Ui<.^] r iL^ LIBRARY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAl: GARD^ BRONX. NEW YORK 10468 UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT AND STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE VERMONT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BURLINGTON. VT. BULLETIN NO. 187 APRIL, 1915 Flora of Vermont _ . .^^^ List of Ferns and Seed Plants growing without Cultivation '0^ Prepared by Vermont Botanical Clubl:^' -^^r."--.- X ^ -.,.--■■:., ^0- '933 0 Xl/^RAT^'i BURLINGTON, VT. : /^-iOy!^ kT i'p m^, Free Press Printing Compan/^'^^v ~ " '^J\\ .<^OE«l/^ 1915. I AUb -LO ^^^^ AUG 16 1933 ^ BOARD OF CONTROL Pees. G. P. BENTON, ex-offlcio, Burlington. Hon. E. J. ORMSBEE, Brandon. Hon. N. K. CHAFFEE, Rutlanri. OFFICERS OF THE STATION J. L. HILLS, Director. F. A. RICH, Veterinarian. C. H. JONES, Chemist. A. F. HA WES, (State Forester), Forester. M. B. CUMMINGS, Horticulturist. B. F. LUTMAN, Plant Pathologist. G. P. BURNS, Botanist. A. A. BORLAND, Animal and Dairy Husbandman. G. C. CUNNINGHAM, Associate Plant Pathologist. H. F. JOHNSON, Assistant Animal Husbandman. A. K. PEITERSEN, Assistant Botanist. JENNIE L. ROWELL, Assistant Chemist. C. G. WILLIAMSON, Assistant Chemist. GEO. ANDERSON, Assistant Chemist. W. C. STONE, Assistant Horticulturist. W. P. HAMMOND, Expert in Horse Breeding.* STANLEY HARGREAVES, Gardener. C. P. SMITH, Treasurer. ts" Copies of the reports and bulletins of the Station are sent free of charge to any address upon application. a®" Address all communications not to individual officers but to the Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. Director's and State Forester's offices, chemical, horticultural and dairy laboratories are in Morrill Hall at the head of Main street; botanical and bacteriological laboratories are at Williams Science Hall, University Place; veterinary laboratories are at 499 Main street. University farm and buildings are on the Williston road, adjoining the University grounds on the east. *In cooperation with Bu. An. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr. BULLETIN 187: FLORA OF VERMONT List of Ferns and Seed Plants Growing Without Cultivation Prepared by Vermont Botanical Club INTRODUCTION The Vermont Botanical Club issued their first edition of the State Flora in 1900. During the fifteen years that have since elapsed there has been marked botanical activity, not only among the members of the Vermont Club, but among professional students of the northeastern United States. The two standard manuals for this region — the Gray Manual and the Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora — have during this period appeared in carefully revised editions, that present many addi- tional species and numerous changes in nomenclature. Some four years ago the Vermont Botanical Club appointed a com- mittee to prepare a revised edition of the State Flora, consisting of W. W. Eggleston of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C, George L. Kirk of Rutland, and J. G. Underwood of Hartland. These gentlemen have labored with diligence and enthusiasm, and have had the cooperation of the active members of the Club. The result of their labors is presented in this new edition of the Vermont Flora. A special efifort has been made to report with more thoroughness the distribution of plants in eastern Vermont. When the former edi- tion was prepared there was no working botanist in that part of the State. The editors were dependent for information chiefly upon the herbarium of Mr. C. C. Frost of Brattleboro (who died in 1880) and upon Prof. Henry G. Jesup's Catalogue of Flowering Plants found within thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., covering a tract fully half of which is in Vermont. As an indication of the help that has since come to hand may be mentioned : 1. The herbarium of Dr. F. Blanchard, now in the Fairbanks' Museum. 2. A list of plants found in eastern Vermont l)y Mr. W. IT. Blanchard. 3. A similar list prepared by the Hartland Nature Club. 4. A list prepared by Mrs. Mack and Miss Strong of Woodstock. 5. A list of the West River Valley plants by Lester A. Wheeler of Townshend. 6. The plants of St. Johnsbury and vicinity by Miss Bridget M. Rooney. Also for northern Vermont invaluable aid has been given liy the ad- mirable reports on the Flora of Willoughby by Dr. Geo. G. Kennedy (Rhodora 6: 91-134, June, 1904), and on the Flora of Burlington and 140 Bulletin 187 vicinity in 1911 by Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn. Other botanists from with- out the State have found the Green Mountains attractive hunting ground for rare plants, and have published lists that have been of great assistance in the preparation of the new edition. To these and to all helpers, whether lovers of plant life in Vermont or members of the goodly fraternity of professional botanists, the committee would gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness. In the present catalogue all names of species, varieties, and formae are printed in boldface type ; and for two special reasons this list follows the nomenclature of the revised Gray Manual. First, the great majority of the members of the Vermont Botanical Club use this manual, as more convenient to handle and less expensive than the Illustrated Flora ; and secondly, the committee believe, that, what- ever might be their personal opinion when these two authorities differ regarding the proper name for a species, it would be confusing and obtrusive to follow now the one authority and now the other. They therefore decided to continue the practice adopted in the former edition, and when the two authorities give different names, to print after the Gray Manual name the Britton and Brown name in paren- thesis, and to include all such synonyms in the index. Unfortunately these synonyms, as may be seen by comparing the two editions of the Vermont Flora, are far more numerous in the second edition than in the first ; so that the proposed efforts at uniformity have not as yet met with marked success. The synonymy has also been largely increased along a different line — by the free introduction of English names, in accordance with the growing practice of all our manuals. The greatly diminished study of Greek and Latin even in our universities, and the keen popular interest in the study of Natural History have made the old techncal names of species to many meaningless and embarrassing; and the demand for "English names," in spite of their frequent am- biguity— it would seem — must needs be met. From these two causes the synonyms in the index have been more than doubled. But the technical names printed in darker type have also been increased from t^vo causes : — First, more careful and extended ex- plorations have disclosed forms of plant life in Vermont not before recognized ; and secondly, our expert authorities, especially in New England, have become more keen-sighted and more disposed to dis- tinguish, as species or varieties, forms that before had passed under one name. In these two wavs alone the total number of names of Flora of Vermont 141 species, varieties, forms and hybrids (barring all synonyms) has been increased from 1,563 in the former edition to 2,006 in the present edition. For the Pteridophyta (the Ferns and their Allies), and for the three largest families and seven of the more critical genera of Seed-plants we obtain the following instructive record : — NUMBER OF NAMES IN THE LIST OF 1915, OF 1900 ''"oC^nt. SPECIES* VAR. SUB.VAR. HYBRIDS TOTAL TOTAL INCREASE All Families 1,694 130 133 65 2,022 1,562 291/3 Pterodophyta ... 73 10 29 16 128 81 58 Cyperacese 162 37 17 3 219 192 14 Compositse 181 13 29 1 224 171 31 Graminai 151 7 7 0 165 130 27 Carex Ill 35 8 3 157 135 16 Crat^gus 28 5 11 0 44 7 528'/^ Viola 23 2 0 16 41 16 156 Rubus 17 1 0 15 33 16 106 Panicum 27t 1 0 0 28 19 47 Scirpus 22 1 6 0 29 20 45 Juncus 19 6 0 0 25 15 67 ♦When a species is represented in the State by a variety only, it is counted as a species and not as a variety. flncluding three species transferred to Digitaria and Echinochloa. In the edition of 1900 three "Supplementary Lists" were given of plants reported in earlier Vermont catalogues, but omitted because no corroborative specimens could be found. It was anticipated that many of these species would be rediscovered ; and so it has proved. In such cases the names have been inserted in the present edition ; and as these lists have largely served their purpose, they are not re- published. But an interesting paper might be written on the tasks undertaken to release certain of these species from the purgatory into which they were thrust by the compilers of the list published in 1900. One other supplementary list in our last edition calls for a brief comment — a list, largely conjectural, of plants that have been intro- duced into Vermont from other parts of the United Sates. There is no practical difficulty in distinguishing, for a region as large as that covered by the Gray Manual, plants that are indigenous from those that have come in through man's agency from Eurasia or tropical America — those whose names are printed in the Gray Manual with small capitals. But it is a dififerent problem to separate, for a region as small as Vermont, plants indigenous to the State from those that have been introduced from without. In some instances there can 142 Bulletin 187 be no reasonable doubt that the species has been recently naturalized from another State. The common Locust (Robinia Pseudo-Acacia), the greenhouse and garden pest Oralis repens, the three species of Phlox — P. paniculata, P. stolonifera, and P. suhulata — are examples ; and a score or more might be cited. But one familiar with the locali- ties in which such species occur, as Myosotis arvensis, Chenopodium capitatum, Mhnuliis moschatus, may not say with confidence that they have in all instances been introduced into Vermont. The solution of such a problem must be deferred, at least till our knowledge of the distribution of the species and of its constant environment is well nigh complete. The publication of the revised Flora is made under the auspices of the Vermont Experiment Station, and under the direction of Dr. George P. Burns, Secretary of the Vermont Botanical Club, and Pro- fessor of Botany in the University of Vermont. Much of the edi- torial work has been in charge of Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn of Burlington, and Dr. Brainerd has assisted in the proof-reading and in the prepara- tion of the index. For a clear understanding of the text the following explanations should be kept in mind. 1. All preferred names of species and varieties are printed in boldface type, including foreign plants, or those not indigenous to the territor}^ covered by the Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora or the Gray Manual. These foreign plants, however, are designated in the Vermont Flora by an asterisk placed after the specific or varietal name. 2. After the name in boldface type is given in parenthesis any synonym preferred by Dr. Britton in the Illustrated Flora, and in some instances a synonym that was used in the previous edition of the Vermont Flora. 3. In indicating the degree of frequency of occurrence, tour ad- jectives have been used with a careful attempt at precision, namely, "common," "frequent," "occasional," "rare." In each case this state- ment regarding frequency is to be associated with the accompanying statement regarding habita — thus "sandy soil, common" means com- mon on sandy soils ; and such a plant may be rare in other habitats. Where they are abundant in such stations the word "local" has been oreferred. In cases where but five stations or less were known, there have been enumerated, the name of the collector following in paren- thesis. Flora of Vermont 143 4. The usage of the Gray Manual has been observed in giving a separate paragraph or hne to a marked variety ; while a subordinate variety or a form has been noted in the same paragraph with the type. 5. When a hybrid has received a special name, that name has been first given in the list, preceded by the sign x and followed in parenthesis by the usual formula indicating the accredited parentage of the hybrid. Only 65 spontaneous hybrids have been listed for \'"ermont. EZRA BRAINERD, President of the Vermont Botanical Club. INDEX Abies, 161 Abutilon, 225 Acalypha, 222 ACANTHACE^, 245 Acer, 223 ACERACE^, 223 Achillea, 249 Acnida, 197 Acorus, 182 Actaea, 201 Adam-and-Eve, 186 Adder's Mouth, 189 Tongue, 159 Adiantum, 155 Adlumia, 204 ^sculus, 224 Agalinis, 243 Agastache, 239 Agrimonia, 210 Agrimony, 210 Agropyron, 165 Agrostemma, 198 Agrostis, 165 Aira, 170 AizoACE^, 198 Ajuga, 239 Alder, 191 Alfalfa, 219 Alisma, 164 Alismace.e, 164 Alleghany Vine, 204 Alliaria, 205 Allionia, 198 Allium, 184 Alnus, 191 Alopecurus, 165 Alsine, 200 Amaranth, 197 Amaranthace.e, 197 Amaranthus, 197 Ambrosia, 249 Amelanchier, 210 American Ivy, 224 Ammophila, 165 Amorpha, 217 Amphicarpa, 217 Anacardiace^, 222 Anagallis, 234 Anaphalis, 249 Anchistea, 158 Andromeda, 231 Andropogon, 166, 172 Anemone, 201 Anemonella, 202 Angelica, 230 Anise-root, 230 Antennaria, 249 Anthemis, 250 Anthoxanthum, 166 Anticlea, 186 Antiphylla, 210 Anychia, 198 Apargia, 256 Apios, 217 Aplectrum, 186 Apocynace^, 236 Apocynum, 236 Apple, 215 Apple of Peru, 242 Aquifoliace.e, 223 Aquilegia, 202 Arabidopsis, 206 Arabis, 205 Arace.e, 182 Aralia, 229 Araliace.^, 229 Arbor Vitas, 162 Arceuthobium, 195 Arctium, 250 Arctostaphylos, 231 Arenaria, 198 Arethusa, 187 Argemone, 204 Argentina, 213 Arisaema, 182 Aristida, 166 Aristolochiace.e, 195 Armoracia, 207 Aronia, 214 Arrhenatherum, 166 Arrow Arum, 182 Arrow-head, 164 Arrow-wood, 248 Artemisia, 250 Asarum, 195 ASCUEPIADACE.E, 236 Asclepias, 236 Ash, 235 Asparagus, 184 Aspen, 189 Aspidium, 155 Asplenium, 156 Asprella, 169 Aster, 250 Astragalus, 217 Atragene, 202 Atriplex, 197 Avena, 166, 170 Avens, 213 Awlwort, 208 Azalea, 233 Baby's Breath, 199, 246 Bachelor's Button, 252 Balm of Gilead, 189 Balsam, 224 Balsam Fir, 161 Balsaminace^e, 224 Baneberry, 201 Bank Cress, 208 Baptisia, 218 Barbarea, 205 Barberry, 204 Barley, 169 Barnyard Grass, 168 Barren Strawberry, 217 Bartonia, 235 Basil, 240, 241 Basswood, 225 Bastard Pennyroyal, 241 Toad Flax, 194 Batrachium, 202 Beach Grass, 165 Pea, 218 Beak Rush, 180 Bearberry, 231 Beard Grass, 166 Tongue, 244 Beaver Poison, 230 Bedstraw, 246 Bee Balm, 240 Beech, 193 Beech-drops, 245 Beech Fern, 157 Beggar's Lice, 238 Beggar-ticks, 252 Bellflower, 248 Bellwort, 186 Bent Grass, 165 Benzoin, 204 Berberidace^e, 204 Berberis, 204 Berteroa, 205 Betula, 192 Betulace.e, 191 Bidens, 252 Bikukulla, 205 Bilberry, 233, 234 Bindweed, 236 Birch, 192 Bird's-eye, 244 Birth-root, 186 Bishop's Cap, 209 Bistorta, 196 Bitter Cress, 206 Bitter-nut, 191 Bittersweet, 242 Black Alder, 223 Blackberry, 215 Black Bindweed, 196 Black-eyed Susan, 256 Black Gum, 231 Snakeroot, 230 Swallow-wort, 236 Bladder Fern, 157 Ketmia, 225 Nut, 223 Bladderwort, 245 Blephariglottis, 188 Blephilia, 239 146 Bulletin 187 Blitum, 197 Blood-root, 204 Blue Beech, 192 Bluebell, 249 Bluebells, 238 Blueberry, 233 Bluebottle, 252 Blue Cohosh, 204 Curls, 241 Devil, 238 Blue-eyed Grass, 186 Blue Flag, 186 Bluejoint Grass, 167 Blue Myrtle, 236 Sailors, 253 Bluets, 246 Blue-weed, 238 Boebera, 253 Boehmeria, 193 Bog Bean. 235 Rush, 183 Boneset, 254 Boraginaceoe, 237 Botrychium, 159 Bottle-brush Grass, 169 Bottle Grass, 172 Bouncing Bet, 199 Box Elder, 223 Brachyeletrum, 166 Brake, 158 Bramble, 215 Brasenia, 201 Brassica, 205 Braya, 206 Briza, 166 Brome Grass, 166 Bromus, 166 Brook Cress, 206 Brook-weed, 234 Broom-rape, 245 Brunella, 240 Buckbean, 235 Buckeye, 224 Buckthorn, 224 Buckwheat, 195 Buffalo Bur, 242 Bugle Weed, 239 Bull Thistle, 253 Bulrush, 180 Bunch-berry, 231 Bur Clover, 219 Cucumber, 248 Burdock, 250 Bur Marigold, 252 Burnet, 217 Bur-reed. 162 Bursa, 206 Bush Clover, 219 Honeysuckle, 247 Butter and Eggs, 243 Buttercup, 202 Butterfly-weed, 236 Butternut, 191 Butterwort, 244 Button-bush, 246 Buttonwood, 210 Calamagrostis, 167 Calamint, 241 Calamus, 182 Calico Bush, 232 California Rose, 236 Calla, 182 CAIjLITRICHAt'Ey-E, 222 Callitriche, 222 Calopogon, 187 Caltha, 202 Calypso, 187 Camelina, 206 Campanula, 248 Campanulace^, 248, Campion, 199, 200 Camptosorus, 157 Canary Grass, 171 Cancer-root, 245 Cannabis, 193 Capnoides, 205 Capparidace.^, 208 Capeifoliace^, 247 Capsella, 206 Caraway, 230 Cardamine, 206 Cardinal-flower, 249 Carduus, 252 Carex, 173 Carpet-weed, 198 Carpinus, 192 Carrion-flower, 185 Carrot, 230 Carum, 230 Carya, 191 Caryophyllace^, 198 Cassandra, 231 Cassia, 218 Castalia, 201 Castanea, 192 Castilleja, 242 Catchfly, 200 Cathartolinum, 220 Catmint, 240 Catnip, 240 Cat-tail, 162 Caulophyllum, 204 Ceanothus, 224 Celandine, 204 Celastrace^, 223 Celastrus, 223 Celtis, 193 Cenchrus, 167 Centaurea, 252 Cephalanthus, 246 Cerastium, 199 Ceratophyllace^, 201 Ceratophyllum, 201 Chaenorrhinum, 243 Chastochloa, 172 Chain Fern, 158 Chamsedaphne, 231 Chamsenerion, 228 Chamsepericlymenum, 231 Chamsesyce, 222 Chamomile, 250 Charlock, 206 Checkerberry, 232 Cheeses, 225 Cheirinia, 207 Chelidonium, 204 Chelone, 242 Chengpodiac'e.^':, 197 Chenopodium, 197 Cherry, 214 Chess, 166 Chestnut, 192 Chick-pea. 218 Chickweed, 200 Chicory, 253 Chimaphila, 231 Chiogenes, 232 Chives, 184 Chokeberry, 214, 215 Choke Cherry, 214 Chondrosea, 210 Christmas Fern, 158 Chrysanthemum, 253 Chrysopogon, 172 Chrysosplenium, 208 Cicer, 218 Cichorium, 253 Cicuta, 230 Cinna, 167 Cinquefoil, 213 Circsja, 228 Cirsium, 253 Cistace^, 226 Cladium, 179 Clammy Weed, 208 Claytonia, 200 Clearweed, 194 Cleavers, 246 Clematis, 202 Cliff Brake, 157 Climbing Bittersweet, 223 Fumitory, 204 Clinopodium, 241 Clintonia, 184 Clover, 220 Club Moss, 160 Rush, 180 Cocklebur, 258 Cockspur Thorn, 211 Coelogossum, 188 Cohosh, 201 Collinsonia, 239 Collomia, 237 Coltsfoot, 258 Columbine, 202 Comandra, 194 Comarum, 214 Comfrey, 238 Commelina, 183 commelixacete, 183 Composite, 249 Comptonia. 191 Cone-flower, 256 Conioselinum, 230 Conium, 230 Conopholis, 245 Flora of Vermont 147 Conringia, 206 Convallaria, 184 CONVOLVULACE^, 236 Convolvulus, 236 Coptls, 202 Corallorhlza, 187 Coral Root, 187 Cord Grass, 172 COKNACE^, 231 Corn Cockle, 198 Cornel, 231 Corn-flower, 252 Cornus, 231 Coronilla, 218 Corpse Plant, 232 Corydalis, 205 Corylus, 192 Cotton-grass, 180 Cotton Thistle, 256 Cottonwood, 190 Couch Grass, 165 Cowbane, 230 Cow-herb, 200 Cow Parsnip, 230 Cowslip, 234 Cowslips, 202 Cow Wheat, 243 Crab-grass, 168 Cranberry, 233 Cranberry-tree, 248 Cranesbill, 221 Ckassulace.e, 209 Crataegus, 211 Creeping Snowberry, 232 Crepis, 253 Crinkle-root, 206 Crocanthemum, 226 Crotalaria, 218 Crowberry, 222 Crowfoot, 202 Crown Vetch, 218 Crucifer.^, 205 Cryptogramma, 157 Cryptotasnia, 230 Cuckoo Flower, 206 CUCUBBITACE.^, 248 Cudweed, 254 Cup Plant, 257 Curled Thistle, 252 Currant, 209 Cuscuta, 237 Cut Grass, 169 Cynanchum, 236 Cynoglossum, 237 Cynoxylon, 231 Cynthia, 255 Cyperace^, 173 Cyperus, 179 Cypripedium, 187 Cystopteris, 157 Cytherea, 187 Dactylis, 167 Dalibarda, 213 Dame's Violet, 207 Dandelion, 258 Danthonia, 167 Daphne, 227 Darnel, 170 Dasiphora, 214 Dasystephana, 235 Dasystoma, 243 Datura, 241 Daucus, 230 Day-flower, 183 Day Lily, 185 Dead Nettle, 239 Decodon, 228 Deer-grass, 228 Delphinium, 202 Dennstasdtia, 157 Dentaria, 206 Deringa, 230 Deschampsia, 167 Desmodium, 218 Devil's Paintbrush, 255 Dewberry, 216 Dianthera, 245 Dianthus, 199 Diapensia, 234 DlAPENSIACE^, 234 Dicentra, 205 Dicksonia, 157 Diervila, 247 Digitaria, 167 DipsACACE^, 248 Dipsacus, 248 Dirca, 227 Ditch Stonecrop, 209 Dock, 196 Dockmackie, 248 Dodder, 237 Doellingeria, 252 Dogbane, 236 Dog Fennel, 250 Dogwood, 231 Downy Bergamot, 240 Draba, 206 Dracocephalum, 240 Drop-seed Grass, 170 Drosera, 208 Droserace^, 208 Dryopteris, 155 Duckweed, 182 Dulichium, 179 Dusty Miller, 250 Dutchman's Breeches, 205 Dwarf Alder, 224 Dandelion, 255 Mistletoe, 195 Dyer's Roeket, 208 Dyssodia, 253 Eatonia, 172 Ebony Spleenwort, 156 Echinochloa, 168 Echinocystis, 248 Echium, 138 Eel-grass, 165 El^agnace^, 228 Elder, 247 Elderberry, 247 Elecampane, 255 Eleocharis, 180 Elm, 194 Elodea, 165 Elymus, 168 Empetrace^, 222 Empetrum, 222 Enchanter's Night- shade, 228 Epifagus, 245 Epigaja, 232 Epilobium, 228 Epipactis, 187 Equisetace^, 159 Equisetum, 159 Eragrostis, 168 Erechtites, 253 Ericace^, 231 Erigeron, 253 Eriocaulace^, 182 Eriocaulon, 182 Eriophorum, 180 Erodium, 221 Eruca, 207 Erucastrum, 207 Erysimum, 207 Erythronium, 185 Eupatorium, 254 Euphorbia, 222 EUPHORBIACE^, 222 Euthamia, 257 Evening Primrose, 229 Everlasting, 249, 254 Everlasting Pea, 218 Fagace^, 192 Fagopyrum, 195 ' Fagus, 193 Falcata, 217 Fall Dandelion, 256 False Asphodel, 186 Dragon Head, 240 Flax, 206 Foxglove, 243 Heather, 226 Hellebore, 186 Indigo, 218 Loosestrife, 228 Mermaid, 222 Miterwort, 210 Nettle, 193 Pennyroyal, 239 Pimpernel, 243 Red Top, 172 Solomon's Seal, 185 Spikenard, 185 Fen Orchis, 188 Fescue, Grass, 108 Festuca, 168 Fetid Marigold, 253 Fever Bush, 204 Feverwort, 247 Field Cress, 207 Madder, 247 Figwort, 244 Filipendula, 213 148 Bulletin 187 Pilix, 157 Fimbristylis, 180 Finger Grass, 167 Fireweed, 253 Five-finger, 213 Flax, 220 Fleabane, 253 Fleur-de-lis, 186 Floating Heart, 236 Floerkea, 222 Flowering Fern, 158 Sage, 239 Wintergreen, 221 Forget-me-not, 238 Forked Catchfly, 200 Chickweed, 198 Fowl Meadow Grass, 169, 172 Foxtail, 172 Foxtail Grass, 165 Fragaria, 213 Fragrant Fern, 155 Fraxinus, 235 Fringed Orchis, 187 Frostweed, 226 Fumaria, 205 FUMAEIACE^, 204 Fumitory, 205 Galeopsis, 239 Galeorchis, 189 Galingale, 179 Galinsoga, 254 Galium, 246 Gall-of-the-Earth, 256 Garden Heliotrope, 248 Garden-weed, 239 Garlic Mustard, 205 Gaultheria, 232 Gaylussacia, 232 Gentian, 235 Gentiana, 235 Gentiakace^, 235 Gekaniace.«, 221 Geranium, 221 Gerardia, 243 Germander, 241 Geum, 213 Giant Hyssop, 239 Gilia, 237 Ginseng, 229 Glecoma, 240 Glycine, 217 Glyceria, 169 Gnaphalium, 254 Goat's Beard, 258 Goldenrod, 257 Golden Alexanders, 231 Saxifrage, 209 Golden-seal, 202 Goldthread, 202 Goodyera, 187 Gooseberry, 209 Goosefoot, 197 Goose Grass, 246 Gramin.^j;, 165 Grape, 225 Grape Fern, 159 Graphephorum, 173 Grass-of-Parnassus, 209 Grass Pink, 187 Gratiola, 243 Great Laurel, 233 Greek Valerian, 237 Green Dragon, 182 Gromwell, 238 Ground Cherry, 242 Hemlock, 161 Ivy, 240 Laurel, 232 Ground-nut, 217, 229 Ground Pine, 160 Pink, 237 Groundsel, 256 Gypsophila, 199 Habenaria, 187 Hackberry, 193 Hair Grass, 165, 167, 168 Halenia, 235 Haloragidace^, 229 Hamamelidace^, 210 Hamamelis, 210 Hardback, 217 Harebell, 249 Hare's-ear Mustard, 206 Hawkbit, 256 Hawk's Beard, 253 Hawkweed, 255 Hawthorn, 211 Hazelnut, 192 Heal-all, 240 Heart's-ease, 226 Hedeoma, 239 Hedge Garlic, 205 Hyssop, 243 Mustard, 208 Nettle, 241 Hedysarum, 218 Helianthemum, 226 Helianthus, 254 Heliopsis, 254 Hemerocallis, 185 Hemlock, 162 Hemlock Parsley, 230 Hemp, 193 Hemp Nettle, 239 Henbane, 242 Henbit, 239 Hepatica, 202 Heracleum, 230 Herb Robert, 221 Herd's Grass, 171 Hesperis, 207 Heteranthera, 183 Hibiscus, 225 Hickory, 191 Hicoria, 191 Hieracium, 255 Hierochloe, 169 High-bush Cranberry, 248 Hippuris, 229 Hoary Alyssum, 205 Hobble-bush, 248 Hog Peanut, 217 Hog-weed, 249 Holcus, 169 Holly, 223 Holy Grass, 169 Homalocenchrus, 169 Honewort, 230 Honeysuckle, 247 Hop, 193 Hop Hornbeam, 192 Hordeum, 169 Horehound, 240 Hornbeam, 192 Horned Pondweed, 164 Hornwort, 201 Horse Balm, 239 Horse-chestnut, 224 Horse Gentian, 247 Mint, 240 Nettle, 242 Horseradish, 207 Horsetail, 159 Horse-weed, 253, 255 Hound's Tongue, 237 Houstonia, 246 Huckleberry, 232 Hudsonia, 226 Humulus, 193 Hungarian Grass, 172 Hydrastis, 202 Hydrochaeitace.e, 165 Hydrocotyle, 230 HTDROPHyLLACE.«, 237 Hydrophyllum, 237 Hyosciamus, 242 Hypericace^, 225 Hypericum, 225 Hypopitys, 232 Hyssop, 239 Hyssopus, 239 Hystrix, 169 Ibidium, 189 Ilex, 223 Ilicioides, 223 Illecebrace^, 198 Ilysanthes, 243 Impatiens, 224 Indian Chickweed, 198 Cucumber-root, 185 Hemp, 236 Mallow, 225 Pipe, 232 Poke, 186 Tobacco, 249 Turnip, 182 India-wheat, 195 Innocence, 246 Interrupted Fern, 158 Inula, 255 lonactis, 251 Ipomoea, 237 Iridace^, 186 Iris, 186 Flora of Vermont 149 Ironwood, 192 Isanthus, 239 Isnardia, 228 ISOETACE^, 160 Isoetes, 160 Isotria, 189 Italian Millet, 172 Iva, 255 Jack-in-tlie-Pulpit, 182 Jamestown Weed, 241 Jerusalem Artichoke, 254 Jerusalem Oak, 197 Jewelweed, 224 Jimson Weed, 241 Joe Pye Weed, 254 Johnny-jump-up, 227 Jointweed, 195 JUGLANDACEiE, 191 Juglans, 191 JUNCACE^, 183 JUNCAGINACE-^S, 164 Juncoides, 184 Juncus, 183 Juneberry, 210 June Grass, 172 Juniper, 161 Juniperus, 161 Kalmia, 232 Kentucky Blue Grass, 172 King Devil, 255 Kinnikinnick, 231 Knautia, 248 Kneiffia, 229 Knotweed, 195 Knotgrass, 195 Kochia, 197 Koellia, 240 Koniga, 207 Krigia, 255 Labiate, 239 Labrador Tea, 232 Lactuca, 255 Ladies' Tobacco, 249 Tresses, 189 Lady Fern, 156 Lady's Slipper, 187 Thumb, 196 Lake Cress, 207 Lambkill, 232 Lamb's Quarters, 197 Lamium, 239 Lampsana, 255 Laportea, 194 Lappula, 238 Lapsana, 255 Larch, 161 Larix, 161 Larkspur, 202 Lathyrus, 218 Laurace^, 204 Laurel, 232 Leaf cup, 256 Leather Leaf, 231 Leatherwood, 227 Lechea, 226 Lecticula, 245 Ledum, 232 Leersia, 169 Legouzia, 249 Leguminos^, 217 Lemna, 182 Lemnace^, 182 Lemon Lily, 185 Lentibulaeiace^, 244 Leontodon, 256, 258 Leonurus, 239 Lepargyraea, 228 Lepidium, 207 Leptamnium, 245 Leptasea, 210 Leptilon, 253 Leptoloma, 169 Lespedeza, 219 Lettuce, 255 Leucophysalis, 242 Levisticum, 230 Lilac, 235 Liliace^, 184 Lilium, 185 Lily, 185 Lily of the Valley, 184 LlMNANTHACE^, 222 Limnanthemum, 236 Limnorchis, 188 Limodorum, 187 Linages, 220 Linaria, 243 Linden, 225 LinuEea, 247 Linum, 220 Lion's Heart, 240 Liparis, 188 Liriodendron, 203 Listera, 188 Lithospermum, 238 Littorella, 245 Live-forever, 209 Liverleaf, 202 Lobelia, 249 Lobeliace^, 249 Lobularia, 207 Locust, 219 Lolium, 170 Lonicera, 247 Loosestrife, 228, 234 Lophanthus, 239 Lopseed, 245 Lokanthace^, 195 Lousewort, 244 Lovage, 230 Love Vine, 237 Lucerne, 219 Ludvigia, 228 Lungwort, 238 Lupine, 219 Lupinus, 219 Luzula, 184 Lychnis, 199 lycium, 242 Lycopodiace.e, 160 Lycopodium, 160 Lycopus, 240 Lyonia, 232 Lysias, 188 Lysiella, 188 Lysimachia, 234 Lythrace^, 228 Lythrum, 228 Magnoliace^, 203 Maianthemum, 185 Maidenhair, 155 Malaxis, 189 Male Berry, 232 Male Fern, 155 Mallow, 225 Malus, 215 Malva, 225 Malvace^, 225 Mandrake, 204 Manna Grass, 169 Maple, 223 Mare's-tail, 229 Mariscus, 179 Marsh Cress, 207 Elder, 255 Marigold, 202 Pea, 219 Trefoil, 235 Masterwort, 230 Marrubium, 240 Matricaria, 256 Matrimony Vine, 242 May Apple, 204 Mayflower, 232 Mayweed, 250 Meadow Beauty, 228 Lily, 185 Rue, 203 Meadow-sweet, 217 Medeola, 185 Medicago, 219 Medick, 219 Megalodonta, 252 Meibomia, 218 Melampyrum, 243 Melastomace^, 228 Melica, 170 Melilot, 219 Melilotus, 219 Menispermace^, 203 Menispermura, 203 Mentha, 240 Menyanthes, 235 Meriolix, 229 Mermaid-weed, 229 Mertensia, 238 Mexican Poppy, 204 Tea, 197 Mezereum, 227 Micrampelis, 248 Micranthes, 210 Microstylis, 189 Mignonette, 208 Milfoil, 249 Milium, 170 Milk Purslane, 222 150 Bulletin 187 Milkweed, 236 Milkwort, 221 Millet, 171 Millet Grass, 170 Mimulus, 243 Mint, 240 Mist, 199 Mitchella, 247 Mitella, 209 Mithridate Mustard, 208 Miterwort, 209 Moccasin Flower, 187 Mocker Nut, 191 Mock Pennyroyal, 239 Moeliringia, 198 Molina, 170 Mollugo, 198 Monarda, 240 Moneses, 232 Moneywort, 234 Monkey-flower, 243 Monotropa, 232 Moonseed, 203 Moonwort, 159 Moosewood,"224, 227 Morning Glory, 237 Morus, 194 Moss Pink, 237 Motherwort, 239 Mountain Ash, 215 Fringe, 204 Holly, 223 Mint, 240 Rice, 170 Mouse-ear Chickweed, 199 Moxie Plum, 232 Mud Plantain, 183 Mugwort, 250 Muhlenbergia, 170 Mulberry, 194 Mullein, 244 Mullein Pink, 199 Musk-plant, 243 Musquash Root, 230 Mustard, 205 Myosotis, 238 Myrica, 191 Myeicace.^, 191 Myriophyllum, 229 Nabalus, 256 Naiad, 163 Najadace.e, 163 Najas, 163 Nannyberry, 248 Naumbergia, 234 Neckweed, 244 Nemopanthus, 223 Neobeckia, 207 Nepeta, 240 Nettle, 194 Nettle Tree, 193 New Jersey Tea, 224 Nicandra, 242 Nigger-head, 256 Night-flowering Catch- fly, 200 Nightshade, 242 Nimble Will, 170 Nine-bark, 213 Nipplewort, 255 Nodding Chickweed, 199 Nonesuch, 219 Norta, 208 Nothoholcus, 169 NyctaginacevE, 198 Nymphaea, 201 Nymph^ace^, 201 Nymphoides, 236 Nyssa, 231 Oak, 193 Oakesia, 185 Oat, 166 Oat Grass, 166 CEnothera, 229 Old-witch Grass, 171 OLEACEiE, 235 Onagrace^, 228 Onion, 184 Onobrychis, 219 Onoclea, 157 Onopordon, 256 Ophioglossace^, 159 Ophioglossum, 159 Ophrys, 188 Opulaster, 213 Orach, 197 Orange Grass, 225 Orange Root, 202 Orchard Grass, 167 ORCHIDACEiE, 186 Orchis, 189 Origanum, 240 Ornithogalum, 185 Orobanchace^, 245 Orobanche, 245 Orpine, 209 Oryzopsis, 170 Osier, 190 Osmorrhiza, 230 Osmunda, 158 OSMUNDACE^, 158 Ostrich Fern, 157 Ostrya, 192 Oswego Tea, 240 OXAXIDACEiE, 220 Oxalis, 220 Ox-eye, 254 Ox-eye Daisy, 253 Oxybaphus, 198 Oxycoccus, 233 Padus, 214 Painted Cup, 242 Trillium, 186 Panax, 229 Panic Grass, 170 Panicularia, 169 Panicum, 170 Pansy, 227 Papaver, 204 Papaverace^, 204 Pappoose Root, 204 Parietaria, 194 Parnassia, 209 Parsnip, 230 Parthenocissus, 224 Partridge Berry, 247 Paspalum, 171 Pastinaca, 230 Pasture Thistle, 253 Pear, 215 Pearlwort, 199 Pearly Everlasting, 249 Pedicularis, 244 Pellsea, 157 Pellitory, 194 Peltandra, 182 Penny Cress, 208 Penthorum, 209 Pentstemon, 244 Peppergrass, 207 Pepperidge, 231 Peppermint, 240 Pepper-root, 206 Pepperwort, 207 Peramium, 187 Perennial Pea, 218 Periwinkle, 236 Persicaria, 195 Perularia, 188 Petasites, 256 Phalaris, 171 Phegopteris, 157 Philotria, 165 Phleum, 171 Phlox, 237 Phragmites, 172 Phryma, 245 Phbymac^, 245 Physalis, 242 Physalodes, 242 Physocarpus, 213 Physostegia, 240 Phytolacca, 198 PHYTOLACCACEyE, 198 Picea, 161 Pickerel-weed, 183 Picris, 256 Pigeon Berry, 198 Grass, 172 Pignut, 191 Pigweed, 197 Pilea, 194 Pimbina, 248 Pimpernel, 234 PlNACE^, 161 Pine, 162 Pine Drops, 232 Pinesap, 232 Pineweed, 225 Pinguicula, 244 Pink, 199 Flora of Vermont 151 Pinus, 162 Pinweed, 226 Pipes, 159 Pipewort, 182 Pipsissewa, 231 Pitcher-plant, 208 Plantaginace.'e, 245 Plantago, 246 Plantain, 246 Platanace^, 210 Platanus, 210 Plum, 214 Poa, 172 Podophyllum, 204 PODOSTEMA.CE.'E, 209 Podostemum, 209 Pogonia, 189 Poison Dogwood, 223 Hemlock, 230 Ivy, 223 Pokeweed, 198 Polanisia, 208 POLEMONIACE.i:, 237 Polemonium, 237 Polygala, 221 POLTGALACE.E, 221 POLYGONACE.E, 195 Polygonatum, 185 Polygonella, 195 Polygonum, 195 Polymnia, 256 POLYPODIACE.E, 155 Polypodium, 158 Polypody, 158 Polystichum, 158 Pondweed, 163 Pontederia, 183 PONTEDERIACE.^, 183 Poor Man's Weather Glass, 234 Poplar, 189 Poppy, 204 Populus, 189 Portulaca, 200 PORTULACACE.'E, 200 Potamogeton, 163 Potentilla, 213 Poterium, 217 Poverty Grass, 166 Prenanthes, 256 Prickly Ash. 221 Poppy, 204 Primrose, 234 Primula, 234 Primtjlace.'e, 234 Prince's Feather, 196 Pine, 231 Proserpinaca, 229 Prunella, 240 Prunus, 214 Psedera, 224 PTERIDOPHYTA, 155 Pteridium, 158 Pteris, 158 Pterospora, 232 Puccoon, 238 Purple Oat, 170 Purslane, 200 Putty-root, 186 Pycnanthemum, 240 Pyrola, 232 Pyrus, 214 Quaking Grass, 166 Quamoclit, 237 Rose, 215 Rose Acacia, 219 Mallow, 225 Pink, 198 Rosin-weed, 257 Royal Fern. 158 RuBiACE^, 246 Rubus, 215 Rudbeckia, 256 Queen of the Meadow, Rue, 221 213 Prairie, 213 Quercus, 193 Quick Grass, 165 Quillwort, 160 Radicula, 207 Radish, 208 Ragged Robin, 199 Ragweed, 249 Ragwort, 256 Raimannia, 229 Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, 187 Ramsted, 243 Raxttnculace.^e. 201 Ranunculus, 202 Raphanus, 208 Raspberry, 215 Rattlebox, 218 Rue Anemone, 202 Rumex, 196 Rush, 183 Rush Grass, 172 Ruta, 221 Rutabaga, 206 RUTACEvE, 221 Rye Grass, 170 Rynchospora, ISO Sagina, 199 Sagittaria, 164 Sage, 241 Sainfoin, 219 St. John's-wort, 225 Salicace.'e, 189 Salix. 190 Salsola, 197 Saltwort, 197 Salvia, 241 Rattlesnake Fern, 159 Sambucus, 247 Grass, 169 Samolus, 234 Plantain, 187 Sandbur, 167 Rattlesnake-root, 256 Sand Spurry, 200 Rattlesnake-weed, 255 Sandwort, 198 Razoumofskya, 195 Sanguinaria, 204 Red Cedar, 161 Red-root, 224 Red Top, 165 Reed Grass, 167, 172 Rein Orchis, 187 Reseda, 208 Resedace.e, 208 RhamnacE/E, 224 Rhamnus, 224 Rhexia. 228 Rhinanthus. 244 Rhodiola, 209 Rhododendron, 233 Rhodora, 233 Rhus, 222 Ribbon Grass. 171 Ribes, 209 Rib Grass, 246 Rich Weed, 194, 239 River Weed, 209 Robertiella, 221 Robinia. 219 Robin's Plantain, 25c Rock Brake, 157 Cress, 205 Rocket, 207 Sanguisorba, 217 Sanicle, 230 Sanicula, 230 Santalace.e, 194 sapindace.e, 224 Saponaria, 199 Sarothra, 225. Sarracenia, 208 Sarraceniace.e, 208 Sassafras, 204 Satureia, 241 Savastana, 169 Saxifraga, 210 Saxifragace.^, 209 Saxifrage, 210 Scabiosa, 248 Scabious, 248 Scheuchzeria, 164 Schizachyrium, 166 Schizonotus, 217 Schmaltzia, 222 Scirpus, 180 Scoke, 198 Scorpion Grass. 238 Scotch Mist, 246 Rose, 215 Thistle, 256 Rock Rose, 226 Roman Wormwood. 249Scouring Rush, 159 Rosa, 215 Scrophularia, 244 Rosace.^, 210 Scrophulakiace.e, 242 152 Bulletin 187 Scutellaria, 241 Sedge, 173 Sedum, 209 Selaginella, 160 Selaginellacea-:, 160 Self-heal, 240 Spergula, 200 Spergularia, 200 SPERMATOPHYTA, 161 Sphenopholis, 172 Spice Bush, 204 Seneca Snakeroot, 221 Spider-wort, 183 Senecio, 256 Senna, 218 Sensitive Fern, 157 Sericocarpus, 257 Service Berry, 210 Setaria, 172 Shad Bush, 210 Sheepberry, 248 Sheep Sorrel. 196 Shell-bark Hickory, 191 Shepherdia, 228 Shepherd's Purse, 206 Spruce, 161 Sherardia, 247 Spurge, 222 Shield Fern, 155 Spurred Gentian, 235 Shin Leaf, 232 Spurrey, 200 Sibbaldiopsis, 214 Squashberry, 248 Sickle-pod, 205 Squaw-root, 245 Sicyos, 248 Squaw-weed, 256 Side-saddle Flower, 208Squirrel Corn, 205 Spikenard, 229 Spike Rush, 180 Spiraea, 217 Spiranthes, 189 Spirodela, 182 Spleenwort, 156 Spoon-wood, 232 Sporobolus, 172 Spotted Wintergreen, 231 Spring Beauty, 200 Spring Cress, 206 Silene, 200 Silkweed, 236 Silphium, 257 Silverweed 213 Sinapsis, 205 Sisymbrium, 208 Sisyrinchium, 186 Sium, 231 Skullcap, 241 Skunk Cabbage, 182 Smartweed, 196 Smilacina, 185 Smilax, 185 Snakehead, 242 Sneezeweed, 249 Snowberry, 247 Soapwort, 199 SOLANACE^, 241 Solanum, 242 Solidago, 257 Solomon's Seal, 185 Sonchus, 258 Sophia, 208 Sorbaria, 217 Sorbus, 214 Sorghastrum, 172 Sorrel, 196 Sour Gum, 231 Southernwood, 250 Sow Thistle, 258 Sparcaxiace.i:, 162 Sparganium, 162 Spartina, 172 Spathyema, 182 Spatter Dock. 201 Spear Grass, 172 Spearmint, 240 Specularia, 249 Speedwell, 244 Stachys, 241 Staff Tree, 223 Staphylea, 223 Staphyleace.?:. 223 Star Cucumber, 248 Star Flower, 235 Star of Bethlehem, 185 Star Thistle, 252 Starwort, 200 Starry Campion, 200 Steeple Bush, 217 Steironema, 235 Stellaria, 200 Stenophyllus, 181 Stickseed, 238 Stick-tight. 252 Stickwort, 200 Stomoisia, 245 Stonecrop, 209 Stone-root, 239 Storksbill, 221 Stramonium, 241 Strawberry, 213 Strawberry Blite, 197 Tomato, 242 Streptopus, 186 Subularia, 208 Succory. 253 Sugarberry, 193 Sumach, 222 Summer Savory, 241 Sundew, 208 Sunflower, 254 Sweet Alyssum, 207 Sweetbrier, 215 Sweet Coltsfoot, 256 Sweet Cicely, 230 Clover, 219 Fern, 191 Flag, 182 Gale, 191 Scabious, 253 Vernal Grass, 166 William, 199 Sycamore, 210 Symphoricarpus, 247 Symphytum, 238 Symplocarpus, 182 Syndesmon, 202 Syntherisma, 167 Syringa, 235 Tacamahac, 189 Tsenidia, 231 Tamarack, 161 Tanacetum, 258 Tansy, 258 Taraxacum, 258 Tare, 220 Taxace^, 161 Taxus, 161 Teaberry, 232 Tear-thumb, 195, 196 Teasel, 248 Teucrium, 241 Thalesia, 245 Thalictrum, 203 Thimbleberry, 216 Thin Grass, 165 Thistle, 253 Thlaspi, 208 Thorn Apple, 211, 241 Thoroughwort, 254 Three-seeded Mercury, 222 Throatwort, 249 Thuja, 162 Thyme, 241 Thymel^^ace.e, 227 Thymus, 241 Tiarella, 210 Tick Trefoil, 218 Tiger Lily, 185 Tilia, 225 TiLiACE^, 225 Timothy, 171 Tiniaria, 195. 196 Tissa, 200 Tithymalopsis, 222 Tithymalus, 222 Toad-flax, 243 Tofieldia, 186 Toothwort, 206 Touch-me-not, 224 Tovara, 196 Tower Mustard, 205 Toxicodendron, 223 Tracaulon, 196 Tradescantia, 183 Tragopogon, 258 Trailing Arbutus, 232 Traveler's Joy, 202 Treacle Mustard, 207 Trembling Poplar, 190 Triadenum, 226 Triantha, 186 Flora of Vermont 158 Trichostema, 241 Tridens, 173 Trientalis, 235 Trifolium, 220 Trillium, 186 Triosteum, 247 Triphora, 189 Trisetum, 173 True Water Cress, 207 Trumpet Weed, 254 Tsuga, 162 Tulip-tree, 203 Tumble Mustard, 208 Weed, 197 Tupelo, 231 Turnip, 205 Turtle-head, 242 Tussilago, 258 Tway-blade, 188 Twig Rush, 179 Twin-flower, 247 Twisted-stalk, 186 Typha, 162 Typhacete, 162 Ulmus, 194 Umbelliter.'e, 230 Unifolium, 185 Urtica, 194 Urticace,^, 193 Urticastrum, 194 Utricularia, 245 Uva-ursi, 231 Uvularia, 185, 186 Vaccaria, 200 Vaccinium, 233 Vagnera, 185 Valerian, 248 Veleriana, 248 Valerianace.^, 248 Vallisneria, 165 Velvet-leaf, 225 Venus' Looking Glass, 249 Veratrum, 186 Verbascum, 244 Verbena, 238 Verbenace.^, 238 Veronica, 244 Vervain, 238 Vetch, 220 Viburnum, 248 Vicia, 220 Vinca, 236 Viola, 226 Viola ce^, 226 Violet, 226 Viper's Bugloss, 238 Virginia Cowslip, 238 Creeper, 224 Virgin's Bower, 202 VlTACE^E, 224 Vitis, 225 Vitis-Idea, 234 Wake-robin, 186 Waldsteinia, 217 Walking Leaf, 157 Walnut, 191 Wartweed, 222 Washingtonia, 230 Water Arum, 182 Beech, 192, Cress, 207 Hemlock, 230 Hemp, 197 Horehound, 240 Leaf, 237 Lily, 201 Lobelia, 249 Marigold, 252 Milfoil, 229 Oats, 173 Parsnip, 231 Pennywort, 230 Pepper, 196 Pimpernel, 234 Plantain, 164 Purslane, 228 Shield, 201 Star Grass, 183 Starwort, 222 Water-weed, 165 Water Willow, 228, 245 White Cedar, 162 Lettuce, 256 Snakeroot, 254 White-topped Aster, 257 Whitewood, 203 Wicky, 232 Wicopy, 227 Wild Allspice, 204 Balsam-apple, 248 Bean, 217 Bergamot, 240 Chamomile, 256 Comfrey, 237 Cucumber, 248 Elder, 229 Garlic, 184 Ginger, 195 Indigo, 218 Leek, 184 Liquorice, 246 Madder, 246 Marjoram, 240 Oat Grass, 167 Peppergrass, 207' Rice, 173 Rye, 168 Sarsaparilla, 229 Sensitive Plant, 218 Willow, 190 Willow-herb, 228 Wind-flower, 201 Winterberry, 223 Winter Cress, 205 Wintergreen, 232 Wire Grass, 172 Witch-hazel, 210 Withe-rod, 248 Wood Betony, 244 Woodbine, 224 Wood Lily, 185 Mint, 239 Nettle, 194 Rush, 184 Woodsia, 158 Wood Sorrel, 220 Woodwardia, 158 Wool Grass, 181 Wormseed Mustard, 207 Wormwood, 250 Woundwort, 241 Xanthium. 258 Xanthoxalis, 220 Xolisma, 232 Xyridace.e, 182 Xyris, 182 Yarrow, 249 Yellow Adder's-tongue, 185 .Chamomile, 250 Cress, 207 Daisy, 25G Yellow-eyed Grass, 182 Yellow Myrtle, 234 Pimpernel, 231 Pond Lily, 201 Puccoon, 202 Rattle, 244 Yew, 161 Zannichellia, 164 Zanthoxylum, 221 Zigadenus, 186 Zizania, 173 Zizia, 231 FLORA OF VERMONT PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY ADIANTUM. Maidenhair A. pedatuin L. Rich moist woods; common. ASPIDIUM. (DRYOPTERIS). Shield Fern X A. Boottii Tuckerm. (A. cristatum x spinulosum, var. Intermedium). Boott's Shield Fern. Wet thickets and about ponds; occasional. A. cristatiiin (L.) Sw. Crested Shield Fern. Moist thickets and swamps; frequent. A. cristatuin (L.) Sw., var. Clintoniainim D. C. Eaton. (D. Clintoniana [D. C. Eaton] Dowell). Clinton's Shield Fern. Swampy woods; frequent. A. Filix-mas (L.) Sw. Male Fern. Hartland, (Nancy Darling) ; Woodstock and Bridgewater, (Mabel A. Strong) ; Barnard, (Miss F. E. Corne) ; Brandon, (Kirk and Button). Forma iucisnm Clute. Brandon, (Kirk and Button). A. fragraus (L.) Sw. Fragrant Fern. Mt. Mansfield, Camel's Hump, and Bolton Notch, (Pringle) ; Mt. Zion, Hubbardton, (Ross and Eggleston). A. Goldianuiii Hook. Goldie's Fern. Rich moist woods; occasional. A. iiiargiiiale (L.) Sw. Marginal Shield Fern. Rocky woods; common. Var. elegaus J. Robinson. Swampy woods; occasional. A. noveboraceuse (L.) Sw. New York Fern. Moist woods and swamps; common. X A. pittsfordeuse (Slosson) Eastman. (A. marginale x spinulosum). Pittsford, (Margaret Slosson); Hartland, (Nancy Darling). A. sinmlatnm Davenp. Massachusetts Fern. Rare. Brattleboro, (Mrs. F. B. Horton) ; Hartland, (Mrs. Hurd). A. spinnlosnm (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Spinulose Shield Fern. Damp woods; occasional. A. spiiinlosnm (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Gray, forma aiiadeiiium Robinson. (D. dilatata [Hoffm.] Gray). Broad Shield Fern. Mountain woods; common above 2,500 feet altitude. A. spinulosum (O. F. Miiller) Sw., var. mtermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. (D. intermedia [Muhl.] Gray). Woodlands; common. A. Tlielypteris (L.) Sw. Marsh Fern. Swamps and wet places; com- mon. Additional Hybrid Forms A. cristatum x cristatum, var. Cliutonianuui. In tracts where plants of the species and its variety are numerous intermediate forms are usually frequent. 15(; Bulletin 187 A. cristatura x margiuale. Pittsford, (Margaret Slosson). ' A, cristatum x spiimlosnm. Middlebiiry, (Brainerd). A. cristatum, var. Clintoiiiaimni x Goldiamini. Middlebury, (Brainerd 1879). A. cristatum, var. Clintonianum x margiuale. Pittsford, (Margaret Slosson); Middlebury, (Brainerd). A. cristatum, var. Clintouianum x spinulosum. Middlebury, (Brain- erd); Pittsford, (Margaret Slosson). A. cristatum, var. Clintonianum x spinulosum, var. intermedium. Mid- dlebury, (Brainerd); Montgomery, (Mary L. Gates). A. Filix-mas x marginale. North Bridgewater, (Winslow) ; Barnard, (Miss F. E. Corne) ; Brandon, (Underwood). A. Goldiauum x marginale. Leicester, (Brainerd) ; Cavendish, (Rugg). A. Goldianum x spinulosum, var. intermedium. Middlebury, (Brainerd 1879). A. marginale x spinulosum, var. intermedium. Orleans, (Winslow). A. spinulosum x spinulosum, var. intermedium. Where numerous plants of species and variety grow together, intergrading forms are not infrequent. ASPLENIUM. Spleenwort A. acrostichoides Sw. (A. thelypteroides Michx.; Athyrium thelyp- teroides [Michx.] Desv.). Silvery Spleenwort. Rich woods; fre- quent. A. angustifolium Michx. (A. pycnocarpon Spreng). Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. Rich moist woods; occasional. North in the Con- necticut Valley to St. Johnsbury. X A. ebenoides R. R. Scott. (Asplenium platyneuron x Camptosorus rhizophyllus) . Scott's Spleenwort. On limestone; rare. Rutland, (G. H. Ross) ; Pittsford, (Grace A. Woolson) ; Brandon, (Button) ; Salisbury, (Dr. H. H. Swift); Proctor, (Kirk). A. Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. (Athyrium Filix-foemina [L.] Roth"). Lady Fern. Moist woods; common. A variable species with many described forms. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. (A. ebeneum Ait). Ebony Spleenwort. Rocky woods; frequent. North in the Connecticut Valley to St. Johnsbury. Var. incisum (E. C. Howe) Robinson. (A. ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.). With type; rare. Brattleboro, (Mrs. F. B. Horton) ; Pittsford, (Katherine A. French). Var. serratum (E. S. Miller) BSP. With type; rare. Pittsford, (Grace A. Woolson). A. Ruta-muraria L. Rue Spleenwort. Limestone cliffs of western Vermont; occasional. Lake Willoughby, (E. Faxon). A. Tricliomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Shaded cliffs; frequent. Var. incisum Moore. Brattleboro, (Frost, Annie L. Grout) ; Nor- wich, (Jesup) ; Pittsford, (Rugg). Flora of Vermont 157 A. Tiride Hudson. Green Spleenwort. Cliffs, Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Priugle) ; Mt. Hor, Westmore, (Mrs. Condit) ; Plymouth Notch, (Mabel A. Strong). A. Trielionianes x Ruta-iuuraria. Proctor, (Grace A. Woolson). CAMPTOSORUS. Walking Leaf C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Shaded rocks, especially limestone; locally common in western Vermont. Plymouth Notch, Hartland, Brattleboro, Williamstown, Norwich and Windsor in the Connecticut Valley. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Rock Brake C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. (Pellaea gracilis Hook.). Slender Rock Brake. Moist limestone rocks; occasional. Hartland, Quechee Gulf, East Barnet and St. Johnsbury in eastern Vermont. CYSTOPTERIS. (FILIX). Bladder Fern C. buDjifera (L.) Bernh. Common Bladder Fern. Moist shaded ravines aiid cliffs; frequent. C. frag'ilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile Bladder Fern. Rocky woods and ravines; common. DICKSONIA. (DENNSTAEDTIA) D. puuctilobula (Michx.) Gray. (D. pilosiuscula Willd.). Hay-scented Fern. Hilly pastures; common. Forma cristata (Maxon) Clute. With the type; occasional. ONOCLEA 0. seiisibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Moist places; common. Var. ob- tiisilobata (Schkuhr) Torr. With type; occasional. 0. Strutbioptei'is (L.) Hoffmann. (Matteuccia Struthiopteris [L.] Todaro). Ostrich Fern. Rich alluvial soil; common. A form similar to the var. obtusilobata of O. sensibilis has been found in Dorset, (Mrs. E. H. Terry). PELLAEA. Cliff Brake P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Purple Cliff Brake. Limestone cliffs; oc- casional in western Vermont. Mt. Willoughby and Quechee Gulf in eastern Vermont. Var. Bushii Mackenzie. Essex Junction, (C. E. Faxon) ; Burlington, (Blake) ; West Haven, (Kirk). PHEGOPTERIS. (DRYOPTERIS). Beech Fern P. Dryopteris (L.) Fee. Oak Fern. Moist woods and swamps; com- mon. P. hexagoiioptera (Michx.) Fee. Broad Beech Fern. Rich woods; oc- casional. North in the Connecticut Valley to St. Johnsbury. P. polypodioides Fee. (D. Phegopteris [L.] C. Chr.). Long Beech Fern. Damp woods; common. 158 Bulletin 187 POLYPODIUM. Polypody P. vulgare L. Rocks; common. Var. atteuuatum Milde. Brattleboro, (Addie L. Reed). Var. auritum Willd. Mt. Horrid, (Button). Var. cambricum (L.) Willd. Rutland, (Kirk) ; Montgomery, (Mary L. Gates). POLYSTICHUM P. acrosticlioides (Michx.) Schott. (Aspidium acrostichoides Sw.). Christmas Fern. Rocky woods; common. Var. iucisum Gray. (Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray; Polystichum acros- tichoides, var. Schweinitzii Small). Rhod. 11: 35. Dry wooded hill- sides; frequent. Crisped and crested forms occur. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fee. (Aspidium aculeatum, var. Braunii Doll.) . Braun's Holly Fern. Moist woods above 1500 feet altitude; occa- sional. PTERIS. (PTERIDIUM). Brake or Bracken P. aqullina L. Pastures and open woods; common. Var. pseudo- caudata Clute. Burned over place, Colchester, (F. A. Ross). WOODSIA W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. (W. hyperborea R. Br.). Alpine Woodsia. Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby, (Pringle) ; Quechee Gulf, (Balch). W. glabella R. Br. Smooth Woodsia. Willoughby Lake, (Torrey) ; Mt. Mansfield and Bakersfield Ledge, (Pringle) ; Quechee Gulf, (Balch); Mt. Horrid, Rochester, (Dutton). W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Rocks; common. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt-lobed Woodsia. Rocky banks and calcareous ledges; occasional. In Connecticut Valley north to St. Johnsbury, WOODWARDIA. (ANCHISTEA). Chain Fern W. virginica (L.) Sm. Virginia Chain Fern. Fort Ethan Allen pond, (Robbins) ; Franklin bog, (Wild); Rutland, (Kirk). OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN FAMILY OSMUNDA. Flowering Fern 0. ciimainomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Wet woods and pastures; com- mon. Forma bipinnatifida Clute. Fern Bull. 15: 17. Williston, (Blake). Forma frondosa, (T. & G.) Britton. With the type; occa- sional. Forma iucisa (Huntington) Gilbert. With the type; occa- sional. Forma latipinnula Blake. Rhod. 15:155. Swanton, (Blake). A crisped form occurs. 0. Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Wet woods and pastures; com- mon. Var. dubia Grout. Newfane, (Grout). 0. regalis L. Royal Fern. Wet woods and swamps; common. Forma iuterrupta Milde. Swanton, (Blake). Forma orbiculata Clute. Hartland, (Ruggles). An incised form occurs. Flora of Vermont 159 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY BOTRYCHIUM. Moonwort B. laiiceolatiiiii (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angustisef?iiieiituiii Pease & Moore. Lance-leaved Grape Fern. Moist hollows in cool open woods ; rare. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Very rare. Willoughby House, West- more, (G. H. Tilton). B. oMiquTim Muhl. (B. ternatum forma obliquum Milde). Grape Fern. Moist gravelly slopes; frequent. Var. dissectiim (Spreng.) Clute. (B. dissectum Spreng.). Cool loamy soil, open fields; occasional. Var. oneidense (Gilbert) Waters. Vermont, Miss Gilman, Gray's Manual ed. 7. B. raiiiosnm (Roth) Aschers. (B. matricariaefolium A. Br.; B. neglec- tum AVood). Rich moist woods; occasional. B. simplex B. Hitchcock. Little Grace Fern. Hilly pastures and open woods; occasional. Var. coiiipositum (Lasch) Milde. Hartland, (Nancy Darling) ; St. Johnsbury, (Bridget M. Rooney). B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. (B. silai- folium Presl.). Ternate Grape Fern. Old pastures and copses; occasional. Var. rutaefolium (A. Br.) D. C. Eaton. (B. matri- cariae Spreng.). Old fields; rare. B. yirginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Rich woods; common. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder's Tongue 0. Tulgatum L. Moist meadows and pastures; occasional. EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY EQUISETUM. Horsetail E, arvense L. Common Horsetail. Moist gravelly or sandy banks; common. E. fluviatile L. (E. limosum L.). Pipes. Shallow water with muddy bottom; common. A form with the branches bearing numerous small spikes occurs, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Common Scouring Rush. Moist gravelly banks; common. Forma polystachyuni Prager. Burlington, (Blake). E. hyemale L., var. intermedium A. A. Eaton. Scouring Rush. Moist sandy soil, Burlington, (Howe). E. litorale Kiihlewein. Shore Horsetail. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain; rare. E. palustre L. Marsh Horsetail. Wet sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington, (Pringle) ; Brandon, (Button) ; Windsor, (W. H. Blanchard, Rugg) ; Colchester, (Blake). E. pratense Ehrh. Newark, (Kennedy); Brattleboro, (Wheeler). E. scirpoides Michx. Moist cool woods; occasional. E. sylTaticum L. Moist shady places; common. E. variegatum Schleicher. Gravelly shores; occasional, '^- " 160 Bulletin 187 E. variegatura Schleicher, var. Jesiipi A. A. Eaton. Wet shores; rare. Forma geiniiiatum Blake. Rhod. 15:156. Essex Junction, (Blake). Forma niultirameuiii Blake. Rhod. 15:156. Essex Junction, (Blake). LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY LYCOPODIUM. Club Moss L» aniiotinuiii L. Cold woods; common. Var. pnugens Desv. Summit Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle) ; Brighton, (W. H. Blanchard). L. clavatum L. Common Club Moss. Dry woods; common. Var. meg-astachyou Fernald & Bissell. (Var. monostachyon Gray's Manual, ed. 7). Rhod. 12: 53. Dry woods; occasional above 1,000 feet altitude. L. complanatnm L. Willoughby, (Winslow and Rugg) ; Hartland, (Florence H. Sturtevant). L. coiiiplaiiatam L., var. flabelliforine Fernald. Ground Pine. Dry pas- tures and open woods; common. Var. Wibbei Haberer. Westmore, (Kennedy); Brandon, (Dutton) ; Hartland, (Underwood). L. inniidatiim L. Bog Club Moss. Moist soil; occasional. Var. Bigelovii Tuckerm. Sunderland, (Grout). L. lucidnlum Michx. Shining Club Moss. Cold damp woods; common. L. lucidulum Michx., var. porophilnm (Lloyd & Underwood) Clute. Cold ravine. Clarendon, (Kirk). L. ohscurum L. Tree Club Moss. Moist woods; occasional. In the Connecticut Valley north to St. Johnsbury. L* obscurum L., var. deudroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Tree Club Moss. Moist woods; common. L. saMnaefolinm Willd. Dry woods and pastures; Rochester, (Eggles- ton) ; Willoughby, (Winslow and Rugg) ; Hartland, (Nancy Dar- ling). L. Selago L. Summits of ]\Iansfield and Camel's Hump, (Robbins) ; Johnson, (Eggleston)« Rochester, (Dutton). L. Selago L., var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). L. sitcliense Rupr. Willoughby Mt, (Winslow and Rugg). L. tristachyum Pursh. (L. complanatnm L., var. Chamaecyparissus Milde). Dry woods and pastures; occasional. SELAGINELLACEAE SELAGINELLA S. apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. Moist shady places; Brat- tleboro, (Grout) ; Pownal, (Hazen). S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella. Dry exposed rocks; fre- quent. In the Connecticut Valley north to Barnet. ISOETACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY ISOETES. Quillwort I. Dodgei A. A. Eaton. (I. canadensis A. A. Eaton). Firm soil, borders pf ponds and streams; occasional. Flora of Vermont 161 I. ecliinospora Dur., var. Brannii (Dur.) Engelm. (I. Braunii Dur.). Margins of ponds and streams; common. I. ecliinospora Dur., var. iimrioata (Dur.) Engelm. (I. Braunii Dur.). Moutli of Pompanoosuc River, Norwich, (Jesup). I. niacrospora Dur. Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). I. Tuckeriiiaiii A. Br., var. borealis A. A. Eaton. Grout Pond, Stratton, (Eggleston and Grout). SPBRMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS TAX ACE AE. YEW FAMILY TAXUS. Yew T. canadensis Marsh. Ground Hemlock. Moist banks and hills; fre- quent. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY ABIES. Balsam Fir A. balsainea (L.) Mill. Cold, wet woods and swamps, in the higher altitudes; common. Not reported in the Connecticut Valley south of Hartland. JUNIPERUS. Juniper J, coinnmuis L., var. depressa Pursh. (J. sil)irica Burgsd.). Common Juniper. Dry, sterile hills; frequent. In the Connecticut Valley, north to Peacham. J. horizoutalis Moeuch. (J. Sabina L., var. procumbens Pursh.). Man- chester, (Mary A. Day). J. virginiaua L. Red Cedar. Dry, rocky hills; frequent in lower alti- tudes of western Vermont and north in the Connecticut Valley to Fairlee. LARIX. Larch L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Cold swamps; common, except in the lower Connecticut Valley. PICEA. Spruce P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (P. alba Link). White Spruce. Com- mon in northeastern Vermont south to Strafford, West Fairlee and Newbury. Its western limit is a line drawn from Strafford through East Barre, East Montpelier, Craftsbury and Albany to Newport Center, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Hartland, (Nancy Darling) ; Newfane, spreading from cultivation, (Wheeler) ; Providence Island, com- mon, (Jones) ; Thompson's Point, Colchester, (Griffin) ; Essex, (Howe). P. niariana (Mill.) BSP. (P. nigra Link; P. brevifolia Peck). Swamp or Black Spruce. Common in sphagnum swamps of the Champlain 162 Bulletin 187 and upper Connecticut Valleys. Forma semiprostrata (Peck) Blake. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, (Eggleston). P. rubra (Du Roi) Dietr. (P. rubra Link; P. rubens Sarg.). Red Spruce. Common, especially on rocky mountain sides. PINUS. Pine P. Bauksiaua Lambert. (P. divaricata Sudw.). Gray Pine, Jack Pine. Monkton, (R. E. Robinson) ; Starksboro, (Priugle) ; Fairfax, (Bates). But few trees at each station. P. resiuosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Dry, rocky soil; frequent. P. rig'ida Mill. Pitch Pine. Barren, sandy soil. Common in the north- ern Champlain Valley and in the Connecticut River towns north to Wells River. P. Strobus L. White Pine. Common up to 1000 feet altitude. THUJA. Arbor Vitae T. occideiitalis L. Commonly but wrongly called White Cedar. Swamps and rocky banks; common in northern and central Ver- mont, occurring in eastern Vermont south to Hartland and Wood- stock. TSUGA. Hemlock T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Rocky woods and swamps; common. TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY TYPHA. Cat-tail T. aug'ustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. Marshes; occasional. T. latifolia L. Common Cat-tail. Marshes; common. SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed S. americanum Nutt. (S. simplex, var. Nuttallii Engelm.). Bogs and muddy shores. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Fairfield Pond, (Blake). S. americanum Nutt., var. androcladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames. (S. simplex Huds., var. androcladum Engelm.; S. androcladum [Engelm.] Morong.). Bogs and shallow water; common. S. angustifolium Michx. Shallow water in mountain ponds; frequent. S. diversifolium Graebner. (S. simplex Gray's Manual, ed. 6, in part). Marshy borders of ponds and streams; frequent. S. diversifolium Graebner, var. acaule Fernald & Eames. (S. acaule [Beeby] Rydb.). Essex Junction, Hinesburg Pond, Williston, (Blake). S. eurycari>iiiii Engelm. Borders of ponds and rivers; frequent in western Vermont. S. fluctuans (Morong) Robinson. (S. androcladum Morong, var. fiuc- tuans Morong in part). Floating in ponds; occasional. Flora of Vermont 16^ S. liicidnm Fernald & Eames. Shore of Winooski River, near mouth, Burlington, (Blake). S. iniuinnim Fries. Marshy borders of ponds; occasional. S. siinple.x Huds. Marshy borders of ponds and streams; frequent. NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY NAJAS. Naiad N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Slow streams and ponds; com- mon. POTAMOGETON. Pondweed P. alpimis Balbis. (P. rufescens Schrad.). Windsor, (Jesup) ; Willough- by Lake, (E. Faxon) ; Lewis Creek, Ferrisburg, (E. & C. E. Faxon) ; Harvey's Pond, W. Barnet, (Blanchard) ; Little Averill Pond, (Eggleston). P. aiiierioanns C. & S. (P. lonchites Tuckerm.). In sluggish streams; frequent. P. ainplifolius Tuckerm. Common in still water; fruiting more com- monly at high altitudes. P, angnstifolius Berchtold & Presl. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch). Alburg, (Morong) ; Milton, (Grout). Var. coiinecticutensis (Rob- bins) Benn. (P. lucens L., var. Robbins). Lake Dunmore, (E. Faxon); Lake Bomoseen, (Eggleston). P. bnpleuroides Fernald. (P. perfoliatus Gray's Manual, ed. 6, in part, not L.). Occasional in Lake Champlain. P. ooiifervoides Reichenb. (P. Tuckermani Roltbius). Grout Pond, Stratton, (Grout). P. crispiis* L. In shallow water, Lake Champlain and tributaries. Malletts Bay, (Griffin) ; Ferrisburg and Charlotte, (Button and Kirk). P. dimorplius Raf. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.). Common. P. epiliydrus Raf. (P. Nuttallii C. & S.; P. pennsylvanicus Willd.). Still or flowing water; common. P. epihydnis Raf., var. cayiigeiisis (Wiegand) Bennett. In Winooski River, Burlington, (Blake). X P. Faxoni Morong. Abundant in the still water of Lake Champlain and tributaries. P. flliformis Pers. (P. marinus auth., not L.?). In Lake Champlain, Charlotte, (Button and Kirk) ; West Haven, (Kirk). P. foliosus Raf. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.). Lewis Creek, Ferrisburg, (C. E. Faxon) ; W. Barnet, (Blanchard) ; Brattleboro, (Grout) ; Woodbury, (Brainerd) ; Burlington and Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). P. foliosns Raf., var. iiiagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Tributaries of Lake Champlain ; occasional. P. Friesii Rupr. (P. mucronatus Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not Schrad.?). Frequent. P. heterophjilus Schreb. Still or flowing water; common. Forma graniinifoliiis (Fries) Morong. Knight's Island, Lake Champlain, 164 Bulletin 187 (Brainerd). Forma terrestris Schlecht. Exsiccated places; fre- quent. P. hybridus Michx. (P. diversifolius Raf.)- "South Hero," (Robbins) ; "Brattleboro," (Frost); Vernon, (Grout); Willoughby, (Jesup). P. lucens L. Ponds; locaL P. uatans L. Pools and ditches; common. P. Oakesiaims Robbins. Grout Pond, Stratton; Lily Pond, Vernon, (Grout). P. obtusifolius Mertens & Koch. Fairlee Lalce, (Jesup and Sargent) ; Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburg, (Grout and Eggleston) ; Lewis Creek, (Faxon). P. pectinatus L. Common. P. perfoliatus L. Slow streams and shallow waters; frequent. P. praelongus Wulf. In deep water; frequent. P. pusillus L. Pools and ditches; common. P. piisillns L., var. Stiirrockii Benn. Malletts Bay, Lake Chaniplain, (Griffin). P. pusillns L., var. temiissiimis Mertens & Koch. Occasional. P. Eichardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. (P. perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus Rub- bins). Lake Champlain and its tributaries; frequent. P. RobMnsii Oakes. Common. P. mtilns Wolfgang. Pelot's Bay, N. Hero, (Brainerd). P. strictifoliiis Benn. (P. pusillus, var. pseudo-rutilus Benn.). Lake Champlain, (E. & C. E. Faxon); Orwell, (Cushman). P. Vaseyi Robbins. Oozy Pond, Barnet, (Blanchard). P. zosterifoliiis Schumacher. (P. compressus L.). Still and slowly flowing water; common. ZANNICHELLIA. Horned Pondweed Z. paliistris L. Shallow water. South Hero, (Robbins) ; North Hero, (Pringle) ; Norwich, (Jesup) ; Joe's Pond, W. Danville, (Blanch- ard). JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY SCHEUCHZERIA S. paliistris L. Peaty bogs; occasional. ALISMACEAE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY ALISMA. Water-plantain A. Plaiitago-aquatica L. (A. subcordatum Raf.). Swales in the lower altitudes; common. SAGITTARIA. Arrow-head S. arifolia Nutt. (S. cuneata Sheldon). Swales and wet shores; fre- quent along Lake Champlain; Barnard Pond, (Jesup and Sargent) ; Lake Bomoseen, (Button) ; Hartland, (Whiting) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). S. gTaininea Michx. Low muddy shores of lakes and ponds; frequent. S. heterophylla Pursh. (S. rigida Pursh.). Low muddy shores and in shallow water; frequent. Variable. Forma flnitaus (Engelm.) Flora of Vermont 165 Blake. Rhod. 15:159. North Hero, (Brainerd) ; Lake Champlain, (C. E. Faxon); Swanton and Burlington, (Blake). Forma rigida (Pursh.) Blake. Rhod. 15:159. Albiirg, (Pringle) ; Ferrisburg, (Brainerd) ; Shelburne and Colchester, (Blake). S. latifolia Willd. (S. variabilis Engelm.). Wet places; common. Forma dirersifolia (Engelm.) Robinson. (S. brevirostra Mack. & Bush.). With type; occasional. Forma gracilis (Pursh.) Robin- son. With type; occasional. Forma ol)tiisa (Muhl.) Robinson. With type; occasional. HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY ELODEA. (PHILOTRIA). Water-weed E. canadensis Michx. Slow streams and ponds; frequent. VALLISNERIA. Tape Grass. Eel Grass V. spiralis L. Quiet, shallow water with sandy bottom; common. GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY AGROPYRON A. cauiunm (L.) Beauv. Awned Wheat Grass. Dry, warm, rocky woodlands of the lower altitudes; frequent. A. repens* (L.) Beauv. Couch, Quitch or Quick Grass. Fields and waste places; common. A. tenerum Vasey. (A. novae-angliae Scribn.). Slender Wheat Grass. Willoughby Mt., Smugglers' Notch. AGROSTIS. Bent Grass A. alba L. White Bent Grass. Meadows and fields; common. Var. vulgaris* (With.) Thurb. Red Top. Fields; common; dryer situa- tions than type. A, alba L., var. aristata Gray. Upland pastures; frequent. A. alba L., var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey. Damp shores, Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). A. borealis Hartm. (A. canina var. alpina Oakes). Summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Pringle). A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (A. scabra Willd.). Hair Grass. Dry ditches and desiccated places; common. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin Grass. Moist shaded places; frequent. ALOPECURUS. Foxtail Grass A. geiiiculatiis L., var. aristulatus Torr. (A. aristulatus Michx.). Float- ing Foxtail Grass. Wet meadows; frequent. A. prateiisis* L. Meadow Foxtail Grass. Introduced in fields and along roadsides; "Bellows Falls," (Carey); Hartland, (Ruggles) ; Burlington, (Jones) ; Rutland, (Kirk) ; Newfane, (Wheeler). AMMOPHILA A. arenaria (L.) Link. (A. arundinacea Host). Beach Grass. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Alburg, (Pringle). 166 Bulletin 187 ANDROPOGON. Beard Grass A. furcatus MuhL Forked Beard Grass. Dry, rocky banks of rivers and lakes; occasional in the lower altitudes. A. scoparius Michx. (Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash.). Broom Beard Grass. Dry, sterile soil; frequent. ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet Vernal-grass A, odoratum* L. Moist fields and roadsides; common. ARISTIDA. Triple-awned Grass A. dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. Barren fields; Pownal, (Rob- bins); New Haven, (Pringle) ; Essex, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). A, gracilis Ell. Dry pastures; Vernon, (Grout). ARRHENATHERUM. Oat-grass A. elatius* (L.) Beauv. (A. avenaceum Beauv.). Tall Oat-grass. Char- lotte, (Horsford) ; Burlington, (Jones); Rutland, (Kirk). AVENA. Oat A. fatua* L. East Wallingford, (Kent). A. pubesceiis* Huds. Charlotte, (Pringle). A. satiya* L. Cultivated and frequently escapes. BRACHYELYTRUM B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Moist shaded places; frequent. BRIZA. Quaking Grass B. media* L. In old meadow, Charlotte, (Pringle) ; woods, near Ever- green Cemetery, Rutland, (Kirk). BROMUS. Brome Grass B. altissiinus Pursh. Along Hoosic River, North Pownal, (Woodward) ; Brattleboro, (Wheeler) ; common along streams in northern part of the state. B. arrensis* L. Windham, (W. H. Blanchard). B. oiliatns L. Wood Chess, Hairy Brome Grass. Moist thickets; common. B. erectus* Huds. Charlotte, (Pringle). B. incanus (Shear.) Hitchc. Along Hoosic River, North Pownal, (Woodward). B. inermis* Leyss. Hungarian Brome Grass. Burlington, (Orton) ; Colchester, (Griffin); Rutland, (Kirk); Highgate, (Blewitt). B. Kalmii Gray. Wild Chess. Dry woodlands in the lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. B. purgans L. Thickets; frequent. B. racemosus* L. Charlotte, (Pringle). B. secalimis* L. Chess. Occasional in fields and along railroads. B. tectorum* L. Charlotte, (Pringle) ; along railroad, Rutland and Perrisburg, (Kirk); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). Flora of Vermont 167 CALAMAGROSTIS. Reed Bent Grass . C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Marshes and wet places; common. C. hyperborea Lauge. Lake Willoughby, (Boott). Specimen in U. S. national herbarium. C. inexpansa Gray. (C. confinis Gray). Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle) ; Lake Willoughby cliffs. C. Langsdorfli (Link.) Trin. Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle) ; Lake Willough- by, (Rusby). C. neg'Iecta (Ehrh.) Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius. (C. stricta Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not Trin.; C. hyperborea Lange., var. americaua Kearney). Lake Willoughby, (Mann); Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle). C. Pickeringii Gray. (C. breviseta Scribn.). Vermont, (Pringle). Specimen in U. S. national herbarium. C. Pickeringii Gray, var. lacustris (Kearney) Hitchc. (C. Lapponica Gray in part; C. lacustris [Kearney] Nash). Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle). Specimen in U. S. national herbarium. CENCHRUS. Sandbur C. caroliniauus Walt. Dry sandy soil; local. Colchester and Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Essex, (Griffin) ; along Connecticut River, Brattleboro, (Grout). CINNA. Wood Reed Grass C. amndinacea L. Wood Reed Grass. Moist woods; frequent in the lower altitudes. ('. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. (C. pendula Trin.). Slender Wood Reed Grass. Moist woods, especially on mountain sides; fre(|uent. DACTYLIS. Orchard Grass D. glomerata* L. Fields, in shade; common. DANTHONIA. Wild Oat Grass D. compressa Aust. Dry banks and woods; occasional. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat Grass. Sterile soil; com- mon. DESCHAMPSIA D. atropurpnrea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. A single specimen collected on Mt. Mansfield by Joseph Torrey, probably before 1853, is in the University of Vermont herbarium. Later botanists have failed to rediscover it. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hair Grass. Rocky banks and shores; frequent in the lower altitudes. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hair Grass. Dry soil, ascending to highest mountain tops ; common. DIGITARIA. (SYNTHERISMA). Finger Grass D. liumifusa* Pers. (S. Ischaemum [Schreb.] Nash). Small Crab- grass. Occasional in fields and lawns. 168 Bulletin 187 D. san^inalis* (L.) Scop. Large Crab-grass. Cultivated fields and waste places; common. ECHINOCHLOA E, crusgalli* (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Cultivated ground and moist places; common. ELYMUS. Wild Rye E. australis Scribn. & Ball. Jamaica, (Dobbin) ; Essex Junction, (Blake); Townshend, (Wheeler). E. canadeusis L. Nodding Wild Rye. Low thickets and river banks; common. Var. glaiicifoliiis (Muhl.) Gray. With type; occasional. Prefers dryer situations. E. robustus Scribn. & J. G. Sm. Burlington, (Jones). E. striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. Middlebury, (James, Brainerd) ; ledges of Winooski River, (Pringle) ; along Otter Creek, Brandon, (Dutton). E. virginicus L. Wild Rye. Moist thickets along streams in the lower altitudes; frequent. Var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc. (E. hir- sutiglumis Scribn.). West Haven, (Kirk). ERAGROSTIS E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Hair Grass. Twin Mt., West Rutland, (Kirk). E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. (E. reptans Nees.). Gravelly or sandy banks, in lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. E. iiieg'astachya* (Koeler) Link. (E. major Host). Stink Grass, Snake Grass. Waste places; Burlington, Woodstock, (Jones); Pownal, Bennington, (Eggleston) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Rut- land, (Kirk). E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. Dry sandy soil; frequent in the lower Connecticut Valley; Townshend, (Wheeler); Essex Junction, (Blake); Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie Straw). E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. (E. Purshii Schrad.). Sandy soil along rail- roads: frequent. FESTUCA. Fescue Grass F. elatlor* L. Taller or Meadow Fescue. Fields; common. F. uiitaus Spreng. Rocky woods in the low altitudes of western Ver- mont; frequent. F. oc'toflora Walt. Slender Fescue. Burlington, (C. H. Knowlton). F. ovina L. Sheep's Fescue. Frequently introduced, especially in lawns. Var. breyifolia (R. Br.) Hack. (F. brachyphylla Schultz). Cliffs of Smugglers' Notch; rare. (Grout & Eggleston). Var. capillata* (Lam.) Hack. (F. capillata Lam.). Introduced; occa- sional. F. rubra L. Rocky shores and islands of Lake Champlain; occasional; swamp, Stratton Mountain, (Jones). Var. siibvillosa Mert. <§r Koch. In lawn, South Burlington, (Jones). Flora of Vermont 169 GLYCERIA. (PANICULARIA). Manna Grass G. acutiflora Ton-. Border of pond, Rutland, (Kirk). (i. borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Wet places and shallow water; com- mon. a. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass. Wet places; com- mon. G. grandis Wats. Reed Meadow Grass. Wet soil ; common. (i. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Fowl Meadow Grass. Wet meadows; com- mon. fi. pallida (Torr.) Trin. Pale Manna Grass. Shallow water or wet soil; occasional. fi. pallida (Torr.) Trin., var. Fernaldii fiitchc. Townshend, (Wheeler). a. septentrionalis Hitchc. Floating Manna Grass. Hartland, (Riig- gles). (i. Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc. (G. elongata Trin.). Wet woods, especially in the mountains; frequent. HIEROCHLOE. (SAVASTANA). Holy Grass H. alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Summit of Mt. Mansfield. (Tuckerman and Macrae). If. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (H. borealis R. & S.). Vanilla or Seneca Grass. Moist meadows; occasional. HOLCUS. (N'OTHOHOLCUS) H. lanatiis* L. Velvet Grass. Fields; Charlotte, (Pringle and Hors- ford); Peacham, ( ISlanchard) ; Windham, (W. U. Hlanclmrd). HORDEUM. Barley H. aegiceras* Nees. Egyptian Barley. Willoughby Lake, (Jones) ; railroad yard, Burlington, (.Tones, Mrs. N. F. Flynn). H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Along railroads and in waste places. Strafford, (Collins) ; East Wallingford, (Kent) ; Rutland, (Kirk); Burlington, (Jones); Brandon, (Button). HYSTRIX. Bottle-brush Grass H, patiila Moench. (Asperella Hystrix Humi).; FT. TTystrIx fL.] Millsi).). Rocky woods; frequent. LEERSIA. (HOMALOCENCHRUS). Cut Grass L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut Grass. Wet places in the lower alti- tudes; common. L. virginica Willd. Cut Grass, Scratch Grass. Wet woods of the lower altitudes; frequent. LEPTOLOMA L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Fall Witch Grass. Townshend,. (Wheeler); Hartland, (Undei'wood). 170 Bulletin 187 LOLIUM. Darnel L. pereune* L. Rye-grass, Common Darnel. By roadsides and In meadows; occasional. L. teiuulentuiu* L. Bearded Darnel. Burlington, (Jones) ; Essex, (Willd). MELICA. Melic Grass M. striata (Miclix.) Hitchc. (Avena striata Michx.). Purple Oat. Rocky woods; occasional. MILIUM. Millet Grass M. effiisum L. Cool moist woods; frequent in the mountains. MOLINIA. (AIRA) M. caenilea* (L.) Moench. Spreading to woods from cemetery, Rut- land, (Kirk). MUHLENBERGIA. Drop-seed Grass M. foliosa (R. & S.) Trin. (M. mexicana [L.] Trin.). Swampy ground. Willoughby Mt., (Faxon) ; Townshend, (Wheeler) ; Sudbury (F. W. Hubby) ; North Pownal, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Essex Junction, (Blake). Rhod. 15:160. M. foliosa (R. & S.) Trin., subsp. ainbigiia (Torr.) Scribn. Lake Cham- plain, (Faxon). M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Knot-root Grass. Dry ground and waste places; common. M. raceinosa (Michx.) BSP. (M, glomerata Trin.). Wet rocks and marshy places; frequent and variable. M. Sclireberi J. F. Gmel. (M. diffusa Schreb.). Drop-seed, Niml)le Will. Shaded places in the lower altitudes; occasional. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. "Rocky shady hills," (Oakes) ; Twin Mt., West Rutland, (Kirk). M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., var. setigera Hitchc. West Haven, (Kirk). M. sylratioa Torr. (M. umbrosa Scribn.). Moist banks; occasional. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. (M. Willdenowii Trin.). Rocky woods: occasional. ORYZOPSIS. Mountain Rice 0. asperifolia Michx. Woods; common. 0. pungeiis (Torr.) Hitchc. (0. canadensis Torr.). Dry sandy soil in the lower altitudes; occasional. 0. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. (O. melauocarpa Muhl.). Rocky woods; frequent. PANICUM. Panic Grass P. agrostoides Spreng. Hartland, (Ruggles) ; Newfane, (Grout). P. barbulatum Michx. (P. dichotomum L.). Colchester, (Jones). P. boreale Nash. Woods and fields; frequent on east side of the state; occasional elsewhere. Flora of Vermont lYl P. capillare L. Old-witch Grass, Tumble-weed. Fields; common. P, claudestiniiin L. Moist thickets in the lower altitudes; frequent. P. colniiibianum Scribn. Dry sandy soil; frequent about Burlington. P. depanperatum Muhl. Dry woods and fields in the lower altitudes; occasional. P. dichotomnm L. Woods in the lower altitudes; occasional. P. hnachacae Ashe. (P. unciphyllum of recent Am. auth., not Trin.). Open ground in the lower altitudes; frequent. P. huachucae Ashe, var. silyicola Hitchc. & Chase. Woods in the lower altitudes; occasional. P. iniplieatuin Scribn. Wet meadows; frequent in Champlain Valley. P. latifoliam D. (P. macrocarpon Le Conte). Woodlands in the lower altitudes; common. P. Lindlieimeri Nash. Willoughby. (E. & C. E. Faxon). P. liiiearifoliuin Scribn. Dry woods and fields in the lower altitudes; common. P. iniliaceiim* L. European Millet. Rurlington, (Brainerd); Rutland, (Kirk); Townshend, (Wheeler). P. pliiladelphiciiiii Bernh. (P. minus Nash). Lake Memphramagog, (Tuckerman). P. scoparioides Ashe. Sandy or gravelly soil; Hartland, (Ruggles). P. Scribuerianuni Nash. (P. scoparium Wats. & Coult.). Brattleboro, (Grout); Westminster, (Robinson). P. spliaerocarpon Ell. Along railroad, Putney, (W. H. Blanchard). P. subyillosuin Ashe. (P. meridionale Ashe). Dry woods and sandy ground; Burlington, (Jones); Rutland, (Eggleston). P. tennesseense Ashe. Moist ground in the Champlain Valley; fre- quent. Hartland, (Ruggles). P. tsugretorum Nash. Moist ground; rare. Burlington, (Jones, Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Salisbury, (Brainerd) ; Hartland, (Ruggles). P. Tirgatum L. Switch Grass, Tall Panic Grass. Brattleboro, (M. A. Howe); Ferrisburg, (Kirk); Hartland, (Ruggles). P, Weriieri Scribn. Dry woods and fields; Burlington and Colchester, (Jones). P. xantliophysiim Gray. Dry sandy soil; frequent in the lower alti- tudes. PASPALUM P. Muhlenberg-ii Nash. Sandy fields; Bellows Falls, (Carey); Hart- land, (Ruggles) ; Vernon, (Grout) ; Townshend, (Wheeler). PHALARIS. Canary Grass P. aruiidinaoea L. Reed Canary-grass. Wet soil; freiiuent. Var. picta* L. Ribbon Grass. A frequent garden escape. P. caiiarieiisis* L. Canary-grass. Waste places; occasional. PHLEUM P. prateuse^'= L. Timothy, Herd's Grass. Fields; common. ^ 172 Bulletin 187 PHRAGMITES. Reed Grass P. coiniiiuiiis Trin. (P. Phragmites [L.l Karst). Wild Broom Corn. Swampy margins of ponds and lakes; occasional. POA. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass r. alsodes Gray. Moist woods; common. P. annua* L. Low Spear Grass. Waysides and fields; common. P. conipressa* L. Canada Blue Grass, Wire Grass. Dry fields and woods; common. P. (lebilis Torr. Dry rocky woods in western Vermont; frequent. P. laxa Haenke. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, (Robbins). P. nemoralis L. Rocky woods and cliffs; occasional; very variable. P. pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass, June Grass. Pastures and fields; common. P. triflora Gilib. (P. serotina Elirh.). False Red Top, Fowl Meadow Grass. Wet soil; common. SETARIA. (CHAETOCHLOA). Bristly Foxtail Grass S. §rlauca* (L.) Beauv. Foxtail, Pigeon Grass. Fields; common. S. italica (L.) Beauv., var. germanica* (Mill) Richter. Italian or Ger- man Millet, Hungarian Grass. Occasionally adventive but not per- sistent. S. rerticillata* (L.) Beauv. Rough Foxtail Grass. Old garden, Bur- lington, (Jones). S. Tiridis* (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail, Bottle Grass. Fields and waste places; common. SORGHASTRUM. (ANDROPOGON. CllRYSOFOGON ) S. nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass, Wood Grass. Dry sandy soil in the lower altitudes; occasional. SPARTINA. Cord or Marsh Grass S. Micbaiixianu Hitchc. (S. cynosuroides Willd. in part). Slough Grass, Tall Marsh Grass. Bellows Falls, (Carey). Shores of Lake Cham- plain and tributaries; frequent. SPHENOPHOLIS S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey). Colchester, (Torrey). S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica Gray). Moist rocky woods and marshes; frequent. SPOROBOLUS. Drop-seed. Rush Grass S. asi»er (Michx.) Kunth. Thompson's Point, Charlotte, (Pringle). S. neslectus Nash. Dry sandy soil in the lower altitudes; occasional. S. nniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. (S. serotinus Gray). Wet soil; Ripton, (Boyce) ; Bakersfield, (Pringle) ; Peacham, (Blanchard) ; frequent in elevated bogs, Windham County, (Grout). S. vaginiflonis (Torr.) Wood. Dry soil in the lower altitudes; occa- sional. Flora of Vermont 173 TRIDENS T. tlaviis (L.) Hitclic. Tall Red Top. Townslieud, (Wheeler). TRISETUM T. inelicoides (Michx.) Vasey. (Graphephorum melicoideum [Michx.] Beauv.). Banks of Winooski River, Colchester and Williston, (Pringle) ; South Burlington, (Jones). T. spicatum (L.) Richter. (T. subspicatum Beauv., var. molle Gray). Narrow False Oat. Dry woods and ledges; occasional. ZIZANIA. Water or Indian Rice Z. aqiiatica L. Wild Rice, Water Oats. In shallow water, Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Lake Memphramagog, (Underwood) ; West Haven, (Kirk). Z. paliistris L. (Z. aquatica Am. auth. not L.). Wild Rice, Water Oats. Marshy borders of Lake Champlain and its tributaries; occasional. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY CAREX. Sedge ('. aeiica Fernald. Cliffs and sand plains; occasional in Rutland and Addison Counties. C. aestiTalis M. A. Curtis. Rocky woods; rare. South Pownal, (J. R. Churchill). C. albicans Willd. Dry shady ledges; common in western Vermont. Lake Willoughby, (Kennedy); Townshend, (Wheeler). C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. Wet meadows and damp woods; rare. Mid- dlebury, (Brainerd) ; Burlington, (Hazen) ; Rutland, (Egglcston). C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Borders of ponds and rivers; occasional. C. aqiiatilis Wahlenb., var. virescens Anders. Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Pownal, (Churchill). V. arota Boott. (C. canescens, var. polystachya Boott). Wet woods; rare. Peacham, (Blanchard) ; Knight's Island, (Brainerd) ; High- gate Springs, (Jesup). C arctata Boott. Moist woodlands; common. C. atrata L., var. orata (Rudge) Boott. (C. atratiformis Britton). Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle, Burnham). C. aurea Nutt. Moist meadows; common. C. Backii Boott. (C. durifolia Bailey). Shaded ledges; occasional in the lower altitudes of western Vermont. C. Bebbii Olney. (C. tribuloides, var. Bebbii Bailey). Dry low grounds; frequent. C. Bicknellii Britton. Dry soil; rare. Leicester, (Woodward). C. bronioides Schkuhr. Bogs and swamps; common. C. briuinescens Poir. (C. canescens, var. alpicola Wahlenb.). Com- mon in the mountain woods above 1,800 feet. C. canescens L. Ripton, (Brainerd). C. canescens L., var. disjuncta Fernald. Wet places; frequent, espe- cially in the mountains. 1Y4 Bulletin 187 C. canescens L., var. snbloliacea Laestad. Cold bogs; rare. Mt. Mans- field, (Brainerd) ; Mud Pond, Wallingford, (Brainerd and Eggles- ton). C. castanea Wahlenb. Low meadows; local. Pomfret, (Morgan); Barnet, (Blanchard) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Williston, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Rutland, (Kirk). C. cephaloidea Dewey. Moist woods; occasional. Middlebury, (Burt); Hartford, (Bates) ; South Burlington, (Hazen) ; Essex and Rutland, (Kirk). C. cephalophora Muhl. Dry woods and fields; frequent. Reported in Connecticut Valley north to Hartland. C. chordorrhiza L. f. Cold bogs; rare. Bristol Pond, (Pringle) ; "Eastern Vermont," (Congdon) ; Perch Pond, Pownal, (J. R. Churchill); Colchester, (Jones, Grout). C. communis Bailey. (C. pedicellata Britton). Dry fields; common. C. comosa Boott. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus, var. americana Hochst.). Swamps; frequent. C. conoidea Schkuhr. Moist meadows in the lower altitudes; occa- sional. C. Crawfordii Fernald. (C. scoparia, var. minor Boott). Open sterile soil; frequent. Var. vigens Fernald. Middlebury, (Brainerd); Rutland, (Eggleston) ; St. Johnsbury and Burlington, (Hazen). C. crinita Lam. Swales and along brooks; common. C. crinita Lam., var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. (C. gynan- dra Schwein.). Wet soil, especially in the mountains; frequent. C. crinita Lam., var. simulans Fernald. Mt. Mansfield, (Brainerd) ; Ripton, (E. F. Williams). C. cristata Schwein. (C. tribuloides, var. cristata Bailey; C. cristatella Britton). Wet grounds in low places; occasional. C. debilis Michx., var. Rndgei Bailey. (C. tenuis Rudge; C. flexuosa Muhl.). Frequent in moist sterile soil in the mountains. Col- chester, (Hazen). C. deflexa Hornem. Abby Pond, Ripton, (Brainerd) ; Groton, (Pringle) ; St. Johnsbury, (Eggleston and Isabel Paddock) ; East Wallingford, (Kent); Peacham, (Blanchard). C Deweyana Schwein. Dry woods; common, C. diandra Schrank. (C. teretiuscula Gooden.). Bogs; occasional. C, diandra Schrank, var. ramosa (Boott) Fernald. (C. teretiuscula, var. ramosa Boott; C. prairea Dewey). Bristol Pond, (Brainerd) ; Peacham. (Blanchard); Rutland, (G. H. Ross); Brandon, (Dutton). r. digitalis Willd. Dry open woods in the lower altitudes; frequent. C. eburnea Boott. (C. setifolia Britton). On dry shaded limestone; fre- quent. C. exilis Dewey. Peat bogs. Bristol, (Pringle) ; Peacham, (Blanch- ard); Franklin, (Underwood). C. festucacea Schkuhr. (C. straminea, var. festucacea Tuckerm.). Dry soil in the lower altitudes; occasional. Flora of Vermont 175 C. festucacea Schkuhr, var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald, (C. straminea, var. brevoir Dewey). Gardner's Island, Lake Champlain, (Brain- erd). C. filiforiuis L. (C. lasiocarpa Ehrh.). Peaty borders of ponds; fre- quent. C. flara L. Low meadows; common. C. flaya L., var. elatior Schlecht. (C. lepidocarpa Taiisch). Flat sandy borders of ponds; frequent in western Vermont. (;. flava L., var. rectirostra Gaudin. (C. flava, var. graminis Bailey). Margins of springs and ponds at liigher altitudes than type; com- mon. C. foenea Willd. Dry woods of the lower altitudes; often on rocks; rare. Var. peri)lexa Bailey. Dry copses; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Fairlee, (Blanchard) ; Rutland, (Eggleston) ; St. Johnsbury, (Hazen). C. folliculata L. Cold swamps; Burlington, (Torrey, Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Stratton and Marlboro Ponds, (Grout) ; Sunderland, (Eg- gleston); Athens, (Wheeler). C, formosa Dewey. Moist meadows; Middlebury, (Brainerd); Shel- burne, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Middletown Springs, (Carpenter). C. Goodeiiowii J. Gay. (C. rigida, var. Goodenowii Bailey). Wet meadows, Peacham, (Blanchard). C. gracillinia Schwein. Low meadows; common. C. grauularis Muhl. Moist meadows of the lower altitudes; common. (.'. grauularis Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. (C. Shriveri Brit- ton). Burlington, (Hazen). C. CSrayii Carey. (C. Asa-Grayi Bailey). Swales, along rivers and lakes of the Champlain Valley; rare. C. grisea Wahlenb. Along brook's in thickets in the lower altitudes; occasional. C. Hitchcockiaua Dewey. Rich woods; occasional in western Vermont. Pomfret, (A. R. Morse). C. Houglitouli Torr. Dry sandy banks; Norwich, (E. A. Edmunds); Rutland, (Eggleston); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). C. hystericiua Muhl. Wet meadows; common. Var. Cooleyi Dewey. Wetter places than type; occasional. C. iutuniesceus Rudge. Wet woods and swamps; common. C. iutuniesceus Rudge, var. Ferualdii Bailey. Similar situations as the type; occasional. C. lanugiuosa Michx. (C. filiformis L., var. latifolia Boeckl.). Swales and low meadows of the lower altitudes; frequent. C. laxiculmis Schwein, var. copulata (Bailey) Fernald. Moist copses in the lower altitudes; occasional. C. laxiflora Lam. Rich woods and meadows; occasional. C. laxiflora Lam., var. blauda (Dewey) Boott. (C. blanda Dewey). Moist meadows; frequent. 176 Bulletin 187 C. laxiflora Lam., var. gracillima Boott. West Haven, (Kirk and Ross) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd). C. laxiflora Lam., var. latifolia Boott. (C. albursina Sheldon). Moist rich woods; frequent. C. laxiflora Lam., var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. (C. anceps Muhl.). Rich woods; frequent. C. laxiflora Lam., var. yariaiis Bailey. Copses and meadows; common. ('. lenticularis Michx. Sandy borders of ponds and lakes; rare. C. leptalea Wahl. Wet woods and bogs; frequent. C. leptonervia Fernald. (C. laxiflora Lam., var. leptonervia Feruald). Rhod. 16: 213. New Haven and Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Mt. Mans- field, (Churchill) ; Mt. Willoughby, (E. S. Hoar) ; Townshend, (Wheeler). C. liiuosa L. Bogs; occasional. C. livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Bogs north of Bristol Pond, (Pringle). C. long'irostris Torr. (C. Sprengelii Dewey). Shady ledges and banks of the lower altitudes; frequent. C. lupuliforinis Sartwell. (C. lupulina Muhl., var. polystachya Schwein. & Torr.). Marshes along Lake Champlain; frequent. Hartland, (Kirk). C. lupulina Muhl. Swamps and ditches of the lower altitudes; com- mon. r. lupulina Muhl., var. pedunculata Dewey. North Hero, (Brainerd) ; Newfane, (Grout) ; Middletown Springs, (Carpenter) ; Burlington, (Hazen). V. lurida Wahlenb. Wet meadows; common. C. lurida Wahlenb., var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey. (C. Baileyi Britt.). Bogs in the mountains; frequent. C. Micliauxiana Boeckl. (C. abacta Bailey). Bogs and lake borders at high altitudes; Sterling Pond, (Pringle); frequent in the elevated bogs of Windham County, (Grout) ; Fifield Pond, Walling- ford, (Eggleston) ; also at Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, from seed sown there by Mr. Pringle. (', mirabilis Dewey. (C. normalis Mackenzie). Moist shaded places; occasional. Var. perlonga Fernald. Little Notch, Bristol, (Brain- erd) . r. Mulilenbergii Schkuhr. Dry sand, near Fort Ethan Allen, (Hazen). Var. enervis Boott. Townshend, (Wheeler). C. novae-angliae Schwein. Shady knolls; frequent in the mountains. C. Oederi Retz., var. puniila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. (C. fiava L., var. viridula Bailey). Shores of lakes and rivers. Lake Fair- lee, (Blanchard) ; Pomfret, (Morgan) ; White River, (Flint) ; Shel- burne, (F. A. Ross); Willoughby, (Kennedy). C. oligocarpa Schkuhr. Dry copses; Middlebury, (Brainerd); North Hero, (Cushman). C. oligospenna Michx. Bogs; Peacham, (Blanchard); Stratton, (Grout); Sunderland, (Eggleston); Colchester, (Blake). C. pallescens L. Low meadows; common. Flora of Vermont 1Y7 ('. pauciflora Lightf. Sphagnum bogs; rare. C. paupercula Michx., var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fernald. (C. magol- lanica Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not Lam.). Cold bogs; occasional. t'. paupercula Michx., var. palleiis Fernald. Cold bogs; rare. ('. pedunculata Muhl. Dry woods of the lower altitudes; frequent. C. peniisylvanica Lam. Shady hillsides of the lower altitudes; com- mon. C pennsylTaiiica Lam., var. lucorum (Willd.) Fernald. Damper placies than type and less common. Middlebury and Burlington, (Brain- erd) ; Pownal, (Churchill) ; Fair Haven, (Bggleston) ; Rutland, (Kirk). C. plantagmea Lam. Rich woods; frequent. C. platyphylla Carey. Shady banks; common. C. polygania Schkuhr. (C. fusca AIL; C. Buxbaumii Wahl.). Bogs; Burlington, (Torrey) ; Fairlee, (Jesup) ; Mendon, (Eggleston). C. prasina Wahlenb. Springy bogs in woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. ('. P.seudo-Cyperus L. Swamps; Knight's Island, (Brainerd) ; Barnet, (Blanchard) ; Fair Haven, (Kirk); Shclburne, (Blake). C. pubescens Muhl. (C. hirtifolia Mackenzie). Damp thickets of the lower altitudes; occasional. C retrorsa Schwein. Swamps; common. C. retrorsa Schwein., var. Hartii (Dewey) Gray. Marshes; occasional. C. rigida Good., var. Bigelowii (Torr.) Tuckerm. (C. concolor R. Br.). Alpine summits of Green Mountains. ('. riparia W. Curtis. Swales; occasional. V. rosea Schkuhr. Rich dry woods; common. C. rosea Schkuhr, var. minor Boott. Willoughby Lake, (William Boott) ; North Hero, (Cushman). C. rosea Schkuhr, var. radiata Dewey. Shady knolls; frequent. C. rostrata Stokes. (C. utriculata Boott, var. minor Boott). Marshes; occasional. C. rostrata Stokes, var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey. (C. utriculata Boott). Marshes; frequent. V, scabrata Schwein. Springy bogs in woods; frequent. C Scliweiuitzii Dewey. Swamps; local. Pownal, (Dewey); Salisbury, (Brainerd) ; Manchester, (Mary A. Day) ; North Dorset, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). V. scirpoidea Michx. Alpine cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Smugglers' Notch; also Mt. Equinox, Manchester, (Mary A. Day); Mt. Horrid, Rochester, (Dutton). V. scirpoides Schkuhr. (C. interior Bailey). Boggy meadows: com- mon. V. scoparia Schkuhr. Moist meadows; common. Var. condensa Fer- nald. Similar situations as the type; frequent. Var. inoiiiliforniis Tuckerm. Burlington, (Hazen) ; Dame Island, (Brainerd). C. setacea Dewey. Sudbury, (Brainerd). 178 Bulletin 187 C. setacea Dewey, var. ambigua (Barrat) Feniald. (C. xanthocarpa Bicknell; C. annectens Bicknell). Moist meadows; common in Addison County, (Brainerd) ; Rutland, (Kirk). ('. siccata Dewey. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain north of Lake View Cemetery, Burlington. C. sparganioides Muhl. Rich moist woods; occasional. C. stellulata Good. (C. sterilis Am. auth. not Willd.; C. Leersii Willd.). Wet meadows and pastures, especially in the mountains. C. stellulata Good., var. angustata Carey. (C. sterilis, var. angustata Bailey). Mostly in shade at high altitudes. C. stellulata Good., var. ceplialantha (Bailey) Fernald. (C. Leersii Willd.). Bogs; Fort Ethan Allen pond and Brandon, (Kirk). C. stellnlata Good., var. excelsior (Bailey) Fernald. Wet margins of ponds and brooks; occasional. C. stipata Muhl. Swales; common. C. straniinea Willd. Dryish copses and fields; common. C. stramiiiea Willd., var. ecliiuodes Fernald. Dame Island, North Hero and Burlington, (Brainerd). C. stricta Lam. Swales and marshes; common. C. stricta Lam., var. angustata (Boott) Bailey. Swales; Manchester, (Mary A. Day). C. stricta Lam., var. curtissinia Peck. Essex Junction, (Brainerd); Fair Haven, (Kirk). C. stricta Lam., var. decora Bailey. (C. Haydeni Dewey). Barnet, (Blanchard); East Wallingford, (Kent); Rutland, (Kirk). C. tenella Schkuhr. (C. disperma Dewey). Cold swamps; frequent. C. tenuiflora Wahlenb. Quaking bog, Bristol Pond, (Pringle) ; Cedar swamp. Fair Haven, (Oakes, Eggleston) ; Salem and Burlington, (Robbins) ; Peacham, (Blanchard); West Derby, (Underwood). C. tiiicta Fernald. (C. mirabilis Dewey, var. tincta Fernald). Rhod. 15: 186. St. Johnsbury, (Hazen) ; Hartland, (Ruggles). C. torta Boott. Along mountain streams; frequent. C. tribnloides Wahlenb. Open swales; frequent. Var. turbata Bailey. Burlington, (Hazen). V. tribnloides Wahlenb., var. reducta Bailey. (C. projecta Mackenzie). Moist mountain woods; occasional. C. triceps Michx., var. liirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. (C. complanata Torr.). Moist fields of western Vermont; occasional. Winhall, (Carpenter and Wheeler. C. trichocarpa Muhl. Marshes ; Pownal Center, (Carpenter) ; West Haven, (Kirk and Ross). V. trispernia Dewey. Cold bogs in shade; frequent. r. Tuckerraani Dewey. Swales and marshes; frequent. C. typhinoides Schwein. (C. typhina Michx.). Low borders of streams and lake margins in western Vermont; occasional. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Rocky hills and dry knolls of the lower alti- tudes; frequent. f Flora of Vermont 179 C. umbellata Schkuhr, var. breyirostris Boott. (C. abdita Bicknell). Snake Mt., (Brainerd). C. vagiiiata Tausch. (C. saltuensis Bailey). Deep swamps; Sutton, (Pringle). C. raria Muhl. Dry woods; Weeping Rocks, Pownal, (Eggleston and Andrews) ; Colcliester, (Brainerd) ; Burlington, (Pringle) ; North Pownal, (Eggleston); Hartland, (Ruggles). C. vesicaria L. Swales; occasional. Var. disteuta Fries. Knight's Island, (Brainerd). Var. jejuna Fernald. Swales; occasional. Var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald. (C. monile Tuckerm.). Swales; common. C. virescens Muhl. (C. virescens Muhl., var. costata Dewey). Moist copses; Middlebury, (Brainerd); Rutland, (Kirk). C. virescens Muhl., var. Swanii Fernald. (C. virescens Gray's Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.; C. Swanii [Fernald] Mackenzie). Moist pastures; common. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Moist pastures; common. C. arctata x castauea Bailey. One plant, Middlebury, (Brainerd). C. Inrida x lupnlina Bailey. North Hero, (Morong). C. stricta x torta Fernald. Mt. Mansfield, (Kennedy). CLADIUM. (MARISCUS). Twig Rush C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Low borders of ponds; occasional. CYPERUS. Galingale C. aristatus Rottb. (C. inflexus Muhl.) Wet sandy soil of the lower altitudes; frequent. C. deutatus Torr. Sandy shores of ponds in the lower altitudes; occa- sional. C. diandrus Torr. Low ground; occasional. C. esculentus L. Alluvial soil of the lower altitudes; occasional. C. filicnlmis Vahl., var. niacilentus Fernald. Dry sands of the lower altitudes; common. C. Houglitonii Torr. Shifting sand; Fairlee Lake, (Jesup) ; Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Castleton, (Brainerd) ; Essex Junction, (Blake). C. rirularis Kunth. (C. diandrus Torr., var. castaneus Torr.). Wet soil of the lower altitudes; common. C. strigosns L. Moist soil of the lower altitudes; frequent. Forma capitatus (Boeckl.) Blake. Rhod. 15: 200. Cobble Hill, Milton, and Swanton, (Blake). C. strigosus L., var. compositus Britton. Essex Junction, Burlington, and Swanton, (Blake). DULICHIUM D. aruudiuaceum (L.) Britton. (D. spathaceum Pers.). Borders of ponds; common. 180 Bulletin 187 ELBOCHARIS. Spike-rush E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Pools and shores below high water mark; common. E. diaiidra C. Wright. Wet sands of Connecticut River, Westminster, (Brainerd); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. In mire or wet sands; occasional. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Muddy places; common. E. olivacea Torr. Soft mire; Bristol Pond, (Pringle) ; Abby Pond, Ripton, and Lake Dunmore, (Brainerd) ; Kenney Pond, Newfane, (Grout). E. ovata (Roth.) R. & S. In soft black mire, inlet of Abby Pond, Rip- ton, and Lake Dunmore, (Brainerd) ; Spectacle Pond, Wallingford, (Eggleston). E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Low borders of ponds in the lower altitudes; occasional. Var. calva (Torr.) Gray. Stony clay shores of Lake Champlain; occasional. Var. glaucesceus (Willd.) Gray. Moist grassy places; common. Var. major Sonder. (var. vigens Bailey). Rhod. 11: 39. Low sandy shores of Lake Champlain; frequent. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Wet meadows and lake borders; common. ERIOPHORUM. Cotton-grass E. callitrix Cham. (E. vaginatum Am. auth., not L.). Peat bogs; occasional. E. gracile Roth. Bogs; Middlebury, Ripton, (Brainerd) ; Ryegate, (Blanchard); Willoughby Lake, (A. W. Cheever). E. tenellum Nutt. (E. gracile, var. paucinervium Engelm.). Bogs; occasional. E, Tlrginicum L. Peat bogs; frequent. E, liridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. (E. polystachion of most Am. auth.). Springy places and bogs; common. PIMBRISTYLIS F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Lily Pond, Vernon, (Grout). RYNCHOSPORA. Beak-rush R. alba (L.) Vahl. Bogs; frequent. R. capillacea Torr. Willoughby Mountain, (Jesup) ; Hartford, (Mor- gan). R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. Low grounds; Thetford Center, (Blanchard); Wells River, (Horsford). R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Moist soil of the lower altitudes; occasional. SCIRPUS. Bulrush. Club Rush S. americauus Pers. (S. pungens Vahl.). Chair-maker's Rush. Sandy borders of lakes and rivers in the lower altitudes; frequent. S. atrocinctns Fernald. W^et meadows; common, especially in the mountains. Var. brachypodus Fernald. Bogs, generally at high altitudes; occasional. Flora of Vermont 181 S. atrovirens Miihl. Wet meadows. The typical form is rare. Var. pjcuoceplialiis Fernald. Hartland, (Dutton) ; Essex Junction, Bur- lington, St. Albans, Swanton, (Blake). S. caespitosns L. Moist rocks of alpine summits; local. Mt. Equinox, Sandgate, (Burnham and Dobbin). S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool Grass. Wet meadows; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Rutland, (Kirk). Var.Aiidrewsii Fernald. Middle- bury, (Brainerd) ; Wallingford, (Eggleston). S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. var. pelins Fernald. Wet places; common. Var. condensatus Fernald. Middlebury and Riptou, (Brainerd) ; Williston, (Blake). S. debilis Pursh. Wet soil ; Norwich, ( Jesup) ; Westminster, (Brain- erd). S. fluyiatilis (Torr.) Gray. River Bulrush. Marshy borders of bays and tributaries of Lake Champlain; frequent. S. georgiaiius Harper. Wet places; common. S. Leterocliaetus Chase. Sheltered shores of northern Lake Cham- plain: occasional. S. hudsoniaims (Michx.) Fernald. (Eriophorum alpinum L.). Cold bogs, especially in the mountains; common. S. lineatus Michx. Moist clay soil; Middlebury, (Brainerd); Bristol, (Dike); Ferrisburg, (Blake). S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain; frequent. Previously confused with S. validus Vahl. S. paucitlorus Lightf. (Eleocharis pauciflora Link). Wet soil; I^yn- don, (Congdon) ; Willoughby Mountain, (Tuckerman). S. Peckii Britten. Moist meadows and bogs in the mountains; occa- sional. Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). S. pedicellatus Fernald. Swales in the lower altitudes; common. "Var. pullus Fernald. Swales and boggy margins of ponds; occasional. S. planifolius Muhl. Mount Philo, Charlotte, (Pringle) ; North Pownal, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) . S. nibrotinctus Fernald. Wet meadows; common, especially in the mountains. Var. confertus Fernald. Goshen, (Dutton) ; Stratton, (Wheeler). S. Smitliii Gray. Keeler's Bay, Ferrisburg, (E. Faxon) ; mouth of Winooski River, (Grout and Tracy). Var. setosus Fernald. In muck, Brandon, (Kirk and Dutton). S. snbterminalis Torr. Grout Pond, Stratton, (Grout) ; Lake Dunraore, (Brainerd). S. sylyaticus L. Townshend, (Wheeler). S. Torreyi Olney. Muddy shores, Fort Cassin, Ferrisburg, (Brain- erd); Swanton, (Blewitt) ; Barnet, (Blanchard) ; ponds of Wind- ham County, (Grout); Burlington, (Blake). S' Talidus Vahl. (S. lacustris mostly of Am. auth., not L.). Great Bulrush In shallow water; common. 182 Bulletin 187 STENOPHYLLUS S. capillaris (L.) Britton. (Fimbristylis capillaris Gray). Dry sands of the lower altitudes; rare. ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY ACORUS. Sweet Flag, Calamus A. Calamus L. Marshes of the lower altitudes; common. ARISAEMA. Indian Turnip A. Dracontiuni (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Low grounds; "Shore- ham," (Robbins) ; Weybridge, (Brainerd) ; Rutland, (Kirk); West Haven, (Mrs. M. C. Munson). A. tripLylliiin (L.) Schott. Indian Turnip, Jack-in-the-pulpit. Rich woods; common. CALLA. Water Arum r. palnstris Ti. Wild Calla. Cold bogs and marshes; frequent. PELTANDRA. Arrow Arum P. virgiuica (L.) Kunth. (P. undulata Raf.). Shallow water; Col- chester Pond, (Robbins) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Bristol Pond, (Pringle) ; Lake Bomoseen marshes, (Eggleston) ; West Haven, (Kirk). SYMPLOCARPUS. (SPATHYEMA). Skunk Cabbage S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Wet places; occasional. Common around Bur- lington. Stratton, (W. H. Blanchard). LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY LEMNA. Duckweed L. minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Still water; occasional. L, trisuica L. Duck's-meat. Still water; frequent in marshes border- ing Lake Champlain. SPIRODELA S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. Stagnant pools; com- mon. ERIOCAULACEAE. PIPEWORT FAMILY BRIOCAULON. Pipewort E. septaugulare Withering. (E. articulatum [Huds.] Morong in part). Rhod. 11: 40. Borders of ponds and lakes; frequent. XYRIDACEAE. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY XYRIS. Yellow-eyed Grass X. caroliiiiana Walt. Wet borders of ponds; "Brattleboro," (Frost); Newfane, (Grout); Lily Pond, Athens and Jamaica, (Wheeler). X. montaiia Rios. Cold Pond, .Tamaica, (Dob])in and Wheeler). Flora of Vermont 183 COMMELINACEAE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY COMMELINA. Day-flower C. coiiiiiiunis L. Occasional as a garden escape. TRADESCANTIA. Spiderwort T. ju'losa Lelim. Ilartland, (Underwood). PONTEDERIACEAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY HETERANTHERA. Mud Plantain H. (lul)ia (Jacq.) MacM. (H. graminea Vahl). Water Star Grass. Ponds and streams of the Champlain Valley; frequent. PONTEDERIA. Pickerel-weed P. eordata L. Borders of ponds and slow streams in the lower alti- tudes; frequent. JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY JUNCUS. Rush. Bog Rush J. acuniiiiatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. Wet meadows; Essex, (Jones). J. alpinus Vill. Willoughby Lake, (Eggleston). J. alpinus Vill., var. fnscescens Fernald. Knight's Island, (Brainerd). J. alpiiuis Vill., var. insignis Fries. Wet gravelly shores of Lake Champlain; Knight's Island and Shelburne, (Pringle) ; Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). J. articulatus L. Jointed Rush. Wet grounds; occasional. J. articulatns L., var. obtnsatus Engelm. Manchester, (Mary A. Day). J. braohycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau. (J. canadensis J. Gay, var. brachycephalus Engelm.). Moist sandy soil; occasional. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) P"'ernald. (J. canadensis J. Gay, var. brevi- caudatus Engelm.). Common, especially in the mountains. J. bufoiihis L. Toad Rush. Low ground; common. J. biifoiiis L., var. coiigestus Wahlb. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). J. canadensis J. Gay. Borders of ponds in the lower altitudes; fre- quent. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Damp soil; frequent. J. effusus L., var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fernald & Wiegand. Rhod. 12: 92. Bog Rush. Marshy ground; common. J. effusns L., var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand. Rhod. 12: 90. Essex, Burlington, and Underbill, (Blake). J. tiliforniis L. Sandy shores of northern Lake Champlain and on mountain summits; occasional. J. Gerardi Loisel. Black Grass. Marshy meadow near railroad station. New Haven, (Brainerd). Perhaps introduced with salt hay used in packing. J. Greenii Oakes & Tuckerm. Newfane, (M. A. Howe). 184 Bulletin 187 J. inargiiiatus Rostk. Newfane, (M. A. Howe) ; Putney, (W. H. Blanch- ard) ; Rutland, (Bggleston and Kirk); Townshend, (Wheeler). J. nodosii.s L. Knotted Rush. Wet meadows; common. J. pelocarpiis Mey. Shores of ponds in the lower altitudes; occa- sional. J. secuiidus Beauv. Twin Mt., West Rutland, (Eggleston). J. tenuis Willd. Slender Rush, Yard Rush. Wet ground; common. J. teuuis Willd., var. Williainsii Fernald. Sandy soil; Rutland, (Eg- gleston); Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy); Brandon, (Button). J. Torreyl Coville. Along railroad track, Rutland, (Kirk) ; roadside, Charlotte, (Blake). J. trifidus L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, (Bobbins) ; Camel's Hump, (Tuckerman and Macrae) ; Mount Horrid, Rochester, (Button and Kirk). LUZULA. (.lUiNCOlDES). Wood Bush L. oaHipestris (L.) BC, var. iniiltitlora (Ehrh.) Celak. (L. campestris of Am. auth. not BC). Bry woods and fields; freciuent. L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Besv. (L. spadicea, var. melanocarpa Mey.). Wet places at high altitudes; occasional. L. saltiieiisis Fernald. (L. vernalis Gray's Manual, ed. 6, not BC. ; J. carolinae [S. Wats.] Kuntze). Hairy Wood Rush. Woods and banks of the lower altitudes; frequent. L, spicata (L.) BC. Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle) ; rare. LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY ALLIUM. Onion A. caiiadeiise L. Wild Garlic. Wet meadows. West Rutland, (Ivirk). A. Sclioeiioprasum* L. Chives. Garden escape, Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). A. SchoeiioprasHiii L., var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. (A. sibiricum L.). Moist rocky shores of the Connecticut River. Windsor, (Lcland); Hartland, (Eggleston). A. tricoceuin Ait. Wild Leek. Rich woods; freiiucnt. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus A. officinalis* L. A frequent escape from gardens. CLINTONIA ('. lM»r('alis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintouia. Cool moist woods; com- mon, especially in the mountains. CONVALLARL\. Lily of the Valley ('. uia.jalis L. Persistent in old dooryards; thickly covers an area of about six square rods in a mucky bog at Waltliam, (Ruth B. Fisher). Flora of Vermont 185 ERYTHRONIUM. Dog's-tooth Violet E. ainenoniiiiiii Ker. Yellow Adder's Tongue. Rich copses and wood- lands; common. HEMEROCALLIS. Day Lily II. tlava* L. Yellow Day Lily, Lemon Lily. A garden escape, (W. H. Blanchard). II. fulva* L. Common Day Lily. Roadside escape from gardens; frequent. LILIUM. Lily L. caiiadense L. Wild Yellow Lily, Meadow Lily. Moist meadows of the lower altitudes; common. L. philadelpliiciiin L. Wood Lily, Wild Orange-red Lily. Sandy open woodlands of the lower altitudes; common. L. tigriuuiii* Ker. Tiger Lily. Roadside escape from gardens. MAL\NTHEMUM. (UNIFOLIUM) M. caiiadense Desf. Wild Lily of the Valley, Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Woods; common. MEDEOLA. Indian Cucumber-root M. virg'iuiaua L. Rich moist woods; common. OAKESL\. (UVULARIA) 0. sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Bellwort. Moist woodlands; comuion. ORNITHOGALUM. Star of Bethlehem 0. umbellatuni" L. Garden escape; Brattleboro, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Bradford, (Alice E. Bacon). POLYGONATUM. Solomon's Seal P. biflonim (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's Seal. Wooded hillsides; common. P. coinmutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. (P. giganteum Dietr.). Great Solo- mon's Seal. Meadows and river banks; Hartford, (Ward) ; Man- chester and Vernon, (Grout) ; Fairlee, (Jesup and Sargent) ; Pow- nal, (Eggleston and Andrews) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). SMILACINA. (VAGNERA). False Solomon's Seal S. raceniosa (L.) Desf. False Spikenard. Moist copses; common. S. stellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. Wet fields and wooded swamps; frequent. S. trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Cold sphagnum bogs; occasional. SMILAX. Green-brier S. herbacea L. Carrion-flower. River banks and moist thickets of the lower altitudes; frequent. 186 Bulletin 187 STREPTOPUS. Twisted-Stalk S. ainplexifolius (L.) DC. Wet mountain woods; frequent. S. roseus Michx. Cold damp woods; common. TOFIELDIA. (TRIANTHA). False Asphodel T. gliitJiiossi (Michx.) Pers. Quechee Gulf, (Leland) ; roadside, North Bridgewater, (Kirk). TRILLIUM. Wake-robin. Birth-root T. cernuum L. Nodding Trillium. Moist woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. T. erectum L. Purple Trillium. Rich woods; common. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. White Trillium. Rich moist woods of western Vermont; common in Champlain Valley. T. undnlatiiiii Willd. (T. erythrocarpura Michx.). Painted Trillium. Cool moist woods; frequent. UVULARIA. Bellwort U. grandiflora Sm. Large-flowered Bellwort. Rich woods of the lower altitudes ; common. U. perfoliata L. Rich woods; West Rutland, rare: Pownal, abundant, (Eggleston). VERATRUM. False Hellebore V. viride Ait. American White Hellebore, Indian Poke. Wet meadows and swamps; common. ZIGADENUS. (ANTICLEA). Death Camass Z. chlorantliiis Richards. (Z. elegans of auth., not Pursh). Bluffs of Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, (Brainerd). IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY IRIS. Fleur-de-lis I. pseudaconis* L. Yellow Iris. Garden escape. Bank of Winooski River, Essex, (F. A. Ross); Leicester, (Dutton). I. rersicolor L. Wild Iris, Blue Flag. Wet meadows; common SISYRINCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass S. aiig'ustifolium Mill. Moist meadows; common. S. atlaiiticum Bicknell. Stratton, above 2,000 feet, (Grout) ; Wardsboro, (Underwood) ; Hartland, (Nancy Darling). S. iimoronatiiin Michx. Hartland, (Underwood). ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAMILY APLECTRUM. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Rich woods in low altitudes of western Vermont; local, St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). Flora of Vermont 187 ARETHUSA A. bulbosa L. Sphagnum bogs; occasional. CALOPOGON. (LIMODORUM) C. pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. (L. tuberosum L.). Grass Pink. Bogs; occasional. CALYPSO. (CYTHEREA) C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes. (C. borealis Salisb.). Cold cedar swamps of northern counties; rare. Leicester, (Button) is most southern Vermont station. CORALLORRHIZA. Coral Root C. niacnlata Raf. (C. multiflora Nutt.). Large Coral Root. Dry woods; occasional. C. odoutorliiza Nutt. Coral Root, Dragon's Claw. Bellows Kails, (Carey), specimen in the herbarium of the Boston Society of Natural History; Pease Mountain, Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Hartland, (Underwood). C. trifida Chatelain. (C. innata R. Br.; C. Corallorrhiza [L.l Karst). Early Coral Root. Swamps and. damp woods; frequent. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower C. acaule Ait. (Fissipes acaulis [Ait.] Small). Stemless or Pink Lady's Slipper. Woods and swamps; frequent. C. arietinnm R. Br. Ram's Head Lady's Slipper. Rocky woods and swamps; local and rare. C. liirsutnm Mill. (C. spectabile Salisb.; C. reginae Walt.). Showy Lady's Slipper. Cold swamps; occasional. C. parriflornm Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper. Bogs and low woods; frequent. C. parviflorum Salisb., var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. (C. pubescens Willd.). Large Yellow Lady's Slipper. Rich moist woods; fre- quent. EPIPACTIS. (GOODYERA, PERAMIUM). Rattlesnake Plantain E. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. (G. pubescens R. Br.). Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Dry woods at low altitudes; occasional. E. repens (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fernald) Eaton. (G. repens, var. Fernald; P. ophioides [Fernald] Rydb.). Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain. Cold mossy spruce woods; frequent. Rare in swamps at low altitudes. E. tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton. (G. tesselata Lodd.). Rattlesnake Plantain. Cold moist woods at high altitudes; occasional. HABENARIA. Rein Orchis, Fringed Orchis X H. Andrewsii White. (H. lacera x psycodes). Bogs; Pownal, (Andrews); Rutland, (Kirk); Hartland, (Nancy Darling). 188 Bulletin 187 H, blepliariglottis (Willd.) Torr. (Blephariglottis blephariglottis [Willd.] Rydb.). White Fringed Orciiis. North Troy, (Carey); syecimen iu the herbarium of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory; Smugglers' Notch, (Eggleston) ; Burlington, (Torrey) ; John- son, (Grout) ; Franklin, (Underwood) ; North Pownal, (Grace G. Niles). If. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. (Coeloglossum bracteatum [Willd.] Pari.). Long-bracted Orchis. Damp woods and meadows; frequent. H. ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Blephariglottis ciliaris [L.] Rydb.). Yellow Fringed Orchis. Bellows Falls, (Carey) ; specimen in the her- barium of the Missouri Botanical Garden; reported by A. A. Baton. H. clayellata (Michx.) Spreng. (H. tridentata Hook.; Gymnadeniopsis clavellata [Michx.] Rydb.). Small Wood Orchis. Bogs and wet borders of ponds; occasional. H. dilatata (Pursh.) Gray. (Limnorchis dilatata [Pursh.] Rydb.). White Bog Orchis. Cold bogs; frequent at high altitudes. If. dilatata (Pursh.) Gray, var. media (Rydb.) Ames. Cold bogs; rare. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. (Blephariglottis grandiflora [Bigel.] Rydb.). Large Purple Fringed Orchis. Cold mountain woods and meadows; occasional. H. flara (L.) Gray. (H. virescens Spreng.; Perularia flava [L.] Far- well). Small Pale Green Orchis. Moist soil of the lower altitudes; local. H, Hookeri Torr. (H. Hookeriana Gray; Lysias Hookeriana [Gray] Rydb.). Dry woods; occasional. H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Limnorchis hyperborea [L.] Rydb.). Tall Green Orchis. Bogs and cold woods; frequent. H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. (Blephariglottis lacera [Michx.] Farwell). Ragged Fringed Orchis. Moist ground; occasional. H. lencophaea (Nutt.) Gray. (Blephariglottis leucophaea [Nutt.] Far- well). Moist pasture, St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). H, macropliylla Goldie. (H. orbiculata Torr. in part; Lysias orbiculata [Pursh] Rydb.). Dry mountain woods; occasional. H. obtusata (Pursh.) Richards. (Lysiella obtusata [Pursh.] Rydb.). Cold mountain woods; occasional. H. orbiculata (Pursh.) Torr. (Lysias orbiculata [Pursh.] Rydb.). Large Round-leaved Orchis. Cold rich woods; occasional. H. psycodes (L.) Sw. (Blephariglottis psycodes [L.] Rydb.). Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis. Wet meadows and bogs; frequent. LIPARIS. Twayblade L. liliifolia (L.) Richard. Large Twayblade. Rich woods; occasional. L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Fen Orchis. Moist fields; frequent. LISTERA. (OPHRYS). Twayblade L. anriciilata Wiegand. Lyndon, (Congdon). L. coiiTallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Cold mountain bogs and l)rooksides; rare. Flora of Vermont 189 L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Heart-leaved Twayblade. Sphagnum bogs and mossy mountain woods; frequent. MICROSTYLIS. (MALAXIS). Adder's Mouth M. inoiiopbjilos (L.) Lindl. White Adder's Mouth. Swamps and mountain cliffs; rare. M. uuifolia (Michx.) BSP. (M. ophiglossoides Eaton). Green Adder's Mouth. Open woods; occasional. ORCHIS 0. rotnndifolia Banks. Cold cedar swamps of northern Vermont; rare. Monkton, Bristol, and Starksboro, (Pringle). 0. spectabilis L. (Galeorchis spectabilis [L.] Rydb.). Showy Orchis. Rich moist woods of the lower altitudes; common. POGONIA P. affinis Aust. (Isotria affinis [Aust.] Rydb.). Small Whorled Pogo- nia. Burlington, one plant, (Mrs. Holt). P. ophiogiossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia, Snake-mouth. Bogs; fre- quent. P. triaiitliophora (Sw.) BSP. (P. pendula Lindl.; Triphora triantho- phora [Sw.] Rydb.). Nodding Pogonia. Dry woodlands. Fair Haven, (Chandler) ; Newfane, (Howe and Grout) ; Westminster, Putney, (W. H. Blanchard). P. yerticillata (Willd.) Nutt. (Isotria verticillata [Willd.] Raf.). Whorled Pogonia. Colchester, (Robbins, Torrey) ; Pownal, (An- drews, Grace G. Niles) ; Burlington, (F. A. Ross). SPIRANTHES. (IBIDIUM). Ladies' Tresses S. cernua (L.) Richard. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Wet soil; com- mon. Var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames. Hartland, (Nancy Darling). S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Slender Ladies' Tresses. Sandy woods and plains; occasional. S. lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. (S. latifolia Torr. ; I. plantagineura [Raf.] House). Wet gravelly shores; occasional. S. Roiiianzoffiaua Cham. (I. strictum [Rydb.] House.). Bogs and cold moist soil; occasional. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY POPULUS. Poplar. Aspen P. alba* L. White Poplar. Silver-leaved Poplar. Frequent in cultiva- tion and an occasional escape. P. balsaiiiifera L. Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac. Borders of streams and swamps; frequent. P. candicaus* Ait. Balm of Gilead. Occasional in cultivation and sometimes spontaneous. 190 Bulletin 187 P. (leltoides Marsh. Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar. Borders of low- land streams and lakes; frequent in western Vermont and in the Connecticut Valley as far north as Brattleboro. P. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Rich woods; frequent. P. nigra L., var. italica* Du Roi. (P. dilatata Ait.). Lombardy Poplar. Frequent in cultivation and spreading from the root. Only staminate trees occur. P. treiuuloides Michx. American Aspen, Trembling Poplar, Popple. Woods; common. SALIX. Willow. Osier S. alba* L. White Willow. Burlington, (Blake). Var. caerulea* (Sm.) Koch. Cultivated and sometimes spontaneous. Barre, (Eunice P. Smith). Var. yitellina* (L.) Koch. Frequent in cultivation and as an escape by streams. S. balsaiiiifera Barratt. (S. pyrifolia Anders.). Mt. Mansfield, (Prin- gle) ; Long Pond, Westmore, (E. Faxon) ; Elmore Mountain, (Grout). Frequent about Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). S. Candida Fliigge. Sage Willow, Hoary Willow. Cold bogs; rare. S. cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Low wet soil; common. S. discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow. Wet soil; com- mon. Var. eriocepliala (Michx.) Anders. South Burlington, (Kirk and Jones, Blake). Var. prinoides (Pursh.) Anders. Johnson, (Grout). S. fragilis* L. Crack Willow. Common in cultivation and frequent as an escape. S. Immilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Sandy barrens; frequent. S. longifolia Muhl. (S. fluviatilis auth., not Nutt. ; S. interior Rowlee). Sand Bar Willow. Shores of Lake Champlain and the lower Con- necticut River; rare. S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Moist banks; frequent. Var. an- gustifolia Anders. Burlington, (Blake). S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Banks of streams and ponds; com- mon. Var. falcata (Pursh.) Torr. With type; frequent. S. pedicellaris Pursh. Bog Willow. Peat bog, Bristol, (Eggleston and Dike). S. pedicellaris Pursh., var. hypoglauca Fernald. (S. pedicellaris Gray's Manual, ed. 6, in part). Rhod. 11: 161. Cold bogs; Burlington, (Robbins) ; Rutland, (Ross) ; Brandon and Leicester, (Button) ; Colchester, (Grout). S. pellita Anders. Banks of Connecticut River, Bloomfield, (Eggles- ton). S. petlolaris Sm. Slender Willow. Swamps and shores of Lake Cham- plain; occasional. Willoughby Lake, (Annie Lorenz). S. phylieifolia L. Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle). S. purpurea* L. Purple Willow. Occasional as an escape. Once cul- tivated for basket rods. Flora of Vermont 191 S. rostrata Richards. (S. Bebbiana Sargent). Beaked Willow. Bor- ders of thickets; common. S. serioea Marsh. Silky Willow. In swamps and along streams; fre- quent. S. UTa-nrsl Pursh. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, (Robbins). S. discolor x Iiiiiiiilis. Johnson, (Grout). S. frag'ilis* x alba, var. vitelliiia.* .Johnson. (Grout). S. lucida X sericea. Rutland, (Kirk). S. nigra x sericea. Rutland, (Kirk). S. sericea x cordata. Johnson, (Grout). MYRICACEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILY MYRICA M. asplenifolia L. (Comptonia peregrina [L.] Coulter). Sweet Fern. Dry sterile soil of the lower altitudes; common. M. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Swamps and borders of ponds; frequent. JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY CARYA. (HICORIA). Hickory C. alba (L.) K. Koch. Mocker Nut, White Heart Hickory. Rocky pasture, Burlington, (Burns). C. cordiforinis (Wang.) K. Koch. (C. amara Nutt). Bitternut Hick- ory. In moist soil; frequent in the lower altitudes of western Vermont and known in Connecticut Valley as far north as Hart- land. V. glabra (Mill.) Spach. (C. porcina Nutt.). Pignut. West Castle- ton, Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Marsh Hill, Ferrisburg, (Brainerd). C. oyata (Mill.) K. Koch. (C. alba Nutt.). Shellbark Hickory. Rich soil; frequent in the lower altitudes west of the Green Moun- tains; known in the Connecticut Valley as far north as Bellows Falls. Often cultivated; therefore native habitat is sometimes diffi- cult to determine. JUGLANS. Walnut J. cinerea L. Butternut. Rocky hillsides: fre(|uent. BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY ALNUS. Alder A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh. (A. viridis, Gray's Manual, ed. 6, in part, not DC; A. Alnobetula Am. auth. in part, not K. Koch). Green Alder. Higher mountain tops; common. A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh, var. mollis Fernald. Rhod. I-j: 44. Downy Green Alder. Rocky shores of Connecticut River; occasional. Bur- lington Bay, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Jamaica, (Dobbin). A. iucana (L.) Moench. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Borders of streams; common. ■ , 192 Bulletin 187 A. rug'osa (Du Roi) Spreug. (A. serrulata Willd.). Smooth Alder. Moist soil of the lower altitudes; frequent. A, rug'osa x incaiia. Burlington, (Jones and Eggleston). BETULA. Birch B. allm L. Paper, Canoe or White Birch. Mt. Mansfield, ( Hlake). B. all>a L., var. cordifolia (Kegel) Fernald. Rocky mountain slopes; occasional. B, alba L., var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fernald. One tree, Fairfield Pond, (Blake). B. alba L., var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. (B. papyrifera Marsh.). Woodlands; common. B. lenta L. Cherry, Sweet or Black Birch. Rich woodlands of the lower altitudes; frequent in western Vermont and known in the Connecticut Valley as far north as Hanover, N. H. Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). B. lutea Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. Rich cool soils; frequent, especially on mountain sides. B. ]>eiHlula Roth. (B. caerulea Blanchard). White or Canoe Birch. Stratton, Windham, Worcester and Elmore, (W. H. Blanchard). B. populifolia Marsh. White, Gray or Old Field Birch. Frequent in the Champlain Valley. Occurs in every town in Windham County, in Stratton up to 2,000 feet altitude, (W. H. Blanchard); Leming- ton, Essex County, (Eggleston). CARPINUS. Hornbeam. Ironwood C. caroliuiana Walt. American Hornbeam, Blue or Water Beech. Near streams of the lower altitudes; frequent. CORYLUS. Hazelnut. Filbert C. amerleana Walt. Hazelnut. Thickets of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. Known in Connecticut Valley as far north as Hartford, (Jesup). 1'. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Dry thickets; common. OSTRYA. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood 0. yirgiiiiaiia (Mill.) K. Koch. American Hop Hornbeam, Leverwood. Rich woods; common. FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY CASTANEA. Chestnut ('. (Ii'iitata (Marsh.) Borkh. Frequent in lower Connecticut Valley and ill scjuthwestern Vermont. In Connecticut Valley not known in native habitat much north of Bellows Falls. Small groves occur at West Rutland, (Eggleston), and at Leicester, (Dutton) ; and a few trees at Burlington, (Jones) ; at Colchester, (Griffin) ; and at Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). Flora of Vermont 198 FAGUS. Beech F. graiidifolia Ehrh. (F. femiginea Ait.). Rich uplands: common. QUERCUS. Oak Q. alba L. White Oak. Common west of the Green Mountains. In the Connecticut Valley north to Wells River. Q. bicolor Willd. (Q. platanoides Sudw.). Swamp White Oak. Low moist soil; frequent in the Champlain Valley, especially near the Lake. Q. ilicifolia Wang. (Q. nana Sargent). Bear or Black Scrub Oak. Dry sandy soil; Rutland, (Pursh. in 1806); "Bellows Falls," (Carey) ; Brattleboro, (Grout) ; Westminster and West Dummers- ton, (W. H. Blanchard). Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak, Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak. Rich soil; occasional in the Champlain Valley, more common in Addison County. Q. Mulilenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak, Chestnut Oak. Gardiner's Island, Ferrisburg, (Pringle) ; Mallets Head, Colchester, (Griffin). Q. prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. Dry hillsides; "Pownal," (Robbins) ; North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Snake Mountain, (Brain- erd). Q. Prinus L. Chestnut Oak. Dry rocky hillsides in western Vermont; frequent from Charlotte to Pownal. Q. rubra L. Red Oak. Common below 1,000 feet altitude. Var. aiu- big-ua (Michx. f.) Fernald. (Q. borealis Michx. f.). Gray Oak. Rocky woods, Burlington, (Burns). Q. veliitiim Lam. Quercitron, Yellow-barked or Black Oak. Dry light soil; frequent in western Vermont and in the Connecticut Valley north to Bellows Falls. Q. macrocarpa x alba. Charlotte, (Pringle). Q. I'riiius X alba. Monkton, (Pringle). URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY BOEHMERIA. False Nettle B. cjiindrica (L.) Sw. Moist shady ground in the lower altitudes; common. CANNABIS. Hemp C. satlva* L. Waste places; occasional. CELTIS. Nettle Tree, Hackberry C. occideiitalis L. Sugarberry. River banks and intervals; rare. HUMULUS. Hop H. japoiiicus''' Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. Waste places; Burling- ton, (Jones) ; Brattleboro, (Anne S. Angell) ; Bellows Falls, (W. H. Blanchard). 194 Bulletin 187 H. Lupulus L. Common Hop. Occasional by waysides as an escape from cultivation. LAPORTEA. Wood Nettle h. canadensis (L.) Gaud. (Utricastrum divaricatum [L.] Kuntze). Moist rich woods; common. MORUS. Mulberry M. alba* L. White Mulberry. Often planted and occasionally escaped. Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). M, rubra L. Red Mulberry. Rich woods; rare. Pownal, (Oakes) ; North Pownal, (Eggleston). PARIETARIA. Pellitory P. peuusylvanica Muhl. Rocky banks and cliffs; occasional in western Vermont. Jamaica, (Wheeler). PILEA. Richweed. Clearweed P. puinila (L.) Gray. Cool moist woods in the lower altitudes; com- mon. ULMUS. Elm U. aniericana L. American or White Elm. Moist soil; common. U. campestris* L. English Elm. Escaped to roadside, Colchester, (Mrs. N. P. Flynn). LI. t'ulva Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. Rich rocky woods; occasional. U. racemosa Thomas. (U. Thomasi Sarg.). Cork Elm. Limestone soils, western Vermont; rare. URTICA. Nettle U. g-racilis Ait. Slender or Tall Wliite Nettle. Fence rows and moist ground; common. U. Lyallii Wats. (U. gracilis, Gray's Manual, ed. 6, in part). Alluvial thickets and waste places; occasional. U. iirens* L. Small or Dwarf Nettle. Waste places; Bar net, (Blanch- ard) ; Royalton, (Ward). SANTALACEAE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY COMANDRA. Bastard Toad Flax C. livida Richards. Summit of Mt. Mansfield under stunted balsams, (Pringle). C. Ricliardsiana Fernald. Dry sandy or gravelly soil along Lake Cham- plain; frequent. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Dry thickets of the lower altitudes in western Vermont; frequent. Flora of Vermont 195 LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY ARCEUTHOBIUM. (RAZOUMOFSKYA) A. pusillum Peck. Dwarf Mistletoe. Parasitic on spruces and tama- racks, mainly in swamps; occasional, Rhod. 2: 1. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY ASARUM. Wild Ginger A, canadeuse L. Rich rocky woods; common. POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY FAGOPYRUM. Buckwheat F. esculeutum* Moench. (F. Fagopyrum [L.] Karst). Buckwheat. Persisting from cultivation. F. tartaricuni* (L.) Gaertn.. India Wheat. Persisting in cultivated fields. POLYGONELLA. Jointweed P. articiilata (L.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed or Knot Grass. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Colchester, (Pringle, Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Brattleboro, 1844, (T. W. Higginson) ; Highgate, (Blewitt) ; Milton, (Griffin). POLYGONUM. Knotweed F. acre HBK., var. leptostachyum Meisn. (Persicaria punctata, var. leptostachyum Small). Water Smartweed. Wet meadows of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. P. ampliibium L. (Persicaria amphibia [L.] S. F. Gray). Water Per- sicaria. Margins of ponds and slow streams; frequent. Var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell. (Persicaria Hartwrightii Gray). Marshes; occasional. Forma terrestre (Leers) Blake. Colchester, Fairfield and Swanton, (Blake). P. arifolium L. (Tracaulon arifolium [L.] Raf.) Halberd-leaved Tear- thumb. Low grounds; frequent in Champlain Valley. East Claren- don, (Kirk); Pownal, (Eggleston). P. ariculare L. Knotgrass, Doorweed. Dooryards and roadsides; common. P. aTiculare L., var. aHg'ustissinmra Meisn. (P. neglectum Besser). Sandy beaches; occasional. P. aviciilare L., var. vegetuiii Ledeb. In moister situations than type; frequent. P. Careyi Olney. (Persicaria Careyi [Olney] Greene). Brattleboro, (Frost, Grout) ; Newfane, (Grout) ; Cavendish Gorge, (Fernald) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). P, cilinode Michx. (Tiniaria cilinode [Michx.l Small). Fringed Black Bindweed. Rocky copses; frequent. 196 Bulletin 187 P. Coiivohulus* L. (Tiiiiaria Convolvulus IL.] Webb & Moq.). Black Bindweed, Wild Buckwheat. Cultivated ground; common. P. Donglasii Greene. Dry soil; occasional in the Champlain Valley. P. erectum L. Erect Knotweed. Dooryards and roadsides; occasional. P. Hydropiper L. Common Smartweed or Water Pepper, Bite-tongue. (Persicaria Hydropiper [L.] Opir.). Moist places; common. P. Lydropiperoides Michx. (Persicaria hydropiperoides [Michx.] Small). Mild Water Pepper. Wet places and shallow water in the lower altitudes; occasional. P. lapatliifoliuin L. (P. incarnatum of auth.; Persicaria lapathifolia [L.] S. F. Gray). Dock-leaved or Pale Persicaria. Alluvial soil; common. Var. nodosum (Pers.) Weinmann. Frequent. P. Muhlenberyii (Meisn.) Wats. (Persicaria Muhlenbergii [S. Wats.] Small). Muddy or dry places of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; frequent. P. orieiitale* L. (Persicaria orientalis [L.] Spach.). Prince's Feather. Occasionally persisting about gardens. P. peiiiisylvanicuni L. (Persicaria pennsylvanica [L.] Small). Pink Knotweed, Moist soil ; common. P. Persicaria* L. (Persicaria Persicaria [L.] Small). Lady's Thumb. Waste places; a common weed. P. sagittatuni L. (Tracaulon sagittatum [L.] Small). Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Low ground; common. P. scaiidens L. (P. dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray; Tiniaria scan- dens [L.] Small). Climbing False Buckwheat. Moist thickets; frequent. P. toinentosiiiit Schrank. (Persicaria tomcntosa [Schrauk] Bicknell). Field, Rutland, (Kirk). P. rirginiauuin L. (Tovara virginiana [L.l Raf.). Moist thickets of the lower altitudes; occasional. P. vivipaniin L. (Bistorta vivipara [L.J S. F. Gray). Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle). RUMEX. Dock. Sorrel R. Acetosa* L. Garden Sorrel. Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Burlington, (Jones); Woodstock, (Mrs. Clara Mack). R. Aceto.sella* L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Fields; common. R. Britaiinica L. Great Water Dock. Wet places in the low altitudes of western Vermont; frequent. R. crispus* L. Yellow Dock, Curled Dock. Fields and waste places; common. R. cloiiffatus* Guss. Fields; common. R. mexicamis Meisn. Waste places; Colchester, (Sprague) ; Burling- ton and Rutland, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; St. Albans, (Blake) ; Fair- haven, (Brainerd). R. obtusifoliiis* L. Bitter Dock. Fields and waste places; common. R. Patientia* L. Patience Dock. Cultivated fields and roadsides; oc- casional ; apparently becoming more common. Flora of Vermont 197 E. Terficilhatus L. Swamp Dock. Swamps; common in the western counties. CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY ATRIPLEX. Orach A, patiila L., var. Imstata (L.) Gray. (A. hastata L.). Spreading Orach. Waste places, especially along railways; naturalized; oc- casional. Var., littoralis (L.) Gray. (A. hastata L.). Sandy shores; occasional. CHENOPODIUM. Pigweed. Goosefoot C. album* L. Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed. Fields; common. Var., yiride* (L.) Moq. Common. C. ambrosioides* L. Mexican Tea. Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; St. Albans, (Blewitt). ('. Botrys* L. Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium. Waste places; be- coming common. C. capitatiiin (L.) Asch. (Hlitum capitatum L. ). Strawberry Hlite. Dry rich ground; apparently indigenous in places, occasionally in- troduced. C. glaucum* L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Railroad yards, Burlington, Bennington, Ferrisburg, Rutland, St. Albans. C. hj-bridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Shady ledges and waste places; frequent. C. urbicum* L. City or Upright Goosefoot. Lumber yards, Burling- ton, (Howe); West Haven, (Kii-k and Ross). KOCHIA K, Scoparia* (L.) Schrad. Mexican Fire Plant. Fretiuently spon- taneous and sometimes persisting. SALSOLA. Saltwort S. Kali L., var. tenuifolia* G. F. W. Mey. Russian Thistle. Of recent introduction along railroads; Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn); Colchester, (Jones) ; Rutland, (Kirk) ; Essex Junction and Swan- ton, (Blake). AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY ACNIDA. Water Hemp A, tiiberculata Moq. Shady banks of slow streams or bays, Champlain Valley; frequent. AMARANTHUS. Amaranth A. blitoides Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Yards and waste places; occasional, becoming more common. A. graecizaiis L. (A. albus L.). Tumble Weed. Waste places; a recently introduced weed in railroad yards and gardens. Burling- 198 • Bulletin 187 ton, Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Bennington, (Eggleston) ; Rutland, (Kirk). A. hybridus* L. Green Amaranth, Pigweed. Old garden, Peacham, (Blanchard) ; along railroad, Rutland, (Kirk). A. caudatus* L. Purple Amaranth. Sheltaurne, as a garden weed, (Pringle); West Windsor, (Blanchard). A. retroflexus* L. Green Amaranth, Pigweed. Rich cultivated ground; common. A. spinosus* L. Spiny Amaranth. Cultivated field, Burlington, (Mrs. Jane Walker). PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY PHYTOLACCA. Pokeweed P. decandra L. (P. americana L.). Common Poke or Scoke, Pigeon Berry. Pastures and fields; occasional. NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY OXYBAPHUS 0. floribundus Chois. (Allionia nyctaginea Michx.). Along railroad, Swanton, (Blake). 0. nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). ILLECEBRACEAE. KNOTWORT FAMILY ANYCHIA. Forked Chickweed A. canadensis (L.) BSP. (A. capillacea DC). Dry open woodlands; Pownal, (Robbins, Eggleston); West Rutland, (Eggleston); Proc- tor, (Kirk); Bellows Falls. (W. H. Blanchard). AIZOACEAE. CARPET WEED FAMILY MOLLUGO. Indian Chickweed M. verticillata* L. Carpet Weed. Sandy banks and waste places; frequent. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY AGROSTEMMA. Corn Cockle A. Githago* L. (Lychnis Githago Scop.). Corn Cockle, Rose Pink. Fields; occasional. ARENARTA. Sandwort A. groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort. Common on rocks at summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump. A, lateriflora L. Blunt-leaved Sandwort. (Moehringia lateriflora Fenzl.). Moist banks and shores of the lower altitudes; occasional. Ac niacropliylla Hook. (Moehringia macrophylla [Hook.] Torr.). Large-leaved Sandwort. Abundant on ledges above Proctorsville, (Eggleston). Flora of Vermont 199 A, serpyllifolia* L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Dry rocky places; fre- quent. A. stricta Michx. (A. Michauxii Hook. f.). Rock Sandwort. Cliffs and headlands of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. yerna L., var. propiiuiiia (Richards.) Fernald. Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). CERASTIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed ('. arveuse L. Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. Dry rocky places of the lower altitudes; occasional. r. nutans Raf. (C. longipedunculatum Muhl.). Nodding Chickweed, Powder Horn. Thin soil on ledges, west of the Green Mountains; occasional. C. TUlgatum* L. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. Fields; common. DIANTHUS. Pink D. Armeria* L. Deptford Pink. Fields; Castleton, (Ross). D. baiijatus''^ L. Sweet William. Garden escape; Rutland, (Eggles- ton) ; Stowe, (Wild) ; Manchester, (Miss Mary A. Day) ; Essex, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). D. deltoides* L. Maiden Pink. Roadsides and cemeteries; occasional. 1). pliiniarius* L. Grass Pink. Garden escape; Manchester, (Mrs. Mary C. Munson) ; East Wallingford, (Kent). GYPSOPHILA (i!. muralis* L. Low Gypsophila, Mist. Burlington, (.Tones) ; Col- chester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). G. pauiculata=<' L. Baby's Breath. Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). LYCHNIS. Campion L. alba* Mill. (L. vespertina Sibth.). White Campion, Evening Lychnis. Weed in fields; occasional. L. clialeedonica* L. Scarlet Lychnis. Peacham, (Blanchard) ; Barnet, (Jesup and Sargent). L. coronaria* (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. Rocky pastures; abundant on Round Mountain, Shrewsbury, (Eggleston) ; Jamaica, (Bates). L. dioica* L. (L. diurna Sibth.). Day-blooming Lychnis. Brattle- boro, (Bates and Jones) ; Burlington, (Morse) ; Colchester, (Mrs, N. F. Flynn). L. Flos-cucali* L. Ragged Robin. Weed, roadsides and meadows, Craftsbury, (Jones) ; field, Rutland, (Kirk). SAGINA. Pearlwort S. decumbeus (Ell.) T. & G. Small-flowered Pearlwort. Brattleboro, (Grout). S. pi'ocuinbens L. Pearlwort. Springy places; occasional. SAPONARIA S. officinalis* L. Soapwort, Bouncing Bet. Waste places; common. 200 Bulletin 187 S. Vaccaria* L. (Vaccaria Vaccaria Britton). Cow-herb. Vernon, (Grout); Westmore, (J. R. Churchill); Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Rut- land, (Kirk); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). SILENE. Catchfly. Campion S. aiitirrliiua L. Sleepy Catchfly. Dry soil in the lower altitudes; frequent. S. Arineria* L. Sweet William Catchfly. Underhill, (Jones) ; Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). S. (licliotonia* Ehrh. Forked Catchfly. Townshend, (Blanchard). S. latifolia* (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. (S. Ciicubalus Wibel). Bladder Campion. Roadsides and fields; frequent. S. noctillora* L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Fields and waste places; frequent. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion. Specimen in herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, labeled "Vermont" by Michaux. SPERGULA. Spurrey S. arvensis* L. Corn Spurrey. Fields; occasional. >S. sativa* Boenn. Field Spurrey. Burlington, (Hazen). SPERGULARIA. (TISSA). Sand Spurrey S. rubra (L.) .J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey. Royalton, (Ward) ; Brat- tleboro, (Grout); Mt. Holly, (Eggleston). STELLARIA. (ALSINE). Chickweed. Starwort. S. aquatica* (L.) Scop. Abundant in a swamp, North Pownal, (Wood- ward). S. borealis Bigel. Northern Stitchwort or Starwort. Cold wet places in the mountains; frequent. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). S. graiuiiiea* L. Lesser Stitchwort or Starwort. Roadsides and moist grass lands; frequent. Var. latifolia* Peterm. Damp grassy place, Williston, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). S. longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort or Starwort. Damp in- tervals and thickets; occasional. S. media* (L.) Cyrill. Common Chickweed. In lawns and waste places; abundant. S. ullg'iiiosa Murr. About cold springs, Rochester, Chittenden, (Eggles- ton); Vernon, (Grout); Rutland. (Kirk); Wallingford, (Kent); Brandon, (Dutton). PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY CLAYTONIA. Spring Beauty ('. caroliniaiia Michx. Spring Beauty. Rich, open woods; common. ('. virgiiiica L. Spring Beauty. Intervale in Colchester, (Torrey, Jones); New Haven, (Pringle). PORTULACA. Purslane P. oleraoea* L. Common Purslane. (Jai'den weed; common. Flora of Vermont 201 CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY CERATOPHYLLUM. Horuwort C. demersiini L. Slow streams and ponds; frequent. NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY BRASENIA. Water Shield B. Sclireberi Gmel. (B. peltata Pursh). Ponds; occasional. CASTALIA. Water Lily C. odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. Sweet-scented Water Lily. Ponds and slow streams; common. V. tuberosa (Paine) Greene. White Pond Lily. Lake Champlain and tributaries; frequent. NYMPHAEA. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter Dock 'S, adveua Ait. Cow Lily, Yellow Pond Lily, Spatter Dock. Common in ponds and slow streams. Var. varieg'ata (Bngelm.) Feruald. With type. N. micropliylla Pers. Small Yellow Pond Lily. Ponds and streams; frequent. N. nibrodisca (Morong) Greene. Probably a hybrid between the two preceding si)ecies. Ponds and slow streams; occasional. RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY ACTAEA. Banel)pri'y. Cohosh A. allui (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. Rich woods; common. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Rich woods; common. Forma ueglecta (Gill.) Robinson. Rare. A. alba x rubra. Occasional. ANEMONE. Anemone A. cauadeusis L. (A. pennsylvanica L.). Round-headed Anemone. Stony banks; common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries. A. cjiindrica Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Dry woods and fields of the lower altitudes; frequent. A. itniltifida Poir. (A. hudsoniana Richards.). Cut-leaved Anemone. Colchester and Winooski Falls, (Robbins) ; Highgate Springs, (Jesup). A. quiuquefolia L. (A. nemorosa L., var. quinquefolia Gray). Wind Flower, Wood Anemone. Woodlands of the lower altitudes; com- mon. A. riparia Fernald. Gravelly and rocky banks; frequent in western and northern Vermont. A. yirginiaua L. Tall Anemone. Woods and meadows of the lower altitudes; common. 202 Bulletin 187 ANEMONELLA. (SYNDESMON) A. tlialictroides (L.) Sijach. Rue Anemone. North Pownal, common on rich wooded hills, (Eggleston). AQUILEGIA. Columbine A. canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Rocky places; common. A. ynlgaris" L. Garden Columbine. Common in gardens, occasional as a wayside escape, and locally abundant in Franklin County. CALTHA. Marsh Marigold C. palnstris L. Cowslips. Wet meadows and swamps; common. CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower C. verticillaris DC. (Atragene americana Sims. I. Purple Clematis. Rocky woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. C. virginiana L. Wild Clematis, Virgin's Bower, Traveler's Joy. River banks and moist thickets; common. COPTIS. Goldthread C. trifolia CL.) Salisb. Wet woods; common. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur D. Ajacis* L. Rocket Larkspur. Adventive; Middlebury, (Brainerd); Westminster, (Eggleston). HEPATICA. Hepatica. Liverleaf II. acntiloba DC. Sharp-lobed Hepatica. Woods; common. II. triloba Chaix. Round-lobed Hepatica. (H. Hepatica Karst.). Warm open woods of the lower altitudes; frequent. HYDRASTIS. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon II. canadensis L. Golden Seal. Shelburne, (Horsford) ; Weybridge, (Eggleston). RANUNCULUS. Buttercup. Crowfoot R. aljortivns L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Shady banks; common. R. abortiviis L., var. eucyclns Fernald. Cool woods; North Pownal, (Eggleston); West Haven, (Kirk); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). R. acris* L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercup. Everywhere common as a weed in grass lands. Var. Steveni* (Andrz.) Lange. Common. R. alleg'heniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot. Smugglers' Notch, (E. F. Williams); West Haven, (Kirk). R. aqiiatilis L., var. cai)illacens DC. (Batrachium trichophyllum [Chaix] Bosch.). Common White Water Crowfoot. Ponds and slow streams; frequent. R. bulbosus* L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup. Sparingly intro- duced in fields. R. circinatns Sibth. Stiff Water Crowfoot. (Batrachium S. F. Gray). Ponds and slow streams; rare. Flora of Vermont 203 R. (lelpliinifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot. Still water and muddy banks of the lower altitudes; occasional. Var. terrestris (Gray) Farwell. Occasional. R. fascieularis Muhl. Early Crowfoot. "Burlington," (Torrey) ; "Nor- wich," (Blanchard); "Brattleboro," (Frost); Snake Mountain, (Brainerd). R. Flamnmla L., var. reptans (L.) Mey. (R. reptans L.) Creeping Spearwort. Sandy shores of the lower altitudes; frequent. R. hispidus Michx. Wood or Early Buttercup. Abundant on dry hills, North Pownal, (Eggleston). R. micraiitluis Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. Coventry, (Cushman). R. peiinsylYaiiicus L. f. Bristly Crowfoot. Wet places of the lower altitudes ; frequent. R. rct'urvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Moist woods and swamps; frequent; common in Windsor County. R. repeiis L. Creeping Crowfoot or Buttercup. In lawns; Burling- ton, (Jones); Rutland, (Kirk). The double-flowered form of the gardens Is found as an escape by wet roadsides; Underbill, (.Tones, Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; well established at North Dorset, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). R. sceleratiis L. Cursed Crowfoot. Wet ground; Colchester and Bur- lington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). R. septeutrioualis Poir. Swamp Buttercup. Wet places; common. THALICTRUM. Meadow Rue T. confine Fernald. (T. venulosum Trel.). Rocky shores of Lake Champlain; occasional. T. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Rocky woodlands of the lower alti- tudes: common. T. polygamum Muhl. Tall Meadow Rue. Moist meadows; common. MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY LIRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree L. Tulipifera L. Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar, Whitewood. "Hoosick Valley," (Mrs. Carr) ; North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Perch Pond, Pownal, (Churchill) ; Bennington, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Arlington, Vt. Hist. Mag. 121 (1S6S). MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY MENISPERMUM. Moonseed M. eanadense L. Moist banks and thickets of the Champlain Valley; occasional. "Weathersfield," (Barrows) : Westminster, (Blanch- ard). ^04 Bulletin 187 BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY BERBERIS. Barberry B. yulg'aris* L. Common Barberry. Common in cultivation and a fre- quent escape. Especially abundant along streams in Ira, (Eggles- ton). CAULOPHYLLUM. Blue Cohosh C. tlialietroides (L.) Michx. Pappoose Root. Rich woods; common. PODOPHYLLUM. May Apple. Mandrake r. peltatuin L. "Castleton," (Branch) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; com- mon at North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; also occasional as a garden escape. LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY BENZOIN. Fever Bush. Wild Allspice B. aesthale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush, Benjamin Bush. Damp woods of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; rare. Putney and AVest- minster, (W. H. Blanchard). SASSAFRAS S. Tariifolinm (Salisb.) Ktze. (S. officinale Nees & Eberm.). Sassafras, Cinnamon Wood. Pownal, (Robbins, Eggleston) ; Hartland and Brattleboro, (Bates); Vernon, (Grout). PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY ARGEMONE. Prickly Poppy A. luexicaiia* L. Mexican Poppy. Garden escape, Hartland, (Under- wood); Bradford, (Alice E. Bacon). CHELIDONIUM. Celandine C. inajus* L. Waste places; frequent. PAPAVER. Poppy P. Rlioeas* L. Field or Corn Poppy. Persistent in gardens; Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Townshend. (W. H. Blanchard). SANGUINARIA. Bloodroot S. canadensis L. Borders of rich woods; common. FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY ADLUMIA. Climbing Fumitory A, fuiigosa (Ait.) Greene. Mountain Fringe, Alleghany Vine. Rich, rocky woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. Flora of Vermont 205 CORYDALIS. (CAPNOIDES) C. aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis. Rocky banks of western Vermont; rare. Norwich, (Jesup) ; probably introduced. (,'. sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale Corydalis. Rocky woodlands of the lower altitudes; frequent. DICENTRA. (BIKUKULLA) D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel Corn. Rich woods; frequent. D, Cucullaria (L.) Beimh. Dutchman's Breeches. Rich wooded hill- sides; frequent. PUMARIA. Fumitory F. officinalis* L. Common Fumitory. Occasionally persistent in old gardens. CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY ALLIARIA. Garlic Mustard A, officinalis* Andrz. (A. Alliaria [L.] Britton). Hedge Garlic. Lud- low, (Brainerd). ARABIS. Rock Cress A. bracliycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. (A. confinis Wats, in part). Sandy soil and rocky banks; frequent along Lake Champlain. A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Shady ledges of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. Driinimondi Gray. (A. confinis Wats, in great part). Rocky places; occasional along Lake Champlain. Gore Mt., Island Pond, (Under- wood); Townshend, (Wheeler). A, glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Rocks and fields; frequent. A. liirsnta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock Cress. Rocky places of the lower altitudes; frequent. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock Cress. Rocky places of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. lyrata L. Low Rock Cress. Mt. Equinox, Manchester, (Mary A. Day); N. Pownal, (Eggleston) ; West Haven, (G. H. Ross). BARBAREA. Winter Cress B. stricta Andrz. Winter Cress. Wet places; common. B. vulgaris R. Br. (B. Barbarea [L.] MacM.). Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket. Wet places; rare. BERTEROA B. incana* (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. A weed in lawns and by way- sides; becoming frequent. BRASSICA. Mustard. Turnip B. alba* (L.) Boiss. (Sinapis alba L.). White Mustard. Adventive; rare. 206 Bulletin 187 B. arrensis* (L.) Ktze. (Sinapis arvensis L.). Charlock. Fields; common. B. eanipestris* L. Rutabaga. Fields; frequent. B. juncea* (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fields; occasional. B. iii^ra* (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Waste places and fields; com- mon. B. Eapa* L. (B. campestris L.). Turnip. Persistent in gardens. BRAYA B. hiimilis (C. A. Mey.) Robinson. (Arabidopsis novae-angliae [Rydb.] Britton). Willoughby Mountain, (C. C. Frost, H. Mann). CAMELINA. False Flax C. microcarpa* Andrz. Weed in fields; occasional. CAPSELLA. (BURSA). Shepherd's Purse C. Bursa-pastoris* (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Waste places; common. CARDAMINE. Bitter Cress C. bnlbosa (Schreb.) BSP. (C. rhomboidea DC). Spring Cress. Cold wet meadows; Castleton, (Bobbins); Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Rut- land and Ira, (Eggleston) ; West Rutland, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). V. parviflora L. Small Bitter Cress. Dry rocky woods of lower alti- tudes; occasional. C. pennsjiyaiiica Muhl. Bitter Cress, Brook Cress. Cold wet woods; common. V. prateiisis L. Cuckoo Flower. Cold wet meadows in the valleys of the Otter Creek and Castleton River and northward along Lake Champlain; occasional. CONRINGIA. Hare's-ear Mustard V. orientalis* (L.) Dumort. Railroad yard, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). DENTARIA. Pepper-root. Toothwort D. (liphylla Michx. Pepper-root, Crinkle-root. Rich, moist woods; common. D. laeiuiata Muhl. Cut-leaved Pepper-root. Rich woods of the Cham- plain Valley; occasional. I), maxima Nutt. Large Pepper-root or Toothwort. Shelburne, (Prin- gle) ; Burlington, (Perkins) ; Norwich, (Eggleston) ; Rutland, (Kirk); Colchester, (Grifiln). DRABA D. arabisaus Michx. Mountain cliffs and headlands of Lake Cham- plain; occasional. Lake Champlain, (Michaux) in Herb. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris. Flora of Vermont 20T D. arabisans Michx., var. orthoearpa Feniald & Knowlton. Willoughby Mt., (Deane). D. stylaris J. Gay. Willoughby Mt., (Tuckerman) ; Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). ERUCA E. sativa* Mill. (E. Eruca [L.l Britton). Garden Rocket. Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). ERUCASTRUM E. Pollichii* Schimp & Spenu. Rhod. 13: 10. Along railroad, St. Albans, (Blake). ERYSIMUM. (CHEIRINIA). Treacle Mustard E. clieiraiitlioides L. Worm-seed Mustard. A weed in fields; common. HESPERIS. Rocket H. inatroiialis* L. Dame's Violet. Garden escape. Middlel)ury, (Brain- erd) ; Monkton, (Eggleston). LEPIDIUM. Peppergrass. Pepperwort L. apetaliiin* Willd. Wild Peppergrass. (L. densiflorum Schrad.). Dry soil, especially along railroads; common. L. caiiipestre* (L.) R. Br. Field or Bastard Cress. Brattleboro, (Bates) ; Vergennes and Burlington, (Jones) ; West Haven, (Kirk) : (Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). L. virgiiiicum L. Wild Peppergrass. Dry soil, especially along rail- roads; occasional. LOBULARIA. (KONIGA). Sweet Alyssum L, iiiaritiina* (L). Desv. Occasionally spontaneous in gardens and waste places. RADICULA. Water Cress R. aqnatica (Eat.) Robinson. (Neobeckia aquatica [Eaton] Britton). Lake Cress. Marshy borders of inlets of Lake Champlain; occa- sional. H. .\riiioi'acia* (L. ) Robinson. (Armoracia Armoracia [L.l Britton). Horseradish. P'requently established in wet ground. R. jVasturluiii-aiiiiatk'um* (L.) Britten & Rendle. (Sisymbrium Nas- turtium L. ). True Water Cress. Cool running water; Rutland and Bennington, (Eggleston); Charlotte, (Pringle); Randolph, (Bates); Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). R. palustiis (L.) Moench. Marsh Cress. Wet places; rare. R. palustris (L.) Moench., var. Iiispida (Desv.) Robinson. (Radicula hispida [Desv.] Britton). Hairy Marsh Cress. Wet places; fre- quent. R. sjivestri.s* (L.) Druce. Creeping Yellow Cress. Alluvial meadows of the Connecticut River; frequent. Wet meadow, South Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). Becoming frequent in gardens. 208 Bulletin 187 RAPHANUS. Radish R. Raphanistruiii* L. Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock. "South iSero," (Robbins) ; Windsor, Hartland, (Eggleston) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Rutland, (Kirk); Leicester, (Button). SISYMBRIUM. Hedge Mustard S. altissiiiium* L. (Norta altissima [L.] Britten). Tumble Mustard. Rapidly being introduced in fields and along roadsides. S. bracliycarpou Richards. (Sophia pinnata [Walt.] Greene). Hog- back Island, Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). S. ojfficinale* (L.) Scop. (Erysimum officinale L.). Bank Cress. Waste ground. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn); Brandon, (Button); Rut- land, (Kirk); Colchester and Shelburne, (Blake). S. offioiuale (L.) Scop., var. leiocarpum* DC. Bank Cress. Waste ground; common. SUBULARIA. Awlwort S. aquatiea L. Abundant in South Pond, Marlboro, (Grout). THLASPI. Penny Cress T. arreiise* L. Field Penny Cress or Mithridate Mustard. Waste places; occasional. CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY POLANISIA P. graveoleiis Raf. Clammy-weed. Sandy shores of Lake Chami)lain; common. RESEDACEAE. MIGNONETTE FAMILY RESEDA. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket R. alba* L. White Mignonette. Garden escape; Hartland, (Helen Crandall). SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY SARRACENIA S. purpurea L. Side-saddle Flower, Pitcher Plant. Sphagnum bogs; frequent. Var. lieteroplijila (Eat.) Torr. With type. DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY DROSERA. Sundew D. loiigifolia L. (D. intermedia Hayne). Long-leaved Sundew. Bogs of the lower altitudes; rare. D. rotiiudifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew. Bogs and wet banks; occa- sional. Flora of Vermont 209 PODOSTEMACEAE. RIVER WEED FAMILY PODOSTEMUM. River Weed. P. ceratophylliim Michx. River Weed, Thread-foot. "Brattleboro," (Frost); West River, Jamaica, (Dobbin). CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY PENTHORUM. Ditch StonecroD P. sedoides L. Ditclies and swamps of the lower altitudes; freciucnt. SEDUM. Stonecrop. Orpine S. acre* L. Mossy Stonecrop. On rocks; occasional. S. triphylliim* (Haw.) S. F. Gray. (S. purpureum Tausch). Rhod. 11: 46. Garden Orpine, Live-for-ever. Fields and roadsides; common. S. roseiim (L.) Scop. (Rhodiola rosea L.) Mt. Horrid, Rochester, (Dutton). S. telepliioides Mich.x. Roadside escape, Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Golden Saxifrage C. americaimiii Schwein. Wet shady places; common. MITELLA. Miterwort. Bishop's Cap M. diplijlla L. Rich woods; common. M. Hilda L. Deep moist woods, in moss; frequent. PARNASSIA. Grass of Parnassus P. caroliniana Michx. Wet banks and meadows; common in Benning- ton County; locally abundant in Hartland, (Underwood) ; occasional elsewhere. RIBES. Currant. Gooseberry R. ainericaiuiiii Mill. (R. floridum L'Her.). Rhod. 11: 46. Wild Black Currant. Moist rich woods; frequent. R. Cynosbati L. (Grossularia Cynosbati [L.] Mill.). Prickly Goose- berry, Dogberry. Rocky woods; common. R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Black Currant. Cold swamps and mountain woods; frequent. R. oxyacanthoides L. (Grossularia oxyacanthoides [L.] Mill.). Smooth Gooseberry. Cold swamps; frequent. R. prostratiim L'Her. (R. glandulosum Grau.). Skunk Currant. Cold banks and mountain woods; frequent. R. triste Pall. Swamp Red Currant. Cold swamps, mostly in the mountains. Var. albiiiervmin (Michx.) Fernald. Swamps; more common than type. 210 Bulletin 187 K. Tulgare* Lam. Garden Red Currant. Occasionally persists as an escape. SAXIPRAGA. Saxifrage S. alzoides L. (Leptasea aizoides [L.] Haw.). Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. Moist cliffs, Willoughby Mountain, (A. Wood); Smug- glers' Notch, (Pringle). S. Aizoon Jacq. (Chondrola Aizoon l.Jacq.] Haw.). Willoughby Moun- tain, Smugglers' Notch, Hazen's Notch, Montgomery, (Pringle); Mt. Horrid, Rochester, (Button). S. oppositifolia L. (Antiphylla oppositifolia [L.J Fourn.). Mountain Saxifrage. Willoughby Mountain, (A. Wood) ; Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). S. pennsjivaiiica L. (Micranthes pennsylvanica [L.] Haw.). Swamp Saxifrage. Bogs; common. S. Tirginiensi.s Michx. (Micranthes virginiensis [Michx.J Sniallj. Early Saxifrage. PJxposed rocks and dry hillsides; common. TIARELLA. False Miterwort T. cordifolia L. Rich moist woods; common. HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY HAMAMELIS. Witch-hazel H. yirgiuiaiia L. Low woods; common. PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY PLATANUS. Sycamore. Buttonwood P. occideiitalis L. Alluvial banks of the lower altitudes of western Vermont and north in the Connecticut Valley to Hartford; occa- sional. ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY AGRIMONIA. Agrimony A, gryposepala Wallr. (A. hirsuta Bicknell ; A. Eupatoria Gray's Manual, ed. 6 in part not L.). Stickseed, Cocklebur. Woods and thickets; frequent.. A. striata Michx. (A. Brittoniana Bicknell; A. Eupatoria Gray's Manual, ed. 6 in part not L.). Stickseed, Beggar-ticks. Thickets and roadsides especially in mountain towns; occasional. AMELANCHIER. Shadbush. Juneberry. Service Berry A. Bartramiana (Tausch.) Roemer. (A. oligocarpa [Michx.] Roem. Gray's Manual, ed. 7). Summits of high mountains and cold swamps; occasional. A. canadensis (L.) Medicus. (A. canadensis, var. Botryapium [L. f.l T. & G.). Southern slopes of the lower altitudes; frequent. Flora of Vermont 211 A. humilJs Wiegand. Rhod. 14: 141. (A. spicata Am. auth. in part). Limestone headlands and cliffs in the Champlain Valley; occa- sional. A. lacTis Wiegand. Rhod. 14: 154. (A. canadensis [L.] Medic). Woods; common. A. saug'uiuea (Pursh.) DC. (A. rotundifolia Roem. ; A. spicata [Lam.] C. Koch). Rocliy shores of the upper Connecticut and Champlain Valleys; occasional. A. stolonifera Wiegand. Rhod. 14: 144. Rocky woods; frequent. CRATAEGUS. Hawthorn. Thorn-apple C. albicans Ashe. (C. polita Sarg. Rhod. 5: 11). Occasional in the lower altitudes. C. aluorum Sarg. Rhod. 5: 153. (C. Edsoni Sarg. Rhod. 7: 205; C. con- tigua Sarg. Rhod. 5: 115). Burlington, (A. W. Edson) ; Stock- bridge, (Eggleston) ; Bellows Falls and Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). C. auoiiiala Sarg. Rhod. 3: 74. Clarendon, (Eggleston); Bridport, (Brainerd). C. Bojntoui Beadle. (C. foetida Ashe). Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). C. Braiuerdi Sarg. Rhod. 3: 27. Lower altitudes; occasional. Var. scabrida (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. scabrida Sarg. Rhod. 3: 29). Middle- bury, (Brainerd); West Rutland and Bennington, (Eggleston). C, Brainerdi Sarg., var. Egglestoui (Sarg.) Robinson. (C. Egglestoni Sarg. Rhod. 3: 30). Common; particularly in the hill towns; reaching an altitude of 2,300 feet. Var. asperifoLia (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. asperifolia Sarg. Rhod. 3: 31). Middlebury, (Brainerd). C. cbamplaiueusis Sarg. Rhod. 3: 20. Champlain Valley; frequent. Birdseye Mt., Ira, (Kirk). C. cbrysocarpa Ashe. (C. rotundifolia Borckh. ; C. coccinea rotundi- folia Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31: 14; C. Gravesii Sarg. Rhod. 5: 159). Champlain and Connecticut Valleys; occasional. C. cbrysocarpa Ashe, var. Faxoni (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. Faxoni Sarg. Rhod. 5: 161). With type. C. coccinioides Ashe, var. dilatata (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. dilatata Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31: 9). Addison County; common. (Brainerd). C. Crus-galli* L. Cockspur Thorn. Ferrisburg, (Horsfoi'd) ; Mt. In- dependence, (Eggleston) ; Gardiner's Island, Ferrisburg, (C. E. Pinney) ; Chimney Point, (Brainerd) ; West Haven, (Kii-k and Ross). This species is unquestionably introduced in the State. C. filipes Ashe. (C. silvicola Beadle, var. Beckwithae [Sarg.] Eggl.; C. Robbinsiana Sarg. Rhod. 7: 197). Putney and Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard); Burlington, (Eggleston). C. Grayana Eggleston. Rhod. 10: 80. (C. flabellata Sarg. Rhod. 3: 75). Bellows Falls and Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). C. iiitricata J. Lange. (C. coccinea Eggleston in Gray's Manual ; C. modesta Sarg. Rhod. 3: 28). West Rutland, Arlington, (Eggles- ton) ; Carver's Falls, West Haven, (Eggleston, Kirk and Ross). 212 Bulletin 187 C. irrasa Sarg., var. lilauchardi (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. Blauchardi Sarg. Rhod. 7: 208). Wilmington and Wliitingliam, (Eggleston). C. Jesupi Sarg. Rhod. 5: 61, Twin Mts., West Rutland, (Eggleston). C. Keuuedyi Sarg. Tree and Shrubs 2: 73, 134. (C. media Eggl. Rhod. 6: 141). Summit of Willoughby Mt., about 2,600 ft. alt., (E. Faxon, Eggleston, Kennedy). Rare and local. €. lucorum Sarg., var. insolens (Sarg.) Eggl. Rhod. 10: 79. (C. insolens Sarg. Rhod. 7: 217). West Concord, (Eggleston). C. macrosperma Ashe. (C. delucida Sarg. Rhod. 5: 139). Common in the lower altitudes. Var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. demissa Sarg. Rhod. 5: 139). Burlington, (Eggleston). Var. peutaudra (Sarg.) Eggl. Rhod. 10: 80. (C. pentandra Sarg. Rhod. 3: 25). With the type; occasional. C. macrosperma Ashe, var. pastorum (Sarg.) Eggl. Rhod. 10: 80. (C. pastorum Sarg. Rhod. 3: 24; C. genialis Sarg. Rhod. 5, 148). Moist lowland and pastures; occasional. Var. matura (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. matura Sarg. Rhod. 3: 24). With the type. C. monogyna* Jacq. (C. Oxyacantha of the Manuals). English Haw- thorn. Occasionally escaped from cultivation. Peacham, (Blanch- ard) ; Burlington, (Jones); Knight's Island, (Brainerd). C. iieofluvialis Ashe. (C. macracantha Lodd., var. neofluvialis [Ashe] Eggl. Rhod. 10: 83). Cornwall, (Brainerd). C. Oakesiaua Eggleston. Torreya 7: 35. Bloomfield, Lemington, (Eg- gleston); Canaan, (Frizzell). Common along the Connecticut River. C. Priuglei Sarg. Rhod. 3: 21. Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanch- ard. Var. exclusa (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. exclusa Sarg. Rhod. 5: 108). With the type; occasional. Var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. lobu- lata Sarg. Rhod. 3: 22). Addison County, (Brainerd). C. pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch. Occasional in the lower altitudes. Forma dissona (Sarg.) Eggl. Rhod. 10: 81. (C. dissona Sarg. Rhod. 5: 60). Putney, (W. H. Blanchard). Var. pliiladelphioa (Sarg.) Eggl. (C. philadelphica Sarg. Proc. Acad. Sci., Philadelphia, 588 [1905]). Burlington, (Eggleston). V. punctata Jacq. Dotted Thorn. Common and widely distributed throughout the lower levels and reaching at least 1,500 feet in altitude. Var. cauesceiis Britton. With the type; rare. Var. rubra Ait. With the type; common. C. roaneusis Ashe. (C. ascendens Sarg. Rhod. 5: 141). In the lower altitudes; occasional. V. stramiiiea Beadle. (C. intricata Sarg. Rhod. 3: 28). West Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Burlington, (A. W. Edson) ; Arlington, (W. H. Blanch- ard). C. submollis Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31: 1. Weybridge, (Brainerd). C. succuleuta Schrad. (C. macracantha Lodd.). Long-spine Thorn. Moist thickets and rich hillsides of the lower altitudes; common. Flora of Vermont 213 C. succuleuta Schrad., var. major n. n. Eggleston. (C. macracantha Lodd., var. succuleuta Eggleston. Rhod. 10: 82). With the type, in the Champlain Valley; rare. C. siiccnlenta Schrad., var. rhombifolia (Sarg.) n. n. Eggleston. (C. rhombifolia Sarg. Rhod. 5: 183). With type; frequent. C. villipes Ashe. (C. Holmesiana Ashe). Common in the lower alti- tudes. DALIBARDA D. repens L. Dalibarda. Cool moist woods; frequent. FILIPENDULA F. rubra (Hill) Robinson. (Ulmaria rubra Hill). Queen of the Prairie. Roadside escape; occasional. F. Ulmaria* (L.) Maxim. (Ulmaria Ulmaria Borkh.). Queen of the Meadow. Roadside escape; rare. F. vulgaris* Moench. Dropwort. A well established roadside escajje, Burlington, (Mrs. N. P. Flynn). PRAGARIA. Strawberry F. vesca* L. Dooryard, Middlebury, (Brainerd). F. vesca L., var. americana Porter. (F. americana Britton). Wild or American Wood Strawberry. Woods; common. F. virg'iiiiaua Duchesne. Wild or Field Strawberry. Fields; common. GEUM. Avens G. caiiadeuse Jacq. (G. album Gmelin). White Avens. Borders of woods of the lower altitudes; common. G. macropliyllum Willd. Moist open mountain woods; common above 1,500 feet altitude. Unknown on Willoughby Mt. X G. pulchrum Fernald. (G. macropliyllum x rivale). Mendon, (Eg- gleston). G. rivale L. Water or Purple Avens. Wet meadows and bogs; com- mon. G. strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. Moist meadows; common. r. virg'iuiauum L. Rough Avens. Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. F'lynn) ; Rutland, (Kirk); Bennington, (Button). PHYSOCARPUS. (OPULASTER). Nine-bark P. opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Well established in the vicinity of "Retreat Park," Erattleboro, (Wheeler). POTENTILLA. Cinquefoil. Five-finger P. Aiiserina L. (Argentina Anserina [L.] Rydb.). Silver Weed. Com- mon on the beaches of Lake Ciiamplain and established where in- troduced in ballast along railroads. P. Anserina L., var. sericea Hayne. Rhod. 11: 48. Burlington, (Mrs. N. P. Flynn) ; Sphagnum bog, foot of Mt. Killington, (Kirk). P. argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil. Dry barren fields; common. 214 Bulletin 187 P. nrg'utsi Piirsh. (Dry mocallis agri monioides [Pursh] Rydb.). Tall Ciuquefoil. Rocky hills of the lower altitudes; occasional. F. canadensis L. Ciuquefoil, Five-fiuger. Rocky hills and waste places of the lower altitudes. P. canadensis L., var. simplex (Michx.) T. & G. (P. simplex Michx.). Cinquefoil, Five-finger. Waste places and dry sand; much more common than type on the eastern side of the state. P. fruticosa L. (Dasiphora fruticosa [L.] Rydb.). Shrubby Cinque- foil. Swamps and moist cliffs. Smugglers' Notch; Lake Willough- by. Troublesome as a pasture weed in southwestern Vermont. Becoming locally established in Hartland, (Underwood). P. nionspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil. Dry soil; frequent. P. monspelieusis L., var. labradorica (Lehm.) Fernald. Smugglers' Notch. P. monspelieusis L., var. norvegica (L.) Rydb. Along railroad, Essex; pasture, Fairfield, (Blake). P. palnstris (L.) Scop. (Comarum palustre L.). Marsh Cinquefoil. Cool bogs; frequent. Forma subsericea occurs. P. recta* L. Brattleboro, (Bates) ; Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Brandon, (Dutton); Burlington, (Hazen) ; Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). P. tridentata Ait. (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata [Soland.] Rydb.). Three- toothed or Mountain Cinquefoil. Summits of cliffs and mountains; occasional, e. g. Mt. Mansfield, Camel's Hump, Snake Mountain, Pownal, Mt. Horrid. PRUNUS. Plum. Cherry P. avium* L. Sweet Cherry, Mazzard Cherry. Manchester, (Mary A. Day). P. cuneata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. Sand banks of lake shore, Bur- lington, (Pringle). Frequent on the sand plains in the vicinity of Burlington. P. nigra Ait. Wild or Canada Plum. Woods and fence rows; frequent. Never native in eastern Vermont; (W. H. Blanchard). P. peunsylvanica L. f. Wild Red, Bird or Pin Cherry. Roadside thickets; common. P. pumila L. Sand Cherry. Rocky or sandy shores of the Connecticut and Champlain Valleys; occasional. P. serotina Ehrh. (Padus virginiana [L.] Mill.). Black Cherry. Woodlands; common. P. virginiana L. (Padus nana [Du Roi] Roem.). Choke Cherry. Fencerows, woods and banks; common. Var. lencocarpa Wats. Lunenburg, (Annette Bell); Franklin, (Hazel Riley). PYRUS P. americana (Marsh.) DC. (Sorbus americana Marsh.). American Mountain Ash. Swamps and mountain woods; frequent. P. arbutifolia (L.) L. f. (Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Ell.). Red Choke- berry. Swani)), Burlington, (Rand). Flora of Vermont 215 P. arbutifolia (L.) L. f., var. atropiiryurea (Britton) Robinson. (Aronia atropurpiirea Britton). Purple Chokeberry. Swamps; occasional. P. Aiicuparia* (L.) Ehrh. (Sorbus Auciiiiaria L.). European Moun- tain Ash. Peacham, (Blanchard) ; frequent about Burlington, (Jones); pastures, Middlebury, (Brainerd). P. coiniiiuiiis* L. Pear. A rare escape. P. 3Ialus* L. (Malas Mains [L.] Britton). Apple. Thickets and fence rows; common. P. iiielaiiocarpa (Michx.) Willd. (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Brit- ton). Black Chokeberry. Moist woods and rocky uplands; com- mon. P. sitclieiisis (Roem.) Piper. (Sorbus scopulina Greene). Mt. Mans- field, Willoughby Mt., (Pringle) ; Killington Mt., (Kirk) ; Stratton, (Underwood). ROSA. Rose R. acicularis, Lindl., var. TSoiir^'eaiiiana Crepin. Prickly Rose. Snake Mountain and Burlington, (Brainerd); Manchester, (Mary A. Day); Birdseye Mt., (Kirk); Arlington, (W. H. Blanchard). R. blaiida Ait. Smooth Rose. Roadsides and ledges; frequent. R. Carolina L. Swamp Rose. Borders of swamps and streams of the lower altitudes; common. R. cinnainoiiioa* L. Cinnamon Rose. Roadsides and about old gar- dens; frequent. R. tallica* L. French Rose. Garden escape; rare. R. Iiiiinilis Marsh. (R. virginiana Mill.). Pasture Rose. Dry rocky slopes of the lower altitudes; common. R. iiitida Willd. Shining Rose. Bradford, (Alice E. Bacon). • R. nibigiiiosa* L. Sweetbrier. Old pastures; common. R. spinosissiiiia* L. Scotch Rose. Occasionally spreading from gar- dens. R. virfjiniana Mill. Large Wild Rose. (R. lucida Ehrh.). North Pow- nal, (Eggleston) ; West Haven, (Ross and Kirk). RUBUS. Raspberry. Blackberry. Bramble X R. abl>re\iaiis Blanchard. (R. pergratus x setosus). Occasional in uplands of Windham County. R. alleglieniensis Porter. (R. nigrobaccus Bailey). High-bush Black- berry. Dry thickets and recent clearings; common. Forma albiiuis (Bailey) Fernald. Pittsfield, (Mrs. Mary E. Eggleston), R. areiiieola Blanchard. (?A form derived from R. procumbens x re- curvans) ; Starr Farm, Burlington. R. ar^'iitiis Link. (R. Andrewsianus Blanchard; R. floriconuis Blanch- ard). Champlain and Connecticut Valleys; rare. R. Braiiierdi Rydb. (R. sativus Gray's Man., ed. 7). Alluvial soil, Weybridge. R. canadensis L. Common in the mountains. 216 Bulletin 187 X R. cubitans Blancliard. (R. hispidus x procumbens). Westminster, Stratton. K. ele^antulus Blanchard. Frequent in Windham County. X R. flavinaiius Blanchard. (R. allegheniensis x elegantulus). Found only in Stratton. X R. froiulisentis Blanchard. (R. allegheniensis x setosus). Town- shend, Stratton, Berkshire. X R. Groutiaims Blanchard. (R. elegantulus x setosus). Wardsboro, Stratton. R. heteropliyllus Willd. (Apparently derived from R. procumbens x recurvans). Frequent along the Otter Creek in Middlebury and Weybridge; also at Starr Farm, Burlington. R. liispidns L. Running Swamp Blackberry. Low woods and moist open fields; common. R. idaens L., var. aciileatissinms (C. A. Mey.) Regel & Tiling. (R. stri- gosus Michx.). Red Raspberry. Thickets and hills; common. R. idaeiis L., var. aiiomalus Arrhenius. (R. Egglestonii Blanchard). Cavendish, (Eggleston) ; Townshend, (Wheeler). X R. jaceiis Blanchard. (R. procumbens x setosus). Stratton, Wards- boro. X R. iieg:lectiis Peck. (R. idaeus, var. aculeatissimus x occidentalis). Purple Raspberry. Ledgy fields and recent clearings; occasional. R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry, Thimbleberry. Fence rows and rich shady slopes; common. R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. Moist shady hillsides; frequent. R. pergratus Blanchard. Thickets and woodland borders; frequent. X R. permixtiis Blanchard. (R. allegheniensis x hispidus). Fence rows and borders of thickets; Westminster, Putney, Burlington. X R. plicatifolius Blanchard. (R. procumbens x recurvans; ? R. vil- losus Ait.). Middlebury, Burlington, Essex. R. procumbens Muhl. Dewberry, Running or Low Blackberry. Occa- sional both in typical and in several variant forms, e. g. : R. geophilus Blanchard and R. Baileyanus Britton. R. pnbescens Raf. (R. triflorus Richards.) Rhod. 11: 236. Dwarf or Running Raspberry. Moist cool soil ; common. 1{. recurvans Blanchard. Thickets and open fields; common. R. setosus Bigelow. (R. nigricans Rydb.). Frequent at high altitudes; also at alt. 150 ft., Burlington. X R. trifrons Blanchard. (R. hispidus x setosus). Marlboro, Strat- ton, Wardsboro, Ripton, Burlington: locally abundant. R. verniontaiius Blanchard. (R. nigricans Gray's Man., ed. 7). Fre- quent above 1,000 ft. altitude. X R. Termontanus, var. viridifolins Blanchard. (R. setosus x ver- montanus). Leicester, Rutland, Windham, Stratton, Wardsboro. Also the following intermediate forms, evidently the result of cross- ing, have been observed among the high-bush species: R. allegheniensis x canadensis. Ripton, Stratton. Flora of Vermont 21 Y K. alleglieiiiciisis x pergratus. Wardsboro, Stratton. R. allegiieiiiciisis x recuryans. Burlington. B. canadensis x pergratus. Stratton, Wardsboro. R. hispidiis x recurvans. Fair Haven and West Haven; frequent. SANGUISORBA. Burnet S. canadensis L. Canadian Burnet. Brattleboro, (Frost) ; banlis of th<3 West, River, (Grout). S. minor Scop. (Poteriuni Sanguisorba L.). Garden Burnet. Char- lotte Center, (Pringle); Slielburne, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). SORBARIA. (SCHIZONOTUS) S. sorbifolia* (L.) A. Br. (Spiraea sorbifolia L.). Ash-leaved Spiraea. Garden escape; frequent. SPIRAEA S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadow-sweet. Pastures; common. S. salicifolia L. (Spiraea alba Du Roi). Meadow-sweet. Svvanton, (Blake); Alburg, (C. H. Knowlton). S. tomentosa L. Steeple Bush, Hard Hack. Rocky pastures; common. WALDSTEINIA W. fragarloides (Michx.) Trattinick. Barren Strawberry. Wooded hill- sides and old pastures of the lower altitudes; common. LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY AMORPHA. False Indigo A. friiticosa L. Established at Retreat Park, Brattleboro, (Wheeler). AMPHICARPA. Hog Peanut A. nionoica (L.) Ell. (Falcata comosa [L.] Ktze.). Thickets; common. A. Pitclieri T. & G. Along the river, Norwich, (E. F. Williams). APIOS. Ground-nut. Wild Bean A. tuberosa Moench. (Glycine Apios L.) Low moist ground; frequent. ASTRAGALUS A, alpiniis L., var. Brunctianus Fernald. Rocky shores of Connecticut River; occasional. A. Blakei Eggleston. Cliffs; Smugglers' Notch and Underbill Notch, Mt. Mansfield, type stations. Willoughby Mountain, (J. Blake) ; Mt. Hanley, West Rutland, (Kirk) ; rocky shores of Connecticut River, (Eggleston). A. canadensis L. (A. carolinianus L.) Shores and islands of Lake Champlain ; frequent. A, Bobbinsii (Oakes) Gray. On limestone rocks, near High Bridge, Winooski River, Burlington, (Robbins). This, the only station in Vermont, was destroyed in 1S94 by the set back of the dam of the Vermont Electrical Power Company. 218 Bulletin 187 BAPTISIA. False Indigo B. aiistralis (L.) R. Br. Blue False Indigo. Royalton, (Ward). B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Dry open fields; Vernon, (Grout) ; Pownal, (Churchill). CASSIA. Senna C. marilaiidica L. Wild Senna. Alluvial soil; "Orwell," (Dr. Hill); Bellows Falls, (Carey, W. H. Blanchard) ; Randolph, (Bates) ; Hartford, (Jesup) ; Brandon, (Dutton). C. nictitans L. (Chamaecrista nictitans [L.] Moench). Wild Sensitive plant. Vernon, (Grout). CICBR ('. arietiiiuni* L. Chick-pea. Railway embankment, Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). CORONILLA ('. yaria* L. Crown Vetch. Garden escape; Randolph, (Bates). CROTALARIA. Rattle-box C. sag'ittalis L. Railroad banks; Vernon, (Grout). DESMODIUM. (MBIBOMIA). Tick Trefoil D. bracteosiim (Michx.) DC. Dry thickets: West Rutland, (A. W. Driggs, Eggleston) ; North Pownal and Arlington, (Eggleston) ; South Pownal, (W. H. Blanchard). D. canadense (L.) DC. Showy Tick Trefoil. Dry rich woods of the lower altitudes; common. D. Dillenii Darl. Open woodlands of the lower altitudes; frequent. D. graiulifloriiiii (Walt.) DC. (D. acuminatum DC). Rich woods of the lower altitudes; common. I), niuinioruin (L.) DC. Dry woods of the lower altitudes; common. D. paiiiciilatuni (L.) DC. Copses of the lower altitudes of western Vermont and north in the Connecticut Valley to Westminster; occa- sional. D. rigidum (Ell.) DC. North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). I), rotuiidifoliuiii (Michx.) DC. (Meibomia Michauxii Vail). Dummers- ton, (Wild); Bellows Falls, (Blanchard); North Pownal, (Bates). HEDYSARUM II. borealc Nutt. Willoughby Mountain, (A. Wood); Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). LATHYRUS. Everlasting Pea. Vetchling L. Iatifoliiis'= L. Everlasting or Perennial Pea. Along railroad. New- fane, (Jones). L. maritiinus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Shores of Lake Champlain; occa- sional. Flora of Vermont 219 L. ochroleuciis Hook. Headlands of northern Lake Champlain; occa- sional. L. palustris L. Marsh Pea. Shores of Lake Champlain; frequent. 1. palustris L., var. luyrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray. (L. myrtifolius Muhl.). "Vermont," (Torrey and Gray); "Island in Ferrisburgh," (Morong), in Walter Deane herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. L, tuberosus* L. Vergennes, (Miss Ruth Fisher). LESPEDEZA. Bush Clover L. cayitiita Michx. Sandy soil of the lower altitudes; frequent. L. fi'utesceus (L.) Britton. Dry open places in the lower altitudes of southern Vermont; occasional. L. liirta (L.) Hornem. Dry open woods of the lower altitudes of south- ern Vermont; occasional. L. Nuttallii Darl. Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). L. Stuvei Nutt. Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). L. violacea (L.) Pers. Bush Clover. Dry woods. "Rockingham," (Carey); Gardiner's Island, (Pringle). LUPINUS L, pereiuiis L. Wild Lupine. Common in sand plains along Lake Champlain. MEDICAGO. Medick M. arabica* Huds. Spotted Medick. Experiment Farm. Burlington, (Jones). M. liispida* Gaertn. Bur Clover. Ludlow, (Miss Pollard); Hartland, (Ruggles) ; Burlington, (Jones). M. lupiiliiia'" L. Black Medick, Nonesuch. Roadsides and fields; com- mon. M. sativa* L. Alfalfa, Lucerne. Often cultivated and persistent; occa- sional as an escape. MELILOTUS. Sweet Clover M. alba* Desr. White Melilot, White Sweet Clover. Waste or cul- tivated grounds; frequent. M. ofticiualis* (L.) Lam. Yellow Melilot, Yellow Sweet Clover. Road- sides or waste places; occasional. ONOBRYCHIS. Sainfoin 0. sativa* Lam. Experiment Farm, Burlington, (Jones). ROBINIA. Locust R. hispida L. Bristly Locust, Rose Acacia. Occasional as an escape. Well established, Jamaica, (Wheeler). R. Pseiulo-Aoacia L. Common Locust, False Acacia. Frequent in cul- tivation and as an escape. 220 Bulletin 187 R, Tiscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. Occasional iia cultivation and tend- ing to spread. TRIFOLIUM. Clover T. agrarium* L. Yellow or Hop Clover. Sandy soil; frequent. T. arveuse* L. Rabbit-foot Clover. Old fields; frequent. T. Iiybridum* L. Alsike Clover. Common. T. iucarnatum* L. Crimson or Italian Clover. Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). T. pratense* L. Red Clover. Common. T, procumbeus* L. Low Hop Clover. Burlington, (Mrs. N. P. Flynn) ; St. Albans, (Blewitt) ; along railroad, Rutland, (Kirk). T, repens L. White Clover. Common. VICIA. Vetch. Tare Y. angustifolia* Reichard. Common Vetch. Middlebury, (Brainerd) ; Hartland, (Underwood). Var. segetalis* (Thuill.) Koch. Road- sides and along railroads; occasional. V. Cracca L. Blue Vetch. Meadows and roadsides; frequent. V. sativa* L. Spring Vetch. Occasional. White flowered form, Stan- Farm, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). V, tetrasperma* (L.) Moench. Slender Vetch. Meadows and pastures; occasional. V. villosa* Roth. Hairy or Winter Vetch. Persisting in cultivated ground. LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY LINUM. Flax L. medium (Planch.) Britton. (Cathartolinum medium [Planch.] Small). Arlington, (W. H. Blanchard). L, sulcatum Riddell. (Cathartolinum sulcatum [Riddell] Small). Rutland, (Dutton) ; Pownal, (W. H. Blanchard). L. usitatissimum* L. Common Flax. Occasionally adventive, espe- cially along railroads. OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY OXALIS. Wood Sorrel 0. Acetosella L. Common Wood Sorrel. Cool moist woods; common on mountain sides. Var. subpurpurascens DC. Stratton, (Wheeler); Manchester, (Grout). 0. coruiculata L. (Xanthoxalis corniculata [L.] Small). Lady's Sorrel. Fields and gardens; common. 0. fllipes Small. (Xanthoxalis filipes Small). Slender Yellow Wood Sorrel. Pownal, (Hazen). 0. repens Thunb. A weed in greenhouses; frequent. 0. stricta L. (Xanthoxalis stricta [L.] Small). Yellow Wood Sorrel. Burlington, (Hazen) ; Rutland, (Dutton). Flora of Vermont 221 GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY ERODIUM. Storksbill E. Botrys* Bertol. On wool waste, Burlington, (Braiuerd). E. cicutariiim* (L.) L'Her. Storksbill. Old gardens. Ludlow, (Miss Pollard); Burlington, (Mrs. A. J. Grout). E. moscliatum* (L.) L'Her. Musk Storksbill. On wool waste, Bur- lington, (Brainerd). GERANIUM. Cranesbill G. Bickuellii Britton. Dry rocky places; frequent in western Vermont and in the Connecticut Valley north to Norwich, (Bggleston). Gf. luaculatum L. Cranesbill. Open woods; frequent at low altitudes in western Vermont and in the Connecticut Valley north to Nor- wich, (Jesup) ; St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). G. Robertiamim L. (Robertiella Robertiana [L.l Hanks). Herb Robert. Rocky woods and ravines; common. RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY RUTA. Rue R. graTeolens* L. Well established at Weybridge, (Brainerd). ZANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Ash Z. americanuiu Mill. Rocky woods and banks; occasional at low alti- tudes in western Vermont. "Norwich, Hartford," (Jesup) ; Sharon, (Jesup and Sargent); Peacham, (Blanchard). Perhaps introduced in eastern Vermont. POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY POLYGALA. Milkwort P. paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala, Flowering Wintergreen. Com- mon, especially in light soil at low altitudes. P. polygama Walt. Milkwort. Dry sandy soil of western Vermont; occasional. North in the Connecticut Valley to Bellows Falls. P. sang'uinea L. (P. viridescens L.). Purple Milkwort. Moist sandy soil; Windsor, (Leland) ; Newfane, (Grout); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F, Flynn); Milton, (Jones); Rutland, (Kirk). P. Senega L. Seneca Snake-root. Rocky soil, western Vermont; occa- sional. P. verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. Sandy soil; "Bellows Falls," (Tuckerman) ; Brattleboro, (Grout); Vernon, (B. L. Robinson); Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Townshend, (Wheeler). P. Terticillata L., var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. (P. ambigua Nutt.). Pownal, (Robbins) ; Vernon, (B. L. Robinson) ; Brattleboro, (Grout); Burlington, (Howe). Vernon to Bellows Falls, (W. H. Blanchard). 222 Bulletin 187 EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY ACALYPHA. Three-seeded Mercury A. yirg'iiiica L. Moist hollows in fields; frequent. EUPHORBIA. Spurge E. corollata L. (Tithymalopsis corollata [L.] Kl. & Garcke). Flower- ing Spurge. Sandy field, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; recently introduced from the west. E, Cyparissias* L. (Tithymalus Cyparissias [L.] Hill). Cypress Spurge. Old cemeteries and roadsides; common. E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. (Chamaesyce Rafinesqui [Greene] Small). Along railroad, Swanton, (Blake). E. Helioscopia* L. (Tithymalus Helioscopia [L.] Hill). Wartweed. Waste places and gravelly shores; frequent in the Champlain Valley. E. Iiirsiita (Torr.) Wiegand. (Chamaesyce Rafinesqui [Greene] Small). Sandy soil; common. E. iiiaculata L. (Chamaesyce maculata [L.] Small). Milk Purslane. Common in waste places. E. Peplus* L. (Tithymalus Peplus [L.] Hill). Petty Spurge. Char- lotte, (Pringle) ; Wallingford, (Brainerd) ; Westminster, (Blanch- ard). E. platyplijila* L. (Tithymalus platyphyllus [L.] Hill). Shores and waste places; occasional. E. Preslii Guss. (Chamaesyce Preslii [Guss.] Arthur). Waste places; occasional. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STARWORT FAMILY CALLITRICHE. Water Starwort C. autuuinalis L. Kelly's Bay, Alburgh, (Pringle). C. palustris L. Cold or running water; frequent. EMPETRACEAE. CROWBERRY FAMILY EMPETRUM. Crowberry E. iiigniiii L. Black Crowberry. Summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Robbins). LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY FLOERKEA. False Mermaid F. proserpiuacoides Willd. Castleton, (Robbins) ; Shelburne, (Prin- gle). ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY RHUS. Sumach li. faiiadcnsis Marsh. (Schmaltzia crenata [Mill.] Greene). Sweet- Flora of Vermont ' 223 scented Sumach. Dry rocky banks of western Vermont; occasional. R. copalliiia L. Dwarf Sumach. Rocky hills of the lower altitudes; frequent. North in the Connecticut Valley to Fairlee, (Jesup). K. g'labra L. Smooth Sumach. Rocky soil; common in the lower Connecticut and the Hoosic Valleys. South Charlotte, (Horsford) ; Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn); i5randou, (Dutton) ; Rutland, (Kirk). R. Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Banks and moist thickets; common. Var. radioans (L.) Torr. In woods; frequent. R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumach. Hillsides; common. Forma laoiniata (Wood.) Rehder. Rutland, (Eggleston); Hartland, (May Rogers) . R. Vernix L. (Toxicodendron Vernix [L.J Ktzc.). Poison Sumach, Poison Dogwood. Occasional in swamps in the lower altitudes; rare in the southern Connecticut Valley. AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY ILEX. Holly I, verticillala (L.) Gray. Black Alder, Winterberry. Thickets; com- mon. I. verticillata (L.) Gray, var. padifolia (Willd.) T. & G. Colchester, (Griffin). I. verticillata (L.) Gray, var. tenuifolia (Torr.) Wats. (I. l)ronxensis Britton). Mouth of Winooski River, (Eggleston); Stratton, (Un- derwood) ; Dame Island, North Hero and Savage Island, Grand Isle, (Brainerd). NBMOPANTHUS. (ILICIOIDES). Mountain Holly ]V. niucronata (L.) Trel. Cold wet woods; frequent. CELASTRACEAE. STAFF TREE FAMILY. CELASTRUS. Staff Tree C. scaudens L. Waxwork, Climbing Bitter-sweet. Moist banks and thickets; common. STAPHYLEACEAE. BLADDER NUT FAMILY STAPHYLEA. Bladder Nut S. trifolia L. American Bladder Nut. Moist woods and thickets; occa- sional at low altitudes in western Vermont, and north in the Connecticut Valley to Norwich, (Sargent). ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY ACER. Maple A. Ji^egundo L. Box Elder. Abundant in some localities on the banks of the Winooski River from Montpelier to Burlington; bank of Connecticut River, Hartland, (Underwood). 224 Bulletin 187 A. peunsylvauicuiii L. Striped Maple, Moosewood. Rich woods; com- mon. A. riibnim L. Red or Swamp Maple. Moist woods and swamps; common. A. sacchariiiuni L. White or Silver Maple. Banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes; frequent. A. saccliarum Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. Rich woods ; common. A. sacehanim Marsh, var. nigniin (Michx. f.) Britton. Black Sugar Maple. Moist soil, Lake Champlain "Valley; occasional. "Windsor," (Michaux) ; Arlington, (W. H. Blanchard) ; St. Johnsbury, (Bridget M. Rooney). A. spicatiini Lam. Mountain Maple. Cool ravines and mountain wood- lands; common. SAPINDACEAE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY AESCULUS. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye A. Hippocastaiiuin* L. Common Horse-chestnut. Commonly planted and occasionally spontaneous. BALSAMINACEAE. TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY IMPATIENS. Balsam. Jewelweed I. I)iflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Moist shady places; common. L, pallida Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Moist shady places, especially on mountain sides. RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY CEANOTHUS. Red-root C americamis L. New Jersey Tea. Dry woodlands; common. C. ovatiis Desf. Sandy banks of Lake Champlain, Burlington. RHAMNUS. Buckthorn K. aliiifolia L'Her. Dwarf Alder. Swamps; more frequent in western Vermont. R. catliartica* L. Common Buckthorn. Common in cultivation and a frequent escape in woods and fields. VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY PSEDERA. (PARTHENOCISSUS). Woodbine. Virginia Creeper P. qiiiiuinefolia (L.) Greene. Woodbine, American Ivy. Moist thickets; common. P. quinquefolia (L.) Greene, var. hirsiita (Donn.) Rehder. Clinging closely to limestone ledges; Cornwall, (Brainerd) ; Burlington, (Jones); Rutland, (Kirk). p. vitaceae (Knerr) Greene. Woodbine. Alluvial thickets; common. Flora of Vermont 225 VITIS. Grape V. bicoloi* LeConte. Summer Grape. Dry gravelly soil at bases of cliffs of the lower altitudes; frequent. Y. labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. Vernon, (Grout). V. Yulpina L. River-bank or Frost Grape. River banks; common. TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY TILIA. Linden T. ainericaiia L. Basswood. Woodlands; common. MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY ABUTILON. Indian Mallow A. Theoplirasti* Medic. (A. Abutilon [L.] Rusby). "Velvet Leaf. Road- sides and waste places; occasional. HIBISCUS. Rose Mallow H. Triouum* L. Bladder Ketmia. Occasional as a garden weed. Mid- dlebury, (Brainerd) ; Peacham, (Blanchard) ; Panton and Burling- ton, (Jones); Putney, (W. H. Blanchard). MALVA. Mallow M. Alcea* L. European Mallow. Lyndon, (Congdon) ; Rutland, (Eg- gleston) ; Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Westminster and Wards- boro, (W. H. Blanchard); Hartland, (Underwood). M. iiioscLata* L. Musk Mallow. Roadsides and waste places; an occa- sional escape. M. rotiindifolia* L. Common Mallow, Cheeses. Waste places; every- where common. M. sylvestris* L. High Mallow. Occurs sparingly in several places. M. Terticillata* L. A garden weed, increasingly troublesome. Middle- bury, (Brainerd); Burlington, (Jones). Var. crispa* L. Curled Mallow. Knight's Island, (Brainerd). HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY HYPERICUM. St. John's-wort H. Ascyroii L. Great St. John's-wort. River banks; occasional. H. boreale (Britton) Bickuell. Wet soil; occasional. H. cauadeiise L. Moist soil; frequent. H. ellipticum Hook. Pale St. John's-wort. Wet places of the lower altitudes; common. H. gentiauoides (L.) BSP. (Sarothra gentianoides L.). Orange Grass, Pine-weed. Brattleboro, (Frost, Grout) ; Dummerston, (Wheeler) ; Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). H. iiiajus (Gray) Britton. (H. canadense L., var. Gray). Moist soil; occasional. 226 Bulletin 187 H. iiiutiluiii L. Low ground ; common. H. perforatum* L. Common St. John's-wort. Fields and roadsides; common. H. puiictatuin Lam. (H. maculatum Walt.). Damp places of the lower altitudes; frequent. H. yirg-inicum L. (Triadenum virginicum Raf.). Marsh St. John's- wort. Swamps; frequent. CISTACEAE. ROCK ROSE FAMILY HELIANTHEMUM. (CROCANTHEMUM). Rock Rose H, cauadense (L.) Michx. Frostweed. Sandy soil; occasional. H, majns BSP. Frostweed. Sterile soil; frequent. HUDSONIA H. tomeiitosa Nutt., var. intermedia Peck. False Heather, Poverty Grass. Sandy beaches of Lake Champlain. Burlington Bay, Col- chester Point, (Bigelow) ; Apple Tree Bay, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). LECHEA. Pinweed L, intermedia Leggett. Dry sterile soil of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. ■ L. miuor L. Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard). L. TJIlosa Ell. Hairy Pinweed. Vernon, (B. L. Robinson). VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY VIOLA. Violet. Heart's-ease V. adunca Sm. Sandy and sterile soil; occasional. V. aftiuis Le Conte. Moist thickets and borders of streams; frequent. V. l)landa Willd. Sweet White Violet. Rich woodlands; frequent. V. canadensis L. Canada Violet. Woodlands; common. V. conspersa Reichenb. Dog Violet. Moist or shady ground; common. V. eucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. Wet places and at high alti- tudes; frequent. V. eriocarpa Schwein. (V. scabriuscula Schwein.). Torr. Bull. 38: 194. Smooth Yellow Violet. Moist open woods; frequent. V, flmbriatula Sm. Sandy fields and dry hillsides; frequent. V. incognita Brainerd. Sweet White Violet. Low moist woodlands and mountain slopes, often at high altitudes; common. V. incognita, var. Forbesii Brainerd. Moist woods; frequent. V. lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Violet. Moist pastures and pond bor- ders; rare. Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Manchester, (Mary A. Day); Lily Pond, Vernon, (Grout); Williston, (Bates); Townshend, (Wheeler). V. latiusciila Greene. Dry open woods; occasional. V. nepbrophjila Greene. Cold bogs and borders of streams and lakes; occasional. Flora of Vermont 22Y V. palleiis (Banks) Brainerd. Sweet White Violet. Wet soil near springs and cold brooks, often at liigli altitudes; frequent. V. papilionacea Pursh. Moist groves and fence rows; occasional. V. pnbescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Dry rich woods; frequent. V. renifolia Gray. Arbor-vitae swamps and cold woods; occasional. V. reuifolia Gray, var. Brainerdii (Greene) Fernald. Occasional. V. rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Shady hillsides; frequent. V. rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved or Early Yellow Violet. Cold woods; occasional. T. Selkirkii Pursh. Great-spurred Violet. Shady ravines and cold mountain woods; occasional. V. septentrioualls Greene. Moist open woods; frequent. V. sororia Willd. Woolly Blue Violet. Moist meadows and shady ledges; common. Y. tricolor* L. Pansy, Heart's-ease, Johnny-jump-up. Depauperate forms of the garden pansy sometimes occur spontaneously and are taken for this species. But the cultivated pansy is the result of frequent crossing of V. tricolor with allied species. V. triloba Schwein. Dry rocky woodlands; Pownal, (Robbins) ; North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Orwell, (Brainerd); West Haven, (Kirk). Hybrids of Viola found in Vermont by Ezra Brainerd. : V. affinis x cucullata. Rhod. 8: 49. V. affinis x iiepliroplijila. Rhod. 8: 50. V. affinis x septentrionalis. Rhod. 6: 219. Y. affinis x sororia. Rhod. 6: 221. Y. conspersa x rostrata. Ined. ]\Iiddlebury. Y. cucnllata x fimbriatiila. Rhod. 6: 217. V. cucullata X neplirophjila. Rhod. 8: 50. Y. cucullata x septentrionalis. Rhod. 6: 220. Y. cucullata x sororia. Rhod. 6: 222. Y. finiltriatula x latiuscula. Ined. Fort Ethan Allen, Colchester. Y. finibriatula x septentrionalis. Rhod. 6: 215. PI. 58. Y. fimbriatula x sororia. Rhod. 6:218. Y. latiuscula x sororia. Ined. East Salisbury. Y. nepliroplijila x sororia. Ined. Manchester. Y. septentrionalis x sororia. Rhod. 6: 221. Y. sororia x triloba. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 39: 82. THYMELAEACEAE. MEZEREUM FAMILY DAPHNE. Mezereum D, Mezereum* L. Garden escape; Bradford, (Alice Bacon) ; Burling- ton, (Jones). DIRCA. Leatherwood. Moosewood D. palustris L. Wicopy. Moist open woods; frequent. 228 Bulletin 187 ELAEAGNACEAE. OLEASTER FAMILY SHEPHERDIA. (LEPARGYRAEA) S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Red sandstone cliffs, western Vermont; occa- sional. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY DBCODON. Swamp Loosestrife D. Terticillatus (L.) Ell. Water Willow. Swampy ground; occasional in western Vermont. LYTHRUM. Loosestrife L. alatum Pursli. Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Brandon, (Button) ; Burling- ton, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). L. Salicaria* L. Spiked Loosestrife. Wet meadows; Rutland, (Bige- low, Eggleston) ; Sharon, (Jesup, Sargent) ; Clarendon, (Grout) ; Wallingford, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; West Haven, (Kirk). MELASTOMACEAE. MELASTOMA FAMILY RHEXIA. Deer-grass R. virginica L. Meadow Beauty. "Brattleboro," (Frost) ; Lily Pond, Vernon, (Grout). ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY CIRCAEA. Enchanter's Nightshade V. alpina L. Deep woods; common. r. Intermedia Ehrh. Deep shade; occasional C. lutetiana L. Woods; frequent. BPILOBIUM. Willow-herb E. adeuocaulon Haussk. Moist places; frequent. E. angnstifoliuni L. (Chamaenerion angustifolium [L.] Scop.). Fire- weed, Great Willow-herb. Common, especially in newly cleared lands. E. coloratnni Muhl. Wet places; occasional. E. densnm Raf. (E. lineare Muhl.?). Bogs; common. E. niolle Torr. (E. strictum Muhl.?). Cold bogs; occasional. E. palustre L. Bogs of northern Vermont; rare. Franklin, (Under- wood). E. palustre L., var. niontieola Haussk. (E. lineare, var. oliganthum Trel.). Bogs; Stratton, (Grout); Sunderland and Mendon, (Eggles- ton) ; Rutland, (Kirk). LUDVIGIA. (ISNARDIA). False Loosestrife L, palnstris (L.) Ell. Water Purslane. Ditches and swamps of the lower altitudes; common. Flora of Vermont 229 OENOTHERA. Evening Primrose 0. biennis L. Common Evening Primrose. Dry soil; occasional. 0. crnciata Nutt. Gravelly soil; occasional. 0. laciniata Hill. (Raimannia laciniata [Hill] Rose). Fort Ethan Allen, (Grout); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). 0. nmricata L. (O. biennis L. in part). Sandy soil of the lower alti- tudes; common. 0. Oakesiana Robbins. Adventive by roadsides, Burlington, (Hazen). 0. pratensis (Small) Robinson. (Kneiffla pratensis Small). Hart- land, (Nancy Darling). 0. puniila L. (Kneiffia pumila [L.] Spach.). Fields; common. 0. sernilata Nutt. (Meriolix serrulata [Nutt.] Walp.). Along rail- road, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY HIPPURIS. Mare's-tail H. vulgaris L. Rare; in cold springy margin of .Toe's Pond, West Danville, (Blanchard) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water Milfoil M. alternjflornni DC. Bay south of North Hero, (Pringle and Brain- erd). M. Fanvellii Morong. Mountain ponds. Belden's Pond, Johnson; Townshend, (Grout); Spectacle Pond, Wallingford; North Pond, Brunswick; Little Averill Pond, (Eggleston). M. Iiuniilc (Raf.) Morong. Water Milfoil. West River, West Towns- hend, (Grout). M. spicatuni L. In deep water; common. 31. tenelluni Bigel. Borders of ponds; occasional. PROSERPINACA. Mermaid-weed P. paliistris L. Swamps of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. Fairlee Lake, (Jesup and Sargent). ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY ARALIA. Wild Sarsaparilla A. liispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla, Wild Elder. Rocky or sandy woodlands; frequent. A. nudicanlis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Moist woodlands; common. A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Rich woodlands; frequent. PANAX. Ginseng P. quinquefoliuni L. Ginseng. Deciduous woods; becoming rare from much digging of the root. P. trifolinm L. Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut. Moist woods and thickets; common. 230 Bulletin 187 UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY ANGELICA. Angelica A. atropiirimrea L. Masterwort, Purple Angelica. Swamps and moist grounds; frequent. CARUM. Caraway C. Caryi* L. About dwellings and roadsides; frequent. CICUTA. Water Hemlock C. bulbifera L. Water Hemlock. Wet places; common. C. iiiaciilata L. Spotted Cowbane, Musquash Root, Beaver Poison. Wet places; common. The root is very poisonous. CONIOSELINUM. Hemlock Parsley V, cbiiieuse (L.) BSP. Swamps and cold cliffs; occasional. CONIUM. Poison Hemlock r. iiiaoulatum* L. Waste places; occasional. CRYPTOTAENIA. (DERINGA). Honewort C. canadensis (L.) DC. Moist woods; common. DAUCUS. Carrot D. Carota* L. Wild Carrot. Old meadows; common. HERACLEUM. Cow Parsnip. Masterwort H. lauatuni Michx. Cold moist ground: frequent. HYDROCOTYLE. Water Pennywort H. aincrieaiia L. Wet places; common. LEVISTICUM. Lovage L. officiuale* (L.) Koch. Occasionally adventive. OSMORHIZA. (WASHINGTONIA). Sweet Cicely 0. Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Sweet Cicely. Rich woods; common. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Sweet Cicely, Anise-root. Moist rich woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. PASTINACA. Parsnip P. sativa* L. Wild Parsnip. Roadsides and waste places; common. SANICULA. Black Snakeroot. Sanicle S. canadensis L. Shaded ledges of the lower altitudes of western Ver- mont; frequent. S. gregaria Bicknell. Moist rich soil of the lower altitudes; frequent; Norwich, (Eggleston). S. marilandica L. Moist woods; common. S. trifoliata Bicknell. Rich woods of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; frequent. Flora of Vermont 231 SIUM. Water Parsnip S. ciciitaefolium Schrauk. Wet places of the lower altitudes; frequent. TAENIDIA T. iutegerriina (L.) Drude. Yellow Pimpei-nel. Ledges in the Cham- plain Valley; occasional. ZIZIA Z. aiirea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders, Golden Meadow Parsnip. Moist meadows; common. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood C. alternifolia L. f. Dogberry. Open woods; common. C. Amoimim Mill. (C. sericea L.). Kinnikinnik, Silky Cornel. Low woods and banks of the lower altitudes; common. C. canadensis L. (Chamaepericlymenum cauadense [L.l Asch. & Graebn.). Bunch-berry, Dwarf Cornel. Cold damp woods; com- mon. C. circinata L'Her. (C. rugosa Lam.). Round-leaved Cornel. Rocky woodlands; frequent. C. florida L. (Cynoxylon floridum [L.] Raf.). Flowering Dogwood. Dry woods of southern "Vermont ; occasional. C. paniculata L'Her. (C. femina Mill.; C. candidissima Marsh.). Panicled Dogwood. Rich thickets and banks; frequent. r. stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Wet places; common. NYSSA. Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour Gum N. sjivatloa Marsh. Black Gum, Tupelo. Rich soil, generally swampy; occasional. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY ANDROMEDA A. g'lancoplijila Link. (A. Polifolia mostly of Am. auth., nf)t L.). Bog Rosemai'v. Boggy margins of ponds; frequent. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. (UVA-URSI). Bearberry A. liva-nrsi (L.) Spreng. Cliffs and bare hills of western Vermont and south in the Connecticut Valley to Fairlee Cliffs; occasional. CHAMAEDAPHNE. Leather Leaf. Cassandra V. oalyciilata (L.) Moench. Bogs; frequent. CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissewa C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen. Dry woods; Newfane, (Grout). C. unibellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa. Dry woods; com- mon. 232 Bulletin 187 CHIOGENES. Creeping Snowberry C. liispidula (L.) T. & G. Moxie Plum, Capillaire. Peat bogs and mossy woods; freciuent. EPIGAEA. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus E. repeiis L. Mayflower. Sandy or rocky woodlands; common in cer- tain areas. GAULTHERIA. Aromatic Wintergreen G. procniiibeus L. Teaberry, Checkerberry. Cool woods; common. GAYLUSSACIA. Huckleberry G. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Sterile fields and thickets of western Vermont, and north in the Connecticut Valley to Hartford; common. Forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie. Blue Huckleberry. Westminster and Pownal, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Colchester and Burlington, (Blake). KALMIA. Laurel K. aiigustifolia L. Sheep Laurel, Lambkill, Wicky. Sterile fields and peat bogs; frequent. K. lutifolia L. Mountain Laurel, Calico Bush, Spoon-wood. Rocky hills; Rockingham, (Carey); Pownal, (Eggleston). Common along banks of West River between Brattleboro and Newfane and along the Connecticut River from Rockingham to Vernon, (W. H. Blanch- ard). K. polifolia Wang. Pale Laurel. Peat bogs; occasional. LEDUM. Labrador Tea L. groeiilaiidicnm Oeder. Cold bogs; frequent. LYONIA. (XOLISMA) L. ligustriiia (L.) DC. (Andromeda ligustrina Muhl.). Male Berry. Occasional in southern Vermont. MONESES. One-flowered Pyrola M. iiiiiflora (L.) Gray. Deep cold woods; occasional. MONOTROPA. Indian Pipe. Pinesap M. Hypopitys L. (Hypopitys lanuginosa [Michx.] Nutt.). Pinesap, False Beech Drops. Rich dry woods; occasional. M. uuiilora L. Indian Pipe, Corpse Plant. Dark rich woods; common. PTEROSPORA. Pine Drops P. aiidrouiedea Nutt. Pine woods; rare. PYROLA. Wintergreen. Shin Leaf P. americaua Sweet. (P. rotundifolia Gray's Man., ed. C). Round- leaved Shin Leaf. Sandy woodlands of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. Flora of Vermont 233 F. asarifolia Michx. Alluvial woods; Norwich, (Eggleston) ; West- more, (Kennedy); Clarendon and Rutland, (Kirk). P. asarifolia Michx., var. iiicanuita (Fisch.) Fernald. Sphagnum bogs; occasional. P. clilorantha Sw. Dry woods; frequent. P. elliptica Nutt. Shin Leaf. Rich woods; common. P. iiiiuor L. Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle) ; Killington Mt., Sherburne, (Kirk) ; rare. P. secuuda L. Rich woods; frequent. P. secuuda L., var. obtusata Turcz. Peat bogs; Bristol Pond bog, (Pringle) ; Sutton and Newark, (E. Faxon) ; cedar swamp. Pair- haven, (Eggleston); Brandon, (Button). RHODODENDRON R. cauadeuse (L.) BSP. Rhodora. Swamps and damp slopes of north- ern Vermont; occasional. R. canesceus (Michx.) G. Don. (Azalea canescens Michx.). Pinxter Flower. Woody banks and gravelly shores; occasional. R. uiaximum L. Great Laurel. Rocky woods bordering Groton Pond, (Perkins) ; Peacham, (Blanchard) ; Martin's and Niggerhead Ponds, (Burbank) ; Lanesboro, (Miss M. Skinner); Harvey's Pond, West Barnet, (Marion Bole and Mrs. M. B. Hale). VACCINIUM. Blueberry. Cranberry V. atrococcujn (Gray) Heller. Black High Blueberry. Swamps and pond borders of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. V. caespltosuui Michx. Dwarf Bilberry. Mt. Mansfield Chin, (Pringle) ; rocky shore West River, Newfane, (Grout) ; Townshend, (Wheeler) ; Jamaica, (Dobbin) ; Deerfield River, Wilmington, (W. H. Blanch- ard). V. canadense Kalm. Sour-top or Velvet-leaf Blueberry. Moist thickets; common in the mountains. The market blueberry of Essex County. V. corymbosuui L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Swamps and low thickets. The abundant blueberry about northern Lake Cham- plain. V. corymbosum L., var. auioeuum (Ait.) Gray. Swamps; Monkton and Charlotte, (Pringle). V. coryuibosum L., var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray. Occasional. V. niaorocarpoH Ait. (Oxycoccus macrocarpon [Ait.l Pursh.). Large or American Cranberry. Peat bogs; frequent. V. Oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus [L.] MacM.). Small Cran- berry. Cold peat bogs; frequent. V. Oxycoceo.s L., var. ovalifolinm Michx. (var. intermedium Gray). Rhod. 11:54. Occurs rarely. Colchester, (Oakes) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). V. penusylraiiicum Lam. (V. augustifolium Ait.). Low Sweet or Early Sweet Blueberry. Dry hills of the lower altitudes; common. The earliest market blueberry. Var. augustifolium (Ait.) Gray. Sum- mit of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Robbins, Pringle). 234 Bulletin 187 Y. peunsylyauicum Lam., var. iiigTum Wood. (V. nigrum [Wood] Britton). Low Black Blueberry. Occasional with type. V. peiiusyhanicum Lam., var. myrtilloides (Michx.) Fernald. Rhod. 10: 147. East Wallingford, (Kent); Essex Junction, (Blake). V. uliginosiim L. Bog Bilberry. Summit of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Robbins, Pringle) ; Johnson, (Grout). V. uligiuosum L., var. pubescens Lange. Rhod. 15: 201. INIt. Mansfield, Jay Peak, Johnson, (Blake). V. vacillaus Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. Dry woodlands; common. Forming part of the later blueberries of the market. V. vacillaus Kalm., var. crinitum Fernald. Rhod. 13: 235. Rutland, the type station, and West Haven, (Kirk). V. Vitis-Idaea L., var. minus Lodd. (Vitis-Idaea Vitis-Idaea [L.] Brit- ton). On the summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Rob- bins) ; Willoughby Mt., (Kennedy). DIAPENSIACEAE. DIAPENSIA FAMILY DL4PENSIA D. lapponica L. Mt. Mansfield Chin, (Pringle). PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel A. arvensis* L. Common Pimpernel, Poor Man's Weather-glass. Lawns; Bradford, (Alice E. Bacon) ; Townshend, (W. H. Blanch- ard) ; Norwich, (H. B. Olds). Var. caerulea* (Schreb.) Ledeb. Bradford, (Alice E. Bacon); Middletown, (Carpenter). LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife L, jVummularia* L. Moneywort, Yellow Myrtle. Lawns and damp ground; occasional. X L. prodiicta (Gray) Fernald. (L. quadrifolia x terrestris). Mouth of the Winooski River, (Eggleston and Jones) ; Jamaica, (Under- wood). L. quadrifolia L. Dry thickets of the lower altitudes; common. L. terrestris (L.) BSP. Low ground; common. L. thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife. Bogs and swamps; frequent. PRIMULA. Primrose. Cowslip P. mistassiuica Michx. Willoughby Mountain, (A. Wood) ; Smugglers' Notch, (Morong). SAMOLUS. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed S. floribuudus HBK. Along sluggish brooks; Middlebury, (James, C. N. Brainerd) ; "Brattleboro," (Frost). Flora of Vermont 235 STEIRONEMA S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Moist thickets; common. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. Low grounds along northern Lake Champlain; occasional. TRIENTALIS. Chickweed Wintergreen T. borealis Raf. (T. americana [Pars.] Pursh). Rhod. 11: 236. Star Flower. Moist woods and thickets; common. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY FRAXINUS. Ash F. americana L. White Ash. Rich woods; common. F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Swamps and wet woods; common. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. Low grounds; common along Lake Champlain and its tributai'ies. Newport,- (C. H. Knowlton). F. pennsylyanica Marsh., var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green Ash. Occasional along shores of Lake Champlain. Walpole, N. H., (Fernald). SYRINGA. Lilac S. vulgaris* L. Common Lilac. An escape from cultivation. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY BARTONIA B. virginica (L.) BSP. "Rockingham," (Carey) ; Higbee swamp, South Burlington, (Jones); Colchester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). GENTIANA. Gentian G. Amarella L., var. acuta (Michx.) Herder. (G. acuta Michx.). Smug- glers' Notch, (Pringle). G. Audrewsii Griseb. (Dasystephana Audrewsii [Grisel).] Small). Closed Gentian. Moist grounds of the lower altitudes; frequent. G. crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. Moist ground ; frequent in the southern part of the State. G. linearis Froel. (Dasystephana linearis [Froel.] Britton). Bogs and meadows in the mountains; occasional. G. quin(iuefolia L. Moist hills; occasional. HALENIA. Spurred Gentian H. (leflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Banks of Lewis Creek, Charlotte, (Horsford and Pringle); St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). MENYANTHES. Buckbean M. trifoliata L. Bog Bean, Marsh Trefoil. Sphagnum bogs; occasional. 236 Bulletin 187 NYMPHOIDES. (LIMNANTHEMUM). Floating Heart N. lacunosum (Vent.) Feruald. Shallow water; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, (Kent) ; Springfield, (Eggleston) ; common in Wind- ham County, (Grout). APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY APOCYNUM. Dogbane. Indian Hemp A. audrosaeniifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Thickets and fields; common. A. caiinabimim L. Indian Hemp. Moist banks; occasional. A. mediiiiii Greene. Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy) ; rocky shore of Winooski River near High Bridge, Essex, (Blake). VINCA. Periwinkle V. minor* L. Common Periwinkle, Blue Myrtle. Persisting in neg- lected dooryards. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY ASCLEPIAS. Milkweed. Silkweed A. aiiiplexicaulis Sm. (A. obtusifolia Michx.). Sandy soil; frequent about Burlington. A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Marshes of the lower altitudes; common. A. incarnata L., var. pulchra (Bhrh.) Pers. (A. pulchra Ehrh.). Swamp Milkweed. Dummerston, (Addie L. Reed) ; Jamaica, (Wheeler). A. pliytolaccoides Pursh. (A. exaltata Muhl.). Poke Milkweed. Moist copses of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Rocky woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. syriaca L. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Rich grounds; com- mon. A. tnberosa L. Butterfly Weed. Dry fields; "Pownal," (Robbins) ; Bel- lows Falls, (Carey, W. H. Blanchard) ; Vernon, (Grout) ; Manches- ter, (Mary A. Day); Brattleboro, (Addie L. Reed). CYNANCHUM r. nig-nini* (L.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. Brattleboro, (Frost) ; Windsor, (Leland) ; Hartland, (Underwood). CONVOLVULACEAE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed C. arvensis* L. Field Bindweed. A garden weed; Woodstock, (Dana) ; Burlington, (Jones) ; Rutland, (Kirk) ; becoming common. 0. japonicHS* Thunb. California Rose. The double-flowered form is an occasional escape from cultivation. Flora of Vermont 237 V. seitiiiiii L. Hedge Bindweed. Moist thickets; coinnion. C. sepiuni L., var. pubesceiis (Gray) Fernald. Along gravelly sliores of Lake Champlain; occasional. C. spithaniaeus L. Dry sandy plains; common about Burlington. Nor- wich and Rutland, (Eggleston). CUSCUTA. Dodder. Love Vine C. Epitliymuin* Murr. In clover fields; threatening to become trouble- some. C. GroiiOTii Willd. Moist thickets of the lower altitudes; common. IPOMOEA. (QUAMOCLIT). Morning Glory I. eocciiiea L., var. liederifolia* (L.) Gray. In garden, Burlington, (Mrs. Zottman). I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Common Morning Glory. Frequently spon- taneous in gardens and waste places. POLEMONIACEAE. POLEMONIUM FAMILY GILIA. (COLLOMIA) G. linearis (Nutt.) Gray. Railroad yards, Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). PHLOX P. divarioata L. Blue Phlox. Sheldon, (Underwood). P. inaeiilata I^. Wild Sweet William. Hancock, (Button). P. paniciilatii L. Garden Phlox. Garden escape; common. P. stolonifera Sims. Middletown Springs, (Carpenter) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). P. siihiilata L. Ground or Moss Pink. Old cemeteries; St. Johnsbury, (Isabella M. Paddock): Putney and Stratton, (W. H. Blanchard) ; on rocky hill, Colchester, (Griffin). POLEMONIUM. Greek Valerian P. Vaii-Bruiitiae Britton. Abby Pond, Ripton, (Brainerd) ; Cavendish, (Underwood). HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY HYDROPHYLLUM. Waterleaf II. caiiadeiise L. Damp rich woods; Pownal, (Churchill). H. Yirg'iiiiaiiuin L. Rich woods of the lower altitudes; common. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound's Tongue C. boreale Fernald. Wild Comfrey. Moist banks of the lower alti- tudes; occasional. Peacham, (Blanchard); Fairlee, (Sargent and Eggleston). 238 Bulletin 187 C. officinale* L. Common Hound's-tongue. Pastures; frequent. ECHIUM. Viper's Bugloss E. Yulgare* L. Blueweed, Blue DeviL Pastures and moist soil. Be- coming increasingly troublesome as a weed, particularly in Rutland County and southward. LAPPULA. Stickseed L. echinata* Gilibert. (Lappula Lappula [L.l Karst.). Ledges and gravelly shores of Lake Champlain; frequent. L. Tirgiuiana (L.) Greene. Beggar's Lice. Borders of woods in the lower altitudes; frequent. LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwell. Puccoon L. ariense L. Common Gromwell. Old fields and roadsides of west- ern Vermont; occasional. L. latifolinm Michx. Colchester, (Grifhn). L. officinale* L. Common Gromwell. Dry pastures; common. MERTENSIA. Lungwort M. yirginica (L.) Link. Virginia Cowslip, Bluebells. Garden escape. Burlington, (Gifford). MYOSOTIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass M. arvensis (L.) Hill. Sharon, (Dr. Baxter); Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard). M. laxa Lehm. Wild Forget-me-not. Cold brooks; Peacham, (Blanch- ard); abundant in White River Valley, (Eggleston). M. scorpioides L. (M. palustris Hill). True Forget-me-not. Fre- quently naturalized along cold brooks. M. Yirginica (L.) BSP. (M. verna Nutt). Dry banks and ledges; occa- sional. SYMPHYTUM. Comfrey S. asperrimum* Donn. Rough Comfrey. Dummerston, Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard); Stockbridge, Rutland, (Eggleston). S. officinale* L. Common Comfrey. Moist places; occasional. VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY VERBENA. Vervain V. angustifolfa Michx. Arlington, (W. H. Blanchard). V. hastata L. Blue Vervain. Roadsides of the lower altitudes; common. V. nrticaefolia L. White Vervain. Roadsides of the lower altitudes; common. X V. hastata x urticaefolia. Pownal, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Rutland, (Kirk). Flora of Vermont 239 LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY AGASTACHE. (LOPHANTHUS). Giant Hyssop A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Thickets and along fences; Middlebury, (James, Brainerd) ; Pownal, Bennington, Arlington, (Robbins) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). A. scroplmlariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze. Thickets and fencerows of west- ern Vermont; occasional. South Newbury, (Jesup and Sargent). Var. inollls (Pernald) Heller. Manchester, (Mary A. Day). AJUGA. Bugle Weed A. geneveiisis* L. In lawn, Burlington, (Jones). BLEPHILIA B. ciliata (L.) Raf. Wood Mint. Dry open places; East Dorset, (S. Grout) ; Manchester, (Mary A. Day). B. liirsuta (Pursh.) Benth. Wood Mint. Moist shady places in the mountains; occasional. Var. g'labrata Fernald. Dry soil; Man- chester, (Mary A. Day). COLLINSONIA. Horse Balm r. canadensis L. Rich-weed, Stone-root. Rich moist woods of south- ern and central Vermont; occasional west of the mountains. (Mid- dlebury, (James); Arlington, (Robbins); Proctor, (Brainerd). GALEOPSIS. Hemp Nettle (■!. Tetrahit* L. Common Hemp Nettle. Waste places; common. HEDEOMA. Mock Pennyroyal H. Lispida Pursh. Burlington, (Hollister) ; Rutland, (Kirk); Colches- ter, (Griffin); Essex, (Blake). H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Dry fields; common. HYSSOPUS. Hyssop H. officinalis* L. Roadsides and fields; occasional. ISANTHUS. False Pennyroyal - I. bracliiatus (L.) BSP. Dry sterile fields of southern and central Ver- mont, west of the mountains; rare. LAMIUM. Dead Nettle fi. aniplexicaule* L. Henbit. Garden weed; Bristol, (Pringle) ; Rut- land, (Eggleston) ; South Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) : West- minster, (W. H. Blanchard). L. maciilatum* L. Spotted Dead Nettle, Flowering Sage. Garden escape; occasional. The white-flowered form occurs with the type, Essex, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). LEONURUS. Motherwort < L. Cardiaca* L. Common Motherwort. Waste places; common. 240 Bulletin 187 LYCOPUS. Water Horehouiid L. americamis MuliL Moist soil; common. L. iniiflorus Michx. Bugle Weed. Shady moist places; common. MARRUBIUM. Horehound 31. yiilgare* L. Common Horehound. Garden escape; Peacham, (Blanchard); Brandon, (Button). MENTHA. Mint M. ai'veusis L. Field Mint. Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy) ; Hartland, (Underwood). M. arveusis L., var. cauadeusis (L.) Briquet. Wild Mint. Wet places; common. Var. laiiata Piper. Rutland, (Kirk). M. arvensis L., var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald. Hartland, (Under- wood). M. Cardiaca* Gerarde. Garden escape, Rutland, (Kirk). M. gentilis* L. Spotted or Whorled Mint. Garden escape, Rochester and Rutland, (Eggleston); Johnson, (Grout); Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn); Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). M. piperita* L. Peppermint. Along brooks ; frequent. M. spieata* L. (M. viridis L.) Spearmint. Moist places; common. MONARDA. Horse Mint M. didyiua L. Oswego Tea, Bee Balm. Moist woods; occasional. M, fistiilosa L., var. rubra Gray. Wild Bergamot. Garden escape, Stowe, Bennington, (Eggleston); Rutland, (Kirk). M. mollis L. Downy Bergamot. Dry open woods; occasional. M. punctata L. Horse Mint. Colchester and Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Essex, (Jones) ; St. Johusbury and Vershire, (Inez A. Howe). NEPETA. Cat Mint K. Cataria* L. Catnip. Dry pastures; common. Jf. hederacea* (L.) Trevisan. (Glecoma hederacea L.). Gill-over-the- Ground, Ground Ivy. Moist shady places; common. ORIGANUM. Wild Marjoram 0. vulgare* L. Rocky soil; occasional. PHYSOSTEGIA. (DRACOCEPHALUM). False Dragon Head P. Tirg'iuiaua (L.) Benth. Lion's Heart. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain; occasional. PRUNELLA. (BRUNELLA). Self Heal r. vulgaris L. Heal-all, Carpenter-weed. Woods and fields; common. Plants with white flowers occur occasionally. PYCNANTHEMUM. (KOELLIA). Mountain Mint. Basil P. ilexuosuiu (Walt.) BSP. Dry fields of western Vermont; occasional. Hartland, (J. P. Webster). Flora of Vermont 241 r. incamiin (L.) Michx. Rocky woods; Pownal, (Robbins) ; Brattle- boro and North Pownal, (Eggleston). r. iniitieuin (Michx.) Pers. Fields; Cavendish, (Macrae); Royalton, (Ward); South Shaftsbury, (Eggleston). r. verticilliitum (Michx.) Pers. Moist fields; occasional in western Vermont, common about Rutland, (Eggleston). P. Yirg'iiiaiiuiii (L.) Durand & Jackson. Dry woods; occasional in west- ern Vermont and in the Connecticut Valley north to Bellows Falls, (Carey, W. H. Blanchard). SALVIA. Sage S. vertioillata* L. Introduced in meadow, Dorset, (Mrs. Terry). SATUREJA. (CLINOPODIUM). Savory. Calamint S. Aeiiios* (L.) Scheele. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard); Rochester, (Dutton). S. hortensis* L. Summer Savory. Gravelly bank, outlet of Dorset Pond, (Grout); garden escape, Burlington, (Mrs. Jane Walker). S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. Dry woods and thickets; frequent. SCUTELLARIA. Skullcap S. galericiilata L. Marsh Skullcap. Wet shady places; common. S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Wet shady places; common. S. parviila Michx. Dry banks and headlands of Lake Champlain; local. STACHYS. Hedge Nettle S. pahistris L. Woundwort. Meadow, East Wallingford, (E. C. Kent). S. tenuifolia Willd.. var. aspera (Michx.) Fernald. Moist ground of the lower altitudes and north in the Connecticut Valley to Norwich; occasional. TEUCRIUM. Germander T. oecideiitale Gray. Rutland, (Eggleston). T, oecideiitale Gray, var. boreale (Bicknell) Fernald. (T. boreale Bicknell). Rocky shores of Lake Champlain and the Connecticut River; occasional. THYMUS. Thyme T. Serpylliiiir'- L. Creeping Thyme. Peacham, (Blanchard) ; West Berkshire. (Wild, Mrs. Frances Jolley) ; South Hero, (Rugg). TRICHOSTEMA. Blue Curls. T. dicliotoinum L. Bastard Pennyroyal. Sandy fields of the lower alti- tudes: occasional. North in the Connecticut Valley to Norwich. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY DATURA. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple D. Strain on ill 111* I.,. Stramonium, Thorn Apple. Occasional in waste places. D. Tatnla* L. Purple Stramonium or Thorn Apple. Rare. 242 Bulletin 187 HYOSCYAMUS. Henbane H. iiiger* L. Black Henbane. Roadsides; "Panton," (Burge) ; "Mt. In- dependence," (Dr. Hill); Shoreham, (Brainerd). LYCIUM. Matrimony Vine L. lialimifolium* Mill. Common Matrimony Vine. Waste place, Bur- lington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). NICANDRA. (PHYSALODES). Apple of Peru N. Physalodes* (L.) Pers. Thetford and Peacham, (Blanchard) ; Shore- ham and Woodstock, (Brainerd) ; Rutland, (Kirk) ; Burlington, (F. A. Ross). PHYSALIS. Ground Cherry P. ^:raiuliflora Hook. (Leucophysalis grandiflora [Hook] Rydberg). Providence Island, (Perkins) ; Stave Island, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; South Hero, (J. H. Stickney). r. lieterophylla Nees. Manchester, (Mary A. Day) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy) ; Hartland, (P. W. Whiting) ; Colchester, (Mrs. Jane Walker); St. Johnsbury, (Bridget M. Rooney). Var. ambigna (Gray) Rj'dberg. Sandy soil and gardens of the lower altitudes; occasional. r. periiTiana* L. Bank of Winooski River, Burlington, (Jones). P. priiinosa L. Strawberry Tomato. Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Pittsford, (Grace A. Woolson) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd). P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. Colchester, (Mrs. Jane Walker). P. Tirginiana Mill. Highgate, (Jesup) ; St. Johnsbury, (Mrs. M. H. Buckham). SOLANUM. Nightshade S. caroliiieiise L. Horse Nettle. Woodstock, (Wild) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). S. Dulcainara* L. Bittersweet, Woody Night-shade. Moist thickets of the lower altitudes; frequent. S. iiigniin L. Common Night-shade. Moist shaded ground of the lower altitudes; frequent. S. rostratiini* Dunal. Sand Bur, Buffalo Bur. Barre, (Eunice D. Smith); Burlington, (Helyer). SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY CASTILLE.JA. Painted Cup r. pallida (L.) Spreng., var. septentrioiiali.s (Lindl.) Gray. (C. acu- minata (Pursh.) Spreng.). Mt. Mansfield, (Tuckerman and Mac- rae); Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). CHELONE. Turtlehead. Snakehead Ct glabra L. Balmony. Moist soil; common. Flora of Vermont 243 GERARDIA. Gerardia (J. flava L. (Dasystoma flava [L.] Wood). Downy False Foxglove. Bellows Falls, (Carey, W. H. Blanchard) ; Pownal, (Andrews) ; West Rutland, (Eggleston) ; Putney, Westminster, (W. H. Blanch- ard) ; Townshend, (Wheeler). (i. paiipercula (Gray) Britton. (Agalinis paupercula [Gray] Britton). Knight's and Butler's Islands, (Brainerd) ; Highgate, (Wild) ; Col- chester, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn, Griffin); Swanton, (Blake). Gr. pedicularia L. (Dasystoma pedicularia [L.] Benth.). Dry copses of southern and central Vermont; occasional. 0. teuuifolia Vahl. (Agalinis tenuifolia [Vahl.] Raf.). Slender Gerardia. Dry open woods of the lower altitudes. North in the Connecticut Valley to Hartland and in western Vermont to Swan- ton. G. Tirgiuica (L.) BSP. (Dasystoma virginica [L.] Britton). Smooth False Foxglove. Dry open woods of the lower altitudes of southern and central Vermont. GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop G. aurea Muhl. Sandy shores of Lake Champlaiu; rare. Rochester. (Dutton) ; Lily Pond, Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Hartland, (Un- derwood). G. virginiaua L. Wet shores and ditches of the lower altitudes of west- ern Vermont; occasional. ILYSANTHES. False Pimpernel 1. dubia (L.) Barnhart. Wet places; occasional. LINARIA. Toadflax L. cauadeiisis (L.) Dumont. Blue Toadflax. Dry soil; Bellows Falls, (Carey, W. H. Blanchard). Vernon, (Grout) ; Westminster, Soutli Vernon, (W. H. Blanchard); Jamaica, (Wheeler). L. minor* (L.) Desf. (Chaenorrhinum minus [L.l Lange). Along railroad track, West Rutland, (Kirk); Sheldon, (Underwood); Swanton, (Blake). L. vulgaris* Hill. (L. Linaria [L.] Karst.). Ramsted, Butter and Eggs. Fields; common. MELAMPYRUM. Cow Wheat M. liiieare Lam. Dry woodlands of the lower altitudes; frequent. MIMULUS. Monkey Flower M. Langsdorfii* Donn. Yellow Monkey Flower. Reading, (Whiting). M. moschatus Dougl. Musk-plant. Wet places; Wallingford, (Kent); Wardsboro, (Howe) ; Weston, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Jay, (Under- wood). M. ringens I^. Wet places; common. .- - 244 Bulletin 187 PEDICULARIS. Lousewort P. canadensis L. Common Lousewort, Wood Betony. Thickets of the lower altitudes; common. PENTSTEMON. Beard-tongue P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. Rocky hills; frequent in western Vermont. P. laeyigatus Ait., var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray. (P. Digitalis [Sweet] Nutt.). Fields; occasional. RHINANTHUS. Yellow Rattle R. Crista-galli L. Field, Bennington, (Mrs. Terry). SCROPHULARIA. Figwort S. leporella Bicknell. Meadows and fence rows of the lower altitudes; occasional. S. marilandica L. Figwort. Waste places of western Vermont; occa- sional. VERBASCUM. Mullein V. Blattaria* L. Moth Mullein. Clay or rocky pastures and roadsides; occasional. Var. albiflorum* Ktze. Occasional with the type. V. Thapsus* L. Common Mullein. Fields; common. VERONICA. Speedwell V. aniericana Schwein. American Brooklime. Wet ground; common. V. Auagallis-aqnatica L. Water Speedwell. "Middlebury," (Burge) ; Tinmouth Creek, Tinmouth, (Eggleston). V. arveusis* L. Corn Speedwell. Fields; occasional. V. Cliamaedrys* L. Bird's-eye. Glebe Mountain, Windham, (W. H. Blanchard) . V. liumifusa Dickson. Peacham, (F. Blanchard) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy); St. Johnsbury, (Isabelle M. Paddock). V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell. Dry fields and thickets of the lower altitudes; common. Y. peregrina L. Neckweed, Purslane Speedwell. Gardens and waste places; frequent. V. scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. Wet grounds and marshes; com- mon. North in the Connecticut Valley to Hanover, N. H. V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Roadsides and fields of the lower altitudes; common. V. Teucrium* L. East Wallingford, (E. C. Kent). V. Tournefortii* C. C. Gmel. (V. Buxbaumii Tenore). Waste ground; occasional. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY PINGUICULA. Butterwort P. ynlgaris L. Alpine cliffs, Smugglers' Notch, (Pringle). Flora of Vermont 245 UTRICULARIA. Bladderwort U. claudestina Niitt. (U. geminiscapa Benj.). Willoughby Lake, (Ken- nedy). U. cornuta Michx. (Stomoisia cornuta [Michx.] Raf.). Bogs; frequent. IT. gibba L. Rocky Pond, Rutland, (Ross). U. inflata Walt. In still waters of southern Vermont; occasional. U. intermedia Hayne. Shallow pools; occasional. U. resupinata B. D. Greene. (Lecticula resupinata [B. D. Greene] Barnhart). Fairlee Lake, (Jesup and Sargent); Townshend, (Wheeler) . U. Tulgaris L., var. aiiiericana Gray. (U. macrorhiza Le Conte). Greater Bladderwort. Ponds and slow streams; common. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY CONOPHOLIS. Squaw-root. Cancer-root r. ainericaiia (L. f.) Wallr. Woods on White Creek, (Chandler); "Rock Point, Burlington," (Macrae) ; West Rutland, (H. M. Dens- low) ; Snake Mountain, (Brainerd) ; Leicester, (Button); Town- shend, (Wheeler). EPIFAGUS. Beech-drops. Cancer-root E. Tirg'iniaiia (L.) Bart. (Leptamnium virginianum [L.] Raf.). Beech- drops. Under beech trees; common. OROBANCHB. (THALESIA). Broom-rape 0. uiiiflora L. One-flowered Cancer-root. Dry woodlands; occasional. ACANTHACEAE. ACANTHUS FAMILY DIANTHERA. Water Willow D. aiuericaua L. Collected by Dr. Paddock, in 1819, in water at Ferris- burgh; specimen now in University of Vermont herbarium. No later botanist has found it in Vermont. PHRYMACEAE. LOPSEED FAMILY PHRYMA. Lopseed P. Leptostachya L. Moist open woods of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY LITTORELLA L. nuitlora (L.) Asch. Gravelly shores; Kelley's Bay, Alburgh, (Prin- gle) ; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, (Kent) ; Notch Pond, Ferdinand, (Eggleston). 246 Bulletin 187 PLANTAGO. Plantain P. aristata Michx. Occasionally introduced with grass seed. P. lauceolata* L. English Plaintain, Rib Grass, Ripple Grass. Grass land; common. P. major L. Common Plantain. Waysides; common. P. Rng'elii Dene. Plantain. With the preceding species; common. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY CEPHALANTHUS. Buttonbush C. occideutalis L. Swamps of the lower altitudes; frequent. North in the Connecticut Valley to Fairlee. GALIUM. Bedstraw. Cleavers G. Apariiie L. Cleavers, Goose Grass. Shaded ground of the lower altitudes; frequent. In the Connecticut Valley north to Norwich. G. asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Alluvial ground; common. G. Ijoreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Wet meadows; occasional. Cf. lanceolatum Torr. Wild Liquorice. Dry woods of the lower alti- tudes; common. G. Claytoiii Michx. Wet meadows; frequent. G. erectnm* Huds. Waste places; Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Bristol, (Dike) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). G. kamtschaticum Steller. Cold wet woods of the higher mountains; frequent. G. labradoricum Wiegand. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, (J. R. Churchill) ; Danby, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). G. lanceolatum Torr. Wild Liquorice. Dry woods of the lower alti- tudes; frequent. G. Mollugo* L. Wild Madder. "North Pomfret," (Morgan) ; Shelburue. (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Bellows Falls, Putney and Dummerston, (W. H. Blanchard). G. palustre L. Wet meadows and ajong ditches; common. G. pilosum Ait. Dry copses; Pownal, (Robbins, Eggleston) ; West Haven, (G. H. Ross). G. sylvaticnm* L. Scotch Mist, Baby's Breath. Established on shady ledge, Orwell, (Brainerd) ; Peacham, (Dr. F. Blanchard). G. sylyestre* Pollick. Charlotte, (Pringle). G. tiiictorium L. Wet meadows; frequent. G. trifidum L. Cold bogs and marshy borders of ponds; frequent. G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Rich woodlands; com- mon. G. Ycnim* L. Yellow Bedstraw. Occasionally introduced in grass lands. HOUSTONIA H. caerulea L. Bluets, Innocence. Grassy places and wet rocks; common. Flora of Vermont 247 H. loiis'ifolin Gaertu. Dry rocky places; frequent in the Cliamplain Valley. Randolph, (Bates). MITCHELLA. Patridge Berry M. repens L. Cool woods; common. SHERARDIA. Field Madder S, arveusis* L. Middlebury, (Brainerd). CAPRiFQLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY DIERVILLA. Bush Honeysuckle D. Loiiicera Mill. (D. Diervilla [L.] MacM.). Rocky woodlands; com- mon. LINNAEA. Twin-flower L. Worealis 1j., var. ainericana (Forbes) Rehder. (L. americana Forbes). Cool rich woods; frequent. LONICERA. Honeysuckle L, caerulea L., var. rillosa (Michx.) T. & G. Mountain Fly Honey- suckle. Cold bogs of northeastern Vermont; occasional. Norwich, (Jesup). L. canadensis Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Moist woods; com- mon. L. (lioiea L. Wild Honeysuckle. Dry rocky woods and sandy soil of the lower altitudes; frequent. L. hirsuta Eat. Hairy Honeysuckle. Rocky woodlands of western Vermont; occasional. L. oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. Cold bogs; occasional. L. senipervireiis h. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Townshend and Brattlc- boro, (Wheeler). L. tatarica* L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. A frequent escape from cul- tivation. SAMBUCUS. Elder S. canadensis L. Common Elderberry. Thickets; common. S. racemosa L. Red-berried Elder. Rocky woodlands; common. SYMPHORICARPOS. Snowberry S. raceniosHS Michx. Snowberry. Cliffs and headlands of western Ver- mont; occasional. S. raceniosiis Michx., var. laevigatiis Fernald. (S. Symphoricarpos [L.] MacM.). Garden Snowberry. Roadside escape. TRIOSTEUM. Horse Gentian T. aurantlacum Bicknell. Feverwort, Horse Gentian. Rich wood- lands of the lower altitudes; occasional. North in the Connecticut Valley to Norwich. 248 Bulletin 187 VIBURNUM. Arrow-wood V. acerifolinm L. Maple-leaved Viburnum, Dockmackie. Dry rocky and sandy woods of the lower altitudes; common. V. aliiifoliiim Marsh. Hobblebush, Witch Hobble, Moosewood. Cold moist woods; common. V. cassinoides L. Withe-rod, Wild Raisin. Swamps; common. V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. Wet places; frequent. V. Leutago L. Sheepberry, Nannyberry, Sweet Viburnum. Rich moist woods and banks of the lower altitudes; frequent. \. Opnliis L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree, High-bush Cranberry, Pimbina. Low ground; frequent. V. paucifloniin Raf. Squashberry, Pimbina. Moist ravines near limit of tree growth; Mt. Mansfield, (Tuckerman and Macrae); Killing- ton Mt., (Sargent and Eggleston) ; Stratton Mt., (Underwood). V. piibescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood. Common on the cliffs and rocky hills of the Champlain ValleJ^ VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY VALERIANA. Valerian V. officinalis* L. Garden Heliotrope. Garden escape, Franklin, (Wild) ; Burlington and Shelburne, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). V. iiliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Cedar Swamp, Fairhaven, (Robbins, Seeley) ; Craftsbury, (Robbins). DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY DIPSACUS. Teasel D. sylrestris* Huds. AVild Teasel. Roadside weed; "Castleton," (Reed); Shoreham, (Brainerd) ; Charlotte, (Pringle). KNAUTIA. (SCABIOSA) K, arrensis* (L.) T. Coulter. Scabious. Charlotte, (Pringle). CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY ECHINOCYSTIS. (MICRAMPELIS). Wild Balsam-apple F. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild Cucumber. Alluvial banks and waste places; frequent. SICYOS. One-seeded Bur Cucumber 8. ang'ulatus L. Star Cucumber. River banks and waste places; fre- quent. CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY CAMPANULA. Bellflower €. apariuoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Low sedgy thickets of the lower altitudes; occasional. Flora of Vermont 249 C. gloiiierata* L. Clustered Bellflower. Chittenden, (Mrs. Emily H. Terry) . C. rapniieuloides* L. Bellflower. Roadside escape; occasional. C. rotuiulifolia L. Harebell, Bluebell. Rocky banks; common. C. Traclieliuin* L. Nettle-leaved Bellflower, Throatwort. Colchester, (Griffin). r. uliginosa Rydberg. Low sedgy thickets of the lower altitudes; fre- quent. SPECULARIA. (LEGOUZIA). Venus's Looking-glass S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Dry rocky woodlands of the lower altitudes; occasional and local. Royalton, (Ward) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard) ; South Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY LOBELIA L. cardiiialis Jj. Cardinal-flower. Swales and margins of ponds and streams; frequent. North in the Connecticut Valley to Hartland. L, Dortmaiuia L. W^ater Lobelia. Shallow margins of ponds and bogs; occasional. L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Fields and pastures; common. L. Kalniii L. Cool moist rocks and fields; occasional L. spicata Lam. Fields and waysides of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY ACHILLEA. Yarrow A. Millefolium L. Common Yarrow, Milfoil. Dry fields and roadsides; common. A. Ptariuioa L. Sneezeweed. Hartland, (Underwood). AMBROSIA. Ragweed A. arteiiiisiifolia L. (A. elatior L.). Roman Wormwood, Hogweed, Bitter-weed. Waste places; common. A. psilostachya DC. Introduced with western seed; Brandon, (Dut- ton) ; railroad yard, Burlington, (Mrs. N. P. Flynn). A. triflda L. Great Ragweed. Moist alluvial soil; occasional. Var. iuteg-rifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). ANAPHALIS. Everlasting A. iiiargaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly Everlasting. Dry hills and woods; common. ANTENNARIA. Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco A. Braiuerdii Fernald. Moist banks, usually in shade; occasional in the lower altitudes of central Vermont. '250 Bulletin 187 A. canadensis Greene. Dry and moist ground ; common. A. fallax Greene. In partial shade; occasionaL A. neglecta Greene. Indian Tobacco. Old fields; common. A. neodioica Greene. Old pastures and fields; frequent. A. neodioica Greene, var. grandis Fernald. Usually in shade; frequent. A. occidentalis Greene. Meadows and hillsides; common in Addison County; Colchester, (Blake). A. Parlinii P^ernald. Dry banks and thickets of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. petaloidea Fernald. Old pastures; common. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Dry open woodlands of the lower altitudes; occasional. ANTHEMIS. Chamomile A. arrensis* L. Corn Chamomile. Westminster, Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard). A. Cotnla* L. Mayweed, Dog Fennel. Waste places; common. A. tinctoria* L. Yellow Chamomile. Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard). ARCTIUM. Burdock A. Lappa* L. Great Burdock. Waste places; frequent, especially in mountain towns. A. Lappa L., var. purpurascens* (Le Grand) Fernald. Rhod. 12: 45. Cornwall, (Brainerd). A. minus* (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. Waste places; common. ARTEMISIA. Wormwood A. Abrotanum* L. Southernwood. Garden escape; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). A. AKsinthinm* L. Wormwood. Dry hills and roadsides; occasional. Rare in the Connecticut Valley. A. biennis Willd. Introduced along railways; occasional. A. canadensis Michx. Willoughby Lake, (A. Wood) ; Smugglers' Notch, Mt. Mansfield, (Pringle) ; slaty shore of northern Lake Champlain, (Brainerd). A. caudata Michx. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain; occasional. A. ludoviciana Nutt. (A. gnaphalodes Nutt). Western Mugwort, White Sage. Along railroad, Bellows Falls, (W. H. Blanchard). A. pontica* L. Garden escape; Westmore, (Kennedy). A. Stelleriana* Bess. Beach Wormwood, Dusty Miller. Occasional as a garden escape. A. vulgaris* L. Common Mugwort. Waste places; common. ASTER. Aster A. acuniinatus Michx. Cool rich woods; common. A. amethystinus Nutt. Moist ground. "Brattleboro," (Frost) ; South Pownal, (Eggleston). Flora of Vermont 251 A. cordifolius L. Woodlands; common. Var. Furbishiae Fernald. Banks of streams; occasional. Var. polycephahis Porter. John- son, (Grout). A. divaricatus L. Moist woodlands; common. A. ericoides L. Dry open places of the lower altitudes of southern Ver- mont; occasional. Var. Pringlei Gray. (A. Pringlei Britton). Slaty headlands and islands of Lake Champlain; frequent. Man- chester, (Mary A. Day). A. junceus Ait. Peat bogs; rare. A. laeyis L. Borders of woodlands of the lower altitudes of southern Vermont; frequent. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Thickets and fields; common. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton, var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter. (A. hir- suticaulis Lindl.). Borders of thickets. "Bellows Falls," (Carey) ; Burlington, (Macrae, Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Highgate Springs, (Jesup) ; Brattleboro, (Grout). A. linariifolius L. (lonactis linariifolius Greene). Sandy soil of the lower altitudes; occasional. A. Liudleyaniis T. & G., var. coniatns B^ernald. Ripton, Bellows Falls, (W. H. Blanchard). A, longifolins Lam. North Pownal, (Eggleston) ; Connecticut Valley, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy) ; Jamaica, (Wheeler). Var. villicaulis Gray. Connecticut Valley (W. H. Blanchard); West Concord, (Eggleston). A. macropliyllos L. Moist woods; common. Var. excelsior Burgess. Frequent. Var. pingiiifolius Burgess. Occasional. Var. sejuuetus Burgess. Frequent. Var. Telutinus Burgess. St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). A. imiltifloriis Ait. Dry hilly pastures. Pownal, (Robbins, Eggleston) ; Vernon, (Grout). Var. exigiiiis Fernald. In railroad yard, Nor- wich, (H. E. Sargent). A. nemoralis Ait. Rocky shores of North Pond, Brunswick, (Eggles- ton). A. nemoralis Ait., var. Blakei Porter. Belden Pond, Johnson, (Grout). A. novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Moist ground; common in western Vermont from Addison County southward; less so else- where. Var. roseus (Desf.) DC. Occasional. A. novi-belgii L. Moist shady soil, Connecticut Valley; occasional. A. paulculatns Lam. Shady moist soil; common. Var. aeiitideus Bur- gess. Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). Var. bellidifolius (Willd.) Burgess. Rutland, (Eggleston); Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). Var. cinerascens Fernald. Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). Var. laiiatns Fernald. Willoughby Lake, (E. F. Williams). Var. sim- plex (Willd.) Burgess. Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Rutland, (Kirk). .4. poljpbyllus Willd. (A. Faxoni Porter). Willoughby Mountain. (Tuckerman, Faxon) ; "A dwarf form in pastures, Newark and Sut- ton," (E. Faxon); St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). 252 Bulletin 187 A. prenanthoides Mulil. Newfane, (Grout); Taftsvllle, (Nancy Dar- ling). A. ptarinicoides T. & G. Dry limestone ledges, Bennington County; occasional. West River, Jamaica; rare; (W. H. Blanchard). A, puniceus L. Red-stalked Aster. Low thickets and swamps; com- mon. Var. demissus Lindl. Occasional. Var. firmus (Nees) T. & G. Sudbury, (F. W. Hubby); Mt. Killington, (Kirk). Var. luci- dulus Gray. Brandon, (Dutton). A. radnla Ait. "Brattleboro," (Frost) ; Cranberry Pond bog, Ferdinand, (Eggleston). A. sagittifolJus Wedemeyer. Dry ground. Common in the Hoosic Val- ley, Pownal, (Eggleston). Only known station in New England. A. Sclireberi Nees. Common in southern Vermont. A. tardiflonis L. Moist shady ground; occasional. Var. vestitus Fernald. Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Hartland, (Nancy Darling); Willoughby Lake, (Kennedy). A. Tradescauti L. Low grounds; occasional. A. iiinbellatus Mill. (Doellingeria umbellata [Mill.] Nees). Moist thickets; common. A. uudulatus L. Dry copses of the lower altitudes; common. A. rimiueus Lam. Moist banks; occasional. Var. foliolosus (Ait.) Gray. Ledges, Sumner's Falls, Hartland, (Eggleston). A. Timineus Lam., var. saxatilis Fernald. (A. saxatilis [Fernald] Blanchard). Ledges, Winooski River, Williston, (Pringle) ; Con- necticut River, Bellows Falls to Brattleboro, (W. H. Blanchard). BIDENS. Bur Marigold B. Beckii Torr. (Megalodonta Beckii [Torr.] Greene). Water Mari- gold. Ponds and deep slow streams; occasional. B, cernua L. Stick-tight. Wet places; common. B. coraosa (Gray) Wiegand. Wet shores; rare. B. conuata Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Low margins of streams and lakes; frequent. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Maquam Bay, Swanton, (Blake). B. frondosa L. Common Beggar-ticks. Moist waste places; common. Var. anoinala Porter. Lake Bomoseen, (Kirk). B. Yulgata Greene. Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight. Waste ground; com- mon. CARDUUS. Plumeless Thistle C. crispus* L. Curled Thistle. South Burlington, (Chittenden). CENTAUREA. Star Thistle C. Cyaiius* L. Bluebottle, Bachelor's Button, Corn-flower. Occasion- ally adventive. C. Jacea* L. Meadow Centaury. Charlotte, (Pringle); Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). C. Jacea L., var. lacera* Koch. Berkshire, (Mrs. Frances Jolley). Flora of Vermont 253 CHRYSANTHEMUM. Ox-Eye Daisy C. Leucantliemum L., var. pinnatiflduin* Lecoq and Lamotte. Field* and meadows; common. CICHORIUM. Succory or Chicory C. Iiitybus* L. Common Chicory, Blue Sailors. Roadsides and meadows; more common in western Vermont. CIRSIUM. Common or Plumed Thistle C. arvense* (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Fields and waste places; common. C. caiuim* (L.) Bieb. Castleton, (A. E. Higley). C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field Thistle. Copses of the lower alti- tudes of southern Vermont; occasional. V. laut'eolatum* (L.) Hill. Common or Bull Thistle. Pastures and roadsides ; common. C, inuticuiii Michx. Swamp Thistle. Swamps and low woods; fre- quent. C. puniilum (Nutt.) Spreng. (C. odoratum [Muhl.] Britton). Pasture or Bull Thistle. The most common pasture thistle of the southern counties of western Vermont; unknown north of Rutland County. CREPIS. Hawk's Beard C. biennis* L. Charlotte, (Pringle). (-. capillaris* (L.) Wallr. (C. virens L.). Townshend, (W. H. Blancli- ard) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). C. setosa* Haller. Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard). DYSSODIA. (BOEBERA). Fetid Marigold D. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Adventive on wool waste, bank of Wiuooski River, Burlington, (Brainerd). ERECHTITES. Fireweed E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Moist woods, especially in recent clearings; common. ERIGERON. Fleabane E. aununs (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane, Sweet Scabious. Fields and waste places; common. E. canadensis L. (Leptilon canadense [L.] Britton). Horse-weed, Butter-weed. Waste places; common. E. hyssopifolius Michx. Moist rocky river banks and mountain cliffs; occasional. E. philadelpbicus L. Daisy Fleabane. Moist ground; common. E. pulcliellus Michx. Robin's Plantain. Copses and moist banks; com- mon. E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy Fleabane. Fields; common. 254 Bulletin 187 BUPATORIUM. Thoroughwort E. perfoliat-iim L. Boneset, Thoroughwort. Low grounds; common. Var. tru neat II III Gray. Hartland, (Underwood); Colchester, (Blake). E. purpureum L. Joe-Pye Weed, Trumpet Weed. Essex Junction, North Ferrisburgh, (Blake); Highgate, (Blewitt). E. purpureum L., var. amoenuiu (Pursh.) Gray. Dry open woods, Fownal, (Eggleston). E. purpureum L., var. foliosum Fernald. Essex Junction, (Blake). E. purpureum L., var. maculatum (L.) Darl. (E. maculatum L.). Joe- Pye Weed, Trumpet Weed. Moist thickets and low grounds; com- mon. E. sessilifolium L. Upland Boneset. Dry open woods about base of cliff, North Pownal, (Eggleston). E. urtieaefolium Reichard. White Snakeroot. Moist rich woods; com- mon. GALINSOGA G. parviflora Cav., var. hispida* DC. Becoming common as a garden weed. GNAPHALIUM. Cudweed G. decurrens Ives. Everlasting. Hillsides; common. G. polycephalum Michx. (G. obtusifolium L.?). Common Everlasting. Old fields and woods; common. G. ulig'inosum L. Low Cudweed. Moist soil; common. HELIANTHUS. Sunflower H. auiiuus L. Common Sunflower. An occasional escape. H. decapetalus L. Wild Sunflower. Copses and low banks of streams; frequent. H. diTaricatus L. Thickets and barrens of the lower altitudes; fre- quent. H. giganteus L. "Brattleboro," (Frost) ; Randolph, (Bates) ; "Royal- ton," (Ward). H. petiolaris Nutt. Adventive, Burlington, (Helyer) ; St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). H. strumosus L. Dry woods and banks of the lower altitudes of west- ern "Vermont; occasional. H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Along fences and roadsides; frequent. HELIOPSIS. Ox-Eye 11. Iieliauthoides (L.) Sweet. North Pownal, (Woodward) ; Lyndon, (Inez A. Howe). H. scabra Dunal. Franklin, (Wild); Hartford and Norwich, (H. E. Sargent); Burlington, (Jones); Shelburne, (Mrs. Gebhardt). Flora of Vermont 255 HIERACIUM. Hawkweed H. anrantisicuiii* L. Orange Hawkweed, Devil's Paint-brush, Grim the Collier. Common. A weed pest in pastures and lawns, especially in the northwestern counties. H. canadeiise Michx. Dry cool woods; frequent. H. floreutiinim* All. King Devil. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn) ; Colchester, (Griffin); Rutland and Sherburne, (Kirk). H. floribunduiii* Wimm. & Grab. Franklin, (Underwood) ; Brattleboro, (Wheeler). H. niarianum Willd. Bellows Falls, (W. H. Blanchard). H. pa iiicu latum L. Open woods; frequent. H. Pilosella* L. Mouse-ear. Grassland; rare. H. praealtum Gochnat, var. decipleiis* Koch. South Burlington, (Mrs. Jane Walker). If. prateuse* Tausch. King Devil. Berkshire, (Mrs. Frances Jolley). H. soabnim Michx. Dry open woods; common. H. venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed, Poor Robin's Plantain. Dry plains and pine woods of the lower altitudes; occasional. H. vulgatum* Fries. Common in woods near Evergreen Cemetery, Rutland, (Kirk). INULA. Elecampane I. Helenmm* L. Elecampane. Roadsides and damp pastures; fre- quent. IVA. Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub I. xauthifolia Nutt. Adventive. Manchester, (Mrs. Mary C. Munson) ; Stowe, (Mrs. Carrie E. Straw). KRIGIA. (CYNTHIA). Dwarf Dandelion K. virgiiiica (L.) Willd. Dry sterile soil of the Connecticut Valley; occasional. LACTUCA. Lettuce Ji. oaiiadeusis L. Wild Lettuce, Horse-weed. Rich damp soil, borders of fields and thickets; common. Var. moutana Britton. Burlington, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). li. liirsuta Muhl. Charlotte, (Pringle). L. integrifolia Bigel. (L. sagittifolia Ell.). Newfane, (Grout); Pow- nal, (Eggleston) ; Middlebury, (Brainerd). L. scariola L., var. iiitegrata* Gren. & Godr. (L. virosa L.). Prickly Lettuce. Waste places; spreading rapidly. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Wild Blue Lettuce. Low ground; common. LAPSANA. (LAMPSANA). Nipplewort L. commnnis* L. Brattleboro, (Frost) ; Ferrisburgh and Rutland. (Kirk); Townshend, (W. H. Blanchard). 256 Bulletin 187 LEONTODON. (APARGIA). Hawkbit L. iiutumiialis* L. Fall Dandelion. Abundant on village green, Iras- burgh, (Hazen) ; Rutland, (Kirk). MATRICARIA. Wild Chamomile M. suaTCOleus* (Pursh.) Buchenau. (M. matricarioides [Less.] Porter). Pineapple-weed. Adventive from Pacific coast. Abundant along railroads and highways in many places. ONOPORDUM. Cotton or Scotch Thistle 0. Acanthiiim* L. Cotton Thistle. "Dry pastures, Williston and Grand Isle," (Robbins); Charlotte, (Pringle) ; Williston, (Mrs. N. F. Flynn). PETASITES. Sweet Coltsfoot P. paliiiatiis (Ait.) Gray. Wooded borders of cold swamps and streams; occasional. PICRIS 1'. ecliioides* L. Ox-tongue. Hartland, (Webster). P. hieracioides* L. Charlotte, (Pringle). POLYMXIA. Leafcup P. canadensis L. Limestone ledges, Rutland and Proctor, (Eggleston). PRENANTHES. (NABALUS). Rattlesnake-Root P. all)a L. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root. Borders of rich woods of the lower altitudes of western Vermont; occasional. Vernon, (Grout); West River, (Wheeler). P. altissinia L. Gall-of-the-earth. Rich moist woods; common. Var. liispidula Fernald. Monkton, (Pringle). P. Boottii (DC.) Gray. Mansfield Chin and Nose, (Pringle). P. nana (Bigel.) Torr. Top of Willoughby Mt., (Rusby). P. racemosa Michx. Along railroad, Swanton, (Blake). P. trifoliata (Cass.) Fernald. Gall-of-the-earth. Dry sterile soil; fre- quent. RUDBECKIA. Cone-flower R. liirta L. Yellow Daisy, Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head. Meadows; common. E. laciuiata L. Tall Cone-flower, Thimble-weed. Low thickets; fre- quent. SENECIO. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Swamps; common. S. Balsaniitae Muhl. (S. pauperculus Michx.). Moist cliffs and rocky banks of streams; frequent. S. Balsamitae Muhl., var. praelongus Greenman. Manchester, (Mary A. Day); Essex, (F. A. Ross); Burlington, (Jones). Flora of Vermont 257 S. oboiatus Muhl. Dry open woods; Bennington and Pownal, common, (Robbins, Churchill); Essex, (F. A. Ross); Townshend, (Wheeler). S. Kobbinsii Oakes. Common in the cold swamps of northern and central Vermont. Summit of Ascutney Mt. and Windham, (W. H. Blanchard) ; Hartland, (Nancy Darling); Rutland, (Eggleston). S. Tiilgaris* L. Common Groundsel. Garden weed; occasional. SERICOCARPUS. White-topped Aster S. asteroides (L.) BSP. Dry open woods. Pownal and Arlington, (Robbins); Vernon, (Grout); Brattleboro, (W. H. Blanchard). SILPHIUM. Rosin-weed S. perfoliatum L. Cup Plant. Burlington, (Jones) ; Westminster, (W. H. Blanchard). SOLIDAGO. Golden-rod S. altissima L. (S. canadensis, Gray's Manual, ed. 6 in part). Copses of the lower altitudes; occasional. S. altissima L., var. procera (Ait.) Fernald. Manchester, (Mary A. Day). S. arguta Ait. Copses and moist woods of the lower altitudes; com- mon. , I S. bicolor L. White Golden-rod. Dry copses; common. S. caesia L. Rich woodlands of the lower altitudes; common. Var. axillaris (Pursh) Gray. Burnt over woodlands, common. Var. pauiculata Gray. Rich woods; occasional. S. cauadeusis L. (S. canadensis L., var. glabrata Porter). Borders of thickets and fields; common. S. cauadeusis L., var. gilvocanesceus Rydb. St. Johnsbury, (Inez A. Howe). S. Cutleri Fernald. (S. Virgaurea, var. alpina Bigel.). Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, (Brainerd) ; Mt. Horrid, (Dutton) ; Lunenburg, (W. E. Balch). S. gramiuifolia (L.) Salisb. (Euthamia graminifolia [L.] Nutt.). Moist soil ; common. S. Iiispida Muhl. Dry sterile soil; occasional. More abundant in north- ern Vermont. S. juucea Ait. Copses and banks of the lower altitudes; common. Var. scabrella (T. & G.) Gray. More rocky situations than type; com- mon. S. latifolia L. (S. flexicaulis L. in part). Moist shaded banks; fre- quent. S. macrophylla Pursh. Highest peaks of the Green Mountains; com- mon above 3,000 feet. S. neglecta T. & G. Bogs and swamps of the lower altitudes; occa- sional. S. uemoralis Ait. Dry sterile fields; common. S. odora Ait. Sweet Goldenrod. "Woods," (Oakes) ; Vernon, rare, (W. H. Blanchard). 258 Bulletin 187 S. patula MuhL Swamps; frequent in Bennington and Rutland Coun- ties. S. puberula Nutt. Sandy soil of the lower altitudes; occasional. S. racemosa Greene. (S. humilis Gray's Manual, ed. 6 in part, not Pursh). Rock banks of lakes and streams; occasional. 8. Raudii (Porter) Britton. (S. Virgaurea and var. Redfieldii Porter). Shady cliffs of the quartzite range of the Green Mountains, at an altitude of 1,000-2,000 feet; cliffs of Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby Mountain; headlands of Lake Champlain; common. Var. monticola (Porter) Fernald. Cliffs, Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby ML; common. S. inigosa Mill. Borders of fields and copses; common. S. serotiua Ait. Copses and fencerows of the lower altitudes; common. S. serotiua Ait., var. g'igantea (Ait.) Gray. Low grounds and moist thickets; frequent. S. sqnarrosa Muhl. Rocky woods; occasional. S. ullg'iiiosa Nutt. Peatbogs; occasional. S. uliiiifolia Muhl. About base of the cliffs, North Pownal, (Eggles- ton); Hartland, (F. P. Whiting). S. luacropliylla x riigosa Fernald. Near summit of Mt. Killington, (Button and Kirk). SONCHUS. Sow Thistle S. arveusis* L. Field Sow Thistle. Shores and waste places, becoming frequent. S. aisper* (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. Waste places in rich soil; frequent. S. oleraceus* L. Common Sov*' Thistle. Waste places with the pre- ceding. TANACETUM. Tansy T. vulgare* L. Common Tansy. Roadsides; frequent. Var. erispum* DC. With the species; frequent. TARAXACUM. (LEONTODON). Dandelion T. erythrospermum* Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. Shallow soil about ledges; frequent. T. officinale* Weber. (L. Taraxacum L.). Common Dandelion. Com- mon. Var. palustre* (Sm.) Blytt. Rutland, (Eggleston). TRAGOPOGON. Goat's Beard T. prateiisis* I.,. Waste places; frequent. TUSSILAGO. Coltsfoot T. Farfara* L. Moist clay banks and along mountain streams; com- mon. XANTHIUM. Cocklebur X. canadeuse Mill. (X. americanum Walt.). Shores of lakes and rivers; frequent. X. coininuiie Britton. Shores of Lake Champlain; common. X. ecliinatuin Murr. Lake shores and river banks; common. MARCH, 1916 JilJLLETIN 194 University of Vermont and State Agricultural College Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station BURLINGTON. VERMONT THE TREES OF VERMONT by G. P. BURNS and C. H. OTIS burlington : Free Press Printing Co., 1916. MARCH. 1916 BULLETIN 194 University of Vermont and State Agricultural College Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station BURLINGTON. VERMONT THE TREES OF VERMONT by G. P. BURNS and C. H. OTIS burlington : Free Press Printing Co.. 1916. BOARD OF CONTROL Pres. G. p. BENTON, ex-officio, Burlington. Hon. E. J. ORMSBEE, Brandon. Hon. N. K. CHAFFEE, Rutland. OFFICERS OF THE STATION J. L. HILLS, Director. F. A. RICH, Veterinarian. C. H. JONES, Chemist. A. F. HAWES, (State Forester), Forester. M. B. CUMMINGS, Horticulturist. B. F. LUTMAN, Plant Pathologist. G. P. BURNS, Botanist. G. F. E. STORY, Animal and Dairy Husbandman. A. K. PEITERSEN, Assistant Botanist. JENNIE L. ROWELL, Assistant Chemist. G. F. ANDERSON, Assistant Chemist. W. C. STONE, Assistant Horticulturist. H. E. BARTRAM, Assistant Plant Pathologist. R. C. DOWNING, Assistant Veterinarian. E. R. BAKER, Computer. W. H. CROCKETT, Editor. S. HARGREAVES, Gardener. M. ADELLE ORTON, Stenographer. ETHEL BINGHAM, Stenographer. MAY 0. BOYNTON, Librarian. C. P. SMITH, Treasurer. «^ Copies of the reports and bulletins of the Station are sent free of charge to any address upon application. iS" Address all communications concerning station matters not to in- dividual officers but to the Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. Address inquiries concerning farm practice to Extension Service, Burlington, Vt. Director's and State Forester's offices, chemical, horticultural and dairy laboratories are in Morrill Hall at the head of Main street; botanical and bacteriological laboratories are at Williams Science Hall, University Place; veterinary laboratories are at 499 Main street. University farm and buildings are on the Williston road, adjoining the University grounds on the east. Photo by H. F. Perkins. A NATURAL GROUP OF WHITE PINE ON THE GROUNDS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. BULLETIN 194: THE TREES OF VERMONT By G. p. Burns and C. H. Otis^ INTRODUCTION The supply of bulletin 7Z, entitled "The Trees of Vermont," has been exhausted for several years. Repeated calls from all parts of the State and especially from the schools make it evident that its revision and reissue would be welcomed. The present publication represents a revision of Bulletin 7?i of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, issued in 1899, and of Bul- letin 16, Vol. XIV, N. S., of the University of Michigan, issued in 1913 under the authorship of the junior writer". In the preparation of the present bulletin the authors have followed largely the general scheme and arrangement of the Michigan publication. Two chapters, "How to Study the Trees" and "Artificial Keys, How Made and Used," except for a few minor changes, ase from the Michigan bulletin. The artificial keys for identification and the manual of trees have been adapted to the slightly different Vermont conditions. Most of the reproductions published in this bulletin have been made from new- plates photographed from the drawings originally used to illustrate the Michigan bulletin. Credit has been indicated in each case. Finally, there have been added a series of bark photographs by the senior author, while the junior has contributed four original plates of draw- ings and accompanying descriptions and a section dealing with the identification and structure of Vermont woods. Upon the senior author has devolved the final bringing together of the component parts and the necessary editorial work involved. This bulletin is intended primarily for the use of pupils in our l)ublic schools and of persons not especially trained in botany. For this reason the use of technical terms has been avoided whenever pos- sible. In several cases such terms were necessary, but with the help of the glossary (page 233) their meaning can be easily understood. The order of arrangement and nomenclature are essentially those of Gray's Manual. Following a tendency which is steadily gaining favor, all species names are printed with a small letter, regardless of their origin. 1 Professor Otis, formerly curator of the botanical garden and arboretum of the University of Michigan, spent several months during the past year at this institution, collaborating with the senior author in the preparation of this bulletin. - The authors take this occasion to express their appreciation of the courtesy of the University of Michigan authorities in allowing them to malce such liberal use of the material from the former bulletin in their present work. 4 Bulletin 194 Two sets of keys are given. One is based upon characters which are present during the summer; the other uses the winter characters as a basis for identification. Photographs have not been used as illustrations because they are too indefinite and give all characters equal emphasis. This generally conceals the essential marks necessary for identification and affords little help to the student. Accurate line drawings are substituted for photographs, since they have proved to be much more serviceable in classwork. It is believed that with the aid of the drawings and descriptions given in this bulletin any person will be able to identify any Vermont tree. If, however, difficulty is found in naming a given tree, specimens of flowers, fruit, leaves, wood, etc., mailed to the Extension Service, Burlington, Vermont, will be named without charge, if of such a char- acter and received in such condition as will admit of identification. HOW TO STUDY THE TREES Trees are such familiar objects that the people who dwell in nearly every portion of this country see them daily. Trees give cooling shade in our parks and dooryards and along our highways ; they lend their beauty to the landscape and relieve it of monotony ; they yield many kinds of fruits, some of which furnish man and the animals of the forest with food ; and they furnish vast quantities of lumber for a multitude of uses. It is important then that every person, whether in the schools or beyond school age, should become acquainted with our trees. Most people know a few of the more common trees but are ignorant of the great wealth of trees of various kinds about them. Some persons who may have wished to learn more have been hindered for lack of a teacher and others have been dismayed by the v^ry multi- tude of manuals to which they have had access. In beginning a study of trees the student should be careful to con- fine himself to well established facts. Once started he should proceed slowly, assimilating each new discovery before seeking another. He should begin with the trees nearest home and then becoming familiar with these in all their aspects, he should extend his trips afield. Not only should he be able to name the trees when they are fully clothed in summer garb, but he should know as readily the same trees when only the bare branches stand silhouetted against the sky if he desires to gain a thorough knowledge of his subject. The Trees of Vermont 5 The characters which are used in studying the trees are habits, leaves, flowers, fruits, buds, bark, distribution and habitat. These will be discussed briefly in the next few pages, the same order that is used in the detailed descriptions of species being maintained in the present discussion. A few drawings also will be added to make certain points clear and to show comparative forms. Name. — Every tree has one or several common names and a scien- tific or Latin name. Some of these common names are merely local, while others have a more extended use. A few names apply to totally different species. Thus, cottonwood in Vermont is Populns dcltoides, in Idaho and Colorado Populns angustifolia, in California Populns frcmontii and in Kentucky Tilia heterophylla. While it should not be forgotten that in common speech it is proper as well as convenient to call trees by their common names, yet, in view of the many uncertain- ties pertaining to their use, a scientific name at times is absolutely essential to the clear understanding of what is meant. Latin is the language in universal use by all scientists. No longer used by any civilized nation, it has become a dead language and consequently never changes. Its vocabulary and its constructions a thousand years hence will probably be the same that they are today. Being in universal use among scientists of all nationalities no confusion arises from the use of a Latin word. The oak in Germany is known as Eiche, in France as chene and in Spain as rohle, but the Latin word Querciis is the same in all these countries. A scientific name as applied to trees consists at least of two parts, as Quercus alba. The first is the genus name and always is written with a capital letter, the second is the species name and is written with a small letter, the two names constituting the briefest possible description of the particular tree. It is customary to add to these the name or an abbreviation of the name of the person who first gave the name to the tree, as Quercus alba L., the abbreviation standing for Linnaeus. Some- times a third name is used, as Acer saccharum nigrum, referring in this instance to a variety of the ordinary Sugar Maple. In some cases trees have more than one Latin name. When this is true the synonym or synonyms are placed in brackets after the accepted name. Genera which bear a relationship to each other are placed in the same family, the family name always having the characteristic ending — aceae. Related families again are grouped into orders, with the char- acteristic ending — ales. Orders in like manner are arranged into larger groups, called classes, and the latter into still larger groups, divisions, 6 Bulletin 194 etc., each with its characteristic ending. Thus, Acer saccharum nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. is classified as follows: Division — Spermatophyta Subdivision — Angiospermae Class — Dicotyledoneae Order — Sapindales Family — Aceraceae Genus— Acer Species — saccharum Variety — nigrum. Habit. — Habit, or the general appearance of a plant, is an impor- tant character of identification, especially as we become more and more familiar with the trees. Two main types are recognized, based on the manner of the branching of the trunk, the upright and the spreading. In the one the trunk extends straight upwards without dividing, as is typical in most of the conifers; in the other the trunk divides to form several large branches and the broad, spreading crown of most of our broad-leaf trees. In either case the crown may be regular in outline or very irregular, straggling or straight-limbed. Moreover, the tree growing in the open, where there is no crowding and plenty of light, may dififer greatly from the tree in the forest, where the struggle for existence becomes very keen. A short, thick trunk and a low, spread- ing, many-branched crown characterize the tree in the open, whereas the forest tree has a long, slender, clean trunk and a narrow crown of few branches. In the descriptions of trees in this bulletin, unless other- wise stated, the habit in the open is the one given. Again, the tree may have been injured by storm or insect at some period of its growth and its natural symmetry destroyed. Moreover, the age of a tree has a great influence on its outline, young trees generally being narrow and more or less conical, broadening out as they become older. We may say, then, that each tree has an individuality of its own, little eccentrici- ties similar to those that make people different from one another. And just as we have little difficulty in recognizing our friends at a distance by some peculiarity of walk or action, so we are able to recognize many trees at a distance by some peculiarity of form or habit. Leaves. — With the advent of spring the buds of our broad-leaf trees swell and burst and the leaves come forth and clothe the trees with mantles of green, hiding the branches which have been bare through the cold winter months. The evergreens, too, take on fresh color and commence a new period of growth. The beginner in botani- The Trees of Vermont 7 cal study finds the leaves the most interesting portion of a tree and one which affords him a ready means of identification. It must be re- I. LEAF OUTLINES Lanceolate. Ovate. Heart-shaped. Halberd-shaped. Linear. Elliptical. Oblong. Oval. Orbicular. Oblanceolate. Spatulate. Obovate. membered, however, that leaves vary greatly in size, shape and general appearance. For example, the leaves on a flourishing sprout are usually relatively large, whereas they may be much smaller on a stunted tree of the same species growing nearby and subjected to adverse cir- cumstances. The leaves of a big white oak standing in the yard may be hardly lobed on the lowermost branches, while higher up they are deeply cut. II. LEAF TIPS Acuminate. Acute. Obtuse. Emarginate. Mucronate. However, in spite of the many modifications they undergo, the leaves of any one species have certain rather constant cliaracteristics which are found in all forms, and the student who has once learned what these are will have little difiiculty in selecting and recognizing typical speci- mens. 8 Bulletin 194 Leaves are either persistent, as in most of our conifers, which remain green all winter, or they assume various colors with the coming of the frost, and drop to the ground early in autumn although often they hang dead and lifeless far into the winter. The characteristics of leaves which we are accustomed to consider in determining their rela- III. LEAF MARGINS IV. PARTS OF A FLOWER Serrate. Doubly Serrate. Dentate. Crenate. Undulate. Sinuate. Lobed. tionships are their position or arrangement on the branch, whether simple or compound, size, shape, texture, color, the amount and char- acter of pubescence, the character of the margin, venation, etc. The following diagrams will serve to illustrate some of the ordinary forms and shapes of leaves, their margins, etc. Flowers. — Every tree when old enough bears flowers in its proper season. Some of these, as the hawthorns, locusts and horse-chestnuts, are very showy ; others, like the oaks and hickories, are compara- tively inconspicuous. Some are brilliantly colored, while others are of the same color as the leaves. Nevertheless, the flowers are very accurate means of clas- sification, and the only drawback to their use for this purpose is the fact that they last for such a little while each year. Just as there are male and female in the animal world, so the male and the female are found in the plant world. A few of our trees, as the locu.st, basswood and clierry, have perfect flowers, bearing ])oth stamens and pistil. The Perfect Flower. a. Sepal (Calyx). b. Petal (Corolla). c. Stamen. <1. Pistil. e. Anther. Stamen. Pistil. f. Filament, i,". Stigma, h. Style. i. Ovary. The Trees of Vermont 9 great majority, however, have unisexual flowers, bearing either stamens or pistils, but not both. When both male and female flowers are found on the same tree, the flowers are said to be monoecious, and when male flowers occur on one tree and the female on a different tree, the flowers are said to be dioecious. The cottonwood of New England is dioecious and each little seed is surrounded by a tuft of long, white hairs which enables the wind to carry it considerable distances from the parent tree, to the disgust of people living within its range. The planting of the cottonwood is forbidden within the bounds of several cities on ac- count of this objection. Since it is desirable in some places to plant this rapidly growing tree, as in cities burning large amounts of soft TYPES OF inflorescences "^W Spike. Raceme. Panicle. Corymb. Umbel. Cyme. coal, it is a distinct advantage to know that the male trees may be planted safely, since they bear no seed and shed no "cotton." Before trees can produce fruit their flowers must be fertilized, i. e., pollen from the anther of a stamen must come in contact with the stigma of a pistil. Some flowers are self-fertilized and others are cross-fertilized. For a long time it was not understood how fertiliza- tion was accomplished, but now we know that many insects, like the nectar-loving bees and butterflies, and in other instances the wind, transport the pollen from one flower to another, often miles being traversed before the right kind of flower or a flower in the right stage of development is found. And many are the modifications of flowers to insure this transference of pollen. Fruit. — So numerous and so varied are the forms of tree fruits that it would be only confusing to state their characters. Some fruits, such as the achenes of the poplars and willows, are so small and light that they are carried long distances by the wind ; others, like the hickory nuts and walnuts, are too heavy to be wind-blown. Many fruits are of considerable economic and commercial importance and are gathered and marketed on a large scale. Among these are the hickory nuts, walnuts, chestnuts, etc. Some, not esteemed by man, 10 Bulletin 194 form an important article of diet for the birds and small animals of VI. WINTER TWIG the forest. Unfortunately there are a number of limitations to the usefulness of fruit for iden- tification purposes. Some trees require years to mature their fruit. Many trees, wnile producing an abundance of fruit at certain mtervals, bear none at all or only very small and uncertain quan- tities between the years of abundance. Again, m the case of dioecious trees, only the female or pistillate bear fruit. Notwithstanding these limi- tations tree fruits are a very valuable aid to the student, and he should always search closely for evidences of their presence and character. Winter-buds. — Buds, with their accompany- ing leaf- and stipule-scars, form the basis of tree identification in winter. The size, color, position with reference to the twig, number and arrange- ment and character of bud-scales, etc., all are characters of the greatest value in winter deter- minations. Buds either are terminal or lateral, depending on their position on the twig. A lateral bud is one situated on the side of a twig in the axil of a leaf-scar. A terminal bud is one situated at the end of a twig, where it is ready to continue the growth of the twig the following spring. To the presence or absence of the terminal bud is accorded much importance in the keys on pages 162 and 163, which enable one more surely to identify a tree. Inasmuch as the determination of this point gives the beginner some trouble at first, it is hoped that the accompanying diagrams and explanatory remarks will serve to make the distinction clear. In the elms, willows, basswood and many other species the ter- minal bud and a small portion of the tip of the twig dies and drops ofif in late autumn, leaving a small scar at the end of the twig (a, fig. vi). The presence of this tip-scar indicates that the terminal bud is absent. Often a lateral bud will be found very close to the tip-scar (b, fig. vi), which, bending into line with the twig, makes it appear to be a terminal rather than a lateral bud. However, the presence of a leaf-scar im- mediately below it shows it to be a lateral bud (c, fig. vi). The Tip-scar. Lateral bud. Leaf-scar. Stipule-scars. The Trees of Vermont 11 VII. winter twig OF BLACK WALNUT a :izd ■fU 'fe unaided eye can discern the tip-scars on some of the larger twigs, but a hand lens will be found necessary when the smaller twigs are under observation. The arrangement, size and shape of the leaf-scars (c, fig. vii) are important fac- tors in identification by winter characters. Within the leaf-scars are one or more dots (d, fig. vii), sometimes quite inconspicuous, often very prominent. These are the scars left by the fibro-vascular bundles which run through the petiole into the blade of the leaf, and are designated as bundle-scars. There may be many as in the oaks, three as in the poplars and cherries, or only one as in tamarack and the spruces ; and they may be arranged in a U- or V-shaped line, or they may be without definite order. Often stipule-scars (d, fig. vi) occur on either side of the leaf-scar and are caused by the fall of a pair of small leaflets called stipules, located at the base of the leaves. Their form varies according to the form of the stipules which made them Bark. — The woodsman uses the bark more than any other feature in identifying trees, and often he is able in this manner to distinguish trees with much accuracy at great distances. However, the appearance of bark differs so greatly with the age of the tree and with its environment that it is difficult to describe it accurately. Some char- acters are distinctive, however, and serve as a ready means of identification ; as for ex- ample the peeling of the sycamore and paper birch, the "shelling" of the shellbark hickory and the mucilaginous inner bark of the slippery elm. Wood. — Under this heading are exhibited some of the general characteristics of wood. While it is not expected that this information will be of any particular value to the student of' tree botany in identify- ing living trees, it happens often that such a one finds himself in the 4: e- Lateral bud. Lateral bud. Leaf-scar. Bundle-scars. Pith. 12 Bulletin 194 midst of felling operations or in the lumberyards ; and under such circumstances a knowledge of the wood characters may be of con- siderable value. Few, if any, manuals or bulletins have been published dealing in a simple but comprehensive manner with the structure of wood. Especially is this true of the photographs or drawings accom- panying such works. It hardly comes within the scope of this bulletin to discuss in detail all the woods of all the tree species growing in Vermont, although such a study doubtless would be worth while. Yet there does seem to be an urgent demand for such a publication dealing with our more common trees ; and hence a detailed study has been made of such of our woods as are of importance from a lumbering standpoint. Illustrations, showing cross-, radial- and tangential-sec- tions, accompanied by descriptions and keys, have been brought together in a chapter at the end of the manual proper, to which are referred persons desirous of a more thorough acquaintance with our commercial woods. Distribution and habitat. — To a lesser extent do distribution and habitat of a species aid in the identification of a tree. It is a dis- tinct advantage to know that the wild plum is native in western Ver- mont only and that the black gum is limited to the southernmost portions of the state. So, too, knowing the water-loving habit of the swamp spruce, we would not expect to find it flourishing on a rocky mountain- top. The characteristics, then, which are used to identify the trees about us are many. Not all will be available at any one time, and not all have been mentioned in the foregoing pages nor in the manual. It is our opinion, however, that the student will not be handicapped greatly by this lack of detail, but rather that he will take great interest and genuine pleasure in discovering these things for himself. The Trees of Vermont 13 ARTIFICIAL KEYS, HOW MADE AND USED An artificial key is a scheme for identifying any unknown object under consideration easily and quickly. This bulletin being devoted to the trees of Vermont, its keys are intended to make it possible for any person, even if his botanical training be meager, to determine what native trees grow about his home or farm or in any Vermont city park or woodlot. With certain modifications and within limitations they may prove useful in other localities as well. Since many people are unfamiliar with the construction and use of keys for purposes of identification, it is the purpose of the following paragraphs briefly to outline the principles upon which they are built and the manner in which they are used. The keys are based on the most striking similarities and differences manifested by the various parts of trees — twigs, buds, leaves, etc. — that is to say, those characters which stand out in bold relief, which catch the eye at first sight. Two alternatives are presented, either a character is or is not presented ; these are the only choices possible. Indeed, further divisions are unnecessary and lead only to confusion and pos- sible oversight. The two diametrically opposed characters are said to be coordinate in rank. In the keys they are preceded by the same letter or letters (a and aa or b and bb, etc.) and are set at the same distance from the left margin of the page. Often a and aa, or b and bb are divisible further into other groups ; in every case the characters are opposed (a positive and a negative) and are given coordinate rank. It is desirable for mechanical reasons to divide the main divisions of the key more or less evenly, but this is not always feasible, nor should it be adhered to strictly. The nature and use of a key may be made the more clear by a homely but concrete example. Let us suppose that it is desired to construct a key in order to distinguish from one another five houses in a city block. Three of these houses are built of wood, two of brick, and of the three wooden houses two are painted white and one brown. We may classify them as follows : a. Houses wood. b. Body paint brown Smith's house bb. Body paint white. c. Trimmings green color Jones' house CO. Trimmings slate color Brown's house aa. Houses brick. b. Roof gray slate Johnson's house bb. Roof red tile Public library 14 Bulletin 194 It is desirable in many instances to add other characters to lessen the likelihood of confusion, in cases where the characters chosen are not distinct, and in order to show the user that he is on the right track. Thus, in the example just given, green color and slate color might be confused owing to certain defects of the eye, to a coating of dust or deficiencies of the light. Hence we would be justified in adding to the above statements additional distinguishing characteristics. Thus : bb. c. Trimmings green color; gable roof Jones' house cc. Trimmings slate color; mansard roof Broivn's house The keys in this bulletin are constructed on these principles. They are not always as simple as the illustration just used, but if the reader has mastered the house illustration he will have little or no trouble with the larger keys. In order that the usage of the keys may be made the more clear, the following example, couched in language using the personal pronoun, is set forth at some length. The reader is advised to trace it from beginning to end as a ready means of familiar- izing himself with the use of and possibilities of the key system. Suppose that during a summer stroll you come across a large tree with rough, flaky bark and thin, lobed leaves which you do not know. Turning to the Summer Key to the Genera on pages 16 to 19, you find first a Leaves simple, and contrasted with this aa Leaves compound. Obviously the leaf is simple and the genus sought lies in that portion of the key preceding aa, i. e., under a. The subdivisions, b, and bb, under a afford you a choice between Leaves needle-shaped, awl-shaped, strap-shaped or scale-like and Leaves broad and flat. The leaf being broad and flat you pass onwards in the key to c and cc under bb. Here you have a choice between Leaves alternate or clustered and Leaves opposite. Inspection shows the arrangement to be alternate, and you know that the genus sought lies in that portion of the key which lies between c and cc. Passing to d and dd under c you are offered the choice between Margin of leaves entire or only slightly undulate and Margin of leaves serrate, toothed or lobed and your observation clearly indicates that the leaf is neither entire nor undulate, hence are in dd class. Under dd you may choose between e. Margin of leaves serrate to toothed and ee. Margin of leaves distinctly lobed. The leaf being deeply lobed, you know that the genus sought is one of five lying between ee and cc, all of which have lobed leaves. To make the de- termination, you must look for the fruit, since / and ff under ee give a The Trees of Vermont 15 choice between Fruit an acorn and Fruit not an acorn. You poke about in the grass beneath the tree with your foot, finding an acorn, water-soaked and worm-eaten, and then another. But these may have been carried hither by an industrious squirrel or washed here by the rain or blown by the wind and deposited for the entrapment of the un- wary. Hence you look up into the tree for affirmation and observing more closely than heretofore you note that the young, green acorns are quite apparent. The genus, then, is Qiicrcns. Before going further in your pursuit it will be well for you to go back over the key to make careful note of the particular characters which were used to separate this genus from the other genera and to try to fix these in mind. This being done, you should turn to the page indicated, where you will find a Summer Key to the Species of Quercus. You may then run through this key in the same manner that you did the genus key. If you have been careful in your search you will stop finally at Quercus alba. At this point you will do well once more to pause and go back over this key and try to fix in mind the characters which were used to separate the various species, especially the differ- ence between your tree and Quercus niacrocarpa, which it resembles so closely. This done, you will turn to the page indicated and compare the characters of your tree with the drawings and descriptions. If you are satisfied with your diagnosis, well and good. If you find that you are wrong, go over the keys again and find wherein you were led astray. Before you leave the tree take a sample of leaf properly labeled which you can press between the pages of an old magazine and save for future reference. Do this with other trees which you may find and when you get home lay them out side by side so that the labels will not show and compare them. A few trials of this kind will serve to form a mental picture of each leaf which you will remember. A very helpful practice for the beginner is that of making keys based upon various characters. Practice keys of this kind will bring out the differences and likenesses of trees as will no other means, and characters which hitherto have escaped the eye will be brought forward prominently. Nor should the student take his characters from books, but rather should go to the woods and get his knowledge at first hand. It is hardly necessary to state that while the key is a valuable crutch while learning to walk, once the leg is strong enough to bear the weight it should be discarded, lest it becomes a burden. A key's main function is the guidance of the student through the preliminary steps leading to a more intimate knowledge of the trees. 16 Bulletin 194 SUMMER KEY TO THE GENERA a. Leaves simple. b. Leaves needle-shaped, awl-shaped, strap-shaped or scale-like. c. Leaves in clusters of 2-many. d. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 sheathed, persistent for several years Pinus, p. 25. dd. Leaves in fascicles of 8-many, on short, lateral branch- lets, deciduous in autumn Larix, p. 35. cc. Leaves solitary, not clustered. d. Leaves opposite. c. Twigs flattened; leaves all of one kind, scale-like, de- current on the stem ; fruit a small, pale brown cone. Thuja, p. 51. ce. Twigs essentially terete ; leaves of two kinds, either scale-like, or else awl-shaped, often both kinds on the same branch, not decurrent on the stem ; fruit berry- like, bluish Junlperus, p. 53. dd. Leaves alternate or spirally-whorled. e. Leaves flattened, soft to the touch. /. Leaves 3^-1^4 inches long, sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long; bark of trunk with raised blisters containing resin Abies, p. 47. //. Leaves seldom over ^ inch long, short-petioled, not aromatic; cones about ^ inch long; bark of trunk without raised blisters Tsuga, p. 49. ce. Leaves 4-sided, harsh to the touch Picea, p. 2)7. bb. Leaves broad and flat. c. Leaves alternate or clustered, never opposite. d. Margin of leaves entire or only slightly undulate. c. Leaves 2-5 inches long ; fruit a drupe or berry, Nyssa, p. 183. cc. Leaves 5-9 inches long; fruit an acorn. . Quercus, p. 112. dd. Margin of leaves serrate, toothed or lobed. c. Margin of leaves serrate to toothed. /. Branches armed with stiff, sharp thorns, Crataegus, p. 147. The Trees of Vermont IT jf. Branches not armed. g. Base of leaves decidedly oblique. h. Leaf-blades about as long as they are broad, heart- shaped ; fruit globose, woody, ripe in autumn, Tilia, p. 181. hh. Leaf-blades l>^-2 times as long as they are broad, oval to ovate ; fruit a membranaceous samara, ripe in spring Ulmus, p. 129. ■ gg. Base of leaves essentially symmetrical. h. Teeth coarse, 2-5 per inch of margin. i. Leaves very glabrous both sides ; fruit a prickly bur. ;. Leaves 3-5 inches long, very lustrous beneath ; bark close, smooth, steel-gray .. Fagus, p. 107. //. Leaves 6-8 inches long, not lustrous beneath ; bark fissured, brownish. . . .Castanea, p. 108. a. Leaves pubescent or white-tomentose, at least beneath ; fruit not a prickly bur. /. Leaves 2-4 inches long, broadly ovate to sub- orbicular ; fruit a very small capsule, falling in spring Populus, p. 60. ij. Leaves 4-7 inches long, oblong-lanceolate to obovate ; fruit an acorn, f alHng in autumn, Quercus, p. 112. hh. Teeth fine, 6-many per inch of margin. i. Leaf-petioles laterally compressed ; leaves tremu- lous Populus, p. 60. a. Leaf-petioles terete ; leaves not tremulous. y. Leaf-blades at least 3 times as long as they arc broad. k. Twigs brittle; fruit a very small capsule, falling in spring Salix, p. 55. kk. Twigs tough ; fruit a fleshy drupe, falling in late summer or autumn. . . .Prunus, p. 149. jj. Leaf-blades not more than twice as long as they are broad. k. Leaf-blades about twice as long as they are broad. /. Margin of leaves singly serrate; fruit fleshy. 18 Bulletin 194 m. Lenticels conspicuous ; pith whitish or brownish ; bark easily peeled off in papery layers; buds ovoid, Prunus, p. 149. iiiiii. Lenticels inconspicuous ; pith greenish : bark not separable into papery layers ; buds narrow-conical, Amelanchier, p. 145. //. Margin of leaves doubly serrate ; fruit not fleshy. m. Trunk fluted ; fruit inclosed within a halberd-shaped involucre, ' Carpinus, p. 95. mm. Trunk not fluted ; fruit not inclosed within a halberd-shaped involucre. n. Bark of trunk gray-brown, broken into narrow, flattish pieces loose at the ends ; fruit in hop-like strobiles, Ostrya, p. 93. nn. Bark of trunk white, yellow or dark brown, platy or cleaving off in papery layers ; fruit not in hop-like strob- iles Betula, p. 97. kk. Leaf-blades almost as broad as they are long. /. Lower side of leaves more or less downy ; sap milky ; leaves not crowded on short, spur-like branchlets ; fruit berry-like, black Moms, p. 137. //. Lower side of leaves glabrous ; sap not milky ; leaves crowded on short, spur-like ■ branchlets ; fruit a large, green pome, Pyrus, p. 143. ec. Margin of leaves distinctly lobed. /. Fruit an acorn Quercus, p. 1 12. ff. Fruit not an acorn. g. Leaf-lobes entire ; leaves lustrous above, their petioles 5-6 inches long Liriodendron, p. 139. The Trees of Vermont 19 gg. Leaf -lobes sinuate-toothed to serrate; leaves not lustrous above, their petioles 1-2 inches long. h. Leaf-lobes coarsely sinuate-toothed ; winter-buds forming in summer within the petiole of the leaf, Platanus, p. 1-11 hh. Leaf-lobes serrate; winter-buds not forming in summer within the petiole of the leaf. i. Branches armed with stiff, sharp thorns ; sap not milky Crataegus, p. 147. ii. Branches unarmed; sap milky,. . .Morus, p. 137. cc. Leaves opposite Acer, p. 162. aa. Leaves compound. /;. Leaves alternate. c. Branchlets armed with short, sharp prickles. , Robinia, p. 159. cc. Branchlets unarmed. d. Upper leaflets less than 1 inch broad ; fruit berry-like, J4 inch in diameter Pyrus, p. 143. dd. Upper leaflets 1-5 inches broad; fruit a nut an inch or more in diameter. e. Leaflets 5-11 ; pith homogeneous Carya, p. 83. ec. Leaflets 11-23 ; pith chambered Juglans, p. 77. hb. Leaves opposite. c. Leaves pinnately compound ; fruit a samara. d. Leaflets 3-5 ; samaras paired Acer, p. 162. dd. Leaflets 7-11, exceptionally 5 ; samaras not paired, Fraxinus, p. 185. c. Leaves digitately comj^ound ; fruit a prickly bur, Aesculus, p. 179. 20 Bulletin 194 WINTER KEY TO THE GENERA a. Leaves persistent and green through the winter, needle-shaped, awl-shaped or scale-like. b. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, sheathed Pinus, p. 25. bb. Leaves solitary, not clustered. c. Leaves opposite. d. Twigs flattened ; leaves all of one kind, scale-like, decurrent on the stem; fruit a small pale brown cone. .Thuja, p. 51. dd. Twigs essentially terete ; leaves of two kinds, either scale- like, or else awl-shaped, often both kinds on the same branch, not decurrent on the stem ; fruit berry-like, bluish, Juniperus, p. 53. cc. Leaves alternate or spirally-whorled. d. Leaves flattened, soft to the touch. e. Leaves ^-1/4 inches long, sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long; bark of trunk with raised blisters containing resin Abies, p. 47. ee. Leaves seldom over ^ inch long, short-petioled, not aro- matic; cones about ^ inch long; bark of trunk without raised blisters Tsuga, p. 49. dd. Leaves 4-sided, harsh to the touch Picea, p. 37. aa. Leaves not persistent and green throughout the winter, but de- ciduous in early autumn. b. Twigs, branches or trunks armed with stiff, sharp spines or thorns. c. Thorns or spines not exceeding y^ inch in length on the branches, in pairs at each node; buds rusty-hairy, 3-4 super- posed ; fruit a flat pod Robinia, p. 159. cc. Thorns or spines much exceeding Yz inch in length on the branches, not in pairs at each node ; buds not rusty-hairy, not superposed ; fruit a pome Crataegus, p. 147. bb. Twigs, branches or trunks unarmed. c. Leaf-scars mainly crowded on short, stout, lateral shoots; bundle-scar 1 ; fruit a cone Larix, p. 35. cc. Leaf-scars distributed along the lateral branches ; bundle-scars 3-many ; fruit not a cone. d. Leaf-scars 2 at a node, i. e., opposite. e. Terminal buds 3^-1^ inches long, resin-coated; twigs very stout Aesculus, p. 179. The Trees of Vermont 21 ec. Terminal buds rarely exceeding >4 inch in length, not resin-coated ; twigs not conspicuously stout. /. Bundle-scars usually 3, distinct, separated .Acer, p. 16.3. ff. Bundle-scars many, minute, more or less confluent in a U-shaped line Fraxinus, p. 185. dd. Leaf-scars 1 at a node, i. e., alternate. e. Bundle-scars 3 or in 3 compound, but distinct groups. /. Terminal bud present. g. Stipule-scars present. h. First scale of lateral bud directly in front, i. e., exactly above the center of the leaf-scar; twigs brittle ; pith somewhat star-shaped in cross-sec- tion Populus, p. 61. hh. First scale of lateral' bud not directly in front, i. e., to one side of the center of the leaf-scar ; twigs not brittle; pith circular in cross-section, Prunus, p. 149. gg. Stipule-scars absent. h. Buds bright to dark red, the terminal }i-}i i"ch long Nyssa, p. 183. hh. Buds brownish to gray, the terminal exceeding j4 inch in length, i. Buds narrow-conical, sharp-pointed ; leaf-scars small, narrowly crescent-shaped; twigs about Yiq inch thick; pith homogeneous; fruit berry-like, not present Amelanchier, p. 145. a. Buds broadly conical to ovoid, blunt-pointed ; leaf-scars conspicuous, broadly heart-shaped ; twigs about % i"ch thick ; pith chambered ; fruit a nut, often present Juglans, p. 77. ff. Terminal bud absent (sometimes present on short shoots of Betula). g. Stipule-scars present. h. Bud-scale only 1 visible; twigs brittle, Salix, p. 55. hh. Bud-scales 2 or more ; twigs not brittle. i. Bark smooth, close, warty or peeling off in papery layers, but not flaky nor rough-ridged. j. Trunk fluted; catkins not present in winter; lenticels not elongated horizontally; low tree or bushy shrub Carpinus, p. 95. 22 Bulletin 194 jj. Trunk not fluted ; catkins usually present in winter ; lenticels elongated horizontally ; large trees Betula, p. 97. a. Bark flaky or rough-ridged, not warty nor peel- ing off in papery layers. y. Bundle-scars depressed, conspicuous ; bark thick, more or less deeply furrowed, Ulmus, p. 129. jj. Bundle-scars not depressed, inconspicuous ; bark thin, broken into narrow, flattish strips, loose at the ends Ostrya, p. 93. gg. Stipule-scars absent Prunus, p. 149. ee. Bundle-scars 4-many. /. Bundle-scars in a single U-shaped line. g. Terminal bud present ; fruit berry-like ; a shrub or small tree Pyrus, p. 143. gg. Terminal bud absent ; fruit not berry-like ; large trees. //. Stipule-scars encircling the twig ; leaf-scars nearly surrounding the bud ; bark peeling oft' in thin plates, exposing the lighter colored inner bark, Platanus, p. 141. Jih. Stipule-scars not encircling the twig; leaf-scars not nearly surrounding the bud ; bark thick, rough- ridged, not exposing the inner bark, Ulmus, p. 129. ff. Bundle-scars variously grouped or scattered, but not in a single line. g. Terminal bud present. h. Stipule-scars present. i. Stipule-scars encircling the twig ; visible bud- scales 2, united Liriodendron, p. 139. ii. Stipule-scars not encircling the twig ; visible bud- scales more than 2, not united. j. Buds 4 times as long as broad, not clustered at the tips of vigorous shoots ; fruit a prickly bur Fagus, p. 107. jj. Buds not 4 times as long as broad, usually clustered at the tips of vigorous shoots; fruit an acorn Quercus, p. 113. Iih. Stipule-scars absent Carya, p. 83. The Trees of Vermont 23 gg. Terminal bud absent (occasionally present in Cas- tanca). h. Bud at end of twig very obliquely unsymmetrical, mucilaginous when chewed Tilia, p. 181. Jih. Bud at end of twig symmetrical, not mucilaginous when chewed. i. Bud-scales 2-3 visible ; pith star-shaped in cross- section ; sap not milky; fruit a prickly bur, present ; large tree Castanea, p. 108. a. Bud-scales 4-8 visible; pith not star-shaped in cross-section; sap milky; fruit berry-Hke, not present ; small tree Morus, p. 137. 24 Bulletin 194 PINACEAE— PINE FAMILY THE PINES The pines are the largest and most useful group of trees included in the great cone-bearing family. There are nine different species in the eastern United States, four of which are found in Vermont. The pines, like the other members of this family, produce their seeds in cones. They are peculiar, however, in that their cones require two years for maturing. The flowers also take the form of cones, the pollen-bearing and the ovule-bearing clusters being separated, though both may be found on the same tree. The yellow pollen matures in May or June, when it is scattered in great abundance, to be borne to its destination by the wind. Most of the seed-bearing cones develop on the upper branches, and the nut-like seeds escape from them during the second autumn. The empty cones with opened scales thereafter may cling to the tree for some time or they may fall soon. The leaves of all the evergreens cling to the branches several years. The leaves of the white pine, for example, drop when they are three or four years old. The arrangement of the leaves, or needles, in clus- ters of from two to five, with the base of each cluster encased in a delicate sheath, offers a simple means of distinguishing the species. Introduced species. — Two European pines, the Austrian and the Scotch, are often planted in Vermont as forest trees as well as for ornamental purposes. The Scotch pine has leaves two in a cluster, 2-4 inches long, flat and of a bluish-white hue. The Austrian pine has dark green, slender, rigid leaves, two in a cluster, 4-6 inches long. The Trees of Vermont 25 SUMMER AND WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PINUS a. Leaves 5 in a cluster; cones 4-10 inches long ... .P. strobus, p. 27. aa. Leaves not 5 in a cluster ; cones less than 4 inches long. b. Leaves 2 in a cluster ; cone-scales unarmed, or at most provided with minute prickles. c. Leaves less than 4 inches long (about 1 inch), strongly diver- gent ; cones pointing forward towards the tip of the branch, persistent 10-15 years, opening very unevenly, P. banksiana, p. 31. cc. Leaves 4-6 inches long, not strongly divergent ; cones not point- ing forward towards the tip of the branch, not persistent 10- 15 years, but opening in the autumn of the second season and falling the next summer P. resinosa, p. 33. hb. Leaves 3 in a cluster ; cone-scales armed with conspicuous prickles P. rigida, p. 29. 26 Bulletin 194 White Pine (Mich. Trees). 1. Cluster of leaves, x 1. 2. Cross-sections of leaves, enlarged. 3. Partly opened cone, x %. 4. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 27 PINACEAE White Pine Pinus strobus L. Habit.- — A large tree 60-80 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; forming a wide, pyramidal crown. Formerly trees 100-150 feet in height and 5-7 feet in trunk diameter were not exceptional. Leaves. — In clusters of five; 3-5 inches long; slender, straight, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate; pale blue-green. Persistent about 2 years. Flowers. — June ; monoecious ; the staminate oval, light brown, about ys inch long, surrounded by 6-8 involucral bracts ; the pistillate cylindrical, about 34 inch long, pinkish purple, long-stalked. Fruit. — Autumn of second season, falling during the winter and succeeding spring; pendent, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical, often curved, greenish cones, 4-10 inches long; scales rather loose, slightly thickened at the apex ; seeds red-brown, 34 i"ch long, with wings 1 inch long. Winter-buds. — Oblong-ovoid, sharp-pointed, yellow-brown, %- Y^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first rusty-tomentose, later smooth and light brown, finally thin, smooth, greenish ; thick, dark gray on the trunk, shallowdy fissured into broad, scaly ridges. Plate I. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, compact, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 215. Distribution. — Common throughout the state up to 1,000 feet altitude, but most abundant in the Champlain and Connecticut valleys. Habitat. — Prefers a light, fertile loam ; sandy soils of granite origin. Notes. — The white pine, growing as it does sometimes to im- mense height, was one of the loftiest trees of the primeval New Eng- land forest. Lumbermen have removed most of the patriarchs and only the younger trees commonly remain. Its slender lustrous leaves are borne in close clusters and give it a beauty and delicacy of foliage possessed by no other pine. It is one of the most valuable and most rapidly growing of Vermont's timber trees and is being planted every year by the thousands in our state forests and by private owners. 28 Bulletin 194 Pitch Piue 1. Cluster of leaves, x 1. 2. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 3. Unopened cone, x 1. 4. Opened cone, x 1. 5. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 29 PINACEAE Pitch Pine Pinus rigida Mill. Habit. — A small tree 40-60 feet high, with a short, crooked trunk 1-2 feet in diameter; coarse, gnarled branches form an irregular, open, pyramidal or rounded crown ; a decidedly scraggly tree. Leaves. — In clusters of three; 2-5 inches long; stout, stiff, taper- ing to a thick tip ; more or less twisted, divergent from a short sheath ; bright yellow-green. Persistent 2-3 years. Flowers. — May-June ; monoecious ; the staminate in short, crowded, cylindrical spikes about % inch long, yellowish ; the pistillate lateral, subglobose, short-stalked, more or less clustered, reddish-green, about ys inch long. Fruit. — Autumn of second season, opening soon after, but per- sistent on the tree for 10-12 years ; lateral, at about a right angle to the branch, either solitary or in whorls of several; ovoid to nearly globOsc, nearly sessile cones 1-3 inches long; scales thickened at the apex and armed with a stiff', recurved prickle; seeds triangular, dark brown, % inch long, with wings about ^ inch long. Winter-buds. — Cylindrical to ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark red- brown, about 3^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs smooth, light green, becoming yellow, finally dark gray-brown and rough with the persistent bases of fallen leaves ; thin, red-brown on the trunk, with broad, flat ridges and deepish furrows. Plate I. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red, with thick, yellowish to whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common in the northern portion of the Cham- plain Valley, especially along the lower courses of the Winooski, La- moille and Missisquoi Rivers ; less common in the Connecticut Valley as far north as Wells River. Habitat. — Barren, sandy soil. Notes. — This tree is a prolific seeder. It is able to sprout from the stump and is fire-resistant. In suitable places it forms dense groves of small trees, forty to sixty feet in height. The individual trees sometimes are picturesque but neither graceful nor very attractive in appearance. The branches even of the smaller trees mature numer- ous cones, which are long persistent. They are about two inches long, and, as has been said, they have scales tipped with sharp recurved prickles, a character which may aid in its recognition. 30 Bulletin 194 (jJraj riue. Jack Tine (Mich. Trees). 1. ' Cluster of leaves, x 1. 2. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 3. Branchlet with unopened cone, x 1. 4. Branchlet with opened cone, x 1. 5. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont * 31 PINACEAE Gray Pine. Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Lamb. [Piniis divaricata (Ait.) DuMont de Cours.] Habit. — Usually a small tree 15-30 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 8-12 inches; forming usually a scrubby, stunted, and vari- ously distorted crown. Leaves. — In clusters of two; about 1 inch long; narrow-linear, wnth sharp-pointed apex; stout, curved or twisted, divergent from a short sheath ; dark gray-green. Persistent 2-3 years. Flowers. — May-June ; monoecious ; the staminate in oblong clus- ters Yz inch long, composed of many sessile, yellow anthers imbricated upon a central axis ; the pistillate in subglobose clusters, composed of many carpel-like, purple scales (subtended by small bracts) spirally arranged upon a central axis. Fruit. — Autumn of second or third season, but remaining closed for several years and persistent on the tree for 10-15 years; erect, usually incurved, oblong-conical, sessile cones, 1^-2 inches long; scales thickened at the apex ; seeds triangular, nearly black, Y^ inch long, with wings Yt, inch long. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud Ya "^^h long, ovoid, rounded, pale brown ; lateral buds smaller. Bark. — Twigs yellow-green, becoming purple, finally dark red- brown and rough with the persistent bases of fallen leaves ; thin, dark red-brown on the trunk, with shallow, rounded ridges, rough-scaly on the surface. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, light brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Reported at Monkton and Starksboro in Addison county and at Fairfax in Franklin county ; but few trees at each station. Habitat. — Sandy, sterile soil ; rocky slopes. Notes. — The gray pine is the smallest of the Vermont pines, with sprawling habit and short stout leaves, giving the tree a bristly, stunted appearance. Its characteristic cones are pointed and curved toward the main axis of the stem, often partially encircling it. The gray pine is a northern species extending to the Arctic region, and the line of its southeastern limit passes through northern Vermont. It is one of the rarest of our trees, and but few specimens are known to occur within our State borders. The remaining trees should be sought out and spared because of their scientific interest. 32 Bulletin 194 Red Piue. IVorway Pine (Mich. Trees). 1. Cluster of leaves, x 1. 2. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 3. Opened cone, x 1. 4. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 33 PINACEAE Eed Pine. Norway Pine Pinus resinosa Ait. Habit. — A large tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet ; stout, horizontal branches form a broad, rounded, rather open crown. Leaves. — In clusters of two; 4-6 inches long; slender, straight, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, flexible, from elongated, persistent sheaths ; lustrous dark green. Persistent 4-5 years. Flowers. — April-May ; monoecious ; the staminate in oblong, dense clusters, Yz-Ya inch long, composed of many sessile, purple anthers imbricated upon a central axis ; the pistillate single or few- clustered at the end of the branchlets, subglobose ; scales ovate, scarlet, borne on stout peduncles covered with pale brown bracts. Fruit. — Autumn of second season, falling the next summer; ovate-conical, nearly sessile cones, about 2 inches long ; scales thickened at the apex ; seeds oval, compressed, light mottled-brown, with wings Y2-Ya i"ch long. Winter-buds. — About ^ inch long, ovoid or conical, acute, red- brown, with rather loose scales. Bark. — Twigs orange-brown, becoming rough with the persistent bases of leaf-buds ; thick and red-brown on the trunk, shallowly fissured into broad, flat ridges. Plate I. Wood. — Light, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with thin, yellow to white sapwood. Page 217. Distribution. — Scattered groups or small groves occur on the dry, rocky headlands of Lake Champlain and it may be found in similar soils in the river valleys throughout Vermont, although it is less fre- quent in the southern counties. Habitat. — Poor soils ; sandy plains and dry woods. Notes. — The red pine makes a rapid growth on our better soils. It is difficult to transplant but should be used extensively. The name "red pine" is appropriate both because of the pale red color of the heart wood and the distinctly reddish cast of the bark. This species does not grow in Norway or elsewhere in Europe, and it is said that it received the name from the town of Norway, Maine. The name "Norway pine" has so little fitness as applied to this tree, and evidently is so misleading that its use is to be discouraged. The picturesqueness and individuality of the red pine commend it for wider use as an ornamental tree. 34 Bulletin 194 Tamarack (Mich. Trees). 1. Autumn branchlet, with leaves and cones, x 1. 2. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 3. Fruiting branchlet in winter, x 1. 4. Cone-scale with seeds, x 2. The Trees of Vermont 35 PINACEAE Tamarack Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch [Larix americaiui IMichx.] Habit.— A tree sometimes 80-100 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet ; forming a broad, open, irregular crown of horizontal branches. Leaves. — Scattered singly along the leading shoots or clustered on the short lateral branchlets ; linear, with blunt apex ; rounded above, keeled beneath ; about 1 inch long ; bright green ; sessile. Deciduous in early autumn. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminatc sessile, subglobose, yellow, composed of many short-stalked anthers spirally arranged about a central axis; the pistillate oblong, short- stalked, composed of orbicular, green scales (subtended by red bracts) spirally arranged about a central axis. Fruit. — Autumn of first season, but persistent on the tree for a year longer; ovoid, obtuse, light brown, short-stalked cones, ^-jK inch long; seeds % inch long, with pale brown wings widest near the middle. Winter-buds. — Small, globose, lustrous, dark red. Bark. — Twigs at first grayish, glaucous, later light orange-brown, and finally dark brown ; red-brown and scaly on the trunk. Plate I. Wood. — Heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown, with thin, nearly white sapwood. Page 219. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont, except in the lower Connecticut valley. Habitat. — Cold, deep swamps. Notes. — The tamarack becomes a picturesque tree in old age. It grows slowly in swamps, but rapidly on well-drained soils. It is our only cone-bearing tree which drops its leaves in the autumn. The tamarack is an attractive, conical tree, its graceful form and full clus- ters of slender, delicate leaves giving it a well-marked individuality. Its deep red, fleshy cones, which open in June, resemble flower clusters. 36 Bulletin 194 THE SPRUCES Every Vermonter should know and appreciate the spruces for the mountain spruce and the sugar maple are our most characteristic trees. The forests of North America contain seven species of spruce, three of which occur in Vermont.^ The spruces are northern trees, and Vermont lies rather south of the belt of their most abundant growth in northeastern America. It is therefore our mountain sides and cool swamps which furnish conditions suitable for their best development. The flowering cones are similar to those of the pine in general characters. The flowers appear in spring and the cones mature the following autumn, the seeds being shed during autumn or early winter. Until recently botanists considered the two species here described as the red spruce and the black spruce to be simply varieties of one species, to which was given the common name of black spruce. In the lumber trade all three kinds are handled, without discrimination, as "spruce." As a matter of fact, the red spruce furnishes nearly all of the spruce lumber cut in Vermont. Spruce gum also comes chiefly from the red spruce, although it is formed by the other species. ^Introduced species. — The Norway spruce (Picea abies) is commonly cultivated in Vermont dooryards, parks and cemeteries, and is superior to our native trees for such purposes. It is recognized easily by its more pendulous branches and very large slender cones, five to seven inches long. The Colorado blue spruce (P. pungens) is occasionally planted. This is char- acterized by its beautiful glaucous-blue foliage. The cones are three to Ave inches long. The Trees of Vermont 37 SUMMER AND WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PICEA a. Leaves y^-H "''di long; twigs conspicuously pubescent. b. Leaves usually /^-^s inch long, typically blunt-pointed, dark blue-green ; cones about 1 inch long, persistent on the branches for many years, their scales ragged-toothed; tree typical of swamps P. mariana, p. 43. bb. Leaves %-^ inch long, typically sharp-pointed, dark yellow- green; cones 1/4-2 inches long, falling mostly during their first winter, their scales not ragged-toothed ; tree typical of well- drained uplands and rocky slopes P. rubra, p. 41. aa. Leaves ^-1 inch long; twigs not conspicuously pubescent, usually glabrous. b. Cones 1-2 inches long, maturing and falling in first season, their scales not toothed ; leaves ill-scented when bruised, P. canadensis, p. 39. bb. Cones 3-6 inches long, maturing and falling in second season, their scales finely toothed ; leaves not ill-scented when bruised, P. abies, p. 45. 38 Bulletin 194 >Yliite Spnioe 'M /Ia II • - . ^'^^. N M\ ^ ^'^ V'W^N^ ■^^ (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter branclilet, x 1. 2. Leaves, x 1. 3. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 4. Unopened cone, x 1. 5. Partly opened cone, x 1. 6. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 80 PINACEAE White Spruce Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. [Picea alba Link] Habit. — A tree 70-100 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet ; forming a rather broad, open, pyramidal crown. Leaves. — Spirally arranged, but crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the under side; awl-shaped, 4- sided, incurved ; dark blue-green ; about }i inch long ; ill-scented when bruised. Persistent for several years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate in oblong-cylindrical, long-stalked clusters, }^-}i inch long, composed of many spirally ar- ranged, red anthers ; the pistillate in oblong-cylindrical clusters, com- posed of broad, reddish scales (subtended by orbicular bracts) spirally arranged upon a central axis. Fruit. — Autumn or early winter of first season, falling soon after discharging the seeds ; pendent, slender, oblong-cylindrical, nearly sessile cones, 1-2 inches long; seeds about j,i inch long, with large wings oblique at the apex. ^ Winter-buds. — Broadly ovoid, obtuse, light brown, }i-}i inch long. Bark. — Twigs smooth, gray-green, becoming orange-brown, finally dark gray-brown ; thin, light gray-brown on the trunk, separating into thin, plate-like scales. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, straight-grained, light yellow, with sapwood of the same color. Distribution.- — Common in the northeastern quarter of Vermont; also on some of the islands of Lake Champlain ; has been reported from other isolated districts. Habitat. — Low, damp woods; banks of streams; borders of lakes ; high, rocky or sandy slopes. Notes. — This is a northern tree which extends from Canada into northern Vermont. It occurs along the Connecticut river to the Fifteen Mile Falls (South Lunenburg), and on the eastern arm of the Y of the Green Mountains to the Montpelier and Wells River railroad, or perhaps a little farther south. It is common on some of the islands of Lake Champlain and is scattered through the forests of Essex county. The strong polecat odor of the young branches is character- istic and will aid in its recognition. Because of this odor it is some- limes called "skunk spruce." Lumbermen do not separate this from the other spruces and the tree is nearly equal in size to the red spruce. 40 Bulletin 194 Red Spruce V 1. Winter branchlet, x 1. 2. Leaves, x 2. 3. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 4. Opened cone, x 1. 5. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 41 PINACEAE Eed Spruce Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. [Picea rubcns Sarg.] Habit. — A tree 50-80 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet ; foniiing a narrow, conical crown of slender, spreading branches reach- ing nearly to the ground ; when crowded, usually lacking branches for much of its length. Leaves. — Spirally arranged, pointing outward in all directions ; awl-shaped, •4-sided, mostly sharp or thickly taper-pointed, more or less incurved; slender; lustrous, dark yellow-green; ^^-^ inch long. Persistent for several years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate in ovoid clusters, about ^ inch long, composed of many spirally arranged, bright red anthers ; the pistillate in oblong-cylindrical clusters, ^ inch long, com- posed of thin, rounded, purple scales (subtended by small, obovate bracts) spirally arranged upon a central axis. Fruit. — Autumn of first season, falling mostly during their first winter; pendent, elongate-ovoid, short-stalked cones, 1^4 "2 inches long; seeds about % inch long, dark brown, with short, broad wings. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, acute, light red-brown, puberulous, about %(5 inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first greenish, with dense, whitish pubescence, becoming light brown and rusty-pubescent ; thin, red-brown on the trunk, flaky with thin scales. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, pale and tinged with red, with thin, paler sapwood. Page 217. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont especially on the mountain slopes. Habitat. — Well-drained uplands ; rocky slopes with thin soil ; sometimes extending down to the borders of swamps. Notes. — This is the common spruce of our mountain forests, the vast green expanse of which suggested the names of both mountain range and State. It is not distinguished commonly from the preceding species and both are known as "black spruce." It attains a height of from seventy to one hundred feet and large logs may be three or more feet in diameter. When growing in open fields it often forms a conical head with the branches, especially of the younger trees, brushing the ground. It frequently is planted as an ornamental tree in Vermont, but its slower growth and less symmetrical form make it less desirable for this purpose than the native white spruce or Norway spruce. 42 Bulletin 194 Swamp Sprnce. Black Spruce m if (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter branchlet, x 1. 2. Leaves, x 2. 3. Cross-sections of leaves, enlarged. 4-5. Opened cones, x 1. 6. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 43 PINACEAE Swamp Spruce. Black Spruce Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. [Picea nigra Link] Habit. — A small tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches; forming a narrow-based, conical, more or less irregular crown of short, slender, horizontal branches ; often small and stunted. Leaves. — Spirally arranged, spreading in all directions ; awl- shaped, 4-sided, blunt at the apex, more or less incurved ; stiff ; dark blue-green and glaucous ; ^i-H "^ch long. Persistent for several years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate in subglobose clus- ters, about ^ inch long, composed of many spirally arranged, dark red anthers; the pistillate in oblong-cylindrical clusters, composed of broad, purple scales (subtended by rounded, toothed, purple bracts) spirally arranged upon a central axis, about ^ inch long. Fruit. — Autumn of first season, but persistent on the branch for many years ; pendent, ovoid, short-stalked cones, about 1 inch long ; seeds about }i inch long, with pale brown wings 3^ inch long. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, acute, light red-brown, puberulous, j/^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first green and rusty-pubescent, becoming dull red-brown and rusty-pubescent ; thin, gray-brown on the trunk, separa- ting into thin, appressed scales. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, pale yellow-white, with thin, pure white sapwood. Distribution. — This is the common spruce of the sphagnum (peat moss) swamps of the Champlain valley. It is also common in Essex and Franklin counties and probably occurs similarly in the other parts of Vermont, especially in peat bogs, but the distribution is not well known because of its confusion until recently with the red spruce. Habitat. — Cold, sphagnous bogs and swamps ; shores of lakes. Notes. — The black spruce is short-lived. It is undesirable for ornamental planting, as the lower branches die early, making an un- attractive evergreen. A small, semi-prostrate, sterile form, Picea mariana, forma semiprostrata^ occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield. 44 Bulletin 194 Norway Spruce (Mich. Trees). 1. Branclilet with partly opened cone, xy,- 2. Leaf, x 3. 3. Cross-sections uf leaves, enlarged. 4. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 45 PINACEAE Norway Spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. [Picea excelsa Link] Habit. — A tree 50-70 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet ; forming a dense, conical, spire-topped crown of numerous, droop- ing branches which persist nearly to the ground. Leaves. — Spirally arranged along the twig ; crowded ; %-l inch long ; rigid, curved, acute ; lustrous, dark green. Persistent 5-7 years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate in ovoid to sub- globose clusters, long-stalked, reddish to yellowish, ^-1 inch long ; the pistillate in cylindrical clusters, sessile, erect, 13^-2 inches long. Fruit. — Autumn of second season ; sessile, cylindrical cones 3-6 inches long, pendent from the tips of the uppermost branches; sterile scales very short, toothed ; seeds red-brown, rough, y^ inch long, with long wings. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, acute, red-brown, not resinous, about ^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs red- or orange-brown, smooth or corrugated ; be- coming thin and gray-brown on old trunks, slightly fissured, scaly. Wood. — Light, strong, tough, elastic, soft, fined-grained, white, with thick, indistinguishable sapwood. Notes. — This tree is native throughout northern Europe and y\sia where it grows to a height of 120 to 150 feet. It is perfectly hardy here and is the common spruce found in dooryards throughout Ver- mont. As it adapts itself to a variety of soils and climates and grows rapidly, it is especially desirable for ornamental planting, hedges and windbreaks. One of the best known i)lantations of this spruce is a small area on the Billings estate at Woodstock, which was planted nearly 40 years ago. 46 Bulletin 194 Balsam Fir ((\ (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter branchlet, x 1. 2-3. Leaves, x 2. 4. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 5. Unopened cone, x 1. 6. Cone-scale with seeds, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 47 PINACEAE Balsam Fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Habit. — A slender tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 12-18 inches; branches in whorls of 4-6, forming a symmetrical, open crown widest at the base and tapering regularly upward. Leaves. — Scattered, spirally arranged in rows, on young trees at right angles to the branch, on old trees covering the upper side of the branch; narrowly linear, with apex acute or rounded; /4-1/4 inches long ; lustrous, dark green above, pale beneath ; sessile ; aromatic. Per- sistent 8-10 years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate oblong-cylindrical, yellow, y^ inch long, composed of yellow anthers (subtended by scales) spirally arranged upon a central axis ; the pistillate oblong-cylindrical, 1 inch long, composed of orbicular, purple scales (subtended by yellow- green bracts) spirally arranged upon a central axis. Fruit. — Autumn of first season ; oblong-cylindrical, erect, puber- ulous, dark purple cones, 2-4 inches long, about 1 inch thick ; seeds 34 inch long, shorter than their light brown wings. Winter-buds. — Globose, orange-green, resinous, Y^-]/^ inch in diameter. Bark. — Twigs at first grayish and pubescent, becoming gray- brown and smooth ; thin and smooth on young trunks, pale gray-brown and marked by swollen resin chambers ; red-brown on old trunks and somewhat roughened by small, scaly plates. Wood. — Very light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, perishable, pale brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Page 221. Distribution. — Common in the mountain forests throughout Ver- mont, ascending to the summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, although there it is reduced to a low, scrubby growth ; not reported in the Connecticut valley south of Hartland. Habitat. — Cold, wet woods and swamps, in the higher altitudes. Notes. — The balsam fir, more familiarly known as the fir tree or balsam, is a slender, graceful tree when growing in open ground. It bears a general resemblance to the spruces, but is distinguished easily from them on close observation. The leaves are flat, gray on the under side, with a conspicuous green midrib. The erect cones, 2 to 4 inches long, stand like Christmas candles on the upper branches. There is a characteristic fragrance from the bruised leaves and they are much prized for making pillows. 48 Bulletin 194 '4'A'/ .- (Mich. Trees). 1. Fruiting branch viewed from beneatli, x H 2. Leaf, x 3. 3. Cross-section of leaf, enlarged. 4. Branchlet with partly opened cone, x 1. 5. Cone-scale with seeds, x 3. TiiK Tkees of Vermont 49 PINACEAE Hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Habit. — A large tree 60-80 feet high, with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter ; forming a rather broad, open, somewhat irregular-pyramidal crown of slender, horizontal branches. Leaves. — Spirally arranged around the branch, but appearing 2- ranked by the twisting of their petioles ; linear, flat, rounded at the apex; about 3^ inch long; dark yellow-green and shining above, hoary beneath ; short-petioled. Persistent about 3 years. Flowers. — May ; monoecious ; the staminate axillary, short- stalked, light yellow, about ^ inch long, composed of subglobose clus- ters of stamens ; the pistillate terminal, oblong, pale green, ^ inch long, the scales short, pinkish. Fruit. — Autumn of first season, gradually losing their seeds dur- ing the winter and falling the next spring; oblong-ovoid, acute, short- stalked, red-brown cones, about }i inch long; seeds yi inch long, with wings about twice as long. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, obtuse, red-brown, slightly puberulous, YiQ inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first pale brown and pubescent, becoming gla- brous, gray-brown ; thick, red-brown or gray on the trunk, deeply divided into narrow, rounded, scaly ridges. Plate II. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, brittle, coarse, and crooked-grained, not durable, ill-smelling, light red-brown, with thin, darker colored sapwood. Page 219. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont, especially in the mountain forests. Habitat. — Rocky woods and hillsides ; borders of swamps ; moun- tain forests ; low river-banks. Notes. — The hemlock is one of the most graceful of our ever- green trees. It may be met with almost everywhere from the low river-banks and swamps to the rocky hillsides and mountain forests. In distinguishing the hemlock from the spruce and balsam fir, one should notice the flat, petioled leaves arranged in a flattened spray with a row on the upper side lying close to the stem. The small ellip- soidal cones, scarcely more than three- fourths of an inch long, mature in the autumn and shed their seeds during the winter. 50 Bulletin 194 Arbor Vitae. White Cedar (Mich. Trees). 1. Fruiting branchlet, x 1. 2. Tip of branchlet, enlarged. 3. Cone-scale with seeds, x 3. The Trees of Vermont 51 PINACEAE Arbor Vitae. Wliite Cedar Thuja occldentalls L. Habit. — A tree 40-50 feet high, with a short, often buttressed trunk 1-2 feet in diameter, often divided into 2-3 secondary stems ; forming a rather dense, wide-based, pyramidal crown. Leaves. — Opposite, 4-ranked, scale-Hke, appressed ; ovate, obtuse or pointed, keeled in the side pairs, flat in the others; ys-}i inch long; yellow-green, often becoming brown in winter ; strongly aromatic when crushed. Persistent 1-2 years. Flowers. — April-May ; usually monoecious ; the staminate minute, globose, yellow, composed of 4-6 stamens arranged oppositely on a short axis ; the pistillate small, oblong, reddish, composed of 8-12 scales arranged oppositely on a short axis. Fruit.— Early autumn of first season, but persistent on the branch through the winter ; erect, short-stalked, oblong-ovoid, pale brown cones, about 3^ inch long, composed of 8-12 loose scales ; seeds j4 inch long, ovate, acute, winged. Winter-buds. — Naked, minute. Bark. — Twigs, yellow-green, becoming light red, finally smooth, lustrous, dark orange-brown ; thin, light red-brown on the trunk, slightly furrowed or deciduous in ragged strips. Wood. — Light, soft, brittle, rather coarse-grained, durable, fra- grant, pale yellow-brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 221. Distribution. — Common in northern and central Vermont, and as far south as Woodstock and Hartland in eastern Vermont, up to 1,000 feet altitude. Habitat. — Swamps and along river-banks ; rocky slopes ; cool, moist hillsides. Notes. — This tree is known popularly in Vermont as the white cedar and is recognized easily by its striking pyramidal habit of growth and, upon closer examination, by its small scale-like leaves, in four rows but so flattened on the branchlets as to form fan-like sprays. The straight slender trunks of this species are of especial value for posts and telegraph poles. Few timbers better withstand decay in the soil, fence posts sometimes lasting thirty or forty years. It is planted commonly for hedges and other ornamental purposes. 52 BXTLLETIN 194 Bed Cedar (Mich. Trees). 1. Branchlet with awl-shaped leaves, x 1. 2. Tip of branchlet, showing awl-shaped leaves, enlarged. .3. Fruiting branchlet with scale-like leaves, x 1. 4. Tip of branchlet, showing scale-like leaves, enlarged. Ttie Trees of Vermont 53 PINACEAE Ked Cedar Juniperus virginiana L. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 30-40 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of a foot ; forming an irregular, pyramidal or rounded crown. Leaves. — Opposite, of two kinds: (1) sessile, scale-like, closely appressed, overlapping, 4-ranked, ovate, acute, %g inch long, (2) sessile, awl-shaped, loosely-arranged, Ya-Yz inch long. Persistent 5-6 years. Flowers. — May ; usually dioecious ; minute ; the staminate oblong- ovoid, composed of 4-6 shield-like scales, each bearing 4-5 yellow, globose pollen sacs ; the pistillate ovoid, composed of about 3 pairs of fleshy, bluish scales, united at the base and bearing 2 ovules. Fruit. — Autumn of first or second season ; subglobose, berry-like strobile, about % inch in diameter, dark blue and glaucous ; flesh sweet and resinous ; seeds 2-3. Winter-buds. — Naked, minute. Bark. — Twigs greenish to red-brown and smooth; thin, light red- brown on the trunk, exfoliating lengthwise into long, narrow, per- sistent strips, exposing the smooth, brown inner bark. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, brittle, weak, durable, very fragrant, dull red, with thin, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common in lower altitudes of western Vermont, less so in the mountain range of southwestern Vermont ; more or less common in the Connecticut valley as far north as Fairlee. Habitat. — Dry, rocky hills ; also borders of lakes and streams, peaty swamps. Notes. — Three kinds of juniper are found in Vermont, but this one, commonly known as "red cedar," is the only one which has the size and habit of a tree. It somewhat resembles the arbor vitae, from which it may be distinguished at a distance by its less symmetrical form and darker foliage. Closer inspection shows that its scale-like leaves have little tendency to the arrangement in a plane which is char- acteristic of the arbor vitje. The fruit also is distinguishable readily from that of the other cone-bearing trees. It consists of thick, fleshy scales which coalesce to form a structure looking more like a small berry than a cone, green in midsummer, becoming bluish at maturity in the autumn. The leaves of young shoots are longer than those on the older branches, with needle-like points. The heart wood of this tree is soft, red and fragrant, and that obtained from the soulhern states is largely used in the manufactiu-e of pencils. 54 Bulletin 194 SALICACEAE— WILLOWS The classification of the willows is a task for the specialist, even when leaves and both staminate and pistillate flowers are obtainable. For this reason the nsnal summer and winter keys have been omitted. TfiE Trees of Vermont 55 SALICACEAE THE WILLOWS The gentis Sali.v is represented in Vermont by 25 distinct species or varieties and by a number of hybrids. The majority of these are shrubs, only a few becoming truly arborescent. Because of the similarity of their botanical characters, the frequency with which they hybridize, and the facility with which they respond to their environ- ment, only an expert is competent to identify the species so abundant along our water courses and on the banks of our lakes and swamps. The scope of this work necessarily being limited, it has been deemed best to describe but one of our native willows and one of our foreign neighbors which is planted frequently. Willows are introduced commonly as shade trees because they are propagated so easily by cuttings. Care should be taken, however, to select the stamen-bearing trees, both because these are more ornamental when in flower and because they do not produce the downy fruit which often is disagreeable when willows are growing near houses. 56 Bulletin 194 Black Willow (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x 1. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowering branclilets, x 1. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruiting branchlet, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 57 SALICACEAE Black Willow Salix nigra Marsh. TTabtt. — A tree 30-50 feet high, with a short trunk, 1-2 feet in diameter; stout, spreading branches form a broad, rather irregular, open crown. Often a shrub. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, ^-^ inch broad ; lanceolate, very long-pointed, often curved at the tip; finely serrate; thin ; bright green and rather lustrous above, paler and often hairy beneath ; petioles very short, more or less pubescent. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; dioecious ; borne in crowded, slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx 0; corolla 0; scales yellow, villous, with 3-6 stamens ; ovary ovoid-conical, short-stalked, with stig- mas nearly sessile. Fruit. — June ; ovoid-conical capsule, ^^ inch long, containing many minute seeds which are furnished with long, silky, white hairs. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds narrow-conical, acute, lustrous, red-brown, ji inch long. Bark. — Twigs glabrous or pubescent, bright red-brown, becoming darker with age ; thick, dark brown or nearly black on old trunks, deeply divided into broad, flat ridges, often becoming shaggy. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, light red-brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Banks of streams and ponds ; lake-shores. Notes. — The black willow is a slender, rather graceful tree, com- mon everywhere along the banks of lakes and streams. It may be recognized usually by its stouter dark brown or black twigs in contrast with the more slender, yellowish or bluish-green twigs of the European species. When the pendulous catkins open, three to five or more stamens may be found in each tiny flower. The leaves are green when mature and smooth except on the mid veins and petioles. The branchlets are very brittle at the base, and these, broken oiT by the wind, are carried down stream, often catching in the muddy banks and there taking root. 58 Bulletin 194 Crack Willow (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i{. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x 1/l>- 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruiting branchlet, x 14. The Trees of Vermont 59 SALICACEAE €rack Willow Salix fragilis L. Habit. — A tree 50-60 feet high, with a short, stout trunk 3-4 feet in diameter ; stout, spreading branches form a broad, open crown. Leaves. — Ahernate, simple, 3-6 inches long, ^-1^'2 inches broad; lanceolate, long-pointed ; finely glandular-serrate ; thin and firm ; lustrous, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides ; petioles short, stout, with 2 glands at the junction of blade and petiole. Flowers. — May, with the leaves; dioecious; borne in slender, pubescent catkins 1-3 inches long; calyx 0; corolla 0; scales blunt, somewhat pubescent; stamens usually 2; ovary abortive, with stigmas nearly sessile. Staminate trees rare. Fruit. — May-June ; 1-celled, long-conical, short-stalked capsule, about % inch long, containing many minute seeds which are furnished with long, silky, white hairs. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds long-conical, pointed, glabrous, bright red-brown, about ^4 "ich long. Bark. — Twigs pubescent, yellow-green, often reddish, becoming glabrous, lustrous, brown ; thick, gray on the trunk, smooth in young trees, very rough, irregularly scaly-ridged in old trees. Wood. — Light, soft, tough^ close-grained, red-brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Notes. — This willow is a native of Europe and Asia, where it is a valuable timber tree. It is commonly cultivated and frequently escapes. The crack willow is hardy throughout Vermont, of very rapid growth, and thrives in rich, damp soil. The twigs are very brittle at the base and are broken easily by the wind, hence the name "crack willow." 60 Bulletin 194 THE POPLARS The genus Populus belongs to the willow family and resemble the willows, especially in flower and fruit characters. The nodding, worm- like, staminate and pistillate catkins are borne upon different trees, and opening before the leaves, are conspicuous in early spring. The poplars are distributed quite widely, extending from the Arctic Circle to Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The wood of poplars is very soft and light and especially liable to warp, but is cheap and useful for making toys, boxes and smaller fur- niture. Much of it now goes to the pulp mills. SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POPULUS a. Leaf-petioles essentially terete. b. Petioles and lower sides of leaves pubescent ; leaves heart- shaped P. candicans, p. 71 . bb. Petioles and lower sides of leaves glabrous ; leaves ovate- lanceolate P. balsamifera, p. 69. aa. Leaf-petioles strongly flattened. b. Petioles and lower sides of leaves tomentose; twigs pubescent, P. alba, p. 63. bb. Petioles and lower sides of leaves glabrous ; twigs glabrous. c. Leaves distinctly deltoid in shape. d. Leaves broader than they are long, abruptly acuminate at the apex ; marginal teeth not conspicuously incurved ; branches erect and more or less appressed to the main stem, forming a narrow, spire-like crown.P. nigra italica, p. 75. dd. Leaves longer than they are broad, more or less taper- pointed at the apex; marginal teeth rather conspicuously incurved ; branches spreading, forming a broad crown. P. deltoides, p. 7Z. cc. Leaves ovate to nearly orbicular in shape. d. Margin of leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed ; leaves 3-5 inches long P. grandidentata, p. 67. dd. Margin of leaves finely serrate ; leaves less than 3 inches long P. tremuloides, p. 65. The Trees of Vermont 61 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POPULUS a. Branches erect, more or less apprcssed to the main stem, forming a narrow, spire-Hke crown P. nigra italica, p. 75. aa. Branches spreading, forming a broad crown. b. Terminal buds ys-yi inch long, not resinous. c. Buds and twigs more or less conspicuously white-downy ; twigs green P. alba, p. 63. cc. Buds and twigs not conspicuously white-downy ; twigs usually red-brown. d. Terminal buds about Ys. inch * long, puberulous, dusty- looking ; lateral buds widely divergent ; twigs rather coarse P. grandidentata, p. 67. dd. Terminal buds about J4 i^^^'l^ lo"g» glabrous, lustrous ; lateral buds more or less appressed ; twigs rather slender, P. tremuloides, p. 65. bb. Terminal buds y^-l inch long, sticky-resinous. c. Terminal buds about ^ inch long ; buds not fragrant ; twigs usually yellow, more or less strongly angled, P. deltoides, p. 73. cc. Terminal buds nearly 1 inch long ; buds fragrant ; twigs usually red-brown and seldom strongly angled, P. balsamifera,^ p. 69. P. candicans/ p. 71. 1 It is difficult to distinguish between tfiese species in tlie absence of summer cliaracters. If leaves can be found on or beneath a tree which is sufficiently segre- gated from similar trees as to avoid any chance for error, the summer key on the opposite page may be used. 62 Bulletin 194 White Poplar. Silrer-leayed Poplar (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 2. 4. Staminate flowering branclilut, x '/l-, 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. G. Pistillate flowering branchlct, x !,{.. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X i/l.. TfiE Trees of Vermont SALICACEAE White Poplar. Silver-leaved Poplar Populus alba L. Habit. — A large tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet, forming a large, spreading, rounded or irregular crown of large, crooked branches and sparse, stout branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long and almost as broad ; broadly ovate to suborbicular ; irregularly toothed, sinuate, or some- times 3-5-lobed ; glabrous, dark green above, white-tomentose to gla- brous beneath ; petioles long, slender, flattened, tomentose. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; the staminate catkins thick, cylindrical, 2-4 inches long; the pistillate catkins slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens 6-16, with purple anthers: stigmas 2, yellow. Fruit. — May-June ; ovoid, 2-valved capsules, ys-yi inch long, borne in drooping catkins 2-4 inches long ; seeds light brown, sur- rounded by long, white hairs. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, pointed, not viscid, downy, about ^ inch long. Bark.— Twigs greenish, covered with a white down, becoming greenish gray and marked with darker blotches ; dark gray and fissured at the base of old trunks. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, difficult to split, reddish yellow, with thick, whitish sapwood. Notes. — The white poplar is a native of Europe and Asia. It is hardy in Vermont, and is cultivated frequently, occasionally becoming an escape. It grows rapidly in good soils but thrives also in poor soils and in exposed situations. The deep roots produce numerous suckers for a considerable distance from the tree. 04 Bulletin 194 American Aspen. Trembling Poplar. Popple (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 2. Leaf, X 1. Staminate flowering branclilet, x V.. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flowering branchlot, x Vj- Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X I/.. The Trees of Vermont 65 SALICACEAE Anierioan Aspen. Trembling' Poplar. Popple Populus tremuloides Miclix. Habit. — A small, slender tree generally 35-45 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 8-15 inches; forming a loose, rounded crown of slender branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 1^-2^^ inches long and broad; broadly ovate to suborbicular ; finely serrate ; thin and firm ; lustrous, dark green above, dull and pale beneath ; petioles slender, laterally compressed. Tremulous with the slightest breeze. Flowers. — April, before the leaves; dioecious; the staminate cat- kins 1^-3 inches long, the pistillate at first about the same length, gradually elongating; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens 6-12; stigmas 2, 2-lobed, red. Fruit. — May-June ; 2-valved, oblong-cylindrical, short-pedicelled capsules ^4 hich long; seeds light brown, white-hairy. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about 54 i^ch long, narrow-conical, acute, red-brown, lustrous ; lateral buds often appressed. Bark. — Twigs very lustrous, red-brown, becoming grayish and roughened by the elevated leaf-scars ; thin, yellowish or greenish and smooth on the trunk, often roughened with darker, horizontal bands or wart-like excrescences, becoming thick and fissured, almost black at the base of old trunks. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, not durable, light brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 229. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers moist, sandy soil and gravelly hillsides. Notes. — The most careless observer cannot have failed to notice the leaves of the aspen continually trembling on the quietest summer day. This tremulousness, indeed, has given name to the species. The reason for it, as may be seen readily by examination of any leaf, lies in the decidedly flattened structure of the leaf-stem or petiole. The slender drooping catkins appear in early spring and the downy fruits ripen in the latter part of May. The American aspen grows to a medium size, and is the most widely distributed tree in North America, extending from Labrador to Alaska, from Lower California to the Atlantic coast '' 66 BULI-ETIN 194 Large-toothed Aspen (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x 1. 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x Vo. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x V^. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X ij. The Trees of Vermont f)7 SALICACEAE Large-toothed Aspen Populus grandidentata Michx. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 30-50 feet high, with a slender trunk 12-20 inches in diameter ; forming a loose, oval or rounded crown of slender, spreading branches and coarse spray. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as broad : orbicular-ovate ; coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed ; thin and firm ; dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides ; petioles long, slender, laterally compressed. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; the stam- inatc in short-stalked catkins 1-3 inches long; the pistillate in loose- tlowered, long-stalked catkins at first about the same length, but grad- ually elongating; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens 6-12, with red anthers; stigmas 2, 2-lobed, red. Fruit.— May-June ; 2-valved, conical, acute, hairy capsules % inch long, borne in drooping catkins 4-6 inches long; seeds minute, dark brown, hairy. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud y^ inch long, ovoid to conical, acute, light chestnut, puberulous, dusty-looking. Bark. — Twdgs greenish gray and at first hoary-tomentose, be- coming lustrous, orange or red-brown and finally greenish gray ; thick, dark red-brown or blackish at the base of old trunks, irregularly fissured, with broad, flat ridges. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, light brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers rich, moist, sandy soil ; rich woods. Notes. — -The name of this tree suggests an easy way of identify- ing it. The coarse-toothed margin of the leaf is a constant charac- teristic and may be relied upon. The pollen-bearing catkins are seen first, the ovule-bearing catkins appearing a little later on other trees. The fruits ripen when the leaves are unfolding. Tlie young leaves are downy-wdiite on both sides, but later become green and smooth. 68 Bulletin 194 Balsam Poplar. Tacamaliac (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x %. 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x 1/2 . 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Catkin of pistillate flower, x 1/2- 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, x Vo. The Trees of Vermont 69 SALICACEAE Balsam Poplar. Tacainaliac Populus balsamifera L. Habit. — A tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feel ; forming a rather narrow, open, pyramidal crown of few, slender, horizontal branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, about one-half as broad ; ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; tinely crenate-serrate ; thin and firm ; lustrous, dark green above, paler beneath; petioles XlA inches long, slender, terete, smooth. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; the stam- inate in long-stalked catkins 3-4 inches long; the pistilhite in loose- fiowered, long-stalked catkins 4-5 inches long; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens 20-30, with bright red anthers ; ovary short-stalked ; stigmas 2, wavy-margined. Fruit. — May-June ; 2-valved, ovoid, short-pedicelled capsules 34 inch long, borne in drooping catkins 4-6 inches long ; seeds light brown, hairy. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about 1 inch long, ovoid, long- pointed, brownish, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant. Bark. — Twigs red-brown, becoming dark orange, finally green- gray; thick, grayish on old trunks, and shallowly fissured into broad, rounded ridges, often roughened by dark excrescences. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, light red-brown, with thick, nearly white sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont ; often planted as a shade tree. Habitat. — Borders of streams and swamps ; wet ravines. Notes. — This tree is a northern species ranging from northern New England to the Alaskan coast. It is subject to great variation in the form of the leaves. Some are almost triangular with a deeply heart-shape base, while others are very slender with a wedge-shape base. The buds and young leaves are covered with a gummy excretion which sometimes is soaked out and used in preparing ointments. It is often confused with P. candicans, p. 71. 70 Bulletin 194 Balm of Gilead (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x V^- 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i/o. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x 14. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X i/j. TfiE Trees of Vermont 71 SALICACEAE Balm of Gilead Populus candicans Ait. [Populus balsamifera candicans (Ait.) Gray] Habit. — A tree 50-70 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; more spreading branches than in P. balsamifera, forming a broader and more open crown. Leaves. — Resemble those of P. balsamifera, but more broadly heart-shaped and more coarsely serrate ; more or less pubescent when young; petioles pubescent. Flowers. — Similar to those of P. balsamifera. Fruit. — Similar to that of P. balsamifera. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about 1 inch long, ovoid, long- pointed, dark red-brown, resinous throughout, viscid, very aromatic. Bark. — Twigs reddish or olive-green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, covered with a fragrant, gummy secretion, becoming gray- green ; dark gray, rough, irregularly striate and firm on old trunks. Wood. — Resembles that of P. balsamifera, but is somewhat heavier. Notes. — -The Balm of Gilcad occasionally is cultivated and some- times escapes to the roadsides. It was long confused with P. bal- samifera. Further investigation may show it to be a native along our northern border. It grows rapidly in all soils and situations and spreads rapidly by suckers from the roots. 7-2 Bulletin 194 Cottonwood. >ecklaoe Poplar (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x i/j. 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i/i> 4. Staminate fiower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate catkin, x VL". 6. Pistillate flov\'er, pnlarged. 7. Fruit, X i.j. The Trees of Vermont 73 SALICACEAE Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar Populus deltoides Marsh. [Populus monilifera Ait.] Habit. — A stately tree attaining a height of 70-90 feet and a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet; forming a spreading, open, symmetrical crown of massive, horizontal branches and stout, more or less angled branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, nearly as broad ; broadly deltoid-ovate ; coarsely crenate-serrate above the entire base ; thick and firm ; lustrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles 2-3 inches long, slender, compressed laterally. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; the staminate in short-stalked, densely-flowered catkins 3-4 inches long ; the pistillate in short-stalked, few-flowered catkins elongating to 6-8 inches ; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens very numerous, with red anthers; stigmas 3-4, spreading. Fruit. — May ; 2-4-valved, short-stalked capsules, borne in droop- ing catkins 5-10 inches long; seeds light brown, densely cottony. Winter-buds.— Terminal bud y2 inch long, conical, acute, very resinous, shining, brownish. Bark. — Twigs and young stems smooth, yellow-green ; old trunks ashy gray, deeply divided into straight furrows with broad, rounded ridges. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, dark brown, with thick, whitish sapwood ; warps badly and is difficult to season. Distribution. — Frequent in western Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers rich, moist soil, such as river-banks, river- bottoms or lake-shores ; grows well in drier situations. Notes. — The cottonwood occurs native in the Champlain valley and along its tributary streams, and south in western Vermont to the Hoosic valley in Pownal, where it is particularly abundant. It occurs along the Connecticut river in southeastern Vermont at least as far north as Brattleboro. It has been planted as a shade tree in other localities usually under the name of "Carolina poplar." The stamen- bearing trees always should be chosen for this purpose since the abun- dant, cottony seed is a nuisance near dwellings. The cottonwood is the most massive of our deciduous trees, some- times reaching 100 feet in height and five to seven feet in diameter. Such isolated giants have become the familiar landmarks of many roadsides near Lake Champlain. It is a rapid-growing tree but short- lived and poorly adapted to street planting. Bulletin 194 Lombard} Toplar (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x Vi:- 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. The Trees of Vermont SALICACEAE Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra itallca DuRoi [Populus fastigiata Desf.] [Populus dilatata Ait.] Habit. — A tree 75-100 feet high, with a short, ridged and but- tressed trunk 4-6 feet in diameter and a narrow, spire-Hke crown of erect branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, and usually somewhat broader than long ; broad-deltoid, abruptly acuminate at the apex ; finely but bluntly crenate-serrate ; thick and firm ; dark green and shin- ing above, lighter and more or less lustrous beneath ; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 1-2 inches long. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; the staminate in sessile, dark red, cylindrical catkins about 3 inches long; the pistillate not present in the United States ; calyx 0 ; corolla 0 ; stamens about 8, with white filaments and purple anthers. Fruit. — Not formed in the United States in the absence of pistil- late flowers. Winter-buds. — -Terminal bud conical, slightly angled, taper- pointed, glutinous, about ^ inch long; lateral buds smaller, appressed. Bark. — Twigs glabrous, shining yellow, becoming gray ; thick and gray-brown on old trunks, deeply and irregularly furrowed. Wood.— Light, soft, easily worked, not liable to splinter, weak, not durable, light red-brown, with thick, nearly white sapwood. Notes. — This tree is thought to be a native of Afghanistan. It is frequently cultivated in Vermont and tends to spread by sprouting from the roots. It is used for ornamental purposes on account of its very rapid growth ; but it is short-lived, its limbs die early, and these remain, causing the tree to become unsightly in a very few years. 76 Bulletin 194 THE WALNUTS Every school boy in Vermont has some acquaintance at least with the butternut and its sweet, tender nuts. It occurs along the hill- sides and river-valleys throughout the State. The staminate flowers appear in May and hang in graceful, slender catkins five or six inches long. These are generally found on the second-year shoots, while the pistillate flowers are borne on the terminal shoots. Butternut trees show some irregularities, however, in reference to the time and order of the appearance of the two kinds of flowers so that the pollen-bearing clusters may mature either some ten days earlier or later than the ovule- bearing ones on the same tree. This may be the cause of the variability often noticed in the crop of butternuts. The peculiarity offers an in- teresting subject for further observation. The 'meat of the butternut needs no recommendation, but the ex- cellencies of pickles made from the young mucilaginous nuts are not so well known. For this purpose they should be gathered early in June and the clammy pubescence removed by plunging them into boil- ing water and rubbing with a coarse cloth. The other member of this family, the black walnut, is not known so well in Vermont. It is not a native tree in Vermont, although it occurs occasionally in Southern New England, becoming more abun- dant southward and westward. It is planted often for ornamental uses and is a much better tree for this purpose than our native walnut. The Trees of Vermont 77 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JUGLANS a. Leaflets 11-17, the terminal usually present ; pith of twigs chocolate- brown ; bark of trunk rather smooth, or fissured, with broad, flat, whitish ridges; fruit elongated, sticky-downy. .J. cinerea, p. 79. aa. Leaflets 13-23, the terminal often lacking; pith of twigs cream colored ; bark of trunk rough, brownish or blackish, deeply fur- rowed by broad, rounded ridges ; fruit globose, not sticky-downy, J. nigra, p. 81. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JUGLANS a. Pith chocolate-brown ; leaf-scar with downy pad above ; fruit elon- gated, sticky-downy ; terminal bud 3^--)4 "ich long ; bark rather smooth, or fissured, with broad, flat, whitish ridges, J. cinerea, p. 79 aa. Pith cream colored ; leaf-scar without downy pad above ; fruit globose, not sticky-downy; terminal bud V? inch long; bark rough, brownish or blackish, deeply furrowed by broad, rounded ridges, J. nigra, p. 81. 78 Bulletin 194 Butternut (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x Vc,. 3. Leaflet, x i/o. 4. Flowering branclilet, x l<2- 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X v.. The Trees of Vermont 79 JUGLANDACEAE Butternut Juglans cinerea L. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 30-50 feet high, with a short trunk 2-3 feet in diameter; forming a wide-spreading crown of large, hori- zontal branches and stout, stiff branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long. Leaflets 11- 17. 2-4 inches long and one-half as broad; sessile, except the terminal; oblong-lanceolate ; finely serrate ; thin ; yellow-green and rugose above, pale and soft-pubescent beneath. Petioles stout, hairy. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in cylindrical, greenish, drooping catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx 6-lobed, borne on a hairy bract; corolla 0; stamens 8-12, with brown anthers; the pistillate solitary or several on a common peduncle, about y^ inch long, their bracts and bractlets sticky-hairy ; calyx 4-lobed, hairy ; corolla 0; styles 2; stigmas 2, fringed, spreading, bright red. Fruit. — October ; about 2^ inches long, cylindrical, pointed, greenish, sticky-downy, solitary or borne in drooping clusters of 3-5 ; nuts with rough shells, inclosing a sweet, but oily kernel ; edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud I^-Ya. inch long, oblong-conical, obliquely blunt, somewhat flattened, brownish, pubescent. Bark. — Twigs orange-brown or bright green, rusty-pubescent, be- coming smooth and light gray ; gray and smoothish on young trunks, becoming brown on old trunks, narrow-ridged, with wide furrows. Plate IL Wood. — Light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, light brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Of frequent occurrence throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers low, rich woods ; river-banks ; low hillsides ; rocky hillsides. Notes. — The leaves of the butternut appear late and fall early. The young trees are very attractive but the larger trees usually are scraggy and unsound. Some preliminary work done in Dorset, Ben- nington County, seems to indicate that perhaps through some peculiar root antagonism the butternut will kill the shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fructicosa), a shrub which is destroying some of the best pastures in Northwestern Connecticut, Berkshire County, Massachusetts and Ben- nington and Rutland Counties, Vermont. so Bulletin 194 Black Walnut (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x i/e. 3. Leaflet, x V.. 4. Floweriug branclilet, x '^A. 5. Staminate flower, back view, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X %. The Trees of Vermont 81 JUGLANDACEAE Black Waluut Juglans nigra L. Habit. — A large tree 50-75 feet high, with a massive trunk 2-5 feet in diameter; forming an open, capacious crown of heavy branches and coarse branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, compound. 1-2 feet long. Leaflets 13-23, the terminal often lacking, 2-4 inches long and one-half as broad; sessile; ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; sharp-serrate ; thin ; yellow-green and glabrous above, lighter and soft-pubescent beneath. Petioles stout, pubescent. Foliage aromatic when bruised. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in cylindrical, greenish, drooping catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx 6-lobed, borne on a hairy bract ; corolla 0 ; stamens numerous, with purple an- thers ; the pistillate solitary or several on a common peduncle, about y^ inch long, their bracts and bractlets hairy ; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent ; corolla 0 ; styles and stigmas 2. Fruit. — October; globose, l^^-2 inches in diameter,, smooth, not viscid; solitary or borne in clusters of 2-3; nuts with irregularly fur- rowed shell, inclosing a sweet, edible kernel; aromatic. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud 3/3 inch long, ovoid, obliquely blunt, slightly flattened, silky-tomentose. Bark. — Twigs brownish and hairy, becoming darker and smooth ; thick, brownish or blackish on the trunk and deeply furrow^ed by broad, rounded ridges. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, very durable in con- tact with the soil, rich dark brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Notes. — The black walnut was once very abundant, especially in the Mississippi basin, where it grew to a height of 150 feet. It is valued for its nuts and beautiful wood. It prefers rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides. The leaves appear late and fall early. One great drawback to its use in ornamental planting is the fact tiiat it is so often infested with caterpillars. 82 Bulletin 194 THE HICKORIES The hickories are stately trees, quite generally distributed through- out the United States. There are eight species, all peculiar to America, several of which produce edible nuts. Among the latter are the shell- bark hickory in the north and the pecan in the south. The flowers, arranged in catkins of the two kinds, appear in late spring after the unfolding of the leaves. The wood of all these trees is heavy, tough and durable. It is used for axe handles, agricultural implements, and in places where strength and elasticity are required it is almost unrivaled. The hickories frequently but erroneously are termed "walnuts" in the popular language of New England. The true walnuts, of which the butternut and black walnut are the American representatives, dififer from the hickories, although they are closely related. The Trees of Vermont 83 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYA a. Bark of trunk essentially smooth, not deeply furrowed nor shaggy; husk of fruit less than y^ inch thick. /'. Leaflets usually 5-7, glabrous beneath, the upper 2-2^ inches broad; buds dome-shaped, greenish; kernel of nut sweet, C. glabra, p. 89. hb. Leaflets usually 7-11, more or less downy beneath, the upper 1- I3/2 inches broad; buds long-pointed, flattish, bright yellow; ker- nel of nut bitter C. cordiformis, p. 91. aa. Bark of trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy ; husk of fruit more than y^ inch thick. b. Twigs more or less pubescent ; bark not shaggy ; leaflets 5-7, more or less pubescent beneath ; buds densely hairy, C. alba, p. 87. bh. Twigs tending to be glabrous ; bark distinctly shaggy ; leaflets usually 5, glabrous beneath ; buds glabrous or nearly so, C. ovata, p. S5. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYA a. Bark of trunk essentially smooth, not deeply furrowed nor shaggy ; husk of fruit less than Y^ inch thick. b. Terminal bud narrow, long-pointed, flattish, bright yellow, about ■)4 inch long; kernel of nut bitter C. cordiformis, p. 91. bb. Terminal bud broad, dome-shaped, greenish, /4-/^ inch long; kernel of nut sweet C. glabra, p. 89. aa. Bark of trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit more than ■ ]'i inch thick. b. Twigs more or less pubescent ; buds densely hairy, the outer bud- scales deciduous in autumn; bark not shaggy. .C. alba, p. 87. bb. Twigs tending to be glabrous ; buds glabrous or nearly so, the outer bud-scales not deciduous in autumn ; bark distinctly shaggy C. ovata, p. 85. 84 Bulletin 194 Sliellbark Hickory. Sliagbark Hickory (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x V:;. 4. Flov/ering branchlet, x i/o- 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, x 1/2. The Trees of Vermont 85 JUGLANDACEAE Sbellbark Jlickorj. Slia^bark Hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch [Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.] [Carya alba Ntitt.] Habit. — A tree 50-75 feet high, with a slender, columnar trunk 1-2 feet in diameter; forming a narrow, somewhat open crown of stout, slightly spreading limbs and stout branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long. Leaflets usually 5, the upper 5-7 inches long and 2-3 inches broad ; sessile, except the terminal ; obovatc to oblong-lanceolate ; finely serrate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath and glabrous or puberulous. Petioles stout, smooth or hairy. Foliage fragrant when crushed. Flowers. — May- June, after the leaves; monoecious; the staminate hairy, greenish, in pendulous, ternate catkins 4-5 inches long, on a common peduncle about 1 inch long; scales 3-parted, bristle-tipped; stamens 4, with bearded, yellow anthers ; the pistillate in 2-5- flowered spikes, y^ inch long, brown-tomentose ; calyx 4-lobed, hairy; corolla 0; stigmas 2, large, fringed. Fruit. — October; globular, 1-2 inches long, with thick husk sepa- rating completely ; nut usually 4-ridged, with thick shell and large, sweet, edible kernel. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud J/S-M i^^ch long, broadly ovoid, ob- tuse, dark brown, pale-tomentose or nearly glabrous. Bark. — Twigs brownish, more or less downy, becoming smooth and grayish ; thick and grayish on old trunks, separating into thick strips 1-3 feet long, free at one or both ends, giving a characteristic shaggy appearance. Plate II. Wood. — Heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, light brown, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 229. Distribution. — Frecjuent in the lower altitudes west of the Green mountains ; known in the Connecticut valley as far north as Bellows Falls ; a large grove on the south side of Bald Mountain in Shrews- bury at an altitude of about 1,500 feet. Habitat. — Prefers light, well-drained, loamy soil ; low hillsides ; river-banks. Notes. — The shellbark hickory is one of our most attractive trees. It is known to every boy who lives in its range by its shaggy bark and its excellent nuts. HQ Bulletin 194 Mocker Nnt. White Heart Hickory (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x %■ 3. Flowering branchlet, x ^/j. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X i/o. The Trees of Vermont 87 JUGLANDACEAE Mocker A'ut. IVliite Heart Hickory Carya alba (L.) K. Koch [Hicoria alba (L.) Britt.] [Carya tomentosa Nutt.] Habit. — A tree 50-70 feet high, with a trunk dianieter of l-2i'2 feet; forming a wide crown of strong, upright branches and stout branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long. Leaflets usually 5-7, sometimes 9, the u])per 5-8 inches long, 3-4 inches broad ; sessile, except the terminal ; oblong- to obovate-lanceolate ; minutely or some- times coarsely serrate ; thick and firm ; lustrous, dark yellow-green above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath. Petioles pubescent. Foliage fragrant when crushed. Flowers. — May-June, after the leaves ; monoecious ; the stam- inate in pendulous, ternate catkins 4-5 inches long, slender, green, hairy; scales 3-lobed, hairy; stamens 4-5, with red anthers; the pistil- late in crowded, 2-5-fiowered, tomentose spikes ; calyx toothed, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stigmas 2, hairy. Fruit. — October; globose to globose-oblong, 1^/2-2 inches long, with thick husk splitting nearly to the base ; nut 4-ridged, red-brown, with very thick, hard shell and small, sweet kernel. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud ^-^4 inch long, broadly ovoid, red- brown, pilose; outermost scales fall in early autumn. Bark. — Twags at first brown-tomentose, becoming smooth and grayish ; on the trunk thick, hard, grayish, slightly ridged by shallow, irregular fissures, becoming rugged on very old trunks. Wood. — Very heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, dark brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Reported from Burlington and West Haven ; probably occurs in other localities in the lower altitudes of the southern half of the State. Habitat. — Prefers rich, well-drained soil, but grows well in various situations, if they are not too wet. Notes. — This tree probably is not distinguished by most observers from C. ovata, which it closely resembles; there is need of further and more thorough investigation of this species. 88 Bulletin 194 rignut (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x %. 3. Flowering branchlet, x 1. 4. Staniinate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 89 JUGLANDACEAE ritiiiiit Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. [Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.] [Carya porcina Nutt.] Habit. — A tree usually 50-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet; forming a low, rather narrow, open crown of slender, often contorted branches. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long. Leaflets usually S-7, the upper 3-6 inches long, 2-2^^ inches broad ; sub-sessile, except the terminal ; oblong to obovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; sharply ser- rate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, dark yellow-green above, paler beneath. Petioles long, slender, glabrous or pubescent. Foliage fragrant when crushed. Flowers. — May-June, after the leaves ; monoecious : the staminate in pendulous, ternate catkins Z-7 inches long, slender, yellow-green, tomentose ; scales 3-lobed, nearly glabrous ; stamens 4, with orange anthers ; the pistillate in crowded, 2-5-flowered spikes, ^4 i'l^li long ; calyx 4-toothed, hairy; corolla 0; stigmas 2, yellow. Fruit. — October; variable in size and shape, 13^-2 inches long, with thin husk splitting half-way and sometimes nearly to the base; nut obscurely 4-ridged, with thin or thick, hard shell and small, svv^eet or slightly bitter kernel which is hard to remove. Winter-buds.— Terminal bud /4-/^ hich long, dome-shaped, greenish or grayish, smooth or finely downy. Bark.- — Twigs greenish, nearly glabrous, becoming reddish, and finally grayish ; thick, hard and grayish on the trunk, with a firm, close surface divided by small fissures and sometimes broken into plates. Plate IL Wood. — Heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, dark brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Occurs in the southern portion of Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers deep, rich loam, but grows in any well-drained soil ; dry ridges and hillsides. Notes. — This is a common tree in the Hoosic valley, Pownal, and a large grove occurs on the shore of Lake Bomoseen, West Castleton (Eggleston). There are a few trees near the Hubbard- ton line in East Castleton (G. H. Ross). In the Connecticut valley it is abundant on the hills near the river in the vicinity of the Massachu- setts line, but is not common above Bellows Falls (Flint). Observers of trees in southern Vermont should strive furtlier to increase om* knowledge of its distribution. 90 Bulletin 194 Bitteriiut Hickory (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x Vs. 3. Flowering branchlet, x V^- 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 91 JUGLANDACEAE Bitteruut Hickory Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch [Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.] [Carya amara Nutt.] Habit. — A tall, slender tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-23/2 feet; forming a hroad cro\Yn of slender, stiff, U})right hranches, widest near the top. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long. Leaflets 5-11, the upper 4-6 inches long and one-fourth as broad; sessile, except the terminal ; lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed ; coarsely ser- rate ; thin and firm ; glabrous, bright green above, paler and more or less downy beneath. Petioles slender, hairy. Foliage fragrant when crushed. Flowers. — May-June, after the leaves; monoecious; the staminate slightly pubescent, in pendulous, ternate catkins 3-4 inches long, on a common peduncle about 1 inch long; scale 3-lobed, hairy; stamens 4. with bearded, yellow anthers ; the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, Y^ inch long, scurf y-tomentose ; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent; corolla 0; stig- mas 2, greenish. Fruit. — October ; obovate to globular, about 1 inch long, coated with yellow, scurfy pubescence, with very tlnn husk splitting half-way to the base, with sutures winged at the top ; nut quite smooth, with thin shell and small, bitter kernel. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about Y^ inch long, long-pointed, flattish, granular-yellow ; lateral buds more or less 4-angled. Bark.— -Twigs greenish and more or less downy, becoming brown- ish, and finally grayish ; gray, close, smooth on the trunk, often reticu- lately ridged, but rarely broken into ]:)lates. Plate III. Wood. — Heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, dark brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent in the lower altitudes west of the Green mountains and known in the Connecticut valley as far north as Hart- land. Habitat.- — Prefers a rich, loamy soil ; low, wet woods ; along the borders of streams. Notes. — The bitternut grows most rapidly of all the hickories, but it is apt to show dead branches. It should be propagated from the seed, as it is not easily transplanted. The yellow buds at once dis- tinguish it from all other hickories. 92 Bulletin 194 American Hop Hornbeam. Lererwood (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x \(,. Portion of twig, enlarged. Leaf, X i/o. Flowering branchlet, x i/^. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X i/o. The Trees of Vermont 93 BETULACEAE American Hop Hornbeam. Leverwood Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch Habit. — A small tree usually 20-30 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 8-12 inches ; forming a broad, rounded crown of many long, slender branches and a slender, stiff spray. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, about one-half as broad ; oblong-ovate ; sharply doubly serrate ; thin and very tough ; dull, dark green above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles short, slender, pubescent. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in drooping, cylindrical catkins from wood of the previous season, usually in threes; stamens 3-14, crowded on a hairy torus; the pistillate in erect, lax catkins on the season's shoots, usually in pairs, each flower inclosed in a hairy, sac-like involucre. Fruit. — September; strobiles, resembling clusters of hops, 1-2 inches long, borne on slender, hairy stems ; nuts small and fiat, inclosed by sac-like involucres. Winter-buds. — Terminal but absent ; lateral buds 3^-34 ii^^^^ long, ovoid, acute, red-brown. Bark. — ^Twigs at first light green, becoming lustrous, red-brown, and finally dull dark brown ; thin, gray-brown on the trunk, very nar- rowly and longitudinally ridged. Plate III. Wood. — Heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, dur- able, light red-brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common to both valleys and mountains of Ver- mont, but more abundant in the western and southern portions. Habitat. — Rich woods ; open woods ; slopes and ridges. Notes. — Hornbeams sometimes are mistaken and transplanted for elms, owing to the general similarity in the appearances of the young trees. The leaves of the hornbeam, however, are nearly symmetrical at the base, while those of the elm are more unequally developed. In late summer the hornbeam is easily distinguished by its fruit hanging in hop-like heads. The hornbeam is distributed, quite generally, both in the valleys and the mountainous parts of Vermont, but is most com- mon in western and southern portions. It is a small tree. The wood is very strong, tough and durable in contact with the soil, hence the names ironwood, leverwood. It is used for levers, mallets and for fencing materials. IM Bulletin 194 Americaii Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Flowering branchlet, x y^. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X 11.. The Trees of Vermont 95 BETULACEAE Aniericau Hornbeam. Blue Beeoli. Water Beecli Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Habit. — Usually a low, bushy tree or large shrub, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches; trunk short, usually tinted; slender zigzag branches and a fine spray form a close, fiat-topped crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long and one-half as broad ; ovate to oval, long-pointed ; sharply doubly serrate ; thin and firm ; dull green above, lighter beneath, turning scarlet and orange in autumn ; petioles short, slender, hairy. Flowers. — May, after the leaves ; monoecious ; apetalous ; the staminate catkins 1-1 3^ inches long, their scales greenish, boat-shaped, each bearing 3-20 stamens ; the pistillate catkins Yz-Ya inch long, their scales hairy, greenish, each bearing 2 pistils with long, scarlet styles. Fruit. — Ripens in midsummer, but often remains on the tree long after the leaves have fallen ; in loose, terminal strobiles ; involucre halberd-shaped, inclosing a small, ovate, brownish nut. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds J,8 inch long, narrow-ovoid, acute, puberulous, brownish. Bark. — Twigs pale green, hairy, becoming lustrous, dark red the first winter ; trunk and large limbs thin, smooth, close, dark bluisli gray, often mottled with lighter or darker patches. Wood. — Heavy, hard, tough, very strong, close-grained, light brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont at the lower alti- tudes. Habitat. — Deep, rich, moist soil along the borders of streams and swamps. Often found in drier situations in the shade of other trees. Notes. — The blue beech is a small, bushy tree rarely over twenty feet high. It is not uncommon in moist soil along streams, but does not reach the higher altitudes. It is distinguished in spring by its tiny flowers arranged in loose catkins and in July by the curious leaf-like wings which develop upon the fruit. A glance at its trunk makes its recognition certain at any time of year. It has a close, gray bark re- sembling that of the beech but with furrows and ridges suggesting the muscles of a strong man's arm. It is the toughest of all our woods. 96 Bulletin 194 THE BIRCHES Tlie birches are distributed widely over the Old and the New Worlds, being most abundant in the higher latitudes. Nine species occur in North America, four of which are found in Vermont. They are all graceful trees with slender flexuous branches and delicate foli- age. Both the ovule-bearing and pollen-bearing flowers are found on the same tree, but in separate clusters. The staminate catkins are long and drooping, while the pistillate are shorter and not pendulous until fruited. The wood of birches is valued chiefly for cabinet making, spools and other small articles. The Trees of Vermont 97 SUMM L':R key to Tlll<: SI'ECIES OE BETUEA a. Bark of trunk chalky-white ; twigs without wintergreen taste. h. Twigs usually warty-glandular ; bark of trunk not separating freely into thin, papery layers ; inner bark dingy yellow ; leaves nearly triangular to rhombic-ovate, long-pointed ; small tree, with trunk 6-10 inches in diameter B. populifolia, p. 103. bb. Twigs not warty-glandular; bark of trunk separating freely into thin, papery layers, exposing the bright cinnamon-yellow inner bark; leaves ovate, not long-pointed; large tree, with trunk 1-3 feet in diameter B. alba papyrifera, p. 105. aa. Bark of trunk not chalky-white, usually dark colored ; twigs with more or less wintergreen taste. b. Bark dirty yellowy breaking into strips more or less curled at the edges ; leaves solitary or in pairs, slightly aromatic ; twigs with slight wintergreen taste B. lutea, p. 101. bb. Bark dark red-brown, cleaving off in thick, irregular plates (re- sembles bark of black cherry) ; leaves in pairs, strongly aromatic ; twigs with strong wintergreen taste B. lenta, p. 99. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BETULA a. Bark of trunk chalky- white ; twigs without wintergreen taste. b. Twigs usually warty-glandular; bark of trunk not separating freely into thin, papery layers ; inner bark dingy yellow ; small tree, with trunk 6-10 inches in diameter. . . B. populifolia, p. 103. bb. Twigs not warty-glandular ; bark of trunk separating into thin, papery layers, exposing the bright cinnamon-yellow inner bark ; large tree, with trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, B. alba papyrifera, p. 105. aa. Bark of trunk not chalky-white, usually dark colored; twigs with more or less wintergreen taste. b. Bark dirty yellow, breaking into strips more or less curled at the edges; twigs with slight wintergreen taste. . .B. lutea, p. 101. bb. Bark dark red-brown, cleaving off in thick, irregular plates (re- sembles bark of black cherry) ; twigs with strong wintergreen taste B. lenta, p. 99. 98 Bulletin 194 Clierry Birch. Sweet Birdi. Black Bircli (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1/2. 4. Flowering branchlet, x i,^. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruiting branchlet, x i/^. 8. Fruit, enlarged. The Trees of Vermont 99 BETULACEAE Cherry Birch. Sweet Birch. Black Birch Betula lenta L. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 1-3 feet; slender, wide-spreading, pendulous branches, form- ing a narrow, rounded, open crown. Leaves. — Alternate in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long and one-half as broad ; outline variable, ovate to oblong-ovate ; sharply doubly serrate, with slender, incurved teeth ; dull, dark green above, light yellow-green beneath ; petioles short, stout, hairy, deeply grooved above ; aromatic. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; monoecious ; the stamin- ate catkins 3-4 inches long, slender, pendent, yellowish ; the pistillate catkins ^--)4 inch long, erect or suberect, greenish. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; sessile, glabrous, erect strobiles, 1- I3X inches long and half as thick; scales glabrous; nuts slightly broader than their wings. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds about Y^ inch long, conical, sharp-pointed, red-brown, divergent. Bark. — Twigs light green, becoming lustrous, red-brown in their first winter ; very dark on old trunks, cleaving ofif in thick, irregular plates. Resembles bark of black cherry. Inner bark aromatic, spicy. Wood. — Heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, dark red- brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent in western Vermont to the foot-hills of the Green mountains and known in the Connecticut valley as far north as Hartford. Habitat. — Rich woodlands of the lower altitudes. Notes. — The distinctive characters of this tree are well known to many Vermonters, who, as children, have become familiar with the sweet wintergreen flavor of bark and leaves. It is common in western Vermont, but reaches only the foothills of the Green mountains. Its northern limit in the Connecticut valley is in the vicinity of Norwich. Two kinds of catkins are noticeable upon the bare trees in winter ; and they open on the first spring days, before most other trees have made a visible response to the sun's rays. The wood is valuable for furni- ture and fuel. ion Bulletin 194 Yellow Birch. (Jray Birch (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x J/.- 4. Flowering branchlet, x i/2- 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruiting branchlet, x i4. 8. Fruit, X 10. The Tkees of Vermont lUl BETULACEAE Yellow Biicli. Oray Birch Betula lutea Alichx. f. Habit.— A tree 60-80 feet high and 2-4 feet in trunk diameter; numerous slender, pendulous branches form a broad, open, rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, soHtary or in pairs, simple, 3-5 inches long and one-half as broad; ovate to oblong-ovate; sharply doubly serrate; dull dark green above, yellow-green beneath ; petioles short, slender, grooved, hairy ; slightly aromatic. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; monoecious ; the stam- inate catkins 3-4 inches long, slender, pendent, purplish yellow ; the pistillate catkins sessile or nearly so, erect, almost 1 inch long, greenish. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; sessile or short-stalked, erect, glabrous strobiles, about 1 inch long and half as thick ; scales downy on the back and edges ; nut about as broad as the wing. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds about 34 i»ch long, conical, acute, chestnut-brown, more or less appressed ; bud-scales more or less pubescent. Bark. — Twigs, branches and young stems smooth, very lustrous, silvery gray or light orange ; becoming silvery yellow-gray as the trunk expands and breaking into strips more or less curled at the edges ; old trunks becoming gray or blackish, dull, deeply and irregularly fissured into large, thin plates ; somewhat aromatic, slightly bitter. Plate III. Wood. — Heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 227. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont, especially on the mountain slopes up to 1,000 feet altitude. Habitat. — Rich, cool soils; mountain slopes; borders of swamps. Notes. — The polished silvery yellow bark of the mature tree marks the yellow birch almost as clearly as does the red-brown bark in the case of the preceding species. On the oldest trees in the primeval forest, however, the bark becomes a darker bronze and rough. It is common in nearly all parts of Vermont, but especially in rich, cool soils, and it extends far up the sides of our higher mountains. During the winter the little catkins remain tightly closed, but by May they lengthen into slender, drooping catkins. Yellow birch lumber is valuable for many purposes. It takes a beautiful polish, and is becoming increas- ingly popular for furniture and for flooring. Because of its graceful form and attractive, yellow bark, it merits more general usage for or- namental planting. 102 Bulletin 194 White Birch. Gray Birch. Old Field Birch Winter twig, x 1. Portion of twig, enlarged. Leaf, X 1. Flowering branchlet, x %. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruiting branchlet, x i/.. Fruit, enlarged. The Trees of Vermont 103 BETULACEAE White Bircli. Gray IJircli. Old Field Birch Betula populifolia Marsh. Habit. — A small tree 20-30 feet high, with a slender, usually leaning trunk 6-10 inches in diameter; slender, somewhat contorted branches clothe the trunk to the ground, forming a narrow-pyramidal, open, pointed crown ; commonly growing in clusters of several trunks. Leaves. — Alternate, solitary or in pairs, simple, 2-3 inches long and two-thirds as broad ; nearly triangular to rhombic-ovate, long- pointed ; coarsely doubly serrate ; lustrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles long, slender, covered with black glands. Tremulous with the slightest breeze. Flowers. — April-May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the stam- inate catkins usually solitary, 2-4 inches long, slender, pendent, yellow- ish; the pistillate catkins 3^-1 inch long, erect or suberect, greenish, on peduncles ^ inch long. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; slender-stalked, pubescent, erect or drooping strobiles, about 1 inch long and one-third as thick ; scales finely hairy ; nuts slightly narrower than their wings. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds ys-/4 iri^'^ lo'ig- ovoid, acute, pale brown, divergent. Bark. — Twigs green and warty-glandular, becoming smooth and red-brown ; bark of trunk close, not peeling, dull chalky-white on the outer surface, with dark, triangular patches below the insertion of branches, reddish yellow on the inner, becoming nearly black and shal- lowly fissured at the base of old trunks. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, light brown, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common in the Champlain valley ; frequent in the southern portion of Vermont. Habitat. — Poor, sandy soil ; old fields ; waste lands. Notes. — The white birch at best is but a small, short-lived tree, but it grows in such numbers that it is sure to attract attention. It never reaches sufficient size to become a valuable lumber tree, but its light elastic stem always is in demand for spools, shoe-pegs, and barrel-hoops. The white birch with its white trunk and graceful branches and light, delicate foliage is one of our most beautiful trees, but its desirability for transplanting is lessened by its short life and liability to injury from storms. 104 Bulletin 194 Paper Bireli. Canoe Birch. Wliite Birch (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Portion of twig, enlarged. Leaf, X 1. Flowering branchlet, x 1/4. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruiting branchlet, x i/.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fi. 7. 8. FriiK, X :!i/o. The Trkes of Vermont 105 BETULACEAE Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. White Birch Betula alba papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. [Betula papyrifera Marsh.] Habit. — A tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet, forming in youth a compact, pyramidal crown of many slender hranches, becoming in old age a long, branchless trunk with a broad, open crown, composed of a few large limbs ascending at an acute angle, with almost horizontal branches and a slender, flexible spray. Leaves.- — Alternate, simple, 2-3 inches long, 1^-2 inches broad; ovate ; coarsely, more or less doubly serrate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, dark green above, lighter beneath, covered with minute black glands ; petioles stout, yellow, glandular, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; monoecious ; the stam- inate catkins clustered or in pairs, 3-4 inches long, slender, pendent, brownish; the pistillate catkins about 1^ inches long, slender, erect or spreading, greenish ; styles bright red. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; long-stalked, cylindrical, glabrous, drooping strobiles, about ly^ inches long; scales hairy on the margin; nut narrower than its wing. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds ^ inch long, narrow-ovoid, acute, flattish, slightly resinous, usually divergent. Bark. — Twigs dull red, becoming lustrous, orange-brown ; bark of trunk and large limbs cream-white and lustrous on the outer surface, bright orange on the inner, separating freely into thin, papery layers, becoming furrowed and almost black near the ground. Plate III. Wood. — Light, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick, whitish sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers rich, moist hillsides ; borders of streams, lakes and swamps ; mountain slopes. Notes. — The paper birch is often intermingled with the white birch and is confused popularly with it, although careful observation reveals many characteristics by which the two may be distinguished. The paper birch is a larger tree than the white birch and more widely distributed. The two species are similar in the chalky whiteness of the bark, but that of the white birch clings closely so that it cannot be separated in large layers, whereas the peculiar character of the paper birch is the ease with which ample sheets of the beautiful corky layers may be removed. 106 Bulletin 194 Beech (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Flowering branchlet, x %. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Bur, opened, x 1. 8. Nut, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 107 FAGACEAE Beech Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. [Fagus atropunicea (Marsh.) Sudw.] [Fagus ferruginea Ait.] [Fagus americana Sweet] Habit. — A beautiful tree, rising commonly to a height of 50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; in the forest, tall and slender, with short branches forming a narrow crown, in the open with a short, thick trunk and numerous slender, spreading branches, forming a broad, compact, rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, one-half as broad ; oblong-ovate, acuminate ; coarsely serrate, a vein terminating iS each tooth ; thin ; dark blue-green above, light yellow-green and very lustrous beneath ; petioles short, hairy. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in globose heads 1 inch in diameter, on long, slender, hairy peduncles, yellow-green ; calyx campanulate, 4-7-lobed, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stamens 8-10; the pistillate on short, hairy peduncles in 2-flowered clusters surrounded by numerous awl-shaped, hairy bracts ; calyx urn-shaped, 4-5-lobed ; corolla 0; ovary 3-celled ; styles 3. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; a prickly bur borne on stout, hairy peduncles, persistent on the branch af-ter the nuts have fallen; nuts usually 3, ^ inch long, sharply tetrahedral, brownish ; sweet and edible. Winter-buds. — Nearly 1 inch long, very slender, cylindrical, grad- ually taper-pointed, brownish, puberulous. Bark. — Twigs lustrous, olive-green, finally changing through brown to ashy gray ; close, smooth, steel-gray on the trunk, often mot- tled by darker blotches and bands. Plate IV. Wood. — Hard, tough, strong, very close-grained, not durable, difficult to season, light or dark red, with thin, whitish sapwood. Page 227. Distribution. — Abundant throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Rich uplands ; moist, rocky soil. Notes. — The beech, when growing in the forest, with its tall, graceful trunk, its smooth, gray bark and shiny leaves, is a handsome tree. It is not only one of the most common trees in Vermont, but also one of the most widely distributed in eastern North America. The drooping clusters of pollen-bearing flowers and the short, stout ovule - bearing heads open under the newly spreading leaves in early May. Hie burs open and the nuts fall with the first frosts of autumn. 108 Bulletin 194 Chestnut -^7'/^ (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x V2. 3. Flowering branchlet, x ^o. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. G. Prickly bur, opened, x V^- 7. Nut, X Vj^ The Trees of Vermont 1<>^) FAGACEAE Chestnut Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. [Castanea vesca, v. americana jMichx.] [Castanea sativa, v. americana Sarg.] Habit. — A tree 60-80 feet high, forming a short, straight trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, divided not far above the ground into several stout, horizontal limbs and forming a broad, open, rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long, 2-3 inches broad ; oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed at the apex ; coarsely serrate with stout, incurved, glandular teeth ; thin ; dull yellow-green above, lighter be- neath, glabrous ; petioles short, stout, puberulous. Flowers. — July, after the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate cat- kins 6-8 inches long, slender, puberulous, bearing 3-7-flowered cymes of yellow-green flowers; calyx 6-cleft, pubescent; stamens 10-20; the androgynous catkins 2^-5 inches long, puberulous, bearing 2-3 prickly involucres of pistillate flowers near their base; calyx campanulate, 6-lobed ; styles 6. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; round, thick, prickly burs, about 2 inches in diameter, containing 1-3 nuts; nuts compressed, brownish, coated with whitish down at the apex ; sweet and edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds ^4 inch long, ovoid, acute, brownish. Bark. — Twigs lustrous, yellow-green, becoming olive-green and finally dark brown ; old trunks gray-brown, with shallow fissures and broad, flat ridges. Plate IV. Wood. — Light, soft, coarse-grained, weak, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil, red-brown, with very thin, lighter colored sap- wood. Distribution. — Frequent in the Connecticut valley as far north as Bellows Falls and in southwestern Vermont ; occasional as far north as Windsor, West Rutland, Leicester, Burlington, Colchester and Stowe. Planted as far north as Franklin. Habitat. — Rocky woods and hillsides. Notes. — The chestnut probably will grow in all parts of Vermont. It is a rapid grower and lives to a great age but is subject to a disease which threatens extermination in this country. The leaves are shiny and graceful, from six to eight inches long. When they are nearly growm, long, stiff catkins of fragrant, greenish-yellow flowers appear. These bear the pollen, the ovule-bearing flowers being smaller, enclosed in bur-like scales. The nuts, two or three in a bur, ripen in October. The Trees of Vermont 111 THE OAKS The oaks, abundant throughout the northern hemisphere, are re- markable for their massive trunks, their thick, rugged bark and large, strong roots. They are distinguished from all other trees by their cupped fruit, but many who have seen these fruits have not noticed the small, scaly masses of flowers which produce them. The pollen-bearing flowers are found on the same tree, but are arranged in long, slender catkins consisting of a cluster of from three to twelve stamens. Some of the oaks, including the red and black, do not mature their fruit until the second year. Oak timber is of great commercial value, being used for a variety of purposes. For strength, toughness and durability combined, it is unsurpassed. The oak genus is a large one. Nine species and two hybrids are included in the last flora of Vermont. They are extremely difficult to tell apart and the late Doctor Pringle remarked that after 25 years of study he did not know the oaks of Vermont. This genus varies greatly and some valuable work could be done in studying its variations. Only the tree oaks are given in the following keys. 112 Bulletin 194 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF QUERCUS a. Leaves deeply cut or lobed. b. Leaf-lobes acute, bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the second season. i\ Lower surface of leaves more or less pubescent; buds hoary- tomentosc; bark of trunk deeply furrowed and scaly; inner bark yellow; nut >^-^ inch long, inclosed for about one-half of its length by a deep, turbinate cup! . . .Q. velutina, p. 127. cc. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or nearly so; buds glabrous; bark of trunk smoothish or only slightly fissured ; inner bark whitish or pinkish ; nut about 1 inch long, inclosed only at the base by a shallow, saucer-shaped cup. .Q. rubra, p. 125. bb. Leaf-lobes rounded, not bristle-tipped; fruit maturing in the first season. c. Leaves cut nearly to the midrib by a pair of deep sinuses near the middle of the leaf ; branches corky-ridged ; nut usually }i-\y2 inches long, deeply seated in a large, conspicuously fringed cup Q. macrocarpa, p. 117. cc. Leaves not cut by a pair of deep sinuses; branches not corky- ridged ; nut about ^4 "i^l^ lo^g^ about one-fourth inclosed by a thin, tomentose, warty cup Q. alba, p. 115. aa. Leaves not deeply cut nor lobed. b. Bark on branches breaking into large, papery scales which curl back; acorns on stems 1-4 inches long; tree typical of swamps. Q. bicolor, p. 119. bb. Bark on branches close, not breaking into large, papery scales ; acorns sessile or on stalks less than 1 inch long; trees not typical of swamps. c. Bark of trunk thin, not deeply fissured into inverted V-shaped ridges, flaky, silvery gray or ash colored ; leaves coarsely toothed Q. muhlenbergii, p. 121. cc. Bark of trunk thick, deeply fissured into inverted V-shaped ridges, not flaky, dark red-brown to nearly black ; leaves coarsely crenate Q. prinus, p. 123. Tiiri Trees of Vermont 113 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF QUERCUS a. Terminal buds usually about y^ inch long. b. Twigs thick-tomentose ; entire bud pale-pubescent ; branches corky-ridged ; cup of acorn conspicuously fringed at the rim, [1]^ Q. macrocarpa, p. 117. hb. Twigs glabrous ; buds glabrous, or only slightly or partially pubescent; branches without corky ridges; cup of acorn not conspicuously fringed at the rim. c. Bark on branches breaking into large, papery scales which curl back; buds pilose above the middle; acorns on stems 1-4 inches long [ 1 ] Q. bicolor, p. 1 19. cc. Bark on branches not breaking into large, papery scales ; buds glabrous ; acorns sessile or very short-stalked. d. Buds conical, acute ; bud-scales scarious on the margins ; nut white-downy at the apex. ... [1] Q- muhlenbergii, p. 121. dd. Buds broadly ovoid, obtuse ; bud-scales not scarious on the margins ; nut not white-downy at the apex, [1] Q. alba, p. 115. aa. Terminal buds usually about 34 ""^ch long. b. Buds strictly glabrous throughout ; bark of trunk smoothish or only sHghtly fissured, inner bark not bitter-tasting; nut inclosed only at the base by a shallow, saucer-shaped cup, [2]- Q. rubra, p. 125. bb. Buds more or less pubescent or tomentose ; bark of trunk deeply furrowed and roughish, inner bark bitter-tasting; nut inclosed for about one-half of its length by a deep, cup-shaped or turbin- ate cup. c. Buds hoary-tomcntose, obtuse at the apex, strongly angled ; inner bark of trunk yellow ; acorns maturing in autumn of second season; nut ^-^ inch long, with bitter kernel, [2] Q. velutina, p. 127. cc. Buds slightly hairy, sharp-pointed, not strongly angled ; inner bark of trunk not yellow ; acorns maturing in autumn of first season; nut 1-1^ inches long, with sweet kernel. [1] Q. prinus, p. 123. ' [1] means that the acorns mature in the autumn of the first season, hence mature acorns will not be found on the tree, but on the ground beneath the tree. - [2] means that the acorns mature in the autumn of the second season, hence immature acorns will be found on the last season's twigs, and mature acorns on the gi'ound beneath the tree. 114 Bulletin 194 White Oak (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x l^^. Leaf, X %. Flowering branchlet, x i/4. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 115 FAGACEAE AVhite Oak Quercus alba L. Habit. — A large tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet ; forming a short, thick trunk with stout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, more or less gnarled and twisted in old age, and a broad, open crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, about one-half as broad ; obovate to oblong ; 5-9-lobed, some with broad lobes and shallow sinuses, others with narrow lobes and deep, narrow sinuses, the lobes usually entire ; thin and firm ; glabrous, bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath ; often persistent on the tree through the winter. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in hairy catkins 2-3 inches long; the pistillate sessile or short-peduncled, reddish, tomentose ; calyx campanulate, 6-8-lobed, yellow, hairy ; corolla 0; stamens 6-8, with yellow anthers; stigmas red. Fruit. — Autumn of first season ; sessile or short-stalked acorns ; cup with small, brown-tomentose scales, inclosing one-fourth of the nut ; nut oblong-ovoid, rounded at the apex, about ^^ inch long, light brown ; kernel sweet and edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud j-i inch long, broadly ovoid, obtuse; scales smooth, dark red-brown. Bark. — Twigs at first bright green, tomentose, later reddish, and finally ashy gray ; thick, light gray or whitish on old trunks, shallowly fissured into broad, flat ridges. Plate IV. Wood. — Very heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, light brown, with thin, light brown sapwood. Distribution. — Common west of the Green mountains ; occurs sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far north as Wells River. Habitat. — Grows well in all but very wet soils, in all open ex- posures ; dry woods. Notes. — The white oak is the most beautiful as well as the most useful of the oaks found in this part of the United States. Vermont has. quite a generous supply of these trees in the Champlain valley. The tough, heavy wood of the white oak needs no recommendation. On account of the beauty of its grain and its capability of taking a high polish, it is used extensively for furniture and for interior finishing-. The famous "Charter Oak" of Connecticut was of this species. 116 Bulletin 194 Bur Oak. Over-cup Oak. Mossj-cu]) Oak (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x %. 3. Flowering branclilet, x 14. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of VERAroNT 117 FAGACEAE Bur Oak. Over-cui) Oak. Mossy-cup Oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter ; great, spreachng branches form a broad, rugged crown. Leaves. — Akernate, simple, 6-10 inches long and one-half as broad ; obovate to oblong, wedge-shaped at the base ; crenately lobed, usually cut nearly to the midrib by two opposite sinuses near the mid- dle ; thick and firm ; dark green and shining above, pale pubescent beneath ; petioles short, stout. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in slender, hairy catkins 4-6 inches long; the pistillate sessile or short- stalked, reddish, tomentose ; calyx 4-6-lobed, yellow-green, downy; corolla 0; stamens 4-6, with yellow anthers; stigmas bright red. Fruit. — Autumn of first season ; sessile or short-stalked acorns ; very variable in size and shape ; cup typically deep, cup-shaped, tomen- tose, fringed at the rim, inclosing one-third or all of the nut ; nut broad- ovoid, 3^2-1^ inches long, brownish, pubescent; kernel white, sweet and edible. Winter-buds.— Terminal bud ji inch long, broadly ovoid or conical, red-brown, pale-pubescent. Bark. — Twigs yellow-brown, thick-tomentose, becoming ash-gray or brownish ; branches with corky ridges ; thick and gray-brown on the trunk, deeply furrowed. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, very durable, brownish, with thin, pale sapwood. Distribution. — Occasional in the Champlain valley, more com- mon in Addison county. Habitat.— Prefers rich, moist soil ; bottom-lands. Notes. — The bur oak is easily recognized by its mossy cups. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, but on account of its large size it is suitable only for parks and large estates. Commercially its wood is not distinguished from the white oak. 118 Bulletin 194 Swamp White Oak (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x i/.. 3. Flowering branchlet, x y,- 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 119 FAGACEAE Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Willd. [Qiiercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.] Habit. — A medium-sized tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 2-3 feet; forming a rather open, rugged crown of tortuous, pendulous branches and short, stiff, bushy spray. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, 3-5 inches broad ; obovate to oblong-obovate ; coarsely sinuate-crenate or shallow-lobed ; thick and firm ; dark green and shining above, whitish and more or less tomentose beneath ; petioles stout, about ^ inch long. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in hairy catkins 3-4 inches long ; the pistillate tomentose, on long, tomen- tose peduncles, in few-flowered spikes ; calyx deeply 5-9-lobed, yellow- green, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stamens 5-8, with yellow anthers ; stigmas bright red. Fruit. — Autumn of first season; acorns on pubescent stems 1-4 inches long, usually in pairs ; cup cup-shaped, with scales somewhat loose (rim often fringed), inclosing one-third of the nut; nut ovoid, light brown, pubescent at the apex, about 1 inch long; kernel white, sweet, edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud yg inch long, broadly ovoid to globose, obtuse ; scales light brown, pilose above the middle. Bark. — Twigs at first lustrous, green, becoming red-brown, finally dark brown and separating into large, papery scales which curl back ; thick, gray-brown on the tnmk, deeply fissured into broad, flat, scaly ridges. Plate IV. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, light brown, with thin, indistinguishable sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent in the Champlain valley, especially about Lake Champlain. Habitat. — Prefers moist, rich soil bordering swamps and along streams. Notes. — In beauty and variety of grain this tree nearly equals the white oak and its wood is valuable for similar purposes. As its name suggests it grows in low, moist soil. Unfortunately the swamp oak is not found in Vermont except along the intervales of Lake Champlain and its tributaries. Here it is quite abundant and its majestic size and symmetrical, rounded top make it a conspicuous and beautiful tree. It is more easily identified than many of the oaks because of the scaly bark, the leaves downy on the lower surface and the long, downy stalks of the acorns. 120 Bulletin 194 Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x i/o. 3. Flowering branchlet, x 14. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont V2i FAGACEAE Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. [Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houba] Habit. — A small to medium-sized tree 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; erect, somewhat short branches form a narrow, rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, 1-4 inches broad; ob- long-lanceolate to obovate ; coarsely toothed ; thick and firm ; lustrous, yellow-green above, pale-pubescent beneath ; petioles slender, about 1 inch long. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in hairy catkins 3-4 inches long ; the pistillate sessile or in short spikes, hoary-tomentose ; calyx campanulate, 5-8-lobed, yellow, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stamens 5-8, with yellow anthers ; stigmas red. Fruit. — Autumn of first season ; sessile or short-stalked acorns ; cup with small scales, hoary-tomentose, inclosing one-half of the nut ; nut ovoid, about -14 inch long, light brown ; kernel sweet, sometimes edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud 3s """^h long, conical, acute; scales chestnut-brown, scarious on the margin. Bark. — Twigs greenish at first, becoming gray-brown, finally gray or brown ; thin, silvery gray or ash colored and flaky on the trunk. Wood. — Heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, dark brown, with thin, pale brown sapwood. Distribution. — Rare ; reported from Gardiner's island in Take Champlain, Malletts Head, Ferrisburg and Colchester. Habitat. — Dry limestone hillsides ; rocky river-banks and lake- shores. Notes. — This oak is a very beautiful tree and is well adapted for use in parks and on lawns on account of its handsome foliage. 122 Bulletin 194 Chestnut Oak 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x 14. 3. Flowering branchlet, x %. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 123 FAGACEAE CLestmit Oak Quercus prinus L. Habit.— A medium-sized tree 30-50 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 1-2 feet; usually dividing near the ground into a few large branches and forming a broad, open, rather irregular crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long and one-third to one- half as broad ; lanceolate to obovate ; coarsely crenate ; thick and firm, almost leathery ; glabrous, dark green above, paler and finely pubescent beneath; petioles ^-1 inch long. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; the staminate in hairy catkins 2-2^ inches long; the pistillate in short spikes on stout, pubescent peduncles ; calyx deeply 7-9-lobed, pale yellow, pilose ; corolla 0 ; stamens 7-9, with yellow anthers ; stigmas dark red. Fruit. — Autumn of first season ; short-stalked acorns ; cup thin, deep, turbinate, inclosing one-half or less of the nut ; scales small, thin- tipped, with thickened bases, hoary-pubescent ; nut ovoid to oblong- ovoid, 1-1^^ inches long, light brown; kernel sweet, but insipid. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud }i-}i inch long, ovoid, sharp- pointed ; scales light brown, slightly hairy toward the apex and on the margin. Bark. — Twigs greenish, becoming orange and brown, with some- what bitter taste ; thick, dark red-brown to nearly black on old trunks, deeply fissured into thick, roughish ridges (a section through one of the ridges would resemble an inverted letter V). Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, dark brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout the western part of Ver- mont from Charlotte to Pownal ; abundant on Snake mountain at an altitude of 1,300 feet and on the western slopes of the Green mountains, especially in Addison county. Habitat. — Dry, rocky hillsides. Notes. — The popular name of this oak is suggested by the marked resemblance of its leaves to those of the chestnut. It is one of the common oaks from Massachusetts and New York southward, forming a large tree on rocky hillsides, often associated with the chestnut. The line of its northern distribution passes through the Champlain valley. It occurs probably also in the southeastern part of Vermont. The acorns are large, one inch or more in length. The wood is hard and tough and is used frequently for railroad ties. 124 Bulletin 194 Ked Oak (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Leaf, X %. Flowering branchlet, x !{.. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 125 FAGACEAE Red Oak Quercus rubra L. Habit. — A large tree 70-80 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet ; forming a broad, rounded crown of a few large, wide-spread- ing branches and slender branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, 4-6 inches broad ; oval to obovate ; 5-11-lobed with coarse-toothed, bristle-tipped lobes tapering from broad bases and wide, oblique, rounded sinuses ; thin and firm; dull dark green above, paler beneath; petioles stout, 1-2 inches long. Flowers. — May, when the leaves are half grown ; monoecious ; the staminate in hairy catkins 4-5 inches long; the pistillate on short, glabrous peduncles ; calyx 4-5-lobed, greenish ; corolla 0 ; stamens 4-5, with yellow anthers ; stigmas long, spreading, bright green. Fruit. — Autumn of second season ; sessile or short-stalked acorns ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, inclosing only the base of the nut; scales closely appressed, more or less glossy, puberulous, bright red-brown ; nut oblong-ovoid with a broad base, about 1 inch long, red-brown ; kernel white, very bitter. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud ^4 '^ich long, ovoid, acute, light brown, smooth. Bark. — Twigs lustrous, green, becoming reddish, finally dark brown ; young trunks smooth, gray-brown ; old trunks darker, shallowly fissured into thin, firm, broad ridges ; inner bark light red, not bitter. Plate V. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, light red-brown, with thin, darker colored sapwood. Page 230. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont at altitudes below 1,000 feet. Habitat. — Grows well in all well-drained soils ; rich and pnov soil. Notes. — The red oak is the most northern of all the oaks, ranging from Nova Scotia to Tennessee. It is distributed generally through the Champlain and lower Connecticut valleys where it is the most com- mon oak. It is less common in the northern part of the Connecticut valley. The flowers appear in May but the sessile, shallow-cupped acorns do not ripen until the second autumn. The wood is lighter in weight and more brittle than that of the white oak but when quartered shows a beautiful grain and is used for furniture. It is valued also for bridge posts where there is to be exposure to water. The wood dries out slowly and is inferior as fuel. Vi6 Bulletin 194 Quercitron, Yellow-barked Oak. Black Oak (Mich. Trees). 1. "Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x i/o. 3. Flowering branchlet, x %. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 127 FAGACEAE Quercitron. Yellow-barked Oak. Black Oak Quercus velutina Lam. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 50-60 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunk diameter; slender hranches and stout branchlets form a wide- spreading, rounded crown. Leaves.- — Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long, 3-8 inches broad; ovate to oblong ; usually 7-lobed, some wnth shallow sinuses and broad, rounded, mucronate lobes, others with wide, rounded sinuses extending half-way to the midrib or farther and narrow-oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped lobes, the lobes more or less coarse-toothed, each tooth bristle-tipped ; thick and leathery ; dark green and shining above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles stout, yellow, 3-6 inches long. Flowers. — May, when the leaves are half grown ; monoecious ; the staminate in pubescent catkins 4-6 inches long; the pistillate red- dish, on short, tomentose peduncles ; calyx acutely 3-4-lobed, reddish, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stamens usually 4-5, with acute, yellow anthers ; stigmas 3, divergent, red. Fruit. — Autumn of second season ; sessile or short-stalked acorns ; cup cup-shaped or turbinate, inclosing about one-half of the nut ; scales thin, light brown, hoary; nut ovoid, /^-% inch long, red-brown, often pubescent ; kernel yellow, bitter. Winter-buds.— Terminal bud ^ inch long, ovoid to conical, ob- tuse, strongly angled, hoary-tomentose. Bark. — Twigs at first scurfy-pubescent, later glabrous, red-brown, finally mottled gray ; thick and nearly black on old trunks, deeply fur- rowed and scaly ; inner bark thick, yellow, very bitter. Plate V. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, bright red-brown, with thin, paler sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent in western \^crmont and in the Con- necticut valley as far north as Bellows Falls. Habitat. — Dry, light soil ; poor soils. Notes. — The quercitron or yellow-barked oak is a southern species which reaches its northern limit in Vermont. It is not uncommon in light, dry soils in the Champlain valley and it occurs also in the south- ern part of the Connecticut valley. The two common and apparently incompatible names, yellow oak and black oak, arise from the diverse colors of the inner bark and the outer bark. The former, which is used in tanning, is yellow, while the later is very dark. The leaves are rather large, dark, shiny green with yellowish petioles. 128 Bulletin 194 THE ELMS We are fortunate in having in Vermont all of the elms of the east- ern United States except one small southern species. The tiny green- ish flowers have no petals, but gracefully fringe the bare trees with their long slender stamens in early spring before the appearance of the leaves. The fruits are supplied with a disk-like membranous wing. The leaves of all the elms have a peculiar oblique base, full and rounded upon one side, sharply wedge-shaped on the other. Introduced species. — The English elm occasionally has been planted as a shade tree, although for such purposes it is less stately than our common white elm. Two European varieties have been more used for ornamental plantings, though each of them is curious rather than ornamental. These are the corky variety of the English elm, and the Camperdown or weeping elm, which is a variety of the Scotch elm. The young branches of the former are covered with conspicuous corky outgrowths, similar to those of the native cork elm, but more strongly developed. The American cork elm is distinguished from the English elm by its more' downy bud-scales and by the production of flowers in elongated clusters (racemes), whereas those of the English elm are in close clusters. Other differences will be detected readily by those having occasion to compare the two trees. The weeping elm usually is reverse-grafted on an upriglit stock, k>ading to a peculiar umbrella-like development. Plate I. White Pine Red Pine Pitch Pine Tamarack Plate II. Hemlock Shellbark Hickory Butternut Pignut Plate III. Bitternut Yellow Birch Ilornbpam White Birch Plate IV. Beech White Oak Chestnut Swamp White Oak Red Oak Slippery Elm Plate V. Black Oak American Elm V ": -^ '5, ^ irilivr" Tnlii) Poplar Black CUerry Plate VI. Sycamore Black Locust Sugar Maple Red Maple Plate VII. Silver Maple Basswood ' 'J ■'*■! « .^ ' t . -VJKiL! Black Gum Red Ash Plate VIII. White Ash Black Ash The Trees of Vermont 129 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ULMUS a. Leaves essentially smooth on both sides ; branches often with corky, wing-like ridges ; lowermost branches usually short and strongly drooping; main trunk usually continuous into the crown without dividing, giving to the tree a narrow-oblong outline, U. racemosa, p. 135. aa. Leaves usually rough on one or on both sides ; branches without corky ridges ; lowermost branches not short, not strongly drooping ; main trunk usually dividing into several large limbs, giving to the tree a more or less vase-shaped outline. b'. Leaves usually rough above, but smooth beneath, with petioles glabrous ; bark of trunk gray, deeply fissured into broad, scaly ridges; inner bark not mucilaginous. . . .U. americana, p. 133. Jyb. Leaves usually rough both sides, with petioles hairy ; bark of trunk dark red-brown, shallowly fissured into large, loose plates ; inner bark mucilaginous U. fulva, p. 131. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ULMUS a. Buds conspicuously rusty-tomentose ; twigs more or less pubescent ; inner bark very mucilaginous when chewed. . . .U. fulva, p. 131. aa. Buds not conspicuously rusty-tomentose ; twigs glabrous ; inner bark not mucilaginous. h. Bundle-scars usually 3 ; buds }i inch long, glabrous ; twigs with- out corky ridges ; outline of tree vase-shaped, U. amerlcana, p. 133 bb. Bundle-scars usually 4-6 in a curved line ; buds ^ inch long, somewhat pilose ; twigs often with corky ridges ; outline of tree narrow-oblong- U. racemosa, p. 135. 130 Bulletin 194 Slippery Elm. Red Elm (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x 1. 3. Flowering branchlet, x 1. 4. Perfect flower, enlarged. 5. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 131 URTICACEAE Slippery Elm. Bed Elm Ulmus fulva Michx. [Ulmus pubescens Walt.] Habit. — A medium-sized tree 40-60 feet high, with a short trunk 1-2 feet in diameter; spreading branches form a broad, open, flat- topped crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, about one-half as broad ; ovate-oblong ; coarsely doubly serrate ; thick and firm ; dark green and rough above, paler and somewhat rough beneath ; petioles short, stout, hairy. Flowers. — April, before the leaves; mostly perfect; borne on short pedicels in crowded fascicles ; calyx campanulate, 5-9-lobed, green, hairy ; corolla 0 ; stamens 5-9, with dark red anthers ; stigmas 2, reddish purple. Fruit. — May; semi-orbicular, 1-seeded samaras, short-stalked in dense clusters ; seed cavity brown-tomentose ; wings smooth, nearly ^ inch long. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, rusty-tomentose, % inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first bright green and pubescent, becoming light to dark brown or grayish ; thick on old trunks, dark red-brown, shal- lowly fissured into large, loose plates ; inner bark mucilaginous. Plate V. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, durable, easy to split while green, dark red-brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Occasional throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Rich, rocky woods. Notes. — The slippery elm is not uncommon in Vermont. The scattering trees of this species, however, usually are passed unnoticed because it resembles the American elm so closely that it is not easy to distinguish the two by general appearance. The stringy mucilagi- nous bark of the slippery elm always is a sure means of recognition. Other means of distinguishing it are found in its circular fruits, which appear in May ; these have smooth margins, whereas those of both the other species are fringed with delicate hairs. The leaves are large, rough above and soft-downy beneath. But the surest and simplest test is the "slippery" bark. This has well-known medicinal properties which give it a recognized value in the drug trade. The slippery elm is usually found on rocky ridges and hillsides. 132 Bulletin 194 American Elm. White Elm (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x V--- 3. Flowering branchlet, x Vo. 4. Flower, enlarged. 5. Fruit, X 2. The Trees of Vermont 133 URTICACEAE American Elm. White Elm Ulmus americana L. Habit. — A tree 75-100 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-6 feet; commonly dividing 20-30 feet above the ground into a few large branches which rise upward and outward to form a vase-shaped out- Hne. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, one-half as broad ; obovate-oblong to oval ; coarsely doubly serrate ; thick and firm ; dark green and rough above, pale and pubescent or glabrous beneath ; petioles short and stout. Flowers. — April, before the leaves ; mostly perfect ; small, brown to red ; borne on slender pedicels in loose fascicles ; calyx campanulate, 5-9-lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 4-9, with bright red anthers ; ovary 2- celled; styles 2, green. Fruit.- — May; ovate, 1-seeded samaras, smooth both sides, hairy on the margin, J^ inch long, long-stemmed in crowded clusters. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds ovoid, acute, flattened, glabrous, brown, ^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first light green and downy, becoming glabrous, red-brown, finally ash-gray ; on old trunks thick, ash-gray, deeply fissured into broad, scaly ridges. Plate V. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse- grained, light brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. P;ige 225. Distribution.— Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers deep, rich, moist loam ; bottom-lands ; stream- banks. Notes. — Of all the native trees none has done more than the white elm to beautify the streets of our cities and villages or to grace our country hillsides and meadows. The spreading vase-shaped head is its typical form, but perfect trees are found only where there has been a free development of the branches from the sapling age. Even when developing freely, however, the trees vary markedly in form. Some may be found which are very strict and upright others which are straggling and strongly weeping. The bark characters also vary much in different trees. Numerous clusters of slender, drooping flowers open before the leaves in early May, giving the tree a delicate feathery appearance. The seeds mature and fall before the leaves are grown fully. The wood is very tough and fibrous, making it useful for ox yokes, wagon bolsters, hubs of wheels and similar purposes where there is special cross-strain. 134: Bulletin 194 Cork Elm (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Portion of twig, enlarged. Leaf, X 1. Flowering branchlet, x 1. Flower, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 135 URTICACEAE Cork Elm Ulmus racemosa Thomas [Ulmus Thomasi Sarg.] Habit. — A large tree reaching a height of 50-75 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet ; strongly drooping lateral and lower branches form a narrow, oblong crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, one-half as broad ; obovate to oblong-oval, more or less dished ; coarsely doubly serrate ; thick and firm ; lustrous, dark green above, pale-pubescent beneath ; petioles pubescent, ^ inch long. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; mostly perfect ; greenish ; borne on slender, drooping pedicels in loose racemes ; calyx campanulate, 7-8-lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 7-8, with purple anthers ; ovary hairy, 2-styled. Fruit. — May-June ; ovate, 1 -seeded samaras, pubescent all over, Yz inch long. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds ovoid, acute, brown, pilose, ^ inch long. Bark. — Twigs at first light brown and pubescent, becoming lustrous, red-brown, finally gray-brown with corky, wing-like ridges ; thick and grayish on the trunk, with wide fissures separating broad, flat, scaly ridges. Wood. — Heavy, very strong and tough, close-grained, light red- brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Western Vermont, west of the Green mountains, becoming relatively more abundant in the Champlain valley ; rare. Habitat. — River-banks and limestone soils. Notes. — The cork elm is a more valuable timber tree but it is found only in the limestone soils of western Vermont, and there but rarely. Its peculiarity is a growth of corky ridges which sometimes I)roject for half an inch or more from all sides of the younger branches. The leaves resemble those of the white elm but are more conspicuously downy upon the under side along the midribs. The bud-scales are also downy and the young branchlets somewhat so, whereas those of the white elm are smooth. The flowers are borne in open branching clusters, or racemes, and this characteristic gives the Latin name to the species. The fruit matures when the leaves are half grown. 136 Bulletin 194 Red Mulberry (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Spike of staniinate flowers, x 1. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Spike of pistillate flowers, x 1. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 137 URTICACEAE Red Mulberry Morus rubra L. Habit. — A small tree 15-20 feet high, with a short trunk 10-15 inches in diameter ; forming a dense, rough-topped crown of stout, spreading branches and more or less zigzag, slender branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, nearly as broad ; out- line variable, ovate to semiorbicular, often 3-5-lobed; coarsely serrate; thin ; dark blue-green and smooth or rough above, pale and more or less downy beneath; petioles 1-2 inches long, smooth, exuding a milky juice when cut. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate in dense spikes 1-2 inches long, on short, hairy peduncles ; the pistillate in dense spikes about 1 inch long, on short, hairy pedun- cles; calyx 4-lobed, hairy; corolla 0; stamens 4, with green anthers; stigmas 2, spreading. Fruit. — July; 1 inch long; consisting of drupes about %2 "ich long, each inclosed in a thickened, fleshy calyx; berry-like; bright red at first, finally blackish; sweet, juicy, edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds ovoid, abruptly pointed, ^ inch long, lustrous, light brown. Bark. — Twigs greenish and more or less downy, becoming smooth and brownish ; trunk dark brown tinged with red and more or less furrowed. Wood. — Light, soft, weak, rather tough, coarse-grained, very durable, pale orange, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Rare ; reported from Pownal and North Pownal in the Hoosic valley. Habitat. — Prefers rich soil in river-bottoms ; rich woods. Notes. — The name mulberry is applied very commonly in Ver- mont to one of the wild raspberries, which has a conspicuous rose-like blossom followed by a reddish raspberry fruit. This shrub should be called the purple flowering raspberry since the true mulberries are trees. Two species of mulberry occur in Vermont ; of these, the red is native, and the white is introduced, and occasionally is an escape. The fruit of both is edible, somewhat resembling that of the blackberry in size and appearance. The leaves are heart-shaped or ovate, often cut into curiously irregular lobes so that no two leaves on a branch will be exactly alike. This irregularity in leaf-form, together with the peculiar fruit, makes the recognition of the mulberry easy. Often it is difficult to distinguish the two species. 138 Bulletin 194 Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. Wliitewood (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x Vs. 3. Flowering branchlet, x %. 4. Fruit (opened and partly disseminated), x %. The Trees of Vermont 139 MAGNOLIACEAE Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. Wliltewood LIriodendron tulipifera L. Habit. — A large tree 50-70 feet high, with a columnar trunk 2-3 feet in diameter; forming a rather open, conical crown of slender branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long and broad ; 4-lobed ; entire ; lustrous, dark green above, pale or glaucous beneath, turning clear yellow in autumn ; petioles slender, angled, 5-6 inches long. Flowers. — June, after the leaves ; perfect ; terminal ; solitary on stout peduncles; tulip-shaped, greenish yellow, 1^-2 inches long; sepals 3, greenish, early deciduous ; petals 6, in 2 rows, greenish yellow with an orange spot at the base, early deciduous ; stamens numerous, somewhat shorter than the petals ; pistils numerous, clinging together about a central axis ; ovary 1-celled. Fruit. — September-October; a narrow, light brown cone 2^-3 inches long, composed of numerous carpels ; carpels long, flat, with a 1-2-seeded nutlet at the base, separating from the slender spindle at maturity. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud ^-1 inch long, obtuse, flattish, dark red, covered with a glaucous bloom. Bark. — Twigs smooth, lustrous, reddish, becoming brownish, and at length gray ; ashy gray, thin and scaly on young trunks, becoming thick, brownish, and deeply furrowed with age. Plate VI. Wood. — Light, soft, brittle, weak, easily worked, Hght yellow or brown, with thin, cream-white sapwood. Distribution. — Hoosic valley in southwestern Vermont ; rare. Habitat. — Prefers deep, rich, rather moist soil, but adapts itself readily to any good, light soil. Notes. — The tulip tree is included in this list of native Vermont trees, although few native trees can be pointed out. The tree was reported authentically in the Appendix to Thompson's "Vermont" in 1853. It then occurred occasionally in Bennington county along the Hoosic valley. A single native specimen of this species is reported from North Pownal by Eggleston, showing that it is not yet extinct. It is to be hoped that tree lovers located in that portion of Vermont will learn and more fully report upon its present distribution, as this region marks its northern limit as a native tree. It thrives, however, as a shade tree planted in Rutland and Burlington. An attractive feature of this tree is its display of tulip-like flowers which open in June. Uo Bulletin 194 Sycamore. Buttonwood (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, side view, x 1. 3. Vertical section of twig, summer bud and leaf petiole, enlarged. 4. Leaf, x %. 5. Flowering branchlet, x i/o. 6. Staminate flower, enlarged. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X %. J). Achene, enlarged. The Trees of Vermont 141 PLATANACEAE Sycamore. Buttonwood Platanus occidentalis L. Habit. — A large tree 50-80 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet ; commonly dividing near the ground into several large second- ary trunks, forming a broad, open, irregular crown of massive, spread- ing branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long and broad; broadly ovate in outline ; more or less 3-5-lobed by broad, shallow sinuses, the lobes sinuate-toothed; thin and firm; bright green above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides; petioles stout, puberulous, 1-2 inches long. Flowers.— May, with the leaves ; monoecious ; borne in dense heads ; the staminate dark red, on short, axillary peduncles ; the pis- tillate greenish, on long, slender, terminal peduncles ; sepals 3-6, minute ; petals 3-6, minute ; stamens 3-6, usually 4 ; styles long, in- curved, red. Fruit. — October, persistent on the limbs through the winter; brown heads about 1 inch in diameter, on slender, glabrous stems 3-6 inches long. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds y4-}i inch long, conical, blunt, lustrous, pale brown ; forming in summer within the petiole of the leaf. Bark. — Twigs pale green and tomentose, becoming smooth, dark green, finally grayish ; thick, red-brown on the trunk and broken into oblong, plate-like scales, separating higher up into thin plates which peel off, exposing the greenish or yellowish inner bark. Plate VI. Wood. — Heavy, tough, hard, rather weak, coarse-grained, difficult to split, light red-brown, with thick, darker colored sapwood. Distribution. — Occasional to frequent in the Champlain valley and along the tributary rivers, becoming abundant in the Hoosic valley in southwestern Vermont ; Connecticut valley as far north as Hart- ford. Habitat. — Rich bottom-lands along the borders of rivers and lakes. Notes. — The bark unmistakably characterizes this species. On old trees this is brown and rough on the lower parts of the trunks, but above and on the branches it is smoother, with great, irregular, whitish or pale yellowish patches where the outer layers have scaled off, leaving the inner bark exposed. This gives the tree a whitewashed appearance when seen from a short distance. 142 Bulletin 194 American Mountain Ash .1 J (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Vertical section of flower, enlarged. 5. Portion of a fruiting cyme, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 143 ROSACEAE American Mountain Ash Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. [Sorbus americana Marsh.] Habit. — A small tree 20-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; branches slender, spreading, forming a narrow, rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 6-9 inches long. Leaflets 9-17, 2-3 inches long and ^-% inch broad ; sessile or nearly so, except the terminal ; lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; finely and sharply serrate above the entire base ; membranaceous ; glabrous, dark yellow-green above, paler beneath, turning clear yellow in autumn. Petioles slender, grooved, enlarged at the base. Flowers. — May-June, after the leaves; perfect; ys inch across; borne on short, stout pedicels in many-flowered, flat cymes 3-5 inches across ; calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed, puberulous ; petals 5, white ; stamens numerous ; styles 2-3. Fruit. — October, but persistent on the tree throughout the winter ; a berry-like pome, subglobose, % inch in diameter, bright red, with thin, acid flesh ; eaten by birds in the absence of other food. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about 5^ inch long, ovoid, acute, with curved apex ; lateral buds smaller, appressed ; scales rounded on the back, purplish red, more or less pilose above, gummy. Bark. — Twigs at first red-brown and hairy, becoming glabrous, dark brown ; thin, light gray-brown on the trunk, smooth, or slightly roughened on old trees ; inner bark fragrant. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont, becoming common in the mountainous sections. Habitat. — Rich, moist soil on river-banks and on the borders of cold swamps ; rocky hillsides and mountains. Notes. — This is one of the most beautiful trees of our northern forests. It is conspicuous among our trees for broad, flat-topped clusters of creamy white flowers followed by the persistent scarlet fruits. The common name is suggested by the general resemblance of the compound leaf to that of the ashes. In reality these trees are very closely related to the cultivated apples and pears, a fact which will become evident if one examines the structure of either the flower or the apple-like fruit. The European mountain ash, Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. is planted commonly in Vermont for ornamental purposes and plants of this species are abundantly spontaneous in several localities. 144 Bulletin 194 Sliadbiisli. Juneberry. Service Berry (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Flowering branchlet, x i^. 5. Vertical section of flower, enlarged. 6. Fruiting branchlet, x 14. The Trees of Vermont 14:5 ROSACEAE Shadbusli. Jiiueberry. Service Berry Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Habit. — A shrub or small tree 15-30 feet in height, with a tall trunk 6-12 inches in diameter; forming a narrow, rounded crown of many small limbs and slender branchlets. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-4 inches long and about one-half as broad ; ovate to obovate ; finely and sharply serrate ; glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles slender, about 1 inch long. Flowers. — April-May, when the leaves are about one-third grown ; perfect ; large, white, borne in drooping racemes 3-5 inches long; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, villous on the inner surface; petals 5, strap-shaped, white, about 1 inch in length ; stamens numerous ; styles 5, united below. Fruit. — June- August ; globular, berry-like pome, y^-Yi inch long; turning from bright red to dark purple with slight bloom ; sweet and edible when ripe. Winter-buds. — Yellow-brown, narrow-ovoid to conical, sharp- pointed, /4-K i"^'^ loi'ig; bud-scales apiculate, slightly pubescent. Bark. — Twigs smooth, light green, becoming red-brown ; thin, pale red-brown on the trunk, smoothish or divided by shallow fissures into narrow, longitudinal, scaly ridges. Wood. — Heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, dark red-brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont, especially in the Champlain valley. Habitat. — Dry, upland woods and hillsides ; light soils. Notes. — Several other species occur in Vermont, most of which are shrubs below tree height. One is a small tree, however, becoming shrubby in the north. It differs but slightly from Amelanchier cana- densis and until recently has not been distinguished from it. This new species has been named Amelanchier laevis Wiegand. It is said to be more northerly in its distribution than Amelanchier canadensis. The shadbusli is easily recognized by its graceful white flowers which ap- pear in the most lavish profusion in May before those of any other native fruit tree. The fruits which ripen in June are nearly one-half an inch long, purple, sweet and edible, but the birds make way with them so quickly that they are not often to be found. The shadbush is common in light soils and dry woodlands throughout Vermont, and especially so in parts of the Champlain valley. It ranges in size and habit from a bush to a small tree twenty to thirty feet in height. 146 Bulletin 194 Dotted Haw (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x 1. 3. Flowering branchlet, x ^4. 4. Vertical Section of flower, enlarged. 5. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont ■ 147 ROSACEAE Hawtboriis or Thorn-apples Crataegus L. Owing to the complexity of the various forms in this group, the present state of uncertainty as to the value of certain characters, and the questionable validity of many of the assigned names, it is thought to be beyond the scope of this bulletin to give more than a general description of the group as a whole, recommending the more ambitious student to the various manuals and botanical journals and papers for more detailed information. The Crataegi are generally low, wide-spreading trees or shrubs, with strong, tortuous branches and more or less zigzag branchlets usually armed with stiff, sharp thorns. The bark varies from dark red to gray and is shallowly fissured or scaly. The leaves are alternate, simple, generally serrate, often lobed, with short or long petioles. The flowers appear in May or June, with or after the leaves, in simple or compound corymbs, whitish or pinkish, perfect. The fruit is a red to yellow, sometimes blue or black pome, subglobose to pear-shaped, with usually dry and mealy flesh and 1-5 seeds. The winter-buds are small, nearly globose, lustrous brown. Crataegus produces wood which is heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, red-brown, with thick, pale sapwood. The hawthorns are trees of the pasture-lands, the roadside, the open woods and the stream-banks, and are more common in the southern part of Vermont and in the lower altitudes, although some few species extend northward into Canada and some are found at considerable altitudes. Some of the species are desirable as ornaments in parks and gardens on account of their beautiful and abundant flowers and showy fruits. 148 ■ Bulletin 194 THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES The plums and cherries, particularly when in blossom, are among the most attractive trees in New England. They are all of small or medium size with conspicuous pink or white flowers. They are dis- tinguished by their stone fruit and by their astringent bark and leaves. Seven species are found in Vermont. Only four of these are de- scribed in this bulletin. One of these, the choke cherry, seldom attains to the size or habit of a tree, but it is deemed best to include it here since it occurs so commonly along with the tree species that the omis- sion might lead to some confusion. The Trees of Vermont 149 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRUNUS a. Leaves oblong-ovate to obovate, abruptly acuminate at- the apex ; marginal teeth not incurved. b. Margin of leaves sharp-serrate with spreading teeth; leaves not rugose, the veins not prominent ; fruit j4-/^ inch long, bright red, racemose, July-August ; bark of trunk brown, smooth or only slightly fissured ; usually a large shrub, P. virginiana, p. 153. bb. Margin of leaves crenate-serrate ; leaves more or less rugose, the veins prominent ; fruit about 1 inch long, orange-red, clustered, August-September ; bark of trunk gray-brown, early splitting off in large, thick plates ; a small tree P. nigra, p. 157. aa. Leaves oval to oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed at the apex ; mar- ginal teeth incurved. b. Fruit light red, clustered, July-August; twigs usually less than ),{q inch thick; pith of twigs brown. . . P. pennsylvanica, p. 155. bb. Fruit black, racemose, August-September; twigs usually more than YiQ inch thick; pith of twigs white. . .P. serotina, p. 151. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRUNUS a. Terminal bud present ; bark of young trunks rather smooth. b. Buds clustered at the tips of all shoots ; twigs usually less than YiQ inch thick; pith of twigs brown. .P. pennsylvanica, p. 155. bb. Buds not clustered, or clustered only on short, spur-like branch- lets ; twigs usually more than Y-^q inch thick; pith of twigs white. c. Buds usually }i inch or less in length; bud-scales uniform in color, apiculate at the apex ; bark on old trunks blackish, rough- scaly ; srnall to large tree P. serotina, p. 151. cc. Buds usually ^-^ inch long ; bud-scales grayish on the mar- gins, rounded at the apex ; bark on old trunks brown, smooth or only slightly fissured ; usually a large shrub, P. virginiana, p. 153. aa. Terminal bud absent; bark of young trunks early splitting off in large, thick plates P. nigra, p. 157. 150 Bulletin 194 Black Cherry (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Margin of leaf, enlarged. 5. Flowering branchlet, x %. 6. Vertical section of flower, enlarged. 7. Fruiting branchlet, x ^.. The Trees of Vermont 151 ROSACEAE Black Cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. [Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Agardh.] Habit. — A medium-sized tree 30-50 feet high and 8-24 inches in trunk diameter ; branches few, large, tortuous, forming a rather spread- ing, oblong or rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, about one-half as broad; oval or oblong to oblong-lanceolate; finely serrate, with teeth incurved ; subcoriaceous ; dark green and very lustrous above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides ; petioles short, slender, usually bearing 2 red glands near the blade. Flowers. — May-June, when the leaves are half grown; perfect; 34 inch across; borne on slender pedicels in many-flowered, loose racemes 4-5 inches long ; calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed ; petals 5, white ; stamens 15-20; stigma thick, club-shaped. Fruit. — August-September ; a globular drupe, 5^-3^ inch in di- ameter, nearly black, with dark purple, juicy flesh ; slightly bitter, edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud about 34 inch long, ovoid, blunt to acute ; scales keeled on the back, apiculate, light brown. Bark. — Twigs and branches red to red-brown ; young trunks dark red-brown, smooth ; blackish on old trunks and rough, broken into thick, irregular plates ; bitter, aromatic. Plate VI. W09D. — Light, rather hard, strong, close- and straight-grained, light brown or red, with thin, yellow sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Woodlands ; in all sorts of soils and exposures. Notes. — This is the only native Vermont cherry which reaches a sufficient size to make it a valuable timber tree. It has been exported in considerable quantities from the southern part of Vermont, but now large trees are seldom found. The wood is of very superior quality for cabinet making, and commands the highest price of any native American timber. It has a beautiful grain and takes a very fine poHsh. The flowers resemble other cherry blossoms and are borne in racemes. The fruit at first is dark red, then becomes almost black, with a thick skin and dark juicy flesh, which generally is rather bitter but sometimes sweet and pleasant. 152 Bulletin 194 Choke Cherry (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Margin of leaf, enlarged. 5. Flowering branchlet, x %. 6. Vertical section of flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X %. The Trees of Vermont 153 ROSACEAE Choke Clierry Prunus virginiana L. [Padus virginiana (L.) Roemer] Habit. — Usually a large shrub, but sometimes a small tree 15-25 feet high, with a crooked, often leaning trunk 5-6 inches in diameter; forming a spreading, somewhat rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, one-half as broad ; obovate to oblong-obovate or oval, abruptly acuminate at the apex ; finely and sharply serrate ; dull dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides ; petioles short, slender, glandular at the apex. Flowers. — May- June, when the leaves are half grown; perfect; about 3^ inch across; borne on short, slender pedicels in many-flowered racemes 3-6 inches long ; calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed ; petals 5, white ; stamens 15-20; stigma broad, on a short style. Fruit. — July-August ; a globular drupe, Y^-Yi inch in diameter, usually bright red, often yellow to almost black, with dark red flesh; astringent, but edible. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud /4-^ inch long, conical, acute ; scales rounded at the apex, light brown, smooth. Bark. — Twigs at first light brown or greenish, becoming red- brown, finally dark brown ; thin, dark brown on the trunk, slightly fissured. Wood. — Heavy, hard, close-grained, weak, light brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont, even on the higher mountains. Habitat. — Fence-rows, woods and banks. Notes. — The choke cherry is the most widely distributed tree of North America, extending from the Arctic circle to Mexico, from the Rocky mountains to the Atlantic ocean. Prunus virginiana Iciico- carpa, a variety with short, dense racemes of flowers and sweet, yellowish fruit, has been reported from Lunenburg and Franklin. The choke cherry usually is a shrub in Vermont. It is included, how- ever, in this list of trees because of its close relationship to the other cherries. In May, when the leaves are half grown, it is covered with creamy white flowers in long nodding clusters. The peculiarly as- tringent fruit, varying greatly in quality, however, ripens abundantly in August. It makes a good quality of jelly. 154 Bulletin 194 Wild Red Cberry. Bird Cherry. Pin Clierrj (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Margin of leaf, enlarged. 5. Flowering brauchlet, x Yj- 6. Flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, x 1. The Trees of Vermont 155 ROSACEAE ^Vild Red Cherry. Bird Cherry. Pin Cherry Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Habit.^ — A slender tree, seldom over 30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 8-10 inches; crown rather open, narrow, rounded, with slender, regular branches. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, ^4-134 inches broad; oblong-lanceolate ; finely and sharply serrate ; bright green and shining above, paler beneath; petioles slender, y^-l inch long, glandular near the blade. Flowers. — April-May, with the leaves; perfect; about ^ inch across, borne on slender pedicels in 4-5-fiowered umbels, generally clustered, 2-3 together ; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate ; petals 5, white, 34 inch long; stamens 15-20. Fruit. — July- August ; a globular drupe, 34 inch in diameter, light red, with thick skin and sour flesh. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud y^ inch long, broadly ovoid, rather blunt, brownish, smooth. Bark. — Twigs at first lustrous, red, marked by orange colored lenticels, becoming brownish ; red-brown and thin on the trunk, peeling ofif horizontally into broad, papery plates ; bitter, aromatic. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thin, yellow sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont, even on the higher mountains. Habitat. — Roadsides ; burned-over lands ; clearings ; hillsides. Notes. — The wild red cherry, a small, slender tree, is distributed quite generally from the rocky woods of Newfoundland to North Caro- lina. It is common in all parts of Vermont where often it is only a roadside shrub. The flowers appear in May on long pedicels in beau- tiful white clusters. The fruit, which ripens in midsummer, is small and globular, becoming bright red when mature. This tree is dis- tinguished from the other cherries by its slender and more graceful form, by its lighter colored, close-growing bark, often covered with transverse scars (lenticels), by its small flowers in spreading clusters and by its very small globular fruit similarly clustered. 156 Bulletin 194 Wild Plum. Canada Plum (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x i/o. 4. Flowering branchlet, x i/^. 5. Vertical section of flower, enlarged. 6. Fruiting branchlet, x i^. The Trees of Vermont 157 ROSACEAE Wild Plum. Canada Plum Prunus nigra Ait. [Frunus amerlcana, v. nigra Waugh] Habit. — A small tree 20-25 feet high and 5-8 inches in trunk di- ameter; usually divides 5-6 feet from the ground into a number of stout, upright branches, forming a narrow, rigid crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long and one-half as broad ; oblong-ovate to obovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex ; doubly crenate-serrate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, light green above, paler beneath; petioles short, stout, bearing 2 large red glands near the blade. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; perfect ; slightly frag- rant ; about 1 inch across ; borne on slender, glabrous, red pedicels in 2-3-flowered umbels ; calyx 5-lobed, dark red ; petals 5, white ; stamens 15-20, with purple anthers ,* ovary 1-celled; style 1 ; stigma 1. Fruit. — August-September; a fleshy drupe, about 1 inch long, oblong-ovoid, with a tough, thick, orange-red skin nearly free from bloom, and yellow flesh adherent to the flat stone. Eaten raw or cooked. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds ^-34 ii^ch long, ovate, acute, chestnut-brown. Bark. — Twigs green, marked by numerous pale excrescences, later dark brown ; thin, gray-brown and smooth on young trunks, but soon splitting off in large, thick plates, exposing the darker inner bark. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent, especially in the northern portion of the state ; never native in eastern Vermont. Habitat. — Woods ; fence-rows. Notes. — The Canada plum, found frequently in Vermont, is a small tree or shrub, with gray-brown bark and short, spiny branch- lets. It may be recognized by its broad, coarse leaves, sometimes four inches long and two or three inches wide. The flowers are abundant, large and strong, of a fine pinkish color, and appear about the first week in May. The fruit, often an inch in diameter, ripens in August. It is sometimes rather bitter, but occasional trees bear good eatable fruit. 158 Bulletin 194 Common Locust. False Acacia (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Vertical section through lateral bud, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x i/o. 4. Raceme of flowers, x i^- 5. Flower, with part of corolla removed, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1/2- The Trees of Vermont 159 LEGUMINOSAE (!omiiiou Locust. False Acacia Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Habit. — A tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; usually smaller; forming a narrow, oblong crown of irregular, more or less contorted branches. Leaves. — Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long. Leaflets 7-21, short-petiolate, 1-2 inches long, about one-half as broad; ovate to oblong-oval ; entire ; very thin ; dull dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous both sides. Petioles slender, pubescent. Flowers. — June, after the leaves ; perfect ; showy and abundant ; very fragrant ; borne on slender pedicels in loose, drooping racemes 4-5 inches long; about 1 inch long; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, hairy ; corolla papilionaceous, white, 5-petaled ; stamens 10. Fruit. — Late autumn, but persistent on the tree through the winter ; a smooth, dark brown, fiat pod 3-4 inches long, containing 4-8 small, flatfish, brown seeds. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds minute, 3-4 superposed, partially sunken within the leaf-scar, rusty-hairy. Bark. — Twigs smooth, green, more or less rough-dotted at first, becoming red-brown and armed with prickles ; dark red-brown and thick on old trunk, deeply furrowed into firm, sinuous ridges. Plate VL Wood. — Heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, brown, with very thin, pale yellow sapwood. Notes. — The common locust is a native of Pennsylvania and the more southern states. It has been widely planted in Vermont and frequently has run wild along fence-rows and about yards. The pro- fusion of the fragrant, white, pea-like blossoms, the delicacy of the foliage and the picturesque form of the tree combine to make it very attractive. This locust is a large, rapidly growing tree, but it is attacked by borers and probably cannot be successfully grown in Vermont. The Trees of Vermont KIl THE MAPLES The maple family is a large one including nearly seventy species. Ten of these occur in the United States, and seven are found in Ver- mont. In many respects they form the most characteristic feature of our forest flora, and were Vermonters to select a state tree, popular choice certainly would be unanimous for the sugar maple. The maples are distinguished easily from all other trees by their peculiar winged or "key" fruit. The leaves of all except the ash- leaved maple also are so similar as to form a good family character. Two of the seven native species are as frequently shrubby as they are tree-like both in size and habit of growth, but all are included in this bulletin. By appealing to the size of the tree and characters of the leaves it is possible to distinguish the species. Introduced species. — The Norway maple is a European species frequently used as a street shade tree farther south, and occasionally planted in Vermont. It most closely resembles the sugar maple among our native species but is easily distinguished by its broader and lower crown, larger leaves and larger, more divergent key-fruits. Numerous horticultural varieties of the silver maple have been in- troduced in recent years, especially from Japan. These include very deeply cut-leaved forms, and also one with drooping branches. Their relationship to the native species is usually recognizable however. The horse-chestnuts and buckeyes are closely related to the maples, although some authorities place them in a separate family. Of these the comm'on horse-chestnut (Aesculits hippocastanmn) is very com- monly cultivated. It forms a large, clean, symmetrical tree, with rich foliage and showy blossoms. The buckeyes of the south and west are occasionally planted. 162 Bulletin 194 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACER a. Leaves simple ; twigs usually without whitish bloom. h. Leaf-sinuses acute at the base. c. Leaf-lobes long and narrow, the sides of the terminal lobe diverging ; leaves silvery white beneath ; twigs rank-smelling when broken A. saccharinum, p. 173. cc. Leaf-lobes short and broad, the sides of the terminal lobe con- verging; leaves not conspicuously white beneath; twigs not rank-smelling when broken. d. Leaves distinctly white-downy beneath ; twigs appressed- hairy, at least near the tip ; fruit hanging in pendulous racemes, persistent on the tree until autumn ; seed portion with pit-like depression on one side ; usually a shrub or bushy tree A. spicatum, p. 167. dd. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath ; twigs glabrous ; fruit hanging in clusters, falling in early summer ; seed portion without pit-like depression on one side ; medium-sized tree A. rubrum, p. 175. bb. Leaf-sinuses rounded at the base. r. Lower sides of leaves and petioles distinctly downy, the lobes undulate or entire ; leaves very thick, drooping at the sides, A. saccharum nigrum, p. 171. cc. Lower sides of leaves and petioles essentially glabrous, the lobes serrate; leaves not thick, not drooping at the sides. d. Leaves coarsely and sparsely toothed or notched ; bark not longitudinally white-striped ; fruit not in racemose clusters ; large tree A. saccharum, p. 169. dd. Leaves finely and abundantly toothed ; bark longitudinally white-striped ; fruit in racemose clusters ; a bushy tree or shrub A. pennsylvanlcum, p. 165. aa. Leaves compound ; twigs usually with whitish bloom, A. negundo, p. 177. The Trees of Vermont 163 WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACER a. Terminal buds usually under ^4 i'^^^h in length, not conspicuously stalked ; bark not longitudinally white-striped. b. Buds white-woolly ; twigs usually with a whitish bloom ; opposite leaf-scars meeting; fruit often persistent on the tree until spring A. negundo, p. 177. bb. Buds not white-woolly ; twigs without whitish bloom ; opposite leaf-scars not meeting; fruit not persistent on the tree in winter. c. Buds reddish or greenish ; twigs bright red. d. Twigs strictly glabrous ; buds glabrous ; spherical flower buds clustered on the sides of the shoot ; pith pink ; large trees. e. Twigs rank-smelling when broken ; tip of outer bud-scales often apiculate ; tips of branches curving upwards ; bark separating into long, thin flakes loose at the ends, A. saccharinum, p. 173. ee. Twigs not rank-smelling when broken ; tip of outer bud- scales rounded ; tips of branches not conspicuously curv- ing upwards ; bark rough-ridged, but seldom forming loose flakes A. rubrum, p. 175. dd. Twigs appressed-hairy, at least near the tip ; buds somewhat tomentose ; spherical flower buds absent ; pith brown ; shrub or bushy tree A. spicatum, p. 167. cc. Buds brownish ; twigs brownish or grayish. d. Buds glabrous, or somewhat pubescent at the apex only ; bark dark gray on the trunk A. saccharum, p. 169. dd. Buds hoary-pubescent ; bark sometimes almost Ijlack on the trunk A. sacchanim nigrum, p. 171. oa. Terminal buds usually ^-3/2 inch in length, conspicuously stalked; bark longitudinally white-striped. . .A. pennsylvanicum, p. 165. 164: Bulletin 194 Striped Maple. Moosewood (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1/2. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x 1/1. 5. Vertical section of staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x 1/.. 7. Vertical section of pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X %. The Trees of Vermont 165 ACERACEAE Striped Maple. Moosewood Acer pennsylvanicum L. Habit. — A small tree at best, more often a large shrub, seldom attaining a height of more than 20 feet, with a short trunk 5-8 inches through. The striped, upright branches form a rather compact crown. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long and nearly as broad ; 3-lobed above the middle with short, tapering lobes ; palmately 3- nerved ; sharply doubly serrate ; rounded or heart-shaped at the base ; glabrous, yellow-green above, paler beneath, turning pale yellow in autumn ; petioles stout, grooved. Flowers. — May-June, when the leaves are nearly full grown ; usually monoecious ; large bright yellow, bell-shaped, in slender, droop- ing racemes 4-6 inches long ; calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 7-8 ; ovary downy. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; glabrous, paired samaras in long, drooping, racemose clusters, the wings ^ inch long, widely divergent, and marked on one side of each nutlet by a small cavity. Winter-buds. — Bright red ; terminal bud nearly ^ inch long, short-stalked, with bud-scales keeled ; lateral buds smaller, appressed. Bark. — Twigs light green, mottled with black, smooth ; trunk and branches red-brown, marked longitudinally by broad, pale stripes. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, pinkish brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Cool, rocky or sandy woods, in rich soil, usually in the shade of other trees. Notes. — The striped maple is a small tree or shrub which forms a familiar part of the undergrowth of our forests, and is a common roadside bush in all parts of Vermont. It is easily distinguished by its greenish bark striped longitudinally with darker lines. The leaves, the largest of the maples, are usually from five to seven inches long and four or five inches wide. Its drooping clusters of greenish flowers unfold by the middle of June when the leaves are nearly grown. The fruits are abundant and turn a beautiful scarlet towards autumn. This maple rarely exceeds a height of twenty feet. It also has a distinct value for ornamental planting, especially in groups or borders. 166 Bulletin 194 Mountain Maple (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Portion of twig, enlarged. Leaf, X %. Flowering branchlet, x i{.. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 167 ACERACEAE Mouutaiii Maple Acer spicatum Lam. Habit. — A bushy tree sometimes 20 feet high, with a short trunk 4-6 inches in diameter; small, upright branches form a small, rounded crown. More often a straggling shrub. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long and two-thirds as broad ; 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes coarsely crenate-serrate with pointed teeth, the sinuses usually wide-angled and acute at the base ; thin ; glabrous, dark green above, covered with a whitish down beneath, turning scarlet and orange in autumn ; veining prominent ; petioles long, slender, with enlarged base. Flowers. — May-June, after the leaves are full grown; polygamo- monoecious ; small, yellow-green, in erect, slightly compound, many- flowered, long-stemmed, terminal racemes ; calyx downy, 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; stamens 7-8 ; ovary tomentose. Fruit. — July- August ; bright red, turning brown in late autumn ; small, glabrous, paired samaras, in pendulous, racemose clusters. Winter-buds. — Small, flattish, acute, bright red, more or less tomentose ; the terminal j/^ inch long, containing the flowers. Bark. — Twigs reddish, slightly hairy; very thin, red-brown, smooth or slightly furrowed on the trunk. Wood.— Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Of common occurrence throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Damp mountain forests ; rocky woods ; along streams and roadsides ; cool ravines ; always in the shade of other trees. Notes. — The mountain maple rarely becomes more than a shrub in Vermont. It occurs commonly in moist, rocky, mountain forests in all parts of the state. Like the striped maple it is partial to roadsides, and borders all our mountain driveways. The leaves are thin and downy on the under side. The yellowish green flowers are borne in erect pubescent clusters which appear in the latter part of June. It is the spike-like arrangement of these flowers which suggested the Latin name of the species. The fruits are very divergent, smaller than those of any other maple and become bright red in July and August. The heavy clusters then hang down and turn dark brown before being scattered by the winds. This maple is one of the most highly orna- mental of the smaller trees, and worthy of more general cultivation. 168 Bulletin 194 Sugar Maple (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1/2. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x 1-2 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x i/., 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. S. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 1(19 ACERACEAE Sugar Maple. Rock Maple Acer saccharum Marsh. [Acer saccharinum Wang.] Habit. — A stately tree 60-100 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet; in the open forming stout, upright branches near the ground, in forests making remarkably clean trunks to a good height ; the crown is a broad, round-topped dome. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, 3-5 inches long and broad ; usually 5- lobed (sometimes 3-lobed), the lobes sparingly wavy-toothed, the sinuses broad and rounded at the base ; thin and firm ; opaque, dark green above, lighter and glabrous beneath, turning yellow and red in autumn ; petioles long, slender. Flowers. — April-May, with the leaves ; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious ; on thread-like, hairy pedicels in nearly sessile corymbs ; greenish yellow ; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 7-8 ; ovary hairy. Fruit. — September-October, germinating the following spring ; paired samaras, glabrous, with wings about 1 inch long, diverging slightly. Winter-buds.— Small, acute, red-brown, glabrous or somewhat pubescent toward the apex, the terminal ^ inch long, the lateral smaller, appressed. Bark. — Twigs smooth, pale brown, becoming gray and smooth on the branches ; old trunks dark gray, deeply furrowed, often cleaving up at one edge in long, thick plates. Plate VII. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, durable, light brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Page 223. Distribution. — Found throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers moist, rich soil in valleys and uplands and moist, rocky slopes. Notes. — The sugar maple is everywhere in Vermont, but it thrives best on the cool and rocky uplands. It can be distinguished by its light gray bark which has large, white patches on the younger branches or by its broad, five-lobed leaves which have shallow, rounded, sinuses. In the sugar-bushes of Vermont, trees three and four centu- ries old not infrequently are found. Besides its value as a sugar tree, its timber is hard and durable. The "curled" and "bird's-eye" maple are unusual forms of this species, produced by a peculiar curling of the fibers. 170 Bulletin 194 Black Sugar Maple (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 2. 2. Leaf, x i/o. 3. Flowering branchlet, x i/.. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont ITi ACERACEAE Black Sugar Maple Acer saccharum nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. [Acer nigrum Michx.] Habit. — A stately tree, sometimes reaching a height of 80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; branches stout, forming a broad, rounded, symmetrical crown. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, concave, 5-7 inches across, the breadth usually exceeding the length ; usually 5-lobed at maturity, the two lower lobes being" small, often reduced to a mere curve in the outline, the pointed lobes undulate or entire and narrowed from the broad, shallow sinuses ; thick and firm ; glabrous above, downy beneath ; petioles stout, usually pendent, tomentose. The sides of the larger leaves often droop giving to the tree an air of depression. Flowers. — May, wnth the leaves ; monoecious ; in nearly sessile, umbel-like corymbs ; about 54 ^^ich long, yellow, on slender, hairy pedicels 2-3 inches long ; calyx campanulate, pilose, 5-lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 7-8 ; ovary hairy. Fruit. — Ripens in autumn ; glabrous, paired samaras, clustered on drooping pedicels ; wings set wide apart, but only slightly diverging. Winter-buds.— Small, ovoid, acute, with dark red-brown, acute scales, hoary-pubescent on the outer surface. Bark. — Twigs smooth, pale gray; becoming thick, deeply fur- rowed and sometimes almost black on the trunk. Wood. — Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, creamy white, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Lake Champlain valley. Occasional. Habitat. — Low, moist, rich soil of river-bottoms. Notes. — This tree has long been a puzzle to botanists. Li leaf characters it differs considerably from the sugar maple, but resembles it in fruit characters, general habit and in sugar production. As in- dicated in the key, the leaf is less deeply lobed, and is minutely hairy on the low^er face; it may be hairy also along the leaf stalk. It is thicker and more leathery in texture and usually is heart-shape at the base, the rounded basal lobes sometimes overlapping. This black sugar maple should not be confused with specimens of the ordinary sugar maple having darker bark. Sugar-makers often term such trees "black maples." The bark of this black sugar maple generally is dark, but the leaf characters must be appealed to in its recognition. 172 Bulletin 194 White Maple. Silver Maple (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Staminate flowering branchlet, x 1. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. G. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x 1. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X i/o. The Trees of Vermont 173 ACERACEAE White Maple. Silver Maple Acer saccharinum L. [Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.] Habit. — A beautiful tree, growing to a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet, usually separating near the ground into 3-4 upright stems which are destitute of branches for a considerable distance. Usually the long, slender branches bend downwards, but with their tips ascending in a graceful curve. Crown broad, especially in its upper portion. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, 3-6 inches long and nearly as broad ; usually 5-lobed by narrow, acute sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib, the lobes often sublobed, sharply toothed; light green above, silvery white beneath, turning pale yellow in autumn; petioles long, slender, drooping. Flowers. — April-May, before the leaves ; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious ; small, yellow-green, in crowded, sessile umbels ; calyx 5- lobed (sometimes each lobe again divided); corolla 0; stamens ^-7; ovary hairy. Fruit. — May, germinating as soon as it reaches the ground ; paired samaras, large, glabrous, curving inwards, one samara often aborted. Winter-buds. — Dark red, blunt; the terminal about ^ inch long, with bud-scales often apiculate ; flower-buds clustered on side spurs. Bark. — Twigs smooth, red-gray, lustrous ; young trunks gray, smooth ; old trunks dark gray, more or less furrowed, separating into thin, loose scales. Plate VII. Wood. — Hard, strong, close-grained, rather brittle, perishable, pale brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Frequent throughout Vermont, especially near the shores of Lake Champlain and tributary streams. Habitat. — Prefers low, rich bottom-lands, subject to occasional inundation, but not in swamps ; banks of rivers and lakes at low alti- tudes. Notes. — The silver maple is a large, graceful tree, generally dis- tributed along our water courses, especially near the shores of Lake Champlain and the streams emptying into it. It resembles the red maple but is distinguished from it by its longer, more deeply cut, lighter green leaves which are silvery white on the lower side. Al- though the silver maple flourishes best in moist soil, it will make vigor- ous growth and become a beautiful shade tree in dry locations. m Bulletin 194 Red Maple. Swamp Maple (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x 1. 4. Fascicle of staminate flowers, x 1. 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Fascicle of pistillate flowers, x 1. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, x %. The Trees of Vermont 175 ACERACEAE Ked Maple. Swaiiii* Maple Acer nibrum L. Habit. — A medium-sized tree 40-50 feet higli, occasionally in swamps 60-75 feet; trunks 1-3 feet in diameter; upright branches, which form a low, rather narrow, rounded crown. Leaves. — Opposite, simple, 3-4 inches long and nearly as broad ; 3-5-lobed by broad, acute sinuses, the lobes irregularly do'ubly serrate or toothed ; glabrous, green above, whitish and generally glabrous beneath, turning bright scarlet in autumn ; petioles long, slender. Flowers.— April-May, before the leaves ; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious; in few-flowered fascicles on shoots of the previous year, the pistillate red, the staminate orange ; sepals 4-5 ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 5-8 ; ovary smooth. Fruit. — May- June, germinating immediately after reaching the ground ; samaras small, on drooping pedicels 2-4 inches long ; wings about 1 inch long, diverging at about a right angle. Winter-buds. — Dark red, blunt ; terminal bud about y^ inch long, with bud-scales rounded at the apex ; flower-buds clustered on side spurs. Bark. — Twigs bright red, lustrous, becoming smooth and light gray on the branches ; old trunks dark gray, ridged, separating into plate-like scales. Plate VII. Wood. — Heavy, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers swamp-lands or banks of streams ; moist woods. Notes. — The scarlet flowers of this maple give us the brightest spring welcome from the trees. When the red maple is a blaze of color and the other trees are still bare and brown, it is conspicuous and unmistakable, and in autumn the rich coloring of its leaves makes it conspicuous again. The leaves of the sflver maple turn yellow and those of the sugar maple yellow or red, but not the crimson or deep red of the red maple. It is distinguished from the sugar maple by its smoother, dark gray bark and by the deeper acute incisions of the leaves although they are subject to much variation. The fruit is about one inch long and like that of silver maple falls in early summer. This tree, common throughout the eastern United States, is very generally distributed in Vermont. 176 Bulletin 194 Box Elder (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x 1/2. 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i/4. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x %. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 177 ACERACEAE Box Elder Acer negundo L. [Negundo aceroides Moench.] Habit. — A sturdy little tree 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet. Trunk often divides near the ground into several stout, wide-spreading branches, forming a broad, unsymmetrical, open crown. Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound. Leaflets 3-5 in number, 2-4 inches long, 1>^-2J^ inches broad; ovate or oval; nearly entire, irregularly and remotely coarse-toothed above the middle, or some- times 3-lobed (often giving the leaflet a jagged outhne) ; apex acute, base variable ; glabrous or somewhat pubescent at maturity, with prom- inent veins. Petioles slender, 2-3 inches long, the enlarged base leav- ing prominent crescent-shaped scars partly surrounding the winter- buds. Flowers. — -April-May, before or with the leaves ; dioecious ; small, yellow-green ; the staminate in clusters on long, thread-hke, hairy pedicels ; the pistillate in narrow, drooping racemes ; calyx hairy, 5- lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 4-6 ; ovary pubescent. Fruit. — Early summer, but hanging until late autumn or early spring; narrow, flat, winged samaras, in pairs, clustered in drooping, racemose clusters. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud ^-^ inch long, acute, inclosed in two dull red scales, often hoary or minutely pubescent ; lateral buds obtuse, appressed. Bark. — Twigs greenish to purple, glaucous ; trunk pale gray or light brown, deeply cleft into broad ridges. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, weak, creamy white, with thick, hardly distinguishable sapwood. Distribution.— From the Winooski river southward, in some places locally abundant ; occurs sparingly along streams in the Cham- plain valley. Habitat. — Banks of streams and borders of swamps. Prefers deep, moist soil. Notes. — The box elder accommodates itself to almost any situa- tion. It is easily transplanted and grows rapidly. For these reasons it is sometimes planted for shade and ornament, but it is not a desirable tree for this purpose. 178 Bulletin 194 Commou Horse-cliestuut (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x %. Leaf, X Vii. Leaflet, x 14. 4. Flower, x 1. 5. Fruit, X 14. The Trees of Vermont 179 SAPINDACEAE Common Horsc-cliestiuit Aesculus hippocastanum L. Habit. — A handsome tree, with a height of 40-60 feet and a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, forming a broad, conical crown. The regularly occurring branches ascend from the trunk at first, gradually bend downwards as they lengthen, and end in a thick, upturning spray. Leaves. — Opposite, digitately compound. Leaflets usually 7, rarely 5, 5-7 inches long, 13^-23^ inches broad; obovate, wedge-shaped at the base ; irregularly and bluntly serrate ; thick ; rough, dark green above, paler beneath, turning a rusty yellow in autumn. Petioles long, grooved, swollen at the base. Flowers. — May- June, after the leaves ; polygamo-monoecious ; large, whitish, in showy, upright, terminal thyrses 8-12 inches long; pedicels jointed, 4-6-flowere(l ; calyx campanulatc, 5-lobed ; petals 5, white, spotted with yellow and red, clawed ; stamens 7, thread-like, longer than the petals. Fruit. — October ; a leathery, globular capsule about 2 inches in diameter, roughened with short spines; containing 1-3 large, smooth, lustrous, brown nuts, marked by large, pale scars. Winter-buds. — Terminal buds 1-1^ inches long, acute, brownish, covered with glistening, resinous gum ; inner scales yellowish, becoming 1^-2 inches long in spring, remaining until the leaves are nearly half grown. Bark. — Twigs smooth, red-brown ; trunk dark brown and broken into thin plates by shallow fissures ; rich in tannin, bitter. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, weak, whitish, with thin, light brown sapwood. Notes. — The horse-chestnut is a native of Greece, but it is exten- sively cultivated throughout Europe and America, where it is favorite shade tree. A double-flowered variety, Aesculus hlppocasianmn, v. florc plena, which bears no fruit is a common garden form. 180 Bulletin 194 Basswood (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Leaf, X 1/2. Cyme of flowers, with its bract, x %. Flower, with two petals, petaloid scales and stamens removed, enlarged. Stamen, enlarged. Fruit, x ■14. The Trees of Vermont 181 TILIACEAE Basswood Tilia americana L. Habit. — A tree usually 60-70 feet high, with a tall, straight trunk 2-4 feet in diameter; numerous slender branches form a dense, ovoid or rounded crown. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, 3-4 inches broad ; obliquely heart-shaped ; coarsely serrate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, dull dark green above, paler beneath; petioles slender, 1-2 inches long. Flowers. — June-July, after the leaves; perfect, regular; yellowish white, downy, fragrant ; borne on slender pedicels in loose, drooping cymes, the peduncle attached for half its length to a narrow, oblong, yellowish bract ; sepals 5, downy ; petals 5, creamy white ; stamens numerous, in 5 clusters ; ovary 5-celled ; stigma 5-lobed. Fruit. — October; globose, nut-like, woody, gray, tomentose, about the size of peas. Winter-buds. — Terminal bud absent ; lateral buds ovoid, acute, often lopsided, smooth, dark red, ^4 i"ch long. Bark. — Twigs smooth, reddish gray, becoming dark gray or brown ; dark gray and smooth on young stems, on old trunks thick, deeply furrowed into broad, scaly ridges. Plate VII. Wood. — Light, soft, close-grained, tough, light red-brown, with thick sapwood of nearly the same color. Page 231. Distribution. — Common throughout Vermont at altitudes less than 1,000 feet, rare from 1,000-2,000 feet. Habitat. — Prefers rich, well-drained, loamy soils. Notes. — The basswood is a widely scattered tree in Vermont, growing with the maples, oaks and elms. Its leaves are five or six inches long and nearly as wide, with a base more deeply cordate on one side than the other. The flowers, which open in July, are creamy- white, borne in clusters suspended from a tongue-like leaf or bract. They are very fragrant and so full of nectar that the basswood often is called the bee-tree. The fruit ripens in autumn, forming hard brown balls or nutlets the size of peas. Basswood lumber is brownish or nearly white, light but rather tough, and is extensively used for drawers and similar cabinet work, panels, inside wood-work and for toys. Ow- ing to the fact that it is bent readily, it is used for the bodies and dash boards of carriages and sleighs. The European linden ( T. europea) occasionally is cultivated. It closely resembles the American species. 182 Bulletin 194 Black Guni. Tupelo (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Portion of twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, x %. 4. Staminate flov/ering branchlet, x \->, 5. Staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x 14. 7. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Fruit, X i/>. The Trees of Vermont 183 CORNACEAE IJIjK'k (iluin. Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. [Nyssa multitlura Wang.] ILviiiT. — A medium-sized tree 20-40 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 1-2 feet, forming a rounded to cylindrical crown of slender, spreading, pendulous hranchcs and a stiff, flat spray. Leaves. — Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, one-half as hroad ; oblong-obovate to oval ; entire, or sometimes wavy-margined ; thick and firm ; very lustrous and dark green above, pale and often hairy beneath, turning bright scarlet, on the upper surface only, in autumn ; petioles short. Flowers. — May-June, with the leaves ; polygamo-dioecious ; greenish ; borne on slender, downy peduncles ; the staminate slender- pedicelled, in many-flowered heads ; the pistillate sessile, in several- flowered clusters; calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed ; petals 5; stamens 5-10; stigma stout, terete, recurved. Fruit. — October; fleshy drupes, ovoid, blue-black, about Yi inch long, sour, in clusters of 1-3. Winter-buds. — ^-/4 ii^ch long, ovoid, obtuse, dark red. Bark. — Twigs greenish or light brown, smooth or often downy, becoming smooth, dark red-brown ; thick, red-brown on old trunks, deeply furrowed. Plate VIII. Wood. — Heavy, soft, strong, very tough, difficult to split, not durable in contact with the soil, pale yellow, with thick, whitish sap- wood. Distribution.— Occasional along the shores of Lake Champlain and in the adjacent river-bottoms ; also in southwestern Vermont ; has been found in central Vermont as far north as Craftsbury. Habitat. — Prefers the borders of swamps and low, wet lands. Rarely flourishes in exposed situations. Notes. — The sour gum has a peculiar appearance with horizontal branches and smooth or glossy leaves, borne in beech-like sprays. Its greenish flowers appear in June and are followed by the dark-blue, egg-shaped fruits, one-half of an inch long, with thin, acid flesh, ripening in October. It is of great ornamental value when planted within its range. 184 Bulletin 194 THE ASHES The olive family takes its name from the olive tree of Asia. The only representatives among our native trees are the ashes ; but several of the commonly planted ornamental shrubs, the lilacs and other syrin- gas and the beautiful forsythia, belong to this family. The individual flowers of the ashes are small ; but coming as they do before the leaves and appearing in crowded clusters, they are quite conspicuous. The flowers are of two kinds, the pollen producing and the seed bearing being on separate trees. The ashes, like the maples, have prominently winged fruit, but those of the ash hang singly whereas the maple "keys" are always in pairs. The ashes are among the most useful of the hardwood forest trees of America, yielding to the oaks alone in value. Two species, the black ash and the white ash, occur commonly throughout Vermont, the red ash and the green ash are restricted or local in their distribution. The latter two are very similar and intermediate forms connect them so closely that some authorities rate the green ash as but a variety of the red ash. In using the following key it is to be observed that the ash leaf is compound, that is, each leaf is divided into from seven to eleven smaller leaflets, as will be seen by examining any of the figures. The Trees of Vermont 185 SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FRAXINUS a. Lateral leaflets sessile F. nigra, p. 193. aa. Lateral leaflets petioled. b. Twigs, petioles and lower sides of leaves pubescent, F. pennsylvanica, p. 189. bb. Twigs, petioles and lower sides of leaves essentially glabrous. c. Lower sides of leaves essentially of the same color as the upper; leaflet-margins rather finely sharp-serrate, F. pennsylvanica lanceolata, p. 19i. cc. Lower sides of leaves paler than the upper ; leaflet-margins entire or obscurely serrate F. americana, ]>. 187. WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FRAXINUS a. Buds rusty-tomentose ; twigs more or less downy, F. pennsylvanica, p. 189 aa. Buds not tomentose; twigs not downy. b. Terminal bud black or nearly so, showing 3 pairs of scales in cross-section ; bud-scales apiculate at the apex ; samaras with broad wings, the seed portion flattish ; bark flaky, rubbing ofif on the hand F. nigra, p. 193. bb. Terminal bud brownish, showing 4 pairs of scales in cross- section ; bud-scales rounded at the apex ; samaras with narrow wings, the seed ]:)ortion terete; bark ridged, not flaky and rubl)ing of¥ on the hand. c. Upper margin of leaf-scars deeply concave, F. americana, p. 187. cc. Upper margin of leaf-scars not concave, but straight across or projecting upward F. pennsylvanica lanceolata, p. 191. 186 Bulletin 194 White Ash (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x i^. 3. Staminate flowering branchlet, x V2. 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowering branclilet, x %. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 187 OLEACEAE Wliite Asli Fraxinus americana L. Habit. — A large tree 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; forming an open, pyramidal crown of long, slender, lateral branches and a stout, rather sparse spray. Leaves.- — Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long. Leaflets usually 7-9, 3-5 inches long, 1-2 inches broad; short-stalked; ovate to oblong-lanceolate ; entire or obscurely serrate ; thick and firm ; glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath. Petioles glabrous, stout, grooved. Flowers. — May, before the leaves ; dioecious ; borne in loose panicles on shoots of the previous season ; calyx campanulate, 4-lobed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2-celled. Fruit. — August-September, persistent on the branches until mid- winter or the following spring; samaras 1-2 inches long, in crowded, drooping, paniculate clusters 6-8 inches long. Winter-buds. — Short, rather obtuse; bud-scales apiculate, keeled, 4 pairs, rusty-brown. Bark. — Twigs at first dark green, becoming gray or light brown, often covered with a glaucous bloom ; gray, deeply furrowed into firm, narrow, flattened ridges on the trunk. Plate VIIL Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, brown, with thick, lighter colored sapwood. Page 225. Distribution. — Of common occurrence throughout Vermont. Habitat. — Prefers a rich, moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation ; common along stream-beds. Notes. — The white ash occurs in all parts of Vermont and upon all kinds of soil, but it prefers a rich, moist location. It is an open spreading tree in the field but in the forest it sends up a clean, straight shaft with a very small head. This character helps to make the white ash one of the valuable timber trees of our forests. The wood is strong, tough, elastic, durable and easily worked. It is manufactured into casings, every kind of furniture, agricultural implements and parts of carriages. It is said that in strength and elasticity the white ash timber from Vermont is superior to that from most other sources. The wdiite oak and the hickories are the only native trees which have a higher value for fuel. This ash is recognized by its compound leaves, nearly twelve inches long, with from seven to nine smooth, petioled leaflets. 1S8 Bulletin 194 Eed Ash (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Leaf, X U. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i{ Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x U. Pistillate flower, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 189 OLEACEAE Eed Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. [Fraxinus pubescens Lam.] Habit. — A medium-sized tree 30-50 feet high, with a trunk di- ameter of 1-2 feet; stout, upright branches and slender branchlets form a compact, broad, irregular crown. Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long. Leaf- lets 7-9, 3-5 inches long, 1-1^ inches broad; short-stalked; oblong- lanceolate to ovate ; slightly serrate or entire ; thin and firm ; glabrous, yellow-green above, pale and silky-downy beneath. Petioles stout, pubescent. Flowers. — May, with the leaves ; dioecious ; borne in compact, Qlowny panicles on shoots of the previous season ; calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed ; corolla 0 ; stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2-celled. Fruit. — Early autumn, persistent on the branches throughout the winter; samaras 1-2 inches long, in open, paniculate clusters. Winter-buds. — Small, rounded ; bud-scales rounded on the back, 3 pairs, rusty brown, tomentose. Bark. — Twigs pale pubescent at first, lasting 2-3 years or often disappearing during the first summer, finally ashy gray or brownish and often covered with a glaucous bloom ; brown or dark gray on the trunk, with many longitudinal, shallow furrows ; somewhat scaly. Wood. — Heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick, yellow-streaked sapwood. Distribution. — Common along Lake Champlain and its tributa- ries ; occasional in other sections. Habitat. — Wet or moist, rich loam ; river-banks ; swampy low- lands. Notes. — The red ash closely resembles .the white ash in general appearance. It may be recognized always, however, by looking closely at the buds in winter or at the young shoots or petioles in summer. These parts are velvety with delicate hairs, and it is this characteristic pubescence which suggested the Latin name of the species. The flowers and fruits bear a general resemblance to those of the white ash. The red ash is used considerably in manufactures but is inferior to the preceding species for most purposes. It is distributed generally along the shores of Lake Champlain and its adjacent waters but has not been reported from other parts of Vermont. 190 Bulletin 194 Greeu Asli (Mich. Trees). 1. Winter twig, x 1. 2. Leaf, x %■ 3. Staminate flowering branclilet, x %■ 4. Staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x i/.. 6. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 191 OLEACEAE fireen Asli Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkli.) Sarg. [Fraxiniis lanccolata Burkh.] [Fraxinus viridis INIichx. f.] Considered by some authors to he a distinct species, and by others a variety of F. pennsylvanica Marsh., which it resembles. The main points of difiference are : The usual absence of pubescence from the branchlets. the under side of the leaflets, and the petioles. The rather narrower, shorter, and more sharply serrate leaflets. The color of the leaves, which is bright green on both sides. A very hardy tree, of rapid growth and desirable habit, making it useful for ornamental and street planting. Easily transplanted. The green ash occurs occasionally along the shores of Lake Champlain. 192 Bulletin 194 Black Ash (Mich. Trees). Winter twig, x 1. Leaf, X %. Staminate flowering branchlet, x i^. Staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flowering branchlet, x y^- Pistillate flowers, enlarged. Fruit, X 1. The Trees of Vermont 193 OLEACEAE Black Ash Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [Fraxinus sambucifoHa Lam.] Habit. — A tall tree 60-80 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet ; slender, upright branches form in the forest a narrow crown, in the open a rounded, ovoid crown. Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long. Leaf- lets 7-11, 3-5 inches long, 1-2 inches broad ; sessile, except the terminal ; oblong to oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed ; remotely, but sharply ser- rate ; thin and firm ; dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous. Petioles stout, grooved, glabrous. Flowers. — May, before the leaves ; polygamo-dioecious ; borne in loose panicles on shoots of the preceding season ; calyx 0 ; corolla 0 ; stamens 2 ; ovary 2-celled. Fruit. — August-September, falling early, or sometimes hanging on the tree until the following spring; samaras 1-1)^ inches long, in open, paniculate clusters 8-10 inches long. Winter-buds. — Ovoid, pointed; bud-scales rounded on the back, 3 pairs, almost black. Bark. — Twigs at first dark green, becoming ashy gray or orange, finally dark gray and warted ; thin, soft ash-gray and scaly on the trunk. Bark flakes oil on rubbing with the hand. Plate VIIL Wood. — Heavy, tough, coarse-grained, weak, rather soft, dark brown, with thin, lighter colored sapwood. Distribution. — Common throughout the lower altitudes. Habitat. — Deep, cold swamps and low river-banks ; wet woods. Notes. — The black ash is found in lowlands and swamps. Often it is called the brown ash but this name is confusing as it is applied also to the red ash. This and the white ash are the commoner species of V^ermont. They are distinguished easily by the fact that the leaflets of the white ash always are distinctly stalked while the black ash has sessile leaflets. These are seven to eleven in number, often forming a leaf twelve to sixteen inches long which is smooth and green on both sides. Black ash timber is coarser-grained than is that of white ash. It is used for furniture and interior finishings and in the manufacture of baskets. 194 Bulletin 194 THE STRUCTURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF OUR COM- MON LUMBER WOODS By C. H. Otis Common as wood is in its varied forms and uses, comparatively few jDeople are able to distinguish our familiar trees when sawed into lumber and fashioned into houses, furniture and other manufactured products. Yet each wood has characteristics of color, odor, graining, weight, hardness, strength and minute structure peculiar to itself which distinguish it from other woods. The value of each kind of w^ood for building purposes and every other use is determined to a large extent by its characteristics. These, taken in connection with the available supply of any particular timber in the country, govern the value or cost of that timber in the lumber market. So certain trees, like oak and cedar, because of their durability in contact with the soil, make admirable fence posts; spruce and the broad-leaved white birch and cottonwood possess structural qualities adapting them to the manufacture of paper pulp ; hickory, very strong, tough and straight-grained, has long been valued for carriage and wagon stock and tool handles. Many examples might here be cited to show how various woods are peculiarly adapted to certain uses to a greater extent than are others. Again, some species, on account of our wasteful methods of lumbering, failure to provide means of re- production and lack of restriction as to particular uses, have become so scarce that substitutes are offered in the markets to take their places. To such an extent has. this become true that methods are in use to imitate the grain and color of some of the more depleted but valuable woods. Thus birch enters very largely into the composition of a great deal of so-called modern mahogany furniture, and cheap woods are often grained to imitate quarter-sawed white oak. With the great variety of useful woods to be found in any lumber yard, it is important that consumers of wood in any form should be able to identify the different kinds offered so that they may choose those woods best suited to their particular needs and that they may obtain them and not lumber similar in appearance but otherwise of inferior qualifications. Wood structure and the arrangement of the elements making up the woody tissues constitute the basis of the identification and use of timber. By structure is meant the relative si^e, shape and form of the The Trees of Vermont li»5 wood elements peculiar to each tree. It is by reason of their structure that some woods are heavier, stronger and stiffer than others, that some are straight- and others are cross-grained, that some are hard and some soft and that some season rapidly and without injury while others have a tendency to check and split. The wide medullary rays of the oak explain the pleasing effect of the wood when quarter-sawed and polished to bring out the grain. The peculiar undulations of the growth VIII. Log Cut to Show Features. a. Bark. 6. Sapwood. c. Heartwood. d. Cross-section, c. Radial-section. /. Tangential-section. g. Pith. h. Growth ring. i. Medullary ray. IX. Tyi'ical Wood Elements, Dia- grammatic. Greatly Enlarged. Tracheid, showing bordered pits. Scheme of bordered pit in section and surface views. Segment or single cells of a vessel, showing spiral thickenings. Wood or bast fiber. Group of wood-parenchyma cells. rings sometimes found in the maple produce the "bird's-eye" markings which make the lumber so prized in the manufacture of furniture. It is our purpose to consider briefly the structure of a tree trunk and the various elements of the woody tissues. If we should go into a forest where felling operations are in progress or into a sawmill where there are unsawed logs, we would, have an opportunity to examine the smooth-cut end of a mature log. We would note that it exhibits several well-defined areas or layers. 196 Bulletin 194 The first layer on the outside is probably rough externally and dark- colored. This is the bark, (a, fig. VIII), a protective covering to the inner woody tissues. The outer portion of the bark of a forest tree is dead tissue which is stretched and fissured as the tree grows in diameter, while the inner portion is live tissue, serving to conduct food materials up and down the trunk. In some kinds of trees the bark is quite thick, in others very thin. This factor, together with those of color and ex- ternal appearance, makes the bark, when present, of considerable value in the determination of woods. At the center of the log is a small cylinder of loose tissue less than one-fourth of an inch in diameter, the pith (g, fig. VIII). Lying between the bark and the pith is the wood. In some kinds of trees, like the balsam fir and the hemlock, the wood is all of one color. In others, it consists of two parts distinct from each other in color. The outer portion is called sapwood (b, fig. VIII). It is living tissue and serves chiefly in the living tree to conduct the sap, or water which is taken up by the roots, to the leaves. The width of the sapwood varies with different species and with dif- ferent individuals of the same species. In very young trees all the wood is sapwood. As the sapwood grows older, the tissue composing it becomes choked so as to prevent the further passage of sap. This tissue then dies and serves only as a support to the rest of the tree, holding up its great weight and making it rigid enough to resist strong winds. It usually becomes darker colored than the sapwood, and is called heartwood (c, fig. VIII). The sapwood and heartwood differ not only in color, but also in durability. In some species only the heartwood is suitable for sawing into lumber, being, as a rule, harder, heavier and drier than sapwood. In other cases where pliability or elasticity is required, as, for example, in hickory and ash which are used in making baskets or for handles of rakes, hoes and golf clubs, the sapwood is more valuable than the heartwood. Separating the wood from the bark is a very thin layer, the cam- bium. From this layer is added new wood on the outside of that already formed and new bark on the inside of the old bark. It is by this process that the trunk grows in diameter. Each year the cambium adds a new layer of wood to the circumference of the tree. These layers appear on the end of the log as concentric rings. They are called annual, yearly or growth rings (h, fig. VIII). In maple, birch, white pine and many other woods there is no sharp distinction between the wood formed in the spring and that formed in summer. In other cases the wood which is formed in the spring, when growth is most The Trees of Vermont 197 rapid, differs in nature from the harder and denser wood formed later in the season. The oaks, elms and hickories present clearly defined layers. The two layers are called early or spring wood and late or summer wood. The presence or absence of well-defined spring and summer wood is an important factor in distinguishing and naming the different woods ; in fact, the grain or figure of some kinds of lumber depends entirely upon the difference between spring and summer wood. Radiating from the center of the trunk toward the bark, like the spokes of a wheel, are slender but more or less distinct hues. These are the medullary rays (i, fig. VIII). Medullary rays serve two func- tions ; they are paths for the conduction of food materials between bark and wood or wood and bark, and they bind the trunk together from pith to bark. Woods dift"er in the size and number of medullary rays present, the rays being inconspicuous in some and very prominent in others. If an oak log be cut along any of its many radii, i. e., parallel to one of the lines of the medullary rays, the beautiful "flakes" of the quarter-sawed oak are exposed to view. In other trees, like the maples, the medullary rays may be so small as to escape notice. But whether prominent or inconspicuous, the medullary rays help largely to make up the pattern which often readily and surely distinguishes one wood from another. We have learned from our superficial inspection that a tree is not a simple structure but a complex organism composed of several kinds of tissues, each having its particular function in the life of the tree. In order to continue our study further, it is necessary that we use a hand lens or a compound microscope. If we examine the smoothly cut end. of a piece of wood, or, better, a very thin shaving, we find that it is seemingly made up of a network of holes or pores held together by chains of solid tissue, in appearance resembling the chambers of a honeycomb. All trees, all tissues composing trees, are made up of millions of these units, just as a wall is built of bricks and mortar. These units making up the bodies of trees are called cells (fig. IX). A cell may be considered in the nature of a box, but so small is it that it is usually indistinguishable to the naked eye. The walls of the box or cell are composed for the most part of a woody substance called cellulose ; we call them cell-walls. In young cells, such as we find in the actively growing parts of trees, the whole cavity of the cell is filled with a slimy substance called protoplasm. The protoplasm is the living substance of the tree; where there is protoplasm, there is life and growth. As the cells grow older and larger, the protoplasm 198 Bulletin 194 does not continue to fill the whole cavity within the cell-walls, but forms only a thin lining around the walls. Finally it disappears altogether, leaving the dead cell-walls intact, making the substance called wood. The cells composing wood are not all the same shape or size, but vary greatly according to the function which they serve in the life of the tree. Because of the great variety of the cells com- posing it, wood takes on various characters of structure, graining and coloring, which are distinctive for each kind of wood and which greatly aid in distinguishing the various kinds from one another. The wood of conifers is very regular and simple, consisting mainly of cells of one sort. It is this uniformity of structure which makes the wood of conifers valuable for so many purposes. These cells are called tracheids (a, fig. IX). They are vertical, elongated, tapering tubes, one-twentieth to one-fifth of an inch in length, with closed ends and a relatively large cavity. The pointed ends of the tracheids over- lap one another in a dovetailed fashion, breaking the joints and making the wood much stronger than it would be otherwise. They are further identified by the presence of pits or pores in their walls which serve as waterways between the tubes. These pits (b, fig. IX) appear as if made up of two circles, and they are for this reason called bordered pits. The other cells making up the wood of conifers are the ray cells. These extend horizontally, and in a radial-section appear as tiers of regular, brick-shaped cells. The cells communicate vv^ith one another by numerous pits in the walls. In certain genera the medullary rays are bordered by tracheids similar to the ordinary wood tracheids, but designated as ray tracheids. In one of the pines the ray tracheids have teeth-like projections from the walls, which are useful in identifying this species. Scattered here and there on the cross-section of some coniferous woods are to be seen irregular grayish or brownish dots. These are resin ducts and are especially well-represented in the pines. Resin ducts are openings between cells containing resin, which is manufactured by certain trees. If you cut a limb from a pine tree, the cut surface will very quickly become sticky with the resin which oozes from these ducts. On a warm day in the pine woods the resin is quite apparent by its fragrant odor. Some woods have present also certain cells or groups of cells which produce resin, which gives them a distinctive appearance, and therefore they are called resin cells. Their presence or absence aids in the determination of certain woods. The wood of broad-leaved trees is much more complex in structure than the wood of conifers. Instead of being made up essentially of The Trees of Vermont 199 one kind of cells, tracheids, as is the case in the coniferous woods just mentioned, the wood of broad-leaved trees is composed of several kinds of cells. If we examine the cut end of a red oak branch we notice that the spring wood contains many comparatively large open- ings which are visible even to the naked eye. These openings are called pores ; they are cross-sections of open tubes or vessels or tracheae which run up and down the trunk of the tree and out into the branches and twigs. In the beginning they resembled the tracheids of conifers, i. e., they were made up of separate and distinct cells. Later, the end walls of the cells which met endwise were absorbed, leaving a con- tinuous series of connected cells or a tube (c, fig. IX). These tubes or vessels serve in the living tree as water-carriers. For the sidewise conduction of fluids, the vessels are usually abundantly pitted with bordered pits, but the pits are somewhat smaller than those commonly found in the tracheids of coniferous woods. Furthermore, it is very common for vessels, especially the smaller ones, to be marked with spiral thickenings on their interior walls. The scalariform perfora- tions present in the end partitions of the vessels of a few woods, as seen on the radial-section, are sometimes confused with the true spiral thickenings just mentioned. This point may be definitely determined by an inspection of tangential- as well as radial-sections. Tyloses also occur in the vessels of many of the broad-leaved woods, sometimes being visible to the naked eye. Tyloses are usually rather thin-walled cells which protrude into the cavities of the vessels, where they divide rapidly and grow, sometimes filling the entire cavity and plugging the vessels so as to prevent further conduction of fluids. The value of white oak for cooperage is increased by tyloses, which are especially abundant in the vessels of this wood. They are also well-represented in the locust, in this instance being rather thick-walled. It is convenient to divide broad-leaved woods into two groups, which are characterized by the size and arrangement of the vessels. In some species of wood the vessels which are formed later in the season are much smaller than those formed earlier. A wood of this kind, with its large pores collected into a row or band in each growth ring, is spoken of as ring-porous. In other woods, the pores are more nearly uniform in size in both spring and summer wood. They are designated as difl^use-porous woods. The wood of the maple is of thi= character. In many of the diffuse-porous woods the pores are toe small to be seen with the naked eye, and in some cases they may even be indistinct when viewed with a lens. Thev should not, however. 200 Bulletin 194 because of this, be confused with the non-porous coniferous woods, which they may resemble. Tracheids in the wood of broad-leaved trees are subordinate elements. They are much smaller and less uniform in size and shape than in conifers and are more abundant in the vicinity of the tubes or vessels. As in conifers, the tracheids bear numerous bordered pits on their walls. In some cases, as in the wood of the ash, tracheids are absent. Strength, hardness and toughness are given to broad-leaved woods principally by the wood fibers. These are slender, spindle-shaped, sharp-pointed cells with thick walls and narrow cavities (d, fig. IX). Usually they are provided with oblique, slit-like, simple pits. The wood fibers for the most part lie vertically side by side and parallel to one another, but in some woods, like the sycamore, they are more or less interwoven. This makes the wood cross-grained, difficult to work and hard to split. While the medullary rays of coniferous woods are uniformly small and inconspicuous, they are often broad and prominent in broad-leaved woods. They are largest in the oak, where they may become twenty- five to seventy-live cells wide and several hundred cells high ; between these broad rays are numerous smaller ones, mostly uniseriate and from one to twenty cells high. In the sycamore all the rays are broad, while in the beech only a portion of the rays are broad. Ray cells are usually elongated in the radial or horizontal direction and are then termed procumbent. Not infrequently, however, the marginal cells, as in the willow, are elongated vertically ; cells of this kind are said to be upright. These differences in the character of the medullary rays are important means of identification. Another kind of tissue which is more or less prominent in broad- leaved woods is wood parenchyma. Parenchyma consists of vertical groups of short cells, the end ones of each group tapering to a point (e, fig. IX). The cells of parenchyma resemble the cells of the medul- lary rays ; the walls are invariably pitted with rounded, simple pits. The function of the parenchyma is the distribution and storage of the food products manufactured by the leaves. The distribution of paren- chyma on the cross-sections of different species is subject to more or less variation, making this feature of considerable importance in clas- sifying woods. Commonly wood parenchyma is grouped around the pores or vessels. In the basswood it occurs in somewhat broken, tangential lines, forming, with the wood fil)ers, a tier-like arrangement The Trees of Vermont 201 of the wood elements. In the hickory it forms numerous, fine, con- centric Hues which are as distinct as the rays. In other woods it may be confined to several rows of cells at the outer limit of the growth ring. As a final feature having some value in the identification of certain of the woods, is to be mentioned the so-called "pith flecks". They are common in many of our native woods, appearing as crescent-shaped, discolored patches on the cross-section and as brownish streaks run- ning up and down the stem in longitudinal-section. Pith flecks are not a special kind of tissue, but are tunnels made by the larvae of a two-winged insect which lives in the cambium during the growing season. These pith flecks have been found to occur in only five families of trees in the United States, namely, the willow, birch, rose, maple and linden families. They are by no means constant in their occur- rence ; some stems have numerous pith flecks, while other stems of the same species from the same vicinity do not have them. Taken in con- junction with other characters, however, the presence of pith flecks in considerable numbers may aid in the identification of woods. The subject of wood structure is one of absorbing interest to one who will but take a little trouble to go beneath the surface. Facts will be revealed which have hitherto lain hidden because of our usual cursory method of handling wood. Some practise may be necessary at first, a little patience may be needed at times, but success will be the reward of honest effort. In all identification work a very sharp knife is necessary. Surfaces must be cut cleanly and smoothly, keep- ing always in mind that a bruised and broken surface reveals but little of the structure of the wood. Large pieces are not essential, even small cuts along the edge will often suffice. Twigs cut easier than seasoned boards and are frequently as instructive as the more mature wood. Wetting the cut surface will usually make the structural features more prominent. Instructive sections may be made with a very sharp knife or razor, or even with a plane, by cutting very thin pieces and mounting them in water or glycerin between two thin pieces of glass. The sections may even be colored to advantage by soaking them for a time in a dye, thus making certain features more evident. Transparent water colors such as are used in coloring photo- graphs and prints are generally available and will be found to serve as well as the usual laboratory stains. The mounts may be examined with a hand lens by holding them between the eye and the light, or they may be viewed with a compound microscope. If the latter is 202 Bulletin 194 tmployed, the sections of wood must be cut very thin and the customary thin cover-glass must be used between the wood-section and the micro- scope lens. In the key to the woods which follows, it will be noticed that two large divisions have been made, one the porous woods, being the great mass of broad leaved woods, the other the non-porous or coniferous woods. Porous woods have again been divided into two groups, the ring-porous woods and the dififuse-porous woods. The key is con- structed on the same principles which have been employed throughout in other keys in this bulletin. For an explanation and illustration of the manner of using a key, the reader is referred to the chapter on "Artificial Keys, How Made and Used" (pages 13 to 15). Attention is called to the fact that both naked-eye and microscopic characters have been introduced into the key to the woods. Naked-eye characters are printed in Roman type, the microscopic in italics. While keys based solely upon naked-eye or macroscopic characters have been pub- lished, their use often leads the beginner to wrong conclusions or utter confusion. The insertion of microscopic characters may be considered, then, as a necessary affliction which has been im- posed to make accurate determinations easy, rather than to complicate the key. The more common or important woods have been illustrated by cross-, radial- and tangential-sections of the woods. In the prep- aration of these drawings, photomicrographs of very thin, stained sections of typical wood were taken. Blueprints were subsequently made from the negatives and the outlines of the cells were drawn in with India ink. Finally the prints were bleached, the result being a silhouette of the original wood-section drawn accurately to a scale on a white background. The Trees of Vermont 203 KEY TO THE WOODS OF VERMONT In the following key, the Roman type calls attention to characters which may readily be distinguished by the naked eye or by the use of a hand lens, and should not be interpreted as indicating more important characters. The italics represent characters that can be studied only with a compound microscope. The word in parenthesis indicates the section, cross-, radial-, tangential- or longitudinal-, which shows the point in question to greatest advantage. a.' Pores (cross) visible and conspicuous, at least with magnifier, i. e., wood composed of three to sLv kinds of cells, ivhich are not uniform in structure and usually not arranged in definite radial rows; resin ducts and resin cells (cross) absent; rays (cross) for the most part conspicuous. h. Growth rings (cross) defined by zones of large pores in the spring wood alternating with the denser summer wood ; pores in summer wood small, or few and scattered. c. Rays (cross), or part of them, broad, easily distinguishable by the naked eye at three feet distance ; on close inspection, rays of two kinds, broad and fine. d. Pores (cross) abruptly diminishing in size from spring wood to summer wood; tyloses (longitudinal) present, usually abundant in all large pores, e. Pores (cross) of spring wood 1-3 rows deep. /. Pores (cross) of summer wood arranged chiefly in single, radial rows, seldom joined tangentially, the rows extending to the periphery of the growth rings, Quercus bicolor, ff. Pores (cross) of summer wood arranged chiefly in double, radial rows, often joined tangentially, the rows rarely extending to the periphery of the growth rings. g. Radial rows of summer-wood pores (cross) rela- tively wide ; large rays about ^^ inch apart, Quercus macrocarpa. gg. Radial rows of summer- wood pores (cross) rela- tively narrow ; large rays about y^ inch apart, Quercus alba. ee. Pores (cross) of spring wood 3-5 rows deep, /. Radial rows of small pores (cross) chiefly in several rows, becoming wider toward the periphery of the growth rings ; walls of summer-wood pores thin, Quercus prinus. 1 aa. See page 211. 204 Bulletin 194 ff. Radial rows of small pores (cross) chiefly in one row, becoming narrower toward the periphery of the growth rings ; walls of summer-wood pores thick, Quercus muhlenbergii. dd. Pores (cross) gradually diminishing in size from spring wood to summer wood; tyloses (longitudinar) usually scarce or wanting. e. Wood-parenchyma cells (cross) arranged in concentric lines around the pores; heartwood red-brown, Quercus velutinao ee. Wood-parenchyma cells (cross) grouped irregularly around the pores; heartwood light red, Quercus rubra, p. 230. cc. Pores (cross) all fine, indistinguishable by the naked eye at three feet distance ; on close inspection, rays of one kind, all fine. d. Pores (cross) of summer wood small and inconspicuous, or when visible single, grouped, or forming short, broken lines, but never forming extended radial or tangential lines. e. Rays (cross) clearly distinct to the naked eye at 6-12 inches distance ; growth rings for the most part wide to very wide; rays (radial) very high and prominent. /. Pore's (cross) of late summer wood in large groups of 6-many, joined tangentially by zvood parenchyma, often forming tangential lines plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of 6-12 inches; tyloses (tan- gential) very abundant, densely plugging the vessels; wood yielding a brown stain when rubbed with a wet, white handkerchief Robinia pseudo-acacia. ff. Pores (cross) of late summer wood in small groups of 3-6, not joined tangentially by wood parenchyma, never forming tangential lines which are plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of 6-12 inches; tyloses (tan- gential) only fairly abundant, never plugging the ves- sels; wood not yielding a brown stain when rubbed with a wet, white handkerchief Morus rubra. ee. Rays (cross) not clearly distinct to the naked eye at 6-12 inches distance, inconspicuous to microscopic ; growth rings (cross) for the most part narrow; rays (radial) not high and prominent. The Trees of Vermont 205 /. Pores (cross) of summer wood solitary, rarely grouped, not forming short, tangential lines; wood parenchyma (cross) forming more or less continuous, tangential lines as distinct, or nearly so, as the rays; tyloses {tan- gential) .present Carya, p. 229. ff. Pores (cross) of summer wood usually grouped, for the most part forming short, tangential lines ; wood paren- chyma (cross) not forming continuous, tangential lines; tyloses {tangential) absent. g. Pores (cross) of spring wood 1-2 rows deep, forming a narrow zone not over one- fourth the width of the growth ring. . Fraxinus, pennsylvanica lanceolata. gg. Pores (cross) of spring wood 3-5 rows deep, form- ing a hroad zone one-third to one-half the width of the growth ring. h. Pores (cross) of summer wood joined by zvood parenchyma, forming short or more or less ex- tended, tangential lines ; wood hard and strong. i. Lines of pores and wood parenchyma (cross) in summer wood short and broken, mostly near the periphery of the growth ring {occasionally absent or very indistinct) . .Fraxinus americana, p. 225. a. Lines of pores and wood parenchyma (cross) in summer wood long, more or less extended, usually well distributed through the growth ring Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Jill. Pores (cross) of summer wood not joined by wood parenchyma, rarely forming tangential lines ; wood soft and weak Fraxinus nigra. dd. Pores (cross) of summer wood small, but distinct, grouped or more or less confluent, or joined by wood parenchyma, to form wavy or branching, more or less extended, radial or tangential lines. e. Pores (cross) of summer wood arranged in radial, branching lines (when very crowded, radial arrangement somewhat obscured) ; pores (cross) of spring wood plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of two feet, strongly oval or elliptical, occupying nearly half the growth ring Castanea dentata. 206 Bulletin 194 ee. Pores (cross) of summer wood arranged, or joined by zvood parenchyma, to form wavy or branching, tangential lines; pores (cross) of spring wood not plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of two feet, not strongly oval nor elliptical, not occupying nearly -half the growth ring. /. Lines of summer-wood pores (cross) strongly wavy; tyloses (tangential) mostly absent, not densely plug- ging the vessels; wood not yielding a brown stain when rubbed with a wet, white handkerchief ; growth rings (cross) not very wide. g. Pores (cross) of spring wood in 3-many rows; pores (cross) of summer wood small, forming thin, rather broken and disconnected, tangential lines, not strongly wavy ; heartwood chocolate-brown, Ulmus fulva. gg. Pores (cross) of spring wood usually in a single row, or nearly so; pores (cross) of summer wood large, forming broad, mostly connected, tangential lines, strongly wavy ; heartwood light brown or red. h. Pores (cross) of spring wood large, plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of 6-9 inches, form- ing a continuous row ; texture coarse ; wood hard to split Ulitius americana, p. 225. hh. Pores (cross) of spring wood small, not visible to the naked eye at a distance of 6-9 inches, not form- ing a continuous row, but the larger ones few and rather widely separated ; texture medium ; wood fairly easy to split Ulmus racemosa. ff. Lines of summer- wood pores (cross) not strongly wavy; tyloses (tangential) present, densely plugging the vessels; wood yielding a brown stain when rubbed with a wet, white handkerchief; growth rings (cross) very wide Robinia pseudo-acacia. bb. Growth rings (cross) not defined by zones of large pores in the spring wood, but pores all the same size, or nearly so, scattered more or less evenly through the growth ring, occasionally more numerous and very often somewhat larger in the spring wood. c. Rays (cross) usually plainly visible to the naked eye at a dis- tance of 6-9 inches. The Trees of Vermont 207 d. Rays (cross) uniform, all of them more or less equal in size (see note below^). e. Wood-parenchyma cells (cross) forming continuous or somewhat broken, tangential lines or bands, scarcely visible with a lens; wood light and soft. /. Wood elements (cross) alternating with parenchyma elements in a tier-like arrangement; vessels (tangential) with spirals; rays (tangential) very narrozv, slender- tapering; color light brown to nearly white, Tilia americana, p. 231. ff. Wood elements (cross) not alternating with paren- chyma elements in a tier-like arrangement, hut confined to 2-4 rows of flattened cells at the outer limit of the grozvth ring; vessels (tangential) zvithout spirals; rays (tangential) rather zvide, abruptly-tapering ; color bluish to the more common yellow-brown, often striped Liriodendron tulipifera. ee. Wood-parenchyma cells (cross) not forming tangential lines or bands ; wood moderately heavy and hard. /. Ray cells (radial) about as long as high; vessels (longitudinal) plugged at intervals with dark red gum; color rich red-brawn or wine. g. Rays (cross) distinct to the naked eye; pith flecks (cross) usually absent; pores (cross) large and con- spicuous under a hand lens. h. Pores (cross) of the spring wood larger and more numerous than those of the summer wood ; larger rays (tangential) 3-4-scriate ; wood rather soft, Prunus nigra. hh. Pores (cross) of the spring wood not noticeably larger nor more numerous than those of the sum- mer wood; larger rays (tangential) 6-8-seriate; wood rather hard Prunus serotina. gg. Rays (cross) barely visible to the naked eye ; pith flecks (cross) usually present, often prominent; pores (cross) rather small and inconspicuous, even under a hand lens Prunus pennsylvanica. 1 The genus Crataegus apparently belongs here ; but the wood varies so greatly and is of so little importance commercially that no attempt has been made to incorporate it within the key. 208 Bulletin 194 ff. Ray cells (radial) about twice as long as high; vessels (longitudinal) not plugged at intervals with dark red gum; color light brown to reddish. g. Wood cream-white, without reddish tinge ; rays (radial) not conspicuously darker than surrounding wood; growth rings (cross) usually very wide, Acer negundo. gg. Wood light red-brown to decidedly reddish; rays (radial) conspicuously darker than surrounding wood; growth rings (cross) usually moderately wide to narrow. h. Larger rays (tangential) 4-6-seriate, for the most part broader than the pores (cross) ; pith flecks absent or rare ; growth rings more or less distinct ; wood very heavy and hard, Acer saccharum, p. 223 Acer saccharum nigrum. hh. Larger rays (tangential) 2-3-, or occasionally 4- seriate, mostly narrower than the pores (cross) ; pith flecks present, often abundant; growth rings for the most part indistinct ; wood rather light and soft. i. Pores (cross) barely visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny ; pith flecks (cross) usually small, neither abundant nor conspicuous, Acer saccharinutn. ii. Pores (cross) visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny; pith flecks (cross) usually rather large, sometimes abundant, more or less conspicuous, Acer rubrum. dd. Rays (cross) not uniform, some of them conspicuously broad. c. Rings (cross) strongly sinuous; wood white, not showing marked graining on tangential- and radial-sections ; broad rays (cross) confined to short radii of the concave por- tions of the rings Carpinus caroliniana. ee. Rings (cross) regular, not strongly sinuous; wood brown- ish to reddish, showing marked graining on tangential- and radial-sections; broad rays (cross) uniformly dis- tributed, not confined to short radii. The Trees of Vermont 209 /. Rays (cross) mostly all broad; vessels (tangential) ■zvith spirals; rays (tangential) hetzveen broad rays rarely or never uniseriate; wood cross-grained, diffi- cult to split Platanus occidentaiis. ff. Rays (cross) only part of them broad; vessels (tan- gential) zvithont spirals; rays (tangential) betzveen broad rays mostly uniseriate; wood mostly straight- grained, easy to split Fagus grandifolia, p. 227. cc. Rays (cross) mostly not plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of 6-9 inches, indistinct to microscopic. d. Pores (cross), or some of them, plainly visible to the naked eye at a distance of a foot, mostly conspicuous in the spring wood, for this reason often approaching characteristics of ring-porous group ; squarish crystals in cells of zvood paren- chyma (longitudinal) common. e. Heartwood chocolate-brown, heavy and hard, with mild odor, especially when wet; rays (tangential) mostly 2-3- scriate, thick-tapering Juglans nigra. ee. Heartwood light chestnut-brown, light and soft, odorless, even when wet; rays (tangential) mostly uniseriate, slender-tapering Juglans cinerea. dd. Pores (cross) not visible to the naked eye at a distance of a foot, not conspicuous in the spring wood ; squarish crystals in cells of zvood parenchyma (longitudinal) uncommon or zvanting. e. Vessels (tangential) zvith spirals. f. Heartwood pale yellow to whitish; rays (tangential) all alike, uniseriate throughout, or nearly so, Aesculus hippocastanum. ff. Heartwood brownish, reddish or dark red-brown ; rays (tangential) not all alike,. 1-6-seriate. g. Pores (cross) abundant or fairly abundant, rather evenly distributed; growth rings (cross) not sinuous; pith flecks (cross) usually present; wood parenchyma (cross) not forming distinct, tangential markings. h. Growth rings narrow ; cross-section with curious, sinuous-mottled appearance ; sapwood whitish, Pyrus americana. hh. Growth rings rather wide ; cross-section without sinuous-mottled appearance ; sapwood light brown, Amelanchier canadensis. 210 Bulletin 194 gg. Pores (cross) not abundant, solitary-scattering or in remote, radial lines; growth rings (cross) sinuous; pith flecks (cross) usually absent; wood parenchyma (cross) forming distinct, tangential markings. Ostrya virginiana. ee. Vessels {tangential) ivithont spirals. f. Rays (tangential) all alike, uniseriatc throughout or nearly so; wood for the most part soft and light. g. Pores (cross) of summer wood markedly smaller and fewer in number than pores of spring wood, arranged in more or less prominent, wavy, concentric lines ; wood (radial) without silky luster; rays (radial) zuith both upright and procumbent cells, Salix nigra. gg. Pores (cross) of summer wood not markedly smaller and fewer in number than pores of spring wood, not arranged in more or less prominent, wavy concentric lines; wood (radial) with silky luster; rays (radial) with only procumbent cells Populus, p. 229. ff. Rays (tangential) not all alike, but some broad, 1-6- seriate; wood mostly hard and heavy. g. Growth rings (cross) indistinct, very narrow and crowded together; tyloses (longitudinal) presen/t; larger rays (tangential) 1-2- , occasionally 3-seriate, Nyssa sylvatica. gg. Growth rings (cross) distinct, not very narrow and not crowded together; tyloses (longitudinal) absent; larger rays (tangential) 3-6-seriate. h. Rays (cross) just visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny; pores (cross) more or less uniformly dis- tributed, neither larger nor more numerous in the spring wood; pith flecks (cross) rare or wanting; wood heavy and hard. i. Larger rays (tangential) 3-5-seriate; pores (cross) visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny Betula lenta. n. Larger rays (tangential) 1-2- , sometmes 3- seriate; pores (cross) hardly visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny. . . .Betula lutea, p. 227. The Trees of Vermont 211 hh. Rays (cross) not visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny; pores (cross) not uniformly dis- tributed, but somewhat larger and more numerous in the spring wood; pith flecks (cross) usually rather abundant ; wood light and soft. i. Pores (cross) of spring wood visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny; growth rings (cross) not marked by narrow, whitish, concentric lines ; pith flecks (cross) usually small, not conspicuous, Betula alba papyrifera. ii. Pores (cross) of spring wood not visible to the naked eye with close scrutiny ; growth rings (cross) marked by narrow, whitish, concentric lines, especially near the periphery ; pith flecks (cross) usually large, conspicuous, Betula populifolia. aa. Pores (cross) not visible nor conspicuous, even with magnifier, i. e., wood composed mostly of one kind of cells (tracheids),. which are uniform in structure and arranged in definite radial rows; resin ducts and resin cells (cross) often present, especially in the summer wood; rays (cross) never conspicuous. b. Resin ducts or resin cells or both (cross) present, the former usually visible to the naked eye, the latter for the most part prominent and more or less confluent, forming conspicuous tan- gential lines; fusiform rays (tangential) present (absent in J unip eru s znd Taxodium). c. Resin ducts and resin cells (cross) scattered, single or in groups, but never forming tangential lines ; fusiform rays {tangential) present; rays {radial) zvith tracheids. d. Heartwood distinct in color from sapwood ; resin ducts (cross) conspicuous, because of size or color, tJie epithelium cells thin-walled; fusiform rays (tangential) broad and prominent , usually zvith one to several large resin ducts, e. Resin ducts (cross) few, widely scattering, without ty- loses; resin cells (cross) present near the outer limit of the summer wood; tracheids (radial) with occasional spirals; heartwood light russet-brown, Larix lariclna, p. 219. ee. Resin ducts (cross) numerous, evenly scattered through the rings, zvith prominent tyloses; resin cells (cross) wholly absent ; tracheids (radial) zvholly zvithouf spirals; heartwood whitish, orange to reddish. 212 Bulletin 194 /. Transition (cross) from spring wood to summer wood gradual, the growth rings distinguished by narrow lines of darker colored summer wood ; wood soft and light, sHghtly resinous; lateral zualls of ray cells (radial) of spring wood with 1-2 large pits to each tracheid. g. Walls of ray tracheids {radial) smooth; pits {radial) on the tangential zvalls of the summer-zvood cells numerous Pinus strobus, p. 215. gg. Walls of ray tracheids {radial) conspicuously toothed; pits {radial) on the tangential zvalls of the summer-wood cells absent, Pinus resinosa, p. 217. ff. Transition (cross) from spring wood to summer wood more or less abrupt, the growth rings distinguished by broad bands of darker colored summer wood ; wood medium hard and heavy, strongly resinous ; lateral zvalls of ray cells (radial) of spring zvood with 2-6 small pits to each tracheid. g. Growth rings (cross) wide, the resin ducts small, widely scattering; fusiform rays (tangential) having the cells of the inflated portion all or mostly thick- zvalled, not broken out Pinus banksiana. gg. Growth rings (cross) narrow, the resin ducts large, chiefly in the summer wood; fusiform rays (tan- gential) having the cells of the inflated portion all or mostly thin-zvalled, all broken out, Pinus rigida. dd. Heartwood not distinct in color from the sapwood ; resin ducts (cross) not conspicuous, of same color as surround- ing wood; fusiform rays (tangential) narrozv, not promi- nent, zvith only one small resin duct. e. Growth rings (cross) wide; resin ducts (cross) rather numerous, the epithelium cells thin-zvalled. f. Resin ducts (cross) scattered through both spring and summer wood, with tyloses usually absent; pits (radial) on the tangential walls of the summer wood chiefly confined to the outermost tracheid zvall, Picea canadensis. ff. Resin ducts (cross) confined chiefly to the summer wood, zvith tyloses present; pits (radial) on the tan- gential zvalls of the summer zvood not confined to the outermost zvall, but usually numerous, Picea mariana. The Trees of Vermont 213 ee. Growth rings (cross) narrow; resin ducts (cross) not numerous, the epithelium cells thick-walled, Picea rubra, p. 217. cc. Resin ducts and resin cells (cross) not scattered, but more or less confluent and forming tangential lines ; fusiform rays {tangential) absent; rays (radial) chiefly or zvholly zuithout tracheids. d. Wood with odor like cedar oil, especially when wet ; heart- wood purplish to red-brown, with yellow-white sapwood, its smoothed surface dull; rings (cross) wavy and sinuous, Juniperus virginiana. dd. Wood odorless, even when wet ; heartwood dull yellow- or gray-brown, differing only in shade from the sapwood, its smoothed surface greasy or waxy; rings (cross) regular, not wavy nor sinuous Taxodium dlstichum, p. 223. bb. Resin ducts (cross) absent and resin cells (cross), if present not prominent, not forming conspicuous, tangential lines ; fusiform rays (tangential) absent. c. Wood with mild odor like cedar oil, especially when wet ; heartwood distinct in shade from the sapwood; rings (cross) wavy ; wood spongy, difficult to cut smoothly across the grain ; ray tracheids (radial) zvholly absent, Thuja occidentalis, p. 221. cc. Wood without odor of cedar oil, even when wet ; heartwood not distinct in shade from the sapwood; rings (cross) not wavy ; wood not spongy, easy to cut smoothly across the grain ; ray tracheids (radial) present. d. Transition (cross) from spring wood to summer wood abrupt ; wood light red-brown, with rancid odor, especially when wet, cross-grained, splintery and hard to work ; resin cells (cross) prominent, but not numerous; ray tracheids (radial) prominent Tsuga canadensis, p. 219. dd. Transition (cross) from spring wood to summer wood gradual ; wood yellow- white to pale brown, odorless, even when wet, straight-grained, not splintery and easy to work; resin cells (cross) absent; ray tracheids (radial) not promi- nent, occasional Abies balsamea, p. 221. 214 Bulletin 194 Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Piiiiis resinosa, x 101. Cross. The Trees of Vermont 215 Red Piue. Norway Pine Pinus resinosa Ait. Characteristics. — Bark thick, red-brown, shallowly fissured into broad, flat ridges ; sapwood thin, yellow to white ; heartwood pale red ; non-porous ; growth rings very wide and distinct ; transition from spring wood to summer wood very gradual ; rays numerous, faintly distinct, with fusiform rays few and these chiefly rather low and broad; resin ducts numerous, evenly scattered through the rings, with promi- nent tyloses ; resin cells absent ; tracheids without spirals. Qualities. — Rather light in weight, 31 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; fairly soft; moderately strong; shrinkage 3 percent; warps moderately ; not durable when exposed ; straight- and very close- grained ; easily worked ; splits readily, but nails well. Uses. — Piles, flooring, sheathing, freight cars, poles, masts, etc. 216 Bulletin 194 Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Pinus strobus, x 40. Cross. Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Picea rubra, x 97. Cross. The Trees of Vermont 217 Wbite Pine Pinus strobus L. Characteristics. — Bark thick, dark gray, shallowly fissured into broad, scaly ridges ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood clear yellow to light brown, turning red on exposure to the atmosphere ; non-porous ; growth rings wide, distinct ; transition from spring wood to summer wood gradual ; rays very faint, without resin ducts, the fusiform rays few; resin ducts (vertical) numerous, evenly scattered through the rings, with prominent tyloses ; resin cells wholly absent ; tracheids entirely without spirals. Qualities. — Very light in weight, 27 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; very soft ; rather weak ; shrinkage 3 percent ; warps very little ; moderately durable when exposed ; very close- and straight- grained ; easily worked ; splits readily, but nails well. Uses. — Doors, window-sashes, interior finish and other carpentry, patterns, cabinet-work, matches, boxes, etc. ; the most generally useful of all American woods. Red Spruce Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. Characteristics. — Bark red-brown, with thin, irregular scales ; heartwood dull white, with occasional reddish streaks, with sapwood of nearly the same shade ; non-porous ; growth rings narrow, but dis- tinct; transition from spring wood to summer wood gradual; rays very faint, the fusiform ones narrow ; resin ducts few and small, scattered, without tyloses ; resin cells absent ; tracheids without spirals. Qualities. — Rather light in weight, 28 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; soft; fairly strong; shrinkage 3 percent; warps little; fairly durable when exposed ; straight-grained ; easy to plane and tolerably easy to saw, but hard to chisel neatly ; splits easily in nailing. Uses. — Boats and canoes, oars and paddles, ship timbers, building construction, silos, sounding boards, paper pulp, ladders, etc. 218 Bulletin 194 Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Tsuga canadensis, x 90. Cross. Tangential. Sections of wood of Larix laricina, x 65. Cross. The Trees of Vermont 219 Hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Characteristics. — Bark thick, red-brown or grayish, deeply divided into narrow, rounded, scaly ridges ; heartwood light red-brown, ill-smelling, with thin, darker colored sapwood ; non-porous; growth rings rather wide, distinct ; transition from spring wood to summer wood abrupt; rays numerous, obscure, none of them fusiform; resin ducts absent ; resin cells few in number, but prominent ; tracheids with- out spirals. Qualities. — Rather light in weight, 26 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; soft; fairly strong; shrinkage 3 percent; warps little; checks badly ; not durable when exposed ; coarse- and crooked-grained ; difficult to work, because brittle and splintery ; splits easily, but holds nails well. Uses. — Dimension materials, timbers, joints, rafters, plank walks, laths, etc. Tamarack Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch Characteristics. — Bark red-brown, scaly, without ridges ; sap- wood thin, nearly white ; heartwood russet-brown ; non-porous ; growth rings rather broad and uniform, distinct; transition from spring wood to summer wood more or less abrupt; rays inconspicuous, many of them broadly fusiform, prominent and containing resin ducts; resin ducts (vertical) few, widely scattered, without tyloses; resin cells present near outer limit of summer wood ; tracheids mostly without spirals. Qualities. — Weight medium, 39 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; hardness medium; rather strong; shrinkage 3 percent; warps but little; rather coarse-grained ; very durable in contact with the soil ; easy to work ; splits readily. Uses. — Ship and boat timbers, telegraph poles, fence posts, rail- road ties, etc. 220 Bulletin 194 Radi.vl. Tangentlvl. Cross. Sections of wood of Abies balsamea, x 44. Tangential. Sections of wood of Thuja occidentalis, x 139. Cross. The Trees of Vermont 221 Balsam Fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Characteristics. — Bark pale gray-brown and marked by swollen resin chambers, or red-brown and roughened by small, scaly plates ; sapwood thick, whitish ; heartwood yellow-white to pale brown ; non- porous ; growth rings wide, indistinct ; transition from spring wood to summer wood very gradual; rays inconspicuous, never fusiform and mostly without resin ducts; both resin ducts (vertical) and resin cells absent ; tracheids without spirals. Qualities. — Very light in weight, 23 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; very soft ; weak ; shrinkage moderate ; warps little ; coarse- grained ; perishable in contact with the soil ; works easily ; splits readily. Uses. — Cut, sold and used with spruce and pine, boxes, crates, packing cases, sheathing, etc. Alitor Vitae. Wliite Cedar Thuja occidentalis L. Characteristics. — Bark thin, light red-brown, slightly furrowed or deciduous in ragged strips ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood pale yellow-brown ; wood with mild odor like cedar oil ; non-porous ; growth rings narrow to wide, rather irregular and wavy, fairly distinct by the narrow, but denser summer wood ; transition from spring wood to summer wood more or less abrupt ;. rays very faint, microscopic; resin ducts abseiTt and resin cells few and usually widely scattering ; tracheids wholly without spirals. Qualities. — Very light in weight, 19 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; very soft ; very weak ; shrinks and checks but little ; warps little ; rather coarse-grained ; brittle ; very durable in contact with the soil ; easily worked ; splits easily, but nails well. Uses. — Posts, railroad ties, shingles, etc. 222 Bulletin 194 3.p^3.y^ Tangential. Cross. Sections of wood of Taxodium distichum, x 47. Radial. Tangential. Cross. Sections of wood of Acer saccliarum, x 127. The Trees of Vermont 223 Bald Cypress. Cypress' Taxodium dlstichum (L.) Richard Characteristics. — Bark light red, shallowly fissured into broad, flat plates and peeling into fibrous strips ; sapwood thin, nearly white ; heartwood dull yellow- or gray-brown or sometimes blackish ; non- porous ; growth rings usually very broad and well-marked by the dense and conspicuous summer wood ; transition from spring wood to summer wood somewhat gradual ; rays very obscure, none of them fusiform; resin ducts absent; resin cells numerous, large, more or less confluent and forming tangential lines on the cross-section ; tracheids wholly without spirals. Qualities. ^Fairly light in weight, 29 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; soft ; rather weak ; shrinkage 3 percent ; warps but little, although liable to check ; close-grained ; very durable in contact with the soil; easy to work; nails well; frequently "peggy" or "pecky" from a fungous disease. Uses. — Shingles, posts, interior finish, boats, cooperage, green- house construction, etc. 1 Not native to Vermont, ?)ut inrluded here because of its widespread use. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple Acer saccharum Marsh. Characteristics. — Bark dark gray and deeply furrowed, often cleaving up at one edge in long, thick plates ; sapwood thin, lighter colored than the light brown heartwood ; dift'use-porous ; growth rings narrow, but distinct; pores somewhat uniform in size, not crowded, inconspicuous ; rays fine, but distinct ; vessels with spirals. Qualities. — Heavy, 43 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; very hard ; very strong ; shrinkage 5 percent ; warps badly ; close- grained, but the fibers sometimes twisted, waved or curly, producing "bird's eye" and "curly" effects ; not durable when exposed ; wears evenly ; splits badly in nailing ; hard to work. Uses. — Flooring, fuel, furniture, wagon-stock, carving, tool- handles, etc. 224 Bulletin 194 Radial. Tangential. Cross Sections of wood of Fraxinus americana, x 92. Radial. Tancential. Cuoss. Sections of wood of Ulmus americana, x 138. The Trees of Vermont 225 White Asli Fraxinus amerlcana L. Characteristics. — Bark gray, deeply furrowed into firm, narrow, flattened ridges ; sap wood thick, whitish ; heart wood brownish ; ring- porous ; growth rings rather narrow, distinctly marked by 3-5 rows of large pores in the spring wood ; pores of the summer wood small and inconspicuous, joined by wood parenchyma to form short, broken, tan- gential lines, especially near the periphery of the growth ring; rays inconspicuous to microscopic ; vessels without spirals. Qualities. — Fairly heavy, 39 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; rather hard ; fairly strong ; shrinkage 5 percent ; warps little ; straight- and close-grained ; not durable in contact with the soil ; splits readily and nails badly ; becomes brittle with age. Uses. — Farm implements, oars, handles, interior finish, cheap cabinet-work, carriage-stock, etc. American Elm. White Elm Ulmus amerlcana L. Characteristics. — Bark ash-gray, deeply fissured into broad, scaly ridges ; sapwood thick, yellowish ; heartwood light brown ; ring- porous ; growth rings rather wide, distinctly marked by usually one row of large pores in the spring wood ; pores of summer wood some- what smaller, forming broad, mostly connected, tangential lines, which are strongly wavy ; rays numerous, inconspicuous ; vessels with spirals. Qualities. — Fairly heavy, 34 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; hardness medium ; fairly strong ; shrinkage 5 percent ; warps and checks considerably ; coarse-grained, with the fibers commonly inter- laced ; not durable in contact with the soil ; difficult to split ; tough and hard to work. Uses. — Wheel-stock, cooperage, heavy timbers, heavy agricultural implements, etc. 226 Bulletin 194 Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Betula lutea, x 163. Cross. Radial. Tangential. Cross. Sections of wood of Fagus grandifolia, x 156. The Trees of Vermoxt 227 Yellow Bircli. Gray Birch Betula lutea Michx. f. Characteristics. — Bark silvery yellow-gray and breaking into strips more or less curled at the edges or blackish and deeply and irreg- ularly fissured into large, thin plates ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light brown tinged with red ; diffuse-porous ; growth rings fairly dis- tinct; pores more or less uniform in size, not crowded, inconspicuous; rays numerous, indistinct ; vessels without spirals. Qualities.- — Heavy, 40 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; mod- erately hard ; very strong ; shrinkage 6 percent ; warps little ; close- grained and compact ; not durable when exposed ; difficult to split and holds nails well ; rather hard to work, but polishes w^ell. Uses. — Furniture, spools, flooring, shoe lasts and pegs, handles, etc. Beech Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Characteristics. — Bark close, smooth, steel-gray, often mottled by darker blotches and bands ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light or dark red ; diffuse-porous ; growth rings obscure ; pores largest in spring wood, gradually diminishing in size toward outer limit of summer w*ood ; rays of two kinds, partly very broad and partly very narrow ; vessels without spirals. Qualities. — Heavy, 42 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; rather hard ; strong ; shrinkage 5 percent ; warps and checks during . seasoning ; straight- and very close-grained ; not durable when ex- posed ; moderately difficult to split ; tough ; hard to work ; difficult to nail. Uses. — Ship timbers, flooring, tool-handles, furniture, fuel, etc. 228 Bulletin 194 fllll.li;i«ll«%MtM! Radial. Tangential. Cross. Sections of wood of Populus tremuloides, x 80. Radial. Tangential. Sections of wood of Carya ovata, x 100. Ceoss. The Trees of Vermont 229 American Aspen. Trembling Poplar. Popple Populus tremuloides Michx. Characteristics. — Bark thin, yellowish or greenish and smooth, often roughened with darker, horizontal bands or wart-like excres- cences ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light brown ; diffuse-porous ; growth rings very wide, not well-defined ; pores more or less uniform in size, but rather more crowded in the spring wood ; rays very fine and indistinct ; vessels without spirals. Qualities. — Very light, 25 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; soft ; weak ; shrinks moderately ; warps considerably to excessively, but checks Httle ; close-grained ; not durable when exposed ; works easily. Uses. — Paper pulp, boxes, crates, excelsior, woodenware, etc. Sliellbark Hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch Characteristics. — Bark thick and grayish, separating into thick strips 1-3 feet long, free at one or both ends, giving the log a shaggy appearance ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light brown ; ring- porous ; growth rings narrow, but distinctly marked by the one or more rows of relatively large pores in the spring wood ; pores of the summer wood small and inconspicuous ; rays numerous, but inconsi^icuous to microscopic ; wood parenchyma forming more or less continuous, tangential lines as distinct, or nearly so, as the rays ; vessels without spirals, but containing tyloses. Qualities. — Very heavy, 51 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; very hard; very strong; shrinkage 10 percent; warps badly; straight- and close-grained ; not durable when exposed ; hard to split and very difficult to nail ; very tough and hard to work. Uses. — Agricultural implements, handles, carriage-stock, sled run- ners, fuel, etc. ■ 230 Bulletin 194 'snm Radial. Tangential. Cross. Sections of wood of Tilia americana, x 112. Radial. Tangentiax. Sections of wood of Quercus rubra, x 64. Cross. The Trees of Vermont 231 Basswood Tiiia americana L. Characteristics. — Bark thick, dark gray or brownish, deeply furrowed into broad, scaly ridges ; inner bark fibrous and tough ; sap- wood thick, light red-brown, hardly distinguishable from the heart- wood; diffuse-porous; growth rings rather narrow, but distinct; pores all the same sizes or nearly so, rather evenly distributed ; rays numer- ous, obscure; wood-parenchyma cells forming continuous or somewhat broken, tangential lines or bands, alternating with wood elements in a tier-like arrangement ; vessels with spirals. Qualities. — Light in weight, 28 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; very soft ; very weak ; shrinkage 6 percent ; very straight- and close- grained ; warps comparatively little ; not durable in contact with the soil ; somewhat tough to split and nails well ; very easily worked. Uses. — Carriage and wagon bodies ; woodenware, boxes, toys, numerous small articles, etc. Red Oak Quercus rubra L. Characteristics. — Bark gray-brown, smooth or shallowly fissured into thin, firm, broad ridges ; inner bark light red ; sapwood thin, darker than the light red-brown heartwood ; ring-porous ; growth rings rather wide, distinctly marked by several rows of very large pores in the spring wood ; pores of summer wood arranged in radial, branching lines, diminishing in size toward outer limits of the summer wood; wood parenchyma grouped irregularly around the pores ; rays few, but mostly broad and conspicuous ; vessels without spirals. Qualities. — Rather heavy, 45 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; fairly hard; rather strong; shrinkage 6-10 percent; warps and checks badly ; coarse-grained ; moderately durable in contact with the soil ; splits readily and nails badly. Uses. — Furniture, interior finish, cooperage, agricultural imple- ments, fuel, etc. 232 Bulletin 194 A LIST OF VERMONT WOODS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR WEIGHT FROM HEAVY TO LIGHT I. Gary a ovata 20. 2. Garya alba 21. 3. Garya glabra 22. 4. Betula lenta 23. 5. Quercus alba 24. 6. Ouercus macrocarpa 25. 7. Garpinus caroliniana 26. 8. Ulmus racemosa 27. 9. Quercus velutina 28. 10. Acer saccharum 29. 11. Fagus grandi folia 30. 12. Betula lutea 31. 13. Fraxinus americana 32. 14. Quercus rubra 33. 15. Ulmus americana 34. 16. Fraxinus nigra 35. 17. Fraxinus pennsylvanica 36. 18. Larix laricina 37. 19. Acer rubrum Betula alba papyri f era Prunus serotina Platanus occidentalis Acer saccharinum Juniperus virginiana Pinus resinosa Picea mariana, Picea rubra ^Taxodium distichum Tilia americana Salix nigra Tsuga canadensis Liriodendron tulipifera Juglans cinerea Picea canadensis Pinus strobus Populus tremuloides Abies balsamea Thuja occidentalis ^ Not native to Vermont. GLOSSARY WITH PAGE REFERENCES TO EXPLANATORY FIGURES Abortive. Defective or barren. Achene. A small, dry, one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall adheres to the seed. Acorn. The fruit of the oak. Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex. Page 7. Acute. Terminating with a sharp angle. Page 7. Alternate. Said of leaves, branches, buds, etc., scattered singly along the stem; not opposite. Androgynous. Composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers. Anterior. The front side of a flower, remote from the axis of inflorescence. Anther. The part of a stamen which bears the pollen. Page 8. Apetalous. Without petals. Apex. The top, as the tip of a bud or the end of a leaf which is opposite the petiole. Apiculate. Ending in a short-pointed tip. Appressed. Lying close and flat against. Arborescent. Attaining the size or character of a tree. Aromatic. Fragrant; with an agreeable odor. Axil. The upper one of the two angles formed by the juncture of a leaf with a stem. Axillary. Situated in an axil. Bark. The outer covering of a trunk or branch. Page 195. Bearded. Bearing a long, bristle-like appendage, or furnished with long or stiff hairs. Berry. A fruit which is fleshy throughout. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf, etc. Bloom. A powdery or waxy substance easily rubbed off. Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence. Branch. A secondary division of a trunk. Branchlet. A small branch. Bud. An undeveloped stem or branch, with or without scales. Bud-scales. Modified leaves covering a bud. Bundle-scars. Dots on the surface of a leaf-scar, which are scars left by the fibro-vascular bundles which run through the petiole into the blade of the leaf. Page 10. Bur. A spiny fruit. Calyx. The outer part of a perianth, usually green in color. Page 8. Cambium. The ring or zone of tender, growing cells between the bark and the wood. Campamilate. Bell-shaped. Capsule. A dry fruit of more than one carpel which splits at maturity to ' release the seeds. Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil. Catkin. A spike of unisexual flowers, each subtended by a bract, and usually deciduous in one piece. Cell. One of the minute units or elements, of very various forms, of which plant-s are formed. Page 195. Cellulose. The fundamental substance of the cell-wall. Chambered. Said of pith which is interrupted by hollow spaces. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the margin. Cinereous. Ash-gray color. Claw. The narrow, stalk-like base of a petal, sepal, etc. Cleft. Cut about half-way to the middle. Cluster. A group of two or more organs (flowers, fruit, etc.) on a plant at a node or end of a stem. Columnar. Having the form of a column. Compound. Composed of two or more similar parts united into a whole. Compound leaf, one divided into separate leaflets. Compressed. Flattened laterally. 234 ' Bulletin 194 Concentric. One within another, with a common center. Cone. A fruit with woody, overlapping scales. Confluent. Blended or flowing into one; passing by degrees one into the other. Conical. Cone-shaped, largest at the base and tapering to the apex. Conifer. A tree of the pine family, so called from its bearing cones. Coniferous. Cone-bearing; of, or pertaining to, the pine family. Connective. The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells of the anther. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Page 7. Coriaceous. Leather-like in texture. Corky. Made of, or like cork. Corolla. The inner part of a perianth, usually bright colored. Page 8. Corrugated. Wrinkled or in folds. Corymh. A flower-cluster in which the axis is shortened and the pedicels of the lower flowers lengthened, forming a flat-topped inflorescence, the marginal flowers blooming first. Page 9. Corymbose. Arranged in corymbs. Crenate. Dentate, with the teeth much rounded. Page 8. Crenulate. Finely crenate. Cross-grained. Having the grain gnarled and hard to cut. Cross-section. A section of a body at right angles to its length. Page 195, d. Crown. The upper part of a tree, including the living branches with their foliage. Cutting. A piece of stem, root or leaf which, if cut off and placed in contact with the soil, will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent plant. Cyme. A broad and flatfish inflorescence, the central flowers of which bloom first. Page 9. Cymose. Arranged in cymes. Deciduous. Not persistent; falling away, as the leaves of a tree in autumn. Decurrent. Said of a leaf which extends down the stem below the point of fastening. Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles. Dehiscent. Opening by valves or slits. Deltoid. Delta-shaped; triangular. Dentate. Toothed, with the teeth usually pointed and directed outward. Page 8. Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above. Dichotomous. Branching regularly in pairs. Diffuse-porous. Said of wood whose pores are nearly uniform in size and more or less evenly diffused through both spring and summer wood. Digitate. Said of a compound leaf in which the leaflets are borne at the apex of the petiole; finger-shaped. Dioecious. Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on different individuals. Distribution. The geographical extent and limits of a species. Divergent. Said of buds, cones, etc., which point away from the twig, or of pine needles, etc., which spread apart. Dorm,ant. A term applied to parts which are not in active life. Dorsal. Pertaining to the back or outer surface of an organ. Doicny. Covered with fine hairs. Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit in which the inner portion is hard or stony. Duct. See resin duct. Ellipsoid. An elliptical solid. Elliptical. Oval or oblong with regularly rounded ends. Page 7. Emarginate. Notched at the apex. Page 7. Entire. Without divisions, lobes or teeth. Epithelium. The somewhat modifled parenchyma lining certain intercellular cavities, as the resin ducts. Epithelium cell. A cell of the epithelium. Escape. Any plant formerly cultivated that grows wild in fields. Excrescences. Warty outgrowths or protuberances. Exfoliate. To cleave off, as of the outer layers of bark. The Trees of Vermont 235 Falcate. Scythe-shaped. Fascicle. A compact cluster of leaves or flowers. Fascicled. Arranged in fascicles. Fastigiate. Said of branches which are erect and near together. Feather-veined. Having veins extending from the midrib to the margin, feather-wise. Fertile. Capable of bearing fruit. Fertilization. The mingling of the contents of a male (pollen) and female (ovule) cell. Fibro-vascular bundles. The strands that make up the framework of higher plants. Filament. The part of a stamen which bears the anther. Page 8. Filamentose or Filamentous. Composed of threads or filaments. Flaky. With loose scales easily rubbed off (bark). Fleshy. Succulent; juicy. Flower. An axis bearing stamens or pistils or both (calyx and corolla usually accompany these). Page 8. Fluted. With rounded ridges. Fruit. The part of a plant which bears the seed. Fungous. Relating to the Fungi, i. e., plant organisms of a lower order destitute of chlorophyll. Fusiform. Thick, but tapering towards each end. Fusiform ray, a medullary ray which is fusiform in cross-section. Germinate. To sprout, as of a seed. Gibbous. Swollen on one side. Glabrous. Neither rough, pubescent, nor hairy; smooth. Gland. Secreting surface or structure; a protuberance having the appearance of such an organ. Glandular. Bearing glands. Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom. Globose. Spherical or nearly so. Globular. Nearly globose. Graining. The fibrous arrangement of the particles in wood, determining its hardness, splitting qualities, smoothness, etc. Gregarious. Growing in groups or colonies. Growth ring. An annual ring of growth. Page 195, VIII, h. Habit. The general appearance of a plant, best seen from a distance. Habitat. The place where a plant naturally grows, as in water, clay soil, marsh, etc. Hairy. With long hairs. Halberd-shaped. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing out- ward nearly at right angles. Page 7. Heartwood. The dead central portion of the trunk or large branch of a tree. Page 195, VIII, c. Hirsute. Covered Avith rather coarse or stiff hairs. Hoary. Gray-white with a fine, close pubescence. Homogeneous. Uniform; composed of similar parts or elements. Hybrid. A cross between two nearly related species, formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of the other, yielding an intermediate form. Hybridize. Forming a cross-breed of two species. Imbricate. Overlapping, like the shingles on a roof. Indehiscent. Not opening by valves or slits; remaining persistently closed. hidigenous. Native and original to a region. Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially its arrangement. Interlaced. Twisted or linked into each other. Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes. Involucral. Pertaining to an involucre. Involucre. A circle of bracts surrounding a flower or cluster of flowers. Keeled. With a central ridge like the keel of a boat. Key-fruit. An indehiscent winged fruit found in maples and ashes. 236 Bulletin 194 Laciniate. Cut into narrow, pointed lobes. Lanceolate. Lance-shaped, broadest above the base and tapering to the apex, but several times longer than wide. Page 7. Lateral. Situated on the side of a branch. Leaf. The green expansions borne by the branches of a tree, consisting of a blade with or without a petiole. Leaflet. One of the small blades of a compound leaf. Leaf-scar. The scar left on a twig by the falling of a leaf. Page 10, c. Legume. A pod-like fruit composed of a solitary carpel and usually splitting open by both sutures (Leguminosae). Lenticels. Corky growths on young bark which admit air to the interior of a twig or branch. Linear. Long and narrow, with parallel edges (as pine needles). Page 7. Loam. A non-coherent mixture of sand, clay and organic matter. Loamy. Of the nature of or like loam. Lobe. Any division of an organ, especially if rounded, Lobed. Provided with a lobe or lobes. Page 8. Luster. Brilliancy or sheen; gloss. Lustrous. Glossy; shining. Medullary rays. Plates of cellular tissue radiating from the pith to the bark. They are primary when they extend from pith to bark and second- ary when they are of less extent than the primary. Page 195, i. Membranaceous . Thin and somewhat translucent. Midrib. The central vein of a leaf or leaflet. Monoecious. Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on the same individual. Mucilaginous. Slimy; resembling or secreting mucilage or gum. Mucronate. Tipped with a small, abrupt point. Page 7. Naked. Lacking organs or parts which are normally present in related species or genera. Naturalized. Said of introduced plants which are reproducing by self-sown seeds. Nectariferous. Producing nectar. Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves. Non-porous. Said of wood whose structure is homogeneous, without large pores. Nut. A hard and indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit. Nutlet. A diminutive nut. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the broadest part toward the apex. Page 7. Oblique. Slanting, or with unequal sides. Oblong. Longer than broad, with sides approximately parallel. Page 7. Obovate. Ovate, with the broadest part toward the apex. Page 7. Obovoid. An ovate solid with the broadest part toward the apex. Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the apex. Page 7. Opaque. Dull ; neither shining nor translucent. Opposite. Said of leaves, branches, buds, etc., on opposite sides of a stem at a node. Orbicular. Circular. Page 7. Oval. Broadly elliptical. Page 7. Ovary. The part of a pistil that contains the ovules. Page 8. Ovate. Egg-shaped, with the broad end basal. Page 7. Ovoid. Solid ovate or solid oval. Ovule. The part of a flower which after fertilization becomes the seed. Palmate. Radiately lobed or divided; hand-shaped. Panicle. A loose, irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate flowers. Page 9. Paniculate. Arranged in panicles or resembling a panicle. Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like, as in flowers of the Leguminosae. Parenchyma. The soft, thin-walled, cellular tissue of plants. Page 195, IX, e. Parenchyma elements. The cells or units composing the parenchyma. Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower in a compound inflorescence. The Trees of Vermont 237 Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel. Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary- flower. Pendent. Hanging downward. Pendulous. More or less hanging or declined. Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamens and pistil. Page 8. Perianth. The calyx and corolla of a flower considered as a whole. Periphery. Circumference. Persistent. Long-continuous, as leaves through the winter, calyx on the fruit, etc. Petal. One of the divisions of a corolla. Page 8. Petiolate. Having a petiole. Petiole. The stem or stalk of a leaf. Petiolulate. Having a petiolule. Petiolule. The stem or stalk of a leaflet. Pilose. Hairy with long, soft hairs. Pi7inate. Compound, with the leaflets arranged along both sides of a common petiole. Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of a flower, normally consisting of ovary, style and stigma. Page 8. Pistillate. Provided with a pistil, but usually without stamens. Pit. A small hollow or depression, as in a cell-wall. Page 195, IX, a. Pith. The softer central part of a twig or stem. Page 195, VIII, g. , Pith flecks. Dark marks in timber due to the cavities made by the larvae of certain insects working in the cambium. Pod. A dry and many-seeded, dehiscent fruit. Pollen. The fecundating grains borne in the anther. Polygamo-dioecious. Sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual, both forms borne on different individuals. Polygamo-monoecious. Sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual, both forms borne on the same individual. Polygamous. Sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual, both forms borne on the same or on different individuals. Pome. A fleshy fruit, as the apple. Pore. Any small aperture; a name given to the large vessels or tracheids in hard woods. Porous. Having large pores visible to the naked eye. See ring-porous and diffuse-porous. Posterior. The back side of a flower, next to the axis of inflorescence. Prickle. A small spine growing from the bark. Procumbent. Lying flat, with the long axis in a horizontal direction. Protoplasm. The living matter of cells, into which all nourishment is taken and from which all parts are formed. Puberulent. Minutely pubescent. Puberulous. Minutely pubescent. Pubescence. A covering of short, soft hairs. Pubescent. Covered with short, soft hairs. Punctate. Dotted with translucent or colored dots or pits. Raceme. A simple inflorescence of flowers on pedicels of equal length ar- ranged on a common, elongated axis (rachis). Page 9. Racemose. Resembling a raceme. Rachis. The central axis of a spike or raceme of flowers or of a compound leaf. Radial. Radiating, as from a center, i. e., as from the pith. Radial-section. A longitudinal-section of a body which passes through its center, as the pith of a twig or log. Page 195, VIII, e. Ray. I. e., medullary ray. Ray cell. A cell of the medullary ray. Ray tracheid. A tracheid found in the medullary rays of some trees. Recurved. Curved downward or backward. Resin cell. A cell which secretes resin. Resin duct. A canal or opening between cells containing fluid resin. Reticulate. Netted. Rhombic. Equilateral, with the angles oblique. Ring. Meaning growth ring. 238 Bulletin 194 Ring-porous. Said of wood whose large pores are collected into a row or band in each growth ring. Rough. Harsh to the touch; pubescent. Rugose. Wrinkled. Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. Sapwood. The living outer portion of a trunk or large branch of a tree between the heartwood and the bark. Page 195, VIII, b. Scalariform. Having markings suggestive of a ladder. Scales. Small modified leaves, usually thin and scarious, seen in buds and cones; the flakes into which the outer bark often divides. Scaly. Provided with scales. Scar. See leaf-scar. Scarious. Thin, dry, membranaceous; not green. Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales. Seed. The ripened ovule. Sepal. One of the divisions of a calyx. Page 8. Seriate. Disposed in series or rows. Serrate. Toothed, the teeth sharp and pointing forward. Page 8. Sessile. Without a stalk. Sheath. A thin enveloping part as of a leaf, any body enwrapping a stem. Shrinkage. A contraction of any material, as wood, into less bulk or dimen- sions. Shrub. A bushy, woody growth, usually branched at or near the base, less than 15 feet in height. Silhouette. A drawing having its outline filled in with uniform color, com- monly black. Simple. Of one piece; not compound. Sinuate. Strongly wavy. Page 8. Sinuous. In form like the path of a snake. Sinus. The cleft or space between two lobes. Smooth. Smooth to the touch; not pubescent. Spatulate. Wide and rounded at the apex, but gradually narrowed down- ward. Page 7. Sphagnous. Resembling or allied to the genus Sphagnum, a moss. Spike. A simple inflorescence of sessile flowers arranged on a common, elongated axis (rachis). Page 9. Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth from a stem. Spirally. As though wound in a spiral around an axis. Spirals. A term applied to the spiral thickenings of tracheids and vessels. Page 195, IX, c. Spontaneous. Self-planted or generated; wild or sporadic; growing without human agency. Spray. The aggregate of smaller branches and branchlets. Spring wood. The wood produced early in the growing season, character- ized by larger ducts and cells and thinner walls than the later growths possess; the inner portion of each annual increment. Simr. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom. Stamen. The pollen-bearing organ of a flower, normally consisting of fila- ment and anther. Page 8. Staminate. Provided with stamens, but usually without pistils. Staminodium. A sterile stamen. Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or a stamen without anther. Stigma. The part of a pistil which receives the pollen. Page 8. Stipules. Leaf-like appendages on either side of a leaf at the base of the petiole. Stipule-scar. The scar left by the fall of a stipule. Page 10. Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal stripes or ridges. Strobile. A cone. Style. The part of a pistil connecting ovary with stigma. Page 8. Sub-. A prefix applied to many botanical terms, indicating somewhat or slightly. Subtend. To lie under or opposite to. Sucker. A shoot arising from a subterranean part of a plant. The Trees of Vermont 239 Summer wood. The wood produced late in the growing season, character- ized by smaller ducts and cells and thicker walls than the earlier growths possess; the outer portion of each annual increment. Superposed. Placed above, as one bud above another at a node. Suture. A junction or line of dehiscence. Tangential. At right angles to the medullary rays. Tangentially. In a tangential manner. Tangential-section. A longitudinal-section of a body at right angles to any one of its radii; any longitudinal-section of a tree trunk which does not pass through the pith. Page 195, VIII, f. Terete. Circular in cross-section. Terminal. Situated at the end of a branch. Ternate. In threes. Tetrahedral. HaviAg, or made up of, four faces (triangles). Texture. The disposition, arrangement or character presented by the dif- ferent elements in the structure of the wood. Thorn. A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection. Thyrse. A contracted or ovoid and usually compact panicle. Tissue. The texture or material built up by the union of cells of similar origin and character. Tolerant. Capable of enduring more or less heavy shade. Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted wool. Toothed. With teeth or short projections. Torus. The part of the axis of a flower which bears the floral organs. Trachea. A duct or vessel. Page 195, IX, b. Tracheid. A long, slender cell, with closed ends and its walls thickened after the cell has attained its full size. Page 195, IX, a. Transition. Change as from spring wood to summer wood. Transverse. Said of a wood section made at right angles with the axis of the stem; across the grain. Tree. Usually defined as a plant with a woody stem, unbranched at or near the base, reaching a height of at least 15 feet. Trunk. The main stem of a tree. Turbinate. Top-shaped. Tylosis. A growth, frequently exhibiting repeated cell-division, intruding within the cavity of a duct or vessel from the wall of a contiguous grow- ing cell. Umbel. A simple inflorescence of flowers on pedicels which radiate from the same point. Page 9. Umbellate. Arranged in umbels. Undulate. With a wavy margin or surface. Page 8. Uniseriate. In one horizontal row or series. Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate; not perfect. Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf, petal, or other flat organ. Vessel. A duct or jointed tube which becomes continuous by the more or less complete absorption of the intervening cross-walls. Page 195, IX, b. Villose or Villous. Covered with long, soft hairs. Viscid. Glutinous; sticky. War-p. To become uneven in outline, as by shrinkage; to become twisted or distorted out of shape. Whorl. An arrangement of leaves or branches in a circle round an axis. Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ. Wood. The hard part of a stem lying between the pith and the bark. Wood elements. The cells or units making up the wood. Wood fibers. Long, slender cells with thick walls and narrow cavities, which impart strength and toughness to the wood and bark. Page 195, IX, d. Wood parenchymal. A several-celled fiber in which the end cells have pointed extremities while the intermediate cells have square ends. Page 195, IX, e. Woolly. Covered with long and matted or tangled hairs. The Trees of Vermont 241 INDEX Abies balsamea, 47 Acacia, False, 159. Aceraceae, 165. Acer. Keys to, 162, 163. negundo, 177. pennsylvanicum, 165. rubrum, 175. saccharinum, 173. saccharum nigrum, 169. spicatum, 167. Amelanchier canadensis, 145. American Aspen, 65, 228. Elm, 224. Hornbeam, 95. Hop Hornbeam, 93. Arbor Vitae, 51. Artificial Keys, How made and used, 13. Asb, 184, 224. Black, 192. Green, 191. Red, 189. White, 187. Aspen, 65, 228. Balm of Gilead, 71. Balsam Fir, 47. Balsam Poplar, 69. Bark, 11, 195, 196. Basswood, 181, 230. Beech, 107, 226. Blue, 95. Water, 95. Betula, 97. alba papyrifera, 105. lutea, 101. lenta, 99. populifolia, 103. Betulaceae, 93. Birch, 96, 226. Black, 99. Canoe, 105. Cherry, 99. Gray, 101, 103. Old field, 103. Paper, 105. Sweet, 99. White, 103, 105. Yellow, 101. Bitternut, 91. Black Gum, 183. Black Walnut, 81. Black Willow, 57. Box Elder, 177. Buds, 10. Butternut, 79. Buttonwood, 141. Bundle-scar, 11. Bud, terminal, 10. Castanea dentata, 109. Carpinus caroliniana, 95. Carya, 83. alba, 87. cordiformis, 91. glabra, 89. ovata, 85. Cherries, 148. Cherry, 151. Bird, 155. Black, 151. Choke, 153. Pine, 155. Wild red, 155. Chestnut, 109. Classes, 5. Common Locust, 159. Cottonwood, 9, 73. Cornaceae, 183. Cross-section, 195. Crack Willow, 59. Crataegus, 147. Cross-section, 12. 24:2 Bulletin 194 Dioecious, 9. Distribution, 12. Dotted Haw, 146. Elm, 128, 224. American, 132, 224. Cork, 135. Red, 131. Slippery, 131. White, 133. Fagaceae, 107. Fagus grandifolia, 107. False Acacia, 159. Families, 5. Fertilization, 9. Fir, 47. Flower, Parts of, 8. Fruit, 9. Genera, 5. Glossary, 233. Growth ring, 195. Habit, 6. Habitat, 12. Heartwood, 195, 196. Hemlock, 49. Hickory, 82. Key to, 83. Shagbark, 85. Shellbark, 85. White Heart, 87. Horse-chestnut, 179. Identification, 6. Inflorescence, 9. Introduction, 3. Juglandaceae, 79. Juglans, 77. cinerea, 79. nigra, 81. Juneberry, 145. Juniperus virginiana, 53. Key to Genera, 16, 20. Key to Species, Acer, 162, 163. Betula, 97. Carya, 83. Fraxinus, 185. Juglans, 77. Picea, 37. Pinus, 25. Populus, 60. Prunus, 149. Quercus, 112, 113. Ulmus, 129. Key to woods, 203. Large-toothed Aspen, 67. Larix laricina, 35. Leaf outlines, 7. Leaf margins, 8. Leaf tips, 7. Leaf-scar, 10. Leguminosae, 159. Leverwood, 93. Liriodendron tulipifera, 139. Locust, Common, 159. Lombardy Poplar, 75. Magnoliaceae, 139. Maple, 161. Black Sugar, 171. Mountain, 167. Red, 175. Rock, 169. Silver, 173. Striped, 165. Sugar, 169. Swamp, 175. White, 173. Medullary ray, 195, 197. Monoecious, 9. Moosewood, 165. Mountain Ash, 143. Mulberry, red, 137. Name, 5. Name, Scientific, 5. Necklace Poplar, 73. Nyssa sylvatica, 183. The Trees of Vermont 243 Oak, 111, 230. Black, 127. Bur, 117. Chestnut, 121, 123. Mossy-cup, 117. Over-cup, 117. Quercitron, 127. Red, 125. Swamp white, 119. White, 115. Yellow, 121. Yellow-barked, 127. Ostrya virginiana, 93. Picea, 37. abies, 45. canadensis, 39. mariana, 43. rubra, 41. Pignut, 89. Pinaceae, 24. Pine, 27. Gray, 31. Jack, 31. Norway, 33. Pitch, 29. Red, 33. White, 27. Pinus, 25. banksiana, 31. resinosa, 33. rigida, 29. strobus, 27. Pith, 195. Platanaceae, 141. Platanus occidentalis, 141. Plum, 148. Canada, 157. Wild, 157. Popple, 65, 228. Populus, 60. alba, 63. balsamifera, 69. candicans, 71. deltoides, 73. grandidentata, 67. nigra-italica, 75. tremuloides, 65. Prunus, 149. nigra, 157. pennsylvanica, 155. serotina, 151. virginiana, 153. virginiana var., leucocarpa, 153. Quercus, 112. alba, 115. bicolor, 119. macrocarpa, 117. muhlenbergii, 121. prinus, 123. velutina, 127. Radial-section, 12, 195. Red Cedar, 53. Red Oak, 230. Robinia pseudo-acacia, 159. Rosaceae, 143. Salicaceae, 54. Salix fragilis, 59. Sapindaceae, 179. Sapwood, 195, 196. Scar, leaf, 10. Scientific Name, 5. Service Berry, 145. Shadbush, 145. Shagbark Hickory, 85. Shellbark Hickory, 85. Silver-leaved Poplar, 63. Species, 5. Spruce, 39. Black, 43. Norway, 45. Red, 41. Swamp, 43. White, 39. Sycamore, 141. Synonym, 5. Tacamahac, 69. Tamarack, 35. Tangential-section, 12, 195. Tilia americana, 181. 244 Bulletin 194 Tiliaceae, 181. Tip-scar, 10. Thuja occidentalis, 51. Fraximus. americana, 187. lanceolata, 191. nigra, 193. pennsylvanica, 189. Trees, How to study, 4. Trembling Aspen, 228. Thorn-apple, 147. Trembling Poplar, 65. Tsuga canadensis, 49. Tulip Tree, 139. Tupelo, 183. fulva, 131. racemosa, 135. Urticaceae, 121. Water Beech, 95. Winter buds, 10. White Ash, 224. White Elm, 224. Cedar, 51. Poplar, 63. Whitewood, 139. Wood, 11. Wood, Key to, 203. Wood structure, 194. Woods, In order of weight, 232. Ulmus, 129. americana, 133. Yellow Birch, 226. Poplar, 139. QK 124 .V4 1915 T2"' "''""" ^""'" ^^ IIIJIIIIIM ii/m riif^' ^''^^°'^ °* Vermont. Li ^^" 5185 00126 1955