3—0.4mm long. Fl. and fr. jily—pOctober. Ricefields and wet places.— European part: L.V.; Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: W. and E. Med., Arm.-Kurd., India, N.and Centr. Africa. Described from Egypt. Type in Berlin. 6. A.viridis Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1 (1813) 146; DC. Prodr. III, 80.— MEReicl cake cia, Roxb. Fl. ind, 1 (1820) 447: DC. loc, 78: = Aeba cer femadriern. in-@liv. Fl. trop. Afr.) 111871) 478,.p.p. nom Ls —Avbacei-— Pemankoiss. Hl. or.) Suppl.) (1888)239.p.p.— A. ¢ a's pia db: El Ross: iy 125,n0n M28. p.p.— A. bac cifer a subsp.. viridis) (Hornem:) Koetme in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 259,260; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216,55; sosnovsk. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9,310; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 95. Annual; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, often curved, terete in lower part, 4-angled above, 10—30(50)cm long; leaves oblong, oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the upper tapered toward base but blunt at point of insertion, others cuneate-attenuate toward base, thickish, 16—25(50) mm long; flowers small, subsessile or on pedicels to 1mm long, in rather dense axillary cymes; petals wanting; calyx 1.5mm long,broadly campanulate, glabrous, triangular acuminate teeth half as long as tube or slightly longer; appendages wanting; stamens 4, equaling or slightly shorter than calyx- teeth; capsule 1.5mm in diameter, subglobose, somewhat exceeding calyx; seeds angular-ovoid, finely punctate, grooved longitudinally, concavo-convex, ca. 0.3mm long. Fl. July—August. Ricefields and wet places.— European part: L.V.; Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: W. and E.Med., Arm.-Kurd., Iran, India, Jap.-Chi., Philippines. Described from cultivated specimens. Type in Copenhagen. 399 533 534 Genus 918. PEPLIS* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 332 Flowers 3—6-merous; calyx broadly campanulate or hemispherical, } subherbaceous, in our species 6-toothed, with 6 subulate appendages (outer Hi teeth), these sometimes lacking; petals small, obovate, promptly caducous or none; stamens 2—6; ovary sessile, subglobose, 2-locular; style short; capsule globose, many-seeded, irregularly bursting. Low annual plants of meadows or marshes, with numerous small flowers borne singly in axils of the opposite or alternate leaves. The genus Peplis contains 4 species, distributed in Europe, N. Africa, N. and S. America. The three species growing in the USSR all belong to the subgenus Eupeplis Boiss. (Fl. or II, 741); the monotypic subgenus Didiplis (Raf.) Koehne (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 263) occurs only in North America. 1. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, linear-spatulate or sublinear, usually Sho RracunMiimaberistarmelisman yy... Neh'es fea aratre aoe J. Plakternitolia iin: ay Leaves decussate, obovate or spatulate, rounded-obtuse at apex; SHUMNCTIS! WSTLCNM GMAT Woe SPN Laake se en ales aoe et Generis ae a Be 2. Calyx campanulate,teeth as long as tube; style in fruit very short; glabrous plants or sometimes angles in upper part of stem, calyx and mat oms Oiupper leaves sparsely hainy nw: {ki a) Giaran. 2. P.portula L. a Calyx cylindric-campanulate, teeth about one-third as long as tube; style in fruit to 2mm long; angles of stem, calyx and margins of upper leaves covered with numerous short, reflexed, slightly uncinate, (LENO MMOS Sua NOS AR, Louie os Mc ee cert eR tat Tea es Lae 3. P.hyrcanica Sosn. ie yalternitolianvie Hl tauricaucs lil (189) \a07: sic aa osieeie ia chimalWor nls 1. 3o/s koehne in, Pilanz ene) 1Vi72 16.7583) Sosnovis) anual Mate Vn kWevieemilineioil2s) medeb® Rast. Turk 586: Grosse. Silky ean smiiie oy iccyglae LEZ aio MeSlne Vie Rho 3. ioc) - 1G. eds Nowa Gre Annual; stem branched from base, rarely simple, procumbent, ascending or erect, 2—10(15)cm long; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, linear - spatulate, rarely sublinear, short-acuminate or sometimes subobtuse, gradually narrowed into petiole, light green, (3)6—12(14) mm long, (0.7)1— 1.5(2)mm broad; flowers solitary in leaf axils, on pedicels 0.5—1 mm long; bracts scarious, Subulate-linear, slightly shorter than or sometimes equaling calyx; calyx broadly campanulate, 1-1.5mm long, teeth narrowly triangular, terminating in reddish glands; appendages subulate or subfiliform, shorter to Slightly longer than teeth; petals lacking; stamens 2, usually inserted at base of calyx-tube; style short; capsule globose, very slightly exceeding calyx, thinly membranous, often raspberry-red; seeds obovoid, concavo- convex, 0.2—0.3mm long. Fl. June—August; fr. July—September. Inundated and wet meadows, wet places near springs and water courses, boggy sites along forest borders, forest glades, etc. — European part: Worls@l., Us Diao. , IN. IDinjyo.., Wo=!DoOm, Weems. Biles Ibi, Dom, Ibe W.3 Caucasus Ey iranse.; W.siberia: Us Lob., Gt.,,Alt.; Centr.Asia>, Ar.-Caso.spallcines T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from plants grown in the Gorenki Botanical Garden. Type in Leningrad. * Plant name occurring in Pliny’s writings. 400 535 Dee portale TeySpy woledy(1 753) 03323) Mas. el etaur.-cauc.) Ill, 276: Posse) WoL) dil se Ross) shite: Shamallton Plea ws 674. Koehne ; Pilanzenrc. /EViw26.\5 i: ~sosnovsk.) in) Mat.’ Hil. Kavk? Ill, 9, 3125 ‘Grosse.)/H!. eaves Win Oboe Keyl yaaa Sie VNU Ose) le. :syrers helas Is Bile Moss Sub ISCO) "xs 7G... Non l465. Annual; stem branched, procumbent or ascending, often reddish, 2-—20cm long; leaves opposite, obovate or spatulate, rounded at apex, gradually narrowed at base into short petiole, light green, 6-15mm long, 2-9 mm broad; flowers solitary in leaf axils, on pedicels 0.5—1 mm long; bracts 2, linear, scarious, whitish, equaling or slightly shorter than calyx; calyx campanulate, 1.5—2.5mm long, herbaceous; teeth triangular, acuminate, two-thirds as long as to almost equaling tube, terminating in reddish glands and usually uncinately inflexed; appendages subulate, shorter than to equaling teeth, sometimes partly or wholly lacking; petals small, not exceeding calyx-teeth, obovate, white or pink, fugacious; stamens 6, inserted in calyx- tube at 4—', its height; style very short in fruit; stigma subsessile; cap- sule many-seeded, globose, thinly membranous, often raspberry-red, usually greatly exceeding calyx; seeds obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, 0.5—0.6 mm long, outer side convex, finely grooved longitudinally, inner side concave. Fl. June—August; fr. July—September. Marshes, meadows, wet places (shores of lakes, rivers and water courses, forest roads, etc.).— European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., U. V., V.-Ka., U. Dnp. (W.), M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., Bl., L. Don; also reported for the Caucasus (?); W.Siberia: Ob. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., W. Med., Am. (Mexico)?,S. Am. (Valdivia). Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Sa way Geanicasoosn. maint Vestine itl) Bot. Sada ewllOmV, el veance2 (1917—1918);3; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 96. Annual; stem 5—15cm long, ascending or rarely erect, branched, some- times simple, 4-angled, lower part glabrous, upper part and branches covered, mainly on angles, with short, stiff, white, slightly hooked, papillose hairs (clearly visible under a lens); leaves opposite, obovate or oblong- obovate, cuneate-attenuate toward base, rounded at apex; upper leaves covered, especially above, with scattered, short, stiff, papillose hairs, margin roughened with antrorse hairs; flowers solitary in axils, on pedicels 0.5-1mm long; bracts subulate-filiform, scarious, whitish, as long as or shorter than calyx; calyx cylindrical-campanulate, 2-3 mm long, with short white hairs mainly on nerves, triangular subacute teeth about one-third as long as tube, small subulate appendages shorter than teeth; petals none (?); stamens usually 6; style 1-2 mm long in maturity; capsule ellipsoid, slightly exserted when ripe. Fr. May—June. Wet places.— Caucasus: Tal. (Lenkoran). Endemic. Described from Lenkoran. Type in Tbilisi; cotype in Leningrad. Genus 919. MIDDENDORFIA* Trautv. Trautv. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. 1X (1841) 153 Flowers small, 6-merous; calyx broadly campanulate, 12-nerved, with 6 upright teeth and 6 narrower spreading outer teeth [appendages]; corolla * Named after the Kiev professor, later Academician, A. Middendorf. 401 536 usually wanting, occasionally some orbicular clawless petals present; stamens 6, inserted at base of calyx; ovary sessile, many-seeded; style elongated, persistent; capsule 2-locular, membranous, dehiscing by 4 apical teeth. Small annual meadow plants, with erect or procumbent stem and solitary sessile flowers in axils. The genus contains 2 species, distributed in the south of the European part of the USSR, in W. Siberia, as well as in Algeria and S. France. The genus Middendorfia is very closely related to the genus Lythrum. In monographic treatment of the family Lythraceae as a whole, it would probably be most appropriate to incorporate it into the genus Lythrum asa separate subgenus Middendorfia (Trautv.) Afan. 1. M.borysthenica (M.B.) Traute. in Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. IV (1845) AGO ido eh Ross. Mol24s Kryli OP Alte 443 Pre pllis ea brone yisit lacie nica M.B. ex Bess. Enum. Volh. (1822) 81; Boiss. Fl. or. II, 742,in adnot.— Atm mania s boy sthinvenilcanrhischy inc Dey er ogi lik (1828) 78.— Lythrum nummulariifolium var. borysthenicum Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 310; Pflanzenr. IV, 216 (1903) 63; Shmal'g. Fl. 1,368.— Lythrum borysthenicum Litw. in Maevsk. Fl., Ed. 5 (1917) 209 Kryl. Ply Zap Sib] Vil (1935)'1955; Maevskil PY, Ed. 7,524%—le-: eciuibve mle Ceerbaloe MWe = Ease whyedihs INO Zthay A yellowish-green annual, sparsely covered with short bristlelike hairs; stem erect, aScending or procumbent, (2)3—6(15)cm long, terete or obscurely angled in lower part, 4-angled above, with short branches taking root; leaves in lower and middle part of stem and lower branches opposite, others alternate, obovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, gradually narrowed toward base, sessile, entire, 5-12 mm long, (1.5)2—3(5) mm broad; flowers solitary in axils, on very short pedicels (usually less than 0.5mm long), subtended by 2 subulate-linear scarious whitish bracts 1—1.5mm long; petals usually wanting; occasional, mostly solitary petals purple, ovate-orbicular, clawless; calyx broadly campanulate, 2—2.5(3)mm long; calyx-teeth 6,triangular or ovate-triangular, upright, ca.0.5mm long; appendages 6,as long, narrower, somewhat spreading; stamens 6; style with stigma 0.3—0.5 mm long, ovary several times longer; capsule round-ovaloid, 1.5—2(2.5) mm long, many - seeded, dehiscing by 4 apical teeth; seeds angular -ovoid, concavo-convex, 0.3-—0.4mm long. Fl. andfr. May—August. Inundated meadows and wet places in river valleys.— European part: UsDnp.) Mi) np.) Bl. Vv s-Donis Won, Lav.) Wi siberar) ist.) SDeseriedmacormn So) RUSSiay ss lype in’ weninerad: Genus 920. LYTHRUM* L.** L. Sp. pl. (1753) 476 Calyx tubular, more rarely tubular-campanulate, with 6—4, sometimes very short teeth and as many outer teeth alternating with them; petals 6—4, * From Greek ludron — blood, probably alluding to occasional dark red coloring of flowers, and perhaps the former use of the plant as a styptic agent. ** Treatment by O.A. Murav'eva. 402 i YO 4 A GS Ne ON . N aay N "(oe yy Von y WW we ‘ oN Ag " WY J i / i) WP J WV p Ze, \ f ® WP Wn) ) WEE, Uy I’ zi C,\y W [NY yy 1 (PRY. WEL él ee , 7 PLATE XXVI. 1—Lythrum salicaria L., calyx with petals and leaf; 2— L. virgatum L., calyx with petals, leaf, calyx with stamens and pistil; 3 — L. intermedium Ldb., calyx with bract; 4 — L. komaro- vii Murav., habit, stamens, pistil, petal, capsule, fruiting calyx; 5 — L. nanum Kar. et Kir., habit, flower, stamens, pistil, capsule outside view of calyx; 6—L.tribracteatum Salzm., upper part of stem, flower, fruiting calyx, capsule, stamens, pistil; 7 —L. thesioides M.B., habit, stamens, pistil, fruiting calyx; 8 — L. linifolium Kar, et Kir., fruiting calyx, calyx with petals, pistil, stamens; 9 —-L. hyssopifoliumL., fruiting calyx, pistil, capsule; 10 — L. thymifolium L.,, habit, flower, flower in section, capsule, fruiting calyx. 403 539 inserted at the top of the calyx-tube, very rarely (sometimes in L.thesioi- des M.B.) petals lacking; stamens 2—12, inserted in calyx-tube; style with capitate stigma, shorter to longer than ovary, or sometimes style obsolescent; capsule 2-locular, many-seeded, dehiscent by 2 valves. Perennial and annual herbs; flowers in paniculate-spicate inflorescences, or else solitary or paired in axils of floral leaves. 1. Flower homeomorphous,* usually 1 or 2 in axils of floral leaves; annual plants (subgenus 1. Hyssopifolia** Koehne) ....... Dr. + Flowers trimorphous,t forming narrow spicate-paniculate inflores- cences consisting of cymes, in axils of upper leaves; perennial plants (Gubeenuse2.0 Salic am tasikochine) yy... ¢-is) cys laeie ate eee ie 2. Outer and inner calyx-teeth about same length, very short (less than : Goin) wolents yellowish -ereen )) aly weeee.. Ae). Byes eae Be i fe Outer calyx-teeth several times length of inner; plants grayish- TLECHVOPUMIAMICESC CME Tac /5 pel ss Heol cle ie ef od hie ooo) nih =) (m eeeemtelb 5. 3. Calyx narrowly tubular, 5—6.5mm long, 0.5-1mm broad; fruiting calyx usually narrowed below teeth; stamens inserted at various levels) of calyx-tubes capsule ca.4 mm long imam broaden tte) ene fae) wer uns ath oe Hey A tage ei AR Cas act 1. L.tribracteatum Salzm. os Calyx tubular or cylindric, 3.5(6) mm long, 1.5-2 mm broad; fruiting calyx not narrowed above; capsule 3-5mm long, 1.5—2mm broad.... AEN Nedi sid 8G ogulSinleMabeae «canoer Ses geri ewe tte age.le ct Woh Re lout RS WA oA a a ae 4s 4. Aplant with simple, sparingly branched stem, 2—l2cm high; stamens inserted in calyx-tube at one level; capsule cylindrical, 3—3.9mm eravey They canal loitoxeKelt eS arcnee oo. gvoln Comes D 2.) 1a. nanan Karr iete king is A larger plant, 13—20cm high, much branched; stamens inserted at Slightly different levels; capsule oblong or elongate -ovoid, 3—4(5) mm NOTaS 1 -B—a2) laatiag ee sco oe eisee co Bee Ore © 3. L.komarovii Murav. 5. Style very short, about equaling stigma; calyx campanulate or tubular- campanulate; flowers solitary and in pairS ......-+.2.+-+2.4.- Gr DANO! sh Style conspicuous, 1-4mm long; calyx tubular or cylindrical .... 7. 6. Capsule ovaloid, rarely obovoid, ca. 1mm long and 0.5mm broad; petals ca. 1mm long, 0.5mm broad, or wanting; Europe .........-: tee PL RRS Jegie ERE, iateea ae ol Recs ae EAS UL oMShy data. ghee es 4. L.thesioides M.B. ty Capsule ovaloid-cylindrical, 2.5—3 mm long, 1-1.95mm broad; petals eal 2mm Jong, 1.5—2 mm broad; Asia’... 5. lL. linifolium Kar yet ug 7. Ripe capsule exserted nearly My QO) CACM eNOS Gln c Banyo alolc no 3 SMR. hale Nie A Nie Reba to: OUPUmeM RR tea Ae, atte Lg ba ale 7. L.theodori Sosn. aly Ripe Capsulewiinc Inia ecwitame alivex UOC, aieiite, a) a. alee eM rea enen ts Meee 8. 8. Flowers 4-merous; calyx 3—-3.5mm long, 0.5mm broad; stamens 2; capsule 2.5—-3 mm long, 0.5—1mm broad; leaves narrowly linear, 0.5—-1mm broad (very rarely to2.5mm) ...... 10, IL. thymifolia L. * Styles and stamens are alike in all plants of a given species. ** Am extensive survey of material in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR brought to light numerous errors in identification of certain Lythrum species of the sub- genus Hyssopifolia Koehne which are very similar in aspect. Such mistakes can be easily avoided if one takes into account the diagnostic characters that are essential in these species: style length, relationship between length of style and capsule, dimensions of outer and inner calyx-teeth, size of capsule, number of stamens and their mode of insertion. + Plants of the same species differing in length of their styles and stamens. 404 541 + Flowers larger, 5-6-merous; stamens more than 2; leaves larger... 9. Stamens slightly exserted at anthesis; calyx 4—7 mm long, sulcate, Olten wathcoloredinervies;) capsule Gmm lone; 2542) minm broad i... Pen rtien Meee) Pater ce eaaity coat ce AMS that cathale attends 9. L.silenoides Boiss. et Noé. ats Stamens always included in calyx-tube; flowers and capsule smaller oe Pe ses Deen athe OMe ASS a ete) SEN, Sa Ns ial a at Ae A NR Cae Le Re Ray LDR ee AL INOS 10. Style in fruit several times shorter than capsule; calyx 4—5mm long; capsuleicas-mm one; sarherbaceous plant i6-754:e nail eile as) ee eee Sy oi Bau aay ge Can Nah ptar oOo ab cir) Le a Re A eM 6. L.hyssopifolia L. al Style in fruit about equaling capsule; a larger plant, 35—65cm high, much branched, stems woody at base.... 8. L.schelkovnikovii Sosn. 11. Outer calyx-teeth about as long as inner; leaves gradually narrowed toward base: sayelabrowsiplantiy Spciiss. sR yells. 13. L.virgatum L. 3 Outer calyx-teeth narrower and much longer than inner; leaves BO MACSAKO TACOMA eat Maas SNA RM soi em UN eT NT Soy Sh he i Ly Sa ce ieee IZA 12. Plant glabrous all over, except for ciliolate bracts and leaves ...... SUR encarta ocMehe, MECSEIREM aah We Gagien ok RORk oh ts cc Jet Ee cae, 12. L.intermedium Ldb. an Bracts, at least on their underside, and calyx more or less pubescent; sometimes whole plant densely pubescent ..... ll. L. salicaria L. Subgenus 1. Hyssopifolia Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 318; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216 (1903)59, 61.— Annual plants; flowers small, homeomorphous, solitary or paired in axils of floral leaves. Section 1. SALZMANNIA Koehne in Engl. Jahrb. I (1881) 312; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216 (1903) 60, 64.— Calyx tubular; outer and inner calyx- teeth very short (less than 0.5mm), about same length; flowers (4)5—6- merous; stamens (4)5—12. tobe wea ibrAGCTE AW Al Murray. Calyx narrowly tubules. trewat ine calyx narrowed below teeth. 1. L.tribracteatum Salzm. in Benth. Catal. (1826) 98,nom.; Spreng. Syst. IV,2, Cur. Post. (1827) 190; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 64; Kryl. Pilg) Zaph Sibs Viti Qoas.(shmalles El. 1/3685 Sosnovsk.) in), Matwanly ian i Srottoy Grosser Hl vivavic smo i.e thy mst ot ays maka tosc Nb) Ge Prodi ihe(@is23)"6i°—) L bulb riacteat wm) Salzm lex! DEG lMie)uinitsya leva area heya GONe iss jn aioe) C2 Ts. nal ic) roto iKance etaiince im Bulls) Socs Nats Mose. X1V (1841) 421; Lidb. Fl) Ross.? 1) 126.53 sb i= bracteatum Gren.et Godr. Fl. Fr. I (1848) 595.— L.salzmanni Jord. Obs. fragm. V (1847) 42.— L.dibracteatum Guss. Fl. Sicul. Synops. I (1842) DZGni aene Gi Bee. ex Claus in Beitr. “Pil puss: Reichs vill (1851) 64; Shmal's. Ivc.=)l. sephiae Klok. in'Tr. Stepnogo inst!/Ask. Nova (1931—1932) — Ic.: Koehne,1l.c. No. 63,f.8,B.— Exs.: Fl. Hung. exs. No. 380; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 481. 405 p42 Annual; stems 5—3lcm high, 4-ribbed in upper part, usually branched from base; branches obliquely ascending or (more rarely) divaricate; flower-bearing spurs often produced in axils of inflorescence leaves; leaves alternate, linear, occasionally oblanceolate, narrowed toward base, obtuse or mucronulate, 6-12 mm (rarely to 20mm) long, 1-3 mm (rarely to 6 mm) broad; margin of leaves, midrib beneath and angles in upper part of stem scabrous; flowers solitary in leaf axils, on very short pedicels (to 0.5mm); calyx sub- tended by 2 linear ciliate-margined bracteoles, these equaling calyx or only half as long (yar. clamidiol ike Koehne) or very small, narrow, eciliate, ca.0.5mm long (var. salzmanni Koehne); calyx 5—6.5mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, narrowly tubular, in fruit usually narrowed below teeth; calyx-teeth 8—12,ca.0.5mm long, triangular, outer narrower, about as long or slightly longer than inner; calyx often purple-tinged; corolla violet; petals 4—6, 1—3 mm long, 0.5—1 mm broad, oblong, obtuse or attenuate at apex; stamens 4—6, inserted at different levels (anterior slightly above posterior); pistil to 4mm long; style ca.2mm long (about length of ovary); capsule narrowly cylindrical,ca.4mm long and not more than 1mm broad, included in calyx- tube. Fl. and fr. June—October. (Plate XXVI, Figure 6.) Solonetzic meadows, margins of bogs, banks of rivers and irrigation ditches, and shores of solonetzic lakes.— European part: Bl., Crim., L. Don, lL. V.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc. (vicinity of Novorossiisk), . E. Transc. (Baku, Kuba area); W.Siberia: U. Tob. (S.W.), Irt. (S.); Centr. Asiag Am. Gasp, Amu D.SDzu7=-Tarbsi-Gen. distr? s Med», Ss; Eur. sNaAtas inch Desemibeduigom Swbrance. ge lype) in Mondon? Note. M.V.Klokov described specimens from Askaniya-Nova [Ascania- Nova], resembling L.tribracteatum Salzm.,as a new species, L.so- phiae. Morphological examination of these plants did not, however, dis- close any Significant deviations from L.tribracteatum, except for taller stems with appressed lateral branches. We do not think, therefore, that there are sufficient grounds for assigning a specific name to the ''ascanian'’ plants. Series 2. Nana Murav.— Fruiting calyx cylindrical, not constricted above. Zo we nanun Kar, cuir in aula soc. Nat. Moses Salvi (hese) 42. Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 127; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 64; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Si, Will 1956 ;) Sosnovsieyiin Mat: (Pl. Kavk4 Ill, 9; 3 iva Shmial ots skuleeae soa Grosse. Bil Kayk. le Soa liom icu aint hu militar iet, Kites Wie Nema ace. db we cas lietlexnicaule,sehrenk invBull. Acad. Pétercsbyall(@le24) LG telus Liawcesicie ns) sehrenky ll ros A light green, smooth annual; stems 2—10(12)cm long, erect or flexuous (v. flexicaule Trautv.), 4-ribbed in upper part, simple or little branched; leaves alternate, lower sometimes opposite, elongate-elliptical or oblong, gradually tapered toward base, obtuse, 5-12 mm long, 1-2.5mm broad; flowers solitary in axils, on pedicels to 1mm long; calyx subtended by 2 linear bracteoles to 1mm long; calyx tubular, 3.5—4.5 mm long, ca. 1.5(2) mm in diameter (in upper part of tube), slightly enlarged upward in anthesis, cylindric in fruit; calyx teeth 8(10—12), to 0.5mm long, inner 406 54:3 slightly longer than outer, broadly triangular, whitish-scarious, often mucro- nulate, outer narrow, green; corolla pink, more rarely white; petals 4—6, elliptical, sometimes rounded at apex,ca.2mm long, 1-1.5mm broad; sta- mens 5—8(10—12), all inserted in tube at same level; pistil 2—3 mm long; style mostly half length of ovary,ca.1mm long; capsule cylindrical, ca. 3.5 (rarely 4)mm long, 1—1.5mm broad. May—August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 5.) Wet solonetzic places, river banks and lake shores.— W. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Alt. Described from Dzungaria, between Uzun-bulak and frontier post Gor'kii Piket. Type in Leningrad. Note. Reports by a number of Russian and foreign authors concerning the occurrence of this plant in the European part (Krasnoarmeisk) and in the Caucasus (Temryuk) are incorrect. Hybrids with L.tribracteatum are formed in the area of contact (Western Kazakhstan). This species differs from typical L.tribracteatum Salzm. in shape and size of calyx and capsule, and in the stamens all being inserted in the calyx-tube at the same level asvagainsti different insertion levels\in the case of LL. trivbimaet ear tum. on komarovil Murray. in Uchi zap. en. ‘Gos. univ, seri Biolope ysis No. 62 (1940) 3.-—L.nanumf. ramosissima Iljin in sched. — Ic.: Murav. ese A much branched, glabrous annual, 13—20cm high; main stem often prostrate at base, lateral branches ascending; leaves alternate, oblong - linear, obtuse, slightly tapered toward base, 4-12 mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad; flowers solitary in axils; pedicels almost obsolete; bracteoles at base of calyx 2,very small,ca.0.5mm long, linear, scarious; calyx often reddish, tubular, slightly enlarged upward at anthesis, cylindrical and not narrowed upward in fruit, 5—6 mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad; inner calyx teeth 5 or 6, ca. 0.5mm long, broad- ovate, Scarious, with midnerve, point-tipped; outer teeth as many, green, narrow, Slightly shorter than inner; corolla pink; petals 5 or 6, elliptical with rounded apex or obovate, 2—2.5 mm long, ca.1.5mm broad; stamens 10—12, inserted in tube at slightly different levels; pistil 2.5—3mm long; style 0.5—1 mm long, about half length of ovary; capsule oblong or elongate-ovoid, 3—4 (rarely to 5mm) long, 1.5(2)mm broad. Fl. and fr. June—August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 4.) Solonchaks, and near lakes and springs.— W. Siberia: Irt. (southeast, solonchaks along Lake Mai-Choke, Mount Kokor', south of the Semipalatinsk). Endemic. Described from locations indicated. Type in Leningrad. Note. L.koOmarovii Murav. is closely related to L.nanum Kar: et Kir, from which it is distinguished by the strongly branched stem, non- uniform level of stamen insertion, and relatively larger capsule. This may be a young species in state of formation, replacing L.nanum Kar.et Kir. at its northeasterly distribution limit. Section 2. EUHYSSOPIFOLIA Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 314; in Pflanzenr. IV,(1903) 59,65.— Cinerescent or grayish-green plants; calyx mostly tubular, enlarged upward only at anthesis, more rarely tubular-cam- panulate; flowers 4—6-merous; stamens 2—12; petals sometimes lacking. 407 544 545 Series 1. Brachystyla Murav.— Style very short, about length of capitate stigma. 4, L.thesioides M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 367; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 1Z6-Shmalto. Hl. E368; Koehnerin lh Manz enim.) \ IVs (1903) 65; Sosnovsk. in Mat VEY havik. ile Oeub33h Grosso. turn laiicerals a Mle Ge A glaucescent annual; stems 20—3lcm high; simple or little branched, angled in upper part; leaves alternate, linear, tapered at both ends, 11-15mm long, 1—2 mm broad; flowers on upper part of stem, solitary in axils, lower mostly paired; pedicels 1—1.5mm long, subtended by 2 almost subulate scarious bracteoles 0.5mm long; calyx campanulate, ca. 3mm long; outer teeth 4 or 5, linear-lanceolate, green, ca. 0.5mm long, greatly exceeding scarious triangular point-tipped inner teeth; corolla pink (?); petals 4 or 5, oval or obovate,ca. 1mm long, 0.5mm broad, often lacking; stamens 4 or 5; pistil 1-1.5mm long; style very short, occasionally stigma subsessile; capsule ovaloid, 1.5—2 mm long, ca. 1mm broad, scarcely exceeding calyx. June—August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 7.) Wet meadows.— European part: L.Don, L. V.; Caucasus: Cisc. (Stav- ropol). Gen. distr.: S.Eur. Described from Caucasian foothills. Type in Leningrad. Note. A rare, little known plant. 5. L.linifolium Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 421; idjote dala vossi. Hh, is Key lee Eh Zape y Sibet Vill iia = deaihnletsmrotieters subsp. linifolium Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 65. A glaucescent annual; stems simple or with ascending branches, angled in upper part; leaves alternate, linear,tapered at both ends, 15—21 mm long, 1.5—3 mm broad, with slightly scabrous margin; rarely lower leaves oblong- elliptical, ca. 20mm long, 12 mm broad, sometimes opposite; flowers soli- tary or paired in leaf axils; pedicels 1.5—2 mm long; the two bracteoles at base of pedicel scarious, subulate,ca. 1mm long; calyx tubular-campanulate, 3—4mm long; outer teeth 4 or 5, green, linear-lanceolate, many times as long as scarious point-tipped inner teeth; petals 4 or 5, pink, oval or obovate, ca. 3mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad; stamens 4 or 5(8); pistil 1.5—2 mm long; style very short, about length of stigma; capsule ovaloid-cylindrical, 2.5—-3mm long, 1—1.5mm broad; ripe capsule slightly exceeding calyx-tube. Fl. and fr. June—August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 8.) Wet meadows, near irrigation ditches, wet sinkholes, and steppes. — W. Siberia: Irt. (S.W.); Centr. Asia; Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Pam.-Al., T. Sh., Kyz.K. (S.),Syr D. Gen. distr.: Iran (Afghanistan). Mong. (N.). De- scribed from Dzungaria. Type in Moscow. Note. Very closely related to the European L.thesioides M:B., from which it is distinguished by larger petals and calyx and by shape and Size of capsule. In flowering state, it resembles L.hyssopifolia L., but differs from it in having a very short style, longer pedicels, and fre- quently paired flowers (flowers of L.hyssopifolia being always soli- tary in leaf axils). In the illustration presented by Koehne (1. c.), which apparently refers to L.linifolium Kar.et Kir., the capsule is erroneously shown as opening by four reflexed teeth. In actual fact, dehiscence is effected in this species by two valves that sometimes split slightly at apex. 408 546 Series 2. Dolichostyla Murav.— Style conspicuous, 1-4mm long; flowers solitary in leaf axils. 6. L.hyssopifolia L. Sp. pl. (i583). ae dbl Ross =. 26-9 Siim|aillio: Fl. I, 369; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 65; Sosnovsk. Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, Cp sieeGrossp hilvkavic. MOTs Meyer bls Zap, Siby Vill Toots) lex: pede andunler eis abyriRoOSsS..bioure S20. SiExsteeb ly Pol. exs Nor ,o26. A glaucescent annual; stems 6—34cm high, simple or branched, ribbed in upper part; leaves alternate, sometimes the lower opposite, linear, rarely oblong-elliptical, 6-16 mm (rarely to 25mm) long, 1—3(4)mm broad; flowers solitary in axils,on pedicel ca.1mm long; bracteoles 2, at base of calyx, scarious, subulate, not more than 1mm long; calyx 4—5 mm long, 1-1.5mm broad at throat, tubular, slightly enlarged upward at anthesis; outer teeth4—6, ca.1mm long, erect or spreading; inner teeth much shorter than outer, broadly triangular, point-tipped, scarious; corolla pink; petals 6 (rarely 5—4), 2-3 mm long, 1 mm broad, elliptical or oblong; stamens 5(4—7); pistil 4mm long; style ca.2 mm, equaling or shorter than ovary; capsule cylindrical, 4mm long, 1-1.5mm broad, usually included in calyx or scarcely exserted. Fl. and fr. June-August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 9.) Wet and solonetzic meadows, sandy shores of fresh-water and saline lakes.— European part: U.Dnp., M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transv. (2) 4B Grime DADO Ve iCavcasus -— Wi andihe iRansey, dial sn Wi Siberia sea loD. (SEWo)e iets (Centraisia- WAr.-Casp Balkhy Kara Ki (Wspart)) lyse (Frunze). Gen. distr.: W.Eur.,N. and S. Afr.,N. and Centr. Am., Australia, New Zealand. Described from Germany. Type in London. 7. &.theodori Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1914) 320; Grossg. Fl. enitee, S INU, Ie A glabrous, glaucescent annual; stem 40—60cm long, branched from base; branches long, often prostrate, angled in upper part; leaves oblong-elliptical, slightly tapered toward base or sublinear, 10—15mm long, 2—4mm broad; flowers solitary in axils, on pedicels ca. 1mm long, the two scarious subulate bracteoles at base of calyx ca.1mm long; flowers mostly 5-merous; calyx tubular, slightly enlarged upward at anthesis, 3-4mm long, ca. 1 mm broad, outer teeth linear-lanceolate, green, ca. 1mm long, inner slightly shorter, broadly triangular, scarious, mucronulate; petals pink, elliptical or obovate, 2mm long, 1mm broad; stamens mostly 5; pistil 3-4mm long; style slightly shorter thanovary; capsule almost cylindrical, 4—4.5mm long, ca. 1mm broad, exserted from calyx about "a when ripe. Fl. andfr. July—August. Wet lowland meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Dag., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kara-Kala District). Described from Kuba area. Type in Leningrad. Note. Closeto L.hyssopifolia L., but distinguished from it mainly by the mature capsule exceeding calyx, taller stem, and slightly narrower leaves.) First recorded for Central Asia. 8. L. schelkovnikovii Sosn. in Izv. Kavk. Muzeya, VIII (1914) 167; Crosse initials ginh One Annual?; stems glabrous, 35-65 cm high, woody at base, with prominent lines throughout, strongly branched in upper part; branches upright, virgate, 409 547 sometimes very long (up to 30 cm); bark cinereous-yellow, exfoliating at base; leaves glaucescent, tapering upward, sessile, dilated at base, subcor- date, to 2.5cm long and averaging 2.5mm in width, broadest near base, pin- nately veined, with prominent midrib and faint lateral veins, upper 1-nerved; all leaves entire, with scabrous margin; bracteal leaves resembling cauline, shorter and narrower; flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves, on pedicel 1.5—2 mm long, subtended by 2 very small whitish subulate bracteoles; calyx tubular -infundibular at anthesis, 12-nerved, glabrous, cylindrical in fruit, narrowed below teeth,4mm long as measured from outer teeth; inner teeth whitish, shortly triangular, very small; outer teeth subulate, 3 times as long as inner; stamens 6, inserted below middle of calyx-tube; petals pink, elliptical; style longer than ovary, at anthesis as long as stamens, in fruit strongly exserted, about equaling membranous calyx; seeds (unripe) very small, yellowish, scaphoid. Fl. and fr. August. Ricefields. — Caucasus: E. Transc. (Boz steppe, Geok-Tope). Endemic? Described from the location indicated. Type in Tbilisi. Note. This species was first described by D .I. Sosnovskii from a single imperfect specimen (without roots), so that the author himself was unable to determine whether the plant was annual or perennial. We have not seen the plant, and the description is given according to D.I.Sosnovskii. The distinguishing features of L.schelkovnikovii Sosn.,as indicated by the authority, are sufficiently characteristic to warrant assignment of independent specific standing. According to Sosnovskii, this species ‘is systematically very closely related to L.hyssopifolia L., from which it differs in aspect, being a large, vigorous, strongly branched plant, with leaves broader at base and more tapered toward apex, and having longer petioles. The most important feature is the style which, in our species, almost equals the mature capsule; the style in fruiting L.hysso- pifolia L. is several times shorter than capsule." 9. L.silenoides Boiss. et Noé in Boiss. Diagn. sér. II, 2 (1856) 55; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 68. A glaucescent annual; stems 10—36cm long, simple or with ascending branches from base, almost winged by prominent lines running from adnate leaf margins; lower leaves sometimes opposite, linear-lanceolate to sub- linear, 13-15 mm long, 2—3 mm broad, or lower and middle leaves lanceolate to subelliptical, 25-27 mm long, 6—7(9) mm broad, gradually attenuate toward apex, with blunt or rounded base; flowers solitary (very rarely paired) in leaf axils, sometimes forming loose spikes; pedicels 1-2 mm long, sub- tended by 2 scarious linear bracteoles ca. 1mm long; calyx 5-7 mm long, ca. 1.5mm broad, tubular, slightly enlarged upward at anthesis, cylindrical in fruit, sulcate-ribbed, with prominent and mostly colored nerves; outer teeth 6, green, lanceolate, 1—1.5mm long; inner teeth many times shorter, broad-ovate, scarious, pointed; petals 6(5), pink, obovate, slightly attenuate toward apex or elliptical, ca. 3.5mm long and 2—2.5mm broad; stamens 6(3), at anthesis slightly exceeding calyx-tube; pistil ca. 5—6 mm long; style 2.5—-3 mm long, about equaling ovary; capsule cylindrical, ca.6mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, included in calyx-tube; teeth or ripe capsule reflexed. Fl. and fr. July—September. Wet argillaceous soil, river floodplains, as weed in ricefield. — Centr. Asia: Karak. (S.part), Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from vicinity of Baghdad. Type in Geneva. 410 548 549 Series 3. Thymifolia Murav.— Perianth 4-merous; stamens 2. 10. L.thymifolia L. Sp. pl. (1753) 447; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 126; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 369; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV (1903) 67; Sosnovsk. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Mine, 3 Uo. try iP Aas, lb e VI das. de... Mcoehne, leeitp, 66)h2 9 Ay A glabrous, glaucescent annual; stems mostly branched, 4-15cm (rarely 25cm) long, 4-ribbed in upper part; leaves alternate, narrowly linear, often mucronulate, 7-12 mm long, ca. 0.4 (very rarely to 2.5) mm broad; flowers 4-merous, solitary in axils, on very short pedicels, sometimes forming sub- Spicate inflorescences; bracteoles at base of calyx 2,less than 1mm long, whitish, narrowly lanceolate (var. erectum Lange) or foliaceous, linear, equaling or slightly smaller than calyx (var. diffusum Lange); calyx 3—3.5 mm long, 0.5 mm broad, tubular, slightly enlarged upward at anthesis; outer teeth 4, green, narrowly lanceolate or almost subulate, erect or spreading, ca.1mm long; inner teeth as many, much shorter, broadly triangular, pointed; petals 4, pinkish-lilac, oblong,ca. 1mm long and 0.5mm broad; stamens 2; pistil ca.3mm long; style ca.1 mm long, about half length of ovary; capsule cylindrical, 2.5—3 mm long; cal 1 mm broad.) (Rlwsand ir June—August. (Plate XXVI, Figure 10.) Low places subject to inundation and solonetzic meadows. — European part: Bl.,L.V.; Caucasus: Dag. (near Makhachkala); W. Siberia: U. Tob. (W. part), Irt. (S. part); Centr. Asia: Balkh. (N. W. shore of Lake Zaisan), Ar.-Casp. Gen. distr.: S. Europe and N. Africa. Described from France. Type in London. Note. Readily distinguishable from other small annual species of Lythrum by the 4-merous perianth, the invariable 2 stamens, and the very narrow leaves. Subgenus 2. Salicaria Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1881) 326; Pflanzenr. IV, 216,60, 72.— Perennial plants with woody root; flowers grouped in axils of bracteal leaves, forming rather dense spicate or spicate- paniculate inflorescences; flowers trimorphous.* Series 1. Salicarioidea Murav.— Outer calyx-teeth much longer than inner; leaves cordate or rounded (not narrowed) at base. id salvearia Lisp pl 7 5S) 4465) dude: Flaw Roscraall a timexcill sy anes @ glabrum Ldb.; Shmal'g. Fl. I, 369; Boiss. Fl. or II (1872) 738; excl. var. Syriacum Boiss.; Koehne in Pflanzenr. IV, 216 (1903) 73; Sosnovsk. invari Mitavic, ili ya at Grosse. “FL (Kav ks il) Oi@ akegylli i hea peeSioe VIII, 1959; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. 771.— L.tomen- tosum DC. Catal. Hort. Monsp. (1813) 123.— L.quadrifolium Mart. Prodr. fl. Mosq. (1817) 83.— L.propinquum Weinm. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosq. II (1844) 544.— Salicaria spicata’ Lam. Fl. Fr. III (1778) 103.— S.vulgaris Moench, Method. (1794) 664.— Ic.: Koehne,l.c. p.74,f.11A; Pedceh: Vand ler? hi. tive “Ross. * Style and stamens of varying length in different plants of the same species. 411 550 Perennial, with thick woody root; stem upright, ribbed, almost quadran- gular, 30—100 (to 200)cm long, simple or branched, puberulous from base or only in upper part or sometimes only on ribs; leaves sessile, upper alternate, lower opposite or in whorls of 3 (ovary rarely 4), oblong or oblong- lanceolate, cordate or rounded at base, 5—10(13)cm long, 1-2 cm (rarely to 3cm) broad; lower cauline leaves sometimes smaller than middle, suboval, obtuse; all leaves puberulous on both sides or only beneath, more rarely lower glabrous; sometimes whole plant tomentose (var. tomentosum DC.); bracteal (terminal) leaves varying in size and ranging in shape from linear- lanceolate to ovate, with cordate base and attenuate at apex, shorter or longer than flowers, pubescent on both sides or only beneath; bracteoles paired, linear, sometimes purple, eugaling calyx or half as long, caducous; flowers on petiole 1—2 mm long, clustered in axils of bracteal leaves and forming rather dense spikelike panicles, whorls of flowers in inflorescence approximate or remote; calyx more or less pubescent, sometimes only along nerves, cylindrical or tubular-campanulate, 6—8(10)mm long, 2.5—4mm in diameter, prominently 12(10)-nerved; outer calyx-teeth 6(5), linear-subulate, green, 3—4mm long; inner teeth as many, alternating with and much shorter than the outer, ca. 1 mm long, often pinkish, broad, obtuse, tapered at apex to short whitish-fleecy point; petals purple, oblong, elliptical or oblong- obovate, cuneate at base, 8—12(14) mm long, 2.5—3.5(5) mm broad; stamens mostly 12, inserted in calyx tube, of these the 6 facing short calyx-lobes longer than rest; style of different length in different plants; in long-styled flowers 8—10mm long (exceeding all stamens), in short-styled flowers 1—1.5mm long (shorter than all stamens), in medium-styled 4—5 mm long (exceeding short stamens but shorter than long ones); ovary 2—3 mm long; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 2-locular, ca. 3-4 mm long and ca. 2mm broad. Fl. July—August (rarely from June); fr. August-September. (Plate XXVI, Figure 1.) River banks and lake shores, in the waterside zone of aquatic vegetation or willow and alder thickets, wet flood meadows, sedge bogs, rice paddies, and sometimes maritime sands.— European part: all regions; Caucasus: all regions; W. Siberia: Ob (S.W. part) and all other regions; E. Siberia: Yen. and Ang.-Say. (very rarely), in Dau. replaced by the closely related L.intermedium Ldb.); Hawbast: Ze.-su. Usise (rarely L.inter- medium predominant), Sakh. Gen. distr.: nearly all Europe, Iran, Dzu.- Kash. Mone ., Japan Chicg Koreas ib: ¥N.Am:> Austr: (Se Ee )e Tasmania, Algeria. Economic importance. The plant is never eaten by animals; the herbage and particularly the roots contain tannins. On account of the high tannin content, a decoction of the herbage is used in the south of the European part of USSR for impregnation of fishing tackle to prevent rotting in water. Decoctions and infusions of roots and flowers are used in popular medicine as an astringent. Loosestrife is a good honey plant, as it yields plenty of nectar at flowering time. (N.V. Pavlov. Rastitel'noe syr'e Kazakhstana, 1947). Note. L.salicaria is characterized by outstanding polymorphism: indument (plants ranging from glabrous to tomentose), stem height (from 30cm to 2m), structure of inflorescence (whorls of flowers from closely approximate to remote), number of flowers in the whorl, shape of bracteal 412 bial leaves (either ovate with cordate base and attenuate apex, or narrowly linear - lanceolate); the size and shape of cauline and bracteal leaves are highly variable. Repeated attempts (Koehne and others) to sort out the numerous forms of this species have revealed a multitude of variations and forms. However, in spite of the vast distribution area of L.salicaria L.,the morpholo- gical-geographical approach cannot be said to yield the desired result in this case,i.e., it does not make it possible to classify this species into geographical races, since the races described are almost inseparable geographically (at least in the USSR) and thus can hardly be regarded as being of taxonomic significance. Of the variations described, the following are commonly cited: (1) var. tomentosum DC.~— whole plant, and more particularly in- florescence, densely tomentose. According to D. I. Sosnovskii, this form is associated with more open places, which accounts for its xerophytic aspect. In this country, this form occurs mainly in the Caucasus, in Crimea, Central Asia, and the East. (2) var. vulgare DC.— most widespread, less hairy than the preceding; calyx and bracts (at least beneath) also pubescent. (3) As regards the third form, var. intermedium (Ldb.) Koehne, it is fully qualified, in our opinion, for independent standing as a species. Indeed, Ledebour, who was the first to draw attention to this variety, named it Lythrum intermedium Ldb. This is apparently a young species, in a state of separation, which occupies the southern and southeastern part of the Asian distribution area of L.salicaria L. (see note to L.inter- medium Ldb.). The Far Eastern plant (from Ussuri area) differs conspicuously in having smaller, oblong-lanceolate cauline leaves and often long, slender, spikelike inflorescences. Outside the USSR, similar forms occur in Japan, China and Mongolia. 12. L.intermedium Ldb. in sched.; Ldb. ex Colla Herb. Pedem. II (1834) 399; Ldb. Ind. h. Dorpat. et apud Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838) 92.— Lythrum salicaria var. a glabrum Ldb. Fl. Ross. II (SAG) 42.7. — Jeasianlenelainmanvar. ie £aoila on iilunezy lt ballet =calnnigaet (1842) 426.— L.salicaria B syriacum Boiss. et Gail. in Boiss. Diagn. sér. II, 6 (1856) 73.— L.salicaria var. intermedium (Ldb.) Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I, 327 (1881) et in Pflanzenr. IV, 216,76; Kom. F1. Man'chzh. III, 86; Sosnovsk. in Vestn. Tifl. Bot. Sada, 16 (1910) 23; in Mat. Hikwi Turk. 3/465 (Grosset Mine icardcer ih: 98.— le. Ck. Schns) Laubholzk: 11 (1912) i 284. * Treatment by A.G. Borisova. ** The Latin name of the plant, derived from Punicus — Punic, Carthaginian, the plant being widely distributed in this area (present-day Tunisia). 415 5o4 A tree or shrub, 1.5—5m high, glabrous, with opposite branches and spinescent branchlets; leaves opposite or alternate-fascicled, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2—8cm long, subobtuse, sometimes cuspi- date, coriaceous, entire, lustrous, deciduous; flowers profuse, 2—4.5cm in diameter; calyx reddish, coriaceous, 1—2 cm long, thickish, broadly trian- gular lobes 5—7mm long; petals obovate, bright red, 3.5—5cm long; fruit large, spherical, to 10cm in diameter, bright red, less often greenish or white; ripe fruit sometimes persistent on branches, splitting and exposing succulent seeds through longitudinal fissures; seeds numerous, angular, 8—14 mm long, 5—-8mm broad. Fl. May—August; fr. end of September. Growing wild on dry, gritty slopes in the semisteppe foothill zone, some- times on taluses. In the Caucasus (according to A. A. Grossgeim) on shore pebbles and an sandy soils. Widely distributed in cultivation in the southern republics of Soviet Central Asia, in Crimea, and in the Caucasus.— Cauca- sus: E., W. and S. Transc., Dag.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Dashtidzhum area), Pam.-Al. (mountains of Tadzhikistan, Darvaz, Dashtidzhum area). Gent ciste +) Med: alls: Min. Arm. Kurd. 9 ican, Indy Sri, alan © laake S. Afr.,S. Am., southern states of the U.S.A. Described from Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. The pomegranate is a fruit-bearing and ornamen- tal plant, with bright red flowers. Pomegranate juice is suitable for making liqueurs, syrups and wine; it contains vitamin C, has antiscorbutic proper- ties and is used for treating festering wounds. The rind of the pomegra- nates contains up to 22—49% tannins (according to Kreidik). The fruit rind and the roots are used as a source of pigment. With suitable treatment, purple, yellow, gray and dark brown colors can be obtained; the flowers yield a dye for wool and silk. Note. Outside the USSR, pomegranate grows wild in N. Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan. M. G. Popov (Tr. prikl. bot., XXII, 3 (1929)) distinguished two forms of pomegranate, according to the color of lignified branchlets produced in previous years: in the Bukharan form (f. tadshikorum M. Pop.) the branchlets are brownish-yellow, in the Turkmenian form (Goh Wee omaakenramieren M. Pop.) ash-gray. Numerous varieties of pomegranate are distinguished by morphological characters of the fruit; there are sour, sweet and acid- sweet kinds, depending on the sugar and citric acid content. Family * COMBRETACEAE R. BR. Combretacinium quisqualoides Felix, wood in Eocene layers of W. Transc. (Apsheron Peninsula). Family* MYRTACEAE PERS* Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite or polygamous, solitary in the axils of leaves, in corymbs or in racemes, usually furnished with bracteoles; * Treatment by B.K. Shishkin. 416 555 596 calyx-teeth 4 or 5, persistent in fruit, or calyx lacking; petals 4 or 5 (rarely 6) or none; stamens mostly numerous, distinct or partly connate, often in fascicles opposite petals, inserted on rim of disk; bent inwards or erect in bud; anthers small, bilocular, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit or rarely by apical pores, the connective often gland-tipped; ovary inferior, 1 to many-loculed, with 2 to many ovules in each locule; style simple; fruit a berry, drupe, or nut; seeds exalbuminous or with scant endosperm, embryo straight or curved,sometimes annular or spiral. Trees or shrubs, mostly aromatic; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, evergreen, commonly entire, short-petioled, exstipulate or with minute stipules, often pellucid-dotted. The family contains 72 genera and about 3,500 species, distributed in the tropics, mainly those of America and Australia, and in the subtropics. No representative of this family grow wild in the USSR, but some (e.¢., eucalipts) are widely cultivated in the southern parts of the USSR. Myrtophyllum boreale Heer in upper Cretaceous layers of Ob (Simonova village on Chulym River).— M.montresori Schmalh. in Eocene sandstones of U. Dnp. (Mogil'no; Volyanshchina; Strizhevka?). Eugenia haeringiana Schmalh. in Eocene sandstone of Bl. (Kremennaya Balka). Leptospermites spicatus Schmalh. in Eocene sandstone of U. Dnp. (Mogil'no).— L.crassifragmus Schmalh. in Eocene sandstone of U. Dnp. (Mogil'no Volyanshchina). Eucalyptus obtusifolius Schmalh. in Paleocene layers of U. Dnp. (Ekaterinopol'e).— E.sibiricus Heer in Upper Cretaceous layers of Ob. (Simonova village on Chulyme). Genus * EUCALYPTUS® L'Herit. L'Hérit. Sert. Angl. (1788) 18 Flowers perfect, in umbels of heads, usually pediceled, rarely solitary and sessile; calyx-tube campanulate, urceolate or obconic, adnate to ovary at base or rarely all the way up, truncate at apex or with 4 minute teeth; orifice of calyx closed by hemispherical-conic or elongate operculum covering stamens in bud and falling off capwise at anthesis; operculum usually simple (formed by firmly fused petals), thin or mostly fleshy or lignified, with numerous longitudinal, rarely anastomosing nerves, line of operculum detachment already visible (though not always) in bud; stamens numerous, in 2 to several irregular whorls, distinct or rarely connate at base into 4 fascicles; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits or apical pores; connective indistinct or dilated, about as long as loculi, usually with globular or ovoid gland on back or at apex; ovary inferior, 2—7-loculed, with numerous ovules in each locule; style simple, subulate or subclavate, with small truncate or capitate stigma; fruit consisting of the more or less enlarged calyx-tube surrounding capsule, usually indurated or lignified; persistent disk thin, flanging orifice of calyx-tube if capsule is deeply sunk; curved inward, horizontal, convex or conically protruding and more or less From Greek eu — well, and kalyptos — covered. 417 257 constricting orifice if capsule slightly shorter or longer than calyx -tube; capsule thin and woody, always adnate to calyx-tube, though readily separatin from it when ripe and dry and opening at apex by 3—7 valves; seeds ovoid or depressed-globose, 1 to several in each locule. Trees, sometimes gigantic (to 155m high), or shrubs; leaves in nearly all species heteromorphous and usually passing through three development stages: juvenile, intermediate and mature. In some species, the transition from juvenile to mature leaves is not very pronounced and maturity occurs rather rapidly. In other species, young and intermediate leaves persist for a long time (several years), until the trees reach the height of 6—9m, when they are replaced by mature leaves. Juvenile leaves may be opposite or alternate, sessile, amplexicaul or petiolate, cordate, ovate, oblong, orbicular or lanceolate, green or glaucous. Intermediate leaves differ from the juvenile in dimensions, color and structure; they are nearly always larger and thicker. Mature leaves of most Species are vertical or horizontal, alternate, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate, falcate or obliquely acuminate. The genus Eucalyptus includes more than 600 species, mainly distri- buted in Australia, TaSmania,as well as in New Guinea, Celebes and Ceram. Many species have been introduced into cultivation in the Mediterranean region, in North Africa, in the southern part of the U.S.A. (California, Florida), in South America and in the Soviet Union on the Caucasus. Economic importance. Eucalyptuses are among the most remarkable representatives of the plant world. Some species may reach the height of 155m, with trunk circumference of more than 3m, thus being among the tallest trees in the world. The wood is tough, often beautifully colored, and is used for a variety of purposes. Some eucalyptuses have a remarkable growth rate. It was found, for instance, that E.globulus grown in Southern Europe (on the shore of Lake Maggiore) reached a height of 20m and trunk diameter of 1m within 9 years from planting. In view of such rapid growth and the enormous moisture evaporation by the foliage, euca- lypts are believed to speed up the drying of marshland. Many eucalypts con- tain, especially in the leaves,a large amount of essential oil. The wide- spread belief that eucalyptus oil consists mainly of eucalyptol or cineole is incorrect. The composition of the oil is often very complex and sometimes amounts to as many as 40 different constituents. According to recent autho- rities, eucalypts originated in NE Australia from the ancient genus Ango - phora. The ancient species have a low oil content, and this is largely com- posed of pinene. The more recently formed species grow chiefly in SE Aus- tralia; their leaves have abundant oil glands, and the oil output may exceed 3.5% of the weight of leaves and branches. This group is typified by E.dives Schauer which produces oil with a high proportion of phellandrene combined with a peppermint ketone known as "piteritone.'' In species of an intermediate group, the oil is mainly composed of cineole which usually occurs together with pinene. This group includes E.globulus,E.smithi E. australiana, and others. The essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of the leaves. Branches and sometimes whole trees are cut for distillation. The latter procedure may seem destructive, but it is still often used in Australia, since eucalypts,as mentioned above, are noted for their exceptionally rapid growth The bark of many eucalypts contains tannic substances, e. g., catechin. The bark extract, called "kino," has outstanding tanning properties. 418 558 Cultivation of eucalypts along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus began in the 1880's. The number of species grown in this area amounts to nearly 150. The number of species grown in the USSR has not yet been accurately determined, nor has monographic treatment of the accumulated material been undertaken. Large-scale tests are being conducted at present with a view to extending eucalyptus cultivation into other parts of Transcaucasia and to the north (Crimea, Northern Caucasus, southern parts of Ukrainian SSR). The species likely to be suitable for expansion northward are those growing in the moun- tains of Tasmania and Australia. These species do not usually attain gigantic proportions but rather produce trees of 9-20m in height or shrubs. This category includes) E;risdoni Hook.,E.tasmanica Blakely, Baconrdata labile Eysubeernulata Maid: et Blaki, Eva sicherid Maid: CHiblaki wt. wecnicosa —ook., Bi bianegularis, Simmonds; Emairby ly Bak et Smith, E!: linearis Dehnh., E.nitida Hook., E.perriniana (F. Muell.) Rodway, E.sSimmondsi Maid.,E.taeniola Bak.et Smith,and E.alpina Lindl. Among the eucalyptuses of Australia, there are also some highly drought- resistant species that grow in deserts, often on sands,such as E.eudes - meoudies Muclii yh. sa mil is) Mard., H.emée mop hila Maidayhepl at ya— eory siiMaidvet, Blak., Exshelimsii Maid. et Blak., or. Evconce inna! Maid. et Blak. On swampy soils, tests should be conducted with E.aggregata Deane et Maid. and E.ovata Labill. var. aquatica Blakely. We give below a description of the 11 species most widely cultivated in the USSR, some of them reproducing by spontaneous seeding in Western Transcaucasia. 1. Anthers ovate or obovate, slightly emarginate; locules well defined, dehiscing throughout their length by broad auriculate lobes; gland on connective globular or ovoid, borne on upper half of connective and sometimes visible on anterior side; filaments subulate, attached aincenber, Omeconnechive or at ibasejor pland ior loculle \iy ye eae 2 ete Anthers reniform, cordate-reniform, broad and flattened; locules divergent or contiguous throughout their length and usually con- fluent at apex; gland, if present, very small and usually terminal; PlonmnentSKaLbached: atlas loirconmectives, \ Game -te rs ssa ane een IMO) PwpMiplow ers solutany landwoessilears cul iowidoe < Sw 6. E.globulus Labill. + Flowers in 3—16-flowered umbels, nearly always pediceled .... 3. SE Fruits, at least lateral ones in umbel, sessile or nearly so ..... 4, at Petes) lone =Stalkeda.. sic a wQieti: eS a A a ee OD. 4. Fruit 5-6mm long and 7-8mm broad; operculum longer than calyx-tube; young leaves 5—10cm long and 1.5-3cm broad batted ike SNE Rieger esa. Trt Lene AN ON lee pe. hte Fareed 8. E.viminalis Labill. a Fruit 6-—10mm long and 7-10mm broad; operculum shorter than Galyxstubes young licaves j3n0—4.o°cm long and(345—-5\emabroad Ain) sae ct ORTH oH Mn PC Me AN A Be, UN lew PA tg il vat ad te aA 2. Evemenrea Fie Muelle o. Fruit large, 12—20mm long; operculum one-third length of calyx- DIONE AP SE A Sa) EEE Me Oe gone eR eRe Ps mare om LM sin el ok 6. + Fruit 5-10mm long; operculum 1/y—2"/p times length of or scarcely ShomtemnthanwealysstuleN ys sii... Bm lati ba, 5 cna Se I Nae oe Tae ae ie 419 SB) 560 6. Juvenile leaves 3 or 4 pairs, 7-1lcm long and 5—-7cm broad; umbels 4—8-flowered, forming corymbose inflorescence ........+..... Ser ANP Re ar Cer Mie reg ae VLA Bs 1. E. gummifera (Gaertn.) Hochr. ae Juvenile leaves indefinite number of pairs, orbicular or ovate, sessile or amplexicaul, 6cm long and 7cm broad; umbels 3-flowered AOC hy We, NOLS Vel endear ene table Dn aM Ree MNOS amo Dahan Foteees me 5. E.urnigera Hook. 7. Operculum conic, 14/—2'/ times length of calyx-tube ............ SRR ne! ae ed acy nt SARA MERCIA epearenas Mafilacy See MR GWER Mery re naDROR eet a 3. E.camaldulensis Dehnh. a Operculum as long as or shorter than calyx-tube ........... 8. 8. Petals 5mm long; operculum equaling calyx-tube ....:..-+.s-2.4%. Rope tght tinea’ Pte Ars erage Ae sue Snes ta a 7. E. macarthuri Deane et Maid. 1 Fruit 7-10mm long; operculum shorter than calyx-tube™ 92.7: 3). 9. Juvenile opposite leaves 4 or 5 pairs, petiolate, oblong or oblong - IlAiMeEONAS., SOAS OSIWaS 45 cio 4 co o/b bb oo o)- 2. E.citriodora Hook. at Juvenile leaves indefinite number of pairs; sessile, elliptical, with Condetic OR cOundedhoaSe ath cn a a lih-geneheo nln aig! easeret ee 4. E.gunnii Hook. 10. Juvenile leaves opposite, 3—5 pairs, short-petioled, orbicular or broadly lanceolate, glaucous, 10-—19cm long and 10—14cm broad, thick coriaceous; mature leaves alternate, longitudinally veined, 15-25 mm [ROC wen Ae fos) ET ay Pe eae ane, Fe Ode ae 10. E. pauciflora Sieber. + Juvenile leaves opposite, indefinite number of pairs, sessile or short- petioled, linear or narrowly lanceolate, glandular along midrib, pale green, often with somewhat ridged margin, 3-6 cm long and 0.7—1.3cm InGaAs masUee Ieenyes HILO wma loeONC obo 66 ea oboe eo PPS Bhat A Waa at 11. E.salicifolia (Sol.) Cav.\(EL.amyedialina Labill): 1. E.gummifera (Gaertn.) Hochr. in Candollea, II (1925) 464.— E.co- rymbosa Sm. Bot. Nov. Holl. (1793) 43.-Metrosideros gummi- fera Gaertn. Fruct. I (1788) 170.— Ic.: Gaertn. l.c. tab. 34, f. 1 (fruit). A medium-sized or large tree; bark somewhat rough, scaly, persistent; wood reddish; juvenile leaves opposite, 3 or 4 pairs, short-petioled, broadly elliptical or oblong, withfew bristlelike hairs, 7—11cm long and 5—7cm broad; seedling leaves peltate, 4 or 5 pairs; mature leaves alternate, petioled, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, with slender veins, 10—16cm long and 2.5—5cm broad; inflorescence terminal, corymbose; umbels 4—8- flowered; pedicels slender,as long as buds; peduncles flattened or almost cylindrical, 15-20 mm long; buds clavate, 10-11 mm long and 5—7 mm broad; operculum hemispherical, “, length of calyx-tube; filaments white; anthers obovate-oblong; gland subglobose, on upper half of connective; fruit ur- ceolate, stalked, 12—20mm long and 10—18 mm broad, often narrowed to short neck; disk oblique; seeds brown. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Growing wild in many parts of Australia, from sea level up to 900m. Described from Australia. Type was in Berlin. Economic importance. Yields very tough, beautifully colored wood; leaves and twigs contain 0.06% essential oil. Bark contains about 25% tannins. 2. E.citriodora Hook. Mitch. Trop. Austr. (1848) 235.— Ic.: U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Forest. Bull. No. 35, tab. 14, 15, 53, 81, 91 (1902). 420 56 1 A medium-sized tree; bark smooth, deciduous; wood light-colored, tough; juvenile leaves opposite, 4 or 5 pairs, petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, some peltate, 7—-15cm long and 3—6cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, with strong lemon scent, 10—16cm long and 1-2 cm broad; inflorescence terminal, corymbose; umbels 3—5-flowered; peduncles terete, 5-7mm long; buds ovoid, stalked 10-12 mm long and 7-8mm broad; operculum hemispherical, shorter than calyx-tube; anthers obovate, locules long and broad, gland ovoid, about half length of locules; fruit urceolate, stalked, 10 mm long and as broad, tapered to short thick neck; disk small, oblique. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus: Gen. distr.: growing wild in Australia (Queensland); cultivated in the tropics, subtropics, and southern part of the temperate belt. Described from Australia. Type in London. Economic importance. Fresh leaves contain 1—1.5% essential oil, dry leaves 3—4%; oil largely composed of citronellal (80—92%), hence its use in soap making. 3. E.camaldulensis Dehnh. Cat. Pl. Hort. Camald. ed. 2 (1832) 20.— E.rostrata Schlecht. in Linnaea XX (1847) 655.— Ic.: Maiden, Grit. Rev. Eucalypt. IV, tab. 136, 137 (1917). A medium or tall tree; bark smooth, deciduous, whitish or ash-gray; wood reddish and hard, juvenile leaves opposite, 3 or 4 pairs, petioled, slightly glaucous, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 6-9cm long and 2.5~4cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, 12—22cm long and 0.8—1.5cm broad, thin, usually light-veined, green; umbels axillary, 5—10-flowered; peduncles terete, 10-15 mm long; buds ovoid, acute, stalked, 6—10 mm long and 4-5mm broad; operculum conic to rostrate, 14/-—2'/o times length of cup-shaped calyx-tube; anthers obovate, dehiscing by parallel slits; gland inconspicuous, globular; fruit subglobose or broadly tubular, 7—8mm long and 5—6 mm broad. Widely distributed, nearly throughout Australia, introduced long ago into cultivation in the Mediterranean region and W. Transcaucasia, and known as E.rostrata. Described from specimens grown in a botanical garden near Naples. Economic importance. Gives excellent commercial wood. Flowers profusely and provides a valuable source of nectar, yielding golden-colored honey with an agreeable, thoughrather faint scent. The bark contains up to 11% tannins. 4. E.gunnii Hook. f. Lond. Journ. Bot. Il (1844) 499; Blakely,1.c. 150.— Ic.: Hook; f. Fl. Tasman. I,tab.27 (1860). Tree, to 30m high; bark smooth, deciduous, greenish with white spots; juvenile leaves opposite, indefinite number of pairs, glaucous, cordate, orbi- cular or elliptical, sessile or short-petioled, 3-4cm long and about as broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, green, narrowly or broadly lanceo- late, 4—7cm long and 1.5—3cm broad; umbels axillary, 3-flowered; pe- duncles compressed or terete, 3—8 mm long; buds glaucous, short-stalked, clavate or subcylindrical, 6-8 mm long and 5mm broad; pedicels slender, 2—5mm long; operculum hemispherical, much shorter than calyx-tube; 421 562 anthers oblong to subglobose, dehiscing by longitudinal slit; gland globular, large; fruit campanulate or almost spherical, 7-10mm long and 8-—9mm broad. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Gen. distr.: growing wild in Tasmania; widely cultivated in the tropics, subtropics, and southern part of temperate region. Described from Tasmania. Type in London. Economic importance. E.gunnii is recognized as one of the most hardy species. Oil output of about 0.38%; the oil contains up to 41% cineole; other constituents are d-pinene, 1-phellandrene, and some unidentified esters and sesquiterpenes. 5. E.urnigera Hook. f. Lond. Journ. Bot. VI (1847) 477; Blakely, A Key to the Eucalypts (1934) 150.— Ic.: Hook. f. Fl. Tasman. I, tab. 26 (1860). Tree, 4-15 m high, with drooping branches; bark smooth, deciduous, with reddish patches; wood whitish; juvenile leaves opposite, indefinite number of pairs, sessile or amplexicaul, glaucous, cordate, orbicular or ovate, petioled, narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 8-18cm and 1.7—2.5cm broad; umbels 3-flowered, axillary; peduncles compressed or subterete, 1—2cm long; buds urceolate, 12 mm long and 7mm broad; operculum broadly conic, We length of calyx-tube and scarcely broader; anthers versatile, ovate, dehiscing by broad parallel slits, the gland globular, large; fruit stalked, urceolate, 17mm long and 10mm broad. April. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Gen. distr.: growing wild in the mountains or Tasmania; widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Described from Tasmania. Type in London. Economic importance. Resembling the preceding species as regards its cold resistance. Produces a valuable essential oil, with an output of 1.13%, containing cineole and pinene. 6. E.globulus Labill. Relation du Voyage Recherche Perouse, I (1799) 153; Blakely, Key to the Eucalypts, 153:— Ect :Maiden, Grity)\ Rev. Eucalypt. Heatly ween I (GOS) A large or medium tree; bark smooth, bluish, deciduous except in lower part of trunk; juvenile leaves opposite, a considerable number of pairs, sessile to amplexicaul, glaucous, cordate or ovate or broadly lanceolate, 7-16 cm long and 1—9cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, dark green, lustrous, lanceolate or cordate-lanceolate, acuminate, 10—30cm long and 3—4cm broad; flower buds usually solitary, sessile or very short- stalked, tubular, 4-angled, warty or tuberculate, 30 mm long and 20 mm broad; operculum cup-shaped, with dome-shaped appendage, warty, sometimes much shorter than tube; anther obovate, dehiscing by broad parallel slits, visible on anterior side; fruit sessile, depressed-spherical or broadly tubular, warty, with 4 main ribs and 1 to several short subsidiary ribs, 10-15 mm long and 15—30mm broad; disk large, convex, very thick. Widely cultivated in the USSR along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Growing on clayey soil and confined in its native country to low places, not much above sea level. Widely cultivated in the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean region. Described from Tasmania. Type in London. Economic importance. Oil output from leaves ranges from 1.14 to 1.65%. The oil is light yellow or faintly greenish, with an agreeable scent and cool 563 564 taste. The main component is cineolc (CiopHigO) — 58-70%. Blue gum oil is used in perfumery and sometimes in confectionery. It is used in medicine internally as an expectorant or externally, in the form of salves and ointments, as a counterirritant. Also considered an antiparasitic remedy. 7. E,macarthuri Deane et Maid. in Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. W. XXIV (1899) 443.— Ec.: Maiden, Crit. Rev. Eucalypt. III, tab. 104, f. 1-6 (1916). Tree, 12—24 m high, with dense dark green canopy; bark rough, smooth and deciduous, persistent on branches; wood light-colored, not durable; juvenile leaves opposite, many pairs, sessile or amplexicaul, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, light green, 2.5—8.5cm long and 1—4.5cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, narrowly lanceolate, short-acuminate, 9-13cm long and 1—1.5cm broad; umbels Bacillary 3" howened, | peduncles teGebe or slightly angled, 5-12 mm long; buds stalked, ovoid, pointed, 5mm long and 4mm broad; operculum conic, equaling calyx-tube; anthers obovate, emarginate, dehiscing by broadly parallel slits; gland ovoid, large; fruit stalked, hemispherical to subspherical, 5mm long and 6 mm broad, witha small disk and 3 or 4 exserted valves. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Gen. distr.: Growing wild in Australia; cultivated in the tropics, subtropics, and southern part of temperate region. Described from Australia. Type in London. Economic importance. The essential oil content amounts to 0.21%, widely used in the perfumery industry. 8. E.viminalis Labill. Nov. Holl. Pl. II (1806) 12.— Ic.: Labill. lc., tab. 151. A large tree, 45—50m high; bark either rough, persistent, or smooth, white or yellowish-white and deciduous, often hanging from branches in long ribbons; wood light-colored, very light and brittle; juvenile leaves opposite, indefinite number of pairs, pale green, sessile or amplexicaul, 5—10cm long and 1.5—3cm broad; intermediate leaves alternate, petioled, broad-lanceolate or lanceolate, 8.5—27 cm long and 4—5cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, pale green, with flat or wavy margins, 11-18cm long and 1.5—2 cm broad; umbels axillary, 3-flowered; peduncles terete, 3—6 mm long; buds sessile or short-stalked, ovoid or oblong, 7mm long and 5mm broad; operculum hemispherical or conic, usually longer than calyx-tube; anther obovate, emarginate, dehiscing by narrow parallel slits; gland ovoid; fruit sessile or very shortly stalked, globose or short-tubular, 5-6 mm long and 7-8 mm broad; disk usually protruding, convex or constricted at apex; valves 3 or 4. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in subtropical areas of the globe. Widely distributed in Australia and Tasmania, where it grows to a height of 900m. Described from Australia. Type in Paris. Economic importance. Yields excellent commercial wood. The leaves contain 0.55% essential oil. 9, E.cinerea F.Muell. ex Benth. Fl. Austral. III (1866) 239.— Ic.: Maiden, Crit. Rev. Eucalypt. II, tab. 89, fig. 1-6 (1914). 423 565 i Tse fm A low or medium-sized tree; bark fibrous, reddish brown on stem and main branches, falling off in narrow ribbons from smaller branches, thes then smooth, yellowish-white; wood reddish; juvenile leaves opposite, } finite number of pairs, glaucous, ovate to suborbicular, cordate at bas’ sessile or short-petioled, 3.5—4.5cm long and 3.5—5cm broad; matr leaves opposite or alternate, sessile or subsessile, glaucous, Somet ines resembling juvenile, but sometimes narrowly or broadly lanceolate and then 10—13cm long and 2.5cm broad; umbels axillary, 3-flowered; peduncles terete or compressed, 4-9 mm long; flower buds sessile, glaucous, 10mm long and 6mm broad; operculum conic, shorter than calyx-tube; anthers oblong, emarginate, dehiscing longitudinally, gland minute, ovoid; fruit sessile, spherical or broadly pyriform, 6-10mm long and 7-10mm broad. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Widely distributed in the state of Victoria (Australia). Type was in Berlin. Economic importance. The content of essential oil in the leaves is Qa or. NO eHapauciflora Ssiebanim Speeng voyst) mVinur. Post (82m) loaaaelien: F. Mueller, Eucalypt. Dec. 3 (1879). A medium or large tree; bark smooth, white (or spotted), very slightly rough only at trunk base; wood pale-colored; juvenile leaves opposite, 3—5 pairs, short-petioled, orbicular or broadly lanceolate, glaucous, 10—19cm long and 10—14cm broad, coriaceous,firm; mature leaves alternate, petioled, with thick longitudinal veins, 8-—14cm long and 1.5—3 cm broad; umbels axillary, 5—12-flowered; common peduncle terete or compressed, 7—15mm long; buds clavate, smooth, lustrous, stalked, 5-7 mm long and 4—5 mm broad; operculum hemispherical, obtuse, much shorter than calyx- tube; anthers reniform; fruit short-stalked, spherical or pyriform, 7-10mm long and 5-8mm thick; disk flat, strongly protruding. Cultivated along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where it is con- sidered a hardy species. Growing wild in Tasmania and Australia, where it ascends in the mountains up to 1,600m. Widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, and in the Mediterranean region. Type was in Berlin. Economic importance. Essential oil content amounts to 0.61%. In view of its cold resistance, the species may be recommended for extended culti- vation in the southern part of the temperate region. ite) 1d, Seluiciiolhie, (Sel, Cans lic. IY (ley) Bae ise ion ye evel alia ILelonlll. Nov. Hollg Ply sii (1806)14,— Metr osideros) sialicitolital Solitex Gaertnadoriet: 1 Gisela ess wail wk ic: “tabys4s A tall shrub or tree, 3—15m high; bark fibrous, persistent; wood pale brown, moderately durable; juvenile leaves opposite, indefinite number of pairs, sessile or short-pediceled, linear or narrowly lanceolate, glandular along midrib, pale green, often somewhat ridged on margin, 3—6 cm long and 0.7-1.3cm broad; mature leaves alternate, petioled, narrowly lanceolate or falcate-lanceolate, pale green, gradually narrowed at base into very short petioles 41 0jem long and 0:7—Wem) broad); umbelsiaxillaigy, S12 -tlowened: peduncles subterete, 5-10mm long; buds clavate,4mm long and 3mm broad; operculum hemispherical, usually obtuse, shorter than calyx-tube; anthers reniform, dehiscing on anterior side; gland small, conic; fruit stalked, spherical or hemispherical, 5mm long and 7mm broad. 61006 1 424 566 Growing wild nearly throughout Tasmania, on poor light soils. Widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in the Mediterranean region and along the Atlantic seaboard of Europe. Grown on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Described from Tasmania. Type in London. Economic importance. The leaves of E.salicifolia are very aro- matic and contain 1.80% essential oil. The principal constituent of the oil is 1-phellandrene; cineole content may reach 32%. Considerable quantities of this oil are used in the dressing of sulphur, zinc and lead ore, as it greatly facilitates the elutriation process. Turpentine, which was previously used for this purpose, is now almost completely replaced by eucalyptus oil. Family CXIII. ONAGRACEAE LINDL.* Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or symmetrical, mostly 4-merous, rarely 2—3—5-merous; receptacle united with ovary, deciduous; calyx deeply 2—4-parted, sometimes down to base, lobes valvate in bud, inserted on rim of receptacle; petals 2—4—5 or 0, convolute in bud, inserted together with stamens on calyx at base of lobes; stamens often twice as many as petals, rarely 2 or 4; pollen grains large, spherical, with sor fewer pores, connected by viscid threads; ovary inferior, 2- or 4-lo- cular; ovules 1 to many in each locule, borne on axil placentas; style fili- form; stigma capitate, clavate or 4-lobed; fruit a podlike or nutlike, septi- cidal or loculicidal capsule; seeds small, numerous, rarely solitary or few, smooth or papillose, exalbuminous, with straight embryo. Undershrubs, or annual or perennial herbs, with entire leaves. The family Onagraceae contains about 500 species, in 36 genera, distri- buted chiefly through the temperate zone of the New World, especially in western parts of North America and Mexico. Some genera are confined to certain countries. Thus,Jussieua is a purely Brazilian genus; Fuchsia occurs exclusively in the western part of South America, except for one- section of this genus that is native in New Zealand. Only afew genera are distributed throughout the world, among these Epilobium ranking first with its 250 species; this is the only genus of the family which occurs in Australia. In the USSR, Epilobium is the most widely distributed genus (about 60 species). Less abundantly represented genera are Chamae- nerium with 7 species, Circaea with 5 species,and Ludwigia with Aispecies. Onagcra and Olenothera occur as adventives. Economic importance. Plants of the family Onagraceae do not contain any substances likely to find application in medicine. However, many of them are widely cultivated as ornamentals. This category includes Hue h sari Varkmas Gauwray Glodetia,certain) species, or the senus Oenothera, and others, well known in horticulture. The dried leaves of Chamaenerium angustifolium are widely used as a tea and are known as Kapor tea.** * Treatment by E.I. Shteinberg. «« (Kapor'e — a village where willow herb tea was prepared before the Russian revolution.] 425 567 Key to Genera 1. Fruit 1—2-seeded, pyriform, with hooked bristles; sepals, petals and S HAMS IAS 2 Sale Tae 5. aa ae ah ee Pa etna Sevres nhc a Re 927. Circaea L. + Fruit a many-seeded capsule, never beset with bristles; flowers A GR TST OUST sit ts) MEE GRRA RE ES Gui Ui cul, Whe ian Cobh BREN vaitaih on sabes ft MRE Meats a, ett ath ava Dee 2. Capsule globose or cylindrical, loculicidal or septicidal; receptacle [hypanthium] not prolonged beyond ovary; calyx persistent in fruit; flowers 4—6-merous, with bracteoles .......... 922. Ludwigia L. 5 Capsule loculicidal; receptacle more or less prolonged beyond ovary, constricted above ovary and breaking off at constriction ee flowering; HOWELLS, 4—-MeErOus ~WwithOuts bracteOles 1) cy sii suite eaetne toes Peneeelian ohne 3. SCC Sy WiC OMG WA ern eee aabeuie, yah iat Vel eireds Bel dake atthe ete bea ees ceed 4, ate SSSGlss ayndaowhy Goats. 1 1595.46 5 ololo oo ola Ono Dats 0 bib bo DGOlblgO Oo be Bye 4, Flowers actinomorphic; stamens equal, in 2 whorls, erect; style glabrous (except E.trigonum Schiearals) i jsshtenealeye 92332 -Epilobitimay ie + Flowers symmetrical; stamens in a single whorl, dilated at base, cumvediuisty levcunvied, harny yor clabrous at) baseiyss. 2eh.0s gaan eee PN a as a ipa EE ie MN a od, led 924. Chamaenerium Adans. 5. Seeds irregularly angled, with coriaceous fringe, horizontal ........ Camels pk ciptar dak” sunbtoy aubenanest «Simao paea Mirae) fabio’ /evgcarteh( by toils ayer ob sa Maye 925. Onagra Adans. =p Seeds OVvGid LOUNGE), ASCSM ost aihiak pall. eo ate siete 926. Oenothera L. Tribe 1. JUSSIEUEAE Rchb. Consp. (1828) 169,p.p.; Spach, Hist. nat. veg. Phanér. IV (1835) 337.— Fruit a many-seeded capsule, spherical or cylindri- cal; receptacle not exceeding ovary; calyx persistent; flowers actinomor- phic, 4—6-merous, with bracteoles. Perennial paludinous plants, with oppo- Site or alternate leaves; flowers solitary in leaf axils. Genus 922. LUDWIGIA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 118.— Isnardia L. Sp. pl. (1753) 120 Flowers solitary in axils of leaves or in terminal inflorescences, 4—5-merous; petals minute, scalelike or none; stamens as many as and opposite sepals; style filiform, deciduous, on a flat or sometimes spheri- cally raised pad; capsule short-urceolate, more rarely oblong, opening by apical pores or by disintegration of walls; seeds small, smooth, with very thin testa. Paludinous herbs with opposite or alternate leaves. The genus contains 20 species, distributed through North America. 1. Leaves opposite; capsule short-urceolate, opening by apical pores... brad Manet WAU Attia -kxen enum lameeee edi kas. telitaia. college 1. L. palustris (L.) Ell. 3 Leaves alternate; capsule 4-angled, long, opening by disintegration OF BWA St hie lahan’« Tene eilieneeee lame SIAR (ot chy een are toe 2. L.prostrata Roxb. * Named for G. Ludwig, German botanist and traveller (1709-1773). 426 568 O71 1. L. palustris (L.) Ell. Sketch of Bot. of South-Carol. a. Georgia, I (Leo). Mie Boiss, yale lor.” Il) 152; \Gnossg." Fl) ‘Kavk. 11) 99;—Liapetala Walt. Fl. Carol. (1788) 89.— Linitida Michx. Fl. 1(1803) 87.—isnardia Gatwst bis Les Spenpl. ede (1753) IZQ0s ies Jl, IROSIS, UL INS — le a ARelals), feo Pee erm. DOC tab.loa>) Heo ly Vi Bd 2:1, figJ2 92) — yes. : Herb. Fl, Cauc. No. 85; Fl. exs. austro-hung. No. 2458. Annual or perennial, glabrous all over; rhizome filiform, creeping; stem 10—50cm long, erect or prostrate, often with submerged roots from nodes, 4-angled, pale green, sometimes reddish-tinged; leaves with evident lateral veins, opposite, elliptical to ovate or obovate, tapered to petiole, 2—3 cm long, acute, entire, pale reddish-green, lustrous, somewhat thickened, with minute wartlike stipules; flowers solitary in leaf axils, subsessile, to 4mm long, with 2 bracts; sepals 4, ovate, acute, to 1mm long, green, per- sistent; petals lacking; stamens shorter than sepals; ovary 4-angled; style filiform, with capitate 2-parted stigma; fruit an oblong-obovoid capsule, to 4mm long, 4-angled, many -seeded, pale brown, green on ribs; seeds ob- long, to 7mm long and 3mm broad, smooth, lustrous, light brown, with a long cylindrical embryo and long cotyledons. May—August (September). (Plate XXVI, Figure 4.) Standing or slow-running waters of ponds, ditches and bogs; rice paddies. — Caucasus WwW. and BE: Transe fale Gen. -distr.s Centr. and Atily Hur, W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran, N. Am.,S. Afr. Described from W.Europe. Type in London. Note. The occurrence of this species in southern Russia (near Astra- khan, based on Gmelin's specimen), as reported by Ledebour (1.c.), has not been confirmed by collections available at the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR. 2. L.prostrata Roxb. Fl. Ind. I (1832) 420; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Plant. Jap. I, 169; Forbes and Hemsley, Index Fl. Sin. I, 309; Clarke in Hook. FI. Pris sinds Livoee. (Kon ley Man'chah? ML I ots Kom .vand) Aliga2@ pred: ca Wal nevostikr. (2-2 Lee pi lobioides, Maxim. Prim Blom wamathtre (1859) 104.— Ic.: Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. or. III (1843-1845) tab. 762; Somoku- Dzusetzu, ed. Makino (Icon. Pl. Nippon) VII (1910) tab. 42. Annual or perennial; roots fibrous, occasionally woody; stems 1 to many, 12—70 cm long, in young plants erect, ascending or prostrate, in grown plants with numerous branches from base; leaves alternate, entire, Sessile or short-petioled, glabrous like whole plant, oblong-linear or lanceolate, 0.3-11.3cm long; flowers axillary, solitary, all along stem from base, often sharing axil with a leafy branch, greenish or reddish (like whole plant), small; calyx-lobes oval, acute, upper lobe somewhat larger than others; petals minute, scalelike, orbicular; stamens 4 or 5; filaments short, subulate; ovary united with calyx-tube, elongate-cylindrical, 4-angled; stigma capi- tate; capsule 4-angled, releasing seeds by disintegration of walls; seeds small, light-colored, subcylindrical, with a short acute beak. August— October. (Plate XXVII, Figure 5.) Stagnant water and ricefields. — Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi. Described from tropical Asia. Type probably in London. Note. The plant, for which Maksimovich proposed a new name, differs from typical L.prostrata Roxb. only in its smaller size and narrower leaves, as already pointed out correctly by V. L. Komarov (Fl. Man'chzh. II, 78). 427 (569) PLATE XXVII. 1—-Chamaenerium latifolium (L.) Th. Fr. et Lange; 2—C.caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn., habit, fragment of stem, 2a — fragment of leaf from below; 3 — C. angustifolium (L.) Scop., frag- ment of leaf from below; 4 — Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliot, habit, flower, fruit; 5 — L. prostrata Roxb., habit, fruit. 428 Tribe 2. EPILOBIEAE Spach, Hist. nat. veg. Phanér. IV (1835) 388, ex parte; Raimann in E. u. P. Fflanzenfam. III, 7,205.— Fruit a linear, many- seeded, 4-angled capsule; seed with coma; flowers actinomorphic; calyx caducous; stamens 8, in two lengths. Genus 923. EPILOBIUM* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 347 Flowers actinomorphic; calyx deeply parted, deciduous after anthesis; ealyx-tube short-infundibular or tubular; petals 4; stamens 8, inserted to- gether with petals at base of calyx-lobes, 4 longer than others; pistil erect, glabrous (slightly pubescent only in E.alpestre (Jacq.) Krock.); style short, filiform; stigma 4-lobed or clavate, with obtuse teeth; fruit a long, linear, 4-angled, 4-locular, podlike capsule, dehiscent from top downward between angles by 4 valves; seeds numerous, with a long coma. Annual or perennial herbs, with small pink or rarely white flowers. The genus contains about 160 species and a multitude of hybrids dis- tributed throughout the world, except the tropics. There are 53 species in the USSR: 572 Note. D.I.Sosnovskii states in a note on his treatment of the Caucasian representatives of the family Onagraceae (Mat. dlya Flory Kavkaza, No. 41, p. 337); ''The number of species of the genus Epilobium cannot yet be determined with any degree of precision, as this genus is currently ina stage of intensive development of new forms. The number of forms is so great, and the systematic differences between them — even between entities that are now recognized as ''species'’ — are so insignificant, that it is difficult to arrive at any precise conclusion as regards the systematic validity of any given entity.'' The systematic difficulties in the treatment of this genus are further increased by the fact that all Epilobia display a very marked inclination to produce hybrids. It is therefore very likely that, among forms of Epilobium classified as species, there are some of purely hybrid origin and perhaps not even endowed with sufficient morpho- logical stability. Notwithstanding the numerous monographic treatments of this genus, none has so far succeeded in satisfactorily disentangling its con- fused systematics. Reichenbach's remark (Icongr. Bot., II Cent. p. 81), "Epilobiorum confusio apud auctores infinita,'’ has still unfortunately re- tained its applicability, and we can only fully agree with Reichenbach's words. 1. Stisma’4-parted (Section 1.) Schizostigma** Hausskn.)).. 0... aM WM eStiomatentire(Seetion!2.uSynetdomiat rls sient) Wi. IWN cian mula Ge Zu) Sem with Succiginty SOLE, Sometimes Vong laisse ieee ele mer ale iets 3. al Stem) wathovery short, falcatevappressed) havtirs) iy ly i sie 4, 3. Flowers large,purple; petals not less than 10mm long; plant more or less covered with long, straight, soft, spreading hairs; leaves sessile, amplexicaul, often sharply toothed ...... 1, E.hirsutum L. From Greek ion epi lobon— "violet on a pod.” ** Derived from Greek schizein — to split, and stigma. + Derived from Greek syn — together, and stigma, to indicate the undivided, united stigma. 429 573 Ii? ese 14. Flowers small, pale pink; petals ca.5mm long; leaves with small, distant teeth, the lower with petiole 1-2 mm long,the median sessile OE PSHOL|diG rte SS a SY RHE ele 2. E. parviflorum (Schreb.) DC. Leaves 3—10cm long, ovate, acute, with rounded, cordate or subcordate base, the/pepiole 2 nama lore yy.) svete eve laws set: 3, E. montanum L. Tieav es. Smmalenlletre e154.) eieyteniish eaiialt atm tere at Ry ak tele: Pal nel cai fel ent ac ciianreMmC eter Nae ode sulk etian is 5. Leaves 1—2(3)cm long, rather thick, the lower opposite, with petiole 3—4 mm long, ovate, with cordate base, the upper alternate, elliptical- lanceolate (SUbSieSiSilieicerie) iis. ie vel oiieu iste hernoteetvelan 4. E.collinum Gmel. Leaves 2—6cm long, all lanceolate, gradually long-decurrent to petiole, somewhat wavy-margined, sparsely sharp-toothed ........ AEA Gc! Ie POUR ene ES se | Aare oer eats rie 5. E.lanceolatum Sev. et Mauri. Seeds obovoid, rounded at apex, papillose, rarely naked (subsection 1. Gpovoidese/Hausskni)! a yee 2. ah.) fay as ier ee the Seeds attenuate at both ends (subsection 2. Attenuatae Hausskn.) .... BF ag Bee Dail C4 DLR Opt eS ar ae Bde Lah ta Feta Maso RU EU RNR ee, ci ey ae eee a vee ee Staal Villy joucovonsiaeiae Week Ikbaversy sy 5 5 6 stg oo 0 5D oa oa ab0d Boo b oe 8. Stem without leaf lines, terete, sparsely pubescent in upper part, glabrous below; coma ferruginous ..... 28. E.japonicum Hausskn. SEU OIN SAO LUARE i. emia yer e All's? <) se) NGG Macatee lca Peeks eee) ROR een nee ee 9. Stigimacapitake-clavave-or ‘capitate-cylindrical ) | ii ke men ae Wig Stigma clavate, narrowly clavate or oblong-clavate ......... Zils SCSCAS GUIS Maley Pe aeyeee st Shia Mahe ET EM ais Po eee ed Cee ae ie ae 10. Seeds papillose, papillae visible with strong magnification, sometimes Rc enpsitamienll iim ieee nea Asides, Bel Re Tah A Phe NSN Mea ASRS Dy ANA til. Rather tall plants; leaves delicate, sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, with denticulate margin, veins and margin covered with crisped hairs; flowers medium-sized (8-10mm); capsule sparingly pubescent, at lenathy clabresicent Seeds sliohtly, roundedat apex 27s) o)'je) i. aaneu an ements Raho Miata | Asan Stans HE Ne PRU ee aan ee Meme emer ea ir', akan voy ayrikeNoowd ales Sea. Small plants; leaves subcoriaceous, sessile, abruptly rounded at base, slightly cordate, glabrous; flowers small (5—6 mm); capsule sparsely hairy; finally subglabrous, lustrous; seeds rounded at apex 2 AAG REL ROR EL OR BRNO Crcacat sean. car MM |e ae Se 18. E.frigidum Hausskn. Seedsvconspleuously papillose) skit. Mhaca hikes eke. Seem eat) eens 14, Seeds with very small; inconspicuous papillae .. 2... 52 ..0 02 2% Whe Large plants, with basal offshoots; stem with 2 markedly pubescent lines, most prominent in middle part; leaves 4—7cm long, with large forward-curved teeth, veins with short hairs; coma ferruginous : Nae rs ee Ute, ea te Ai Teh HME AAR Co Nae MONE toy hevryele 27. E. prionophyllum Hausskn. AAAS With ORkWwathOUt-muislOnsiat base OLiSteia y= ci. ues le eens LS. All leaves opposite, glabrous, the lower with petiole 2—3 mm long, the middle and upper sessile, 2—3cm long; stem glabrous, with conspi- cuous pubescent lines; seeds minutely papillose; Central Asia ..... CMR GCA REPRO. COPA tones cue: ho: ws ae oh ett en se alae A 15. E.subnivale M. Pop. Upper cauline leaves alternate; slender plants, 6—25cm high, with thin but distinct decurrent lines; leaves 0.5—1.5cm long, all short- petioled; seeds ash-gray, finely striate-papillose; coma white. Far RSA Weds Wait ni “ai Lat ph nl wre isaemrsi hes Deitteaectt@i te aout eaten ee ASN Neneh als IkONaA Stem and leaves glabrous; stem irregularly angled by glabrous de- current lines; leaves sparsely denticulate ... 24. E.angulatum Kom. 430 575 NB 16. 17s 18. IUS)e 20. 2a 24. Siete Maeve cui lC aks b MEUM S TE AMelte Eh hin yah soles: ie i tol tet e! get ate oe vas IE Seis siaie ne of Ry Nes events on IN | Snes eee Nee oie en Pon Gree mui Nar tye eae 6}. Leaves sparsely and obscurely toothed; ovate-lanceolate, with snort hairs on veins and margin; stem with 2 pubescent lines and sparse crisped hairs; stigma small,capitate ... 19. E.amurense Hausskn. Leaves cuneately tapered toward base, all petioled, large, 6-8 cm long; stem robust, with 2 shortly pubescent lines, crisp-hairy in upper part; seeds densely covered with oblong papillae; calyx-lobes to 4mm long and 1-1.5mm broad .... 20. E.cephalostigma Hausskn. Leaves cordate at base; calyx-lobes to 5mm long and 2mm broad (differing from preceding species chiefly in size of calyx-lobes, hence PMS PECILIC MANAG et teks! daandis Eby ies, eens 21. E.calycinum Hausskn. Stigma capitate-cylindric; stem terete to summit, in lower part with pubescent lines; upper part of lateral and terminal flowering branches densely whitespubescent: leaves sharplyiserratey i. fie th ae ee ee RNa ea es el ee tos Sepa ase AL vase valetcces Sy hay play af ay 1 22. E. cylindrostigma Kom. SHC Maye Oba LS Chay ane. gush tien lel yscunes ileal er ietial ils VO ary, WRAL tee A 18. RenOlLes nO One menial serebiaby ss, Leila te ahoN eek RS tie aleMe ae TO PeWolesp le semi SOT te Le eMividuenisths dvtst ht. airs con Sea Re Se ene 20. Leaves (including bracts) gradually extended at base into petiole 5-8 mm long; lines glabrous or in upper part of stem hairy; young ovary densely clothed with appressed);white hairs 2. 40S 744. . Pei err yaK abe ck au en iat Wnts st eh alvn. Sy. ai aye Mule 5 lays 11. E.consimile Hausskn. Leaves abruptly narrowed into petiole, broadly cuneate at base, with large, approximate, slightly hooked teeth; young ovary not white-hairy; line syhaury- dn allpparts) of theystem yee iy) 2 26. E.anatolicum Hausskn. All leaf lines glabrous; a small plant, 12—40cm high, quite glabrous; leaves 2—3cm long and 3-6 mm broad, petiole 2mm long; capsule quite glabrous; seeds light brown, finely papillose; Pamir, near hot SHOMCUET OS ses as mrt at Pha nider Uehia RRL E varied baie Male IE 14, E.thermophilum Pauls. Leaf lines glabrous in lower part, pubescent above; a larger plant, to 70cm high, turioniferous; stem glabrous; leaves glabrous on both sides, sparsely toothed; ovary clothed with appressed white hairs; Hie wers lar oes (togdicinn)) a. ystieys veqaalbet. Lis 13. E.tianschanicum Favl. Stigma oblong-clavate;* a small plant, 10—20(30)cm high; stem slender, with turions, little branched, glabrous, lines subglabrous; HOMERS Sve eves Sirncililie wget cmdebcittwets. Micieat fe ts Le 16. E.rupicola Favl. Siig mia mamroweclavate ior clavate (0). fs AA a 227 Silioniarmanrrow -clayate wud. . eb u ddvacany i HA ea eee BS): SE le ames AOU EEL ou, seaia weallisi ds uel cof iet.c Whee WC) cS etna TIN aries Ca RR ee 29. Epigeal stolons produced at base of stem short, leafy; stem with pLominentyoubescent lnesstence,asancledmy Laer. Mae ee 24, Stolons produced at base of stem with very long internodes ....... Os hades ie ints irae NEE ie. Bei So yg od 8. E. obscurum (Schreb.) Roth. A pale green plant; mid-cauline leaves gradually tapered from broad base to acute apex, glabrous or subglabrous (like stem), sessile, irregularly and shortly dentate-serrate; flowers 4-6mm long ..... SMC Me Me MEN pallies. Yar iei he er vatacb-ariin\ 308s A wT, wpe 6. E.adnatum Grisb. * Because of the insufficient number of specimens of this species in the Herbariumof the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, it was not possible to carry out an examination of the flowers to deter- mine the stigma shape. The cited term "oblong-clavate stigma" is based on the author's description. 431 576 DOK po. A glaucescent plant; mid-cauline leaves narrow at base, sessile or obsoletely petioled, remotely denticulate; stem and underside of leaves, especially on veins, pubescent; flowers 5—8mm long -..... NCE UOMO ERA) Bia i Aer Am oud a NEMS AS iis Bt UR he te ee lary by Sehulitas Leaves with fairly long petiole (ca. 1cm), shortly cuneate at base; stem with 2—4 pubescent lines; seeds grayish-brown, with oblong au MM Lake RAV SORT NORTE RUE ye IONS Bio Gili 9. E.roseum (Schreb.) Pers. leaves: Short=pettoledvOresies Silken ears Shek erie veciatemretne lo fete nba eas 26. Mid-cauline leaves sessile, glabrous, ovate; stem with conspicuous pubescent lines; stem glabrous; plant light green; flowers 6—7mm LoOnSyi CenterA LAST AMEN Maat yee ioe Me he Meer 12. E.almaatense Steinb. Nid [canine ticaves wathywery Short Petroles mer sei eM ster ite en een me 21. Fruit glabrous; small, light green plant, to 30cm high; leaves glabrous except for short hairs on veins and margin, remotely denti- culate; stem glabrous, with conspicuous pubescent lines [sic!], Far JENS HSIIP nese elirau tae See CNAME rtle| Ws ie Em Re cee RN ora 23. E.nudicarpum Kom. Fruit pubescent; a larger, dark green plant; leaves with hairs on veins above (when young), irregularly and sharply serrate; stem with 4 distinct pubescent lines iniupper part and 2ibelow 7 2)o a1 eee SeateheNy Tapv one) PouleaMAle ely Ae Raye tnee NEM Taba vesbe wots 10. E.nervosum Boiss. et Buhse. Stigma (and sometimes style) hairy; Veaves in whorls. of 3°... >...) UNHEARD ce WS A ia eh eM Balad CET 0 ot NN 48, E.alpestre (Jacq.) Krock. Sioa aoe nO USM Ls jh aoe Kiar ch at oy See ae Se as eke a aT atoll val tet peeeat ee ne eee nme a) SLE nVvOmetOrMessuconsprle mous leat Mimes isan sleet ene a0). SSM Wat Wo mig eat iMe se wy ee SN on talea hia Si sn) Avene eg ara eo ee 44, Secdspeoveredewath smialln papillae tee eae ae eee oul: Seed Si met papi MoOsewy wwe aeient. arPat/sch ia) -cihce Moy oa See UMN Taetat Wen gs chy re ater et ee Se). WEeCasmvitM ame pICAlyappencagel .Ol. i. UN! ay. eamai eee colle eee eeu BAG SESUS (UMA P SMG ASS Catiy MiWemale eketee (Me NeeaM NS ele me Val ein cate nea biel Ae, ese ey eae 36, Stem copiously glandular-hairy in upper part; lower and median cauline leaves with petiole to 5mm long; flowers 5—5.5 mm long; small subsessile rosettes produced at flowering time at base of SOMA EY As Aaes wean nae a mee ey ili Car ee ewies 29, E.adenocaulon Hausskn. Gilandplactharcsvonilya ine nnlornescence: Or lacleiniae secant tsa nee ne 33. Stigma capitate-clavate; a turioniferous plant; leaves sturdy, short, 2—2.5cm long, ca. 0.5cm broad, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base and marrowed tol a short petiole; flowers ca. 6 mm lone) yaa Bon aaah EA eM esta scree aa ten PM oul ethyl iia A dha 34. E. subalgidum Hausskn. Suloha clayarevons MancatcOwanclavateusna 0 sa seen eyelet? leet Aunna nhaa ana 34, Stigma narrow-clavate; thick white or purple hypogeous turions pro- duced in fall; leaves large, 7-9 mm long and to 3cm broad, short- petioled; marginal teeth callous, often purple, resembling glands (hence specific name); flowers 5—7mm TOTO Oe ea ae teak ae ee ee sigivoumancin se Wa ynagticy te a) Area ke ROEM Oa) 3 RS. ASR eae SA 35. Internodes long, sometimes 2—3 times length of leaf-blade; leaves glabrous, subentire, ovate, 2—4cm long and 1—1.5cm broad; flowers SOS LOTUS: 1) LENA een Ma ange ie, ea kneel ans 42. E,hornemannii Rchb. Leaves more closely approximate; distinctly denticulate (especially the upper); plants with short epigeal rooting stolons; flowers 5—5.5mm Eres st Sint saree EIN OS MORON Ia Rot gn. Se 43. E. uralense Rupr. 432 oe iat 578 36. Sue 36. 39. 40. 4l. 42. 43. SOM GMANe MOM MOLEC red, VOSA NG. Ws 450s ha hie el) Silat hae wena WaLewlepee teu aie 38. Siigma seapitaverclavate.orwuearnrrow hy) clavate) i yc). seep ve tele ses Sule Stigma, capitate-clavate; stem terete, with 2 decurrent leaf lines, puoducine fom basic jarcdilary,; potentially flowering: Shoots “ke viii. 2. Sipe atas FicAS AMEN lap etal vay eneRUa a aby Re Marre MS) beg hallo (aKa UN ah alto. Na 31. E.bifarium Kom. Stigma narrowly clavate; stem crisped-pubescent all over, more densely on leaf lines in lower part; flower buds glandular -hairy; Capsule Paeayls MMOS SSM Hh.) suis 6 ler te Ms oles 35. E, confusum Hausskn. Plants with basal offshoots; mid-cauline leaves abruptly tapering at base; stem without glandular hairs below inflorescence; capsule sllandulaz pubesi¢ent;, soullioilisimever produced in leat jaxilisiy 7c ee. SA SACRO aL ORIEN ORS oo OR CUE aC CER CMC ELC mem rete 32, Hialeiduny Vb. B, Turioniferous plants; mid-cauline leaves gradually tapering to petiole, remotely toothed; stem covered all over with glandular hairs; capsule grayish-pubescent, eglandular; bulbils produced in leaf axils Mauss MPI Rd ven ca teh he nat: Gr gine as ae DHE CME aY 6 5 33. E.gemmascens C. A. Mey. Plants 2—4cm high; tip of stem nodding at flowering time; leaves small, oval, subentire, approximate at end of shoots and forming a Kesar) OIE, THOS SECS MOniveneS))-1l Mone 77, jo MIMUIEVO BG Meee IG Gh ole Geo noob bo alos aoc TBR ta MO EMTS Me Pial da ek TSP Bile. 'e Nele tent alia: t ai \aire™ len yea oh he Gate, ea toate R Nc MMe 40. Stems to 20cm long, delicate, their tip nodding at flowering time; leaves small, the lower obovate, the median ovate-oblong, obtuse, cuneately decurrent to petiole, entire; plants with numerous filiform eave StOlOmS dlOwjiersS gpliile Grainy ae %. Ps sc. efecto et eu Be IA euyosbaybl any Jkee IPLOtS ahs AViemm lhichtysonve hime svat Ole cil catia iebi oes Laie sion eee 41. Hlewersmvnite: S>-o mn lone. lormi2yon! plank) ai. sar. ee et rene | eee ee BAN a Hee ea ek (ata ies ch ENON SAR SAM ta ba tg EN hg ag 38. E.lactiflorum Hausskn. Elowerns! pinkyeo— Aimar lone, 2 Orb, Oni a Senay... tree yee er cee 42. Stigma clavate, slightly notched at apex; plants with underground stolons; internodes sometimes very long, 14/—2 times length of leaf- blade; leaves rather thick, dark green, lustrous, short-petioled or SSS AMlonyrSics* CeakZ; Toolanh MO avenge Fore se aug ib ue 39. E.alsinifolium Vill. SiUomianelavatenemtinge raloOwel Py iv. 9. Nes.) rete al at 5 a vacate salen aed a nee 43. Stems erect, sturdy with strongly elevated lines; leaves narrowed AiOLnnendc remo Lelys toothed, distinctly yoettOleds ss. )-esne meee aen nee ASS Vath ONG AER, BRO bag ee Rene ae on er a oe 41. E.bongardii Hausskn. Stems weak, lines not very prominent; leaves obtusely rounded, with CHSC, Sonal, Slaeveio) WESuIN Wns Blo oe ao 40. E.behringianum Hausskn, Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, subentire, 1.5—5mm broad.... nena Lab eet ay MHI C2 PS ig NN ey ik kapel hs oth a Vee at ia PS Bein by SY I at aL Leaves broadly lanceolate, more distinctly toothed, 0.5—3cm broad .. Le LIN Sue eas BSL Toh ne Mich MAUR ALG etna Pexgtlon es Nica Ciay Puce are er cami ie ae DRURY ice AD un EARN pote ee i 49, pllenderrepicealercepine stolons produced at base ,omsteniy ay rian. 46. (CimSS Olals VenpOllouats) Vive hahebalsn ne (eee iewig Morb een elerice ite cube oan alte ed ole 48. Leaves uSually longer than internodes; small arctic plants, 4—-8cm Mich ale avicsu cml aki yor a munalonen yl; oyna COAG: sir) veya wemelen ai teeeled ee Sy OR NoNet ch ey Geile, SRO) ta urs Whe Gee 6. keane BAER Ory eae has Cire ac ae 47. E,tundrarum Sam. oe fel Ne) Werte ees olen evel \e> elie he, 10) \e0 ve) 0, tue Se lasiie (Gels Seiten le) elie! el tee) g@y sl) ey et Cw eye Page el xen He 433 579 47. Leaves ovate or obovate, the upper remotely toothed; young flowers nodding; stems simple, mostly solitary, with epigeal stolons at base, these soon separating from mother-plant.... 45. E.nutans Schmidt. ata Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile, the entire margins slightly revolute; stem and capsule puberulous; stem often RAN CHE Aer smeteu Na tiey a) are teytei ie eile etetetve dts Payel (elt oe¥ et a = 44, E. palustre L. 48. Small arctic plants, 3—-14cm high, strongly cespitose, with short rhizome and sessile rosettes; leaves shorter than internodes, sessile, 6—10 mm long, obovate, glabrous, 2—4mm broad; stem simple; cap- sulle. slichtly pubescent; petals’ pink (2 20 2.2 49. E.arcticum Sam. + Larger plants, to 35cm high; stem usually simple, rarely branched; leaves narrow, linear, with flat margins, shortly cuneate-attenuate at base, 2 demvlongsieapsule*naked; petals’ white ays. sn eee ty eae ARO GH AMICM ST SSN Weict CRDA RRR aha eat ones ve MM ern et fo 46. E.davuricum Fisch. 49, Stem quite glabrous, except for sparse short hairs in inflorescence; matumerlcap sulle maked, | jt sur, eek ete te hae 90. E.modestum Hausskn. als Stem covered all over with short crisped hairs; ovary, capsule and stem in inflorescence, densely white-tomentose with appressed hairs a Fa eL bartels, Reh atetaMeaM cates Wet asronmt tee owtn ticrd bese: er VEE NS 51. E. minutiflorum Hausskn. Section 1. SCHIZOSTIGMA Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 21; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7, 8 (1898) 208.— Stigma 4-lobed. Series 1. Eriophora Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 21.— Plants more or less covered with long, straight, soft, spreading hairs. i, hirsutum snspe: pls (1753) 847; Ser. in’) DC. Prodr./1ll42-) lndor Hi aliatineoyeidbe wi toss. Tho7y iMWiemsh. “Fil: ingre (1878) 125; Boiss. HieVoOr. lego: vraussknm) Nonoer.” bss shmallo.” Py ls 11s" sy reisiehas le 382; Mat. dlya Fl. Kavk. 41 (1914) 339; Fl. Yugo-Vost. V, 750; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. 11,99; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. (1935) 1965.—-Chamaenerion Lines un tum seop..Wl) Carnaedw2 (1472) 2708— Ch.grandiflorum Monch, Meth. (1794) 677.— Ep.velutinum Nevskiin Tr. Bot. Inst. AN SSSR, ser. 1,IV (1937) eWay oy Getsiche Ihc, 3625 Nehboy slenmile Geleniae POG Hab eVOr Hest iil Ve 2e a 220-2209; Hausskn. Monogr tab: ay, f. 20 (seed). — Exs.: Herb. FI. Ingr. No. 224; G.R.F. No. 1416 (E.hirsu- tum var. tomentosum Boiss.) Perennial; rhizome thick, producing in fall long, fleshy stolons with Scalelike leaves; (Stenmmterete, erect, much branched, 50--Va0lem lone, covered: like whole plant, with long, thin, spreading, soft, subulate hairs interspersed with short glandular hairs; indument varying considerably: sometimes stem densely covered with short glandular and few thin, long hairs (var. vul- gare Hausskn.), or stem (and whole plant) clothed with long hairs with an admixture of glandular (var. villosum Hausskn.), or densely covered (like leaves) with long and short hairs (var. tomentosum (Vent.) Boiss.); leaves, except the upper, opposite, sessile, amplexicaul, slightly decurrent, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4—12cm long and 1—3cm broad, margin with small subulate falcate teeth, both sides densely covered with long, thin, 434 spreading hairs; flower buds very shortly acuminate or subobtuse, glabrous or tomentose; flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves; calyx campanulate, deeply cleft, but not to base; calyx-tube 2—3 mm long; lobes lanceolate, acute, hairy, 8-10 mm long, 2—3 mm broad; corolla lilac-purple, broadly infundibular, large, to 2.5cm in diameter; petals orbicular-obovate, 2-lobed by a deep apical notch, 15—18 mm long and as broad, twice length of calyx; style straight, ca. 10mm long, exceeding stamens; stigma 4-lobed, lobes ca. 3mm long, divergent, thick, reflexed after anthesis; capsule 4-10cm long, more or less pubescent, on a stalk 0.5—1.5cm long; seeds brown, rounded at apex, narrowed, obtuse at base, 1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, densely and conspicuously papillose; coma dingy white. June—August. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 3.) Grassy bogs and their margins, wet gullies, swampy banks of streams. — Hugopean part: ihad.-lim.,Balt-; UlVs5,V.7Ka:, U:Dnp., Me Dip 3 .Vi-Don) transys: Dns. Blk, Crim 410. Don, baV.; Caucasus: Cise., Dag. Wry bE. ind S. Transc.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., oye De) Pan SAL t. (Sh... 'Gen. distri: Scand. ; Centr.) and) Atl); Huey) Med) 0980 Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran, Ind.-Him., Mong., Jap.-Chi. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Haussknecht, in his monograph, reports the following hybrids: E.hir - SUM mio n tan m, CE. hinsmtume x palustres Hy ha cise. pe fyi hor uimijand) KE hirsutuwm- xX roisieu'm. Economic importance. According to data presented by A. A. Grossgeim, E.hirsutum contains 146.1mg% vitamin C (ascorbic acid). A good honey plant. 2. E. parviflorum (Schreb.) DC. Prodr. III (1828) 43; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, ies oyeersheh! Hl y NMosk, subs lly 3s3;)'Shmalion Els Il stds Grosseoy aie Kavk. Ill, 101.— E.hirsutum L. Spec. pl.1(1753) 347,8.— E. hirsutum Bintermedium Ser. in DC. Prodr. III (1828) 42.— E.pubescens Roth, Tent. Germ. I, 2 (1788) 167,435; Willd. Sp. pl. II, 315; M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. 296.5, Ohne ma enien wim (pia rv if lonu nm Schreb, Spiel bips: (1771) 146.— Ic.: Syreishch. Fl. Mosk. gib. II, 383; Hausskn. Monogr. talon late tie viens weg) MT Eile) Vi, 22 ft DOP O12 Qi bcs iEertasenis Inger Nos 2255) G.-R. Hey Not 463: Perennial; stem to 1m high, erect, only at base ascending, Simple or branched (f.putatum Hausskn.) or short and scarcely branched (f. minor Hausskn.), clothed like whole plant, with sparse clavate and with soft spreading subulate hairs, these sometimes sparingly covered with minute tubercles; indument sometimes very dense (f.tomentosum Hausskn.); short stolons bearing leaf-rosettes formed in fall at base of stem; leaves to 10cm long, to 3cm broad, oblong-ovate or ovate-elliptical (var. menthoides Boiss.), or narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate toward apex (var. apricum Hausskn.); lower leaves short-petioled and often opposite, median and upper sessile or sometimes with obsolescent petiole; flower-buds round-ovoid, obtusish or abruptly short-pointed, covered with long spreading simple and shorter glandular hairs; flowers light pink, 5-10mm long; petals to 8mm, emarginate, l4s—1'f times length of pubescent calyx; calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, obtusish, 4-—5mm long, 2mm broad at base; stigma 4-lobed, straight oblong divergent lobes 1—2mm long; capsule to 8cm long, with 435 581 582 margins less pubescent than faces, stalk 1-2cm long; seeds brownish- black, obovoid, rounded at apex, obtusish at lower end, 1mm long and 0.5mm broad, densely papillose. June—September. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 4.) Boggy places, near canals.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., Balt., U. Dnp., WoW... Ve-Ka. UnDoni transys. Doss; Crimes (Caucasus si@rse.Weande ih Transe. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran, Ind.-Him. Described from W. Europe. Type in Munich. Haussknecht reported a hybrid E.parviflorum X roseum. Series 2. Montana Hausskn. Monogr. (1824) 21; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 208.— Indument consisting of short appressed falcate hairs. 3. E.montanum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 348; Ser. in DC. Prodr. Ill,41; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 108; Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) 362; Meinsh. Fl. Ingr. (1878) 126; Hausskn gone, (4i/shmelo.) Hie, 372; sy reishehs silt Moskie outa nie 384; Mat. dlya Fl. Kavk. 41, 348; Fl. Yugo-Vost. V. (1931) 750; Grossg. Pip itavke ail OO Ranloveckils (LSentr. iazalkbst aw Wil ttoae skal ence 4aaor Sib. 1968: — Ep labrum Gilib. FL. Litho (1 761) 188 1G hal mate mictemion Im Ontan wm Seep. ship C@arny edt 23(l772)270)— le. >) Hausskni Monogr: tab. 1,f.19; Syreishch. l.c. II, 384; Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 23 (1898—1899) GENO, Op Wale INN, TIS ieee ail disse Jeleialoys | Tells! Maree. INO 276° EI olmmexs-q NOvozo; th aiinocm @NO:, Jo2e Pl kercecov..exs» “NoOsHiio: Desenrr El Rune jexSesmiikaitalmexscu INO Glos "eeizak lls SB ohienas met Morgane SmimINOn 44s. Perennial; stem solitary, rarely several, erect, terete, simple or sparingly branched, covered with thin falcate hairs, to 1m long, developing in fall basal leaf-rosettes on short stolons; leaves dark green, with petioles 1-2 mm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base (f.aprica Hausskn.) or Slightly cordate (f.subcordata Hausskn.), acuminate, unevenly dentate - serrate, opposite, terminal alternate, subglabrous, only on veins and margin sometimes sparsely puberulous (more heavily pubescent in f.aprica Hausskn.), 3-10cm long, 1.5—5cm broad; flower buds ovoid, abruptly short- pointed, finely pubescent; flowers at summit of stem in axils of upper leaves; calyx puberulous, campanulate; lobes lanceolate, acute, 5-6 mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, nearly 3 times length of tube, this ca.2 mm long; petals pink, oblong -obovate, 2-lobed at apex, 7-10mm long,ca.5mm broad; style straight, scarcely shorter than long stamens; stigma 4-lobed, oblong diver- gent lobes ca. 1.5mm long; capsule puberulous, 5—7.5cm long and 1.5mm broad; seeds gray or brown, rounded at apex, narrowed to blunt or pointed lower end, densely beset with oblong papillae. June—September. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 2.) Wet and shaded places, coppices, thin dark-coniferous and mixed woods, wood margins and wooded slopes.— Arct.: Arc. Eur.; European part: all GeMOns Caucasus: ICisc.. WelandyE i ransczs We Siberia: Ob leta. Abiee E. Siberia: Dau; Far East: Sakh.? Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. (N. part), Iran (N. part). Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. According to A. A. Grossgeim, young leaves of E.montanum and of other glabrous-leaved Epilobium species can be used as salad. 436 585 The following hybrids of E.montanumL. are reported by Haussknecht: ID jan Cua Bia Wii << Oly SS Wis Wh iad, 14 Jad Koiz elimi vac, 2) jee ae ey Je, taal. Onal = ie GoM Neinshi Fl! ingr2? 1262 /"Sh nacelle Sar) hamla: 372; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 1967; Maevskii, Fl., Ed. 7 (1940) 528.— Ic.: Fl. Danie 22 Mtabyu26" Ach Tes Uri 23) tab. 125° Rehb: ten Tvtaberlasea. 32 0s Hausekne Monoera tabull, t23i (ies sem); "Hepi, WWE Va2en 222i ca: F. Schultz, Herb. Norm. No. 272; Fries, Herb. Norm. VIII,41; Meinsh. Herb. Bib inowr. MNo-. 2/2 sb). Perennial; stem erect, usually much branched, 30—70cm long, sparsely covered with short appressed hairs, or subglabrous, with 4 riblike thin lines The species E. domini M. Pop. (M.G. Popov, Ochert. rast. i fl. Karpat. 1949., 214, 296), recently described from the eastern Carpathians, belongs to this series. 439 587 decurrent from adnate leaf margins; short stolons produced in fall at base of stem, terminating in leaf-rosettes; leaves, except the upper, opposite, | glabrous lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, gradually tapering to an . acute apex, Sharply denticulate-serrulate, 3-8 cm long and 5-10 mm broad; flower buds ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, not nodding, appressed-hairy; flowers small, at the end of stem and branches, in axils of upper leaves; | calyx campanulate, slightly pubescent, the lanceolate, gradually acuminate lobes 3.5—4mm long and 1-1', mm broad, twice the length of tube (1.5mm long); petals pale pink, slightly exceeding calyx, 5—7mm long and 3—4mm broad, obovate, notched; ovary densely clothed with appressed hairs; pistil about equaling stamens; stigma narrowly clavate, ca.3mm long; capsule 5—8cm long and 1mm broad, puberulent; seeds dark brown, obovoid, 1 mm long, 0.25—0.5 mm broad, densely papillose. July—September. (Plate XXIX, Figure 4.) Spring bogs, flooded meadows, banks of streams.— European part: bevels Slbaas, 1Biellivs, Wo Wo, WasiMelns We IDiayon, Ils IDyaljoa5 Wio=lDyoia, Inieevalsn7o5 (UI, IDyalsy, 5 leuk, . Crimea Donel, Vo Caucasus. Cisc., be leansceebale-) Wesiberiacy Alter Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Note. E.adnatum forms hybrids with numerous species; the following are listed in Haussknecht's ''Monograph"' (1884): E.adnatum X ies tutausmewE. caechnie tama XWarmryn. i a camart ume Xb la nie eo lvantammaae Bee caChiroat wine enimnOmnuraid WU mn i. ard na tui 2X © bisicsuke Uma, Et arial Tinie erp alu S tore. mE sarc nash OX plait os um andi. arduare tava x te OvSienumante 7. E.lamyi F. Schultz in Regensb. Bot. (1844) 806; Hausskn. Monogr. LOS Slaraellers VIS IMA Ess (Enetorsisyae letile ete le, INI ARO }S}5 = Jenene io Le! 0) 1a) ia) Blamyi Rapin, Guide (1862) 208; F.Schultz in Bull. Soc. bot. Belg. XIV (USi5)p wilco kausskn- Monogr wtab, Ilf.2e des Sem) akleot, Milner eanvesoe eocopmenne inate. Eile Germ Zo tal. LS. aks, © icles. herb). gINi@ic nea aulole 27 Ps shes chuliz remo. Norm, Mil bx 2 7i-) Pile bins sexcgee Noone Perennial, resembling E.adnatum Grisb., but distinguished among other characters by the glaucescent color of the whole plant; long, slender epigeal stolons produced at flowering time from base of stem; stem erect, robust, densely covered with very short, curved, appressed gray hairs, 30—100cm long, with 2 or 4 rather indistinct leaf lines; tip of stem not nodding before flowering; leaves slightly grayish- or bluish-green, often reddish-tinged, in shape resembling leaves of E.adnatum,but more linear; lower and median leaves obtusish, slightly pubescent on midrib, tapering at base to a very short nondecurrent petiole; upper leaves acuminate; all leaves distantly and minutely denticulate, 3—5cm long, 0.5—1cm broad; flower buds ovoid, short-pointed at summit, appressed-pubescent, abruptly narrowed at base; flowers bright pink, dark-nerved, 5-8 mm long; ovary canescent with appressed hairs; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acute, pubescent alone t mace, 3.0) nam lones te 25—1. aimmabroad; ‘corella UH times length of calyx; stigma narrow, clavate; capsule to 9cm long with appressed gray hairs; seeds obovoid, beset with long papillae. June—July. (Flowering a few weeks earlier than E.adnatum Gris.) Felling areas in the forest zone, wet places.— European part: V.-Don, U. Dns., Bes.; Crim.; Caucasus: Tal. ‘Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min. Described from France. 440 588 589 Note. According to Haussknecht, this plant, rarely occurring in the USSR, forms the following hybrids: E.lamyi X lanceolatum, E. la- ninype eon cin tienda ein avimyn x oOjos eu re Urn, Pama dx ore ey ds © i Wi inal, earl IE. sy idal wa PS 18 OS) SW roa. 8. E. obscurum (Schreb.) Roth, in Tent. Fl. Germ. I (1788) 168, II (1788) Aso laussia. Monogr. ila shimalio Hl, Isis; Hega, Tl hls Vo 2.845) — Bekele a eomum: |S Ob 'sicuru mi WalldlSp. spilt 11 G99) Bil 72 Ser noes Prodr. III,43.— E.purpurascens Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. V (1781) 189.— E.virgatum Lam. Dict. encycl. II (1786) 375; Weinm. En. Petr. 123; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 11,110,exp.— Chamaenerium obScurum Schreb. Spice mips: mirtet4 7. — ler: Fit Dank tics 16)tab. 1020+) fign44 tab, 2509: PaMsSidieelsee tab. tiv oo; Echo. tes Pl Germ) 23 ;tab. Lastest Ilr we Cpe A eae EDS) cm Ele oh till exse, INO. 62,0: Perennial, resembling E.adnatum, but distinguished by creeping stolons; stem sturdy, erect or ascending, simple or much branched, easily compressible, glabrous in lower part, densely clothed in inflorescence with short appressed crisped hairs, with 2 or 4 slightly distinct lines, dark green, often reddish-tinged, 20—100cm long; leaves thin and weak or rather thick and resilient, sessile or short-petioled, acuminate, ovate to narrowly lan- ceolate, glabrous except for short down on midrib beneath, remotely and minutely denticulate, 5-8cm long, 1.5—2cm broad; flower buds oblong- ovoid, obtuse or slightly acuminate, densely appressed-pubescent, nodding before anthesis; flowers small, 5-7 mm long; petals lilac-pink, ovate-cuneate, sharply notched, 2.5—3mm long, 1—1.5mm broad; stigma narrowly clavate; capsule covered with short appressed hairs, 5-7cm long, on stalk 1—2cm long; seeds obovoid, ash-gray, densely short-papillose, without pellucid appendage at apex. June—September. Together with other willow-herb species along banks of streams, near SspRings, and im woods. — Huropean part: Ly Don, U.. Dns: \'Gen. distr: 7 scand.. Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (W. and E.), Bal.-As. Min. Described from W. Europe. Type was in Berlin. Note. Known hybrids, according to Haussknecht: E.obsScurum X pa- Shine OD Se Ue lem. Gepial i vet lon ines EA soib Ste ing tim CaaOrs Cauninne Series 2. Petiolata Hausskn. l.c. 22.— E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 22.— Leaves distinctly petioled, petiole 4-8 mm long (with the exception of E.nervosum). 9. E.roseum (Schreb.) Pers. Syn. 1(1805) 410; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 110, p-p.> Hausskn. Monogr: 124; Shmal's. Fl. Il, 372; Syreishch. Fils Mosk: Cub. el mooekcrvd ile Zap. oto. 968. (Chama e ner ulin ors;e ub Schreb. in Spicil. Fl. Lips. (1771) 147.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. crit. II (1824) tab. LOFT IAG Sean, ie tis. diy tabnl815; “Hausiskn-7 Monop re) Talon yi roceiv as Reb. Wem uleGecgme kota yl Lime eon, iii EY 2) fe 222 mame eae Dye clsnchs dive. soon Ese. ebiriess HerbayNorm.) Ils 3M tasiae ite ilo peal rao ee 2 toi = Vale AZ: Orlane Perennial, in fall producing leaf-rosettes from short stolons; stem 20—80cm long, erect, mostly much branched, with 2 or 4 raised lines, 441 590 pubescent, in upper part whitish with short and broad falcate hairs, hair surface densely beset with short tubercles; leaves, except the upper, ovate- lanceolate, with short-cuneate base, irregularly dentate-serrate, all petioled, glabrous above, sparsely downy on veins beneath, 5—10cm long, 1.5—3cm broad; flower buds ellipsoid, densely appressed-tomentose, point -tipped; flowers small, 5—6 (rarely 8)mm long, nodding when young; petals 6-8 mm long, at first white, finally pink, exserted We from calyx; calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, acute, 3—-3.5mm long, 1 mm broad at base, appressed-pubescent; stigma clavate, 4-lobed in upper half; capsule grayish with dense appressed hairs interspersed with glandular; seeds grayish-brown, obovoid, rounded at apex, densely beset with oblong papillae. July—September. Shaded places near rivers, streams and canals.— European part: Lad.- Ilm., Balt., Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (W.),Bal.-As. Min. Described from W. Europe. Type in Munich. Note. The numerous hybrids formed by E.roseum are indicated in connection with species described above. 10. E.nervosum Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII (1860) 88; Hausskn. Monogr. 197; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 1969; Pavlov in Uch. zap. Mosk. univ. II (1934) 325; Pavlov, Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. II (1935) 465.— E.roseum Ldb. Fl. alt. II (1830) 49, non Pers.; C. A. Mey. Verz. Cauc. 172; Hohenacker in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838) 368; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 110,p.p.; Schrift. Ural-Gesellschaft Ekaterinburg, I (1873) 26.— E.reseum,. 6 Subsessile Boiss, Pl, or. 1 (1872), 749) spy—len: Léveillé, Ic. 99, 100. Perennial; rhizome short, producing short leafy stolons; stem erect or at base ascending, simple or branched, usually reddish, 15—45 cm long, in lower part glabrous, with 2 glabrous raised lines, in upper part with 4 ap- pressed-hairy lines decurrent from base of leaves; leaves prominently veined beneath, glabrous, with remotely denticulate margin, lower oblong- ovate, obtuse, with broadly cuneate base, median opposite, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, acute, with rounded base, hairy-margined, (4)5—6 cm long and 2.5—3cm broad, upper with very short petiole; flower buds ovoid, acuminate, pubescent in lower part; flowers small, erect, 5-6 mm long; petals obtusely emarginate, pale pink, slightly exceeding calyx; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, often rubescent, glabrous,ca.4mm long; stigma clavate; young cap- sule 4—5cm long, hairy; seeds obovoid, rounded at apex, obtuse below, dense- ly papillose. May—July. Spring bogs and river banks in subalpine zone. — European part: U. V., WIS, iheenasiy5s Us IDines5 Cieilaise (Cemecesuss (Cisse. (rarely), W.and E. Transe., Das.; (WentrsAsia: 1. Sh.;Pam,-Aly) Gen? distri: Balls As. Many lean: Described from Iran. Type in Leningrad. 11. E.consimile Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 58; Hausskn. Monogr: 198; Grosse. Fl. .Kavk. Il, 102;—> Ic.: Hausskiy lve fab Ville ib ha bs seveilles-leivtapy 93. Perennial; rhizome short, truncate; stem erect or ascending simple, rarely branched, glabrous, in inflorescence always densely glandular -hairy, with 2 hairy or glabrous lines running length of stem; leaves distinctly petioled (petiole 5-8 mm long), pale beneath, elliptical or oval-elliptical, ool cuneately tapering, acuminate, irregularly and remotely toothed, glabrous, initially always hairy on margin and veins, 4-9cm long, 1.5—4 cm broad, with distinct secondary veins; flower buds ovoid-oblong, glandular -hairy; flowers medium-sized, 8mm long, erect; petals pink, longer than calyx; stigma capitate-clavate, twice as long as broad, notched at apex; style 4.5mm long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, sparsely pubescent, 4 times as long as broad; calyx-tube glandular-pubescent, 1.5mm long and 2mm broad; young capsule glandular -pubescent, subglabrous in maturity, 4-5 cm long; pedicels glandular-pubescent, 1—1.5 cm long; seeds obovoid, rounded at apex, obtuse below, covered with small papillae; coma white. July. Wet places in forest zone.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. Series 3. Tianschanica Steinb. — Stigma clavate or capitate-clavate, rarely obconic; leaves glabrous. 12. E.almaatense Steinb. nomen novum.— E.laetum M. Pop. in Byull. .Mosk. obsch. isp. pr. ser. biolog. XLIV (3) (1935) 130,non Wallich. (1928). Perennial; rhizome truncate, not thick, brittle, densely covered with fibrous roots; stem 20—40cm long, slender or sturdy, ascending or erect, Simple or with slender branches, herbaceous; lower internodes glabrous, upper with 2 pubescent leaf lines; leaves very thin, lower petioled, others sessile, bright green, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2:5—5¢cm long, 1.25—2.5mm broad, long-acuminate, all glabrous except for very sparse hairs on margin and midrib, irregularly serrulate, unequal internodes; flowers short- pediceled; calyx 5mm long, reddish in lower connate part, lanceolate acute teeth sparsely pubescent, tube ye length of teeth; petals intensely violet-pink, ovate -cuneate, 8-10 mm long, deeply notched at apex, 1-2 times length of calyx; stigma clavate, entire, two-thirds as long as stamens; filaments violet; anthers yellow, 1.2 mm long, oblong; immature capsule 4-angled, 4—5cm long, 1.2 mm broad, margins sparingly covered with simple and glandular hairs. River banks in the subalpine zone.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Alma-Ata. Type in Leningrad. 13. E.tianschanicum Pavk, in Uchen. zap. Mosk. Gos. univ. II (1934) O21) En MO r ne manna var. tumkes hanicwm Hranchetin Annlrse: Nat. VII ser. XVI (1883) 292. Perennial; root thick, ascending, with slender fibrous rootlets and buds at base of stem; stem quite sturdy, 2—4mm broad at base, 35—70cm long, simple or mostly somewhat branched above, subterete, glabrous below, with short, indistinct glabrous or sparsely pubescent lines of leaves decurrent from base of petioles, in upper part terete and covered with short crisped hairs; leaves rather thick, oblong-ovate, lower and middle reflexed, short- tapered at base to a fairly long petiole, attenuate to an obtuse apex, broadest below middle, glabrous on both sides except for sparse short hairs on veins and margin, margin with remote short upward-pointing teeth; upper leaves smaller and narrower, subsessile, sparsely pubescent on both sides; flowers fairly large, 7-8 mm long, erect when young; petals broad, broadly notched 443 at apex, white or pale pink, Nae times length of calyx-lobes, these lanceolate, 4—5 mm long, terminating in a short obtuse point, densely appressed-pubes - cent; stigma capitate-clavate; capsule 5—8cm long, sparingly appressed- pubescent; seeds small, 1—1.5mm long, obovoid, obtusely rounded at apex, unappendaged, attenuate toward base, covered with small papillae. July— August. Banks of rivers and springs in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Endemic. Described from Talas Ala-Tau, Type in the Herbarium of the Moscow University; cotype in Leningrad. 14. E.thermophilum Pauls. in Botanisk Tidsskrift, 27 (1906) 142.—Ic.: Pauls. l.c. p.143,f.2; Léveillé, tab. 136. 592 Perennial; rhizome thin, with slender fibrous rootlets; stem 12—40cm long, hollow, erect, simple, glabrous, with or without axillary flowers from base, lines glabrous; lower leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, rounded at base, sessile; upper cauline leaves and bracts ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, with petiole 1—2 mm long, narrowed toward base, 2—3cm long, 3-6 mm broad, obtusish, glabrous on both sides, remotely den- ticulate; flower buds globose, glabrous; flowers small, 3—4.5mm long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, cucullate at apex, glabrous, 3.5mm long and 1mm broad; petals pale pink, slightly exceeding calyx; stigma clavate- capitate; style thick (in young flowers); capsule quite naked, upright, 4-5 cm long, with stalk 2—3cm long; seeds obovoid, rounded at summit, light brown, with small papillae. August. Neamimountainm sprinos. Centr. Asia: Pam.—Al, hndemic. sDeserived from Pamir. Cotype in Leningrad. i. E. subnivale M-.)Pop. ex Pavlovein Uchen. zap. Mosk.* Goss unive i (1934) 329. Perennial; root thick, short, ascending, with slender fibrous rootlets and with turions at base of stem; stem 15—40cm long, 2—3 mm thick at base, simple or rarely somewhat branched above, terete, glabrous except for crisped hairs on decurrent lines; leaves opposite throughout, thin, ovate- oblong, lower tapering at base to short broad petiole, glabrous, median and upper sessile, amplexicaul, margin at teeth sparse, very short, erect, obtusish and glandular; flowers fairly large, 7-8 mm long, nodding when young; petals dark pink, broad, broadly and acutely notched at apex; sepals lanceolate, 3.5—4mm long, attenuate to an obtuse apex, usually faintly reddish at base, sparsely covered with crisped hairs; stigma entire, oblong-obconic, enlarged upward, 4-lobed at summit, with short acute lobes; capsule 6—8cm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, at first with rather sparse patent hairs, finally subglabrous; seeds small, 1—1.5mm long, obovoid, obtusely rounded at summit, unappen- daged, pointed at base, minutely papillose (under strong magnification). July. Wet banks Of Springs). Cente. Asia: i: sh’ Bndemic)) Desemibed toma Talas Ala-Tau. Type in Herbarium of the Moscow State University. Series 4. Rupicola Steinb.— Small, sparingly branched mountain plants; stigma oblong-clavate; leaves glabrous. 444 ——_ 593 16. E.rupicola Pavl. in Uch. Zap. Gos. univ. II (1934) 326. Perennial; root stock ascending, short, thin, flexuous, slightly branched, with turions at base of stem; stem slender, 1mm thick at base, 10—20(30) cm long, simple or with few short branches above, subterete or with indistinct glabrous lines decurrent from base of petioles below, glabrous in lower part; upper part of stem and branches of inflorescence covered with short appressed crisped whitish hairs; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, broadest at middle, the lower and median with very short but distinct petiole, tapering to short obtuse apex, glabrous on both sides, mar- ginal teeth 10—12, remote, very short, usually directed upward; flowers small, 3—4 mm long, erect when young; petals narrow, deeply and sharply notched at apex, pale pink, half as long again as calyx; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, 2—2.5mm long, acutish, densely pubescent in bud, subglabrous in ex- panded flower; stigma oblong-clavate, entire; capsule narrow, linear, d5—6cm long, 1mm broad, sparingly appressed-pubescent; seeds small, to 1mm long, obovoid, rounded at apex, obtuse, unappendaged, narrowed toward base, covered with small papillae. July—August. Shaded rock crevices in the alpine zone. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Endemic. Described from the valley of Dzhebogly-su. Type in Herbarium of Moscow University; cotype in Leningrad. pegiesi oa. \Oniganifolia ausskn: Monder. 22: iu. Py Pilanzentam. 210i 210.— Stigma capitate; seeds mostly glabrous. 17. E.ponticum Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 202; Grosse: Phy Kavike Il 101. ord amichold uo @akoch in. Winnaca le:: Hausskn., Monogr i tabr2) i. 36. Perennial; stem erect,ca.60cm long, terete to summit, glabrous, lines glabrous below, with short down in upper part; flowering lateral and terminal branches densely white-pubescent in upper part; leaves 4—6cm long, 1.5—2 cm broad, glabrous above, puberulent beneath on very prominent veins and on margin, oblong-elliptical or oval-elliptical or lanceolate, tapering to obsolescent petiole, dark green, toothed, acuminate, subglabrous; flower buds oblong-ovate, acuminate, subglabrous, flowers 4—5 mm long, pinkish- violet; petals broad, obcordate, deeply notched, exserted one-fourth from calyx; calyx-lobes glabrous, reddish, dark, lanceolate, apiculate, 3—3.5mm long and ca.1mm broad; stigma capitate-cylindrical, thick, 2mm long, 1mm broad; ovary densely clothed with very short appressed hairs; seeds brown, obovoid, papillose. July—August. Repbly ishallows.<-\bacy Hast. Usst Gen. distr: Jap. Chi. Wesemibed from Manchuria. Type in Leningrad. 447 597 598 Series 7. Leiocarpa Steinb.— Capsule quite glabrous. 23. E.nudicarpum Kom. in Tr. B. S. XVIII (1901) 432; Tr. B. S. XXV (1907) 94; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. II, 775.— Ic.: Léveillé, Ic. tab. 67. A glabrous perennial; stems erect, 20—50cm long, terete to summit, without leaf lines; leaves opposite, short-petioled, oval or broadly lanceolate, 6cm long and 2.5cm broad, tapered at apex, serrate-dentate, upper lan- ceolate, acute; flowers small, 5-7 mm long and as broad; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate; petals entire, 1%, times length of calyx; stigma sub- clavate; ovary quite glabrous; young capsule somewhat actinaciformly curved, to 6cm long and 1.5—2 mm broad; seeds papillose, elongate -ovaloid, with white coma. July—August. Mixed woods, banks of streams.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Korea. Type in Leningrad. 24 ee anioula tu milo. mpi el ies ee nS ie VAL (19101) 8432), Cis ES SOOV) (OOM o4 en iktoms sand Ais.” Opredetrs Wallmevest kia Mil 5 aile smiles amSy POG tab. lh rer2e A glabrous perennial; stems simple,to 25cm long, terete, sometimes 4-angled above; leaves all petioled, paired, oval-lanceolate, cuneate at base, 4cm long, 2cm broad, subacute, remotely short-toothed; flowers fairly large, 7—8cm long and ca. 11mm across, violet-pink; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; petals much longer than calyx, deeply parted, broadly obcordate; stigma capitate, globose,to 1.5mm across; immature capsule often angu- larly bent at middle, to 6.5cm long, 1.5mm broad; seeds dark, with pure white coma; upper part of stem angularly bent at each leaf pair. Mountain woods, sandy banks of streams.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap Chime WDescribed irom Wworean byoe im Menimgrad: 25. Ee tenuwe! Kom. invir. BiySy Xocv (1907) 95: Komp and Alis: @pred: By Da Me vOsit apse AiO Cowie aon lhc. exbalo wile staple: Annual? Root very short, thin; stem 6—35cm long, simple, reddish; stolons wanting; longitudinal lines on stem thin but distinct, with short crisped hairs; stem glabrous in lower part, covered in upper part with a network of spreading crisped hairs and fewer glandular; leaves 0.5—1.8cm long, 0.3—0.7cm broad, ovate-elliptical or broadly lanceolate, remotely toothed, subacuminate, with reddish veins, glabrous or margin slightly hairy; flowers small, 4mm long, 2-3 mm across, nodding when young; calyx-lobes glabrous, flat or very sparingly pubescent, 2mm long, 1mm broad; petals pinkish-violet, notched, conspicuously violet-veined, exserted WE from calyx; ovary glabrous, bright green, 0.8mm long, sometimes initially hairy; stig- ma capitate; capsule 2.5cm long; seeds brown (sometimes ash-gray), striate, rounded at summit, narrowed toward base, very minutely papillose; coma white. July—August. Swampy meadows; especially overgrown lakelets.— Far East: Uss. Gen. (distr:: dap.—Chi. “Described from Koreaz lyperm Bening rad: series, 6., Anatolica Hausskn: Monogr. 22; . u. Pi Pilanzemiaran. 21 Oris Leaves long and broad, more or less sessile; stigma capitate or capitate - clavate. 448 (599) PLATE XXIX,. 1—Epilobium algidum M.B.,habit, flower, style, seed; 2 —E.lactiflorum Hausskn., habit, flower, seed, seed surface; 3 — E. bifarium Kom.., habit, seed, fragment of stem with leaf lines; 4 — E.adnatum Griseb., seed. 449 601 26. E.anatolicum Hausskn. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 59; Hausskn. Monogr. 199; Grosse.) Ml, Kavi. Il, 1022 Born © ami tomlin Boiss. Fl. or. IL (1872) 750,p.p.— E.montanum Boiss. El. or. 11,747, Pips Perennial; rhizome densely covered with fibrous roots; stem erect, hollow, simple or branched in upper part, glabrous, sublustrous, with short patent glandular hairs in inflorescence; elevated lines 2 or 4; leaves opposite, dark green, pale beneath, gradually tapering toward base, broadly cuneate-decurrent to distinct petiole 3—4mm long, remotely and coarsely toothed, prominently veined beneath,5—6cm long and 1.5—2.5cm broad, veins and margin sparsely hairy; inflorescence erect, many-flowered; flowers medium, 7-8 mm long; petals lilac-pink, 144 times length of calyx; calyx- lobes lanceolate, apiculate, pubescent, 4mm long, 1.5mm broad; stigma capitate-clavate; capsule to 6cm long, at first covered with patent hairs, finally glabrous; seeds obovoid, rounded at apex, tapering toward base, obtuse, densely short-papillose; coma dingy white. June—August. Wet places in midmontane zone.— Caucasus: W. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Turkish Armenia. Type in Leningrad. 27. E.prionophyllum Hausskn. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) des sHausiskn.) WVionogr.200; Grosse. Pl iKavik.! Il; 025.) mio mitanartimn B MB. Fl. taun.-caue. I (1808) 296; Boiss. Fl. or: ly 747, p.p:— Hetri- gonum Ldb. Fl. Ross. II (1844) 111, non Boiss. Fl. or. II, 749. Perennial; stem with basal offshoots, ascending or erect, simple or branched in upper part, leafy, many-flowered, terete, with 2 (sometimes sparsely) pubescent lines, glandular -hairy in inflorescence; leaves opposite, sessile, glaucescent, pale beneath, ovate, rounded at base, sparsely pubescent on lateral veins or glabrous, sharply serrate with forward-curved teeth, 4—6 cm long, 2—2.5cm broad; flower buds ovoid, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; flowers erect,ca.1cm long; petals purple, twice length of calyx; calyx-lobes lanceolate, glabrous, 6 mm long, 1.5 mm broad, acute; tube sparsely pubescent, 1mm long, 2mm broad; stigma capitate; capsule at first patent-hairy, finally glabrous, 4.5—5cm long; seeds oblong-ovoid, rounded at apex, covered with small papillae; coma rufescent. May—June. High mountain and midmontane zones; banks of rivers and streams, inundated and wet meadows, sandy river shallows.— Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E.Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Koch's specimen collected in Georgia. Type in Leningrad? series 9. Japonica Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P: Pflanzenfam. II, 210.— Stem without decurrent lines, uniformly pubescent in upper part; coma of rufous hairs. 28. E, japonicum Hausskn. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 56; Hausskn. Monogr. 209; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. II, 776.— Betetragonum var. japonicum Miquel, Prol. fl. Jap. 258.— E. affine Maxim. Ind. (1869) Suppl. 16, p.p.; Franch. et Sav. Enum. Jap. I (1875) ide ypyo. len Weveille ie. Epil ital. 450 602 Perennial; rhizome long, producing filiform stolons, covered at collar with pale green, entire, orbicular, obtuse leaves; stem ascending, 30—60cm long, Simple or in branched in upper part, leafy, sturdy, pale green or reddish, glabrous in lower part, covered above with crisped and some glan- dular hairs, without decurrent lines; inflorescence erect before flowering; leaves opposite, subcordate at base, short-petioled, obtuse, sparingly pubescent on veins and margin, remotely denticulate, upper ovate-lanceolate, 3—4cm long, 1.5—2cm broad; flower buds ovoid, obtuse; flowers erect, 6—7 mm long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sparsely pubescent, 4mm long, 1.5mm broad; calyx-tube puberulent, 2mm long and as broad; petals pink, slightly exceeding calyx; stigma capitate, 1.5mm long and as broad; capsule covered at first with crisped and glandular hairs, finally greenish, sub- glabrous or sparingly glandular-hairy,5—6cm long; pedicels shorter than bract, 0.5—1cm long; seeds pale brown, obovate-oblong, rounded at summit, tapering downward, 1.5mm long, ve mm broad, densely papillose, coma of feruginous hairs. August—September. Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. Described from Siebold's specimen collected in Japan. Cotype in Leningrad. Subsection 2. ATTENUATAE Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7, 8,210.— Seeds more or less tapering at both ends (at least when immature); stem with or without decurrent lines. Series 1. Tetragonoidea Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, Abt. 7, 8,210.— Stem with 2 or 4 not very pronounced decurrent lines, covered with partly glandular hairs especially in upper part; seed densely papillose, with pellucid appendage at apex. 29. E.adenocaulon Hausskn. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) Ios Hausskna/ WMonopn. i261" MAS Smirnov in’ Trt, Gos. fimuze es entrs joro— myshl. obl. 4 (1927) 3; Hegi, Nl. Fl. V,2,807.— E. eraebner il Rubner in Fedde, Repert. XV (1918) 179.— Ic.: Léveillé, Ic. tab. 167; Hegi,l.c. GUS ExSee Ply inls yexs. 8 Nose2020, 2021,,2022: Perennial; root short, subsessile leaf-rosettes before flowering time at base of stem, produced underground and turning green upon reaching soil surface (unfortunately often missing in herbarium specimens, as they break off easily when the plant is dug up); stems 20—50cm long, sometimes reddish-tinged at base (1-25cm long — f.pumila P.Smirn.), erect or Slightly ascending at base, simple or branched from base, with 2 or 4 in- conspicuous decurrent lines, glabrous below, covered in upper part with short subappressed and glandular hairs; inflorescence slightly nodding before flowering; leaves entire, irregularly but distinctly denticulate, glabrous above, with minute hairs on veins and margin beneath, lower oblong- ovate, median ovate or elliptical-ovate, upper narrower, all acuminate and distinctly short-petioled (petiole to 5mm); flowers small, reddish-lilac, 5—95.5mm long when fully expanded; flower buds ovoid, short-pointed above, appressed-tomentulose; sepals 4—4.2 mm long, 1.2—1.4mm broad, sparingly covered outside with simple crisped and with glandular hairs; petals 4—5mm long; stigma clavate, gradually narrowed to style; capsule, including 45] 603 604 stalk, covered with short simple patent and with glandular hairs; seeds tapering at both ends, densely papillose, terminating in pellucid appendage. June—August. On silty-sandy and wet clayey soils, shores of rivers and lakes, ditches, swampy clearings, forest and springy ferns.— European part: Balt., Lad.- limes Us Vie. Dnp.. Ve-DomarGen. distr, wiseanden Cents une, sNeeaunan Described from Ohio in N. America (Drege's collections). Type in Lenin- grad. Note. Introduced. First reported for the European part of the USSR and for Moscow Region by P.A.Smirnov. This species was first collected in Moscow Region by A. A. Khoroshkov and was incorrectly identified by him as E.hornemanni Rchb.; under this name it also appears in D. P. Syreishchikov's Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. and the fifth edition of Maevskii's uso.) OSS! Series 2. Platyphylla Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7,8, 210.— Leaves large, ovate-lanceolate or oval, with broad, almost round base; seeds papillose. 30. E. glandulosum Lehm. Pugill. II (1830) 14; Hooker, Fl. bor.-am. (1883) 206; Hausskn., Monopr, 2733) Kom. Fl. Man'chzh. 1ll,925)\Kommanl: aime: tS 22% eitiestiisa joo). rany > xen eaarelyuy | OlShuinay youre ee ety Grease ceil N. Am. I (1838) 489.— E.affine Bong. in Mém. Ac. Pétersb. VI (1833) 135; Wdb. Fl. Ross. 11,110; Maxim. Ind. Suppl. (1869) 16, p.p.— Eama-— ximoviczii Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeit. XXIX (1879) 57, p.p.— Ie.: Sugawara, Ill. Fl. of Saghal. tab. 619. Perennial; rhizome short, oblique, producing in fall sessile white or purple plump underground turions with fleshy, broadly rounded, apically recurved leaves; stem herbaceous, erect, hollow, pale green or reddish, simple or sparingly branched, with glabrous distinct lines decurrent from leaf base, glabrous and sublustrous in lower part, covered in upper part with short crisped hairs, 20—70cm long; leaves glabrous, opposite, upright, lower oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, median and upper sessile, oval- lanceolate, acute, with broad, almost round base, 7-9cm long and to 3cm broad, marginal teeth callous, often purple, resembling glands (hence specific name); flower buds ellipsoid, short-acuminate, sparsely pubescent; flowers small, erect, 5-7 mm long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, short- acuminate, pubescent, 3mm long, 1.5mm broad; petals pale pink, exserted one-fourth from calyx; stigma narrowly clavate; capsule at first with crisped grayish hairs, finally glabrous, green or reddish, 6—7 cm long; seeds brown, fusiform, appendaged at summit, densely covered with round papillae; coma white. August—September. Moisture-saturated soil near springs, banks of streams, and water- logged tussocks in the forest zone.— Far East: Kamch., Uda, Uss., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Ber. Described from Aleutian Islands. Cotype in Leningrad. 31. E.bifarium Kom. in Fl. Kamch. II (1929) 324. Perennial; stem terete, 5—20cm long, with 2 prominent longitudinal lines, simple or with potentially floriferous axillary branches from base, in upper 452 605 part tomentulose; leaves subsessile, oval-lanceolate or oval, acute, denti- culate, 3—5cm long and 1—2.5cm broad, glabrous, opposite or alternate but always strictly 2-ranked, much longer than internodes, lower deciduous before flowering; flowers 1—5 at end of stems and branches; ovary finely but densely pubescent; sepals oval or lanceolate, acute, green or purple; petals 5—7mm long, pink; stigma capitate-clavate; capsule 4-angled, ca.6cm long, slightly pubescent, finally glabrous; seeds dark fuscous, obo- valoid, covered with small papillae, the coma white. August—September. (Plate XXIX, Figure 3.) Waterside alder woods, often in waterside mud.— Far. East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad. Note. We are not sure about the significance of E.kurilense Nakai (Tokyo Bot. Magaz. XXII, 1908, 83), described from the Kurile Islands and compared by the author with E.wallichianum Hausskn. The description is incomplete, and so is the type material; it is therefore difficult to deter- mine the distinctive characters and systematic status of this plant. Series 3. Himalayensia Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7, 8, 210.— Indument on whole stem or in inflorescence including glandu- lar hairs; flowers large, 8-12 mm long; stigma capitate or capitate-clavate; seeds densely papillose. 824 Bealoidum IM. B.dleytaursjcaue. 1)(1808) 297;) DC.” Prody. sIMeAa: Hausskn. Monogr. 214; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 41.336; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. IDI, HOC a po) be alin @) lism licen Ede ROSS 0 TRIM exapr: Bors syeah mens alle (Owe pein a pies tige michw nokitz Ze (1830) tel, = Bite \omulm "Boiss. Fl. or. II (1872) 749, ex p.— Ic.: Leveille, tab. 111. Perennial; stem erect, pale, slightly nodding before flowering, glabrous in lower part, sparsely hairy above, with few glandular hairs in inflorescence; decurrent lines 2 or 4, sparsely pubescent; leaves subsessile, opposite, thick, 3—5cm long, 1.5—2 cm broad, all acuminate, hairy on veins and mar- gin; flower buds ellipsoid, obtusish, sparsely pubescent; flowers erect, large, 12—15 mm long, bright pink; petals obcordate, veined; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 7mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad at base; stigma capitate, obcordate, notched at apex, 2mm long, 1.5mm broad; style 7mm long; capsule plump, 7cm long, covered with short glandular hairs, finally glabrous; pedicels covered with short glandular hairs; seeds oblong-ovoid, attenuate toward apex, acute at lower end, 1.5mm long and as broad, finely papillose. August—September (Plate XXIX, Figure 1.) Wet places in the alpine zone.— Caucasus: S. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 35) Hacemmascens, ©) Ai Mey. in Vierz. Pil.) @Caues s(lest) mins; wieder Fl. Ross. II (1844) 159; Hausskn. Monogr. 215; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 41, 336; Gigosson ley Kaige le 25— Eval ontd ulm Teh mine MV se ialvanes jc aie. 1 (1808) 297.— E.roseum f. gemmifera Boiss. Fl. or. II (1872) 749.— BO icanminio li wmyon benlans aie shoiss 4s or ie li( 18/2) 7a0re lien Hausskn. 1c) tab, Vyt. 44,4, b,c; lueveillé, Ie. tab, 95) — xs; Sintenis) iter orient. f. (1894) No. 7025. 453 606 Perennial; stem simple or branched, often from base, erect or ascending, with 4 prominent lines, glandular -hairy all over, 10-—30cm long; tip of stem nodding before flowering, densely beset with spreading glandular hairs; large bulbils usually formed in axils of cauline leaves and of stolons; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate, sparsely hairy on veins and margin, remotely and minutely denticulate, 2—3(4)cm long and 0.5—lcm broad, gradually tapered to petiole 2—3mm long; flower buds globose or ovoid-globose, pointed; flowers nodding when young, 10-12 mm long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, sparsely pubescent, often faintly reddish, 5-6 mm long, ca. 2mm broad, densely glandular-pubescent tube 2mm long and as broad; petals pink, broadly cordate, acutely notched at apex, twice as long as calyx; stigma capitate, apically notched, 1—1.5mm long and as broad; style ca.4mm long; capsule appressed-canescent, without glandular stalk ca. lcm long; seeds at first tapering at summit, rounded in maturity, obtuse at lower end, densely papillose, 1mm long and 0.6mm broad. June— September. Wet places in the alpine zone.— Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. and S. Transc., Dag.. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min.,Iran. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. 34. E.subalgidum Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 59; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 41 (1914) 336; Hausskn. Monogr. 217; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 102; Pavl. in Uchen. zap. Mosk. univ. II (1934) 326. A pale green perennial; stem erect, simple, loosely leafy, glabrous below, with 2 pubescent lines in upper part, with short crisped and glandular hairs in inflorescence; leaves rather thick, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base and narrowed to short petiole, sparsely pubescent on veins beneath, ciliate- margined, 2—2.5cm long and 1.5cm broad; flower buds ovoid, acuminate, glabrous; flowers 8mm long, nodding when young; petals obtuse, emargi- nate, pink, twice as long as calyx; stigma capitate-clavate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, subglabrous, rubescent; calyx-tube sparsely glandular- hairy; capsule reddish, sparingly glandular -pubescent, to 5cm long; seeds obovoid, prolonged at apex into a small appendage, tapering toward base, papillose. July—August. Upper mountain zone, wet places.— Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Described from Lake Alakul'. Type in Leningrad. Series 4. Nepalensia Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. Ill, 7,8, 210.— Stigma clavate; seeds oblong-obovoid, slightly tapering toward apex, covered with short papillae. 35. E.confusum Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 151; Hausskn. Monogr. 219; Mat. Fl. Kavk. 41,336; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. II, 104; Pavl. in Uchen. zap. Mosk. univ. II (1934) 335; Pavl. Fl. Tsentr. Kazakhst. II (1935) 485.— E.virgatum Ldb. Fl. Ross. II (1844) 110,non Fries. — Bvobsicurum Boiss.’ Mier: (1872)' 749. — less! Heveille, Ie.’ tab. i3s) Perennial; stem with basal leaf rosettes, erect, simple or sparingly branched in upper part, to 50cm long, subglabrous in lower part, crisp- pubescent above, with glandular hairs intermixed in upper part, decurrent 454 =! t 607 lines more densely pubescent in lower part; leaves opposite, the upper alternate, sessile or gradually tapered to petiole 1-2 mm long, the lower subglabrous, oblong, obtuse, subentire, the median with sparse short hairs, more densely pubescent on veins beneath, ovate-lanceolate, thickish, acute, ca.3cm long,0.5—l1cm broad, remotely sharp-toothed; flower buds ovoid, obtuse, glandular-hairy; flowers pale pink, small, erect, 3-6 mm long; corolla 145 times length of calyx; calyx-lobes 2.5mm long and ca. 1mm broad, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; stigma clavate; capsule 4—5cm long, both capsule and stalk canescent; seeds oblong-obovoid, slightly tapering toward apex, covered with very short papillae. July. Wet meadows and bogs in mountains.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Described from Armenia (Koch's collection No. 888, collected in 1837 in Darachichag). Type in Leningrad. series 5. Alpina Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7,8, 210.— Arcto-alpine plants with entire glabrous leaves; stigma clavate; seeds glabrous (i. e., not papillose, except E.hornemanni and E.ura- lense). BGqcr, alpinum) Is, Sp. plk! (1753) 348: ‘Ser in DC, Prodr.) 1,412) edb. ieee O: Widb, walk hRoss mill Wiab hegig M1. Pla) 2) 849. Kaew ewle Zap sie wlO/ le we nag a iiiicito tim Mam eneyc lwiei why (ase) a76;) Hausskn. Monogr: lo2;7Mat. Fl. Kavk. 41,335; Kom, Fl. Kamen, HMoZP Grosses: Hl kavk- Ti) 1015—te.: Fl; ) Dan... (1787) 322) Hausiskn en italy. Initio 12 (ic. sem.); Rehb. We, Fly Germ. XXII tal 9r Wery-eniie) cei Abe boneZeor Hei cw tea2e2, 2293.— Exs.: Piries hens. | Norra velit, 44; Schultz, Herb. Norm. III, 269. Perennial; rhizome slender, filiform, branched and creeping; stems solitary or mostly numerous, producing prostrate leafy stolons, erect or decumbent, 3—12(20)cm long, glabrous, with 2 slightly prominent puberulent lines; leaves small, glabrous, opposite except the upper, broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate, on creeping stolons obovate, all obtuse, entire, 1—2.5cm long, o—-7 mm broad, cuneately tapering to petiole 1-2 mm long; flowers few or solitary, axillary at summit of stem, nodding when young, 4—5 mm long; calyx campanulate, lobes obtuse, glabrous, oblong-ovate, 2—2.5 mm long and 1mm broad; petals pink, obovate, cuneate at base, 2-lobed at apex, Tee times length of calyx; stigma narrowly clavate; capsule sparsely hairy to sub- glabrous, dark brown, recurved and pendulous before anthesis, 2—3.5cm long; seeds light brown, fusiform, with pellucid apical appendage not papil- lose. June—August. (Plate XXX, Figure 5.) Rock crevices and banks of mountain streams in the alpine (rarely sub- alpine) zone.— Arctic: Arc. Eur., Arc. Sib.; European part: Kar.-Lap. (N. part), Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka. (Ural); Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. and S. Transc., Dag.; W.Siberia: Ob, Irt., Alt. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min. Described from Swiss Alps. Type in London. 37. E.sertulatum Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 52; Hausskn. Monogr. 220; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 321; Hultén, Fl. Kamtch. II, io les Hausskny de, tab. IV tie..43 a, bs, Léveillesle, tab) 17 455 608 609 A small perennial, forming tufts of creeping sterile and erect flowering, densely leafy stolons; stem simple, ascending, ca. 3cm long, 4-angled, glabrous all over, with longitudinal pubescent decurrent lines; upper leaves approximate, forming a kind of rosette, thick glaucescent; lower leaves ovate, broad-petioled, tapering to an obtuse apex; mid-cauline leaves ab- ruptly contracted from a broad base to narrow petiole, entire or remotely and minutely denticulate, 1—1.5cm long and 8-10 mm broad; flowers 1—3(5) in axils of upper leaves, nodding when young, 5mm long; petals pale pink, exserted one-third from calyx; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2.6mm long, 1mm broad, acute, glabrous; calyx-tube glabrous, Imm long; stigma clavate, narrow at apex, enlarged in middle part, tapering toward base; capsule erect, ca. 2.5cm long, short-stalked, at first Sparsely spreading-hairy, finally glabrous; seeds fusiform, with a short pellucid appendage, 1—2.5mm long and '/; mum broad, quite glabrous. July— August. (Plate XXX, Figure 1.) Mossy borders of springs and pebbles in the subalpine zone.— Far East: Kamch. Endemic. Described from Kamchatka, from the inlet shores facing the Mutnovskaya Sopka. Type in Leningrad. Nowe. Avdistinetive species, closely related to 2. alpinum Layton which it is distinguished by the short hypogeal stolons, leaf-rosette at summit of a short, completely glabrous stem, ovate, thickish cauline leaves, rounded at base and tapering to an obtuse apex, and few pale pink flowers scarcely overtopping plant at onset of anthesis. 38. E.lactiflorum Hausskn. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 89; aussian., Monogr. Loss Won. vbik Kamchall, 326ia 7 Ese dl. joim mabe rook sleeeile Stiecemech 2) (N755)et2 4 — sb vail ori rajummal 3) eNom, Wet, Gueay , sail iost aNiore tig wncaee (1838) 488, ex p.— Ic.: Horn. in Fl. Dan. 24, tab. 1387; Hausskn. l.c. tab. 1, fig. 13 (ic. sem.).— Exs.: E. Fries, Herb. Norm. VIII, No. 44. Perennial (2), pale green; rhizome short; stem curved at base, slender, simple, with long internodes, rarely branched, glabrous, 6-16 cm long, with tip nodding in flower, decurrent lines inconspicuous in lower part, more conspicuous and densely white-hairy above; leaves thin, glabrous, sub- lustrous, opposite or median and upper alternate, all petioled, 2—3cm, rarely 5cm long, cuneate at base, the lower obovate or oblong, broadly rounded at apex, entire, the median ovate-oblong, obtusish, remotely and almost imperceptibly toothed, 2—3cm long, 1—1.5cm broad; bracts narrower, with more distinct though small marginal teeth; leaves sometimes oval- elliptical and then plant with axillary branches and more leafy (f. fonta- num Hausskn.); flower buds globose-ovoid, obtusish, subglabrous; flowers in fascicles of 1—5, crowded in axils of upper leaves, or more numerous and then plant large, branched from base, with more closely serrulate leaves (f.£kamtschaticum Hausskn.); flowers small, 3—5mm long, nodding prior to anthesis; petals white or violet (f.riederianum Hausskn.), about equaling calyx; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, glabrous, pale green or reddish, 3.5mm long, 1mm broad at base; calyx-tube glabrous, 1mm long; stigma narrowly clavate; young capsule always nodding, slightly glandular -hairy, pale green or reddish, finally glabrescent, 4-6cm long; seeds oblong-fusiform,glabrous, with a pellucid appendage at apex, 1.25—1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad,coma white. July—September. (Plate XXIX, Figure 2.) 61006 1 456 Banks of brooks and springs in the alpine zone, especially on stony soil.— Arctic: Arc. Eur., Arc. Sib.; Far East: Kamch.,Sakh. (Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Arctic,N. Am., Med. Described from Scandinavia. Type in Lund. Note. According to Komarovy, all specimens of E.lactiflorum Hausskn. from Kamchatka approach most closely var. riederianum Hausskn. White-flowered specimens occur rarely. It is possible that var. riederianum Hausskn. is a distinct Species associated with Kam- chatka, but this cannot as yet be determined because of insufficient her- barium material. The following hybrid forms of E.lactiflorum are reported in Hauss- DimechitcimonooraphwE lactit lorum ux (pia lustre; ida ur ie wma )< Laci homummrcanc Ho amacraliliidino Pruim 6 1 ek Wenriu may 39. E.alsinifolium Vill. Prosp. (1779) 45; Ej. Hist. Plant. Dauphine, III (H789)i5t Tesi Ml, Pll. Vj2850,—(Booriganifolium Mam "Dict. Hneyel il (i786) 376; DC) eProdr’ 1ly41);— BP. alpinum 6 Jalsanwio- lium Hartm. Scand. Fl. ed.3 (1838) 91; Weinm. Enum. stirp. Petropol. G20 est No cis ani To lium var.m a; us Himes NeovaliManh) Malas) ioe leer) Richio. lice ierits) IL (i824) tab wleO fis. 314: lt) Dani 44 tabe2seue Hausskn. 1.c. tab.I,fig.14a,b (ic. sem.); Hegi,l.c. fig. 2195,2233.— Exs.: Fries, Herb. Norm. V,41; F.Schultz, Herb. Norm. VII, 653. Perennial; rhizome short, curved, creeping, in fall producing at the collar numerous, pale hypogeal stolons with fleshy scalelike leaves, plant thus forming small tuft; stem ascending or erect, simple or sometimes sparingly branched, nodding attip, with 2 or 4 pubescent decurrent lines, glabrous elSewhere; leaves with petiole 2—4 mm long, sometimes sub- 610 sessile, thickish, dark green, lustrous, the lower ovate-elliptical, gradually tapering to petiole, subentire, glabrous, 1—1.5cm long and 6—8 mm broad, the median ovate to ovate-elliptical, obtusish, abruptly or gradually tapering to petiole, 3—4cm long and 1—1.5cm broad, slightly sinuate-dentate; in- florescence few-flowered, nodding when young; buds ovoid, short-acuminate; flowers fairly large, 8-12(15)mm long; petals oblong-cuneate, lilac -violet, deeply notched, with 5 or 6 reddish veins, aye times length of calyx; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acutish, subglabrous, pubescent, 4.5mm long, 1.25—-1.5mm broad; calyx-tube 1.5mm long, 2mm broad, sparsely glandular-hairy; stigma narrowly clavate, slightly notched at apex; capsule plump, reddish, at first with scattered glandular hairs, finally glabrous; seeds fusiform, pale brownish-cinereous, with pellucid appendage at apex, glabrous. June— September. Growing in groups in cool bogs near springs, banks of streams, near snow patches, in the subalpine and alpine zones.— Arctic: Arc. Eur.; Buropean paris Karn lao.U. Dns: \Gen, distrs:(scand:,) Centr -wandeAtl. Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min. Described from France (?). Note. According to Haussknecht, E.alsinifolium hybridizes with many Species; the following hybrids are known: E.alsinifoliumX col- linum, E. alsinifoliumX hornemanni, E. alsinifoliumxXmon- tanum, FE. alsSinifoliumX nutans, E.alsinifolium X obscurum, Beal sno! iio ap ays tiie wen alsin ho | ium Or orsie tuna 457 611 40. E.behringianum Hausskn. Monogr. (1884) 277; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 325; Sugawara, Ill. Fl. Saghal. II, 1343.— E.origanifolium Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, II (1827) 553.— Ic.: Léveillé, Ic. tab. 224; Sugawara, IC Lao on wN. Perennial; rhizome multicipital, creeping rooting, producing epigeal stolons; stems numerous, cespitose, ascending, simple; flowering stems f nodding, leafy, lines covered with whitish hairs; leaves strong, glaucescent, the upper more closely approximate, the lower opposite, with basally connate petioles, glabrous, subentire, ovate or oblong-ovate, gradually tapered to petiole 2-3 mm long, obtuse, the median rounded at base, 2—4cm long, 1—2cm broad, remotely serrulate, with glabrous veins beneath, the upper subacute, sparsely covered with crisped hairs on margin and on veins beneath; buds oblong, obtuse, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; inflorescence few-flowered; flowers,erect, 5-8mm long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, 3.5—4 mm long, 1.25mm broad; calyx-tube glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 1.5mm long; petals pale lilac-pink, ih times length of calyx; stigma narrowly clavate, 1.5mm long,0.5mm broad; style reddish, 4.5mm long; capsule reddish, at first glandular-pubescent, becoming glabrous, lustrous, 3—5cm long; pedicels glandular-pubescent, 5-8 cm long, much shorter than bracts; seeds fusiform, with pellucid appendage at summit, 1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, quite glabrous. August—September. Growing in small groups near springs,in meadows and on pebble-beds. — Far East: Kamch., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Ber. Described from specimens collected by Mertens on Sitka. Type in Leningrad. Note. Ahybrid E.behringianum X bongardii is known. The plants described by Takeda (Journ. Linn. Soc. 42, 1914, 466), E, ovale Takeda and E.schikotanense Takeda, are most probably hybrids of E.behringianum Hausskn. with E.bongardii Hausskn. and possibly with E.glandulosum Lehm. 41, E.bongardii Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXXIX (1879) 57; Hausskn... Monogr: 278; Komes Fl.) Kamch. Il, 324) HE) o seu im) Bonetin Meém. Ac. Petrop:, VI (1833) 135, non Sehreb.s, Torr.et\Grayy rl.) North um. 1(1838):489; Lidb» FI. Ross. 1,111, ex p:— E.hornemanni Bone wiger ISIS TaKoralsyelaley\S i Biollo\ lew Marois ydlile TUL ep amele sel Kena Léveillé, Ic. Epilob. tabby 223. A dark green perennial; rhizome short, multicipital, giving rise to short epigeal stolons; stems numerous, simple, erect, reddish, glabrous, lustrous, angled, tip drooping before flowering, decurrent lines white-pubescent, 2 in lower part, 4 above; leaves 4—7cm long, 2cm broad, elliptical, narrowed at both ends, gradually tapering to petiole 3—5 mm long, with closely serrulate ciliolate margin, prominently veined beneath, turning black in drying; in- florescence loosely divaricate, finely glandular-pubescent; buds ovoid, Slightly acuminate, Sparingly pubescent; flowers 6—8 mm long, nodding prior to anthesis; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute; calyx-tube 2.5mm long, sparsely glandular-hairy; petals pink, narrow, cordate, emarginate at apex, exserted one-third from calyx; stigma narrowly clavate, 2.5mm long, 0.5mm broad in upper part; style 3.6mm long; capsule slender, reddish, glandular-pubescent, finally glabrous, 5-6cm long; pedicels glandular -hairy; seeds oblong, short-appendaged at rounded summit, 1.5mm long and 0.5mm broad, glabrous, with dingy-white coma. August—September. 458 612 613 Pebble-beds and borders of springs.— Far East: Kamch., Sakh. (Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Ber. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Lenin- grad. Note. Known hybrid: E.bongardii X glandulosum, 42. E.hornemannii Rchb. Ic. crit. Il (1824) 13, tab. Hla); fieeswise clo: Fl. Ross. W,112; Hausskn. Monogr. 174; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 326; Hulten, El. Kamtch. 11, 146.—E,alpinum $8 fontanum Wahlenb. Fl. lapp. (1812) 95.— E.alpinum 8 majus Wahlenb. Fl. suec. 2 ed. (1831) 244.— iE wvoasemiun Wereezs ia Ibello, lly iROsts, Ws INO eA jon Wes eH Javelina, I e55 Maus Exs. air elim: oleate. 4x A dark green perennial; rhizome slender, creeping; stem arched- ascending to erect, slender, simple, nodding at tip before flowering, glabrous, with prominently decurrent puberulous lines, 8—1 5(30)cm long, long inter - nodes exceeding leaves; leaves with distinct petioles 2—5 mm long, opposite or alternate, thin, glabrous, the lower oblong, rounded at apex, subentire, obscurely denticulate, gradually tapering to petiole, the median ovate- elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base, 2—-4cm long, 1—1.5cm broad, with winged petiole 5-8mm long, margin remotely and finely toothed; buds ovoid, obtuse, glabrous; flowers small, 5—6mm long, nodding when young; calyx glabrous, lanceolate acute lobes ca. 3mm long; petals violet, ys times length of calyx; stigma clavate; capsule at first sparsely glandu- lar-hairy, finally glabrous, reddish; seeds oblong-fusiform, with pellucid apical appendage; seeds with small papillae. July—September. Near springs and streams in the alpine zone, more rarely on pebble-beds of the forest zone.— Arctic: Arc. Eur.; European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.; W. Siberia: Ob; E. Siberia: Le.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch., Chuk., Sakh. (Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Scand.,N.Am. Described from N. Europe. Type was in Berlin. 43, E.uralense Rupr. in E. Hoffmann, Ural. bor. II, Suppl. B (1856) 33; Havisskn,. Monogr. 221¢) Krys ile Zap. Sibs VIL 1973. = Hig hanicam ular Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 51.— Ic.- Hausskn. l.c. tab. Ill, fig. 39 a,b,c; Léveilld, Ic. tab. 129. Perennial; rhizome short, densely covered with fibrous roots, producing short epigeal stolons, these bearing closely approximate small ovate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves forming rosette at tip; stems reddish, ascending at base, then erect, 10—25(30)cm long, often angled, with 2 pubescent decur- rent lines; leaves glaucescent, sometimes reddish-tinged, thickish and some- what fleshy (when fresh), 1.5—3.5cm long, 0.8—-1.5cm broad, the lower oppo- site, ovate, obtuse, entire, cuneately narrowed to petiole ca. 4mm long, the median opposite or partly alternate, oblong-ovate, attenuate toward apex, faintly denticulate or entire, with petiole 2-3 mm long, upper leaves alternate, acuminate, subsessile, sparsely denticulate, all glabrous except for sparse appressed pubescence on midrib beneath; flowers in axils of upper leaves, 5—7mm long, erect; buds ovoid, obtuse, glabrous, sometimes turning reddish; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, 3mm long, 1 mm broad, glabrous; calyx-tube glabrous, 1mm long; petals broadly obcordate, slightly notched, purple, twice as long as calyx; stigma clavate, 1.5mm long and 0.5mm broad; 459 614 capsule sparsely covered with short fine hairs, naked in maturity; seeds fuscous -brown, fusiform, with short pellucid appendage, 1—2.5 mm long, 0.5mm broad, densely covered with roundish pappillae. July—August. Near mountain streams in the lower mountain zone and adjoining parts of the forest zone. — European part: V.-Ka. Endemic. Described from Specimens grown in the Leningrad Botanical Garden from seeds brought from Urals, from the tributaries of Ilych River. Type in Leningrad. Series 6. Palustriformia Hausskn. Monogr. 22; E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7, 8,210.— Stems without decurrent lines; stigma clavate; seeds more or less papillose. AACE paltistreuwls) Sp. pl. 11753): 3463 Ser.2 insDCs rode Ill .e3enedian Pie alte (On eidb yaw Osisnn Ue hLOGmex prs) Lauss mine Mon OgiakyehZ as Samal so HI ML si2s, Syceisheh. Hl.411)3 72) ) Kom, Ply aMian'chzhp smile G@sian) QOe IO@ia, JS Iehancla I G272 IOjaas eval Miss, (Ojowecl, if IDallinewosin, ie. Via Grosse Pimiiavics Wi NOS Kirvli! Bl Zap. olb.wVELl s lobe Ele ce ihie Ble) Va25 889)— leh) Hi \ Dane) 114( 1767) 34 75 00X (181 8)etaby 15745 iSyreismens ier Hep! eu ties 2225) 22760; isugawara, I. Pl. -Saghal. Di tabs io4cer Ese NV heiaSiie ier eicony eley ioral 22 Oe Me oa 2 Ola Perennial; stem erect, terete, without decurrent lines, simple or branched, uniformly puberulent all round, at least in upper part where also glandular-hairy, 12—80cm long, at base often producing slender, filiform, trailing, remotely leaved hypogeal stolons, terminating in fall in fleshy bulbils; leaves linear, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse -tipped, cuneately narrowed to sessile base, entire, sometimes revolute-margined, 2—9cm long and 3-15mm broad, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous, the upper alternate, others opposite; flower buds ovoid, obtuse, short-pointed; flowers small, 5-8 mm long, at end of stem and branches, nodding when young; calyx infundibular, lanceolate acute lobes 3—4mm long and 1—1.5mm broad, 2—21/, times length of tube; petals pale pink or whitish, obovate, 2-lobed at apex, 5-7 mm long and 3—4mm broad; stigma obovoid-clavate; capsule 4—8cm long and ca. 1mm broad, uniformly thick except at short- tapered ends, puberulent, more so at angles; seeds fusiform, densely covered with short round papillae, minute apical papillose appendage. June—September. Grassy or rarely peat bogs, wet shores of rivers and lakes, in the polar- arctic, forest, and more rarely the alpine and steppe regions. — European part. all recvons; (Caucasus, ‘Cisci Wil ranse.) Wiesiberia-@b, JU) loom inte Julie He siberian Yents Wena =o. Ane -Say,,,Daueaihar Baste kamen AC... USS, sakh.;) Gentry Asia ytAri-Casp..T,Sh., Pams-Al? Gens distur: Scand), Centr. and Atl. Hur.;indj-Him., Mong:} Jap.-ChilN. Ams; lib, Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Note. In addition to the numerous hybrids listed above, in connection with various species of Epilobium, the following three are noted by Bawssknecht:) B.palusitirie xX apals vii) or wny, Hioalist cei se orse remap Snide visite tacste-onuina. 45. E.nutans Schmidt, Fl. boém. IV (1794) 82; Hausskn. Monogr. 141; eo MME V2) 647. Ee plahusit re 8 pnutens, Grabs hls On-seailless 460 (615) co aE a oa See BU sale gta o oh = / “ SING ie \ ‘ (] me \ I y y Lee oe oS Co Se | (2 << 5 <7 ax > PLATE XXX. 1—Epilobium sertulatum Hausskn., habitat, flower. flower in section, style; 2— E.,arc- ticum Sam., aspect in flower and in fruit,seed,style; 3 — E. tundrarum Sam.,habitat; 4— E.alpestre (Jacq.) Krock., habitat. fragment of stem with decurrent lines style, flower in section; 5 —E. alpinum L.. habitat, flower, style. 461 (1843) 111.— E.alpinum £8 nutans Pohl. Tent. Boh. (1810) 64; Koch, Syn. ed. 2 (1843) 268.— Ic.: Hausskn. l.c. tab. IL, fig. 34 a,b (ic. sem.); Hegi,1.c. fig. 2231; Léveillé, Ic. tab. 15.— Exs.: Sieber, Fl) austr.exs. No. 412. Perennial; rhizome short, curved, producing from crown delicate epigeal rooting stolons, these soon separating from mother-plant; stem ascending, 5—20(30)cm long, simple, with nodding tip before flowering, lower part glabrous, with 2 decurrent lines, upper part finely crisp-hairy (like pedicels), with 4 pubescent decurrent lines; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, flat- margined, glabrous, the lower short-petioled, entire, the median and upper sessile, the upper remotely toothed, 1—3cm long, 2—8 mm broad; flower buds ovoid-oblong, obtuse, subglabrous; flowers small, 5mm long, nodding when young; petals pale violet, twice as long as calyx; stigma clavate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, subglabrous, reddish, 2.5mm long, 1mm broad; calyx-tube sparsely pubescent; capsule at first appressed-canescent, finally subglabrous, reddish, initially nodding, at length erect, 3.5—4cm long; seeds brown, oblong-fusiform, with a long pellucid appendage at summit. July—September. Spring bogs, banks of streams and wet screes in the Subalpine and alpine zones.— European part: U.Dns. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,Med. (W.). Described from Czechoslovakia. Type in Vienna? Note. In addition to the hybrids formed by E.nutans with E.alsine- folium and E.anagallidifolium, there is a known hybrid E.nutans X palustre: 46. E.davuricum Fisch. in Hornem. Suppl. Horti bot. Hafn. (1819) 44; Link, Enum. I (1821) 379; Ser. in DC. Prodr. Ill, 42; Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838) No. 454; Hausskn. Monogr. 145; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 328; Hulten, Fl. Kamtsch. I], 144; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. VIII, 1797.— E.pa - lustre @ L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2 (1755) 124, No. 330, excl. syn.— E.palustre Blapponum Wahlenb. Fl. lapp. (1812) 95,ex p.; Fellm. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VIII (1835) 132.— E. palustre B albescens Wahlenb. Fl. suec. (1824) 234; Erman, Verz. (1835) 63; Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, LOO) E5<2 70. aera neare Fries, Nov. mant. II (1842) 185; Ruprecht, Fl. Samojed. (1845) No. 109.— Ic.: Fl. Dan. 49, tab. 2897, fig.4 excl.; Hausskn: 1. c. tab. II, fig. 23 a,b, fig. 36 (ic. sem.).— Exs.: Fries, Herb. Norm. X, No. 43. Perennial; rhizome short, after flowering producing compact sessile rosettes of oblong-elliptical obtuse entire leaves; stem solitary, erect, simple or rarely little branched, sometimes very short (var. minor Hausskn. = var. pusillum Turcz.),or 10-35cm long (var. major Hausskn.), with long internodes (in var. major Hausskn. up to 6cm), sometimes with pronounced decurrent lines, in lower part glabrous, else- where covered with short simple and, in upper part, also glandular hairs; leaves sessile, narrow, linear, with flat margins, Shortly cuneate at base, obtuse or tapering to obtuse apex, 2—5cm long and 2—3 mm broad, the lower shorter, opposite, other alternate, sparsely denticulate or subentire; flower buds small, globose or ovoid-globose, glabrous, obtuse; flowers small, 4—6 mm long, nodding when young; calyx glabrous, 3—3.5 mm long, with linear- lanceolate lobes; petals white, obovate, deeply notched at apex, twice as long as calyx; stigma clavate; capsule at first appressed-pubescent, finally glabrous, 3—4cm long; seeds oblong-fusiform, with pellucid apical appen- dage, loosely covered with flat papillae. July—September. 618 og) Water-logged sphagnum bogs in the polar-arctic and alpine regions. — Arctic: Arc. Eur., Arc. Sib.; W. Siberia: Alt. (rare); E. Siberia: Yen., eu kKolwAnorsoay. Data kan mast. Kameh a Gen. distr, Scand. ,.Ber. Described from Sweden. Type in Uppsala. Note. Haussknecht's monograph records the hybrids E.davuricum X inaics ah hon u.imuiand se adaywvjubed cmm | XS paduis t re. 47. E.tundrarum Sam. in Bot. Notiser (1922) 264.— Ic.: Sam. l.c. 265. A small, bright green perennial, 4—8cm high; rootstock thin, creeping, rooting; epigeal stolons to 45cm long, appearing at flowering time, bearing very small opposite leaves 2—4mm long and terminating in small rosettes; stem rooting, erect from ascending base, slender, simple, in lower part glabrous, with 2 crisp-hairy lines, few-flowered, tip nodding before flowering, later erect; leaves mostly exceeding internodes, sessile, subentire, with almost flat or slightly revolute margin, 5-15 mm long, 1.5—3 mm broad, the lower opposite, obovate, subglabrous, the upper alternate, sublinear, with sparsely crisp-hairy margin; flower buds small, ovoid, sparsely crisp- hairy, obtuse, reddish; flowers usually 1 or 2,small, 4—5mm long, nodding when young, pink or white, about twice as long as calyx; calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, acutish, slightly pubescent at base; stigma clavate, narrowed toward base, 1.5mm long, 0.75 mm broad, equaling style; capsule nodding when young, covered with grayish subappressed or crisped hairs, 0.51 cm long at anthesis; pedicels more or less crisp-pubescent, equaling bracts. July—August. (Plate XXX, Figure 3.) Boggy tundras, shores of rivers and lakes.— Arctic: Arc. Eur. (Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach Island). Endemic. Described from the Arctic of the European part of USSR. Type in Uppsala. Note. Samuel'son sets up this plant provisionally as a new species, in view of the fact that all the anthers examined by him were filled with well developed pollen grains, thus eliminating the possibility that E.tundrarum might be a hybrid. Unfortunately, Samuel'son was unable to study the coat of mature pollen grains in the absence of ripe capsules. Supplementary studies under natural conditions are needed to elucidate the systematic status of E.tundrarum. 432.—. alpestre (Jacg.) Krock., Fl. Sil. 1(1787) 605; Hegi; Ml.) mi) Vv, 2: 838.— E.montanum £B alpestre Jacq. Enum. Vind. (1762) 64.— E.trigonum Schrank, Bair. Fl. I (1789) 644; Hausskn. Monogr. 149; Mat mba niga view i4 1s 3G (Grossenyhl) Kayk.) Til.) 02.— ate nom Gaynraman B Wiel er OV ia iel aay) Te rarevole, lau AC erelay (1819) 84.— E.roseum y trigonum Ser. in DC. Prodr. II (1828) 41.— Ic.: Hausskn. l.c. tab. II, fig. 35a, b (ic. sem.); ebb. Wey ahi wGermarOoUik talo.el6 9) Hep is 1.tes) fig.29239 2224s) ies oe ascii: Herbs) Bomemmiias Tt Perennial; stem sturdy, hollow, simple or rarely little branched, erect, leafy, nodding before flowering, terete, glabrous in lower part, covered above with crisp simple and with glandular hairs, with 2 or 4 raised lines, 30—60(80)cm long; leaves in whorls of 3, rarely 4, oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed toward base, the median often with rounded base, sessile, glabrous above, pubescent on veins beneath, remotely denticulate, 4-7cm long and 1—2(3)cm broad; flower buds ellipsoid, acute, sparsely spreading -hairy; 463 620 flowers large, 8-15mm long, nodding when young; petals lilac -pink, obcor - date, ca. 7mm broad, narrowly and deeply (to 4mm) notched, about twice as long as calyx; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 5.5—6 mm long, 1.5—2 mm broad, sparsely pubescent; stigma cylindrical-clavate, tapering toward base, 2mm long, 1mm broad; style pilose; capsule covered with appressed simple and with glandular hairs, 6—8(9)cm long; seeds large, 1.5—2 mm long, 0.75mm broad, brown, fusiform, with pellucid apical appendage, faintly covered with small papillae; coma dingy-white. June—August. (Plate XXX, Figure 4.) Wet meadows in the subalpine zone.— European part: U.Dns.; Caucasus: Cisc.,W. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr.and Atl. Eur., Med. (W.). Described from the vicinity of Vienna. Type in London. 49, E.arcticum Sam. in Botaniska Notizer (1922) 260.— Ic.: Sam. l.c. 261. Perennial?, 3-14 cm high, strongly cespitose, usually more or less in- tensely rubescent; rhizome short, rooting, bearing sessile rosettes, the rosulate leaves elliptical, rounded at apex, entire, 8-15 mm long and 3—-4mm broad; stem erect, simple or very rarely branched, subterete, with 2 decur- rent lines of crisped hairs, few-flowered, nodding in upper part before flowering, finally erect; leaves, shorter than internodes, subsessile, 6—10(12) mm long, 2—4 mm broad, flat-margined, obtuse, the lower subopposite, obovate, subentire, glabrous, the upper alternate, narrow, margin remotely denticulate, ciliate; flower buds small, globose-ovoid, glabrous, obtuse, turning reddish; flowers 1—3,small,4—5 mm long, nodding when young; petals whitish or pink, ie times length of calyx; calyx-lobes obovate, obtuse; stigma clavate, narrowed in lower part, 1.25mm long, 0.75 mm broad, equaling style; capsule nodding when young, sparingly glandular -hairy, erect in maturity, plumpish, subglabrous, 2—3cm long; pedicels finely glandular - hairy, 1.5—2cm long, exceeding bracts; seeds obovoid-fusiform, with pellucid apical appendage, 1.25—-1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, glabrous or slightly papillose. August. (Plate XXX, Figure 2.) Boggy tundra, river banks and lake shores.— Arctic: Arc. Eur. (Arctic islands), Arc. Sib. Gen. distr.: Greenland. Described from Novaya Zemlya. Cotype in Leningrad. 50. E. modestum Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XXIX (1879) 55; Hausskn. Monogr. 211; Pavlov in Uch. zap. Mosk. Gos. univ. II (1934) Se Fa Sell ULS eS eNeG Wry Ol Ch yaa Clea eon imi sisiaihen ialels 9 ill (1879) NeGte lew Muevielllevicw talbwls4. Perennial; stem ascending, slender, with short appressed hairs in in- florescence, simple or weakly branched, pale green, remotely leaved, with faint glabrous lines; leaves thin, pale green, glabrous on both sides, the lower opposite, the median and upper alternate, the lower entire, ovate- oblong, obtuse, with petiole 4mm long, the median oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, subobtuse, flat-margined, remotely denticulate, cuneately narrowed toward base, 2—3cm long, 5-8 mm broad, sparingly veined, the upper more acute and distinctly toothed; inflorescence few-flowered; flower buds small, globose-ovoid, short-pointed, densely covered with appressed hairs; calyx also appressed-hairy, lobes lanceolate, acute; flowers small, 3-Smm long, 464 621 nodding when young; petals pale pink, scarcely exserted from calyx; stigma narrowly clavate; ovary covered with short appressed hairs; capsule pubescent at first, subglabrous in maturity; seeds small, fuscous, obovoid, with pellucid apical appendage, densely papillose. July. Alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Iran, Ind.-Him., Vib. Described from Tibet (Hooker and Tomson collections in the valley of Nubra River). Type in London. 51. E. minutiflorum Hausskn. in Oest. Bot. Zetischr. XXIX (1879) 55; Hausskn. Monogr. 212; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III, 103; Pavl. in Uch. zap. Mosk. aniv..l(1934) 325. Payl. Fl. Usentr. Kazakhst./ Il,485.— le.; Hausskn. Monogr. tab. IV,fig.40a; Léveillé, Ic. tab. 135. Perennial; rhizome short, in fall producing sessile leaf-rosettes; stem simple or branched, terete, hollow, withe rect tip, often reddish, without decurrent lines, in lower part subglabrous, lustrous, in middle part appressed- hairy, in inflorescence densely pubescent, 25—60cm long; leaves pale green, thickish; the lower oblong-lanceolate, tapering to petiole 2—3 mm long, sub- entire, obtuse; the median longer and broader, broadly lanceolate, sessile, remotely and unevenly toothed, 2—8 cm long, 0.5—-2 cm broad; the upper lanceolate, appressed-pubescent along veins; flower buds small, oblong- ovoid, obtuse, white-tomentose; flowers numerous, very small, 3—4mm long, erect; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2mm long, 1mm broad; petals pale pink, exserted oe from calyx; stigma clavate; ovary densely white-tomentose; capsule 3—6 cm long, and fruiting pedicels appressed-pubescent; seeds ob- long-ovoid, fuscous, densely covered with oblong papillae, minute apical appendage often deciduous together with coma. July—August. Bogs, wet river valleys.— Caucasus: W. and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (W.), Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Iran, Ind.-Him. Described from northern Syria. Type in Vienna. Genus 924. CHAMAENERIUM* Adans. Adans. Fam. II (1763) 85 Calyx deeply 4-parted, with short tube, lobes spreading crosswise, oblong-linear, faintly 3-nerved; flowers somewhat zygomorphic; petals obo- vate or obcordate, pink or purple or sometimes white; stamens 8, of these 4 longer than others, all arranged in one whorl, dilated at base, curved; style hairy at base or glabrous, curved; stigma 4-parted; fruit a 4-valved podlike capsule; seeds with coma. Perennial herbs or undershrubs, with simple, toothed or entire leaves. The genus Chamaenerium contains 20 species, of which six occur in the USSR. Py a Style nOUDeSCeMt In VOWeNe Teer eat sa) out wil) elton inal aiini sche hoe aaa Ze AR SAS allailcrercyerswilay hon, eign ochaut ea oMy CMeon On UNeNe oer cere reac old oo Di De Beside midrib, a network of lateral veins clearly visible on leaf underside; leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dark green above, glaucescent beneath; seeds glabrouS ...........+.. TORE ee ere Pac wo Rel iar en ail 1. Ch. angustifolium (L.) Scop. * From Greek chamai— low, and nerion-— oleander. 465 622 623 af Lateral vers imdistinct; seeds papulliosen sao. at ts we aera ok ames Be 3. Leaves with dense silvery or silky pubescence on both sides, entire, linear or linear-lanceolate; stems 40—60cm long, with short branches appressed! oO, Stemi tt a sees % 2. Ch. steveni (Boiss.) Sosn. af Leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy on midrib and surface beneath ... Be Te Me eceva TN coors, Biltge: eMart CeLts” in tg oh clteUh eae ah ns hn eee ae cere 4, 4, Style equaling stamens or nearly so; leaves 1-~3mm broad; inflores- cence an elongated raceme ...3. Ch. angustissimum (Hausskn.) Sosn. + Style greatly exceeding stamens; leaves 5—-7mm broad; inflorescence an almost corymbose raceme .,.4. Ch.caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn. aah Style scarcely exceeding stamens; leaves 7-10mm broad; inflores- Cence a.Short racemer tse er... ls 5. Ch. colchicum (alb.) Steinb. De iateraliiveinsron leat underside not prEOmatiMeimite cus ei gee) ents I ee ero: RASA AONIRN 8 rs 6. Ch. latifolium (L.) Th. Fr. et Lange. ate LAWS! \Wremias) Clay Leeut UiacleieS Cla joyeoinmmiaeiate Se boo S BA are 5 5 Hao 6 bbe section 1. HEBESTYLAE Steinb. — Style pubescent in lower part. i-eh. anpustitolim (iu:) Seop, EL. carn. ed. 2 (1772) 271 Grocse.. mle Kavk. II, 104.—Chamenerion maximum Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) Sie Epi lobium -ameustvtoliim TL: Sp."pl. (1753) 347.) Udo. lemme ioe db) rl Ross. Il 10a; Hausskn. Monogr. Epileb.. 3.73 .cn nail oe seal a Om neo iii let Kom mi Man'chzh. Lil; 383 tkicvi es tle. Zone nsaor Vill O6ch Ec pmcaLunn lam Eneyel. meth. Ul (1786) 373; Ser. im Des Prodr, Wl,40; Boiss. Fl. or. 11 (1872) '745.— E.difforme Gilib., PY Lithuan. V (1781) 190.— Ic.: Syreishch. Fl. II, 382: Sorn. rast. SSSR, IL Dogo eo Ne Chet al Gone. i Hie. 2196 and 2202210 3re vc top malen Dotan 2. tabs he. xs: Gone. No.260; Fil. It. exse Nos cove sel apne exs. Nos. 298, 816; Woloszcak. Fl, Pol. exs. No. 433. Perennial, forming congested crown from sturdy creeping rootstock; stem erect, Simple or sparingly branched, terete, glabrous, densely leafy, 90—150cm long; all leaves alternate, very rarely verticillate and then only partly, sessile or very shortly petioled, lanceolate (sometimes elliptical, rounded at base — var. macrophyllum Hausskn.), acute, 4-12 cm long and 7—20mm broad, subentire or margin with sparse minute glands or glandular teeth, upper surface glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, lower glauces- cent, with prominent midrib and clearly visible network of lateral veins; flowers in loose terminal raceme 10—45cm long; pedicels 0.5—-1.5cm long, with small linear bracteoles at base; calyx colored, cleft nearly to base, with tube ca. 1mm long; calyx-lobes horizontally spreading, lanceolate or sublinear, of unequal width, pilulose outside 9—12 mm long and 1—2 mm broad; corolla somewhat zygomorphic, purplish-pink, sometimes pale pink or white (var. albiflorum Hausskn.), horizontally spreading, 2.5—3 cm across; petals obovate, entire and rounded at apex or shallowly notched, narrowed to short claw, 13—17mm long and 6-8 mm broad; stamens Spreading; style equaling stamens, arched-recurved, hairy at base; stigma 4-parted, lobes ca, 2.5mm long, divergent, linear, finally revolute; fruit a capsule to 8cm long, densely covered (like pedicel) with short appressed 466 624 hairs; seeds glabrous, oblong-ovaloid, 1.1 mm long, 0.3mm broad; coma of long white hairs, often rufescent in prolonged herbarium storage. June— first half of August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 3.) Thin, dark-coniferous, mixed, pine, larch, and birch woods, burnt-out areas, steppe birch groves, forest margins, felling areas, clearings, dry peat bogs, road embankments and arable fields, in the polar-arctic forest and forest-steppe zones.— All regions except Tal. and Mtn. Turkm. Gen. Giste,-) nearly all Europe, Bali—As. MinY, Arm: -Kurd iran, Ind?=Hims Mong., Jap.-Chi.,N. Am. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. Various parts of Ch.angustifolium (L.) Scop. have highly diversified practical applications. The roots are edible and areused as a sweet-tasting vegetable. The sweet roots are processed by fermentation into a special kind of beverage. The roots can also be used for preparing a flour Suitable for biscuits and, when added to dough, imparts a sweetish taste to the bread. The roots also contain tannins. The leaves are used as a tea substitute [Iwan-tschai, Kapor tea], easily distinguished by the presence of characteristic druse crystals in the cells. The tealike beverage, made from the leaves, has the color of genuine tea. The leaves contain 190 mg% vitamin C. Fireweed flowers yield a large amount of nectar, pollenand glue; a Single flower yields 0.55mg nectar, and the total output during the flowering period (3 days) amounts to 3.3mg. A hectare of firewood thicket provides 480—500 kg of honey and, in exceptionally good years, up to 1,000kg. The honey has a delicate taste, with an agreeable and somewhat spicy flavor; it is very Sweet, greenish, translucent anc clear like water. The seeds contain 40—45% oil (according to the data of A. A. Grossgeim and others). Note. ''Flowers from June to September, fruits in August. One plant may produce up to 20,000 seeds; this enormous quantity of seed is carried by the wind and spreads easily; germination can take place under an ex- ceedingly wide range of conditions, the basic requirement being proximity to soil surface; maximum germination occurs at a depth of 0.5cm, while at a depth of 4—5cm germination can no longer take place. Beside extensive spreading by seed, the plant is exceptionally well adapted for vegetative re- production owing to the long, multi-layered horizontal and vertical roots which are capable of producing adventitious buds everywhere. This species is partial to sunny spots, it is tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, but does not easily endure competition with other plants.'' (Sornye rasteniya SSSR, III (934) 317.) 2. Ch. steveni (Boiss.) Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9,386; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,104.— Epilobium canescens Stev. ex White in Ann. nat. Hist. In@es9) 208) -|E pilobium,|steveni ‘Boiss! Diagn, Il 214856) 55.— Ep ile buunmcediomae 1 18" sitemweni Boiss), Mly form lis 72)i 746% Perennial; stem erect, branched, woody below, with bark exfoliating in lower part, sometimes pinkish above; branches leafy, from axils, appressed to stem, short (2—7 em), only the lowermost sometimes reaching 13—1l5cm; stem and leaves on both sides densely covered with silvery silky pubescence; leaves 1-nerved, sessile, entire, linear or linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 1—4(5)cm long and 2—6 mm broad; inflorescence a loose termi- nal raceme, 8—20cm long; bracts often inserted at middle of and half as long as pedicels; flower buds densely appressed-hairy; sepals linear-lanceolate, 467 625 acute, appressed-pubescent, often pinkish on inner side, to 1.3cm long, ca.2mm broad; petals obovate, pinkish-purple, 1.3—-1.5cm long, 7-9mm broad; pistil 1, times length of stamens, lilac; ovary hairy; capsule, like whole plant, with appressed silky pubescence; seeds oblong, 2.25 mm long, 0.75mm broad, with small papillae. July—August. Wet places in the upper forest and subalpine zones.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transe. Gen. distr.: Med. (W.) Bal.-As. Min. Described from the vicinity of Akhaltsikhe. Type in Leningrad. 3. Ch. angustissimum (Hausskn.) Sosn. in Tr. Azerb. otd. Zakavk. fil. AN SSSR, 1 (1933) 41; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. Ill, 104.— Ch.palustre var. angustissimum Sosn. in Tr. Azerb. otd. Zakavk. fil. AN SSSR, I (1933) 41.— Ch.dodonaei Schur in Fuss, Fl. Transsilv. exs. (1866) 214.— Epilobium dodonaei Villars, Prosp. (1779) 49. — Epi lob iuiae dodonaei @w angustissimum Hausskn. Monogr. 45.— Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Iv; (1826) tab.5233 Rehb.)le. FIL Germ. XXIII, tab. 2¢)iHegi) Mls imletiabeiae fig. 2, fig. 2204.— Exs.: Dorf. Herb. Norm. No. 4664; Baenitz, Herb. Europ. Undershrub with long, thick, fleshy, reddish hypogeal stolons, 20—100cm high; stem usually erect, terete, hard, glabrous in lower part, sparsely covered with short hairs above, with numerous branches in leaf axils, often violet-reddish at flowering time; leaves thickish, linear-lanceolate, sessile or very shortly petioled, entire or remotely denticulate, glabrous or appressed-puberulent, 2—4cm long, 1.3mm broad, sometimes black-tipped; inflorescence a loose raceme; flower buds erect, oblong-obovoid, abruptly or gradually short-pointed, reddish; flowers large, 1.5—2cm across; calyx- lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, dark violet, sparingly appressed-pubes- cent, ca. lcm long and 2mm broad, tube densely appressed-hairy; petals oblong -obovate or oblong-elliptical, pale pink, lower two directed downward, narrower than others, entire or slightly emarginate, 1%, times length of calyx; anthers grayish-brown; style slender, filiform, equaling stamens or nearly so; fruit a capsule, densely appressed-tomentose when young; pedicels reddish; seeds obovoid, strongly narrowed toward base, covered with small papillae. July—September. In large groups; stony and sandy places, valleys of rivers and mountain streams, rocky bluffs, from rolling foothills to the alpine zone. — European pant: U; Dns... .Caucasuse: Cisc..W., E.. ands. Transe. ,Dag: NGeniedistnr Centr. Eur., Med. (W.), Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from W. Europe. 4, Ch. caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn. in Tr. Azerb. otd. Zakavk. fil. AN SSSR, I (1933) 40; Grossg. Fl. Kavk. III,104.— Ch.palustre subsp. caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. III, 9 (1917) 386.— Epilobium dodonaei 6 caucasicum Hausskn. Monogr. 51.— Epilobium angustissimum M.B.FIl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 295,non al. Undershrub; stem ascending from prostrate or creeping base, 10-50cm long, lower part glabrous, lustrous, woody, with exfoliating bark; leaves broader than in Ch.angustissimum, dilated below middle, 3.5cm long, 5-7 mm broad, gradually tapering to acute apex, dark green, margin denti- culate; inflorescence a short, almost corymbose raceme; flower buds glo- bose -ovoid, obtuse, densely pubescent in lower part, sparsely above, reddish; 468 626 627 flowers large, 2.5—-3cm across; calyx-lobes 10-13 mm long, 2-3 mm broad, linear-lanceolate, appressed-puberulent; calyx-tube densely pubescent; petals oblong-obovate or oblong-elliptical, 1.2—-1.8cm long, 0.8—1cm broad, exserted a from calyx, lower two directed downward, narrower than others, pale pink, rarely white, entire or shallowly emarginate, sometimes broadly rounded, abruptly contracted into fairly long claw (var. colchicum (Alb.) Sosn.); stamens pink, with violet anthers; style with violet stigma, ex- ceeding stamens; ovary densely white-tomentose; capsule reddish, densely pubescent when young, at length glabrescent, 7cm long; seeds light brown, ca.2mm long, minutely papillose. July—August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 25) Pebble-beds in the alpine and the subalpine zone. — Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E. Transc., Dag. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad. Economic importance. According to Grossgeim, the value of Ch.an- gustissimum (Hausskn.) Sosn. and Ch.caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn. as honey plants equals that of Ch.angustifolium (L.) Scop. (see above). 5. Ch.colchicum (Alb.) Steinb. comb. nova.— Epilobium colchicum Mion Prodr? Fl, Colch.) (1895) 86:—"E. palustre Scop. Subsp.(caweas — cum (Hausskn.) Sosn. var. colehicum (Alb.) Sosn. in Mat. Fl. Kavk. Ill, 9 (1917) 389. Perennial; crisp-puberulent; stems to 30cm long or longer, much branched; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 7-10 mm broad, tapering at base to very short petiole or subsessile, obscurely veined, margin minute- ly and obtusely toothed; raceme short,dense; flowers large; petals broad, orbicular, 14-17 mm long, 13—14mm broad, abruptly contracted to petiole 2—3mm long; style pubescent at base, scarcely exceeding stamens. Caucasus: W. Transc. Described from Abkhazia (sources of Gega River). Type in Geneva or in Tbilisi. Note. Closely akinto Ch.caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn.; distin- guished by broad orbicular petals abruptly contracted into a fairly long claw, and broader leaves. Section 2. joP IOs) VU Am. Stein. a or le elabrous: 62) Chiistitolium (l.) Va Er. et) Mange intni Danetacc. 49 Qlen7) tab. 2901,2902; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II (1929) 319.— Epilobium lati- YOliviwm Ibo SOs joll: (753) 84.75" Sent in DC: Prodr: sil, 20: ddioe erent Geen wedbe imMennoess Wi, 06s) Hausskn! Monogr, TOs Kryl hie Zap. ssi: Vill, 1946: —E.glaucum: Nassar, in Byull. Mosk: obShch. isp! pr. XOoxT! (op 4)sshs. ie. hl Dan! lel; Hausskn? Monogr’ tab. 1)! 16a; bl Eas: ipa omrenows NO. o0' Perennial; rhizome thick, to 1.5cm in diameter; stems several, erect or ascending, simple or branched, glabrous or sparsely appressed-hairy, more so in upper part, 10—50cm high; leaves glabrous (var. glabrescens Hausskn.) or pilulose, sometimes canescent (var. canescens Hausskn.), sessile or obsolescently petioled, lowermost opposite, the upper alternate, thickish, broadly lanceolate, cuneate at base, subobtuse, entire, 2—3.5cm long, 1—1.5cm broad, light green beneath, lateral veins not prominent; inflores- cence a short loose raceme, leaves subtending, flowers about equaling or 469 628 slightly shorter than cauline; flower buds oblong-ovoid or ovoid, obtusish or short-pointed, erect, violet-purple; flowers large, expanded 3—3.5cm across; calyx-lobes 1—1.8cm long, 2—3.5 mm broad, violet-purple, glabrous or pilulose; petals to 2cm long and ca. 1.5cm broad, pink, unequal (two of them narrower), equaling calyx or nearly so; style violet, glabrous, half as long as stamens; capsule plump, dingy violet-purple, glabrous or with very short hair, 3—6cm long, 2—3 mm broad; seeds light brown, glabrous, ca.2mm long. June—August. (Plate XXVIL Figure 1.) Moist pebble-beds and gravelly banks of streams and brooks, moraines in the polar-arctic: and arctic zones. Anctie Are: Eun.{ NyZem.ciAne, Sib., Ghuky,, An: European) part:Dv.-Pech.s, W. Siberia: (Ob hirt), Alt: E. Siberia: Yen., Le.-Kol, Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Kamch., Okh.; Centr. Asia: Dzus-Tarb., Pam.-Al., D.Sh. Gen. distr.: Ind/-Him,, Bers, Nj Am: Described from Siberia. Type in London. 7. Ch. halimifolium Salisb. in Parad. Lond. I (1806) 58.— Epilobium Gisi siduimy Retz. BI. Scand.,Prodr. ed. 2.(1795)«89.—wlesenSalisbalaer tab. 58. Perennial; leaves narrowly lanceolate, covered on both sides with short hairs, 2—4cm long and to 1cm broad; lateral veins prominent. Otherwise like. Ch Jatifolium,(L.) Tht Pries et Lange. July. Pebble-beds.— European part: Dv.-Pech. Gen. distr.: Scand. De- scribed from Norway. Type in London. Tribe 3. ONAGREAE Raimann in E. u. P. Pflanzenfam. III, 7 (1898) 205.— Flowers actinomorphic; calyx-tube long-cylindrical; calyx-teeth reflexed; stamens all equal, filaments very long; anthers linear, attached at middle, versatile; stigma deeply 4-parted, with linear lobes. This subfamily comprises about 20 genera, of which many, such as Clarkia, Godetia and others, are ornamentals widely used in horti- culture. Genus 925. ONAGRA* Adans. Adans. Fam. II (1763) 85 Calyx with long slender tube above ovary; petals 4; stamens 8; capsule short-cylindrical, thicker at base than above, 4-valved; seed testa coriaceous. Perennial herbs with fleshy taproot, simple toothed leaves and large yellow or pink flowers which open only at night. Out of 8 species native in North America, two occur in the USSR as weeds. 1. Basal leaf-rosette appressed to ground; cauline leaves oblong-obovate or elliptical, obtuse; tip of inflorescence not drooping at flowering time; Sepals approximately oF as: longeas calyx-=tuber aga eee eee EM It ae Seth iniay o Rca hed Main chitilian of Nie hae tesa Nei 1. O.biennis (L.) Scop. ats Basal leaf-rosette raised 5-10cm above ground; cauline leaves lan- ceolate, acuminate; tip of inflorescence slightly drooping at flowering time; sepals 44—1/3as long as caylx-tube... 2. O.muricata (L.) Moench. * From Greek onos — donkey,and agrios — wild; the leaves of some species resemble donkey's ears in size and shape. 470 629 ft. O-biennis (12) Scop. ‘FI. carn. 1(1772) 269.— O/vulgaris’ Spach in Nouv. Ann. Mus: Paris, Iv (1835) 353.— Oenothera biennis L. Sp. pl. (753) s46rvshmeles, Hl le siascsyreishehy Hl: Il, 386s" Neo, 1, ahr, 866: Nom, yand Allis; ’Opred. 7. Dalimevost. kr. Il, 776; \Grosse., Fly Kavk, (Til, HOB Some west. Mote. tes: oyrersheh. Ter 38; Nehb. “le, Fl. Germ: Lew tab. 20: eet lve: fig. 2230, 2200, 2240-22025) Kom. and Alisi. 1) c: iar ooO,;nSOGhyvemast. HiSueeSs ole anda LO. — Bese Gs hubs No. Wa (2. Biennial; taproot thick, in the first year producing vegetative rosette appressed to ground; stem erect, Simple, rarely branched in upper part, angled, to 1m long, sparsely covered (like calyx, ovary and capsule) with short glandular and longer simple light hairs; basal leaves long-petioled, oblong-ovate or elliptical, sinuate-denticulate to subentire, point -tipped, 10—20cm long, 2—6cm broad; cauline leaves alternate, short-petioled, upper subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, remotely and finely toothed, covered beneath with short appressed hairs, 5-7cm long,ca.2cm broad; inflorescence a long raceme; flowers in axils of bracts, large, yellow; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, slightly emarginate, with overlapping margins to 20mm long, exceeding stamens; stigma 4-parted; capsule 2—4cm long, thicker in lower part; seeds numerous, set horizontally, irregularly angular, small, with coriaceous testa, dark gray to dark brown,ca. 1.5mm long. June—September. Fields, river banks, railroad embankments, roadsides, and sandy places; sometimes in masses.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., Balt., U. V., V.-Ka., W,=lDoim, Ciena}, 1b, Dom, 1b. Was CAaUGASUSe (Cisie,. aq Wh eiaGiS. Wieainsess JF lic - Hash: Wsses Centr: Nesta: Balkh “Described trom Ni America. Lywe in London. Economic importance. The fleshy, succulent root of plants in their first year can be eaten as a vegetable, resembling Scorzonera roots. The seeds contain 28.36% oil, with iodine value 147.68. Composition of the oil: palmitie acid 5.6—5.7%, oleic acid 26.4—27.6%, linoleic acid 2.4—9.7%; the oil is used as admixture in production of linseed and hemp drying oils (Grossgeim, Rastitel'nye resursy Kavkaza). Note. A North American plant which was introduced into Europe in 1614 and subsequently spread extensively as a weed. Grown in gardens for TES Se CMs 2. O. muricata (L.) Moench. Meth. (1794) 675.— Oenothera muri- Coal noyst. Olive Rass, ex pr esi sill. Pils Wy aol Kona wand vAllice Opicedk em Dall nevios ty taca: It (G0 Te.y Rehlo: Ice. "Geri eel aclonie pt Hegielve wip, 22/53, 2204. Exs): Mortler, Herb. Norme Nol s0moe) bl mites Exs, INO, LSID. Biennial; root fusiform, woody, sometimes much branched; leaf-rosette raised above ground in first year; stem erect, Simple or profusely short- branched in upper part, slightly angled, densely leafy, copiously covered with glandular and longer simple, red or colorless tubercle-based hairs; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to short petiole, to 16cm long and ca. 1.6cm broad in middle part; cauline leaves with very short petiole or sessile, shorter than rosulate, 5-9cm long and ca. 2.3cm broad below middle, acuminate; all leaves distantly sinuate-denticulate, appressed-pu- berulent; inflorescence a long raceme, with yellow flowers borne singly in 47] axils; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed, long-acuminate, '/,—'/3 as long as calyx-tube, copiously covered with glandular and simple hairs; petals oblong-obovate, with short claw, equaling stamens; capsule elongate -ovoid, ca.2cm long, densely hairy; seeds irregularly compressed, angular, straight on one side, rounded on the other, smaller than seeds of O.biennis, grayish- brown. June—September. 630 Pebble-beds, waste places and quarries.— Far East: Uss. (vicinities of Vladivostok). Gen. distr.: N.Am.,Centr. Eur. Described from N. America. Note. Introduced into Europe at the end of the 18th century. Genus 926. OENOTHERA* L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 340 Seeds ovoid, rounded, ascending, with obscure apical appendage; flowers large, yellow. Large plants, with toothed or pinnatisect leaves. The genus contains 20 species, distributed in America from Texas to Chile; one introduced species occurs in the Soviet Union. 1. O. odorata Jacq. Ic. Pl. rar. suppl. (1796) 107; Spach in Nouv. Ann, Mmsnw lyin ser. (1835) 344- Grosse, Fl. Kavk lll, 105)— le aca alae ass Papas spachyl. Cul tap. 30; 118. 3. Annual; root branched; stem simple woody at base, rarely branched from base, slightly angled, covered with soft patent hairs (in cultivation often glabrous), ca.60cm long; leaves alternate, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, with wavy margin, dilated toward base, remotely denticulate, puberu- lent beneath, with longer hairs on midrib and margin, 4-10cm long and to lem broad; inflorescence a raceme, elongating after flowering; flower buds oblong-ovoid, soft-hairy; flowers solitary in leaf axils, large, yellow, with scent of Lilium martagon flowers; sepals twice as long as petals; pubescent; petals cordate; filaments ofStamens yellow; anthers pale; cap- sule pubescent. June. Introduced, on sands.— Far East: Sakh. (Kurile Islands); Caucasus: W.Transc. (reported by A. A. Grossgeim for the vicinity of Poti). Gen. dist. +: Jap,-Chi- | 5./Am. “Described from Patagonia. “ Type in london: ribet. |GinCcABRE AE DC. Prodr. Ill (1828) 61, ex p.; Raimann in EF. u. IP, JP leiageiureaa, INU (1893) 206.— Fruit a 1—2-seeded nut, covered with hooked bristles; flowers symmetrical, 2-merous; perianth deciduous. The tribe Circaeeae consists of a single genus. Genus 927. CIRCAEA** L, 633 1 Sp. pl. (1753) 9.— Ocimastrum Rupr. Fl, Ingr. (1860) 366 Calyx deeply 2-parted, with short tube; corolla of 2 petals; stamens 2; pistil 1, style about equaling stamens; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary “ From Greek oinos — wine, and ter — wild; the scented roots of the plant are believed to have been used to tame wild animals. The name of Epilobium hirsutum in the writing of classical authors. “" Derived from the Greek Kirke (Circe) — name of the mythological enchantress whose magic transformed the companions of Odysseus into swine. 472 (631) C. alpina L, flower. fruit; 9 — 2 flower. fruit; ? 1—Circaea intermedia Ehrh., habit PLATE XXXI. fruit. 2 3 —C.cordata Royle, upper part of plant, flower 473 634 inferior, 1—2-locular; fruit an indehiscent nut, obovoid or pyriform 1—2- seeded, covered with hooked, bristly, retrorse hairs. Perennial plants with opposite petioled leaves and small flowers in terminal and axillary racemes. Of the 7 species, associated with the temperate and cool region, 6 occur in the USSR. Circaea sp. in Quaternary deposits of Ob (Irtysh River). 1. Fruit unilocular; small (4-25cm), mostly glabrous, delicate and SeMcCer goWlaimt Se Was so fel in ces wl aietee a er Sinko wes <1 eka aie oh tome pea 1 Cs alpinasie. + GUL OVIO CUNEATE 1 Te Sc :akeo ale cohion ke, sie doublets youl «Mh: stots cae gNa? ital ep mms cathe ae Ae 2s 2. Pedicels about twice as long as taper-based fruit ........... Bs of Pedicels equaling or slightly shorter than round-based fruit .... 5. See Be aVeS COLAC! Crt gy ine ei gerene men el a vows Sage Kae 6 gece smu en eve dl eel momo 4, a eaves) oblone—-lanceolate; ‘nacemes ebracteate GQ .\-Me be elds Le cy seal Fo ADE, SARS PASSAT 3. oie UP TERN Mia Ms RR a RE or rae 4. C.quadrisulcata Maxim. 4, Leaves sinuate-dentate; racemes with bracts; fruit soft-hairy, with PMC eM OC ULES ee ee ae che oly cial a kay ete 1,0 Te eet 2. C.intermedia Ehrh. ae Leaves distinctly toothed; fruit covered with stiff hairs, locules sub- SO(UIEU 24a Cae Acs Umea Oe EMR Each inn clench onewnone aerimabro keane colt 2. C.lutetiana L. Dee! Aubainye plant: stem suberects leaves cordate -ovate™ © -) cis talc AL cote MR At, Ar MPR aot SCE doe ee ea Re We 6. C.cordata Royle. ne Stem branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate, with cumeate’base | iasr. 2 ara. £2 NE NOR cc a eer oER PLEA An NAD eae ane a 5. \Comolliststeb. etramces Section 1. UNILOCULARES Aschers. et Magn. in Bot. Zeitg. XXVIII (1870) 748.— Nut irregularly pyriform, compressed laterally, 1-seeded. iy Gealpina, 12) sp, spl. (1753) So IDI Ss ereexclies INNS Ose IbClio, il, allie, 42s Lidb, Fl, Ross: 1,114; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 329; Hultén, Fl. Kamtsch. IL Pie someaiios (ln Mein woyrershehs EL, Il 3885 ivegi, Ita Wi, ade Grosse. sini avi elOaeikryl. re Zap. sib. Vill, toaa eas le. ie Syireusideins IC BOCs MELO lic, iioMA2oo, 22006 Nchbs Ic. Fl. Germs eeu, talon coe eS tGru ky UNO. luos Eula bins. exs aN o.:6:0) ‘ Perennial; rhizome slender, filiform, terminating in oblong tubers, often with slender epigeal stolons; stem erect, simple or branched, slender, frail, usually smooth, rarely covered with short recurved hairs (var. imaicola Asch. et Magn.), 4-25cm long; leaves long-petioled, glabrous or appressed- pilulose, cordate, short-acuminate, remotely toothed, 1.5—4.5cm long and 1—3 cm broad, blade about equaling flattened, narrowly winged petiole; flowers in Simple or branched terminal and axillary racemes; pedicels 1.5-—3 mm long, reflexed in maturity, with minute (Gres mm) subulate bracteole at base; calyx-tube cylindric, very short (+4—'/2mm), cylindrical; lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse, concave, 1.5—2 mm long and 1 mm broad, spreading horizontally or reflexed; petals white, slightly shorter than calyx-lobes, obovate, 2-lobed, cuneate at base; stigma capitate, notched at apex; fruit on slightly reflexed pedicel, oblong -obovoid, gradually narrowed toward base, 2—2.5mm long and ca. 1mm broad, with bristles ca. Ha mm long. June—July. (Plate XXXI, Figure 2.) Shady, wet and mossy woods, often on moss-covered trunks and logs. — Hueopecanypart:wad.-llm.,.Balt.; Usa V. ska. U. Dap. Ma Dnp. WWeDonr 474 635 Gaueisus weisc. We and.oy Lranse:Dags: IWiholbernia:.U. Poby Alt; “Hy Si= beria; Yen., Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Kamch., Ze.-Bu., Uss.,Sakh. (and Kurile Islands). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr.and Atl. Eur., Bal.-As. Min., Ind.-Him., Jap.-Chi. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Section 2. BILOCULARES Aschers. et Magnus in Bot. Zeitg. XXVIII (1870) 748.— Nut bilocular, with 1 seed in each locule. 2. C.intermedia Ehrh. in Beitr. zur Naturkunde,IV (1788) 42; Ldb. Hep Ross. 3:. Shimalonsrli 1, stfrGrosspntk |) dmavicn Th l0by “beat, fil. Fl. V,2,879.— Circaea alpina fp intermedia DC. Prodr. (1828) IlIl,63.—Ocimastrum intermedium Rupr. Fl. Ingr. I (1860) 368.— fexwhehbnole: Mie Germ, 2c; talbw24 3 thegi Act pigs 2260) 226 he Eas Hayek, 1 l.. stiriaca, No. 640;0r. Schultz; Herb.: Norm.»No.476; Callier; Flora siles. exs. No. 604. Perennial; rhizome with underground stolons; stem erect, mostly branched, terete below, slightly angled in upper part, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, glandular -hairy in inflorescence, slender, (6)10—40 cm long; petioles long, rapidly decreasing in length toward summit of stem, channeled above, leaf-blade ovate, or subcordate, tapering to an obtuse apex, sinuate- dentate, thin, margin and veins glabrous or slightly pubescent; inflorescence a loose, few-flowered, branched raceme; pedicels furnished with very small subulate bracteoles, barely visible without magnification; calyx greenish; petals 2—3 mm long, distinctly unguiculate, white or bright pink, slightly shorter than stamens; stigma 2-lobed; fruit a clavate or rounded-obovoid nut, 2-3 mm long, with 2 unequal locules (one locule smaller and often seed- less), densely covered with hooked bristles. June—July. (Plate XXXI, Figure 1.) In groups, in shady woods and coppices, on soil rich in humus.— European pack: Balts.V. Dons UsDnst:) Caucasus: (Ciscs Wreilranses Gene icisties: Centr. Eur. (to the Pyrenees), W. Med. (to the Apennines), Bal.-As. Min. (N.part). Described from W. Europe. 3. Cilutetiana 1. Sp.| pl. ((11753))9s| DE2 Prodr ws Illy 6Se doa pmieaRoce: Upp lisyohmall osha liys20"Syreishchet ly 112537) hryl stl se aap sib: VA Loos, Grosses ehlaiwavic.s 1 (105; Hegi, Mly He. Wii2). SiG. ies pyeeishel.) Vic.) 253; nies sol, oleeitie. 2250225958 Richbislery Els Germ, LOG tals 23. Exsy: Gl RabehNot St 7: Perennial; rhizome creeping, cordlike, with long stolons; stem erect, usually unbranched, smooth in lower part, sparsely and finely pilulose above, 25—55cm long; petioles channeled above, 1—3cm long; leaf-blade ovate or elliptical, narrowly long-acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, remote- ly denticulate, sparsely appressed-hairy or subglabrous, with ciliate margin, 4—10cm long and 1.5—5cm broad; flowers in simple or branched terminal racemes 3—12cm long; pedicels without bracteoles, 2—7 mm long, reflexed in fruit; calyx-tube narrow, cylindrical, 1h— "Hy mm long; calyx-lobes oblong- ovate, acuminate, concave, slightly pubescent outside, horizontally spreading or reflexed, 3mm long and 2mm broad; petals pink, broadly obcordate, sessile, 2.5—3mm long and 3—3.5mm broad; stigma shallowly 2-lobed; fruit 636 a pyriform, 2-seeded nut, 3—3.5 “ana Tee and 2mm broad, densely covered with spreading hooked bristles ca. 4, mm long. July. Usually in groups, in wet and shaded mixed woods, often also in dry sunlit places in coniferous and deciduous woods.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., Baltes Dips, Wi. Dap. Ve Don cansy.,/Bes, UrDins.) Cicims Camees sus: Cise., Dag.,.W., ER: and S. Transc.; W. Siberia: Ob, Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Described from W. Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. The roots of C.lutetiana are used as a dye- stuff. 4. C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. I (1875) 169.— C.lutetiana Maxim. Prim. Fl. amur. (1859) 106,non L.— C.1lu- tetiana subsp. quadrisulcata Maxim. ex Aschers. et’ Magnus in Bot. Zeitg. (13870) (83k — Enq uald ritsulealta® Maxime vex! mond: int Wie By Seay (TO 07) 00s ‘Kom, and) Alist Opred. ici) Dal'nevost. iar. “IIs 779) le. somar ku-Dzusetsu, ed. 2, 1 (1874) tab. 36. Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping; stem solitary, erect, Simple or branched, glabrous, 25—70cm high; leaves all cauline, paired, long-petioled, oval, pointed, remotely toothed, thin, subglabrous, with innumerable clusters of raphides embedded in leaf tissue and on exposure to light appearing at first sight like hairs; flowers in loose spikes, terminal and axillary rachises and pedicels sparsely covered with white spreading hairs; bracteoles none; sepals purple, reflexed after opening, hairy outside; petals obcordate, deeply notched, pink; stamens exserted; ovary densely clothed with white hairs; bud including ovary ca.4mm long; mature fruit ca. 3mm long, compressed- pyriform, with 4 deep longitudinal furrows, covered with hooked or apically bifurcate hairs. June—August. bottomland woods and shrub thickets, Deeds ion Mie banks of streams in mountain woods, always in groups in the shade, on wet soil.— Far. East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Japan). Described from Japan. Type in Leningrad. 5. C. mollis Sieb. et Zucc. in Abhandl. der Bayerisch. Akad. IV (1846) HS4o toils Wa Iie, 1B. S54 SOMW (1907) OSs Weschand, IPienan, ll, aianwie, LOS.— Ic.: Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 2, 1 (1874) tab. 37. Perennial; rhizome with numerous underground stolons, these shorter and thicker than in C.lutetiana; stem erect, much branched, finely appressed-puberulent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, obliquely cuneate at base, with petiole short in relation to blade, 8-10cm long and 2—4cm broad, minutely appressed-puberulent on both sides, paler and often lustrous beneath, margin remotely denticulate; inflorescence a branched leafy ter- minal raceme; flower buds ellipsoid, pointed; calyx always green, ovate- oblong lobes covered outside with spreading glandular hairs; petals cor- date, pure white, turning yellow in drying; stamens about twice as long as petals; pistil equaling stamens, hairy in lower part, lobes of Stigma capi- tate; nut ovoid-spherical, narrowed toward base, with 4 furrows, bristles nearly equaling width of fruit; fruiting pedicels nodding, about equaling fruit. July. Woodsrand coppices.—) Par) Bast; Usss,Ze:-Bue® Gen. distr.) ind. —rimnane Jap.-Chi. Described from Nippon [Hondo] Island. 476 637 638 6. C.cordata Royle, Ilustr. bot. of Himal. 1 (1839) 211; Aschers. et Magnus in Botan. Zeitg. (1870) 784; Kom. in Tr. B.S. XXV (1907) 102; Mom, sandy Allis. (@pned: is Dall inevost-4 krill, Wiles Cenuo fais) Matz im, Prim. se) amu NOS nen Siebe set) Zucc. 1c. s Royle; lc. talo.4 3° Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping, with underground stolons; stem terete, 80-—90cm long; leaves evenly distributed, paired, long- or short- petioled, cordate-oval, short-pointed, minutely serrulate; stem, petioles and leaf veins covered with short white hairs; tiny flat branchlets often present in axils, tiny leaves appear like stipules; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes, sparse in lower part, dense above; rachises, pedicels and ovaries puberulent and glandular; sepals green; petals broadly obcordate, white; fruit subglobose, with 8 prominent lines, densely covered with white hooked and short glandular hairs except bald concave top. July—August (Plate XXXI, Figure 3.) Among trees and shrubs on the drier mountain slopes, near borders of wWOods.—shar Hast: Uss.) Gen. distr: .Ind:-Him.3,JapsChiy “Desembed from India. Type in London. Family CXIV. HYDROCARYACEAE RAIMANN* Flowers solitary in leaf axils, lowermost sometimes extra-axillary, hermaphrodite, regular (obscurely dorsiventral), quaternate, parts of whorls alternating; receptacle cup-shaped in lower part of ovary, not forming hy- panthial tube enclosing ovary; sepals plicate in bud, all or only two of them developing into spines furnished with retrorse barbs; mechanical injury may prevent transformation of some or all sepals into spines; petals deci- duous; ovary half-inferior, 2-locular, with 1 anatropous pendulous ovule in each locule, only one of these developing; fruit a 1-seeded drupe (‘'nut"’); seed cordate, smooth, exalbuminous, with 2 unequal cotyledons, one of these large, other minute and scalelike. The family consists of only one genus. Genus 928. TRAPA** L, L. Sp. pl. (1753) 120 Flowers 4-merous; sepals or pairs of them equal, in 2 whorls; petals distinct, larger than and alternating with sepals, imbricate in bud; stamens 4, with introrse anthers; pollen grains thin-walled, triangular in outline, with minute pores on angles; disk between stamens and summit of ovary wavy- plicate; pistil slenderly cylindrical, with capitate deciduous stigma; fruit covered with thin, smooth, fleshy pericarp which undergoes maceration under Treatment by V.N. Vasil’ev. »* An anti-cavalry weapon used by ancient Romans was called "calcitrappa, " from calx (calers) —theel, and trappa— smare,trap. Because of a certain resemblance (the sharp projections) ,the name was applied to the water chestnut and subsequently abridged by omission of its first part (the full name having been retained only in England — caltrop). 477 639 water: "nut" [pyrene] with woody projections ("horns"), sepals transformed into spines furnished with barbs; round apical orifice, more or less en- closed by bristles, providing outlet for embryo. The mode of pollination is not clear. There are indications that self- pollination may take place, even before the flowers open. Annual plants with opposite or whorled, assimilating, partly pinnatisect, adventitious roots, borne singly on either side of leaf-scars, with bundles of long, filiform roots near epicotyl and near some stem nodes (leaf-scars), with alternate or opposite filiform submersed leaves, and rosettes of floating leaves; petioles of subsequently produced leaves with swellings of air- filled tissue; rosulate leaves with linear or narrowly lanceolate taper- pointed stipules. Growing in stagnant or sluggish fresh water. Economic importance. In taste, the starchy seeds resemble chestnuts, especially when cooked. Consumed both raw and cooked. In the USSR con- sidered for the sweet-toothed, but insome parts of the world (Carinthia, India, Indo-China, China, Japan), cultivated as a food plant. The seeds are ground into a flour used for baking bread. In India, populations living near water reservoirs containing water-chestnut feed on its fruit for about five months of the year. In many places the fruits are used as a remedy for a variety of complaints, such as rabies, bites of poisonous animals, diarrhea and dysentery. In earlier times they were used in medicine under the name "Nuces aquaticae seu semine Tribuli aquatici." Chemical composition: about 15% protein, 7.5% fat, 52% starch, 3% sugar, and 22.5% water. The fruits are eaten by certain mammals (boar, beaver?) and birds (geese, ducks) which are instrumental in spreading the plant. (ai aioambomea lis Heer = Tokryshtofovie hii Ve Vassil-mand iA raeconocean, pal Vi Vasc.) — Tadivari cata Paliby! im @Olipocene layers of Balkh. (Ashutas).— T.europaea Fler. ("T.muzzanensis Jaggi") in interglacial layers of U. Dnp. (Mukulino, Samostrel'niki), U. V. (Potylikha).— T.ivtschenkoana V. Vassil. in Pliocene layers of W. Transc. (Sochi, together with T.praecarinthiaca V. Vassil.).— T.koz- lovii Krysht. in Oligocene layers of Uss. (Sidemi, Sinii Utes).— T.krysh- tofovichii V. Vassil. in Tertiary deposits of Ang.-Say. (watershed of the rivers Kurkavochnaya and Mishikha on Baikal, along stream Zamaraikha in Tunka mountains), Sakh. in deposits of the Supra-Due suite (Machi, Mgach, Due, Rogatyi, Agnevo, river Vladimirovka, river Fevraleva, ravines Tokova, Mel'nichnaya and Kirpichnaya, near Aleksandrovsk, river Vagis and 8S. Sa- khalin).— T.natans L. in interglacial layers of U. Dnp. (Grodno, Mikulino), UNV." (Potylikha),inAtel layers’ of WV) (Olya):— T. mierophy lar wes. in upper Cretaceous layers of Sakh. (Pelengskii Pass), Okh. and An. — T.praecarinthiaca V.Vassil. in Pliocene layers of W. Transc. (Sochi, together with T.ivtschenkoana).— T.praeconocarpa V. Vassil. in Miocene layers of Ob (Abrosimovka near Tara on Irtysh River).— T.pseu- dopomelii V. Vassil. in Oligocene layers of Uss. (Sidemi, Sinii Utes, together with T.kozlovii Krysht.).— T.nikitinii V. Vassil, in Miocene layers of Ob.— T.turkestanica Krysht. in Pliocene layers of Balkh. (Karkara). 478 640 9) Se 31 Sp NO}: Fruit faintly embossed with processes and depressions or without them; horns 4, rarely 2, mostly slender, acicular or subulate, slightly thickened at base, and if horns thick, then lower spherical or hemisphe- rical, spineless and large processes present on median line between OTS eMC ONY item Otsuka (er cae aera tke, tay saitye visio, a Malley fe algae aera eu es Be Fruit always with a conspicuous pattern of processes and depressions, and if this inconspicuous, then horns broad, strongly enlarged at base andar comtigent with body OF Leuk ssf % ale tinge. tee, Meer, sue 4, Lower horns spherical or hemispherical, spineless; median line with lane processes not Jess than’ 2 mm high between horns | 7.8. 7. <4 .\. Meee eines Negeri Marterto rites hentai Met eh mak 3. T.tuberculifera V. Vassil. Lower horns different; processes on median line wanting or present susie clavate —VveAdeG WiatSe VIN ona. ayant i” we! nuenin) We nnee ee lleeieg Ss Fruit triangular; horns very slender, slightly enlarged at base, upper rather steeply ascending, lower strongly retrorse or wanting ...... wR a dtc he ot a Mig Rca RON Ro On ei EL 1. T. maximowiczii Korsh. Fruit subrhomboid; horns long, strong, markedly thickened at base, Uppe bE Senuysasceneine NOwer KOrUZONtaly i.e. at i kona on nee tee eae SAS he One aati hr SLA ee Rie eR le oe ge Maa 2, I. tranzsehelii Vv. Vassil, Upper part of fruit above horns more or less convex, less often conic or Subcylindrical, rarely flat, without neck and crown or with very low neck; lower horns slender, weak, often lacking through injury or Hoty IGE CCCP ION a8 ootaten ta See, VS gts Nn ok Wha ts, “sil, ha 1 any efions oi be inl Ne) et toe ee a oe De Upper part of fruit different; neck always present, often crowned; lower horns strong or lacking and then replaced by ridges or pro- GES SSAC ay uae 6 SASHES Lal eee a MEI Lan Mee erin Meer wie Lott he SSS LO; Upper part of fruit strongly developed, dome-shaped, pyramidal or sulbey laindriea I ktiist DIMM Se oleae! 8. T.conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler. Upper park ot trun slehily convex or quite flat” “jean ceee se tee ee Ge Lower and upper horns markedly delimited from body of fruit by basalVconsiriction: sneck and crown wanting.) i c.g seen Sense nese pikes fe, ta abel eC Pe Ree ALA, PAREN 9. T. cruciata (Glck.) V. Vassil. homis Notdelimtedatibase or Only Slightly (SOW teeth ms oy ice eran itis Bettie, Horned »rarely 3 normed s. 2 0 kr. 1 Milde aoe a A eee ee eee aan 8. [EGIL nis seal ALOU Glal SIC IBe VS) tel 11 TS h Sate be iat eae ntier ea Sa eae fe ines Ayla he Bu Qo ae oes ge Fruit small, 2.5—3cm broad, at the level of upper horns (not including barbs) 1.0—1.4cm high, upper part convex but not dome-shaped; Russian plain ....10. T.septentrionalis var. depauperata V. Vassil. Print much larser, upper part almost flat (Par Mast pean fe ete A Jetta Pidisdh (op Seibel atc Aet tem, al a aS 6. T.korshinskyif. ambigua V. Vassil. Fruit 4—4.5cm broad at the level of upper horns, 1.5—2.1cm high, at this level rhomboid or subrhomboid, without horns subelliptical; upper horns slightly delimited from body, one or both of the lower Sometime shwamtamen Ts eles ak ei TEI, 5 ¢ 10. T.septentrionalis V. Vassil. Potnasrirawer; trrangular; jnorns not delimitedtatbaselw..)-)em su -kee Bef A ee el ey Rt, 10. T.septentrionalis f. wolgensis V. Vassil. Fruit with pronounced, high but narrow crownless neck, or witha broad neck and crown, and then 2-horned; lower horns always pointing strongly downward, or else wanting and then replaced by processes and GUA SCOMm EURO SMS Ime? cia ie IM) ye Oe lk Kn nee te we Moll AR ee maemo ame I 479 641 642 wae IA. Rs 2M 22. Fruit with well developed, broad neck and crown, more rarely crown- less, 4-horned unless mechanically damaged; lower horns some- times pointing strongly downward), 246). 0.06 e022 he ee ee 14. Fruit 4-horned, lower horns pointing almost perpendicularly down- ward, spineless resembling a human ear lobe ..........+...4.... SORE Cae RARE RS TOMO UTE Mat oun ioe iy Mo SarCey ayia: ey poy ata: Tos 4, T.potaninii V. Vassil. Fruit 2-,3-,or 4-horned, lower horns upright or at a right angle to RA@ liv xe) i et, sical he yoy Monet CSUUSOUAR ei g LA ORSy bs Cie en coe Cab ap coat (acs ec ary Conk De Fruit 2-,3-,or 4-horned, with narrow cylindrical neck slightly en- jacsed in Upper ial, Crow GlessiNy iar. cia 5. T.komarovii V. Vassil. Fruit always 2-horned, with broad neck or with neck and crown .. 13. Fruit rhomboid, with broad, low neck and well developed crown; lower horns replaced by lunate ridges, convex side of these facing CLOWN TEC Nie ciency whe iad Ma abaiy Halal va ois ncayp sare abies 7. T.litwinowii V. Vassil. Fruit triangular, crownless; lower horns replaced by other processes RN acl r tame Rota eit P USL aloha ase vee a de al Shs, a kala 6. T.korshinskyi V. Vassil. Fruit with large processes on median line between horns ... -... IS); Fruit without processes or these replaced by obscure minute tu- IDSLCLSS OIG SOCUS WN Oiipaar alo cr cole taon OMEN. DOM AlG Corot oNaMoNs cite 16 lolb ovo: ee Fruit 1.7—3cm broad at level of upper horns (not including spines), IZ eran anea) (excluding neck); processes on median line between InOusansyAVOre navoueey isl atenaye Naan aa lanfelamaeynn mare weenie e: ceo fc) ae r Shee ea hs oho = ey ER RRR RU IN ee 24. T.carinthiaca (Beck.) V. Vassil. HiGiiigiacoKe.| pLOGess es ongnedian dime wmatichiy bie eter acy uereeee elle 16. PAEOCESSES ACUES POMOC LAG een taihen ail o, Seef-cyesll inayat epee ca otto Real o Mey ainey oN «eet STS ae OMEN Oe SRR SRS Oe 18. T.sibirica var. tugarinovii V. Vassil. Processes obtuse; European part of USSR ... 15. T.europaea Hler. All horns or only lower delimited by constriction from body .... 18. FOMMISS Ob SOA Cle MAGS a i aigctasey :schccodioven'ueiy anh cpr hire: Wok gone yon ho wens Matancera a Zale Shoulders of fruit elevated, hence neck apparently in a depression A Re OMELE EMBs TN acee CNC SOURS SRP ASTOR OOM EES Co ROM Per eke tm L794 ,..colehica, Albote Shoulders Oteinulb horizontal om even, Slightly dechivous 9 ic: sue oe 1g). Shoulders slightly declivous, thus fruit acquiring a subrhomboid ipehilavene Meher ic nena bilieue Slay ce a Sey eS 14. T.maeotica G. Woron. Shoulder horizontal, thus fruit representing a regular triangle... 20. Fruit breaking off below joint, hence remnants of stalk often persis- tent on ripe fruit; horns strongly delimited by basal constriction; ic UNL Ma CONC) aah OO LSICly A= 272, oC laal aniieal ay | Man eee 1d. Lo hyreana, G. VWioron: Fruit-stalk separating at joint; horns slightly delimited; fruit much Shigaitell rere ANRIRES TMC lGann IS SMV eY Art 7 an cee 16. UT. maleeyu V. Vasisik Fruit without neck and crown, or with neck but crownless ...... Drone Be Ud baal Was Wate Me C Kael 1G ICH OV ol ro Wleci\houiicy eipsictndl ae topeetees) susie ea ate atl 24. Fruit without neck and crown,or with small neck, shape of equilateral triangle without the horns; horns short, strong, much enlarged at [ELSES RAL GM ty Piro Tac ke Nihon Se a ene er ge ate 11. E rossica ws. Vassvle Ereuntralwans walt ips OMOUMGE GRMN ke Peg 6 ao! eae Jel saline) euros cone onto ee Aye Fruit triangular or rhomboid, 4—4.5cm broad, 2.6—3cm high, with strongly elevated shoulders, sometimes with slightly developed crown; lower side of leaves densely hairy,sometimes sublanate ......... 5a tay AS SRR Re ME IRR coe eo eR 13. T. astrachanica (Fler.) Winter. 480 643 28. 29. 30. ore Fruit subrhomboid, smaller, with declivous shoulders; underside of IGS WSS (oblate SO Sra vou syreuialisy etarclwaavelrarontaly het Mmeh uA eee s nut rca ale hast abe Ma Tn ROW ERA AL ER Santee ciel Aas ni VelQa ed) sani ot ReshOe tot sal ns 12. T.natans f. subcoronata Nath. Fruit at least 14/2 times broader than high; lower part of fruit very SOMO A Panel See Va EROS oh em eck Tiley BU eS RR Ws a PRG Gar Rr mes aL 2 Mr ds 25. Fruit less than 1/2 times broader than high; lower part of fruit EAMETS Ml OMA) Oa ory, acc wll MUP ei ted lei MaMa er “et Meni etebwed ce hie fet Men ak et a nk ey aiuanee Gira Ne 29. PGitieicianowlar worms eradually abt emuates i ele et AVeNes cle tokane eo one 26. Haber Oma Orc Oxcr Sir HORA OMe > jisihs 1a teieneeae Lie ielieliekle Naiftoniat bat weet CATES Shoulders rather strongly elevated, neck apparently sunken between them; no tubercles between horns ....... 22. T.manchurica Fler. Shoulders not elevated; tubercles present on median line between TOMGTASRS Me eat TtOE A Mat SUEY Mile m vohtemteypetor Geis 23. T.longicornis V. Vassil. Fruit 3 times broader than high; horns long, gradually pointed, all at neakisn sane levcleancd slighty descencime T74 (evened seein iesmrae ies Sree isieitay o el Neopet shook me ehty va 22. T.manshurica var. fastigiata V. Vassil. Fruit relatively less broad; lower and upper horns at different levels, AOU OURS Faw? AIA 3 a Ae a ae wear to Sylepette talon ake) ahs apabh cries ante nia a berets 28. Pedicels tomentose; lower side of leaves pubescent all over ...... eA ce Suis cet este mbe Se anarchy ee Ea 18. T.sibirica f. ussuriensis V. Vassil. Pedicels glabrous or with few scattered hairs; leaf pubescence con- HEA SCO) SERINS! theres Mech MeN neater euue gay = tieyokeer MebmalaeeeN ese 182sT. sibirica Piller. Median line and ridges, surrounding sunken surfaces on base of upper horns, Slightly projecting, not ribbed or pectinate; base of horns not Plimmitedubyyconsirlchionwmi..\1 selec wd RN SUN) ciel ee EN ale 30} Median line and ridges, surrounding sunken surfaces on base of upper horns, strongly projecting, ribbed and, in Some species, sharply pec- UAC Mc teh et icote TAME RRAESD ede PUT a MeN, EGU SCM RUT BRI IR IT ae aS ESD a fe on The relief of processes and depressions (ridges, sunken surfaces, furrow) not very pronounced; Europe .’.:. 12. T.natans L. (s/str.). Relict/processesivery pronounced: (iar asi i\.s ti sokaede tens -receen a geresee BP er veee ative vce (si VCR MoaMoeteke a Lo Weta WMIRMRIE cer aia oye Pan ie 19. T.amurensis Fler. Fruit 4.8cm broad, 2.5cm high; median line and ridges surrounding Sunken! Suckaces very iprominent but not pOlmled 5 vais es teen) eae oF, amc EON a ME BS CARES Bp 19. T.amurensis var. transbaicalensis V. Vassil. Fruit smaller; median line and sometimes ridges surrounding sunken SUISIACSS FOSCuMA US, Marre Che MSsis} joo sss oo oo Ga ed fh 8 32. Fruit 4—4.5cm broad, 1.8—2cm broad; pectinate medianline always iNithenathen dance pombpedstuperclestibetween) homnisy; WAdtabienm.. «sen meue i. eethge aes. Pee elssye es aedeagal eRe 20:0 Te pectinata ws, Vasicils EWI ChEneIRe iting wir PS arti ee eG Bias Be, eee es ae ee =) )e Fruit 4cm broad, 2.2cm high; median line without tubercles between horns s"Sayanshaneewm). sieves: 18. T.sibirica var. sajanensis V. Vassil. Fruit 3.5—4cm broad, 1.5—1.7cm high; median line with punctate tubercles or spots between the horns..... ZL. Spey Clini VaVas sul: . T. maximowiczii Korsh. in Tr. B.S. XII (1892—1893) 335; Kom. FI. Man'chzh. III,1,109; Fler. in Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 36 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App.I (1926) 36; Kitagawa, Lin. Fl. Mansh. Ill, 330.— Ic.: Fler. 1.c. (1926), Plate 10, 41. 48] 644 647 Annual: stems slender, 1-2 mm in diameter; leaves broadly rhomboid- triangular or deltoid, sometimes subcordate at base, quite glabrous, coarsely and obtusely toothed; pedicels slender, glabrous; fruit triangular, with convex sides, 10-13 mm broad, 11—14mm high (excluding neck); neck ca. 3mm high, narrow, slightly enlarged in upper half; horns smooth, strongly delimited from body, the upper rather steeply ascending, the lower lacking (f.bicor - nis V. Vassil.) or strongly retrorse, sometimes firmly appressed to lower half of body; inconspicuous median line with minute dotlike tubercle between upper and one between lower horns; surface of fruit quite smooth with barely perceptible ridges and furrows or without them. Fl. end of July— beginning of August. (Plate XXXII, Figure 1.) Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (N. Manchuria and Korea). Described from the Far East. Type in Leningrad. Note. Some species closely related to ours occur in Japan and in China, also found in fossilized state in Japan, on Honshu Island. 2. T.tranzschelii V. Vassil sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 692.— T.manshu => rica Fler. in Izv. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 36 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst, 2¢, Apps lil 926) (3% ex jp. Annual; fruit 4-horned, 3.5—4cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), 1—1.2 cm high (without neck), rhomboidal; neck ca. 1.5—2 mm high; upper horns horizontal or slightly ascending, confluent with spines; lower horns shorter than the upper, horizontal or directed downward, spines curved obliquely upward; median line fairly conspicuous; ridges and furrows above median line almost imperceptible; basal ring elliptical, the inside diameters 1 and 2mm. (Plate XXXII, Figure 2.) Far East: Uss. (vicinities of Voroshilov-Ussuriisk [now again Ussuriisk]) Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria: valley of Sungari River near Railway Station Tailai chao). Described from Ussuri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Related species occur in S. E. Asia (Indonesia) and in tropical Africa. A related species was found in Tertiary deposits of W. Siberia. 3. T.tuberculifera V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 692. Annual; petioles hairy, with fusiform float-bladders; leaf-blade deltoid or broadly ovate, truncate or rounded at base, veins and periphery hairy; fruit 4-horned, triangular or subrhomboid, 3.5—4cm broad, at the upper horns (without spines) 1.5—2 cm high (without neck); neck 3—4 mm high, to 5mm in diameter; upper horns abruptly narrowed from broad and tall base to an up- curved spinescent point; lower horns strobilaclaw, hemispherical, obtuse, spineless; central line conspicuous, with large cylindrical or subcylindrical processes between the upper and lower horns; very prominent ridges running along the lower part of upper horns and from the base of the lower horns to fruit base; basal ring elliptical, with inside diameters of 1.5 and 3mm. (Plate XXXII, Figure 6.) Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria: vicinity of Mukden). Described from Ussuri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Aclosely related species grows in Japan. A fossil species known from that country may be the progenitor of both contemporary species. PLATE XXXII. 1 —~Trapa maximowiczii Korsh.; 2—T.tranzschelii V.Vassil.; 3—T. potani- inl WW Walgsitilce 4h Ik Reina avr ay iy) We Welssullige: fy = 0 korshinskyi V.Vassil.; 6 — T. tuberculifera V.Vassil.; 7 — T. litwinowii V.Vassil.; 8 — T. cruciata (Glck.) V.Vassil.; 9 — T. conocarpa (Atesch.) Fler.; 10 — T.septentrionalis V.Vassil. 483 648 4. T. potaninii V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV,693.— T.chinensis Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 41 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. 1 (1926) 42, non Lour. — Ic.: Flerov, 1926, Plate 13, Figures 49-52. Annual; fruit 4-horned, triangular, almost smooth, 3—4.5cm broad (without spines), 1.8-1.9cm high (without neck); neck conic, 1—1.5mm high; upper horns short, abruptly pointed, horizontal or less often slightly ascend- ing; lower horns depressed-ovate, obtusish, spineless, exceeding lower part of body; median line conspicuous, with minute tubercles between upper and lower horns; fairly prominent ridges running along lower part of upper horns and from base of lower horns to fruit base. (Plate XO, Figure 31) Far East: Uss. (vicinity of former Voroshilov, now Ussuriisk). Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (N. W. China, Manchuria: Sungari River basin). Described from Szechwan. Type in Leningrad. 5) Uivkomarovil V, Vassil, Sp. im. in Addenda vay, 693.— i.e 1s 4 om: Fl. Man'chzh. Ill, 1 (1905) 105,non Sieb. et Zucc. ex p.; Kom. and Alis. @Opned? a Dal nevostyikc.)) ll (11932) 7797 i; am u renis is var sbulsho mae sa Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 35 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. 1(1926) 33, exp.— T. chinensis var.flerovi Skv. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada SOCVilGlo2 7()i626.— Ts) a oommve a Plier], ch Skyeiemex pe tea -ya ler lace (1926), Fig.40(as T.maximowiczii Korsh.); Kom. and Alis. Opred., Plate 237 (as T.incisa Sieb. et Zucc.). Annual; leaf-blade triangular, truncate at base or, more rarely, subrhom- boid, with sparse hairs on veins beneath; float-bladder narrow or oblong- elliptical, in upper part of petiole; fruit destitute of large processes or pits, 2-horned or rarely 3-horned, broadly triangular or rhomboidal (ff. rhom = boidailis V.vVassil.), 3.6—4cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), 1.4 high (without neck); upper horns horizontal or slightly ascending, rapidly but not abruptly passing from fairly narrow nonarticulate base into point; lower horns replaced by tubercles of various size; a single spine- less lower horn sometimes developing; median line with small tubercles between upper and lower horns; neck 3-4 mm high, to 3mm in diameter, slightly enlarged in upper half; inconspicuous ridges running along lower part of upper horns and from base of lower horns (or replacing tubercles) to base of fruit. Fl. end of August or beginning of September. (Plate XXXII, Figure 4.) Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Korea, N. China). Described from Ussuri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Related species, beside T.potaninii, occur in India, Japan, and China (?). The kindred original form — f. rhomboidalis V. Vassil.— is readily distinguished by the pronounced rhomboidal fruit shape and small rigid leaves, prominently veined beneath (T.rhomboidalis V. Vassil., mnscr.). 6. T.korshinskyi V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 694.— T.bispinosa Korsh. in Tr. B.S. XII (1892—1893) 336,non Roxb.— T.incisa Kom. F1. Man'chzh. III (1905) 105; non /Siebs) ctaezuceyex: p.;) Kom. sandy Alissa @pirced ima: Dalinevost. war. Il“ (9,ex ps laa pOniea, Pler. in ve Gla Bot poadar XXIV (1925) 39 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 90, ex p. Annual; petioles glabrous, with fusiform float-bladder in upper half; leaf-blade subrhomboidal, sinuate-dentate, veins hairy beneath; pedicels 484 649 slender, glabrous or hairy (f.schischkinii V. Vassil.), becoming strongly thickened; two inner sepals glabrous, caducous, two outer hairy on keel, persistent, developing into spines; fruit 2-horned, with gently ascending horns, 3—4cm broad at the level of horns (not including spines), 1.5—2.7¢m high (without neck); neck 1-3mm high, ca. 5—6 mm in diameter or wanting (f.ambigua V. Vassil.); two lower horns replaced by 2 tubercles; between these and upper wings minute tubercles borne on middle line; prominent ridges running along base of lower [?] horns and from base of tubercles to base of fruit; inside diameter of basal ring 3mm. Fl. mid-August; fr. September. (Plate XXXII, Figure 5.) Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, Korea, N. China). Described from Ussuri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Beside the type,two forms occur in the same area: f.s Gla ws Gla = kinii V. Vassil. andf.ambigua V.Vassil. The first is distinguished from the type by thicker, hairy pedicels and large fruit (Asteianihs: cin katay a V.Vassil. mnscr.); the second (f.ambigua) differs from type in absence of neck and convex upper part of fruit, where it resembles T.conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler. from Europe (T.ambigua V. Vassil., mnscr.). Te eitwinowil Vel Vassil.) Sp...) in) AddendayX1V, 694. — Wine siakiiom, Fl. Man'chzh. III (1905) 105,non Sieb. et Zucc. ex p.; Kom. and Alis. @oueds ei Walinevost-vkr. /1P( 932). 779) nenrSieb: tet Zucewex p.. jaors nica Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 40 and in Izv. Donsk. Po- litekhn. inst. X, App. 1 (1926) 40, ex p.— Ic.: Fler. (1926), Plate 12, Figures 47,48 (as T.japonica Fler.). Annual; petioles with oblong-ellipsoid float-bladder in upper half, glabrous; leaf-blade rhomboid or subrhomboid, sinuate-dentate, promi- nently netted-veined beneath, densely appressed-hairy on veins and margin; pedicels hairy, somewhat woolly, to 2mm in diameter; inner pair of sepals smaller than outer, caducous; fruit 2-horned, rhomboid at the level of horns, with subhorizontal horns and spines, 3.6—4.6cm broad at the level of horns (not including spines), 2—2.7cm high (without neck); neck 5-6mm high, with crown 1—1.5cm in diameter; lower horns replaced by broad lunate ridges, these with convex sides facing downward; median line very prominent; ridges running upward and downward from median line; inside diameter of basal ring 3—4mm. (Plate XXXII, Figure 7.) Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Manchuria, N. China). De- Scribediirom Ussuris Type iniening rad: 8. T.conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler. in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 24.— T.natans var. conocarpa Aresch. in K. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. (1873) 289:— T.natans conocarpa.(Aresch.) Nath. fisubecomocarpa Nathieiinos timate Nath. ,felonaata’ Nath, f.conocanp ond es )Naithe in Bihang till. K.Sv.Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. B, III, 10 (1888) 3—40.— T.na- Haimishanet itl. Wenrope inion, Io ex\os-— len WwAresch ole.) Go) tat eeio Jaggi, Die Wassern. Tr. nat. u. Tribulus der Alten (1883) Bigs a, baie (sSubmwanel como cals pla) sire. 4a,4b (sub Dina tans); Nath.) Wie: sp: 14, iowa Wier ileaii tl wince Dh sl (eiion (==) Porat 28 into ly 3S okO oh oni slat, Fig. 3,4, 9, 12—1b; Gluck in Pascher's Susswasserflora, 15 (1936), nile, WCB}: Vinisub vari\iclonocarp a). 485 Annual; pedicels to 1.5mm in diameter, tomentose above, with scattered hairs beneath; inner pair of sepals subglabrous, outer hairy on margin; petals twice as long as sepals, rounded at apex, gradually narrowed toward base; disk undulate, with pectinately toothed margin; fruit 4-horned, occasionally (probably due to mechanical damage) 2-horned (f.bicornis), 1.8—4 cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), 2—2.5cm high; overall fruit shape at the level of (but excluding) upper horns elliptical or oblong-elliptical, more rarely triangular (f.pyramidalis V. Vassil.); neck none or, if present, truncate-pyramidal, enlarged at base (f.pyrami- dalis); upper horns either steeply curved upward, sometimes with points directed toward fruit apex, or obliquely ascending, inserted at approximately the middle of fruit body; upper part of fruit very variable in shape (from domeshaped and hemispherical to pyramidal) and size; upper horns slightly delimited by basal constriction; lower horns weak, narrow, sometimes with basal constriction; furrows and ridges above and below median line; inside diameter of basal ring 1-1.5mm. (Plate XXXII, Figure 9.) European part: Balt., U. Dnp. (Smolensk Region), V.-Don (Vladimir and Gorki regions). Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur. (France), Centr. Eur. (Germany, Hungary), Scand. (S. Sweden, fossils). Type in Leningrad. Note. Closely related fossilized species occur in W. and E. Siberia, in the Far East, and in Alaska. Beside the type, numerous variations occur. The most striking is f.pyramidalis, with pyramidal or conic upper part of the fruit (T.pyra- Mmuidalis Wie Wassil. smnsers): 650 9. T.cruciata (Glck.) V. Vassil. comb. n.— T.natans var. cruciata Glek. in Pascher's Stisswasserflora, 15 (1936) 328.— T.natans auct. fl. CUrOoe NOM ice lene WClek wilt, Chto lO AvLIT) DY), Annual; petiole sparsely covered with stiff crisped hairs; leaf-blade rhomboid, unequally and deeply sharp-toothed, with subappressed crisped hairs on margin and veins beneath; pedicels 2—2.5 mm thick, tomentose; sepals hairy-margined; petals oblong-ovate; fruit 4-horned, rarely 3-horned, 2.5—3 cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), 1.5—2 cm high (neck excluded); outline at this level triangular, rarely Ssubrhomboid; upper part of fruit flat or more or less convex; neck none or very small; horns strongly delimited by basal construction,the upper obliquely ascending, rapidly pointed from broad base, the lower smaller, mammiform, obliquely ascending or horizontal; median line with minute tubercles; inside diameter of basal ring 1-3mm. (Plate XXXII, Figure 8.) European part: V.Don (Sura River basin). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia), Atl. Eur. (France), Med. (Italy). Type in Leningrad. Gio! 10, T.septentrionalis V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 695.— T.natans f.subconocarpa Nath. in Bihang till. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. B, 13, III, 10 (1888) 3—40, ex p.— T.natans f.suecica Nath. l.c. pulsinss T.natans var. suecica (Nath.) Schroeter in Arch. des Sc. Physaves Natur. 80 (1899) 442.— T.natans var. bispinosa Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 28 and in Izv. Donsk. Polit. inst. X, App. I (1926) 22, ex Papas nmatans var, eruciataiGick. i b ileor nis (Glew hinieasehersis 486 652 Susswasserflora, 15 (1936) BAS s == Ib Ble ais y Ebley Nols, TeKOSISiee Mavorah I=) es INetthealeers py 4 tio wbeppL aa, 24. te. 0, 95 tab. 3) tie. o, VO. 11) Schroeter... 'c. pl. Ill, Fig. A, 5,6; Flerov (1926), Plate 4, Figures 13-16. Annual; petioles glabrous or slightly pubescent, with narrowly fusiform, glabrous or sparsely pubescent float-bladders; leaf-blade broadly rhom- boidal, Sinuate-dentate, pubescent beneath on very prominent veins; pedicels Slender, glabrous or with hairs at summit; fruit 4-horned, more rarely 3-horned or 2-horned (v.depauperata V. Vassil.); neck 2mm high, or 0.5-1mm (v.depauperat a); crown wanting; upper part of fruit convex or depressed-conic or flat; upper horns arising at middle of fruit, rapidly terminating from broad base in cordate point; lower horns slender, often obsolescent, elongate-mammiform, rapidly pointed, slightly delimited by basal constrictions or not delimited (f.wol Sensis Ve Vassil.); median line inconspicuous. (Plate XXXII, Figure 10.) European part: Transv., V.-Don. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (Serbia), Centr. Eur. (Hungary), Med. (Italy). Described from USSR. Type in Lenin- grad. Note. Fossils (Quaternary deposits) were found in Sweden. Beside the type, there are distinctive forms: v.depauperata, with 2 or rarely 3 rather small horns (T.depauperata V.Vassil. mnscr.),and v.wol- gensis, with 4-horned flat-topped fruit, horns much smaller than in type, without basal constricticn (T.wolgensis V. Vassil. mnscr.). I Visrossicaivs VassileVspeen. in) Addenda xiv, 695) Mn nlar trams vali Surajensis Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 29 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App.I, (1926) 23,ex p.— T.hungarica Fler. l.c. non Opiz.— T.natans Schinz in Vierteljahrschr. Naturf. Ges. Ziirich, 52 (1907) Biers ork Chalet, stl Aroses mon l.— 11natans var: media Gleks in Pascher's Sisswasserflora, 15 (1936) 328.— T.natans var. behemica ier ee o(r925) 20. eu(i926)924. "Ts natanis: fTaev iteata’ Nath im Bihang till. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. 13, III, 10 (1888) 19, 25,31.— T.natans var. laevigata (Nath.) Glick. l.c. p.329.— Ic.: Jaggi, Die Wassern. Tr. nat. Tribulus der Alten (1883) fig. 70, 76 (sub T.natans L.); Nath. l.c. palo rmenoneNathw le pw 2) tie vwssetab. fie. OF tab. lL tip 2 Miteon NMP iaemwha (sub f. laevigata); Flerov (1926), Plate 2, Figures 5—8 (as T.hungarica Mller) iseninz dae. Mab) 20vtis, D\3\4. 667.112) 18' (sub Pina teams. iby uelteks lee pies 194 Be 1, Tl (subvars lac vig ata)sofis. 194A, 111 (subivar. imredtia)) Annual; petioles with narrowly fusiform to ellipsoid float-bladders, glabrous or sparsely hairy; leaf-blade rhomboidal, inconspicuously veined beneath, margin glandular-hairy; pedicels to 2mm in diameter, pubescent all over or only at summit; sepals hairy on keel; fruit 4-horned, triangular at the level of upper horns and to 3cm broad (excluding tubercles), to 2cm high (without neck); neck to 3cm high, to 5mm in diameter, or wanting (f.laevigata Nath.); upper horns obliquely ascending or horizontal, rapidly but not abruptly terminating in point; lower horns rapidly passing from enlarged base to a horizontal, upturned or downturned point; median line between upper and lower horns with minute dotlike tubercles; inside diameter of basal ring 1.5-3mm. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 1.) European part: U.Dnp., V.-Don, L. Don. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med. (N. Italy). Described from Chernigov Region. Type in Leningrad. 487 653 Note. Within the accepted scope, the species is exceedingly polymorphic. Of relatively frequent occurrence are specimens with a well developed neck, known as var. media,and narrower ones without a neck — var. laeviga- ta. After accumulation of more ample material, it may be possible to set up these forms as distinct species: T. media (Glck.) V. Vassil. and T.lae - vigata (Nath.) V. Vassil. 12M T) natans Spt sal el 753) 0s. stirs] Ll niatamisi ta cioneombarote Nath. in Bihang til K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 13, III, 10 (1888) 19, 24, 27, 28,29, 31,p.p.— T.natans var. coronata (Nath.) Glck. in Pascher's Stisswasserflora, 15 (1936) 329; Schroeter in Arch. Sc. phys. et natur. VIll (1899) 444.— T.natans f.subcoronata Nath. 1.c.— Ie.: Nath. IG.y py Wie tion 22 tab. 1, tie 4 cl 3s tale Mati.) bi) Gilekes) Laced ie vd eae aMilepiaye: Schroter,1].c. pl. Ill, fig. B, 1, 1a: Andersson, Stud. ofver Finlands torfmossar och Fossilia Kvartarflora; Nath. l.c. tab. III, fig.6, 7, 15,16 (sub T.natans f.subcoronata). Annual; petioles glabrous or slightly pubescent, with oblong-ellipsoid float-bladders; leaf-blade rhomboidal or rounded-rhomboidal, irregularly toothed, hairy beneath on veins and periphery; pedicels rather slender, hairy; fruit 4-horned, at the level of upper horns triangular or subrhomboi- dal (f. subcoronata), 2.5—4cm broad (excluding spines), 1.8—2.2 cm high (without neck); neck to 5mm high; crown 6—10 mm in diameter, or lacking (f.subcoronata); upper horns horizontal, with somewhat upward turned points, rapidly attenuate from broad base and then gradually tapering to a point; lower horns also rapidly attenuate at first and then gradually tapering to a point, their ends horizontal or ascending; pronounced median line between upper and lower horns with light spots conspicuous against dark background of fruit (without exocarp); inside diameter of basal ring 2—2.5mm. Eugopeanipart:) U. Dn. Me Dnpss Vl-Dont Gen) idistry. se enke: ancdwauis Eur., Med. (Italy), Bal.-As. Min. (Montenegro, Macedonia). Described from Europe. Type in Sweden. Note. The form subcoronata Nath. greatly differs from the type in its rhomboidal or subrhomboidal fruit, with a low neck and poorly deve- loped crown, so that it could well be established as a separate species — T.subcoronata (Nath.) V. Vassil. A closely related species, T.bri- tannica V.Vassil. was found in preglacial deposits in England. 13. T.astrachanica (Fler.) Winter in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1937) and in Fl. Yugo-Vostoka, 2 (1931) (59.— U.CAWECASICaA Var, AStTracia = nica Fler. in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 47. Annual; petioles to 4mm thick, with narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform float- bladders in upper part; young leaves copiously pubescent; leaf-blade large, thickish, rounded-rhomboidal, obtusely toothed, rather densely hairy beneath, sometimes almost woolly, prominently netted-veined; pedicels tomentose; sepals densely pubescent on keel; petals notched at apex; fruit large, rhom- boidal, with strongly elevated shoulders, 4.45cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), 4—4.5cem broad, 2.6—3cm high (without neck); neck 0.2—0.6cm high, to 1cm in diameter; horns strongly inflated at base, rapidly attenuate to a short upturned point, the lower with broad base and a short upward-curved point; prominent ridges running below upper horns and from base of lower horns. Fl. mid-July; fr. beginning of August. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 3.) 61006 1 488 654 655 European part: L.V. (deltas of Volga and Ural); W. Siberia: Irt. Endemic. Described from the Volga delta. Type in Leningrad. Note. A form occurring in the Irtysh basin is distinguished from the type by sparsely pubescent leaves, smaller fruit, and a number of other characters; it can thus be considered a distinct species — T.kasachsta- nica V. Vassil. 14, T. maeotica G. Woron. inIzv. Kavk. muz. X (1917) 331; Winter in fiGleePot. Sadao xvi Ss (1927) 519.1. tamiattiea Herjginehes Donsk. op. st. po vinogr. i vinod. III (1935) 154,nom. nud.— T.caucasica var. tanaitica Fler. in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 27.— T.natans auct. fl. ross. non L.— Ic.: G. Woron,l.c. (fruits); Flerov (19826) M5. Plate 5i(sub Ticaweasica Fler.). = Hxs..\ Pl. jeaucmexsi Nes 120 (sub T.colchica Alb.). Annual; petioles massive (to 5cm in diameter), densely hairy, with large, oblong-ellipsoid float-bladder inupper part; leaf-blade rounded-rhomboidal, tomentose, beneath, with prominent network of veins; pedicels sturdy, densely pubescent; fruit 4—4.5cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), to 2cm high (without neck), or 3—3.2cm broad and 1.5—1.7cm high (var. borysthenica V. Vassil.); neck 2-5mm high, to 8mm in diameter, crownless; upper horns horizontal or slightly ascending, rather rapidly tapering to a point; lower horns rapidly tapering to a point, with horizontal or obliquely descending tips, or replaced by obtuse tubercles of variable size (var. pontica V.Vassil.); very pronounced ridges running below along upper horns and from base of lower horns toward fruit base; inside diameter of basal ring 2.5mm. Fl. July—August. Humopeani part. V.-Don, bile .o, Don, 1. V., Bly Endemic: Described from Ciscaucasia. Type in Leningrad. Note. Beside the type, distributed in Ciscaucasia, in the Lower Don basin and in the Volga delta, there are distinctive forms in other parts of the distribution area that can be regarded as independent species. These in- cluded var. borysthenica V. Vassil, distributed in the Dnieper basin, which is distinguished from type by less hairy leaves and smaller fruit (T.borysthenica V.Vassil.,mnscr.); var. pontica V. Vassil., growing in the Lower Don basin and in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, in which the lower horns are poorly developed and often lacking (T.pontica V. Vassil.); T.tanaitica Fler., which occurs in the Don basin, in the Lower Volga area, and in the southern part of Vladimir and Gorki regions, differs from the type in leaf shape, sparser indument and certain details of fruit morphology. Since, however,these forms are undoubtedly related to each other, they can all be put under one name for the time being. 15. T.hyreana G. Woron. inIzv. Kavk. muz. X (1917) 331. > D.cauwea - sica var. hyrcana (G. Woron.) Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 30 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 47.— Ic.: G. Woron. l..c. (fruit). Annual; petioles ca.2mm in diameter, sparsely hairy or glabrous, with fusiform or oblong-ellipsoid float-bladders; leaf-blade obtusely toothed, rounded-rhomboidal, densely hairy on veins and margin; fruit 4—4.5cm broad at the level of upper horns (excluding spines), 2—2.5cm high (without 489 656 neck), triangular or slightly rhomboidal on plane of upper horns; neck to 7cm [?] high, sometimes with crown to 1cm in diameter; horns rapidly tapering to short spiny point; lower horns delimited from body by strong constriction, deflexed, with point obliquely ascending; very prominent ridges running below upper horns and from base of lower horns to base of fruit; strongly narrowed base of fruit gradually passing into pedicel which breaks off irregularly (not at articulation), thus a portion of pedicel retained on fruit; basal ring very small, ca. 1mm in diameter. Caucasus: Tal. (Lenkoran). Gen. distr.: Iran. (Bandar-e Pahlavi [Enzeli] Bay.) Described from Lenkoran. Type in Leningrad. 16. T. maleevii V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 696.— Ic.: V. Vasil’ev in Sov. Bot. 6 (1947) Fig. 5. Annual; leaves rounded-rhomboidal, obtusely or sharply toothed, pro- minently netted-veined beneath, heavily pubescent; float-bladders elongate- ellipsoid, pubescent; pedicels copiously pubescent; fruit triangular in out- line, 3-3.4cm broad (not including spines), 1.6—1.8cm high (without neck); neck 3mm high, 4mm in diameter, slightly enlarged apically into crown; upper horns horizontal or slightly ascending, rapidly tapering from broad base to short point; lower horns flat, rapidly tapering from broad base to point; median line very conspicous; horns not delimited by basal constric- tion; basal ring round, with inside diameter ca.l1mm. (Plate XXXIIL Figure 2.) Caucasus: Cisc.,W.Transc. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia. Type in Leningrad. Note. This species is closely related to T.hyrcana and apparently more ancient. 17. T.colchica Alboff in Bull. Herb. Boiss. III, 5 (1895) 237; Alb. Prodr. Fl. Colch. (1895) 87.— T.caucasica var. colchica (Alb.) Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 31 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App.I (1926) 26.—=T.natans auct: fl. caue. non L.— Ie.: Alp: l/c. plo6 (femille et fruit); Voronov in Izv. Kavk. muz. X (1917) 333 (fruit). Annual; petioles thick, 3—4 mm in diameter; float-bladders narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform; leaf-blade broadly deltoid or rhomboidal (var. pseu- docolchica V. Vassil.), woolly beneath, with prominent network of veins, or not prominently veined (var. pseudocolchica); pedicels thick, to 2mm in diameter, tomentose; fruit 4—5cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 2.5—3.2cm high (not including neck), or 3.5-4cm broad and 2—2.8cm high (var. pseudocolchica); neck 4-7mm high, 7-8 mm in diameter; outline of fruit at the level of upper horns trian- gular, rarely subrhomboidal; horns rapidly tapering to a point from broad base; upper horns with strongly elevated shoulders, horizontal, with obliquely ascending point, delimited from body by constriction; lower horns flat, ob- liquely descending, with point curved upward, delimited at base by con- striction, cordate in outline; central line between upper and lower horns with small dotlike tubercles; lower part of fruit elongate-turbinate or varying in length according to point of insertion of lower horns (var.pseu- docolchica); very prominent ridges running below upper horns and from base of lower horns to base of fruit. 490 PLATE XXXII]. 1— Trapa rossica V.Vassil.; 2—T.maleevii V.Vassil.; 3 — T. astrachanica (Fler.) Wint.; 4— T.pectinata V.Vassil.; 5—T. spryginil V.Vassil; 6 — T. longicornis V.Vassil.; 7 —T. europaea Fler.; 8 — T. carinthiaca (Beck.) V.Vassil. 49] 659 European part: M.Dnp., U. Dnp., Bl., L. Don; Caucasus: W. Transc. (Colchis, Abkhazia, NW of Armenian Highland). Endemic. Described from Colchis. Type in Leningrad. Note. In its typical form,this species is distributed only in Trans- caucasia. Var. pseudocolchica occurs in other parts of the reported distribution area, and may be regarded as a distinct species (T.pseudo- colchica V.Vassil. mnscr.). 18. T. sibirica Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 32 and Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, Appl. 1 (1926) 28.— T.natans auct. fl. alt. et sibir.— Ic.: Fler. (1926) Plate 6, Figures 21—25. Annual; pedicels glabrous or with scattered hairs above or tomentose (var. uSuriensis V. Vassil.); fruit 3—3.2(4)cm broad at the level of upper horns (without spines), subrhomboidal in outline, with very short base or triangular (var. sajanensis), 1.4—1.8(2)cm high (without neck), or 4—4,5cm broad and 1.5—1.7cm high (var. ussuriensi s); horns delimited by basal constriction, rapidly tapering from broad base to ascending point; neck 3—6 mm high, with crown to 1cm in diameter or crownless; inside diameter of basal ring to 5mm. We Sibertar) Ob, Irt:; EH. siberia: Ang.-say-; Far East;,Uss.) Mudenme: Described from W. Siberia. Type in Leningrad. Note. The Far Eastern variety differs markedly from the type in its copiously pubescent pedicels and larger fruit; in due course, it will apparently be set up as a Separate species (T.ussuriensis V. Vassil. mnscr.). Fruits from the Mozharskie Lakes (Mozharka) (Sayan Mountains) are distinguished by their triangular shape and significantly different di- mensions — var. Sajanensis (T.sajanensis V.Vassil. mnscr.). Among fossil species, the most closely related is T.newadensis V.Vassil. from the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene formations of North America (Nevada, California and Oregon). 19. T.amurensis Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 34 and in Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 41.— T.natans var. amu- rensis (Fler.) Kom. ex Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. II (1932) 779.— T.natans auct. fl. or extr. non L.— Ic.: Fler. (1926) Pilate. Misires 30-34, Annual; pedicels slender, 1.5mm in diameter, rather sparsely pubescent; sepals hairy on keel; petals obtusely rounded at apex, spatulate; disk with wavy toothless margin; fruit triangular, 2.8—3.2 cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 2.0—2.5cm high (without neck), or 4.8cm broad and 2.5cm high (var. transbaicalensis V. Vassil.); upper horns strongly attenuate from broad base to upcurved point; lower horns also rapidly tapering to a point, horizontal, ascending or mostly descending; neck 5—6cm high, with crown 0.9-l1cm in diameter; ridges in lower part of fruit prominent, directed toward base; inside diameter of basal ring ca. 2mm,or'up to 4mm (var. transbaicalens is), E. Siberia: Dau. (Nercha River basin); Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda. Endemic. Described from the Amur. Type in Leningrad. Note. The large-fruited form, occurring in the Nercha River basin and Amur upper reaches, with very prominent, almost pectinate median line, 492 660 661 var. transbaicalensis V. Vassil., could be regarded as a distinct species (T.transbaicalensis V. Vassil.), representing a transitional form between the Far Eastern T.amurensis and the Siberian and European species with very prominent, often pectinate, median line (T.pectinata, Msp ry gin ii) 20. T.pectinata V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV,697.— T.natans Buch. fl: Subir. noni. Annual; leaf-blade with inconspicuous network of sparsely subappressed- hairy veins, margin sharply toothed; fruit triangular, 4—4.5cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 1.8—2 cm high (without neck); neck 7—9cm high, with crown 1.1—1.5cm in diameter; upper horns strongly tapering from enlarged high-shouldered base to horizontal or ascending point; sunken surfaces at base of upper horns surrounded by pectinate ridges; lower horns very variable in shape, their point slightly deflexed, horizontal or more rarely ascending; median line pectinate, sometimes with sharp pro- cesses between lower and upper horns; basal ring with uneven, ragged inner margin. (Table XXXIII, Figure 4.) W. Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Lake Doingol in Katun River basin. Type in Leningrad. Zien hisprycini We Vassile sp.ines in AddendalxiIw; GOW.) is ay siti ene tae) — nica (Fler.) Winter in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1927) 3 ex p.— T.natans SUCH ile aross.non) Ie. Annual; petioles pubescent, with fusiform float-bladder; leaf-blade sub- rhomboidal, sharply sinuate-toothed network of veins inconspicuous beneath, veins sparsely pubescent; pedicels heavily pubescent in upper part; sepals with stiff hairs on keel; fruit triangular, 3—4cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 1,8—2.8cm high (without neck); neck 3-8mm high, with well developed crown 0.8—1.3cm in diameter; upper and lower horns strongly tapering to a point; strongly lower horns sometimes slightly delimited by basal constriction from fruit body; median line subpectinate; basal ring ca.2mm in diameter. (Plate XXXII, Figure 5.) European part: U. V.,L. Don, L. V.; W.Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. Endemic. Described from Sura. Type in Leningrad. Note. A polymorphic species. Specimens from Ural and Altai differ markedly from specimens collected at River Sura, particularly in the less prominent median line. Upon further study, they may have to be separated as distinct species. 22. T.manshurica Fler. in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 37 and Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. 1(1926) 37.— T.natans auct. fl. Or. Extr. non L.— Ic.: Fler. (1926), Plate 11, Figures 42—46. Annual; petioles with ellipsoid float-bladders; leaf-blade rounded-rhom- boidal, toothed, with a prominent network of densely hairy veins beneath; fruit triangular or subrhomboidal (f.fastigiata),4—5.4cm broad at the level of upper teeth (not including spines), 1.5—2cm high (without neck); neck 0.4—0.7cm high, with well developed crown 0.5—1.2cm in diameter; upper horns with elevated shoulders, gradually attenuate from broad base to a slender ascending point; lower horns gradually tapering to obliquely as- cending, more rarely horizontal point; all horns sometimes borne at one level, gradually attenuate to a point directed obliquely downward (f.fasti- giata); basal ring 2.5—-3.5mm in diameter. 493 Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Chi. (Sungari River Basin). Described from Ussuri. Type in Leningrad. Note. Beside the type, presented in A. Flerov's monograph, there is a form with subrhomboidal fruit, the horns all borne at the same level, their ends pointing downward (T.fastigiata V. Vassil. mnsc.). 23. T.longicornis V. Vassil. sp. n. in Addenda XIV, 698.— Ic.: V. Va- sil'ev in Sov. Bot. 6 (1946), Figure 6. Annual; fruit 4.5—4.8cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 1.7—1.8cm long (without neck); neck 0.5cm high, with crown 0.9—1.1cm in diameter; horns gradually tapering to a point; point of upper horns horizontal or ascending, of lower horns horizontally or obliquely descending; median line prominent at base of lower horns, flattened toward base of upper horns, with small tubercles between upper and lower horns; inner diameter of basal ring 2-3mm. Fl. May—June. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 6.) E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. Endemic. Described from Kansk District, Kras- noyarsk Territory. Type in Leningrad. Note. Avery closely related species is T.manshurica Fler. from the Far East. 24. T.carinthiaca (Beck) V. Vassil.comb.n.— T.natans var.carin- thiaca Beck v. Manag. in-Carinthia, II (1921) 23; Glck. in Pascher's Stiss- wasserflora, 15 (1936) 332.— T.natans Schroeter in Arch. Sc. Phys. et Nat. sér. 4, VIII (1899) et in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesellsch. X (1900) 97; Schinz u. Mehler shlorma, Schweiz 1/842), .nonjlaas le.2\Glcks sl.csApAsodigiip lo 4 Garae pale Nehrocteral. chvtig., By 5. Annual; fruit 1.7-3cm broad at the level of upper horns (not including spines), 1.2—2 cm high (without neck); neck 1.5—3 mm high, with crown 5—6.5mm in diameter; median line rather prominent, with small processes between upper and lower horns; horns abruptly narrowed from broad base to slender point; ends of upper horns obliquely ascending, lower horns horizon- tal; ridges in lower half of fruit not prominent; inner diameter of basal ring ca.lmm. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 8.) Europeanpart: V.-Don(Vladimir and Voronezhregions). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (Switzerland, Austria). Describedfrom Carinthia. Type in Vienna (?) 662 Note. A related species (T.praecarinthiaca V. Vassil.) was found in Pliocene layers in vicinity of Sochi, another (T.bituberculata Heer) in Pliocene layers of Portugal near Lisbon. 25. T. europaea Fler. (s. str.) in Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada, XXIV (1925) 23 and in Izv..Donsk. Politekhn. inst. X, App. I (1926) 15, exscl. pl. helvet.— T.natans var.muzzanensis auct.fl. europ. ross. et polon. non Jaggi.— T.natans auct. fl.europ.non L.— Ic.: Raciborski in Kosmos (1911) fig. 1; Flerov (1926), Plate I, Figures 1—4. Annual; fruit at the level of upper horns rhomboidal or subrhomboidal, 3.5cm broad (excluding spines), 2—-2.4cm high (without neck); neck 4mm high, with crown 9-11 mm in diameter; upper horns with delivous shoulders, short, rapidly but not abruptly contracted into horizontal or ascending point; median line with large processes (0.3—0.5cm high) which are a distinctive feature of this species; ridges on lower part of fruit very prominent; base of fruit short; inner diameter of basal ring 2mm. Fl. second half of July—beginning of August; fr. August, September. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 7.) European part: U.Dnp., L. V. Fossilized in Balt., E. Germany (Jakobau) and S. Sweden. Endemic. Describedfrom Minsk Region. Type in Leningrad. 494 Note. Specimens from the Volga delta are distinguished by lower, more definitely rhomboidal fruit, with round-tipped processes — var.caspica V.Vassil. (T.caspica V.Vassil. mnscr.). Family CXV. HALORRHAGIDACEAE LINDL*. —HalorageaeR. Br. im Flinders Vov. Bot. II (1814) App. III, 549 Flowers small, unisexual, plants monoecious or dioecious; calyx 4-parted; petals 4, caducous; stamens 6—8; pollen grains in tetrads; ovary inferior, 4-locular; stigmas 4; fruit separating into 4 drupes. Perennial, glabrous, aquatic plants; leaves in whorls of 3—5, The family Halorrhagidaceae contains 7 genera and about 1,000 species. Genus 929. MYRIOPHYLLUM ** L. Sp. pl. (1753) 992 Flowers small, alternate or verticillate, forming emersed interrupted terminal spikes; upper flowers staminate, median (1—3) hermaphrodite, 663 lower pistillate; each flower with 1—3 bracteoles; staminate flowers with campanulate, deeply 4-parted calyx, triangular lobes equaling or shorter than tube; petals obovate, concave, scaphoid, pink; stamens 6—8; pistillate flowers with obtusely 4-angled calyx, minute lobes I5— al as long as tube; petals mostly very small, ovate or oblong-obovate, cancave, scaphoid, caducous; pistil 1, with 4-angled inferior ovary and 4 papillose stigmas; fruit dry, separating into 4 dry drupes [?]. Aquatic plants; stems simple, sparingly branched, tubular, mostly densely leafy; leaves pectinately pinna- tipartite, with capillary or filiform opposite segments. The genus contains 36 species, distributed in waters all over the whole world, most numerous in Australia. Five species occur in the USSR. Myriophyllum spicatumL. in Quaternary layers of L. V. (Akh- matovka in Lower Volga area); in Quaternary layers of Ob (along Irtysh R., Ob. River-Mikhailovskii Yar, Salekhard) etc.; — M.verticillatum L. in Quaternary layers of Ob (Chulym River, Elan', along Irtysh and Ob, Mikhai- lovskii Yar and other); in Quaternary layers of L. V. (Uzen'). 1. Re me aun seen 2tiE Cet SR Tang ria 2 ats Monoecious plants ..... iPro 5 2. Flowers crowded in evens of eee 3 ah iowa ai <0RER. in ascils ie aber leaves, occasionally in whorls; each flower with 3 bracts, these equal, lanceolate, acute, dentate; petals green, pink or purple; stamens 8; minute plants, 1—4 cm long; stem elongate-conic; leaves linear, entire Ormmariel yapinMebupp rr tates sit, Wahl) shee Wve tale Pee 1. M. isoetophyllum Kom. is Flowers in whorls of 2—4, in axils of upper leaves or rarely forming interrupted terminal spikes; bracts 3, the central leaflike, the lateral shorter, oblong-linear, acute; petals pink; stamens 6; plants to 20cm * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. ** From the Greek mirios — numberless,and phyllon — leaf. 664 665 long; stem erect; leaves pectinately pinnate, with short, linear, fili- fORMAGPPOSILS SESMMEMES yoy. h oes atten ied ote) go) 2. M. ussuriense Maxim. 3. Bracteoles 1 to each flower, leaflike, all pinnatisect, the lower exceeding, the upper equaling flowers; leaves in whorls of (4)5 or 6, 2.5—5 cm long, 2 cm broad, filiform segments 1.3—2.5mm long.. Sip 3. M. satseicr law Ee + Beaieoles 3 te aaleti lowers eeaerel Monch eone of pistillate flowers pinnatisect, leaflike, longer than or equal to flowers, others entire, shorter unan flowers: Meavessim wihorls) of 4) is. in -) cuenelaen Cue neem 4. 4, Spikes 0.5—3 cm long, nodding before flowering; pistillate flowers mostly opposite, rarely whorled; staminate mostly alternate; petals of staminate flowers oblong-obovate, concave, 5—6 times as RoR Sie Call Ss abba NEL wis: inte dedi cA ens: bide cw Sy ce'h aha a. goigeahe 4, M. alterniflorum DC. 3 Flowers verticillate, forming emersed spikes 3—6 cm long; staminate with elliptical concave petals 2—2 We times length of CHINE He RE ee ee ree NN yen Cong |, 1. M. isoetophyllum Kom. in Fedde, Repert. XIII (1914) 168; Fl. pol. Kamnche Wen rararor A minute submerged or haif-submerged annual; stem simple, erect, elongate-conic or attenuate toward summit, 1—4 cm long, tubular, light green, sparsely leafy; leaves filiform or linear, 2—8 cm long, 0.3 mm broad, acute, the lower opposite, the upper whorled, entire or pectinately toothed, rarely pinnatipartite, segments filiform or capillary, opposite, entire, 1—3 mm long; flowers small, short-pediceled, crowded in groups of 1—3 at end of stem, in axils of upper leaves, rarely in 2-layered whorls; bracteoles 3, scarious, lanceolate, equal, acute, 0.5—1.5 mm long, with more or less toothed margin; staminate flowers with minute campanulate calyx 0.5mm long, minute lobes triangular; petals 4, green, pink or purple, scaphoid, oblong- obovate, concave, obtuse, 2mm long, 1.2 mm broad, with more or less denticulate margin; stamens 8; pistillate flowers and fruit unknown. July. Small and probably occasionally drying ponds. Growing in masses. — Far East: Kamch. (Oval'noe Lake on the way from Elizovo to Koretskaya Sopka). Endemic. Described from the locality indicated. Type in Lenin- grad. 2. M. ussuriense Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XIX (187+) 182; Kom. and Alis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. Il, 780.— M. verticillatum var. ussuriensis Rgl. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII ser. IV, 4 (1861) GO les: Kom.,and Alis, J. cc, Pilate 238; Figures 1=4-9Rol} ica male fig. 2—5; Somoku-Dzusetsu ed. Makino, Ic. Pl. Nippon, VII, tab. 84. Perennial, dioecious plant; rhizome creeping, with numerous slender roots; stem simple, erect, sometimes branched, 5—20 cm long, tubular, brownish-green, leafy; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, 0.5—2 cm Lone iniiem: broad, shortly pectinate-pinnate, with linear filiform opposite segments 1—5 mm long; flowers small, terminal in whorls of 2—4 in axils of upper leaves or rarely forming interrupted terminal spikes 1 cm long; bracts 3, the middle shortly pectinate- pinnate, 0.7 cm long, leaflike, the lateral sca- rious, oblong-linear, acute, denticulate, 5mm long; staminate flowers with can vesraulints calyx 1—1.2mm long, 0.5 mm broad, minute triangular lobes Ja—/2 length of tube; petals pink, oblong- obovate, concave, scaphoid, 2mm 496 long, 1mm broad; stamens 6; pistillate flowers with campanulate calyx 1—1.2 mm long and 0.5mm broad, united with ovary, with minute triangular lobes; petals caducous; ovary 4-locular, with 4 plumose stigmas; fruit of 4 sharply verrucose drupes, 0.7mm long, 0.5mm broad. June—August. Muddy waterside shallows and lakes, stagnant water, pools, oxbows, backwaters, drainage ducts, ditches, boggy meadows, marshes, silty sands, among tussocks of sedge-reedgrass boggy meadows, dried swamps, and Giver deltas. — Far Hast: Ze!-Bu. Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.” Described from Nambu province [Southern Japan]. Type in Leningrad. So werticiilatum I. Spx pl.(1753)'992: Tidb: ‘FY. "Ross. TW, 118: Boetss. Hier or,. it 155) Shmals." Fl. 1 3645"syreishch. Why ri Moskr sub: Il, 389; Fedch. and Fler. Fl. 664; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 333; Kom. and Mice e@pred: 7. Mal'nevost, kriv il, 7é; Grosse. FIT. "Kavi. 1" LOW: Kacyl, Fl, Zap. Sib. VIII, 1976.— M. spicatum Gmel. Reise, If (1774) 198.— M. siculum Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. II, 1 (1843) 599.— M. limosum Hectot Sameera vi leis) 530," NM. pectimatum DC. Ih es 529.'— Wer. ie weeds Vel cal. AkO46>" Enel. Sot. 1V;" tab. 2165) Rehb. "Tc. "ais Germ, XXIII, tab. 27; Somoku-Dzusetsu ed. Makino, Ic. Pl. Nippon, VII, tab. 83; Gitcliniel) sc stabi oo. sca Pl Pins Yexe. INors02: El Pole kexs Noone s Herb: Mia ino: No. 23'la, 25 tb, 23 1c; "GRE. No. 667. Aquatic perennial; rhizome rooting, creeping, with numerous small slender rootlets; stem tubular, brittle, simple or sparingly branched, (15)50—150cm long, reaching water surface; leaves in whorls of (4) '5"or 6) 2955 cra lone: 2—2.5cm broad, pectinate-pinnate, the filiform, setaceous or capillary, smooth, opposite segments 1—3.5cm long; flowers small, in whorls of 4—6, forming emersed spikes 5—11cm long, 4—8 mm broad; upper flowers staminate, lower pistillate; bracteoles 1 to each flower, pectinate or pinnatisect, oblong, flat, 2—7 mm long, 1—3 mm broad, equaling or slightly exceeding flower (var. pectinatum Wallr.), or 2—3 times as long as flower QyetigpikauReia = medium Koch), or bracts leaflike and many times longer than flower (var. pinnatifidum Wallr.); staminate flowers with campanulate calyx 1—1.5mm long and 0.5mm broad, triangular lobes 0.5mm long, denticulate, brownish, b= 2 length of tube; petals more or less pellucid, obovate, con- cave, scaphoid, obtuse, 2—2.5 mm long, 1—1.5 mm broad, white or greenish, 666 caducous; pistillate flowers with campanulate calyx 1—1.5mm long and 0.5—0.7(1) mm broad, united with ovary, minute triangular lobes ca. 0.3mm long, Y5—'la length of tube; petals minute, scaphoid, oblong-obovate, 1—1.5mm long, 0.5 mm broad, obtuse, concave, greenish or white, caducous; ovary ovoid-oblong, 1.5—2 mm long, stigmatic lobes ovate, 1mm long, plumose; fruit of 4 schizocarps, smooth, gibbous at base. June—August. (Plate XIII, Figure 2.) Stagnant and sluggish waters; sandy shores, together with Charae; low maritime sites, and silty river banks. Forming dense thickets to a depth On 2imet— Buropean' part) Warcslhaps Dv. —Pech.40 Lad. sam, sWicnvi Vea iae, UDnp evil Dip..) Vv. Donm lranse..) U. Duss, Bl Crim. E.Don, eve; Caucasus: Cise., Wands. VTranse;,- Dac; We Siberia: Ob,” U.Tob.). lich. E. Siberia: Yen., Le.-Kol, Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Kamch.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. K. (delta of Amu Darya); Pam.-Al. (Peter the First Range, Valley of Kara-Shura River, Lake Mamur-Kul). Gen. distr.: 497 667 Scand., Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. (S. Balkans, Greece), Mong., Ja.-Ch., N. and S, Am., N. Afr. Described from Europe. Type in London. 4. M. alterniflorum DC. Fl. Fr. VI (1815) 529; Fedch. and Fler. Fl. 664; Shrmal'so: PY. 1)\965; Kom. al. Kamch.sil. 33a > le. bl Daneel: tab. 2061; Hngl. Bot: Ill, tab. 2854; Rchb. Ic... Fl...Germ., XxX tab: e298 Exsas Pll binl)jexs., Ne ie2o;, hers, l..Ingr No, 233, Aquatic perennial; rhizome creeping, with numerous slender roots; stems simple, slender, sometimes branched, 30 cm — 1m long, tubular, light green, densely leafy, with sparse brown oval warts; leaves whorled in 4's, pectinate-pinnatipartite, (0.5)1—4cm long, (0.3)1—2 cm broad; segments 12 pairs, capillary, filiform, smooth, entire, 0.3—1.8 cm long; flowers small, alternate; spikes terminal, 0.5—2(3) cm long, 3 mm broad, nodding before flowering, lower pistillate flowers mostly opposite or sometimes verticillate, upper staminate mostly alternate; bracteoles 3 to each flower, in pistillate flower the central mostly leaflike, 3—5 mm long, many times as long as flower, or in upper flowers oblong-lanceolate, 1mm long, about equaling or slightly shorter than flower, with pinnately toothed margin, the lateral rounded-ovate, thickish, tapering to obtuse apex, with denticulate margin, central bracteole of staminate flowers oblong, obtusely toothed at margin, 1—1.5mm long, 0.5mm broad, ie as long as flower, lateral bracteoles round- ovate, thickish, tapering to an obtuse point, denticulate, ts—'/3 as long as the central; staminate flowers with campanulate calyx 0.3mm long, minute round lobes 3-toothed at apex; petals 4, oblong-obovate, 1.5—2 mm long, 1mm broad, obtuse, concave, pink, 5—6 times as long as calyx; stamens 8; calyx of pistillate flowers campanulate, 0.7—1mm long, 0.7 mm broad, covered with brown papillae, united with ovary, lobes obsolescent or minute, in- conspicuous, rounded; petals minute, 0.5 mm long, rounded- ovate, concave, obtuse, reflexed, pink, caducous; ovary 1—1.5mm long; stigma with round pink lobes; fruit of 4 schizocarps, 1.5mm long, smooth, gibbous at base. June—September. Stagnant waters, sandy shores, together with Charaand Elodea; back- waters, and in sea water off the coast; often forming extensive thickets at aidepih or 12m. Eucopean part: Kar.-lap.;. luad:-llm: shar Hasty Oh Kamch. (islands Medny and Bering). Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. and Centr. Eur., N. Am. (N.E. part). Described from the vicinity of Nantes in Eranece.) Type in Paris. 35. MLE Shontorenbrect IM Spo Welly MIU s))) SE cle semanlae evltne INE) 203): Ee Ede Ross; hey tles Boiss. bl on), Li goo; shimalle,, Plt if 365.) Bede awsanmel Wer. Hl, 664; Syreishch, Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. Ill, 390; Grosse. Fl. Kayk: Ii hOns Wom! and Alisi;"Opred. rc. Dal'’nevost. | kr: 11,7802) Pavily me semticiWeeizis tay ae 7: ie EU Zao, VSiloey ViPUE il 9772 Ike emma natum DC. Fl. Fr. V1(1815) 529, p.p.— M. sibiricum Kom. in Fedde, Repert. XIII (1914) 168; Sugawara, Il]. Fl. Saghal. Ill, tab. 626.— Ic.: Bool Bot. iV, ;tab. ol4; Rehb: le: Hl. Germ. XXII, tab. 28-) Starnyeee Deutschis (Hic 2. tabs ito.>- Bxsts GliRy bs Noii17- Pl eens esc Nows 23) chaNo.)824-.E Pol. exs: Ne.629; Herb: PL iner! Ney2su: Perennial; rhizome creeping, with numerous slender roots; stems 30— 150 cm long, branched, submersed, erect, tubular, whitish or light green, often 498 668 densely leafy in upper part; leaves whorled in 4's, 1—2.5(3) cm long, 1— 1.8(3) cm broad, pectinate-pinnatipartite, entire filiform or capillary opposite segments 1.3—2.5mm long; flowers small, numerous, verticillate; spikes terminal, interrupted, 3—8 cm long, 2—3 mm broad, emersed; upper flowers staminate, lower pistillate; bracteoles 1 to each flower, rounded- ovate, thickish, tapering to an obtuse point, reflexed, the central 1—1.5(1.7) mm long, 1—1.5 mm broad, the lateral half as long; central bracteole of pis- tillate flowers about equaling or sometimes exceeding flower, denticulate or serrate-incised; central bracteole of staminate flowers entire, le length of flower; calyx of staminate flowers tubular or broadly campanulate, 0.5—1 mm long, 0.5mm broad, parted nearly to the middle, lobes ovate- triangular; petals 5, elliptical, obtuse, 1.5—2.5mm long, 1—1.5 mm broad, concave, pale pink, 2—2 We times length of calyx; stamens 8; calyx of pis- tillate flowers tubular, 0.5—1 mm long, 0.5mm broad, subentire, almost without lobes or with minute lobes; petals minute, 0.5mm long, 0.3—0.5 mm broad, rounded-ovate, obtuse, pink concave, about equaling calyx; ovary 4-locular, 1.5mm long, with 4 short plumose stigmas; schizocarps four, 2mm long, 1.5 mm broad, oblong, with convex brownish back. June—September. (Plate XIII, Figure 1.) Slow streams, estuaries, oxbows, shallow lower reaches of rivers, ditches, bogs, and drying bogs. Sometimes forming thickets at a depth of (= Ao UrOpean part: Kar, hap. Dv rech.. | Wads— lam: + sOMivee Viegivas, Uno.) \ Ma np: 4. Don, hransv..U.Dns.;' Bley aiewon), deve Caucasus isc. UU. Vob.. Get. ell’). (Siberia; Yen.) le: holy Anes; Sawa. Dau.; Far East: Kamch., Uss., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands); Centr. Asia: PaaS. allay. Ky zeke. s Nita. Tucked. Pamlc Ale oitaShy iGenalidictes: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. (Asia Minor), Iran, Dzu.- Kash. (N.), Mong. (N.), Jap.-Ch., N. Am., N. Afr. Described from Alsace. Type in London. Economic importance. Used for polishing wooden articles on account of its silica content (Grossg. Rast. res. Kavk. (1946) 337). Family CXVI. HIPPURIDACEAE Dc.* Flowers small, hermaphrodite, green, solitary in leaf axils; perianth lacking; calyx reduced to a circular rim; stamen 1; pistil 1, with unilocular ovary and 1 style; fruit drupaceous; herbaceous aquatics. The family Hippuridaceae consists of a single genus. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 4. — Limnopeuce Adans. Fam. II (1763) 80; Rupr. Fl. Ingr. (1860) 372 Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual; calyx a circular rim, obscurely 2-parted, a larger part united with ovary; corolla none; stamen 1, inserted * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. ** From Greek hippos —horse, and ura —tail; name used by Dioscorides. 499 669 670 below one of calyx-lobes; pistil 1, with inferior unilocular ovary containing solitary ovule; style 1, filiform, stigmatic throughout its length; fruit a drupe with thin pericarp and a hard 1-seeded oblong-cylindrical stone. The 2 or 3 species of this genus are distributed in Europe, Asia, Austra- lia, North America and Greenland. Two species occur in the USSR. Hippuris vulgaris L. in interglacial layers of U. V. (Potylikha); in Quaternary layers of Ob (along Ob River: Krivosheino, Mikhailovskii Yar, Salekhard and other places). 1. Leaves 8—16 in a whorl, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1—4 cm long, 0.1—0.2 (rarely 0.3—0.5) cm broad, acutish; submersed leaves always longer}ip tols.cm, reflexed*and appresised"tostena”) "30 eee Si, on eee ean een lk DO Pea ge heed LH, vulgaris i 3h Leaves 4—6 in a whorl, oboval or oblong or oblanceolate, 0.4—1 cm long, 0.5—0.8 cm broad, obtusish; submersed leaves mostly smaller, 0x3 —Ussiemlongimrarelysreilexed vie 2. aie oes 2. H. tetraphylla L. (ered yuleciriss asp. ples (753! )42'Mdb) bls Altea ave ihe eno scams io Bossi or. il, 15o43 shimal'o. Fl. 1.3643 Peden wand) Hilers silmbioae Syreishch, Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. II, 391; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 330; Gorshk. Mv MMCUso; VOStaaVveE Hao iKonm and Alis, | Opred.“ rs DWall’mevosive kstem ile Cale Grosse Pieekavk. MEL Kryl Obl. ‘Zaps, Sib.” Villy 1949: ve anaes Tsentr. Kazakhst. II, 487— H. eschscholtzii Cham. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 1 (1844) 120.— H. montana Ldb. in Rchb. Ic. bot. Pl. crit. 1 (1823) (ie fihuitans laljebl. Yex Hising "Fl: (Pagervik (1865)'32:— L anamote Pewcetvulearis Scop.’ Fl) Carn.’ ed) 2,1 (1772) 5; (No/2.— te. ikem and Allis. |. ¢. Plate 238; Fl. Yugo-Vost:, Figure 507; Syreishch? 1i°c.; pe oo techb TesyEl. Germ. 9xxi> tab, 30; Fedch.\ and ‘Fler El Ges: puoawara, Til wk Saghalls iil, tabs 627 At — Exs:: GYRgEs Nos Zar, Glabrous aquatic perennial, mostly half-submerged in water; rhizome rooting, creeping; stem erect, simple, cylindrical, sturdy, articulate, hollow, narrowed in upper part, 15—45 (rarely 90—120) cm long, or 10—15 cm long (var. minor Mart.); leaves in approximate whorls of 8—16, or lower 4—6 (var. minor Mart.), linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, 1—4 cm long, 0.1—0.2 (rarely 0.5) cm broad, or 0.4—0.8 cm broad (var. minor Mart.), acutish, subhorizontally spreading; submersed leaves reflexed and appressed to stem, longer (to 6 cm) and slender; flowers sessile, axillary, very small; calyx together with largely connate ovary 1—2mm long, 1mm broad; style 1.5—2 mm long, exceeding stamen; stamen 1, with red anther, inserted on rim of calyx; fruit a drupe, truncate at summit, with persistent stamen and style, 2mm long, 1mm broad; seed 1, with endosperm and straight embryo. June—August. Stagnant and slow-running waters, small water bodies, bogs (European alder, cottongrass and sedge), solonchakous places, muddy lake shores; iMmMoOuntain tor2,400m.—jArectics Are, Hur. \Nov.Z., «Ace» Sib Chu An.; European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Balt., Lad.-Ilm., U. V., V.-Kama, Urenpsy Vi. Done iransyv.,7UL Dns Bly! Don): VV.) Caucasus -t@ises Dasiy my, ands: Pransc.; WSiberta: Ob)" WU. Tobs, -Irt All bo Siberias Men lie, KNol., Anew Say i Dau har Hast Kamechs"Okhy Aek Bue wider Uss., Sakh. (and Kurile Islands); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Pam.-Al., 500 T. Shy “Gen, distr.: Seand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Bal.-As. Min., Iran, Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Ch. (N. China), N.Am., Tib. Described from Europe. Type in London. Economic importance. A favorite food of reindeer (Salazkin, Rikhter and Chernolusskii. Pastbishcha i priemy vypasa olenei (Pastures and Deer Pasturage Practices), 1932). 2 tereaphiviiast, fk Suppl, (i7el)) el: Willd. Sp.) plaved. livin (Tem) 27; Kom. Fl. Kamch. II, 331; Kom. andAlis. Opred. r. Dal'nevost. kr. Il, 780.—H. maritima Hellen. Diss. de Hippur. pl. 1(1786) 4; Ldb. FI. Ross. Il, 1, 120.— H. vulgaris 8. maritima Wahlenb. Fl. Svec. I (1831) Paroinalic See LeeS6 4s Kory, elo Zap. sibs: Vil ov oe byl oa ease eo, fluviatilis Ldb. Fl. Ross. II, 1 (1844-1846) 120.— H. Fauriei Levl in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. VIII (1910) 28.—Ic.: Brit. a. Br. Ill. Fl. N. Sues aa pCanadaled. 72/1 6135s ichbanie) spots Ply crits 1, /tabwiees (Suca- wara, lll. Fl. Saghal. III, tab. 627 B. — Exs.: G.R.F. No. 616. Aquatic perennial, with creeping, rooting rhizome; stem erect, sturdy, hollow, cylindrical, 12—3 0(35)cm long, 3—3.5 mm broad, articulate, attenuate toward summit; leaves in approximate whorls of 4—6, oboval, lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtusely rounded, 0.4—1(1.2) cm long, 0.5—0.8 cm broad, entire, somewhat spreading; submersed leaves smaller, 0.3—0.5 cm long, occasion- ally more or less reflexed; flowers small, sessile, axillary; calyx with ad- nate ovary 0.7—1 mm long, 0.6mm broad; style 0.5—0.7 mm long, exceeding stamen; stamen inserted on rim of calyx, with pinkish anther; fruit a drupe 0.7—1 mm long, 0.4mm broad, brown, truncate, with persistent style and stamens. June. Sea coasts of the polar-arctic region, solonetzic waters of small water bodies, saline pools, bogs, lakelets, muddy shallows, ocean coast near river estuaries, and maritime tundra. — Arctic: Arc. Eur., Arc. Sib., Chuk., An.; European part: Dv.-Pech.; E. Siberia: Le.-Kol.; Far East: Kamch., Okh., Uda, Uss. (Ternei inlet), Sakh. Gen. distr.: Scand., N. Am. De- scribed from Sweden. Type in London. Family CXVIl. CYNOMORIACEAE* ENGL. Flowers very small, polygamous — perfect, staminate and pistillate all densely gathered in a clavate terminal inflorescence; perianth lobes 1—8; 671 staminate flowers with 1 stamen; pistillate flowers with 1 pistil; ovary inferior or nearly so, with 1 style; perfect flowers with 1 stamen and 1 pistil; herbaceous parasites. Genus 931. CYNOMORIUM#** L. L. Sp. pl. (1753) 970 Staminate, pistillate and perfect flowers forming together a terminal clavate or cylindrical inflorescence; divisions of perianth 1—5 (rarely 6—8), * Treatment by S.G. Gorshkova. ** From the Greek cynomorion, denoting resemblance to dog's genitals. 501 linear-cuneate, rather thick, more or less enlarged in upper part, subver- ticillate; staminate flowers with 1 stamen; pistillate flowers with 1 pistil, inferior ovary and 1 style; perfect flowers with 1 stamen and 1 pistil; fruit nutlike; seed one; a fleshy, dark violet, leafless, parasitic plant. C. songaricum Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII sér. XIV, 4 (i869) 73.— C.. coceineum Boiss, Hl. or, IV, 1072, non Miiktey Ie Zap. Sib. VIII, 1980. A parasitic, leafless, fleshy, dark crimson or brownish-violet annual, 9—30(35) cm high; stem terete, erect, more or less thickened, 0.5—2 cm in diameter, densely covered, especially at base, with oblong-triangular acutish alternate appressed scales 0.5—1.2 cm long; flowers numerous, small, dense- ly and compactly arranged in an oblong-ovaloid, oblong, clavate or cylindri- cal, obtuse, terminal inflorescence 2.5—10(20) cm long and 1—2.5(3) em broad; perianth reddish- or brownish-violet, of 1—5 (rarely 6—8) divisions; staminate flowers with mostly linear-spatulate perianth division 2—4mm long and 1.5mm broad, stamen 1, with thickened filament and bilocular an- ther; pistillate flowers with linear-clavate perianth divisions 1—3 mm long and 1.7mm broad; ovary ovaloid or ovoid, sessile or minutely stalked, con- taining 1 pendulous ovule; style 1, with thickened flat stigma; fruit spherical, 1—1.5mm broad; seed subglobose. May—July. Parasitic on the roots of various shrubs, mainly Tamarix, Salsola and Nitraria.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Iran, Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Described from Centr. Asia (Valley of Koshkar River). Type in Leningrad. 502 ADDENDA XIV* DIAGNOSES PLANTARUM NOVARUM IN TOMO XV FLORAE URSS COMMEMORATARUM (DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES MENTIONED IN VOLUME Xv) Decembri 1949 MALVA L. TP 1. M. pamiroailaica Iljin sp. nov. [sect. Conocentrae (Kristoff) Iljin comb. nov.]. Planta annua, 20—100 (?) cm alt., caules simplices vel ramosi, ramis infimis elongatis, adscendentibus, pilis simplicibus, bijugis et fasciculato-stellatis sparse obsiti. Folia longepetiolata, petiolis inferioribus pagina trip!o- quadruplo longioribus, basi cordata 5—7-lobata, lobis semiorbiculari- bus, dentato-crenatis, utrinque vel supra solum glabris vel subtus sparse pilosis. Flores in axillis foliorum glomerati, involucri phyllis Janceolato linearibus, acuminatis, pilosis, calycis laciniis leviter accrescentibus, longe acuminati; fructificatione conniventibus, corolla albida supra vix in sicco coerulescenti, unguibus glabris, tubo stamineo pilis brevibus simplicibus versus basin inclinatis. Fructus ex 10—11 carpellis glabris tergo transverse rugulosis ex latere manifeste radiato rugulosis. Habitat. Pamiro-Alaj, Kaschgaria, Himalaja. Typus. Pamiro-Alaj. In valle fluminis Pamir prope castellum Langar- gischt, 27 VII 1901, n° 3246, leg. Alexeenko. Affinitas. A M. mohileviensi Down. laciniis calycis attenuatis, fructifi catione elevato conniventibus recedit. ALGEA L. 2. A. taurica Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis 30—100 (?) cm alt., caules crassi, erecti, simplices vel leviter ramosi, velutini. Folia 5—7-laciniata, cordata, supra rugulosa, velutino stellato pilosa, subtus prominenter nervosa, dense pilosa, laciniis ovoideis, oblongo-ovoideis, oblongo-obovoideis vel fere semiorbicularibus ad //,—'l, paginae rarissime profundius attingentibus, margine dentato- crenatis. Flores solitarii vel bini, involucro 7—8-phyllo, phyllis triangularibus vel oblongo-triangularibus, calyce subduplo brevioribus vel ad */3 calycis attingentibus; corolla flava, calyce 2—2.5-plo major. Fructus ex 25—32 carpellis, carpellis manifeste alatis, tergo profunde canaliculatis et pilosis, latere ad incisuram farinosis et glabris, medio dense pilosis, margine (ad alam) glabris. Habitat in Tauria. * [This appendix has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original.] 503 676 Typus. Alupka, in radicibus montis Crestovaja gora, 30 VI 1914, n° 544, leg. I. Sprygin. Affinitas. Ab A. rugosa Alef. indumento velutino bene differt. 3. A. sachsachanica Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis(?) caulibus pauciramosis pilis simplicibus patentibus sparsis et stellato fasciculatis solitariis obsitis. Folia longepetiolata, petiolis pilis stellato-fasciculatis dense obtectis, laminis ficiformibus, basi cordatis laciniis late oblanceolatis vel oblongo obovoideis, obtusis, serrato-den- tatis, utrinque stellato-pilosis, subtus densius, supra interdum atque pilis simplicibus brevibus appressis vestitis. Flores brevipedicellati, involucro calyce subduplo breviore atque calyce pilis stellato-fasciculatis arte vestito; corolla flava, mox virescens (in sicco), calycem duplo vel paulum majus superans, 30—40 mm lg. Fructus circiter ex 25 carpellis compositus, carpellis subalatis vel marginatis, margine non plus 0.5 mm alto, tergo canaliculatis et hic pilosis, lateribus glabris et sublevibus margine solum angustissime radiato rugulosis. Habitat in Caucaso. Typus. Transcaucasia, Azerbajdzhan, Karabach, prope montem Sach-Sachan. 8 VIII 1929, legit A. Kolakovsky. 4. A. Novopokrovskyi Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis ad 100 cm alt., caulibus saepe adscendentibus, stellato pilosis, in parte inferiore glabris vel sublabris. Folia supra viridia sparsim stellato pubescentia, subtus canescentia, crenata, cordata, 5— 7-lobata, lobis ovoideis vel oblongo-ovoideis ad 1/,—/, paginae attingentibus. Flores brevipedicellati unilateraliter dispositi, involucellum 6—7-phyllum, calyce 2--2.5-plo brevius; calyx adpresse stellato-pubescens; corolla flava. Fructus ex 28—30 carpellis, carpellis vix alatis, tergo profunde canaliculatis et secundum lineam mediam pilosis, ex latere ad incisuram convexis, glabris et levibus, medio valde appresse pilosis. Habitat. Tauria orientalis et litora maris Maeotidis. Typus. Prope urbem Theodosia, 10 VIII 1909, leg. V. N. Sarandinaki. Affinitas. Ab affini A. rugosa Alef. inflorescentia untilaterali, carpellis vix alatis sat distat. 5. A. sycophylla Iljin et Nik. sp. nov. Planta biennis (?) 100—200 cm alt., dense pilosa. Caules simplices vel pauciramosi. Folia ficoidea, profunde cordata, pleurmque 7-lobata, lobis oblongo-obovatis ver fere oblongo-ovalibus usque basin attenuatis, obtusis, crenatis, dimidio semipaginae minoribus utrinque stellato pilosa, subtus densius. Flores solitarii, involucello 7—11-phyllo, phyllis lanceolatis vel oblongis calycem subaequantibus vel vix brevioribus; corolla sulphurea calyce 2—2.5-plo majore. Fructus 32—38-carpellatus, carpellis apteris, tergo canaliculatis, villoso-pilosis et transverse rugulosis, latere ad incisuram vix convexis 504 677 glabris et levibus, medio leviter rugulosis et breviter pilosis, margine anguste radiato-rugulosis et glabris. Habitat in Kopetdagh. Typus. Ad flumen Dajne-su, 30 VII 1897, n° 1105, leg. D. Litwinow. Affinitas. A speciebus omnibus flavifloris foliis ficoideis et carpellis apteris optime dignoscitur. 6. A. turcomanica Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis, tomentoso-velutina. Folia ovoidea, obtusa, cordata, vix crenata, integra vel subintegra. Flores involucello 6—7-phyllo, calyce subduplo breviore; corolla sulphurea. Fructus carpellis numerosis apteris, tergo profunde canaliculatis, transverse rugosis, stellato pilosis, latere ad incisuram convexis levibus, in reliquo manifeste reticulato rugulosis, mar- gine stellato-pilosis. Habitat in Kopetdagh. Typus. In valle fluminis Sumbar, 9 X 1930, leg. M. M. Ijin. Affinitas. Species nostra ab A. sycophylla Iljin et Nik. indu- mento tomentoso-velutino, foliis integris vel subintegris involucello calyce subduplo breviore, carpellis lateribus margine solum stellato-pilosis mani- feste distinguitur. 7. A, kopetdaghensis Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis, caulibus superne pilis stellatis parvulis obsitis. Folia basi cordata, 7-lobata, lobis semiorbicularibus, crenatis, supra sparsim stellato- pilosa, subtus densius pubescentia. Inflorescentia aphylla; flores involucello calyce 2—2.5-plo breviore; corolla rosea (?), in sicco sordide lilacina, basi flavido-virescens, calycem 2—2.5-plo superans. Fructus 30—32-carpel- latus, carpellis vix emarginatis, tergo fere planis, in linea media stellato- pubescentibus, latere ad incisuram convexis glabris et fere levibus, medio breviter pilis simplicibus obsitis, margine glabris et radiato-rugulosis. Typus. Montes Czapan-dagh, fauces Firjusa, 12 VII 1928, n° 588, leg. B. A. Fedtschenko, E. G. Bobrov, A. V. Jarmolenko et N. Th. Gon- tscharov. Affinitas. Ab affini A. Litwinowii Iljin inflorescentia elongata aphylla, floribus remotis et phyllis invollucelli latioribus patentibus bene differt. 8. A. talassica Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis (?), elata, ramosa, caulibus crassis, glabriusculis, supra solum pilis stellatis appressis parvulis obsitis, infra pilis simplicibus vel bijugis, longis, patentibus, sparsissimis tectis. Folia cordata, 5—7-laciniata, laciniis elongato-oblongis, obtusis dimidio semipaginae majoribus dentato-crenatis. utrinque viridia, supra sparsim stellato pilosa, subtus densius pubescentia. Flores solitarii vel bini, involucello 6—7-phyllo, calyce subduplo breviore; 505 678 corolla rosea, in sicco laete lilacina, calyce duplo-triplo major. Fructus circa 30-carpellatus, carpellis apteris, tergo pilosis, latere ad incisuram glabris, medio pilosis. Habitat in jugo Thjan-schan. Typus. Montes Talassky Alatau, prope pagum Kamlgai-saj, 19 VII 1931, n° 623, leg. N. V. Pavlov. Affinitas. Ab A. Litwinowii Iljin foliorum pubescentia carpellis manifeste apteris differt. 9. A, Antoninae Iljin sp. nov. Planta perennis, 100—200 cm alt. Caules pilis stellatis parvulis in parte superiore numerosis et fasciculato-stellatis sparsissimis praecipue in parte inferiore obsiti. Folia basi profunde cordata, leviter 5—7-lobata, lobis semiorbicularibus, crenatis, supra sparse, subtus densius_ stellato-pilosa. Flores solitarii, involucello 6—9-phyllo, phyllis triangulari oblongis, calycem subaequantibus vel eo vix brevioribus; corolla flava calycem 2—2.5-plo supe- rans. Fructus 30—35-carpellatus carpellis vix marginatis, tergo transverse ruzulosis, canaliculatis, stellato-pilosis, ex latere toto glabris, ad incisuram vix rugulosis in reliquo manifeste radiato-rugulosis. Habitat in Kopetdagh. ; Typus. Distr. Karakala: fauces Aidere, 25 VII 1931, n° 576, leg. A. G. Borissova. Affinitas. Ab affini A. angulata Freyn indumento non velutino, colore corollae, structura carpellorum sat recedit. 10. A, Freyniana Iljin sp. nov. Planta ex toto glaberrima. Folia profunde cordata, utrinque viridia, prominenter nervosa, paginis ad medium usque divisis, laciniis dentato- crenatis. Flores involucello octophyllo, calycis dimidio aequante. Fructus carpellis alatis. Habitat in Kopetdagh. Typus. Aschchabad, ia collibus graminosis, 22 V 1900, leg. Sintenis. Affinitas. A speciebus omnibus ex toto glaberrimis prope Kopetdagn habitantibus (A. glabrata Alef., A. flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse, A. Thola- anis Stapf, A. peduncularis Boiss. et Hausskn.) colore corollae statim dignoscitur. ALTHAEA L. 11. A. broussonetiifolia Iljia sp. nov. Planta perennis ad 200 cm (?) alt. Caules erecti, ramosi, breviter tomentoso-pilosi, in parte inferiore sparse stellato fasciculato pilosi. Folia basi late cuneata vel rarius rotundata, nunquam cordata, utrinque dense pilosa, profunde fere ad basin quinquepartita, laciniis oblongo-ovalibus vel oblongis, irregulariter grandidentatis, incisuris basi leviter dilatatis. 506 679 Flores in inflorescentia racemoso paniculata dispositi, involucello 7— 9-phyllo, phyllis lanceolatis, calyce vix breviore; corolla rosea calycem 1.25—2-plo superans. Fructus 15—18-carpellatus, carpellis supra et tergo dense _ stellato-pube centibus, subtus solum subglabris, latere et margine farinosis Habitat in Volga inferior et Kazachstania. Typus. Stalingrad (olim Zarizyn), 1839, leg. Wunderlich. Affinitas. A speciebus proximis (A. armeniaca Ten., A. taurinen- sis DC.) foliorum incisura inter lacinias basi dilatata, basi foliorum cuneata manifeste segregit. REAUMURIA L. 12. R. Zakirovii Gorschk. sp. nov.— R. zarawschanica Zakir. nomen in herb. Suffrutex 5—9 cm altus, cortice fusco vel lutescenti; rami numerosi, horaotini plerumque tenues, rami floriferi simplices graciles paulo flexuosi, uniflori; folia linearia mi.uta 5—9 mm lg., 0.5—1.5 mm lat. apice acuta, basi plus minus angusta, subpetiolata ramis adpressa; folia et bractea glan- dulis salem secernentibus impresso punctata. Bracteae lineares, 2.5—3 mm lg. acutae, calycem aequantes vel eo breviores; calyx quiiquelobatus 3— 4mm lg. petalis subduplo brevior, lobis triangulatis, apice acutatis, anguste albo membranaceis marginatis; petala oblongo-elliptica, 7--9 mm lg., 2.5 mm lat., cuculliformia, basi attenuata, apice obtusa, subrotundata; squamae (appendices) 2, obloagae, 2.5 mm lg., petalis subtriplo breviores, apice fimoriatae; stamina numerosa in phalangas 5 plus-mious connata petalis breviora; filamenta basi dilatata, rotundato-crenata; ovarium ovatosub- globosum 2 mm lg., 1.5 mm lat.; styli 5, ovario sublongiores; capsula pyramidalis, angulata, 6—7 mm lg., 3—4 mm ii diam. calycem subduplo superans brunnescens, valvis 5 ad basin dehiscentibus; semina minuta 4 mm lg., oblongo elliptica, brunnea, tenuia, basi angusta, apice umbonata, pilis longis fuscis vestita. Typus. Pamir-Alai occid. Vallis fluminis Mogian-darja. In argillosis ad pedem montium pr. Mogian, 22 VII 1933, fl. et fr. n° 87, leg. A. Butkov; in Herbario Horti Botanici Universitatis Asiae Mediae in Taschkent con- servatur. Affinitas. A R. kaschgarica Rupr. differt foliis latioribus, apice acutis, bracteis calyce plerumque brevioribus, lobis calycis triangulatis, apice acutatis, stylis ovario plerumque longioribus. HELIANTHEMUM ADANS. 13. H. Steveni Rupr. in scned. ex Juz. et Pozd.hoc loco (§ Pseudo- cistus Dun., ser. Cana n.). Planta suffruticosa dense caespitosa, ramis abbreviatis inferne cicatri- cibus foliorum delapsorum approximatis notatis, rosulis sterilibus semper 507 680 praesentibus bene evolutis; foliis lineari-lanceolatis, oblongo-lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, utrinque vel saepius solum subtus albo vel niveo tomentosis, margine haud vel parum revolutis; floribus mediocribus vel sat magnis, sepalis ad 7 mm lg. patule albo-villosis, petalis saepius 7—9 mm lg., alabastris patule villosis et tomentosis. Floret Majo— Junio. 3 Habitat in Tauria. Typus. E jug. Jaila; in Instit. Botan. Acad. Sc. URSS asservatur. Affinitas. Ab affini H. cano Baumg. habitu, floribus majoribus, sepalorum necnon foliorum pubescentia bene differt. 14. H. ciscaucasicum Juz. et Pozd. sp. nov. (§ Pseudocistus Dun., ser. Cana n.). Planta suffruticosa laxe caespitosa, ramis valde elongatis ascendentibus cicatricibus foliorum delapsorum valde remotis, rosulis sterilibus parum evo- lutis: foliis omnibus conformibus li eari lanceolatis acutiusculis planis subtus albo-tomentosis; floribus mediocribus sepalis 4—6 mm lg. tomentosis atque longe et laxe pilosis, petalis 5—6 mm lg., alabastris patule villosis. Floret Majo—Junio. Habitat in declivibus siccis Ciscaucasiae. Typus. E Ciscaucasia occid., Biberdovskij aul; in lastituto Botan. Acad. Sc. URSS asservatur. Affinitas. Affine A. cano Baumg. sed habitu peculiari et sepalorum pubescentia diversum. 15. H. georgicum Juz. et Pozd. sp. nov. (§ Pseudocistus Dun., ser. Cana n.). Planta sufftuticosa ramosissima caespites formans ramis inferne cicatri- cibus foliorum delapsorum remotis saepe parum conspicuis notatis, rosulis sterilibus parum evolutis; foliis lineari-lanceolatis vel late lanceolatis, cauli- nis infimis latioribus usque ovato spathulatis, omnibus subtus albo-tomen- tosis imprimis margine et ad nervum medium (sicut ad petiolum) pilosis, margine saepius revolutis; floribus plerumque parvis, sepalis 2—4 mm lg. tomentosis et patule pilosis, petalis 3—5 mm lg. Floret Majo—Junio. Habitat in declivibus lapidosis Transcaucasiae orientalis. Ty pus. E Georgia (prope Tbilisi) in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS asservatur. Affinitas. Differt a H. ciscaucasico, cui affine, habitu alieno, foliis caulium floriferorum inferioribus dilatatis, foliis omnibus (et imprimis rosu- larum sterilium) margine saepius revolutis, floribus minoribus. Adnot. E ceteris speciebus sect. Pseudocistus Dun. in hoc opere adeptis H. rupifragum Kern. (e ser. /talica n.) valde polymorphum est et probabiliter in species locales adhuc parum exploratas solvendum. Verum H. rupifragum apud nos verisim. tantum in mont. Carpaticis occurit; planta creticola austro-rossica est H, cretaceum Rupr. (pro var.); planta austro- 508 681 uralensis— H. baschkirorum Juz. ined., caulibus prostratis, foliis parce pilosis, inflorescentiis paucifloris, floribus parvis gaudens; planta borealis e rip. fl. Pinega—AH. pinegense Juz. ined., foliis glabris omnino planis, caulibus erectis, floribus majusculis. FUMANA SPACH 16. F. viscidula (Stev.) Juz. nov. spec. — Helianthemum viscidulum Stev. ined. Suffrutex 6—15 cm alt. ramis procumbentibus vel ascendentibus pilo- sis et plus minusve dense glandulosis viscidis, foliis lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis acutiusculis vel acutis margine revolutis breve petiolatis vel subsessilibus utrinque viridibus breve pilosis et dense glandulosis viscidis; floribus solitariis vel paucis, sepalis pilosis acutatis rubescentibus nervis viridibus, petalis luteis; capsula 5—6 mm lg. nitida seminibus angulatis foveolatis. Floret V—VI. Habitat in Tauria. Typus. E vicin. Horti Bot. Nikitensis not. Molotovit; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS asservatur. Affinitas. Ex affinitate /. arabicae (Pers.) Spach, sed jam pubescentia peculiari ab ea diversa. VIOLA L. 17. V. isopetala Juz. sp. nov. (Vomimium Ging.) Planta perennis rhizomate tenuiusculo, caulibus plerumque 2—4 in nu- mero, ad 25 (et ultra) cm altis saepius ascendentibus, foliis radicalibus rosu- lantibus numerosis reniformibus, cordiformibus et late ovatis basi late cor- datis aperte sinuatis apice rotundatis, rectangulis vel acutatis; foliis caulinis plerumque per totam longitudinem caulis aequaliter dispositis (in internodio autem primo juxta basin caulis sito saepissime solum stipula unica ovato- lanceolata evolvitur), infimis plerumque -cordatis vel late cordatis superio- ribus ovatis basi late cordatis, obtusis vel acutiusculis; foliis omnibus utrin- que glabris vel (imprimis supra ad basin) disperse breve pilosis, margine haud profunde crenatis, petiolis sicut caulibus pedicellisque glabris vel ple- rumque pilis brevibus reversis tectis; stipulis lanceolatis longiusculis pera- cutis margine longe et tenuiter fimbriatis, supremis haud raro subintegerri- mis; floribus saepe per totam fere caulis longitudinem enascentibus longe pedicellatis bracteis supra medium pedicellorum (interdum juxta florem) sitis suffultis, plerumque amplis (1.5—2.5 cm lg.); sepalis longis et angustis lan- ciformibus curvatis longe et tenuiter acutatis saepe puberulis, appendicibus brevibus truncatis; petalis oblongo-obovatis longis et angustis subaequifor- mibus, lateralibus barbatis, calcare sat longo (3—5 mm lg.) et tenui plerum- que incurvo acutiusculo appendices sepalorum multoties superante; ovario 509 682 glabro; stylo apice papilloso rostro bene evoluto subhorizontali; capsulis oblongis. Habitat in silvis frondosis (plerumque juglandetis) necnoa in juni- peretis Asiae Mediae. Typus. E distr. Andizhan a cl. D. I. Litwinow lectus in Herbario Inst. Bot. Academiae Scient. URSS asservatur. Affinitas. Species distinctissima e grege V. Rivinianae Rchb. impri- mis cum V. Fedtschenkoana WW. Bckr. comparanda, a qua bene differt foliis cauliais et floribus ad caulem aequaliter dispositis (neque in parte superiore caulis collocatis) necnon foliorum forma et florum indole. Observ. Ad limites areae geographicae V. isopetalae formae peculi- ares lectae suat versimiliter specifice ab ea distinctae, scilicet: V. Korshin- skyi Juz. ined. —statura humili, stipulis latioribus, foliis rotundatis dentibus haud numerosis magnis sigmoideis (a cl. S. I. Korshinski in ditione pag. Gultsha lecta); V. ugamica Juz. ined. — caulibus abbreviatis parum evolutis, foliis omnibus apice rotundatis, caleare brevi 2—2.5 mm lg. acutiusculo (distr. Taschkent, traject. Kurum-dzhul, leg. Z. A. Minkwitz sub n° 832). Materies tamen manca non permittit ambas has species in hoc opere a V. isopetala separare atque fusius describere. 18. V. hissariea Juz. sp. nov. (Vomimium Ging.) Planta perennis acaulis subcaespitans, rhizomate brevi radicibus pallidis fere ab eodem loco abeuntibus; foliis crassiusculis glabris petiolis abbreviatis anguste alatis, laminis oblongo ovatis, oblongis vel anguste triangularibus basi truncatis, leviter cordatis vel subsagittatis, in alam petioli subito angu- statis ad basin latissimis versus apicem sensim angustatis, apice obtusis vel obtusiusculis, margine remote plane crenatis vel fere integerrimis; stipu- lis anguste lanceolatis acutis usque ad medium adnatis integerrimis; floribus 1—1.6 cm lg. pallide violaceis pedicellis tenuiusculis insidentibus folia haud vixve superantibus, bracteis longis lineari-lanceolatis inferne sitis ornatis; sepalis oblongo-ovatis glabris appendicibus truncatis subquadratis, petalis oblongo-obovatis obscure violaceo striatis, lateralibus barbatis, caleare haud longo crassiusculo rotundato 2—4 mm lg. appendices sepalorum 3—4-plo superante; capsula elongato-elliptica glabra subnutante. Floret Aprilio. Habitat in turfosis Tadzhikistaniae. Typus. E valle Hissar haud procul ab opp. Stalinabad a cl. J. S. Grigoriev lectus in Herbario Instituti Botanici Academiae Scientiarum URSS asservatur. Affinitas. AV. Patrini Ging. (planta sibirica) bene differt habitu subcaespitoso, foliorum forma, florum colore necnon calcare longiore. 19. V. oxycentra Juz. n. sp. (Nomimium Ging.) Affinis V. alaicae Vved., sed floribus majoribus 1.2—1.8 cm lg., calcare longiore 4—6 mm lg. versus apicem incrassato et sursum curvato acuto diversa, 510 683 Habitat in montibus Pamiroalaicis Asiae Mediae. Typus e Kokania (in ascensu ad traject. Bish-Kunysh) in Inst. Bot. Acad. Se. URSS asservatur. 20. V. tarbagataica Klok. sp. nov.— V. dacica var. palmata W. Bekr. in B. B. C. XL, II (1923) 89 (Melanii subsectio Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Herba pereanis, 10—25 cm alt. Caules subaumerosi, asceadentes, glabriusculi; folia 12—50 mm lg., 5—17 mm lat., omnia petiolata, dentato crenulata, crenulis utrinque 4—8, glabriuscula; folia infima ovata vel rotua- dato-ovata, media oblongo-ovata, superiora oblongo ovato lanceolata. Sti- pulae 7—32 mm lg., palmatipartitae, lacinia terminali foliacea, lateralibus lineari-oblongis. Flores in caule unica 1-—5, pedunculi 20—110 mm lg., subglabri; sepala lineari-oblonga, 10—12 mm longa, breviuscule acuminata; corolla 20—25 mm lg., cyaneo-violacea, petala infima basi flava; calcar 3—4 mm lg. Capsula ovalis, 7—8 mm lg. Floret VII—VIII. Habitat in alpinis vel subalpinis. Typus speciei. Asia Media, montes Tarbagataj. Legit A. Schrenk, in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. Affinitas. Species haec V. atroviolaceae W. Bckr. proxima, foliis subglabris, floribus in caule numerosioribus, petalis concoloribus differt. V. dacica Borb. floribus majoribus, sepalis angustis, lineari-lanceolatis, acutis, 15—16 mm longis a nostra recedit. 21. V. Kupfferi Klok. sp. nov.— V. tricolor var. caucasica K. R. Kupff. ia Fi. Cauc. crit. Ill, 9 (1909) 239. (Melanii subsectio Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Herba perennis, 12—40 cm alt. Caules ascendentes, brevissime pilo- siusculi; folia 10—50 mm lg., 3—13 mm lat., omnia serrato-crenulata, cre- nulis utringue 4—6, sicut et stipulae breviter pilosiuscula; folia radicalia necnon caulina infima rotundato-ovalia vel ovata, basi subcordata, petiolo quam lamina longiore; caulina media superioraque oblongo-ovata vel lanceo- lata, basi cuneata, petiolo brevi, stipulae usque ad 25—35 mm lg., pinnati- partitae vel pinnatifidae, lacinia terminali foliacea, serrato-crenulata, latera- libus lineari-oblongis vel oblongo-lanceolatis 3—13.Pedunculi 20—110 mm lg., glabri; sepala oblongo-lanceolata, 8—11 mm lg., acuminata, appendices eorum 3—4 mm lg., acuminatae; corolla 20—36 mm lg. cyaneo-violacea, petalo infimo necnon lateralibus basi flavis, atrostriatis; calear 4—6 mm lg., sepalorum appendices 1.5—2-plo praestans, tenuiusculum, obtusum, subincur- vatum. Caps. oblongo-ovalis, 6—8 mm lg., sem. 1.5—2 mm. Floret VI—VIII. Habitat in montanis transcaucasicis. Typus speciei. Transcaucasia, Borzhomi, 1911. Legit A. L. Pastu- chov, in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. Affinitas. Species haec transcaucasica a_ sibiricis proximis — V. tarbagataica Klok., V. disjuncta W. Bekr., V. atroviolacea W. Bekr. — SA 684 stipulis pinnati- nec palmatipartitis recedit. A V. tricolore L. s. str. radice perenni, stipularum laciniis numerosioribus, corolla majore atriore differt. 22. V. Elisabethae Klok. sp. n. (Melanii subs. Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Planta perennis, laete viridis, 10—50 cm alt. Rhizoma evolutum breve, ramosum, ramis tenuibus lignescentibus in caules herbaceos crassiusculos (1.5—4 mm diam.) abeuntibus; caules saepissime 5—8, ascendentes, infra ramosi, ramulis longiusculis, pilis brevibus, reflexis in parte inferiore den- siuscule, in superiore parce obtecti; folia 10—70 mm lg., 4—20 mm lat., dentato-crenulata, crenulis utrimque 5—6 obtusiusculis vel obtusis, stipulis- cum pilosiuscula; stipulae 5—45 mm lg., pinnatipartitae, lacinia terminali saepissime foliacea 3—35 mm lg., 0.8—7 mm lat., ceteris linearibus oblon- gis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, obtusiusculis vel obtusis, internis ex eis 1—3, externis 2—8; folia inferiora late ovata vel ovata, basi cordata vel breviter cuneata, petiolis laminae aequalibus vel ea subduplo longioribus; superiora oblongo-ovata, oblonga atque oblongo-lanceolata, basi cuneata, apice obtusa vel obtusiuscula, interdum acutiuscula, breviter petiolata vel subsessilia. Pedunculi 4—11 cm lg., basi breviter pilosiusculi, superius glabri; sepala oblongo-lanceolata, 8—15 mm lg., 1.5—3 mm lat., marginibus ciliata; appen- dices sepalorum oblongae vel subquadratae, 3—4.5 mm lg., 2—3.5 mm lat. basin versus saepissime angustatae, margine externo denticulatae; corolla 20— 25 mm lg., petalum infimum (cum calcare) 15—19 mm lg., 9—12 mm lat., calcare subcylindraceo vel apicem versus attenuato, 5—6.5 mm lg. cetera 12—13 mm lg., 7.5—8.5 mm lat.; petala superiora obovata, pallide flava, non rare supra medium violascentia; lateralia oblique obovata, laete flava, basi cum stria atrata, infimum triangulari-obcordatum, flavum, striis 5 atratis notatum; sta- mina inferiora 2.5—3 mm lg., caudiculae connectivorum 2.25—2.5 mm lg., ca. 0.4 mm lat., suberectae, in apice atque in latere subinflexo usque ad '/; papillosae. Capsula 7—9 mm lg.; semina oblongo-obovata 1.5— 1.75 mm lg., 0.6—0.8 mm lat., fulva. Floret V—IX. Habitat in silvis montanis tauricis ad margines atque in pratis. Speciei typus. Tauria, ia reservato silvatico, 5 VII 1925. Legit G. Poplawska; in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS_ conservatur. Affinitas. Species proxima V. saxatili Schmidt caulibus foliisque glabris vel subglabris atque notis aliis multis a nostra recedit. Species mea cl. Elisabethae Steinberg dedico. 23. V. vespertina Klok. sp. n. (Melanii subs. Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Planta annua vel biennis, laetiuscule viridis, 20—70 cm alt.; caules ascendentes, infra ramificati, pilis brevibus reflexis parciuscule pubescentes; folia 9—60 mm lg., 3—15 mm lat., utrinque cum dentibus 3—6 obtusis vel acutiusculis, pilosiuscula; stipulae magis pilosae, 7—42 mm lg., pinnatipar- titae, lacinia terminalis in stipulis foliorum iafimorum lateralibus similis, in superioribis saepissime foliacea, 10—30 mm lg., 3—7 mum lat., laciniae 512 685 ceterae lineares vel oblongae, saepissime obtusiuscule acuminatae, internae ex eis 1—3, externae 3—5; folia infima rotundato-cordata vel saepius ovata et oblongo-ovata, petiolis laminae aequalibus vel ea sublongioribus; media saepissime oblongo-ovata, basi cuneata, breviter petiolata, superiora ovato- lanceolata vel saepissime oblongo-lanceolata, basi longicuneata, subsessilia. Pedunculi 4.5—10 cm lg., glabri laevesque vel infra cum pilis brevissimis unicis; sepala lineari- vel oblongo-lanceolata, acuminata, 9—15 mm _ lg., 1.8—3 mm lat., supra medium marginibus ciliata, infra saepissime laevia, sepalorum appendices 2—4 mm lg., 2—3.5 mm lat., apicem versus subdila- tatae, margine externo irregulariter denticulatae; corolla 16—22 mm leg., petalum infimum (calcareum) 15—19 mm lg., calear 3.5—6 mm lg., erectum vel subincurvatum; petala superiora basi flavescentia margine violascentia, lateralia pallide flava, stria atroviolacea notata, infimum laete flavum, striis 5 notatum; stamina inferiora 2.25—2.50 mm lg., caudiculae connectivorum plus munus 2 mm longae, laevissimae; appendices antherarum sublaeves. Capsula 7—10 mm lg.; semina oblongo-ovata, 1.5—1.8 mm lg., 0.8— 0.9 mm lat. Floret IV—VII. Habitat in silvis montanis caucasicis et pratis subalpinis. Speciei typus. URSS, Ciscaucasia, locus ,,Baksanukova Poliana“ dictus, 4 km ad opp. Naljezik, 8 Vi 1911 (fl.). Legunt E. A. et N. A. Busch; in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. Affinitas. V. Elisabethae Klok. tauricae affinis, sed radice annuo, bracteolis saepissima edentatis, petalis superioribus margine semper violas- centibus, caudiculis staminorum laevissimis et notis aliis differt. Sicut et V. Elisabethae Klok. a V. saxatili Schmidt caulibus foliisque pubescentibus, sepalis ciliatis, praeterea radice annuo recedit. 24. V. matutina Klok. sp. n. (Melanii subs. Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Planta annua vel biennis, saepissime laete viridis, 8—80 cm alt. Caules erecti vel ascendentes, simplices vel ramosi, saepe basi ramosissimi, quasi numerosa, pilis brevibus, reflexis infra ron dense, supra parce pubescentes; folia 9—80 mm lg., 4—27 mm lat., utrinque cum dentibus (1) 4—10(13) obtu- sis, pilosiuscula, stipulae pilosiusculae, interdum foliis densius, 4—45 mm lg., pinnatipartitae, laciniis remotiusculis; lacinia terminalis maxima, saepissime coriacea, quasi petiolata vel ceteris similis, 2.5—40 mm lg., 0.75—10 mm lat., integerrima vel utrinque 1—5 denticulis munita; laciniae ceterae lineares, oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, obtuso- vel obtusiusculo-acuminatae, rarius oblongo-obovatae (superiores), internae ex eis 1—3, externae 2—7; folia primordialia triangulari-ovata, integerrima, in petiolo laminae subaequi- longo; infima cordata, oblongo-cordata vel triangulari-ovata, basi subcor- data, petiolis lamina 1.5—2.5-plo longiores; media saepissime oblongo-ovata, basi breviter cuneata petiolis longiusculis, saepe laminae subaequalibus, superiora oblongo-lanceolata, basi cuneata, apice obtusa vel obtusiuscula, Sig) 686 breviter petiolata. Pedunculi 3.5—12.5 cin lg., infra cum pilis brevissimis unicis, supra glaberrimi; sepala oblongo- vel lineari-laaceolata, 8—17 mm lg. (appendicibuscum), 1.5—3 mm lat., marginibus ciliata; sepalorum appendices subovales vel oblongae, 2—5 mm lg., 1—3.5 mm lat., plus minus denticu- latae; corolla 17—25 mm lg., petalum infimum 15—21 mm lg. (cum calcare); calear 4—5 mm le., 1.5—2 mm crassum, apicem versus subattenuatum, rectum vel subincurvatum; petala superiora obovata, subobliqua, alba vel flavescentia, interdum per margines pallide cyanesce -ti-violacea, raro atris- culo-violacea; lateralia oblique obovata, flavescentia vel flava, raro margine pallido-violacea, petalum infimum triangulari-obovatum, infra striis atratis 5 notatum, flavum vel interdum aurantiacum; stamina inferiora 2.5—3 mm lg., caudiculis co inectivorum suberectis, 2.25—3 mm lg., 0.2—0.4 mm lat., per longitudinem totam papillosis. Capsula 5—9 mm lg., semina 1.25— 1.75 mm lg. Floret V—X. Habitat. Margines quercetorum, fruticeta, pineta, crescit ia granitis tescorum australiorum ucranicorum. Typus speciei. RSS Ucr., dit. Charkov., prope opp. Valki, ad margiaes querceti. 18V 1941. Legit M. Klokov; in Herbario Universit. Charkov. conservatur. Affinitas. V. vespertinae Klok. caucasicae affinis, foliis superioribus petiolatis nec subsessilibus, petal’s superioribus saepissime non violascexti- bus staminibus inferioribus longioribus, caudiculis eorum papillosis atque aotis aliis differt. A V. Elisabethae Klok. radice annue, foliis majoribus, magis dentatis, bracteolis longioribus, paulum denticulatis vel edentatis, caudiculis staminorum inferiorum tota longitudine papillosis et notis aliis differt. 25. V. eretacea Klok. sp. nov. (Melanii subsectio Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Planta annua, saepissime atrovirens, infra violascens, 3—25 cm alt. Caules basi ascendentes, simplices vel infra ramosi, usque ad basin pilis brevibus reflexis parte inferiore dense, superiore parciuscule pubescentes; folia 5—30 mm lg. 1—7(9) mm lat., utrinque creaulis vel dentibus 1—-3, marginibus atque subtus in nervis pilosiuscula; stipulae subpalmatipartitae, lacinia terminali maxima, saepissime foliacea, lateralibus lineatis, apicem versus sensim angustatis vel rarius dilatatis, ex eis internae 1—2, externae 2—4. folia inferiora ovata, basi breviter cuneata, petiolis laminam subae- qualibus vel ea brevioribus; media ac superiora ab oblongo-ovatis vel interdum oblongo-obovatis ad oblongo- vel lineari-lanceolata, basi cuneato vel longicuneato in petiolum brevem transito; folia summa_ subpetiolata. Flores in caule 3—20; pedunculi 1—5 cm lg., infra pilis parcis vel unicis praediti, supra glabri; sepala inferiora oblongo-laxceolata, 3.5—7 mm lg. (appendicibuscum), 1—2 mm lat., marginibus sublaevia, tantum modo sub apicem brevissime ciliata; appendices subovatae vel rotundato-quadratae, 1—2 mm lg., atque latae, marginibus irregulariter denticulatae. Corolla 514 6875 10 mm lg., petalum infimum (cum calcare) 5—9 mm lg., calcar 1.5— 2.5 mm lg., 1—1.5 mm crassum, subincurvatum, obtusum, appendices sub- duplo superans; petala superiora et lateralia obovata, petalum infimum triangulari-obovatum, apice integrum, basi transversaliter barbulatum, laete sulphureum, striis atroviolaceis 3 vel nullis, marginibus cyaneo-violaceum, petala lateralia infra albido-flavescentia, supra medium cyaneo-violacea, superiora fere usque ad basin atrocyaneo-violacea. Capsula 4—6 mm lg.; semina oblongo-ovata, 1.3—1.5 mm lg., 0.6—0.75 mm diam., flavido- brunneae. Floret V—"/, VII Habitat in cretaceis. Typus speciei. RSS Ucr. dit. Staliniensis prope pag. Bjelojarovka, in cretaceis ad fl. Krynka,9 VI 1930 (fl., fr.). Legit M. V. Klokov; in Her- bario Universit. Charkov. conservatur. Affinitas. Species haec cretacea a proxima sabulosa V. Lavren- koana Klok. corolla minore atriore differt. 26. V. karakalensis Klok. sp. nov. (Melazii subsectio Bracteolatae K. R. Kupff.). Herba 2.7—7.5 cm alt.; caules erecti, simplices, brevipilosiusculi; folia 4—17 mm lg., 1.5—4.5 mm lat., dentato-crenulata, crenulis utrique (0)1—3, sicut et stipulae subtus et margine brevipilosiuscula, supra glabra, folia infima rosulata ovalia vel late ovata, petiolo laminae integerrima; caulina inferiora ovata vel oblongo-elliptica, dentato-crenulata, petiolo lami- nae subaequilongo vel breviore, superiora brevipetiolata, oblongo-lanceolata, angusta, crenulato-serrata; stipulae palmatipartitae, lacinia terminali 5— 11 mm lg., exacte foliacea, ceteris linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis saepis- sime 4—5. Flores in caule 1—4, pedunculi 10—35 mm lg., glabri; sepala liaeari-lanceolata, 3.5—5.5 mm lg., usque ad 0.8—1.0 mm lat., acuminata, appendicibus irregulariter denticulatis 0.8—1.5 mm lg.; corolla plana, calyce manifeste longior, flavescens, petalum infimum cum calcare 5—7 mm lg.; calcar incurvatum, 1.5—2.5 mm lg., crassiusculum, obtusum, cyaneo- violaceum, saepissime dupla appendicibus longior. Capsula_breviellipsoidea, plus minus 2.5 mm lg.; semina 1.2—1.3 mm lg., cinnamomea. Floret IV—V. Habitat in decliviis lapidosis. Typus speciei. Asia Media, prov. Transcaspica, distr. Karakali- nensis, fissura Ajaty-Tordan dicta, prope fonte, 1VI1916. Legit E. G. Czernjakovska, in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. Affinitas. Species haec turcomanica V. nemausensi Jord. mediter- raneae valde proxima, corolla minore, petala infima cum caleare 5—7 (non 8—10) mm lg., calcare appendicibus subduplo (nec paulum) longiore dig- noscitur. 27. V. modestula Klok. sp. nov. (Melanii subsectio Ebracteatue K. R. Kupff.). 515 688 Herba 2—10 cm alt.; caules erecti vel basi ascendentes, simplices, glabri; folia 5—24 mm lg., 1.5—7 mm lat., glabra vel in petiolo et margine basali puberula; folia infima ebracteolata, ovata vel ovalia petiolo laminae dimidia non longiore, integerrima vel subcrenulata, superiora oblongo-ovata vel lanceolata, minute crenulato-serrata, crenulis utrinque 2—4, brevipetio- lata; stipulae 1.5—7 mm lg., palmatipartitae, lacinia terminali oblongo-lan- ceolata, ceteris anguste linearibus 1—3, omnibus margine puberulis. Flores in caule 1—3, pedunculi 15—45 mmlg., glabri, ebracteolati; sepala oblongo- lanceolata, 5—10 mm lg., 1—2.5 mm lat., sepalorum appendices semiovales 1.5—3.5 mm lg., integerrimae, margine puberulae; corolla calyce manifeste praestans, 7—12 mm lg., picta —petalis superantibus cyaneo-violaceis, basi macula albida ornatis, lateralibus laete flavis margine cyanescentibus, infima flava; petiolum infimum 6—9 mm lg. cum calcare; calcar 1—1.5 mm lg., incurvatum, obtusum, pallido-flavum. Capsula_ breviter ellipsoidea, 4— 5 mm longa. Floret IV—VI. Habitat in decliviis montanis. Typus speciei. Asia Media, prov. Transcaspica, Bolschije Balchany prope st. Dzebel, 20 V 1912. Legit K. Andrjushczenko, in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sc. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. 28. Sectio Caudicales (K. R. Kupff.). Klok. nov. — Caudicales K. R. Kupff. in Fl. Cauc. crit. III, 9 (1909) 240, gr. — Herbae pereunes alpinae rhizo- matibus longis repentibus, caulibus abbreviatis, caespitosae. Stipulae pinna- tipartitae vel pinnatifidae, interdum integrae. Corollae magnae, flavae vel cyaneo-violaceae, saepissime polychroicae. Sectionis typus. V. altaica Ker.-Gawl. 29. V. monochroa Klok. sp. nov.— V. altaica Turcz. Fl. baic.-dahur. I (1842) 190, non Ker.-Gawl.— V. grandiflora Maxim. Diagn. pl. nov. asiat. (1877) 754, non Griseb. (Melanii sectio Caudicales Klok.). Herba perennis, 5—17 cm alt., glaberrima; folia ovata vel oblongo- ovata, longipetiolata, 7—i00 mm lg. (petioliscum), 3—18 mm lat., minute crenulato-serrata dentibus utrinque 3—8(9); folia infima in stolonibus sterilibus rotundo-ovata; stipulae 3—20 mm longae, saepissime angustae, oblongae vel oblongo-lineares, dentibus utrinque 1—2 vel integerrimae, interdum latisuculae, toto margine dentatae. Pedunculi 6—16 cm le. sepala oblonga vel oblongo-lanceolata, 7—11 mm lg., obtusiuscula; corolla 22— 36 mm lg., cyaneo-violacea; calear 3—7 mm longum, appendices sepalorum paulum vel 2—3-plo praestans. Capsula 6—11 mm lg., semina 1.7— 1.8 mm lg. Floret VI—VIII. Habitat in alpinis vel subalpinis montium sibiricorum necnon mon- golicorum. Typus speciei. Sibiria Orientalis, prov. Transbaicalensis, litus bajcalensis peninsula Ssvjatoj Noss dicta, in alpinis— montium meridiona- 516 685 lium, alt. s. m. 1600—1800 mtr., 4.VI1 1916. Legerunt S. Larin et G. Konjev- skij, in Herbario Instituti Botanici Ac. Sci. URSS (Leningrad) conservatur. Affinitas. Species haec V. altaicae Ker.-Gawl. occidentali-sibiricac valde proxima, foliis stipulisque glabris, stipulis subintegris vel dentatis nec pinnatipartitis vel pinnatifidis, corolla semper cyaneo-violacea dignos- citur. DENDROSTELLERA VAN-TIEGH. 30. D. arenaria Pobed sp. n. Frutex 0.8—2 m. altus. Caudices erecti lignosi, cortice griseo, irre- gulariter ramosi. Rami perennes stricti, griseo-flavidi, juniores rubri horno- tini herbacei virides pubescentes, postea glabri. Folia breviter petiolata, oblongo linearia (20—35 mm longa, 1.5—3 mm lata) acuminata, margini- bus revolutis, integerrima uninervia, juniora sparsim villosa, adulta glabra. Petiolus 2—3 mm longus crassiusculus, basi articu'atus et vix dilatatus. Spicae in ramorum apicibus sitae, primo subcapitatae, post anthesin plus minusve elongatae ebracteatae. Pedicelli sparsi brevissimi 0.5—1 mm crassi cum periantnio articulati, una cum spicae racnhide albo-tomentosi. Periant- hium infundibuliforme flavescens, post anthesin articulatum. Lobi periantaii oblongo-lanceolati, acuminati flavi subaequales. Tubus perianthii 8-nervius, 8—10 mm long., extus dense _ sericeo-villosus. Quattuor stamina lobis opposita paululum exserta; quattuor interposita inclusa. Filamenta capil- laria brevissima. Antherae erectae minutae lutescentes, oblongae obtusae basi emarginatae. Ovarium oblongum basi in stipitulum crassum attenuatum pubescens apice villosum. Stylus rectus filiformis glaber 0.75 mm long. Stigma conicum obtusum crassiusculum, papilloso-puberulum. Squamula hypogyna cyatauliformis, oblique truncata, ovarii basin cingens, pars mar- ginis lonzior lata obtusa. Nux in perianthii tubi articulo inferiore ovoideo valde sericeo-villoso inclusa. Habitat in arenis Asiae Mediae: Mujun-kum et Kzyl-kum. Ty pus. Arenae Kzyl-kum austro-orientales; put. Abischkuduk 27—28 VII 1931 E. A. Dubjans aja. Affinitas. A D. stachyoidi Schrenk foliis angustioribus et caulibus altioribus differt. 31. D. linearifolia Pobed. sp.n. Frutex 50—70 cm altus. Radix longa lignosa cortice griseo vel testaceo. Caudices lignosi, cortice griseo-fusco, irregulariter ramosi Rami sub- stricti, perennes rubri, glabri, annotini herbacei virides pubescentes. Folia breviter petiolata, linearia, 35—50 mm long. et 1—1.5 mm lat. acuta integerrima marginibus revolutis uninervia, juniora sparsim villosa, postea glabra. Petiolus 2—3 mm longus crassiusculus basi articulatus et vix dilatatus. Spicae in ramorum apicibus sitae, primo subcapitatae post py) U7; 690 anthesin plus minusve elongatae 5—-§ cm longae, 25—30-florae ebracteatae. Pedicelli brevissimi crassi una cum spicarum rhachide albo-tomentosi. Perianthium articulatum infundibuliforme flavescens. Tubus perianthii 8—10 mm longus 8-nervius extus dense sericeo-villosus. Lobi perian- thii 2—4 mm longi lanceolati, acuminati, flavi subaequales. Filamenta capillaria brevissima. Antherae erectae minutae lutescentes elongato-oblongae obtusae basi distincte emarginatae. Ovarium oblongum basi in stipitulum crassum attenuatum pubescens apice villosum. Stylus rectus filiformis gla- ber 0.75 mm long. Stigma conicum obtusum crassiusculum papilloso-pube- rulum. Squamula hypogyna cyathuliformis, ovarii basin cingens; cyathula margine valde obliquo. Nux in perianthii tubi articulo inferiore ovoideo valde sericeo-villoso inclusa. Habitat in Asia Media in arenis Kzyl-kum austro-orientalibus et in decliviis septentrionem versus spectantibus jugi Turkestanici. Typus. Asia Media Kzyl-kum prope puteum Egali 27 (14) VI 1914 A. I. Michelson. Affinitas. A D. arenaria Pobed. caulibus humilioribus 50—70 cm alt. (non 0.8—2 m), foliis anguste linearibus 35—50 mm longis, 1—1.5 mm latis (non 20—35 mm longis, 1.5—3 mm latis), forma squamulae kypogynae margine elevato angusto ciongato (non lato obtuso) differt; a D. macro- rhachide foliis anguste linearibus (non lanceolatis) spicis compactioribus et forma squamulae hypogynae margine elevato angusto elongato (non patel- liformi) dignoscitur. 32. D. macrorhachis Pobed. sp. n. Frutex 30 cm altus, ramosus. Caudices virgati, basi lignosi, cortice cinerascente, ramorum rubro-fusco. Rami hornotini virides, herbacei, glabri, omnes foliati. Folia lanceolata, 21—25 mm longa, 4—5 mm lata acuminata, uninervia brevissime petiolata subcoriacea, integerrima, glaucescentia, juniora pubescentia, adulta glabra. Petiolus 1.5—2 mm _ longus, crassiusculus basi articulatus et vix dilatatus. Spicae in ramorum apicibus sitae, primo sub- capitatae, post anthesin plus minusve elongatae 7—10 cm longae, 20—- 25-florae. Flores subsessiles. Pedicelli brevissimi vel nulli, crassi cum perianthio articulati, una cum rachide albo-tomentosi. Perianthium flavescens crassiusculum infundibuliforme quadrifidum, fructiferum horizontale vel def- exum. Tubus 8—10mm longus extus dense albo-lanuginosus, post anthesin articulatus. Lobi oblongo-lanceolati, 5 mm longi acuninati, subaequales, tubo duplo breviores, dorso sparse villosi, supra lutescentes glaberrimi, post anthesin patentes vel reflexi. Stamina 8, biserialia, brevia, articulo superiori tubi perianthii inserta; 4 superiora antheris paulo exsertis. Fila- menta capillaria brevissima. Antherae erectae, minutae, lutescentes, lineari- oblongae, obtusae, basi emarginatae. Ovarium oblongum, teretiusculum, stipulatum, totum pubescens, apice dense barbatum. Stylus terminalis rectus filiformis glaber, sub anthesi ovario duplo brevior. Stigma oblongo- elongatum obtusum crassiusculum papilloso-puberulum. Squamula hypogyna 518 691 patelliformis, patella obliqua truncata, pars marginis longior lata. Fructus maturos non vidi. Habitat in Asia media, desertum Kzyl-kum. Typus_ in decursu inferiore fluminis Amu-darja, in declivibus mon- tium Sultan-uiz-dagh, prope m. Scheph-dsheli 10. V. 1915. leg. H.M. Kra- scheninnikov. Affinitas. A D. stachyodi Schrenk spicis laxioribus foliis lanceola- tis, caulibus humilioribus griseis et squamula hypogyna patelliformi differt. 33. D. Olgae' Pobed. n. sp. Frutex humilis, 15—40 cm altus. Radix crassa, cortice griseo, caulis ramosus. Rami divaricati rubri. Folia breviter petiolata, oblonga, 15—25 mm longa, 2—6 mm lata, acuminata, basin versus angustata, crassa, glauces- centia, glabra, marginibus revolutis. Petiolus 1—2 mm longus, crassiusculus basi articu'atus et vix dilatatus. Spicae in ramorum apicibus sitae breves 3—5 cm longae, 12—30-florae. Pedicelli breves articulati, una cum spicae rhachide albo-tomentosi. Perianthium infundibuliforme, flavescens, tubus perianthii 8—10 mm longus. Lobi perianthii lanceolati 4—6 mm longi, apice longe acuminati. Stamina 8, biserialia, supera quam 4 reliqua affixa in articulo superiore tubi perianthii inserta, quatuor stamina lobis opposita paulum exserta, quatuor inferiora interposita inclusa a superis 0.5—1 mm distantia. Antherae oblongae obtusae basi emarginatae. Ovarium ovoideum apice villosum, stigma conicum, stylus erectus 1 mm longus. Squamula hypogyna patelliformis, ovarii basin cingens, patella obligue truncata, pars marginis longior lata. Nux matura ignota. Habitat in Turcomania occidentalis. Ty pus. Prov. Krasnovodsk, prope st. ferroviae Dzhelila 6 V 1912, n° 2661, leg. V. Lipsky. Affinitas. A D. turkmenorum Pobed. radicibus crassiusculis gri- seis, caulibus humilioribus, spicis densis 3—5 cm longis 12—30-floris, perianthii lobis longe acuminatis, squamula hypogyna patelliformi differt. 34. D. turkmenorum Pobed. n. sp. Frutex 50 cm altus. Radix 125 cm longus, cortice rubro-rufo. Caulis lignosus pallide flavidus albidus ramosus, rami juniores rubri. Folia brevi- petiolata sparsa, oblonga, 22—28 mm longa, 2—5 mm lata, viridia, uniner- via, acuminata, basin versus angustata, integerrima, glabra, juniora sparsim villosa. Spicae laxae in ramorum apicibus sitae, 3—5 cm longae 10—13-florae. Pedicelli sparsi brevissimi, 0.5—1 mm _ crassi cum perianthio articulati, una cum spicae rachide albo-tomentosi. Perianthium infundibuliforme flavescens, tubus 10—12 mm longus, extus dense sericeo-villosus. Lobi perianthii 4—5 mm longi, 2 mm lati, elliptici, acuminati. Antherae 0.75 mm longae obtusae, basi emarginatae. Ovarium oblongum apice et basi sericeo-villosum, stylus rectus glaber, 0.75 mm longus. Stigma conicum, squamula hypogyna 1 Cl.Q)gae Ende n, quae hanc plantam in Kopetdagh legit, hance speciem dedicavi. 5/2) 692 cyathuliformis ovarii basin cingens, cyathula oblique truncata, pars marginis longior angusta, elongata, dentata. Nux pyriformis, matura obscuro-rubra vel fere nigra, in periantaii tubo articulo inferiore inclusa. Habitat in Turcomania occidentali. Typus. Krasnovodsk, in arenis prope stationem Achcza-Kuima, 4 V 1911, A. Seidmuratov. Affinis D. stachyoidi Scirenk, sed lobis perianthii majoribus articulo inferiore densius sericeo-villoso, spicis laxioribus, a D. Olgae nobis caulibus cortice albo (non griseo) et altioribus (50 cm nec 15—40 cm) _lobis perianthii ellipticis acuminatis (nou lanceolatis lonze acuminatis). TRAPA L. 35. T. Tranischelii V. Vassil. sp. nov.-- 7. manshurica Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. Acad. Sc. URSS, IV (1925) 36 et in Annal. de Inst. Polytéchn. du Don 4 Novotscherkassk, X, Suppl. I (1926) 37, ex p. Fructus quadricorais, rhomboidalis, ad 3.5—4 cm lat. (sine spinis), 1—1.2 cm alt. (sine collo). Collum ad 2 mm altum; corona nulla. Cornua superiora horizontaliter vel oblique sursum vergentia, gradatim vel abrupte ad apicem attenuata. Coraua inferiora superioribus cornibus breviora, hori- zontaliter vel subtus vergentia. Linea media satis bene conspicua. Aanulus pasi fructus ellipticus in diametro interao 1 ct 2 mm. Habitat. Regio Austro-Ussuriensis. China (vallis fl. Ssungari). Typus. Prope Voroschilov-Ussur. in lacu Soldatskoje. 17 VI 1927 leg. V. A. Tranzschel; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. A 7. australi V. Vassil. ex Asia austro-orientali cui consanguinea, cornibus crassioribus et fructibus majoribus valde differt. 36. T. tuberculifera V. Vassil. sp. nov. Petiolus hirsutus in parte superiore vesicula natante fusiformi munitus. Folia deltoidea vel late ovoidea basi truncata, vel leviter rotundata, supra glabra, infra ad nervos et margines hirsuta. Fructus quadricornis, triangu- laris vel subrhomboideus, 3.5—4 cm lat. (siie spinis), 1.5—2 cm alt. (sine collo); collum 3—4 mm alt., ad 5 mm in diam. Corona subnulla. Cornua superiora basi dilatata cito in mucronem sursum vergentem transeuwt. Cornua inferiora globosa vel subglobosa, reflexa, obtusata, spinis destituta. Linea media beie conspicua; in ea inter cornua superiora et inferiora tuber- cula mag a cylindrica vel subcylindrica adsunt. Subtus cornua superiora et a basin ec cornuum inferiorum ad _ basin fructi adsunt valleculac valde eminen- tes. Fructus pars inferior cornibus inferioribus breviori. Annulus fructi basilaris ellipticus in diametris internis 1.5—3 mm. Habitat. URSS, Oriens Extremus, Regio Austro-Ussuriensis, Chaba- roysk, China, Manshuria circum urb. Mu'den. Typus. Regio Austro-Ussuriensis. Lacus Soldatskoje. 17 VI et 1X 1927 leg. V. Tranzschel. In Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. 61006 1 520 693 Affinitas. A 7. mammilifera Miki (Japonia, fossil.), fructu majore, a T. Makizoa (Nakano) V. Vassil. (Japonia) cornibus inferioribus majoribus valde aiffert. 37. T. Potaninii V. Vassil. sp. nov. — 7. chineasis Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. XXIV (1925) 41 et in Annal. Inst. Polytéch du Dona Novot- scherkassk, X, Suppl. I (1926) 42, noa Lour.—IFes Fler. (1926) tab. 13, fig. 49—52 (fructus). Fructus quadricornis, triangularis, subiacvis, 3—-4.5 cm lat. (sine spinis), 1.8—1.9 ecm alt. (sine collo). Collum truacato-conicum, 1—1.5 mm alt. Corona nulla. Cornua superiora brevia, horizontaliter vel (rarius) leviter sursum vergentia. Cornua inferiora reflexa, complanato-ovoidea, laevia, obtusata, spinis destituta. Linea media bene conspicua. In linea media tater cor.ua superiora et inferiora tubercula parvula adsunt. Fructus pars inferior cornibus inferioribus brevicr. Habitat. Regio Austro-Ussuriensis; China (prov. Czechuan, Man shur_a). Ty pus. China boreali-occidentalis. Prov. Czechuan. Inter Ta-tsien-lu et Li-fan-du in valle fl. Tungno supra pagum Huang-ni-pu, in lacu 22-- 23 VIE (4—5 VID legit G. N. Potanin; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS couservatur. Affinitas. A 7. Komarovii collo truncato-conico, fructibus semper quadricornibus, a 7. Aondoensi V. Vassil. et T. guadrisvinosa Roxb. cor- nibus inferioribus reflexis beae differt. 38. T. Komarovii V. Vassil. sp. nov.-— T. incéisu Kom. Fl. Mansh. III, 1 (1905) 105; Kom. et Alis. Key for the plants of the Far East of the USSR, II (1932) 779, non Sieb. et Zuce. ex p.— T. amurezsis var. bispi- nosa Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ’p. XXIV (1925) 35 et in Annal. Inst. Polytéchn. du Doa a Novotscherkassk, X, Suppl. | (1926) 33, ex p.— T. chinensis var. Fleroiii Skv. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. XXVI (1927) 628.— T. japonica Fler. (Il. c.) et Skv. (I. c.) ex p.—TIese Fler. (1926) fig. 40 (sub 7. Maximov.czii Korsh.); Kom. et Alis. (1932) tab. 237 (sub T. incisa Sieb. et Zucc.); V. Vassil. in Sov. Bot. 6 (1947) fig. 2. Folicrum lamina 2—3 em Iet., ca. 2 cm lg., triangulata vel deltoidea basi truncata, superne inaequaliter profunde acuto-dentata, supra glabra, nitida ad nervos saepe sparse pilosa; petiolus tenuis (ca. 1 mm) vesicula natante angusta rarius clongata celliptica munitus. Fructus bicurnis, rarius tricornis, late triangularis vel rhomboidalis, 3.6—-4 cm lat. (sine spinis), 1.4 em alt. (sine collo). Cornua spinis patentibus -el hor:zontalibus, satis cito in mucronem transceunt. Collum. 3—4 mm alt. ca. 3 mm in diam.; corona nulla. Cornua inferiora nulla vel unum corum adest; cornuum infe- riorun loco praesent tubercula. Linea media conspicua, in ea tubercula parvula, interdum vix coaspicua, adsunt. Subtus cornua superiora et a basi corauum inferiorum ad basi: fructuum adsunt valleculae vix prominulae. 521 694 Habitat. Regio Ussuriensis, China septentrionalis, Manshuria. Typus. Oriens Extremus, Regio Austro-Ussuriensis. Lacus (staritza) in vall. fl. Suputinka (systema fl. Suifun) prope urb. Voroschilov-Ussur. 9 VIII 1930. Leg. V. L. Komarov; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. Species nostra corona nulla, valleculis et sulcis vix con- spicuis residuis cornuum inferiorum saepe magnis reflexis, interdum cornu similibus 7. Potaninii V. Vassil., T. hondoensi V. Vassil. et T. quadri- spinosae Roxb. proxima est; sed fructibus plerumque bicornibus, rarius trico- rnibus differt. 39. T. Korshinskyi V. Vassil. sp. nov.— T. bispinosa Korsh. in A. H. P. XII (1892—1893) 336, non Roxb. — T. incisa Kom. Fl. Mansh. Ill (1905) 105; Kom. et Alis. Key for the plants of the Far East Reg. of the USSR, II (1932) 779, non Sieb. et Zucc. ex p.— T. japonica Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. XXIV (1925) 39 et in Annal. Inst. Polytéchn. du Don a Novotscherkassk, X, Suppl. I (1926) 40, ex p. Petiolus glaber vel hirsutus (f. Schischkinii V. Vassil.) ca 1.5 mm in diam., vesicula natante fusiformi munitus. Folia infra ad nervos hirsuta. Pedun- culus glaber vel superne hirsutus ca. 1 mm in diam. vel villosus ca. 1.5 mm in diam. (f. Schischkinii). Sepala 4, dua inferiora caduca glabra, dua superiora ad carinam hirsuta, persistentia. Fructus bicornis cornibus oblique sursum vergentibus, 1.5—2.7 cm alt. (sine collo), 3—4 cm lat. (sine spinis). Collum ad 1—3 mm alt., ad 5 mm in diam. Corona nulla. Subtus cornua, atque sub tuberculis ad basin fructus valleculae prominulae adsunt. Annulus basi fructus in diametro interno 3 mm. FI. in medio VIII, fr. in IX. Habitat. Oriens Extremus. Regio Ussuriensis, China (Manshuria septentrionalis). Typus. 1) Oriens Extremus. Ostium fl. Ussuri— Tungusska (Kura) a. 1891 leg. S. I. Korshinsky (fr. matur.). 2) Pag. Paulo-Theodorovsky. Fl. Schmakovka. 23 VIII (111X) 1903 leg. N. A. Palczevsky (fr. juven., folia); in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. Species nova specie japonica 7. Jinumai (Nakano) V. Vas- sil. a quo foliis paulo hirsutis, fructibus minoribus differt, proxima est. 40. T. Litwinowii V. Vassil. sp. nov.— T. incisa Kom. Fl. Mansh. III (1905) 105; Kom. et Aliss. Key for the plants of the Far East Reg. If (1932) 779, non Sieb. et Zucc. ex p.— 7. amurensis var. bispinosa Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. XXIV (1925) 36 et in Annal. Inst. Polytechn. du Don a Novotscherkassk, X. Suppl. I (1926) 34, ex p.— 7. manshurica var. bispinosa Fler. (1925) 39 et (1926) 39. ex p.— T. japonica Fler. (1925) 40 et (1926) 40.—TIe.: Fler. (1926) 40, tab. 12, fig. 47—48 (sub T. japo- nica Fler.). Petiolus vesicula natante elongato-elliptica munitus. Folia infra reticulo nervorum eminente, ad nervos et margines dense pilis appressis tecta. Pe- 2D) 695 dunculus hirsutus velutinusca. 2.5 mm in diam., dua sepalacaduca. Fructus bicornis, rhomboidalis, 3.6—4.6 cm lat. (sine spinis), 2—2.7 cm alt. (sine collo). Collum 5—6 mm alt. Corona magna, 1—i.5 cm in diam. Cornua humeris declivibus, mucronibus et spinis horizontaliter vel paululo sursum vergentia. Duobum cornuum inferiorum loco praesunt dua addidamenta dilatata humilia forma semilunae similia. Linea media valde elevata; subtus cornuum et a basi additamentorum ad basin fructus adsunt valleculae valde eminentes. Annulus basi fructus in diametro interno 3—4 mm. Habitat. Oriens Extremus (vallis fl. Ussuri, systema lacus Chanka), China (Manshuria; valiis fl. Sungari prope urb. Charbin, China septentrio- nalis prope Pekin). Typus. Vallis fl. Ussuri inter Dsoadsa et Kinda. 18 VIII 1855 leg. ‘C. Maximowicz. Affinitas. Positio speciei novae in systemate generis non satis clara est. 41. T. septentrionalis V. Vassil. sp. nov.— 7. nutans f. subcono- carpa Nath. in Bihang till K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 13, Afd. Ill, 10 (1888) 3—40, ex p.—T. natans auct. fl. ross. ex p. non L.—Ie.: Nath. j. c. p. 14, fig. 5 (sub T. natans f. subconocarpa Nath.). Fructus quadricornis vel, rarius, bicornis vel tricornis (f. depauperata V. Vassil.), rhomboideus vel subrhomboideus, 4—4.5 cm lat. (sine spinis), 1.5—2.1 cm alt. (sine collo) vel 2.5—3 cm lat., 1—1.4 cm alt. (f. depau- perata). Collum humile, 1—1.5 mm alt, vel nullum. Corona nulla. Fructus pars superior convexa. Cornua superiora elongato-ampullaeformia, cito in mucronem transeunt. Cornua inferiora angusta, interdum nulla, elongata ampullaeformia cito in mucronem iranseuat, basi leviter angustata. Habitat. In systemate fl. Oka et Wolga media; Serbia (prope op. Kraguevac) et Suecia australis (fossil.). Typus. Lacus Zidjatino in valle fl. Para (Syst. fl. Oka— Wolga) prope stat. Schilovo (54°19’ n. lat., 40°57’ o. long.) a. 1940 leg. I. L. Sprygin (fructus maturus); in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. A T. conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler. cui proxima fructu in parte superiore minore et cornibus superioribus firmioribus valde differt. 42. T. rossica V. Vassil. sp. nov.— T. natans var. surajensis Fler. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXIV (1925) 29 et in Ann. Inst. Polytéchn. du Don 4 Novotscherkassk, X, Suppl. I (1926) 23, ex p.—T. Aungarica Fler. 1. c. non Opiz.— 7. natans Schinz in Vierteljahrschr. Natur. Ges. Zirich. 52 (1907) 474, ex p. et auct. pl. fl. ross. non L.— 7. natans var. media Glck. in Pascher’s Siisswasserflora, 15 (1936) 328.— 7. natans var. honemica Fler. (1925) 29 et (1926) 24.— T. natans f. laevigata Nath. in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handi. 13, III, 10 (1888) 19, 25, 31.— T natans var. laevigata (Nath.) Glck. |. c. p. 339.—TIes Jaggi, Die Was- 696scrnuss, Trapa natans u. Tribulus der Alten (1883), fig. 7a, 7b (sub T. na- dans L.); Nath. |. c. p. 19, fig. 6 (sub 7. natans ex Ucrin); Nath. |. c. p. 12, fig. 3; tab. I, fig. 6; tab. Il, fig. 2; tad. Ill, fig. 16 (sub f. lacvigata). Flerov (1926) tab. 2, fig. 5—8 (pro J. hungarica Fler.); Schiaz, |. c. tab. 20, fig. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 18 (sub 7. natans L.); Glck. |. c. fig. 194 B, I, Il (sub var. /aevigata), fig. 194, I, II (sub var. media). Petiolus vesicula nataute aigusto tusiformi vel elliptica munitus, nudus vel sparse pilosus. Folia subtus nervibus vix prominulis, ad nervos et marg - nes lamitae hirsuta. Pedunculus ad 2 mm ia diametro, tomentosus. Sepala late lanceolata, ad cariaam hirsuta. Fructus triaigularis ad 3 cm lat. (siie sp'nis), ca. 2 cm alt. (sine collo). Collum 2—3 mm alt. ad 5 mm in d'am. Ccroaa nulla. Mucrones corauum supericrum sursum vergentes. Coriua superiora cito in mucronem vergentia. Cornua inferiora a basi dilatato satis cito in mucronem hor zoatalem vel sursum vergentem transeuit. [a linea mediam inter cornua superiora et iaferiora adsunt tubercula parvula pwacte- idea. Subtus cornuum superiorum et a basi cornuum inferiorum ad basin fructus adsunt valleculae. A nulus basilaris fructi in diametro i :terno 1.5—2 mm. Habitat. Prov. Czera‘gov (prope urb. Suraj), Vladimir et Gorjky (systema fil. Oka), Pensa (systema fl. Sura), Rostov (vallis fl. Donetz prope urb. Lisiczaisk), Stalingrad (vallis fl. Medwediiza). Typus. Prov. Czernigov, prope urb. Suraj, lacus Czertovo. 21 VII (71X) 1849 leg. A. Rogovicz et 24VI (7 VII) 1854 leg. A. Rogovicz; in Herb. Iast. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. A TJ. natans L. (s. str.) corona nulla valleculis mi ius emine tibus bene differt. 43. T. Maleevii V. Vassil. sp. nov.—Ie.s V. Vassil. in Sov. Bot. 6 (1947) fig. 5. Petiolus pilosus, vesicula natants elongato-elliptica munitus. Folia sudtus nerv.bus prominentibus, valde pilosa. Peduaculus tomentosus. Fructus quadri- Corais, tria:gularis, 3—3.4 cm lat. (sine spiais), 1.6—1.8 cm alt. (sine collo). Collum 3 +m alt., 4 mm in diam. superze v'x dilatatum in coro1am. Cornua superiora horizo taliter vel paullo sursum vergentia, cito in mucro- nen brevem transeuat. Coraua inferiora basi triangulata, cito ia mucre- nem transeunt. Linea media valde eminens. Subtus cornua superiora ct basi cor uum infer’orum ad basin fructu valleculae bene eminentes adsunt. Annulus fructi basilaris ca. 1 mm in diametro interno. Habitat. Caucasus, Planitie Colchica. Typus. 1) Abchasia. Litora marina prope Goudaut. 27 VII1925 leg. V.P. Malejev. 2) Colchide. Palus prope Cihis-dziri. 28 VIII (101X) 1908 leg. A. Rollov; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS co:servatur. Affinitas. Species proxima 7. hyrcanae G. Woron. a qua fructibus minoribus, coraibus basi no. angustatis, corona vix conspicua, valleculis in parte inferiore fructus minus eminentibus differt. 524 697 44. T. pectimata V. Vassil. sp. nov. Folia subtus nervibus vix prominulis ad nervos pilis sparse vestita. Fructus quadricornis, triangularis, 4—4.5 cm lat. (sine spinis), 1.8—2 cm alt. sine collo); collum 7—9 mm alt.; corona 1.1—1.5 cm in diam. Cornua superiora a basi dilatati cito in mucronem transeunt, horizontaliter vel obli- que sursum vergentia. Cornuum inferiorum forma variabilis, cornua deorsum vel horizontaliter, rarius sursum vergentia, subito in mucronem transeunt. Linea media et valleculae circum spatia impressa valde elevatae, pectinatae vel subpectinatae. In lineam mediam inter cornua superiora et inferiora saepe tubercula magna, acuta adsunt. Annulus fructus basilaris in diametro interno 1.5—3 mm. Habitat. Altai. (lacus Doin-gol. Vallis fl. Katunj; in vicinitate urb. Bijsk in lacu Kononerskoje in valle fl. Katun). Typus. Altai. Vallis fl. Katunj. Prope pag. Manzherak. Lacus Doia- gol. Leg. Timoffeieva. Affinitas. Species nova proxima JT. /Jongicorai, T. Spryginii, T. costatae (icssil.) a quobus linea media et valleculis valde eminentibus bene differt. 45. T. Spryginii V. Vassil. sp. nov.— 7. astrachanica (Fler.) Winter in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. XXVI, 5 (1927) 3, ex p.— 7. caucasica var. a:trachanica Fler. in Ann. Inst. Polytéchn. du Don a Novotscherkassk, X, Suppl. I (1926) 471 nom. nud. ex p. quoad pl. wolgensem.— 7. natans auct. pl. non L. Petiolus vesicula fusiformi munitus, juvenilis hirsutus. Folia infra ner- vibus vix prominulis paululum hirsuta. Pedunculus tomentosus. Sepala ad carinam tomentosa. Tepala superne sinuata. Fructus quadriccrnis, 4— 4.5 cm lat. (sine spinis), 2.6—3 cm alt. (sine collo); collum 0.2—0.6 cm alt., in diam. ca. 1 cm. Cornua basi dilatata cito in mucronem_ transeunt. Coraua superiora mucrone horizontaliter vel oblique sursum, cornua inferiora oblique deorsum rarius sursum vergentia. Linea media valde eminens, in ca inter cornua superiora et inferiora adsunt tubercula punctata albicantia. Subtus cornua superiora et a basi cornuum inferiorum ad basin fructus valle- culae valde prominulae adsunt. Annulus fructus basilaris in diametro interno ca. 2 mm. Habitat. Ostium fl. Wolga, vallis fl. Ural, systema fl. Medweditze et vallis fl. Sura, Altai, Kasachstania. Typus. 1) Ostium fl. Wolga. Ilmen Kabany. Leg. S. Korshinsky. 2) Vallis fl. Ssura. Circum pag. Grabovo. Lacus Rostovo 3 IX 1938 leg. I. Sprygin (fruct. matur.); in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conser- vatur. Affinitas. Species nova proxima 7. costatae V. Vassil. (Suecia australis, fossil.) a qua fructibus majoribus cornibus superioribus sursum 525 698vergentibus et minoribus valde differt; species ea proxima atque T. pectr- natae V. Vassil. a qua valleculis minus eminentibus et linea media non pectinata differt. 46. T. longicornis V. Vassil. sp. nov.—Ie: V. Vassil. in Sov. Bot. 6 (1947) 6. Fructus quadricornis, triangularis, 4.5—4.8 cm lat. (sine spinis); 1.7— 1.8 cm alt. (sine collo); collum 5 mm alt. Corona 9—11 mm in diam. Cornua superiora mucronibus_ horizontaliter vel plus minus sursum vergeatia, ple- rumque gradatim, rarissime, abrupte in mucrone transeunt. Cornua infe- riora horizontaliter vel oblique deorsum vel sursum vergentia, gradatim attenuata, cornibus superioribus angustiora. Linea media bene conspicua. Inter cornua superiora et inferiora in linea media tubercula adsunt. Subtus cornua superiora et a basi inferiorum, atque inter eas ad basin fructus valleculae valde eminentes adsunt. Annulus fructus basilaris ellipticus, in diametro interno 2—3 mm. Fl. V—-VI. Habitat. Sibiria orientalis, prov. Krasnojarsk, distr. Kansk. Typus. Lacus in taiga, distr. Kansk. Collector ignotus. Fructus 2 (15) XIl 1895 T. D. Mauritz ex Nerczinsk misit; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur. Affinitas. Species proxima 7. manschuricae Fler. a qua collo humiliore et valleculis plus eminentibus differt. Species ea valleculis pecti- natis satis proxima atque 7. pectinatae V. Vassil. a qua fructibus latioribus et valleculis minus eminentibus differt. 526 PND oon P HA BET PC-us* ordinum, familiarum, specierum atque synonimorum plantarum in tomo XV Florae URSS commemoratarum Abelmoschus DC., sect... ...... Abutilon Adans. ........... : Abuirlon Rusby, : 3202060: : x asiaticum G. Don. ..... . “4 Avicenae Gartn.. ...... - crispum G. Don... ..... oe fruticosum Guill. et Perr... . 6 indicamuSwae is vecepey 4. she S mollissimum Sw. .-:..... 5 Regnellii Mig... ...... a Sellovianum Rgl.. . ..... i Theophrasti Medic... .... Actinidia Lindl. ........2... i acuminata Budischt.. ... . co arguta Dipp..-..-.... . arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. var. compressicarpa Vo- »” ” VODs Wiek i g » macrocarpa Vorob. 5 5s » microcarpa Vorob. . ‘ ii » Frhynchocarpa Vo- PODS is, - e » rotundifolia Vorob. . 3 eallosa -Ldliys), ivicsgtvies <0. 5 s var. arguta Makino. . g 4 chinensis Planch. ‘i corarfolimaMliqs cc hw) > coriacea, Dimmat waadiya . . , eurvidens Dunn ....... = Gagnepainii Nakai 4 Giraldii Diels... -..... # hypoleuca Nakai ...... a kolomikta Maxim. . e Komarovii Teterev .... . megalocarpa Nakai. . 192, 193, melanandra Finet et Gagnep. . melanandra Fr... .. . : platyphylla A. Gray polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ma- xim. var. crassicarpa Vo- rob. Pag. Actinidia polygama var. latifolia Miq. 194 » » » longicarpa Vo- Fobne Maes. 195 ; polygama hort. et auct. . 190 i purpurea Rehd........ 190 5 repanda Honda. ...... 194 3 rubricaulis Dunn ...... 196 3 rufa Finet et Gagnep. . . . . 190 5 muta Planch... pues ug) ce, 6 190 2 pmarcuia, Dunn). se 190 5 Sugawarana Koidz. . . 196 3 suifunensis Budischt. 190 re Spe Rr met u De emo nnet Men ci use vel i= cas 187 Actinidiaceae Van-Tiegh. -- .... . 185 Actinidiophyllum sachalinense Pojark.- - - - - 186 Adnatae’ WieBekr tect > 2 ie fe 24 he 408 Aestivales Bge., sect... . ..... 307 Afra Niedenzu, subgen.. ....... 272 Alangium aequalifolium (Goepp.) Kr. et B. 185 Mlceapess.. § psy thoes eee wees 84 abchazica Ijin... ..... . 94 MC! Fc zed Te NY AUP” eS RR A on 161 » angulata Freyn et Sint... ... 116 55 » f£. acerifolia Ijin 117 » Antoninaelljin. ...... 117, 678 » baldshuanica (Bornm.) Iljin . . . 124 . Galvertimpoisss a6) oe aes oe 120, 122 =f) win GONUGAtAM DOSS: & -Uacewatsy sae 1 126 5 eri ORCRBLEARAMIM panes 5 stage ye ue, 2a 55 Ung © 108 50 0 uftenfoltguBOlsssoyres geek «a 90, 101 Es dug AVE eee ciedl a one ome iis 90 6 ae 2 ata nk nt ase Are ae 171 , ficifolia var. bicolor Over. et Sit.. 90 ss » ». glabrata Boiss.. . . 93, 100 » flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse - 100 " S var. tabrisiana Ijin. . 98 » Freyniana Ijin ....... 125, 678 » Froloviana (Fisch.) Ijin. ... . 111 »wurlabrate, Alefsige cpu tie = = 98, 126 » Grossheimii Ijin ........ 99 » Heldreichii Boiss). .......- 121 Hohenackeri Boiss. ..... - 96, 123 * [This index has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original.] ** [Russian page numbers appear in the left-hand margin of the text.] S27 Alcea hyreana Grossh. ........ » f. glabrescens Iliin. . . - & f. ramosissima Il‘in karakalensis Freyn ....... karsianayFitwemeMmenn. t 0) ese var. pedunculata Iljin . . - f. lobata Bordz.. ... . kopetdaghensis I]jin kurdica Schlecht... ... . 8. schirazana Boiss. - kusariensis Iljin ” lenkoranica IlIjin Litwinowii I]jin Novopokrovskii Iljin nudiflora Gnd) Boissiay-taee ere » {. subglabra Iljin. . . .- pilosa [ljin . .. - hirsutissima Ijin. . - obtusiloba Iljin . . - acutiloba Ijin. . - - , leiocarpa Iljin- . . - pallida (W. et K.) Bess... - - - pallida Radde palmata Gilib. peduncularis Boiss. et Hausskn. - - pinnatifida Gilib.. .--.-.-- - rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Iljin OSC cle as Seles ae ins tee RES as Res mga a) he) Xe) ie" re) kel! Sir oy) \gembele rn’ evmiie i icelr el veles ie » var. nigra Iljin rosea C. A. Mey. -'.. - -- .- rugosa Alef. , var. stellulata Iljin - .. - 3 f. astrachanica Litw. » #. tenuiloba Litw.. .- - - sachsachanica Iljin ey Molto tepeiial, el lie: gel //higel, ain sangardensis I]jin schirazana Alef... -..- - Sintenisii Hausskn. Sophiae Iljin Sosnovskyi Iljin sulphurea (Boiss. et Hoh.) Alef. . ms 8. microchiton Boiss. - - sycophylla lljin et Nik. - - - 95, 3 f. glabrescentia Iljin. - tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse . - - - var. armena Iljin ” f. sycophylla Ijin - - - talassica Iljin taurica Ijin f. angustifolia Iljin - - Tralasent Stapf transcaucasica I)jin ‘ait jet a eye nets ele turcomanica Iljin 528 Alcea Turkeviezii Ijin: . . -.. 2. » veneta . . ») , Woronowit Thins) 2b aie Alsinastrum callitrichoides Rupr. » gyrospermum Rupr... . . ” orthospermum Rupr. . .’ . » triandrum Rupr. .... . Althaea le. (ou Set ah) Se oe ee » auaulata Wreynjee-n ieee » armeniaca Ijin. ....... fs armeniaca Ten. ........ » # f. dissecta Iljin . . . ” oD UTC ah? Mek res 3 baldshuanica Bornm. ... . . ” Bordzilowskii Wissjul.. . . - - 5 broussonetifolia Iljin- 139, 141. py f subsp. aralensis I]jin 139) ‘3 cannabina law) = ae ee ee iD cannabina Ldb.. ...... . ‘D . subsp. snarbonensis (Pourr.) Baker. . » i palmatipartita Ze- len. ee. ee £ ficifolia Cav... ....... 5 Pa O. et B. Fedsch.. . . ‘ bs Peel bS0:0. ERY cs does, eas ” s Fi Neh uercmec no on Be Lowa) 3 , subsp. karsiana Bordz. . i. flavovirens Boiss. et Buhse . . 5 Frolovii Fisch, ........ 5 Froloviana Fisch. . - P x honte. cor Sree: ~ Heldreichii Boiss... .... . p hirsuta ‘biniee wage OS ee 2 Hohenackeri Boiss. et Huet - 96, 5 * Trautv. ” hyrcana Grossh. ... - - y karsiana Litw. .-. - . A Kotschyi Boiss... - . . kusariensis Ijin ie leucantha Fisch. Litwinowii Ijin - Ludwigii L. .-.- - - y micrantha Wiesb. - - 134, 138, "A multiflora Rehb. - 137, 138, A F Lelen sa ceeen -. 7-5 a narbonensis Pourr. ---.-- - , nigra Medv. = (20:92 -a- - = . nudiflora Lindl... .- - - 108, A 3 var. Froloviana Litw. - 55 » leucantha Litw. Althaea nudi Tora Linil. « rhyticarpa Wrautvaee os bobiaiuee 111 officinalisal - Pome EL . . 131 : is ssp. taurinensis (DC.) Baker atin: |: iS ” 5 OURO dae aac Pes 137 ai pallida O. et B. Fedtsch. . . - 111 5p y Hohenack. ..... . {23 0 S Iolo tee ee ae ee yl » 5 Wie Dalits + 40% 118 ks rhyticarpa Trautv. ..-...- - 115 ; rhytidocarpa ©. et B. Fedtsch.. 115 5 FOS Cave sa) Ta) Dey 126 3 Tusosa litws .- .) Mk 4 Wain 90 ‘ » var. communis ‘itw.-. - 90 55 Simensis (Cav Mow ane) ta. eed 126 +5 tabrisiana Boiss. et Buhse - - - 98 ‘ taurinensis DC... .... 137, 139 = . f. multiflora (Rchb.) Lyin saben. 137, 139 a L f. lobata Iljin. . 137, 139 . § C. A. Mey.. . - 134, 137 iD rs var. C. A. Mey. 138 % transcaucasica ljin. - 105 2 Woronowii Iljin . ..... . 122 Althaeastrum DC., sect... . . - - 131 Ameletia indica DC. - .-..... . 527 Ammanniasls os 60S Pee 527 , aegyptiaca Willd... ... . 531 e arenaria H. B. et K....- . 529 r x f. hyreana Koehne . 529 , A f. persica Koehne 529 5 auriculata Willd. ..... .- 529 4s x var. arenaria Ko- éline 2) 2 529 > " 8. subsessilis Bo- iSSea eareeee eee 531 ts bacciferas Boiss) en - 532 " - Hiern tee oe eet: 532 » . ssp. aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne . 531 » > ssp. viridis (Hor- nem.) Koehne - - 532 is borysthenica Fisch. . ...- - 535 55 caspia Hohen. ...... . 531 ” o Bd breiaigie, bt. 532 caspica M. B. ...... . 531 3 coccinea Boiss. ...... . 530 ‘ $ ssp. pubiflora Ko- linet ne ey, se SR 530 > densiflora Roth ...... 526 p multiflora Roxb. 529 Pag. Ammannia multiflora Roxb. var. parviflora (DC.) Koehne . 530 ” peploides Spreng ..... . 527 > pubiflora (Koehne) Sosn.. . . 530 Ms salicifolia Hiern. .....- . 531 » = Monti? are 531 % vesicatoria Roxb. . - . . 532 : viridis Hornem.. .... . . 532 in verticillata (Arduino) Lam.. . 530 Ampulliferae Dunn, sect. .... .- - 188 Anastraea, V.oEmels sect. 2 5 6. 9 Androsaemum Adans. ..... - 203, 214 Androsaemam (Adans.) Godr. et Gren., sect... . 214 Anc’rosaemum officinale All... . .- . 214 BS vulgare Gaertn. 5 Alu a xylosieifolium Spach . . 217 Androsemum Necker ........ - 214 Apeibopsis Deshayesii Heer - - - - 2 Aphananthemum Spaza.-.....-. - 336 Apterocarpae Boiss., sect. -... .- - 89 Action’, luz. Sectomia, soci's0 oe ena, 437 Arosulatae Borb., subsect. 389 Ascyrum Crux-Andreae L. ....-.- . 257 Astrophilyra. Vi Emel, sect. -)-, 5 « - -. aw Astylia Koehne, sect... ...-.... 530 Attenuatae Hausskn., subsect.. ... - 602 AvanzavD@yrsect) Fo eer ocr. 2M 152 Bergia'.* * Toei Patt. | S AE 259 » aquatica’ Roxb: fie-Palad, - 7-5: 260 » ammannioides Roxb. .....- - 260 x a f. simplex Kossin. . 260 » pentandra Guill. et Perr. 260 » verticillata Willd. 260 Bibractcolatae DC., sect. . . lait EA gOS Bilobatae W. Bckr., sect... -.-.-.- - 439 Biloculares Aschers. et Magnus, sect.. . 634 Bismalvae Medik., sect. . . . - - 37 Blepharoglossa Niedenzu, sect... - - - 284 Bombacaceae. ........- 1 a apes (7/22 Bombycella DC., sect. ..-... - 152 Brachypetalum Dunal. sect. - - --- - 336 Brachystylia Wilk... ..-- - 328 Bracteolatae Kupffer, subsect. . - - 457 Brathys Spach, sect. . 2. 27-0.) - - 256 Brathys quinquenervia Spach... - - 257 Breviealearatae W. Bekr., sect. 441 Breviloba Tod. em. Prokh., sec.. - - - 175 Buettneria aequalifolia (Goepp.) Mey.- - - « - - 185 Camellia viridis Link... . .... . - 199 5 chinensis O. Ktze.. . - ..- . 192 Camellia sinensis O. Ktze. ..... . 198 c Fheaitinks ene ee aks 198 Caudicales Kupffer ........ 457, 476 Caudicales ( GEQUPUMUASEP all. 1) epequcertateag hes he », . Qlpestre Jacq.,,-) -. ap7)- agen. 4 Qnnuusseallten hoa) wera os CGRTSAL Aeetre Labon «en ee re 3 f. sericocephala Rupr. o- ereticusi MM 4B: cutobls wv etalk ssc Bs mS var. tauricus Dunal. . . . s) v, fauricus Eichw. Fumanajlis: Shs ok grandiflorus Seop.. ..... - hirsutus Thuill. > 3 Georgi » « ledifolius EA -stmaswnsece- oe marifolius M. B.. . ...- - » “ Li, elgg niloticus M. B. » nudijolius Lam. » nummularius L. periclymenifolius Gmei.. . . - - polymorphus subsp. incanus var. b. orientalis «. heterophyllus et 8. spathulaefolius Willk. salicifolius L. salvifolins: JIbsisis-) ies ee eee var. vulgaris Willk.. . sanguineus Host... ..-.- - - Sideritis Pres] tauricus Presl thymifolius Falk tomentosus Scop. villosus %. genuinus Boiss. .. FS 8. tauricus Gross. » wvinealis Willd... ....... Cladosion Rupr. Clarcia Gombretaceae R. Br. - - + © © + = + © @ + Combretacinium quisqualoides Felix Conocentrae Kristoff., subsect. 5 (Kristoff.) Iljin, sect. Corchorus: L.. 3). sjsu echeewoge Lie a capsularis Ly siiegien on ee 530 328 338 329 329 338 329 328 338 335 328 328 345 375 554 Corchorus olitorius L.. . -...... Coridium Spach, subsect. - Cornelia verticillata Arduino Correa Crossophyllum Spach Crossophyllum Spach, subsect.. . . . - Crypta Cynomoriaceae Engl. Cyaomorium L. ” ” Seubtisectial sqove,- +4: 6s: coccineum Boiss... - .. . acuminata Stocks 6. affghanica Meisn. . 8. Kochii Meisn. . y.mucronata Royle - albiflora Wolf et Schoell.. . . Albowiana G. Woron.. ... . alpina Baonigs |-6Griogas lO. ” ” altaica Pall. . ... . 490, 491, angustifolia C. Koch. . . . . . axilliflora (Keissl.) Pobed. baksanica Pobed. ....... Blagayana Freyer buxifolia Labranw. stays er caucasica Pall. 8. axilliflora Keissl. . 5 B. cognata C. Koch. circassica G. Woron. errcoram* Gulale ce os) ege CTE OUMNH Aye pe des ks cneorum K.-Pol.. ....... comosa Adam.......... euphorbioides Muss.-Puschk. . . glomerata Lami. -O202228) . var. puberula Sosn. . $. pauciflora Meisn. . y. nivalis C. Koch . Ldl. ‘5 Ldl. et Paxt. imerica C. Koch jezoensis Maxim. Julia K.-Pol. kamtschatica Maxim... ... . laureolatlicniicees ee a s var. Philippi Mecisn. . . Lerchenfeldiana Schur major. lam: ..\. 2) kaise awe mezereum L. ” ” ” ” Houtteana o| is) Noe eel, Fev ue: je) jel ae: var. albaplena Rehd. .« ” 531 Pag. Daphne mezereum var. album Ait. . . . 486 » ” » grandiflorum Dippin ei 486 » + » Yubrum Ait. . . 486 ” 7 f. autumnalishort.. 486 » ” » variegatum Lowe 486 n) Odoratap amg. 3 Cae hy ieee 499 55° yy, Oleotdes dba beugamecs a at e 497 = Bi var. brachyloba Sosn. . 497 » > » glandulosa Sosn. . 497 ” personiaeformis Weber - - - - .. + 484 \) . PhilippedGrenier ¢.. ... . | - 488 we POnticawlg oc. oe sl ee ee 487 by » SSp. haematocarpa G. Wo- HONE Gow sveeate 488 » + » melanocarpa G. Wo- MOMS pete re a (ohae 7s 487 s » var. Szowitsii C. Koch . 487 » Pseudomezereum A. Gray . . . 494 » pseudosericea Pobed. .... . 498 yu Sericea. Albee Steinar... 2 498 7 Sosnt etheselvaiso >. 498 » * sophia Kalen, > 7 %6A. e700 491, 493 » transcaucasica Pobed. .... . 497 Datisca, LAV PON OMe ee ks 480 pit, Capnabinalless wo 5) = cls) eas ae 480 Datiseaceae Lindl.. - ....... . 479, 480 Dendrostellera C. A. Mey., sect... - - 511 Dendrostellera Van-Tiegh. ..-.-- - 511 iM arenaria Pobed. . . 512, 689 ” linearifolia Pobed. ~. 512, 689 5 macrorhachis Pobed. 513, 690 $ Olgae Pobed. . . 514, 691 e stachyoides (Schrenk) Van-Tiegh. . 512 3 turkmenorum Pobed. 514, 691 Diarthrom Turcz...-.-.-.-.--.:+- 500 5 carinatum Jaub. et Sp. . . . 501 . linifolium Turez, ...--:..- 501 e vesiculosum (Fisch. et Mey.) C. A. Mey.. - 501 Dichasianthae Ndz., sect. -....-.- - 260 Didiplis (Raf.) Koehne, subgen. 533 Dischidium Ging., subgen.. . ---- - 441 Drosanthe Spach .. +--+ +++ ++: 203 ii helianthemoides Spach 229 2 scabra Spach. . . ----- 224 Drosocarpium Fourr. ....+-+- - 203, 253 Drosocarpium Spach, subsect. - ..- - - 253 Ebracteatae Kupffer, subsect. . . - - - 474 Eichwaldia Ldb. ..-.-.-----: > 271 Eichwaldia oxana Bge. .... . 289 53 oxiana Ldb.. . 289 e persica Boiss. . 288 Elaeagnaceae Lindl. . . 515 Elaeagnus L. ... - - 518 \ acuminata Web. -: - : 521 S angustifolia C. Koch 524 . 5 JT, he it nl pes ate 522 be RS var. caspica Sosn. 523 » 7 » spinosa C.K. Schn. 524 ” m » virescens Sosn. 522 Fe . x. orientalis O. Ktze. . . 524 x f. culta Sosn. 522, 523 is argentea Moench. ... . . 522 % argentea Pursch ..... . 521 Fs caspica (Sosn.) Grossh. . . 522 ‘ commutata Bernh. 521 % dactyliformis hort. . . 522 + glabra hort... =. . 521 Ma hortensis M. B. 522 g a ssp. continentalis Senvieicece 524 ” $i » songorica Serv. . 522 ” var. angustifolia Schlecht. 522 ” ' » latifolia C. Koch 524 ” 5 %. songorica Schlecht. . . 522 » oy ¥. orientalis Schlecht. - 522 % pGanaMams, civ.) 0 eee: 522 3 inermis Ldb. 524 > onientalisniers, an ee 524 ~ 5 f. culta Litw. . 524 ” “0 » Sphaerocarpa Litw. 524 » x» » Spontanea Litw. - 524 + oxycarpa Schlecht. . 522 i songarica Schlecht. . 522 3 tomentosa Moench. . . 522 BB 4 eh gpa es ag 521 Elaeasrus Pall... . . .« 518 Elatinaceae Lindl... . 259 Elatme Lb... >. 2 3. : 261 Mo Aligheianthin hs) so ale als 261 + D f. aquaticz Seub.. . 263 » 55 » fluitans Seub. - . 263 * op » terrestris Seub. . 263 > ambigua Wight. ....... 270 532 Elatine ammannioides Wight et Arn. callitrichoides (Rupr.) Kaufm. campylosperma Borbas gyrosperma Duben hexandra DC. hungarica Moesz........ 5 var. longipedicellata Koss. Hydropiper B. Fedtsch. . . . . Fy dropipers lesa lace) eee 7 Be toy eee ey eM eh fem etl Me oe at eher shade fel re Ff , orthosperma (Due- ben) Hartman. . 0 ey ‘ f. intermedia Seub. . ‘ » submersa Seub. . 53 », terrestris Seub. . hydropiperL. - © + © + «© 6 «© « « Hydropiper Ceder luxurians Del. . - orthosperma Duben oryzetorum Kom paludosa Nied. . . 7 x Seub. Schkuhriana (Hayne) Kaufm. i C. A.Mey.. .- spathulata Gorski triandra Schkur. --.-- +. - oh) se Eero i ve... Pa var. callitrichoides Ny). » » pedicellata Kryl. . . intermedia Seub. - stenophylla Seub. . submersa Seub.. . terrestris Seub. . - Elatinella Seub., sect.. - .---.-...-. Elodea) \ussioso%| Rhee ee ” ” crassifolia Blume .- japonica Blume . virginica Rgl.. - +--+ +s > Elodes virginica var. asiatica Maxim... . Epilobieae Spach Epi‘obium L. ” adenoeaulon Hausskn.. . . - * f. pumila P. Smirn. adnatum Gris. . . 1 ee affine Bong- sg uleiae. i » Maxim. 2 algidum M. B.. . . a “ 8. humile M. B. . . almaatense Steinb.. - alpestre Eichw. triandra Willd. . Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Krock.. . a apinumn ly ee fan's 0a ste! fe 607 a st Gist hoy i Sua Sea mae TA 608 * Ps » alsinifolium Hartm. 609 7 + » fontanum Wahlenb. 612 % » - 9 majus Wahlenb. . 612 ” + nutans Pohl. . . 614 A; alsinefolium Vill... ... . 609 a amurense Hausskn.. . . .- . 594 85 anagallidifolium Lam. 607 anatolicum Hausskn. 598 % angulatum Kom. ..... - 597 x angustifolium M. B. . . . . 625 3% ‘a TE a aie allies 622 bs arcticum Sam. ...... . 619 Fe behringianum Heusskn.. . . 610 ae bifarlum Kom. ....... 604 ts Bongardii Hausskn. 611 i ealycinum Hausskn. 596 ra canescens Stev. ......- 624 A cephalostigma Hausskn.. . . 595 a colchicum Alb... .... . 626 48 collinum Gmel.. ..... . 582 5 confusum Haues . 606 As consimile Hausskn.. . . . . 590 9 cylindrostigma Kom. . . . . 596 Pe davuricum Fisch... ... . 617 EY F var. major Hausskn. 617 » » minor Hausskn. 617 » pusillum Turez. 617 difforme Gilib.. . . . 1. . Dodonaei Villars. .... . » %. angustlissimum Hausskn. caucasicum Hausskn. . 6. Steveni Boiss. DominilM.iPep rene. F.0" frigidum Hausskn. . . .. . frigidum Retz... ..... fontanum Hausskn.. . .. . gemmascens C. A. Mey. glabrum Gilib,. . . 1... glandulosum Lehm.. . . . . glaucinum Hausskn. glaucum Nasar. Graebneri Rubner hirsutum eee Sweet ae: ; var. fomentosum (Vent.) Boiss. . villosum Ha- ” B. n” ” usskni!. so. 622 624 624 625 624 586 594 627 609 605 581 603 612 626 602 578 579 579 Pag. Epilobium hirsutum var. vulgare Hausskn.. .... 579 » . intermedium Ser. 580 Hornemanni Bong... .. . 611 Hornemanni Rehb..... . 612 s var. turkestani- cum Franchet. 591 japonicum Hausskn. - 601 kurilense Nakai ..... . 604 lactiflorum Hausskn. . . . . 608 ‘ var. Riederianum Hausskn. . 609 as f. kamtschaticum Hausskn. . . . 609 laetum M. Pop. ....-. .- 590 Lamyi F. Schultz. .... . 587 lanceolatum C. Koch. . . 593 lanceolatum Seb. et Mauri. . 585 Fs var. umbrosum Hausskn. 585 Vatefoletrne lates cy ele pia: 626 lineare Fries. ....... 617 Maximoviczii Hausskn.. . . 603 minutiflorum Hausskn. 620 modestum Hausskn. 620 montanum Boiss... ...- - 998 montanum L. ....... 581 s var. collinum Spenn. 582 SuiMe Bers. <7 598 ; » alpestre Jacq.. 618 A » collinum Schmalh. . . . 582 x » lanceolatum Rchb. 585 2 » origanoides Ser. 582 * » ramosum Ser. . 582 a » trigonum Presl. 619 % f. aprica Hausskn. . 581 » » subcordata Hausskn. . - 581 nervosum Boiss. et Buhse. . 589 nudicarpum Kom...... . 597 nutans Schmidt. ...... 614 obscurum (Schreb.) Roth 588 obscurum Boiss! - =). : ... 606 origanifolium Boiss. . .. . 598 hi Cham. et Schlecht. . 610 <) C. Koch . . 593 Fs arnvae es alk 609 588 Epilobium origanifolium Ldb. ovale Takeda palustre L. ” ” sad | ne 604 var. majus Fries 609 » Pubescens Maxim.. . 594 8. Balansae Boiss. . 605 Mos an yecon teas 611 Cr chy es fu aS et 613 var. fypicum Clarke . 620 OF Tee cots 617 8. albescens Wahlenb. 617 » Lapponum Wah- » mutans Grob.. . subsp. caucasicum (Hausskn.) Sosn. var. colchicum (A\lb.) Sosn.. 626 parviflorum (Schreb.) DC.. . 580 2, var. apricum Ha- usskn. . 580 Be » menthoides Boiss. . 580 f. minor Hausskn. 580 » putatum Ha- usskn.. - . 580 ” 5 tomentosum Hausskn. 580 ponticum Hausskn..... . 593 prionophyllum Hausskn. . 598 pubescens Rot. ...... 580 purpurascens Gilib.. . . . - 588 Roseurmebone., 0. 8) 6 ss 611 abaelacltys, so tate' fr ke tien, 2 589 * (Schreb.) Pers. 588 5 Mure zn lac ae ele te 611 8. subsessile Boiss. . 589 * y. trigonum Ser. 619 » £. gemmifera Boiss.. 605 avec JEIb Buia a tia 0 ¢ 593 schikotanense Takeda. ... 611 sertulatum Hausskn. 607 spicatum ALAMsgndiyg. + - 622 Stevens BOissey agen. 3. 624 subalgidum Hausskn. . . . . 605 subnivale M. Pop. .... . 592 Sugaharai Koidz. .... . 595 fenueqiwoms) 027 sae ki Pe 597 fetragonurm leo) ue ane i 586 7 var. japonicum Miqueli 601 534 Epilobium tefragonum 3. Erectae W. Bekr.. ........ 446, Eremanthe Spach. ...... . - 203, glandulosum Torr. et Gray . ” , Lamyi Rapin . f » obscurum Willd thermophilum Pauls. tianschanicum Pavl.. .. . . trigonum, Boiss... «>. +.» . Lidbietdabite-: «3 oi Schrank tundrarum Sam. ..... . uralénses|Ruoratixieen. » .,- velutinum Nevski .... . virgatum Lam... ..... % Ube va soca Wallichianum Hausskn. . . . Eremanthe (Spach) Boiss., sect. ” calycina Spach. ...... Erythrocistus Dunal. ......... Euammania Koehne, subgen...... . Euandrosaemum R. Keller, subsect.. . . Euantiorotala Koehne, sect. Eucalyptus L’Herit.. ......... aggregata Deane et Maid. alpinay Lindl}.uhantag- © 210: amygdalina Labill.. ... . Ascheri Maid. et Blak austualianars) (lc le ey nes biangularis Simmonds. . . . camaldulensis Dehnh.. . . . cinerea F. Muell.. . ... . citriodora Hook. ..... . concinna Maid. et Blak . . . cordata. Labill’. «2 2 2. : corymbosa Sm... 2 - |.) - dives Schauer eremophila Maid... ... . eudesmoides F. Muell.. . . . mlobnluselabilleeeaiak-) 2 ue gum 1 ifera (Gaertn.) Hochr. . Gunnii Hook. f. Helmsii Maid. et Blak. Irbyi Bak. et Smith. . . . . linearisy Dehnh wee le Macarthuri Deane et Maid. . nitida: Hook c,cchayane «eae obtusifolius Schmalh. ovatawabill) ai «. 2 AES » var. aquatica Blakely . pauciflora Sieb. Pag. 603 587 588 592 591 604 601 564 perriniana (F. Muell.) Rodway 557 Pag. Eucalyptus platycorus Maid. et Blak.. . 558 * Risdoni Hook. ....... 557 3 rostrata Schlecht. ...-. - 560 ‘a salicifolia (Sol.) Cav... . 565 ” sibiricus Heer + + + + + + + * 555 5 similis Maid... ...... 558 Fe Simmondsi Maid... .. .- .- 558 5 eis oy. caihrs, nee cideuabaeuy ees 557 RR subcrenulata Maid. et Blak 558 i taenifolia Bak. et Smith. . - 558 a tasmanica Blakély ... .- - 557 = urnigera Hook.f... ... - 561 b vernicosa Hook. ... . 557 ho viminalis Labill. 563 Eu-caninae W. Bekr. ..-..--.-- 391 ICISEUSS PACH yKSECE: ee ne + 328 ButlagellatacyKittel . - =... 6 - ++ 369 Eufrankenia Niedenzu, sect. ..... . 272 Eufumana (Willk.) Janchen, subgenus. . 348 Eugenia haeringiana Ung. - - - - - - + : : 555 Eogossypium Tod., sect.. -..-..-.-- 175 Eugossypium Tod. em. Prokh., subgen. . 175 Euhelianthemum Dunal, sect.. . . . 332, 340 Euhypericum Boiss., sect... ...-. - 218 Euhyssopifolia Koehne, sect... ... . 543 Eupeplis Boiss., subgen.. - -.... - 533 Eureaumuria Rgl. et Mlokoss., subgen. 280 Eustylia Koehne, sect... ....... 528 Eutamarix Gorschk., subgen.. . . 295 Fasciculatae DC., sect... .... 41, 56, 64 Firmiana (Sierculia) tridens (Ludw.) Krysht. - 185 Ilacellatac KGEChy oe ae eyes 363 Rramkemiqulers Ges cf cae sus. a 272 + Aucheri Jaub. et Spach. . . 274 e bucharica Basil. .-..... 275 var. Mironovii (Botsch.) Gorsehk. 275 var. rosea Gorsehk. 275 ” ” ” ” is DURST Napa y slurs. Lue ee 274 xs Fierce al Li ee a Nee 274 5 5 var. erecta Boiss. . . 274 * » » hispida (DC.) Boiss. 274 » . » intermedia (DC.) Boiss. 274 » * » laevis (L.) Boiss. 274 x ra » laevis Schmalh.. 274 » x f. Meyeriana G. Woron. . 274 es (as aitely SDYC en RY oh eh Le 274 bs UUermeara Gna 2 5 ess 274 535 Pag, frankeniawlaecurs laen= auc ceey CPOe 274 narynensis Boisch.. . . . . 274. palverulentawiiae-be =. ; 273 is a. normalis O. Ktze. . 273 * 8. erecta O. Ktze. 273 Fuchsia Fumana Spach 5 f. perpusilla G. Woron. 273 taurica C. A.Mey..... - 274 transkaratavica Botsch.. . . 275 Vuedenskyi Botsch.. .... 275 Frankeniaceae DC. .......... 271 OA oe tue a Sn PR ee 566 3 pends acetals reetue 348 arabica Ldb.. . . +--+... 348 » (Pers.) Spach 349 nudifolia Janch. . +... .- - 349 procumbens (Dunal) Gr. et Godr. 349 5 viscidula (Stev.) Juz. . . . 348, 681 . vulgaris Spach «0°. . 2... 349 Furearia DC., sect... ...... 153 Gararmnaiern sph i A 566 Gmelinianae W. Beir... ....... 426 Guidim Spach, jsectansuipu © cls = 490 Godetia jnectdcke Races eee cos 566, 627 Gossypium L. .......-.. 170, 172 . albescens Rafin.. . 178, 179, 180 x 3 var. luxurians 179 “I barbadense auct. . - . 182, 184 - Birkinshawit Watt. ... . 180 s FicareiiiWodtie o's s> 180, 182 ss 5 var. Timofeevii 181 frutescens Lasteyr.. . . 182, 184 3 i var. Jumelianum (Tod.) Prokh.. 184 o herbaceum bes i.) sues 176 3 hirsiktamel ate fhe 178, 180 3 “4 var. Schottii 180 4 Asm ii? BNC 6 46 6 6 bo 179 % Jumelianum (Tod.) Prokh.. . 184 é Maritimunenodes = 2 - 182 s ¥ var. Jumelianum Tod. 184 Ps mexicanum Tod....... 179 # mexicanum aucts =": = .% . 179 musteliemi Watt eric sien 184 i peruvianum Cay. s.].. . . . 182 ” ” var. aegypliacum Watt... .. 184 » peruvianum auct. ..... 184 ‘Gossypium punctatum var. nigerium Watt. . . . 180 ” ” » Timofeevii Dekapr. . 180 IT. 00 6) RON RON Ce aD + var. genuinum Ma- MATION iene ch female = var. longistylum Ma- LING Y) sre ie) ey oe ss var. macrosepalum Bedbs Giants Se asiaticum (Maxim.) Nakai . asperulaefolium G. Woron. . asperuloides Czern. . . . . asperum Ldb.. . ..... attenuatum Choisy bacciferum Lam. bithynicum Alb. Y 8. majus Boiss. . . Bourgaei Boiss. bupleuroides Griseb. Buschianum G. Woron. . . . ealycinum L......... caprifolium hort... ... - caucasicum (G. Woron.) Gor- p var. Wittmannia- num G. Woron. caucasicum Stev...... . chrysothyrsum G. Woron.. . » f. vegetum G. Woron. CorissM Brine hie. 0 ies os Crispurnl 290502) eee elegans Seph. ....... elongatum Ldb. ...... 0 var. caespitosum Kinylinees oases erectum auct. exiguum Bub. Faurieri R. Keller fissurale G. Woron. ‘ formosissimum Takht.. . . . formosum Takht. galiifolium Rupr... ... . Gebleritidbsenas th G38 214 Hypericum 231 230 254 254 235 212 213 212 212 538 Pag. helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss... . 229 4 var. latifolium Boiss. . . . 229 hirswtpiml ‘es eran, op Vor eh eee 227 3 f. ealvescens G. Wo- TON. yp ick Howse tise 227 humifusum [.°°% . :7. 2): 219 hyssopifolium Eichw. . . . .« 230 hyssopifolium M. B. 230 » ssr. ponticum Lipsky a3 226 3 var. abbrevia- tum Ldb. . 232 ” ” Lydium Boiss. esl : BM BY Sis waess Xe v. M. B. 232 i a. absreviatum db. 3) 233 2 B. elongatum Ldb. 230 hyssopifolium auct..... - 230 ibericum C. A. Mey. 214 inodorum Willd. ..... . 217 ss var. intermedium Somm. et Lev. . 217 i var. multiflorum . Somm. et Lev. . 217 ~ var. Sommieri R. Kelliis/ ject 2 217 3 . subuniflorum Somm. et Ley. 217 karsianum G. Woron. . 234 kamtshaticum Hulten . - - . 258 kamtschaticum Ldb. 237 Kohlianum Spreng. - 243 Komarovii Gorschk. 250 leprosum_ var. __—regiduluim Ra ddes ‘Sins nticutc sues 224 linarioides Bosse. .... . 233 lydium. Boiss: 4. canis nae 231 marginatum G. Woron. . 221 montanum:[® . (ge06044 fa 8 245 5S var. caucasicum Boiss... . 245 Pe » scabrum Koch. 245 6 6. Ldb. 245 Montbretii Alb... ..... 256 A var. caucasicum G. Woron. . . - 256 mutilum Ee sitaua com eee 257 Hypericum nachitschevanicum Grossh.. . 250 _ Nordmanni Boiss. . .... .- 253 B Nordmannianum Boiss. . 253 3 nummularioides Trautv. . - 221 > i var. dshessari- cum Woron. 221 5 ' var. pumilum Albow.. . - 221 3 obtusatum Fisch. ..... . 232 7 olympicum L.. ....... 219 a OTIEialeuilan) says ea aM en oy kee 222 7 5 var. platyphyllum Somm. et Lev. . 222 93 » var. ptarmicaefolium Boissicelee- ees 222 5 © var. Tournefortii BGissiey aoe eo ena 222 . » var. typicum Somm. eteys is) aed ous 222 % origanifolium Willd... .. . 247 a paramusch’rense Kudo. . . . 253 a parviflorum Willd. .... . 257 * perfoliatum Ldb. . .... . 246 5 : var. pseudocilia- tum (Keller) G. Woron. 35 =: 245 perfonatum) Li) iene ees | yt 248 ” 2 ssp. &. fypicum Beck ..... 248 y i var. collinum G. » Woron. 249 2 _ » normale G. Woron. 248 ” ” oats Punctatum Choisy . . . 233 » ” ” songaricum (Rehb.) G. Woron. 248 . - » veronense Schrank . 248 c é F veronense (Schrank) Keller . . 248 > Hf » vulgare (Schimp. et Spann.) Neilr. - 248 » , » «&. latifolium Zelenetz. . 248 . , » 8. angustifo- lium Tele- netz. . 248 De! Hypericum perforatum var. 5. angustifo- lium DC. . wei wes) el ihe ke! Jett) Ha perforatum L. polygonifolium Rupr.:; . polygon‘folium G. Woron. . ia var. linearioi- des G. Woron. E f. angustifolium G. Woron. . 3 f. cymopodium G. Woron f. euglandulo- sum G. Woron. Z f. gladulosum G. Woron. . r f. latifolium G. Woron. 5 f. normale G. Woron. 5 f. platysepalum G. Woron. . * f. stenosepa- lum G. Woron. ponticum Lipsky porphyrandrum Lévl. et Vant. ptarmicaefolium Spach . . ptarmicifolium Spach A var. adsharicum G. Woron. . x , teberdinum G. Woron. pulchrum Pall........ pulverulentum Fenzl... . . guadrangulare M. B. . . . . quadrangulum L.. .... . Cees Oe CMS ord quadranguium L.- - - - - «| » guadrangulum C. A. Mey. guadrialatum Wahlb. . . . . guinquenervium Walt. ramosissimum Ldb.. ... . rariflorum Stev. ...... repens Jaub. et Spach . . 232, » f£. foliis latioribus, se- palis glandulosis Alexeenko .... . Richeri Boiss. ....... eel be age 82 253, » Vill. ssp. alpigenum (Kit.) E. Schmidt . Rugelianum O. Ktze.... .- sachalinense Lévl.. . ... . scabrum): Loy 64 oii sis mae ed Pag. Pag. Hypericum scabrum var. asperum Trautv. 224 2 ‘é » Bourguei Lipsky . 224 A i. » glabrum B. Fedtsch. . 224 FS » hyssopti-olium Boiss. - ...- 224 A J » leiocalyx O. Ktze. . 224 - fs » mieranthum Boiss. 227 3 5 , ftypicum Trautv. 224 a sehasteum Boiss. et Noé. . . 231 x songaricum Rchb. ... .- - 948 E strictum Maleew ..... . 954 a tauricum R. Keller... . .- 232 3 ftauricum hort. ......- - 245 “5 tetrapterum Fries... . - - 241 S Theozori G. Wcron. 235 Ls Tournefortii Spach... . . 222 Pe venustum Fenzl. ..... . 945 iy veronense Schrank .... . 248 é virginicum Mig. .....- - 202 5 Pic arcmbamuy ey 1c o- heey: 248 FA wulgere vRUmE) 2.) ss. 248 yezcénse Maxim. ..... - 233 He tarwen Godrixisects iia. 5 263 Hyssopifolia Koehne, subgenus... . . 540 Iemasion Juz., sect... . - +--+ --- 401 Indica Tod. ampl. Prokh., sect. 182 Tried O ere Se Thay Mag ee 567 3 parlerstrrs) Wes iy42 MWe es Bs, 568 Hare oNedik:: tte Och Mir nlm oy Or 452 i CSIC aOR air GNC) LG ohh aaa 566 Jussieueae Rchb., subfam.. . . ... . 567 Karpas Rafin. ampl. Prokh., subgen.. . 177 ea lomibta Reale es HE EP TENN a He 186 5 mandshurica Rgl. .... . 138 Kosteletzkya Presl.. ......... 163 & adoensis Mast. .... . 170 2 altie fslia A. Gray. aview L720 y Boskai (Pau) Beltran. . . 170 2 hispid: Presl ..... . 170 ‘ pani-ulata Benth. . . 170 . pentacerpos (L.) Ldb. . 163, 170 i" sagittata Presl. .... . 170 i virginica (L.) A. Gray.. . 170 FaganariasG. Don)": isi weaaes. .) 172 Panigerum Rafini /.. tl Wares | se. 177 Laureola Meisn., sect. . ..5-.... 487 540 Lavateraslic! 7 ik ae ae st apiifolia Radde ....... 18 » biennis M.B. ........ 719 a cashemiriana Cambess. . . . . 718 ‘ plebeja Sims... 0.50 4. 3 16 bs punctata Alloys gag Oe 719 B thuringiaca L. -.... . 16, 79 = Ssp. macromera (Litw.) Iljin . . 79 x var. brachypetala Somm.... .- 718 ; 3 » brevipedicellata Ilin . . 73 a 3 » | Mmacromera Litw. 79 iD 5 , micrantha K.-Pol. . 718 ” Z v mugodsharica [jin 2s 78 r ‘ » obtusifolia Beck 78 = z , odentopetala Trautv. 78 2 z » palmataRgl. . 78 ‘ trimestrishlas Pics"), sf eee toe 83 . vulgaris Mart. ....... 77 Ledonia Dunal, sect. -.-....... 329 LedoniasSpach: Ai). ge: 4. tee 329 Leiocarpae Dunn, sect. ...-.-..- - 188 Leiocaroaze Dunn. emend. Pojark., sect.. 188 Leinphaium Rafin., subgen. 2 2177, 189 Leiosperma Janchen, sect... ... - - 349 Leiostylae Steinbt, sect. ©5200-5222 626 Leparg jyrea’ Rafin. 6. 2 2 518 Leptargyrcia Schlecht. .......- - 513 Leptos} ermites spicatus Schmalh. - - - + - - - 555 ” crassifragmus Schmalh. - - - - - 555 Lilibiseus Hoetr., sect. . ....-.-.- 156 Limnopeuce Adans.. ......-.-.- - 668 . vulgaris Scop. .--..- 669 Liophaea Prokh., subsect. 177, 178, 180 Ludwigia leer. 8 ee hee ae 567 5 aperala! Walt. c: 7- | ee 568 a epilobioides Maxim. . . . . .- 568 by nitida Michx.. ...... .- 5°8 ‘e palustris (L.) Ell... ... . 568 prostrata Roxb... ...... 568 ita (Fat) Meisn., sects) eae 483 i \passerina, Fasite (20. ees lake Me 433 Lythracese™ Lindls 4). cy ape ee 525 Lythrom Le) .). 238502 536 ‘ acuminatum Willd... ... .- 552 Lythrum austriacum Jacq. bibracteatum Gren. et Godr. . Salzmi? 4 2ee - borysthenicum (M. B.) Litw. dibracteatum Guss. flexicaule Schrenk. . . -- - glaucescens Schrenk hyssopifolia L. intermedium Ldb. Komarovii Murav...... . linifolium Kar. et Kir. micranthum Kar. et Kir. . . .- microphyllum Kar. et Kir. . . nanum Kar. et = ir. » var. flexicaule Trautv. . » £. ramosissima Iljin . . nummulariifolium var. boryst- henicum Koehne propinguum Weinm. ... . . guadri,oliim Mart. salicaria L. . . . 2... .. is var. x. glabrum MUdbeceue 48: ‘ » gracilior Turez. J » intermedium (Ldb.) Ko- ehne. . 550, 2 » syriacum Boiss. . a ,» tomentosum DCs F505 549: Fs , vulgare DC. y B. syriacum Boiss. et Galler ae |. salicaria L. X L. virgatum L. . Salzmanni Jord. ...... scabrum 8. Tauscheri Simk. . Schelkovnikovii Sosn. silenoides Boiss. et Noé . . .- Sophiae: Klok.c: 2 Lite. thesioides M. B.. . .... . i ssp. linifolium Ko- éhne. Be Reet. Theodori Sosn. thimifolianl2 20.25.20 (ee oko > var. diffusum Lange . Ps » erectum Lange ° 8. major DC. tomentosum DC. ...... tribracteatum Salzm. 3 var. Candollei Koehne 54] Pag. Lythrum tribracteatum var. Salzmanni Koehne . . 541 © virgatumiEay. soe «eran: 551 i a » XL. salicaria L.. 552 is WagneriBge.. .----.+- 541 Macrocerae Juz, -.--- +--+ +05 417 Maculatae Dunn, sect. ..-.-..-... 196 Magnibracteata Tod., subsect.. . - 177, 178 Magnibracteata Tod. em. Prokh., sub- secbi seh. Garena! 178 Magnibracteolata Tod. em. Prokh., sect. 179 Malope Li. 22's: ho.) SOR eee 25 = 4 malacoides: i054. apne 26 os trifiday Cav. c st het yaaa 5 3 » var. grandiflora L. 26 Malopeae Rehb:. = . si)! )) Shee eee. 25 Malvavli: ccs yk eee eee 31 » . abyssinica, AL Brig $a) eee 67 » \ aegyptiaca LL. \.etsb nm tone Sneek 36 x PP BuCENMoa LN eae 35, 36 pupaleeatlcnnd Sent: Blatant 39 wt Alcea Aud be Sis ARES ae es 37 * » var. excisa (Rehb.) Asch.. 37 » @lchemiilaefolia hort. - 69, 70 alchemilloides hort. . --. . 69, 70 uo» Jraltaeoides: Gaytitat | 2) ca Bix 4l ; GIES NER SIG ES a eS 52 » sambiguedGresshey aint; Uy. 47 ott (hem biguiay Gis S260 et ie ele sail 48 a aarmeniacaglltin erent ty). cate 36 , Bismalva Bernh ........- 39 » . BisrialvattRegoves Vea owe oe. 37 “-» borealis) Wallet) Ja4 2 coe 60 Oe J var. hirsuta’ Kauffm. . . 60, 62 » brasiliensis Desr.. ...... . 67 breviflora Gilib, . . . ..... 73 »s bucharica: Ijin’ 2) ee nee 55 S f. prostrata Iljin . . . . 55 > £ f. elabrata-Tlin’\ 60. 7 55 » @annabina Serres. ...... . 39 2 $3 8. excisa (Rchb.) Rouy. 37 wi, eretica Caveeuil ce IR eee Al armerispa TA Veey: 5 Tee sate ar Sct lore fe 73. 7 » var. complanata Litw. 64 ” ” » agenuind ‘Litwes 2). +13 » cymbalariae;olia Desr..... .« 31 i 2 Ldbindie teker. 30 >, .eHimbriatal line ae oo. -? 36 » @legantifolia Iijin ...... 86 hk < Verectal Giliby uate wee lie. ones & 67 Pag. Malva erecta Presl.. ......... 47 ” pits: ticifolia Mipine 2). pore 47 » erevanica Takht.. ..... .42, 47 av exelsaRehbi tae 52 0. Sa ea tise S i bi Mifastiotata Cavaceah eee oe. ck: 39 pia Garossheimil Wljiny 7 0c. ee 52 ©) denningir Galdb.,” 25. 60 pias mispanical ls.) %5 \2. ei eRe ae 36 pa) eaumifusa’ Elenning):2 \. ' yan: 60 PRLOETLCOMIISCH says oka ic. ERNEST 30 Ry hia@ltea Reha. i. Gus eee 39 3 platisectayliqinis. | 4 Stluestris Kervl. JA he eee ee 49 wie ‘Silvestris Ths i544 ieee one Al 5; z ssp. mauritiana (L.) Asch. et Gr. . . . 49 var. glaberrima Iljin. . 42 plebeja Schmalh. . 47 8. mauritiana Boiss. 49 Y. eriocarpa Boiss. 49 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” » 7 f. acerifolia, Ujinfae =) = a2 of + » ficifolia Ijin . . . . 42 % % » hispidula Beck . . . 42 5 i » inflata Ijin. . . . . 42 » orbiculata Detherd. . 42 rubifolia Iljin. . . . 42 subglabra Iljin . . . 42 trichocarpa Bordz. . 47 jw estluestrisiaucta:, 9. eee Al -) » 0.ambigua Baker .... 48 4° “stipulacea Cay. + 2 2 near 36 i Poisinensis#Cavanere 2 -elaee 49, 52 Nt) “thurtngracay Nis... 20°. = eve eae 77 » transcaucasica Sosn. ..... . 144 a Stritida rave wuss |= Cetin, ee 36 » tomentella Bruhns ....... A7 » Tournefortiana L. ...... . Al a) *werticillatai Baer) “cael ae 64 we verticillatayie: ee nee ne heat 68 ” x Be lerispawLe wos (oak 73 “0 4» 0. purpurascens Herd. 69 » vulgaris Tenore........ 56 a. xerophila Krassns°.5-.h-ope 2 60 Malvaceae “Juss! 'o 2 Se gees ae 23 Malvales,. Lind]i.neiese Seay ¢- °c 1 Malvalthaea Iljin. .......... 144 a transcaucasica (Sosn.) iljin 144 Malveae” A. ‘St Biles) 22. ae 29 Malvella Jaub. et Sp... ....... 30 i Sherardiana (L.) Jaub. et Sp. . 30, 31 Melanium Kupffer. subgen. ..... . A52 Memorabiles W. Bckr., sect... ... .- 407 Metrosideros gummifera Gaertn... - . ” salicifolia Sol... . . Mezereum Spach, sect. ... . - 2s officinarum C. A.M. Middendorfia Trautv.. ... . . (Trautv.) Afan., Shee + borysthenica Trautv. . Millepora Boiss... ... . . 203, Mirabilis Nym., subsect. . Mivrtalestomns Goal) 20 es a: Monephyllos W. Bekr., iyricaria Desv. : z alopecuroides Saint ” var. intermedia ” Grossh. . . > » sguamosa Grossh. . armena Boiss. ..... - dahurica (Willd.) Ehrenb. dahurica Krasn. .... . dahurica var. microphylla Bee. davurica DC. sth yer : var. macrophylla Dees ak elegans Royle gérmanica (L.) Desv. germanica O, et B. Fedtsch. . C. A. Mey. var. alopecuroides (Schrenk) Maxim. var. bracteata Franch. . . var. intermedia Rgl. et Miokoss. var. sqguamosa {Desv.) Maxim. . herbacea Ldb. . . linearifolia Desv. longifolia DC.. . S chescipebeid be longifolia (Willd.) Ehrenb.. . longifolia var. dehurica Ma- ” ” xin : ee Vii, ” macrostachya Kar. st Kir. . ” squamosa Desyv. Maric Saint-Lager . . . Myriophyllum L. en: loysutrn IDKCL 5 isoctophyllum Kom. . limosum Hectot . pectinatum DC.. sibiricunm Kom. . . . 065, 6 543 Myriophyllum siculum Guss.. . . spicatum Gmel.. . ” spicatumL.. .. . ” Spicatum@p lasses ict tb ater % ussuriense Maxim.. . . s verticillatum Li) s08 - , x var. interme- dium Koch. ” ” var. pectina- tum Wallr. . ” ” var. pinnati- fidum Wallr. ” var. wussuri- ense Rgi. ” verticillatum L. Myrtaceae. Pers! "2° 2" 3 107 Myrtiflorae Endl... ... . Myrtophyllum boreale Heer - - ” Montresori Schmalh Nomimium Ging., subgen. Norysca calycina Blume Novercula Kupffer, sect. Obliquifelia, secko 7 a a : 177, Obovoideae Hausskn., subsect.. . . . . Oceania, Subsen’ =) 2). see Ocunesizum. Rupr.) es eee _ intermecium Rupr. . OGcanilium) coarse ee eee Odontoglossa Niedenzu, sect. Genothera L.. . . . Ae biernis L es muricata L. A odorata Jacq. Ulbia Medic., sect 2 2 2. . Olygostema Boiss., subsect. . Olympia Boiss., subsect. Me Olympia Spach . . 203, x glauca Spach . . Qmagra Adans.. . =... 2. biennis (L.) Scop. . muricata (L.) Moench . 5 vulgaris Spach. . Onagraceae Lindl. ” ” Oneagreae Ralimann. subfam. . Orthoiobum Willk., subges. Parallelantherae Niedenzu, sect. . Parietales Lindl. Passerina A:nmodendron Kar. et ae annua Wickstr. - »” Pag. Pag Passerina racemosa Wickstr.. . . . 504, 510 Reaumuria hypericoides Curtis .... . 283 x StelleriWikstracwe es Gee lek. 502 5 Wilda! sae 282 PA vesiculosa Fisch. et Mev. . . 501 M 3 AUCE yt lem ica ee 282 Pavonia pentacarpos Rchb. .. =... .- 168 » $i var. angustifolia Papliscl..o i cnbwh-aoneinoye GS | A AS (M. B.) Trautv. 283, 284 4) Valternifolia May Betis tec Ge 533 5) es £. corymbosa Rg]. » elGorgstnenica Ms (Bic. i) 5 ya: 535 et Mlokoss.. . 284 * pinvmeanieaoosn. | 24" 4)0) 0 3; 24. 534 » + f. curvata Rgl. SNA LCAm WA Gekara aes Water A a ODT, et Mlokoss.. - 284 Pr oepontalatlmae Os ee Ca tea 8 534 ” » f. paniculata Rgl. Perforerayehoisy: . 0. 55 yo. tha 218 et Mlokoss.. . 283 Persicifoliae NY aG@ekr: -).< ebb ye eV aly 389 ” ” var. cistoides Phdlacrocagnas samen we elie, he ie) AGL (Adam.) Rgl. et RinnataesiWeabelegs \-stiar Chic a tes 2. 431 Mlokoss. . . . 3283 PlaciosticmayGodr., jstetisco). . 402 » a var. latifolia Planscentrae Kristoff, a iecee Sai deere 56 Lipsky 2 2 Gaeee Planocentrae (Kristoff) Iljin, sect. . . . 56 ” ” var. latifolia Platyphyllon Janchen, sect... . . . 348, 349 (M. B.) Trautv. 232 PlectilobumiWillk., subpen|). .42 0). : 338 ” hyrcana jaub. et Spach. . . 282 Poramonivhys Seub.,sect, \.. . 2 ss . 252 ” kaschgarica Rupr. -.-. - 287 Prunus ? kolomikta Maxim... ... . 188 i Korovinis Winezs 2) be 0 eye 283 Pierocarpac Boiss., scet. > -.,: ...- 8 fs Kuznetzovii Sosn. et I. Ma-d.. 284 Pt rospermites ss linifolia Salisbie, pee . 283 oF AMES Kale, 0 8 oa 5 ites) Pa oxiana (Ldb.) Boissi. 9 Soares ” auricuatus Pojark.- - - - - + - 185 i ersica Boiss. .... . As EAS ” deat.tus Heer. + + - a pa oaks) * reflexaglatosk-yagt our ae 231 ” sachalinensis Krysht.- - - - - - 185 ” sogdiana Kom... . . > See y spectabilis Heer - - - - - cue SRS M4 soongorica (Pall.) Maxim . . 279 » Tsche-nyschewii Kons: - - - - - 185 + squarrosa auct,. - 4.) 5) 202 ” SMO a. Rome ene ee eee 185 ns tatarica Jaub. et Spach.. . . 283 Pseudandrosaemum R. Keller, subsect. . 217 ni turkestanica Gorschk.. . . . 232 Pseudocistus Dunal, sect... ..... 338 ms bi f. contracta Pseudomacularia Gross., sect... . . . 338 Gorschk. . . . 282 Pseudonovercuia Kunffer, sect ... . 456 ‘: vermiculata angustifolia M.B. 283 Rantea en, od ats Ee +n oS. - ‘ var. latifolia M.B. 282 Hl Ga cetoeadihcea) as Monsawio etna. oe cure as 553 = Zakirovii Gorschk. . . . 287, 679 7 * f. tadshikorum M. Pop. 554 Reaumuriaceae Ehrenb. .. - . ee 75 39 is f. turcomanica M. Pop. 554 Reaumurieae Niedenzu ...... . - 276 SMeranatimilsepeiicn te Gece: ANS le eae 553 Renantherae Niedenzu, sect... . . - - 323 » pretopunica Balf. =... «12,993: Repentes Kupfier,vsubsect) \ . = yes ae Punicaceae Horan. .......... 553 Rhamnoides Moench .... . DR Restelia Pobed.. .. . ee are ce S141 Reaumuria L. .... . Seam ns Wee 21 é Alberti (Rgl.) Paned eee iets ‘ Badhysi E. Kor owe nn 200) Ueascyna.opach .. ty. ee «)s 203, 2h2 35 cistoides Adam... . . . . 282 Roscyna (Spach) Endl, sec. .... - 212 a a var. angustifolia Rosulantes Borbas, subsect. . .... . 378 (M. BD) Gerschks 6283 Rostratae Kupffer qa caee® See Puen) ” > var. Korovinii RotalasL 4. Siy5 hrc ah aes Ye vs 20 (Lincz.) Gorschk. . 283 » densiflora (Roth) Koechne . . . . 526 » crstordes auctay euch gs hee, » indica (Willd.) Keehne, 2. . 527 » filifolia Jaub. et Se Heir Pee si ppeplordessBaiscamaes tsk oh Sg 2 PRUBCOSAL Ce nae de whe ule «cP 2OS +. verticillaris ik. deeb ts ec. seis 526 544 Pag. Salicaria Koehne, subgenus ..... .- 548 o Spicaiaileamlnyirye P08 ae he 549 = virgata Moench ...... - 552 # vulgaris Moench. .....- - 549 Salsola foetida O. Paulsen ...-.- - - 288 Salzmannia Koehne, sect. ....-..-.-- 541 Sarothra blentinensis Savi ....- .- - 257 Schanginia Sievers.) . 9. 2 6 1 8 es 279 Schizostigma Hausskn., sect... . . - - 578 Le GeedaiOMe ites Gt ohio wl 149 OBA D IT orileugeiis (o 8s RAT AS Ss 146 » Sherardiana Benth ......- - 30 Coe Golncstull, "5. ah Mies eine erie 149, 150 tiacfoluminseny 6 a 146 Sidinae K. Schum., subtribus. . ° 149 Spachium R. Keller, subsect.. . ... - 257 SpatulaljHMochrisects yy.) ps ge 167 Sterculia Glehniana Heer - - - - - - - + = = 185 ” Vinokurovii Krysht. - + + - + + + > 185 Sterculiaceae Schott. et Endl. 1... .. 185 EEOIAW) GapiscctMuaenen fk ad ee 83 Stellonawleare s eesM ue ye 502 ” Picea sicrlbiets say 8 Ys Bes 515 - airarca Krys! tee Bynes 504 ” oe) hie bee 8504506; S10 bs s var. minor Boiss. . 509, 510 és chemacjasmenla (2 2h ee. 502 + Magakjani Sosn.. ...... 510 PIaSSeRUGIS, OX a 5 eee aN 483 s poRge: INalkal Gog s Gs) 6) wile A 502 stachyoides Schrenk .... . 512 Stelizvopsis Robbed.) ite wtih 3 503 és altaica (Thieb.) Pobed. 504 # Antoninae Pobed.. . . . . 509 5 caucasica Pobed.. .. . . 510 % iranica sobedaimiisueaes 509 ‘5 issykkulensis Pobed.. . . . 505 ” Magakjani (Sosn.) Pobed. 510 x tarbagataica Pobed.. . . . 504 ss tianschanica Pobed.. . . . 506 5 turcomanica(E.Czérn )Pobed. 506 Stolonosae Kupffer i‘ . 2+. 5 2. ns 402 Subsarittaraea)uz. 2 0k! ailawoen nme! 419 SYNSPEKMiay SECEN rs se). Gk fn se 177 Synspermia Tod., subsect.. ..... . 182 Synspermia Tod. ampl. Prokh., sect.. . 182 Synstigma Hausskn., sect... ..... 586 Taeniocarpium Jaub. et Spach, sect.. . 223 hamaricaceae Mindl.!-) “Wey. sy See - 276 Tamariceae Niedenzu, tribus. .... . 290 Tamariscineae Desv. ......... 276 545 Tamarix L. affinis Bge. Androssowii Litw. angustifolia Hohen. ” Ldb. aralensis Bge. araratica (Bge.) Gorschk. arceuthoides Bge. askhabadensis Freyn et Sint. brachystachys Bge.. ..... Bungeijboissacme semanas ee Neate breh Nal Wet Vou eet e canescens Desv. cupressiformis Ldb.. . . . - . dahurica Willd. decandragizalliie acne eae elongata Lab. Ewersmannii Presl florida, Bois age ay eee » var. albiflora Bae.. . Aucheri Bge.. . . Kotschyi Bee. rigida Bee... . . rosea Bge. florida Rusan. 48 sae eee gallica M. B. Pag- 290 317 300 305 307 318 299 312 - 306 298 309 308 307 Soi 326 297 316 306 306 306 306 306 306 313 311 var. micrantha Ldb. 310, 316 Pallasii Hook. py:nostachys Lab. ”» ” »” ” 5 » vulgaris Ldb. germanica Mi B.. 2.5... Pa EEG SE PS Sg ah tess . Palla ieycy tia ae 4 Schang. . FA var. casvica Pers. . fridetallig IRVIN 5 0 oo 36 5 bc gracilis) Wald: aulenr ass) ene gracilis Willd. T. hispida . herbacea Willd. hispida Willd. » var. genuina Bee. hirta (Litw.) Gorschk. » » pleiandra Bge.. . » 4. internodiis abbrevia- ” » ig Ne Ire oa 6 bo » £. internodiis elongatis Eno iors wel comanie hispida Willd. X T. passerinoi- des Delile . . Hohenackeri Bge. .--.-- - Py var. Bungeana Rg]. et Mlokoss. . 311 311 324 305 305 Tamarix Hohenackeri var. ferganica Drobov... . 5 var. glandulosa Rel. et Mlokoss. * var. pontica Rg]. et Mlokoss. . 7 var. taurica Rgl. et Mlokoss. is f. frondosa Lipsky a f. iberica Rel. et Mlokoss. karakalensis Freyn. ...-.- .- Fe var. myriantha Freyn et Sint. ” scoparia Freyn et # verrucifera Freyn et Sint. KareliniBrevvyy 7". 6. oe eware merce itwe-t.. 0...’ kasakhorum Gorschk.. .. . . Komarovii Gorschk.. . . . . . Korolkovii Rgl. et Schmalh. . . RotschymBae-en | Peer: ” var. rosea Litw.. - . laxadeBoe wee tints Mis Lys SegeSchmalhaey sate. en aman Wille seeas ee ee » var. araratica bge.. . . . macrantha Bge, . . . occidentali - caspica ” vy parviflora Litw.. . . polystachya Bee. . transcaucasica Bge. vulgaris Bge. leptopetala Bge. . . ..... . var. karabachensis Rg]. et Mlokoss.. . leptostachys’Boe. <7.) - 6.7... T. ramosis- sima Ldb. leptostachys Rusan.. .... .- Lipskyi Gandoger Litwinowii Gorschk.. . . . . . lorigyfolia Wilde, snk - macrocarpa Bge.. ...... Meyeri Boiss. miraotlis Eu iWors.. iis): montana Kom.. .... . . Ae. Ninae Gorschk. octandrayBge. «2 y. ws «2. ” ” Pag. 546 Tamarix octandra var. duplex Rgl et Mlokoss. - » rosea (Bge.) Rel. et Mlokoss. . odessana Stev.. ....... Pailasii Desv. . ....... 5 var. caspica Rgl. et Mlokoss. 0 » daghestanica Rgl. et Mlokoss. . kumensis Rgl. et Mlokoss. lagodechiana Rg. et Mlokoss.. . laxiuscula Rg. et Mlokoss. . . longifolia Rgl. et Mlokoss. macrostemon Rel. et Mlokoss.. . + » pycnostachys Boe. fm eee + » tigrensis Franchet Pallasiijarcts) - ei eee paniculata Stev........ passerinoides Delile .... . a var. macrocarpa Ehrenb. » > T. ramosissima Ldbais, «see: passerinoides divaricata Ehrenb. pentandra Pall. polystachya Ldb.. ..... . pycnocarpalD Cane) ae ramcsissima Bong. et Mey. . .- ramosissima Ldb.. . ... . - E var. albiflora Gorschk. # » brachystachys Bee. ste odessana ” ” (Bge.) Schmalh. ramosossima Ldb. x T. hispida Willd. XT. leptosia- chys Bge. 316, rosea. Bae, «20h .\ eae ae ” ” soongorica Paal ....... Spiridonowii B. Fedtsch. . - Szovitsiana Bee. Szovitsiana Rusar.. .... . taurica Pall... 1. tr eee Pag. Tamarix faurica var. octandra Pall. . - 298 A tetragyna C. A. Mey. 296 . Raddeus. 2dsao uns 295 Ectragynal yet syek © Sie bela) ' 295 * var. heterantha f. lon- gibracteata O.Ktze. 295 ‘ E var. pallida Trautv.. 295 i tetrandra Pall... ......- 298 ‘, var. parviflora Boiss. 301 Fs f. alba Stev.. . . . 298 a » rosea Stev. 298 tetrandra auct.. ......- 307 tomentosa Smith... ....- - 308 = turkestanica Litw. . ..- - - 312 ” ” f. brachystachys Litw. oS Ternstroemiaceae R. Br. .....-.- - 197 Yernstromiacinium euryoides Felix - - - - - - - 198 Sine aw Pare yie Cee is a ab a) 198, 199 =) vassamica Masti &)/.0552 > 1 +: 199 Bolen lesite. 5 INO GS ET 4 ak 199 » cantonensis Lour ........- 199 chinensis Sims ........ - 198 MP SineENsisS! [2.)\ "aloes wien web say seeaehs 193 » var. assamica (Mast.) Choisy 199 » bohea (L.)DC.. . 199 ” » cantonenesis (Lour.) Choisy 199 ” » viridis (L.) DC. 199 WIRIGiS lah itt a ee os ae 199 TheaceaevD: Donny | 2). 0 se ee 197 ithespesia® ties Ye otk) aieakewee- 172 Tihymelaea End)... ........ 482 7m arvensis Lam... .... . 433 ” erassipes Heer+- - - + + + = - 483 ‘ laupeola S2opids 1 We): 438 5) MEZEFEUM SCOPWa = 4. =: 486 > passerina (L.) Coss. et Germ. 483 5 praecox Gilib. 486 Thymelaeaceae Adans. ........ 481 Thymelaeoideae ......... 482 agate ais Aue acy dilate ataadeoiie ald wa tel 4 cedar lies gay nae ee 7 amurensis Rupr... ....... 16 sd var. Kry/oviana Kom. 16, 17 QmUrenSTS \ANCtaa) | ny eee - ile we angentean West. s,.6)5 4) ae, Bee 7 begoniifolia Stev. ........ 13 carinthiaca Bose... . .- anna Dae. " Po Sechmalh, . ..... 11 Caucasicam uprima: a) ales, 11 547 Pag. Tilia caucasica var. multiflora C. K. Sohne). Sewers 13 mS f. angustifolia Rupr... 12 * » ecostata Rupr. ... 12 7 » lasiocarpa Rupr. .. 12 . » Sphaerocarpa Rupr.. 12 ” » subcostata Rupr. . -. 12 e Sol weordata 2) 595 i: 12 r angulata X T. cordata . 13 x typica X T. cordata ty- piea 2): 12 cordata. Kiryl,) se icc oie 18 o Maxim sees ont eS 16 cordata Mill. .....-.-...- 20 e var. mandshurica Maxim. 16 sibirica Maxim... - 18 cordata Mill. - - + © + + «© + + = = 1 cordata: ss lo eck. 2 PATER See 21 cordata Mill. « T. platyphyllos Scop. ee 23 cordifolia Bess. . --.---.--: - 14 coratfoliay Millen ny a 15 dasystyla Stev. -.-.---+--:-: 10 Fe » XT. cordata Mill.. 11 euchlora C. Koch .....-.- - 10, 11 Giipytgel so. 0 io Boo 2 6 0 S 14, 20 foliolariss DEL 2 Eyam ene 7 grandifolia Ehrh. . ...--.- - 15 intermediay DC eee 11 = BONES o ag oc a 46 11 Hohenis ses SRR ee 13 Jarochenkoana Grossh. et Wagn.. 13 koreana Nakai .-.-.---++:+:+-: 17 Kozlowskyana Grossn. et Wagner 12 aiaigriif oli anh Manet, RN ok a olen 1 Makashviliana Grossh. et Wagner. 13 mandshurica Rupr. -...-.-- - 89 microphylla Vent... - +--+: > 20 multe flana: Wdlbe 1s 2) eho ato 13 multiflora X T. cordata Mill. . . . 13 obliqua) Elontes)-rie-teie ele ane 11 varvifolia Ehrh.. +--+: + + : 20 ” | is LS AR PSEA, SU 18 pekinensis Rupr. -- +--+: -: - 8, 8 platyphylla Scop. © + * - : 7 ts se + rt nlataphyllos MB... ---- - of) til x Medile 40 y. nemesis 13 * Seopt yipet-p 4. saben 14, 15 ” ssp. cordifolia C. K. Schn.. . 14 b var. cordifolia (Bess.) Viv Engl). h-) oe Pag. Pag. Tilia Prilipkoana Grossh. et Wang. . . 13 Trapa caucasica var. tanaitica Fler.. . 654 » pseudorubra C. K. Schn .... 15 »\ /chinensrs)Hlern .:,2upe i aaeteeny a: . 647 “)), pseudorubra) Waone) Wis fob, EE # a var. Flerovi Skv.. . . 647 3. rotund folra Viertieiy: 0 wok) dies ate 7 » » Colehiea -Alboff.::<)a sari. xs 655 PIRES oho) sewn Dh CURRAN HORRENDOUS iNT Ae NE 11 =o ig var. pseudocolchica ei » Ssp. caucasica V. Engl. . . 12 V. Vassil. . . . 655, 656 » » » caucasica var. typica » conocarpa (Aresch.) Fler.. . . . 649 f. begonifolia (Stev.) . - {. bicornis V. Vassil. . 649 Ver Engle. lS zi 3 » Pyramidalis V. Vassil. 650 » » » caucasica var. typica » eruciata (Glck.) V. Vassil.. . . . 650 f. multiflora (Ldb.) = depauperata V. Vassil. . .... 651 V. Engl. . . 13 | divarieata, Palib, 7) ee ane - 168 , “ » caucasica f. dasystyla »s europaca: Fler sit 2) eae 662 (Skv.) V. Engl... - 10 i, 3 var. caspica V. Vassil.. 662 s » var. begonifolia (Stev.) C. K. fi, WUBI RODAeR Bice: a: teenie eg een 639 Sehngyc. als » fastigiata V. Wai thre fos A AGG cf Py » dasystyla C. K. Schn.. 10 4.) Wunigarica Fler: oy Dah> athe Geeta aire en Sy Asean WieteenisG ou Beg) Weg) 3h". foe aS s. \ hyncana 'G. Worent 3 ee 654 Pueiprcciitd, Borbiy., itt waunene 11,012 pp ineisa Kome).14 weaken ane 647, 648, 649 » sachalinensis He r - +--+... . © 1 Ss A Sieb. et Zucec. ..... . 647 » semicuneata Rupr. PD. a tnt Dl hice Che ea 18 9 Ivtschenkoana V. Vassil. - - + + + - = 629 Me SEBLcrirional is iNuiprer ari) Se ae oO wie » japonica Fler. ... . . 647, 648, 649 Pesibinicayiischn co mye wake eee tual » kasachstanica V. Vassil. ... . 654 DEL SuOMUoCniaGSprye, . . . +. «20,022 » Komarovii V. Vassil.. . . . 647, 693 pee aquelinG. Ker Sehrmt Py suacy\ tale. 17 e i f. rhomboidalis V. Vas- wmecomentosa Moenchy.- 2 \ewemn s 148 sil. . . 647 eaten Ola: SCOP. el Vi LMmiwo AeA. : 20 » Korshinskyi V. Vassil. . . . 648, 694 oviluanisghleyne: gee pela lier, 23 _ 4 f. ambigua V. Vassil. 648 3 wulgaris Medw.- 6). 2... Ii 3 a f. Schischkinii V. Vas- » Sp Se Sab See oe 1 Ge a 1 sil. . . 648 Tiliaceae We Lae aise RPM eT J ce ete 1 5,» Roziowiiy Kiry shits jaa magne ath. k6sS Tzapa eet a Anise eaiiicy = O38 » Kryshtofovichii V. Vassil. - - - + 639: » ambigua V. Vee UF see 1049 » laevigata (Nath.) V. Vaccine Pi6S2 ~aramunensis “Hilersn ys icucdaaeeae 659 , Litwinowii V. Vassil. . . . . 649, 694 if $i var. bispinosa Fier.. . 647 » longicornis V. Vassil.. . . . 661, 698 Zt Ps » transhaicalensis . malotica G. Woron.. . . . . 654 WeaVassileu ieee 659 A. a var. borysthenica V. vee » astrachanica (Fier) Winter . . . 653 sil. . 654 » a@strachanica (Fler.) Winter p.p.. 660 % + » Pontica V. Vassil. . 654 » Oispincsa Korsh.... . eine | O48 , Maleevii V. Vassil. . ... . 655, 696 ” bituberculata Heer - - - - +. - - - » 662 3 manshurica Fler. ....... . 660 » borealis Heer- + - + - - ay olen On 639 i f. fastigiata V. Vassil. 660 » borysthenica V. Vassil.. ... . 654 » Maximowiczii Korsh ...... . 643 » britannica V. Vassil. - . . . . . a 653 5 ms f. bicornis V. Vassil.. 643 » carinthiaca (Beck) V. Vassil. . . 661 » media (Glck.) V. Vassil. . . . . 652 MECaSpICa NE) Vassily as See . 662 vce misrophyllaulicsg: f4) ab Maven lua, Gene 639 nipncaucasrea Mer atim.ae cle ane) e . 654 > .muzZanensis Jigei) ~« \.4 Nahe MENA 639 ‘ as var. astrachanica Fler. 653 & onatans Ley.) Tac. sake ie ace 652 cp x » colchica (Alb.) ud » var. amurensis (Fler.) Kom. 5 Fler.. 655 et Alisune auahekeecies 659 a; . » hyrcana (G. Wo- a » bispinosa Fler. . . . 651 ron.) Fler. 654 : ii » bohemica Fler. - . . 451 548 ‘Trapa natans var. carinthiaca Beck. . Pag. . 661 conocarpa Aresch.. . 649 coronata (Nath.) Glek. 652 cruciata Glek.. . . . 650 caucasica Glck. f. bi- cornis Glek. 651 ” ” 4 » laevigata (Nath.) Glek. 652 3 » media Glek.. ... . 651 ‘, » Mmuzzanensis auct. . . 662 b4 » suecica (Nath.) Schroe- ter . 651 “6 » surajensis Fler. . . . 651 is f. coronata Nath... . 652 of » laevigata Nath. . 651 , » subconocarpa Nath. . 651 oe » subcoronata Nath.. . 652 7» » suecica Nath... . .- 651 MALAMS MIGAgite? eeMiciae ke oh gi toate hikes viet Te 639 natans Schinz ......... 651 Piet, Schroctermecn ie 661 » auct. . 649, 650, 651, 654, 655, 656, 559, 660, 662 » conocarpa (Aresch.) Nath. 649 2 » f. conocarpoi- des Nath. 649 ” ff f. elongata Nath. 649 ” Re f. rostrata Nath. 649 ee Bs » subconocarpa Nath. 649 newadensis V. Vassil.- - - + - + «= = 659 Nikitinii V. Vassil. - - - - +... > 659 pectinata V. Vassil. 659, 697 ponticayN Nassils cS. 654 Potaninii V. Vassil. . . . . 647, 693 praecarinthiaca V. Vassil.- - - - - 639, 642 praeconocarpa V. Vasil. + - - + = = 639 pseudocolchica V. Vassil. . . . - 656 pseudopomelii V. Vassil.- - + +--+: + 639 pyramidalis V. Vassil. . ... .« 650 rhomboidalis V. Vassil.. . .. - 648 rossica V. Vassil. .... - 651, 65 » f. laevigata Nath. .... 652 sajanensis V. Vassil. . . ... - 659 Schischkinii V. Vassil. . ... . 649 septentrionalis V. Vassil. . 651, 695 ” var. depauperata V. Vassil. 651 5 t. wolgen- sis V. Vassil.. 651 sibirieal ler: Spe ae hes 656 i var. ussuriensis V. Vassil. 656 Pag. Trapa sibirica var. sajanensis V. Vassil. 656 » Spryginii V. Vassil. 660, 697 » subcoronata (Nath.) V. Vassil. . . 653 wa tanautica, Plersa aaa. 0.) Shee 654 » transbaicalensis V. Vassil.. . . . 659 » Iranzschelii V. Vassil. 644, 692 » tuberculifera V. Vassil.. . . 644, 692 » turkestanica Krysht. - - + - - 639 » ussuriensis V. Vassil.. .... .- 659 a. wolgensis) Ven Viassilee iene) 02 651 Triadenioidea Boiss., subsect .... .- 221 Triadenum Raf... ........ 201, 2C2 e asiaticum (Maxim.) Kom. . 202 _ crassifolium Nakai. . .. .- 202 py japonicum (Blume) Makino . 202 Trichaurus Arn. .. +++ .... 290, 314 oa (Arn.) Gorschk., subge- nus . 314 3 Aucherianus Dene. 314 5 Pycnocarpus Dene. 314 iicuspidatum) sue 2) eee 177 Trigonocarpea Godr., sect. ..... - ee) ‘Trionum)!DCaisect.ajig-ae eee oe 157 Trochostigma Sieb. et Zuce.. .. -.- - 186 Bs arguta Sieb. et Zuce. . . 190 * Kolomikta Rupr. 188 i polygama Sieb. e: Zucc.. 194 r repanda Sieb. et Zuce. . 194 Umbrosae Juz.) 2 ae A eae 407 Uncinatae Kupffer ........°.. 353 Unicolulares Aschers. et Magn., sect.. . 633 Ureneae; trubus -) See eee 24 Varleratae (Juze o's [hy a ee sea 413 Vernales| Bge.,: sect...) 4h oie: 295 VestitaesDunntfsectat aaa eee aa 187 Viola Louisa aaa eas ee 350 4 | acuminatay Ldb.ptieicas, Gee 394 eS a” ssp. austro-ussuriensis Wu Bekrayt. ie ee 396 a eS var. dentata W. Bekr.. 394 1. @cuminata auct?, ie) eee ee 395 » acutifolia (Kar. et Kir.) W. Bekr.. 450 we admaticawbineyn) aren isiie yemmalneuee 366 4 -allatcay Mivedi Wed. \h Syaee 429, 431 wv. alba Bessersti tt i= aaa back 366 “ » ssp. armena Kupffer . - . . 367 7, » —. violacea Wiesb ..... 367 » alba Xsuavis Freyn ...... 368 » albida ssp. marginata W. Bekr. . 425 » Alexandrowiana (W. Bekr.) Juz 412 549 Viola Alisoviana Kiss... ....... ” “5 f. albiflora Kiss. Allionii Pio + B. arenaria Rchb.. . allochroa Botschantz. altaica-Ker-Gawl.. . ..... . » ssp. oreades W. Bckr. . . typica W. Bckr.. . . longicalcarata Kupff. oreades Kupff. typica Kupff.. .. . » ” ” ” ” ” »” » altaica Pall. » Schmalh. » Lurez. of AUCEWSNE ieee eee ena: OT Sh alpestris W. Bckr. ssp. clegans W. Behr. . 2%. Grosshteee teat My een ambigua Waldst. et Kit... .. . amurica W.Bckr.. ....... aperta Gioia 6) 2 eee ees app2ndiculata W. Bekr.. ... . arcuata ssp. verecunda W. Bekr. . Grenaria i DCHine % sis. ME es armena Boiss. armena Boiss. et Huet arvensis Murray a f. nemausensis Borbas . . atroviolacea W. Bekr.. .... . austriaca A. et J.Kern.. . .. . austro-ussuriensis Kom avatschensis W. Bekr.. .... . baicalensis W. Bckr. IBESSeErIRUpYe eigen ah eaaah ea Besseriana Rupr biflora Toye ee ee eh Mee MAY » var. crassifolia Makino. . " » platyphyllaFranch.. . a » typica De Boiss... . » 9. acutifolia Kar. et Kir. . » . sitchensis Rg]. . . . 449, » ™* caucasica Rupr. Billotii F. Schultz blanda Rgl. blanda Wallds. 40) 202 ),0 ary . boreqlis Weinm. borysthenica Klok. brachyceras Turcz.. ... . brachysepala Maxim. eaespitosa Don... ....... ory Joan. felt nett relt pal Trey a 8. epics) Whe ety watt (o campestris M. B. 377 Viola campestris %. caucasica Rchb fi. podolica Ldb. Y. pannonica Rchb.. . — fl. purpur. ») = canadensis bong. 6 fs) ane B. sitchensis Ldb.. . . ” ” ”» ”» ” ” » Canina L. 3 Canina Ldby Ma) ss) et ste eee ssp. typica W. Bckr.. . . - acuminata Rgl. lucorum Rchb. macrantha Ging. Mihlenbergii Trautv. . 6. pratensis Doll. podolica Bess.. . Riviniana Mert. et Koch neglecta Ldb. . .. . . sabulosa Rchb. silvatica Fr. ” »” ” » b) Riviniana Fr. 381 4 wo) yp esilvestris) Rel. tn en = 387 es » ¢. flavicornis Aschers.. . 398 be » v. lducorum Rehb. 398 ne » » montana Fries 396 5 » » stagnina Déll. 390 ‘A » 0. crassifolia Grénw.. . . 398 Pf » » macrantha Wallr. 381 x » » rupestris Rgl.. ... .- 388 ei 4). 1elatior Doll ses oa ee 390 ” » & kamtschaticaGing.. . . 387 We SE St REE 397, 401 » caninaefcrmis C. Richter... . 381 » earnosula W. Bekr. ..... 409, 410 = \ caspia Preyn 292) ae eee ae 383 . » var. 8. masenderana Freyn. . 383 » » |) YwobtusalFreyns ee. mn 383 » caucasica Kolenati ....... 444 oS eenisia Alle) Pee eae, eee 452 » chaerophylloides (Rgl.) W. Bekr.. 433 w “chelmea Halacsy, 7 to 374 » chinensis W. Bekr. ....... 425 rs 2 AUCES He tec) Uae ie Bee 418 mM Meollina* Bess: '.s* i) ssa) ee 373 >. leonferta Nakai. (01 oe 448 = « Coniliz. Frvet Savin) 3 (eae 411 2 Peornuta Le se ae ae ee 456 *) » ssp. orthoceras Kupff.. . 456 Viola cornuta var. pontica Rupr. crassa Makino ......... crassicornis Bekr. et Hult... . . cretacea Klok.. ...... 471, cyanea Cel. . dacica var. palmata W.Bckr. . . dactyloides Roem.et Schult... . var. multipartita ” danubialis Borb. ........ declinata Waldst. et Kit. digitata Pall. disjuncta W. Bekr........ dissecta Lab. dolichocentra Botschantz.. .. . ebracteolata Fenzl. ...... . elatior Fr. . B. latifolia Vel... .. . elatior Fr. - - elaticr provincialis Kirschl. . . . Elisabethae Klok.. . ... . 465, epipsila Ldb. ” ” ” ssp. OMe, cds or eo? Or) Onle palustroides Wie Bickers ia kins ” var. epipsila Ldb. - epipsila auct. erecta Gilib. ericetorumSchrad. ...... . Falconeri Hook f. et Thoms... . Fedtschenkoana W. Bekr. fennica Nyl. Steph. finnica Steph. Fischeri W. Bekr.. ....... Fischeri Sweet ......... WIQDICURTISUSIM acu yc. (yi ss FUSUOFIAIS SM. =, + ieeuil. Waging glabella Nutt. glabrata Kupffer ........ Sal. glauca M. B. Gmeliniana Roem. et Schult... . var. albiflora W. Bckr. ” Dp o7 es repens W.Bekr.. . . var. palu- stroides W.Bckr. . hyperborea Rupr. Marsch. . . . . 374, hispida Ldb. a. hispida Ldb. glabra Rgl. et Herd. . scorpiurifolia Ging. cordifolia DC. . . 551 Pag. Viola grandiflora Maxim. ...... . 477 ceva) ett cios ted DA o aN EAS NAN RGlniee StL Arabia eR Iey Tne 369 » ssp. brevifimbriata W. Bckr. 369 ; » longifimbriata W. Bekr. 369 * » 9. collina Schmalh.. . . 373 z » Y. campestris Schmalh. . 373 i») a Nat. collunaminole ta) alte, 40 373 ss » fragrans DC...... 370 Mla eyed (eae (ter lel (aT at Be All > » %. typica Maxim. .. . 369 tele VMaiprem Ging. se sons ef. Thigbyc Lic See aaa eee 352 hirta Udb: 2: 3. ee ee oe 370 hintipes.S: Moore). yh ee 413 hissarica,, Juz.0 > Josie. Ble 422, 682 Hultenti Wi. Beker) i. oe Sue 406 hybrida. Wulfenws) 2) 5 gaerioanie 401 hyperborea Rupr. ........ 404 ignobilis#Rupre Uwe eae 364 umber bis Mdbaeney sath) oe eee 418 a Bie. ee ane 408 incisa, Lunrez ch aya ueY sue ule ae 431 ingrica Me Basin. ogee ane 401, 402 inodora Andrz.......... 369 wd, AGilibs:,, ee ees 403. incutianalslurez ce eee 415 isopetala Juz... .... 384, 385, 681 japonica Franch. et Sav... .. . 439 Joott'Jankag chia en cata 08 ad olin 419 Jordant\Hanry,) sees ee 392 » #. pseudo-elatior W. Bckr. 392 kamczatica var. umbrosa Rgl. . . 408 “ 6. glabra Rgl. . . . . 409 kamtschadalorum W. Bekr. et Hult. 438 kamtschatica \Ginge a 4s teee - 408 karakalensis Klok. ..... 473, 687 Karelintana itwai sar. sie ee 451 Keiskei ssp. transmaritima W.Bckr. 411 ” ” ” var. lep- tophylla W.Bekr. 412 Kitaibeliana Roem. et Schult... . 469 cS var. majoriflora Kupf- Be Ait, ath So vine ers 469 Komarowit W. Bekr. .. . . 381, 387 Korshinskyijazei 5) sche eae 385 Kronenburgit W. Bekr. . . .. . 427 kunawarensis W. Bekr. .... . 427 kunawarensis Royle ....... 428 Kupfierivlokivaie. 202) 5) 460, 683 kurilensis Nakai. ........ 445 Kusnetzowiana W. Bekr.- . . . . 407 Pag. Pag. Viola Jaciniosa A. Gray. -..-.... 394 Viola mirab. var. subglabra f. strigosa & i Mactea ETiesig sven ith ais, setae ane 392 WeiBekr. 2eaae.) 375 i elit Cie baby bettie heir (tee 9 gh 390 s, 5 a vulgaris Ldb. . . . 375 es Leareceolata pe allem. Giiky canal hale 426 ” » 8. Langsdorfii lus. c. S sancti oliatBessalsawin, Maye) = dl < 396 caulescens Rgl. . . 438 x 7 Wrallrieraie 8 sis erties 398 i - » Langsdorfii lus. d. 9, Langsdortiii, Pusch: veya» 437 hispidula Rgl. . . . 438 y 2 ssp. sachalinensis W. i - » Langsdorfii lus. par- Bekracciciad iqveeit 438 viflora Rgl. . . 437 : = var. ursina W. Bekr. . 437 ; = » Langsdorfii lus. su- : 3 B. caulescens Ging. . 438 bacaulis Rzl. . . 437 pu lasvosimesnNakal) 4-1 saree ae 450 > b) ,» subglabra “db. . 375, 377 e-) LavrenitoanaiWloks e-5 = ame sete 472 - miranda W. Bekre J Seale 387 ® Ledebouriana Juzieet 22 eos! 377 » WMiyaber Makino) =. <) 3) wee 413 Pe wditttoralis-Spren = ©.) sai. waynes e 460 § modesta Penzljiat. oun gene ee. 4:4 RE aL GALS 2 ho tee: Loep PROMS s 388 » modestula Klok. ...... 474, 687 » macrocera; W. Bekr. ..... . 418 » monocaunica Paw ........ 456 » macroceras Bge. ........ 417 » monochroa Klok. ..... . 477, 688 MACHOGEPASES \ cilialy-< Sate. ea Ne exon! 417 y amontanar Lich. sy ve Lge eely esa Ae Es 396 : ssp. eumacroceras af * var. «. elatior Rgl. . . . 390 Kh: oirethe is), spe ss 4l7 a » vs, datipoliatKryliic:. 297 Ps " 4. ssp. purpurea Kupft. 418 P 5 » » glabra Weinm.. . 396 » mandshurica W. Bekr.. . ... . 425 i s » . persicifolia Mart. . 393 e MariaciWiiBekr. , shears aoa nere: 387 se a » » pubescens DC... 392 matutinayMlokwe.. .loeiee 467, 685 y F » » Stricta Weinm.. . 330 Mauritii Teplouch. ....... 379 * F » v.stagninaRgl. . . 390 3 ss var. brevicalcarata W. h hy se 0.Rappii, (DC. 2 396 Beka) aden) 379 » montana Maxim.......... 390 ‘ ‘, var. longicalcarata W. Es " Rotheau sy -5 soho) Slee 390 Belkriekesc: wee) habla, 379 = smonticolat jorda.955 sce eee 461 » Meyeriana (Rupr.) Klok.. . . . . 479 5, multifida Willd... series. perenne 432 Plmicrantimawin Sckrien neers 394 > Mchidorfi Kissske acme one 450 Ps A. proles brevistipulata » Mihlenbergit Torr. ....... 379 WiBekriahancscaiat. 395 . wnunda Jaz5kh. 3 ie, haan ee are 419 3 B. proles grandistipu- » mutsuensis W. Bekr. . .... . 387 lata W. Bekr. . . . 394 }, , eglestayM., Boy So UR cee 383 4, i B. proles grandistipulata » hemausensis Jord... ...... 470 2. lus. austro-ussurien- b nitensylostsais: oe ee 401 sis), We Bekrs).) «|. (396 » occulta Lehmann ........ 475 ” ” TOE ze Peed er aca 395 > * f. villosa W. Bekr. . . . 473 MIicroceras RUpTea helio yes 2 ak 442 B. odora Necks) Sahn pn eee 363 Bele TALI CAS Sess Mir a encll okt Waly 0 UP 478 * odorata, Ly) bic nee ee 363 ” ” var. daghestanica Rupr.. . 478 r. A ssp. Wiedemanai Kupffer . 363 2 ” » Meyeriana Rupr... . 479 F a var. acutifolia Neilr.. . . 367 8 s we typical Kupfier.au. 418 2 . 5 alba, DE! Ph Settee 367 » ” » EWR eyelets a od 478 - 7 » leucantha Gaudin. . 367 M. MNFAbilisg srs, WE alc 375 i » rotundata Celak.. . 363 ” ” var. brecnysepaia Rgl. . 377 2 » %. hirsutior Stev. . . . 363 i . » glaberrima W. Bckr. 376 $ é} 8. glabrior Ldb.. . . . 365 ” ” » KusnetzoffiRgl.. . 376 a 3 so ajornsyM, Bs). Me. ysike 365 ” ” » subglabra f. latisepala § 93 » Steveni Bess... . - 365 W. Bekr.. . . . 375 suavis Boiss... . - 365 552 Viola odorata a. hirsutior Ldb. 367 5 3) b. major Ldb. 367 PE VOTCAGES SVB. gc! sito eearl = mewn e 478 » oOreliensis W. Bekr........ 383 » orientalis (Maxim.) W. Bekr. . . . 448 . he var. conferta W. Bekr.. 448 ey ‘Orphanidis, Boiss: $4 yet) enpowaeiii 456 » orthoceras Ldb.. ........ 456 sw oxycentra Juz. 1. = cnyaeede.- 430, 682 » oxysepala Borbas ........ 401 PRACTICA UZ. s<)s seed bat emedtlss 411 ~epalmata Sievers) ss 2 4-\piveue 434 maenalistris Yuet «We. ayyan civevueorh ue 403 ” Bs ssp. 8. epipsila Schmalh. 404 3 x var. epipsila Maxim, . . 404 " % a) vulgaris DC.. . 408 » palustris L.- »- - + + + + + e+ © + 352 PE POMISEFIS AUCE... .. dureriye) «-)s)lace 405 Me pervula’ Linco, = asd -mistydh'awet? 473 Se eatriniin Gin. «5 te seh aud WORM 421 - ~ var. chinensis Maxim. . 418, 425 ” x » Macrantha Maxim. . 425 ” - , mapaulensis Ging.. . 425 > % » subsagittata Ma- MiMie cate, chars 421, 422 ” " f. hispida W. Bekr.. . 421 wr epersicisolza Ldb. «, 8)... Ye 8 390 Ae a Bink: Peer. vena 392 wuepersicitolia Roth.\/.0%". 0. eh) - 390 . i; ssp. elatior Schmalh.. 390 es Ke » —. pumila Schmalh. 393 ‘s Be var. pumila Schmalh.. 390 r iy » b) pumila Garcke . 392 » Phalacrocarpa Maxim. ...... 411 + " ssp. Alexandrowi- ana W. Bekr.. . . 412 ” i: var. brevicalcarata W. Bekr. 411 ” " pallida Yatabe . . 413 n philippica ssp. munda W. Bckr. . 419 Sr APPEREERRT@CLLD se) SUMNER gS ae 432 3 F ssp. dissecta W. Bcekr.. . 432 s “ » multifida W. Bekr. . 432 cf *; » sibirica W. Bekr. . . 432 ‘5 e var. dissecta Franch. . 433 ” 7 ” ~ f. a) pedata Mig: . 9) +433 » ” » ” » b) triphylla Mig... . 433 » » ig x » ¢) pedata Miq.. . . 433 Viola pinnata var. 553 Pag. dissecta. lus. glabra Rgl. . 432 » pubescens Rel. . . 432 lobata W. Bekr. . 432, 433 ” ” ” ; » ptlosa Freyn.... 432 ks » stbirica Ging. 432 Ms 9 elOurezse oe Bee 432 Bs » » tlatisecta W. Bekr. 432 a )) Be Turezi. Ble 432 angustisecta W. Bekr. 432 8. chaerophylloides Relive Sierra 433 pinnata auicts 2 °n Bees end eee 433 podolica Andrz.......-.-- 398 pontical WiBekrie i 6a) ea 365, 366 pratensis Mert. et Koch... .- - 392 primulaefolia L. ......+.-- 421 primulifolia Schult... ...-.- - 401 prionantha Bge.. .----+--:- 418 procera Pall. ..-. +. +--+. 390 procumbens Gilibh. . -- --- - 398 provincialis Burnat .-.-.- - - 392 prunellaefolia Fisch... - +--+ - - 421 pseudostagn‘na Voroschilov 391 pubinervis Rehm. et Wol. 404 pumila Chaix... +--+ +--+: 392 var. ericetorum Ging. - - 398 orientalis Kupffer 391, 393 ” ” ” x » typica Kupffer . 393 purpurea Stev. -- +--+ ++: 418 pyrenaica Ram. - -- +--+ -- > 374 RaddeanaRgl.. . ------- > 441 recta Garcke --+-+--+-::>: 391 repens Turcz.- - +--+ +--+: : 405 Reichenbachiana Jord... --- - 378 riparia Hartm. -- +--+ +--+: 401 Riviniana Rehb.. . - - - - - : 381 1 ssp. margelanensis W. Bakery eas ootizs; Sees eet 384 Riviniana auct.. . ++ +++: > 382 Rossii Hemsl..- -- +--+ °°: 413 rotundifolia 8. pailens Ging.. - - 406 rupestris F, W. Schmidt. - - - - 388 var. arenaria W. Bekr.. 388 " »~glaberrima Murb. 388 ” » glabrescens Neum. «|. -1385,/a80 ” » typica Neum. . 383 Schmisisthe ona ge 389 ’ Be Wee MLR es teh el ape 389 382 rupestris auct. ViolavRappiz db sk dabei naan eiie 396 sacchalinensis De Boiss... . . . 386 sachalinensis B. Fed sch. 387 Salinawlurcz ine 8 ee ae 4°8 sarmentosa M.B......... 303 saxatilis Kupffer. .... . 465, 466 B FOU eet cas a Baie A467 scandica Fries ......... 404 scaturiginosa Walir. ..... . 401 Sclan/ila Koch tance i ha) en: 374 Can iesyaele® Moho 3 cso eatliel cou 366 3 var. violacea 367 Selkirkit#Rurshieeye = = sce. 4 468 = var. angustistipulata W. Bekration Sysnsee 408 ‘ » brevicalcarata W. Bekrscit pwsween 408 a » glabrescens Bekr. et leleltes G5 cls oo 409 sepincolayjordem. san ae aa ak 356 sepincola Kupffer ssp. pontica Gams 355 Sieheana W. Bekr. ...... - 383 Sintenisii W. Bekr. ...... . 368 silvatica Boiss. ..-...... - 383 o Feries rie ec lant ie ene bab eg alle 378 i ssp. V. rupestris Schmalh. 388 i var. caspia Rupr.. .« 383 es » macrantha Fr... . 381 a » Riviniana Boiss. 331 i 8. Riviniana Aschers. et Graebn. 381 rb » arenaria Aschers. et Graebn. 388 silvestriformis W. Bekr. .... . 380 srivestris udp. 2 ee ee 387 silvestris ssp. caspia Kupfier. . . 383 a » eustlvestris var. sub- rupestris Kupffer . . 383 A » eusilvestris var. tran- sittoria Kupffer. . 383 i » neglecta W. Bekr. . 383 a » turkestanica W. Bekr.. . . . 384, 386 » var. Riviniana Koch 331 » OP (oud baer es cae 383 : & nemorum b. macrantha DOM esse iy ei 381 y » typica Maxim... . . 387 = 8. grandiflora Gren. et Godr ceeds) Yass 381 mn » rupestris Maxim. 388 + f. pallida Neum. . 378 554 Pag. Viola silvestris f. rosea Neum..... . 378 * % » typica Neum. 373 » Silvestris Trautv. et Meyer 394 # Steve. Be Mee yr Renan 383 4 AuUCct PLO eM 383 » somchetica C. Koch. ...... 418 » Sosnovskyi O. Kapeller .... . 474 we Siagnina Wits: aM. ce) eee 390, 391 Ba stricta klornem.40- @ ee 391 » subprionantha W. Bekr..... . 420 a Subsagit‘ata: Juz: i.e ao eee 422 SM suecica ET. os 5 ee eee 404 » sze-tschwanensis W. Bckr. et De Boiss... 2 445 He suavistiMiaDs ean eee ee We 365 i » var. brevifimbriata W. Bekr. 363 wi Sylvestris’ Mam: 55. = '5, 2030" 378 » tanaitica Grosset ........ 382 » tarbagataica Klok.. .... . 458, 633 i towrica €. Al Me Oye ys poate 365 oc LE NUICOMNIS| Wo AEN hae pee) eee 415 is 3 ssp. daicalensis W. Bckr. 414 Ba Fs » primorskajensis W. Bekr. . 414 ” " » trichosepala Weabekri ee time 416 wit Levlouchovil ¥juziie) ails 383 » Thessala Boiss. et Sprun. 368 » tianschanica Maxim... .... -. 427 » lokobuchiana Makino ..... . 410 swe trichosepala! Juz.) 20. .°. 2°45: % 416 ee EPIC OLOT [ue Mae tcee wales Wait a eee pa 462 = 4 ssp. Kitaibeliana Schulz et KellerAkey’ eure 469 ee BS var. appendiculata DC. 475 o 7 » arvensis DC... . . 468 iy = » bellidioides DC. 473 as s » caucasica Kupffer. . 460 % i » elegans Boe. ... . 459 " i » E. Kitatbeliana Ldb. - 469 a v » maritima A.F, Schwel- OPA « cease «ays 460 ¥ ” » parvula Pres. 473 » tricolor L. - - + + © + + © « «© « « 352 » tricolor.genuina Wittr. .... . 462 n hortensis grandiflora hort. 452 Turezaninewii Juz 2) ee ee 395 turkestanica W. Bekr.. . . . . . 430 turkestanica Rgl. et Schmalh. 428 a var. «. typica Kom. 428, 429 ” » 8. rupestris Kom. 430 turkestanica Vved. ....... 429 ‘Viola ugamica Juz. uliginosa Boiss.. ........ uliginosa Bess. . . . ...... umbrosa Fries uniflora L. uniflora var. acutifo ia B. Fedtsch. * » Kareliniana Maxim. . » orientalis M:xim.. . . 8. pumila Fisch. “ Miaixiim icy staan tee hy eas ursina Kom... . . . Barta le Vandasii Vel... .... . variegata Fisch... ....... i ssp. chinensis W. Bekr. . ” var. &% ftypica Rgl.. . . i » Y.ircutiana Rgl.. . ~ 8. chinensis Bze. 451 451 451 448 451 448 437 392 414 416 414 415 416 Pag. Viola variegata f. albiflora Freyn .- 416 We UQrlegia ray auc ts ia aie maar en i ae 416 » verecunda A. Gray . . . 439 » vespertina Klok.. ... . . . 466, 684 » virescens Jord. .... . . . 367 » Wiedemannii Boiss. .... . 363, 364 » Willkommii Teplouch...... . 379 He Woltianal Weibokryr 2) se) ies ue 366 » Xanthope ala Nakai 449 PHAN AS UMBRO MECs pe LURE'Y xsany MANET Pak Ne 352 ViiolaceaeJusseisiiay 2s 6 aharere aes 350 ViolamartiasRupry sa ee: eee 363 Violidium’@S Koch} sect., pam epee 408 Wikstroemia altaica (Thieb.) Domke 504, 506 i chamaejasme (L.) Domke. 502 Z turcomanica (E. Czern.) Domke . 506 555 VEGETATION REGIONS OF THE USSR Abbreviated name Te Arctic Ka /ANE eX GCHNIN DS Li chet Na ice Senne VAIN Seem Fira e. s ac oati Maia: BS UAT S111 Oe vnunet es emg Area Aide pels Bey haleleee, AOSTA Ts i ibe European part Gi eaie HIER aS ean eny.: ie Dver—Peche 35 ees 3) a Mel 3 OR SP Sh PAST NRA ic a AN a ee Tel Obese it lay NG sig sia oan anna LA WSS 219 0 gS a UZ Ue LU) 1D at] 0) a ean ea USS ise NILES ID aN O) ee ata nn tee ee SOLS ee i i 1B) uj ARO ANSH I hae ete ame tT ae 164 01 UI Daisies Tat eke al ESOS gaia ene MERE alo ged Lyall TiS oT LSS Oe SRV Rae ty te PAA VAN. vad sk caeaed hg ZA ee Prd IOI ee 1. ary 7p ahi \V aoa SERRA ft ne IDE Caucasus igh OSG ERLE Sine PUR ange PAS eT) Lele iE RR ata ee ae ZH Wy iii. GPE NG Syenive ie Ngee te mebe ies Zien fy SEIMEI Ges be Ue) SRNR: ZGrWeon WCAC, | Sal Y oe es 7 As aoe CIP. ILS SSG IY aR AO a IW, West Siberia PA 6} Ss 5) 0)84 7 GPs SS RS ZO MO MMO arent e hk ae 20 Men Cea, ORM SA ee eae OTR eAUL Geen enteytire GR ee Se hn Full name Arctic (European part) Novaya Zemlya Arctic (Siberia) Chukchi Karelia-Lapland Dvina-Pechora Baltic States Ladoga-Il'men Upper Volga Volga-Kama Upper Dnieper Middle Dnieper Volga-Don Transvolga area Upper Dniester Bessarabia Black Sea area Crimea Lower Don Lower Volga Ciscaucasia Dagestan Western Transcaucasia Eastern Transcaucasia Southern Transcaucasia Talysh Ob region (from the eastern slopes of the Urals to the Yenisei River) Upper Tobol 556 eee VY, oe a » Y% | 2 (7 aie 3 2a V Bh KAMA @ t way Ay be eS 2 Pay 5) \ ws 1% Of, o.! Kev ey [ot Hlehuran, tw) ie), ie) Mel! lie tue) pee ia) worl America (U.S.A. and Canada) Tibet 557 no 120 430 140 FLORA REGIONS OF THE U.S.S.R. NOVAYA ZEMLYA Q SSG SNA tn, Krasnoyarsk ANG. - SAY, Abakan 1 = cRIM. 4- E. TRANSC. 7— TAL. 10- syr pb. 2-clsc. 5 - Ss. TRANSC. 8—mrn. TuRKM. 11-zu.-TaAKs, 3-w. TRANSC. 6- pac. 9— amu b. 200 oo 200 400 = 600 B00. 1000 km ——— i 61006 1/566 a. ae tS Po aia hi niideeaan meeneae i" Wh East Siberia OZR) MAC D LSM Og petite as Yenisei SMB IAU PAIL] Sh alke e106) Panna ne Lena-Kolyma SL AMINED «= ISENY 8 esas SUE rn Angara River-Sayans Ste DUE, Trees ia aN ie vate Dauria Wale Far East SOP walkearta GlasGen, Nebr Sasi emit: Kamchatka Sill AO) Kala iy ee cla) na Okhotsk NC ie te AC all 0 Lewes Oy eg Zeya-Bureya SORA MWe. ire aN Ra ama Udar River area AOR AISIS 3, sae: cab ew feata eee Ussuri lo Sua ee Walaa hoon ai Sakhalin VII. Soviet Central Asia AA Ni, CUS De wi ae fe ula Aral-Caspian ALS ail Ste Ul cla wan acl ter ery ema Lake Balkhash area NE ND Db ah Metal oad eye nae Dzungaria-Tarbagatai AID BEY Zi I cans So Se Kyzyl-Kum As ACETIC. sisiab alles latch oT har Kara-Kum Al Neal MC oielToaY SS a Mountainous part of Turkmenistan 21S) Seger su aaa D De ey ae ee Pa Amu Darya BNO.) OWT. 1D) sabe aamersitcih < niecke a ak Syr Darya BO sutras SA hs Ua bdoud cenit . Pamir-Alai 2 Dar SS) ced ee ee en Tien Shan Accepted Regions for Indication of General Distribution of Species Appearing in ''Flora of the U.S.S.R." 1h UCC ie RE, Seren Ber ORT Ie ere Arctic (Spitsbergen, Greenland and farther) ik WSC etal I Rem tees ge te. Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland) UU erate 2B os tual vebeayin | sable Central Europe (Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland) IV 3 2 ECE aS ae ee ne en ne Atlantic Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Britain, France, Portugal) Wo INS 0 PRR, con A one ange Mediterranean (including North Africa) NY 1B 2 WE WES ee Wo yan ea re eS ee ee Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor a plileeNrera = FOU C5) elias dhe reece Lesser Armenia and Kurdistan WDD Ste) 0 eRe ee re PY Re ee Iran and Afghanistan WS; ASS = sina a ean eye tr eee ee at India and Himalayas TD) ZAIB es Ses a aaa I re [Dzungaria-Kashgar area] Eastern or Chinese Turkestan (Sinkiang) GTM OTM ST ic: Pe we pall hale ee saeic bia Mongolia DSI SI ETO eG gaat ee Wry me Tune ree ari aC Japan and China PONE eas emciue se ls s lds ve LL North American coast of the Bering Sea SIVA MOEN |S UA\ic ee a nana Seen tne ee North America (U.S.A. and Canada) DS Whe SNUG) (GANAS Sa Ue Ee eae Ua Tibet Sh TKS Z 5 Eee ok 0) , i Lf y ral Distribution of Species in "Flora of the U.S.S.R." Other Geographical Abbreviations ANGE tis ORAS Gee ia VAT roe Meteo a Africa PANTS A ictt pins Bes rel arena meenat hc won, (Pei pean eizes iets Australia (GHETTO SiS iia Soles Bete eM ie aves MES dc Central IE APE eM wAPe foe cals Me. phn Waa lye TU tia ee East(ern) (CRG tity CA 5 0 Ip di a ca eum a eee ts Great, Greater TEAS tele eer RR Mee Pe ee A eta Ae Island Seager ot Sines cy Syrepoee arte see: natal Pails Wate met erie Islands INA Re? EO aha Re ae TL teen Am erm A aR AR Mount IVES egies rea cans! Cale selsecee acta cae em tetecs te anette Mountains TINT 2 ot ee lg eI PP BE North(ern) TR ee te | MULd ular aNd CAR Ocean CAC, BEN Sis River Seat Say eo Se a a A South(ern) NPP ee ME uc t Ne asia ees tans West(ern) TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 1. The Russian term 'Srednyaya Aziya'' is, in English, Central Asia (or Soviet Central Asia). Therefore the term Middle Asia has been used for Russian ''Tsentral'naya Aziya,'' which is non-Soviet inner Asia, com- prising western China (Sinkiang and Tibet) and Mongolia. 2. According to Russian usage, the European part of the USSR is "eastern Europe.'' Therefore ''western Europe" includes the whole of Europe outside the USSR. 558 EXPLANATORY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF RUSSIAN INSTITUTIONS AND PERIODICALS APPEARING IN THE TEXT Abbreviation Bot.-Geosr. issled.v Turkest. Bot. Mat. Gerb. Bot. inst. AN SSSR Bot. Mat. Gerb. Gl. Bot. Sada Bot. zap. SPb. univ. Bot. zhurn. SSSR Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada Byull. Obshch. lyubit. estest- vozn., antrop. IeinogT: Byull. Voronezh. obshch. estestv. Dendr. Der.i kust. Der.i kust. Kavk. Dikie polezn. i tekhnich. rasteniya SSSR Dikorastushchie r.Kavkaza, ikh rasprostra- nenie, svoistva i primenenie Full name (transliterated) Botaniko-geograficheskie issledovaniya v Turkestane Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botaniche- skogo instituta AN SSSR Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada Botanicheskie zapiski Sankt- Peterburgskogo universiteta Botanicheskii zhurnal SSSR Byulleten' Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada Byulleten' Obshchestva lyubitelei estestvo- znaniya, antropologii i etnografii Byulleten' Voronezh- skogo obshchestva estestvoispytatelei Dendrarii Derev'ya i kustarniki Derev'ya i kustarniki Kavkaza Dikie poleznye i tekh- nicheskie rasteniya SSSR Dikorastushchie raste- niya Kavkaza, ikh rasprostranenie, svoistva i primenenie 559 Translation Botanical and Geographical Investigations in Turkestan Botanical Materials of the Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Botanical Materials of the Herbarium of the Main Botanical Gardens Botanical Notes of St. Petersburg University Botanical Journal of the USSR Bulletin of the Main Botani- cal Gardens Bulletin of the Naturalists’, Anthropologists! and Ethnographers!' Society Bulletin of the Voronezh Society of Naturalists Arboretum Trees and Shrubs Trees and Shrubs of the Caucasus Useful Wild Plants and Industrial Crops of. the USSR Wild Plants of the Caucasus, Their Distribution, Properties and Uses Dokl. AN Azerb. SSR He Fl. Abkh. Fl. Almat. Zapovedn. Fl. Alt. Fl. Alt.i Tomsk. gub. WipAg ROSS Fl. Evrop. Rossii Fl. Gruzii Fl.Kamch. Fl. Kavk. Fl, Man'chzh. Fl. Mosk. gub. HimPokestya Fl. Sev. Kraya Fl. Sakh. Fl. Sib. Fl. Sib.i Dal'n. Vost. Jel. Sue, Ne uiAaiay., Ross. Fl.Sr.Ross. Fl. Tadzhik. Fl. Talysh. PAT sentr: Kazakhst. Fl. Vost. Evr. Ross. Fl. Yugo-Vost. Fl. Yugo-zap. Ross. Fl. Yur. Bot. sada Fl, Zap. Sib. Gerb.donsk. fl. Gerb. Orlovsk. gub. Gerb. Ukr. fl. GRE Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. Izv. ANSSSR Izv. Bot. Sada Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR Flora Flora Abkhazii Flora Alma-Atinskogo Zapovednika Flora Altaya Flora Altaiskoi i Tomskoi gubernii Flora Aziatskoi Rossii Flora Evropeiskoi Rossii Flora Gruzii Flora Kamchatki Flora Kavkaza Flora Man'chzhurii Flora Moskovskoi gubernii Flora Poles'ya Flora Severnogo Kraya Flora Sakhalina Flora Sibiri Flora Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka Flora Srednei i Yuzhnoi Rossii Flora Srednei Rossii Flora Tadzhikistana Flora Talysha Flora Tsentral'nogo Kazakhstana Flora Vostochnoi Evropeiskoi Rossii Flora Yugo-Vostoka Flora Yugo-zapadnoi Rossii Flora Yur'evskogo botanicheskogo sada Flora Zapadnoi Sibiri Gerbarii donskoi flory Gerbarii Orlovskoi gubernii Gerbarii Ukrainskoi flory Gerbarii Russkoi Flory Illyustrirovannaya Flora Moskovskoi gubernii Izvestiya AN SSSR Izvestiya Botaniche- skogo Sada 560 Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaid- zhan SSR Flora Abkhasian Flora Flora of the Alma-Ata Reserve Altai Flora Flora of Altai and Tomsk Provinces Flora of Asiatic Russia Flora of European Russia Georgian Flora Kamchatkan Flora Caucasian Flora Manchurian Flora Flora of Moscow Province Flora of Polesie Flora of the Northern Mercitor y: Flora of Sakhalin Siberian Flora Flora of Siberia and the Far East Flora of Central and Southern Russia Flora of Central Russia Flora of Tadzhikistan Talysh Flora Flora of Central Kazakhstan Flora of East European Russia Flora of the Southeast Flora of Southwest Russia Flora of Yur'ev Botanical Garden Flora of West Siberia Herbarium of Don Flora Herbarium of Orel Province Herbarium of Ukrainian Flora Herbarium of Russian Flora Illustrated Flora of Moscow Province Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Bulletin of the Botanical Gardens - =P". Izv. Bot. Sada Petra Vel. Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada Izv. Kavk. Muzeya Izv. Kazakhst. fil. AN SSSR Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada Izv. Obshch. lyubit. estest- vozn., antrop: i etnogr. Izv. Obshch. Sadov. Izv. Tadzhik. Bazy AN SSSR Konsp. rast. okr. Khar'kova Korm.rast. Estestv. senoko- Sov i pastb. SSSR Mat.(dlya) Fl. Kavk. Mat. (dlya) fl. Sredn, Azii Mat. (dlya) Fl. stepei Kher- sonsk. Gub. Nov. obozr. Ob. rast. Kievsk. uch. okr. Obz.Krym.-Kavk. Medicago Och. obozr.i fl. Karpat Ocherk. Titlsth. Opis. Amur. obl. Opis.ist.razv. fl. vost. Tyan'- Shanya Opis. nov. rast. Turk. Izvestiya Botanicheskogo Sada Petra Velikogo Izvestiya Glavnogo Bota- nicheskogo Sada Izvestiya Kavkazskogo Muzeya Izvestiya Kazakhstan- skogo Filiala Akademii Nauk SSSR Izvestiya Kievskogo Botanicheskogo Sada Izvestiya Obshchestva lyubitelei estestvo- znaniya, antropologii i etnografii Izvestiya Obshchestva Sadovodov Izvestiya Tadzhikskoi Bazy Akademii Nauk SSSR Konspekt rastenii okruga Khar'kova Kormovye rasteniya estestvennykh senoko- sov i pastbishch SSSR Materialy dlya Flory Kavkaza Materialy dlya flory Srednei Azii Materialy dlya Flory stepei Khersonskoi Gubernii Novoe obozrenie Obzor rastitel'nosti Kievskogo uchebnogo okruga Obzor Krymsko- Kavkazskogo Medicago Ocherki rastitel'nosti i flory Karpat Ocherki Tiflisskoi flory Opisanie Amurskoi oblasti Opisanie istorii razvi- tiya flory vostochnogo Tyan'-Shanya Opisanie novykh rastenii Turkestana 561 Bulletin of Peter the Great Botanical Gardens Bulletin of the Main Botanical Gardens Bulletin of the Caucasian Museum Bulletin of the Kazakhstan Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Bulletin of the Kiev Botani- cal Gardens Bulletin of the Naturalists’, Anthropologists' and Ethnographers' Society Bulletin of the Horticul- turists' Society Bulletin of the Tadzhikistan Base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Compendium of Plants of Kharkov District Fodder Plants of Natural Hay Meadows and Pastures of the USSR Material on Caucasian Flora Materials on Soviet Central Asian Flora Materials on the Flora of Kherson Province Steppes New Review Survey of Vegetation in the Kiev Educational District Survey of Crimean- Caucasian Medicago Survey of Carpathian Vegetation and Flora Survey of Tiflis [Tbilisi] Flora Description of the Amur Region Description of the History of the Development of Flora of the Eastern Tien Shan Description of New Plants of Turkestan Opis. nov. vidov Opred. der.i kust. Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. Opred.rast. Kavk. Opred.vyssh. Opred. (vyssh.) rasten. Evrop. chasti SSSR Opyt Russko- Iai, 1b, Perech. rast. Turk. Poch. eksped.v bass. r: syr- Dar'i i Amu- Dar'i Priroda Protok. Zased. Kievsk. Obshch. Estestv. Putesh. Rast.i fl. Karp. Rast. letn. pastb. Gandzh. Rast.res. Turkm. Rast. resursy Kavkaza Rast. Sib. Hasty sreAze Rast. Turkest. Rast. Zakasp. obl. Rastit. Kavk. Rastit. pokrov. vost. Pamira Rastit. syr'e Kazakhst. Rastit. zapovedn. Guralash i Zaaminsk. lesn. ugodii Opisanie novykh vidov Opredelitel' derev'ev i kustarnikov Opredelitel' rastenii Dal'nevostochnogo kraya Opredelitel'’ rastenii Kavkaza Opredelitel' vysshikh rastenii Opredelitel' (vysshikh) rastenii Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR Opyt Russko-Kavkazskoi Flory Perechen! rastenii Turkmenii Pochvennaya ekspedi- tsiya v basseinu rek Syr-Dar'i i Amu- Dar'i Priroda Protokol Zasedaniya Kievskogo Obshchest- va Estestvoispytatelei Puteshestviya Rasteniya i flora Karpat Rasteniya letnikh past- bishch Gandzhi Rastitel'nye resursy Turkmenii Rastitel'’nye resursy Kavkaza Rastitel'nost! Sibiri Rastitel'’nost' Srednei Azii Rastitel'nost' Turke- stana Rastitel'’nost' Zakaspii- skoi oblasti Rastitel'nost' Kavkaza Rastitel'nyi pokrov vostochnogo Pamira Rastitel'’noe syr'e Kazakhstana Rastitel'nost zapoved- nika Guralash i Zaaminskikh les- nykh ugodii 562 Description of New Species Key to Trees and Shrubs Key to Plants of the Far Eastern Territory Key to Caucasian Plants Key to Higher Plants Key to Higher Plants of the European USSR Attempted Russian- Caucasian Flora List of Turkmenian Plants Soil Science Expedition to the Syr-Darya and Amu- Darya River Basins Nature Protocol of a Conference of Kiev Naturalists! Society Travels Plants and Flora of the Carpathians Vegetation of Gandzha [now Kirovabad] Summer Pastures Plant Resources of Turkmenia Plant Resources of the Caucasus Vegetation of Siberia Vegetation of Soviet Central Asia Vegetation of Turkestan Vegetation of the Trans- caspian Region Vegetation of the Caucasus Plant Cover of the Eastern Pamirs Plant Resources of Kazakhstan Vegetation of Guralash Reserve and Zaamin Forest Lands Result. dvukh puteshestv. na Kavk. Russk. Fl. Russk. lek. rast. Sbor, sushka i raz.lek.rast. Sorn, rast. SSSR Sots. Rastenie- vodstvo Sov. Bot. Sov. Farmats. Spis. rast. Spis. Rast. Krymsk. Zapovedn. Tr. Bot. inst. AN SSSR se , Byer. lias. Azerb. Filiala Akad. Nauk Tr. Bot. Sada Tr. Bot. Sada Yur'evsk. Univ. dine By ure oy prikl. Bot. Tr. Dal'nevost. bazy AN SSSR Tr. Inst. nov. lub. syr'ya Tr. Nauk.-Doslid. Inst. Bot. Khar. Derzh. Univ. Tr.Obshch.isp. prir. Khar'k. univ. Tr.Obshch. sadov. v Odesse Tr.odessk. obsh. sadov. Rezul'taty dvukh puteshestvii na Kavkaz Russkaya Flora Russkie lekarstvennye rasteniya Sbor, sushka i razvitie lekarstvennykh rastenil Sornye rasteniya SSSR Sotsialisticheskoe Rastenievodstvo Sovetskaya Botanika Sovetskaya Farma- tsevtika Spisok rastenii Spisok Rastenii Krymskogo Zapovednika Trudy Botanicheskogo instituta AN SSSR Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Azerbaid- zhanskogo Filiala Akademii Nauk Trudy Botanicheskogo Sada Trudy Botanicheskogo sada Yur'evskogo Universiteta Trudy Byuro po prik- ladnoi botanike Trudy Dal'nevostoch- noi bazy AN SSSR Trudy Instituta novogo lubyanogo syr'ya Trudy naukovo-doslid- noho instytutu botaniky Kharkivs'koho Derzhayv- noho Universytetu Trudy Obshchestva ispy- tatelei prirody Khar'kov- skogo universiteta Trudy Obshchestva sadovodov v Odesse Trudy odesskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov 563 Results of Two Travels to the Caucasus Russian Flora Russian Medicinal Plants Gathering, Drying and Development of Medi- cinal Plants Weed Plants of the USSR Socialist Plant Growing Soviet Botany Soviet Pharmaceutics List of Plants List of Plants of the Crimean Reserve Transactions of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of the Botani- cal Institute of Azerbaidzhan Branch of the Academy of Sciences Transactions of the Botani- cal Gardens Transactions of the Botani- cal Gardens of Yur'ev {now Tartu] University Transactions of the Bureau of Applied Botany Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of the Academy of New Fiber Raw Materials Transactions of the Botanical Research Institute of the Kharkov State University Transactions of the Natu- ralists' Society of Kharkov University Transactions of the Odessa Horticulturists' Society Transactions of Odessa Horticulturists' Society Tr. Peterb. obshch. es- testvoisp. Tr. pochv.-bot. eksp. Peresl. upr. Tr.po geobot. obsled. pastb. Azerb. Tr.Odessk. otd. R. obshch. sadov AR. joe ws, loxoye. (gen. i sel.) Tr.Ross. Obshch. sadov Tr.SAGU Tr. Sarat. ob- shch. estestvoisp. Tr. Sil'skogospod. komit. bot. Tr.SPb. obshch. estestv. ihe 5 ANeiClAay. bazy AN SSSR AD, AL onl loxoyir inst. AM eu mom, (Wore Tifl.) bot. sada Tr. Turkmensk. bot. sada Tr. Turk.nauchn. obshch. Uchen. Zapiski Kazansk. Gos. Univ. Vest. Akad. Nauk. (or AN) Kazakhsk. SSR Vestn. estestv. nauk Vestn. Ross. obshch. sadov Trudy Peterburgskogo obshchestva estest- voispytatelei Trudy pochvennobota- nicheskoi ekspeditsii Pereslavskogo upravleniya Trudy po geobotaniche- skim obsledovaniyam pastbishch Azerbaidzhana Trudy Odesskogo otdele- niya Rossiiskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii Trudy Rossiiskogo ob- shchestva sadovodov Trudy Sredneaziatskogo Gosudarstvennogo Univer siteta Trudy Saratovskogo obshchestva estest- voispytatelei Trudy sil'skohospodar'- skoho komiteta botaniky Trudy Sankt-Peterburg- skogo obshchestva Trudy Tadzhikskoi bazy AN SSSR Trudy Tbilisskogo bota- nicheskogo instituta Trudy Tbilisskogo (Tiflisskogo) bota- nicheskogo sada Trudy Turkmenskogo botanicheskogo sada Trudy Turkmenskogo nauchnogo obshchestva Uchenye Zapiski Kazan- skogo Gosudarstven- nogo Universiteta Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR Vestnik estestven- nykh nauk Vestnik Rossiiskogo obshchestva sado- vodov Transactions of St. Peters- burg Naturalists! Society Transactions of the Soil- Botanical Expedition of Pereslavl Adminis- tration Transactions of Geobotanical Investigations of Azerbaid- zhan Pastures Transactions of Odessa Branch of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Transactions of Applied Botany, Genetics and Selection Transactions of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Transactions of the Soviet Central Asian State University Transactions of the Saratov Naturalists' Society Transactions of the Botanical Agricultural Committee Transactions of the St.Peters- burg Naturalists' Society Transactions of the Tadzhik- istan Base of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Transactions of Tbilisi Botanical Institute Transactions of the Tbilisi (Tiflis) Botanical Garden Transactions of the Turk- menian Botanical Garden Transactions of the Turk- menian Scientific Society Scientific Reports of the Kazan State University Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR Bulletin of Natural Sciences Bulletin of the Russian Horticulturists' Society Vest. Tifl. bot. sada Visn. Kyyivsk. bot. sadu Vizn. (or Vznachn.) rosl. URSR V.obl. polupustyni Yadov. rast lugov i pastb. Yubil. sbornik V.L. Koma- rovu Zam.po sist. 1 geogr.rast. Tbil. bot. inst. Zam.o Rast. Russk. Flory Zam. po: fl. Dae Zap. Kievsk, Obshch. Zap. Kyyivsk. Inst. Nar. Osv. Zand. Nauchno- Pxcilll Chel! Zap. NOVO-ROSS. obshch. Estestv. Zap. Russk. geogr. obshch. Zhurn. Bot. obshch. Zhurn, opytn. agron. Yugo- Vost. Vestnik Tiflisskogo botanicheskogo sada Visnyk Kyyivs'koho botanichnoho sadu Viznachnyk roslyn URSR V oblasti polupustyni Yadovitye rasteniya lugov i pastbishch Yubileinyi Sbornik Posvyashchennyi V.L.Komarovu Zametki po sistematike 1 geografii rastenii Tbilisskogo botaniche- skogo instituta Zametki o Rasteniyakh Russkoi Flory Zametki po flore El'tona Zapiski Kievskogo Obshchestva Estest- voispytatelei Zapysky Kyyivs'koho Instytuta Narodnoho Osvichennya Zapiski Nauchno- Prikladnogo Otdele- niya Tiflisskogo Sada Zapiski Novorossii- skogo obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei Zapiski Russkogo geo- graficheskogo obshchestva Zhurnal Botanicheskogo obshchestva Zhurnal opytnoi agrono- mii Yugo-Vostoka 565 Bulletin of Tiflis Botanical Garden Bulletin of the Kiev Botanical Garden Key to Plants of the Ukrainian SSR (In the) Semidesert Region Poisonous Plants of Meadows and Pastures Jubilee Collection Dedicated to V.L.Komarov Notes on Taxonomy and Geography of Plants of the Tbilisi Botanical Institute Notes on Plants of the Russian Flora Notes on the Flora of Elton Reports of the Kiev Society of Naturalists Reports of the Kiev Institute of Public Education Reports of the Applied Sciences Section of the Tiflis [Tbilisi] Botanical Garden Reports of the Novorossiisk Society of Naturalists Reports of the Russian Geographical Society Journal of the Botanical Society Journal of Experimental Agronomy of the Southeast 7 ortega by Pinan mee Yh ok i , waa. ae H (ities to nates, ee aap ne ae: reps Pee RAE ALG. 2 AF ke ur cioane. er eae § | oa Re Petia shes ax ee cones at sohbet tla y 2 id Benita Tp a aa Wate tk ty yi fas cea igamrtsi st hWetticied haya Rah ni i etiaiy ee SM ee Teh ea hy tR ie. BONS PEMD Ae veut: ssh Bir ir ra Pyne wes @ Moly a" oe ‘pustenaian agelhillag ameay rch ae i Mg 4 yas ete wi cus saint i aHbpe eT AL Liaibretbiit abies tabeidyoe tinct. Rapin wi pile ame ak i eee cient Cente Lae Kiowes a 215] Pethewh os eetont, iee | vesytbiesi a teas #} i eeaai sean: ie te Raat Mieipelags ae u een “Hani Ps sewn ay ringer wi Dacbiesmaeny «| wala 5 aah ag iets ihe testi ia a ARR aaa tnd hom eerie lh Siebel aking re rbaelsiiocient. rere & ra paras pon! AS od dita tees As cote Way Rpelbinivor ds Serpe "5 ide tila re GH Y oyigt TUR ARL hatte yO | ra me SLATE. Rate rye Oe Aas JT ar & pia bis = ey he Poti h ay Oe ia ae oie AUR teat age tee atest GY ey: Roe T DIYs tye) “sce weit | i pi detie vt Naural nS . i 2 my \ ent a sa A ay tai hues Se ITUTION A XS = BES co) l oa wow a +2, Ge La | _ io] = Oo Cys ‘“ = uw 2 apy lh J = Vays Ss = ames m LON oc y : 4h ON Dc, y & rms \ ot < wm <= ie NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYUEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT S of : Co ey Li NVINOSHLINS S3I4u\ NVINOSHLIWS Ve YS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN a. % , - = . SVEURIT LPB RARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS | Sa 1YVvYy 4 wn hes s Ne “| ay “S z 2 WN = a < 3, Pa < i WS Oi ae = ‘ A a = iN S = p fe) = O Oui : z a) bees ool a s we Hy ITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT, z Fs a ie Ss ‘ = qj 2) BE ; — wo = co w — My ow = 0) LY \. x0 2 4/2 ee aa 2 ii iS — > e Vy pif © = = WS 2 Ee hae 2 i 2 a 2 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVUE Za Sie no als ie ep) z n Be ete = < = < = Y), z a Bea Ne 4 z 4 NS Zi; Yin ae Na oO Ba 2 RNS re) ae oO Z = KOT 2 E NQF Zz = z s ~S > S SS > = > 7p) 2 77) tas Zz wv Fa ITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU n =z we Zz Hf Zz fr “ : = 3 = Gy," z= a _< - < Wf on a = oc ier ac Jot ie = 9 = S = 3 yWUGdIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVY! : 5 : é c «. oe Ee = Ag PYG es - Es i > “44 =) = = = Gy, rg = i = m = UW m 2 m g ~* — op) — Ww — ITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYUSIT LIBRARIES ~~ w = Ww za we Ww Pd z & Se ee Ks z z os - Z 4 > N Y =) S a 5 x BD fy 2 SX. ws 9 g z G47 2X 8 Z re 2 “my = *\ 2 =. > = > = el se = oes w Zz n oh. ae ” YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Zz ie a io z xx oe w = aD a wn KX i a ee 2 < = WA < = oe 4 = = © a iS = i ° = 3 S Z Ls if =< a Pe nie ITUTION _ NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS $3 1YVvVugd aie LIBRARI ES SMITHSON A ee —— Oo oes % [@) < : — | ay , rail 30-N, 7 E fern, x Yo : ams 2) 5 Gy = 3 | ” 7 al 3 WSS. 3 = 2 ty Gis > (= ; Os) FE Ee ge] > SWS, 2 CE 34) FE 12 HWA re 3 y & 4, £74) C; S Onn. sala NVINOSHLIWS S ee Pps z 1@) 7 le ea = w ILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI Y SSIYVUGIILIBRARIES 4 nh ‘Y YQ INSTITUTION BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN Z Z G \ aN. INLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S31NVUSIN NOILNLILSNI BRARIES SMITHSONIAN SAIYVUGIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION S of NVINOSHLIWS RNS SY SMITHSONIAN ‘9 4 NOILNLILSNI ILA LILSNI EI_LLBRARLES NVINOSHLIWS sa1uvygit ITUTION NOILALILSNI INSTITUTION S3SiuvudIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS __S31uvuaglt LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI JLNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31IYVYUSIT LIBRARIES BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI Pah < ee Or x OS a = = w . 7 if ~ NVINOSHLIWS 2 oe - % WX a S As S < apy S\Q E = YH er s : LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN rae al . ty . | ow —— Lf 2 — ty > = piv’ S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES Lo} ~ a g ey = 0, Line INSTITUTION INSTIT SMITHSONIAN saluvygi NVINOSHLINS S31YVvyugiq Lap te) oO} = Css * r ws YS in NY, Zz 41s . SMITHSONIAN = ie w < : = Zz = oe = tf} w a oO = z = > n a ee zs _NVINOSHLIWS uJ ra 4 it < a WS c: : KL er 2 : SMITHSONIAN ~ Fea = ro) wo = 1, : 5 8% 0 a bk a es ie m ” w = NOILNLILSNI Z = = ay = x Ly @ >! = Bes w LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN ry? SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS SSI1YVYEIT LIBRARIES S NOILNLILSNI JVUGIT LIBRARIES Ar Cl vy NVINOSHLIWS NVINOSHLINS S31uVvuslt INSTITUTION INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN sgiuvugi S31 u\ OILNLILSNI N INSTITUTION INSTITUTION NOILA NOILALILSN ITUTION NVINOSHLINS SMITHSONIAN SatuYvudit LIBRARIES NYINOSHLIWS me Kay ae Cy eS NOILALI LIBRAR INSTITUTION NOILALI Lis LIBRAR NOILNILI. INSTITUTION NOILALS. nig i