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MEMOIRS

OF THE

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Wot, W-

REORA
OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK

A CONTRIBUTION TO PLANT GEOGRAPHY

BY

NORMAN TAYLOR

CURATOR AT THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
FORMERLY ASSISTANT-CURATOR AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Issued January 80, 1915

ZS. A147 Z |
WE
Gilb

The LuEstherT Mertz Library oa
The New York Botanical Sarde ‘s eat

gene I

a

LABEE SOR CONTENTS

PAGE
ETA CCP CTE ee Oe RETO ae foo) souls Sua epee Vv
Introduction
Factors affecting the distribution of the Local Flora.... 2
Edaphic Factors (geology of the range)
GlaciatedwReorony 2b. 4.2 ta ae oe eee B
GoastalWelaineerse ors c.cr0 Slat ee eee ee 9
Pifects ot geologic changes: >... .5..2245.2 5. 13
Clinraticehactonsmerrey sacs oo Re ee 33
List of Local Floras of the Torrey Club Range: By John
TAenGl eva artilvante waters ee! sus cscs 5 eA eee eee 38
[E330 ENA TO AyAINKO Cars Goo optus oe ee eee Meenas C iq Seeman cere 46
Caralooterotellaimts® Been ries. was < anc)em siden Mer ora oes 47
Sieliscicaly ImtOnmlatiOlle ss 2. (s 5 ss ss onsets ae eee te oe 649

IMGIESE soo Sees bbs Es Be ee eR emi ne i Bi 652

PME rACE

This’ book deals chiefly with the distribution of the flora near
New York. Taxonomy and nomenclature are considered only as
fundamentals upon which the phytogeographical structure of the
book has been reared. This has been done because of the belief
that local flora lists and manuals are significant chiefly as they are
projectors of ideas rather than mere records of species, be those
records ever so accurate. The attempt to explain the origin of
the flora centering near the city, and the factors that have played
their part in shaping its present composition, has, it seems to the
writer, greater value than any enumeration of the species could
possibly have.

The opportunity for deductive reasoning on the distribution of
our flora can be rightly based only on a complete and accurate
record of the occurrence of individual species, authenticated by
herbarium specimens and reliable field notes. Our knowledge,
therefore, is limited by the amount and the availability of such
information, and, in the present instance, no one is so conscious
of the scarcity of such material as the writer. The book, therefore,
is not so much a local flora as a method of writing one,—in some
ways it is little more than a record of the incompleteness of our
present knowledge.

The work was begun at the New York Botanical Garden, in
January, 1909, and continued until March, 1911. Since then it
has been carried on at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where a
division of time between it and increasing administrative duties
became necessary. To the directors of both institutions grateful
acknowledgement is due for much help and encouragement.

The book has been greatly strengthened by many notes on
distribution and other matters contributed by Messrs. E. P.
Bicknell and K. K. Mackenzie and by Dr. Britton, all of whom
have read the proofs. Without their help the book must have
been deficient in many respects, and the writer gratefully acknowl-
edges their cooperation.

vi PREFACE

To others who have also helped by the collection of specimens,
notes and other information, the writer is glad to make acknowl-
edgments. Among those who have helped in various ways are:
Professor M. L. Fernald, Stewardson Brown, Bayard Long,
Dr. Witmer Stone, Miss F. A. Mulford, Harold W. Pretz, Dr.
F. W. Pennell, Dr. Roland M. Harper, Dr. Philip Dowell, and
Dr. G. E. Nichols. To Dr. Arthur Hollick the writer is under
great obligations for much aid in the considerable geological data
used in the book. He is also indebted to Mr. Sereno Stetson for
making the original base map which has been used in a number of
ways in the book. Several genera and families, and a bibliography,
have been contributed by specialists and such contributions are
noted in the text. Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical
Garden, has kindly aided in the determination of many specimens,
and in other ways.

In order to base the book on a descriptive illustrated work, the
taxonomy and nomenclature have been brought into substantial
accord with the second edition of ‘Illustrated Flora of the Nor-
thern States and Canada,’’ which was published about the time
the manuscript of the present book was completed, and to which
reference is made for additional synonyms. ‘This does not imply,
however, that the writer favors all the generic and specific de-
limitations of that work, nor all the nomenclatorial changes there
proposed.

The interest of Dr. N. L. Britton has been continued until the
completion of the work, and the author takes great pleasure in
acknowledging his help and valued criticism, without which the

book could scarcely have been written.

NorMAN TAYLOR.
BROOKLYN Botanic GARDEN,

30 July, 1914.

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PILATE 2

MAP OF THE AREA

COVERED BY
THIS WORK

S.STETSON
OEC.20.1910.

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INT RODUCTION*

I. The range covered by this book is that laid down by the
committee on local flora of the Torrey Botanical Club in their
Preliminary Catalogue of 1888. It comprises all of the state of
Connecticut; Long Island; in New York the counties bordering
the Hudson River up to and including Columbia and Greene, also
Sullivan and Delaware counties; all of New Jersey; and Pike,
Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh,
Carbon, Bucks, Berks, Schuylkill, Montgomery, Philadelphia,
Delaware and Chester counties in Pennsylvania. (See map, fi. 1.)
When making a botanical survey, an area such as this, determined
wholly by political boundary lines has many disadvantages over
purely natural vegetation-regions, such as the pine-barrens, for
instance. But it has seemed advisable to adopt the range as
outlined by the committee in spite of obvious drawbacks.

2. The method of working out the problem of the distribution
of our local plants has been, after determining what species
actually occurred in the range, to list all the localities for which
specimens were extant. Published records, of whatever sort,
have been closely studied, and the results of such studies have been
added to the records substantiated by specimens, wherever, in
the judgment of the writer, these records were deemed reliable.
Such published records have, however, been very sparingly used
in the grasses, sedges, Crataegus, Rubus, Rosa and Viola. Recent
studies in these groups make it unsafe to base conclusions upon
the old records of species, many of which are not today tenable
or are regarded in a new or restricted sense. The writer has made
no effort to include records published since January 1, 1914, although
some of these recent records are noted. All of the native and
introduced species contained in the manuals have been included,
besides many more, mentioned in notes, that are little more than
waifs. All the genera and species are provided with keys, which
have been omitted for waifs and other plants mentioned only in

* Much of this introductory matter was completed with the aid of a grant from the
Esther Herrman Research Fund, of the New York Academy of Sciences.

2 I

2 INTRODUCTION

notes. The keys and general ranges have been copied from “‘Illus-
trated Flora,’’ except where simplicity demanded a different key
owing to the limited number of species in our area. There are
2,651 species admitted into the work, excluding waifs. Subtract-
ing also the 613 weeds of introduction we have 2,038 native species
in the area. No species are described as new.

3. With this information as a basis, the distributional trends
of each species, except the commonest or those introduced,
have been given for the states of Connecticut and New Jersey,
and for those parts of the states of New York and Pennsylvania
contained in the range. Wherever a state or part of it is omitted
from the discussion of the distribution, it is understood that the
species has not been recorded from the omitted area. Besides
this, the distribution of each species as affected by the geological
history, the temperature, and the altitudinal limits of the area
has been given. The latter features of the work will be explained
subsequently.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR LOCAL FLORA

4. The composition of the flora of a region such as ours has
been determined by many agencies, some now operative, many
of them long since inactive, but leaving indelible traces of their
former importance. For all practical purposes, these agencies
may be divided into (I) edaphic factors and (II) climatic ones.
Under the first category must be considered all questions of the
relation of our flora to the soil and available water supply, both
past and present,—which ipso facto have been determined by the
geological history of the region. Thus it is only by some knowl-
edge of the geology of the area that we can arrive at conclusions of
value in regard to the complexion of our flora as affected by these
historical factors. Under the second category (climatic factors)
will be considered the relation of our flora to temperature, rainfall
and winds, although in a temperate region such as ours the last
two are of very little significance. We have, then, the edaphic or
historical factors, which may be said to have exercised more in-
fluence in the past than now, and the climatic factors which
are still operative. The mental convenience of considering these
two sets of factors by themselves is apt to create the feeling that
there is some rather sharp line of demarcation between them. Of

INTRODUCTION 3

course, any such idea is wholly inaccurate, and the difficulty of
determining, in any given instance, which factor has been most
potent must be obvious to those who appreciate the complexity
of the relationship between these historical and present-day
agencies.

I. Epapuic Factors (GEOLOGY OF THE RANGE)
(a) The Glaciated Region

5. Perhaps nowhere in eastern North America are there so
many features of geological interest as within the area covered
by this work. Within forty miles of the city the terminal moraine,
the upper edge of the coastal plain, the northern edge of the Cre-
taceous deposits all converge. On Long Island is the unique
juxtaposition of the coastal plain and the glaciated country. The
variety of conditions and immensity of age differences postulated
by these facts help to explain the fact that more than 400 species
reach their distribution outposts within the area covered by this
book.

6. For the purposes of the phytogeographer the range covered
by the work may be divided into glaciated and unglaciated. The
extreme southern limit of the several encroachments of the dif-
ferent continental ice sheets, known as the terminal moraine,
extends, roughly speaking, from Montauk, through Long Island
and Staten Island, to upper New Jersey and Pennsylvania. (See
map, pl. 2.) Everything north of this line was once covered by
ice, varying in thickness from almost nothing near the edge to
some thousands of feet in the north towards the centers of glacia-
tion. It is obvious that this ice sheet, being approximately the
most recent geological phenomenon, nullifies completely what
might have been the very considerable effects of the much older
geological formations north of the terminal moraine on the vege-
tation. Geologically the area north of the moraine is of greater
antiquity than anything else in our range; practically, so far
as vegetative covering is concerned, it is the most recent, for the
recession of the ice is the last major geological phenomenon opera-
tive hereabouts. An exception to the statement that the ice-
sheet nullifies the older geological formations north of the moraine,
are the somewhat extensive limestone areas in the glaciated

4 INTRODUCTION

country, notably in Columbia, and Dutchess counties in New York,
Sussex Co. in New Jersey, and some parts of Connecticut and
Pennsylvania. While it is true that these peculiar limestone out-
crops maintain a characteristic flora, it is doubtful if there are any
species of plants endemic upon them. ‘The limestone thus appears
rather as maintaining an aggregate of characteristic species than
as definitely controlling the distribution or evolutionary history
of any particular species. I think there is no species in our area
that has been collected only on limestone, but many that seem to
predominate there, notably some Crataegus, Amelanchier, sedges,
Camptosorus, Asplenium, and a few others.

7. The glaciated part of our range contains many ponds,
swamps, and bogs and it is the latter that are of chief interest
to the botanist. These undrained areas, usually, though not al-
ways, deficient in lime, and exhibiting a high degree of acidity,
maintain a flora quite characteristic. It has been shown that
that section of our area which was neither glaciated nor on the
coastal plain does not contain the plants characteristic of the
glacial bogs of the north and also found in the typical cranberry
bogs of the coastal plain. It is certainly true that bogs are un-
known in this region (see map, pl. 2), and that it contains no lakes
or ponds of any size. It is significant that the following plants
are found in the bogs of the coastal plain, mainly in the pine-
barrens, and also north of the moraine, but unknown in the inter-
vening unglaciated Piedmont Plateau in New Jersey; in Penn-
sylvania further study is necessary on this point.

Chamaecyparis thyoides (see pl.6), Blephariglottis cristata,

Panicum lineartfolium, Blephariglottis blephariglottis,
Carex trisperma, Arethusa bulbosa,

Carex Collinsit, Sarracenia purpurea,

Xyris Congdon, Drosera intermedia,
Helontias bullata, Oxycoccus macrocar pus,
Gyrotheca tinctoria, Aster spectabilis.

There are many others,* and future studies may be able to show
that there is some other reason for the non-occurrence of these
plants than the failure of this unglaciated area north of the
coastal plain to develop bogs and ponds.

* Harper, R. M. Coastal plain plants in New England. Rhodora 7: 69-80. 1905.
Rhodora 8: 27. 1906.

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PLATE 2
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TERMINAL MORAINE

REGION NORTH OF THIS
WAS GLACIATED

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Ps A ; = NORTHERN EDGE
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REGION SOUTH OF THIS
1S COASTAL PLAIN
INCLUDING LONG ISLAND
SOUTH OF THE MORAINE

‘

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UNGLACIATED PART
OF PIEDMONT PLATEAU
it EEN SIE re Si ore
SEE INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH _NO.T

INTRODUCTION 5

8. It will give some idea of the profound influence the conti-
nental glacier has probably had on the vegetation in the range to
record the large number of species that are now found only north
of the moraine. The following are unknown, in our area, south
of this line, although some are found further south in the moun-
tains outside of our region. Those marked with an asterisk have
been found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft.

Plants Found Exclusively North of the Moraine in Our Area
Poa debilis,

Poa alsodes,

Poa triflora,

Koeleria cristata,

Eleocharis ovata,

Eleocharis intermedia,
Fimbristylis geminata,
Eriophorum alpinum,
Eriophorum callithrix,

Botrychium silaifolium,
*Polystichum Braunit,
Cryptogramma Stelleri,
Equisetum pratense,
Lycopodium porophilum,
{Lycopodium annotinum,
*Tsoetes macrospora,
Isoetes Eaton,

Isoetes Tuckermant,

Pinus resinosa,

*Abies Balsamea (see pl. 7),
Thuya occidentalis,
Sparganium acaule,
Sparganium angustifolium,
Sparganium minimum,
Sagittaria cuneata,
Potamogeton lateralis,
Potamogeton angustifolius,
Potamogeton praelongus,
Panicum flexile,

Panicum boreale,
Milium effusum,
Oryzopsis pungens,
Oryzopsis asperifolia,
Sporobolus cryptandrus,
Sporobolus heterolepis,

*Cinna latifolia,

Trisetum spicatum,

Carex siccata
Carex diandra,
Carex prairea,
Carex brunnescens,
Carex Deweyana,
Carex Crawfordit,
Carex Bebbit,
*Carex aena,
Carex pauciflora,
*Carex novae-angliae,
Carex aurea,
Carex Crawei,
*Carex formosa,
*Carex castanea,
Carex paupercula,
Carex lenticularis,
Carex Oederi,
Carex cryptolepis,
Carex vesicaria,

* Found only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft.
} Except for one doubtful record from Delaware Co., Pa.

6

Carex Tuckermani,
Carex oligosperma,
Carex Baileyi,
Carex Schweinitzit,
Carex Pseudo-Cyperus,
Arisaema Stewardsonit,
Calla palustris,
*X yris montana,
*Juncus filiformis,
*Juncus trifidus,
Juncus Dudleyi,
Allium sibiricum,
Vagnera trifolia,
Streptopus amplexifolius,
Streptopus roseus,
Sisyrinchium albidum,
Cypripedium reginae,
Cypripedium candidum,
Limnorchis hyperborea,
Limnorchis dilatata,
Lysias Hookeriana,
*Thidium strictum,
Ophrys cordata,
Peramium ophioides,
Peramium tessellatum,
Malaxis monophylla,
Corallorhiza Corallorhiza,
Salix lucida,
Salix serissima,
Salix pedicellaris,
Salix squamata,
Salix candida,
Betula pumila,
Betula alleghaniensis,
Betula lutea,
Ulmus Thomasi,
Celtis canina,
Celtis georgiana,
Razoumofskya pusilla,

INTRODUCTION

Claytonia caroliniana,
Arenaria groenlandica,
Nymphaea rubrodisca,
Nymphaea microphylla,
Aconitum noveboracense,
Anemone cylindrica,
Ranunculus micranthus,
Ranunculus allegheniensis,
Cardamine pratensis,
Cardamine purpurea,
Arabis viridis,

Arabis Drummondii,
Dentaria maxima,
Dentaria incisifolia,
Dentaria anomala,

* Mitella nuda,
*Ribes glandulosum,

Comarum palustre,

*Fragaria canadensis,
*Fragaria terrae-novae,
*Sibbaldiopsis tridentata,

Dasiphora fruticosa,
Spiraea alba,
Rubus pergratus,

*Rubus frondosus,

Rubus canadensis,
Rubus plicatifolius,
Rosa nitida,

*Sorbus scopulina,
*A melanchier sanguinea,

Crataegus Brainerdi,
Crataegus Stonet,
Crataegus Boyntoni,
Crataegus Grayana,
Ilex monticola,
Rhamnus alnifolia,
Hypericum Bissellit,

*Viola nephrophylla,

Viola septentrionalis,

INTRODUCTION 7

* Viola Selkirkii, Halenia deflexa,
*Viola rentfolia, Polemonium Van-Bruntiae,
Viola incognita, Blephilia hirsuta,
Epilobium strictum, Viburnum alnifolium,
Ligusticum scoticum, Lonicera coerulea,
*Pyrola oxypetala, Lonicera canadensis,
* Moneses uniflora, *Adoxa Moschatellina,
*Ledum groenlandicum, *Valeriana uliginosa,
Azalea canescens, Lobelia Dortmanna,
Rhodora canadensis, Solidago uliginosa,
Kalmia polifolia, * Solidago macrophylla,
Andromeda canescens, Aster junceus,
* Vaccinium canadense, Bidens Beckii,
*Vaccinium Brittonit, *Petasites palmata,
Chiogenes hispidula, Lactuca Morsstt.

Naumburgia thyrsiflora,

Of the 2,038 species, excluding weeds, in the range, the above
constitute 8.22 per cent. of the total.

9. The glaciated portion of our range, besides being the home
of so many native plants not found elsewhere, is typified by the
large percentage of hard-wood trees, the relative scarcity, numer-
ically, of coniferous trees, and above all by the great number
(595) of species that are introduced. Perhaps three fourths of all
adventive and naturalized species find their greatest development
in this area. That there is some relation between the vegetative
newness of this region and the preponderance of these adventive
weeds seems likely, and the much greater agricultural develop-
ment has undoubtedly had something to do with the weediness
of the region. It is significant that, in our range, the percentage
of weeds on the coastal plain is nothing like so great as in the
glaciated region.

10. In speaking of the distribution of the species from a geo-
logical standpoint, it has seemed best to refer to all formations
north of the coastal plain simply as ‘‘Older Formations,” notwith-
standing the fact that the glaciated part of the area thus char-
acterized is more recent phytogeographically, than the coastal
plain. (See paragraph 6.)

8 INTRODUCTION

(b) The Coastal Plain

11. The area comprising the coastal plain, includes all that
territory lying south of a line extending approximately from
Trenton, N. J., through Staten Island to Long Island. (See
map, pl. 2.) All of this region is geologically the most recent in
our area, having been the last to be laid down before the era of the
ice which directly affected, with exceptions already noted, only
the area mentioned in paragraphs 5-10. An exception to this
statement is Long Island, where we have the terminal moraine
abutting directly on the coastal plain for nearly the whole length
of the island,—a geologically unique feature in this country.

12. Whether the region south of the moraine on Long Island is
mostly overlaid by overwash material from the glacier or whether
the sands and gravels of the ‘South Side’”’ are the underlying
Tertiary formations may be matter of doubt. It would make an
interesting future study to determine the effect, if any, of the
distribution of these different sands and gravels on the distribu-
tion of the plants on the island. A study of this sort was found
to be too intensive for this work and the writer has usually con-
fined himself to a statement as to whether the species is found
north or south of the moraine.

13. It is in New Jersey that the coastal plain exhibits its chief
interest to the botanist, for this is the region of the pine-barrens.
the peculiarly characteristic features of which have always at-
tracted the interest of botanists and zoologists. Indeed, the
region is so unusual that the ordinary traveler is at once struck
with the difference between these sandy plains and pine-tree vege-
tation, and the richer flora further north. The excellent flora* of
this region by Dr. Witmer Stone has renewed interest in this
botanically unique country.

14. The true limits of the pine-barrens are perhaps for the first
time clearly drawn by Stone in this work, there having been
previously considerable difference of opinion as to how far south
in New Jersey the true pine-barren element extended. Formerly
the pine-barrens were supposed to consist of all the remainder of
the state south of their northern edge, but explorations of the
botanists of Philadelphia have resulted in a final delimitation of

*Stone, W. The plants of southern New Jersey, with especial reference to the
flora of the pine-barrens. Ann. Rept. N. Jersey State Mus. 1910: 25-828. I912.

NEWYORK

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PLATE 3. Map of southern New Jersey. The unshaded area is all pine-barren;
the shaded areas are not pine-barrens. Note the shaded areas along the coast and
at Cape May. See Introduction paragraph 14.

(NTRODUGTION

Witnied 4
CORDITY.
a bce ace
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INTRODUCTION 9

this interesting region. The map (fl. 3) copied from Stone’s book
well shows the limits of the pine-barrens. The darker colored
portion surrounding the white is not pine-barren in character,
and maintains a very different flora from the pine-barrens.

15. The writer in 1912 (Torreya 12: 229-242) has attempted —
to show that the pine-barrens are the result of geologic processes,
and part of that paper is here utilized. Dr. Stone in his flora of
the pine-barrens, perhaps the best local flora ever written in
America, has said: ‘“‘Some attempt has been made to correlate
these areas or parts of them (the coastal plain, including the pine-
barrens) with the underlying geological formation, but . . . such
correlation is not possible.”

16. It is the firm conviction of the writer that notwithstanding
this assertion, it will be found that a geological explanation is
the only one that will fit the facts and serve to elucidate the pe-
culiarly local, often endemic, nature of the pine-barren flora.
Others have also sought geological explanation for the origin of
this region, and a paleobotanist was the first to suggest the possi-
bility of there being any relationship between the flora and the
geology of southern New Jersey.* It was Hollick’s suggestion
that the pine-barrens are co-extensive with the Tertiary sands
and gravels that Stone has shown must be revised. Recent |
collections, the significance of which was, of course, unknown to
Hollick in 1899, have led to the abandonment of his theory that
the pine-barrens or ‘“‘coniferous zone’’ are co-extensive with the
Tertiary sands and gravels.

17. Much later, we find Harshberger} attributing the vegeta-
tion about the edges of the pine-barrens to the “post Pensauken
uplift of the New Jersey geologists.” But he follows Hollick in
saying that “the Tertiary soils extend southward along the
Atlantic Ocean to Florida and are occupied by a pine-barren
flora.”{ This, as Stone’s work has shown, must be modified.
But this statement of Hollick’s, subsequently used in Harsh-
berger’s work, contains such a large measure of truth in relation
to the origin of this unique region, that it is only to be abandoned

* Hollick, A. The relation between forestry and geology in New Jersey. Am. Nat.
33: 1-14. 1899. Seealso Ann. Rept. N. J. State Geologist for 1899. Report on Forests.

j Harshberger, J. W. Phytogeographic Survey of N. Am. 219. IgII.

t{ Harshberger, J. W. Loc. cit. 218.

if) INTRODUCTION

upon presentation of a theory more nearly fitting the known facts.
While the pine-barrens do occupy Tertiary soils, they do not
occupy all of them. It is just this lack of co-extensiveness of the
pine-barrens in New Jersey with the Tertiary that has led to Dr.
Stone’s scepticism.

18. At the risk of burdening the present work with more of
technical geological matters than are usually found in a purely
botanical survey, the writer feels it is only by a knowledge of what
the geological changes have been, on the coastal plain in New Jersey,
that we can arrive at the facts in the distribution of the plants
of the region. For here, it seems, the whole make-up of the flora
is directly attributable to the geological processes that are de-
scribed in the next succeeding paragraphs.

19. Going back to the time when all the coastal part of New
Jersey south of a line from Jersey City to Flemington (see map,
pl. 1) was under water, owing to the last great general sub-
mergence of the continent, we find that during this period a great
deal of erosion of the unsubmerged land took place. This sinking
of the coastal part of New Jersey, and of course elsewhere, known
to geologists as the Miocene sinking,* had a profound influence on
the configuration of the lower part of the state. All the material
from the north and northwest that was washed down, or eroded,
went out with the water and was finally deposited over this sub-
merged area, and this deposition went on for countless ages. Ul ti-
mately this Beacon Hill formation, as the deposited material is
called, became very thick, covering practically all the lower part
of the state.

20. “After the deposition of the Beacon Hill formation, the
area over which it had been spread was again elevated, and the
history of the topography of all that part of the state, which was
covered by the formation, . . . dates from this reémergence of
the surface covered by the Beacon Hill formation.”} This emer-
gence of the land is spoken of by geologists as the Post-Miocene
uplift or Pre-Pensauken cycle of erosion. Whatever the termin-
ology used, the result was to bring above water most of the land
that had been previously submerged. Not quite all of it, however,
for the land was not perfectly level, and only the highest portions

* Salisbury, R. D. Final Rept. Geol. Survey of New Jersey 4: 92. 1898.
+ Salisbury, R. D. Loc. cit. 93.

INTRODUCTION If

came out of the water. Some of what is now the coastal strip of
New Jersey, all the Cape May region, some of the territory just
north of the pine-barrens, and much of the lower Delaware Valley,
was either not above water at all, or only slightly so, and in the
latter case was soon considerably eroded. This cutting down of
the emerged Beacon Hill by erosion, particularly to the south and
east, was very great, so that finally it was a very different region
from the great upland plain it is supposed to have been immedia-
tely after the Post-Miocene uplift.

21. This erosion of the Beacon Hill formation was brought to
an end finally by the gradual subsidence of the whole region.
Little by little the lower part of New Jersey sank so that ulti-
mately everything except the then upland Beacon Hill formation
(the present pine-barrens) was submerged (Pensauken Submer-
gence). It is curious to note, by the way, that the encroachment
of the sea thus occasioned by this submergence has been marked
by several plants that are normally salt-marsh species, which seem
to have followed this ancient marine shore-line. On the northern
and southern edges of the dotted area on the map (Pl. 4), have been
found Hibiscus Moscheutos (see pl. 9) and Ptilimnium capillaceum,
and there may be others. ‘This dotted area is the old Pensauken
Sound and it is significant that these maritime species should be
found today miles from the sea and evidently relics of their
migration along the shores of Pensauken Sound. At least, the
Hibiscus has spread so that it occupies some stations in the middle
of the old Sound bed, notably near Spotswood, Middlesex Co.,
and near Princeton Junction.

22. The map (fl. 4) shows the extent of this submergence, as
everything covered by the dotted area was under water. The
undotted light area was not submerged, and has never since been
submerged. After an indefinite period of subsidence the whole
dotted area was again raised so that all of lower New Jersey as we
know it today came out of the water. The Pensauken formation,
which is the geologists’ name for most of the material eroded from
the uninterruptedly emerged Beacon Hill, was itself subject to
erosion, giving us the present characteristic stream beds of the
coastal plain in the state.

23. The next step of serious significance was the encroachment
of the ice-sheet, which came down to Perth Amboy, not more

12 INTRODUCTION

than 12-20 miles north of the Beacon Hill formation. At the
final recession of the ice there is some evidence of another slight
subsidence of the lower part of the state and the coastal region,
but not enough to have brought the Beacon Hill formation any-
where near down to sea level. This last subsidence of the coastal
strip and the Cape May region had a significant influence upon the
distribution of the plants of the area. It seems very probable
that a gradual sinking of this region has been going on ever since,
as the sea has constantly encroached upon the land throughout
maritime New Jersey, as indeed it has in Staten Island, Long
Island, and further north.

24. Whether one follows Johnson* in believing that this sub-
sidence of the coastal part of our area is not recent or continuing
or Bartlett} that it is both recent and continuing, does not matter
so much for our present purposes. Both agree, and the evidence
is of such a nature that it appears incontestable, that there was a
great deal of ancient subsidence. In Cape May County this has
been of such an extent that whole regions covered by forests of
white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) have been submerged,
emerged, and submerged again. This, repeated several times, has
resulted in a great accumulation of buried forests. ‘‘ Trunks of
trees are found buried at all depths beneath the surface, quite down
to the gravel.”’t This and ‘‘numerous facts of the same kind

. collected along the shores of the Delaware Bay and River, in
Salem and Cumberland Counties, and on the sea-shore in Atlantic,
Ocean, Monmouth, and Middlesex Counties,’’ all seem to point to
a decided ancient submergence of the area surrounding the Beacon
Hill formation.

25. So much for a brief outline of the geological sequence of
events in the pine-barren area. For the phytogeographer, the
salient features of these changes are that Beacon Hill has been
uninterruptedly out of the water since upper Miocene times, and
that it has several times been partly, and often entirely surrounded
by water. These facts, together with the encroachment of the
glacier, and its recession, with the probable deposition of a great

* Johnson, D. W. Botanical evidence of coastal subsidence. Science II. 37: 721
1910. Science II. 38: 300. 1911. See also Bot. Gaz. 54: 449-468. 1913.

+ Bartlett, H. H. Science II. 38: 300. 1911.

t Geology of the county of Cape May 62 and 39.

5 7

' -

/ bie ae OAS
'

Longe

PLATE 4. Map of southern New Jersey, at the period of Beacon Hill. Note
submergence (dotted section) of what is now Cape May. The undotted area is the
Beacon Hill Formation; the dotted area was under water, the northern part of it
constituting Pensauken Sound. See Introduction paragraph 18.

— —

12 Reet Fash

tien 2-20 cabs 2 of ter Deacon ia formation At
final recewins <2 ga peetiare ta some evidencerot anotiver
subaicd-n/s 4: eats part of the state-and-the coastal
: ee we penehs the. Beacon li formation’
bi Chass asks thsidence ot the
) Ra, aiecois siitant iafiience upon
ki the ‘ated. _ Bs ets very probaly
i> oy oar dapat it
- jtkd gen tho teen) thera t
i6s<o Siarea elas a Long
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ines toc sta at Unas
or

c te Pan cont

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t piecbent nian
mith, aera
ugh for a Drie ian) date eological aeine
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- 9 WEL stasis eS a hip aie re = — ve
ode shaman barablu tlk Md SPR ISB
a} org singe ae

“ihe eae with. the ‘enchiochiaens at
n, wath the probable deposition aba

? et

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DVib.” Rete Uo pi oo. 5911.) Seealgl Bot Caz sd ge Be
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= ae Ss Ne. o\ “og ot ee Oe

INTRODUCTION 13

deal of morainic material around Beacon Hill, makes this forma-
tion the oldest in New Jersey, either on the coastal plain or in the
glaciated regions northward, that could have been continuously
covered with vegetation. This, it would seem, is why the Beacon
Hill formation is the controlling factor in the origin and present
distribution of the pine-barrens. The area of the pine-barrens
(see pl. 3) is not exactly coextenive with Beacon Hill (see pl. 4),
but the differences are so slight that recent and local erosion of
the formation would account for the failure of the two regions to
superimpose, as it were.

26. In other words, the New Jersey pine-barrens exist exclu-
sively on this Beacon Hill formation, an area isolated by geological
processes, and maintaining a relict or climax flora, the antiquity
of which greatly antedates any of the rest of our vegetation here-
abouts, so far as permanency of position and phytogeographical
isolation are concerned. This undoubtedly accounts for the com-
position of the flora, and it is interesting to note that zoologists
have found this same apparent isolation, the same endemism
noted above. The sphagnum frog, Rana virgatipes, described by
Cope and collected only thrice since, is unknown outside of this
region,* and the late John B. Smith in his work on the insects of
New Jersey has figured the ‘“‘entomological pine-barrens”’ as very
nearly coinciding with the floral pine-barrens.t

Effects of the Geologic Changes Described Above

27. In the light of this historical outline it should be easy to
trace the development of the vegetation of the coastal plain from
the Miocene uplift until the present. Ancestrally it must have
consisted of purely American plants, and many of these, in all
probability, were of southern extraction.{ Of the 565 species
found growing here, not counting weeds, 386 are listed as truly
pine-barren. This does not mean that they are found nowhere
else, but that so far as New Jersey is concerned these plants find
their greatest development in the pine-barrens. There is a small
element among them practically unknown outside of the pine-

* Fowler, H. W. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 57: 662-664. 1905.

+ Ann. Rept. New Jersey State Mus. 1909. Map (frontispiece) 1910.

t Over 180 species of the present flora of the pine-barrens range from New Jersey to
Virginia and Florida.

14 INTRODUCTION

barrens of New Jersey, such as Abama americana, Sporobolus
Torreyanus, Eupatorium resinosum,* and Juncus caesariensis.*

28. Many species of southern affinities still reach their northern
distribution outposts in or near the pine-barrens, or on Staten
Island, or Long Island. Others, undoubtedly of southern affinity,
reach their northern distribution in other parts of our area.

Southern Species Reaching Their Northern Distribution Point
Within the Range of This Book

Asplenium Bradleyt,
Cheilanthes lanosa,

Lycopodium carolinianum,

Pinus virginiana,
Pinus echinata,

Pinus pungens,

Pinus serotina,

Pinus Taeda,
Potamogeton confervoides,
Sagittaria subulata,
Sagittaria pubescens,
Sagittarta longirostra,
Coelorachis rugosa,
Erianthus divaricatus,
Erianthus saccharoides,
Paspalum dissectum,
Paspalum pubescens,
Paspalum laeve,
Paspalum plenipilum,
Paspalum circulare,
Paspalum difforme,
Paspalum floridanum,
Panicum hemitonum,
Panicum amarum,
Panicum condensum,
Panicum stipitatum,
Panicum angustifolium,
Panicum aciculare,
Panicum polyanthes,

Panicum ensifolium,
Panicum lucidum,
Panicum coerulescens,
Panicum annulum,
Panicum octonodum,
Panicum paucipilum,
Panicum leucothrix,
Panicum lanuginosum,

Panicum Commonsianum,

Panicum oligosanthes,
Panicum scabriusculum,
Panicum cryptanthum,
Panicum aculeatum,
Sacciolepis striata,
Chaetochloa magna,
Cenchrus tribuloides,
Aristida oligantha,
Aristida lanosa,
Sporobolus clandestinus,
Agrostis altissima,
Danthonia epilis,
Spartina cynosuroides,
Gymnopogon ambiguus,
Gymnopogon brevifolius,
Uniola laxa,

Poa autumnalis,

Poa brachyphylla,
Elymus glabriflorus,
Cyperus microdontus,

* Apparently unknown elsewhere in the world.

Cyperus pseudovegetus,
Cyperus refractus,
Cyperus retrofractus,
Cyperus lancastriensis,
Cyperus hystricinus,
Cyperus Torreyt,
Cyperus ovularis,
Eleocharis flaccida,
Eleocharis simplex,
Eleocharis Torreyana,
Fimbristylis castanea,

Fimbristylis Baldwiniana,

Fimbristylis puberula,

Fimbristylis autumnalis,

Rynchospora pallida,
Rynchospora oligantha,

Rynchospora Knetskernit,

Rynchospora axillaris,
Rynchospora filtfolia,

Rynchospora gracilenta,

Rynchospora Smallit,
Rynchospora cymosa,
Rynchospora rariflora,
Psilocarya nitens,
Scleria setacea,

Carex nigromarginata,
Carex Meadiz,

Carex striatula,

Carex styloflexa,
Carex debilts,

Carex caroliniana,
Carex Barrattit,
Carex Frankit,

Xyris fimbriata,
Xyris arenicola,
Xyris elata,

INTRODUCTION 15

Juncus gymnocarpus,
Juncus setaceus,

Juncus aristulatus,
Tofieldia racemosa,
Xerophyllum asphodeloices,
Helonias bullata,
Oceanorus leimanthoides,
Melanthium latifolium,
Uvularia nitida,
Clintonia umbellulata,
Smilax laurifolia,
Smilax Walteri,
Lophiola aurea,
Gymnadeniopsis integra,
Gymnadentopsts nivea,
Blephariglottis cristata,
Pogonia divaricata,
Ibidium praecox,
Ophrys australis,
Tipularia untfolia,
Corallorhiza Wisteriana,
Saururus cernuus,
Myrica certfera,
Castanea pumila,
Quercus triloba,

Quercus pagodaefolia,
Quercus marylandica,
Quercus Phellos,
Quercus nigra,

Quercus Michauxit,
Quercus imbricaria,
Quercus lyrata,

Quercus nigra,

Celtis georgiana,
Boehmeria Drummondiana,
Phoradendron flavescens,

Rumex altissimus,
Persicaria portoricensis,
Sesuvium maritimum,

Eriocaulon decangulare,
Eriocaulon compressum,
Eriocaulon Parkeri,

16

Talinum teretifolium,
Alsine pubera,
Arenaria caroliniana,
Magnolia tripetala,
Viorna Viorna,
Viorna ochroleuca,
Ranunculus pusillus,
Cardamine arenicola,
Dentaria heterophylla,

Micranthes micranthidifolia,

Hydrangea arborescens,
Itea virginica,
Liquidambar Styraciflua,
Agrimonia rostellata,
Agrimonia parviflora,
Geum hirsutum,

Malus coronaria,
Aronia arbutifolia,
Crataegus uniflora,
Crataegus Canbyt,
Crataegus Boyntont,
Aeschynomene virginica,
Stylosanthes biflora,
Meibomia ochroleuca,
Meibomia stricta,
Meibomia viridiflora,
Les pedeza repens,
Lespedeza oblongifolia,
Strophostyles umbellata,
Bradburya virginiana,
Galactia volubilis,
Xanthoxalis filipes,
Polygala lutea,

Polygala mariana,
Phyllanthus carolinensis,
Crotonopsis linearis,

Tithymalopsis Ipecacuanhae,

Tithymalus Darlingtonit,

Toxicodendron Toxicodendron,

INTRODUCTION

Acer carolinianum,
Tilia Michauxit,

Vitis cordifolia,
Ascyrum stans,
Hypericum virgatum,
Hypericum gymnanthum,
Viola Stoneana,

Viola emarginata,

Viola striata,

Viola Rafinesquit,
Lechea racemulosa,
Ammannia Koehnet,
Lythrum lineare,

Rhexia mariana,
Rhexia aristosa,
Ludwigiantha brevipes,
Ludwigia linearis,
Ludwigia hirtella,
Raimannia humifusa,
Raimannia laciniata,
Kneiffia longipedicellata,
Kneiffia linearis,

Aralia spinosa (2),
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides,
Eryngium virginianum,
Eryngium aquaticum,
Oxypolis rigidior,
Pyxidanthera barbulata,
Dodecatheon Meadia,
Fraxinus Michauxit,
Fraxinus biltmoreana,
Chionanthus virginica,
Sabbatia lanceolata,
Dasystephana villosa,
Dasystephana Porphyrio,
Obolaria virginica,
Nymphoides aquaticum,
Asclepias lanceolata,
Asclepias variegata,

INTRODUCTION

Vincetoxicum obliquum,
Stylisma Pickeringeri,
Phlox paniculata,
Phacelia dubia,
Scutellaria serrata,
Salvia lyrata,

Monarda punctata,
Koellia aristata,

Cunila origanoides,
Pentstemon pallidas,
Gratiola sphaerocarpa,
Gratiola pilosa,
Micranthemum micranthemoides,
Agalinis Holmiana,
Stomoisia juncea,
Stomoisia virgatula,
Utricularia fibrosa,
Bignonia radicans,
Ruellia parviflora,
Oldenlandia uniflora,
Diodia teres,

Diodia virginiana,
Galium bermudense,
Viburnum nudum,
Viburnum prunifolium,
Viburnum Canbyi
Triosteum perfoliatum,
Triosteum angustifolium,
Lobelia puberula,

17

Lobelia Nuttallit,
Lobelia Canbyi,
Vernonia glauca,
Eupatorium album,
Eupatorium altissimum,
Eupatorium coelestinum,
Kuhnia eupatorioides,
Lacinaria gramintfolia,
Chrysopsis mariana,
Solidago stricta,
Solidago fistulosa,
Euthamia floribunda,
Aster Lowrieanus,
Aster concinnus,

Aster gracilis,
Gnaphalium Helleri,
Pluchea foetida,
Rudbeckia triloba,
Rubdeckia fulgida,
Rudbeckia speciosa,
Bidens bidentoides,
Mesadenia rentformis,
Synosma suaveolens,
Senecio tomentosus,
Senecio Smallii,
Lactuca villosa,
Lactuca floridana,
Nabalus virgatus.

This southern element constitutes about 13 per cent. of our wild

flora.

29. It would seem that many of these, and some northern species

that are pine-barren plants, but are now found elsewhere on the
coastal plain, have spread there since the release of the Beacon Hill
formation from its last isolation. There are many species found
now on the coastal plain of New Jersey and on Long Island whose
distribution center, so far as our range is concerned, seems to have
been the pine-barrens. Among those that- give indication, by

7
J

18 INTRODUCTION

their present extra-pine-barren distribution, of having spread
from the pine-barrens since the last release of the Beacon Hill
formation may be mentioned Lycopodium carolinianum, Panicum
oligosanthes, Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Panicum ensifolium,
Eriocaulon decangulare, Juncus caesariensis, Xerophyllum asphode-
loides, and A galinis Holmuiana.

30. At the advance of the ice there must have been a great
invasion of this region by northern species, many of which are
still to be found within our area. Just what the character of these
plants was it is impossible to say with any degree of definiteness,
although specimens of Canadian inter-glacial fossils indicate many
genera, perhaps even species that exist in the north today. In the
absence of any definite information, as to what this pre-glacial
flora consisted of, it seems best to append a list of plants that while
not certainly referable to pre-glacial conditions, are now known
only from the north, reaching their southerly distribution point,
at the present time, within the area covered by this work.

Northern Species Whose Southerly Distribution Outposts, in the
East, Are Within Our Area

Botrychium lanceolatum,
Botrychium silatfolium,
Polystichum Braunt,
Equisetum pratense,
Equisetum littorale,
Equisetum variegatum,
Lycopodium inundatum,
Lycopodium alopecuroides,
Lycopodium adpressum,
Lycopodium annotinum,
Isoetes macros pora,

Isoetes ambigua,

Isoetes Eatont,

Isoetes canadensis,

Isoetes Tuckermani,
Pinus resinosa,
Sparganium angustifolium,
Sparganium fluctuans,

Potamogeton natans,
Potamogeton Oakesianus,
Potamogeton lateralis,
Potamogeton compressus,
Trighlochin maritima,
Scheuchzeria palustris,
Sagittaria Engelmaniana,
Poa debilis,

Panicularia laxa,
Panicularia canadensis,
Panicularia grandis,
Panicularia borealis,
Bromus Kalmit,
Agropyron biflorum,
Panicum spretum,
Panicum boreale,
Panicum languidum,
Panicum xanthophysum,

Savastana odorata,
Milium effusum,
Oryzopsis pungens,
Oryzopsis aspertfolia,
Sporobolus uniflorus,
Eriophorum alpinum,
Eriophorum callithrix,
Eriophorum tenellum,
Scirpus paludosus,
Scirpus fluviatilis,
Scirpus microcarpus,
Rynchospora capillacea,
Carex cephaloidea,
Carex diandra,

Carex exilis,

Carex sterilis,

Carex Howe,

Carex Crawfordit,
Carex Bebbit,

Carex Bicknelliz,
Carex aena,

Carex pauctflora,
Carex novae-angliae,
Carex umbellata,
Carex abdita,

Carex tonsa,

Carex aurea,

Carex livida,

Carex formosa,

Carex castanea,
Carex pallescens,
Carex limosa,

Carex paupercula,
Carex Hayden,
Carex Goodenowitt,
Carex lenticularis,
Carex lasiocarpa,
Carex Oederi,

Carex cryptolepis,

INTRODUCTION

Carex flava,

Carex monile,

Carex vesicaria,

Carex Tuckermani,
Carex retrorsa,

Carex oligosperma,
Carex Schweinitzit,
Carex Pseudo-Cyperus,
Arisaema Stewardsonit,
Xyris montana,

Juncus filiformis,
Juncus brachycephalus,
Juncus trifidus,
Juncus Greene,
Juncus pelocarpus,
Vagnera trifolia,
Cypripedium candidum,
Limnorchis hyperborea,
Limnorchis dilatata,
Lysias Hookeriana,
Serapias Helleborine,
Ibidium strictum,
Peramium tesselatum,
Malaxis monophylla,

Corallorhiza Corallorhiza,

Salix lucida,

Salix pedicellarts,

Salix Bebbiana,

Salix candida,

Betula pumila,
Razoumofskya pusilla,
Dondia maritima,
Alsine borealis,
Moehringia lateriflora,
Nymphaea rubrodisca,
Nymphaea microphylla,
Actaea rubra,
Halerpestes Cymbalaria,
Thalictrum dasycarpum,

19

20 INTRODUCTION

Cardamine pratensis,
Arabis viridis,
Arabis Drummondii,
Mitella nuda,

Ribes lacustre,

Ribes glandulosum,
Argentina littoralis,
Comarum palustre,
Fragaria canadensis,
Fragaria terrae-novae,
Geum Meyerianum,
Rubus pubescens,
Rubus pergratus,
Rubus Randi,
Rubus plicatifolius,
Rubus heterophyllus,
Rubus nigricans,
Rubus setosus,

Rosa gemella,

Rosa nitida,

Sorbus scopulina,
Amelanchier Bartramiana,
Crataegus Jesupt,
Crataegus filipes,
Crataegus Pringlet,
Lathyrus maritimus,
Astragalus carolinianus,
Hypericum majus,
Viola latiuscula,
Viola septentrionalis,
Viola Selkirkit,
Viola rentfolia,

Viola incognita,

Epilobium adenocaulon,
Myriophyllum verticillatum,

Chamaepericlymenum canadense,

Moneses untflora,
Ledum groenlandicum,
Rhodora canadensis,
Kalmia polifolia,
Andromeda canescens,
Vaccinium Brittonit,
Naumbergia thyrsiflora,
Cynoglossum boreale,
Lycopus membranaceus,
Limosella aquatica,
Rhinanthus Crista-gallt,
Utricularia intermedia,
Utricularia minor,
Plantago maritima,
Galium labradoricum,
Lonicera hirsuta,
Lonicera canadensis,
Adoxa Moschatellina,
Campanula rotundifolia,
Lobelia Dortmanna,
Lobelia Kalmit,
Solidago macrophylla,
Aster junceus,

Aster Faxoni,

Aster longifolia,
Antennaria canadensis,
Bidens Becki,

Petasites palmata,
Lactuca Morssi,
Hieracium canadense.

This northern element constitutes 8.32 per cent. of the wild flora.

31. Besides all these, there are hundreds more that are to be
considered as of northern extraction, but are today found further
south than our range. At the encroachment of the ice south-
ward, all of these northern species or their progenitors must have
been driven, so to speak, south of the edge of the terminal moraine,

INTRODUCTION 21

there mingling with the then native flora, which in the case of the
pine-barrens was isolated upon the Beacon Hill formation.

32. If, as seems probable, no very great refrigeration took place
in this area,* it is within the realm of probability that the pine-
barren vegetation existing then on the Beacon Hill formation
was not very seriously disturbed climatically. We have geological
evidence that this area was never subjected to any deposition
of glacial material or over-wash; it contains no glacial terraces,
for its elevation, perhaps greater then than now, precluded this.
But the region surrounding Beacon Hill was in no such fortunate
position. Having only recently emerged, comparatively, and-
boasting only a meager altitude it was more or less overrun with
the material from the ice. The glacial terraces of the lower
Delaware, the nature of the material deposited near Cape May and
in Cumberland County all point to a local, or widespread subsi-
dence of the region, which, however, did not affect the Beacon Hill
formation as far as possible glacial influence is concerned. Fur-
thermore, there is evidence in the sunken forests at Cape May
mentioned above, and in the character of the present vegetation,
of the effects of the encroachment of glacial material from the
north, by way of the Delaware Valley.

33. In the region of these glacial terraces of the lower Delaware
Valley and near Cape May, a few northern plants have been
collected that seem to argue their glacial or at any rate northern,
origin. Among the following list it is doubtful if any of the species
are truly wild in the pine-barrens, but they have all been detected
by Dr. Stone at Cape May.

Botrychium virginianum, Veratrum viride,
Calamagrostis canadensis, Uvularia perfoliata,
Trisetum pennsylvanicum, Allium canadense,

Poa brachyphylla, Blephariglottis lacera,
Panicularia septentrionalis, Blephariglottis peramoena,
Carex Buxbaumit, Corallorhiza odontorhiza,
Arisaema Dracontium, Peramium pubescens,

* This is a conclusion warranted by our knowledge of modern glaciers. While the
refrigeration must be very great near the source of glaciers, it is a well-known fact that
at the edges, refrigeration diminishes greatly, particularly where the ice is thin, as it was
in all probability near the moraine in New Jersey. It is a common characteristic of
glaciers that plants are found almost up to the edge of the ice and sometimes on it. See
Muhlenbergia 7: 103, 111, 121. IgI2.

22 INTRODUCTION

Carpinus caroliniana,
Betula nigra,

Fagus grandifolia,
Quercus rubra,
Aristolochia Serpentaria,
Tovara virginiana,
Liriodendron tulipifera,
Cimicifuga racemosa,
Anemone virginiana,
Ranunculus hispidus,
Thalictrum revolutum,
Menispermum canadense,
Sanguinaria canadensis,
Micranthes pennsylvanica,
Micranthes virginiensts,
Heuchera americana,
Geum canadense,
Agrimonia pubescens,
Cassia marilandica,
Meibomia nudiflora,
Ionoxalis violacea,

Sanicula marilandica,
Angelica villosa,
Cynoxylon floridum,
Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Menyanthes trifoliata,
Phlox maculata,
Scutellaria pilosa,
Scutellaria galericulata,
Koellia flexuosa,
Cunila origanoides,
Chelone glabra,
Pedicularis lanceolata,
Pedicularis canadensis,
Galium circaezans,
Viburnum prunifolium,
Triosteum perfoliatum,
Campanula aparinoides,
Aster macrophyllus,
Erigeron pulchellus,
Senecio aureus.

Cynthia virginica,

Cathartolinum virginianum, Lactuca spicata,

34. The distribution of T’suga canadensis in lower New Jersey is,
it seems to me, directly attributable to the glacial terraces found
along the small depression areas in the lower Delaware River
where the tree is now found. It is known only at one other station
elsewhere on the coastal plain, in Maryland, but is, of course,
common northward. There are a few more plants with a some-
what similar distribution in southern New Jersey, notably Cercis
canadensis, which ranges southward, east of the Alleghanies, from
these New Jersey and Pennsylvania stations.

35. Of the peculiar flora of the eastern side of the pine-barrens,
called by Stone the ‘‘coastal strip,” it is difficult to do more than
give the list of species found there. None of these are known
in the pine-barrens, some are found in the region of glacial terraces
in the western part of the Cretaceous region, and others further
north. That the coastal strip was ever affected by glacial material
in any way seems very doubtful, as the drainage from the front

INTRODUCTION 23

of the ice-sheet seems to have been via the Delaware. It is
significant that so many northern plants have been found on this
strip, and it seems very probable that all those ‘‘West Jersey”’
species found along the coast are migrants around the Beacon
Hill formation since the final rising of the coastal plain as described
in paragraphs 20 and 21. The list of these apparently extra-
territorial species as detected by Dr. Stone follows:

Ophioglossum vulgatum, Fragaria virginiana,
Lycopodium complanatum Sangutsorba canadensis,
Potamogeton pectinatus, Rosa virginiana,

Cinna arundinacea, Crataegus Crus-galli,
Bromus purgans, Falcata comosa,

Elymus striatus, Phaseolus polystachyus,
Cyperus diandrus, Robertiella Robertiana,
Carex lanuginosa, Polygala verticillata,
Juncus articulatus, Celastrus scandens,
Vagnera stellata, Hypericum boreale,
Unifolium canadense, Myriophyllum tenellum,
Liparis Loeselit, Samolus floribundus,
Ibidium plantagineum, Sabbatia angularis,
Populus tremuloides, Gentiana crinita,

Morus rubra, Dasystephana Andrewsit,
Parietaria pennsylvanica, Lycopus untflorus,
Silene stellata, Scrophularia leporella,
Sagina procumbens, Helianthus giganteus,
Moehringia lateriflora, Cirsium discolor,
Aquilegia canadensis, Cirstum muticum.

Arabis lyrata,

So much for the probable effects of the glacier on the coastal
plain excluding the pine-barrens.

36. If the ice did not affect the pine-barrens geologically, so
much as it did the surrounding country, there seems little doubt
that it was at this time that many additions were made to the
flora of that region. All of the following species, ranging as they
do from the north to the pine-barrens of New Jersey show un-
mistakable evidences of having come down with the glacier.
Many of them became isolated in bogs and other edaphically
favorable places, such as were probably only to be found on or

24 INTRODUCTION

near Beacon Hill at that time. Some have since spread from the
true pine-barrens, but, as shown in paragraph 29, this was to be
expected. The list of these northern species follows:

Scheuchzerta palustris, Mitella diphylla,
Panicularia obtusa, Nemopanthus mucronata,
Carex exilis, Zizia aurea,

Malaxis unifolia, Gentiana crinita,
Anemone canadensis, Aster nemoralis.

37. There are doubtless other species and the same phenomenon
has been noted by entomologists. Professor Smith writes of
Trechus chalybeus, and a few other insects, ‘‘that the only trace of
real boreal species has been found in the deep cold swamps (bogs)
of Ocean County.”

38. In this connection the distribution of the most remarkable
plant of the pine-barrens, Schizaea pusilla, is very interesting. It
is found only in the pine-barrens and in Nova Scotia and New-
foundland, and is unknown between these points. If Dr. Scharff’s
recently proposed theory* that perhaps parts of Nova Scotia
and Newfoundland remained unglaciated through all the period
of the Pleistocene is correct, then it is not impossible that Schizaea
is a relict in the pine-barrens of its southern migration, and that
it is also a relict in the north, all the intervening territory having
been preempted first by the ice, secondarily by more “‘aggressive”’
plants after the recession of the ice. This is little more than
interesting speculation, but Scharff, whether wrong or right in his
contention, has opened up a wide field of discussion. It is cer-
tainly significant that Schizaea is not found in the unquestionably
glaciated country, and is found only in the pine-barrens and in the
[probably] unglaciated northeast. An almost similar distribution
is that of Aster nemoralis, which is lacking in the intervening
territory between its northern outposts in northern New York
and Newfoundland and its southerly stations in New Jersey. All
of these evidences—the geological history of the country, the isloa-

*Scharff, R. F. Distribution and origin of life in North America. New York.
1912. For further data on this point see also Adams, C. C. The Post-glacial dispersal
of the North American Biota. Rept. Int. Geog. Cong. 8: 623-637. 1904. Allan, J. A.
The geographical distribution of N. Am. Mammals. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. History
4: 199-243. 1892. Transeau, E. N. On the geographic distribution and ecological
relations of the bog-plant societies in N. Am. Bot. Gaz. 36: 401-420. 1903.

INTRODUCTION 25

tion of Beacon Hill and the consequent isolation of the ancient
pine-barren flora upon it, the post-glacial migration of some of
the pine-barren species, and finally the present distribution of the
pine-barrens—coinciding as it does so closely with the Beacon Hill
formation—seem incontestably to point to a geological explana-
tion of the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens.
Such a conception of the origin of this phytogeographical region
entails a readjustment of our ideas as to the relative age of the
flora and of some related phenomena; for, if this theory is correct,
then the pine-barrens can no more be considered as a new or
pioneer vegetation, but rather as an old and climax condition,
ancestrally infinitely more ancient than anything in the surround-
ing area.

39. Another feature of the flora of the coastal plain that seems
to owe its existence to the action of the glacier is the finding on
Long Island of Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifolia, Linnaea
americana and Campanula rotundifolia. Whether there existed
on Long Island, at the time of the glacier’s extreme southern
movement, any vegetation or not, is a matter that will be con-
sidered presently. But it is significant that these northern plants
should have been found on the island. They are, or were, all rare
on Long Island, but not so northward.

40. The extra-territorial distribution of some of the typical
pine-barren plants throws some additional light on the theory that
the pine-barrens are a phytogeographically isolated and ancient
region. Particularly the finding of Xerophyllum, Helonias, and
Oceanorus, to mention only a few, on the mountains of eastern
Tennessee, is of interest. These and many more were found by
Kearney* and more recently by Small, in geologically the most
ancient area in America (Archaean). The hiatus in the distribu-
tion of these plants between the pine-barrens and these very old
mountains is easily explainable by the isolation theory above
advocated. The fact that they are wanting or very rare in the
intervening territory would seem to present strong evidence of
the unavailableness of this intermediary area (most of it was under
water), during the geological changes described above, for the
perpetuation of the species now so far isolated. Furthermore, this

* The pine-barren flora in the East Tennessee Mountains. Plant World 1: 33-35
1897. See also Science II. 12: 830-842. 1900.

INTRODUCTION

southern isolation strongly favors the statement made above that
most of the pine-barren flora was of southern extraction, for it is
quite reasonable that the species found on the Tennessee moun-
tains and in the pine-barrens of New Jersey are simply relicts of
an ancient American southern flora that must, at one time, have
covered a vastly greater area than it does today. The present
nearly complete isolation and the post-glacial distribution of this
southern flora, both it seems to me, favor this view.

41. There remains still to be considered the “ pine-barren”
plants of Long Island and Staten Island, not to mention regions
further east. As Stone has shown, a good many of these alleged
““pine-barren”’ plants are only coastal plain plants,* which are
found, it is true, in the pine-barrens; but more commonly in the
area surrounding them, frequently throughout the Atlantic sea-
board from Massachusetts to Florida. It should be remembered
in this connection that neither Long Island nor Staten Island are
in the same geological category as Beacon Hill. For both the
former were in part covered by the glacier and both were more or
less within the influence of glacial activity.t It is, of course, a
matter of pure speculation whether any vegetation persisted on
Long Island during the Pleistocene or not, but the evidence, except
for a few minor exceptions, seems to point to a negative probability.
The admittedly fanciful picture drawn by Dr. Nichols of a sup-
posed post-glacial tundra vegetation on Long Islandt has practically
nothing to support it. While it is true the three plants mentioned
in paragraph 39 suggest a glacial origin, they may well have
followed a regular migration path via Staten Island. The fact
that Linnaea, Pyrola chlorantha, Caltha flabellifohia and Campanula
rotundifolia are not now found on Staten Island means nothing,
as they might readily have traversed the island long ago, and
have been destroyed by conditions that are now unfavorable.

42. If, as seems probable, Long Island was without vegetative
covering just after the final recession of the ice, then all of the
New Jersey flora now found on Long Island must have had a post-
glacial origin. The distribution of Pinus echinata, and the red

*Stone, W. Loc. cit. 73.

{ Long Island was probably not covered wholly by glacial drift, but the sandy plain
south of the moraine received considerable overwash material, now mixed with the

underlying Tertiary sand and gravel.
t Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 92-93. 1913.

INTRODUCTION 27

squirrel may throw some light on the post-glacial chronology of
events on Long Island. This pine is found in the region surround-
ing the pine-barrens, but is unknown, or very rare in them. Pinus
rigida, the predominant tree of the barrens, is common on Long
Island, but Pinus echinata mentioned above and the red squirrel
are not known on the island.* From the geological outline given
above it is very probable that P. echinata must have occupied the
region surrounding the pine-barrens long after the last effects of
the ice were past. This may also have been true of the red
squirrel. At any rate, after a large post-glacial migration of
alleged ‘‘pine-barren”’ plants, the avenue of migration must have
been broken. The discontinuance of this passageway must, it
seems to me, in all probability have been the controlling factor
in the failure of Pinus echinata and the red squirrel to reach
Long Island. It is curious in this connection that the pine, but
not the animal, are found on Staten Island. There are, of course,
many more species than this pine, which apparently reach their
northern distribution point in the region surrounding Beacon Hill,
or in Staten Island, never having been reported from Long Island.
It seems probable that they came northward in post-glacial times,
too late to avail themselves of the already destroyed avenue of
migration. The following list gives some idea of the variety of
plants that are found on Staten Island but are not definitely known
on Long Island. That all these cases are attributable to the
agency sketched above, may be doubtful, but at any rate the list
is suggestive of what variation there is in the flora of the two islands.

Species Found on Staten Island But Not Known from Long Island

Filix fragilis, Bromus purgans,
Dryopteris Goldieana, Carex striatula,

Pinus virginiana, Arisaema Dracontium,
Pinus echinata, Lemna trisulca,
Panicum polyanthes, Wolfiia columbiana,
Panicum commutatum, FHelonias bullata,
Agrostis Schweinitzi1, Corylus rostrata?,
Panicularia borealis, Asarum canadense,
Panicularia septentrionalts, Coptis trifolia,

* The reported occurrence, also, of Pinus virginiana in Suffolk Co., L. I., by Miller
and Young has not been verified.

28

INTRODUCTION

Caulophyllum thalictroides, Hydrophyllum virginicum,

Podophyllum peltatum,
Bicuculla cucullaria,
Bicuculla canadensis,
Mitella diphylla,
Opulaster opulifolius,
Meibomia viridifiora?,
Galactia regularts,
Tithymalopsts corollata,
Callitriche Austinit,
Staphylea trifolia,
Cornus stolontfera,
Pyrola secunda,

Stachys arenicola,
Stachys aspera,
Monarda punctata,
Koellia clinopodioides,
Mimulus alatus,
Castilleja coccinea,
Conopholis americana,
Houstonia coerulea,
Diervilla Diervilla?,
Eupatorium rotundifolium,
Eupatorium pubescens,
Aster Tradescantt.

43. Of much less significance, geologically, are the following,
which from their distribution should be found on Staten Island
but are not recorded from there. They are all found on Long
Island or recorded from there.

Botrychium simplex,
Botrychium tenebrosum,
Juniperus sibirica,
Sparganium lucidum,
Naias gracillima,
Helianthium parvulum,
Sagittaria teres,
Panicum spretum,
Panicum implicatum,
Panicum Addisonit,
Panicum aculeatum,
Panicum Bicknellii,
Panicum lucidum,
Panicum Wrightianum,
Muhlenbergia capillaris,
Sporobolus uniflorus,
Agrostis altissima,
Danthonia compressa,
Panicularia grandis,
Eleocharis Robbinsit,
Eleocharis tricostata,

Eleocharis rostellata,
Scirpus planifolius,
Scirpus subterminalis,
Scirpus Torreyt,
Rynchospora corniculata,
Rynchospora axillaris,
Psilocarya nitens,
Scleria reticularis,
Scleria setacea,

Scleria pauctflora,
Scleria verticillata,
Carex incomperta,
Carex atlantica,

Carex projecta,

Carex festucacea,
Carex alata,

Carex nigro-marginata,
Carex abdita,

Carex tonsa,

Carex hirtifolia,
Carex polymorpha,

Carex Shrivert,
Carex oblita,

Carex scabrata,
Carex Barrattit,
Carex Buxbaumit,
Carex lacustris,
Carex Walteriana,
Carex lasiocarpa,
Carex bullata,
Orontium aquaticum,
Xyris Congdont,
Eriocaulon septangulare,

Chrosperma muscaetoxicum,

Smilax tamnzfolia,
Gyrotheca tinctoria,
Arethusa bulbosa,
Myrica Gale,

Rumex hastatulus,
Persicaria Careyt,
Amaranthus pumilus,
Sesuvium maritimum,
Halerpestes Cymbalaria,
Adlumia fungosa,
Arabis glabra,
Drosera filiformis,
Rubus Enslenit,
Meibomia grandzflora,
Lespedeza Nuttallit,

INTRODUCTION

Lespedeza Stuvet,

Cathartolinum intercursum,

Polygala incarnata,
Impatiens pallida,

Tilia Michauxit,
Kosteletzkya virginica,
Rhexia mariana,
Kneiffia linearis,

Pyrola chlorantha,
Asclepias rubra,
Onosmodium virginianum,
Agalinis Holmiana,
Agalinis decemloba,
Lecticula resupinata,
Vesiculina purpurea,
Utricularia geminiscapa,
Uiricularia fibrosa,
Utricularia minor,
Viburnum venosum,
Campanula americana,
Lobelia Nuttallit,
Solidago speciosa,
Solidago rigida,
Euthamia floribunda,
Euthamia minor,
Doellingeria infirma,
Helianthus angustifolius,
Coreopsis rosea.

29

The much smaller size of Staten Island, and its consequently
limited diversity of habitat, undoubtedly accounts for the failure
of most of the plants in the above list to be found on the island.
More knowledge on this point is, however, necessary, before we
can assume mere chance or accident to have played such a large
part in this curious relationship between the flora of Long Island
and Staten Island.

47. There are still some features of the coastal plain vegetation
that demand attention. One of these, the Hempstead Plains,
near the western end of Long Island, forms an’ almost unique

30 INTRODUCTION

region in the eastern states. There has been some difference of
opinion as to whether this treeless area should be called a prairie
or not, but at any rate the natural condition of the tract seems to
be without shrubs or trees, except along the few water courses, both
glacial and modern, that are found there. It has been suggested
that the peculiar soil conditions are to be accounted for by an
ice-jam, just to the north of the area in glacial times, which at the
recession of the ice debouched a great amount of sand and gravel
over what is now the Hempstead Plains. There seems to be some
evidence of a congestion of morainic material towards the north,
through which, owing to the great pressure of water and ice to the
northward, a glacial stream, loaded with sand and gravel, is as-
sumed to have forced its way. That such an assumption may be
gratuitous in no way disposes of the very remarkable soil condition
now found on this area, supporting as it does a flora that is char-
acteristic. As in the case of the limestone regions in the north,
it is doubtful if there are any endemic plants on the plains. But
that there are many plants on this treeless area that are rare or
perhaps wanting on other parts of our coastal plain is the fact.
Some of these include the following, which are more common on
or near the plains than in the surrounding region:

Panicum lucidum, Cathartolinum medium,
Panicum aculeatum, Kneiffia riparia (2),
Fimbristylis puberula, Dasystephana Saponaria,
Rubus flagellaris, Agalinis decemloba.*

Lespedeza angustifolia,

There are many others and future exploration of this very interest-
ing region will doubtless bring to light more information in regard
to the origin of this peculiarly local prairie-condition.f

49. A peculiar condition has been noted in Connecticut by
Dr. Nichols,{ in regard to some coastal plain species. He has
recorded among others the occurrence of the following in or near
coastal Connecticut that are unknown on Long Island. They
are all coastal plain species found southward, but not recorded
from Long Island: Meibomia sessilifolia, Myriophyllum pinnatum,

* Apparently its only station in our range.

+ Harper, R. M. The Hempstead Plains of Long Island. TYorreya 12: 277-287.

1912.
t Nichols, G. E. The vegetation of Connecticut. Torreya 13: 89-112. 1913.

INTRODUCTION oii

and Schwalbea americana. There are perhaps others and it has
been suggested that these coastal plain species together with many
more that are also found on Long Island, have reached Con-
necticut via a land bridge that is supposed to have stretched from
Long Island to the Connecticut mainland in post-glacial times.*
That such an assumption is necessary seems doubtful. It is
easily understood how such coastal species found in Connecticut
and not on Long Island might have followed along the north side
of the Sound.

50. One other extra-territorial occurrence of coastal plain species
should also be noted. Dr. N. L. Britton was the first to show that
there existed in northern New Jersey and adjacent New York a
small group of plants that are usually considered only coastal
plain or pine-barren species.} This paper has been widely quoted
as illustrating the distributional instability of some pine-barren
species, but careful reading of Dr. Britton’s paper shows that all
the plants mentioned there, with one exception, are not pine-
barren plants, strictly speaking, at all. They are all merely
plants of the sandy coastal plain, Corema Conradii, a true pine-
barren plant, being the one exception. The distribution of this
species and of the many others now found isolated outside of the
pine-barrens or the coastal plain is to be sought in the post-glacial
history of the region to the north. In the general vegetative
scramble, so to speak, to cover the country uncovered by the
retreating ice, it seems natural that those plants whose ancestral
home had been in sand, should ‘‘choose”’ sand as a stopping place.
It would, in reality, be strange if they had done anything else,
and it is significant that all the plants mentioned by Britton are
sand plants. A list of those species that are found on the coastal
plain and in locally sandy areas in the Kittatinny mountains in
northwestern New Jersey and adjacent New York follows:

Pinus rigida,t Polygonella articulata,
Scleria pauciflora, Cracca virginiana,
Juncus Greenet, Lupinus perennts.

* Hollick, A. Plant distribution asa factor in the interpretation of geological
phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity. Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 12: 189-202. 1893.

} Britton, N. L. On the existence of a peculiar flora on the Kittatinny mountains
of northwestern New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Club 11: 126-128. 1884, 14: 187. 1887.

t Reported as making a more exclusive growth than it usually does in the north.

32 INTRODUCT ON

Of course some of these are found in the intervening territory
between the sandy stretches of northern New Jersey and adjacent
New York and the coastal plain. But they are relatively scarce
in this intermediate country.

51. That the distribution of all of the species mentioned in the
preceding paragraphs has been controlled entirely by edaphic or
historical factors is very doubtful. So many other minor con-
siderations, such as methods of seed dispersal, longevity of seeds,
the relative percentage of annuals, biennials, perennials, shrubs
and trees, and so forth, may have been contributory factors that
it would be dogmatic to assign the distribution trends of any one
of them wholly to edaphic factors. But it seems as if these earth
and water factors have been, on the whole, most active in deciding
the general composition and complexion of the vegetation in our
area. There are a few species that appear to be endemic in the
range, but as to the factors contributing to this endemism nothing
is known. ‘The following are the species endemic in the area:

Amphicarpon Amphicarpon, Hypericum Bissellit,
Calamovilfa brevipilis, Ludwigiantha brevipes,
Savastana Nashii, Kneiffia Allenti,
Sporobolus Torreyanus, Pyrola oxypetala,
Juncus caesariensis, Vaccinium caesariense,
Uvularia nitida, Dendrium buxifolium,
Salix squamata, Stachys atlantica,
Dentaria incistfolia, Eupatorium resinosum,
Dentaria anomala, Euthamia floribunda,
Prunus Gravesit, Helianthus Dalyt.
Hibiscus oculiroseus, Senecio Crawfordit.

It is of interest to note that of these 22 endemic species, 7 are
peculiar to the pine-barrens, 9 to the glaciated region and 6 to
the coastal plain, but the latter are not pine-barren species.
However, the frequency of occurrence of these endemic species is
greater with the pine-barren and coastal plain species than with
those of the glaciated region, many of which have been collected
only once or twice. Asa criterion of endemism in our area the list
is open to the objection, of course, that some plants here recorded
as species would not be accepted as such by all writers. But as

INTRODUCTION 33

illustrating a tendency towards the production of new forms the
list is open to no such objection.

II. Crurmmatic Factors

52. In considering the effect of climate on the distribution of our
flora we have to remember the salient fact, that, while it has not
been so much of an ancient factor in deciding the general composi-
tion of the area as edaphic influences have been, it is very much
of a controlling agency at the present day. Even in such a
limited area as this there appear to be well marked climatic
barriers, through which certain species are scarcely ever known to
- go.

53. To dispose at once of rainfall and the winds, which, in a
temperate climate such as ours, are almost negligible, it is only
necessary to record that the amount and distribution of the rain-
fall is such that, in any one part of our area, as against any other
part, the differences are so slight, so much above minimum
requirements, and so far below a maximum of the rain-forest
conditions of the tropics, that it can be ignored; and that we
have nothing in any way suggesting an aeolian influence affecting
the distribution of our plants, with the possible exception of the
purely local sand-drifting along the coast dunes. The highly sug-
gestive results obtained by some observers, on the distribution
of our native flora as affected by the varying degree of evaporation
of available water, are not yet sufficiently comprehensive to be
used in the present work.

54. The chief climatic factor then is temperature, and in at-
tempting to arrive at some conclusion as to its effect on the dis-
tribution of the plants growing within the area many interesting
problems have arisen. The most obvious method of taking the
annual mean temperature as a basis of calculation comes to nothing
as the differences in this are too slight to account for the very
different vegetation in the Catskills where the mean temperature
is 45°, and at Cape May, N. J., where the mean temperature is
only 53°. The comparative similarity in the temperatures of the
two places mentioned does not begin to express the great dis-
similarity in the vegetation, nor does this similarity of mean tem-
perature imply anything like a sufficiently operative climatic
barrier, to maintain the status quo of the vegetation, so to speak.

4

34 INTRODUCTION

55. Following the method used by some investigators of similar
problems, who have held that the average maximum temperatures
were the controlling factors, these were taken. But here again
the comparative equality could offer no satisfactory solution, as
in both places the maximum is about 90°. Then, too, the
maximum temperatures in a region such as ours are so much
below the physiological optimum, that it is difficult to conceive
of their being operative on a sufficiently large scale to affect the
distribution of the flora.

56. Reversing the process, and taking the average minimum
temperatures, a procedure followed by still others, netted more
suggestive results. The differences here are considerable, as the
average minimum at Windham in the Catskills is — 12°, while at
Cape May in southern New Jersey it is 8°, a discrepancy of about
20°. This, however, is vitiated by the protective nature of the
snow blanket which covers the colder region for the greater part
of the winter; an advantage lacking in lower New Jersey, where,
however, the increased temperatures during winter about equalize
matters. Then, too, it has been shown that seeds can stand
artificial temperatures enormously lower than are ever found in
nature, so that plants which rely on their seeds for perpetuation
must be indifferent to any natural minima. Against this average
minimum temperature as a delimiting factor in the distribution of
our local plants, also, is the protective dormancy of all the woody
plants in the region, during the cold weather.

57. Merriam’s “‘life zones,’’ an attempt to plot out the more
prominent belts of animal and vegetable life in North America
upon the basis of temperature, was found to come more nearly to
the known facts of the distribution of our local plants, than any
of the above hypotheses. But while its general principles were
found to hold good, the difficulty of using a scheme of continental
scope upon a limited area was such that accuracy seemed unlikely.

58. Many investigators have thought that some method of
reckoning the accumulated temperatures of a part of a season, or
of all of it, would throw light on the problem, but the dangers
here are many. Such a scheme, particularly when there is a large
percentage of woody plants in the flora under consideration, leaves
out of the calculation the stored up effect of heat units, generated
during the previous season, when the very important operation

INTRODUCTION 35

of the ‘“‘setting’’ of the buds is originated. The writer regrets
that he has not had the necessary time to apply, for at least a
part of our flora, the very interesting results of Raunkiaer’s
“Growth Forms”’ to the present book. The recent appearance of
this work and the great labor necessary for its application to our
area, precluded what, it is hoped, may be the most effective study
of the relationship between a flora and the climatic factors that
has yet appeared.* It may form the basis of a future study.

59. During 1905 Dr. Cleveland Abbe brought out his work on
the effect of climate on crops,} in which he treated the temperature
factor from a somewhat different viewpoint. He satisfied himself
that maximum and minimum temperatures, and that any method
of reckoning accumulative temperatures were not the vital factors
in this problem. His method, in short, was to take account not
of the severity of the frosts but of the length of the growing season.

60. Experimental proof of the very close relation between the
length of the growing season and crops is not lacking. The
government, by moving northward certain strains of wheat to
regions with a progressively diminishing growing season, has been
able to get crops in regions, that, if the move had been made in one
season, would have been impossible. The method of determining
this length of the growing season is to add the number of days
between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing
frost of autumn.

61. The application of this idea to our local flora range has
brought out some interesting points. Examination of the map
(pl. 5) shows that the length of the growing season in the Catskills
and mountains of Pennsylvania is 117-123 days, at Cape May it
is 220 days. Here is a difference of over three months in the grow-
ing season. All the figures have been determined by averaging
the number of days between the killing frosts, for every station in
the range, where records have been kept for ten years or more.

62. On the map (pl. 5) will be found a dark line running in a
northeast-southwest direction. Every weather station north of

* Raunkiaer,C. Bot. Tidssk. 26: 1904; 30: 1909; 33: 1912. Andotherpapers. See
also Jour. Ecol. r: 16-26. 1913. and Paulsen, O. Studies on the vegetation of the
Transcaspian lowlands. Second Danish Pamir Expedition Reports. Copenhagen,
1912.

+ Abbe, C. First report on the relation between climate and crops. Bull. U. S.
Weather Bureau 36: 1-386. 1905.

36 INTRODUCTION

this line has a growing season of 153 days or less, everything south
of it a growing season of 164 days, or more, usually much more.
This arbitrarily drawn line seems to separate, roughly speaking,
the northern plants from those more generally distributed. Of
course there are many exceptions, but, so far as our area is con-
cerned, it marks the southern limit of present distribution for
many of our plants. The list of plants in paragraph 8, that are
marked with an asterisk, are all plants that are found to the north
of this line. They are all plants of the higher elevations of our
range which, as it happens, are correlated with the shorter growing
season. ‘There are, however, no true alpine conditions to be found
in this area.

63. In making use of this factor of the length of the growing
season in the body of the work, the writer has added to the treat-
ment of the distribution of each species on the different geological
formations, two figures, thus: 117-220 days. ‘This indicates that
the species under discussion has been found, in our area, in regions
with these extremes of growing season. It actually means that
this particular species has been found from the Catskills to Cape
May. In many species, one of these figures will be in bold faced
type which, throughout the book, indicates that the species is more
common in the region where the growing season approximates the
bold-faced figure than elsewhere. The map (pl. 5) will have to
be consulted, until one becomes familiar with these figures, in
order to properly interpret this data.

SUMMARY

64. The relationship of the edaphic and climatic factors treated
in the preceding paragraphs is an exceedingly complex one. To
what proportion of either of these sets of factors, or to their
combination, is to be attributed the distribution of any particular
species, it is practically impossible to say. All that can be at-
tempted is to set down the facts so far as we now know them. It
is quite obvious that in a book such as this, the introduction to
which is mostly, and the body of the work wholly, devoted to
floristic plant-geography, the minute study of smaller categories
of vegetation, such as associations and the like, must be omitted.

The study of a flora from the standpoint of its fitness for its
environment, and the intimately related study of the environment

aqe
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i
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i

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i
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PLATE S§
MAP \LLUSTRATING
THE LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON

IN THE RANGE
FOR EXPLANATION
SEE INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH 59-63

MenTAuR Pon,

INTRODUCTION 37

as fitted to the existing flora, must help our understanding of the
problems of agriculture and horticulture. For cultivated, as well
as wild plants, respond to their environment, and any study of
such response and the conditions that cause it, will help to solve
the many, unsolved problems of cultivation. The relation of local
floras to crop possibilities lies outside the scope of this book, but
that there is such a relation and that our local flora can be useds
to some extent, as a crop indicator, seems quite certain.

LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE

By JoHN HENDLEY BARNHART

For the benefit of those who might be surprised at the brevity
of this list, it may be well to explain that it is intended to enumer-
ate only those publications which include all flowering plants
known to their authors to occur within their respective areas.

GENERAL
(INCLUDING LOCALITIES IN MORE THAN ONE STATE)

1. Barton, William Paul Crillon (1786-1856). Florae philadelphicae
prodromus. 100 pages. Philadelphia, 1815.

Area: ‘‘ within ten miles around Philadelphia.”

2. Barton, William Paul Crillon (1786-1856). Compendium florae
philadelphicae: containing a description of the indigenous and naturalized
plants found within a circuit of ten miles around Philadelphia. 2 vols.
(Vol. 1. viili+251 pages. Vol. 2. 234 pages.) Philadelphia, 1818.

3. Torrey, John (1796-1873); Eddy, Caspar Wistar (1790-1828);
Knevels, D’Jurco V. A catalogue of plants, growing spontaneously
within thirty miles of the city of New York. 102 pages. Albany, 1819.

Published by the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.

4. [Leggett, William Henry (1816-1882).] [A revised catalogue of
the plants, native and naturalized, within thirty-three miles of New York.]
Bull. Torrey Club 1: 2. Ja; 7, 8. F; 9-11. Mr; 15, 16. Ap; 17, 18. My;
23. 24. Je; 25, 26. Jl: 32. Aus 33, 34. S? ao, Oia N47 4c
1870; 23,4. jas 5, 6. F; 11, 12. Mrs 13, 145 Ap to}209 My-sen eae
Jev28- Ils 205 30, Auk 35, 36: S; 37. OF} aer INGAaae Dame ea rnsrade
Ja5, 6, F320. ~ Mr” [Ap]; 21. Ap; 28. Miys 20m Jes 44ense345 940s
O525 NE53. D 18725 4: 3, 4. Jay 5) B16. ApaiaeMivie een eater
25 elLoisuoe2oy ve; 29. Jl: 326. Auiea7. Sarszas

5. [Eaton, Daniel Cady (1834-1895), and others.| A catalogue of the
flowering plants and higher cryptogams growing without cultivation
within thirty miles of Yale College. 72 pages. map. New Haven, 1878.

Published by the Berzelius Society, and commonly known as the “‘ Berzelius Cata-
logue.’’ Area includes most of Connecticut, and a part of Suffolk County, New York.
Supplementary notes by D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torrey Club 10: 102 (S 1883) and by Elihu
Sanford Miller (1848-), Bull. Torrey Club 10: 120, 121 (N 1883).

38

LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 39

6. Poggenburg, Justus Ferdinand (1840-1893); Britton, Nathaniel
Lord (1859-); Sterns, Emerson Ellick, Brown, Addison (1830-1913);
Porter, Thomas Conrad (1822-1901); Hollick, Charles Arthur (1857-).
Preliminary catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as
growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City.
xvili+90 pages. map. New York, 25 Ap 1888.

Published by the Torrey Botanical Club. Nomenclature revised and corrected by
Britton, Sterns, and Poggenburg. Area the same as that of the present work.

7. Keller, Ida Augusta (1866—); Brown, Stewardson (1867-). Hand-
book of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating
to the plants within the following radius; eastern Pennsylvania, north to
the Blue Mountains, and west to the Susquehanna; all of New Jersey
except the northern counties; and New Casile County, Delaware. 360+
viii pages. Philadelphia, 1905.

Published by the Philadelphia Botanical Club.

CONNECTICUT
(See also nos. 5 and: 6)

8. Ives, Eli (1779-1861). [Account of vegetable productions, found
in New-Haven.] In: Dwight, Timothy (1752-1817). A _ statistical
account of the city of New-Haven, pages 29-34. New Haven, 1811.

g. Brace, John Pierce (1793-1872). List of plants growing spontane-
ously in Litchfield and in its vicinity, Am. Jour. Sci. 4: 69-86, 292-309.
1822.

10. [Ives, Eli (1779-1861); Tully, William (1785-1859); Leavenworth,
Melines Conklin (1796-1862).| Catalogue of the phenogamous plants,
and of the ferns, found within five miles of Yale College. In: Baldwin,
Ebenezer (1790-1837). Annals of Yale College, pages 264-302. New
Haven, 1831.

Also as a re-paged separate, 38 pages, New Haven, 1831. Also reprinted in the
second edition of the same work, on the same pages, New Haven, 1838.

11. Case, George Reynolds (1840-); Setchell, William Albert (1864-).
A catalogue of wild plants growing in Norwich and vicinity, arranged in
the order ‘of flowering for the year 1882. 12'pages. Norwich, 1883.

Not seen; there were also two supplementary lists.

12. Bishop, James Nathaniel (1851-1906). A catalogue of all phae-
nogamous plants at present known to grow without cultivation in the
state of Connecticut. Rep. Conn. Board Agric. 18: 317-332. 1885.

Also issued as a re-paged separate, 18 pages, Hartford, 1885. For second and third
editions, see nos. 14 and 16.

40 LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE

13. Leonard, Emily Josephine (1837-1884). Catalogue of the phae-
nogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants found growing in Meriden,
Conn. (Incompleted.) Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc. 1:i-iv, I-40. 1885.

Posthumous. A supplementary list, by Ella Bagnell Kendrick, was published in
Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc. 2: 54-57. 1887.

14. Bishop, James Nathaniel (1851-1906). A catalogue of all
phaenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants at present known to
grow without cultivation in the state of Connecticut. 22 pages. Hart-
ford, 1896.

[Second edition.] Also published, at about the same time, in Rep. Conn. Board
Agric. 29: 236-256 (1896). For first edition, see no. 12; for third, no. 16. Additions
and corrections appeared in Rep. Conn. Board Agric. 31: 258-261 (1898), also issued as
a re-paged separate, 6 pages, Hartford, 1898.

15. Andrews, Luman (1839-). A list cf the flowering plants and
higher cryptogams growing upon the summit of Meriden Mountain,
Conn. [13] pages. photograph. Southington, 1900.

Reprinted in Rep. Board Educ. Conn. 1901: 349-357 (1901).

16. Bishop, James Nathaniel (1851-1906). A catalogue of all phae-
nogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants at present known to grow
without cultivation in the state of Connecticut. 57 pages. Hartford,
1901.

[Third edition.] A separate, issued in advance, from Rep. Conn. Board Agric. 35:
(1902), with which it appeared, in unchanged form, as a supplement. Additions, by
Alfred Waldo Driggs (1875—), in Rhodora 4: 36-39 (10 F 1902), under the title: Notes
on the flora of Connecticut.

17. Rogers, Edna Eliza (Miner) (1862—). Flora of Norwich. 33
pages. Hartford, 1902.

Conn. School Doc. 1902, no. 6, whole no. 213.

18. Bissell, Charles Humphrey (1857—); Andrews, Luman (1839-).
Flora of the town of Southington, Conn., and its vicinity; a list of the
fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. 118 pages. map.
[Hartford,] 1902.

Conn. School Doc. 1902, no. 15 [whole no. 222].

19. Graves, Charles Burr (1860-); Eames, Edwin Hubert (1865-);
Bissell, Charles Humphrey (1857-); Andrews, Luman (1839-); Harger,
Edgar Burton (1861-); Weatherby, Charles Alfred (1876—-). Catalogue
of the flowering pants and ferns of Connecticut growing without culti-
vation. 569 pages. Hartford, 1910.

Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bulletin no. rq.

LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 4I

NEW YORK

(See also nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6)

20. Colden, Cadwallader (1688-1776). Plantae Coldenghamiae in
provincia noveboracensi americes sponte crescentes. Acta Soc. Sci.
Upsal. 1743: 81-136. 1749; 1744-50: 47-82. 1751.

21. Eddy, Caspar Wistar (1790-1828). Plantae plandomenses, or a
catalogue of the plants growing spontaneously in the neighborhood of
Plandome, the country residence of Samuel L. Mitchill. Med. Repos.
IT. 5: 123-131. N 1807.

22. LeConte, John Eatton (1784-1860). Catalogus plantarum quas
sponte crescentes in insula noveboraco, observavit. Am. Med. & Phii.
Reg. 2: 134-142. O 1811.

23. Mead, Samuel Barnum (1799-1880). A catalogue of plants
growing spoataneously in the vicinicy of North-Salem Academy. Ann.
Rep. Regents Univ. N. Y. 1831: 89-97. 1831; 1832: 101. 1832.

24. Zabriskie, John Barrea (1805-1848). A catalogue of plants,
indigenous and cultivated, found in the vicinity of Erasmus Hall. Ann.
Rep. Regents Univ. N. Y. 1835: 176-181. 1835.

25. Torrey, John (1796-1873). Catalogue of planis [of New York
State]. Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. N. Y. [4:] 117-197. [1840.]

26. Torrey, John (1796-1873). A flora of che state of New-York. 2
vols. (Vol. 1: ix+484 pages. plates 1-72. Vol. 2. 572 pages.
plates 73-161.) Albany, 1843.

Constituting Part 2 of the Natural History of New York. In most copies the plates
are plain, in some colored.

27. Paine, John Alsop (1840-1912). Catalogue of plants found in
Oneida county and vicinity. Ann. Rep. Cab. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18:
53-192. 1865.

Not a county flora, as implied by its title; it cites definite localities from all parts
of the state except the coastal islands. Also issued as a re-paged separate, 140 pages,

28. Miller, Elihu Sanford (1848-); Young, Henri Wilson (1847-).
Catalogue of the phaenogamous and acrogenous plants of Suffolk County,
Long Island. 15 pages. Port Jefferson, [Ja] 1874.

Addenda by H. W. Young, Bull. Torrey Club 5: 33, 34 (Au 1874), and by E. S.
Miller, Bull. Torrey Club 6: 155, 156 (My), 157 (Je), 171, 172 (Au 1877), 258, 259
(S 1878); 7: 17, 18 (F 1880).

29. Hoysradt, Lyman Henry (1848—). Catalogue of the phaenogamous
and acrogenous plants growing without cultivation within five miles of
Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y. xxxii pages. [1875-79].

Bull. Torrey Club 6: Supplement. Published at considerable intervals, in 8 parts
of 4 pages each.

42 LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE

30. Hollick, Charles Arthur (1857—); Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859-).
The flora of Richmond County, New York. 36 pages. Staten Island,
1879.

Supplementary lists (mostly existing also as separates) by the authors in Bull. Torrey
Club 7: 11, 12 (Ja 1880); 8: 48 (Ap 1881); 9: 149, 150 (D 1882); 12: 38-40 (Ap 1885);
13: 83, 84 (My 1886); 16: 132-134 (8 My 1889); 18: 213, 214 (1 Jl 1891); 22: 460-462
(30 N 1895); by William Thompson Davis (1862-—), Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc. Staten Isl. 3:
(Ap and O 1893); 4: 83 (S 1895); 8:5 (9 F 1901), 30, 31 (8 F 1902); 9: 22, 23 (14 My
1904); Proc. Staten Isl. Assoc. 1: 27, 28 (9 Jl 1906); by C. A. Hollick, Proc. Nat. Sci.
Assoc. Staten Isl. 4: 55 (Ja 1895); and by Philip Dowell (1864—), Proc. Nat. Sci. Assoc.
Staten Isl. 9: 41, 42 (Mr 1905); Proc. Staten Isl. Assoc. 1: 37-43 (9 Jl 1906); 3: 156-162
(25 Ap 1912). :

31. Stearns, Winfrid Alden (1852). List of plants of Fishkill, N. Y.,
and vicinity. 23 pages. [188o.]

32. Willis, Oliver Rivington (1815—1902).. Report on the flora of
Westchester County. In: Bolton, Robert (1814-1877). The history of
the several towns, manors and patents of the County of Westchester.
[Ed. 2.] 1: 771-826. New York, 1881.

Also issued separately, with a sheet of errata and additions. Additions by Elizabeth
Gertrude (Knight) Britton (1858—), Bull. Torrey Club 13: 6, 7 (Ja 1886); and by Edward
Hartsinck Day (1833-1895), Bull. Torrey Club 13: 94, 95 (Je 1886).

33. Jelliffe, Smith Ely (1866-). The flora of Long Island. xvi+160
pages. Lancaster, Pa., 1899.

Additions by Abel Joel Grout (1867—), Torreya 2: 49-53 (12 Ap 1902), and by S. E.
Jelliffe, Torreya 4: 97-100 (21 Jl 1904).

NEW JERSEY

(See also nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7)

34. Knieskern, Peter D. (1798-1871). A catalogue of plants growing
without cultivation in the counties of Monmouth and Ocean, New Jersey.
41 pages. Trenton, 1857.

Ann Rep..Geol. Surv. N. J. 1856: Suppl. Also.issued as a separate.

35. Willis, Oliver: Rivington (1815-1902). Catalogue of plants
growing without cultivation in the state of New Jersey. xxi+7I pages.
New York, 1874.

36. Willis, Oliver Rivington (1815-1902). Catalogue of plants grow-
ing without cultivation in the state of New Jersey. Revised and enlarged
edition. xxx+88 pages. map. New York, [1877].

Additions in Bull. Torrey Club 6: 252. Au 1878.

37. Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859-). A preliminary catalogue of the
flora of New Jersey. xiii+233 pages. New Brunswick, 1881.

A publication of the Geological Survey of New Jersey.

LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE 43

38. Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859-). Catalogue of plants found in
New Jersey. Geol. Surv. N. J. Final Rep. State Geol. 2: 25-642. ‘‘1889”
[My 1890!].

Also issued as a separate, with original pagination, ‘‘ 1889 ’’ [1890].

39. Stone, Witmer (1866-). The plants of southern New Jersey, with
especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic
distribution of the species. Ann. Rep. N. J. State Mus. 1910: 23-828.
plates 1-129. ‘‘ 1911” [26 Ja 1912].

Also as a separate, with original pagination, on thicker ‘paper, with title-pages for
two volumes; these also erroneously dated ro1t.

PENNSYLVANIA

(See also nos. I, 2, 6, and 7)

40. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Florula cestrica: an essay
towards a catalogue of the phenogamous plants, native and naturalized,
growing in the vicinity of the borough of West Chester, in‘Chester County,
Pennsylvania. xv-+152 pages. West Chester, 1826.

41. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an attempt to
enumerate and describe the flowering and filicoid plants of Chester
County, in the state of Pennsylvania. xxiii+640 pages. map. West
Chester, 1837.

42. Darlington, William (1782-1863). Flora cestrica: an herborizing
companion for the young botanists of Chester County, state of Penn-
sylvania. Third edition. c+498 pages. map. Philadelphia, 1853.

In counting this as the “ third ’’ edition, the author reckoned the. Florula of 1826
as the first edition of the Flora.

43. Smith, George (1804-1882). Botany of Delaware County. In
his: History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, pages 416-433. Phila-
delphia, 1862.

44. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). An enumeration of the
indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County. In:
Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). The history of Bucks County,
Pennsylvania, Appendix, pages 3-27. Doylestown, Pa., 1876.

The appendix containing this flora was also issued as a separate. For a revised
edition, see no. 48.

45. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911). A preliminary list of the
vascular plants of the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys. Proc. &
Coll. Lackawanna Inst. 1: 29-112. 1887.

44 LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE

46. Dudley, William Russel (1849-1911); Thurston, Charles Orion
(1857-). A catalogue of the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams
found in and near Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys, Pa. xvi+96
pages. Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1892.

Additions by C. O. Thurston, 15 pages, Ap 1895, Wyo. Sem. Sci. Dep. Bull. no. 1.

47. Porter, Thomas Conrad (1822-1901). Flora of Pennsylvania.
xv +352 pages. map. Easton, Pa., [15 Au] 1903.
Posthumous; edited by John Kunkel Small (1869-).

48. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838-1898). Flora. An enumeration
of indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County,
Pennsylvania. In: Davis, William Watts Hart (1820-1910). History of
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Second edition. 2: Appendix, pages
3-54. 1905.

Revised by Clayton Detweiler Fretz (1844—). Also in a separate (including zoological
lists).

49. Fussell, Linnaeus (1842-1907). List of Delaware county plants.
Proc. Delaware Co. Inst. Sci. 1: 49-76. Ap 1906.

Additions by Francis Whittier Pennell (1886—) in Proc. Delaware County Inst. Sci.
4: 68-74. 23 Mr 1909.

50. Pennell, Francis Whittier (1886-). Flora of the Conowingo
Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 62:
541-566. 13 D 1910; 567-584. 14 Ja IQII.

Additions by F. W. Pennell in Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 64: 520-534 (30 Ja); 535-539
(13 F 1913).

51. King, Wilbur Lewis (1871—). The flora of Northampton county,
Pennsylvania. Torreya 12:97-107. 10 My; 124-132. 11 Je; 165-173.
11 Jl; 183-189. 9 Au; 208-215. 3S 1912.

Additions by Eugene Abraham Rau (1848-), in Torreya 12: 287-289 (13 D 1912).

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Andrews, Luman, 15, 18, 19 Darlington, William, 40, 41, 42
Baldwin, Ebenezer, 10 Davis, W. T., 30
Barton Web c ia2 Davis, W. W. H., 44, 48
Bishop, J. N., 12, 14, 16 Day, E. H., 32

Bissell, C. H., 18, 19 Dowell, Philip, 30
Bolton, Robert, 32 Driggs, A. W., 16
Brace, J. P., 9 Dudley, W. R., 45, 46
Britton, E. G., 32 Dwight, Timothy, 8
Britton, N. L., 6, 30, 37, 38 Eames, E. H., 19
Brown, Addison, 6 Eaton, D. C., 5

Brown, Stewardson, 7 Eddy, C. W., 3, 21
Case, G. R., 11 Fretz, C. D., 48

Colden, Cadwallader, 20 Fussell, Linnaeus, 49

LIST OF LOCAL FLORAS OF THE TORREY CLUB RANGE

Graves, C. B., 19
Grout, A. J., 33
Harger, E. B., 19
Hollick, C. A., 6, 30
Hoysradt, L. H., 2
Ives, Eli, 8, 10
Jelliffe, S. E., 33
Keller, I. A., 7
Kendrick, E. B., 13
King, W. L., 51
Knevels, D. V., 3
Knieskern, P. D., 34
Leavenworth, M. C., 10
LeConte, J. E., 22
Leggett, W. H., 4
Leonard, E. J., 13
Mead, S. B., 23
Miller, E. S., 5, 28
Moyer, I. S., 44, 48

Paine, J. A., 27
Pennell, F. W., 49, 50
Poggenburg, J. F., 6
Porter, T. C., 6, 47
Rau, E. A., 51

Rogers, E. E., 17
Setchell, W. A., 11
Small, J. K., 47
Smith, George, 43
Stearns, W. A., 31
Sterns, E. E., 6

Stone, Witmer, 39
Thurston, C. O., 46
Torrey, John, 3, 25, 26
Tully, William, 10
Weatherby, C. A., 19
Willis, O. R., 32, 35, 36
Young, H. W., 28
Zabriskie, J. B., 24

45

EXPLANATORY NOPE

Bold face type, used as a designation for a region or part of one,
indicates greater frequency of occurrence than in regions not so
designated. The terms Tertiary, Cretaceous and so forth do not
apply to fossil species, only to the distribution of the present flora
on the different geological formations as exposed in the area.

46

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS

PTERIDOPHYTA

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Veins reticulate; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. I. OPHIOGLOSSUM.
Veins free; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. BOTRYCHIUM.

1. Ophioglossum [Tourn.] L.

1. O. vulgatum L. (O. avenarium E. G. Britton). In moist
meadows and thickets: Me. and Que. to Alask., south to Tex.

Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

2. Botrychium Sw.

Buds of the following season wholly concealed within the base of
the common stalk; sterile blade more or less fleshy; cells of
the epidermis straight.

Sporophyl and sterile blade both erect in the bud. 1. B. simplex.
Sporophy] or sterile blade, or both, at least slightly bent over
in the bud.

Buds glabrous; sterile blade usually pinnate or in No. 6
sometimes subternate; spores maturing in early
summer.

Sterile blade with the tip bent over in the bud,
clasping the erect sporophyl, entire or with 1-3

pairs of small segments. 2. B. tenebrosum.
Sterile blade and sporophy] both bent over in the bud.
Sterile blade distinctly stalked. 3. B. neglectum.
Sterile blade closely sessile. 6. B. lanceolatum.

Buds pilose; sterile blades subternately divided; spores
maturing in late-summer or fall.
Sterile blades membranous in drying; segments
mostly acutish, serrulate to laciniate.
Segments mostly acute or acutish, serrulate-
dentate. 4. B. obliquum.
Segments laciniate, often deeply so. 5. B. dissectum.
Sterile blades thick, leathery in drying, 10-20 cm.

broad; segments obtuse, crenate to sinuate. 7. B. silaifolium.
Buds of the following season exposed along one side; sterile blade
very thin; cells of the epidermis flexuose. 8. B. virginianum.

* Taxonomic treatment contributed by Miss Margaret Slosson. The general dis-
tribution, as stated for the first three families, follows North American Flora, the
remaining families mainly ‘‘ Illustrated Flora.”

47

48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

1. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. In meadows and pastures: N. S.
to Pa. and westward. Also in Europe.
N. Y. On L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.
N. J. Near Plainfield; reported from near Newton, Sussex Co.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Berks and Montgomery counties.
A rare and scattered species whose distribution is not fully
understood; perhaps not distinct from the next.

2. B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. Inrich moist woods and swamps:
N. Eng. to Pa. Rare in our area, and scattered.
Conn. Granby, Goshen, West Goshen, Oxford and New Milford.
N. Y. Near Riverhead, L. I.
Pa. Near Mountainville, Lehigh Co.

3. B. neglectum Wood. In grassy woods and swamps: N. S.
to Pa., west to Ohio and Sask. Also in Europe.
Conn. Rare, but throughout the state.
N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., otherwise
known only from northern Westchester Co. northward.
N. J. Cranberry Lake, Sussex Co. (according to Mackenzie);
reported from near Riddleton, Salem Co.
Pa. Wayne, Monroe, and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-210 days.* Sea level—4,o20 ft.
4. B. obliquum Muhl.: Willd. In moist woods or thickets:
N. H. to Wisc. south to Ga. and Ark. Also in Jamaica.

Widely distributed throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

5. B. dissectum Spreng. In low woods or thickets or on wooded
slopes: N. Eng. to Va., Ky. and Ind.
Throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.
6. B. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. In meadows and moist
woods: Greenl. and N. S. to Pa., west to Colo., Wash. and
Alask. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Rare and local over most of the state.
N.Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, increasing and becom-
ing common northward.
N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Warren and Sussex counties.
Rare.

* For explanation of these figures see Introduction paragraphs 59-63.

SCHIZAEACEAE 49

Pa. Near Mt. Pleasant, Wayne Co., and Fleetwood, Berks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-
4,020 ft.

7. B. silaifolium Presl. In moist open places: N. Eng. and N. Y.,
to Wisc., west to Alaska and U. Calif. Rare in our area.
Conn. Fairfield, Litchfield and New Haven counties.

N. J. Newton. N.Y. Westchester, Columbia and Greene coun-
ties.

8. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. In rich woods: B. Col., south to
Mex. and the W. I. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; always
increasing northward.

The reported occurrence in Conn. of B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. has not been verified.
It is otherwise unknown in our area.

OSMUNDACEAE
1. Osmunda [Tourn.] L.
Blades bipinnate, some of them fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis.

Herbaceous blades bipinnatifid.
Pinnae of sterile blade with a tuft of tomentum at the base;
blades normally dimorphous.
Pinnae of sterile blade not so tufted; blades normally fertile
only in the middle. 3. O. Claytoniana.

Ny

. O. cinnamomea.

1. O. regalis L. In low swamps, woods or marshes: E. N.
Am., Mex. and the W. J. Also in S. Am., Eu., Asia and
Saat:

Common throughout the range.

2. O. cinnamomea L. In low places: Eastern N. Am., Mex. and
the W. I. Also in Asia.

Common throughout the range.
3. O. Claytoniana L. In swamps and moist woods: Newf. to
Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Also in India and China.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them; always increasing northward.

SCHIZAEACEAE
Leaves short, tufted, rigid, the sterile simple. I. SCHIZAEA.
Leaves elongate, climbing, compound; leaflets palmately lobed. 2, LyGoprum.

5

50 POLY PODIACEAE

1. Schizaea J. E. Smith.

1. S. pusilla Pursh. In wet pine-barrens: N. J. Also in Newf.
and N.S.

Locally common in and, in our area, confined exclusively to the
pine-barrens of New Jersey,* and to Seaside Park along the coast
in Ocean Co.

2. Lygodium Sw.

1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. In low woods and _ thickets:
N. H. and Mass., south to Fla., Ky. and Tenn.

Conn. Rare in the eastern part of the state.

N. J. Saddle River, Bergen Co., rare; increasing southward;
not recorded along the coast and at Cape May.

Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Carbon, Bucks, and Schuylkill counties.

A rare scattered plant.

POLY PODIACEAE

Leaves strongly dimorphous, the fertile ones with divisions
greatly contracted, brownish, berry-like or necklace-like.
Sterile blades deeply pinnatifid; veins freely anastomosing. I. ONOCLEA.
Sterile blades deeply 2-pinnatifid; veins free. 2. MATTEUCCIA.
Leaves mostly uniform, or if dimorphous the fertile blades flat,
the divisions green, not as above.
Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal.
Sori roundish.
Indusium wholly or partially inferior.
Indusium wholly inferior, the divisions stellate

or spreading. 3. WoopslIA.
Indusium attached by its base at one side of
the sorus, hood-shaped, withering. 5. Fix.

Indusium, if present, superior.
Stipes jointed to the rootstock; indusia
wanting. 18. PoLypopIuM.
Stipes continuous with the rootstock; indusia
present in most species.
Indusium (in our species) orbicular-

peltate, centrally attached. 6. POLYSTICHUM.
Indusium, if present, orbicular-reniform,
attached at its sinus. 7. DRYOPTERIS.

Sori oblong to linear.
Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midrib and
rachises.
Leaves uniform; veins free between the sori
and margin. 8. ANCHISTEA.

* See introduction paragraph 38.

POLYPODIACEAE 51

Leaves dimorphous; veins of sterile blade
freely anastomosing. 9g. LORINSERIA.

Sori oblique to the midribs or irregularly disposed.

Veins free; sori all oblique to the midribs,

single on the side of the veinlets next a

midvein, or crossing the veinlets and

recurved.
Sori with rare exceptions single. 11. ASPLENIUM.
Sori often single, often recurved. 12. ATHYRIUM.
Veins freely anastomosing; sori variously dis-
posed. 10. CAMPTOSORUS.

Sori borne at or very near the margin.
Sporanges borne within a special cup-shaped indusium. 4. DENNSTAEDIA.
Sporanges not borne within a special cup-shaped in-
dusium; sori with indusia formed entirely or in
part by the revolute or reflexed more or less modi-
fied leaf-margins.
Sori distinct, borne on the under side of the reflexed
lobes. 13. ADIANTUM.
Sori wholly or partially confluent.
Sori borne on a vein-like receptacle connecting
the ends of the free veinlets; indusium
double. 14. PTERIDIUM.
Sori borne at or near the ends of the free
veinlets; indusia single.
Leaves dimorphous. 15. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Leaves uniform or nearly so.
Sori confluent, forming a wide sub-
marginal band; segments smooth or
nearly so. 16. PELLAEA.
Sori distinct or contiguous; segments
usually pubescent, tomentose or
scaly. 17. CHEILANTHES.

1. Onoclea L.

1. O. sensibilis L. In moist soil: Newf. to Sask., south to Okl.
and the Gulf States.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

2. Matteuccia Todaro (Struthiopteris Willd.)

1. M. Struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. In moist thickets, especially
along streams: N.S. to Va., west to Br. Col. and Iowa. Also
in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Throughout the state but rare, more common in the
Connecticut River Valley and northward than elsewhere.

N.Y. The region of the Catskills, in Delaware and Greene
counties.

N. J. Reported from but not recently collected in northern Bur-

52 POLY PODIACEAE

lington Co., thence unknown except in Sussex, Warren and
Hunterdon counties, all within the drainage of the Delaware.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and _ local,
apparently increasing northward, especially up the valley of the
Delaware. 123-189 days. Sea level—2,300 ft.

3. Woodsia R. Br.

Indusium small and inconspicuous, the divisions narrow or filiform;

stipes jointed near the base; blades with more or less rusty chaff

beneath. 1. W. alvensis.
Indusium ample, the divisions broad, early spreading; stipes not jointed. 2. W. obtusa.

1. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. On exposed rocks: Lab. to Alaska,

south to N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Also in Greenl., Eu. and
Asia.

Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.

N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., unknown
on S. I., rare and local in Westchester and Rockland counties,
increasing northward.

N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, northward.

Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Montgomery
and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 118-189 days. Sea level-3,go0 ft.

2. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torrey. On rocks: N. S. and Me. to
Wisc., south to Ga., Ala. and Tex. Also in Alaska and Br.
Col.

Conn. Throughout the state, not common.

N. Y. Near Greenport, L. I., rare on S.I., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. Monmouth, Hunterdon, and Somerset counties northward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.
4. Dennstaedtia Bernh.
1. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. In various situations: N.S.
and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; rare on L. I.
and S. I. and southern New Jersey.

POLYPODIACEAE 53

5. Filix Adans. (Cystopteris Bernh.)

Blades broadest at the base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath,
minutely glandular. 1. F. bulbifera.
Blades lanceolate, short-pointed, without bulblets or glands. 2. F. fragilis.

1. F. bulbifera (L.) Underw. On wet rocks and in ravines:
Newf. to Man., Wisc. and Iowa, south to northern Ga.,
Ala. and Ark. Also in Utah.

Conn. Rare and local near the coast and in the eastern part of the
state, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Dutchess, Columbia and Greene counties in the Hudson
Valley, not reported from the Catskills.

N. J. Warren, Morris, Bergen, Passaic and Sussex counties.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing

northward, and especially on limestone. 123-189 days. Sea

level-2,580 ft.

2. F. fragilis (L.) Gilib. On rocks and in moist grassy woods:
Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Ga., Ala., Kan., Ariz.
and S. Cal. Also in Greenland and the Old World.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I., rare on S. I., thence increasing north-
ward.

N. J. Reported from Camden and Monmouth counties, north and
west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps only adventive:

Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea

level-3,800 ft.

6. Polystichum Roth.

Leaves normally simply pinnate, the upper pinnae soriferous and

contracted. 1. P. achrostichoides.
Leaves bipinnatifid or bipinnate, the soriferous pinnae not con-
tracted. 2. P. Brauntt.

1. P. achrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. In woods and on hill-
sides: N.S. to Ont. and Wisc., south to Tex. and the Gulf
States.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

2. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fee. In rocky woods: N.S. to Alask., to
northern N. Eng., the mountains of Pa. to Mich. and Br.
Col.

54 POLY PODIACEAE

N. Y. The Catskills in Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties.
Pa. The mountains of Luzerne Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at
high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-143 days. 1450-
4020 ft.

7. Dryopteris Adans.
Indusia present.
Texture membranous; veins simple or once forked.
Lower pinnae gradually and conspicuously reduced. 1. D. noveboracensis.
Lower pinnae scarcely or not reduced.
Veins once or twice forked, at least in the sterile

leaves. 2. D. Thelypteris.
Veins simple. 3. D. simulata.
Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous; veins freely
branched.

Blades 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinu-
lose, leaves 114°-5° high: rachis naked or decid-
uously chaffy: indusia not glandular.
Indusia flat, thin.
Blades narrow, linear-oblong to lanceolate;
sori nearly medial; scales at base of stipe
light brown, concolorous. 4. D. cristata.
Blades broader, narrowly oblong, ovate or tri-
angular ovate; sori near the midvein.
Apex not abruptly acuminate, pinnae
broadest at base; sori 3-7 pairs; scales
at base of stipe brown with dark
centers. 5. D. Clintoniana.
Apex short-acuminate, often abruptly so;
pinnae broadest above the base; sori
6-10 pairs, scales of stipe more or less
blackish-brown. 6. D. Goldieana.
Indusia convex, firm; sori close to the margin. 7. D. marginals.
Blades 2—3-pinnate; segments spinulose or mucronate;
blades ovate-lanceolate, triangular, or broadly
oblong, usually not narrowed below.
Indusia glabrous or nearly so; pinnae usually
somewhat oblique to the rachis, the lowest
broadly and unequally ovate to triangular.
Pinnules flat, decurrent; sori terminal on the
veinlets; indusia glabrous; scales pale, con-
colorous; leaves 314/—9’ broad. 8. D. spinulosa.
Pinnules concave, some not decurrent; sori
mostly subterminal; indusia glabrous or
with a few glands; scales dark brownish;
leaves ample, 4’-16’ broad g. D. dilatata.
Indusia glandular; pinnae usually at right angles,
the lowest unequally lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late. 10. D. intermedia

POLY PODIACEAE 55

Indusia wanting.
Basal pinnae sessile or partially adnate; rachis more or less

alate.
Blades usually longer than broad; rachis and midveins
freely chaffy; under surfaces pilose. 11. D. Phegopteris.
Blades usually broader than long; rachis and midveins
scarcely scaly; under surfaces slightly pubescent. 12. D. hexagonoptera.
Basal pinnae long-stalked, approaching the terminal por-
tion in size; rachis not alate. 13. D. Dryopteris.

1. D. noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. In moist woods and thickets:
Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

2. D. Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray. In marshes and wet woods;
rarely in dry soil: N. B. to Man., south to Fla., La. and Tex.
Also in Europe and Asia.

Throughout the range, but less common in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.

3. D. simulata Davenp. In swamps: Me. to Md. Reported
from Mo.

Rare and scattered over most of our area, more common in the
pine-barrens than elsewhere.

4. D. cristata (L.) A. Gray. In wet woods and swamps: Newf.
to Sask., south to Va., Ky., Ark., Neb. and Idaho. Also in
Eu. and Asia.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

5. D. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. In swampy woods:
Me. and Ont. to Wisc. and N. Car.

Throughout the range, except on the coastal plain of New
Jersey, there recorded from a single station in Camden Co., from
which it has not been recently collected.

6. D. Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. In rich woods: N. B. to

Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Iowa.

Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but rare, increasing
northwestward.

N. Y. Rare and local on S. I., not reported from L. I., increasing
northward.

N. J. Hunterdon, Warren, Morris (according to Mackenzie) and
Essex counties; reported from Sussex Co.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Dela-
ware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-220days. Sea level—3,g00 ft.

56 POLYPODIACEAE

7. D. marginalis (L.) A. Gray. In rocky woods and on banks:
N.S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kan. and Okl.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them, there not recorded.
8. D. spinulosa (Miull.) Kuntze. In rich low woods: Lab. to
Selkirk and Idaho to Va. and Ky. Also in Europe.

Common throughout Conn., N. Y., and Pa.

N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Burlington and Ocean counties,
north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

g. D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray. In mountains: Newf. to Alaska,

Calif., Idaho, Tenn. and N. Car. Also in Eurasia, Greenland,

Japan and the Madeira Islands.

N.Y. The higher Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties.
N. J. Sussex, Warren and Morris counties.
Pa. Lackawanna, Pike and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the
north. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 800-4,020 ft.

10. D. intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. In moist woods: Newf. to
Wisc., south to N. Car. and Tenn.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

11. D. Phegopteris (L.) C. Ch. Moist woods and thickets:
Newf. to Alask., Va., Mich. to Wash. Also in Greenl., Eu.
and Asia.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.

N. Y. Not definitely known from L. I. or S. I., reported from the
former; rare and local in northern Westchester Co., increasing
northward.

N. J. Local in Sussex Co. and Warren Co. (according to Macken-
zie); unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Luzerne, Pike, Monroe and Schuylkill counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. 117-140 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

12. D. hexagonoptera (Michx.). C. Ch. In dry woods and on
hillsides; Que. to Minn., Fla., La., Kan. and Okl.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward, and becoming
common in the Catskills.

POLYPODIACEAE 57

N. J. Rare and very local in Gloucester, Ocean and Monmouth
counties, thence increasing northward; not recorded from the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout the range.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.
13. D. Dryopteris (L.) Britton. In moist woods and thickets:

Newf. and Lab. to Alask., south to Va., Kan., Colo. and Ore.

Also in Greenland, Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Rare over most of the state, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Reported from, but doubtfully on L. I., otherwise recorded
only from the Catskills.

N. J. From Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties, north-
ward; also at “ Calico”’ in the pine-barrens, but surely there
adventive. Rare and local.

Pa. Throughout the area, except in Chester, Delaware and
Philadelphia counties, there not recorded.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft.

The following hybrids have been described and are to be looked
for wherever, in our range, both the supposed parents occur:
DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X GOLDIEANA Dowell.

DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell.
DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X MARGINALIS Slosson.
DRYOPTERIS CLINTONIANA X SPINULOSA Benedict.
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X GOLDIEANA Benedict.
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X INTERMEDIA Dowell, = D. Boottii.
(Tuckerm.) Underw.
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X MARGINALIS Davenport.
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA X SPINULOSA (Milde) C. Chr.
DRYOPTERIS GOLDIEANA X INTERMEDIA Dowell.
DRYOPTERIS GOLDIEANA X MARGINALIS Dowell.
DRYOPTERIS GOLDIEANA X SPINULOSA Benedict.
DRYOPTERIS INTERMEDIA X MARGINALIS Benedict.
DRYOPTERIS MARGINALIS X SPINULOSA Slosson.

8. Anchistea Presl.
1. A. virginica (L.) Presl. Inswamps, often in deep water: N.S. to
Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., La.and Ark. Also in Bermuda.

Throughout the range, rare in the north, increasing southward,
specially in the pine-barrens.

POLY PODIACEAE

g. Lorinseria Presl.

1. L. areolata (L.) Presl. In swamps and moist soil: Me. to

Fla., Tenn., La. and Ark., also in Mich.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and
perhaps wanting northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., not certainly known elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Essex, Morris (according to Macken-
zie), Union, Mercer and Somerset counties, increasing and
common southward, especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties, mostly on Trenton gravels.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,

scattered, increasing southward. 158-220 days. About sea level.

10. Camptosorus Link.

1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. In shaded situations; usually on

rocks: Que. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, but rare, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. From Westchester and Rockland counties, northward.

N. J. Union and Hunterdon counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout the range.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous 0: Older Formations, most common on
limestone, but found on a large variety of rocks and even on wood.
117-220 days. Sea level-3,g00 ft.

11. Asplenium L.*

Blades pinnatifid or pinnate only below, the apices long-atten-

uate; stipe dark brownish below, green above; rachis green. 1. A. binnatifidum.
Blades 1-3-pinnate, the apices not long attenuate.
Elades normally 1-pinnate only.
Stipe and rachis blackish, reddish or purplish-brown
throughout; sori medial or nearer the midvein.
Fertile leaves rigidly erect; pinnae more or less
auriculate. 2. A. platyneuron.
Fertile leaves spreading like the sterile; pinnae not
auriculate. 3. A. Trichomanes.
Stipe dark only at the base, green above like the rachis;
blades 12-25 dm. long. 4. A. pycnocarpon.
Blades 2—3-pinnatifid.
Stipe and rachis green throughout. 5. A. Ruta-muraria.
Stipe dark brownish, at least towards the base.
Stipe dark at base, greenish above; rachis green;
blades deltoid-ovate to deltoid-lanceolate. 6. A. montanum.
Stipe and lower rachis, at least, dark chestnut-brown.
7. A. Bradleyt.

*See Introduction paragraph 6.

POLYPODIACEAE 59

_

. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. On rocks: Conn. and N. Y. to Mo.,
south to Ga., Ala., and Ark.

A very rare species recorded in our area near Southington and
Sharon, Conn., Blairstown, Warren Co., N. J., and in Chester and
Philadelphia counties in Pa. Most common on limestone, but by
no means confined to it.

. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. On rocks and banks: Me. and
Ont. to Colo., south to the Gulf States. Also in S. Africa.

Common throughout the range, less so in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere; more common, in the north, on limestone than on other
rocks.

iS)

3. A. Trichomanes L. On rocks: nearly throughout N. Am.,
except Mex. and Arctic Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Throughout our range except in N. J., south of New Brunswick,
Middlesex Co.; not uncommon; reaching its best development on
limestone.

4. A. pycnocarpon Spreng. (A. angustifolium Michx.). In moist
woods and shaded ravines: Que. to Wisc., south to Ga., Ala.,
Mo. and Kan.

Conn. Rare in New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties,
increasing northwestward.
N. Y. The Catskills in Greene and Delaware counties.
Pa. Berks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered,
most common on limestone. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

5. A. Ruta-muraria L. Usually on limestone: Vt. to S. Ont.
and Mich., south to Ala. and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia and
N. Africa.

Conn. Rare and local in northern New Haven counties, increasing
northwestward; unknown from the east or along the coast.
N. Y. Westchester and Rockland counties, northward.
N. J. Sussex, Warren, Passaic and Morris counties.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, almost exclusively
confined to limestone rocks, but also on trap rock in N. Y. and Conn.
117-189 days. Sea level—3,080 ft.

6. A. montanum Willd. On dry and moist rocks: Conn. and
N. Y. to Ohio, Ga., Ala. and Ark.
Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, more common
northwestward than elsewhere.

60 POLYPODIACEAE

N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan, Delaware and Greene counties.

N. J. Mt. Tammany and above Philipsburg, Warren Co., other-
wise unknown.

Pa. Pike, Lackawanna, Carbon, Monroe, Lehigh and North-
ampton counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing gener-

ally westward and northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-—3,980 ft.

7. A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. On rocks: N. Y. to Ga., Ala., Ark.
and Mo.

Kknown in our area only from the predominately limestone region
in the Shawangunk Mountains in Ulster Co., N. Y., an area north
of the moraine with a growing season of about 128-140 days.

A hybrid, Asplenium platyneuron * Camptosorus rhizophyllus, long known as Asple-
nium ebenoides R. R. Scott, has been recorded. It is to be looked for in our area
wherever both the parent plants occur.

12. Athyrium Roth.
Blades bipinnatifid; segments lightly crenate-serrate. 1. A. thelypteroides.
Blades bipinnate; segments variously incised or deeply serrate. 2. A. Filix®foemina.
1. A. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desyv. (A. acrostichoides (Sw.)
Diels). In rich moist woods: N.S. to Minn., Mo. and Ga.
Conn. Rare southward, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Very rare in Monmouth Co., increasing northward, unknown
elsewhere.
Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations; increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,850 ft.

2. A. Filix-foemina (L.) Roth. In woods and thickets: Newf.,
B. Col., the Gulf States and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Throughout the range, less common southward, especially in
the pine-barrens.

13. Adiantum [Tourn.] L.
1. A. pedatum L. In woods: N.S. and Que. to Alaska, south to
Ga., La., Kan.; Rocky Mts. to Utah and Cal. Also in Asia.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region
east and south of them, there not recorded.

POLYPODIACEAE 61

14. Pteridium Scop. (Pteris L.)

1. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. In thickets or open situations:
throughout most of N. Am. Nearly cosmopolitan.

Throughout the range in some of its numerous forms, apparently
less common in Conn. than elsewhere in our range.

15. Cryptogramma R. Br.

1. C. Stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. On rocks: Lab. to Alaska,
Pa., lowa, Wisc. and Colo. Also in Asia.

A rare and local species, confined in our area to regions with ~/

limestone or trap-rock formations, but not coextensive with these
formations in the range. It has so far been collected only from
New Haven, Kent, Brookfield and Salisbury, Conn., and from /
Godwinville, Morton and Dyke, Bergen Co., N. J. f)

16. Pellaea Link.

1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. On rocks: Ont. to Br. Col. and
Mackenzie, Ga., Miss., Tex. and Cal. Reported from Mex.

Conn. Bolton and Guilford, thence increasing northwestward
towards the limestone regions.

N. Y. Orange, Dutchess, Greene and Ulster counties.

N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Northampton, Monroe, Lehigh and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, most common on

limestone, but found also on gneiss and trap rocks. 123-220 days.

Sea level—2,700 ft.

17. Cheilanthes Sw.
1. C. lanosa (Michx.) Watt. On rocks: Conn. and southern

N. Y. to Ga., west to Kan. and Tex.

Conn. New Haven.

N. Y. Not uncommon in Manhattan and the Bronx and up the
Hudson Valley to near Poughkeepsie; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Scattered from Hunterdon, Union and Essex counties north-
ward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, more common on

limestone and on trap than other rocks. 123-220 days. Sea

level—2,980 ft.

62 EQUISETACEAE

18. Polypodium [Tourn.] L.
1. P. vulgare L. On rocks or rocky banks: Lab. and Newf. to
Man., south to Ga., Ala. and Mo.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them, there not recorded.

MARSILEACEAE

1. Marsilea L.
1. M. quadrifolia L. Locally rare in eastern U. S. Native of
Asia and Europe.

Known in our area only from Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., and
North Cromwell, Middlesex Co., Conn. and from a few scattered
pools where it has been unquestionably introduced. Very doubt-
fully endemic in Am.

SALVINIACEAE
Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. I. SALVINIA.
Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. AZOLLA.

1. Salvinia Adans.

1. S.natans (L.) Hoffm. Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis,
Minn. Reported from Central N.Y. Also Europe and Asia.

IKknown in our area only from near Silver Lake, S. I., N. Y.,
where it is introduced.

2. Azolla Lam.

1. A. caroliniana Willd. Floating on still water: Ont. and Mass.
to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz.and Mex. Also in Trop. Am.

Known in our area only from a small pond in Clove Valley, S. I.,
N. Y., there introduced; and in the Morris Canal near Bloom-

field, N. J.
EQUISETACEAE
1. Equisetum L.

Stems annual; stomata scattered.
Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring, before
the sterile.
Fertile stems simplc, soon withering; branches of sterile
stems solid, 3-angled, their sheaths 4-toothed; silex in
punctiform dots. 1. E. arvense.
Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering.

EQUISETACEAE 63

Branches simple, solid, 3- or 4—5-angled, their sheaths
3-toothed, their first internodes not exceeding the
stem-sheath; silex in flat spines arranged in threes. 2. E. pratense.
Branches compound, solid, the primary 4—5-angled, the
secondary 3-angled; silex in double rows of hooked
spinules. 3. E. sylvaticum.
Stems all alike; spores maturing in summer; branches simple or
none.
Sheaths rather loose; branches usually long; stems bushy
below, attenuate upwards.
Central cavity of stem very small, spike long; branches
hollow, 4—7-angled, their sheaths mostly 5-toothed;
silex in cross-bands. 4. E. palustre.
Central cavity of stem larger, the other air-cavities
usually present under both the ridges and grooves of
the stem; spike short, commonly with abortive
spores lacking elaters; branches simple, 3-5-angled,
hollow or solid. 5. E. littorale.
Sheaths appressed; branches usually short; central cavity
of stem very large, cavities present under the ridges, lack-
ing under the grooves; branches hollow. 6. E. fluviatile.
Stems mostly perennial, evergreen; spikes tipped with a rigid point;
stomata in regular rows.
Stems 0.8-1.2 m. long, usually many-grooved, rarely with a few
branches; teeth of the leaves soon deciduous; silex in two

indistinct lines of tubercles. : 7. E. hyemale.
Stems very slender, 1.5-9 dm long, tufted, usually 5-10-grooved;
central cavity small; teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. 8. E. variegatum.

1. E.arvense L. In sandy soil, along roadsides, etc.: Newf. and
Greenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Cal. Also in Eu. and
Asia.

Scattered throughout the range.

2. E. pratense Ehrh. In sandy places: N.S. and Rupert River
to Minn. and Alaska, south to N. J. Iowa and Colo. Also
in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Rare; in the Housatonic Valley near Oxford and Newton.

N. Y. Perhaps near N. Y., but not definitely known.
N. J. Closter, Bergen Co., rare; Sparta, Sussex Co.

A rare and scattered species, perhaps more widely distributed than
seems apparent.

3. E. sylvaticum L. In moist sandy woods and thickets: Newf.
and Greenl. to Alaska, south to Va. and Iowa. Also in Eu.
and Asia.

Scattered in most parts of our range.

64 LYCOPODIACEAE

4. E. plaustre L. In wet places: N.S. to Alaska, Conn., western
N. Y., Ill. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Reported in our area, only from Lyme and East Windsor, Conn.,
on the banks of the Connecticut River.

5. E. littorale Kuehl. On sandy river and lake shores: N. B.
and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. west to Br. Col. Also in Europe.
Known only from the banks of the Delaware in Hunterdon and
Warren counties in N. J. and Bucks and Delaware counties in Pa.

6. E. fluviatile L. Inswamps and along borders of streams.
N. S. to Alaska south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in Eu.
and Asia.

Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there not recorded.

. E. hyemale L. In wet places and on banks; especially along
rivers: throughout nearly all N. Am., Eu. and Asia.

“NI

Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there not recorded.

8. E. variegatum Schleich. Lab. and Greenl. to Alaska south to
Conn., western N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Alsoin Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Rare in Litchfield Co. Unknown elsewhere.
Known elsewhere in our area only at Closter, Bergen Co., N. J.

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. has been collected as a waif in Conn. The record of
E. laevigatum A. Br. from N. J. is unverifiable.

LYCOPODIACEAE
1. Lycopodium L.

Sporophylls not closely associated in terminal spikes.
Leaves distinctly broadest above the middle, there usu-
ally erose-denticulate. 1. L. lucidulum.
Leaves linear or nearly so, entire or minutely denticulate. . porophyllum.
Sporophylls closely associated in terminal spikes.
Sporophylls similar to the foliar leaves in form and texture;
sporanges subglobose.
Sporophylls_ linear-deltoid, mostly entire; peduncles
one or rarely two. 3. L. inundatum.
Sporophylls linear to lanceolate from a broader base;
peduncles usually several.
Peduncles slender; the leaves incurved and mostly
appressed; spikes slender. 4. L. adpressum.
Peduncles stout; the leaves more numerous and
mostly ascending; spikes stout. 5. L. alopecuroides.

N
w

LYCOPODIACEAE 65

Sporophylls bract-like, very unlike the foliar leaves; spor-
anges reniform.
Stems with numerous erect or assurgent leafy aerial
branches, the spikes terminal upon some of these.
Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in more
than five rows.
Main stem creeping deep in the ground;
aerial branches few, tree-like. 6. L. obscurum.
Main stem prostrate; aerial branches numer-
ous, not tree-like.

Spikes solitary, sessile. 7. L. annotinum.
Spikes solitary to several, on elongate
peduncles. 8. L. clavatum.

Leaves of the ultimate aerial branches in four rows,
adnate considerably more than half their
length; spikes borne upon bracteate pe-
duncles, these terminal upon leafy branches.
Ultimate aerial branches conspicuously flat-
tened; leaves of the under row greatly re-
duced, minute, deltoid-cuspidate. 9. L complanatum.
Ultimate aerial branches narrower and less
flattened; leaves of the under row scarcely

reduced, acicular. 10. L. tristachyum.
Stems without leafy aerial branches, the elongate
peduncles arising directly from the prostrate stem. 11. L. carolinianum.

1. L. lucidulum Michx. In cold damp woods: Newf. to B. Col.
south to S. Car., Tenn. and Iowa.

Conn. Scattered over the state.

N. Y. Dutchess, Ulster, Greene and Delaware counties, and near
Baldwins, L. I.

N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester and Camden counties, near the
Delaware, increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceas, rare; Older Formations increasing north-
ward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

2. L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw. On partially shaded rocks,
especially on sandstone: Pa. to Wisc., Ind. and Ala.
Known in our area only from Raymond’s Kill Falls, Pike Co.,
Pa., a region underlaid by shale.

3. L. inundatum L. In sandy bogs: Newf. to Alaska, south and
west to N. J., Pa., Ill., Mich., Idaho and Wash. Also in
Europe and Asia.

Conn. Southington.
6

66 LYCOPODIACEAE

N.J. (C. F. Austin.)
Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Schuykill, and Luzerne counties.

4. L. adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw.* Wet sandy soil:
Conn. to the Gulf States.
Occasional near the coast: Conn. toS. N. J.and at Tullytown, Pa.

5. L. alopecuroides L. In swamps: N. Y. to Fla., near the coast,
west to Miss. Also in trop. Am.

Nesey. Babylon, L.1;
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens.

6. L. obscurum L. In moist woods: Newf. and Lab. to Alaska,
south to N. Car. and Ind. Also in Asia.
Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare.

7. L. annotinum L. In woods and thickets, usually in dry soil:
Lab. to Alaska, south to Pa., Colo. and Wash. Also in Eu.
and Asia.

Conn. Rare and scattered in the northern part of the state.
N. Y. In the Catskills.
N. J. Reported from Bergen Co.
Pa. Monroe and Carbon counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north-
ward, and predominating on trap rock. Not south of the moraine.
117-179 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

8. L. clavatum L. In woods: Lab. to Alask., south to N. Car.,
Mich. and Wash. Also in Eu., Asia and trop. Am.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region
east and south of them; increasing northward.

9. L. complanatum L. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Alask.,
south to N. Car., Ind., Minn., and Idaho. Also in Eu. and
Asia.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

10. L. tristachyum Pursh. In open woods or clearings: Me. to
Minn. and Ga. Also in Europe.

Throughout the range except the coastal plain of N. J., there
known only from Shark River, and Farmingdale, Monmouth Co.

* Much of the so-called L. inundatum var. Bigelovii probably belongs here.—M.S.

ISOETACEAE 67

11. L. carolinianum L. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and
La. near the coast.

N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the coast and at
Cape May.*

SELAGINELLACEAE
1. Selaginella Beauv.
Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked. I. S. rupestris.
Stem-leaves of two kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 2. S. apus.

1. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. On dry rocks: N. Eng. and Ont.
to Ga. and the middle West.

Scattered throughout the range, except the N. J. coastal plain
and L. I., there not recorded.

2. S. apus (L.) Spring. In moist open places, often among grass:
Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

ISOETACEAE

1. Isoetes L.

Sporangium spotted with sharply defined brown or lighter cells.
Macrospores somewhat flattened on one hemisphere, averaging
less than 450 u in diameter.
Spots of sporangium scattered, mostly 1-few-celled; macro-
spores covered beneath with thick-walled reticulations,
the openings resembling small pits, and between the
commissures with more open reticulations. 6. I. foveolata.
Sporangium densely brown-spotted; macrospores densely
covered with low simple truncate columns or labyrinthi-

form convolute ridges on both. 8. I. Eatoni.
Macrospores not flattened, averaging more than 475y in
diameter.

Spots of sporangium scattered, many I- or 2-celled;
stomata and peripheral bast-bundles absent; macro-
spores covered beneath with an irregular network, and
between the commissures with wavy, somewhat parallel

or branching, wall-like ridges. 2. I. Tuckermani.
Spots of sporangium mostly several-many-celled; stomata

present.

Peripheral bast-bundles sometimes present, some-
times absent; sporangium pale-spotted; macrospores

*See Introduction paragraph 29.
ft It is doubtful if the presence or absence of stomata or peripheral bast-bundles is

more than a variable character in many species of Jsoetes. This genus is in needof care-
ful revision. M.S.

68 ISOETACEAE

sparingly covered with rather low irregular often
elongate sometimes confluent crests serrate or
spinulose at apex and resembling cockscombs. 7. I. canadensis.
Peripheral bast-bundles absent.
Macrospores covered with tall simple or forked
spinules often recurved at apex and sometimes

slightly confluent. 3. I. ambigua.
Macrospores sprinkled with distinct low granules
resembling grains of sugar. 4. I. saccharata,

Macrospores covered with tall jagged, straight or
curved, isolated or somewhat confluent crests;
spots of sporangium often composed of cells
fitted together in broad bands. 5. I. riparia.
Sporangium not spotted.
Macrospores 600-800 » in diameter, covered with thickened
continuous crests occasionally anastomosing and forming

an irregular meandriform network. 1. I. macrospora.
Macrospores 300-570 in diameter, delicately honeycomb-
reticulated; stomata and peripheral bast-bundles present. g. I. Engelmanni.

1. I. macrospora Durieu. Distribution not known.

Type locality ‘‘ lake in the Catskills’; not since recorded with
certainty in our area.

2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. In ponds: Newf. to Mass., Conn. and
INE Ys
Conn. Ledyard; reported also from North Stonington, East Lyme
and Lyme.
N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I.; also Peekskill, Westchester Co.

3. I. ambigua A. Br.; Engelm. (J. Braunii Durieu). Lab. and

Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Pa. and Cal.

Conn. Scattered, but rare.

N. Y. Rare on L. I., known otherwise only from Westchester and
Ulster counties.

N. J. Bergen Co. and at Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., also at Tom’s
River, Ocean Co.

Pa. Pocono, Monroe Co.; reported also in Wayne, Lackawanna
and Carbon counties.

4. I. saccharata Engelm. Eastern Maryland, and District of
Columbia. Also in New Jersey? Limits of distribution not
known. Said to intergrade with J. canadensis.

N. J. Reported from Camden Co., and Mantoloking, Ocean Co.

PINACEAE 69

5. I. riparia Engelm. Borders of the lower Delaware River.

In our range known only in the Delaware in Bucks, Philadelphia
and Delaware counties, Pa., and Bordentown, Burlington Co., and
Camden Co., N. J.

6. I. foveolata A. A. Eaton. New Hampshire to Connecticut and
New Jersey.

Conn. Reported.
N.J. Oradell, Closter and Bergen Co., also a doubtful specimen
from Pompton, River, Passaic Co.

7. I. canadensis (Engelm.) A. Br.; A. A. Eaton (I. Dodge A. A.
Eaton). Borders of ponds and streams: Me. to Br. Col.,
south to Pa.

Conn. Reported only from Windsor, Fairfield and Westport.
N. Y. Tyrol Lake, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Lake Hopatcong, also reported from Fish House, Camden

Co:

Pa. Point Pleasant, Bucks Co.; also reported from Mount

Pleasant, Philadelphia Co.

8. I. Eatoni Dodge (J. Gravesii A. A. Eaton). In mud flats:
Nev Et tovNealr
Conn. Tyler Pond, Bantam Lake; also reported scattered over
the state.
N. Y. Carmel, Putnam Co.
N. J. Morris Pond, Sussex Co. and at Lake Hopatcong.

g. I. Engelmanni A. Br. In ponds and ditches rooting in mud:
Me. to Va. and Pa., Ill. and Mo.

Conn. Scattered throughout, but rare.

N. Y. OnS. I. and in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties; also reported
from Camden Co.

Pa. Monroe, Lehigh and Bucks counties.

SPERMAS ORY A

GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE

Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larix); leaf-buds scaly.
Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 ina sheath. I. PINus.
Cone-scales thin; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled,
not in sheaths.
Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. LARIX.

70

PINEACAE

Leaves scattered, persistent.
Cones pendulous; leaves jointed to short persistent
sterigmata.

Leaves sessile, tetragonal. 3. PICEA.
Leaves short-stalked, flat. 4. TSUGA.
Cones erect, sterigmata inconspicuous or none. 5. ABIES.
Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked.
Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 6. THUJA.
Cone globose, its scales peltate. 7. CHAMAECYPARIS,
Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 8. JUNIPERUS.
1, Pinus L:
Leaves 5 in a sheath; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. 1. P. Strobus.
Leaves less than 5 in a sheath; cone-scales prominently thickened at
the tip.
Cones terminal or sub-terminal; scales pointless; leaves in 2’s. 2. P. resinosa.

Cones lateral; scales prickle-tipped or spine-tipped.

Leaves predominately in 2’s.
Cones 3-7 cm. long, the scales prickle-tipped.

Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 3. P. virginiana,
Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long; bark in large plates. 4. P. echinata.
Cones 8-12 cm. long, the scales with stout spine. 5. P. pungens.

Leaves predominately in 3’s.
Cones ovoid, globose, or broader than long.
Leaves 12 cm. long or less; cone-scales with stiff
prickles. 6. P. rigida.
Leaves 15-25 cm. long; cone-scales with slender,
often deciduous prickles. 7. P. serotina.
Cones conic or oblong-conic; leaves 15-30 cm. long. 8. P. Taeda.

1. P. Strobus L. On hillsides and mountain slopes, sometimes

in swampy situations in the southerly part of its range:
Newf. to Man., south along the mountains to Ga., west to
Ill. and Iowa.

Conn. Throughout, decreasing near the coast.

N.Y. Throughout, rare on S. I.; uncommon south of the moraine
on L. I., but at West Hempstead and Jamaica (according to
Bicknell); and near Riverhead.

N. J. Frequent in northern counties, decreasing southward;
Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Whitings, Ocean Co.

Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, more common: Older formations,
ubiquitous. 120-186 days. Sea level-2,100 ft.

2. P. resinosa Ait. Hillsides and mountain slopes: Newf. to

Man., Mass., Pa., Wisc. and Minn.
Conn. Salisbury and Granby.

PINACEAE 71

N. Y. Otis Summit, Greene Co. Inwood (N. Y. C.) record
unverified.
Pa. Wayne and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not rare. 123-143
days. 685-1,723 ft.

3. P. virginiana Mill. In rocky or sandy soil: L. I. (?) toS. Car.,
Ala., southern Ind. and Tenn.

N. Y. West side of S. I.; L. I. record unverified.
N. J. Milford, Hunterdon Co., Riegelsville, Warren Co.; common
along the edges but rare within the pine-barrens.
Pa. Chester, Bucks, Montgomery, Northampton, Carbon and
Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, limited to
eastern Pa. and the N. J. stations. Not north of the moraine
except on S. I. 175-189 days. Sea level—439 ft.

4. P. echinata Mill. In sandy or clayey soil: southern N. Y. to
Fla., Ill., Kansas and Texas.

N. Y. Tottenville, Giffords, and New Dorp, S. I.; also near the
mouth of the Croton River (according to A. K. Fisher).

N. J. Middlesex, Burlington, Cumberland, Atlantic, Ocean and
Monmouth counties; common along the edges but decreasing
within the pine-barrens.

Tertiary, scattered: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0.

Not north of the moraine. 175-189 days. About sea level.

5. P. pungens Mill. In rocky or loose soil: Western N. J. and
central Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
N. J. Sergeantsville, Hunterdon Co.; perhaps not native.
Pa. Schuylkill and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common. Not
north of the moraine. 171-183 days. About sea level.

6. P. rigida Mill, In poor, often somewhat sterile soil: N. B.
to Ont., W. Va., Ga., Ala. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout, decreasing northwestward.

N. Y. Throughout, decreasing northward; common south of the
moraine on L. I., and forming pine-barrens east of Central Park.

N. J. Throughout, decreasing northward;* forming exclusive
forests in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout, decreasing northward.

*See Introduction paragraph 50.

72 PINACEAE

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered. 120-210 days. Sea level—2,100 ft.

7. P. serotina Michx. In sandy swamps, sometimes in drier
situations: Southern N. J., to Va. and Fla.
N. J. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co. and Town Bank, Cape May Co.

Tertiary, very rare: Cretaceous, a few trees: Older Formations, 0.
172 days. About sea level.

8. P. Taeda L. Southern N. J. to Fla. and Texas, north to Ark.
N. J. Cape May County.
Tertiary, limited to Southern N. J.: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma-
tions, 0. 182-220 days. About sea level.

The Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., has been reported as an established escape.

2. Larix [Tourn.] Mill.

1. L. laricina (Du Roi) Mill. In swampy places: Newf. to the N.
W. Territory, south to N. J., Md., Pa., Ind., and Minn.
Conn. Rare in the eastern part, perhaps absent from the coast,

increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Throughout, except the lower Hudson Valley, L. I., and
S. L., increasing northward.
N. J. Ironia and Lake Hopatcong, Morris Co.; Closter, Bergen
Co.; New Durham, Hudson Co.; increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Carbon, Monroe and Luzerne counties, increasing
northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common. Not
south of the moraine except in Pa. 117-160 days. Sea level-
1,933 ft.

The European larch, LZ. decidua Mill., has been reported as an established escape.

3. Picea Link.

Cones ovate, the stalks strongly incurved; cone-scales erose or dentate;

leaves glaucous, about 14 mm. long or less, somewhat appressed. 1. P. mariana.
Cones oblong-ovate; cone-scales entire or denticulate; leaves yellow-
green, about 10 mm. long, spreading. 2. P. rubens.

1. P. mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Swampy places, sometimes on
hillsides: Lab., south in the mountains to W. Va., N. Car.,
westward to Alberta and N. W. Territory.

Conn. Litchfield, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties.
N. J. Reported from Ironia, Morris Co.; perhaps in Sussex Co.

PINACEAE 73

Pa. Monroe and Pike counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at
higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-149 days.
740-2,400 ft.

2. P. rubens Sargent. In moist places in our range, forming
exclusive forests northward: Newf. to northern N. Y., Minn.,
south in the mountains to Va. and Ga.

Conn. Wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Throughout, except south of the Hudson Highlands and on
S. L., increasing northward; rare at Orient, L. I.

N. J. New Durham, Hudson Co.; Palisades, Bergen Co.; Ironia,
Morris Co., and Knighton, Hunterdon Co.; increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Carbon, Luzerne, Monroe and Pike counties, increasing
northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Not south of the moraine, except in eastern Pa. 118-186

days. Sea level—2,100 ft.

The white spruce, P. canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P., and the Norway spruce, P. Abies
(L.) Karst., have both been reported as established escapes.

“al Tsuga Carr.

1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. In rocky situations, rarely in rich
swales, forming exclusive forests northward but more local
southward: New Brunswick to Ala., Ont. and Wisc.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northward.

N.Y. Asingle tree at Old Place, S. I.; Roslyn, L. I. (according to
Bicknell); common throughout the rest of the state, increasing
northward.

N. J. From Salem to Middlesex counties exclusively north and
west of the Tertiary sands and gravels; in small swales along the
Delaware River; common and increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, mostly in local depression areas, specially
in the region of glacial terraces:* Older Formations, common.

117-186 days. Sea level—2,400 ft.

5. Abies [Tourn.] Hill. (See pl. 7)

1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Mostly in cold swamps: Lab. to Va.,
westward to Minn. and Athabasca.

* See Introduction paragraph 34.

74

PINACEAE

Conn. Litchfield Co. increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties. ‘‘ Highlands of
the Hudson” record unverified.
Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at
higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days.

1,200-3,500 ft.
6. Thuja L.

1. T. occidentalis L. In wet situations: New Bruns. to Minn.,

Manitoba, south to N. J., N. Car. and Tenn., Ill. and Minn.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Westchester (probably now extinct), Putnam and Orange
counties, increasing northward.
N. J. Recorded from Bergen, Warren, and Sussex counties, not
recently collected.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward, particularly along the Hudson Valley. Not south of the
moraine, 123-169 days. Sea level—1,420 ft.

7. Chamaecyparis Spach. (See i. 6)

1. C. thyoides (L.) B.S. P. Swamps and wet woods: Southern

Me. along the coast to western Miss.

Conn. Danbury and New Fairfield, increasing southeastward.

N. Y. Scattered on western L. I., and on S. I., and near the N. J.
state line in Orange Co., also in Westchester and Putnam counties,
increasing southward.

N. J. Not recorded from Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer and Som-
erset counties; rare and local elsewhere in the north, increasing
southward, and forming exclusive stands in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered in edaphically favorable situations. Rare north of the
moraine,* and apparently wanting on the unglaciated portion of
the Piedmont plateau. 141-220 days. Sea level-618 ft.

8. Juniperus [Tourn.] L.

Flowers terminal; leaves of two kinds, scale-like and awl shaped;

always a tree. 1. J. virginiana.

Flowers axillary; leaves awl-shaped.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

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aye
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TAXACEAE 75

Leaves straight or nearly so, not saccate, divaricate, 10-15 mm.

long; a tree or usually a shrub. 2. J. communis.
Leaves prominently curved and saccate at the base, somewhat
appressed, 7-12 mm. long; always a shrub 1-1.5 m. high. 3. J. sibirica.

1. J. virginiana L. In poor or somewhat sterile soil, often in
rocky situations: Nova Scotia to Ont. and S. Dak., south to
Fla., Ala. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. Throughout, decreasing south of the moraine on L. I.

N. J. Rare and local in the pine-barrens, increasing northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, ubiqui-

tous. 117-220days. Sea level—2,500 ft.

2. J.communis L. Greenland and Alaska to Pa., Neb. and New
Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. New London, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing

northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S.J. Rare in the south, increasing
northward.

N. J. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens, increasing but local
northward.

Pa. Monroe to Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, perhaps wanting on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere:
Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, increasing northward.
123-204 days. Sea level—1,800 ft.

3. J. sibirica Burgs. (J. nana of Britton’s manual in part.) Lab.
to Conn. and N. Y., westward to the Great Lakes, Colo. and
Utah.

Conn. Fairfield and New Haven counties.
N. Y. L. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, more common.
169-210 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft.

The reported occurrence of Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Richard. in New Jersey
as a wild plant has not been satisfactorily established.

TAXACEAE

1. Taxus [Tourn.] L.

1. T. canadensis Marsh. In rocky situations: Newf. to Mani-
toba, N. J., Va. and Iowa.

76 SPARGANIACEAE

Conn. Rare or wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Throughout, except on L. I. and S. I., rare southward,
increasing northward.

N. J. Bergen Co., increasing northward.

Pa. Not recorded from Delaware Co., increasing and common
northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, only in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations,
common, particularly northward. 117-179 days. Sea level—3,900
ft.

ANGIOSPERMAE
MONOCOTYLEDONES
TYPHACEAE
1. Typha [Tourn.] L.

Racemes with staminate and pistillate portions usually separated;
pollen of simple grains; fruiting pedicels short, rigid, 1 mm. long

or less. 1. T. angustifolia,
Racemes with staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous;
pollen grains in 4’s; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia.

1. T. angustifolia L. Marshes, chiefly along the coast: Nova
Scotia to Fla., westward to Cal. Also in Tropical Am.,
Europe and Asia.

Throughout the range, always decreasing inland.

2. T. latifolia L. In marshes: Throughout the United States
and most of Canada. Also in Europe and Asia.
Throughout the range.

SPARGANIACEAE
I. Sparganium [Tourn.]| L.*

Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, dis-

tinctly beaked; inflorescence compound; fruiting heads 2-3
cm. in diameter; leaves somewhat keeled. I. S. eurycarpum.

Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then

short beaked and short stipitate).
Stipes and beaks each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5
cm. in diameter or more; anthers 3-4 times as long
as broad.

* The difficulty of correlating ecological factors in aquatic or semi-aquatic genera, and
the comparatively limited material, make it advisable to omit such data in Sparganium,
Potamogeton, Sagittaria, Utricularia and a few others.

SPARGANIACEAE 7Gf

Beaks straight or slightly curved; stigmas linear.
Heads all axillary; beaks shorter than the bodies of
the achenes; leaves more or less keeled.
Achenes dull; stigmas 2 mm. long or less.

Inflorescence branched. 2. S. androcladum.
Inflorescence mostly simple. 3. S. americanum.
Achenes glossy; stigmas 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 4. S. lucidum.
Heads, at least some of them, supra-axillary.
Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly tri-
angular keeled; stem erect. 5. S. acaule.
Leaves not keeled; stem slender, usually
floating. 6. S. angustifolium.
Beaks gladiate curved; stigmas short, oblong. 7. S. fluctuans.
Stipes and beaks less than 1 mm. long; fruiting heads about
1.5 cm. in diameter or less. 8. S.minimum.

1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Borders of water: Newf. to Fla.,
Cal. and British Columbia.

Conn. Rare or local over most of the state, decreasing westward
along the coast.

N.Y. Throughout, but rare; most common in the Hudson Valley.

N. J. Along the Delaware at Camden, increasing northward; not
common.

Pa. From Northampton to Delaware counties.

2. S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Shallow water: Newf.
to Fla., Ala. and Minn.
Conn. Throughout, not common.
N. Y. Throughout, apparently rare northward.
N. J. Throughout, decreasing southward.
Pa. Northampton to Delaware counties, not common.

3. S. americanum Nutt. Bogs and muddy shores: Nova Scotia
to S. Car., Indian Territory and Iowa.
Conn. Throughout, not common.
N. Y. Throughout, apparently decreasing northward.

N. J. Throughout, apparently decreasing northward.
Pa. Philadelphia Co.

4. S. lucidum Fernald & Eames. Ponds and streams: Mass. and
N. Y. to Mo. and IIl.

Conn. Hartford and Southington.
N.Y. Cypress Hills, L. I., and at Jamaica (according to Bicknell).

5. S. acaule (Beeby) Rydberg. Muddy shores and swamps:
Newf. to Va., Iowa and S. Dak.

78 ZANNICHELLIACEAE

N. Y. Greene Co. and at Valley Stream, L. I. (according to
Bicknell).

N. J. Sussex Co.

Pa. Pocono Mt. Monroe Co.

6. S. angustifolium Michx. Ponds and slow streams: Newf. to
Conn., Pa., Col., Cal. and British Columbia.
Conn. Canaan and West Goshen, not recently collected.
N.Y. Catskill Mts. near ‘‘ Pine Orchard ”’ (old undated specimen,

not recently collected).
N. J. Green Pond, Morris Co.

7. S. fluctuans (Morong) B. L. Robinson. Cold lakes and ponds:
Me. to Pa. and Minn.
Conn. Norfolk, not recently collected.
Pa. Wayne, Monroe and Schuykill counties.

8. S. minimum Fries. Lab. to N. J., Tenn., Utah, Oregon and
Alaska; also in Europe and Asia. Rare in our range.

Conn. Twin Lake, Salisbury.
N. J. Green Pond, Morris Co.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Plants monoecious; stamen I. 1. ZANNICHELLIA.
Plants perfect; stamens more than I.
Stamens 2; connective of the anther not dilated; fruit stipitate. 2. Ruppia.
Stamens 4; connective of the anther dilated and perianth-like;
fruit sessile. 3. POTAMOGETON.

1. Zannichellia L.*

1. Z. palustris L. In fresh or brackish water: Nearly throughout

North America, except the extreme north.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, perhaps
wanting in the north.

N. Y. Local along the coast, decreasing up the Hudson, not
recorded north of Hyde Park, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Local along the coast and up the rivers within the
influence of the tides.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Philadelphia and Chester counties.
Apparently the only extra-tidal stations are in Luzerne and

Northampton counties, Pa.

* See foot-note, page 76.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE 79

2. Ruppia L.*

1. R. maritima L. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America,
and in saline pools in the interior.

Throughout the range along the coasts, and up the brackish
rivers within the influence of the tides. No definite records from
Pa., but probably along the Delaware River below Philadelphia.

3. Potamogeton [Tourn.] L.*

A. With floating and submerged leaves. (Floating leaves rarely
wanting in Nos. 9, 10 and If.)

Mature submerged leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
never more than 4 mm. wide, sometimes mere
phylloidia.

The straight apex of the embryo pointing towards
the base or outside it.

Submerged leaves reduced to phylloidia;

floating leaf-blades more than 3 cm. long.

Nutlets pitted; peduncles as thick as the

petioles. 1. P. natans.
Nutlets smooth; peduncles twice as thick
as the petioles. 2. P. Oakesianus.
Submerged leaves with a proper blade; floating
leaves less than 1.2 cm. long. 3. P. lateralis.

The curved apex of the embryo pointing
inside the base.
Embryo coiled once, the apex point-
ing downward. 4. P. Vaseyi.
Embryo coiled 114 times; the apex
transverse or pointing upward.
Floating leaf-blades less than 2.5
x cm. long; submerged leaves
without cellular reticula-
tion along the midrib.
Submerged peduncles 4-6.5
mm. long; submerged
leaves 0.4-0.9 mm. wide.
Submerged peduncles 0.3-
1.5 mm. long; submerged

. diversifolius.

oH
as)

leaves I-I.4 mm. wide. 6. P. dimorphus.
Floating leaf-blades more than 2.4.
cm. long; submerged leaf with
cellular reticulation along the
midrib. 7. P. epihydrus.
Mature submerged leaves lanceolate, ovate or elliptic,
never linear or more than 4 mm. wide except in
forms of P. heterophyllus.
Floating leaves 32-many nerved. 8. P. amplifolius.

* See footnote, page 76.

80 ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Floating leaves fewer nerved.
Submerged leaves mostly 7-nerved, at least the
lowest sessile.

Submerged leaves serrulate at apex.

Submerged leaves entire.

Plant green; submerged leaves nar-
rower than the floating.
Plant reddish, submerged leaves as
wide as or wider than the floating.
Submerged leaves more than 7-nerved; all
petiolate.

Floating leaf bases merely rounded, not
cordate; submerged leaves as wide as the
floating or nearly so.

Floating leaf bases cordate or sub-cordate.

B. With only submerged leaves.
Leaves of a lanceolate, ovate or orbicular type, never
linear.
Leaves stalked or merely sessile, not perfoliate.
Without propagating buds; the elliptic-ovate
leaves serrulate only at the apex.
With propagating buds; the oblong-lanceolate
leaves serrulate throughout.
Leaves perfoliate.
Leaves cucullate; the straight apex of the
embryo pointing towards the base.
Leaves not cucullate; the curved apex of the
embryo pointing inside the base.
Leaves all linear.
Stipules adnate to the leaf bases.
Leaves at least I mm. wide, serrulate.
Leaves capillary, less than 0.5 mm. wide, entire.
Stipules free from the leaf bases.
Leaves at least 1.6 mm. wide.

The straight apex of the embryo pointing
towards the base.

The curved apex of the embryo pointing

inside the base.
Keels of the fruit undulate or toothed.
Without propagating buds; leaves
3-nerved.
With propagating buds; leaves
many-nerved.
Keels of the fruit smooth.
Leaves all capillary, less than 0.9 mm. wide.
Nutlets without keels or obscurely keeled.
Nutlets keeled, or at least with two
grooves culminating in three ridge
like keels.
The straight apex of the embryo
pointing towards the base, or out-
de it.

10.

Il.

128
13)

14.

15.

16.

Lye

18.

19.

20.

20.

. P. angustifolius,

P. heterophyllus.

P. alpinus.

. americanus.
. pulcher.

ty

P. lucens.

P. crispus.

P. praelongus.

P. perfoliatus.

P. Robbinsit.
P. pectinatus.

P. foliosus.

. Hillit.

- compressus.
. obtusifolius.

Foi Supso! ae So

. pusillus.

P. foliosus.

=

aS

ZANNICHELLIACEAE 81

The curved apex of the embryo point-
ing inside the base.
Keels of the fruit dentate or
crisped. 25. P. confervoides.
Keels of the fruit, if any, smooth. 24. P. pusillus.

. P.natansL. N.S. toB.C., south toN. J., Pa., Mo., Neb. and

Southern Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare or local, increasing in New London Co.

N. Y. From Peekskill, Westchester Co., northward. Rare and
local.

N. J. Budd’s Lake and vicinity; not recorded south of MorrisCo.

Pa. Northampton Co., rare.

. P. Oakesianus Robbins. Me. to Wisc., south to N. J.

Conn. Stafford and Middlebury.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; Otis Summit, Greene Co.; perhaps in
the intervening territory.

N. J. Bergen, Middlesex, Burlington and Atlantic counties.

Pa. Pocono Plateau, Monroe Co., Broad Mt., Carbon Co.

. P. lateralis Morong. Mass. and Conn.

Conn. Salisbury, not recently collected.

. P. Vaseyi Robbins. Quebec to Wisc., south to southern N. Y.

Conn. Lake Saltonstall, Milford and Plymouth.
N.Y. Greenwood Lake, Orange Co.

. P. diversifolius Raf. N.H. to Cal., south to Fla.and northern

Mex. Also in Cuba.

Conn. In the coastal counties.

N.Y. L.I.and 5S. I., and at Riverdale, N. Y. City (according to

Bicknell); not recorded northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens, increasing
southeastward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties.

6. P. dimorphus Raf. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.). N.S. to Minn.

and Cal., south to Va. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing southward.

N. J. Throughout, increasing southward; but unrecorded from
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Delaware Water Gap to Bucks and Delaware counties.

82

10.

IT.

2:

ZANNICHELLIACEAE

. P. epihydrus Raf. (P. Nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht.). Newf.

to Br. Col., south to N. Car. and Iowa.

Conn. Throughout, increasing southward.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing southward.

N. J. Throughout, increasing southward, but decreasing within
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh and Chester counties,
apparently increasing westward.

. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. N.B. to B. Col., south to Ga. and

Neb.

Conn. Litchfield Co.

N.Y. Clove Lake, S. I., increasing up the Hudson Valley.

N. J. Gloucester and Camden counties, increasing northward;
not recorded from the pine-barrens.

Pa. Lehigh, Northampton and Bucks counties.

. P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl (including P. Jucens connecti-

cutensis Robbins). Me. to Cal., south to Fla., Mex. and
Guatemala. Also in Europe.

Conn. Fairfield and New Haven counties.

N. Y. Westchester, Rockland and Orange counties.

N. J. Sussex and Warren counties.

P. heterophyllus Schreb. Throughout North America, except
Central America and the West Indies. In the larger Baha-
mas; also in Europe.

Conn. Throughout, in some of its numerous forms.

N. Y. Common throughout, except on L. I. and S. I.

N. J. Common in the north, decreasing southward; not definitely
known south of Bergen Co.

P. alpinus Balbis. Lab. to the Yukon, south to Fla. and Cal.

Conn. Reported from Plainville, Hartford Co.
N. J. Reported from Belvidere, Warren Co.

P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. (P. lonchites Tuckerm.).
Vt. to Wash., south to Va., Southern Cal., Tex. and Mex.
Also in Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica.

Conn. Local in the Saugatuck, Connecticut and Housatonic
rivers, increasing near the coast.

N. Y. The Hudson Valley.

N. J. Warren and Sussex to Gloucester and Salem counties.

Pa. Northampton to Delaware counties.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE 83

13. P. pulcher Tuckerm. Mass. to Br. Col., south to Ga. and
Ark.
Conn. In the coastal counties.
N.Y. L. I. and S&S. I., Rockland and Westchester counties.
N. J. Reported as rare in the north; increasing in Middlesex, Ocean
and Atlantic counties.
Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties.

14. P. lucens L. Mass. to Cal., south to Fla., Mex., Costa Rica
and Cuba. Also in Europe.
Conn. Middlesex, New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Andover, Sussex Co.

15. P.crispus L. Ont. to Del. and eastern Pa. Obviously intro-
duced from the Old World.
Probably to be found in ponds throughout the range near the
larger settlements. Definite records exist from Central Park,
N. Y. City, Clifton, Plainfield, Green Pond, Philipsburg, and
Camden, N. J., and Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. An aggressive
migrant.

16. P. praelongus Wolfg. Mass. to Br. Col., south to Pa. and
Cal. Also in Europe.
Conn. New Haven, Fairfield and Litchfield counties.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Budd’s Lake, Morris Co.

17. P. perfoliatus L. (including P. bupleuroides Fernald and P.
Richardsoniit (Benn.) Rydb.). Throughout North America,
except Mex. and the W. I.

Conn. Throughout, decreasing northward.

N. Y. Throughout.

N. J. Throughout, not recorded from the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton to Delaware counties.

18. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Me. to Br. Col., south to Pa. and
Wash.

Conn. Hartford; rare or local in the rest of the state, according to
Conn. Bot. Soc. Catalog of Connecticut Plants.

N.Y. Orange Co. (C.F. Austin.)

N. J. Sussex, Morris and Bergen counties.

Pa. Lehigh River, Northampton Co.

84 ZANNICHELLIACEAE

19. P. pectinatus L. Throughout North America except Central
America and the West Indies. Also in Europe.
Conn. Hartford, Fairfield and Litchfield counties, not common.
N. Y. L. I., S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Pine
Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Sussex, Hunterdon, Bergen, Monmouth and Ocean counties.
Pa. Northampton to Chester counties.

20. P. foliosus Raf. New Bruns. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Mex.
Also in Cuba, Porto Rico and Jamaica.
Conn. New London, Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N.Y. L.I.,S. 1., to Westchester and Dutchess counties.
N. J. Common in the north, decreasing southward from Bergen
to Salem county. Not known from the pine-barrens.

21. P. Hillii Morong. N.Y. to Mich. and Lake Superior, south
to Pa. and Wisc. Rare in our area.
Conn. Salisbury, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

22. P. compressus L. (P. Zosteraefolius Schum.). N. B. to Br.
Col., south to N. J. and Ore.

Conn. Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Jamaica, L. I.,and in Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess
counties. Rare.

N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties.

23. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Quebec to Minn., south to
N. Y. and Kan.

Conn. Newtown, Fairfield Co.
Pa. Northampton and Wayne counties.

24. P. pusillus L. (including P. gemmiparus Morong). Through-
out the United States and northern Mexico.
Almost throughout the range, one of the commonest pondweeds.

25. P. confervoides Reich. N.Eng. to N.J.and Pa. Perhaps in
Fla.
Kknown definitely only from Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic and
Gloucester counties, N. J.

The reported occurrence of P. nitens Webb. in the range has never been satisfactorily
established.

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 85

ZOSTERACEAE

1. Zosteraule.
1. Z. marina L. Atlantic coast from Greenland to Fla.; Pacific
coast, Alaska to Calif.
Throughout the coasts and up the brackish rivers.

NAIADACEAE

1._ Naias L.*

Leaf-sheaths merely rounded, not auriculate; leaves 0.5 mm. wide or
1. N. flexilis.

more.
Leaf-sheaths auriculate; leaves 0.2 mm. wide or less. 2. N. gracillima.
1. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. In ponds and streams:
Quebec to Br. Col., south to Fla. and Tex.
Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward, not common.
N.Y. L. I.; Westchester and Rockland counties.
N. J. Common in the north, decreasing southward, perhaps

wanting in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.
2. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. In pools: Mass. to Mo.,
south to N. J. and Pa.
Conn. New London, Tollund, New Haven and Fairfield coun-

ties.
N.Y. Valley Stream and Rockville Centre, L. I.
N. J.. Woodstown and Palatine, Salem Co., and Spotswood,

Middlesex Co.
Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

Leaves all basal; flowers numerous on naked scapes, ebracteate,
1. TRIGLOCHIN,

spicate or in spike-like racemes.
Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA.

1. Triglochin L.*

1. T. maritima L. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., western N. Y.,
Ohio, Wisc., Neb., N. Mex., Cal., northern Mex. and Lower

Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

* See footnote, page 76.

86 ALISMACEAE

Conn. Common along the coast.

N. Y. Along the coasts of L. I., N. Y. City and S. I.

N. J. Hudson Co. to Ocean Co. along the coast; reported also
from Sussex Co.

The reported occurrence of T. palustris L. at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., has never
been satisfactorily established.

2. Scheuchzeria L.

1. S. palustris L. In cold bogs: Labrador to Alaska, N. J., Pa.,
Wisc., Mont., Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing
northwestward.
N. Y. Bingham Mt., Dutchess Co., and Tannersville, Greene Co.
N. J. Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., decreasing southward and local in
Camden and Gloucester counties.
Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe and Carbon counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, localized in thermally favorable bogs:*
Older Formations, common, increasing northward. 123-176 days.
Sea level—1,824 ft.

ALISMACEAE

Carpels borne in 1 series; achenes verticillate. 1. ALISMA.
Carpels borne in several series; achenes capitate.

Flowers perfect. 2. HELIANTHIUM.
Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, the lower
perfect or pistillate, the upper staminate.
Lower flowers of inflorescence perfect. 3. LopHoTOCARPUS.
Lower flowers of inflorescence pistillate. 4. SAGITTARIA.

1. Alisma L.*

1. A. subcordatum Raf. (not the Old World A. Plantago-aquatica
L. until recently credited to America). In mud or shallow
water: Mass., Minn., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range in favorable situations.

2. Helianthium Engelm.*

1. H. parvulum (Engelm.) Small. (H. tenellum Britton). A
rare and local plant: Mass. to western Ont., Minn., Fla.,
Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba and Porto Rico.

Maple Grove and Flushing, L. I., and Delanco, Burlington Co.,
N. J., are the only stations known in our area.

* See Introduction paragraph 36.
t See footnote, page 76.

ALISMACEAE 87

3. Lophotocarpus T. Durand.*
1. L. spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Mass. to Va.

Conn. Along the coast, not common.

N. Y. Reported along the coast; and up the Hudson within the
influence of brackish tide water.

N. J. Known only from the Hackensack marshes and as reported
from Camden Co. in Britton’s N. J. flora. Also along the
Raritan from New Brunswick to South Amboy, but rare (accord-
ing to Mackenzie).

4. Sagittaria L.*
Fruit-bearing pedicels reflexed or recurved.
Filaments about as long as the anthers; achenes with 3

undulate or slightly toothed crests. 1. S. subulata.
Filaments much longer than the anthers; achenes with 5-7
tuberculate or prominently toothed crests. 2. S. lorata.

Fruit-bearing pedicels ascending.
Leaf-blades without basal lobes.
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers as long as the
staminate ones, or nearly so.
Leaf-blades terete or 3-sided, often imperfectly

developed. 3. S. teres.
Leaf-blades flat. 4. S. Eatoni.
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers very short or nearly
wanting. 5. S. rigida.
Leaf-blades with basal lobes (reduced to phyllodia in
No. 6).
Achenes minutely or inconspicuously beaked.
Beak horizontal. 6. S. graminea.
Beak erect. 7. S. cuneata.

Achenes prominently long beaked.
Beak horizontal.
Inflorescence pubescent. 8. S. pubescens.
Inflorescence glabrous. g. S. latifolia.
Beak erect.
Achenes cuneate, usually with 2 prominent

facial wings. 10. S. Engelmanniana,
Achenes obovate or orbicular-obovate, usu-
ually with 1 facial wing. 11. S. longirostra.

1. S. subulata (L.) Buch. In tide water mud: Conn. and N. Y.
to Fla. and Ala.
Conn. Along the coast and up the brackish rivers.
N.Y. Along the coast and up the Hudson as far as Peekskill.
N. J. Along the coast and up the brackish rivers, but apparently
wanting in the pine-barrens.

* See footnote, page 76.

88

ALISMACEAE

Pa. Along the Delaware River in Philadelphia and Delaware
counties.

. S. lorata (Chapm.) Small. (S. subulata gracillima Wats.).
Del. and S. Car. to Fla.; also in Mass., R. I., Conn. and N. J.
as far as the form S. subulata gracillima is concerned. A rare
plant.

Conn. Windsor and East Windsor (Bissell).
N. J. Clifton, Passaic Co.
Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.

. S. teres S. Wats. Mass. toS. Car. Rare in our area.
Wading River, L. I., Peekskill, N. Y., and Hammonton, N. J.
. S. Eatoni J. G. Smith. Mass., Conn. and Long Island.

Reported from the shores of L. I. and Conn. by J. G. Smith in Rep.

Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 151. 1900. A specimen approximating this
conception was recently collected at Kinkora, Burlington Co.,
N. J., by K. K. Mackenzie. Not otherwise known.

5. S. rigida Pursh. Quebec to Minn., N. J., Tenn. and Neb.

Conn. Rare or local in New Haven, Hartford and New London
counties.

N. Y. Orange Co.

N. J. From Clifton, Passaic Co., to Westville, Gloucester Co.,
apparently not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties.

6. S. graminea Michx. Newf. to Saskatch., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Apparently throughout.

N. Y. Common in the south, decreasing and perhaps wanting in
the north.

N. J. Common in the northern counties, becoming scattered and
local southward.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Berks and Delaware counties.

7. S.cuneata Sheldon. N.S.and Me. to Quebec, Br. Col., Conn.,

Kan., New Mex. and Cal.
Conn. Rare; wet alluvial soil on the banks of the Connecticut
River at Windsor and Hartford (Bissell). Not otherwise known.

8. S. pubescens Muhl. N. J. and Pa. to western Tenn., Ala-

and Fla.

N. J. Credited to the state in N. Am. Flora 17: 60. 1909. No
specimens or records are available.

Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties.

ELODEACEAE 89

g. S. latifolia Willd. N.B.andN. S. to Br. Col., Fla., Cal., Mex.
and Central America. :
Common in some of its numerous forms throughout the range.

10. S. Engelmanniana J.G.Smith. Mass., R. I., Conn. and N. Y.
Conn. New London Co.
N.Y. Lynbrook and Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I. (According to
Bicknell.)
11. S. longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. N. J. and Pa. to Fla.
and Ala.
N.J. Middlesex Co. and southward, especially in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Delaware Co.
Reported from but doubtfully in Conn.

ELODEACEAE

Leaves ribbon-like, floating, 15 cm. long or more; staminate flower

with I-3 stamens. I. VALLISNERIA.
Leaves not ribbon-like, submerged, 3 cm. long or less; staminate

flowers (where known) with 9 stamens. 2. PHILOTRIA.

1. Vallisneria L.*
1. V. spiralis L. In water: Nova Scotia to Va., Ind. and S. Dak.

Also in Europe and Asia.
Throughout the range, apparently decreasing northward.

2. Philotria Raf.*

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse. 1. P. canadensis.
Leaves linear or oblong, acute.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. wide; spathe of

staminate flower 5-6 mm. long; anthers, 2-2.5 mm. long. 2. P. Nuttallit.
Leaves linear, 1.5 mm. wide or less, staminate spathe 2-3 mm.
long; anthers about I mm. long. 3. P. angustifolia.

1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Slow streams and ponds:
Quebec to Va. and Minn. Also in Europe.
Reported from nearly throughout the range but no specimens are
at hand. Most of the old records of this species refer to P.
angustifolia.
2. P. Nuttallii (Planch.) Rydb. Slow streams: N. Y. to Va.
N.Y. L.I.and 5S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Fishkill.
N. J. Passaic Co. southward.
Pa. Chester and Philadelphia counties.

* See footnote, page 76.

90 POACEAE

3. P. angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Slow streams: N. Y. and
Pa. to Fla.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing southward.
N. J. Morris Co., apparently increasing southward.
Pa. Bucks Co.

HY DROCHARITACEAE

1. Limnobium Rich.

1. L. Spongia (Bosc.) Rich. Shallow water: N. J. and Ont. to
Fla., Tex., Mo. and IIl.

Reported by Knieskern from Swimming River, Monmouth Co.,
N. J. Not recently collected and otherwise unknown in the range.

POACEAE*

A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or a sub-
tending involucre, or attached to and deciduous
with the internodes of a readily disarticulating
rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower im-
perfect, usually staminate; rachilla not extending
beyond the uppermost scale.
Spikelets round or dorsally compressed; hilum
punctiform.
Fruiting scale and palet hyaline, thin, much
more delicate in structure than the thick
membranous to coriaceous empty scales.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in
the lower, the staminate in the upper,
part of the same spike. I. MAYDEAE.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, perfect, the
other pedicellate, perfect, staminate or
empty, sometimes reduced to a single
scale or wanting. II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Fruiting scale and palet never hyaline and
thin, as firm as the empty scales, or
firmer.
Fruiting scale and palet membranous;
spikelets naked, spiny (in ours). III. ZoystEAe.
Fruiting scale and palet chartaceous or
coriaceous, differing in color and appear-
ance from the remaining scales; spikelets
sometimes enclosed in an involucre. IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets laterally compressed; hilum linear. V. ORYZEAE.
B. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales (below them
in nos. 32, 34, 41, and 50) which are persistent,
I—-many-flowered; rachilla sometimes extending
beyond the uppermost scale.
* Taxonomic treatment contributed by Mr. G. V. Nash.

POACEAE

Spikelets in panicles or racemes, usually upon
distinct and often long pedicels.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Empty scales 4; palets I-nerved.
Empty scales 2 (rarely 1); palet
usually 2-nerved.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Flowering scales usually shorter than
empty ones, awn dorsal, bent.
Flowering scales usually longer than
the empty ones, awnless, or if
awned the awn terminal and
straight, rarely dorsal.
Spikelets borne in 2 rows:
On one side of a continuous axis,
forming I-sided spikes or racemes.
On opposite sides of a continuous or
sometimes articulated axis, form-
ing equilateral spikes.

Tribe I. MAyYDEAE

Represented only by
Tribe II.

Internodes of the rachis of the racemes thickened, appressed
to the pedicels of the primary spikelets, thus forming ex-
cavations for the reception of the secondary or sessile
spikelets; fertile flowering scales awnless.

Internodes not thickened, and without excavations for the

reception of the spikelets.
Spikelets all perfect, awned.
Rachis of the racemes continuous; panicle axis
short, racemes subflabellate.
Rachis articulated; panicle axis elongated.
Sessile spikelets perfect, the pedicellate staminate or
empty, awnless, sometimes wanting.
Inflorescence simple or compound, made up of I or
more spike-like racemes which are sessile or
on very short peduncles.
Raceme single; pedicels and internodes of the
rachis clavate, spongy, usually stout, with a
deep cup-shaped depression at the top.
Racemes not single; pedicels and rachis-inter-
nodes filiform, or flat and linear, not spongy,
nor appendaged at the apex.
Inflorescence decompound.
Pedicellate spikelet wanting.
Pedicellate spikelet present.

ANDROPOGONEAE

Tribe III]. ZoYsSIEAE

Represented only by

VI.

VII.

VIII.

X.

IX.

QI

PHALARIDEAE.

AGROSTIDEAE.

AVENEAE.

FESTUCEAE.

CHLORIDEAE.

. HORDEAE.

. TRIPSACUM.

. COELORACHIS.

. MISCANTHUS,
. ERIANTHUS.

. SCHIZACHYRIUM.

. ANDROPOGON.

. SORGHASTRUM.

. Hotcus.

. NAZIA.

92 POACEAE

Tribe IV. PANICEAE

Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or
valves.
Spikelets all alike.
Fruiting scale chartaceous, the margins hyaline and
flat.
Spikelets in slender racemes, borne towards
the summit.
Spikelets in an open panicle on long pedicels.
Fruiting scale indurated, the margins inrolled and
not hyaline.
Spikelets plano-convex, in secund racemes, usu-
ally of 3 scales.
Spikelets unequally bi-convex, in panicles,
rarely in secund racemes.
Scales or some of them awned; fruiting
scale cuspidate.
Scales awnless.
Second scale like the third, few
nerved, not broad and saccate.
Second scale unlike the third, 11-13
nerved, broad, saccate.
Spikelets of 2 kinds, one paniculate and infertile, the
other subterranean and fertile.
Spikelets with an involucre
Of bristles, persistent.
Of 2 spine-bearing valves, enclosing the spikelets.

Tribe V. ORYZEAE

Spikelets unisexual; plants monoecious; tall aquatic grasses.
Spikelets all perfect.

Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE
Third and fourth scales
Small and empty, or rudimentary, not awned; stamens 3.
Empty, awned upon the back; stamens 2.
Subtending staminate flowers; stamens 3; fertile flower,
stamens 2.

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE

Flowering scale indurated at maturity, firmer than the
empty scales.
Spikelets with no basal callus; flowering scale awnless,
margins inrolled.
Spikelets with a basal callus; flowering scale awned, the
margins flat.
Awn simple.
Flowering scale broad, the awn deciduous;
callus short, obtuse.
Flowering scale narrow, awn persistent; callus
commonly acute.

10.
IT.

135

14.

15.

16.

17.
18.

19.
. HOMALOCENCHRUS.

SYNTHERISMA.
LEPTOLOMA.

. PASPALUM.

ECHINOCHLOA.

PANICUM.

SACCIOLEPIS.

AMPHICARPON.

CHAETOCHLOA.
CENCHRUS.

ZIZANIA.

. PHALARIS.

22. ANTHOXANTHUM.

25.

26.

. SAVASTANA.

. Mivium.

ORYZOPSIS.

STIPA.

POACEAE

Awn 3-parted.
Flowering scale membranous, not firmer than the empty
scales.
Flowering scale with a terminal awn or awn-pointed,
tightly enclosing the grain.

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the base of the
flowering scale; empty scales usually evident.
Rachilla extending beyond the base of the flowering

scale as a bristle-like appendage; empty scales
minute, the first sometimes wanting.

Flowering scale awnless, or with a dorsal awn, loosely
enclosing the grain.

Spikelets readily deciduous, entire at maturity.

Empty scales awnless.
Empty scales awned.

Spikelets not deciduous entire, the empty scales
persistent, flowering scales usually decidu-
ous.

Empty scales awned.
Empty scales awnless.
Flowering scales 1-nerved.

Panicle dense and spike-like, the
spikelets markedly compressed lat-
erally, ciliate on the keel.

Panicle open or narrow, the spikelets
not markedly laterally com-
pressed, the keel glabrous.

Grain loosely enclosed in the
pericarp, from which it readily
separates and falls at ma-
turity; flowering scales with
no hairs at the base.

Grain adherent to the pericarp
and not separating from it at
maturity; flowering scale with
a ring of long hairs at the base.

Flowering scales 3—-5-nerved.

Stamen 1; flowering scale stipitate;
palet usually 1-nerved.

Stamens 3; flowering scale sessile;

palet 2-nerved.

Rachilla not prolonged beyond

the flowering scale.

Rachilla prolonged beyond the

flowering scale.
Prolongation of the rachilla
glabrous; flowering scale
glabrous at the base, and
with a long awn just
below the bifid apex.

28.

29.

Bos
34-

ails

30.

33:

39:

35-

36.

40.

93

. ARISTIDA.

MUHLENBERGIA.

BRACHYELYTRUM.

ALOPECURUS.
POLYPOGON.

PHLEUM.

HELEOCHLOA.

SPOROBOLUS.

CALAMOVILFA.

CINNA.

AGROSTIS.

APERA.

94 POACEAE

Prolongation of the rachilla
with long hairs;
flowering scale
awned at or below
the middle.

Flowering scale mem-
branous; spikelets 8
mm. long or less.

Flowering scale char-
taceous; spikelets 10—
12 mm. long.

Tribe VIII.

Spikelets deciduous; lower flower perfect, upper staminate,
awned.
Spikelets not deciduous; empty scales persistent, flowering
ones deciduous.
Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers; rachilla not prolonged
beyond the upper one.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond
the upper scale.
Awn of flowering scale dorsal, inserted below the
teeth.

Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones stam-

inate or wanting.
Spikelets less than 12 mm. long; grain

free, unfurrowed.
Flowering scales convex; awn arising
from or below the middle.

Awns articulated, the apex club-

shaped.
Awns not articulated, nor club-

shaped.
Flowering scales keeled; awn arising

from above the middle.
Spikelets over 12 mm. long; grain fur-
rowed, usually adherent to the scales.

Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its

scale strongly awned.
Awn from between the lobes or teeth of flowering

scale, generally twisted.

AVENEAE

Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE

Spikelets deciduous, entire.
Spikelets not deciduous entire, empty scales persistent;
flowering scales deciduous.
One perfect flower in each spikelet (rarely 2 in No. 49).
No empty scales above the flower.
One to several empty scales above the flower.
Spikelets scattered or remote in long filiform
spikes.

37. CALAMAGROSTIS.

38. AMMOPHILA.

41. NOTHOHOLCUS.

42. ASPRIS.

43. CORYNEPHORUS.
44. DESCHAMPSIA.
45. TRISETUM.

46. AVENA.

47. ARRHENATHERUM.

48. DANTHONIA.

50. SPARTINA.

49. CAPRIOLA.

51. GYMNOPOGON.

POACEAE

Spikelets crowded in short dense, stout spikes.
2-several perfect flowers in each spikelet.
Spikes with terminal spikelets.
Spikes with rachis extending beyond the spikelets
in a naked point.

Tribe X. FESTUCEAE
Rachilla with hairs longer than flowering scales enveloping
them.
Rachilla and flowering scales glabrous, or if hairy the hairs
shorter than the scales.
Spikelets of 2 forms, the fertile 1-3-flowered.
Spikelets all alike.
Flowering scales 1-3 nerved, rarely with inter-
mediate additional faint ones.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pilose.
Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply
2 lobed flowering scale attached by a
long-pointed callus.
Internodes of rachilla and callus of flower-
ing scale short.
Spikelets on pedicels of varying
length.
Spikelets on short pedicels of about
the same length.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous.
Second empty scale very dissimilar from
the first.
Second empty scale similar to the first.
Panicle narrow, branches appressed.
Panicle dull, interrupted; rachilla
articulated.
Panicle shining, dense, spike-
like; rachilla continuous.
Panicle open, the branches more or
less spreading.
Flowering scales 5-many-nerved.
Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary.
Scales more or less strongly compressed
and keeled.
Empty basal scales 3-6; spikelets flat,
2-edged.
Empty basal scales 2; spikelets some-
what flattened.
Spikelets unisexual; plant dioe-
cious.
Spikelets perfect.
Spikelets arranged in 1-sided
dense capitate clusters;
flowering scales awned.

55:

67.

57:

56.

58.

61.

63.

64.

66.

95

. ATHEROPOGON.

. ELEUSINE.

. DACTYLOCTENIUM.

PHRAGMITES.

CyNOSURUS.

TRIPLASIS.

TRIDENS.

DIPLACHNE.

SPHENOPHOLIS.

. ATRA.

. KOELERIA.

. ERAGROSTIS.

UNIOLA.

DISTICHLIs.

DACTYLIS.

96 POACEAE

Spikelets not as above;
flowering scales awn-

less.
Spikelets cordate at

base, large. ° 65. BRIZA.
Spikelets not cordate,

usually small. 68. Poa.

Scales rounded on the back, at least below.
Flowering scales obtuse or subacute

at the apex.
Flowering scales prominently
5-7 nerved; styles present. 69. PANICULARIA,
Flowering scales obscurely 5
nerved; styles wanting. 70. PUCCINELLIA.
Flowering scales acute, pointed or
apex awned. 71. FESTUCA.
Stigmas arising below apex of ovary; scales
rarely awnless. 72. Bromus.

Tribe XI. HoORDEAE
Spikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis.

Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 73. LOLIUM.
Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis. 74. AGROPYRON.
Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis.
Spikelets 1 flowered, or with a rudiment of a second
flower. 75. HORDEUM.

Spikelets 2—many-flowered.

Empty scales conspicuous. 76. ELYMUS.

Empty scales very small or none. 77. HyYSTRIX.

1. Tripsacum L.

1. T. dactyloides L. In swamps or along streams: R. I. to Neb.,
south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., the southern Bahamas, Haiti
and S. Am.

Borders of the coastal marshes, unknown elsewhere.

2. Coelorachis Brongn.

1. C. rugosa (Nutt.) Nash. In wet soil along the coast: southern
N. J. to Md., Fla. and Tex.

Known only from Bennett, Cape May Co.,N. J., in boggy meadow.

3. Miscanthus Anderss.

1. M. sinensis Anderss. Native of China, Japan and the
Celebes. Sometimes escaping from cultivation in E. U. S.

Very rare as an escape on L. I., not recently collected.

POACEAE 97

4. Erianthus Michx.

Awns flat, closely spiral at the base, geniculate; apex of the fourth

scale deeply 2-cleft. 1. E. divaricatus.
Awns terete or flat only at the very base, not spiral at the base;
fourth scale usually entire, rarely 2-toothed. 2. E. saccharoides.

1. E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. In damp soil: N. J. to Okl. south
to Fla., and Tex.
Known in our area only from Hammonton, N. J.; not recently
collected.

2. E. saccharoides Michx. In moist sandy soil: southern N. J.
to Md., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.
N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, increasing southward.
Pa. Berks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare and scattered, most common on Serpentine. 159-220 days.
About sea level.

5. Schizachyrium Nees.

Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes 2-4 mm. long. 1. S. scoparium.
Hairs at the apex of the rachis internodes 6-8 mm. long. 2. S. littorale.

1. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash. (Andropogon scoparium Michx.).
In dry sandy fields: Me. to Sask. and Wash., south to Fla.,
Tex. and N. Mex.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Throughout.

N.J. Rare in Camden, Ocean, Gloucester and Burlington counties,
increasing northward; perhaps only adventive in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout.

2. S. littorale (Nash) Bicknell (Andropogon littoralis Nash).
In sand along the coast: Nantucket to N. Y., south to Va.

Conn. Near Fairfield on the beach.

N. Y. L. I. and S. I.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Common along the coast dunes and in the pine-barrens
near the coast.

6. Andropogon [Royen] L.

Pedicellate spikelets empty, of I or 2 scales, much smaller than the
sessile spikelets, or wanting.
Sheaths at the upper part of the culm not enlarged; racemes
equally exserted.
Inflorescence oblong; branches divided into corymbiform
masses. 1. A. glomeratus.

98 POACEAE

Inflorescence long, linear, little divided, not in corymbiform
masses. 2. A. virginicus.
Sheaths at the summit or upper part of the stem much enlarged;
racemes on one of the branches exserted much beyond the

others. 3. A. Elhiottit.
Pedicellate spikelets staminate, of 3 or 4 scales, equalling or exceeding
the sessile spikelets. 4. A. furcatus.

1. A. glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P. In damp soil: Nantucket to
southern N. Y., south to Fla. and Miss.
N. Y. The south side of L. I. and near Tottenville, S. I.
N. J. Throughout the coastal plain and at Clifton.
Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered. 150-220 days. Sea level—8oo ft.

. A. virginicus L. In dry or moist soil: Mass. to Il., Fla. and
Tex.; in the Bermudas, Bahamas and tropical Am.
Throughout the range, rare northward, becoming common
southward, and along the coasts.
3. A. Elliottii Chapm. In dry or moist places: southern N. J.
to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex.

N. J. Rare in Camden, Gloucester, Salem and Cape May counties,
not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Rare near Ashbourne, Montgomery Co.

Ny

4. A. furcatus Muhl. In dry or moist soil: Me. to Assin., south
to Fla., Tex. and northern Mex.
Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the
strip to the east of them.

7. Sorghastrum Nash.

1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (S. avenaceum (Michx.) Nash). In dry
places: Me. to Manitoba, south to Florid aand northern Mex.

Not uncommon in most parts of our range.

8. Holcus L. (Sorghum Moench.)
1. H. halepensis L. In fields and waste places: E. N. Am.
Native of Europe and Asia.
Rare as a scattered waif.

Holcus Sorghum L. has been collected as a waif on S. I. and L. I.

POACEAE 99

g. Nazia Adans.
1. N. racemosa (L.) Kuntze. Occasional in ballast: E. N. Am.
Native of Europe and Asia.
Rare as a weed in our area.

Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Scribn. has been collected as a waif near Yonkers.

10. Syntherisma Walt.

Rachis of the racemes wingless; first scale of spikelet wanting or
rudimentary. 1. S. filiforme.
Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged.
Leaves glabrous; first scale wanting the second as long as

spikelet. 2. S. Ischaemum.
Leaves pubescent; first scale present, the second shorter than
spikelet. 3. S. sanguinale.

1. S. filiforme (L.) Nash. Dry sandy soil: N. H. to Mich., south
to Fla. and Mex.

Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing and perhaps wanting

northward.
N. J. Scattered over most of the state, increasing southward.
Pa. - Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.

Apparently weedy with us.
2. S. Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash (S. humifusum (Pers.) Rydb.).

In cultivated grounds and waste places: N. S. to S. Dak..
south to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed.
3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. In cultivated or waste places:
throughout N. Am. Native of Europe.
Throughout the range as a weed.

11. Leptoloma Chase.
1. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. N. H. to Fla., Ill., Minn.,
and northern Mex.
Known only from near Riverhead, L. I. and New Haven, Conn.

12. Paspalum L.

Wings of the rachis broad, membranous, inrolled on the spikelet. 1. P. dissectum.
Wings of the rachis narrow, not membranous, nor inrolled on
the spikelet.
One to several raceme-bearing naked branches arising from
the uppermost leaf-sheath.

100 POACEAE

Pubescence of leaves of copious soft short appressed

hairs. 2. P. psammophilum,.
Pubescence of leaves of long stiff spreading hairs.
Culms long hirsute below the racemes. 3. P. pubescens.
Culms glabrous.
Spikelets I-1.5 mm. long. 4. P. setaceum.
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. 5. P. Muhlenbergit.

No branches arising from the uppermost leaf-sheath.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less.
Spikelets oval 14 as thick as broad or more, the
outer scales firm.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous, or sometimes ciliate;
blades glabrous or hirsute on upper surface. 6. P. laeve.
Leaf-sheaths as well as the blades hirsute. 7. P. plenipilum.
Spikelets circular or nearly so 4-4 as thick as
broad, the outer scales thin and _ usually

wrinkled. 8. P. circulare.
Spikelets more than 4 mm. long.
Leaf-blades short, the larger ones 15 cm. or less. g. P. difforme.
Leaf-blades long, exceeding 20 cm. 10. P. floridanum.

1. P. dissectum Walt. (P. membranaceum Walt.). Moist or wet
ground: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
N. J. Rare from Camden Co., southward along the Delaware, and
at Cape May, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. In ballast near Philadelphia.

A rare and scattered species, perhaps only adventive with us.

2. P. psammophilum Nash. In dry sandy soil: Mass., southern
N. Y. to Del.

Rare in Conn.; near Kingsbridge and Arlington, N. Y. City,
and on L. I.; and Fisher’s Island, and scattered over the coastal
plain of N. J.

3. P. pubescens Muhl. In fieldsand dry woods: Conn., N. Y. and
Ni. Ji. to Dex.
Conn. Reported but stations unknown.
N. Y. Rare in northern Westchester Co., increasing southward.
N. J. Scattered and local from Passaic Co. southward, except
Cape May.
Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and local species.

4. P. setaceum Michx. In fields: N. H. to Neb., Fla. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the northern part of the range, increasing
and common southward.

POACEAE Iort

5. P. Muhlenbergii Nash. In fields or in sandy or stony grounds:
N. H. to Fla. and Tex.
Common along and near the coasts of our area and at Albion,
Camden Co., N. J., inland; also along the lower Hudson.

6. P. laeve Michx. In fields and sandy places: N. J. to Md. and

Tex.

N. J. Frequent along and near the coast from southern Ocean Co.
to Cape May, and in the counties bordering the Delaware north to
Camden Co., not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous
scattered. Older Formations, rare in the eastern part of Pa.

159-220 days. Sea level—950 ft.

7. P. plenipilum Nash. In fields and along roadsides: Conn. to
Mo., south to Fla. and Ala.

Conn. Rare at Orange.
N. Y. Rare as a wild plant at the New York Botanical Garden,

unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Rare at Clifton, Passaic Co., wanting thence to the coastal
plain, there rare and scattered but increasing southward.

A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood.

8. P. circulare Nash. In fields: Conn. to Mo., south to N. Car.

and Tex.

Conn. Groton and Franklin.

N. Y. Rare in Bronx and Westchester counties and on S. I.

N. J. Sussex, Bergen, and Middlesex counties, and along the
coast in Ocean and Atlantic counties.

Pa. Delaware Co.
A curious distribution unlike any other wild plant in our area.

g. P. difforme Le Conte. In sandy soil: N. J. and Md. to Fla.
and Tex.
Known only as a ballast weed in Camden Co., N. J.

10. P. floridanum Michx. In dry or moist soil: N. J. to Kan.
south to Fla. and Tex.

Known, according to Stone, only from Anglesea, Cold Spring and
Cape May, all in Cape May Co., N. J.

102 POACEAE

13. Echinochloa Beauv.

Sheaths glabrous. 1. E. Crus-galli.
Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 2. E. Walter.

1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. In cultivated and waste places;
nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe.
Common as a weed.

2. E. Walteri (Pursh.) Nash. In marshes and ditches along the
coast: Ont. to R. I., Fla. and Tex.

Common along the coasts, decreasing inland and not recorded
from the northern part of our range; rare in the pine-barrens.

E. frumentacea (Roxb.) Link has been collected as a waif.

14. Panicum L.

Spikelets on one side of the rachis on short pedicels forming
1-sided racemes. I. PASPALOIDEA.
Spikelets arranged in panicles, the divisions sometimes strict
and narrow but not t-sided.
Basal leaf-blades long and narrow, similar to those of the
stem; no rosulate tufts of leaves in the fall; spike-
lets lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate; rarely
obtuse.
Spikelets manifestly tuberculate. II. VERRUCOSA.
Spikelets not tuberculate.
Basal leaf-sheaths round or but little flattened,
not keeled.
Annuals. III. CApmLLaria.
Perennial by long rootstocks or stolons.
Rootstocks and stolons naked or with

a few large scales. IV. HALopPHILA.
Rootstocks and stolons with numerous
small broad scales. V. VIRGATA.
Basal leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad,
keeled, often equitant. VI. AGROSTOIDEA.

Basal leaf-blades unlike those of the culm, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate; perennial by rostulate tufts which form in
the fall at the base of the culms; spikelets elliptic to
spheric, usually obtuse, rarely acute, never acuminate. VII. DicHoTOMA.

I. PASPALOIDEA

Represented only by 1. P. hemitomon.

Il. VERRUCOSA
Represented only by 2. P. verrucosum.
III. CApmvarra

Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, 3 mm. long or less.
Leaves glabrous. 3. P. dichotomiflorum.

POACEAE

Leaves pubescent.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less; panicles broad.
Panicle large and diffuse.
Panicle small, not occupying over one third of
the plant.
Spikelets about 2 mm. long; culms stout;
blades about 1 cm. wide.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long; blades
about 5 mm. wide.
Spikelets 3 mm. long; panicle narrow.
Spikelet ovate, about 5 mm. long.

ITV. HALopHiLa
Represented only by
V. VIRGATA
Represented only by
VI. AGROSTOIDEA
Rootstocks present.
Rootstocks wanting.
Fruiting scale sessile.
Panicle broad, open, its branches spreading.
Ligule naked; culms much branched; spikelets
numerous.
Ligule ciliate; culms simple or sparingly
branched; spikelets few.
Panicles narrow, oblong, dense, its branches erect.
Fruiting scale distinctly stalked.

VII.

A. Culms simple, or with basal branches and panicles only;
not fasciculately branched later.
Spikelets acute, the second and third scales extending
beyond the fruiting scale.
Spikelets obtuse, the outer scales not exceeding fruiting
scale.
Secondary panicles present.
Secondary panicles wanting.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.
Panicle much longer than broad; upper blades
not smaller than lower ones.
Panicle nearly as long as broad; upper blades
smaller than lower ones.
Spikelets 2 mm. long or more.
Blades linear, less than 5 mm. wide.
Blades linear-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. wide.
Panicle narrow, its branches appressed.
Panicle broad, open, its branches spreading.
B, Culms simple only at first, later with fasciculate branches
at the upper nodes.

DICHOTOMA

on

Il.

12.
14.

13:
15.

16,

17.

23.

22.

18.

54-
19.

las} las" Ins}

nalilasf Sets,

eh as) Ins} as] as

103

. capillare.

. Gattingert.
. philadelphicum.
. flexile.

. miliaceum,

. amarum,

. virgatum,

- anceps.

. agrostoides.
. longifolium.

. condensum.
. stipitatum.

. depauperatum.

. lineartfolium.

. polyanthes.
. Sphaerocarpon.
. Wernert.

. xanthophysum.
. Bicknellii.

104 POACEAE

I. Middle blades of the main culm less than 1.5 cm. wide,
the base rounded to subcordate.
Blades of the main culm usually elongated and nar-
rowed at both ends.
Plants large; culms 80-100 cm. high; leaf blades
II-20 cm. long.
Spikelets ovate, 2.5 mm. long or less.
Sheaths or some of them hispid; autumnal
form with crowded branchlets.
Sheaths glabrous; autumnal form spar-
ingly branching.
Spikelets elliptic, 3 mm. long.
Plants small; culms 40-80 cm. high; leaf-blades
scarcely over 9 cm. long.
Mature state of blades involute; spikelets 2
mm. long.
Mature blades flat or merely involute on
margins; spikelets 2.5 mm. long.
Blades of the culm not elongated or conspicuously
narrowed at the base.
a. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.
Spikelets glabrous.
Spikelets strongly nerved, acute; blades up
to 20 cm. long.
Spikelets relatively obscurely nerved; blades
rarely exceeding 10 cm. long.
Nodes densely barbed; spikelets about
1.5 mm. long.
Nodes naked or rarely the lowermost
ones sparingly barbed.
Ligule 2-3 mm. long.
Ligule short, less than I mm. long.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long.
Spikelets 2 mm. long; sheaths
not spotted.

Culms erect, the branches
fasciculate the
middle.

Culms prostrate, trailing.

Spikelets 2.2 mm. long; sheaths
spotted.
Spikelets pubescent.
Sheath glabrous but ciliate, or the basal
ones sometimes pubescent.
Blades velvety.
Blades not velvety.
Ligule 1 mm. long or less.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.
Culms slender, the blades 2.5
cm. long or less.
Culms stouter, the blades
larger.

near

56.

57-
58.

21.

20.

56.

P. scabriusculum,.

. cryptanthum.
. aculeatum.

Ny ty

P. aciculare.

P. angustifolium.

P. scabriusculum.

29. P. microcarpon,

33+

27.

25.
26.

28.

30.

24.

P. octonodum.

P. coerulescens.

P. dichotomum.
P. lucidum.

P. yadkinense.

P. annulum.

P. ensifolium.

POACEAE

Panicle longer than broad.
Panicle nearly as long as
broad.
Spikelets over 2 mm. long.

Culms puberulent.

Culms glabrous.
Leaf-blades cordate.
Leaf-blades not cordate.

Blades erect, ciliate

toward the base.

Blades spreading,

glabrous.
Ligule 2-5 mm. long.
Spikelets over 2 mm. long.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.
Panicle much longer than
broad.
Spikelet almost globose,
less than 1.5 mm. long.
Spikelet elliptic, densely
pubescent, over 1.5 mm.
long.
Panicle as long as broad.
Sheaths pubescent.
Sheaths merely puberulent.
Sheaths pubescent with longer hairs.
Plants velvety.
Spikelets over 2 mm. long.
Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.
Hairs on the sheath long and
shaggy.
Hairs on the sheath short and
inconspicuous.
Plants not velvety.
Spikelets ovate, pointed.
Spikelets not as above.
Spikelets less than 2 mm.
long.
Pubescence spreading.

Blades glabrous above

or nearly so.

Blades pubescent on
the upper sur-
face.

Upper surface of
blades with short
appressed hairs.

Upper surface of

blades with
long erect
hairs.

34.

59:

55:

30.

56.

46.

39:

mS)

105
. polyanthes.
. Sphaerocarpon.
. Ashet.

. commutatum.

. P. boreale.
. P.mattamuskeetense.

. P. scoparioides.

P. paucipilum,

. PB. spretum.
. P. Lindheimeri.

P. Ashe.

P. scoparium.

. P. lanuginosum.

P. annulum.

P. scabriusculum,

P. tennesseense.

P. huachucae.

106 POACEAE

Panicle 2.5-4
cm. long, its
axis minute-
ly pubescent.

Panicle 5-7.5
cm. long; axis
hirsute.

Pubescence not spreading.

Ligule short; culms
villous puberu-
lent.

Culms erect, rigid.

Culms weak, fas-
ciculately — de-
cumbent.

Ligule 2 mm. long or
more; culmswith
long, stiff, ap-
pressed hairs.

Blades glabrous on

the upper
surface.

Spikelets 1.2—-
1.3 mm. long.

Spikelets not
over I mm.
long.

Blades pubescent
on the upper
surface.

Spikelets 2 mm. long or more.
Spikelets pointed.
Spikelets not pointed.

Ligule 2-5 mm. long.

Pubescence spread-
ing.

Pubescence not

spreading.

Pubescence
sparse and
stiff; upper
internodes
shortened.

Pubescence
silky; upper
internodes
not short-
ened.

Ligule short.

Panicle 4—5.5 cm.
long, oblong,
dense.

45-

44.

50.

51.

37.

38.

40.

43.

48.

P. meridionale.

as)

. mplicatum.

P. columbianum.

P. tsugetorum.

as)

. leucothrix.

y

. Wrightianum.

. P. meridionale.

. P. languidum.

. P. villosissimum.

ae)

. Scopariotdes.

J

. pseudopubescens.

P. Addisoni.

POACEAE 107

Panicle 6.5-8.5 cm.
long, broadly
ovoid, open. 49. P. Commonsianum.
b. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more.
Panicle narrow, its branches usually appressed. 54. P. xanthophysum.
Panicle broad, nearly as wide as long. _
Spikelets 3 mm. long; blades commonly
much elongated. 58. P. aculeatum.
Spikelets over 3 mm. long; blades not
elongated.
Blades softly and densely pubescent
beneath. 53. P. oligosanthes.
Blades glabrous or rarely puberulent
beneath. 52. P. Scribnerianum.
II. Middle blades of the main culm more than 1.5 cm.
wide, usually cordate and clasping at the base.
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.
Blades glabrous on both surfaces.

Spikelets less than 2 mm. long; culms simple. 23. P. polyanthes.
Spikelets more than 2 mm. long; culms
branched.
Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the ter-
minal ones. 63. P. clandestinum.
Sheaths glabrous. 60. P. commutatum.
Blades densely villous on both surfaces. 55. P. scoparium.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more.
Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 54. P. xanthophysum.
Panicle open, its branches spreading.
Nodes barbed. 62. P. Boscii.
Nodes naked. 61. P. latifolium.

1. P. hemitomon Schult. In water: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
Known in our area only from West Cape May, and Bennett, Cape

May Co., N. J.

2. P. verrucosum Muhl. In moist soil: Mass. to Mo., south to
Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast.
Conn. Rare at New Haven.
N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Delaware and Bucks counties, rare.

Not uncommon on the coastal plain, very rare elsewhere in our
area.

3. P. dichotomiflorum Michx. (P. proliferum of various Am. Auth.
not of Lam.). In wet soil: Me. to Neb., Fla., Tex. and Cal.
Also in Trop. Am.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, always increasing
southward.

108 POACEAE

4. P. capillare L. In dry soil, asa weed: N.S. to N. Dak., south
to Fla. and Tex. Also in Bermuda.
Throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, always as a weed.
5. P. Gattingeri Nash. | In moist places: Me. to N. Car., Iowa
and Mo.
Conn. Rare at West Goshen.
N.Y. Rare in Westchester and Columbia counties; and at Cie
Hills, L. I. (according to Bicknell).
N. J. Passaic and northern Middlesex counties.
Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Montgomery counties.
More common south of our area than in it.

6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. (P. minus Nash). In dry woods
and thickets: N. B. to Wisc., Ga., Tex. and Okl.

Scattered throughout the range ; locally common.
a 7. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. In dry or moist soil: Ont. to
2 BS é
ae _S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. .
Known in our area only from a limestone sink hole near White
Pond, Sussex Co., N. J., a region north of the moraine with a growing
season of about 145 days.
8. P. miliaceum L. In waste places: Me. to Fla., Mich. and Cal.
Native of Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed ; not reported from L. I.

g. P. amarum Ell. (P. amaroides Scribn. and Merr.). In sands
along the coast: Conn. and L. I. to Fla. and Miss.
Conn. Scattered at Guildford, Lyme and New Haven, increasing
westward along the coast.

N. Y. Rare along the shores of L. I. and S. I., unknown else-
where.

N. J. Sandy Hook to Cape May along the coast, and up the bay
shore to Town Bank (according to Mackenzie).

Pa. Philadelphia (according to Porter).

Practically confined to coastal sands.
10. P. virgatum L. (P. virgatum cubense Griseb.). In moist or
dry soil: Me. to Sask., south to Fla., Ariz. and Costa Rica.
Common throughout the range, specially along the coast.

11. P. anceps Michx. In moist soil: R. I. to Kan., south to
Fla. and Tex.

POACEAE 109

In our area known only from the drainage area of the Delaware
River, from Hunterdon Co., N. J., and Northampton Co., Pa.,
southward; and at Cape May; not in the pine-barrens.

12. P. agrostoides Spreng. Wet ground: Me. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range except at Cape May and east of the pine-
barrens.

13. P.condensum Nash. Wet places and along streams: southern
N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex.; also in the Bahamas, Cuba and
Guadeloupe.

Known only from the southern part of Cape May Co., N. J.

14. P. longifolium Torr. In moist soil: R. I. to Md., Fla., Miss.
and Tex.
Conn. Rare along the coast at Groton, Montville and Fairfield.
N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I. and in the Bronx, unknown northward.
N. J. Rare in Bergen and northern Middlesex counties, increasing
southward, especially in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Philadelphia Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare
and scattered. 179-220 days. About sea level.

15. P. stipitatum Nash. In moist soil: Conn. and N. J. to Ky.,

Mo., Ga. and Tex.

Conn. Rare at Lyme, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Bronx Park, N. Y. City; and near Kingsbridge.

N. J. Rare in Passaic, Bergen, and Middlesex counties, increasing
southwestward and becoming frequent in the counties bordering
the Delaware; not in the pine-barrens nor south of them.

Pa. Northampton, Philadelphia and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, frequent; Older Formations, scattered.

159-220 days. About sea level.

16. P. depauperatum Muhl. In dry places: Me. to Minn., south
to Ga. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there less common
and perhaps adventive.
17. P. linearifolium Scribn. In dry soil: N. S. to Mich., south
to Ga., Ark. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.
N.Y. OnL.I. and S. I., increasing northward.

1@ ge)

POACEAE

N. J. Very rare near Wildwood, Cape May Co., otherwise known
only from Morris, Sussex, Warren and Passaic counties.*

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks, Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, very rare off it: Cretaceous, 0:

Older Formations, rare and scattered; predominating on limestone

and Serpentine. 118-220 days. Sea level-2,900 ft.

18. P. Werneri Scribn. Dry knolls in swamps: Me. to Minn.,

Ohio, Mo. and Tex.

Conn. Rare; Voluntown, Ledyard, Waterford, Southington and
Franklin.

N. Y. Near Van Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City.

N. J. Rare at Berkeley Heights, Union Co.

Pa. Near Easton.
A rare and local species in our area.

19. P. Bicknellii Nash. Dry wooded hills: Conn., N. Y. and Pa.

to Ga. and Mo.

Conn. Norwich and New Haven, rare.

N.Y. Not uncommon in the Bronx and on the coastal plain of L. I.
Pa. Rare in Chester Co.

A rare and local species.

20. P. angustifolium Ell. In dry soil: N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and

Tex.

N. J. Green Creek, Cape May Co.

Pa. ‘Banks of the Schuylkill, below Reading.”’ Not recently
collected and perhaps introduced.
Very rare in our range, common in the southern states.

21. P. aciculare Desv. Dry or moist soil: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Recorded from W. I.

Known, in our area, only from Cape May Co., N. J.

22. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. In dry soil: Vt. to Kan., south to

Fla., Tex. and Mex., northern S. Am.
Throughout the range, increasing and common southward.

23. P. polyanthes Schult. In woods and along thickets: southern

N. Y. to Okl., south to Ga. and Tex.

N. Y. Rare on S. I. and in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Middlesex Co., increasing southwestward to Salem
Co.; not in the pine-barrens; at Cape May.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

POACEAE IIt

Pa. Monroe, Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare off it: Cretaceous, common:
Older Formations, rare and scattered. 123-220 days. Sea level—
2,100 ft.
24. P. ensifolium Baldw. In moist places, pine-barrens: N. J.
to Fla. and Miss.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, also at Lawnside, Camden Co.,
and Cape May.*
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare off it: Cretaceous, very
rare:* Older Formations, 0. 159-220 days. About sea level.

25. P. dichotomum L. (P. barbulatum Michx. not of many Am.
Auct.). In woodlands and thickets: N. B. to Mich., Fla.
and Tex.

Rare in the pine-barrens and the southern part of the range
generally, increasing and common northward.

26. P. lucidum Ashe. Sphagnum bogs and wet soil: N. Y. and
IN: J2 to: Fla. and Lex:
N. Y. On the coastal plain in western ih Ie
N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, specially common in the pine-
barrens, unknown elsewhere.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare. 168-220 days. About sea level.

27. P. coerulescens Hack. Moist places: N. J. to Fla., and Miss.
Known in our area only from Cape May Co., N. J.

28. P. yadkinense Ashe. Moist woods and thickets: Pa. to Ga.,
Ill. and La.

Known in our area only from near Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa.,
a region underlaid by Mesozoic red sandstone, south of the moraine,
with an elevation of about 200 ft. and a growing season of 176 days;
_reported also from near Easton, Pa.

29. P. microcarpon Michx. (P. barbulatum Am. Auth. not of
Michx.). In moist soil: Mass. to Mo., south to Fla. and
dliex.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there rare.

30. P. annulum Ashe. In dry rocky woods: N. J. and Pa. to Ga.,
Mo. and Miss.

*See Introduction paragraph 29.

II2

POACEAE

N. J. Milburn, Essex Co., rare.
Pa. Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.
A rare and local species in our range.

31. P. boreale Nash. In moist soil: Newf. to Ont., south to

a2.

33:

34-

35:

30.

N. Y., N. J., Ind. and Minn.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Rare in the Bronx, increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Morris Co., its most southerly distribution point,
increasing northward.

Pa. Pike Co., rare.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare but increasing
northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-169 days. Sea level—
3,190 ft.

P. mattamuskeetense Ashe (P. Clutei Nash). Sandy borders
of swamps and bogs: Mass. to N. Car.
N. Y. Common on L. I., rare on the southern end of S, I., un-
recorded elsewhere.
N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, not known elsewhere.

Apparently confined to the coastal part of our range.

P. octonodum J.G.Smith. In wet places: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Known in our area only from Tuckerton, Ocean Co., N. J., rare.

P. paucipilum Nash. In wet soil: N. J. to Fla. and Miss.
Known in our range only from Wildwood, Cape May Co., N. J.,
its type locality; and from Folsom, Hammonton and Winslow
Junction, in the pine-barrens.

P. spretum Schult. Along the coast, in damp or wet places:

Me. to N. J. and Pa. and northern Ind.

Conn. Rare along the coast in New Haven Co. and sported from
Columbia, Tolland Co., inland.

N. Y. Riverhead, L. I.

N. J. Not infrequent in the pine-barrens and at Cape May, un-
known elsewhere.

Pa. Chester Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous 0: Older Formations, rare and

local, mostly near the coast. 169-220 days. About sea level.

P. Lindheimeri Nash. (P. nitidwm of many earlier local floras,

not of Lam.) In dry sandy soil: Me. to Ont. and Cal.,
south to Fla. and Tex.
Common throughout the range.

POACEAE 113

37. P. leucothrix Nash. In drysandysoil: N.J.to Fla. and Miss.,
Cuba.
Confined, in our area, to the southern part of the pine-barrens
of N. J., a region with a growing season of about 200 days, at about
sea level and underlaid by the Beacon Hill formation.

38. P. Wrightianum Scribn. In sandy or mucky soil: Mass. to
Fla., west to Tex., Cuba.
Known, in our range, only from Wading River, L. I. and near
Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J.

39. P. huachucae Ashe (P. huachucae silvicola Hitche. & Chase.
P. unciphyllum of some local floras, not of Trin.). In dry
soil: Me. to S. Dak., Fla., Tex. and Cal.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not
recorded.

40. P. scoparioides Ashe. In dry soil: Vt. to Pa., Del. and Minn.

Rare; known only from Southington and East Lyme, Conn. and
from Bull’s Island (in the Delaware) Hunterdon Co., N. J.

41. P. languidum Hitchc. & Chase. Open woods: Me., Mass. and
19; INI W4
Known in our range only from Platte Clove, in the Catskills, a
region at about 2,500 ft., north of the moraine and with a growing
season of about 120 days.

42. P. villosissimum Nash (P. atlanticum Nash). In dry soil:

Mass. to Minn., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Franklin, Old Lyme, East Hartford, Southington and
Southbury; rare.

N.Y. L.I., S. 1., the Bronx and Westchester Co.; rare.

N. J. Rare in Passaic and Bergen counties, increasing southward
and common on the coastal plain.

Pa. Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties, rare.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations

scattered: 159-220 days. About sea level.

43. P. pseudopubescens Nash. In dry soil: Conn. to IIl., Fla.
and Miss. Rare in our range, and scattered.

Known in our area only from South Britain and Southbury,
Conn., and Clementon, Atsion, Wildwood, Mickleton and Camden,
INS We

9

Ii4 POACEAE

44. P.implicatum Scribn. In dry soil: N.S. to Minn., D. C. and
Ky.
Conn. Throughout, but rare.
N. Y. On L. I., and in Bronx and Weschester Co.
N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties.
Pa. Northampton and Monroe counties.
A rare Panicum.

45. P. meridionale Ashe (P. oricola Hitche. & Chase. P. sub-
villosum Ashe. PP. albemarlense Ashe). In sandy places:
N.S. to Minn., Ga. and Mo.

Throughout the coastal part of our range, decreasing inland and
wanting northward; common in the pine-barrens.

46. P. tennesseense Ashe. In moist ground or in woods: Me. to
Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and local throughout the state.

N. Y. OnL. I. and S. I. and in the Bronx, not recorded elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Morris, Sussex, Passaic and Middlesex counties,
thence increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Philadelphia and Chester

counties.
47. P. lanuginosum Ell. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., La. and
Tex.
N. J. Common along the coastal marshes from Ocean Co. south-
ward.

48. P. Addisonii Nash. In sandy soil: Mass. to S. Car.
Conn. East Lyme and East Hartford.
N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, specially in the
pine-barrens.
Pa. Chester Co.
A typical coastal plain species.

49. P. Commonsianum Ashe. In dry sandy soil, near the coast;
Conn. to N. Car. and Fla.
Conn. North Haven, South Windsor and East Lyme.
N. Y. Known only from L. I. and S. I.
N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, except the region
bordering the Delaware, there not recorded.
Pa. Delaware Co.

Typically a coastal plain Panicum.

POACEAE ES

50. P. columbianum Scribn. (P. psammophilum Nash. P. colum-
bianum thinium Hitche. & Chase). Fields and open woods:
Me. to Va.

Common throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens.

51. P. tsugetorum Nash. In dry woods; Me. to Va., Ill. and
Tenn.
Throughout the range.

52. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Indry or moist soil: Me. to Br. Col.,
south to Va., Tex. and Ariz.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Throughout, but rare northward.

N. J. Rare and local in the northern counties except in the
Delaware Valley, and scattered on the coastal plain, but not in
the pine-barrens, or east or south of them.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, not very
common. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o80 ft.

53. P. oligosanthes Schult. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., Il. and
dliex:

N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Burlington and Cape May
counties. Interesting as being more common out of the pine-
barrens than in them.*

54. P. xanthophysum A. Gray. In dry soil: Que. and Man. to
Pa.
Conn. Stafford and South Windsor.
N. Y. Mt. Riga, Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills.
N. J. High Point, Sussex Co.
Pa. Luzerne and Monroe counties; reported also from Bucks Co.
but probably incorrectly.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level-
3,900 ft.

55. P. scoparium Lam. In moist soil: Mass. to N. J., Pa., Fla.,
Okla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.
N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, specially along the courses
of streams; not recorded northward.
Pa. Tinicum, Delaware Co.

*See Introduction paragraph 29.

116

56

57

POACEAE

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations:
known only on the ‘River Mud,” underlying Tinicum, Delaware
Co., Pa., in our area. 159-220 days. About sea level.

. P. scabriusculum Ell. In swampy places and ponds: N. J.

to W. Va., Fla. and Tex.

N. J. At Hospitality Bridge, Folsom, Pleasant Mills and north
of Atsion in the pine-barrens and at Atlantic City (according to
Hitchcock & Chase). A rare and apparently northward migrat-
ing species.

. P. cryptanthum Ashe. In dry or moist soil: N. J. to Fla. and

ihext
N. J. From Atlantic City southward along the coast, and at
Folsom in the pine-barrens; very rare.

. P. aculeatum Hitche. & Chase. In open sandy places: N. Y.

tome Caand IN. Car:

N. Y. Rockville Centre and Hempstead, L. I., on or near the
Hempstead Plains.

N. J. Reported from Cape May, and Albion, Camden Co.; rare.

59. P. Ashei Pearson. In dry woods: Mass. to Mich., south to

Fla., Miss. and Mo.
Throughout the range, less common in the north, increasing
southward.

60. P. commutatum Schult. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to

61

Mo., Fla. and Tex.

N. Y. Rare onS. I., and at the New York Botanical Garden, not
recorded elsewhere in our area.

N. J. Rare at Rosemont, Hunterdon Co., and at Bennett, Cape
May.

Pa. Recorded from Northampton, Bucks, and Delaware counties.

. P. latifolium L. (P. macrocarpon Le Conte). In woods: Me.

to Minn., south to N. Car. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. CommononL. I. (according to Bicknell); and S. I., in West-
chester Co., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., near the Delaware, not recorded
thence to Essex Co., thence increasing northward.

Pa. Chester, Philadelphia, Bucks, Northampton, Monroe and
Luzerne counties.

POACEAE 117

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o050 ft.

62. P. Boscii Poir. (P. Porterianum Nash. P. pubifolium Nash).
In woods: Mass. to Mo., Okl., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region
east of them.
63. P. clandestinum L. (P. decoloratum Nash). In thickets and
moist places: Me. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

P. barbipulvinatum Nash has recently been reported from Rockaway Peninsula and
Long Beach, L. I. by E. P. Bicknell. Rhodora 16: 82. May 1914.

15. Sacciolepis Nash.
1. S. striata (L.) Nash. In swamps: N. J. to Okl., south to
Fla. and Tex. Also in the W. I.

Known only from Cape May Point, N. J., in our area.

16. Amphicarpon Raf.
1. A. Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. In moist pine-barrens; N. J.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing southward to Cape
May.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere*: Cretaceous,
0: Older Formations, 0. 159-220 days. About sea level.

17. Chaetochloa Scribn. [Sefaria Beauv.]

Bristles downwardly barbed. 1. C. verticillata.
Bristles upwardly barbed.
Inflorescence racemose; second scale shorter than the spikelet;
bristles 5-16, involucrate.
Annual; spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long; bristles yellowish

brown. 2. C. glauca.
Perennial; spikelets 3 mm. long or less; bristles green,
yellowish, or purple. 3. C. imberbis.

Inflorescence paniculate; second scale as long as the spikelet;
bristles 1-3, not involucrate.
Fruiting scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin.
Inflorescence 2.5-7 cm. long, 1.25 cm. thick or less;

spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles green. 4. C. viridis.
Inflorescence 10-20 cm. long, 1.25-5 cm. thick; spike-
lets about 3 mm. long; bristles usually purple. 5. C. ttalica.

Fruiting scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard. 6. C. magna.

* See Introduction paragraph 29.

118 POACEAE

1. C. verticillata (L.) Scribn. About dwellings and in waste
places: N.S. and Ont. to N. J.. Mo. and Neb. Naturalized
from Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed in cities.

2. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. In waste places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Native of Europe.

Common as a weed, in most parts of our area.

3. C. imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. (C. versicolor Bicknell). In
moist soil: Mass. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in
tropical Am. and the Bahamas.

Conn. Rare along the coast, unknown elsewhere.

N.Y. Along the shores of L. I. and S. I. and near Van Courtlandt
Park, and Kingsbridge, N. Y. City, not recorded elsewhere.

N. J. Common along the coast, rare inland at Pemberton Junction,
Delanco and Camden, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Delaware Co. (according to Pennell).

Confined mostly to the coastal region of our range.
4. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. In waste places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Native of Europe.
Locally common as a weed.
5. C. italica (L.) Scribn. In waste places and escaped from
cultivation: Que. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.
Rare as an escaped weed.
6. C. magna (Griseb.) Scribn. In swamps: N. J. and Del. to
Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.
N. J. Localized in Cape May Co. (according to Stone).

18. Cenchrus L.

Body of the involucre 6-8 mm. broad, pubescent with very long

hairs, the spines commonly 5-8 mm. long. 1. C. tribuloides.
Body of the involucre rarely exceeding 5 mm. broad, pubescent,
the spines 3-4 mm. long. 2. C. carolinianus.

1. C. tribuloides L. In sands along the coast: L. I. and N. J. to
Fla. and Miss.
N. Y. Rare along the shore of western L. I. and on S. I., not
reported elsewhere.
N. J. Common along the sea coast especially southward.

Practically confined to the coastal region of our range.

POACEAE 119

2. C. carolinianus Walt. (C. tribuloides of many earlier authors,
not of L.). In dry sandy places: Me. to Wisc. and Cal.
south to Fla. and Mex.; also in the Bahamas and Mex.

Common in most parts of the range.

19. Zizania [Gronov.] L.
1. Z. aquatica L. In swamps: N. B. to Man., south to Fla. and
Tex.

Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. On western L. I., rare on S. I., and scattered on the banks
of and on islands in the Hudson, up to Greene Co.

N. J. Scattered throughout, except the pine-barrens, there not
recorded.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 159-220

days. About sea level.

20. Homalocenchrus Wieg.

Spikelets 2.5—-3 mm. long; panicle-branches usually rigid. 1. H. virginicus.
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; panicle-branches usually lax. 2. H. oryzotdes.

1. H. virginicus (Willd.) Britton. In swamps or wet woods:
Me. to Ont., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east of
them, there not recorded.
2. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. In swamps and along streams: Newf.
to Ore., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

21. Phalaris L.

Outer scales not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea,
Outer scales broadly winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like
panicle. 2. P. canariensis.

1. P. arundinacea L. In moist or wet soil: N. S. to Br. Col.,
south to N. J. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia.

In most parts of our range.

2. P. canariensis L. In waste places: N. S. to Ont., Va., Mo.
and Colo. Native of Europe.
Locally rare as:a weed.

120 POACEAE

22. Anthoxanthum L.

Perennial; third and fourth scales pubescent nearly to the apex, the

awn of the latter arising about one-fifth above the base. 1. A. odoratum.
Annual; third and fourth scales pubescent only below the middle, the
awn of the latter arising about one-third above the base. 2. A. Puelit.

1. A. odoratum L. In fields and meadows: Nearly throughout
N. Am. Native of Europe.

Common everywhere except the pine-barrens, there local.

2. A. Puelii Lecoq. & Lamotte. Escape from cultivation or
introduced: N. Eng. to Ont. and Pa. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

23. Savastana Schrank. [Hverochloé R. Br.]

Panicle 1 dm. long or less, its branches short, 5 cm. long or less; leaves

short and broad. I. S. odorata.
Panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches capillary, drooping; leaves long and
narrow. 2. S. Nashit.

1. S. odorata (L.) Scribn. In open places: Lab. and Newf. to
Alask., south to N. J., lowa and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. OnL.I., S. I. and in the Bronx and Westchester Co., not
certainly known northward.

N.J. Rare in Bergen, Essex, and Hudson counties, and at Morgan,
Middlesex Co. (according to Mackenzie); from Sandy Hook to
Cape May and up the Delaware to Salem Co., unknown elsewhere.

More common near the coast than elsewhere in our range.

2. S. Nashii Bicknell. In brackish marshes: adjacent to N. Y.
City.
Known only from Van Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City, and Como,
Monmouth Co., N. J.

24. Milium L.
1. M. effusum L. In woods: Cape Breton Is. to Ont., south to
Mass., Pa. and Ill. Also in northern Europe and Asia.

N. Y. The higher Catskills of Greene and Delaware counties.
Pa. Wayne Co.; reported also from Chester Co., but record
unverifiable.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, at high elevations.
117-123 days. 2,200-3,365 ft.

POACEAE 121

25. Oryzopsis Michx. | Urachne Trin.]

Spikelets, exclusive of awn, 2.5-4 mm. long. 1. O. pungens.
Spikelets, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long.
Culm nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle
branches erect. 2. O. aspertfolia.
Culm leafy to the top; panicle branches spreading. 3. O. racemosa.
1. O. pungens (Torr.) Hitchce. In dry rocky places: Pa. to Lab.
and Br. Col.

Conn. Rare in New London Co., known otherwise only from
northern Tolland and Windham counties.
N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing in the higher elevations of the

Catskills.

N. J. High Point, Sussex Co. (Essex Co. record unverified.)
Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level-
3,665 ft.

2. O. asperifolia Michx. In woods: Newf. to Br. Col., south to
N. J., Pa., Minn. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Near Plainfield (old specimen), not recently collected.
Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties; rare.

A scattered and local species, known only north of the moraine,
in our range.

3. O. racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. In rocky woods: Me. to
Ont., south to Md. and Ky.
Conn. Scattered throughout, rare in the southeast.
N. Y. Rockland Co., increasing northward; reported also from

Van Courtlandt Park, by E. P. Bicknell.

N. J. Scattered throughout the region north of the coastal plain.
Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-207 days. Sea level—2,g00 ft.

26. Stipa L.
1. S. avenacea L. In dry woods: Mass. to Wisc., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, unknown elsewhere.
N.Y. L.I.,S.1., and up the Hudson Valley to Yonkers, unknown
northward.

122 POACEAE

N. J. Rare and local in Passaic and Hudson counties, increasing
southward and common on the coastal plain.
Pa. Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
scattered. 159-220 days. About sea level.

27. Aristida L.

Awns not articulated to the scale.
Central awn coiled at the base. 1. A. dichotoma.
Central awn not coiled at the base.

Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long; first scale 5-7 nerved. 2. A. oligantha.
Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long; first scale 1-3 nerved.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
First scale generally shorter than or equalling
the second. 3. A. gracilis.
First scale exceeding the second. 4. A. purpurascens.
Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 5. A. lanosa.
Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral
column. 6. A. tuberculosa.

1. A. dichotoma Michx. Dry sandy soil: Me. to Neb., south to
Ga. and Tex.

Throughout the range except the coastal region east of the pine-
barrens.

2. A. oligantha Michx. In dry soil: N. J. to Neb. and Tex.

N. J. Salem, Gloucester and Camden counties near the Delaware;
reported from the streets of East Orange, by K. K. Mackenzie.
Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, rare, most com-
mon on serpentine. 168-220 days. About sea level.

3. A. gracilis Ell. In dry soil: N. H. to Mo., south to Fla. and
Tex.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Rare on L. I., and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Throughout the state, rare northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.

A plant whose distribution is not fully understood.

4. A. purpurascens Poir. In dry soil: Mass. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, more common southward.

POACEAE 123

5. A.lanosa Muhl. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., Okla. and
Tex.
N. J. Scattered locally in Camden Co., and at Cape May (ac-
cording to Stone).

6. A. tuberculosa Nutt. Sandy soil especially on beach dunes:
Mass. to Ga. Also about the Great Lakes.
Conn. Known only along the beach from Orange westward.
N. Y. Rockaway Point and Coney Island, L. I. and on S. I.
N. J. Common along the coast and scattered through the interior
from South Amboy, southward.
Confined mostly to the sea beaches but encroaching inland in
New Jersey.

28. Muhlenbergia Schreb.
Panicle contracted, narrow, often slender, its branches erect or ap-
pressed. :
Outer scales 14 as long as the flowering scale or less. 1. M. Schreberi.
Outer scales more than ]4 as long as the flowering scale.
Flowering scales awnless or sometimes short awned.
Outer scales ovate to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate,
about 14 as long as the flowering scale. 2. M. sobolifera.
Outer scales subulate, equalling or exceeding the
flowering scale.
Outer scales about 3 mm. long. 3. M. mexicana.
Outer scales about 5 mm. long. 4. M. racemosa.
Flowering scales long-awned.
Outer scales 144—-%% as long as the flowering scale, ovate
to broadly lanceolate, cuspidate.
Outer scales equalling the flowering scale, subulate.
Panicle open, its branches long and spreading, slender.

1. M. Schreberi Gmel. On dry hills and in woods and waste

places: Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.
Frequent in most parts of our range, except the pine-barrens,

decreasing southward.

2. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. In rocky woods: N. H. to Minn.,
south to Va., Tenn. and the Ind. Terr.
Conn. Throughout, but rare, more common southwestward.
N. Y. From the Bronx northward, not common.
N. J. Hudson, Essex and Hunterdon counties, increasing north-

ward.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester

counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 138-207 days. Sea level—1,980 ft.

. M. tenuiflora.
. M. umbrosa.
. M. capillaris.

NOW

124 POACEAE

3. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. (M. foliosa Trin.). In swamps and
borders of fields: N. B. to Wyoming south to N. Car. and
Mex:

Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., there rare
or wanting.

4. M. racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. In wet places: Newf. to Br.
Col., south to N. J., Md. and N. Mex.
Conn. Very rare in the south, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. Dutchess and Columbia counties, and in the Catskills, and
at Woodmere, L. I.
N. J. Bergen, Morris and Warren Counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Monroe, Chester and Bucks counties.

5. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S. P. In rocky woods: Mass. to

Minn., Ala. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Rare and local in the Bronx, increasing northward.

N. J. Rare at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., thence unknown to
Bergen and Morris counties, thence increasing northward;
reported by Kneiskern from Ocean and Monmouth counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, and Chester counties.

6. M. umbrosa Scribn. (MM. sylvatica Torr.). In moist woods and
along streams: N. B. to S. Dak., south to N. Car. and Okl.
Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., there
reported only from Landisville.
7. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. In dry sandy or rocky soils: Mass.
to Kan., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Rare at New Haven and Hamden, on rocky cliffs.

N. Y. Known only from Wading River, L. I.

N. J. Little Snake Hill, Bergen Co., Woodbury, Camden Co. and
Hammonton, Altantic Co.; reported also from Milburn, Essex
Co. and Wright’s Pond, Sussex Co.

Very rare and local in our range.

29. Brachyelytrum Beauv.
1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Newf. to Minn., south to Ga.
and Kan.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Westchester Co., Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the
Catskills; also on the coastal plain of L. I.

POACEAE 125

N.J. Rare in the region north and west of the pine-barrens, thence
increasing northward.
Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-207 days. Sea !evel—3,668 ft.

30. Heleochloa Host.
1. H. schoenoides (L.) Host. In waste places: southern N. Y.
to Del. and Pa. Native of Europe.
Not very common as a weed.

31. Phleum L.

1. P. pratense L. In fields and meadows: nearly throughout N.
Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Common everywhere as a weed.

32. Alopecurus L.

Outer scales of the spikelet united for half their length; keel smooth
to hispid. 1. A. myosuroides.
Outer scales of the spikelet united for one quarter their length, or
less, long ciliate on the keel.
Scales 2-2.5 mm. long.
Awn inserted at 14 above the base of the flowering scale,

exserted from the spikelet about 2 mm. 2. A. geniculatus.
Awn inserted at or about the middle of the flowering scale,
scarcely exserted. 3. A. aristulatus.
Scales 4-6 mm. long. 4. A. pratensis.
1. A. myosuroides Huds. In waste places and ballast: southern
Mass., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed.
2. A. geniculatus L. In wet soil or on ballast: Newf. to Kan.,

south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia.
Locally abundant as a weed but not definitely reported from L. I.
3. A. aristulatus Michx. In wet meadows: Me. to Alask., Pa.
and Cal.
Scattered throughout our range, except the pine-barrens, always
with the aspect of a weed.
4. A. pratensis L. In meadows: Newf. to southern N. Y., N. J.
and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe.
Local as a weed, often wanting.

126 POACEAE

33. Sporobolus R. Br.

Panicle contracted.

Annuals.
Spikelets 3.5-5 mm. long; flowering scale pubescent. 1. S. vaginaeflorus.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; flowering scales glabrous. 2. S. neglectus.
Perennials.
Flowering scale pubescent. 3. S. clandestinus.
Flowering scale glabrous. 4. S. asper.
Panicle open, its branches spreading, at least at maturity.
Annuals. 5. S. untflorus.
Perennials.
Culms tufted; no rootstocks.
Spikelets 2-3 mm. long; empty scales ovate to
lanceolate. 6. S. cryptandrus.
Spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first scale subulate, much
narrower than the second. 7. S. heterolepis.
Culms from long running rootstocks 8. S. Torreyanus.

1. S. vaginaeflorus Torr. In dry soil: southern Me. to S. Dak.,
south to Ga. and Tex.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and
probably introduced, most common northward.

2. S. neglectus Nash. In dry soil: N. B. to S. Dak., Va. and
Mo.
Conn. Oxford; rare.
N.Y. Near the northern end of Manhattan, unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Woodruff’s Gap, Sussex Co.

A rare and local species, with us.

3. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitche. (S. asper of many older
works not of Michx.). In dry soil: Conn. to Mo., south to
Fla. and Tex.

Conn. New Haven; rare.

N. Y. Reported from Westchester Co.

N. J. Recorded from Warren, Hunterdon and Bergen counties;
occasional on the coastal plain where it is scattered throughout,
except in the pine-barrens.

A rare and scattered species finding its northern distribution
point in our area.

4. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. (S. longifolius (Torr.) Wood.). In
dry soil: Me. to S. Dak. and Tex.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing northward.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., also in the Bronx.

POACEAE 127

N. J. Known only from Cape May.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties.
A curious distribution, perhaps not fully known.

5. S. uniflorus Muhl. (S. serotinus Gray). In wet sandy soil:
Me. to Ont. and Mich., south to N. J.

Conn. Not uncommon in the eastern part of the state, decreasing
westward to Southington, Waterbury and Norfolk.

N. Y. Known from near Riverhead, and in southwestern L. I.
(according to Bicknell); reported from Westchester Co.

N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, and at Griffith’s Swamp,
Lindenwold, outside them; unknown elsewhere.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting elsewhere: Cretaceous,
very rare: Older Formations, scattered north of the moraine in
Conn. and on L. I. 159-220 days. About sea level.

6. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. In sandy soil: Mass. to
Mont., Pa. and Mex.
Known only from Fairfield Co., Conn., in our area, perhaps there
introduced.
7. S. heterolepis A. Gray. In dry soil: Que. to Sask., south to
Conn., Pa., Mo. and Tex.

In our range known only from near New Haven, Conn., and on
serpentine barrens at Nottingham, Chester Co., Pa. (according to
Pennell).

8. S. Torreyanus (Schultes) Nash. In bogs: L. I. (?) and in the
pine-barrens of N. J.

N. Y. No records or specimens from L. I. are available.
N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens and at Cape May; unknown
elsewhere.

Tertiary, scattered on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0:
Older Formations, 0: 159-220 days. About sea level.

S. indicus (L.) R. Br. has been collected as a waif in Pa.

34. Polypogon Desf.

1. P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf. In waste places: Me. to Ga. and
in Tex., mostly near the coast.

Uncommon as a weed.

128 POACEAE

35. Cinna L.

Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping;

* spikelets 5-6 mm. long; first scale much shorter than the second.

Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets
3-4 mm. long; first scale about equalling the second.

1. C. arundinacea.

2. C. latifolia.

1. C. arundinacea L. In moist woods and swamps: N. S. to

Ont., Ga. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens-

2. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. In damp woods: Newf. to Br. Col.,
N. J. and Wash. and in the Alleghanies to N. Car. and in the

Rockies to Colo. and Utah.

Conn. Northern Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills.

N. J. Northern Sussex Co.
Pa. Pike, Monroe and Lackawanna Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north-
1,060-4,020 ft.

ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-158 days.

36. Agrostis L.

Palet conspicuous, at least one-half as long as the scale.
Panicle open in flower, branches long and spreading; upland
grass.
Panicle dense and contracted; brackish marsh and wet sand
grass.
Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting.
Flowering scale awned.
Flowering scales awnless, or very rarely with a short awn.
Culms weak, decumbent or prostrate at the base; blades
lax.
Culms and blades erect.
Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually
dividing above the middle.
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves short.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; leaves elongated.
Branches of the panicle not elongated, divided at or
below the middle.
Spikelets about 2 mm. long; a grass of low
elevations.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; a high mountain grass.

1. A. alba L. (A. alba aristata Gray). In fields

“I

8. A

5 76

. alba.
. maritima,

. cantina.

A. Schweinitzit.

. hyemalis.
. altissima.

perennans.

. oreophila.

and meadows

nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe.

Throughout the range as a weed.

POACEAE 129

2. A. maritima Lam. Wet sands or brackish marshes: Me. and
Que. to Del. Also in Europe.
Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, rare or wanting inland.
N.Y. S.I.and the south shore of L. I.; reported from the north
shore, and along the lower Hudson by E. P. Bicknell.
N. J. Along the sea coast; and at Folsom in the pine-barrens
(according to Stone).

Confined for the most part to sea beaches and salt marshes.

3. A.canina L. In meadows: Newf. to Alaska, south to Pa. and
Tenn.; native northward, naturalized from Eu. southward.
Rare, as a naturalized grass, in our area.
4. A. Schweinitzii Trin. (A. perennans of many writers, not of
Walt.). In shaded damp places: Que. to Wisc., south to
S. Car. and Kan.
Conn. In the western half of the state, rare, increasing northwest-
ward.
N. Y. S.1I., the Bronx and Westchester Co., northward.
N. J. Bergen, Morris and Passaic counties.
Pa. Throughout.
Apparyently increasing westward in our range.

5. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. In dry or moist soil: Nearly
throughout N. Am.
‘Common throughout the range.

6. A. altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. (A. elata Pursh). In swamps:
L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and Miss.
N. Y. Edgemere, L. I.; reported as common in southwestern
L. I. by E. P. Bicknell.
N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens, and at Cape May.
Pa. Reported from Montgomery Co.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0:
Older Formations, rare and local. 159-220 days. -About sea level.

7. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. In dry soil: Mass. and N. Y.
to N. J., Tenn. and Mo.
Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northward.
N. J. Rare and local at Cape May and along the western edge of
the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.
Pa. Throughout.

IO

130 POACEAE

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days.
Sea level—3,365 ft.
8. A. oreophila Trin. Newf. south to the mountains of N. Eng.,
N. Y. and N. Car. ,
Known in our area only from Mt. Beacon, near Fishkill, N. Y.,
and as a waif from near Easton and Bethlehem, Pa.

Agrostis antecedens Bicknell, a recently described species, has been collected on L. I.
and S. I. and on the serpentine barrens in Delaware and Chester counties, Pa.

37. Calamagrostis Adans.

Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length.

Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading. 1. C. canadensis.
Panicle more or less contracted. 2. C. inexpansa.
3. C. cinnoides.

Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit.
1. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. In swamps and wet soil:
Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

2. C. inexpansa A. Gray. In bogs: N. Y. and N. J. to S. Dak.
and Colo.
N. J. Reported, but the record not verified.
Pa. Known only from Pocono, Monroe Co.
A rare and local species.
3. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. (C. Nuttalliana Steud.). In
moist soil: Me. to Ohio, south to Ga. and Ala.
Common throughout the range.

Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. and C. hyperborea Lange, both of which
should be expected in the area, have not been recorded. Calamagrostis Pickeringtt
Gray has been reported as collected at Valley Stream, L. I.

38. Ammophila Host.

1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. In sands of the sea-coast: Newf. to
N. Car. and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes.
Also in Europe.

Common throughout the coastal dunes.

39. Calamovilfa Hack.
1. C. brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. In pine-barren swamps: N. J.
Not uncommon in the pine-barrens of N. J., unknown elsewhere.
Endemic in our area.

POACEAE 131

40. Apera Adans.

1. A. Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. In waste places and on ballast:
Me. to southern N. Y. and Pa. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed in waste places.

41. Nothoholcus Nash.

1. N. lanatus (L.) Nash. In fields, meadows and waste places:
N.S. to Ont. and IIl., N. Car. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific
Coast. Native of Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed.

42. Aspris Adans. [Azra L. in part]

Panicle open; flowering scales about 2 mm. long; plants 1.25-2.5 dm.

tall. 1. A. caryophyllea.
Panicle contracted; flowering scales about 3 mm. long; plants 5-10
cm. tall. 2. A. praecox.

1. A. caryophyllea (L.) Nash. In fields and waste places: Mass.
to Ohio and Va. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native of
Europe.

Rare as a weed in our area.
2. A. praecox (L.) Nash. In dry fields: southern N. J. and Pa.
to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare and local as a weed in southern N. J. and Pa.

43. Corynephorus Beauv.
1. C. canescens Beauv. In waste places: N. Y. and Mass.
Native of southern Europe.
Rare on western L. I.

44. Deschampsia Beauv.
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate. 1. D. caespitosa.
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse. 2. D. flexuosa.
1. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Newf. to Alask., south to N. J.,
Ill., Minn. and in the mountains to N. Mex. and Cal. Also
in Eu. and Asia.

Throughout the range, except the coastal plain in N. J. and L. I.,
there not recorded.

2. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. In dry soil: Greenl. and Newf. to
Ont., south to N. Car. and Tenn.

Throughout the range, perhaps only adventive in the pine-
barrens.

132 POACEAE

45. Trisetum Pers.

Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns, 1. T. spicatum.
Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment
sometimes present. 2. T. pennsylvanicum.

1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. In rocky places: Lab. to Alask.,
south on the mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Also
in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Limestone ridges, Salisbury; rare.
N. Y. Montgomery, Orange Co., rare.

Predominating on limestone, but very rare in our area.

2. T. pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. (Spenopholis palustris (Michx.)
Scribn.). In swamps and wet meadows: Mass. to IIl., south
to Fla. and La.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not re-
corded; rare on L. I.

T. flavescens (La) R. & S. has been found at Bedford, Westchester Co., N. Y., pre-
sumably as a waif.

46. Avena [Tourn.] L.
1. A. sativa L. Persisting as a weed along roadsides and in fields.
Native of Europe.
Not uncommon as a sporadic escape.

Avena pubescens Hudson and A. sterilis L. both of Europe are reported as waifs
from N. J.
47. Arrhenatherum Beauv.

1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. In fields and waste places: Newf. to
Ont. and Minn., Ga., Tenn. and La. Native of Europe.

Common throughout the range as a weed.

48. Danthonia DC.

Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, less than 12 mm. long.

Teeth of the flowering scales merely acute, not awned. 1. D. spicata.

Teeth of the flowering scales long awned. 2. D. compressa.
Spikelets, exclusive of the awns, exceeding 12 mm. long.

Foliage and flowering scales pubescent. 3. D. sericea.

Foliage glabrous; flowering scales partly ciliate. 4. D. ep-lis.

1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. In dry soil: Newf. to S. Dak., south
to N. Car. and Tex.

Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens.

POACEAE 133

2. D. compressa Austin. In woods: Me. to N. Y., south to N.

Car. and Tenn.

Conn. Scattered throughout, more common southward than
elsewhere.

N. Y. On L. I., unknown on S. I., thence increasing up the
Hudson Valley, but not known from the Catskills.

N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Lackwanna and Berks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common.

127-189 days. Sea level—2,g00 ft.

3. D. sericea Nutt. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Pa., south to
Fla. and Miss.
In our area known only from the coastal plain of N. J., there
common, except at Cape May, especially in the pine-barrens.

4. D. epilis Scribn. In swamps: southern N. J. to Ga.
A rare and local species confined to the pine-barrens, in our area.

49. Capriola Adans.

1. C. Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. In fields and waste places: Mass.
and southern N. Y. to Mo., Fla. and Mex., W. I., and S. Am.
Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

50. Spartina Schreb.

First scale awn-pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. 1. S. Michauxiana
First scale acute, shorter than the third; usually 14 as long.
First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel.
Leaves I.25 cm. wide or more, flat. 2. S. cynosuroides.
Leaves 6 mm. wide or less. 3. S. patens.
First scale smooth on the keel or sometimes lightly scabrous. 4. S. stricta.

1. S. Michauxiana Hitch. (S. cynosuroides of many local floras,
not of L.). In swamps or streams of fresh or brackish water,
N.S. to Sask., south to N. J., Tex. and Colo.

Conn. Common along the coast and at Glastonbury and Oxford,
inland.

N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I.; near the northern end of Manhattan Is.
(according to Bicknell).

N. J. Rare in Bergen and Hudson counties: common along the
coast, and inland at Hammonton: reported from Hunterdon Co.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties (according to
Porter).

Almost wholly within the influence of salt water, with us.

134 POACEAE

2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth (S. polystachya Ell. and of many
local floras). In salt and brackish marshes: Conn. to Fla.
and Miss.

Common along the whole coast and almost wholly maritime, but
at Yonkers-on-Hudson.

3. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. On salt meadows, and on beaches:
Newf. to Que., Fla. and Tex.

Common along the whole coast: wholly maritime.

4. S. stricta (Ait.) Roth. (S. alternifolia Loisel). Along the coast:
Me. to Fla. and Tex.

Common along the whole coast in some of its forms and almost
wholly maritime, but inland at White Plains, Westchester Co., N. Y.

51. Gymnopogon Beauv.
Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length; awn longer than flowering
scale.
Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle; awn shorter than flowering
scale. 2. G. brevifolius.
1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P. In dry sandy soil: southern
N. J. to Kan., south to Fla. and Tex.
N. J. Not uncommon from Ocean Co. southward, along the Dela-
ware to Cape May, rare or only introduced in the pine-barrens.

1. G. ambiguus.

Tertiary, 0, or only introduced: Cretaceous, scattered southward:
Older Formations, 0: 168-220 days. About sea level.

2. G. brevifolius Trin. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., west to Miss.
Known only from near Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., and Bennett,
Cape May Co., N. J.; very rare.

52. Atheropogon Muhl.

1. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. In dry soil: Conn. to N.
Dak. and Wyoming, south to N. J., Tenn., Miss. and Mex.
Conn. Rare in Fairfield and Litchfield counties, unknown else-

where.
N. J. Warren and Sussex Co., not uncommon; also at Mickleton,
Gloucester Co.
Pa. Chester and Northampton Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered,
predominating on limestone. 138-207 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

POACEAE 135

53. Eleusine Gaertn.

. E. indica (L.) Gaertn. In waste places and fields: nearly
throughout N. Am. Native of Europe, or Asia.

Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

54. Dactyloctenium Willd.

1. D. aegypticum (L.) Willd. In waste places and cultivated

grounds: southern N. Y., Pa. and Va. to IIl., Cal., south to
Fla. and Mex. Naturalized from Asia or Africa.

Rare as a weed in our area.

55. Phragmites Trin.

. P. Phragmites (L.) Karst. In swamps and wet places: nearly
throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

56. Tridens R. &S.

ek. Hava (L.) Hitche, “in teldsesMasswand INe Y.. to) Kant

south to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Rare in New London Co., along the coast and the valley
of the Thames, increasing westward along the coast, and inland
as at Kent and Southington.

N.Y. L.1.,S. 1. and up the Hudson to Westchester Co., unknown
northward.

N. J. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, but not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous
common: Older Formations, scattered, usually near the coast.
128-220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft.

57. Triplasis Beauv.

1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. In sand, especially on the sea

beaches: Me. to Fla. and Tex. and along the Great Lakes.

Common along the sea beaches and inland at Lisbon, Conn., and
throughout the coastal plain in N. J.; reported as formerly along
the Harlem River.

136 POACEAE

58. Diplachne Beauv.
1. D. maritima Bicknell. Brackish marshes and shores: Mass. to
S. Car., also on the shore of Onondaga Lake, N. Y.
Throughout the coastal part of our range; not common.

59. Aira L. [Molina Schrank.]
1. A. coerulea L. On ballast: Me. toN. Y. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

60. Eragrostis Beauv.

Culms not creeping; plants with perfect flowers.
Annuals.
Spikelets 2-5 flowered, 2-3 mm. long.
Culms branched only at the base; pedicels and branches
of panicle long and capillary. 1. E. capillaris.

Culms branched above the base; pedicels stout. 2. E. Frankit.
Spikelets 5—-many flowered, 4-16 mm. long.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less.
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the
lateral nerves faint or wanting. 3. E. pilosa.
Flowering scales firm, usually dull purplish or
green, the lateral nerves very prominent. 4. E. Purshi.
Spikelets 2 mm. wide or more.
Lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long. 5. E. Eragrostis.
Lower flowering scales about 2-2.5 mm. long. 6. E. megastachya.
Perennial. 7. E. pectinacea.
Culms extensively creeping; plants dioecious. 8. E. hypnoides.

1. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. In dry places: N. H. to Kan., south

to Ga. and Tex.

Conn. Scattered throughout the state, most common in the south-
west.

N. Y. In Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester counties, and
at Aqueduct, L. I.

N. J. Camden and Gloucester counties, increasing northward;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.

2. E. Frankii Steud. In moist places: Mass. to Minn., Miss.,
La. and Kan.
Conn. Rare and local.
N. J. Philipsburg.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester
counties.

POACEAE 137,

3. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Waste places or cultivated ground:
Mass. to Mich. and Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. WNatural-
ized from Europe.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
rare.

4. E. Purshii Schrad. In dry places: Me. to Ont. and N. Dak.,
south to Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the area except the pine-barrens, there
rare; apparently a weed.

5. E. Eragrostis (L.) Karst. In waste places or cultivated
ground: Mass., N. Y. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe.

A rare and local weed.

6. E. megastachya (Koeler) Link. (£. major Host.) In waste
and cultivated ground: nearly throughout N. Am. Native
of Europe.

Common as a weed.

7. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. In dry soil: Me. to S. Dak.,

south to Fla. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
rare; rare also in the north.

oe)

. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. On sandy or gravelly shores:
Vt. and Ont. to Wash., south to Fla.

Rare, and local, not recorded from the pine-barrens, but com-
mon along the Delaware.

61. Sphenopholis Scribn. (Eatonia Endlich.)

Empty scales unequal, the first shorter and about one-sixth as wide as
the second.
Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. 1. S. obtusata.
Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. . S. pallens.
Empty scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the
second. 3. S. nitida.

1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (Eatonia pubescens Scribn. &
Merr.). In dry soil: Me. to Sasks., Fla. and: Ariz.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, in some of its
forms; locally rare.

to

138 POACEAE

2. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica (D. C.)
A. Gray). In hilly woods or moist soil: Newf. to Br. Col.,
Ga. and Tex.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there not recorded, nor from the
coastal plain of L. I.

3. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. In dry woods: Vt. to Mich., Ga.
and Miss.

Conn. Scattered throughout.
N. Y. Throughout, rare southward.
N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and
Mercer counties, near the Delaware; thence increasing northward.
Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations
increasing northward. 177-207 days. Sea level-3,200 ft.

62. Koeleria L.
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. In dry sandy soil: Ont. to Br. Col.,
south to Pa., Tex. and Cal. Also in Europe.

Known definitely in our area only from Lackawanna Co., Pa.,
from an old specimen marked ‘“‘ Conn.’”’ and as reported from
Jamaica South, L. I., by E. P. Bicknell.

63. Uniola L.

i) Ulaxa (lL. BS: PP. Sandy’soils Sale tovkeys, south to) Hlas
and Tex.

N. Y. Rare on S. I.; occasional, perhaps frequent, on south-
western L. I. (Bicknell).

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens, there
rare and perhaps only adventive.

Pa. Tinicum, Delaware Co.

Not very common in our area except in southern N. J.

64. Distichlis Raf.
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. On salt meadows along the coast
from N.S. to Tex. and locally in the interior.

Common throughout the coastal marshes.

POACEAE 139

65. Briza L.

1. B. minor L. In ballast and waste places: N. J. to Va. Na-
tive of Europe.
Rare as a weed.

| B. media L. has been reported from Conn. as a waif. It is a native of Eutope.

66. Dactylis L.

1. D. glomerata L. In fieldsand waste places: N. B. to Br. Col.,
south to Fla. and Cal.

Common everywhere.

67. Cynosurus L.

1. C. cristatus L. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Ont.,
southern N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

68. Poa L.
Annual. 1. P. annua.
Perennials.
Culms tufted, usually densely so.
Flowering scales not webby at base. 2. P. autumnalis.

Flowering scales webby at base.
Flowering scales glabrous; culms obviously com-
pressed. 3. P. debilis.
Flowering scales somewhat pubescent; culms usually
cylindric.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales glabrous.
Plant yellowish green; flowering scale 2.5
mm. long. 4. P. trivialis.
Plant green; flowering scale 3.5 mm. long. 5. P. alsodes.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pubescent.
Spikelets 4 mm. long or less; panicle-
branches dividing and | spikelet-
bearing at or below the middle.
Intermediate nerves of the flowering
scale obscure. 6. P. triflora.
Intermediate nerves prominent.
Midnerve of flowering scale pu-
bescent only below; spikelets
crowded on the branches. 7. P. pratensis.
Midnerve pubescent its whole
length; spikelets scattered on
the spreading branches. 8. P. sylvestris.
Spikelets 5 mm. long or more; panicle
branches usually dividing and spikelet-
bearing only at the end. 9.
Culms not tufted; rootstocks long, creeping. 10.

. brachyphylla.
. compressa.

why

140 POACEAE

1. P. annua L. In waste and cultivated places: nearly through-
out N. Am. Native of Eu. and Asia.
Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

2. P. autumnalis Muhl. In woods: N. J. to Mo., south to Fla.
and Tex.
N. J. Rare and local near the Palisades, Bergen Co.
Pa. Scattered in Monroe, Lackawanna, Bucks and Philadelphia
counties.
Apparently increasing westward with us.

3. P. debilis Torr. In woods: Que. and Ont. to R. I., Pa., Ill.
and Iowa.
Conn. Rare and scattered, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Recorded from Westchester Co., increasing northward.
N.J. Sussex Co.
Pa. Monroe and Luzerne counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—
3,365 ft.

4. P. trivialis L. In meadows and waste places: Newf. to Ont.,
S. Car. and La. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally common as a weed.

5. P. alsodes A. Gray. In woods and thickets: Que. to Minn.
south to N. Car. and Tenn.
Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills; xare.
N. J. Warren, Morris and Sussex counties; reported from but
doubtfully in Monmouth Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-
3,980 ft.

6. P. triflora Gilib. (P. serotina Ehrh. P. flava of many Am.
Auct. not of L.). In swampy places: Newf. to Vanc., south
to N. J. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northward.

N.Y. Hewlett and Woodmere, L. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Bergen and Essex counties, increasing northward; as a
waif in Camden Co.

Pa. Pike and Northampton counties.

POACEAE I4!I

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, only adventive: Older Formations in-
creasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-—3,365 ft.

7. P. pratensis L. In woods, thickets, fields and waste places:
nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Common throughout the range.

8. P. sylvestris A. Gray. In thickets and meadows: N. Y. to
Wisc., Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.

Rare and local as an apparent adventive, with us.

9g. P. brachyphylla Schult. (P. brevifolia Muhl.). In rocky
woods: southern N. Y. to Ill., Ga. and Tenn.

N. J. Rare in Warren and Hunterdon counties, near the Delaware;
also in Burlington and Cape May counties (according to Stone).

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, rare and
scattered. 148-207 days. Sea level—680 ft.

10. P. compressa L. Waste places and cultivated grounds:
nearly throughout N. Am. Native of Europe.

Locally abundant as a weed, often in woods and thickets.

Poa crocata Michx. and P. nemoralis L. have both been recorded as waifs in our area.

69. Panicularia Fabr.

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less.
Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not
sharply nerved.
Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading,
often drooping.
Spikelets 3—5 flowered; lowest flowering scale about
2 mm. long. 1. P. laxa.
Spikelets 5-12 flowered; lowest flowering scale
about 3 mm. long.
Panicle contracted, the branches erect.

Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved.
Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. Torreyana.
Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading

or drooping, rarely erect.
Scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at
the apex.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less; panicle branches
often drooping. 5. P. nervata.

. P. canadensis.
. P. obtusa.

wn

142 POACEAE

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; panicle branches

ascending or spreading. 6. P. grandis.
Scales 2.5-4 mm. long, truncate and denticulate
at the apex. 7. P. pallida.

Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more.
Flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or ex-
ceeding the obtuse palet.
Flowering scales firm, hispidulous all over, truncate. . P. septentrionalis.
Flowering scales thin, hispidulous on the nerves only. 9. P. borealis.
Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually shorter than the
acuminate palet.
Flowering scales obtuse, about 6 mm. long, a little

fo/)

exceeded by the palet. 10. P. fluitans.
Flowering scales acute, about 8 mm. long, much ex-
ceeded by the palet. 11. P. acutiflora.

1. P. laxa Scribn. In moist places: N.S. to Me., N. J. and Pa.

N. Y. Rare on and near Hempstead Plains, and elsewhere in
southwestern L. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester and Middlesex counties on the coastal
plain, and at Lake Marcia, Sussex Co.; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Schuylkill and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations scattered. 123-
189 days. Sea level—2,500 ft.

2. P. canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. In swamps and marshes:
Newf. to Minn., south to N. J. and Kans.

Throughout the range, rare and perhaps adventive in the pine-
barrens, common northward.

3. P. obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. In swamps: N.S. and N. B. to
N. Y. and central Pa., south to Md. and N. Car.
Conn. Southeastern counties and along the coast.
Neyo lls andiS. 1.
N. J. Bergen Co. southward.
Pa. Pocono Mts., Monroe Co.

4. P. Torreyana (Spreng.) Merr. In wet woods: Me. and Que.
to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.
N. Y. Local in the Bronx, and on L. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Rare in Monmouth Co., thence increasing northward.
Pa. Bucks Co. increasing and common northward.
Tertiary 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north

ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4o2o0 ft.

POACEAE 143

5. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. In wet places: Newf. to Br. Col.,
south to Fla. and Mex.
Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens, increasing and

common northward.

6. P. grandis (S. Wats.) Nash (P. americana MacM.). In wet
soil: N.S. to Alask., south to Pa., Colo. and Nev.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.
N.Y. Rare on L. I., not recorded from S. I., thence increasing and

common northward.
N. J. Rare in Camden Co. (not recently collected) : in Sussex and

Essex counties.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Schuykill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps not now present:
Older Formations, increasing northward.
7. P. pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. In shallow water: N.S. and N. B.
to Minn., south to N. Car. and Tenn.

Common throughout the range.

8. P. septentrionalis (Hitchc.) Bicknell. (P. fluztans of some local
floras, not of R. Br.). In water: Vt. and Que. to Br. Col.,
south to N. Car., La. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and local in New London, Windham, New Haven and
Litchfield counties.

N. Y. In the Bronx and Westchester counties and on S. I.

N. J. Throughout the state north of the coastal plain; not in
the pine-barrens, but at Cape May.*

Pa. Chester Co. northward.
A scattered and rather local species.

9g. P. borealis Nash. In shallow water: Newf. to Alask., south
to N. Y. and Minn., Iowa, and Ore., and in the mountains to
Colo.
Conn. In northern Windham, Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N.Y. Unknown on L. I., rare onS. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Sussex Co.
Pa. Rare in Pike Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations rare and scattered

northward. Not south of themoraine. 117-179days. Sea level—
3,365 ft.

* See Introduction paragraph 32.

144 POACEAE

10. P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. In shallow water: Gulf of St.
Lawrence and near N. Y. City. Perhaps introduced.
Common in Europe.

Rare in the Bronx and near Tappan, Rockland Co., unknown
elsewhere in our range.

11. P. acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. In wet places: Me. to Del. and
Ohio.

Scattered throughout the range, very 1are in the pine-barrens.

70. Puccinellia Parl.

Panicle branches naked below; flowering scales 2 mm. long, or less,

truncate at the apex. 1. P. distans.
Panicle branches spikelet-bearing to the base; flowering scales 2—2.5
mm. long, acutish or obtuse at apex. 2. P. fasciculata.

1. P. distans (L.) Parl. On salt meadows and sea beaches:
N.S. to Del. Perhaps naturalized from Europe.
Scattered throughout the sea-beaches, and salt marshes.

2. P. fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell. Salt marshes: Nantucket to
N=
Scattered along the coast of Conn., N. Y. and N. J.; rare.

Puccinellia Borreri (Bab.) Hitchc. has been collected as a waif, especially in Conn.
It is a native of Europe. P. angustata (R. Br.) Rand and Redfield has been collected
at Old Lyme, Conn.

71. Festuca L.

Leaf-blades involute or folded, 2 mm. wide or less.
Annuals; stamens I or 2.

Awn not longer than flowering scale; spikelets 5— © flowered. 1. F. octoflora
Awn more than twice as long as flowering scale; spikelets 2-5
flowered. 2. F. Myuros.
Perennials; stamens 3.
Plants with rootstocks or stolons. 3. F. rubra.
Plants densely tufted, no rootstocks or stolons.
Flowering scales short awned; leaf-blades setaceous. 4. F. ovina.
Flowering scales awnless; leaf-blades capillary. 5. F. capillata.
Leaf-blades flat, 4 mm. wide or more.
Flowering scale awnless or short-awned.
Flowering scales 5-7 mm. long; spikelets 5-10 flowered. 6. F. elatior.
Flowering scales 4 mm. long or less; spikelets 3-6 flowered. 7. F. nutans.
Flowering scales with awns twice their length or more. 8. F. gigantea.

1. F. octoflora Walt. In dry sandy soil: Que. to Br. Col., south
to Fla., Tex. and Cal.

Throughout the range, rare northward, common southward.

POACEAE 145

2. F. Myuros L. In waste places and fields: N. H. to N. J. and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe.

Local as a weed.
3. F.rubra L. In fields, etc.: Lab. to Alaska, south to Va. Also
in Europe and Asia.
Scattered as a weed in most parts of our range, especially maritime
ING Ife
4. F. ovina L. In fields and waste places: N. H. to N. Dak.,
N. J., Ky. and Iowa. —Native of Asia.
Locally abundant as a weed.
5. F. capillata Lam. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to
N. J. and Mich. Introduced from Europe.
Not uncommon, as a weed.
6. F. elatior L. In fields and waste places: throughout the U. S.
Naturalized from Europe.
Common as a weed.
7. F. nutans Willd. In rocky woods: N.S. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. On L. I. south of the moraine, perhaps north of it, and on
S. I. increasing and common northward.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester, Camden and Burlington counties, west
of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, common north-~
ward. 117-207 days. Sea level-—3,980 ft.
8. F. gigantea (L.) Vill. In waste places: Me. to southern N. Y.
Adventive from Europe.
Rare as a weed, often wanting.

Festuca bromoides L. has been recently collected at Hewlett, L. I.

72. Bromus L.

Lower empty scale I—nerved, the upper 3-nerved.
Awns longer than the flowering scales; low annuals 5 dm.
tall or less.
Flowering scales strigose, 8-12 mm. long. 1. B. tectorum.
Flowering scales sparsely hispidulous, 12 mm. long or
more. 2. B. sterilis.

146 POACEAE

Awns shorter than the flowering scales or wanting; perennials
5 dm. tall or more.
Leaf-sheaths strongly retrorse-hispid.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent.
Flowering scales pubescent on the margins only.
Flowering scales pubescent all over the back.

Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the second one 5-9 nerved.
Perennials; flowering scales densely pubescent with silky hairs.
Annuals,

Flowering scales awned.

Flowering scales pubescent with soft appressed hairs.

Flowering scales glabrous, or minutely roughened.
Awns straight.

Fruiting scales with strongly inrolled
margins, the nerves obscure, leaf-sheaths
glabrous.

Fruiting scales with the margins not in-
rolled,. the nerves prominent; leaf
sheaths pubescent.

Spikelets broadly lanceolate, usually
over 6 mm. wide.
Spikelets lanceolate, usually less than 6
mm. wide.
Awns bent near the base, divergent.
Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed, nearly as broad
as long.

_

Ohio and Mo. Naturalized from Europe.
Abundant as a weed.

iS)

tS

“I

12.

» Bs
; Bs

B.
. B. tectorum L. In fields and waste places: Me. to Ont., Md.,

. asper.

. ciliatus.
. purgans.

. Kalmii.

. B. hordeaceus.

. secalinus.

. racemosuUs.

arvensis.
squarrosus.

brizaeformis

. B. sterilis L. In waste places and on ballast: eastern Mass.

to D. C., Ohio, Ark. and Colo. Native of Eu. and Asia.

Rare as a weed in our area.

3. B. asper Murr. In waste places: N. B. to Mich. and Ky.

Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a weed in our range.

4. B. ciliatus L. In woods and thickets: Newf. to Man., N. Y.,

N. J., Minn. and Tex.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.

N.Y. Throughout, rare or wanting on L I., and S. I.. increasing

northward.

N. J. Northern Ocean and Monmouth counties, increasing north-

ward.
Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

POACEAE 147

5. B. purgans L. Woods and banks: Vt. to Mont., south to Fla.
and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. S.1.; Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills.

N. J. Bergen, Essex, Hunterdon counties, increasing northward;
and at Wildwood, Atlantic Co., along the coast (according to
Stone).

Pa. Northampton Co., apparently rare.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, very rare off it: Cretaceous, 0:

Older formations, increasing northward. 123-189 days. Sea

level—3,365 ft.

6. B. Kalmii A. Gray. In woods and thickets: Que. to Man.,
N. J., Pa. and Mo.

Conn. Rare or wanting near the coast, increasing northward.

N. Y. Reported from Westchester Co. increasing northward.

N. J. Not uncommon in Warren and Sussex counties; also in
meadows over limestone in Morris Co. (according to Mackenzie).

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea
level—4,020 ft.

7. B.hordeaceus L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Br. Col.,
Cal. and N. Car. Adventive from Europe.
Not uncommon, as a weed, in our area.
8. B. secalinus L. In fields and waste places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Native of Europe.
Locally common as a weed in most parts of our area.
9g. B. racemosus L. In fields and waste places: nearly through-
out U.S. and Can. Native of Europe and Asia.
Locally common as a weed.
10. B. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N. Y. to Mich.,
Mo. and Fla. Adventive from Europe.
Not common in our area, always as a weed.
11. B. squarrosus L. In ballast and waste places: eastern sea-
ports. Fugitive from Europe.

Rare as a weed.

148 POACEAE

12. B. brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey. In waste places: Mass. to
Mich., Del. and Ind., also from Br. Col. to Cal. and Colo.
Native of Europe.

Not common as a weed.

B. rubens L., B. maximus L. and B. breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. occur as occa-

sional waifs. B. erectus Huds. and B. inermis Leyss. are sparingly introduced.

73. Lolium L.

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet.
Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne.
Flowering scales awned. 2. L. multiflorum,
Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scale. 3. L. temulentum.
1. L. perenne L. In waste places or cultivated grounds: almost
throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed.

2. L. multiflorum Lam. In fields and waste places: N. Y., N. J.,
Mo. and Iowa.

Locally common as a weed.

3. L. temulentum L. In waste places and cultivated grounds:
N. B. to Mich., Ga. and Kan. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

74. Agropyron J. Gaertn.

Culms not densely tufted; plants with creeping rootstocks or stolons. 1. A. repens.
Culms densely tufted; plants with no rootstocks or stolons.
Awn shorter than the flowering scale. 2. A, biflorum.
Awn much longer than the flowering scale. 3. A. caninum.

1. A. repens (L.) Beauv. In fields and waste places: almost
throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Native of
Europe.

Common throughout the range.

2. A. biflorum (Brig.) R. & S. In fields, etc.: N.S. to Br. Col.,
south to the mountains of N. Eng., N. Y. and Pa., and in the
Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia.

Known from near the summit of ‘Round Top,” near Cairo,
Greene Co., N. Y., a peak north of the moraine, with an elevation

of about 3,500 ft., and a growing season of about 118 days; also at
High Point, Sussex Co., N. J.

POACEAE 149

3. A. caninum (L.) R. &S. In fields, etc.: N. B. to the Yukon,
south to N. Car., Tenn., lowaand Colo. Alsoin Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Occasional.

N. Y. Cairo, Greene Co.
N. J. Morris Co.
Pa. Pike and Monroe counties.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey has been collected as a waif in Conn.

75. Hordeum [Tourn.] L.

Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, 6-8 mm. long. 1. H. jubatum.
Flowering scales, exclusive of awns, about 12 mm. long. 2. H. murinum,

1. H.jubatum L. In dry soil: Ont. to Alask., south to IIl., Tex.
and Cal. Naturalized in the east from Lab. to N. J. and Pa.
A rare and scattered weedy grass, with us.

2. H. murinum L. On ballast and in waste places: Mass. to
D.C. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as a ballast weed in most parts of the area.

The barley, Hordeum vulgare L. occasionally escapes in the range, and H. nodosum
L. has been collected as a waif in Bucks Co., Pa. H. pusillum Nutt. is reported as
introduced at Aqueduct, L. I., by E. P. Bicknell.

76. Elymus L.

Empty scales linear lanceolate to linear.
Empty scales manifestly indurated, usually curved or bowed
at the white base.
Awn rarely exceeding 114 times length of flowering scale.
Flowering scales glabrous or hispidulous.

Spike long exserted. 1. E. halophilus.
Spike included in the broad, inflated upper
sheath. 2. E. virginicus.
Flowering scales hirsute. 3. E. hirsutiglumis.
Awn exceeding twice length of flowering scale. 4. E. glabriflorus.
Empty scales not indurated, not white at the base, straight. 5. E. canadensis.
Empty scales narrowly subulate.
Spikelets hirsute. 6. E. striatus.
Spikelets glabrous or hispidulous. 7. E. arkansanus.

1. E. halophilus Bicknell. Salt marshes: Mass. to N. J.

Conn. ‘“ Along the Sound ” (E. P. Bicknell).

N. Y. Common along the coast of L. I. and S. I., unknown else-
where.

N. J. Common from Sandy Hook to Cape May.

2. E. virginicus L. In moist soil, especially along streams: N. S.
to Man., south to Fla. and Tex.

150 POACEAE

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, but rare inland.

3. E. hirsutiglumis Scribn. River banks: Me. to Tenn., and Neb.
Conn. Along the coast and up the larger river valleys.
N.Y. Lawrence and Hewlett, L. I. (according to Bicknell).
N. J. Rare in Passaic and Morris counties.
Pa. Rare in Northampton Co.

4. E. glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. and Ball. Low places: S.N. Y.
to Iowa, south to Fla., Tex. and N. Mex.,

Columbia and Orange counties, N. Y. and Essex and Sussex
counties, N. J. Reported from Easton, Pa.

5. E. canadensis L. (E£. canadensis glaucifolius Torr.). On banks:
N.S. to Alberta south to W. Va., and Ariz.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the region
east of them, there not recorded.

6. E. striatus Willd. In woods and on banks: Me. to N. Dak.,
IN. Car: and’ Tex.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the L. I.
coastal plain; nowhere common.

7. E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball. In woods and on banks:
N. J. and N. Y. to Iowa and Ark.

Near Egbertville, S. I., N. Y. and Wildwood, N. J.

Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball has been collected as a waif near New Haven, Conn.
and E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball near Naugatuck, Conn.

77. Hystrix Moench.

1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. In rocky woods: N. B. Ga., Ill. and
Neb.
Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Rare southward, increasing and common northward.
N. J. Burlington Co. west of the pine-barrens, increasing north-
ward.
Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

Rye, Secale cereale L., and wheat, Triticum sativum L., are frequent but doubtfully
persistent escapes. The following have also been reported from the area: Leptochloa
fascicularis (Lam.) Gray, Melica mutica Walt., Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. = Avena
Torreyt Nash.

CYPERACEAE

CYPERACEAE*
Fertile flowers perfect.
Basal empty scales of the spikelets none or not more than
two (except in Eriophorum).
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked; bristles none.
Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated.
Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the
achene.
Spikelet 1; culm leafless; bristles usually
present.
Spikelets several or numerous; culms _leaf-
bearing; bristles none.
Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle.
Flowers without any inner scales.
Base of the style swollen; bristles none.
Base of the style not swollen; bristles
usually present.

Bristles 6-manysilky, much elongated.

Bristles short or little elongated,
smooth or barbed.
Flowers with one or more inner scales.
Flowers with 3 broad, stalked scales alter-
nating with barbed bristles.
Flowers with 1-2 hyaline scales; bristles
none,
Flowers with 2 convolute inner scales.
Flowers with a single minute inner
scale.
Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more.
Style 2-cleft.
Spikelets breaking up into 1-fruited joints; bristles
present; scdles 2-ranked.
Rachis of the spikelets not jointed, persistent; scales
spirally imbricated.
Spikelets few-flowered; bristles usually present.

Spikelets many-flowered; bristles none.
Style 3-cleft; bristles none.
All the flowers imperfect.
Pistillate flower subtended by a flat scale; achene long.
Pistillate flower enclosed in a perigynium.

1. Cyperus L.

Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, not 3-angled; scales falling from
the rachis; spikelets flat.
Spikelets yellow; superficial cells of the achene oblong.

151

I. CYPERUS.

2. ELEOCHARIS.

3. STENOPHYLLUS.

4. FIMBRISTYLIs.

5. ERIOPHORUM.

6. SCIRPUS.

7. FUIRENA.

8. LIpOcARPHA.

g. HEMICARPHA.

10. DULICHIUM.

11. RYNCHOSPORA,
12. PSILOCARYA.
13. Mariscus.

14. SCLERIA.
15. CAREX.

1. C. flavescens.

* Taxonomic treatment, except the genus Carex, contributed by Dr. N. L. Britton.

152 CYPERACEAE
Spikelets green or brown; superficial cells of the achene
quadrate.
Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed.
Scales membranous, dull; style much exserted.
Scales subcoriaceous, shining, style scarcely ex-
serted.
Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity.
Achene narrowly obovate; spikelets 1-3 cm. long.
Achene linear-oblong; spikelets 0.5—2 cm. long.
Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened
spikelets.
Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate
to it.
Scales tipped with recurved awns; low, annual,
2-15 cm. tall.
Scales acute or obtuse, not awned.
Wings of the rachis none or very narrow.
Stamens 2 or 3; spikelets linear-oblong,
8-25 mm. long.
Scales sharply acuminate.
Scales blunt, mucronulate.

Stamen 1; spikelets ovate, 4-8 mm. long.

Wings of the rachis distinct.
Low annual; adventive from Europe;
scales brown.
Tall indigenous perennials.
Scales mucronate, reddish brown or
green.
Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate.
Scales wholly or partly purple-
brown; achene linear.
Scales straw-colored; achene ob-
ovoid.
Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior
scales; annual.
Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower
pair of scales commonly persistent.
Annuals; spikelets elongated, nearly terete.
Scales imbricated or but slightly distant; achene
obovoid.
Scales thin, dull brown; spikelets slender.
Scales rigid, yellow-brown; spikelets stout.
Scales very distant; achene linear-oblong; spikelets
very slender.
Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms; spikelets
more or less flattened.
Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long
as thick.
Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered.

Oo onl

10.

Il.

15.
16.

i

18.

C. diandrus.

. C. rivularis.

. C. filicinus.
. C. microdontus.

. C. inflexus.

. C. compressus.
iGaLryia.
. C. pseudovegetus.

C. fuscus.

C. dentatus.

. C. rotundus.
. C. esculentus.

. C. erythrorhizus.

C. speciosus.
C. ferax.

C. Engelmann.

C. strigosus.

CYPERACEAE 153

Spikelets subterete, few-flowered.
Spikelets 12-25 mm. long, loosely spicate,

the lower reflexed. 19. C. refractus.
Spikelets 3-10 mm. long, densely capitate
or spicate.
Spikelets all reflexed; culms rough. 20. C. retrofractus.

Spikelets spreading or the lower re-
flexed; culms smooth.
Heads oblong or cylindric.
Spikelets 4-10 mm. long, at
least the lower re-
flexed.

Head oblong or short-
cylindric; lower
spikelets reflexed. 21. C. lancastriensis.

Head obovoid; all but
the upper spikelets

reflexed. 22. C. hystricinus.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the
lower spreading. 23. C. Torrey.
Heads globose. 24. C. ovularts.
Achene oblong or obovoid, about tiwce as long as
thick.
Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged.
Heads globose. 25. C. filiculmis.
Heads oblong. 26. C. cayennensis.

Rachis-wings membranous, broad.
Scales firm, not appressed; spikelets loosely

capitate. 27. C. Grayi.
Scales thin, closely appressed; spikelets
densely capitate. 28. C. globulosus.

1. C. flavescens L. In marshy ground: N. Y. to Mich., Fla.,
Mex. and Costa Rica. Also in the Old World.

N. Y. In Bronx and Westchester counties, and on western L. I.
and on S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, and Morris counties, increasing
southward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare

and scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

2. C. diandrus Torrey. In marshy places: N. B. to Minn.,
S) Car: and Kan
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there not re-
corded; rare at Cape May.

154 CYPERACEAE

3. C. rivularis Kunth. In moist places: Me. to Ont. and Mich.,
south to Mo., N. Car. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. Throughout.

N. J. Rare in Morris Co., wanting thence to the coastal plain,
there increasing and common, but not recorded from the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Northampton and Delaware counties.

4. C. filicinus Vahl. (C. Nuttallii Eddy.) In salt marshes: Me.
to Miss.
Common throughout our coastal marshes.

5. C. microdontus Torr. In wet soil; on or near the coast:
N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Known only from Navesink Highlands and at Cape May, N. J.,
along the coast and at Pleasant Mills in the pine-barrens; rare.

6. C. inflexus Muhl. In wet sandy soil: N. B. to N. W. Terr.
and Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex., Cal. and Mex.
Conn. Throughout, but rare.
N.Y. Rare in Columbia and Greene counties, and also at Van

Courtlandt Park and Mt. Vernon.

N. J. Rare in Hunterdon, Sussex, Warren and Morris counties;
mostly along the Delaware River.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered. 128-
220 days. Sea level—1,g00 ft.

7. C. compressus L. In fields and waste places: southern N. Y.
to Mo. and Tex. Also in the Tropics.

Rare in our area as a ballast weed.

8. C. Iria L. In cultivated ground: N. Y.; N. Car. to Fla. and
Tex. Native of Asia.

Localized, so far as known, at Hempstead, L. I.

g. C. pseudovegetus Steud. In marshes: N. J. to Fla., Ky.,
Mo., Kan. and Tex.

IKknown in our area only from Riddleton, Salem Co., N. J., a
region'in the Cretaceous area, at about sea level and with a growing
season of about 179 days; not recently collected.

to. C.fuscus L. On ballast: Mass. to N. J. and Md. Native of
Europe.
Rare as a weed.

CYPERACEAE 155

11. C. dentatus Torr. In sandy swamps and on shores: Me. to
northern N. Y., W. Va. and S. Car.

Conn. Throughout, but not common.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. as at Yaphank and Ronkonkoma, recorded
from but not definitely known on S. I., thence scattered up the
Hudson Valley to Columbia Co.; not known from the Catskills.

N. J. Bergen, Essex and Warren counties, increasing southward.

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.

12. C. rotundus L. In fields: Va. to Fla., Mo., Kan. and Tex.
Adventive in ballast near the eastern seaports.
Rare as a ballast weed near Philadelphia and Bethlehem, Pa.

13. C. esculentus L. In moist fields: N. B. to Minn., Neb., Fla.
and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast, Trop. Am. and the Old
World.

Common throughout the range in some of its forms, but appar-
ently only adventive and rare in the pine-barrens.

14. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. In wet soil: southern Ont. to Mass.,
Fla., Minn., Kan., Tex. and Cal.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and on 5. I.;
and not definitely known from the Catskills.

15. C. speciosus Vahl. In marshes: Mass. to Ohio and S. Dak.,

south to Fla., Kan., Tex. and Cal.

Conn. Rare along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting,
inland.

N. Y. Rare in Westchester Co., increasing southward.

N. J. Rare in Bergen and Hudson Co., increasing southward,
but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Schuylkill, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, rare, more common near the coast

than elsewhere. 169-220 days. About sea-level.

16. C. ferax L. C. Rich. In wet soil: Mass. to Fla., Cal. and in
Trop. Am.
Known definitely only from near Secaucus, N. J.

17. C. Engelmanni Steud. In wet soil: Mass. to S. Ont. and
Wisc., south to N. J. and Mo.

156 CYPERACEAE

Known only from Kaign’s Point, Camden Co., N. J., there
probably adventive.

18. C. strigosus L. In meadows, swamps or streams: Me. and
Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
unrecorded.

19. C. refractus Engelm. In dry fields: N. J. to Ga., Mo. and
Tex.

Known in our area only from Delaware Co., Pa., and from near
Trenton, N. J.

20. C. retrofractus (L.) Torr. (C. dipsaciformis Fernald). In dry
sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., west to Ky., Mo. and Tex.
N. J. Camden, Atlantic and Salem counties; recorded as formerly
growing about Hoboken.
Pa. Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester counties, increasing south-
ward.
A rare and local species.

21. C. lancastriensis Porter. In dry fields: N. J. and Pa. to Ga.,
Mo. and Ala.
N. J. Mercer, Camden and Salem counties along the Delaware and
at Sea Bright, Monmouth Co. 7
Pa. Tullytown, Bucks Co. and in Philadelphia and Delaware
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, very local near
the “‘ fall line ’’ in Pa., unknown elsewhere. 176-224 days. About
sea level.

22. C. hystricinus Fernald. In dry sandy soil: N. J. and E. Pa.
to Ga. and Tex.
N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Gloucester and Atlantic counties.
Pa. Near Philadelphia.
A rare and local species whose distribution is not fully known.

23. C. Torreyi Britton. Sandy pine-barrens and on the seashore:
southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.
N. Y. On the south side of L. I. and near Tottenville, S. I.,
unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, except towards the
“fall line’; unknown elsewhere. Most common on the Beacon
Hill formation in our area.

CYPERACEAE 157

24. C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. In dry fields and on hills: southern

N. Y. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan. and Tex.

N.Y. Rare and local in Westchester Co. and the Bronx, increasing
southward but not definitely known from L. I.

N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain except the pine-
barrens, there and elsewhere not recorded.

PAwe Btcksi€os
Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta-

ceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local. 176-220 days.

About sea level.

25. C. filiculmis Vahl. (C. filiculmis macilentus Fernald). In dry
fields and on hills: Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kan., Tex. and
Mex.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there not
recorded; more common northward and less common southward
than elsewhere, but common on L. I.

26. C. cayennensis (Lam.) Britton. In waste grounds: N. J.,
Pa. and in the southern states. Native of Tropical America.
Known only as a weed near Camden, N. J.

27. C. Grayi Torr. In sands of the sea shore and in pine-barrens:
N. H. to Fla.
Conn. Along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland.
N.Y. Coasts of L. I. and S. I. and locally on sand in the interior
Gi Ibg Ue
N. J. Rare in Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increasing and
common southward, especially in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
confined to sea-beaches or near them. 176-220 days. About sea
level.

28. C. globulosus Aubl. In dry soil, or a weed: Va. to Fla., west
to Mo. and Tex. Also in Bermuda and Trop. Am.
Pa. A rare weed near Philadelphia.

2. Eleocharis R. Br.

Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm; scales cori-

aceous.
Culm stout, spike many-flowered.
Culm terete, nodose. 1. EF. interstincta.
Culm 3- or 4-angled, continuous. 2. E. mutata.

Culm slender, triangular, continuous; spikelet few-flowered. 3. E. Robbinsit.

158 CYPERACEAE

Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm.
Style mostly 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex.
Upper sheath scarious, hyaline; plants perennial by
slender rootstocks.
Scales pale green or nearly white.
Scales dark reddish-brown.
Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious,
Annuals with fibrous roots.
Spikelet ovoid or oblong.
Tubercle narrower than the top of the
achene.
Tubercle about as broad as the top of the
achene.
Spikelet oblong-cylindric; tubercle broad, low.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks.
Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled or turgid.
Achene reticulated or cancellate.
Spikelet compressed; culm filiform.
Spikelet terete; culm slender.
Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene.
Tubercle cap-like, as large as or larger than the
achene.
Achene smooth or papillose.
Achene smooth, white; culms capillary.
Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow.
Tubercle depressed short-conic.
Achene smooth.
Achene papillose.
Achene 3-ribbed on the angles.
Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed.
Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal.
Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted.
Culms flattened, slender, elongated.

ty & &

1. E. interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. In water: Mass.

Fla., the W. Ind. and Mex.

. flaccida.
. olivacea.

. ovata,

. obtusa.

. Engelmannt.
. palustris.

. acicularis.

. simplex.

. tuberculosa.

. Torreyana.

. melanocarpa.

. tricostata.
. tenuts.

. intermedia.
. rostellata.

to Wisc.,

Known in our range only from Repaupo, Gloucester Co., N. J.

2. E. mutata (L.) R. & S. (E. quadrangulata R. &S.).

In ponds,

streams and swamps: Mass. to N. J., Ont., Mich., Ala., Mo.,
Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am.

Conn. Guildford.
N.Y. North Pond, Westchester Co.

N. J. Rare in Sussex and Cape May counties, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Philadelphia Co.
A rare and scattered species.

3. E. Robbinsii Oakes. In shallow water: N.S. to Mich., south

to Fla.

CYPERACEAE 159

Conn. Rare along the coast and at Salisbury.

N.Y. Rare in Suffolk, Nassau and Dutchess counties, not reported
elsewhere.

N. J. Rare and local in Burlington, Monmouth and Ocean
counties, increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens;
also in Sussex Co.

A rare and scattered species, more common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere.

4. E. flaccida (Rchb.) Urban (2. ochreata Steud.). In wet soil:
N. J. and Del. to Fla. and Miss. Also in tropical America.
Known only from Cape May Co., N. J., a region at about sea-
level, with underlying Tertiary sands and gravels and with a grow-
ing season of about 220 days.
5. E. olivacea Torr. In wet soil: Me. to S. Ont., Mich., Pa., S.
Car. and Kan.

Throughout the range, more common along the coast and less
common in the mountains than elsewhere.

6. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. (E. diandra Wright). In wet soil:
N. B. to Ont., Mich. and Conn.
Conn. Apparently confined to the valley of the Connecticut
River.
N. Y. Westchester Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local.
Not south of the moraine. 117-179 days. Sea level—3,800 ft.

. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. In wet places: Cape Breton to
Minn., Br. Col., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there intrusive
or following tidal streams.
8. E. Engelmanni Steud. In wet soil: Mass. to Ind., S. Dak.,
Wash., N. J., Tex. and Cal.
Conn. Wethersfield and West Hartford.
N. Y. Rare in the Bronx; Jamaica, Valley Stream and Rockville
Centre, L. I.
N. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon and Camden counties, all near
the Delaware River.
Pa. Monroe, Bucks and Chester counties.
A rare and rather inexplicably scattered species.

g. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. (E. glaucescens (Willd.) Schultes).
In ponds, swamps and streams: Lab. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex.
and Cal.

“I

160 CYPERACEAE

Common, in some of its forms, throughout the range, except the
pine-barrens.

10. E. acicularis (L.) R. &S. In wetsoil: Newf. to Br. Col., N. J.,
Mo., Mex. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range, more common northward and less common
southward than elsewhere. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens.

11. E. simplex (Ell.) A. Dietr. (E. tortilis Schultes). In wet soil:
N. Y. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast.

Known from near Gloucester and Cape May counties, N. J., and
from Rockville Centre, L. I.

12. E. tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. In wet soil: Mass. to Pa.,

Fla. and Tex. near the coast.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast in New London Co., de-
creasing inland and westward.

N. Y. OnS. I. and L. I., and at West Mt. Vernon.

N. J. Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increasing southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Willow Gove, Montgomery Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

rare and scattered near the coasts. 179-220days. About sea level.

13. E. Torreyana Boeckl. (E. microcarpa filiformis Torr.). In wet
sandy soil: Conn. to Fla. and Tex. mostly near the coast.
Conn. Rare near Voluntown.

N. J. In the pine-barrens and in Cape May Co.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
rare or wanting: Older Formations, very rare and perhaps only
adventive. 179-220 days. About sea level.

14. E. melanocarpa Torr. In wet sandy soil: Mass. to Fla., near
the coast.
N.Y. Rare at Wading River, L. I., and on S. I.
N. J. Rare in Burlington and Cape May counties; not in the pine-
barrens.
A rare and local species in our range.

15. E. tricostata Torr. In wet soil: Mass. to southern N. Y. and
Fla.
N. Y. Rare at Wading River and at Ronkonkoma, L. I., unknown
elsewhere.

CYPERACEAE 161

N. J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing southward, but
rare west of the pine-barrens.
Pa. Tinicum, Delaware Co.
Tertiary, not rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered and local near the
coast. 179-220 days. About sea level.

16. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. In wet soil: Cape Breton to Ont.
and Man., south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range.

17. E. intermedia (Willd.) Schultes. In marshes: Que. to Minn.,
south to N. J., Ohio, Ill. and Iowa.

Conn. Rare in northern Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N. J. Lake Grinnell, Sussex Co. and at Succasunna, Morris Co.
Pa. Philadelphia, increasing northward.

Rare and local species always increasing northward.

18. E. rostellata Torr. In marshes and wet meadows: N. J.,
VissandeN. Yi to: Bry Colt BlanwliexsViex. and (Gal:

Conn. Rare and local in coastal marshes, decreasing inland and
westward.

N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I., and in southern Westchester Co.;
occasional in the Bronx.

N. J. In the Hackensack marshes and increasing in the coastal
marshes southward: not in the pine-barrens.
More common in our area near the sea than elsewhere.

The reported occurrence at Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa., of E. acuminata (Muhl.)
Nees. was based on an incorrectly determined specimen of E. ienuis (Willd.) Schultes.

3. Stenophyllus Raf.

1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. In dry or moist soil: Me. to
southern Ont., Minn., Fla., Tex., Cal. and tropical Am.
Common throughout the range.

4. Fimbristylis Vahl.

Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex.
Culms 0.2-0.9 m. tall.
Perennial; leaves involute.
Scales glabrous, shining, coriaceous. 1. F. castanea.
Scales, at least the lower, pubescent or puberulent. 2. F. puberula.

162 CYPERACEAE

Annual; roots fibrous; leaves flat. 3. F. Baldwiniana.
Culms 2-10 cm. tall. 4. F. Vahlit.
Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled.
Umbel mostly simple; spikelets ovoid to oval; achene reticu-

lated. 5. F. geminata.
Umbel mostly compound; spikelets linear; achene smooth or
nearly so. 6. F. autumnalis.

1. F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl. (F. spadicea castanea A. Gray).
In marshes and shallow water: N. Y. to Fla., along the coast.
N. Y. Salt meadows, L. I. and S. I., rare.
N. J. Common along the coasts and occasional in pine-barren
swamps.

. F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Fields and meadows: N. Y. to
Fla., La. Also from Ont., Mich. and Ill. to Kan. and Tex.
N. Y. Rare on the Hempstead Plains on L. I.

N. J. Common along the coast and locally in the pine-barrens,
unknown elsewhere.

Ny

A typically coastal plains species, with us.

3. F. Baldwiniana Torr. (F. /axa of Britton’s Manual). In moist
soil: southern Pa. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo. and Tex.
Known in our area only from Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties, Pa.

. F. Vahlii (Lam.) Link. In moist soil: Mo. to Tex., east to
N. Car. and Fla., Cal., Ont. and S. Am. In waste grounds
about eastern seaports.

aS

N. J. Reported by Dr. Torrey, years ago, not recently verified.
Pa. Chester and Philadelphia counties.

Almost certainly adventive with us.

5. F. geminata (Nees.) Kunth. (F. Frankii Steud.). In moist
soil: Me. to Ont., Tenn. and La.

Known only from Connecticut, there recorded from throughout
the state. To be looked for elsewhere in the northern part of our
range.

6. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. In moist soil: Conn. to Fla. and

Tex. Also in tropical Am.
Throughout the range.

CYPERACEAE 163

5. Eriophorum L.

Spikelet solitary; involucral leaf short or none.

Bristles 6, simple, white, crisped. . E. alpinum.
Bristles 6, each 4—6 cleft, thus appearing numerous. 2. E. callithrix.
Spikelets several, involucrate by 1-9 leaves.
Leaves triangular-channelled throughout.
Blade of the upper stem-leaf not longer than the
sheath. 3. E. gracile.
Blade of the upper stem-leaf much longer than the
sheath. 4. E. tenellum.
Leaves flat, at least below the middle.
Scales with a prominent midvein; stamens 3. 5. E. viridicarinatum.
Scales striate-nerved; stamen I. 6. E. virginicum.

1. E. alpinum L. (Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald). In
bogs and on high mountains: Newf. to Hudson Bay and Br.
Col. to Conn., northern N. Y. and Mich. Also in Europe
and Asia.

Known in our area only from northern Tolland and Windham
counties, Conn., perhaps elsewhere northward.

2. E. callithrix Cham. (£. vaginatum Torr. not L.). In bogs:
Newf. to Alask., south to Mass., Pa., Wisc. and Manitoba.
Also in Asia.

Conn. Rare in the northern tier of counties, not recorded else-
where.
Pa. Mountains of Monroe and Wayne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare northward.
123-138 days. 780-2,900 ft.

3. E. gracile Koch. In bogs: Que. to Br. Col., N. Y., Pa., Iowa,

Neb., Col. and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Rare inthe Bronx and Westchester Co., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., thence increasing northward; not
in the pine-barrens.

4. E. tenellum Nutt. In bogs: Newf. to Hudson Bay, N. J.,
Pa., and Ill. Often confused in local catalogs with the similar
E. gracile Koch.
Throughout most of the range, local southward, increasing
northward; unknown from S. I.

5. E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. (E. polystachyon lati-
folium Gray). In wet meadows: Newf. to Br. Col., N. Y.,
Ga., Ohio and Mich.

164 CYPERACEAE

Conn. Common in the north, rare or wanting southward.

N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward.

N. J. Bergen and Morris counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Pocono Summit, Monroe Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. Sea level-

3,900 ft.

6. E. virginicum L. In bogs: Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and

Neb.

Throughout the range, more common in the bogs of the pine-
barrens and the mountains northward than in the intervening

territory.
6. Scirpus L.
Spikelet solitary, terminal.
Involucral bract wanting.
Involucral bract present, erect.
Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet;
plants not aquatic.

Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; plant aquatic.
Spikelets normally more than one, usually several or numerous,
often appearing lateral; involucral bract only one.

Spikelets few, I-12, appearing lateral.
Culms not sharply 3-angled; achene plano-convex;
annual.
Culms sharply 3-angled; perennials.
Achene plano-convex; bristles shorter than or equal-
ling the achene.
Spikelets acute, overtopped by the involucral
bract.
Spikelets obtuse; involucral bract short, stout.
Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back.
Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf
erect.
Bristles as long as the achene; involucral leaf
abruptly bent.
Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled; tall sedges.
Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular.
Style 3-cleft; achene trigonous.
Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large; involucral leaves
2 or more.
Achene lenticular or plano-convex.
Scales short-awned; achene lenticular.
Scales long-awned; achene plano-convex.
Achene trigonous.
Achene sharply and nearly exactly trigonous.
Achene with one face broader than the other two.
Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads;
involucral leaves several; tall sedges.

is)

. S. nanus.

S. planifolius.

3. S. subterminalis.

13.
14.

S. debilis.

. S. americanus.

S. Olneyi.

S. Torreyt.
S. mucronatus.

S. validus.
S. occidentalis.

. S. paludosus.
2. S. robustus.

S. fluviatilis.
S. novae-angliae.

CYPERACEAE 165

Bristles downwardly barbed; spikelets in umbelled heads.
Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene.
Style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled; bristles 6.
Spikelets 3-8 in each head; bristles barbed

throughout. 15. S. sylvaticus.
Spikelets 8-20 in each head; bristles not barbed
below. 16. S. atrovirens.
Style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex; bristles 4. 17. S. microcarpus.
Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the achene. 18. S. polyphyllus.
Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent; umbel mostly decom-
pound.
Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales. 19. S. lineatus.

Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 20. S. cyperinus.

I. S. nanus Spreng. (S. parvulus R. & S. and Eleocharis pygmaea
Torr.). Muddy places in salt marshes: Cape Breton Is. to
Fla. and Tex. and about the salt springs in N. Y., Mich. and
Minn. Also on the Pacific Coast; in Africa, Cuba and Mex.

Throughout our coastal marshes, but not reported from Pa.

2. S. planifolius Muhl. In woods and thickets: Vt. and Mass.

to Del., D. C., western N. Y. and Mo.

Conn, Throughout.

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I., frequent on S. I. and in the
Bronx, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co., west of the pine-barrens; Mercer
Co., thence increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea-level—3,800 ft.

3. S. subterminalis Torr. In ponds and streams or on their
edges: Newf. to N. W. Terr. and Br. Col.,S. Car., Pa., Mich.
and Idaho.

Scattered throughout the range, and common in the pine-barren
streams; unknown on S. I.

4. S. debilis Pursh (S. Smithii A. Gray and S. Smithit setosus
Fernald). In wet soil: Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and
Neb.

Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward.
N. J. Rare and local in Salem, Monmouth and Camden counties,

166 CYPERACEAE

west and north of the pine-barrens and along the coast, thence

increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens or at Cape May.
Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days.
Sea level—3,980 ft.

5. S. americanus Pers. In fresh water and brackish marshes:
North America, north to Newf. Also in S. Am. and Eu.
Throughout the range, more common near the coast than else-
where.

6. S. Olneyi A. Gray (S. Olneyi contortus Eames). In salt
marshes: N. H. to Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal. and along the
Pacific Coast to Oregon. Also in Mich., Ark. and the W. I.

Throughout the coastal marshes, but not reported up the Dela-
ware in Pa.

. S. Torreyi Olney. In swamps: Me. to R. I. and Pa., west to
Minn. and Man.
Conn. In the Connecticut River at Lyme.
N.Y. Lynbrook, L. I.
N. J. Delanco, Burlington Co.
Pa. Carbon and Pike counties.
A rare and very local species.

“I

8. S. mucronatus L. Known in N. Am. only from a swamp in
Delaware Co., Pa. and as reported also from Chester Co.
Widely distributed in the Old World.

9. S. validus Vahl. In ponds and swamps: throughout N. Am.
and in the W. I.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens.

10. S. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. Borders of streams and
lakes: Newf. to B. C., N. Y., Mo., Utah and Calif.

Known in our area only from Goshen, Conn.

11. S. paludosus A. Nelson (S. campestris Britton, not Roth).
Salt marshes: Que. to N. J. about salt springs inland and on
wet prairies and plains: Man. and Minn. to Ore., Neb.,
Kan., Nev. and Mex.

Nearly throughout the coastal marshes, but not definitely
known on S. I. A possible hybrid between this and S. americanus
has been collected at Long Beach, L. I.

CYPERACEAE 167

12. S. robustus Pursh (S. maritimus macrostachyus Michx.). In
salt marshes: N.S. to Tex.
Common throughout the coastal marshes.

13. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. In shallow water along lakes

and streams: Que. to Minn., N. J., Neb. and Kan.

Conn. Rare along the lower part of the Connecticut River,
unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Known only from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and on an
island in the Hudson River opposite New Baltimore, Greene Co.

N. J. Along the Delaware and its affluents in Camden, Gloucester
and Salem counties.

Pa. Tinicum, Chester Co., and Essington, Delaware Co.

14. S. novae-angliae Britton. In fresh and brackish marshes:
Mass. to N. Y.

Known in our area only on the coast of Conn. from Milford
westward, and near Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and at Smithtown,

Ei
15. S. sylvaticus L. In swamps: Me. to Ga. and Mich. Also in
Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Throughout.
Ne, M45, eSBalle

N. J. Essex and Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Philadelphia Co., northward.

16. S. atrovirens Muhl. (S. georgianus Harper). In swamps:
N.S. to Sask., south to Ga. and La.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and the region
east of them, there rare and apparently adventive.

17. S. microcarpus Presl (.S. rubrotinctus Fernald). In swamps
and wet woods: Newf. to Alaska south to Conn., northern
N. Y., Minn., Nev. and Cal.
Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Near Riverdale, and at Smithtown, L. I.
Pa. Reported from Bucks Co.

18. S. polyphyllus Vahl. In swamps, wet woods and meadows:
Mass. to Minn., south to Ga., Tenn, and Ark.
Conn. Throughout, but not common.
N.Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. and reported from the south
side; S. I., thence increasing northward.

168 CYPERACEAE

N. J. Rare in Mercer, Somerset and Union counties, increasing
northward.
Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-207 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.
19. S. lineatus Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: Ont. to
N. H., Ore., Kan. and Tex.
Conn. Rare; New Haven, New Milford, Sharon and Salisbury.
N. Y. Woodlawn, N. Y. City.
N. J. Rare in Sussex, Bergen, Ocean and one station in the pine-
barrens in Atlantic Co.
Pa. Chester Co.
A rare and scattered plant, most common on limestone (accor
ing to K. K. Mackenzie).
20. S.cyperinus L. (.S. pedicellatus Fernald. S. Eriophorum Michx.
Eriophorum cyperinum L. S. cyperinus pelius Fernald).
In swamps: Newf. to Ont., Sask., Fla. and La.
Common in some of its forms throughout the range.

A form known as S. atrocinctus Fernald has been collected in several parts of our
range, being replaced in the pine-barrens by the form known as S. Longii Fernald. _ S.
Halliit A. Gray was admitted into the ‘‘ Preliminary Catalogue’’ of 1888, but the record
of the station has been lost. The nearest station is Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass.
A plant recorded from Connecticut as S. Peckii Britton appears to be a race of S.
polyphyllus.

7. Fuirena Rottb.

Annual; perianth-scales long-awned. 1. F. squarrosa.
Perennial; perianth-scales short-awned or awnless. 2. F. hispida.

1. F. squarrosa Michx. In wet meadows and marshes: Mass. to
Fla. and La. Also in Mich. and Ind.

In our coastal marshes, but not definitely known from Conn.,
Sylley Gre 12

2. F. hispida Ell. Wet grounds: New York (?), N. J. to Fla.,
Ky., Ind. Terr. and Tex.

Frequent from Long Branch southward, along the New Jersey
coast but not certainly known elsewhere in our range.

8. Lipocarpha R. Br.
1. L. maculata (Michx.) Torr. In wet or moist soil: Va. to Fla.,
near Philadelphia, probably adventive.

Known in our area only from Petty’s Island, Camden Co., N. J.;
obviously introduced.

CYPERACEAE 169

9. Hemicarpa Nees & Arn.

1. H. micrantha (Vahl) Pax. In moist sandy soil: N. H. to

Ont., Wash., Fla., Tex., Mex. and S. Am.

Conn. Rare, but scattered over most of the state, perhaps wanting
northward.

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and in West Chester Co.

N.J. Rare in Hunterdon and Camden counties near the Delaware,
unknown elsewhere.
A rare and local species whose distribution is not yet understood.

10. Dulichium L. C. Rich.

1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton (D. spathaceum Pers.). In wet
places: Newf. to Ont., Minn., Wash., Fla. and Tex. Also
in Costa Rica.

Common throughout the range.

11. Rynchospora Vahl.

Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate

beak. 1. R. corniculata,
Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle.
Bristles minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida.
Bristles plumose. 3. R. oligantha.
Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth.
Scales white or nearly so; bristles 9-15. 4. R. alba.
Scales brown; bristles 6.
Leaves filiform; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea.

Leaves narrowly linear, flat; achene obovate.
Bristles equalling the achene; tubercle 14 as
long or less. 6. R. Knieskernit.
Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the
tubercle, which is as long as the achene.
Spikelets few-several in numerous rather

loose clusters. 7. R. glomerata.
Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense
globose heads. 8. R. axillaris.
Bristles upwardly barbed.
Spikelets numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris.

Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters.
Achene smooth.
Leaves setaceous; achene obovate shining.

Tubercle triangular-subulate. 9. R. fusca.

Tubercle flat, ciliate, triangular. 10. R. filifolia.
Leaves narrowly linear.

Achene broadly oval. 11. R. gracilenta.

Achene narrowly obovate. 12. R. Smallit.

170 CYPERACEAE

Achene transversely wrinkled.

Leaves flat; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. 13. R. cymosa.
Leaves involute; spikelets short pedicelled. 14. R. Torreyana.
Leaves and stems filiform; spikelets distinctly

pedicelled. 15. R. rariflora.

1. R. corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. (R. macrostachya Torr.) In
swamps: Mass. to Fla., west to Ohio, Mo., Kan. and Tex.
Conn. Rare and scattered along the coast, decreasing and perhaps

wanting inland.
N. Y. Known only from Wading River and Lynbrook, L. I.
N. J. Lakehurst Ocean Co., Camden Co., increasing southward,
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations.
rare and scattered along the coast in Conn. 189-220days. About
sea level.

. R. pallida M. A. Curtis (R. Curtisii Steud.). In bogs: N. J.
to N. Car.

N.J. The coastal plain from Burlington and Ocean counties
southward; common in the pine-barrens, local elsewhere.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0.

159-220 days. About sea level.

iS)

3. R. oligantha A. Gray. Inwetsoil: N. J. to Fla. and Texas.
Very rare in the pine-barrens near the west branch of Wading
River, in Burlington Co., N. J.; unknown elsewhere.
4. R. alba (L.) Vahl. In bogs: Newf. to Alaska, south to Fla.,
Ky., Minn., Idaho and Cal. Also in northern Eu. and Asia.
Throughout the range; abundant in the pine-barrens.
5. R. capillacea Torr. In bogs: N. B. to Ont., Minn., N. J.,
Pa., Ind. and Mo.
Known in our range only from near White Pond, Warren Co.,
N. J.; from White Pond, Sussex Co., N. J., and Salisbury, Conn.
6. R. Knieskernii Carey. In pine-barrens: N. J. to Va.
Known only from the pine-barrens; on the Beacon Hill formation.
. R. glomerata(L.) Vahl. (R. glomerata leptocarpa Chapm.).
In moist soil: N. B. to Ont., Mich., Ark., Fla. and Tex.
Scattered throughout the range, more common in the south and
less common in the north than elsewhere.
8. R. axillaris (Lam.) Britton (R. axillaris microcephala Britton).
In swamps: L. I. to Fla. and La. near the coast; also in Cuba.

NI

CYPERACEAE yah

N. Y. Reported from Suffolk Co., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Apparently confined to the pine-barrens; rare.
A rare and local species here, more common southward.

g. R. fusca (L.) Ait. In bogs: Newf. to Del. and Fla., west to
Mich. Also in Eu.
Conn. Scattered and local over most of the state, increasing
along the coast.
N. Y. Rare on L. J., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens, rare at Cape May and New

Egypt, unknown elsewhere.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare and probably adventive
elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare and adventive: Older Formations,
scattered and local. 189-220 days. About sea level.

10. R. filifolia Torr. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. and N. C. to
Fla. Rare.
Known only from Woodbine and Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J.

11. R. gracilenta A. Gray. In pine-barren swamps and bogs:
southern N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. near the coast.
N. Y. Reported from L. I., but the record not verified.
N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens and from Cape May.
12. R. Smallii Britton. In bogs and on damp hillsides: N. J. and
Pa. to N. Car.
N. J. Rare in Burlington and Camden counties.
Pa. Marshalltown, Chester Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, known, as yet,
only on Azoic slates, in Pa. 179-207 days. About sea level.
13. R. cymosa Ell. In moist soil: N. J. to Ill., Ark., Fla. and
Tex. Also in the W. I. and S. Am.
N. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon and Mercer counties, thence
increasing southward, but not common.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and scattered species whose distribution is not understood.
14. R. Torreyana A. Gray. In wet pine-barrens: N. H. and Mass.
to S. Car. and Ga.
N. J. Monmouth Co., increasing and common southward.
. R. rariflora (Michx.) Ell. In grassy pine-lands: N. J. to N.C.,
Fla., Cuba and Jamaica.
Known only from near Bennett, Cape May, Co., N. J.

uw

172 CYPERACEAE

12. Psilocarya Torr.

1. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. In wet soil: L. I., Cape May, and
Del. to Fla. and Tex. Rare in our area.
Known only from near Wading River, L. I.,and Cape May, N. J,

13. Mariscus (Hall.) Zinn. [Cladium P. Br.]

1. M. mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze. In marshes: N. S. to Ont.
and Minn.

Common throughout in coastal marshes, decreasing inland, but at
North Pond, Westchester Co., N. Y.

14. Scleria Berg.

Spikelets in terminal or terminal and lateral clusters.

Achene smooth. 1. S. triglomerata,
Achene reticulated or regularly rugose.
Culms erect or ascending; achene not hairy, 2. S. reticularis.
Culms spreading; achene hairy. 3. S. setacea.
Achene papillose. 4. S. pauciflora.
Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. S. verticillata.

1. S. triglomerata Michx. (.S. iriglomerata minor Britton. .S. minor
Stone). In meadows and thickets: Vt. to Ont. and Wisc.,
south to Fla., Ark. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the range, more common southward and
less common inland than elsewhere.

2. S. reticularis Michx. In moist meadows: eastern Mass. to
Fla. and in northern Ind.
N. Y. Known only from Wading River and along the south side
Ofeleale
N. J. Rare in Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May counties, in or near
the pine-barrens, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. ‘Tinicum, Delaware Co.

A scattered species, little known as to distribution features.

3. S. setacea Poir. (S. Torreyana Walp. SS. reticularis pubescens
Britton). In moist soil: Conn. (?), L. I. to Fla., Ind., Mo.,
Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba and Porto Rico.

N. Y. Rare on the south side of L. I., and at Ronkonkoma.
N. J. Lakehurst, Ocean Co., increasing southward.

CYPERACEAE 173

Pa. Rare in Monroe Co., thence unrecorded to Bucks Co., thence
increasing southward.

A rare plant in our area; Conn. record not verified.

4. S. pauciflora Muhl. In dry sandy soil: N. H. to Ohio, Mo.,
Kan., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Columbia and Hartford; rare.

N.Y. Rare in Westchester Co.; on L. I., specially on the Hemp-
stead Plains; unknown on S. I.

N. J. Mt. Tammany, Delaware Water Gap*, and Milburn, Essex
Co.; Monmouth Co., increasing southward.

Pa. Northampton Co., increasing southward.

5. S. verticillata Muhl. In moist meadows: eastern Mass. to
Ont., Minn., Mo., Fla., Tex., Mex., Bahamas and Cuba.

Conn. Salisbury, rare.

N. Y. Woodside, L. I., rare.

N. J. White Pond, Warren Co.; White Pond, Sussex Co., (ac-
cording to Mackenzie); the Hackensack meadows, thence in-
creasing southward along the coast.

Pa. Reported from Lehigh Co.; Mount Bethel, Northampton
Co.

A rare and scattered species in our region, more common out of
our area than in it.

15. Carex L.}

1. Achenes lenticular and stigmas 2; lateral spikes sessile;
terminal spike partly pistillate, or if staminate, the
lateral spikes short or heads dioecious.
Rootstock long creeping, the culms arising 1-few together. I. ARENARIAE,
Culms caespitose, but plants sometimes stoloniferous,
or with slender rootstocks.
Spikes always androgynous.
Perigynia strongly compressed, not whitish green.
Perigynia 2-5 mm. long, the beak not exceeding

the body
Spikes usually 1o or less, green or reddish
brown tinged. 2. MUHLENBERGIANAE.
Spikes numerous, yellow or brown.
Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish. 3. MULTIFLORAE.

Perigynia thick, much rounded on outer,
somewhat on inner surface, brownish. 4. PANICULATAE.

* See Introduction paragraph 50.
Tt Contributed by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie.

174 CYPERACEAE

Perigynia 4-9 mm. long, spongy at base; beak
longer than body.
Perigynia scarcely compressed, nearly terete,
whitish green.
Spikes gynaecandrous, rarely entirely staminate or
pistillate.
Perigynia ascending or appressed, the body not
margined.
Perigynia 4 mm. long or less, puncticulate.
Perigynia longer, not puncticulate.
Perigynia body with thin or winged margins.
Perigynia spongy at base, usually spreading at
maturity.
Perigynia not spongy at base, not widely
spreading at maturity.

2. Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular the lower
lateral spikes conspicuously peduncled, or with stami-
nate terminal spike and elongated lateral spikes.

Scales bract-like; achenes strongly constricted at the base.
Scales not bract-like; achenes not strongly constricted at
the base.
Spike normally 1, the perigynia reflexed, or rounded
and beakless at the apex.
Perigynia rounded at the apex, beakless, glabrous.
Perigynia beaked, strongly reflexed.
Spikes r-many, when one the perigynia neither reflexed
nor rounded.
Perigynia triangular, membranous, closely envelop-
ing the achene, essentially nerveless, or 2
ribbed; bracts sheathless or nearly so.
Perigynia obtusely triangular; foliage not pu-
bescent.
Young achenes mitrate at apex; lowest
scales rough awned.
Young achenes and lowest scales not as

above.
Perigynia acutely triangular; foliage usually

pubescent.
Perigynia not as above; or if so bracts strongly

sheathing.

A. Lowest bract strongly green-sheathing; peri-
gynia beakless to beaked, entire, oblique or
emarginate at apex; or long beaked and
apex hyaline, becoming bidentate, teeth
weak; achenes triangular, or, if (rarely)
lenticular the perigynia dull and sub-
terete.

Bracts with obsolete or rudimentary blades.
Lower spikes nearly radical; scales
abruptly cuspidate.

5. STENORHYNCHAE.

6. TENELLAE.

. CANESCENTES,
. DEWEYANAE.

ont

9g. STELLULATAE.

10. OVALES.

II. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.

12. POLYTRICHOIDEAE.

13. PAUCIFLORAE.

14. MITRATAE.
15. MONTANAE.

16. TRIQUETRAE.

17. PEDUNCULATAE.

CYPERACEAE

Lower ‘spikes not radical; scales not
abruptly cuspidate.
Bracts with well developed blades.

Pistillate spikes short oblong to linear,
erect, or if drooping the spikes
short and the perigynia acutely
triangular.

Achenes lenticular; styles two.
Achenes triangular; styles three.
Perigynia with few to many strong
nerves or nerveless.
Perigynia tapering at base,
triangular, closely en-
veloping achene.
Rootstocks long creeping.
Rootstocks not long creep-
ing.

Perigynia rounded at base,
suborbicular in cross sec-
tion, loosely enveloping the
achene.

Perigynia finely many-striate.

Perigynia tapering at base,
constricted at apex.

Perigynia rounded at both
ends.

Pistillate spikes elongated, linear to
cylindric, slender-peduncled, the
lower drooping.

Perigynia beakless or short beaked;
terminal spike gynaecandrous.
Perigynia conspicuously or strongly
beaked.
Culms strongly reddish tinged at
base, aphyllopodic.

Leaves glabrous; spikes very
slender.

Leaves pubescent; spikes
dense.

Culms not reddish tinged at
base, phyllopodic.

B. Lowest bract sheathless to strongly green-
sheathing; if green-sheathing achenes len-
ticular and perigynia not dull and sub-
terete, or perigyniawith strongly bidentate
non-hyaline apex and stiff teeth.

Perigynia or foliage (at least the lower
sheaths) pubescent; perigynia beak-
less or the beak not strongly biden-
tate; achenes triangular.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25,

26.

28.

29.

ALBAE.

BICOLORES.

PANICEAE.

LAXIFLORAE.

GRANULARES.

OLIGOCARPAE.

GRISEAE.

GRACILLIMAE.

DEBILES.

. FLEXILES.

LONGIROSTRES.

VIRESCENTES.

175

176 CYPERACEAE

Terminal spike staminate.

Perigynia and foliage glabrous, or if pu-
bescent the perigynia strongly biden-
tate; achenes triangular or lenticular.

Perigynia rough papillose, conspicuously
beaked. [4
Perigynia not rough papillose.
Perigynia beakless or very short
beaked; achenes triangular.
Lateral spikes drooping on slen-
der peduncles, at least at
maturity.

Perigynia glaucous, flattened.

Perigynia not glaucous, not
flattened; spikes narrow.

Lateral spikes strictly erect.
Perigynia with strongly bidentate
beak, or if not, the achenes
lenticular.
Acheneslenticular; perigynia dull.

Scales obtuse to acuminate,
not long-aristate; achenes
not constricted.

Scales broad, long-aristate;
achenes strongly constricted
at the middle.

Achenes triangular.

Perigynia coriaceous, little if
any inflated, often pubes-
cent; bracts sheathless.

Perigynia membranous or

papery, from little to
much inflated, never
pubescent (rarely his-
pidulous); or if slightly
coriaceous the lower
bract long-sheathing.
Perigynia little inflated,
abruptly beaked; pistil-
late scales usually red-
dish or chestnut brown
tinged; lower bracts
strongly sheathing.
Perigynia little to much
inflated; _ pistillate
scales not reddish
brown or chestnut,
or if somewhat so,
lower bract. not
strongly sheathing.

30.

31.

32h

33.
34.

35.

36.

37-

38.

PALLESCENTES.

ANOMALAE.

LIMOSAE.

SCITAE,
ATRATAE,

RIGIDAE.

CRYPTOCARPAE,

HIRTAE.

FLAVAE,

CYPERACEAE

Perigynia lanceolate or
lance-subulate, tap-
ering into the beak,
many-nerved.

Perigynia-teeth re-

flexed; perigynia
green, early de-
ciduous.

Perigynia-teeth not

reflexed; perigy-
nia yellowish -
green.

Perigynia broader,

abruptly con-
tracted into beak,
usually strongly
ribbed.

Perigynia less than

To mm. long.
Perigynium
bo dy.
ovoid or
globose,

not trun-
cately

contracted.

Perigynia
coarsely
ribbed.
Perigynia
finely and
closely
ribbed.
Perigynia with
an obovoid or
obconic body
truncately
contracted
into the prom-
inent beak.

Perigynia 10 mm.

I. ARENARIAE, represented only by
2. MUHLENBERGIANAE.

Sheaths tight, often thickened at mouth; inconspicuously if

Perigynia corky-thickened at base, usually widely radi-

=

13

at all septate-nodulose.

ating or reflexed at maturity.

long or longer.

39-

40

41

43

44.

177

COLLINSIAE.

. FOLLICULATAE.

. PHYSOCARPAE,

. PSEUDOCYPEREAE.

. SQUARROSAE.

LUPULINAE.

1. C. siccata

178 CYPERACEAE
Perigynia beak smooth; scales acuminate, deciduous.
Perigynia beak minutely roughened; scales obtuse

or acutish, persistent.

Perigynia not corky thickened at base, spreading or

ascending.
Scales tinged with reddish-purple; perigynia more
than 4 mm. long.
Scales not tinged with reddish purple; perigynia 4
mm. or less long.
Head 15-30 mm. long, the lower spikes distinct.
Head 8-20 mm. long, the spikes densely capitate.

Perigynia elliptic-ovate or narrower; leaves
2.5-4 mm. wide.

Perigynia orbicular-ovate; leaves I-2 mm.
wide.

Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicu-
ously septate-nodulose.
Culms sharply triangular, not winged, or flattened;
perigynia not ribbed dorsally.

Perigynia flat on inner face; sheaths rarely trans-

versely rugulose; spikes approximate.

Scales less than half length of perigynia body;
sheaths truncate at throat, not thickened, and
not reddish brown tinged.

Scales about length of perigynia body, strongly
cuspidate; sheaths rounded at throat, thick-
ened and reddish brown tinged.

Perigynia with raised border on inner face; sheaths
usually conspicuously transversely rugulose; lower
spikes usually separate.

Culms narrowly-winged, triangular, much flattened in
drying.

Perigynia strongly nerved on outer face.

Perigynia faintly nerved on outer face.

3. MULTIFLORAE.

Leaves exceeding culms; perigynia beak equalling body.
Culms exceeding leaves; perigynia beak shorter than body.
Perigynia ovate to suborbicular.
Perigynia lanceolate to ovate lanceolate.

4. PANICULATAE.

Spikes approximate or little separate, the lower simple or
nearly so; sheaths not copper color at mouth.

Spikes strongly separate, the lower compound; sheaths
strongly copper color at mouth.

5. STENORHYNCHAE.

Sheaths transversely rugulose; not thickened at mouth.
Sheath not transversely rugulose; thickened at mouth.

6. TENELLAE, represented only by

. CANESCENTES.

Lowest bract bristle-form, much prolonged, many times

“I

exceeding its I-5-flowered spike; spikes widely separated.

10.

Il.
12.

13:
14.
15.

16.

m7
18.

19.
20.

21.

AAD

. retroflexa.

. rosea.

. muricata.

. Muhlenbergit.

. cephalophora.

. Leavenworthit.

. cephaloidea.

. aggregata.

. Sparganioides.

. conjuncta.
. alopecoidea.

vulpinoidea.

. annectens.
. Setacea.

. diandra.

. pratrea.

. stipata.

. laevivaginata.
. disperma.

trisperma.

CYPERACEAE

Lowest bract much shorter, or none; spikes several-many
flowered.

Glaucous; leaves 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered. 22.

Not glaucous; leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-

flowered. 23.

8. DEWEYANAE.
Spikes oblong-ovoid; perigynia nerveless or nearly so,
sharply margined above. 24.
Spikes linear; perigynia noticeably or strongly nerved, little
margined above. 25.
9. STELLULATAE.
Spike one (rarely with a small additional one). 26.
Spike more than one.
Perigynia broadest near the base, the beak serrulate.
Perigynia beak 144-14 the length of body, the teeth
very short; scales very obtuse to acutish.
Leaves flat, I-2 mm. wide, usually shorter than

the culm; perigynia little nerved. 27.

Leaves usually involute, 0.5-1 mm. wide, usually

exceeding the culm; perigynia strongly nerved. 28.

Perigynia beak longer, strongly bi-dentate; scales

sharper.
Purely staminate spikes abundant; culms black-
ish at base, very rough; perigynia setu-

lose-serrate. 29.

Spikes gynaecandrous or pistillate; culms not
blackish at base; perigynia serrate.

Perigynia body lanceolate to broadly ovate,
usually inconspicuously nerved on inner
face.

Perigynia body suborbicular, abruptly con-

tracted into beak, conspicuously nerved

on inner face.

Perigynia lightly nerved on both faces;
leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide;
culms slenders, harply triangular. 31

Perigynia strongly nerved on both faces;
scales acutish to acute; leaves 2-4
mm. wide, culm obtusely triangular. 32

Perigynia broadest near the middle, the beak smooth. 33.

10, OVALEs.
Perigynia subulate, at least 3 times as long as wide; the

179

C. canescens.

C. brunnescens.

C. Deweyana.
C. bromoides.

C. exilis.

C. interior.

C. Howe.

C. sterilis.

30. C. cephalantha.

. C.incomperta.

. C. atlantica.
C. rosaeoides.

wing near base almost obsolete. 34. C..Crawfordii.

Perigynia lanceolate to reniform; the wing always promi-
nent.

Perigynia narrowly to broadly lanceolate, at least 214
times as long as broad; tips of perigynia promi-
nently exceeding scales.

Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots,
few, ascending. 35
Leaves broader, those of sterile shoots numerous,
spreading.

. C. scoparia.

180 CYPERACEAE

Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; spikes
7-10 mm. long. 36. C. tribuloides.
Tips of perigynia widely spreading or recurved;
spikes 4-8 mm. long.
Inflorescence dense, oblong; culm stiff,

stoutish. 37. C. cristatella.
Inflorescence loose, elongate; culm weak,
slender. 38. C. projecta.

Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice
as long as broad.
a. Perigynia strongly exceeding scales, or if nearly
equalled by them much wider.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm.
long, the tips not appressed.
Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregated,
rounded at base. 39. C. Bebbii.
Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely
separate, usually clavate at base.

Leaves 2 mm. wide or less. 40. C. straminea.
Leaves 2.5-6 mm. (averaging 4 mm.)
wide. . 41. C. normalis.

Perigynia ovate to reniform, 4 mm. or more long,
if shorter with closely appressed tips.
Perigynia spreading-ascending; spikes green
or brownish.
Spikes approximate or scattered, the head
stiff.
Perigynia 4-4.7 mm. long, thickish,
nerveless or obscurely nerved on
inner surface. 42. C. festucacea.
Perigynia 4.7-6.7 mm. long, very .
thin, prominently about 10-nerved e
on inner face. 43. C. Bicknellit.
Spikes in moniliform flexuous head; scales

long-pointed. 44. C. hormathodes.

Perigynia closely appressed, or if somewhat
spreading-ascending, the spikes whitish
or silvery green.
Spikes approximate, the head stiff.
Scales long acuminate or aristate;
achenes stipitate, 45. C. alata.
Scales obtuse, or acutish; achenes

nearly sessile. 46. C. albolutescens.

Spikes in moniliform flexuous head. 47. C. silicea.

b. Scales very slightly shorter or slightly longer than

perigynia and concealing them.

Perigynia nerveless on inner face or faintly
nerved. 48. C. aenea.
Perigynia strongly nerved on inner face. 49. C. foenea.

11. PHYLLOSTACHYAE.
Body of perigynia oblong; pistillate flowers usually 3-10. 50. C. Willdenovit.

CYPERACEAE

Body of perigynia globose; pistillate flowers usually 2-3.
12. POLYTRICHOIDEAE, represented only by
13. PAUCIFLORAE, represented only by
14. MITRATAE, represented only by
15. MONTANAE.
None of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the
leaves.
Aphyllopodic and not stoloniferous; lower sheaths little
fibrillose.
Phyllopodic and often long stoloniferous.
Staminate spike stout; lower sheaths usually long

fibrillose.
Long stoloniferous; staminate spike 12-25 mm.
long.
Short stoloniferous; staminate spike 4-12 mm.
long.
Staminate spike not over I mm. thick; sheaths little
fibrillose.
Many of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the
leaves.
Pistillate and staminate spikes contiguous; culms
aphyllopodic.
Lower pistillate spikes widely separate; culms phyllo-
podic.
Perigynia 4 mm. long or less, puberulent; leaves
slender.

Perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak less than
half length of body; achenes brownish, shining,
minutely pitted, orbicular obovoid.

Perigynia longer, the beak more than half length
of body; achenes grayish black, dull, rough-
ened, oblong obovoid.

Perigynia longer, glabrous, except the long beak;
leaves stiff.
16. TRIQUETRAE, represented only by
17. PEDUNCULATAE, represented only by
18. ALBAE, represented only by
19. BIcOLoREs, represented only by
20. PANICEAE.
Perigynia beak none or very short, often bent.
Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded.
Leaves 2-6 mm. wide, flat.
Perigynia turgid; peduncle of staminate spike smooth.
Perigynia not turgid; peduncle of staminate spike
rough.

Fertile culm blades usually 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide;
perigynia more than 3 mm. long.

Fertile culm blades usually 3-5, 2-3 mm. wide;
perigynia less than 3 mm. long.

Perigynia beak straight, prominent, 4—!4 length of body.

55:

59.

60.

SCE I(S)

181

Jamesit.
leptalea.

(oe
GC.

. C. pauciflora.
(C5

caryophyllea.

C. communis.

. C. pennsylvanica.
. C. varia.

. C. novae-angliae.

C. nigromarginata.

C. abdita.

. C. umbellata.

tonsa.
hirtifolia.
pedunculata,
eburnea.
aurea.

. C. livida.

. C. panicea.

. C. Meadit.

C. tetanica.

. C. polymorpha.

182 CYPERACEAE

21. LAXIFLORAE.
Sheaths and base of culm strongly purplish; staminate
scales purplish.
Sheaths not purplish tinged, the base of culms but rarely so;
staminate scales never purplish.
Perigynia acutely triangular, short tapering at base.

Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger
12 mm. wide or more, those of fertile culm much
smaller than those of sterile; perigynia smooth.

Leaf-blades hispidulous on veins, 10 mm. wide or

less; those of fertile culm moderately smaller
than those of sterile; perigynia minutely
roughened.
Staminate spike sessile or nearly so; peduncles
short, erect.
Staminate spike usually strongly peduncled;
lower peduncles capillary.

Perigynia short-beaked; second bract and
leaves usually exceeding culm; blades 2.5-
5 mm. wide, erect.

Perigynia beakless or nearly so; second bract
and leaves usually exceeded by the culm;
blades 4-8 mm. wide, spreading.

Perigynia obtusely triangular, long tapering at base,
smooth.

Pistillate scales very truncate; blades 15-40 mm.
wide; culms very strongly flattened and wing-
margined.

Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate.

Culms strongly purplish tinged at base (sterile
culms conspicuous; perigynia with abruptly
bent beak).

Culms not purplish tinged at base.

Perigynia with abruptly bent minute beak
(sterile shoots developing conspicuous
culms).

Perigynia with straight prominent beak.

Perigynia fusiform; spikes 5—15-flowered;

sterile shoots developing conspicuous
culms.

Perigynia obovoid; spikes many-flowered;
sterile shoots reduced to tufts of
leaves.

Perigynia appressed-ascending, 3.5
mm. long or less; fertile culms

lateral; plant densely cespitose.
Perigynia spreading-ascending, 3-4.5
mm. long; fertile culms lateral and

central; plant loosely cespitose.

22. GRANULARES.
Rootstocks not long creeping; staminate spike short-
stalked; bracts overtopping spikes.

72

73:

74

75:

76.

77-

78.

80.

81.

82.

C. plantaginea.

C. platyphylla.

C. abscondita.

C. digitalis.

C. laxiculmis.

C. albursina.

C. laxiflora.

. C. blanda.

C. styloflexa.

C. anceps.

C. striatula.

CYPERACEAE

Perigynia narrowly obovoid, ascending, nerved, about
2.5 mm. long.
Perigynia broadly obovoid, soon squarrose, ribbed,
about 3.5 mm. long.
Rootstocks long-creeping; staminate spike long stalked;
bracts rarely overtopping spikes.
23. OLIGOCARPAE.
Sheaths smooth; perigynia 2.5-4 mm. long.
Sheaths rough-pubescent; perigynia 4.5—5 mm. long.
24. GRISEAE.
Culms strongly purplish at base; perigynia triangular in
cross-section.
Culms not purplish at base or but little so; perigynia
circular in cross-section.
Perigynia 1.5 mm. wide; bract sheaths and pistillate
peduncles rough.
Perigynia 2 mm. wide; bract sheaths smooth and
pistillate peduncles nearly so.
Leaves not glaucous; perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long;
spikes 5-15-flowered.
Leaves glaucous; pergyinia 3-4.5 mm. long;
spikes 10-40-flowered.
25. GRACILLIMAE.
Plants glabrous; perigynia 2.7 mm. long or less.
Perigynia rounded at apex, beakless.
Perigynia sharp pointed at apex, short-beaked.
Sheaths and often foliage pubescent.
Scales except lowest obtuse or acute; spikes all gynae-
candrous.
Scales acuminate to cuspidate; lateral spikes pistillate.
Bracts strongly sheathing; leaves 3-4 mm. wide.
Lower bracts only strongly sheathing; leaves 2-4
mm. wide.
Perigynia nearly 2 mm. wide, slightly inflated,
strongly nerved.
Perigynia about I mm. wide, obscurely nerved.
26. DEBILES.
Scales tinged with reddish-brown; perigynia firm, strongly
many-nerved.
Scales hyaline with green midrib or somewhat reddish-
brown tinged; perigynia membranous, lightly nerved.
Perigynia sessile or subsessile; scales obtuse or short
cuspidate.
Perigynia 6-10 mm. long, the beak subulate; scales
hyaline margined.
Perigynia 4.5-6.5 mm. long, the beak less subulate;
scales tawny tinged.
Perigynia strongly stipitate; scales strongly cuspidate.
27. FLEXILES, represented only by
28. LONGIROSTRES, represented only by

83.
84.
85.
86.
87.

88.

89.

90.

gl.

92.

93-

94.

95-

96.
97.

98.

99-

100.
IOI.
102.
103.

. Shrivert.
. granularis.
Crawet.

. oligocarpa.
. Hitchcockiana,

io jG

C. amphibola.

C. conoidea.

C. grisea.

C. glaucodea.

C. gracallima.
C. prasina.
C. formosa.

C. Davisit.

C. aestivaliformis.
C. aestivalis.

C. oblita.

C. debilis.

C. flexuosa.
C. arctata,

C. castanea.
C. Sprengelit.

184 CYPERACEAE

29. VIRESCENTES.
Perigynia densely pubescent.

Leaves exceeding culms; lowest bract setaceous, 0.5 mm.
wide; pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric; perigynia
obovoid.

Culms exceeding leaves; lowest bract leaflet-like, 0.5-3
mm. wide; pistillate spikes linear-cylindric; perigynia
elliptic.

Perigynia glabrous; at least at maturity.

Perigynia much flattened, rounded at apex, lightly
nerved.

Perigynia swollen, nearly orbicular in cross-section,

pointed at apex, coarsely nerved.
Perigynia 2 mm. long, brownish-green; scales not
rough-cuspidate.
Perigynia longer, green; scales rough-cuspidate.
30. PALLESCENTES, represented only by
31. ANOMALAE, represented only by
32. LIMOSAE.
Strongly stoloniferous; leaves involute, glaucous, 3 mm.
wide or less; scales little exceeding peryginia.
Tufted; leaves flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much ex-
ceeding perigynia.
33. SCITAE, represented only by
34. ATRATAE, represented only by
35. RIGIDAE.
Fertile culms aphyllopodic.
Culms slender, very rough above; perigynium beak not
twisted; spikes erect (except abnormally).
Perigynia plano-convex, elliptic.
Basal sheaths strongly filamentose.
Basal sheaths not filamentose.
Perigynia bi-convex, suborbicular.

Culms stout at base, smooth above; beak of perigynium

twisted when dry; lower spikes soon drooping.
Fertile culms phyllopodic.

Lowest bract at most slightly exceeding inflorescence;
plants strongly stoloniferous.

Lowest bract much exceeding inflorescence; culms
densely cespitose, the stolons absent or incon-
spicuous.

Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; staminate spike solitary;
perigynia glaucous-green.
Leaf-blades wider; staminate spikes several; peri-
gynia stramineous green.
36. CRYPTOCARPAE.
Sheaths rough hispid; lower pistillate scales tapering into
awn.
Sheaths smooth; lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted
into awn.

104. C. Swanit.

105. C. virescens.

106. C. complanata.

107. C. caroliniana.
108. C. Bushit.
109. C. pallescens.
110. C. scabrata.
111. C. limosa.
112. C. paupercula.
113. C. Barrattit.
114. C. Buxbaumit.

115. C. stricta.
121. C. Emory.
116. C. Haydeni.

117. C. torta.

118. C. Goodenowitt.

119. C. lenticularis.

120. C, aquatilis.

122. C. gynandra.

123. C. crinita.

CYPERACEAE

37. HirTAE.
Staminate scales not ciliate.
Perigynia beak much shorter than the body, the teeth

1 mm. long or less.

Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent.
Leaves’ 6-12 mm. wide, flat.
Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, becoming involute.

Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent.

Perigynia beak with hyaline orifice at length
somewhat bidentate; staminate spike usually
one.

Perigynia beak with non-hyaline, strongly biden-

tate orifice; staminate spikes more than one.
Leaves flat, more than 2 mm. wide.
Leaves involute, 2 mm. wide or less.
Perigynia beak, including teeth, nearly as long as body,
the teeth 1.7 mm. long or more.
Staminate scales strongly ciliate.
38. FLAVAE.
Leaves involute; perigynia ascending, not yellowish.
Leaves not involute; perigynia squarrose, yellowish.
Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half the
length of the body.
Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about the length of
the body.
Scales hidden; perigynia 4 mm. long.
Scales conspicuous; perigynia 5-6 mm. long.
39. COLLINSIAE, represented only by
40. FOLLICULATAE, represented only by
41. PHYSOCARPAE.
Pistillate scales, except rarely the lowest, not rough awned.
Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15—many-flowered.
Perigynia not reflexed; bracts not more than several
times exceeding spikes.
Achenes not excavated on one side or but little so.
Beak of perigynia smooth.
Culms sharply triangular, rough above,
scarcely spongy at base.
Culms obtusely triangular, usually smooth
above, often thick and spongy at base.
Beak of perigynia rough.
Achenes deeply excavated on one side.
Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times ex-
ceeding spikes.
Pistillate spikes globose or short oblong, 5~15-flowered.
Pistillate scales rough-awned,
Spikes cylindric, 14-19 mm. thick.
Spikes narrow cylindric, 8-12 mm. thick.
42. PsEUDO-CYPEREAE.
Perigynia suborbicular in cross section, more or less inflated.
Spikes linear-cylindric; staminate scales scarcely awned.

124.
125.

137.

138.

139.
140.

I4I.
142.

143.
44.

145.

feito yen) sp

185

lacustris.
Walteriana.

. vestita.

-. lanuginosa.

lasiocarpa.

trichocarpa.
hirta.

extensda.

Oederi.

. cryptolepis.
. flava.

. Collinsit.
. folliculata.

. vesicaria.

. rostrata.

bullata.

. Tuckermanit.

retrorsa.
oligosperma.

. lurida.
. Baileyt.

Schweinitzt1.

186 CYPERACEAE

Spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric; staminate scales with
short rough awns.
Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated.
Perigynia teeth erect, 1 mm. long; body of beak 1 mm.
long.
Perigynia teeth recurved or spreading, 1.5—2 mm. long;
body of beak 1.5—2 mm. long.
43. SQUARROSAE.
Scales exceeding perigynia; terminal spike small, normally
staminate,.
Scales much shorter than perigynia; terminal spike gynae-
candrous.
Scales acuminate or awned; spikes oval.
Scales obtusish; spikes oblong-cylindric.
44. LUPULINAE.
Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose; style straight.
Scales usually strongly awned; pistillate spikes 1-12-
flowered.
Scales usually obtuse, varying to slightly cuspidate;
pistillate spikes 6-30-flowered.
Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric; style abruptly bent.
Achenes longer than thick, the angles not prominently
knobbed.
Achenes not longer than thick, the angles prominently
knobbed.

146. C. hystricina.

147. C. Pseudo-Cyperus.

148. C. comosa.

149. C. Frankii.

150. C. squarrosa.
151. C. typhina,

152. C. intumescens.

153. C. Asa-Grayi.

154. C. lupulina.

155. C. lupuliformis.

1. C. siccata Dewey. In dry fields and on hills: Me. to Alaska,
south to R. I., N. J., Mich., Ariz. and Cal.

Conn. Stratford and Southington; reported as occasional or

local elsewhere.
N. Y. Bank of Hudson, near Hastings, one

colony.

N. J. Succasunna, Morris Co. and Assinpink Creek, Mercer Co.

Pa. Reported from Northampton Co.
A rare and local species with us.

2. C. retroflexa Muhl. In woods and thickets: Mass to Ont.,

Mich., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Pomfret; reported as scattered throughout except in

Litchfield Co., increasing southwestward.

N. Y. The Bronx, and scattered up the Hudson Valley; not re-
ported from the Catskills. North of the moraine on Long

Island and at Giffords, S. I. ~~

N. J. Bergen, Warren, Sussexfnd Passaic counties; reported also
from Hunterdon and Monmouth counties (the latter very

doubtful).

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery counties. Reported from

Wayne and Northampton counties.

CYPERACEAE 187

. C. rosea Schk. (C. rosea radiata Dewey). In woods and

thickets: Newf. to Man., south to Ga., Neb. and Ark.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and Cape May

district. Common north of the coastal plain, rare on it on Long
Island.

. C. muricata L. In meadows and fields: southern Me. to

Ohio and Va. Locally naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a naturalized weed in the area. Specimens have been

seen from Staten Island and New York City and Montgomery
(ComRas

. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. In dry fields and on hills: Me. to

Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens.

. C. cephalophora Muhl. In dry fields and on hills: Me. and

Ont. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex.
Scattered and usually common throughout the range, except the
pine-barrens of N. J., and east of them, there not recorded.

. C. Leavenworthii Dewey. In meadows: Ont. and N. J. to

Iowa and Texas.
Known in our area only from Cape May, New Jersey, where but
recently found.

. C. cephaloidea Dewey. In alluvial woods and _ thickets:

N. B. to Wisc. and Pa.

Conn. ‘‘Rare or occasional.” (Conn. Bot. Soc. Catalog.)

N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; reported from Westchester Co.
and the Bronx.

N. J. Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery and Bucks counties; reported
from Monroe Co.

g. C. aggregata Mackenzie. In dry woods: Pa. and D. C. to

Mo.

Known in our area only from Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties, Pa.

. C. sparganioides Muhl. In woods and thickets: N. H. to

Ont. and Mich., south to Va., Ky. and Kan.

Conn. Southington and Fairfield; reported as rare in the east,
increasing westward. :

N. Y. Rare on L. I., frequent up the Hudson Valley to Pine
Plains; not reported from the Catskills.

Con

188

II

13

14

16

CYPERACEAE

N. J. Bergen, Warren and Passaic counties; reported from Hun-
terdon, Morris and Essex counties.

Pa. Northampton, Philadelphia and Bucks counties; reported
also from Chester, Delaware and Montgomery counties.

. C. conjuncta Boott. Moist meadows and thickets: N. Y. to

D. C., west to Minn. and eastern Kan. Suyppnigiwsordl Setting.
| Pay Avy pe 6 Oe,

N. J. Baptisttown, Hunterdon Co.

Pa. Philadelphia and Montgomery counties. #77 Wu... C,

oe y Ps

: TNA Oe a
. C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. Meadows: Me. to Pa. and Wis- “ies

consin.

Known from our area only as reported from Shekomeko Creek,
Dutchess Co., N. Y. (Hoysradt).

. C. yulpinoidea Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: N. B.

to Man., south to Fla., La., Neb. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens where probably
only introduced. Abundant northward.

. C. annectens Bicknell. In fields: Me. to N. Y., Iowa, Md.

and Mo.

Scattered throughout the range. - Local northward and not defi-
nitely known from the Catskills, often abundant at lower eleva-
tions.

. C. setacea Dewey. Vt. to Ont., south to Md. and Ky.

Riverdale, N. Y. City, reported also as occasional or frequent
in Conn., and as occurring at Locust Valley, L. I.

. C. diandra Schrank. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S.

to Alaska, south to R. I., Pa., Neb. and B. Col. Also in
Europe and Asia.
Conn. Reported only from Salisbury and New Haven.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
Ne Jee Sussexa Gow
Pa. Reported from Monroe Co.
Not south of the moraine, in our area.

17. C. prairea Dewey. In wet meadows: Que. to B. Col., south

to Conn., N. J., Ky. and Utah.

Conn. Reported from Salisbury.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Bergen, Morris, Sussex and Gloucester counties. Reported
from Warren Co.

Pa. Northampton Co.

4)

CYPERACEAE 189

18. C. stipata Muhl. In swamps, wet woods and meadows:

Newf. to B. Col., Fla., Tenn., Mo., N. Mex. and Cal.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and
south of them, there not recorded.

19. C. laevivaginata (Kuken.) Mackenzie. N. Y. to Md. and

Near:

Known in our area only from Yonkers and Cold Spring Harbor,
N. Y., and*Morris, Warren and Sussex counties, N. J. and Dela-
ware Co., Pa. Reported from Connecticut.

20. C. disperma Dewey. In larch and spruce bogs: Newf. to B.
Col., N. J., Pa., Ind., Mich., Colo. and Cal. Also in Europe
and Asia.

Conn. Reported as rare, Waterford, Stafford, Manchester,

Norfolk, Barkhamstead and Cornwall.

N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties; reported also from
Hudson and Bergen counties.

Pa. Lehigh Co.

KKnown only north of the moraine, in our area.

21. C. trisperma Dewey. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. to
Sask., south to Md., Ohio, Mich. and Neb.
Conn. Huntington; reported as occasional elsewhere.
N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties; also formerly on S. I.
N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens, not recorded thence to
Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties.*
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties,
reported also from Wayne Co.

22. C. canescens L.. ( C. canescens disjuncta Fernald). In swamps
and bogs: Va. and Ohio north to the Arctic Circle, south-
ward in the western mountains.

Scattered throughout the range. Rare or wanting south of the
pine-barrens in New Jersey as also in southeastern Pennsylvania.

23. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. In wet or even dry places:
Lab. to B. C., N. Y. and N. Eng. and southward in the
mountains. Also in Europe.

Conn. Reported from Wallingford, Winchester and Salisbury.
N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties.
Pa. Monroe Co.; reported also from Wayne Co.
N. J. Newton, Sussex Co.
Known, in our area, only north of the moraine.

*See Introduction paragraph 7.

190 CYPERACEAE

24. C. Deweyana Schwein. In dry woods: N.S. to B. C. and
Vancouver, south to Pa., Iowa, N. Mex. and Ariz.
Conn. West Goshen and Brookfield; reported as scattered else-
where in the northwestern part of the state.
N. Y. Ulster Co.
Pa. Reported from Wayne Co. Wierres Cy.

25. C. bromoides Schk. In bogs and swamps: N.S. to Ont. and
Mich., south to Fla. and La.
Conn. Southington and Huntington: reported as increasing west-
¢ ward.
N. Y. OnS.I.and in Bronx, Westchester, Dutchess and Greene
counties.
N. J. Sussex, Bergen and Morris; reported also from Warren and
Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Bucks Co.; reported from Monroe, Northampton and
Chester counties. Pie Co
26. C. exilis Dewey. In bogs: Lab. to southern N. J., mostly
near the coast.
A characteristic species of the pine-barrens of N. J., but un-
known elsewhere in our range, except from Newton, Sussex Sos
N. J., and Woodmere, Long Island. + maar A
27. C. interior Bailey. Wet soil: eastern Quebec to Hudeea
Bay, B. G., Fla. and Ariz.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties.
Pa. Lehigh and Chester counties, in the latter predominating on

Serpentine barrens. Nwvitia~ pho Co
28. C. Howei Mackenzie. In wet soil: Mass. and N. H.toN. Y.,
N. J. and Pa.

Scattered throughout the range, usually in white cedar, larch or
spruce bogs. Abundant in the pine-barrens of New Jersey and
on Long Island.

29. C. sterilis Willd. (C. scirpoides Schk. in part). Ont. and Ind.

to N. Y. and N. J.

N. Y. Greene Co.

N. J. Sussex Co. Wwvu 1 Co

Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties.

30. C. cephalantha (Bailey) Bicknell. In moist soil: throughout
the continent north of Mexico.
Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. Var.
angustata (Carey) Mackenzie is abundant northward.

CYPERACEAE I9gI

31. C. incomperta Bicknell. In boggy places: Mass. to Mich.,

Pa. and Fla.

Conn. Fairfield and Easton.

N. Y. On L. I.,in Westchester Co. and in the Highlands of the
Hudson, unknown elsewhere. Reported from Lower Hudson
region.

N. J. Morris, Passaic and Union counties, also at Delanco,
Burlington Co.

Pa. Lehigh, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks and Chester
counties; recorded also from Delaware Co. Sr t. Cy ,

32. C. atlantica Bailey. In swamps near the coast: Newf. to

Fla. and Tex.; also rarely inland.

Conn. Reported as not uncommon near the coast, decreasing
inland. This report probably refers to the last.

N.Y. Islip, L. I., and reported as frequent on the coastal plain of
Long Island.

N. J. Throughout the coastal plain region, especially in the pine-
barrens, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Delaware Co.

33. C. rosaeoides E. C. Howe (C. seorsa E. C. Howe). In
swampy woodlands: Mass. to N. Y., south to Stone Mt.,

Ga.

Conn. Reported as rare and local over most of the state.

N.Y. L.1I.,S. 1., the Bronx and in Westchester Co.

N. J. Sussex, Morris, Bergen, Middlesex and Cape May counties;
reported also from Burlington, Camden and Salem counties; not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Montgomery, Lehigh and Chester counties.

34. C. Crawfordii Fernald. In open places: Newf. to B. Col.,

—

Conn., Mich and Wash. De
Known in our area only from Salisbury, Conn. Bz te
35. C. scoparia Schk. In moist or dry soil: Newf. to Wash., Fla.
and Colo.

Throughout the range, but less common in the pine-barrens
and possibly not native there.

36. C. tribuloides Wahl. In meadows: N. B. to Sask., Fla. and
Ariz.
Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens of New
Jersey and east and south of them, there not reported. Rare on
Long Island.

192 CYPERACEAE

37. C. cristatella Britton. In meadows and thickets: E. Mass.

to B. Col., south to Va. and Mo.

Conn. Reported as rare as Ledyard, Southington, Oxford,
Huntington, Kent and Salisbury.

N. Y. Rare in the Bronx, increasing northward to Greene Co.,
but not reported from the Catskills.

N. J. Warren and Sussex counties; reported also from Bergen,
Morris, Union and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Lehigh and Chester counties; reported from Northampton
Co.

38. C. projecta Mackenzie (C. tribuloides reducta Bailey). In
damp soil: N. S. to N. Dak., south to D. C. and IIl.
Conn. Reported from Woodstock, Franklin, Winchester, Litch-
field, and Salisbury.
N. Y. Van-‘Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City, and at Glendale, L. I.
N. J. Oak Ridge, Sussex Co.
39. C. Bebbii Olney. In low grounds: Newf. to B. C. and north-
ward, southward to N. J., Ill. and Colo.
Conn. Reported from Salisbury.
N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; Westchester county.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
40. C. straminea Willd. In woods: N.B. to B. C., Ky., Ark. and
Cal.
Conn. Green’s Farms; reported also from northern Hartford and
Litchfield counties.
N.Y. OnS.I., in the Highlands near West Point, at Pine Plains,
Dutchess Co., and in the Catskills; reported as occasional on
L. I. and frequent in the Bronx.
N. J. Camden, Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex counties on
the coastal plain, and in Essex, Hudson, and Morris counties,
‘ in the north; reported from Salem and Gloucester counties.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties; reported also
from Northampton, Monroe and Delaware counties.

41. C. normalis Mackenzie (C. mirabilis Dewey). Woodlands:
Que. to N. Car., Kan. and Man. and in the western moun-
tains.

Scattered and usually rather common throughout the range,
except the coastal plain of N. J.; rare or occasional on L. I.

. C. festucacea Schkuhr. In dry or moist soil: N. B. to B. C..

south to Fla. and Ark.

S
to

CYPERACEAE 193

Conn. New Haven, Southington and Milford; reported as
frequent or common elsewhere.

N.Y. L.I., the Bronx, and in Westchester and Sullivan counties.

N. J. Sussex and Hunterdon counties; reported from Cape May
Co.

Pa. Philadelphia Co., reported also from Northampton, Bucks
and Delaware counties.

43. C. Bicknellii Britton. In dry soil: Me. to Man., south to
N. J., Ark. and Neb.
Conn. Pomfret; reported as rare and scattered over the rest of
the state.
N.Y. Westchester and Dutchess counties. Bronx Co. (Bicknell).
N. J. Morris, Bergen and Sussex counties.
Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties; reported also from Chester Co.

44. C. hormathodes Fernald (C. fenera of first edition of Illus.
Flora). In wet soil, chiefly near the coast: Gulf of St.
Lawrence to Va.

Conn. Common along the coast, rare inland, as at Pomfret.

N. Y. L.I., S.1. and in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere. Com-
mon along the coast.

N. J. Rare in Morris, Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing

southward, especially along the coast; absent from the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Reported from Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.

45. C. alata Torr. In moist soil: N. H. to Fla., inland to Mich.
Conn. Reported from Hartford and Southington.
N. Y. Rare on L. I.; reported from Bronx and Westchester
counties.
N. J. Hudson, Cape May, and Gloucester counties; reported also
as scattered throughout the coastal plain except the pine-

barrens; also near Newton, Sussex county. Gress Pent lrartrins
Pa. Reported from Bucks and Montgomery counties.

46. C. albolutescens Schwein. In wet soil along the coast: N. B.
to Venezuela, and locally in the interior.
Usually common throughout the coastal part of our range;

occurs also at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Pocono Summit,
Monroe Co., Pa., and reported near Union, Conn., in the interior.

47. C. silicea Olney. In sands of the sea coast: Newf. to Va.

Common on the coastal sands.
14

194 CYPERACEAE

48. C. aenea Fernald. In dry places: Lab. to Conn., west to
Mich. and B. Col.

Known, in our area, only from Salisbury, Conn.

49. C. foenea Willd. In dry woods, often on rocks: Newf. to B.
Col., south to Va. and Iowa.
Conn. Reported as occasional.
N. Y. Westchester, Rockland, Dutchess and Delaware counties.
N. J. Sussex, Warren and Passaic counties; reported from Hun-
terdon Co.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties.

50. C. Willdenovii Schk. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to
Ohio, Mich. and Man., south to Fla., Ky. and Tex. Rare
and local in our area.

Conn. Reporced from East Haven and Hamden.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Bronx Park (Bicknell).

N. J. Passaic and Hunterdon counties; reported also from
Bergen and Gloucester counties (the latter record doubtful).

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.

51. C. Jamesii Schwein. In dry woods: southern Ont. and N. Y.
to Mich. and Iowa, south to W. Va., Mo. and Kan.
N. J. Delaware, Warren Co.
Pa. Betzwood, Montgomery Co.

. C. leptalea Wahl. In bogs and swamps: Newf. to Alaska,
Fla., La., Tex., Colo. and Ore.

Conn. Canaan and Bridgeport; reported as frequent elsewhere.

N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess and Sullivan counties; also on
S. I.; reported from L. I. and the lower Hudson region.

N. J. Scattered throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens;
more common northward.

Pa. Northampton Co., reported also from Monroe, Bucks,
Delaware and Chester counties. oh : Ko,

aa ) a
53. C. pauciflora Lightf. In bogs: Newf. to Alaska south to
Conn., Pa., Mich. and Wash.
Seen only from Norfolk, Conn., and Pike Co., Pa.; reported
also from Wayne and Monroe counties in Pa.

on
iS)

54. C. caryophyllea Latourrette. Me. to D. C. Native of
Europe.

Known only as established near Riverdale, N. Y. City.

CYPERACEAE 195

55. C. communis Bailey. In dry soil: N.S. to B. Col., south to
Ga., Ohio and Neb.
Common or frequent throughout the range, except on the coastal
plain.
56. C. pennsylvanica Lam. In dry soil: N. B. to N. Dak., N-
Car. and Tenn.
Abundant throughout the range in some of its forms.
57. C. varia Muhl. Indry soil: N.S. to western Ont. and Man.,
south to Ga. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the range. The records from within
our range, in Pa., of C. defleca Hornem. and C. albicans Willd.
are based on specimens of this species.

58. C. novae-angliae Schwein. In wet shaded places: N. B. to

Me., Mass. and N. Y.

East Windham in the Catskills. Reported from Norfolk,
Conn. (Rhodora 15: 30), and Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

59. C. nigro-marginata Schwein. In dry soil: Conn. to Alabama
and Louisiana.

Conn. Reported from near North Stonington.

N. Y. L.I. Yonkers (Bicknell).

N. J. Milford and Holland in the north, and scattered throughout
the coastal plain except the pine-barrens; most abundant south-
ward.

Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Northampton and Mont-
gomery counties.

60. C. abdita Bicknell. Que. to Vancouver, south to Delaware
and Indiana.
Conn. Bridgeport, rare.
N. Y. L. I., Westchester, Sullivan and Dutchess counties.
N. J. Salem, Camden, Mercer and Sussex counties, all within the
drainage of the Delaware, and near Hoboken.
Pa. Chester, Delware, and Montgomery counties.

61. C. umbellata Schk. In dry soil: N.S. to Mich. and Pa.

Conn. Reported as occasional near the coast, decreasing north-
ward. These records probably refer largely to the last species.
N.Y. Yonkers and in the Highlands.

N. J. Scattered over most of the state, except the pine-barrens,

there rare.

Pa. Philadelphia Co., and reported from Northampton and Bucks
counties.

196 CYPERACEAE

62. C. tonsa (Fernald) Bicknell. In dry soil, chiefly near the
coast: Me. to N. Y. and N. J.

N.Y. L.I., the most common member of this group.

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, except at Cape May.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery and Philadelphia coun-
ties.

63. C. hirtifolia Mackenzie. In woods and thickets: N. S. to
N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Kan.
Conn. Southington; reported also as rare in New London Co.,
increasing northward and westward.

N. Y. L. I.; Bronx, Westchester and Dutchess counties.

N. J. Hunterdon, Somerset and Warren counties.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Philadelphia and Delaware
counties; reported from Bucks and Chester counties.

64. C. pedunculata Muhl. In dry woods: Anticosti to Sask.,
south to Va., Pa. and Iowa.

Conn. Weston; reported as rare or occasional elsewhere.
N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties; reported also from West-
chester Co. pare
N. J. Union, Morris, and Sussex counties; reported also from
Bergen Co. Occurs locally at New Egypt, Ocean Co.
Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties; reported also from
Lackawanna and Berks counties.

65. C. eburnea Boott. (C. setifolia (Dewey) Britton). In dry,
sandy, or rocky soil; often on limestone: N. B. to Alberta,
south to Va., Tenn., Mo. and Neb. Very local in our range.

Conn. Litchfield Co.; reported also in Fairfield Co. and on the
trap intrusions in the Connecticut Valley.

N. Y. North end of Manhattan Island and at Pine Plains,
Dutchess Co.

N. J. Sussex Co., near Swartswood. - Uc,

Pa. Northampton and Lehigh counties.

66. C. aurea Nutt. In wet places: Newf. to B. Col., south to
Mass., Pa., Mich., Utah and Cal. Rare in our area.

Conn. Kent; reported also from Salisbury.
N. Y. Dutchess Co.

67

68

69

CYPERACEAE 197

. C. livida (Wahl.) Willd. In bogs: Lab. and Hudson Bay to

Alaska, south to Conn., the pine-barrens of N. J., central

N. Y., Mich. and Cal. Also in Europe.

Conn. New Haven, not recently collected.

N. J. Scattered through the pine-barrens, unknown elsewhere,
except near Newton, Sussex Co.

. C. panicea L. In fields and meadows: N. S. to Conn.

Naturalized from Europe.
Known definitely only as a rare waif, in Conn.

. C. Meadii Dewey. In swamps and wet meadows: N. J. and

Pa. to Ga., Mich., Assinib., Neb. and Ark.
N. J. Hunterdon Co., in the drainage of the Delaware River.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Lehigh and Delaware counties, all in
the drainage of the Delaware River.

. C. tetanica Schk. In meadows and wet woods: Mass. to

Man., south to D. C. and Mo.

Conn. Reported from Waterford, Sherman and Salisbury.

N. Y. In the Bronx, Westchester and Dutchess counties and re-
ported from Long Island.

N. J. Morris and Sussex counties. Very locally in Camden and
Cape May counties, and reported from Gloucester Co.

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties, and reported from
Monroe Co. a

Cha AD 0

71. C. polymorpha Muhl. In wet meadows and borders of

woods: southern Me. to northern N. J. and S. C. Very
local in our area.

Conn. Reported from East Lyme, Waterbury and New
Haven.

N. Y. Hempstead, L. I.; also Rosedale.

N. J. Warren and Middlesex counties; also near Mickleton,
Gloucester Co.; reported from Union, Ocean and Monmouth
counties.

Pa. Northampton Co., and reported from Monroe and Bucks
counties.

72. C. plantaginea Lam. In woods: N. B. and Ont. to Man.,

south to N. Car. and IIl.

Conn. Sherman; reported also from North Branford, Colebrook,
Norfolk, Torrington and Salisbury.

198 CYPERACEAE

wo: SCellur, N.Y. Westchester and Orange counties, increasing in the Cats-

-
‘Com

yprean $
> NX a spr

kills.
Pa. Bucks Co., reported also from Chester Co.

73. C. platyphylla Carey. In woods and thickets: Que. and

Ont. to Mich., south to Va. and III.

Conn. Brookfield, Canaan and Kent, reported also as occasional
in the northwestern part of the state, especially on limestone.

N. Y. Westchester, Ulster, Sullivan and Dutchess counties.
N. Y. and Bronx counties.

N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Warren, Hudson and Sussex
counties; reported also from Essex, Hunterdon and Somerset
counties. Increasing northward.

Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Monroe and Chester counties.

74. C. abscondita Mackenzie (C. ptychocarpa Steud.). In beech

woods: Mass. and N. J. to Fla. and La.

Conn. Reported from Waterford, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I., south of moraine, and reported as oc-
casional north of it.

N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting; increasing southward. Reported from Morris
Co.

Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.

75. C. digitalis Willd. In woods and thickets: Me. to southern
Ont., south to Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and the
region east and south of them, there not reported. Abundant
northward, rare and local in southwestern New Jersey.

76. C. laxiculmis Schwein. In woods and thickets: Me. to
southern Ont., Mich., Va. and Mo.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and the
region east and south of them, and the L. I. coastal plain, and S. I.
there not recorded. Abundant northward, rare and local in south-
western New Jersey.

. C. albursina Sheldon (C. laxiflora latifolia Boott.). In woods:
Que. to Minn., south to Va., Tenn. and southern Mo.
Very local in our area.

Conn. Southington and Oxford; reported as rare and scattered
elsewhere.

NI
“NI

CYPERACEAE 199

N. Y. Westchester Co.; reported also from Dutchess Co. and
Forest Hills, L. I.

N. J. The reports from Bergen, Hunterdon and Gloucester
counties are probably all erroneous.

78. C. laxiflora Lam. In meadows and thickets: eastern Que.
and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla., Ala. and Tex.

Throughout the range north of the coastal plain but much less
common than the next. The var. /eptonervia Fernald is found in

Warren and Sussex counties, N. J. Au On
79. C. blanda Dewey. Me. and Ont. to Va., Ark. and Kan.
Pa. Bucks Co.

Common throughout, except on the coastal plain of New Jersey,
there wanting save casually on the northern borders.

80. C. styloflexa Buckley. In woods and thickets: Conn. to
Fla. and Tex.
Conn. New Haven; reported also elsewhere along the coast.
N. Y. S.1I.; Westchester and Orange counties. Long Island and
also Bronx Co. (Bicknell).
N.J. Throughout, except the pine-barrens, increasing southward.
Pa. Lehigh Co. and southward.

. C. anceps Muhl. Woods: Newf. to Mich., N. Car. and Tenn.

Common throughout the range except on the coastal plain of

(oa)
ra

New Jersey, there wanting save casually on the northern borders.

82. C. striatula Muhl. Conn. and Pa. to Fla., Tenn. and Tex.

Conn. Fairfield.

N. Y. S. I. and probably L. I.

N. J. Occasional on the coastal plain except the pine-barrens; also
in Warren and Sussex counties in the drainage of the Delaware
River.

Pa. Philadelphia, Bucks, Northampton, Delaware, Chester,
Montgomery and Lehigh counties.

83. C. Shriveri Britton. In moist meadows: Me. to N. Dak.,
Va. and Ind.

Conn. Reported only from Ridgefield and Salisbury.

N.Y. L.1I. and in Westchester Co.

N. J. Sussex Co., and locally in Cape May Co.

Pa. Pike and Northampton counties.

200 CYPERACEAE

84. C. granularis Muhl. In moist meadows: N. B. to Man.,

south to Fla. and La.

Conn. Ridgefield and Canaan; reported, also, as rare in the
western part of the state.

N.Y. L.1I.,S.1., and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.

N. J. Throughout, except in the pine-barrens and the region east
and south of them.

Pa. Northampton Co.; reported also from Bucks, Delaware,
Philadelphia and Chester counties.

85. C. Crawei Dewey. Moist meadows: Cape Breton Island to
Man., south to Conn., Pa. and Kan.

Known in our area only as reported from Beaslick Pond, Salis-
bury, Conn.

86. C. oligocarpa Schk. In dry woods and thickets: Vt. and
Ont. to Mich., south to W. Va., Ky. and Okla. Very local
with us.
Conn. Reported from Colebrook and Salisbury.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. ,
N. J. Hunterdon Co., and reported from Bergen Co. Qe-eeg Ce,
Pa. Bucks Co.; reported also from Northampton Co. \ wa Co,

87. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. In woods and thickets: Vt. and
Yj Ont. to Mich., south to W. Va., Ky. and western Mo.
Conn. Reported from Middlefield, Southington, Plainville and
Farmington.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; reported from Tuckahoe,
Westchester Co. and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y. Co.
(Bicknell).
N. J. Delaware, Warren Co. and Little Pond, Sussex Co.
Pa. Northampton Co.; reported also from Lackawanna and
Bucks counties.

88. C. amphibola Steud. Florida to Texas, north to Penn-
iL. sylvania and Missouri.
Pa. Bucks Co.

89. C. conoidea Schk. In meadows: N.S. to Ont., south to R. I.,
N. J., Ohio and Iowa, and in the mountains to N. Car.
Conn. West Goshen, Southington and Fairfield; reported as

common throughout the state.
N. Y. Bronx Co., northward; reported from Woodmere, L. I., on
the coastal plain.

OI

Q2

94

CYPERACEAE 201

N. J. Throughout, commencing in the northern borders of the
coastal plain; reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.; more
common northward.

Pa. Pike and Bucks counties; reported also from Monroe,
Northampton, Berks and Delaware counties. ,

. C. grisea Wahl. In woods and thickets: Me. to Ont. and

Minn., south to N. Car. and Ark.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens of N. J. and east
and south of them, there not reported. Not common on the
coastal plain.

. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. In open fields and meadows: Mass.

to Ont., Ill., Va. and Ark.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the coastal
region near them, there not reported.

. C. gracillima Schwein. In moist woods and meadows:

Newf. to Man., N. Car., Ohio and Mich.
Throughout, except the coastal plain of New Jersey and Long
Island. Rare on Long Island.

. C. prasina Wahl. In meadows and moist thickets: Me. to

Mich., D. C. and Ohio, south in the Alleghanies to
Ga.

Throughout the range except the coastal plain of N. J., there
reported only from Salem and Gloucester counties near the
Delaware; also absent from Long Island except north of the mor-
aine, where rare.

. C. formosa Dewey. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. and

Vitentoroe Ontaa Nerang» Viiche

Conn. Reported from Salisbury.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Reported from Columbia Co.

. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. In moist thickets and meadows:

Mass. to Minn., south to Ga., Ky. and Tex.

Conn. Reported from Windsor, East Hartford, Lyme and
Chester.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. A specimen from Aqueduct,
L. I., may be incorrectly labeled.

N. J. Along the Delaware River from Mercer Co. northward.

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties; reported also from Pike,
Philadelphia and Chester counties.

202

96

97

99

100

IO!

CYPERACEAE

. C. aestivaliformis Mackenzie. In mountain meadows: N. J.,

N. Y. and Pa. Rare in our area.

N. Y. Known only at Yonkers.

N. J. Near Greenwood Lake.

Pa. Wissahickon Ravine, Philadelphia Co.

. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. In mountain woods: N. H.,

Mass., northern N. Y. to Ga.

Conn. Reported from Salisbury, Colebrook and Norfolk.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the Catskills.

Pa. Carbondale, Carbon Co.; reported also from Wayne, Lack-
awanna and Chester counties (the last very doubtful).

. C. oblita Steud. In bogs: central N. Y., Pa. and N. J., to

Ala. and La.

N. Y. Known only from L. I., where rare.

N. J. Scattered on the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. The reported occurrence of this species in Lackawanna Co.
is open to doubt.

. C. debilis Michx. Woods and open copses, N. J. to Tenn.,

south to Fla. and Tenn.

N. J. Occasional throughout the coastal plain except the pine-
barrens, as far north as Bergen Co.

Pa. Delaware Co.

. C. flexuosa Muhl. In woods: Newf. to Wisc., Va., the

mountains of N. Car. and Ky.

Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of New Jersey,
there not recorded.

. C.arctata Boot. In dry woods and thickets: Newf. and Que.

to Minn., Pa. and Mich.

Conn. Reported from Bridgeport, Barkhamsted, Norfolk and
Canaan.

N. Y. Dutchess and Ulster counties.

N. J. The reported occurrence of this species in Gloucester,
Bergen and Essex counties is open to doubt.

Pa. Monroe Co.; reported also from Bucks Co. (which is doubt-
ful).

102. C. castanea Wahl. In dry thickets and on banks: Newf. to

Minn., south to Conn., N. Y. and the Great Lake region.

Known in our area, only as reported from Salisbury, Conn.
years ago; not recently collected.

CYPERACEAE 203

103. C. Sprengelii Dewey (C. longirostris Torr.). On banks and

in moist thickets: N. B. to Alberta, south to Mass., N. J.,

Pa. and Neb.

Conn. Southington, reported as local from the Connecticut
River westward except along the coast.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. A specimen labeled ‘Coney
Island”’ has been seen.

N. J. Bergen, Hunterdon and Warren counties. Burry o-

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties, reported also from Mon-
roe Co.

104. C. Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie (C. virescens of Britton’s
manual). Thickets and open grounds: N.S. to Mich., N.
Tenn. Car., and Mo.

Scattered throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere.

105. C. virescens Muhl. In woods: Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Ky.
Scattered throughout the range, except the coastal plain of
New Jersey, there not recorded.

106. C. complanata Torr. In woods, fields and swamps: Me. to
southern Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. New Haven; reported also as infrequent in central and
southwestern part of the state.

N.Y. Occasional or common throughout, except on L. I., where
rare, especially on the coastal plain.

N. J. Occasional throughout the state, but rare in the pine-
barrens. The smooth leaved plant occurs in Gloucester and
Atlantic counties.

Pa. Montgomery, Philadelphia, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and

Chester counties; reported also as throughout the range.

107. C. caroliniana Schwein. In meadows: (?) L. I. and N. J.
to Pa., N. Car. and Tex.
N. Y. Known only from a specimen very doubtfully collected at
Aqueduct, L. I.
N.J. Morris Co. southward, especially along the Delaware River.
Not reported from the pine-barrens or south of them.
Pa. Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester counties.

108. C. Bushii Mackenzie. In meadows: R. I. and N. Y. to S.
Car. and Okla.

Conn. Reported as more frequent than Carex complanata.

204 CYPERACEAE

N. Y. Known only from near Yonkers.

N. J. Milford, Hunterdon Co.

Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia, Montgomery and
Chester counties.

109. C. pallescens L. In fields and meadows: Newf. to N. J.,
Pa., Ill. and Wisc. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Canaan and Stratford; reported as common throughout.

N. Y. Throughout, except not reported from S.J. Rareon L. I.
Frequent northward.

N. J. Sussex, Morris and Passaic counties; reported also from
Union, Essex and Bergen counties; Ocean Co. record probably
incorrect.

Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties; reported also from
Wayne, Lackawanna, Lehigh, Luzerne and Bucks counties.

110. C. scabrata Schwein. Along woodland brooks: eastern Que.
to Ont., Mich., S. Car. and Tenn.
Occasional throughout our area, except the coastal plain of New
Jersey and L. I.; not reported from Staten Island. Rare on L. I.
north of the coastal plain.

111. C.limosa L. In bogs: Lab. to B. Col., south to Me., N. J.,
Ohio, Iowa and Colo. Also in Europe. Very local in our
area.

Conn. Reported from Burlington, Salisbury and Norfolk.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Locally in Sussex, Morris and Gloucester counties.

Pa. Wayne and Bucks counties, reported.also.frem, Pike and

Monroe counties. u
LOnr¢

112. C. paupercula Michx. In bogs: Newf. and Lab. to B. Col.,
Conn., Pa. and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Rare in
our area.

Conn. Reported from Norfolk, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Reported from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., but the speci-
men on which the report is based may be from outside N. Y.

Pa. Monroe Co.

113. C. Barrattii Schw. & Torr. In swamps: Conn. to Pa. and
N. Car., mostly near the coast.

Conn. Stratford and East Windsor; reported also from South
Windsor and East Hartford.

CYPERACEAE 205

N. Y. Islip and Woodmere, L. I.

N. J. Scattered throughout the coastal plain. Local and
mostly in the pine barrens.

Pa. Delaware Co.

114. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. In bogs: Green. to Alaska, south to
Ga., Ky., Mo., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. New Haven and Milford; reported as rare and scattered
over most of the state.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and locally on L. I.

N. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties, and very locally in
Cape May Co.

Pa. Bucks and Lehigh counties.

115. C. stricta Lam. (C. salina Kneiskern). In swamps: Newf.
to Ont., Neb., Ga. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
rare.

116. C. Haydeni Dewey. Swamps: N. B. to Minn., south to
N. J. and Mo. Rare in our area.

Conn. Reported from Franklin, Waterford, East Hartford,
Glastonbury, and Southington.

N. J. Lawrence, Mercer Co.; reported from Budd’s Lake. The
Camden Co. record is erroneous.

Pa. Pike and Bucks counties.

117. C. torta Boott. In rocky beds of streams: Que. to Minn.,
south to N. Car. and Mo.

Conn. Beacon Falls and Pomfret; reported as rare near the
coast and increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Dutchess, Ulster and Greene counties.

N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon and Passaic counties; reported
also from Essex Co.

Pa. Pike, Lehigh and Bucks counties; reported also from North-
ampton, Chester and Delaware counties.

118. C. Goodenowii J. Gay. In wet grounds: Newf. to Mass.,
Pa. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Reported, but record is unverifiable.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., in cold wet places on Mt. Riga.
Pa. Erroneously reported from Monroe, Bucks and Delaware
counties.

206

119g

120

122

CYPERACEAE

. C. lenticularis Michx. On shores: Lab. to Sask., south to

Mass., N. Y. and Minn.

Known in our area only from Husted Meadow, Pine Plains,
Dutchess Co., N. Y. Mounted on a sheet with Carex stricta
Lam., to which only it is possible that the label refers.

. C. aquatilis Wahl. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to

Alaska, south to Conn. and Mich., and in the western moun-

tains. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Reported from Lyme, Oxford, and Salisbury.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Erroneously reported from the shores of the Delaware in
Camden Co. TAS &,

. C. Emoryi Dewey. N. Y. and Md. to N. Dak. and N. Mex.

N. Y. Rare in Sullivan Co.
N. J. Camden, Mercer, Hunterdon and Warren counties.
Pa. Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties.

All of our stations in the drainage area of the Delaware.

. C. gynandra Schw. In swamps: Newf. and Wisc., south to

Ga.

Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there
not recorded; more common northward.

3. C.crinita Lam. Inswamps and wet woods: Newf. to Minn.,

south to Fla. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the range. Usually common except in the
pine-barrens where rare and mostly wanting.

. C. lacustris Willd. In swamps: Newf. to James Bay and

Man., south to Delaware, Iowa and Idaho.

Conn. Woodbury, Southington and Fairfield; reported as
occasional.

N. Y. L.I., and in Yonkers, Bronx Co.

N. J. Frequent except in the pine-barrens and adjacent country,
there very local.

Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties, and reported from Dela-
ware Co.

125. C. Walteriana Bailey. In pine-barren bogs: southeastern

Mass. to Fla. near the coast.

N. Y. OnL. I., on the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Abundant in the pine-barrens and rare in the regions
adjacent to them.

CYPERACEAE 207

126. C. vestita Willd. In sandy woods: southern Me. to eastern

N. Y. and Pa., south to Ga.

Conn. Southington, Easton and Bridgeport; reported as fre-
quent or common throughout the state.

N. Y. Westchester Co. southward; common on the coastal plain
of Long Island and on S. I.

N. J. Throughout the state except the northwestern part where
rare or wanting. Rare in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Reported from Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Delaware
counties.

127. C. lanuginosa Michx. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S.

toub. Gaby Cer Niose Ne Mex, andy@alk

Scattered and often common throughout the range, but absent
from the pine-barrens of N. J., and very local in southwestern New
Jersey.

128. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. In wet meadows and swamps: Newf.
to B. Col., south to N. J., Pa., Iowa and Minn. Also in
Europe.

Conn. Huntington; reported as local in the north and increasing
southward.

N. Y. Local on L. I., also Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and
reported from Dunwoodie; increasing northward.

N. J. Scattered north of the coastal plain, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Reported from Monroe, Bucks, Berks and Delaware counties.

129. C. trichocarpa Muhl. In marshes and wet meadows: Que.
and Vt. to Ore., south to Ga., Mo. and Kan.
Conn. Reported only from Thomaston.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and reported southward to
Bronx Co.
N. J. Hunterdon and Sussex counties, and Mercer and Burlington
counties, near the Delaware River; reported from Bergen Co.
Pa. Chester, Delaware and Bucks counties; reported also from
Monroe and Northampton counties.
130. C. hirta L. In fields and waste places: Mass. and N. Y. to
N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe.
Local as a naturalized weed in our area around New York and
at Wharton, N. J.; also at Rosyln, L. I.
131. C. extensa Gooden. Borders of salt marshes: N. Y. and Va.
Naturalized from Europe.

Known, in our area, only from near Coney Island and Rockaway,
Welle

208 CYPERACEAE

132. C. Oederi Retz. In bogs and on wet rocks: Newf. to Hudson
Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., Pa., Minn., Utah
and Washington.

Conn. Canaan and New Haven.

N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties.

N. J. Sussex Co.; reported from Warren Co. The Camden Co.
(Atco) record is undoubtedly erroneous.

133. C.cryptolepis Mackenzie. In wet meadows: Newf. to Mich.,
Reievand UN. J.

Conn. Canaan; reported also from Ridgefield and Kent.
N. Y. Lake Mohegan; unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Sussex and Morris counties.

134. C. flava L. In swamps and wet meadows: Newf. to B. C.,

R. I., N. J., Pa., Ohio and Mont. Europe.

Conn. Salisbury; reported at Berlin and Ridgefield and as
frequent in Litchfield Co.

N. Y. In the Bronx; Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and at Long
Beach, Long Island.

N. J. Morris and Sussex counties; reported from Warren Co.
Formerly found at Kaighn’s Point, Camden Co.

Pa. Montgomery Co. 4, é Nycr

135. C. Collinsii Nutt. In bogs: R. I. to eastern Pa., south to

S. Car. and Ga.

Conn. Reported from Cromwell (Rhodora 13: 78).

N.Y. L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, usually in white cedar
swamps.
Locally at Round Pond, Sussex Co.,* unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Broad Mt., Schuylkill Co.; reported from Chester Co.

Re Y eer dates sea |

136. C. folliculata L. In swamps and wet woods: Newf. to Mich.,
south to N. Car.
Throughout the range, especially common on the coastal plain.
Often locally absent north of the coastal plain.

137. C. vesicaria L. (including C. monile Tuckerm.). Newf. to
B. Col., south to N. J., Ohio and Mo. Also in Eu., Asia
and north Africa.

Conn. Middletown and East Windsor; reported as occasional.

N. Y. Delaware, Dutchess and Greene counties; also Staten
Island.

*See Introduction paragraph 7.

CYPERACEAE 209

N. J. Sussex, Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Mercer counties;
reported from Hunterdon Co.

Pa. Delaware, Bucks and Nodtometonc counties: reported from
Pike, Monroe and Chester counties. =

138. C. rostrata Stokes. Marshes: Lab. to B. Col., Del., Ohio
and Cal. Also in Eu. and Asia. Rare in our area.

Conn. Bridgeport and Thompson; reported as rare and oc-
casional over most of the state.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I.;
ae aes as formerly found in Bronx Co. and on S. I.

tay N. J. jCamden Co.; reported also in Bergen and Morris counties.
“ Pa. Pike, Monroe, Lehigh and Bucks counties; reported also in
Wayne Co.

139. C. bullata Schk. In swamps: Me. to Ga.
Conn. Reported only from Voluntown, Stonington, Colchester,
Columbia and Ellington.
N. Y. Frequent on L. I. coastal plain, unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens and occasional on the coastal
plain elsewhere.

140. C. Tuckermani Dewey. In bogs and meadows: N. B. to
Minn., south to N. J., Ind. and Iowa. Rare in our area.
Conn. Reported from northern Hartford and Litchfield counties.
N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess and Greene counties, reported
from Bronx Co.

N.J. Oradel (station now destroyed); reported also from English
Neighborhood, Bergen Co.

Pa. Reported from Monroe Co.

141. C. retrorsa Schwein. In swamps and wet meadows: Newf.
to B. C., south to Pa., Iowa and Ore.

Conn. Canaan and Salisbury, reported also at Lyme and
Huntington.

N. Y. Dutchess and Greene counties.

Pa. Reported from Bucks Co

142. C. oligosperma Michx. In bogs: Lab. and Newf. to N. Pay ape
Terr., south to Mass., Pa. and Mich. Very rare in our area.
Conn. Reported from near Groton, unknown otherwise.
Pa. Long Pond, Monroe Co., reported also from Carbon Co.

143. C. lurida Wahl. In swamps and wet meadows: N. S. to
Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex.

15

A.J pee Ca: wen ie
—

210 CYPERACEAE

Common in some of its many forms throughout the range,
except the pine-barrens, there rare.

144. C. Baileyi Britton. Bogs: Me. and Vt. to Va. and Tenn.
Conn. Reported from East Lyme.
N. Y. Mountains of Greene Co.
Pa. Monroe Co. -- Luatynet Co
N. J. Austin’s report from Closter, Bergen Co., is doubtless
erroneous.

145. C. Schweinitzii Dewey. In swamps and bogs: Vt. to Ont.,
south to Conn., N. J. and Mo.

Conn. Reported only from Salisbury.

N. Y. Dutchess Co. Hoysradt considers this the most common
of the section VESICARIAE near Pine Plains. Reported as very
local at Riverdale, Bronx Co.

N. J. Reported by Schweinitz from Hope, Warren Co., nearly a
hundred years ago. Not found since.

Pa. Reported from Monroe Co.

146. C. hystricina Muhl. In swamps and low meadows: Newf. to

Alberta, south to Ga., N. Mex. and Ariz.

Conn. Canaan and Southington; reported as rare over the state.

N. Y. Scattered, throughout, common northward. Local on
Long Island.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens and south of
them. Increasing northward. Uncommon in the coastal plain.

Pa. Bucks and Lehigh counties, reported also from Monroe,
Delaware and Chester counties.

147. C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. In bogs: N. S. to Sask., south to
Conn., N. Y. and Mich. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Conn. Reported from near Salisbury.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N.J. Reported from near Closter, Bergen Co. Probably the next

species.

148. C. comosa Boott. In swamps and along borders of ponds:

N.S. to Wash., south to Fla., La. and Cal.

Conn. Canaan and Southington; reported as occasional through-
out the state.

N. Y. L. L., in Westchester Co. and northward; reported from
Sir

N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne Co.; reported from the other counties in the range.

CYPERACEAE 211

149. C. Frankii Kunth. In swamps and wet meadows: eastern
Pa. to eastern Va. and Ga., west to Ill., Mo., La. and Tex.
Known in our area only as reported from Chester Co., Pa.

150. C. squarrosa L. Inswamps and bogs: Ont. to Conn., Mich.,
Neb., Ga., La. and Ark.
Scattered throughout the range except the pine-barrens and
the region east and south of them, there not reported. Rare on
the coastal plain.

151. C. typhina Michx. In swamps: Que. to Va., La., lowa and

Mo. Local in our range.

Conn. Middletown; reported also from Guildford, East Haven,
East Hartford and Hartford.

N.Y. L.I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands,
not known northward.

N. J. Warren and Salem counties. Rare.

Pa. Reported from Monroe and Pike counties.

152. C. intumescens Rudge. In swamps, bogs and wet woods:
Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and La.
Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens.

153. C. Asa-Grayi Bailey. In swamps and wet meadows: Vt. to

Mich., south to Ga. and Mo. Local in our area.

Conn. Reported as local along the Connecticut River, rare
elsewhere, as at Middletown, Westfield and Southington.

N. Y. Inthe Bronx, Westchester and Greene counties. Also on
Staten Island.

N. J. Bergen, Hunterdon and Warren counties. The records
from southern New Jersey are erroneous.

Pa. Reported from Delaware Co.

154. C.lupulina Muhl. In swamps and ditches: N. B. to Hudson
Bay, western Ont., Iowa, Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, in some of its forms, more common

northward, than elsewhere. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens.

155. C. lupuliformis Sartwell. In swamps: Vt. to Minn., south
to Del. and La. Rare and local in our territory.
Conn. Reported from Southington, Huntington and Monroe
counties.
N. Y. Westchester Co., reported at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
and in Bronx Co.

212 ARACEAE

N. J. Sussex and Salem counties; reported also from Bergen Co.
Pa. Montgomery Co.; reported from Bucks, Northampton and
Delaware counties.

Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc., once supposed to grow in N. J., has not becn col-
lected from there recently, if at all. The original record from the state is apparently

an error.
ARACEAE

Flowers without a perianth.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Flowers borne at the base of the spadix. 1. ARISAEMA.
Flowers borne throughout the spadix. 2. PELTANDRA.
Flowers perfect. 3. CALLA.
Flowers with a perianth.
Spathe enclosing the spadix. 4. SPATHYEMA,
Spathe, when present, not enclosing the spadix.
Spadix naked terminating the scape; leaves oblong. 5. ORONTIUM.

Spadix borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe; leaves linear. 6. ACORUS.

1. Arisaema Mart.

Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix; leaves
tri-foliolate.
Leaves glaucous beneath; spadix stout, thickening upward. 1. A. triphyllum.
Leaves shiny throughout; spadix slender, cylindric.
Spathes light colored, distinctly fluted, flaring into a re-
latively broad hood. 2. A. Stewardsonii.
Spathes dark colored (except in rarealbino forms) the tube
not fluted and not much narrower than the hood. 3. A. pusillum.
Spathe convolute; summit of spadix exserted; leaves pedately 5-17
divided. 5. A. Dracontium.

1. A. triphyllum (L.) Torrey. In rich woods and moist thickets:
Nov. Scot. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Kan. and La.
Conn. Common throughout.
N. Y. Common throughout, but rare south of the moraine on L. I.
N. J. Rare and local, or often wanting in the pine-barrens, common

elsewhere.
Pa. Common throughout.
Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous,

more common: Older formations, ubiquitous. 117-204 days.
Sea level—3,365 ft.

2. A. Stewardsonii Britton. In wet woods, growing among
sphagnum: N. J. and Pa.

N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
Pa. Wayne, Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, O: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing at

ARACEAE “2g

higher elevations. Rare or perhaps wanting south of the moraine.
118-164 days. 993-2,100 ft.

3. A. pusillum (Peck) Nash. In open sunny bogs, sometimes in

deep woods: Southwestern Conn. to Ky. and Ga.

Conn. Fairfield Co.

N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing and common southward.

N. J. Newton, Sussex Co. increasing and common southward, but
rare or perhaps wanting in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Lehigh, Mongtomery and Chester counties, in-
creasing southward.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere; Cretaceous,

common: Older formations, common. 166-204 days. Sea level—

858 ft.

4. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. In moist shady places: Me. to

Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and local, apparently increasing westward.

N. Y. Bloodroot Valley, S. I., increasing northward to Columbia
and Ulster counties. Not recorded from L. I.

N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex,
Monmouth, Burlington and Camden counties but unrecorded
from the pine barrens.

Pa. Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in shady places: Older forma-
tions, not very common. 154-204 days. Sea level—471 ft.

2. Peltandra Raf.*
1. P. virginica (L.) Kunth. In swamps and shallow water: Me.
to Ont., south to Mich., Fla., La. and Mo.
Common throughout the range in favorable situations.

3. Calla L-

1. C. palustris L. In bogs: N. S. to Hudson Bay, Minn., Wisc.

and Iowa.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northward.

N. Y. Westchester and Orange counties, increasing northward,
particularly up the Hudson Valley.

N.J. Woodbridge, Middlesex Co., to Hudson and Bergen counties,
thence increasing northwestward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Pike counties.

* See footnote, page 76.

214 LEMNACEAE

Tertiary 0: Cretaceous, perhaps at Woodbridge, N. J., not other-
wise known: Older formations, common, increasing northward.
Not south of the moraine. 117-186 days. Sea level—1,933 ft.

4. Spathyema Raf.
1. S. foetida (L.) Raf. In swamps and wet soil: N.S. to Ont.,
Minn., N. Car. and Iowa.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barren region of N. J.
and L. I. where it is rare and local or often wanting.

5. Orontium L.*
1. O. aquaticum L. In swamps and ponds: Mass. to Pa., Fla.
and La., mostly near the coast.
Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing northward.
N. Y. L.I.and up the Hudson Valley to Orange Co.
N. J. Nearly throughout, increasing southward and in the coastal
counties.
Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester
counties.

6. Acorus L.
1. A. Calamus L. In swamps and along streams: Nov. Scot. to
Ont., Minn., La. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia.
Common throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens.

LEMNACEAEt

Thallus with 1-© roots.
Roots several. . SPIRODELA.

I
Root solitary. 2. LEMNA.
3

Thallus rootless. . WOLFFIA.
1. Spirodela Schleid.
1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. In still water: Nov. Scot. to Brit.
Col., S. Car., Tex., northern Mex. and Nev.
Not uncommon as a ditch or pond plant in most parts of our
range except the pine-barrens.

2. Lemna L.

Thalli long stipitate, 5 mm. long or more. 1. L. trisulca.
Thalli short stipitate or sessile, mostly less than 5 mm. long.
Spathe open.

Thalli 1-nerved or nerveless. 2. L. cyclostasa.
Thalli 3-nerved; root cap cylindric. 3. L. perpusilla.
Spathe sac-like. 4. L. minor.

* See footnote page 76.
T See footnote, page 76.

LEMNACEAE 215

ieleatrisulca Ic. in) waters Naeoeeton IN. J. Ne Mex, Brit:

Col. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia.

Conn. Rare or wanting in the east, scattered along the coast,
increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Clove Lake, S. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Passaic, Sussex and Morris counties,
increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe and Chester counties.

Ny

. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. In ponds and rivers: Mass. to Fla.,
Ill., Wyo. and Cal. Also in South America.
Conn. Along the coast, rare or wanting inland.
N. Y. Reported from L. I; S: I.
N. J. Bergen and Union counties.

3. L. perpusilla Torr. In ponds, springs, rivers and lakes: N. Y.
to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Kan.
Conn. Reported but not definitely known from the state.
INERYS es (Gardinerss, LelaandiSsile
N. J. Bergen, Hudson and Atlantic counties, perhaps in the inter-

vening territory.

Pa. Nerthampton Co. (Porter).

4. L. minor L. In ponds, lakes and stagnant pools, throughout
North America except the extreme north. Also in Europe,
Asia, Africa and Australia.

Throughout the range, but apparently rare in southeastern Conn.
and wanting in the pine-barrens.

3. Wolffia Horkel.

1. W. columbiana Karst. Floating as minute alga-like bodies

just beneath the surface of the water: Mass. to Ont., N. J.,

S. Car., Minn., Mo. and La. Also in Mexico and South

America.

Conn. Fairfield and Litchfield counties, increasing northward.

N.Y. Old Town Pond, S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Greene
and Delaware counties, increasing northward.

N.J. Passaic, Bergen, Camden and Salem counties, apparently not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Philadelphia and Bucks counties.

The reported occurrence of W. punctata Griseb. in Pa. has not been satisfactorily
established.

216 XYRIDACEAE

XYRIDACEAE
Te yrs
Lateral sepals as long as the bracts or shorter, usually concealed.
Lateral sepals ciliate, prominently fringed tipped. 1. X. flexuosa.
Lateral sepals not ciliate, but erose or laciniate, not fringed
tipped.
Heads oblong or nearly cylindric; bracts numerous, in
many series. 2. X. elata.
Heads ovoid; bracts relatively few and in few series.
Sepals laciniate only near the apex (rarelyentire). 3. X. montana.
Sepals laciniate at least half their length. 4. X. caroliniana.
Lateral sepals longer than the bracts.
Sepal tips not conspicuously fringed. 5. X. Congdont.

Seval tips conspicuously fringed.
Scapes not conspicuously bulbous thickened at the base;

leaves not spirally twisted. 6. X. fimbriata.
Scapes conspicuously bulbous thickened at the base;
leaves spirally twisted. 7. X. arenicola.

1. X. flexuosa Muhl. In bogs: Me. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout but not common, decreasing southeastward.

N. Y. L.I.and S. 1. decreasing and perhaps wanting northward.

N. J. Not recorded from Passaic, Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon
counties, increasing and common southward.

Pa. Lehigh, Montgomery, Berks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations

scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 153-220 days.

Sea level-860 ft.

2. X. elata Chapm. In sandy swamps near the coast: N. J. to
Fla. and La.

N. J. Bennett, Cape May Co.
3. X. montana H. Ries. In bogs: N.S. to Ont., Mich. and Pa.

Known definitely only from Tannersville and Tobyhanna, Monroe
Co., Pa. Both places are in the region of Pocono and Catskill Red
sandstones, on or very near the terminal moraine, have an elevation
of 1,200-1,933 ft. and a growing season of 118 days. Reported also
from Woodbury, Conn.

4. X. caroliniana Walt. In swamps and bogs: Me. and Mass.
to Pa., Fla. and La., mostly near the coast.
Conn. Local in most of the state, decreasing northward.
Ne Yen le weeandsSe ale
N. J. Middlesex, Monmouth and Ocean counties, increasing
southward.

ERIOCAULACEAE 217

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Carbon to Chester and Delaware
counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
more common in Pa. than elsewhere. 118-220 days. Sea level—
600 ft.

5. X. Congdoni Small. Low grounds: Mass. to N. J., near the
coast.
Conn. New Haven and New London counties, near the coast.
N. i.) Suffolk €o.7 1:
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the edges and at
Cape May, unknown elsewhere.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0:
Older Formations, confined to the glaciated region of Suffolk Co.,
L. I., and to Conn.* 168-187 days. About sea level.

6. X. fimbriata Ell. In wet pine-barrens: Southern N. J. to Fla.
and Miss., mostly near the coast.
N.J. Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic and Gloucester counties, con-
fined to the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0:
Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-182 days.
About sea level.

7. X. arenicola Small. In dry pine-barrens: S. N. J. to Fla.,
west to Tex., mostly near the coast, extending north to Ark.
N. J. Known only from Batsto and Atsion in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, rare or local: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not
north of the moraine. 168 days. About sea level.

ERIOCAULACEAE
1. Eriocaulon L.

Leaves 14-30 mm. long, much surpassing the sheath of the scape. 1. E. decangulare.
Leaves usually 10 mm. long or less, as long as or much shorter than
the sheath of the scape.
Leaves at least twice shorter than the sheath of the scape. 2. E. compressum.
Leaves about as long as the sheath of the scape, sometimes a
little longer or shorter.
Heads 5-9 mm. in diameter; petals ciliate. 3. E. septangulare.
Heads 3-4 mm. in diameter; petals glabrous. 4. E. Parkert.

1. E. decangulare L. In swamps: S. N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and
Tex. Also in Cuba.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

’

218 COMMELINACEAE

N. J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing and common
southward, predominating in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Reported from the state, but not definitely known from our
area.
Tertiary common: Cretaceous, scattered in edaphically favorable
situations :* Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-
220 days. About sea level.

2. E. compressum Lam. In still shallow water and in swamps:
S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.

N. J. Ocean and Burlington counties, increasing and common
southward, predominating in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, not definitely known; Older
Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220days. About
sea level.

3. E. septangulare L. In still waters or on shores: Newf. to

Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also in western Europe.

Conn. Rare or local over most of the state, increasing south-
eastward.

N. Y. Dutchess and Putnam counties, increasing southward and
common on L. I. Not recorded from S. I.

N. J. Throughout, local in the north, increasing and common
southward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Lackawanna, Monroe, Carbon, Bucks and
Philadelphia counties.
Apparently indifferent as to geological formation. 117-220

days. Sea level—750 ft.

4. E. Parkeri B. L. Robinson. In tidal mud: southern N. J.,
adjacent Pa., and from near Washington, D. C.

Burlington and Camden counties, N. J., and at Mullica River
above Crowleytown along the coast.

COMMELINACEAE
Perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2; petals unequal; bracts spathe-like. I. COMMELINA.
Perfect stamens 6 or rarely 5; petals all alike; bracts leaf-like. 2. TRADESCANTIA.

1. Commelina L.
Spathe not united at the base.
Spathe acuminate; capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 1. C. nudiflora.
Spathe acute; capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis.

*See Introduction paragraph 29.

PONTEDERIACEAE 219

Spathe with united base.
All the cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules.

Capsules 2-valved, dorsal cavities indehiscent. 3. C. virginica.
’ Capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent. 4. C. erecta.
Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with
I ovule. 4. C. hirtella.

1. C. nudiflora L. Along streams and in waste places: N. J. to
Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex.; and through tropical
America to Paraguay. Also in Europe and Asia.

Rare as a weed.

2. C. communis L. In waste places: Conn. and eastern Pa.
to Ga. and Ky. Adventive or naturalized from Asia.
Locally abundant as a weed.

3. C. virginica L. S.N. Y. to Ill. and Mich., south to Fla., Nev.
and Tex.; and through tropical America to Paraguay.
N.Y. Near N. Y. City, and recorded from S. I.
N. J. Burlington Co.

4. C. erecta L. In moist soil: S. N. Y. to Fla., Tex. and tropical
Am.
Known only from Camden, N. J., and from N. Y. City, probably
adventive from the south.
5. C. hirtella Vahl. In moist soil: S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Known definitely only from Kaighn’s Point, Camden Co., N. J.
Not recently collected.

2. Tradescantia L.
. T. virginiana L. S. N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak., south to Va.,
Ky. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in N. E.

Locally abundant as a weed; rare in our range as a wild plant,
but wild in the valley of the Delaware from Trenton northward.

_

T. reflexa Raf., a southern species, has been collected as a waif in Conn.

PONTEDERIACEAE*
Flowers 2-lipped; stamens 6; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. I. PONTEDERIA.
Flowers regular; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. HETERANTHERA.

1. Pontederia L.

1. P. cordata L. Ponds and streams: Nov. Scot. to Minn., Fla.
and Tex.

*See footnote, page 76.

220 JUNCACEAE

Common throughout the range. A narrow lanceolate-leaved
form occurs sparingly with the typical plant, particularly in northern

N. J.
2. Heteranthera R. & P.

Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate-ovate. 1. H. reniformis.

Leaves narrowly linear, grass-like. 2. H. dubia.

1. H. reniformis R. & P. In mud or shallow water: Conn. to
N. J., Neb. and Kan., south to La. Also in South and
Central America.

Conn. The southeastern part of the state.

N. Y. In the Hudson from Dutchess Co. northward.

N. J. Bergen, Morris and Hunterdon counties southwestward to
Salem Co., apparently not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Berks, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.

2. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. In still water: Que. to Ore., Fla.
and Mex. Also in Cuba.

Conn. Rare or local over most of the state.

N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward. Apparently
wanting on L. I. and S. I.

N.J. Apparently throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens
and east and south of them.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Chester and Delaware

counties.
JUNCACEAE
Leaf sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-celled, many-seeded; placenta
parietal or axial. I. JUNCUS.

Leaf sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. JUNCOIDES.

1. Juncus L.

Inflorescence lateral, the leaves above it terete.
Flowers prophyllate.
Perianth parts green or straw colored.
Perianth parts equalling the capsule, acute.
Stamens 3; leaf of inflorescence much shorter

than the stem. 1. J. effusus.

Stamens 6; leaf of the inflorescence about equal-
ling the stem or longer. 2. J. filiformis.
Perianth parts 14 as long as the capsule, the inner
obtuse. 3. J. gymnocarpus.

Perianth parts brown or with a brown band down each

side of the midvein. 4. J. balticus.

Flowers eprophy:!ate. 5. J. maritimus.

Inflorescence terminal, or if lateral the leaves above it not terete.

JUNCACEAE

Leaves not provided with septa.
Flowers prophyllate.
Inflorescence more than 14 the height of the
plant:

’ Inflorescence less than 14 the height of the plant.
Inflorescence 1-3 flowered, usually 1-flowered.
Inflorescence more than 1-3 flowered, usually

many flowered.
Brown and greenish sepals incurved and
obtuse.
Sepals acute or acuminate.
Capsule reddish or castaneous, ex-
ceeding the calyx.
Capsule exceeded by the calyx.
Leaves flat.

Inflorescence not conspicu-
spicuously secund;
bract exceeding the
inflorescence.

Auricles of the sheath
conspicuously ex-
tended beyond the
point of insertion.

Auricles of the sheath
not extending beyond
the point of insertion.

Inflorescence conspicuously
secund; inflorescence ex-
ceeding the bract.

Leaves terete.

Capsules oblong; bract some-
what exceeding inflores-
cence.

Capsule globose-ovoid; bract
much exceeding inflores-
cence.

Flowers eprophyllate.
Heads 5-10 flowered; panicle of 2-20 heads.
Heads 2-5 flowered; panicle 20-100 heads.
Leaves provided with septa.
Leaves tuberculate.
Leaves not tuberculate.
Heads I-flowered.
Heads more than 1-flowered.
Plants with 2 kinds of leaves, submerged and
erect.
Leaves all alike.
Capsule subulate beaked.
Leaf of inflorescence extending above
the flower cluster.
Stamens 3.
Stamens 6.

10.

Il.

12.

13.

14.

15.
16.

17.

18.

19.

20.
21.

221

. bufonius.

. trifidus.

. Gerardt.

. Greenet.

. tenuis.

. Dudleyi.

. secundus.

. dichotomus.

. setaceus.

. marginatus.
. aristulatus.

. caesariensis.

. pelocarpus.

. militaris.

. nodosus.
. Torrey.

222 JUNCACEAE

Leaf of inflorescence shorter than the
flower cluster or wanting. 22. J. scirpoides.
Capsule merely acute or with a short
mucro, not subulate.
Inner perianth parts much shorter
than the outer. 23. J. brachycarpus.
Inner perianth parts equalling the
outer or exceeding them.
Perianth parts about as long as
the capsule rarely a little
shorter.
Seeds 0.7 mm. long or more,
narrowed into tails at
both ends.
Perianth 3-4 mm. long. 24. J. canadensis.
Perianth about 2 mm.
long. 25. J. brachycephalus.
Seeds 0.5 mm. long or less,
merely apiculate at
both ends.
Perianth parts as long
as or longer than the
capsule; heads several
to many-flowered. 26. J. acuminatus.
Perianth parts shorter
than the _ capsule;
heads 2-3-flowered. 27. J. debilis.
Perianth parts from 14-14 shorter
than the capsules.
Stamens 6; cymes spreading. 28. J. articulatus.
Stamens 3; cymes contracted. 29. J. brevicaudatus.

1. J. effusus L. In swamps and moist places: nearly throughout
North America, except the extreme north and the high
western portions. Also in Europe and Asia.

Throughout the range.

2. J. filiformis L. Lab. to Brit. Col., Pa., Mich. and in the
Rocky Mountains to Utah and Col. Also in Europe and
Asia.

Known only from Naomi Pines and Long Pond, Monroe Co., Pa.
Both places are on or very near the terminal moraine, have an
elevation of 1,200-1,933 ft. and a growing season of 118 days.

3. J. gymnocarpus Coville (J. Smithii Engelm.). In swamps:
Mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon counties, Pa., and in
Walton Co., Fla.

The only known station in the range is at the summit of Broad

aS

on

joy

“I

(ee)

JUNCACEAE 223

Mt., Schuykill Co., Pa. It is at approximately 1,795 ft., has a
growing season of 140 days and is underlaid by Pottsville con-
glomerate.

. J. balticus Willd. On shores: Lab. to Alask., S. N. Y., Pa.,

Ohio, Neb. and far south in the western mountains. Also in

Europe and Asia.

N. Y. Rare on L. I.; on S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Wind-
ham, Greene Co.

. J. maritimus Lam. Widely distributed in temperate regions.

Confined in our area to Coney Island, L. I., N. Y. Reported
but not definitely known from the coast of Monmouth and Ocean
counties, N. J.

. J. bufonius L. Throughout North America except the

extreme north.
Common throughout our range except the pine-barrens.

. J. trifidus L. Greenl. and Lab., south to the higher mountains

of N: E. and N. Y., andin N: Car.

Localized in our range at Sam’s Point, and Lake Mohonk, Ulster
Co., N. Y., at about 2,300 ft. and having a growing season of about
120 days. Not south of the moraine.

. J. Gerardi Lois. On salt meadows: Gulf of St. Lawrence to

Fla., rare in W. N. Y. and the vicinity of the Great Lakes.

On the northwest coast and in Europe.

Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing or wanting
inland.

N.Y. Common on L. I.and S. I. and about the City of N. Y., not
recorded elsewhere.

N. J. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing or wanting

inland.
Confined mostly to brackish meadows.

9. J. Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. N. B. to N. J., near the coast.

Mich., Wisc., Minn. and Ont.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland.

N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward; rare in Ulster Co.

N. J. Known definitely only from Monmouth, Burlington and
Middlesex counties and from High Point, Sussex Co.; the latter
station due to the locally favorable edaphic conditions.*

*See Introduction paragraph 50.

224 JUNCACEAE

Tertiary, (?) 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, rare on
silicious sandstones and grits at High Point, N. J., 138-190 days.
Sea level—1,800 ft.

10. J. tenuis Willd. In dry or moist soil: nearly throughout
North America.
Throughout the range.

11. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Me. and Ont., Sask., Wash., Conn.,

Tenn. and Mex.

Conn. Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwest-
ward.

N. Y. Perhaps, though doubtfully on L. I.; Clove Lake, S. L.,
probably increasing northward.

N. J. Sussex and Morris counties.

Pa. Monroe Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-175 days. Sea level-1,827

it

12. J. secundus Beauv. In dry soil: Me. to N. Y. and N. Car.

Occasional in the Miss. Valley.

Conn. Rare over most of the state, decreasing southwestward.

N. Y. Bronx and Westchester counties; also at Locust Valley,
oll

N. J. Passaic and Warren counties, and south in the Delaware
Valley to Camden Co.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered along the Delaware River:

Older Formations, not common. 153-176 days. Sea level—350 ft.

13. J. dichotomus Ell. (J. dichotomus platyphyllus Wiegand). In
dry or moist soil: Conn. to Fla. and Tex. near the coast.
Conn. Coast of New Haven and New London counties.

N. Y. Suffolk and Nassau counties, L. I., south of the moraine;
onS. I. at Tottenville (Legget) and at Mariner’s Harbor; perhaps
at Van Courtlandt Park.

N. J. Monmouth and Middlesex counties common and increasing
southward in the coastal counties, decreasing up the Delaware
River to Camden Co.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, confined mostly to its approach to
brackish water in N. J., Pa., and S.1I. Older Formations, scattered
along the coast of Conn. and S.1. 190-220 days. About sea level.

JUNCACEAE 225

14. J. setaceus Rostk. Marshes: S. N. J. to Fla., Tex. and up
the Mississippi Valley to Mo.
N. J. Cape May Co.

15. J. marginatus Rostk. Grassy places: Me. and Ont. to Fla.

and Neb.

Conn. Common.

N.Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward.

N. J. Common in the coastal region, decreasing inland.

Pa. From Lackawanna and Monroe counties to Montgomery,
Chester and Delaware counties.

16. J. aristulatus Michx. Wet sandy barrens: Mass. to Fla. and
Mex., mostly near the coast. In the Miss. Valley to Kan.
and Mich.

N. Y. L.I. and S&S. I. and near Van Courtlandt Park.
N. J. Hunterdon and Monmouth counties, increasing southward
and toward the coast.
Pa. Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
very rare in Hunterdon Co., N. J. Not north of the moraine.
161-220 days. About sea level.

17. J. caesariensis. Coville. Sandy swamps: S. N. J.

N. J. Northern Ocean Co., Burlington and Atlantic counties in
the pine-barrens, and western Camden Co. (C. E. Smith).
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

Rare in edaphically favorable situations:* Older Formations, 0.

168-182 days. About sea level.

18. J. pelocarpus E. Meyer. Newf. to N. J., Ont. and Minn.
Conn. Rare or local over most of the state, decreasing south-
westward.
N.Y. L.I.and up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. (Hoysradt).
Not recorded from S. I.
N. J. Rare in the north, increasing and common southward,
particularly in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Apparently confined to Long Pond, Luzerne Co., and Toby-
hanna Mills, Monroe Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered. 117-220 days. Sea level—1,933 ft.
*See Introduction paragraph 29.
16

226

JUNCACEAE

19. J. militaris Bigel. Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams:

N.S. to N. N. Y. and Md.
Conn. Rare or local along the coast.
N. Y. Lynbrook, L. I., otherwise known only from Sullivan Co.
N. J. Common in the pine barrens, unknown elsewhere, save for a
single station at Delaware Water Gap.
Pa. Pike and Carbon counties; rare.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
localized in edaphically favorable situations which are climatically
extra-limital. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,800 ft.

20. J.nodosus L. In bogs: N.S. to Va., Neb. and Brit. Col.

Conn. Rareand local in Middlesex and Hartford counties, increas-
ing northwestward into Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Dutchess Co.
N. J. Warren and Sussex Counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 138-190 days. Sea level—683 ft.

21. J. Torreyi Coville. (J. nodosus megacephalus Torr.) Wet

i)
i)

grounds: Mass. to Sask., Ala. and Ariz.
Known in our area only from Long Beach, L. I., and as recorded
from Petty’s Island, Camden Co., N. J.

. J. scirpoides Lam. Wet sandy soil: N. Y. to Fla. and La.

N.Y. On the south side of L. I. and on S. I.
N. J. In the coastal region from Middlesex Co. southward.
Pa. Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations,
confined to the Pa. counties. 175-220 days. About sea level.

23. J. brachycarpus Engelm. Damp light soil: Mass. to Ga.,

Ont. to Miss. and Tex.

Known definitely in the range only from Ocean Beach, New
London, Conn. (Graves); probably a_ fugitive species. Not
known as a native plant in our area.

24. J. canadensis J. Gay. N. B. to Minn., Ga. and La.

Common throughout the range in some of its forms.

25. J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. Bogs and meadows:

Me. to Pa., Mo. and Wisc.
Known only from Copake Falls, N. Y., and Sterling Hill, N. J.

JUNCACEAE 227

26. J. acuminatus (Michx.) Engelm. Me. to S. Ont., Minn., Ga.
and Mex. Also on the northwest coast.
Common throughout the range.

27. J. debilis A. Gray (J. acuminatus debilis A. Gray). In wet
places and sandy shores: R. I. to Mo., Fla., Miss. and Ala.
Conn. Waterford and Ledyard.

N. Y. Belport, L. I.; recorded from S. I.
N. J. Essex and Morris counties, common on the coastal plain.
Pa. Reported from Bucks Co.

28. J. articulatus L. (J. articulatus obtusatus Engelm.). Lab. to
N. J., Ont. and Mich. Also in Europe and Asia.

Local in most parts of the range, wanting in the pine-barrens.

29. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Muddy and damp
places: Newf. to Ont., W. Va. and Minn.
Conn. Canaan, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Orange Co. increasing and common northward.
N. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lackawanna, Schuylkill and Carbon
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-171 days. Sea level—1,864 ft.

Juncus Roemerianus Scheele has been reported from N. J. but there seems to be no
evidence that it grows there now.

2. Juncoides Adans.

Inflorescence umbelloid, 1 or 2 flowers on each of its branches. 1. J. pilosum.
Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often crowded in
spike-like clusters.

Outer perianth parts shorter than the inner. . J. nemorosum.

>,
Perianth parts equal or nearly so. 3. J. campestre.

1. J. pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Rocky woods, sometimes in moist
places: N. B. to Alaska, N. Y., Mich. and Ore. and S. Ga.
Conn. Litchfield Co. Rare or wanting elsewhere.

N. Y. Woodland, Ulster Co.
N. J. Pascack, Bergen Co. (Austin). Not recently collected.
Pa. Pike and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at
high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-177 days. 106-
2,253 ft.

228 MELANTHACEAE

2. J. nemorosum (Poll.) Kuntze. A European species known in
North America only as a naturalized plant at Riverdale,
N. Y. City; and at Niagara.

3. J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. In woodlands and meadows:
throughout the U.S. and Canada. Also in Europe and Asia.
Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small has been collected on the serpentine barrens at
Nottingham, Chester Co., Pa., according to Pennell.

MELANTHACEAE

Flowers numerous in terminal, erect, racemes or panicles.
Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled.
Anthers introrsely dehiscent.
Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets. 1. TOFIELDIA.
Capsule loculicidal; flowers not involucrate. 2. ABAMA.
Anthers extrorsely dehiscent.
Flowers perfect.

Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. 3. XEROPHYLLUM
Leaves basal; seeds numerous. 4. HELONIAS.
Flowers dioecious; stem leafy. 5. CHAMAELIRIUM.
Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled.
Plants glabrous.
Perianth segments not gland bearing. 6. CHROSPERMA.
Perianth segments bearing 1-2 glands. 7. OCEANORUS.
Stem and inflorescence pubescent.
Perianth segments clawed, free from the ovary. 8. MELANTHIUM.
Perianth segments not clawed, adnate to the base of
the ovary. 9g. VERATRUM.

Flower solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, usually drooping. 10. UVULARIA.

1. Tofieldia Huds.

1. T. racemosa (Walt.) B.S. P. In pine-barren swamps: N. J.
to Fla. and Ala.

N. J. Rare, known only from Lakehurst, Ocean Co..and Chats-
worth, Burlington Co.
Tertiary, Confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma-
tions, 0: Not north of the moraine. 168-182 days. About sea
level.

2. Abama Adans.

1. A. americana (Ker) Morong. In pine-barren swamps: N. J.
and Del.

N. J. Throughout the pine-barrens in favorable situations.

Tertiary, confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma-
tions 0. Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea
level.

MELANTHACEAE 229

3. Xerophyllum Michx.

1. X. asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. In the pine-barrens: N. J. to

E. Tenn. and Fla.

N.J. Throughout the pine-barrens, and at Allaire, Monmouth Co.
and near Milltown and Crane’s Mill, Middlesex Co. and at Sewell,
Gloucester Co.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

scattered in edaphically favorable situations:* Older Formations, 0.

Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level.

4. Helonias L.

tH. bullata LL. In bogs: NeINS jeeandisw Ne Y:\to Ne Car.

Local.

N. Y. Southwestern S. I.

N. J. Morris Co., on and near the moraine, local; Mercer, Middle-
sex and Monmouth counties, scattered; increasing and common
southward.

Pa. Recorded from E. Pa., not recently collected.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare on and near the terminal moraine.t 164-220 days. Sea
level—993 ft.

5. Chamaelirium Willd.

1. C. luteum (L.) A. Gray (C. obovale Small). In moist meadows
and thickets: Mass. to Ont., Fla. and Ark.

Conn. Rare or local in the eastern and northern part, increasing
southwestward; Salisbury.

N. Y. Dutchess Co. increasing southward to S. I. and western
Up Le

N. J. Rare and local in Sussex, Morris, Warren, Bergen, Middle-
sex, Burlington-and Gloucester counties, not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton Co., increasing southward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older formations, scattered. 138-

220 days. Sea level—708 ft.

6. Chrosperma Raf.
1. C. muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. In dry sandy woods:
L. I. to Fla., E. Pa., Tenn. and Ark.

N. Y. On western L. I. exclusively south of the moraine; ap-
parently wanting on S. I. and elsewhere.

*See Introduction paragraph 29.
{ See Introduction paragraph 7.

230

MELANTHACEAE

N. J. Bergen Co., and exclusively west and north of the Tertiary -
sands and gravels from Mercer to Salem counties.

Pa. Carbon and Northampton to Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare along the edges, not on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations scattered, but more common in Pa. than

elsewhere. Predominating south of the moraine. 152-204 days.

Sea level—1,624 ft.

7. Oceanorus Small.

1. O. leimanthoides (A. Gray) Small (Zygadenus leimanthoides

(A. Gray) Watson). In swamps and wet soil: Southern

N. Y. to Ga. and Tenn. Not common in our range.

N. Y. Western L. I. exclusively south of the terminal moraine;
apparently wanting on S. I. and elsewhere.

N. J. Princeton Junction, Mercer Co.; Milltown, Middlesex Co.,
and Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington and Camden counties.
Tertiary, scattered on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

more common: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine.

175-182 days. About sea level.

8. Melanthium L.

Blade of the perianth segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. 1. M. virginicum.
Blade of the perianth segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves
oblanceolate. 2. M. latifolium.

1. M. virginicum L. In meadows and wet woods: R. I. to

Minn., Fla. and Tex.

N. Y. Reported from L. I.; onS. I.

N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens; rare and local in
Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, increasing
but not common northward into Bergen Co.

Pa. Lehigh Co. to Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, rare; or perhaps wanting: Cretaceous, scattered: Older
formation, not common. Predominating south of the moraine.

138-204 days. Sea level—860 ft.

2. M. latifolium Desr. In dry woods and on hills: Conn. to Pa.

and. Ss Garg

Conn. Rare and local in southwestern Fairfield Co.

N. Y. Bronx, Westchester and Rockland counties.

N. J. Bergen to Morris counties, increasing northwestward; also
at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.

MELANTHACEAE 231

Pa. Monroe and Northampton to Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not very com-
mon. South of the moraine only in Pa. 138-204 days. Sea level—
1,050 ft.
g. Veratrum L.

1. V. viride Ait. In swamps and wet woods, or on dry hillsides
in the Catskills: Quebec to Alask., Ga., Tenn., Minn. and
Brit. Col.

Conn. Common throughout the state, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward; rare south of the
moraine on L. I.

N.J. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens; local in Salem, Cumber-
land, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, in-
creasing and common northward.

Pa. Throughout, increasing northward. }
Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Forma-

tions, common, increasing northward. 118-204 days. Sea level—

2,865 ft.
10. Uvularia L.
Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded; leaves perfoliate. 1. U. perfoliata.
Capsule acutely 3-angled, acute at each end; leaves sessile.
Leaves thin, pale or glaucous beneath, narrowed at both ends. 2. U. sessilifolia.
Leaves firm, green both sides, sometimes subcordate. 3. U. niitda.

1. U. perfoliata L. In moist woods and thickets: Quebec and
Ont. to Fla. and Miss.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; but apparently
not in Luzerne and Schuykill counties, Pa.

. U. sessilifolia L. In moist woods and thickets: N. B. and
Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of L. I]. and N. J.

No

3. U. nitida (Britton) Mackenzie ( U. sessilifolia nitida (Britton)
Morong). In sandy swamps: N. J.
N. J. Frequent in, and along the edges of the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or unknown elsewhere:
Cretaceous, rare or 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the
moraine. 186-224 days. About sea level.

The reported occurrence of U. grandiflora J. E. Smith in the range has not been
established. It may grow in the Catskills or in the mountains of Pa. e

232 LILIACEAE

LILIACEAE
Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth.
Roots fibrous or fleshy; scape tall; flowers orange or yellow. 1, HEMEROCALLIS.
Plants with bulbs or corms.
Flowers unbelloid. 2. ALLIUM.

Flowers solitary, racemes, corymbed or panicled.
Anthers not introrse.

Anthers versatile; tall herbs. 3. Liviu.
Anthers not versatile; low herbs. 4. ERYTHRONIUM.
Anthers introrse.
Perianth of 6 separate segments. 5. ORNITHOGALUM.
Corolla globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 6. Muscart.
Ovary half inferior; roots fibrous; flowers racemed. 7. ALETRIS

1. Hemerocallis L.

1. H.fulva L. Escaped from cultivation: N. B. and Ont. to Va.
and Tenn.

Locally common as an escape from gardens, particularly in N. Y.
and N. J., often wanting.

The yellow day lily, H. flava L., has been reported as a rare escape from old gardens.

2. Allium L.

Leaves oblong lanceolate, absent at flowering time; ovules I in each
cavity. 1. A. tricoccum.
Leaves linear, present at flowering time; ovules 2 in each cavity
Bulb coats membranous, not fibrous reticulated.
Umbels capitate, shorter than the flowers. 2. A. sibiricum.
Umbels loose, pedicels much longer than the flowers.
Sepals not keeled; inner filaments toothed under the

anthers. 3. A. vineale.
Sepals keeled; inner filaments not toothed. 4. A. carinatum.
Bulbs with fibrous outer coats. 5. A. canadense.

1. A. tricoccum Ait. In rich woods: N. B. to Minn., N. Car.,

Tenn. and Iowa.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Throughout, but rare or wanting south of the moraine on
L. I.; at Flushing.

N. J. Not reported from the pine-barrens; rare or local in Salem
Co., increasing and local northward.

Pa. Lehigh, Berks, Bucks and Philadelphia counties.
Tertiary rare or wanting: Cretaceous scattered: Older formations,

common and increasing northward. 118-179 days. Sea level-

2,820 ft.

LILIACEAE 233

N

. A. sibiricum L. In moist soil: Newf. to Alask., Me., N. N. Y.,
Pa., Mich., Wyo. and Wash.

The Palisades of the Delaware River, Pike Co., Pa., a sandstone

region north of the moraine, with a growing season of about 145
days and an elevation of 500 ft.

3. A.vineale L. In fields and meadows: Mass. to Ohio, Mo. and
Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed.

4. A.carinatum L. Fugitive from Europe and in North America
known only from Bucks Co., Pa., where it is a rare escape;
erroneously recorded from N. J.

5. A. canadense L. In meadows and thickets: N. B. to Minn.,
Fla., La. and Colo.

Conn. Throughout. :

N. Y. Rare south of the moraine on L. I., frequent elsewhere and
increasing northward, but apparently wanting in the Catskills.
N.J. Scattered from Gloucester to Middlesex counties, exclusively

north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common
northward.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare or perhaps wanting: Cretaceous scattered: Older
Formations, increasing northward at moderate elevations. 142-204
days. Sea level—r,ooo ft.

A. Schoenoprasum L. and A. cernuum Roth have both been reported as established

escapes. ‘
3. Lilium L.
Flower or flowers erect; perianth segments narrowed into long
claws. 1. L. philadelphicum.
Flowers drooping or spreading.
Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath. 2. L. canadense.
Leaves perfectly smooth. 3. L. superbum.

1. L. philadelphicum L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to
Ont., N. Car. and W. Va.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Throughout increasing northward; rare south of the moraine
on Lele

N. J. Not definitely recorded from the pine-barrens; rare and
local from Gloucester to Monmouth counties exclusively north
and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common
northward.

234 LILIACEAE

Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in locally favorable situations.
Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-220 days. Sea
level—4,oo00 ft.

2. L. canadense L. In swamps and meadows, sometimes in
fields: N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala., Mo. and Neb.
Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward; rare south of the
moraine on L. I.

N. J. Rare or wanting in the pine-barrens, except as an occasional
escape; increasing and common northward.

Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, common.

118-204 days. Sea level—1,800 ft.

3. L. superbum L. In meadows and marshes: N. B. and Ont.

to Minn., N. Car. and Tenn.
Throughout the range, always decreasing inland.

L. tigrinum Andr., the Asiatic tiger-lily, is a rare escape from gardens.

4. Erythronium L.

Flower yellow; stigmas very short. 1. E. americanum.
Flowers white; stigmas 2-3 mm. long, recurved. : 2. E. albidum.
1. E. americanum Ker. In moist woods and thickets and along
river banks: Nova Scot. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and Ark.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them, there wanting; always increasing north-
ward; unknown on the south side of L. I.

2. E. albidum Nutt. Moist woods and thickets: Ont. to Ga.,
Minn. and Tex.
N. J. Recorded from Oxford, Warren Co., Garfield, Bergen

Co., and from near Mattewan, Monmouth Co., the latter
locality long since destroyed.

5. Ornithogalum L.

1. O. umbellatum L. In fields and meadows: N. H. to Pa. and
Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as an introduced plant, often wanting.

In the neighborhood of Philadelphia O. mutans L. has been reported as an occasional
escape.

CONVALLARIACEAE 235

6. Muscari Mill.

Perianth globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter; leaves erect. 1. M. botryoides.
Perianth oblong, 4-6 mm. long; leaves recurved. 2. M. racemosum.

1. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. In meadows and thickets, and along
roadsides escaped from gardens: N. H. toO.and Va. Native
of Europe and Asia.

Occasional as a garden escape in most parts of the range.

2. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Escaped from gardens: Conn. and
S. N. Y. to Pa. and Md. Native of Europe.

A very rare garden escape.

7. Aletris L.
1. A. farinosa L. In dry, mostly sandy soil, sometimes in bogs:
Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Ark.

Conn. Local throughout the state, decreasing inland.

N.Y. L.1I.,S.1., and in Bronx and Westchester counties, increas-
ing southward.

N.J. Rare and local in Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Essex counties,
increasing and common southward, particularly in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

not common and decreasing north of the moraine. 153-220 days.

Sea level-718 ft.

The reported occurrence of A. aurea Walt. in southern New Jersey is an error.
The European wild tulip Tulipa sylvestris L. is naturalized in Bucks Co., Pa. Yucca
filamentosa L. is frequently spontaneous on L. I. and in Monmouth Ce., N. J.

CONVALLARIACEAE
Leaves reduced to scales; leaf-like branches filiform. 1. ASPARAGUS.
Leaves broad; stem simple or somewhat branched.
Leaves alternate or basal.

Leaves basal; flowers umbelloid or solitary. 2. CLINTONIA.
Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of No. 4).
Perianth segments separate.
Flowers terminal, racemose, umbelloid, paniculate
or solitary.
Perianth segments 6. 3. VAGNERA.
Perianth segments 4. 4. UNIFOLIUM.
Flowers axillary, solitary or two together. 5. STREPTOPUS.
Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 6. POLYGONATUM.
Leaves in I or 2 whorls below the flower.
Leaves in 2 whorls; flowers umbelloid. 7. MEDEOLA.
Leaves in 1 whorl; flower solitary. 8. TRILLIUM.

236 CONVALLARIACEAE

1. Asparagus L.

1. A. officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized,
especially along salt marshes: N. B. to Va.; and locally
naturalized in waste places in the interior. Native of
Europe.

Locally abundant as a naturalized escape..

2. Clintonia Raf.
Flowers greenish yellow, drooping, 1.6—2 cm. long; berry blue. 1. C. borealis.
Flowers white, not drooping, 0.8—1 cm. long; berry black. 2. C. umbellulata.
1. C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. In moist woods and thickets: Lab. to

Man. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Wisc.

Conn. Rare and local in northern New London and Middlesex
counties, and in Windham Co., increasing northwestward and
common at higher elevations in Litchfield Co.

N.Y. Inthe higher hills of the Hudson Highlands, increasing and
common northward, particularly in the Catskills.

N. J. Morris, Passaic, Warren and Sussex counties, increasing
northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Pike, Monroe and Schuykill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common at high

elevations. Not south of the moraine, except in Pa. 117-160

days. 450-4,000 ft.

2. C. umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. In woods: N. Y. and N. J. to
Ga. and Tenn.

An unquestionably authentic specimen in the Columbia Univer-
sity Herbarium from Short Hills, Essex Co., N. J., is the only re-
corded occurrence of this species in the range.

3. Vagnera Adans. (Smilacina Desf.)

Flowers numerous, panicled. 1. V. racemosa.
Flowers few-several, racemose.
Plant 2.5-4.5 dm. high; leaves numerous. 2. V. stellata.
Plant 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves 2-4. 3. V. trifolia.

1. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. In woods and thickets: N.S. to
Brit. Col., Ga., Mo. and Ariz.
Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

2. V. stellata (L.) Morong. In moist soil: Newf. to B. C.,
Va., Ky., Kan. and Cal. Also in N. Europe.

CON VALLARIACEAE 237

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and at Cape
May, usually rare and local, decreasing inland in Conn. and N. Y.

3. V. trifolia (L.) Morong. In bogs and wet woods: Newf. to

Bac. No Ji, bas andyvitch:

Conn. Rare and local in the northwestern part of the state, and in
northern Middlesex Co.

N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, and Carbon counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local.

Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 700—1,708 ft.

4. Unifolium Adans.

1. U. canadense (Desf.) Greene. In moist woods and thickets:
Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

5. Streptopus Michx.

Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish white. 1. S. amplexifolius.
Leaves green both sides, sessile; flowers purple or rose. 2. S. roseus.

1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. In moist woods: Lab. to Alask.,
N. Car., O., Mich. and N. Mex.
Conn. Rare and local in northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Confined to the mountains of Greene and Ulster counties.
Pa. Wayne, Pike and Carbon counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at

higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-145 days.
640-3,500 ft.

2. S.roseus Michx. In moist woods: Lab. to Alask., Ga., Mich.
and Ore.
Conn. Very rare and local in the south and east, increasing and
common northwestward.
N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing and common northward.
N. J. Sussex Co. and Bearfort Mts., Passaic Co.
Pa. Pike and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher
elevations. Not south of the moraine. 118-187 days. Sea
level-4,000 ft.

238 LILIACEAE

6. Polygonatum [Tourn.] Mill. (Salomonia Heist.)

Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments filiform, roughened. 1. P. biflorum.
Leaves glabrous; filaments somewhat flattened, smooth. 2. P. commutatum.

1. P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. In woods and thickets: N. B. to
Ont., Mich., Fla., W. Va. and Tenn.
Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Throughout, but unknown south of the moraine on L. I.
N. J. Not definitely known from the coastal plain, thence increas-
ing and common northward.
Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common. 118-
204 days. Sea level—2,800 ft.

2. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. In woods and along
streams, frequently in dry soil: Ont. to Manit., Utah, south
to R. I., Ga., La., N. Mex. and Ariz. In our range not so
common as the preceding.

Throughout the range.

7. Medeola L.

1. M. virginiana L. In moist woods and thickets: N.S. to Ont.,
Minn., Fla. and Tenn.

Throughout the range, apparently increasing in southwestern
Conn. and decreasing in southern N. J., particularly in the pine-
barrens.

8. Trillium L.

Leaves sessile or narrowed at the base and short petioled.
Petals obovate or oblanceolate, white or pink. T. grandiflorum.*
Petals ovate or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long.
Peduncles 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined; petals

spreading. 1. T. erectum.
Peduncles 3 cm. long or less, recurved beneath the leaves;
petals recurved. 2. T. cernuum.
Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 3. T. undulatum.

1. T. erectum L. In rich woods: N.S. to James’ Bay, Manit.,
N. Car. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout, more common westward and northward, rare
southeastward.

N. Y. On L. I., north of the moraine, but rare; S. I., Westchester
Co., increasing and common northward.

* This species is keyed in because, while it has never been authentically reported from
the range, it is to be expected from the Catskills and from the mountains of Pa.

SMILACEAE 239

N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens, rare in Burlington Co.
increasing and common northward.
Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Bucks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single station at Bordentown, N. J.:
Older Formations, common and increasing northward. 118-187
days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

2. T.cernuum L. In rich woods: Newf. to Ont. and Wisc., Ga.
and Mo.

Conn. ‘Occasional in southeastern and southwestern Conn., ap-
parently wanting elsewhere.’’ (Conn. Bot. Club Cat.)

N. Y. L.1., S. I., increasing and common northward, rare south
of the moraine on L. I.

N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens, rare from Salem and
Camden to Middlesex and Mercer counties, thence increasing
and frequent northward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.

Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, rare and scattered in
edaphically favorable situations: Older Formations, common.

117-204 days. Sea level—1,885 ft.

3. T. undulatum Willd. In woods: N. S. to Ont. and Wisc.,
south to Ga. and Mo.

Conn. Rare and local in New Haven, Middlesex and Tolland
counties, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Reported, but not definitely known from L. I. North-
western Westchester Co., increasing and common northward,
particularly in the Catskills.

N. J. Hudson Co. (not recently collected) Passaic and Sussex
counties.

Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Carbon, Monroe, Lehigh, and Schuyl-
kill counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing and
common northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-170
days. Sea level-2,800 ft.

The garden lily-of-the-valley, Convallaria majalis L., has been reported as an estab-
lished escape.

SMILACEAE
1. Smilax L.
Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed; ovules 2 in each cavity.
Leaves usually ovate, thin. 1. S. herbacea.

Leaves usually hastate, coriaceous. 2. S. tamnifolia.

240 SMILACEAE

Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles; ovules 1 in
each cavity.
Berries black or bluish black.
Berries ripening the first year.
Leaves glaucous. 3. S. glauca.
Leaves green both sides.
Leaves ovate, 7-nerved.
Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved.
Berries ripening the second year; leaves elliptic or lanceo-
late. 6. S. laurifolia.
Berries red. 7. S. Waltert.

1. S. herbacea L. (S. pulverulenta Michx. S. herbacea crispifolia
Pennell). In woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont., Dak., Fla.,
La., Neb. and Okla.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east
of them.

2. S. tamnifolia Michx. In dry soil: L. I. and N. J. to S. Pa.,
S. Car. and Tenn.
N. Y. South of the moraine on L. I.

N. J. Common on the coastal-plain, not recorded elsewhere.
Pa. Delaware Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, 0.
Not north of the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level.

. S. hispida,
. S. rotundifolia.

ap

3. S. glauca Walt. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to Fla., Kan.

and Tex.

Conn. Throughout, decreasing inland.

WN. Y. L.1I.,S. 1. and Westchester Co.

N. J. Rare and local in Warren, Morris, Bergen and Hunterdon
counties, increasing and common southward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Schuylkill,
Delaware and Chester counties, increasing southward.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

about equalling in frequency the Tertiary. Predominating south

of the moraine. 118-220 days. Sea level—1,200 ft.

4. S. hispida Muhl. In thickets: Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. Car.
and Tex.
Conn. Fairfield Co., rare.
N. J. Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, not common.
Stations all near, or on the terminal moraine except in Pa. 138-
185 days. Sea level—64o ft.

AMARYLLIDACEAE 241

5. S. rotundifolia L. In woods and thickets: N. S. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, always decreasing in the mountains.

6. S. laurifolia L. In moist woods and thickets: S. N. J. to
Fla. and Tex., north in the Miss. Valley to Ark.
N. J. The pine-barrens and at Cape May.
Tertiary, not very common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere:
Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine.
168-220 days. About sea level.

7. S. Walteri Pursh. In wet soil in the pine-barrens: N. J. to
Fla. and La.

N. J. The pine-barrens and Cape May.

Tertiary, not common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, 0: Older Formations, 0: not north of the moraine.
168-220 days. About sea level.

The reported occurrence in N. J. of S. Bona-nox L. and S. Pseudo-China L. seem to
have been errors. There are no specimens or authentic records from this state, and
the plants are otherwise definitely known only from Maryland southward. A single
plant of S. Bona-nox L. (S. tamnoides A. Gray) not of L. has been recorded from S. I.
The S. I. record of S. Pseudo-China L. is based on a short-petioled specimen of 5S.

herbacea L.
HAEMODORACEAE
1. Gyrotheca Salisb.

1. G. tinctoria (Walt.) Salisb. Sandy swamps near the coast:
Cape Cod to N. J. and Fla.
Conn. Coastal swamps of New Haven and New London counties.
N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma, Suffolk Co., L. I.
N. J. The pine-barrens and Cape May, often a weed in cranberry
bogs.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, limited to
the Conn. and L. I. stations. North of the moraine only on L. I.
and in Conn.* 187-220 days. About sea level.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Bulbous herbs with a solitary flower on a scape. 1. NARCISSUS.
Bulbless herbs with a rootstock or corm; flowers umbellate or cymose.
Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary; leaves mostly

basal. 2. Hypoxis.
Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy;
flowers woolly. 3. LOPHIOLA.

*See Introduction paragraph 7.
17

242 IRIDACEAE

1. Narcissus L.
1. N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. Escaped from gardens: N. J. and
Penn.
An occasional escape from gardens.

N. poeticus L. has been reported as a rare escape.

2. Hypoxis L.
1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. In dry soil or low damp ground: Me.
and Ont. to Assin., Fla. and Tex.

Apparently throughout the range, except the region east and
south of the pine-barrens, but always decreasing and perhaps
wanting at elevations greater than 1,000 ft.

3. Lophiola Ker.
1. L. aurea Ker. (LZ. americana (Pursh) A. Wood). Pine-barren

bogs: N. J. to Fla.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare along the edges, and

wanting elsewhere in the state.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or wanting elsewhere:
Cretaceous, rare or wanting: Older Formations, 0. Not north of
the moraine. 168-220 days. About sea level.

The summer snowflake, Leucojum aestivum L., has been reported as a rare escape.

DIOSCOREACEAE
1. Dioscorea L.
1. D. villosa L. In moist thickets: R. I. to Ont., Minn., Fla.

and Tex.

Conn. “ Frequent along and near the coast and in the valley of
the Conn. River; occasional or rare elsewhere.’’ (Conn. Bot.
Club Cat.)

N.Y. Throughout, but rare and local in the north.
N. J. Common throughout, particularly southward.
Pa. Throughout, increasing southward.

Apparently without special distributional features except that
it is found more commonly in Conn. in the predominately Triassic
valley of the Conn. River.

IRIDACEAE

Style branches opposite the anthers, very broad and petal like. 1. IRIs.
Style branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform.

IRIDACEAE 243

Filaments all distinct; seeds fleshy. 2. GEMMINGIA.
Filaments united; seeds dry. 3. SISYRINCHIUM.

1. Iris [Tourn.] L.

Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white).

Leaves 12-25 mm. broad, numerous. 1. I. versicolor.
Leaves 3-5 mm. broad, grass like; 2 or 3. 2. I. prismatica.
Flowers bright yellow; introduced species. 3. I. Pseudacorus.

1. I. versicolor L. In marshes, thickets and wet meadows:
Newf. to Manit., Fla. and Ark.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, usually decreasing
northward.

2. I. prismatica Pursh. In wet grounds or rarely in dry sand:
N. B. to Pa. and Ga.
Conn. Common in the coastal counties, decreasing and perhaps

wanting in the interior.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Westchester Co., not recorded

elsewhere.

N. J. Rare and local in Sussex, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen and
Union counties, increasing and common southward, particularly
along the coast.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
decreasing and scanty northward. 138-220 days. Sea level-

718 ft.

3. I. Pseudacorus L. In marshes: Mass. to N. Y. and N. J.
Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as an escape from cultivation.
I. orientalis Mill. and I. germanica L. have both been reported as rare or occasional

escapes.
2. Gemmingia Fabr.

1. G. chinensis (L.) Kuntze. On hillsides and along roadsides:
Conn. to Ga., Ind. and Mo.

Locally abundant as an established escape.

3. Sisyrinchium L.
Spathes twin, sessile, terminating the winged stem. 1. S. albidum.
Spathes single.
Stems mostly simple, with a sessile terminal spathe.
Capsule 4-6 mm. high; leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 2. S. angustifolium.
Capsule 2-4 mm. high; leaves 0.8-2 mm. wide. 3. S. mucronatum.

J

244

IRIDACEAE

Stems mostly branched above and bearing 2 or more pedun-

culate spathes.
Tufts fibrous coated at the base; plant turning dark when
dry. 4. S. arenicola.
Tufts not fibrous coated at the base or but sparingly so.
Plant usually turning dark when dry; stem broadly

winged; pedicels spreading or recurved. 5. S. graminoides.
Plant not turning dark when dry; pedicels not re-
curved. 6. S. atlanticum.

1. S. albidum Raf. Ont. to Wisc., La., Ala. and N. Car.; and

in Conn. and N. Y. as an introduced plant.

Known in our range only from New London, Conn., and Mor-
risania, N. Y. City; obviously fugitive from the west.

2. S. angustifolium Mill. Fields and roadsides and on hills:

Newf. to N. J. and in the mountains to Va., west to Sask.
and Col.

Conn. Throughout, apparently decreasing southwestward.

N. Y. Not recorded from S. I., occasional on L. I.; rare and local
in Westchester Co., increasing and common northward.

N. J. Herman and Tuckerton along the coast and near New
Brunswick, Middlesex Co.; rare in Hunterdon, Somerset and
Union counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Northampton counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting: Older Forma-
tions, increasing northward. 117-190 days. Sea-level-—2,300 ft.

3. S. mucronatum Michx. In meadows and fields: Mass. and

Mich. to N. J. and Va.

Conn. Rare in the south and east, increasing northwestward,
nowhere common.

N. J. Morris, Passaic and Union counties; not common; reported
from Burlington, Gloucester and Atlantic counties, outside the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton and Lehigh counties; reported
also from Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare:

Older Formations, not common. 149-189 days. 374-2,100 ft.

4. S. arenicola Bicknell. In sandy soil on or near the coast:

Mass., N. J. and N. Car.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., not recorded elsewhere.

N. J. Common in Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean and Burlington
counties, near the coast and west of the pine-barrens, not recorded
elsewhere.

ORCHIDACEAE 245

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, confined to northeastern Middle-
sex and northern Monmouth counties, N. J.: Older Formations,
rare along and north of the moraine on L. I. 173-185 days.
About sea level.

5. S. graminoides Bicknell (S. gramineum Curtis). In wet
meadows and in damp woods: N. H. to Minn., Fla. and Tex.,
Santo Domingo.

Conn. Common throughout.

N.Y. Frequent on L. I.; S. I.; Westchester Co., increasing and!
common northward, but unknown in the Catskills.

N. J. The coastal plain except the pine-barrens and Cape May;
Bergen Co., increasing northwestward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Chester and Delaware
counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 153-204 days.

Sea level-68o ft.

6. S. atlanticum Bicknell. In dry or moist soil: Me. and Vt. to
Fla. and Miss.
Throughout the range, most abundant along the coast, and
always decreasing inland and in the mountains.

A form described from southern N. J. as S. intermedium Bicknell seems doubtfully
distinct from S. mucronatum.

ORCHIDACEAE
Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sac.
Plant acaulescent, scape 1-flowered. I. FISSIPES.
Plant caulescent, scape I-00 flowered. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM.

Anther solitary.
Pollinia with a caudicle which is attached at the base toa
viscid disk, or gland.
Glands enclosed in a pouch, sepals united above into a
hood; lip entire. 3. GALEORCHIS.
Glands not enclosed in a pouch.
Lip not fringed or cut-toothed.
Stem leafy.
Valves of the anthers dilated at the base,
enclosing the glands below. 4. PERULARIA,
Valves of the anthers not dilated at the
base.
Glands surrounded by a thin
membrane. 5. COELOGLOSSUM.

246 ORCHIDACEAE
Glands naked.
Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3
appendages.
Beak of the stigma without
appendages.
Stem scapiform; leaves I-2, basal; anther
sacs divergent.
Lip fringed or parted or cut-toothed.
Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in
No. 23).
Pollinia granulose or powdery.
Flowers comparatively large, solitary or few;
anthers incumbent on a long column.
Leaves not grass-like; lip free.
Flowers terminal, the lip crested.
Leaves alternate.
Stem leaves whorled.
Flowers axillary, the lip not crested.
Leaves grass-like.
Flower solitary, terminal.
Flowers racemose, lip free.
Flowers small, numerous, in spikes or racemes.
Anther operculate; leaves broad, alternate.
Anther not operculate.
Leaves green, borne on the stem.

Leaves alternate; spike mostly
twisted.
Leaves 2, opposite; spike not
twisted.

Leaves white-reticulate, basal.
Pollinia smooth or waxy.
Plants with corms or bulbs;
cauline.
Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers.
Leaf cauline; lip smooth or auricled at
base.
Leaf or leaves basal.
Leaf 1, basal, unfolding before the flowers.
Flowers long-spurred; lip 3-lobed.
Flowers not spurred; lip 3-ridged.
Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless, the leaves
reduced to scales.

leaves basal or

1. Fissipes Small.

1. F. acaulis (Ait.) Small (Cypripedium acaule Ait.).

10.
It.
12.

eh
14.

15.

16.

17.
18.

GYMNADENIOPSIS.

. LIMNORCHIs.

. Lystas.
. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS.

POGONIA.
ISOTRIA.
TRIPHORA.

ARETHUSA,
LIMODORUM.

SERAPIAS,

IBIDIUM.

OPHRYS.
PERAMIUM.

. MALAXIS.
. LIPARIS.

. TIPULARIA.
. APLECTRUM.

. CORALLORHIZA,

In sandy

or rocky woods: Newf. to Ont., N. Car., Tenn., Ky. and

Minn.

Throughout the range, locally absent.
infrequent.

Albino forms are not

ORCHIDACEAE 247

2. Cypripedium L.

Sepals and petals not longer than the lip. 1. C. reginae.
Sepals and petals longer than the lip.
Sterile stamen lanceolate; lip white. 2. C. candidum.
Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. 3. C. parviflorum.

1. C. reginae Walt. (C. hirsutum Mill.) Inswampsand woods:

Nov. Scot. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga.

Conn. Not very common in the north and west, decreasing coast-
ward.

N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing northward. S. I. record unvert-
fied.

N. J. Hudson Co. (old record; not recently collected), otherwise
recorded only from Sussex Co. J

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton and Berks counties. :
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common, in-

creasing northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days.

471-1,900 ft.

2. C. candidum Willd. In bogs and meadows: N. Y. and N. J.
to Ky., Minn., Neb. and Mo. Rare.

Known definitely in the range only from Bergen and Warren
counties, N. J.

3. C. parviflorum Salisb. (C. hirsutum of Britton’s Manual, not
of Miller (2?) and C. flavescens Raf.). In woods and thickets:
Newf. to Brit. Col. and Alaska, Ga. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northward.

N.Y. Not recorded from L. I. and S. I.; rare and local in northern
N. Y. City, increasing and common northward.

N. J. Very rare in Gloucester Co., apparently wanting between it
and two known stations in Monmouth Co., thence increasing
and common northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware
and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, common northward.

117-204 days. Sea level-—2,300 ft.

3. Galeorchis Rydb.

1. G. spectabilis (L.) Rydb. (Orchis spectabilis L.). In rich
woods: N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ky., Ga. and Neb.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

248 ORCHIDACEAE

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I., S. I., the Bronx and Westchester
counties, increasing and common northward.

N. J. Rare in Salem, Gloucester and Burlington counties and in
Monmouth and Mercer counties exclusively north and west of
the pine-barrens, thence increasing and frequent northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Berks, Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, in-

creasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-1,goo ft.

The reported occurrence of Orchis rotundifolia Pursh has never been satisfactorily
established.

4. Perularia Lind.
1. P. flava (L.) Farw. (Habenaria flava (L.) Gray). In moist

soil: N.S. to Minn., south to Fla., La. and Mex.

Conn. Throughout, rare and local in the south, increasing north-
westward.

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I.; common onS. I.; increasing north-
ward.

N. J. Rare in Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increas-
ing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Bucks, Delaware anid Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing and

common northward. 118-204 days. Sea level-2,680 ft.

5. Coeloglossum Hartmann.
1. C. bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. (Habenaria bracteata (Willd.)
R. Br.). In woods and meadows: N.S. to B. Col., south to
N. Car. and Neb.

Conn. Rare in New Haven and Middlesex counties, more common
in the northern tier of counties, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Recorded from but not definitely known on L. I., unknown
on S. I., rare in Westchester Co., increasing and common north-
ward.

N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, in-
creasing northwestward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe and Northampton counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-187 days. Sea level-
2,500 ft.

6. Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.
Lip entire; stigma with 2 appendages; stem several-leaved.
Ovary not twisted; spur longer than the ovary; flowers white. I. G. nivea.

Ovary twisted; spur shorter than the ovary; flowers orange. 2. G. integra.
Lip 3-toothed; stigma with 3 appendages; leaves I or 2. 3. G. clavellata.

ORCHIDACEAE 249

1. G. nivea (Nutt). Rydb. In pine-barren bogs: N. J. to Fla.
and Ala.
N. J. Bennett, Cape May Co.

2. G. integra (Nutt.) Rydb. ( Habenaria integra (Nutt.) Gray).

In wet pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and La.

N. J. Rare and local in the pine-barrens of Monmouth, Ocean,
Atlantic and Burlington counties; reported also in Cape May Co.
Tertiary, not common: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not

north of the moraine. 168-182 days. About sea level.

3. G. clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. (Habenaria clavellata (Michx.)
Spreng.). In wet or moist woods: Newf. to Minn., south to
Fla. and La.

Throughout the range.

The European Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. occurs in N. Am., so far as known, only
at Litchfield, Conn., as an adventive plant.

7. Limnorchis Rydb.

Lip lanceolate, slightly, if at all dilated at the base; flowers greenish or
purplish. ue
Lip decidedly rhomboid-dilated at the base; flowers white. 2t
1. L. hyperborea (L.) Rydb. (L. huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb.;
Orchis huronensis Nutt.). In swamps: Greenland to Alaska,
NEY, Conn, N: Ji, bas andlOre:
Conn. Tolland, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing
northwestward.
N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing in the Catskills.
N. J. Northern Bergen and Sussex counties.
Pa. Wayne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher
elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 618-
1,900 ft.

2. L. dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. ( Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.).
In bogs and wet woods: N.S. to Sask., south to Me., N. Y.
and Ore.

Conn. Eastern Hartford Co. and in Litchfield Co., increasing
northwestward.
N.Y. The higher Catskills.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher
elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 618-
3,600 ft.

L. hyperborea.
L. dilatata.

250 ORCHIDACEAE

8. Lysias Salisb.
Scape bracted. 1. L. orbiculata.
Scape naked. 2. L. Hookeriana.

1. L. orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. (Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh)
Torr.; H. macrophylla Goldie). In rich woods: Newf. to
B. C., N. Car. and Minn.

Conn. Rare in northwestern Litchfield Co.
N.Y. West Point, Orange Co., increasing and common northward.
N. J. Closter, Bergen Co. (old record; not recently collected).
Otherwise known only from Sussex Co.
Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Berks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-204 days. Sea
level—2,800 ft.

2. L. Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. (Habenaria Hookeriana A.
Gray). In woods: N.S. to Minn., N. J., Pa. and Iowa.
Conn. Rare in the coastal counties, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Not recorded from L. I. or S. I., rare and local in West-

chester Co., increasing and common northward at moderate

elevations.
N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Passaic counties.
Pa. Water Gap, Monroe Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—1,000
ft.

9. Blephariglottis Raf.

Lip not 3-parted, pectinately fringed.

Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. 1. B. cristata,

Spur longer than the ovary.
Flowers bright yellow. 2. B. ciliaris.
Flowers white. 3. B. Blephariglottts.

Lip 3-parted.
Segments of the lip deeply fringed.

Segments narrow, fringe of a few threads. 4. B. lacera.
Segments broadly fan-shaped, fringe copious.
Racemes 4-5 cm. thick; lip 1-2 cm. broad. 5. B. grandiflora.
Racemes 1-3 cm. thick; lip 8-10 mm. broad. 6. B. psycodes.
Segments of the lip cuc toothed. 7. B. peramoena.

1. B. cristata (Michx.) Raf. (Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br.).
In bogs: N. J. to Fla., Ark. and La.
N. J. Very rare in the cedar swamp in Hudson Co. (old specimen;
not recently collected), and throughout the coastal plain, pre-
dominating in the pine-barrens.

ORCHIDACEAE 2

on
=

Pa. Bucks and Montgomery counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered in edaphically favorable situations and rare. North of
the moraine only in Hudson Co., N..J.* 162-204 days. About
sea level.

2. B. ciliaris (L.) Rydb. (Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.). In
meadows: Vt. and Ont. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.
Conn. Known only from the coastal counties, apparently in-

creasing eastward.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Tappan, Rockland Co.
N. J. Rare in Bergen, Hudson and Essex counties, increasing
southward.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Chester, Berks, Philadelphia and
Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare, but more common in Pa. than elsewhere. 162-220 days.
Sea level—8o1 ft.

3. B. Blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. (Habenaria blephariglottis
(Willd.) Torr.). In bogs and swamps: Newf. to Minn., Fla.
and Miss.

Conn. Rare in northern Middlesex and northern and central New
Haven counties, increasing but not common northwestward into
Litchfield Co.

N.Y. L.I. and S. I.; Tuxedo Park, Rockland Co.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Hudson, and Union counties, in-
creasing and common southward, particularly in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Wayne, Pike and Monroe Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare. Unknown on the unglaciated portion of the Piedmont
Plain.| 117-224 days. Sea level—1,8209 ft.

4. B. lacera (Michx.) Farw. ( Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br.).
In swamps, meadows and wet woods: N.S. to Minn., south
to Ga. and Mo.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, always decreasing
up the mountains and perhaps wanting above 1,300 ft.

5. B. grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. (Habenaria grandiflora (Bigel.)
Torr. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br.). In rich woods and
meadows: N. B. to Ont. and Mich., south to N. Car.

*See Introduction paragraph 7.
T See Introduction paragraph 7.

252 ORCHIDACEAE

Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co., and rare in northern Middle-
sex Co.

N. Y. Known only from the Catskills.

N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Camden, Mercer, Somerset and
Union counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Chester and Delaware
counties, apparently not in the intervening territory.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, common and

increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-—2,g00 ft.

6. B. psycodes (L.) Rydb. (Habenaria psycodes (L.) A. Gray).
In meadows, swamps, and wet woods: Newf. to N. Car.,
Tenn. and Ind.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Rare on L. I., elsewhere frequent, increasing northward.
N. J. Rare and local from Gloucester to Monmouth counties north
and west of the pine-barrens; thence increasing and common
northward.
Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Bucks,
Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations,
common and increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea-level—
1,800 ft.

7. B. peramoena (A. Gray) Rydb. ( Habenaria peramoena Gray).
In moist meadows: N. J. to Ill., Va., Ala. and Tenn. Not
common.

N. J. Rare and local in Mercer, Monmouth, and Camden counties;
Cape May Co.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, known only from Cape May Court House :* Cretaceous,
more common: Older Formations, limited to Delaware and Chester
counties in Pa. Not north of the moraine. 176-220 days. About

sea level.
10. Pogonia Juss.
Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike; lip bearded. 1. P. ophioglossoides.
Sepals longer and narrower than the petals; lip not bearded. 2. P. divaricata.

1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. In meadows and swamps:
Newf. to Ont., Fla., Kan. and Tex.
Throughout the range, apparently always decreasing inland and
at higher elevations.

*See Introduction paragraph 33.

ORCHIDACEAE 253

2. P. divaricata (L.) R. Br. Inswamps: S. N. J. to Fla. and Ala.
N. J. Batsto and Quaker Bridge, Burlington Co.; Bennett, Cape
May Co.

Tertiary, very rare: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, 0. Not
north of the moraine. 168 days. About sea level.

11. Isotria Raf.

Lip crested along a narrow line down the face; peduncle as long as the

capsule or longer. 1. J. verticillata.
Lip crested over the whole face and lobes; peduncle shorter than the
capsule. 2. I. affinis.

1. I. verticillata (Willd.) Raf. (Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt.).
In moist woods: E. Mass. to Ont., Wisc., Ind. and Fla.
Conn. Throughout, increasing southward.

N. Y. Common south of the moraine on L. I.; S. I., decreasing
up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co., apparently wanting
northward.

N. J. Scattered throughout, rare in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout.

Tertiary, rare and local: Cretaceous, scattered : Older Formations,
not very common. 118-204 days. Sea level-1,800 ft.

2. I. affinis (Austin) Rydb. (Pogonia affinis Austin). In moist

woods: Vt. to N. J. and Pa. Rare and local.

Conn. Rare and local near the coast in New Haven and Fairfield
counties.

N.Y. Reported from southern N. Y. in Gray’s Manual, ed. 5, 507.
Otherwise unknown.

N. J. Closter (station destroyed) and near Trenton.

Pa. Monroe, Berks, Chester (station not recently verified) and
Philadelphia counties.
A rare and little-known species, whose distribution needs ad-

ditional study.

12. Triphora Nutt.

1. T. trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. (Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.)
B.S. P.). In rich woods: Me. to Fla., Wisc. and Kan.
Conn. Rare and local in New London, Hartford and Litchfield
counties.

N.Y. Reported from but not recently collected near the vicinity of
N. Y. City. Otherwise unknown.

N. J. Along and near the Palisades; Mt. Tabor, Morris Co.

254 ORCHIDACEAE

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations
not common. 153-204 days. Sea level—5oo ft.

13. Arethusa L.

1. A. bulbosa L. In bogs: Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to
N. Car. and Ind.

Conn. Rare and local.

N. Y. Rare and local in Dutchess Co., increasing and frequent
southward, particularly on L. I. Not recorded from S. I.

N. J. Scattered north of the moraine in Sussex, Morris, Essex and
Bergen counties, and common south of the “ fall line’; appar-
ently wanting in the Piedmont region in Hunterdon, Somerset
and Mercer counties.

Pa. Wayne, Northampton and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
confined to the glaciated area except in Pa.* 144-204 days. Sea
level—og3 ft.

14. Limodorum L.

1. L. tuberosum L. In bogs and meadows: Newf. to Ont. and
Minn., south to Fla. and Mo.

Throughout the range. Apparently wanting or at least very
rare on the Piedmont Plateau in N. J.

15. Serapias L. (Epipactis R. Br.)
1. Serapias Helleborine L. (EF. viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb.).
Que. and Ont. to Mass., N. Y., N. J. and Pa.

Known only froma single station near Plainfield, Union Co., N. J.,
which has an elevation of about 100 ft., a growing season of 162 days,
and is on or near the terminal moraine.

16. Ibidium Salisb. (Gyrostachys Pers. Spiranthes Rich.).

Flowers 3-ranked; stems not twisted or slightly so.
Sepals and petals more or less connivent into a hood. 1. I. strictum.
Lateral sepals separate, free.
Spike about 5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; lip witha truncate
base and 2 small spreading callosities. 2. I. plantagineum.
Spike 10-15 cm. long, 12-20 mm. thick; lip with a cuneate
base and 2 stout reflexed callosities; flowers yellowish. 3. I. cernuwm.
Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting
of the stem.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

ORCHIDACEAE 255

Stem leafy; lower leaves elongated, mostly persistent through
the flowering season.
Lip glabrous without, of an oblong type, the base not

dilated. 4. I. praecox.
Lip pubescent without, of an ovate type, the base
dilated. 5. J. vernale.

Stem a scaly scape; leaves basal, mostly withering before the
flowering season.
Root a single tuber; spike about 2.5 cm. long. 6. I. Beckit.
Root a collection of tubers; spike 2-7 cm. long. 7. I. gracile.

1. I. strictum (Rydb.) House (G. stricta Rydb.). In bogs: Newf.
to Alaska, south to Me., Pa., Minn. and Col.

Known only from a single station near Norfolk, Litchfield Co.,
Conn., a region at about 1,200 ft., with a growing season of 145
days, and underlaid by Becket Gneiss; and from Copake Falls,
Columbia Co., N. Y.

2. I. plantagineum (Raf.) House (G. plantaginea (Raf.) Rydb.).
Moist banks and woods: N. S. to Minn., south to Va. and
Mich.

Conn. Rare and local in New London, Middlesex, Hartford,
Fairfield and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Woodmere, L. I.; Dutchess Co., perhaps increasing north-
ward.

N. J. Rare and local in Sussex, Warren, Burlington and Cape May
counties.

Pa. Cedar Creek, Lehigh Co.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-153 days. Sea level—650 ft.

3. I. cernuum (L.) House (G. cernuua (L.) Kuntze. G. ochro-
leuca Rydb.). In meadows and swamps: Newf. and Nov.
Scot. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and N. Mex.

Throughout the range.

4. I. praecox (Walt.) House (G. praecox (Walt.) Kuntze). In
grassy places: S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex.
Apparently confined, in our region, to the coastal plain of N. J.
Records of the species from further north mostly apply to the
following.

5. I. vernale (Engelm. & Gray) House (G. linearts Rydb.). In
meadows, sometimes in dry soil: Mass. to Fla. and N. Mex.,
northward through the Miss. Valley to Ill. and Kan.

256

ORCHIDACEAE

Conn. In the coastal counties, decreasing inland; not common.
N.Y. Near N. Y. City and onS. I.; and on L. I. south of the hills.
N. J. Bergen, Union, Monmouth and Ocean counties, southward
near the coast; rare in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Delaware Co.
Tertiary, confined to the northern coastal region of N. J.: Cre-
taceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common. 160-182 days.
About sea level.

6. I. Beckii (Lindl.) House (G. Grayi (Ames) Britton. G. simplex

(Gray) Kuntze). In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Md., eastern

Ky., Ark. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and local mostly near the coast.

N.Y. Common onL. I., rare and local on southern S. I., decreasing
up the Hudson Valley to Yonkers; otherwise unknown.

N. J. A single station in Bergen Co.; Monmouth Co., increasing
but not common southward.

Pa. Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary and Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations,

mostly near the coastal region. 166-204 days. About sea level.

7. I. gracile (Bigel.) House (G. gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze). In dry

fields and open woods: N.S. to Minn., south to Fla., La. and
Tex.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

17. Ophrys [Tourn.] L. (Listera R. Br.)

Lip twice as long as the petals, with lateral teeth. 1. O. cordata.
Lip 4-8 times as long as the petals, with auricles at the base. 2. O. australis.

1. O. cordata L. (L. cordata (L.) R. Br.). In moist woods: Lab.

to Alaska, N. J., Mich., Colo. and Ore.
N. Y. An old specimen from S. I., not recently collected and
otherwise unknown.
N. J. ‘The cedar swamp,’’ Bergen Co. (not recently collected).
Pa. Wayne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, very rare. Not
south of the moraine. 144-177 days. 500~1,258 ft.

2. O. australis (Lindl.) House (L. australis Lindl.). In bogs:

N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., La. and Ala.

N. J. Middlesex and Camden counties.
Pa. Chester Co.

ORCHIDACEAE 257

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations, 0.
Not north of the moraine. 175-204 days. About sea level.

The reported occurrence of O. convallarioides (Sw.) House (L. convallarioides (Sw.)
Torr.) isan error. The plant on which it was based is O. cordata L.

18. Peramium Salisb.

Spike loosely flowered; lip with recurved margins.
Spike 1-sided; beak shorter than the stigma proper; blotches of

the leaf mostly white. 1. P. ophicides.
Spike spiral; beak as long as the stigma proper or longer; blotches
of the leaf mostly dark green. 2. P. tesellatum.

Spike densely flowered, not 1-sided; margins of the lip not recurved. 3. P. pubescens.

1. P. ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. (Epipactis repens ophioides
(Fernald) A. A. Eaton). In cold mossy woods: Prince
Edward’s Island to Man. and S. Car., Mich. and Colo.

Conn. Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing northwest-
ward.
N.Y. The higher Catskills of Greene Co.
Pa. Mountains of Wayne and Monroe Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at
higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-145 days.
700-2,820 ft.

2. P. tesellatum (Lodd.) Rydb. (Epipactis tesellata (Lodd.) A.
A. Eaton). In woods or bogs: Newf. to Lake Superior,
south to Pa.

Conn. Northern Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing
northwestward.
N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan and Greene counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher
elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-145 days. 500-
2,575 ft.

3. P. pubescens (Willd.) MacM. (Epipactis pubescens (Willd.)
A. A. Eaton). In dry woods: Newf. to Ont. and Minn.,
south to Fla. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. L.1I.; S.1.and increasing up the Hudson Valley.

N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens, there rare; .
not reported from the region east of the barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery, Chester and

Delaware counties.
18

258 ORCHIDACEAE

Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increas-
ing at moderate elevations northward. 118-204 days. Sea level—
1,950 ft.

19. Malaxis Soland (Achroanthes Raf. Microstylis (Nutt.) Eaton).

Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. 1. M. monophylla,
Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 2. M. unifolia.

1. M. monophylla (L.) Sw. (A. monophylla (L.) Greene). In
woods: Que. to Man., Pa. and Neb.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.
N.Y. Sam’s Point, Ulster Co., and Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J... Reported from Andover Junction.
Pa. Wayne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common. Not
south of the moraine. 120-149 days. 660-2,760 ft.

2. M. unifolia Michx. (A. wnifolia (Michx.) Rydb.). In woods
and thickets: Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Ala.
and Mo.

Conn. Rare and local in northern New London, New Haven,
Middlesex and Fairfield counties, increasing northward in Tol-
land, Hartford and Litchfield counties.

N. Y. L. 1., mostly north of the moraine; S. I. and increasing
northward.

N. J. A single station at Hammonton, Atlantic Co. (Bassett) ;
rare and local in Gloucester, Middlesex, Monmouth, and Mercer
counties, thence increasing northward, but not recorded from
Hunterdon and Somerset counties.

Pa. Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester, presumably in the intervening territory.

Tertiary, very rare or wanting:* Cretaceous, scattered: Older

Formations, increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-2,300

fie.
20. Liparis L. C. Rich (Leptorchis Thouars)
Raceme many flowered; lip as long as the petals. 1. L. liliifolia.
Raceme few flowered; lip shorter than the petals. 2. L. Loeselit.

1. L. liliifolia (L.) Richard ( Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze). In
moist woods and thickets: Me. to Minn., Ga. and Mo.
Conn. Throughout, but not common.

*See Introduction paragraph 36.

ORCHIDACEAE 259

N. Y. Throughout, but rare at higher elevations in the Catskills.
N. J. Rare and local in Cape May, Salem, Camden, Burlington
and Mercer counties, north and west of the pine-barrens; a single
station at Lakehurst, Ocean Co. (Kneiskern, not recently col-
lected); thence increasing northward.
Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Forma-
tions, increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-2,400 ft.

2. L. Loeselii (L.) Richard (Leptorchis Loeselii (L). MacM.). In

1G

I.

wet woods and on springy banks: N.S. to N. W. Terr., south

to Ala. and Mo.

Conn. Rare or occasional throughout.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing but not common north-
ward.

N. J. Rare or occasional throughout the state.

Pa. Monroe, Lehigh, Berks, Bucks, Chester and Delaware coun-
ties.

21. Tipularia Nutt.

T. unifolia (Muhl.) B. S. P. In woods: Mass. to Pa., Fla.
and La.
N. ¥. Near N. Y. City; on Sy I. and at Greenport, L. I., rare;
otherwise unknown.
N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Morris, Warren, Hudson, Essex,
Monmouth, Gloucester and Cape May counties.
Pa. Delaware Co.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not common elsewhere:
Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, scattered. North
of the moraine only near N. Y. City. 161-179 days. About sea
level.

22. Aplectrum Nutt.

A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. In woods and swamps: Vt. and

Ont. to N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Mo. and Cal.

Conn. Rare and local in New London, New Haven, Fairfield,
Hartford and Litchfield counties.

N. Y. Bronx, Westchester and Dutchess counties.

N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Bergen, Passaic, Warren and
Sussex counties.

Pa. Monroe, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not common

and increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level—1,900 ft.

260 ORCHIDACEAE

23. Corallorhiza [Haller] Chatelain

Lip not deeply 3-lobed.
Lip 2-lobed or 2-toothed above the base. 1. C. Corallorhiza.
Lip entire or merely denticulate.
Flowers about 6-8 mm. long; lip not notched; column nar-

rowly winged. 2. C. odontorhiza.
Flowers 14 mm. long; lip notched; column manifestly
winged. 3. C. Wisteriana.
Lip deeply 3-lobed; flowers 12-18 mm. long. 4. C. maculata.

4. C. Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. In cold wet woods: N. S. to
Alaska, south to N. Y. and N. J. and in the mountains to
Ga.; west to Neb. and Wash.

Conn. Rare and local in the northwestern part of the state, and in
northern Middlesex Co.

N.Y. The higher Catskills.

N.J. Reported but not definitely known from Bergen and Warren
counties; Stanhope, Morris Co. and at Avon on the coast.

Pa. Wayne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing but

not common northward. Notsouthofthe moraine. 117-186 days.

500-2,800 ft.

2. C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. In woods: Me. to Mich., Fla.

and Mo.

Conn. Not very common along the coast, decreasing northward.

N.Y. L.I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to West Point.

N. J. Cape May, Gloucester, Camden and Mercer counties, thence
increasing and common northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, in-

creasing northward at moderate elevations. 138-204 days. Sea

level—1,243 ft.

3. C. Wisteriana Conrad. In woods: N. Eng. and Pa. to Fla.

and Tex.
Known in our range only from Chester and Philadelphia counties,

Pa., a region near the “‘ fall line,’’ with a growing season of about
204 days and at about sea level; and from Swedesboro, Gloucester
Co.

4. C. maculata Raf. (C. multiflora Nutt.). In woods: N. S. to
B. C., south to Fla., Mo. and Col.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and

SALICA CEAE 261

L. I., there rare or wanting; always increasing northward and at
higher elevations; rare on the coastal plain.

DICOTYLEDONES
SAURURACEAE

1. Saururus L.*
1. S. cernuus L. In swamps and shallow water: R. I. to Fla.,
S. Ont., Minn. to Tex.
Conn. Mostly in the coastal counties.
N. Y. L.1I.,S. I., Bronx and Westchester counties.
N. J. Throughout, except in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Chester and Delaware counties.

SALICACEAE
Bracts of the flowers more or less cut and fringed; disk cup-shaped;
winter buds with several scales. 1. PoPpuLus.
Bracts of the flowers entire; disk of 1 or 2 glands; winter buds with
I scale. 2. SALIX.
1. Populus L.
Petioles round or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened
laterally.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath, lobed or coarsely
toothed. 1. P. alba.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so when mature, crenate or crenu-
late.
Leaves densely tomentose when young; capsules long-
pedicelled. 2. P. heterophylla.
Leaves not tomentose when young, capsules short-
pedicelled. 3. P. candicans.
Petioles strongly flattened laterally.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate; stigma lobes
dilated.
Young leaves pubescent; capsules nearly sessile. 4. P. nigra.
Leaves glabrous; capsules pedicelled. 5. P. deltoides.
Leaves broadly ovate to suborbiculate; stigma lobes filiform.
Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate. 6. P. grandidentata.
Leaves crenulate-denticulate to entire margined. 7. P. tremuloides.

1. P. alba L. In yards and along roadsides: N. B. to Ont. and
Va. Introduced from Eur. and As.
Locally abundant as an escape.

2. P. heterophylla L. In rich wet soil: Conn. to N. J. and Ga.,
west to Mo., Ark. and La.

*See footnote page 76.

262

SALICACEAE

Conn. The southern half of the state, not common.
N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson, increasing southward.
N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex and Cumberland counties, not
common; also at Cape May Court House.
Pa. Chester and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations,
local. 160-204 days. About sea level.

3. P. candicans Ait. Newf. to N. J. and Va., westward to Mich.,

S. Dak., Alberta and Alaska. In the east mainly an escape
from cultivation.
A rather uncommon escape in most parts of our range.

4. P. nigra L. Asan escape from cultivation: in the Hudson and

Delaware valleys. Native of Europe.
Rare and local in the Delaware Valley. Not recently collected
from the lower Hudson Valley; otherwise unknown.

5. P. deltoides Marsh. In moist soil: Que. to Manitoba, Conn.,

Fla. and Tenn. Rare in our range.
Conn. In the valley of the Connecticut, Housatonic and Farming-
ton rivers; rare elsewhere.
N.Y. Bronx Co.; Highlands of the Hudson, increasing northward.
N. J. Known only from islands in the Delaware River in
Warren Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common.
Rare or wanting south of the moraine. 161-187 days. Sea level-
815 ft.

6. P. grandidentata Michx. In rich soil: N. S. to Del., along

the mountains to N. Car., west to Ont., Minn., Ill. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I., and S. I., increasing and common
northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, increasing and common northward;
rare and perhaps only adventive in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout, more common northward.

7. P. tremuloides Michx. In sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil:

Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Y., Pa., Ky., west to Mo. and
Neb.; and Lower Calif.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and south of them,
apparently always increasing northward.

SALICACEAE

2. Salix![Mourn.] L.

Capsule glabrous.
Trees or larger shrubs; leaves acute or acuminate, serrate.
Stamens 3-7.
Pedicels slender, 3-5 times as long as the gland.
Petioles and stipules without glands.
Petioles and stipules with prominent glands.
Leaves green on both sides; fruit ripening
May-July; rachis smooth.
Capsule conic-subulate; mature leaves
short acuminate.
Capsule conic-ovoid; mature leaves
with long acuminate curved tips.
Leaves pale beneath, fruit ripening August—
October; rachis white-pilose.
Pedicels about twice as long as the gland.
Stamens 2.
Filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, yellow.
Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. long.
Pedicels in fruit less than I mm. long; stigma
sessile.
Branches not drooping.
Branches drooping (weeping willow).
Filaments glabrous; bracts persistent.
Low shrub, leaves entire.
Capsule not glabrous, silky nor tomentose.
Filaments distinct.
Capsule distinctly pedicelled, rostrate
Mature leaves not densely hairy beneath.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
Filaments hairy, capsule glabrate in age.
Filaments glabrous, capsule permanently
hairy.
Mature leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate-lan-
ceolate.
Bracts brownish, dark, ovate or cuneate.
Bracts yellow, light, linear-oblong or lan-
ceolate.
Bracts longer than the pedicels.
Bracts shorter than the pedicels.
Mature leaves densely hairy.
Leaves white tomentose beneath.
Style less than 1 mm. long.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender-peti-
oled.
Leaves oblanceolate.
Leaves 5-10 cm. long, aments 2-3
cm. long.
Leaves 2-5 cm. long, aments I cm.
long.

* Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

10.

Il.

12.

13;

14.

14.

15.

16.

SON COE ON

AHHYN

263

. nigra.

». pentandra.
». Lucida.

. Serrissima.

fragilis.

. fragilis.

alba.

. babylonica.
. cordata,
. pedicellaris.

. interior.

. petiolaris.

discolor.

. squamaia.
. Bebbiana.

. Bebbiana.

. humilis

tristis-

264. SALICACEAE

Style more than 1 mm. long. 17. S. candida.

Leaves silvery beneath. 18. S. sericea.
Capsule subsessile, tree with silvery, acuminate leaves. 19. S. viminalis.
Filaments united; pedicel and style none. 20. S. purpurea.

1. S. nigra Marsh. In wet soil: N. B. to western Ont. and N.
Dak., south to Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, apparently decreasing northward; rare
and introduced in the pine-barrens.

iS)

. S.pentandra L. Cultivated and rarely escaped: New England
to Ohio.

Very rare as an escape in the range.

3. S. lucida Muhl. In swamps and along riversides: Newf. to

N. J. and Pa., westward to Athabasca, Ky. and Neb.

Conn. ‘‘ Occasional.”

N.Y. Rare on L. I.; on S. I., increasing and common northward.

N. J. Sussex, Morris and Essex counties, increasing northwest-
ward; also at Sandy Hook, Monmouth Co.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Forma-

tions, not very common. 118-204 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft.

4. S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. In bogs and wet meadows:
Que. to Alberta, N. J. and Wisc.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co. and from Westville, New
Haven Co.
N. J. Sussex Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare. Not south
of the moraine. 138-145 days. Sea level—6g0 ft.

. S. fragilis L. Along streams: Newf. to Ky. Native of
Europe.

on

Frequent as an escape from cultivation in some parts of the
range.
6. S. alba L. On wet soil or on uplands: N. S. and Ont. to
N. Car., westward to Idaho and Iowa. Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as an escape from cultivation.

. S. babylonica L. Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading.
Native of Asia.

Not very common as an escaped plant.

“I

SALICACEAE 265

8. S. cordata Muhl. (.S. acutidens Rydb.). In wet soil: N. B. to
Brit. Col., south to Va., Mo., Col. and Cal. Hybridizes
with S. sericea and other species.

Throughout the range in some of its forms, except the pine-
barrens and east and south of them.

g. S. pedicellaris Pursh (.S. myrtilloides of Am. Authors; not of
L.). In bogs: N. B. and Que. to B. C., south to N. J. and
Iowa. Also in northern Europe.

Conn: Except for a single station at New Haven, known only from
Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Near Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Perhaps in the Catskills.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common.
Not south of the moraine. 138-170 days. Sea level—1,240 ft.

10. S. interior Rowlee (S. longifolia Muhl. S. fluviatilis Sargent,
not of Nutt.). Wet sandy soil: Quebec to Athabasca, south
to Va., Ky., Neb. and Tex.

Conn. The valley of the Connecticut River, from Hartford
southward. Not common.

N.Y. The valley of the Hudson in Dutchess Co.

N. J. In the valley of the Delaware from Sussex to Gloucester
counties, decreasing southward.

Pa. Monroeand Northampton counties. More common on sandy
banks along riversides than elsewhere.

11. S. petiolaris J. G. Smith. In swamps: N. B. to N. W. Terr.,

south to Tenn. and Wisc.

Conn. Known only from near Middletown.

N. Y. Dutchess and Orange counties, in the valley of the Hudson
increasing southward.

N.J. Warren, Morris, Hudson, Camden, and Gloucester counties.
Not common.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

A rather rare species whose distribution needs additional study.
12. S. discolor Muhl. (.S. eriocephala Michx. S. prinoides Pursh).
In swamps or on moist hillsides: N.S. to Man., Del. and Mo.
Common throughout the range in some of its forms, except the
pine-barrens, and east and south of them.
13. S. squamata Rydb. Conn. to N. J.

Conn. Known only from near Middletown.

266 SALICA CEAE

N. Y. A single record from near New York City.
N. J. Sparta Junction, Sussex Co.

A rare plant whose distribution and specific status is not fully
understood.

14. S. Bebbiana Sargent (.S. rostrata Richards). In dry soil or
along streams, sometimes in woods and thickets: Anticosti
to Hudson Bay and Br. Col., south to N. J., Pa., Neb. and
Utah.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Occasional on L. I. and in Bronx Co., increasing northward ;
rare or perhaps adventive on S. I.

N. J. Rare in Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex counties; Bergen
and Essex counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-187 days. Sea

level—2,800 ft.

15. S. humilis Marsh. In dry soil: N.S. to western Ont., south
to N. Car. and Neb.

Throughout the range, apparently decreasing in the pine barrens
of N. J. and L. I.

16. S. tristis Ait. In dry soil: N. E. to Minn., south to Fla. and

Tenn.

Conn. Rare along the coast, scattered in the eastern and north
central part of the state.

NeeYoe One i. and’on Sie

N. J. Bergen and Hunterdon counties, common on the coastal
plain.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Delaware and Chester counties, pre-
sumably in the intervening territory.

17. S. candida Fluegge. In bogs: Lab. to N. W. Terr., south to

N. J., Iowa and Mont.

Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from Westchester Co.;
Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Hudson and Bergen counties, increasing
but local northwestward in Morris, Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Northampton counties; reported but
not definitely known from Pike Co.

MYRICACEAE 267

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 500~1,300 ft.

18. S. sericea Marsh. (.S. subsericea (Anders.) Schneider.) In
swamps: Me. to Mich. and Va.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and east and
south of them.

19. S. viminalis L. Cultivated and occasionally escaped in the
eastern states. Native of Europe and Asia.
Not a very common escape in our range.

20. S. purpurea L. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the
eastern states. Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as a roadside plant.

The following hybrids have been described and are to be looked
for in our range wherever both the supposed parents are known.
Salix nigra X alba.

Salix fragilis X alba.

Salix cordata X sericea and others.
Salix humilis X discolor.

Salix candida X petiolaris.

Salix candida X cordata.

Salix glaucophylla Bebb. has been reported as growing in Monroe Co., Pa., but it has
not recently been collected. In Conn. the European S. inmcana Schrank occurs as a
rare escape.

MYRICACEAE

Ovary subtended by 2~4 bractlets; leaves serrate or entire estipu-

late. 1. Myrica.
Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets; leaves pinnatifid,

stipulate. 2. COMPTONIA

1. Myrica L.

Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes; low

bog shrub. 1. M. Gale.

Bractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated.
Slender tree; leaves mostly acute, narrow; drupes less than 2
mm. in diameter. 2. M. cerifera.
Shrub; leaves mostly obtuse. 3-4 mm. in diameter. 3.. M. carolinensis.

1. M. Gale L. In wet places: Newf. to Alask., S. N. Y., Va.,
Mich. and Wash.
Conn. Rare or wanting in the littoral, increasing northward.
N. Y. L. I., not definitely known between it and Dutchess and
Ulster counties, thence increasing northward.

268 JUGLANDACEAE

N. J. Morris, Warren, Passaic and Sussex counties. Reported
from, but not definitely known in Camden and Gloucester
counties.

Pa. Monroe and Schuylkill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 118-189 days. Sea
level-2,764 ft.

2. M. cerifera L. In sandy swamps and wet woods: S. N. J. to
Fla. and Tex., north to Ark.
N. J. Known only from Cape May Co., the southernmost part
of our range, which is underlaid by Tertiary sands and gravels,
has a growing season of 220 days, and is almost at sea level.

3. M. carolinensis Mill. In dry or moist sandy soil: N. S. to
Fla. and Ala. and on the shores of Lake Erie. Occurs also
in bogs in N. N. J. and Pa.

Throughout the range, more common in the pine-barrens of L. I.
and N. J. than elsewhere, but abundant on coastal sands.

2. Comptonia Banks.

1. C. peregrina (L.) Coulter. In dry soil, especially on hillsides:
N.S. to Man., N. Car., Ind. and Mich.

Throughout the range.

JUGLANDACEAE
Husk indehiscent; nut rugose or sculptured. I. JUGLANS.
Husk at length splitting into segments; nut smooth or angled 2. HIcor!IA.

1. Juglans L.

Fruit globose, not viscid; petioles puberulent. 1. J. nigra.
Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid; petioles pubescent. 2. J. cinerea.

I. J. nigra L. Inrich soil: W. Mass. to S. Ont., Minn., south to
Ga., Fla., Miss. and Tex. Its commercial value has resulted
in the present scarcity of the tree.

Conn. Rare as a roadside escape over most of the state, perhaps

native in northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y.. Throughout.

N. J. Not recorded from the pine-barrens, elsewhere common and
increasing northward.

JUGLANDACEAE 269

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties, pre-
sumably in the intervening territory.

Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, not very common: Older
Formations, increasing northward. 123-204 days. Sea level-—
1,800 ft.

2. J. cinerea L. Rich alluvial soil or on hillsides: N. B. to
Ont. and N. Dak:, south to Del. and in the mountains to Ga.,
and Ala.; also in Ark.

Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., increasing and common north-
ward.

N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Ocean and Mon-
mouth counties; rare in Burlington, Mercer and Middlesex
counties, thence increasing and common northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Chester and Dela-
ware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-1,700 ft.

2. Hicoria Raf. (Carya Nutt.)

Lateral leaflets falcate.
Lateral leaflets not falcate.
Bracts longer than the lobes of the staminate calyx; husk of
fruit freely splitting.
Bark close, rough; foliage scurfy or pubescent. 2. H. alba.
Bark shaggy; foliage glabrous or pubescent.
Leaflets 7-9; nuts pointed at both ends. . H. laciniosa.
Leaflets 3-5; nuts rounded or notched at base. 4. H. ovata.
Bracts about as long as the lobes of the staminate calyx, except
in some specimens of HH. glabra: husk not freely splitting.
Bark shaggy; fruit subglobose to oblong. 5. H. microcarpa.
Bark not shaggy, close; fruit more or less obovoid. 6. H. glabra.

1. H. cordiformis (Wang.) Britton (H. minima Britton). In
woods, swamps and on hillsides: Que to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
east and south of them; wanting in the pine-barrens of L. I.;
increasing northward.

2. H. alba (L.) Britton. In rich woods: Mass. and Ont. to Neb.,
south to Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
IDs. Iie

=

. H. cordiformis

Ww

270 BETULACEAE

3. H. laciniosa (F. A. Michx.) Sargent. In rich soil: central
N. Y. to Iowa and Neb.
N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Mercer Co.
Pa. Recorded from Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Philadelphia and
Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older
Formations, confined to eastern Pa. 176-204 days. Sea level—
624 ft.

4. H. ovata (Mill.) Britton. Rich moist soil in valleys or occa-

sionally on hillsides: Que. to Minn. and Kan., south to Fla.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and

east and south of them, and on the coastal plain of L. I.; apparently
always increasing northward.

5. H. microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. In rich woods: Mass. to
Mich., south to Ga. and Mo.
Conn. Occasional or frequent near the coast.
N. Y. North shore of L. I.; S. I. increasing northward.
N. J. Reported from Cumberland Co.; Bergen Co.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties.

6. H. glabra (Mill.) Britton. Rocky woods and dry hillsides:
Me. to Minn. and Kan., south to Fla. and Tex. :
Conn. Throughout.

N.Y. Throughout, increasing northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the coastal strip, increasing
and common northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, in-

creasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-1,oo0 ft.

H. villosa Ashe has been recorded from southern N. J.

BETULACEAE

Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx;
pistillate flowers with a calyx.
Staminate flowers with no bractlets; pistillate aments spike-like;
nut small, subtended by or enclosed in a large bractlet.
Fruiting bract flat, 3-cleft and incised. 1. CARPINUS.
Fruiting bract bladder-like, closed, membranous. 2. OSTRYA.
Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets; pistillate flowers 2-4, capitate;
nut large, enclosed by a leafy involucre. 3. CORYLUS.

BETULACEAE 271

Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a
calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx.
Stamens 2, filaments 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac;

fruiting bracts 3-lobed or entire, deciduous. 4. BETULA.
Stamens 4, anther-sacs adnate; fruiting bracts woody, erose or
5-toothed, persistent. 5. ALNUS.

‘

1. Carpinus [Tourn.] L.

1. C. caroliniana Walt. Moist woodlands: N. S. to Fla., west
to Ont., Minn., Kan. and Tex.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of
N. J. and the coastal plain of L. I., there rare or wanting.

2. Ostrya [Mich.] Scop.

1. O. virginiana (Mill.) Willd. In dry woods: Cape Breton to

N. Fla., west to Ont., Minn., S. Dak., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. North of the moraine on L. I., thence increasing and
common northward. Bloodroot Valley, S. I.

N. J. Burlington, Somerset and Hunterdon counties, increasing
but not common northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 120-204 days. Sea level-2,g00 ft.

3. Corylus [Tourn.] L.
Involucre of two broad laciniate bractlets. 1. C. americana.
Involucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostrata.
1. C. americana Walt. In thickets: Me. and Ont. to Man.,
Fla. and Kan.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them, and usually increasing northward.

2. C. rostrata Ait. In thickets: N.S. to B. Col. and Oreg., south
to Ga., Tenn. and Kan.
Conn. Rare or wanting along the coast; increasing but not very
common northward.
N. Y. In the Highlands of the Hudson, increasing but not very

common northward. Reported but not definitely known from
Sele

272

BETULACEAE

N. J. Rare and local in Mercer, Union, Hunterdon and Somerset
counties; increasing but not very common northward.

Pa. Probably throughout, but not definitely known from Dela-
ware or Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0, or perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older

Formations, increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-
1,800 ft.

Corylus heterophylla Fisch. has been recorded from Conn. as an escape.

4. Betula [Tourn.] L.

Shrub. 1. B. pumila.
Trees.
Catkins slender stalked.
Bark chalky white (sometimes darker in B. papyrifera).
Leaves deltoid or rhombic. 2. B. populifolia.
Leaves ovate. 3. B. papyrifera.
Bark brown or red-brown or green-brown, not white. 4. B. nigra.
Catkins sessile or very nearly so.
Fruiting scales glabrous. 5. B. lenta.
Fruiting scales ciliate.
Scales 4-5 mm. long, the lateral wings almost basal;
leaves cordate. 6. B. alleghaniensis.
Scales 8-10 mm. long, the lateral wings arising in the
upper half of the scale, leaves rarely cordate. 7. B. lutea.

1. B. pumila L. In bogs or wet ground: Newf. to Ont. and the

N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio and Minn.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., increasing northward.
N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days. 650~-1,800 ft.

2. B. populifolia Marsh. Along streams or on hillsides: Prince

Edward’s Is. to Delaware, west to W. N. Y. and E. Pa.

Throughout the range except in southern Pa.

3. B. papyrifera Marsh. In forests: Newf. to Alask., south to

N. J., Pa., Mich., Neb., Colorado and Wash.

Conn. Rare and local in the coastal counties, increasing north-
westward.

N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing but not very common northward.

N. J. Known only from two isolated stations in Union Co., both
perhaps derivatives of cultivation.

BETULACEAE 273

Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Monroe and Northampton counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine except in Pa. 117-185 days.
Sea level-2,000 ft.

4. B. nigra L. In moist soil along river valleys and in swamps:
northeastern Mass. to Fla., west through southern N. Y. to
Ill., Minn., Neb., Kan., Tex. and Fla.

N. Y. Reported, but not recently collected from L. I.; S. I. and
up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co., decreasing northward.
N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens, especially in

the drainage area of the Delaware River.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties, presumably in
the intervening territory.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, decreasing
northward. 135-204 days. Sea level-1,800 ft.

5. B. lenta L. Rocky woodlands: Newf. to Ga. and Ala., west
to Ont., Ill. and Tenn.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
rare on the coastal plain.

6. B. alleghaniensis Britton. In woodlands: Mass. to Quebec
and N. Mich., south to N. Y. and Pa., and in the mountains
to Ga.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northward.
N.Y. Bronx and Westchester counties; Highlands of the Hudson,
increasing northward and westward; Copake Falls.
N. J. Essex, Passaic and Bergen counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Luzerne, Monroe and Pike counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 118-187 days. Sea level-
2,200 ft.

7. B. lutea Michx. In deep forests: Newf. to Man., south to
Mass., Pa. and Wisc.

Confined so far as now known to the high peaks of Greene and
Ulster counties, N. Y., at elevations exceeding 2,800 ft.; a region
with a growing season of 117-123 days; and to the north shore of
L. I. Not south of the moraine.

5. Alnus [Tourn.] Hill

Leaves not glutinous when mature; native species.
Leaves prevailingly obovate; shrub or small tree. 1. A. rugosa.

19

274 FAGACEAE

Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, seldom obovate.
Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous or finely tomentose

beneath. 2. A. incana.
Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, pale but not glaucous
beneath; a tree. 3. A. noveboracensis.
Leaves glutinous when mature, introduced European species. 4. A. Alnus.

1. A. rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch (A. serrulata Willd.). In wet
soil or on hillsides: Me. to Ohio, Minn., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range.

2. A. incana (L.) Willd. In wet soil: Newf. to N. W. Terr.,
south to S. N. Y., Pa., and Neb. Also in Europe and Asia,
but the Old World plant may be different from ours.

Conn. Rare in the southeastern part of the state and along the
coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. north of the moraine; rare in Westchester
Co., increasing and common northward.

N. J. Warren, Morris and Sussex counties.

Pa. Luzerne, Lackawanna, Pike, Monroe, Northampton and
Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-187 days. Sea

level-2,800 ft.

3. A. noveboracensis Britton. Woods and thickets near the
coast: Southeastern N. Y.; perhaps on Nantucket.

A rare and local plant known definitely only from its type locality.
Grant City, S. I.; first recorded as A. incana.

4. A. Alnus (L.) Britton (A. glutinosa Gaertn.). In wet places:
Mass. to southern N. Y. and N. J., west to Pa.; also. near
Chicago. Native of Europe.

An occasional escape in many parts of our range; often wanting.

FAGACEAE
Staminate catkins globose; nut triangular. 1. FaGus.
Staminate catkins slender, elongate.
Nut enclosed in a prickly burr. 2. CASTANEA.
Nut seated in an open scaly cup. 3. QUERCUS.

1. Fagus [Tourn.] L.

1. F. grandifolia Ehrh. In rich soil: Nov. Scot. to Ont. and
Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex.

FAGACEAE 275

Throughout the range always increasing northward and decreas-
ing in size and number in the pine-barrens; wanting in the middle

of them.
2. Castanea [Tourn.]Hill.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath; small tree or shrub. 1. C. pumila.
Leaves smooth on both sides; large forest tree. 2. C. dentata.
1. C. pumila (L.) Mill. In dry soil: N. J. to Ind., south to Fila.,
Mo. and Tex.

N.J. Mercer, Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties, exclusively
north and west of the pine-barrens.

Pa. Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations,
confined to Chester Co., Pa. Not north of the moraine. 176-204
days. About sea level.

2. C. dentata (Marsh) Borkh. Rich woods or in dry ground:
Me. to Ont. and Mich., south to Del. and in the mountains
to Ala. and Miss., west to Ind. and Ark.

Throughout the range except in southern N. J. and the pine-
barrens, there rare and local or wanting. A burless variety has been
collected in Greene Co., N. Y.

3. Quercus L.

Leaves or the lobes bristle-tipped; fruit maturing the second
season.
Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed.
Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, usually deeply so.
Leaves green on both sides.
Cup saucer-shaped, broader than deep.
Cup 16-30 mm. broad; leaves dull. 1. Q. rubra.
Cup 8-16 mm. broad; leavesshiningabove. 2. Q. palustris.
Cup top-shaped, to hemispheric or deeper.
Inner bark of tree bright orange, leaves
hairy on the veins. 3. Q. velutina.
Inner bark yellow or reddish, not orange.
Leaves pale beneath (northern tree). 4. Q. borealis.
Leaves shining both sides. 5. Q. coccinea.
Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath.
Large trees; leaf-lobes long, lanceolate.
Leaves rounded or obtuse at base, 3-7

lobed. 6. Q. triloba.
Leaves cuneate, acute or truncate at base,
5-13 lobed. 7. Q. pagodaefolia.

Small tree or shrub; leaf lobes triangular, short. 8. Q. ilicifolia.
Leaves 3-5 lobed above the middle; obovate or spatu-
late.

276 FAGACEAE

Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath. 9. Q. marilandica.
Leaves spatulate to obovate, glabrous both sides. 10. Q. nigra.
Leaves entire, rarely with a very few teeth.
Leaves smooth beneath except sometimes in the axils

of veins. 11. Q. Phellos.
Leaves pubescent beneath. 12. Q. imbricaria.
Leaves or their lobes not bristle-tipped; fruit maturing the first
season.

Leaves crenate or shallowly lobed.
Acorns sessile.

Low tree, or usually a shrub; leaves obovate. 13. Q. prinoides.
Tall trees; leaves oblong to lanceolate, rarely
obovate; bark close. 14. Q. Muhlenbergit.

Acorns stalked.
Peduncles shorter than the petioles, rarely as long.

Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate. 15. Q. Michauxii,
Teeth of the leaves rounded. 16. Q. Prinus.
Peduncles much longer than the petioles. 17. Q. bicolor.

Leaves deeply lobed.
Leaves hairy, at least on the veins beneath.
Upper scales of the cup awned, forming a fringe. 18. Q. macrocarpa.
Upper scales not awned.
Acorn broader than high, nut immersedin cup. 19. Q. lyrata.
Acorn longer than broad, nut only 14 immersed
in cup. 20. Q. stellata.
Leaves smooth and pale beneath when old; cup shallow. 21. Q. alba.

1. Q. rubra L. In various situations: N.S. to Minn. and Kan.,
south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting,
always increasing northward.
2. Q. palustris Du Roi. In moist places: Mass. to Mich. and

Mo., south to Va., Tenn. and Ind. Terr.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east of
them; increasing in the Connecticut Valley and southwestern
Conn.

3. Q. velutina Lam. In dry soil: Me. to W. Ont., south to Fla.
and Tex.
Throughout the range.

. Q. borealis Michx. f. Que. and Ont. to N. Y. and Pa. and
perhaps in the mountains to N. Car.
Conn: Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson, increasing but not common
northward.
N. J. Passaic Co.
Pa. Northampton Co.

aS

FAGACEAE 277

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local.
117-153 days. 500-2,000 [t.

5. Q. coccinea Meunch. In dry sandy soil: Me. to Minn., N.
Car. and Mo.
Throughout the range.

6. Q. triloba Michx. (Q. digitata Michx.). In gravelly or sandy
soil: Le i Ne J. to Mot Rlawandiliex:
N.Y. Recorded from L. I. but record not verified.
N. J. Common or frequent on the coastal plain from Monmouth
Co. southward.
Pa. Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
less common: Older Formations, scattered. Not north of the
moraine. 179-204days. About sea level.

7. Q. pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. Swamp, woodlands and along
streams: L. I. to S. Ill. and Mo., south to Fla. and Ark.

Recorded so far as known only from near West Hempstead, L. I.,

an area on the coastal plain, with a growing season of about 190 days.

8. Q. ilicifolia Wang. (Q. nana Marsh). Usually in somewhat
sterile soil: Me. to Ohio, south to N. Car. and Ky.
Throughout the range.

g. Q. marilandica Meunch. In dry, somewhat sterile soil: N. Y.

to Pa., Ind. and eastern Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.

ING eleelicandtSele

N.J. South Amboy and Jamesburg, Middlesex Co., increasing and
common southward.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Chester and
Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

confined to eastern Pa. Not north of the moraine, but on it at Ft.

Wadsworth, S. I. 169-220 days. About sea level.

10. Q. nigra L. Wet shores: S. N. J. to Ky., Mo., Fla. and Tex.
N. J. Near Bennett, Cape May Co.

11. Q. Phellos L. In wet sandy soil: L. J. to Fla., west to Ky.,
Mo. and Tex.

N. Y. Suffolk Co., L. I.; not recently collected; and on S. I.
exclusively south of the moraine.

278 FAGACEAE

N. J. Southern Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing
and common southward.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

scattered. Not north of the moraine. 169-204 days. About sea

level.

12. Q. imbricaria Michx. Rich woods: Pa. to Mich. and Neb.,
south to Ga. and Ark.
Pa. Lehigh and Philadelphia counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps near Philadelphia: Older Forma-
tions, not common. Not north of the moraine. 179-204 days.
Sea level—soo ft.

13. Q. prinoides Willd. In dry sandy or rocky soil: Me. to Minn.,
N. Car., Ala. and Tex.

Throughout the range, apparently decreasing in the Piedmont
Plain of N. J.

14. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. (Q. acuminata Houba; Q. Alex-
anderi Britton). Usually in limestone soil: Ont. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex.

Conn. In northwestern Litchfield Co. and on or near outcrops of
Stockbridge Limestone in the valley of the Housatonic river.

N. Y. Peekskill, Westchester Co., and probably on the limestone
outcrops in the rest of the upper Hudson Valley.

N. J. Bergen, Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, predominating on

limestone, not common. 138-204 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft.

15. Q. Michauxii Nutt. In moist soil: S. N. J. to Fla., Ind., Mo.
and Tex.
N. J. Moorestown, Repaupo and Upper Pennsgrove.

16. Q. Prinus L. In sterile soil, usually on hillsides: Me. to Ont.,
south to N. J. and Va., south in the mountains to Ga., Ala.
and Tenn.

Throughout the range.

17. Q. bicolor Willd. (Q. platanoides Sudw.). In rich wet soil:

Me. and Que. to Mich., south to Ga. and Ark.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them.

FAGACEAE

279

18. Q. macrocarpa Michx. In rich bottom lands: Nov. Scot.

to Man., Wyo., Ga. and Tex.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co., not common.
N. Y. Greene Co.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Delaware and Philadelphia counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not common in our

range, 153-179 days. Sea level—1,000 ft.

19. Q. lyrata Walt. In swamps or along streams: N. J. to Fla.

and Mo.

N. J. Near Riddleton, Salem Co., a region with a growing season
of 179 days, at about sea level and near the line between the

Tertiary and Cretaceous regions.

20. Q. stellata Wang. Rocky or dry soils: Mass. to Pa., Ohio,

Mo. and Kan., south to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting inland.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing northward to Larch-

mont, Westchester Co.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Hudson and (?) Warren counties,

increasing and common southward.
Pa. Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 160-204 days.

Sea level—350 ft.

21. Q. alba L. Rich woods: southern Me. to Ont. and Minn.,

south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range.

The following hybrids have been described and are to be looked
for in our range wherever both the supposed parents are known.

Quercus marilandica X Phellos = Q. Rudkini Britton.

Quercus marilandica X illicifolia = Q. Brittonit W. T. Davis.

Quercus Phellos * rubra = Q. heterophylla Michx.
Quercus Phellos X tlicifolia.

Quercus Phellos X triloba.

Quercus imbricaria X marilandica = Q. tridentata Engelm.
Quercus alba X Prinus.

ULMACEAE

Fruit a dry, winged samara. I. ULMus.
Fruit a fleshy, juicy drupe, with a hard endocarp. 2. CELTIS.

280 ULMACEAE

1. Ulmus [Tourn.] L.

At least some of the branches corky winged; samara faces pubéscent. 1. U. Thomast.
None of the branches winged.
Leaves smooth or somewhat roughened above; samara faces

glabrous, the margins ciliate. 2. U. americana.
Leaves very rough above; samara faces pubescent over the seed,
the margins not ciliate. 3. U. fulva.

1. U. Thomasi Sargent ( U. racemosa Thomas). On hillsides and
slopes: Que. and Ont. to Mich. and Wisc., south to N. J., Ky.,
Ohio, Mo. and E. Neb.

Known in our range only from Woodruff’s Gap, Sussex Co.,
NE

2. U. americana L. In various situations: Newf. to Fla., west
to Sask., S. Dak., south to Kan. and Tex.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
east and south of them; not known as a wild tree on L. I.

3. U. fulva Michx. Rocky hillsides and banks of streams: Que.

to Fla., west to N. Dak., Neb. and Tex.

Conn. Local over most of the state, increasing northward.

N. Y. Frequent north of the moraine on L. I.; S. I., thence in-
creasing and common northward, particularly in the Catskills.

N. J. Burlington, Mercer and Monmouth counties, north and west
of the pine-barrens, rare; thence increasing and common north-
ward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties,
presumably in the intervening territory.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local. Older Formations,

common northward. 117-204 days. Sea level-1,933 ft.

The English elm, Ulmus campestris L., and the wahoo, U. alata Michx., have both
been reported as established escapes.

2. Celtis [Tourn.] L.

Pedicels long, mostly twice as long as the drupe or longer.
Leaves smooth or nearly so above.

Leaves acute or short acuminate. 1. C. occidentalis.
Leaves long-acuminate. 2. C. canina,
Leaves rough above; drupe subglobose. 3. C. crassifolia.
Pedicels short, less than twice as long as the drupe. 4. C. georgiana.

1. C. occidentalis L. In rocky places, often on hillsides; Que. to
N. Car., westward to Man., Neb. and Okl.
Throughout the range but not very common, decreasing in the
pine-barrens of L. I. and wanting in those of N. J.

MORACEAE 281

2. C. canina Raf. In rich soil of fields and meadows: N. Y. to
Ill. and S. Dak., south to Pa. and Mo.
Localized in our range, near Bushkill, Pike Co., Pa., a region

north of the moraine with a growing season of 149 days, and under-
laid by Marcellus Shale.

3. C. crassifolia Lam. In rich soil: Mass.?, N. Y. and Pa. to
S. Car., west to Ind., S. Dak., Tenn., Kan. and Col.

N. Y. Garrison-on-Hudson.
N. J. Sussex Co. to Mercer Co.
Pa. Northampton and Bucks Co.

A localized species in our range.
4. C. georgiana Small. Rocky and gravelly soil: N. J. to Fla.,
Ky., Mo. and Ala.

Localized in our range, so far as known near Newton, Sussex Co.,
N. J., a region north of the moraine, and with a growing season of
138 days.

MORACEAE

Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked; leaves dentate or lobed. 1. Morus.
Staminate flowers racemose or spiked; pistillate capitate.

Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft; leaves entire. 2. TOXYLON.
Pistillate perianth 3—4 toothed; leaves various. 3. PAPYRIUS.
1. Morus [Tourn.] L.
Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes 2-6 cm.
long. 1. M. rubra.
Leaves smooth and glabrous, or very nearly so, on both sides; fruit
nearly white; spikes I-1.5 cm. Jong. 2. M. alba.

1. M. rubra L. In river valleys or on moist hillsides: Mass. to
Ont., Mich. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout, except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J.
2. M.alba L. Naturalized along riversides from N. Eng., south-
ward. Native of Asia and Europe.
Occasional as an escape from cultivation.

2. Toxylon Raf.

1. T. pomiferum Raf. Mo. to Kan. and Tex., in the east
naturalized in New Eng. and Middle States.
Rare as a naturalized escape in our range.

282 URTICACEAE

3. Papyrius Lam. (Broussonetia L’ Her.)
1. P. papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Along roadsides: N. Y. to Fla.
and Mo. Native of Asia.
Rare in our range as a localized escape.

CANNABINACEAE
Twining vines. 1. HUMULUS.
Erect herbs. 2. CANNABIS.
4. Humulus L.
Bracts and achenes dotted with yellow, resinous grains. 1. H. Lupulus.
Bracts and achenes not so dotted. 2. H. japonicus.

1. H.Lupulus L. In thickets and on river banks: N.S. to Man.,
N. Y. and Pa., in the Alleghanies to Ga. and Kan., and in the
Rocky Mts. to Ariz. and N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.

Throughout the range, except in southern N. J.; often an escape
from cultivation.

2. H. japonicus Sieb. and Zucc. In waste ground: Conn. to
Del. Native of Europe.
Rare in our range as an escape.

2. Cannabis [Tourn.] L.

1. C. sativa L. In waste places: N. B. to Ont., Minn., N. Car.,
Tenn. and Kan.
Rare as an escape on waste ground.

URTICACEAE
Herbs with stinging hairs.
Leaves opposite; both kinds of flowers 4-parted; achene straight. . URTICA.
Leaves alternate; staminate flowers 5 parted; achene oblique. 2. URTICASTRUM.
Herbs without stinging hairs.
Flower clusters panicled or spiked, not involucrate; leaves
mostly opposite.

al

Pistillate calyx 3 parted or of 3 sepals. 3. PILEA.
Pistillate calyx 2-4 toothed or entire. 4. BOEHMERIA.
Flowers clusters involucrate by leafy bracts, leaves alternate. 5. PARIETARIA,

1. Urtica [Tourn.] L.

Perennials, 0.6—2.2 m. tall; flower-clusters compound.
Leaves ovate, cordate at base. 1. U. dioica.
Leaves lanceolate, rarely cordate. U. gracilis.
Annuals, 1.5~7 dm. tali; flower-clusters oblong, rather dense. 3. U.urens.

NS

URTICACEAE 283

1. U. dioica L. In waste places: Newf. to Ont., Minn., S. Car.,
Mo. and Colo. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of
Asia.

Casual in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens,
there rare or wanting.

2. U. gracilis Ait. In dry soil: Newf. to B. Col., N. Car., La.
and Colo.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

N.Y. Not common on L. I. and S. I., becomig frequent in West-
chester Co. thence increasing and common northward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens; rare and local in Burlington,
Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and common
northward.

Pa. Northampton and Pike counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, in-
creasing northward. 120-210 days. Sea level—1,950 ft.

3. U. urens L. In waste places: Newf. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla.
Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe.
A rare adventive.

U. Lyallii S. Wats., a species confused with U. gracilis, has been credited to our range,
especially in Conn. and Pa.; it is omitted from the list because its specific and distribu-
tional status are open to question.

2. Urticastrum Fabr.
1. U. divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. In rich woods: N.S. to Ont.,
N. Dak., Minn., Fla. and Kan.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, always in-
creasing northward.

3. Pilea Lind (Adicea Raf.)

1. P. pumila (L.) A. Gray. In swampy shaded situations, often
on old logs: N. B. to Ont., Minn., Fla., La., Neb. and Kan.
Also in Japan.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
L. I., there rare or wanting.

4. Boehmeria Jacq.

Leaf-blades leathery, finely serrate; petioles much shorter

than the blades. 1. B. Drummondiana.
Leaf-blades relatively thin, coarsely serrate, petioles as long

as the blades or a little shorter. 2. B. cylindrica.

284 LORANTHACEAE

1. B. Drummondiana Weddell. (B. scabra (Porter) Small). In

swamps: Conn. to Mich., Kan., Fla. and Texas.

Conn. Reported from Southington, Bridgeport and Fairfield.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I., rare on S. I.; Bronx and Westchester
counties to the Highlands. Unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens, there rare or
wanting.

Pa. Northampton Co.
A little known species, whose distribution is not yet elucidated;

perhaps not specifically distinct from the following.

2. B. cylindrica (L.) Willd. In moist soil: Que. and Ont. to
Minn., Fla., Kan. and Tex.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.
5. Parietaria L.
1. P. pennsylvanica Muhl. On dry rocks and banks: Me. and
Ont. to B. Col., Fla., Colo. and Mex.
Conn. Throughout the state but rare and local.
N. Y. Manhasset Neck, L. I., unknown on S. I., South Yonkers,
Westchester Co.
N. J. Known only from Sandy Hook, Monmouth Co. and rare and
local in Mercér, Hunterdon, Warren, and Bergen counties.
Pa. Chester and Bucks counties.
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood.

Parietaria officinalis L., P. debilis Forst. and P. diffusa Mert. & Koch have been
credited to the area as waifs. Not recently collected.

LORANTHACEAE
Leaves scale-like, united at the base; anthers 1-celled; berry pe-
duncled. 1. RAZOUMOFSKYA.
Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile 2, PHORADENDRON.

1. Razoumofskya Hoffm.
1. R. pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. Parasitic on twigs of spruces and
larch: Newf. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and Mich.
Conn. Rare and local in Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Mountain summits in Greene Co.
Pa. Mountain summits in Pike and Monroe counties.
So far as known not distributionally coextensive with our
spruces and the larch. Its known localities are more restricted
than theirs.

ARISTOLOCHIA CEAE

2. Phoradendron Nutt.

285

1. P. flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Parasitic on deciduous leaved
trees, notably on the Tupelo and Red Maple: N. J. to Ohio,

Ind., Mo., Fla., Texas.

N. J. Keyport, Monmouth Co. and Hightstown, Mercer Co.

increasing southward.
Pa. Schuylkill, Delaware and Chester counties.

SANTALACEAE

1. Comandra Nutt.

1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Dry fields and thickets: Cape Breto

Istto Ont. Br Cole GayeAnzeaand alk
Throughout the range.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Acaulescent herbs; perianth regular, persistent; filaments distinct. 1. ASARUM.
Vines or erect leafy-stemmed herbs; perianth irregular, deciduous;

anthers sessile. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA.

1. Asarum L.

Calyx segments lanceolate acuminate, longer than the tube, not

reflexed. 1. A. canadense.

Calyx segments triangular, merely acute, about as long as the tube,

reflexed; the tip obtuse. 2. A. reflexum.

1. A. canadense L. Rich woods: N. B. to Man., Ont., N.

Mo. and Kan.

(Ore

Conn. Not common along the coast, increasing and common

northwestward.

N. Y. Reported, but not definitely known from L. I., perhaps at
Newtown, increasing and common northward up the Hudson

Valley.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Monmouth

counties, thence increasing and common northward.
Pa. Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, in-
creasing and common northward. 117-190 days. Sea _ level-

3,200 ft.

2. A. reflexum Bicknell. Rich or wet woods: Conn. to Iowa,

N. C., Mo. and Kan.
Conn. Fairfield and Litchfield counties.

286

POLYGONACEAE

N.Y. S.1I., frequent in Bronx, Westchester and Rockland counties.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
Pa. Bucks, Northampton and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0; Older Formations not very common.
South of the moraine only in Pa. 138-186 days. Sea level—680 ft.

2. Aristolochia [Tourn.] L.

Calyx tube bent; flowers solitary. 1. A. Serpentaria.
Calyx tube straight; flowers clustered, axillary. 2. A. Clematitis.
1. A. Serpentaria L. In dry woods: Conn. and N. Y. to Mich.,

PQ

south to Fla. and La.

Conn. Rare over most of the state.

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., apparently wanting south
of the moraine on L. I.; thence increasing, but not very common,
northward to Putnam Co.;-not known northward.

N. J. Very rare in Cape May Co., increasing but rare northward;
rare or wanting in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Delaware, Berks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, more

common. 162-210 days. Sea level-—680 ft.

A. Clematitis L. Near Ithaca and Flushing, N. Y., and E. Pa.
An escape from cultivation. Native of Europe.
A rare and perhaps doubtfully established escape.

A. macrophylla Lam., is an occasional escape.

POLYGONACEAE

Stigmas tufted; calyx 6-parted. 1. RUMEX,
Stigmas capitate.

Internodes not adnate; plants not heath-like.

Leaf-blades jointed at the base; ochreae 2-lobed; filaments
dilated. 2. POLYGONUM.
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base; ochreae not 2-lobed;
filaments slender.
Ochreae cylindric, truncate.
Sepals 4; calyx curved; stamens 4. 3. TOVARA.
Sepals mostly 5; calyx straight. 4. PERSICARIA,.
Ochreae oblique, partly open on one side.
Sepals neither keeled nor winged.

Racemes corymbed; plants smooth. 5. FAGOPYRUM.

Racemes not corymbed; plants prickly. 6. TRACAULON,
Sepals, at least the outer, keeled or winged.

Stigmas capitate; styles erect or none. 7. TINIARIA,

Stigmas dilated, toothed; styles divaricate. 8. PLEUROPTERYS.

Internodes adnate; plants heath-like. g. POLYGONELLA.

POLYGONACEAE 287

1. Rumex L.

Leaves hastate; flowers dioecious; foliage acid; low species.

Inner sepals not developing wings in fruit; achenes granular. 1. R. Acetosella.
Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achenes smooth.
Basal leaves numerous. 2. R. hastatulus.
Basal leaves few. 3. R. Acetosa.

Leaves not hastate; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; foliage
scarcely or not at all acid; tall species.
Leaves flat, bright or light green, or glaucescent.
Tubercles usually 3; pedicel longer than the wing.
Pedicels several times longer than the wing. 4. R. verticillatus.
Pedicels little longer than the wing. 5. R. mexicanus
Tubercle usually 1; pedicels equalling the wing. 6. R. altissimus,
Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, not glaucescent.
Wings of the calyx entire, more or less undulate.

Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base.
. R. Patientia.

Tubercle 1. 7
Tubercles 3. 8. R. Britannica.
Lower leaves cordate or rounded at the base.
Tubercles mostly 3; inflorescence not leafy,
pedicels long. g. R. crispus.
Tubercle 1; inflorescence not leafy; pedicel
short. 10. R. sanguineus.
Wings of the calyx toothed or fringed.
Lower leaves cordate.
Wings ovate or oblong-ovate; tubercles mostly
2. 11. R. pulcher.
Wings hastate or ovate-hastate; tubercle 1. 12. R. obtusifolius.
Lower leaves mostly narrowed at the base; wings
with 4 spreading, bristle-like teeth. 13. R. persicariodes.

1. R. Acetosella L. Dry fields and hillsides: throughout N. Am.,
except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe.
Abundant as a roadside and field weed.
2. R. hastatulus Muhl. On the seacoast: Mass. to Fla. and on
the plains from Kan. to Tex.
N.Y. Exclusively north of the moraine on eastern L. I.; not
reported from S. I., elsewhere unknown.
N. J. Longport, Atlantic Co.
A localized species whose center of distribution is unknown.
3. R. Acetosa L. Lab. to Alaska. Naturalized from Eu. in Vt.,
Ne YecandiPa,
Local as a weed.
4. R. verticillatus L. In swamps: Que. to Ont. and Iowa, south
to Fla. and Tex.
Conn. Known only in the area of the drainage of the Connecticut
River.

288 POLYGONACEAE

N. Y. Southern shore of L. I. and on S. I. Unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Near Paterson, thence increasing southward, but not in the
pine-barrens.

Rare and local; its center of distribution uncertain.

5. R. mexicanus Meisn. Newf. to B. C., Me., Tex. and Mex.,
locally introduced eastward.
Occasional in waste ground.

6. R. altissimus Wood. Along streams and in swamps: Conn.

to Neb., Md. and Texas.

Conn. Rare and local in waste places perhaps adventive from the
West.

N. Y. Not common; a weed in waste places.

N. J. Locally as a weed near Hoboken, Jersey City and
Newark.
Rare or wanting elsewhere.

“SI

. R. Patientia L. Waste places: Me. and Ont. to Wis., south
to Conn., Pa. and Kan. Also in the far west. Naturalized
from Europe.

Locally as a weed.
8. R. Britannica L. In swamps and wet soil: N. B. and Ont. to
Minn., N. J., Pa., Ill. and Neb.
Throughout the range in ecologically favorable habitats; not
reported from the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J.
g. R. crispus L. In fields and waste places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Naturalized from Eu. Native of Asia.

Abundant as a troublesome weed in most parts of the range.

10. R. sanguineus L. In waste places and on ballast: S. N. Y.
to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Uncommon and local weed. Not recently collected.

11. R. pulcher L. Waste places: Va. to Fla. and La. Also on
the Pacific coast and in ballast about the eastern seaports.
Locally rare as an occasional weed.

12. R. obtusifolius L. Waste places: N.S. to N. B. to Ore., south
to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Eu. Native also in
Asia.

Locally abundant as a weed.

POLYGONACEAE 289

13. R. persicarioides L. On sea shores: N. B. to Va. and
westward. Sometimes confused with the Old World R.
maritimus L.

INFDYen Eastern! ole

N. J. Middlesex Co.; reported from Monmouth and Ocean
counties.

R. conglomeraius Murr., and R. salicifolius Weinm., have been reported, but it is
doubtful if they are really established. R. maritimus L. has been collected as a waif.
R. elongatus Guss. is recorded from Southington, Conn.

2. Polygonum [Tourn.] L.

Stems and branches terete and usually striate.
Achenes much exserted from the calyx.
Plant prostrate; achene broad. Up
Plant erect; achene narrow.
Achenes included within the calyx; or exposed at the tip.
Sepals with white or pink margins.
Pedicels not exserted from the ocreae.
Achenes with striate faces.
Mature sepals over 3.5 mm. long;
achenes acute. 3. P. aviculare.
Mature sepals less than 3.3 mm.
long; achenes acuminate. 4. P. neglectum.
Achenes with granular or nearly smooth
faces.
Plant prostrate; leaves broad; mature
sepals over 3.5 mm. long. Rs
Plant erect or nearly so; leaves
narrow; mature sepals less than 3.3
mm. long. 6
Pedicels exserted. oho
Sepals with yellowish or greenish margins. 8.
Stems and branches angled. 9.

. maritimum.
. exsertum.

hy

is)

ae)

. buxiforme.

. prolificum.
. atlanticum.
. erectum.

. tenue.

ty Wty

1. P. maritimum L. In sands of the seashore: Mass. to Fla.
Also on the coast of Europe.
Conn. Reported but not definitely known.
N.Y. Common along the south shore of L. I., less common on the
north shore; rare along the coast on S. I.; unrecorded elsewhere.
N. J. Uncommon along the sea coast, not recorded elsewhere.

Apparently never found far from sandy sea beaches.

2. P. exsertum Small. Saskatchewan, south to Ill, Mo. and
Neb.; and along the Atlantic coast in brackish marshes, from
Na Beto Ne Je

Conn. Rare along the coast in New Haven and Fairfield counties.
20

290 POLYGONACEAE

N.Y. Not very common alongthe coast of L. I.,andS. I., ascending
the Hudson to the junction of the Harlem.
N. J. Near Woodbridge, Middlesex Co. and Absecon, Atlantic Co.

Rare and local along our coastal marsh-lands; apparently reaching
its southerly range with us.

3. P. aviculare L. (P. monspeliense Pers.). A weed in cultivated
and waste grounds: nearly throughout N. Am.
Abundant as a weed throughout the area.

4. P. neglectum Besser. A cosmopolitan weed found throughout
the N. Temp. Regions.

Common everywhere.

5. P. buxiforme Small (P. littorale Auct. not of Link). On
shores and in waste places: N. B. to Minn. and Cal., south
to Va., Ill. and Kan.

Occasional in our range, the known stations lying between
Stonington, Conn. and Woodbridge, N. J. These and the inter-
mediate stations are all near tidal marshes.

6. P. prolificum (Small) Robinson. (P. vamosissimum prolificum

Small). In saline soil: Minn. to the N. W. Terr., N. Mex.
and Cal., and on the Atlantic Coast from Me. to N. J.

Common along our coasts, and reported from a roadside at
Litchfield, Conn.

. P. atlanticum (Robinson) Bicknell. In salt marshes: Me. to
N. J.

Scattered through the coastal marshes.

“I

5

8. P. erectum L. In moist or dry soil: Me. to Ont., the N. W.
Terr., Tenn. and Ark.

Common throughout most of the range asa weed. Less common
in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J. than elsewhere.

g. P.tenue Michx. Dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Nebr., Ga.
and Ark.

Frequent throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens of L. I.
and N. J., there rare or wanting.

i

The reported occurrence of P. Rayi Babingt. in the range, isanerror. P. provinciale
C. Koch. has been found as a waif, and P. ramosissimum Michx. has been collected asa
roadside waif in Conn.

POLYGONACEAE

3. Tovara Adans.
1. T. virginiana (L.) Raf.
N.S. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

291

(Polygonum virginianum L.) In woods:

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J.

and the coastal plain of L. I.

4. Persicaria [Tourn.] Mill.

Racemes solitary or 2; aquatic or swamp species; peren-

nials.
Leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, not
acuminate. 1. P. amphibia.
Leaves ovate or oblong lanceolate, usually acuminate. 2. P. Muhlenbergii.
Racemes several or numerous; annuals or perennials,
mostly terrestrial.
Ocreae naked or ciliolate, their limbs not spreading.
Racemes drooping. 3. P. lapathifolia.
Racemes erect.
Annual; achene concave-orbicular. 4. P. pennsylvanica.
Perennial; achene biconvex, broadly oblong. 5. P. portoricensis.
Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs not spreading.
Sepals not glandular punctate.
Racemes not interrupted.
Racemes erect. 6. P. Persicaria.
Raceme drooping. 7. P. Careyt.
Raceme interrupted.
Ocreae strigose, fine bristly.
Calyx greenish-white; ocreae co-
piously long bristly. 8. P. opelousana.
Calyx white, pink or purplish-pink;
ocreae sparingly fine-bristly. 9. P. hydropiperoides.
Ocreae hirsute or appressed hirsute. to. P. setacea.
Sepats glandular punctate.
Achene granular and dull; racemes drooping. 11. P. Hydropiper.
Achene smooth, shining; racemes erect. 12. P. punctata.
Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs normally
spreading. 13. P. orientalis.

1. P. amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray (Polygonum Hartwrightii A.
Gray*). In water or in swamps: Que. to Alaska, south to N. J.,
Pa., Kan. and S. Cal. Also in Eu.

Conn. Rare and local over most of the state, increasing north-
westward.

N.Y. Rare and local on the north of L. I. and on S. I. in-
creasing up the Hudson Valley, but nowhere very common.

N. J. Morris, Sussex and Hunterdon counties.

*See Coulter, Barnes and Cowles Textbook of Botany. 2- Ecology, 574. 1911.

292 POLYGONACEAE

Pa. Northampton and Montgomery counties.
South of the moraine only in Pa. Nowhere very common, but
always increasing northward.

2. P. Muhlenbergii (S. Wats) Small. In swamps and moist soil:
Me. and Ont. to. N. W. Terr. and B. C., south to Va., La.
and Mo.

Conn. Common along the Connecticut River and its tributaries,
elsewhere scarce.

N.Y. L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing up the Hudson Valley
to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. Nowhere common.

N. J. Rare and local in Cape May, Gloucester, Atlantic and
Mercer counties, perhaps not wild in the pine-barrens, thence in-
creasing and more common northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, rare or wanting: Cretaceous, more common: Older
formations increasing and common northward. 123-220 days.
Sea level—2,400 ft.

3. P.lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray (Polygonum incarnatum Ell. P.

tomentosum Schrank). In waste places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Naturalized from Eu. Native of Asia.
Locally common in some of its forms over most of our area.

4. P. pennsylvanica (L.) Small. In moist soil: N. S. to Ont.,
Minn., Fla. and Tex.
Common as a weed throughout the region.

5. P. portoricensis (Bertero) Small. Inwetsoil:S.N.J. and Mo.
to Fla., Tex. and N. J.
N. J. Cape May Co. ;
6. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. In waste places: throughout N.
Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe.
Frequent as a weed in most parts of the range.

7. P. Careyi (Olney) Greene. In wet soil: Me. and Ont. to
Mich., south to R. I., N. J. and Pa.
Conn. Litchfield, Hartford, New Haven and Fairfield counties.
N. Y. The north side of L. I.; reported from Westchester Co.,

otherwise unknown.
N. J. Bergen, Essex, Morris and Hunterdon counties, increasing

southward, but not common.

POLYGONACEAE 293

Pa. Carbon and Monroe counties.
A rare and local species whose distributional tendencies are not
satisfactorily known.
8. P. opelousana (Riddell) Small. In wet soil: Mass. and Mo.
to La., Tex. and Mex.
N.Y. OnL.I.,S. 1. and at Van Cortlandt Park.
N. J. Along the coast and at Delanco.
9. P. hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. In swamps and wet soil:
N. B. to Minn. and Cal., south to Fla. and Mex.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of
L. I. and N. J. there rare and perhaps wanting as a wild plant.

10. P. setacea (Baldw.) Small. In swamps: Mass. and Mo., La.
and Fla.
N. J. Cape May Co.
11. P. Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. In moist places: nearly throughout
N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Throughout the range, often becoming a weed.

12. P. punctata (Ell.) Small (P. punctatum robustior Small, P.
robustior (Small) Bicknell). In swamps and wet places:
nearly throughout N. Am.

Common throughout the range in some of its forms.

13. P. orientalis (L.) Spach. In waste places, escaped from

gardens: throughout eastern N. Am. Native of India.
Locally common near cities and gardens.

5. Fagopyrum Gaertn.

1. F. Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Fields and roadsides: nearly
throughout the northern U.S. and southern Canada. Native
of Temperate Old World.

Not a very common escape in most parts of our range.

F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. has been reported as an occasional! waif.

6. Tracaulon Raf.

Leaves sagittate; achenes 3-angled. 1. JT. sagittatum.
Leaves halberd-shaped; achene lenticular. 2. T. arifolium.

1. T.sagittatum (L.) Small (Polygonum sagittatum L.). In wet soil:
Newf. and N.S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla. and Kan.

Common throughout our range, except the pine-barrens.

204 POLYGONACEAE

2. T. arifolium (L.) Raf. In moist or wet soil: N. B. and Ont. to
Minn., south to Ga.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

7. Tiniaria Webb & Mog.

Outer segments of the calyx unchanged or keeled in fruit.
Achenes granular and dull, ocreae not bristly. 1. ZT. Convolvulus.
Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 2. T. cilinodis.
Cuter segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit.
Calyx wings not incised.

Fruiting calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, the wings crisped. 3. T. scandens.
Fruiting calyx 1.5-2 mm. long, the wings rather flat. 4. T. dumetorum.
Calyx wings incised. 5. T. cristata,

1. T. Convolvulus (L.) Webb & Mag. In waste and cultivated
grounds: nearly throughout N. Am. Naturalized from
Europe. Native of Asia.

Locally abundant as a weed.

2. T. cilinodis (Michx.) Small. In rocky places: N. S. to Ont.,

Minn. and Pa., south in the Alleghanies to N. Car.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing but not very common
northwestward.

N. Y. Forest Park, L. I.; not reported from S. I.; Westchester
Co. and northern N. Y. City rare, thence increasing and common
northward.

N. J. Warren, Hunterdon and Sussex counties.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lackawanna and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and

common northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-3,100 ft.

. T. scandens (L.) Small. In woods and thickets: N.S. to
Ont. and the Rocky Mts., south to Fla., Neb. and Tex.

Locally abundant sometimes as a troublesome weed; rare or
wanting in the pine-barrens.

io)

4. T. dumetorum (L.) Opiz. Thickets and woods: northeastern
U.S. Also in Europe.
Conn. Scattered over the state.
N. Y. Coastal L. I.,-S. I. and in the Bronx.

5. T. cristata (Engelm. and Gray) Small. Sandy woods and

rocky banks: Conn. to Ga., Ind. Terr. and Tex.

Conn. Milford and Huntington.
N. Y. On L. I. and near the northern edge of N. Y. City and in
Westchester Co. Otherwise unknown.

CHENOPODIA CEAE 295

N. J. Passaic and Sussex counties.
Pa. Near Easton and from Delaware Co.

8. Pleuropterys Turcz.

1. P. Zuccarinii Small. (Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.,
not Willd.) Escaped from cultivation in the Eastern States.
Native of Japan.

Often common as a rather local escape.

Polygonum sachalinense Schmidt, referable to this genus, is reported from Tolland,
Conn. Native of eastern Asia.

9. Polygonella Michx.

1. P. articulata (L.) Meisn. In sands of the seashore and in
sandy soil near the coast: Me. and N. H. to Fla. and on the
shores of the Great Lakes.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; known also from a single
station in Ulster Co. in an edaphically favorable habitat.*

N. J. Common along the coast and in the pine barrens, rare or
wanting north of Middlesex and Mercer counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common; Older Formations
decreasing inland. 148-224 days. Sea level—1,8o0 ft.

Emex spinosa Camb. has been collected near New York as a waif.

CHENOPODIACEAE

Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm
copious (except in Salicornia).
Leaty herbs; endosperm copious.
Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate; calyx herba-
ceous or fleshy.
Piants glabrous or scurfy.
Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit;

flowers in panicled spikes. 1. CHENOPODIUM.
Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated; leaves
pinnatifid. 2. ROUBIEVA.
Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit; flowers
densely capitate. 3. BLITUM.
Plant pubescent. 4. BASSIA.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; calyx of pistillate flowers
none; fruit enclosed by 2 bractlets. 5. ATRIPLEX.

Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches; endosperm none. 6, SALICORNIA.
Embryo spirally coiled; endosperm little or none.

Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. . Donna.

~I

*See Introduction paragraph 50.

296 CHENOPODIACEAE

Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing; leaves
very spiny. 8. SALSOLA.

1. Chenopodium L.

Embryo a complete ring; plants not glandular
Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface, not glandular.
Leaves or some of them sinuate toothed or lobed.
Sepals strongly keeled in fruit; stem erect, tall.
Sepals not keeled in fruit; stem decumbent.
Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong.
Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces
when mature.
Seeds all vertical; style filiform, one fourth to one
half as long as the diameter of the utricle. 4. C. Bonus-Henricus.
Seeds vertical and horizontal in the same inflorescence,
or all horizontal.

. C. album.
. C. glaucum.
. C. leptophyllum.

OW bh

Leaves ovate-oblong, entire. 5. C, polyspermum.
Leaves very coarsely toothed, usually cordate at
base. 6. C. hybridum.

Leaves merely sinuate or toothed.
Stamens 5; calyx not fleshy.
Pericarp readily separable from the seed. 7. C. Boscianum.
Pericarp firmly attached to the seed.
Flower clusters, at least the upper,
longer than the leaves. 8. C. urbicum.
Spikes loosely panicled in the axils,
the panicles shorter than the
leaves. g. C. murale.
Stamens only 1 or 2; calyx slightly fleshy.
red. 10. C. rubrum.
Embryo an incomplete ring; plants glandular
Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long

loose panicles. 11. C. Botrys.
Leaves lanceolate; flowers in continuous or interrupted
spikes.
Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small
upper leaves. 12. C. ambrosioides.

Spikes in large, commonly leafless, terminal panicles. 13. C. anthelminticum.

1. C. album L. In waste places, a common weed: throughout
N. Am. Naturalized from Eu. Also in Asia.

Common throughout the range, and with the form known as C.
viride Auct. (C. lanceolatum Muhl.) often a troublesome weed.

2. C. glaucum L. A weed in the waste places: throughout N.
Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a roadside weed.
3. C. leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. In dry soil: Man. and N. W.
Terr. to Mo., N. Mex. and Ariz. Also on the shores of Lake
Erie, and on sands of the seashore, Conn. to N. J.

CHENOPODIACEAE 297

Conn. Known only from the sandy stretches along the coast.

N. Y. On L. I. and on S. I.; at a single station near the northern
end of N. Y. City along the Harlem River.

N. J. More or less common along the coast from Monmouth Co.
southward.

Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co.

Usually confined to sandy stretches within the influence of the
tides.

4. C. Bonus-Henricus L. In waste places: N.S. to Ont., Mass.

on

and S. N. Y. Naturalized from Eu.

Not very common as a roadside weed.

. C. polyspermum L. In waste places and on ballast: Mass. to

N. J. Adventive from Europe.
Rare near the larger cities, as a weed.

6. C. hybridum L. In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste

places: Que. to N. W. Terr., Br. Col., N. Y., Ky. and N.
Mex. Also in Europe.

More common as a roadside weed than as a woodland plant, in
our range. Common on ballast near New York. Not recorded
from southern N. J.

. C. Boscianum Mog. In woods and thickets: Conn., N. Y.

and N. J. to Ind., Minn., N. Car. and Tex.

Conn. Rare, known definitely only from Southington and
Meriden.

N. Y. Westchester and Bronx counties and on S. I.

N.J. Rare, known definitely only from Hunterdon Co. at Milford,
and from Florence Heights, Burlington Co.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Berks counties.
A rare species whose distribution is little known; apparently

more common in the drainage area of the Delaware River than

elsewhere.

8. C. urbicum L. In waste places: N.S. and Ont. to S. N. Y.

Adventive from Europe.
Not very common, as a rather fugitive weed.

g. C. murale L. In waste places: Me. to Mich., Br. Col., Fla.

and Mex.

Occasional as a roadside and ballast weed.

298 CHENOPODIACEAE

10. C. rubrum L. In salt marshes along the sea coast: Newf. to
N. J. and B. C. Also in Europe and Asia.

Rare in salt marshes.

11. C. Botrys L. In waste places: N.S. to Minn., Ore., N. Y.,
Ky. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of

Asia.
Locally abundant as a weed.

12. C. ambrosioides L. In waste places: Me. and Ont. to Fla.,
west to Cal. Naturalized from Trop. Am.
Common as a roadside weed.

13. C.anthelminticum L. In waste places: Mass. to Ont., Mass.,
Fla. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe.
Not very common as a weed; doubtfully distinct, specifically,
from C. ambrosioides.

As waifs C. obovatum Mog. and C. vulvaria L. have been reported.

2. Roubieva Mog.
1. R. multifida (L.) Moq. In waste places and in ballast: S.
N. Y. to Va. Naturalized or adventive from Trop. Am.

Not very common as an adventive weed.

‘ 3. Blitum L.

1. B. capitatum L. In dry soil: N. S. to Alaska, N. J., Ill,
Minn., in the Rockies to Colo., Utah and Nev. Also in
Europe.

Not common as a roadside weed in our range.

4. Bassia All.
1. B. hirsuta (L.) Asch. Borders of salt marshes: Mass. and
N. J. Native of Europe.
N. J. Southern coastal region.

5. Atriplex [Tourn.] L.

Plant of the sea beaches; leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire. 1. A. arenaria.
Plants of salt marshes and of waste places, leaves hastate, rhombic or
linear-lanceolate.
Plants green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery.
Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide. 2. A. patula.
Leaves triangular hastate, the lower ones only 1-2 times as
long as wide. . A, hastatu.
Plant very scurly, leaves rhombic-ovate, short petioled. 4. A. rosea.

wo

CHENOPODIA CEAE 299

1. A. arenaria Nutt. On sandy sea-beaches: Mass. to Fla.

Common along the coast of New York, Conn. and N. J., decreasing
up the rivers, unrecorded beyond the salt water influence.

2. A. patula L. In waste places and ballast: N.S. and Ont. to
S.N. Y. and N. J. Naturalized from Europe. Native also
of Asia.

Common locally as a weed, perhaps not specifically distinct
from the following.

3. A. hastata L. In salt meadows and in waste places mostly
near the coast: N. B. to S. C. and in saline soil. Man. to
B. Col., Neb. and Utah. Also in Europe.
Common throughout the range but more frequent along the coast
and up the river valleys than elsewhere.

4. A.roseaL. In waste places and ballast: N.S. to N. N. Y. and
N. J. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as an occasional weed in our area.

Atriplex hortensis L. and A. laciniata LL. have both been collected near our larger
cities. They may both be established in some part of our range. <A. congesta Mog.
has been found near New York, but not recently.

6. Salicornia [Tourn.] L.
Annuals; stem erect.

Scales very short, acute or blunt; spikes 2-3 mm. in diameter. 1. S. europaea.
Scales mucronate-tipped; spike 4-6 mm. in diameter. 2. S. Bigelovit.
Perennial by a woody rootstock; stems trailing or decumbent. 3. S. ambigua.

1. S. europaea L. (S. herbacea L.). In salt marshes: Anticosti to
Ga., about salt springs in Cent. N. Y. In saline soil from
Manitoba to B. C., Kan. and Utah. Also in Europe and
Asia.

Common throughout the tidal marshes of our range.

2. S. Bigelovii Torr. In salt marshes: N.S. to Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the tidal marshes of our range, apparently
more frequent on L. I. than elsewhere.

3. S. ambigua Michx. On sea beaches and on salt meadows:
N. H. to Fla. and Tex. and on the Pacific Coast.
Throughout the tidal marshes of our range, more common than
the preceding.
7. Dondia Adans

Not glaucous; sepals acutely keeled; seeds black. 1. D. lineurts.
Glaucous; sepals scarcely keeled; seeds dark red. 2. D. maritima.

300 AMARANTHACEAE

1. D. linearis (Ell.) Heller (D. americana (Pers.) Britton). On
salt marshes, and along salt water ditches: N. S. to N. J.
and Tex.

Throughout the coastal marshes within the influence of the tides.

2. D. maritima (L.) Druce. On sea beaches, stony and muddy
shores, and in salt marshes: Me. to S. N. Y. and southward.
Also on the coasts of Europe.

Common throughout the coastal marshes of our range. Less
frequent in N. J. and apparently more frequent on L. I. than else-

where.
8. Salsola L.
Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined: plant maritime. Te eCaUt,
Calyx membranous, very strongly veined; an inland weed. 2. S. pestifer.

1. S. Kali L. Onsea beaches: Cape Breton Island to Fla. Also
in Europe and Asia.
Common on sands of the sea-shore.

2. S. pestifer A. Nelson. In cultivated and waste places: N. J.
to Ont., N. W. Terr. and Kan. Native of the Old World.
Sometimes confused with S. Tragus L.

Occasional as a weed.

Among the waifs and adventives reported from the range the following deserve note:
Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult., reported from southern coastal N. J.; Beta
maritima L., in ballast about the metropolis; Spinacia oleracea L., not infrequent about
truck gardens and in ballast; Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth has been collected at Hartford,
Conn., and Orient, L. I.

AMARANTHACEAE
Calyx 2-5 parted or of 2-5 sepals. 1. AMARANTHUS.
Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. ACNIDA.

1. Amaranthus [Tourn.] L.

Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid.
Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes.
Axils not spine-bearing.

Spikes stout, 8-14 mm. thick. 1. A. retroflexus.
Spikes slender, 4-6 mm. thick. 2. A. hybridus.
Axils bearing a pair of stout spines. 3. A. spinosus.
Flowers all in small axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the
leaves.
Plant prostrate; sepals 4 or 5. 4. A. blitoides.
Erect, bushy-branched; sepals 3. 5. A. graecizans.

Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy.
Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. 6. A. deflexus.

AMARANTHACEAE 301

Flowers all in small axillary clusters, shorter than the leaves.
Plant not fleshy; stem prostrate; leaves crisped.

7. A. crispus.
Seacoast, fleshy plant, erect; leaves not crisped. 8. A.

pumilus.
1. A. retroflexus L. Throughout North America as a weed.
Common throughout the range, but often locally rare.

2. A. hybridus L. (A. hybridus paniculatus (L.) Uline and Bray).
Throughout North America as a weed.
More common than the preceding, throughout the range.

3. A. spinosus L. In waste and cultivated soil: Mass. to Pa.,
Ohio, Kan., Fla. and Mex. Naturalized from tropical
America.

Rather rare as a weed near the larger cities.

4. A. blitoides S. Wats. In ballast: along the Atlantic sea-
board. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mountains.
Not very common as weed near our larger cities.

5. A. graecizans L. In waste and cultivated soil: throughout
North America. Naturalized from tropical America.
Common everywhere.

6. A. deflexus L. In waste places and in ballast along the coast:
Mass. to S. N. J. Also in Calif.

Rather rare in waste grounds near New York and Jersey City.

7. A. crispus (Lesp. and Thev.) Braun. In waste places:
southern N Y. Alsoin France. Native region unknown.
Rare near N. Y. City and at Yonkers. A fugitive species.

8. A. pumilus Raf. On sea beaches: R. I. to N. Car.
Rare on the sea beaches of southern L. I. and of N. J.; not
reported from the beaches of S. I. bordering N. Y. Bay, nor from
Conn. nor from the north shore of L. I. bordering the Sound.

A. lividus L. has been collected as a waif at Forbell’s Landing, L. I. and A. Bliiwm
L. is recorded as formerly found on S. I.

2. Acnida L.
Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent; salt marsh plant. 1. A. cannabina.
Utricle membranous, irregularly dehiscent. 2. A. tuberculata.

1. A. cannabina L. In salt and brackish marshes and up the
rivers to fresh water: N. H. to Fla.
Common throughout the range within the influence of the tides.

302 PORTULACA CEAE

2. A. tuberculata Moq. Swamps and river shores, or in waste
places: Que. to N. Dak., south to Ky., La. and Mo.
Occasional in waste grounds, not known to be native in the area.

Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt., a plant of the Middle West, has been collected as a
waif at Jersey City, Gomphrena globosa L. and Celosia cristata L. have been found near
New York, and C. argentea L. has been found in Montgomery Co., Pa.

PHYTOLACCACEAE

1. Phytolacca L.

1. P.decandra L. Invarious situations: Me. and Ont. to Minn.,
Fla. and Tex. Naturalized in Europe.

Common throughout our range, nearly always as a weed.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Mirabilis jalapa L., Allionia nyctaginea Michx., A. albida Walt., A. hirsuta Pursh,
Abronia micrantha (Torr.) Chois. and A. linearis Pursh have all been reported as rare
adventives.

AIZOACEAE
Fleshy sea coast herbs; leaves opposite; capsule circumscissile. I. SESUVIUM.
Not fleshy; leaves in our species verticillate; capsule 3-valved. 2. MOoLLuGo.

1. Sesuvium L.
1. S. maritimum (Walt.) B.S. P. Sands of the seashore: Long
Island to Fla.

N.Y. Thesouth shore of L. I. near the easternend. Not reported
from S. I. nor from the environs of the metropolis.
N. J. Along the coast throughout. Not very common.

2. Mollugo L.

1. M. verticillata L. In waste and cultivated grounds: N. B.
and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Native of tropical
or sub-tropical America.

Locally common as a weed throughout most parts of the range.

Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Tetragonia expansa Murr. have both been reported
as adventives. Mesembryanthemum nodosum L. has been collected as a waif.

PORTULACACEAE
Calyx free from the ovary; capsule 3-valved.
Seeds numerous; stamens 5- ©. 1. TALINUM.
Seeds not more than 6; stamens 2-5. 2. CLAYTONIA.

Calyx partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile. 3. PORTULACA.

CORRIGIOLA CEAE 303

1. Talinum Adans.
1. T. teretifolium Pursh. On dry rocks: Pa. to Minn., Ga. and
aiex:
Pa. Known definitely only from Chester and Delaware Counties.

Growing in our range most plentifully upon hydromica-schists
and azoic slates. Not north of the moraine.

2. Claytonia [Gron.] L.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8-17 cm. long. I. C. virginica.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 5-8 cm. long. 2. C. caroliniana.
C. virginica L. In moist woods: N.S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga.
and Texas.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there
wanting; on L. I. only north of the moraine.

2. C. caroliniana Michx. In damp woods: N. S. to the N. W.

Terr., Conn., N. Car., Ohio and Mo.

Conn. Middlesex, Hartford and Litchfield counties, increasing
northwestward.

N. Y. Summits of the Catskills in Ulster, Delaware and Greene
counties.

Pa. Mountains of Luzerne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward and at higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-

164 days. 322-4,020 ft.

3. Portulaca [Tourn.] L.

1. P. oleracea L. In fields and waste places, common throughout
North America. Native in the southwest, but naturalized
northward.

A troublesome weed throughout our area. Often locally rare.

The sun plant, Portulaca grandiflora Hook., and P. pilosa L. are both occasional
waifs in the range.

CORRIGIOLACEAE
Leaves stipulate; stamens borne on the base of the calyx.
Sepals awn-tipped. 1. PARONYCHIA.
Sepals awnless. 2. ANYCHIA.
Leaves not stipulate; stamens borne on the throat of the calyx. 3. SCLERANTHUS.

1. Paronychia Adans.

. P. argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. In rocky places: Me. and
N. H. to Tenn. and Ga.

304 ALSINACEAE

Reported, so far as our range is concerned, only from Northamp-
ton, Delaware and Philadelphia counties, Pa. Apparently known
mostly from regions of garnetiferous schists.

2. Anychia Michx.

Pubescent; flowers sessile; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. 1. A. polygonoides.
Glabrous or nearly so; flowers pedicelled; stem usually erect. 2. A. canadensis.

1. A. polygonoides Raf. In dry woods, thickets and open places:
Me. to Minn., Fla., Ala. and Ark.
Conn. Near Norwalk.
N.Y. The north side of L. I. and on S. I.
N. J. Frequent or common throughout the northern counties,
rare southward.
Pa. Northampton, Berks, and Montgomery counties.

2. A. canadensis (L.) B. S. P. In dry woods: N. E. to Fila.,
west to Minn. and Ark.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine barrens of
N. J. and L. I., there rare and local or wanting.

3. Scleranthus L.

1. S. annuus L. In fields and waste places, or on dry rocks:
Quebec and Ont. to Pa. and Fla. Naturalized from
Europe.

Locally abundant as a weed, often lacking.

Corrigiola littoralis L. has been ccllected near Jersey City. It is a mere waif.

ALSINACEAE

Styles separate to the base; stipules wanting.
Plants not fleshy; disc of the flower inconspicuous or none.
Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted.
Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. 1. ALSINE.
Capsule cylindric, commonly curved, dehiscent by teeth. 2. CERASTIUM,
Petals entire or emarginate, rarely none.
Styles as many as the sepals. 3. SAGINA.
Styles fewer than the sepals.
Seeds not appendaged. 4. ARENARIA.
Seeds appendaged. ; 5. MOEHRINGIA.
Plant fleshy, maritime; disc conspicuous, 8-10 lobed. 6. HONKENYA.
Styles separate to the base; stipules present, scarious.
Styles and capsule-valves 5. 7. SPERGULA.
Styles and capsule-valves 3. 8. Tissa.

ALSINACEAE 305

1. Alsine [Tourn.] L.
Styles 5; leaves ovate, 2-5 cm. long. 1. A. aquatica.
Styles 3, rarely 4.
Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong.

Plant glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 2. A. uliginosa.
Stems with 1-2 pubescent lines, petioles often ciliate.
Petals shorter than the calyx; lower leaves petioled. 3. A. media.

Petals longer than the calyx; lower leaves rarely petioled. 4. A. pubera.
Leaves narrow, linear, oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate.
Flowers 14-20 mm. broad. 5. A. Holostea.
Flowers only 4-12 mm. broad.
Bracts of the cyme small, scarious.

Leaves linear, acute at each end; seeds smooth. 6. A. longifolia,
Leaves lanceolate, broadest below; seeds rough. 7. A. graminea.
Bracts of the cyme foliaceous, resembling the upper
leaves; seeds smooth. 8. A. borealis.

1. A. aquatica (L.) Britton. In wet and waste places: Ont. to
Pa. Also in Br. Col. Adventive from Europe.

A rare and local weed, known definitely only near Philadelphia
and New York.

2. A. uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. In cool brooks and springs:
Md. and Penn. to Newf. Also in Br. Col. and the N. W.
Terr. Europe and Asia.

N.Y. Orange, Sullivan, and Delaware counties, within the drain-
age of the Delaware River and at Queens, L. I.

N. J. Burlington, Mercer, Hunterdon, Morris, Warren and Sussex
counties all within the drainage of the Delaware River.

Pa. Throughout the counties bordering the Delaware, and also in
Luzerne county.

3. A. media L. In waste places: common throughout North
America. Naturalized from Europe.

Common as a weed almost everywhere.

4. A. pubera (Michx.) Britton. In waste rocky places: N. J. and
Pa. to Ind., Ky., Ga. and Ala.
N. J. Reported from Mercer Co. not recently collected.
Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in Bucks Co., Pa. Older Forma-
tions, not very common. Not north of the moraine. 176-224
days. About sea-level.

5. A. Holostea (L.) Britton. L. I., N. Y., and Poland, Me.
Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia.
N. Y. Western L. I.

21

306 ALSINACEAE

6. A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. In low meadows and swamps:
Newf. to Alask., Ky. and La.; in the Rocky Mt. region, Br.
Col. and northern Europe and Asia.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of
N. J. and east and south of them; rare on L. I.

7. A. graminea (L.) Britton. In fields and along roadsides:
Newf. to Ont. and Md. Adventive from Europe.

Common throughout the range, except in southern N. J. and
the pine-barrens of L. I.

8. A. borealis (Bigel.) Britton. In wet places: Lab. to R. L.,
northern N. J., Minn. and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts.
to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia.

Conn. Not common along the coast, increasing and more common
northwestward into Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and from Ulster, Greene,
Delaware and Sullivan counties.

N. J. MWKittatiny Mts., Sussex Co.

Pa. Wayne, Monroe and Montgomery counties, increasing
northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations; increasing but

never very common northward. South of the moraine only in Pa.

117-187 days. Sea level—3,800 ft.

2. Cerastium L.

Petals equalling the sepals or shorter.

Pedicels not longer than the sepals; flowers glomerate. 1. C. viscosum.
Pedicels subsequently longer than the sepals; flowers
cymose.
Leaves'4-8 mm. long; capsule nearly straight. 2. C. semidecandrum.
Leaves 8-25 mm. long; capsules curved upward. 3. C. vulgatum.
Petals longer than the sepals, rarely wanting.
Annuals, sticky pubescent; flowers 4-6 mm. broad. 4. C. longipedunculatum.

Perennials; flowers 10-20 mm. broad.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; pod about. half

as long again as the calyx. 5. C. arvense.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; pod twice
as long as the calyx. 6. C. velutinum.

1. C. viscosum L. In waste places and meadows: N. B. and
Ont. to Fla.and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Natural-
ized also in the W. I., Cent. Am. and on the Pacific coast.

Throughout the range but frequently rare locally; rare or wanting
in the pine-barrens of N. J.and L. I. Naturalized from Europe.

ALSINACEAE 307

i)

. C. semidecandrum L. In dry sterile soil: Nantucket and
Conn. to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Conn. Reported from East Lyme, otherwise unknown.
N. J. Tuckerton, Forked River and Cedar Creek, Ocean Co., and
May’s Landing, Atlantic Co.
Pa. Reported from Lehigh Mt., Lehigh Co.; otherwise unknown.

3. C. vulgatum L. In fields and woods: common throughout
our area. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed; rare in the pine-barrens.

4. C. longipedunculatum Muhl. In moist and shaded places:
N.S. and Hudson Bay to N. Car., Br. Col., Nev. and northern
Mex.

Conn. Throughout the state except in Litchfield Co. from which
it has never been reported. Not common.

N.Y. Frequent on the north side of L. I., a single station on S. I.;
and in Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing but
not common northward.

N. J. Rare in Monmouth, Mercer, Union and Camden counties.
thence increasing but not common northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, Chester and Philadelphia
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations
increasing but not common northward. 123-204 days. Sea
level-r,g50 ft.

5. C.arvense L. Indry rocky places: Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Mo.,
Nev. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Throughout, but uncommon.
N. Y. West Point.
N. J. Gloucester, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, increasing
northward.
Pa. Throughout.

6. C. velutinum Raf. (C. oblongifolium Torr.). Serpentine and
limestone rocks: N Y. to Md., Ont. and Colo.
N. Y. Serpentine hills of Staten Island.
N: J. Recorded from the Palisades of the Hudson, probably
erroneously.
Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

C. tetrandrum Curtis has been reported as a waif near New York.

308 ALSINACEAE

3. Sagina L.

Parts of the flower in 4's (or some flowers in 5’s). 1. S. procumbens.
Parts of the flower in 5’s, the petals equalling or shorter than the
sepals. 2. S. decumbens.

1. S. procumbens L. In moist places: Newf. and Greenland to
N. J., Pa., Kan. and Mich. Probably naturalized from
Europe.

Rare or occasional throughout most parts of our range, except
in the pine-barrens, there probably wanting.

2. S. decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. In dry soil: E. Mass. to IIL,
Fla., Mo. and La.

Conn. Fairfield Co., near the coast.

N. Y. Recorded only from S. I., there rare and local; and at
Hempstead, L. I.

N. J. Monmouth, Mercer and Atlantic counties, thence increasing
and common southward, except in the pine-barrens, there rare
or wanting.

Pa. Near Philadelphia.

Tertiary, common except on Beacon Hill; Cretaceous, common:
Older Formations, decreasing northward. Not north of the
moraine, except in Conn. 160-224 days. About sea level.

Specimens have been mistaken for S. apetala Ard. of Europe.

Sagina subulata L. has been collected as a waif near Philadelphia.

From near Philadelphia, specimens were collected many years ago of Moenchia
erecta (L.) Gaertn. It differs from Sagina in having the styles opposite the sepals. Not
recently collected.

4. Arenaria L.

Valves of the capsule 2-cleft or 2-toothed, sometimes appearing as if
double the number of the styles. 1. A. serpyllifolia.
Valves of the capsule entire.
Leaves subulate or setaceous, rigid.

Leaves densely imbricated; pine-barren species. 2. A. caroliniana.
Leaves fascicled in the axils. 3. A. stricta.
Leaves soft, herbaceous, narrowly linear or filiform. 4. A. groenlandica.

1. A. serpyllifolia L. In dry or rocky places: throughout eastern
North America. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout our range, usually more plentiful: in cul-
tivated areas than elsewhere.
Arenaria leptoclados Guss., a European plant, more slender than
A. serpyllifolia L., has been reported as growing in waste places

ALSINACEAE 309

from Me. and Vt. to Va. I have seen no specimens from within
our area.

2. A. caroliniana Walt. In dry sand: southeastern N. Y., the
pine-barrens of N. J. and along the coast to Fla. and Ga.
N. Y. Known only from the south side of L. I. in Suffolk Co. and

from near Tottenville, S. I.

N. J. Common throughout the pine-barrens, and in Middlesex

Co., south of the Raritan River, otherwise unknown.

Tertiary, very common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere:
Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, 0. Found only on the un-
glaciated portions of L. I.,S.1.,and N. J. 183-220 days. About
sea-level.

3. A. stricta Michx. (A. Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f.). In dry
rocky places: Ont. and Vt. to Va., Minn., S. Dak. and Mo.
Conn. Brookfield, Fairfield Co. increasing but not common

northward into Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Near New Baltimore, Greene Co.

N. J. Rare and local in Warren and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Chester and Delaware
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa. Older
Formations, so far as known most common on limestone and
serpentine rocks. 153-204 days. Sea level—1,053 ft.

4. A. groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. On dry rocks: Lab. and
Greenland to N. Y., Conn. and Pa., and on the higher
Alleghanies of Va. and N. Car.

Conn. Near Middletown and Durham, Middlesex Co.
N.Y. The higher peaks of the Catskills.
Pa. The highest peaks of Monroe Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at higher
elevations, particularly on limestone. Not south of the moraine.
117-170 days. 340-4,040 ft.

5. Moehringia L.
1. M. lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. In moist places and on shores:
Newf. to N. J. and Pa., westward to the Rocky Mts. and
Alaska. Also in Br. Col., Europe and Asia.

Not very common throughout most parts of our range, but rare
or wanting in the pine-barrens of L. I. and N. J.

310 CARYOPHYLLA CEAE

6. Honkenya Ehrh. (Ammodenia J. G. Gmel.)
1. H. peploides (L.) Ehrh. On sands of the seashore: Arctic
Am. to Va. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Not very common on the beaches in Fairfield Co., in-
creasing eastward into New London Co.

N. Y. Common along the maritime beaches of L. I.; S. I.

N. J. Throughout maritime New Jersey.

7. Spergula L.
1. S. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: frequent as a
weed throughout E. N. Am. Adventive from Europe.
Common as a weed throughout the cultivated areas in the range,
locally wanting.

S. sativa Boenn. has recently been collected in Conn. as a weed. It is a native of
Europe and perhaps not distinct from S. arvensis.

8. Tissa Adans.
Salt marsh species; leaves fleshy. 1. 7. marina,
Dry soil species; leaves scarcely fleshy. 2. T. rubra.
1. T. marina (L.) Britton (Spergularia leiosperma (Thunb.)
Smith. S. salina J. & C. Presl). In salt marshes: N. B. to
Fla. Also in those at Salina, N. Y., the Pacific Coast, and
of northern Europe and Asia.
Common throughout the range in salt marshes.

2. T. rubra (L.) Britton. In waste places and along roadsides
or sometimes maritime: Newf. to Pa., W. N. Y., Ohio and
Va. Apparently adventive from Europe. Also in Cal. and
Ore.

Frequent, especially near the coasts, decreasing inland.

Tissa canadensis (Pers.) Britton has recently been reported from near the R. I.
border in a Conn. coastal marsh.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Calyx-ribs at least twice as many as the teeth, running both into the
teeth and into the sinuses.

Styles 5, alternate with the foliaceous calyx-teeth. 1. AGROSTEMMA.
Styles 3-5, when 5 opposite the short calyx teeth.
Styles 3, rarely 4. 2. SILENE.
Styles 5; capsule 1-celled to the base. 3. Lycunts.

Calyx 5-ribbed, 5-nerved, or nerveless or striate nerved.
Calyx conspicuously scarious between its green nerves.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 21E

Calyx not bracteolate at the base. 4. GYPSOPHILA.

Calyx bracteolate at the base. 5. PETRORHAGIA.
Calyx not at all scarious.

Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. d 6. SAPONARIA.

Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade.
Calyx strongly 5-angled, not bracteolate. 7. VACCARIA.
Calyx terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. 8. DIANTHUS.

~N

1. Agrostemma L.

1. A. Githago L. In grain fields and waste places: throughout
E.N. Am. Adventive from Eu. Also in Asia.

Throughout the range, nowhere common.

2. Silene L.

Leaves or some of them verticellate in 4’s. 1. S. stellata.
Leaves all opposite.
Calyx much inflated and bladdery. 2. S. latifolia.

Calyx merely expanded by the ripening pod.
Flowers cymose or paniculate.
Day-blooming; flowers rarely white, mostly red or pink.
Perennials, more or less sticky pubescent.
Petals 2-cleft or 4-cleft. 3. S. nutans.
Petals emarginate or eroded. 4. S. caroliniana.
Annuals, glutinous at or below the nodes.
Calyx ovoid; flowers small, panicled. 5. S. antirrhina.
Calyx club-shaped; flowers large, cymose. 6. S. Armeria.
Night-blooming; flowers large, white. 7. S. noctiflora.
Flowers spicate or racemose.

Spike-like raceme simple; flowers small. 8. S. Anglica.
Raceme forked; flowers 12-16 mm. broad. 9. S. dichotoma.
1. S. stellata (L.) Ait. In woods: Mass. to Minn., Ga., Neb.
and Ark.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of
L. I. and N. J., there rare or wanting.

2. S. latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle (S. vulgaris (Moench)
Garcke). In meadows and waste places: N. B. to Ont.,
N. J. and Ill. Naturalized from Europe.
Not very common along roadsides in most parts of the range;
unknown in the pine-barrens.

3. S. nutans L. Waste grounds: Me. and N. Y. Native of
Europe.

Known in our area only from Arrochar, S. I. Not recently
collected.

312 CARYOPHYLLACEAE

4. S. caroliniana Walt. In dry, rocky or sandy soil: Me. to Ga.,
west to central N. Y., Pa. and Ky.

Conn. Not very common, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Locally common on L. I.; S. I. and in Westchester Co.,
decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.;
not reported from the Catskills nor from Columbia Co.

N. J. Wanting in the pine barrens and apparently at Cape May,
increasing in the Cretaceous area, but rare and local over the
rest of the state, decreasing northward to Hamburg, Sussex Co.

Pa. Lehigh and Northampton counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, elsewhere rather common:
Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations rare and local in rocky
places, apparently more common along the moraine than elsewhere.
138-182 days. Sea level—580 ft.

5. S. antirrhina L. In waste places and woods: N. Eng. to S.
Ont., Br. Col., Fla. and Mex.

Rare in our area as a woodland plant; common as a weed through-
out the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare and a probable
adventive.

6. S. Armeria L. In waste places and spontaneous in gardens:
N. B. and Ont. to Michigan, E. Mass., N. J. and Pa.
Introduced from Europe.

A rather uncommon escape and occurring as a weed in most
parts of the range.

7. S. noctiflora L. In waste places: N.S. and N. B. to Mani-
toba, Fla. and Mo. Adventive from Europe.

Rare and local as a weed, frequently rather common near old
gardens and along roadsides.

8. S. Anglica L. In waste places: Me. to Ont., N. Y. and Pa.
Also on the Pacific Coast. Native of Europe.

A rare and local weed near Jersey City and New York, not
recently collected.

g. S. dichotoma Ehrh. In fields and waste places: Me. to N. J.
and Penn. Also in Cal. Adventive from S. Europe.
Rare and local as a weed in most parts of our range, except in the
pine-barrens.

The reported occurrence of S. virginica L., the fire pink, in S. N. J. has not been
satisfactorily established.
Among the occasional waifs are S. ztalica Pers., S. pendula L. and S. quinquevulnera L.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 313

3. Lychnis [Tourn.] L.

Calyx teeth not twisted; plants pubescent, glandular or glabrate.
Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ovoid, obovoid or globose.
Plants sticky pubescent; flowers usually dioecious.

Flowers white or pink, opening in the evening. 1. L. alba.
Flowers red, opening in the morning. 2. L. dioica.
Plants roughish pubescent; flowers perfect, scarlet. 3. L. chalcedonica.
Fruiting calyx campanulate or tubular; petals lanciniate. 4. L. Flos-cucult.
Calyx teeth twisted; plant densely white-wooly all over. 5. L. coronaria.

1. L. alba Mill. In fields and waste places: Eastern Canada,
Ont., and Eastern and Middle States. Naturalized from
Europe.

Not very common as a weed in most parts of our range, except

the pine-barrens, there rare or wanting.

No

. L. dioica L. In waste places and on ballast: N. S., Ont., N.
Eng. and the Middle States. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as an escape from gardens, and as a weed.

3. L. chalcedonica L. Escaped from gardens to roadsides:
Mass. toS. N. Y. Native of E. Eu. and W. Asia.

A rather rare escape on L. I., S. I. and the lower Hudson Valley,
and in Conn.

. L. Flos-cuculi L. In waste places: N. B. to N. J. and Pa.
Fugitive from Europe.
Not uncommon near the larger cities as an escape from cultiva-
tion, rarely persisting.

aS

5. L. coronaria (L.) Desr. Escaped from gardens to roadsides:
Mass. to N. Y. Native of Europe.
Not common and often wanting, as a roadside escape from gardens.

L. sylvestris Schk. has been recorded as a waif near New York and Philadelphia.

4. Gypsophila L.
1. G.muralis L. In waste places: Me. and Ont. to Mich., Mass.,
N. Y. and N. J. Adventive or naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a weed.

G. elegans Bieb. has been reported from Conn. as a rare escape from gardens.

5. Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link (Zunica Adans.)
1. P. Saxifraga (L.) Ser. Roadside: Flushing, L. I., and London,
Ont. Adventive from Europe.

Known only in our range from the L. I. locality; not recently
collected.

314 NYMPHAEACEAE

6. Saponaria L.

1. S. officinalis L. Roadsides and waste places: common through-
out E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed.

S. ocymoides L. has been recorded as a waif.

7. Vaccaria Medic.

1. V. Vaccaria (L.) Britton. In waste places: Ont. to B. Col.,

Fla. and La. Also in the Rocky Mts. Naturalized from
Europe.

Locally common as a weed.

8. Dianthus L.

Annuals; flowers clustered.

Bracts broad, ovate, scarious. 1. D. prolifer.

Bracts narrow, lanceolate-subulate, herbaceous. 2. D. Armeria.
Perennials.

Flowers solitary; leaves linear. 3. D. deltoides.

Flowers clustered; leaves lanceolate. 4. D. barbatus.

1. D. prolifer L. In waste places and on ballast: S. N. Y. to
Del. and Ohio. Fugitive from Europe.
A rare and local escape, near N. Y., on L. I. and near Philadel-
phia. Not recently collected.

. D. Armeria L. In fields and along roadsides: Me. to S. Ont.,
Mich. and Va. Naturalized from Eu.

Common or frequent throughout our area as a roadside weed.
3. D. deltoides L. In waste places: Conn. and E. Mass. to
northern N. Y. and Mich. Adventive from Europe.
Rare and local as field weed in northern Conn. and in Delaware
Co., N. Y.; also near Philadelphia.

4. D. barbatus L. In waste places: Eastern and Middle States.
Native of Europe.

tN

Rather rare as an occasional escape from gardens in most parts of
our range.

NYMPHAEACEAE*
Sepals and petals 3; stamens 6. 1. BRASENIA.
Sepals 4-6; petals numerous.
Carpels numerous (8-30) united into a compound pistil; ovules
numerous.
* See footnote, page 76.

NYMPHAEA CEAE 315

Petals very small and stamen-like, the stamens inserted under

the ovary. 2. NYMPHAEA.
Petals large, numerous; stamens epigynous. 3. CASTALIA.
Carpels few-several, separately immersed in the obconic receptacle;
ovules solitary. 4. NELUMBO.

1. Brasenia Schreb.

1. B. Schreberi Gmel. (B. purpurea (Michx.) Casp.). In ponds
and slow streams: N.S. to Fla., Man., Tex., Mex. and rarely
on the Pacific coast from Cal. to Wash.

Throughout the range and in some localities exceedingly common,
usually decreasing northward and at greater elevations.

2. Nymphaea [Tourn.] L.

Leaves 1-3 dm. long; stigma 12-24 rayed; petals truncate, fleshy. N. advena.

I.

Leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long; stigma 9-12 rayed; petals spatulate, fleshy. 2. N. rubrodisca.
Leaves 0.5-1 dm. long; stigma 7-10 rayed; petals spatulate, thin. 3. N. microphylla.
1. N. advena Soland. In ponds and slow streams: Labrador to

the Rocky Mts., Fla., Tex. and Utah.
Common throughout the range in some of its forms, the variety
variegata, with floating leaves, being perhaps the commonest of all.
It has been maintained by some as JN. variegata (Engelm.) G. S.
Miller. A plant confined to the pine-barrens, with smaller flowers

and fruit than the type, has recently been described as JN. fraterna
Miller and Standley.

2. N. rubrodisca (Morong) Greene (N. hybrida Peck). In
ponds and slow streams: Vt. to Ont., N. Y., Pa. and Mich.
Known in our range, only from ponds and lakes north of the
terminal moraine; frequent in the Bronx River. Perhaps a hybrid
between the preceding and the following.

3. N. microphylla Pers. (N. Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims.). In
ponds and slow streams: Newf. to N. Y., Pa., Minn. and
Saskatch.

Known in our range only from ponds and lakes north of the
moraine.

3. Castalia Salisb.

Flowers 0.7-1.5 dm. broad, fragrant; leaves orbicular, purplish beneath. 1. C. odorata.
Flowers 1-2.5 dm. broad, not fragrant; leaves orbicular, green both sides. 2. C. tuberosa.

1. C. odorata (Dryand) Woodv. & Wood. In ponds and slow
streams: Newf. to Manit., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the area either in its typical form or, in the
south, replaced by the varieties rosea and minor.

316 MAGNOLIA CEAE

2. C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Lake Champlain, west through
the Great Lakes to Mich., south to Pa., Del. and Ark.

Known definitely only from Pocatquissing Creek and from near
Trenton, both in Mercer Co. and from Cape May Co., N. J.

4. Nelumbo [Tourn.] Adans.
Flowers pale yellow; native plant. 1. N. lutea.
Flowers pink or white; introduced plant. 2. N. Nelumbo.
1. N. lutea (Willd.) Pers. In ponds and slow streams: Ont. to
Mass., Fla., Minn. and Tex. Rare in our area.
Conn. Selden’s Cove, Lyme.

N. J. Rare in Sussex, Salem, and Bergen counties, in the latter
county introduced.

Pa. Near Philadelphia and along the banks of the Delaware in
Delaware Co.
2. N. Nelumbo (L.) Karst. Known in N. Am. only from a large

pond-like swamp at Bordentown, N. J., within 1/8 mile of the
Delaware River. Obviously introduced.

CERATOPAYVETACEAE

1. Ceratophyllum L.
1. C. demersum L. In ponds and streams: throughout N. Am.
except the extreme north.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens. The variety
echinatum with large fruit is said to be of similar range; it is known
definitely only from Westchester Co., N. Y.

MAGNOLIACEAE
Anthers introrse; leaves entire or with 2 basal lobes. 1. MAGNOLIA.
Anthers extrorse; leaves lobed or truncate. 2. LIRIODENDRON.

1. Magnolia L.

Leaves 8-15 cm. long, glaucous beneath. 1. M. virginiana.
Leaves 20-40 cm. long, light green and somewhat pubescent beneath. 2. M. tripetala.

1. M. virginiana L. In swamps and swampy woods: Mass. to
Pa., Fla. and Tex.
N. Y. On L. I. south of the moraine in Suffolk Co.; occasional
Onion le
N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Essex, Hudson and northern
Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing and common
southward.

ANNONACEAE 317

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, scattered in edaphically favorable
places: Older Formations, rare north of the moraine. 177-210
days. About sea level.

2. M. tripetala L. In woods: southeastern Pa. to Ga., Mo.,
Ark. and Miss.
Pa. Near Oxford, Chester Co.

Reported also from southwestern N. J., but not certainly wild
there.
2. Liriodendron L.

1. L. Tulipifera L. In woods: Vt. and R. I. to Fla., Mich. and

Ark.

Conn. Throughout, decreasing northwestward.

N.Y. Common on the north side of L. I.; on S. I. and south of the
Highlands in the Hudson Valley, thence decreasing northward;
rare or wanting as a wild tree in Greene Co.; Copake Falls,
Columbia Co.

N. J. Common throughout the state except in the pine-barrens,
there wanting. :

Pa. Monroe and Bucks counties, increasing and common south-
ward.

Tertiary, not uncommon, but wanting on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous

common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 145-224 days.
Sea level—r,ooo ft.

ANNONACEAE

1. Asimina Adans.

1. A. triloba (L.) Dunal. Along streams: Ont. to Mich., N. J.,

Pa. and Fla.; westward to Tex.

N. J. Recorded as rare along the drainage of the Delaware River
in Mercer and Hunterdon counties and from May’s Landing,
Atlantic Co.

Pa. Uncommon in Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and local species in our region apparently localized in the

drainage of the Delaware River.

RANUNCULACEAE

Carpels several ovuled, fruit a follicle or berry.
Flowers regular.
Leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound.
Petals wanting.

318 RANUNCULACEAE

Carpels ripening into a head of red berries.
Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles.
Petals present.
Petals linear, flat.
Petals tubular, at least at the base.
Sepals persistent; stem tall, leafy.
Sepals deciduous; stem scape-like, bearing
1 leaf.
Leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound.
Petals not spurred.
Flowers solitary or panicled.
Flowers racemose.
Fruit berries.
Fruit follicles.
Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs.
Flowers irregular.
Posterior sepal spurred.
Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-like.
Carpels t-ovuled; fruit an achene.
Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close
under it; sepals petal-like.
Involucre remote from the calyx; styles short, subulate.
Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaflets close under the flower.
Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves; leaflets stalked.
Flowers not subtended by involucres.
Leaves opposite; sepals petal-like.
Petals wanting.
Sepals and stamens spreading; flowers panicled.
Sepals and stamens erect or ascending; flowers
mostly solitary.
Petals present, small, spatulate.
Leaves alternate or basal.
Petals present.
Mostly aquatic; petals white, only the claw
yellow.
Mostly terrestrial; petals yellow.
Achenes swollen; sepals 3.
Achenes compressed.
Achenes longitudinally striate.
Achenes not longitudinally striate, but
smooth, papillose or spiny.
Petals none; leaves ternately decompound.

1. Hydrastis Ellis.
1. H. canadensis L.
Minn., Ga. and Ark. Very rare in our area.

Conn. Southern part of Hartford Co.

to

16.
7

. HyDRASTIs.
. CALTHA.

. TROLLIUS.
. HELLEBORUS.

. ERANTHIS.

. Coprtis.

. ACTAEA.
. CIMICIFUGA.
. AQUILEGIA.

. DELPHINIUM.
. ACONITUM.

. ANEMONE.
13.
14.

HEPATICA.
SYNDESMON.

. CLEMATIS.

VIORNA.
ATRAGENE.

. BATRACHIUM.
. FICARIA.
. HALERPESTES.

. RANUNCULUS.
. THALICTRUM.

In woods: Conn. and S. N. Y. to Ont.,

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and on S. I. and up the Hudson Valley
to the Highlands; reported but not definitely known from near
West Point, thence scattering and rare northward.

RANUNCULACEAE 319

N. J. Reported from Warren Co. in the valley of the Delaware

River, and from Sussex Co.

Pa. Bucks, Berks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and

Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps, but doubtfully in Bucks Co., Pa.
Older Formations, rare and local. 118-220 days. Sea level-—
2,000 ft.

2. Caltha [Rupp.] L.

Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers 2.5-4.cm. wide. 1. C. palustris.
Leaves flabelliform, with a broad sinus; flowers I-2.5 cm. wide. 2. C. flabellifolia

1. C. palustris L. In swamps and meadows: Newf. to S. Car.
and Neb.

Common throughout the range in favorable situations, except in
the pine-barrens of L. I. and in those of N. J. and east and south
of them.

2. C. flabellifolia Pursh. In cold mountain springs, sometimes
in streams: Pa: and N. N. J. and N. Y. to Md.
N. Y. Cool streams and springs of Delaware Co.; at Woodlawn,

N. Y. City and West Hampton, L. I.*

N. J. Sussex and Bergen counties.
Pa. Monroe Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous 0. Older Formations increasing but not
common northward. 117-183 days. Sea level-3,500ft. South of
the moraine only on L. I. at a single station.

The reported occurrence of C. radicans Forst. at Woodlawn, N. Y. City and West

Hampton, L. I., is an error. The plants upon which the statement was based are C.
flabellifolia. C. radicans is a circumboreal species known in America only from Alaska.

3. Trollius L.

1. T. laxus Salisb. In swamps: N. H. (?), Conn. to Del., west
to Mich.

Conn. Near Cornwall and Falls Village, Canaan.

N. Y. Rare and local in Westchester and Rockland counties,
formerly in Bronx Co., otherwise unknown, except for an un-
verified record from Queens Co., L. I.

N. J. Not very common in Sussex, Morris, Passaic, Warren,
Bergen, and Hudson counties.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations not very common.
South of the moraine only in Pa. 138-170 days. 413-1,800 ft.

* See Introduction paragraph 41.

320 RANUNCULACEAE

4. Helleborus [Tourn.] L.

1. H. viridis L. In waste places: N. Y., N. J., Penn., N. Car.
and W. Va. Adventive from Europe.
Rare and local as an occasional adventive in N. Y., N. J. and Pa.

5. Eranthis Salisb. (Cammarum Hill.).

i. E. hymenalis (L.) Salisb. Known in N. Am. only at Bar-
tram’s Garden, Philadelphia and at Media, Pa. Naturalized
from Europe.

6. Coptis Salisb.

1. C. trifolia (L.) Salisb. In damp mossy woods and bogs:

Newf. to Md., E. Tenn., Minn., Br. Col. and Alaska.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northward and
especially northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I., two records, not recently verified, from
S. I., rare and local in the Hudson Valley below the Highlands,
thence increasing and common northward into the Catskills.

N. J. Sussex, Warren, Morris, Passaic, Bergen, Hudson and
Mercer counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Berks and
Schuylkill counties, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing and
common northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117~—187
days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

7. Actaea L.
Pedicels slender; berries red. 1. A. rubra
Pedicels stout; berries white. 2. A. alba.
1. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. In woods: N.S. to N. J. and Pa., west
to S. Dak. and Neb.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Very rare and local on the north side of L. I.; near Silver
Lake, S. I., thence increasing but not common northward, be-
coming frequent above the Highlands.

N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth, Mercer, Essex and Passaic
counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Reported but not definitely known from Delaware and Chester
counties, rare in Northampton Co.; otherwise unknown.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Monmouth Co., N. J.: Older

Formations increasing but never very common northward. Pre-

dominating north of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-
3,860 ft.

RANUNCULACEAE 321

2. A. alba (L.) Mill. In woods: N. S. and Anticosti to Ga.,
west to Minn. and La.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J., and
east and south of them; on L. I., only north of the moraine; always
increasing northward.

8. Cimicifuga L.
1. C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. In woods: Me. and Ont. to Wisc.,
south to Ga. and Mo.

Conn. Common in the southwestern part of the state, rare and
local elsewhere.

N. Y. Common on the north shore of L. I., on S. I., and up the
Hudson Valley to the Highlands, thence decreasing, and becoming
rare in the Catskills.

N. J. Rare and local at Cape May; in the counties bordering the
Delaware to Mercer; thence increasing and common northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Chester counties and in Delaware
Co. so far as the form dissecta is concerned.

Tertiary, rare in the regions to the west and south of Beacon Hill,
not recorded elsewhere: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Forma-
tions increasing, but not very common northward. 118-220 days.
Sea level-1,800 ft.

g. Aquilegia [Tourn.] L.

Spur of the petals nearly straight; flowers scarlet, rarely white or
yellow. I. A. canadensis.

Spur incurved; flowers blue, white or purple. 2. A. vulgaris.
1. A. canadensis L. In rocky woods: N.S. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Fla. and Kan.
Common nearly throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens,
there wanting; rare on L. I.
A form with yellow flowers, A. canadensis flaviflora (Tenney)
Britton, has been found only at Sea Bright and Cold Spring, N. J.,
and at Congers and Poughkeepsie, N. Y., within our area.

2. A. vulgaris L. Escaped from gardens in the Eastern and
Middle States, in N.S. and N. B. Adventive from Europe.

A rather rare escape from gardens in most parts of our range.

10. Delphinium L.
Follicles glabrous. 1. D. Consolida.
Follicles pubescent. 2. D. Ajacis.

22

322 RANUNCULACEAE

1. D. Consolida L. In our area probably occurring only as a
garden plant, though reported as escaped; probably mis-
taken for the following species.

2. D. Ajacis L. Escaping from gardens: Vt. to Va., Tenn. and
Mo. Naturalized from Europe.
An escape from cultivation throughout the range.
D. divaricatum L. and D. peregrinum L. have been collected in waste places near
New York.
11. Aconitum [Tourn.] L.
1. A. noveboracense A. Gray. Orange, Ulster and Chenango
counties, N. Y. Reported from Ohio. Very rare.
IXnown from near Beaverkill, Ulster Co. and from an unrecorded
locality in Orange Co., otherwise unknown. Both these stations
are north of the moraine, have an elevation of about 800 ft. and a
growing season of about 147 days.

12. Anemone L.
Achenes densely woolly.
Beak of fruit 1 mm. long; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped,
narrow. 1. A. cylindrica.
Beak of fruit 2 mm. long; divisions of the leaves ovate, btoad.
Flowers greenish white or white, 1.5-3 cm. wide; head

of fruit oblong. 2. A. virginiana.
Flowers pure white, 3-5 cm. wide; head of fruit short
cylindric. 3. A. riparia.
Achenes pubescent or glabrous but never densely woolly.
Leaves of the involucre sessile. 4. A. canadensis.
Leaves of the involucre petioled. 5. A. quinguefolia.

1. A. cylindrica A. Gray. Open places: N. B. and Ont. to Conn.,
N. J., N. Mex. and in B. Col.
Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. UnknownonL. I. and S.1.; rare and local in northern West-
chester Co., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Near Franklin Furnace, and Ogdensburg, Sussex Co.; on
limestone.
Pa. Luzerne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward, and most common on limestone. Not south of the moraine.
117-159 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

2. A. virginiana L. In woods: N.S. to S. Car., Kan., Man. and
the Canadian Rockies.
Conn. Common throughout the state.

RANUNCULACEAE 223

N.Y. Rare and local on the south side of L. I., not uncommon on
the north side and on S. I., thence increasing and common
northward.

N. J. Rare and local in the south and unknown in the pine-
barrens; thence increasing and common northward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Chester
counties, increasing northward.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare and local elsewhere:

Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward.

117-220 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft.

3. A. riparia Fernald. On river banks: Me. and Ont. to Va.

Conn. Apparently confined to the drainage of the Housatonic
River, increasing northward.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Sussex Co.

Pa. Pike, Bucks, and Northampton counties, increasing north-
ward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, predominating on

limestone. South of the moraine only in Pa. 127-153 days. 510—

1,800 ft. Perhaps not specifically distinct from A. virginiana.

4. A. canadensis L. In low grounds: Lab. to N. W. Terr., E.
Mass., Md., Ill. and Colo.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I.; rare and local in Westchester
and Bronx counties, thence increasing but not very common
northward.
N. J. A single station at Red Bank, Gloucester Co.; near Wood-
bridge and Carlstadt, thence increasing but rare northward.
Pa. Northampton Co. Not recently collected.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and very local:* Older Formations,
increasing but not common northward. 138-220 days. Sea
level-1,200 ft.

5. A. quinquefolia L. In low woods: N. S. to Ga., west to the
Rocky Mountains.
Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or

wanting.
13. Hepatica [Rupp.] Mill.
Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 1. H. Hepatica.
Lobes of the leaves acute. 2. H. acutiloba.

*See introduction paragraph 36.

324 RANUNCULACEAE

1. H. Hepatica (L.) Karst. In woods: N. S. to northern Fla.,
west to Manitoba, Iowa, and Mo. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and
south of the moraine on L. I., there rare or wanting.

2. H. acutiloba DC. In woods: Quebec and throughout Ont.,
south to Ga., west to Iowa and Minn.

Conn. Litchfield Co.
N. Y. The Catskills.

14. Syndesmon Hoffmg.

1. S. thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. In woods: throughout E. N.
Am.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; rare south of the moraine on L. I.

15.- Clematis L.

tr. C. virginiana L. In low woodlands and along fences and
water courses: N.S. to Manitoba, south to Ga. and Kan.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there

wanting.
16. Viorna Reichb.
Climbing vines; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. I. V. Viorna.
Erect or ascending herb; leaves entire. 2. V. ochroleuca.

1. V. Viorna (L.) Small (Clematis Viorna L.). In rich soil: S.
Penn. to Ind., Mo., Ga. and Tenn.

Known in our area only from Chester Co., Pa.

2. V. ochroleuca (Ait.) Small. In woods: S. N. Y. and Pa. to Ga.

IXnown in our area only from the glaciated portion of S. I. and

near London Grove, Chester Co., Pa. The stations on S. I. are

many of them on serpentine hills, but the Chester Co. station is

on (?) Potsdam Quartzite. Formerly found near Brooklyn, L. I.
but the region in which the plant grew is wholly built over.

17. Atragene L.
1. A. americana Sims. In woods and thickets: Hudson Bay to
Manitoba, Conn., Va. and Minn.
Conn. Not common, but found in most parts of the state.

N. Y. Not reported from L. I. nor S. I., rare and local in West-
chester Co., thence increasing but not common northward.

RANUNCULACEAE

325

N. J. Rare and local in Hunterdon, Somerset and Union counties,
thence increasing but not common northward.

Pa.
and Chester counties.

Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Berks

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north of

the moraine. 117-175 days.

18. Ranunculus [Tourn.] L.

Aquatic, or creeping mud plants, or plants of swamps or muddy
shores.
Leaves orbicular, palmately divided.
Leaves entire or denticulate.
Annual; achene beakless, tipped with the persistent
style-base.
Perennial; rooting from the nodes; achenes beaked.
Stems trailing; achenes minutely beaked.
Stems ascending or erect; achenes subulate beaked.
Terrestrial species with some or all of the leaves divided.
Achenes smooth, neither papillose nor spiny.
Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate.
Styles very short, curved.

Basal leaves cordate; plant usually glabrous.

Basal leaves not cordate; plant villous.
Styles subulate, hooked, nearly 14 as long as the
achene.
Leaves all lobed or divided.
Plant glabrous; stem hollow; flower small.
Plant more or less pubescent.
Beak of the achene strongly hooked.
Beak not hooked.
Beak of the achene short.
Erect plants naturalized in fields.
Calyx spreading; roots fibrous.
Calyx reflexed; stem bulbous-
thickened at the base.
Erect or ascending plant of moist
places; flower 6-12 mm. broad.
Prostrate or somewhat ascending;
plant of fields; flowers about 25
mm. broad.
Beak of the achene long, stout or slender;
flowers 12-36 mm. broad.
Beak stout, sword shaped; leaves
cuneate at the base.
Beak slender, subulate.
Leaf segments broad, oblong.
Leaf segments narrow, linear-
oblong.

Sea level-3,800 ft.

nN

sam
bm ob oh

13.

14.

15.

16.

AR

. delphinifolius.

. pusillus.

. reptans.
. obtusiusculus.

. abortivus.
. micranthus.

. allegheniensts.
. sceleratus.

. recurvatus.

. acris.
. bulbosus.

. pennsylvanicus.

. repens.

. septentrionalis.

. hispidus.

R. fascicularis.

326 RANUNCULACEAE

Achenes not smooth.
Achenes rough-papillose, the beak straight. 17. R. parviflorus.
Achenes muricate, the beak recurved. 18. R. arvensis.

1. R. delphinifolius Torr. In ponds: Me. and Ont. to Mich.,

south to N. Car., Mo. and Kan.

Conn. Not common but found throughout the state.

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., thence increasing but
not very common northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth and Middlesex counties,
thence increasing and not uncommon northward.
Distribution little understood; more common northward than

elsewhere.

2. R. pusillus Poir. In marshes: S. N. Y. and N. J., Pa., south
to Fla., west to Tex. and Mo.

N.Y. Rare and local in Westchester Co., on L. I. and on S. I.

N. J. Rare and local in Morris and Essex Counties, increasing
southward but nowhere common, and not found in the pine-
barrens or south of them.

Pa. Bucks and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing
northward. 137-220 days. Sea level—1,800 ft.

3. R. reptans L. On shores: Newf. and Arctic Am., south to
N. J., Penn. and Mich. and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. Also
in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Near the coast in New London Co. and along the drainage
area of the Connecticut River in Hartford Co.

N. Y. Reported from the north shore of L. I. near N. Y. City.

N. J. Mercer, Warren and Sussex counties; in the drainage area
of the Delaware River.

Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties near the Delaware.
A rare and local species, the distribution of which is little known.

4. R. obtusiusculus Raf. In marshes: Me. and Ont. to Ga.,
west to Minn. and Mo.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
apparently rare on L. I. and S. I.

5. R. abortivus L. In moist ground, most common in woods:
Newf., Lab. and N. S. to Manitoba, Fla., Ark. and Col.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; doubtfully north of the moraine on L. I.

RANUNCULACEAE 327

6. R. micranthus Nutt. In rocky woods: Newf., Lab. and N.S.
to Manitoba, Fla., Ark. and Col.

Conn. Throughout the state, more common along the Connecticut
River than elsewhere.

N. Y. Common along the Hudson to Putnam Co., thence ap-
parently decreasing northward. Apparently unknown on L. I.
and S. I.

N. J. Not uncommon along the Palisades in Bergen and Hudson
counties, also in Essex, Sussex and Hunterdon Counties; un-
known elsewhere.

Pa. From Bucks Co.

Apparently most common on trap rock in Conn. and N. J.;
otherwise its distribution is little understood.

7. R. allegheniensis Britton. Mountains: Vt. and Mass. to Va.
and N. Car.
Known only from Litchfield Co., Conn., there very rare. Re-
ported, but not definitely known from the Catskills.

8. R. sceleratus L. In swamps and ditches, and on shores: N.

B. to Fla., Kan. and Minn. Also in Eu. and Asia.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley.

N. J. Common along the coast, decreasing inland; not reported
from the pine-barrens.

Pa. Chester and Delaware counties.
More common near the junction of salt and fresh water than

elsewhere.

g. R. recurvatus Poir. In woods: N.S. to Manitoba, south to
Fla. and Mo.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting.
10. R. acris L. In fields and meadows: Northern States and
Canada. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the range.
ii. R. bulbosus L. In fields and along roadsides: Eastern States.
Naturalized from Europe.
Common everywhere.

12. R. pennsylvanicus L.f. In wet open places: N.S. to Ga. and
west to the Rocky Mts. and B. Col.

328 RANUNCULACEAE

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Unknown on the south side of L. I., rare and local north of
the moraine, near the western end of the island; rare on S. I.;
not common in Westchester Co., thence increasing and common
northward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, rare and local in the area
surrounding them; from Monmouth and Middlesex counties,
thence increasing and becoming common northward.

Pa. Pike, Northampton and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, known only locally, exclusively outside of the Beacon

Hill formation: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing

and common northward. 127-220 days. Sea level—1,goo ft.

13. R. repens L. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to Va. and
locally in the interior. Mainly introduced from Europe.
Occasional as an adventive over most parts of our range, except
in the pine-barrens, there unknown.

14. R. septentrionalis Poir. Mainly in swamps and low grounds:

N. B. to Man., Ga., Ky. and Kan.

Conn. Not common in the southeastern part of the state, increas-
ing and becoming common northwestward.

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., frequent in Westchester
Co., thence increasing and becoming very common northward.

N.J. Rare and local at Cape May, becoming more frequent north-
ward, but not found in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Lehigh, Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia
counties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare and local elsewhere: Creta-

ceous, scattering: Older Formations, increasing and common

northward. 127-220 days. Sea level-2,r1o0 ft.

15. R. hispidus Michx. In dry woods and thickets: Ont. to the
N. W. Terr., Ga. and Ark.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting.
16. R.fascicularis Muhl. In woods: Ont. and N. Eng. to N. Car.,
west to Man., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and local, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson.
N. J. Sussex Co.

Most of the older records of R. fascicularis in the local flora
apply to the preceding.

RANUNCULACEAE 329

17. R. parviflorus L. In waste places: about eastern seaports.
Mass. to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
A rare and local adventive near the larger cities, frequently
wanting.
18. R. arvensis L. In waste ground: Tom’s River and Passaic,
N. J., and in ballast near the northern seaports.
Rare at the New Jersey stations and near the outskirts of the
City. Otherwise unknown.

Ranunculus parvulus L., R. graecus Griseb., R. lanuginosus L., and R. villosus
DC. have all been reported on ballast near New York.

19. Batrachium S. F. Gray*

Segments of the leaves 10-15 mm. long, rather rigid, scarcely col-

lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 1. B. circinatum.
Segments of the leaves 15-30 mm. long, flaccid, collapsing when
withdrawn from the water. 2. B. tricophyllum.

1. B. circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb. In ponds and streams: N.S. to
B. Col., south to Tenn. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Lakeville and Salisbury.

N.Y. Hyde Park, Dutchess Co. and Bedford, Westchester Co.
N. J. Bergen, Morris, Passaic and Sussex Cos. Recorded from
Monmouth Co.

2. B. tricophyllum (Chaix.) F. Schulz. In streams: Mass. to
Wash., south to N. Car. and Lower Cal. Also in Europe,
Asia and S. Africa.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and south of
them in N. J.

B. longirostres (Godr.) F. Schultz has been reported from Litchfield Co., Conn,

20. Ficaria Huds.
1. F. Ficaria (L.) Karst. Known in our range only from Flushing
and College Point, L. I., S. I., and Delaware and Philadelphia
counties, Pa. Fugitive from Europe.

21. Halerpestes Greene.

1. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene (Oxygraphis Cymbalaria
(Pursh) Prantl.). On sandy shores and on salt meadows:
Lab. to N. J., west to Alask., Cal., Mex. and Kan. Also
in Asia and S. Am.

* See footnote, page 76.

330 RANUNCULACEAE

Conn. Rare along the coast and up the Thames.
N.Y. Rareon L. I.
N. J. Local along the coast from Cape May to Monmouth

counties.
Apparently more common near the sea-coast than elsewhere.

22. Thalictrum [Tourn.] L.

Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers.

Flowers strictly dioecious: lower stem leaves distinctly petioled. 1. T. dioicum.
Flowers polygamous; stem leaves almost sessile.
Leaves pubescent, but not glandular. 2. T. dasycarpum.
Leaves glandular pubescent. 3. T. revolutum.
Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers; plant not glan-
dular. 4. T. polygamum.

1. T. dioictum L. In woods: Lab. and Anticosti to Ala., west to
Sask. and Mo.
Throughout the area except the pine-barrens and the coastal
plain of L. I. there wanting, and rare in the region surrounding
the N. J. pine-barrens; always increasing northward.

2. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. (7. purpurascens of Britton’s
Manual, in part). Alluvial soil: Conn. to Sask. and south-
westward.

Conn. Franklin and Southington.
N. J. Clifton, Bergen Co.

3. T. revolutum DC. (7. purpurascens of Am. Auth. not of

L.). Rocky upland woods, and on river banks: E. Mass.

to N. J., southwestern Ont., Ind. and N. C.

Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward
but not known from the Catskills.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens; rare and local in the region
surrour ding them, thence increasing but not common northward.

Pa. Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties.

4. T. polygamum Muhl. In fields and meadows: Lab. and Que.
to Fla., west to Ohio.
Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.

The following, heretofore credited to the area, are to be excluded: Jsopyrum
biternatum (Raf.) T. & G., Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L’Her., and Adonis annua L. I can
find no evidence that any of these are established within therange. Nigella damascena
L. has been reported from Conn. as an escape.

BERBERIDACEAE 331

BERBERIDACEAE
Shrubs; fruit baccate. 1. BERBERIS.
Herbs.
Anthers opening by valves.
Pericarp early bursting, leaving 2 large, naked, stalked

seeds, resembling berries. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM.
Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 3. JEFFERSONIA.
Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate, stamens 6-18. 4. PODOPHYLLUM.

1. Berberis [Tourn] L.

1. B. vulgaris L. In thickets: naturalized from Eu. in the
Eastern and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the
West.

A rare escape in our area, commonly cultivated. The reported
occurrence of B. canadensis in Conn. was based on a specimen of

B. vulgaris.

2. Caulophyllum Michx.

1. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. In woods: N. B. to S. Car.,
Minn., Neb. and Mo.

Conn. Rare near the coast; increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I.; rare and local on S. I. and in Bronx
and Westchester counties, thence increasing and common north-
ward.

N. J. Essex, Bergen and Union counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Phila-
delphia, Delaware and Chester counties, increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and

usually common northward. 117-210 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

3. Jeffersonia Bart.
1. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. In woods: Ont. to Wisc., Va. and
Tenn. A rare species.
Known definitely in our area only from Bucks Co., Pa.

4. Podophyllum L.

1. P. peltatum L. In low woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Fla.,
La. and Tex.
Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.
N. Y. Unknown on L. I., rare and local on S. I., and in the
Bronx, increasing and common northward.
N. J. Rare at Cape May and the area to the north and west of
the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.

332 LAURACEAE

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester

counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 123-220 days.
Sea level—1,950 ft.

MENISPERMACEAE

1. Menispermum [Tourn.] L.

1. M. canadense L. In woods: Que. to Man., Ga. and Ark.

Conn. Rare over most of the state, especially in the west.

N. Y. Rare on L.I.,S. I., and becoming frequent in Westchester
Co., thence increasing and common northward.

N. J. Cape May and in the area north and west of, the pine-
barrens, thence increasing and common northward.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

scattered; Older Formations, increasing and common northward,

especially on the trap intrusions of the Palisades, and in the Connec-

ticut Valley. 128-220 days. Sea level—1,950 ft.

LAURACEAE

Anthers 4-celled; leaves or some of them lobed; usually a small tree. 1. SASSAFRAS.
Anthers 2-celled; leaves entire; always a shrub. 2. BENZOIN.

1. Sassafras (Nees.) Eberm.
1. S. sassafras (L.) Karst. In dry soil: Me. to Ont., Mich.,
Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range.

2. Benzoin Fabric.
1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. (B. Benzoin (L.) Coulter). In moist
thickets, woods, and along streams: Me. to Ont., Mich.,

N. Car., Tenn. and Kan.
Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there wanting.

PAPAVERACEAE

Pod dehiscent at the top or only to the middle.
Pod dehiscent to the base.
Flowers white; juice red.
Flowers and juice yellow or orange.
Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 3. GLAUCIUM.

I. PAPAVER.

2. SANGUINARIA.

PAPAVERACEAE 333

Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a subulate style and
minute stigma. 4. CHELIDONIUM.

1. Papaver [Tourn.] L.

Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. 1. P. somniferum.
Green, hirsute; leaves pinnately divided.
Capsule glabrous.

Capsule sub-globose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas.
Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. dubium.
Capsule hispid, with a few erect hairs; oblong. 4. P. Argemone.

1. P. somniferum L. Occasional in waste ground and on ballast:
Eastern States. Fugitive from Europe.
Rare as a fugitive species; sometimes escaping from gardens. :

2. P. Rhoeas L. In waste places and on ballast: Me. to Va.
Fugitive from Europe.
Rare and local as a fugitive species.

3. P. dubium L. In waste and cultivated ground: Conn. to Va.
and southward. Adventive from Europe.
Occasional near the larger cities.

. P. Argemone L. Waste ground: Eastern seaports. Fugitive
from Europe.

nS

Rare in waste places, especially near Philadelphia and New York.
P. hybridum L. has been recorded as on ballast near New York.

2. Sanguinaria [Dill.] L.
1. S. canadensis L. In rich woods: N. S. to Man., Neb., Fla.
and Ark.

Common throughout the area, except the pine-barrens and the
coastal plain of L. I., there wanting; always increasing northward.

3. Glaucium Juss.
1. G. Glaucium (L.) Karst. In waste places: R. I. to Va.
Adventive from Europe.

Rare in our area as an adventive, more common along the sea
beaches than elsewhere.

4. Chelidonium [Tourn.] L.
1. C. majus L. Waste places, roadsides and in woods: common
in the East. Naturalized from Europe.
Common in most parts of our range, except the pine-barrens.

334 FUMARIACEAE

Argemone mexicana L. has been reported from the area as an established escape;
not common. Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt. has been reported from Northhampton
Co., Pa., as escape from gardens. Eschscholtzia californica Cham.. has been recorded
as a waif near New York.

FUMARIACEAE

Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base.

Corolla deeply cordate at the base; petals slightly coherent. 1. BICUCULLA.

Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent

and persistent. 2. ADLUMIA.

One of the outer petals spurred at the base.

Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 3. CAPNOIDES.

Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1-seeded. 4. FUMARIA.

1. Bicuculla Adans.

Spurs divergent; inner petals minutely crested. 1. B. Cucullaria.
Spurs short, rounded; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. canadensis.

1. B. Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. In woods: N. to Minn., Wash.,
N. Car., Neb. and Mo.

Conn. Not common in New London Co., increasing and common
elsewhere, especially northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I., rare on S. I., increasing and common
northward.

N. J. A single station in Salem Co., rare and local in Middlesex
and Mercer counties, thence increasing and common northward;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

2. B. canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. In rich woods: N. S. to

Minn., Tenn., Neb. and Mo.

Conn. Rare and local in northern New London Co., increasing
northwestward into Hartford and Litchfield counties, but
nowhere common.

N. Y. Unknown on L.I., and in the Bronx, formerly collected
on S. I.; Slide Mt., Ulster Co.

N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Sussex Co.

Pa. Reported from Montgomery, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing but
never common northward. 117-210 days. Sea level—4,o020 ft.

FUMARIACEAE 335

2. Adlumia Raf.

1. A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. In moist woods and _ thickets:
N. B. to Ont., N. Car. and Tenn.

Conn. Rare in the east, and along the coast, increasing north-
westward.

N. Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I., unknown on
S. I., rare in northern Westchester Co., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. Bergen, Passaic and Morris counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Lackawanna and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Forma-
tions, not common and increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea
level—3,365 ft.

3. Capnoides [Tourn.] Adans.

Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. 1. C. sempervirens.
Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow. 2. C. flavulum.

1. C. sempervirens (L.) Borck. Inrocky places: N.S. to Alaska,
N. Car. and Minn.

Conn. Not very common, but found throughout the state.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Westchester
Co. and the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming common
northward.

N. J. From Somerset Co. northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea
level-3,200 ft. :

2. C. flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. In rocky woods: S. N. Y. to

S. W. Ont., Minn., Va., Kan. and La.

N. Y. Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, Putnam and West-
chester counties and on Manhasset Neck, L. I.; otherwise un-
known.

N. J. Rare and local at Cape May and in Gloucester Co., thence
increasing and becoming frequent northward.

Pa. Philadelphia and Chester counties.

An uncommon species whose distribution is little understood.

The reported occurrence of C. aureum (Willd.) Raf. in the range is an error.

336 CRUCIFERAE

4. Fumaria L.

1. F. officinalis L. In waste places and on ballast: N. S. to
Fla. and the Gulf States; locally in the interior. Adventive
from Europe.

An uncommon adventive near the towns and cities.

F. capreolata L. and F. parviflora Lam. have been recorded as ballast weeds near
New York.

CRUCIFERAE

A. Pod a silique or silicle. dehiscent into 2 valves to the base.
I. Pod an elongated linear silique, at least twice as long as
wide.
Silique tipped with a short slender style, or without a
style.
Seeds globose or oblong, wingless.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
Pubescence, if any, of simple hairs.

Flowers yellow. 13. RADICULA.
Flowers white. 14. SISYMBRIUM.
Pubescence of forked hairs. 24. SOPHIA.

Seeds in only I row in each cell.
Leaves reniform or cordate; flowers white. 4. ALLIARIA.
Leaves not reniform or cordate: flowers
yellow (except in No. 28).
Leaves dentate, dissected, or pinna-
tifid.
Hairs simple.

Pods narrowly conic, ribbed. 5. ERySIMUM.
Pods linear-cylindric. 6. Norma.
Hairs forked. 24. SOPHIA.

Leaves entire or slightly toothed.
Flowers white or pink. ‘
Valves of the silique nerved. 32. CONRINGIA.
Valves of the silique nerve-

less. 25. STENOPHRAGMA,
Flowers yellow. 27. CHEIRINIA
Flowers large, purple or purplish-
white. 31. HESPERIS.

Seed flat, wingless or winged.
Siliques 4-angled, the valves keeled; flowers
yellow. 12. BARBAREA
Siliques flat or flattish.
Valves of the silique nerveless.

Stem leafy below or throughout. 17. CARDAMINE.
Stem leafless below, 2-4 leaved above. 18. DENTARIA.
Valves of the silique 1-nerved or veiny. 26. ARABIS.

Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves.
Beak conic, very short in No. 8.

CRUCIFERAE 337

Silique terete; seeds in I row. g. BRASSICA.
Silique flat; seeds in 2 rows. 10, DIPLOTAXIS.
Beak flat, sword-shaped. 8. SINAPIS.
Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as
broad, clearly stipitate; flowers violet. 19. LUNARIA.

II. Pod an orbicular, globose or oblong silicle, or but little
more than twice as long as wide.
Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum.
Silicle not compressed.
Silicle pear shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded. 21. CAMELINA.
Silicle globose or terete oblong.

Petals 2-cleft. 30. BERTEROA.
Petals not 2-cleft.
Flowers yellow. 13. RADICULA.

Flowers white.
Terrestrial; tall; style very short. 15. ARMORACTIA,
Aquatic, with dissected leaves;

style slender. 16. NEOBECKIA.
Silicle compressed or flat.
Silicle many seeded. 23. DRABA.

Silicle 2-8 seeded.
Flowers yellow. 28. ALYSSUM
Flowers white. 29. IKONIGA.
Silicle flattened at right angles to the septum.
Seeds several in each cell of the silicle.

Silicle triangular, obcuneate. 20. BurRsA.
Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around. 3. THLASPI.
Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed. 1. LEPIpIUM.
B. Pod indehiscent, short or elongated.
Pod broader than long. 2. CARARA.
Pod globose, reticulated. 22. NESLIA.

Pod elongated.
Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity; plants maritime. 7. CAKILE.
Pod not jointed, but constricted between the seeds;
plants not maritime. 11. RAPHANUS.

1. Lepidium [Tourn.] L.

Stem leaves clasping by an auriculate base.
Pods broadly ovate, winged. 1. L. campestre.
Pods wingless, broader than long. 2. L. Draba.
Stem leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping.
Petals relatively conspicuous, almost always as long as the

calyx. 3. L. virginicum.
Petals rudimentary or 0, scarcely as long as the calyx in rare
cases.
Pods ovate, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, angled on the
edges and with very small wings. 4. L. ruderale,
Pods orbicular, seldom broadly ovate, mostly 3 mm. long
and broad. 5. L. densiflorum.

338 CRUCIFERAE

1. L. campestre (L.) R. Brown. In fields and waste places: N.S.
and Ont. to Va., Kan. and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized
from Europe.

A troublesome weed in many parts of our range.

2. L. Draba L. On ballast: near Astoria, L. I., and Syracuse,
N. Y., also near the seaports. Fugitive from Europe.
A rare adventive near New York and at Swartzwood Lake, N. J.

3. L. virginicum L. In fields and along roadsides: Quebec to
Minn., Colo., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in the W. I.

Common throughout the area.

4. L.ruderale L. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides:
NaS to Tex.
Rare as an occasional adventive near New York and Philadelphia.
Reported from near Bridgeport, Conn.

5. L. densiflorum Schrad. On ballast: near the eastern sea-
ports.

Common throughout the area asa weed. Previously confused
with the Asiatic L. apetalum Willd.

L. neglectum Thell, also found in waste places, with characters apparently inter-
mediate between those of L. virginicum and L. densiflorum, may be a hybrid between
these species.

The garden cress, L. sativum L., is frequently a short-lived escape from cultiva-
tion. Other species which are sometimes found as waifs are L. graminifolium L. and
L. Smithii Hook.

2. Carara Medic (Coronopus Gaertn.)
Pod rugose, not crested. 1. C. didyma.
Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coronopus.

1. C. didyma (L.) Britton. In waste places: Newf. to Fla., Mo.
and Tex., west to Cal. Naturalized from the South.

A rather common weed near Philadelphia, Jersey City and about
the Metropolitan Area.

2. C. Coronopus (L.) Medic. In waste places and on ballast:
N. B. to Fla. and Tex., and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive
or adventive from Europe.

Not uncommon near the edges of N. Y. City.

3. Thlaspi |Tourn.] L.

1. T. arvense L. In waste places and on ballast: Que. to Man.,
the N. W. Terr., N. Y. and Kan.

Not uncommon near the larger cities in the area.

CRUCIFERAE 339

4. Alliaria Adans.
1. A. Alliaria (L.) Britton. Waste places, woods and along road-
sides: Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Va. Adventive from Europe.

Becoming frequent near the larger cities in the range, and along
the Hudson River Railroad above Yonkers and near Roslyn, L. I.

5. Erysimum [Tourn.] L.
1. E. officinale L. (Sisymbrium officinale Sap.). In waste places:
throughout Eastern N. America. Naturalized from Europe.
Common everywhere.

6. Norta Adans.

1. N. altissima (L.) Britton (Szsymbrium altissimum L.). In waste
places: Quebec and Ont. to Alberta, D. C. and Mo. Ad-
ventive from Europe.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.

Sisymbrium Trio L., S. Loesellii L., and S. pannonicum Jacq., referable to this
genus, have ben reported as occasional waifs.

7. Cakile [Tourn.] Mill.

1. C. edentula (Bigel) Hook. In sands of the seashore: Newf.
to Fla. and along the Great Lakes, N. Y. to Minn. Also on
the California coast.

Along the sea-coast throughout the range, also along the shores
of L. I. Sound and N. Y. Bay; always in sandy places.

In 1874 at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Communipaw Ferry, N. J., C. maritima Scop.
was collected. It has not been recorded since.

8. Sinapis L.

Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; fruiting pedicels 8-10 mm. long. 1. S. alba.
Leaves dentate or lobed; fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. long. 2. S. arvensis.

1. S. alba L. In waste places and fields, mostly escaped from
cultivation: Eastern North America. Adventive from Eu-
rope. Native also of western Asia.

Not a very common adventive near the larger cities.

2. S. arvensis L. (Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P.). In fields and
waste places: E.N. Am. Adventive from Europe.
Frequent as a weed.

340 CRUCIFERAE

g. Brassica [Tourn.] L.

None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile.

Pods slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, appressed. 1. B. nigra.
Pods rather slender, 2-5 cm. long, not appressed.
Leaves merely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. juncea.
Leaves laciniate, at least marginally. 3. B. japonica.
Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 4. B. campestris.

1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. In fields and waste places: common
throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or
wanting.
. B. juncea (L.) Cosson. In waste places: N. H. to Pa., Mich.,
Va. and Kan. Adventive from Asia.
Not uncommon near the larger cities in the range, often wanting.
3. B. japonica Siebold. In waste places: Me. toGa. Adventive
from Asia.

to

Known definitely only as a rare adventive in Conn.

. B. campestris L. In cultivated grounds, sometimes persisting
for a year or two: E. N. Am. Fugitive from Europe.
Not uncommon near the larger cities and along the edges of
cultivated fields.

aN

The rape, B. napus L., and the cabbage and its horticultural allies, B. oleracea L.
are sometimes found as weeds in the area. Among other fugitive species are B.
monensis Huds., and B. Rapa L.

10. Diplotaxis DC.

Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. 1. D. tenuifolia.
Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D. muralis.

1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. In waste places and on ballast: N.S.
to N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Near New York and Philadelphia, and from a few stations in
Connecticut. ;
2. D. muralis (L.) DC. In waste places and on ballast: N. S.
to N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Not a very common adventive near the larger cities of the area.

Diplotaxis erucoides DC. and D. virgata DC. have been reported from, but are very
doubtfully established within our area.

11. Raphanus [Tourn.] L.
Flowers yellow, sometimes white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-10
seeded. 1. R. Raphanistrum.
Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3 seeded. 2. R. sativus.

CRUCIFERAE 341

1. R. Raphanistrum L. In fields and waste places: Ont. and
N. B. to Pa.; also in B. Col. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.

2. R. sativus L. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a
year or two: E.N. Am. Native of Asia.
A rather uncommon and fleeting escape.

12. Barbarea R. Br.

Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled; leaf-segments 1-4 pairs.

Pods divergent or ascending. 1. B. Barbarea.
Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. stricta.
ay, J5y,

Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. vernda.

1. B. Barbarea (L.) MacM. In fields and waste places: Lab. to
Va. and locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific Coast.
Naturalized from Europe.

Common as a weed throughout the area.

2. B. stricta Andrz. In fields and waste places: Que. to Minn.,
the N. W. Terr., Fla., Neb. Naturalized from Europe.

Not so common as the preceding, with a similar range in our area.

3. B. verna (Mill.) Aschers. (B. praecox (J. E. Smith) R. Br.). In
waste places: Conn. to Fla. Adventive from Europe.

Rare in most parts of our area, except the pine-barrens, there
perhaps wanting; not definitely known from the Catskills.

13. Radicula Hill (Roripa Scop.).

Plant perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. 1. R. sylvestris.
Plant annual or perennial, with fibrous roots.
Stem nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong. 2. R. palustris.
Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 3. R. hispida.

1. R. sylvestris (L.) Druce. In low grounds and waste places:
Newf. to Mass., Va. and Mich. Adventive or naturalized
from Europe.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or
wanting.

2. R. palustris (L.) Bess. In wet places: nearly throughout N.

Am., except the extreme north. Apparently naturalized
from Europe.

342 CRUCIFERAE

Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of New Jersey,
there rare or wanting; rare in the region surrounding the pine-
barrens, always increasing northward.

3. R. hispida (Desv.) Britton. In wet places: N. B. to B. Col.,
Fla. and N. Mex.

With a similar distribution to that of the preceding.

14. Sisymbrium [Tourn.] L.

1. S. Nasturtium-aquaticum L. (Roripa Nasturtium Rusby.) In
brooks and streams: N.S. to Man., Ore., Va. and Neb., also
in Arizona. Naturalized from Europe.

Common as an escape from cultivation in most parts of the range.

15. Armoracia Gaertn.

1. A. Armoracia (L.) Cockerell. (Roripa Armoracia (L.) A. S.
Hitchcock). Escaped from gardens, especially along streams:
E.N. Am. Adventive from Europe.

Not a very common escape from cultivation in most parts of our
range.
16. Neobeckia Greene.

1. N. aquatica (Eaton) Britton. (Roripa americana Britton.)
In lakes and slow streams: Vt. and Que. to Ont., Minn., Fla.,
La. and Ark.

Known definitely only from near Philadelphia, and from Swartz-
wood Lake, Sussex Co., N. J.

17. Cardamine [Tourn.| L.

Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal

segment.
Flowers 10-20 mm. broad, white or purplish. 1. C. pratensis.
Flowers 2-8 mm. broad, white.
Leaves nearly all basal, pubescent. 2. C. hirsuta.

Stem leafy; leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers 4-5 mm. wide; plants of wet or dry sandy

places.
Segments of basal leaves 4-12 mm. wide; plant

2-10 dm. high; of wet places. 3. C. pennsylvanica.
Segments of basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide; plant

1-4 dm. high; of dry sand. 4. C. arenicola,

Flowers 2-3 mm. wide, plants of dry rocky places. 5. C. parviflora.
Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with 1-2 lateral segments.
Flowers purple; stem erect. 6. C. purpurea.
Flowers white.
Stem erect from a tuberous base.
Stem decumbent, stoloniferous; roots fibrous.

« C. bulbosa.
. C. rotundifolia.

ony

CRUCIFERAE 343

1. C. pratensis L. In wet meadows and in swamps: Lab. to
N. J., B. Col. and Minn. Also in Europe and Northern Asia.
Conn. Rare and local in northern Hartford and Litchfield coun-

ties, otherwise unknown.
N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.; also on lawns at Riverdale
and at Garden City.
N. J. Collected years ago in a swamp in Bergen Co., and
Succasunna, Morris Co.
A rare and local plant in our area, becoming frequent in the far
north.

2. C. hirsuta L. In moist places and waste ground: Mass. to
Pa. and Mich. Neb. and N. Dak.

Occasional on lawns.

3. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. (C. flexwosa Auct. not With.). In
swamps and wet places: Newf. to Minn., Mont., Fla., Tenn.
and Kan.

Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.

4. C. arenicola Britton. In sandy soil: Conn. to Fla., Ky. and
Tenn.
Conn. Middletown.
N. Y. Occasional on the coastal plain of L. I.; Westchester Co.
N. J. Coastal plain from Ocean Co. southward.
Perhaps not specifically distinct from_C. parviflora.

5. C. parviflora L. On rocks: Que. to W. Ont., Ore., south to
Mass. and Ga. Also in northern Europe and Asia.
Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.
N. Y. Occasional in the Bronx and Westchester Co., thence
increasing northward; Roslyn, L. I.
N. J. Rare and local in Bergen Co., thence increasing westward.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Luzerne, Philadelphia and Bucks
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing north-
ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 123-179 days. Sea
level—2,100 ft.

6. C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. In cold springy places: Que.
and Arctic Am. to the Canadian Rockies, Md. and Wisc.
Conn. Rare and local in Litchfield and Fairfield counties.

344 CRUCIFERAE

N.Y. Rare and local in the Hudson Valley from Westchester Co.
northward, but not reported from the region of the Catskills.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations not common, and
throughout the area most plentiful on soils derived from limestone.
Not south of the moraine. Sea level—1,o000 ft. 138-168 days.

7. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. In wet meadows and thickets:
N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
south of them, there rare or wanting; unknown on L. I.

8. C. rotundifolia Michx. In cold springs: N. J. to Ohio, N. Car.
and Ky.

N.J. Three miles above Delaware Water Gap, in Warren Co. very
rare. Its reported occurrence in Monmouth Co. is unlikely and
has not been unverified.

Pa. Delaware Co.

A rare and extremely local species whose distribution is little
known.

18. Dentaria [Tourn.] L.
Stem glabrous.
Rootstock continuous, prominently toothed. 1. D. diphylla.
Rootstock interrupted by distinct constrictions.
Rootstock elongate, composed of several fusiform or sub-
cylindric, distinctly toothed segments.
Cauline leaves with ovate or obovate petiolulate
leaflets.
Cauline leaves with lanceolate, sessile leaflets.
Rootstock of readily separable, obscurely toothed fusiform
tubers. 4. D. heterophylla.
Stem pubescent, at least above.
Rootstocks of readily separable fusiform tubers; sepals 6-9 mm.

. maxima.
. incistfolia.

Sd

Ww N

long.
Leaves 3-parted, with linear to oblong segments. 5. D. laciniata.
Basal leaves with ovate or rhombic leaflets. 4. D. heterophylla.
Rootstock elongate, interrupted by constrictions; sepals 3-4
mm. long. 6. D. anomala.

1. D. diphylla Michx. In rich woods and _ thickets: Eastern
Que. to southern Ont. and Minn., south to S. C. and Ky.
Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and
central and southern N. J., there rare or wanting; always increas-
ing northward; formerly on S. I.

CRUCIFERAE 345

2. D. maxima Nutt. By streams in rich woods: southern Me.
to Mich. and Pa.
Near Windsor, Conn.
3. D. incisifolia Eames. Rich hillside woods: Sherman, Conn.
Known only from the original locality.

4. D. heterophylla Nutt. In rich woods: N. J. and Pa. to Ky.
and westward.
Near Stockton, Hunterdon Co., and Far Hills, Somerset Co.,
N. J., and from Philadelphia and Chester counties in Pa.
5. D. laciniata Muhl. (D. laciniata integra (Schulz.) Fernald).

In rich damp woods: Que. and Vt. to Minn. and southward.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and south of
them, there rare or wanting.
6. D. anomala Eames. Rich moist woods: Plainville, Conn.
Collected only at original locality, and at Orange, Conn.

19. Lunaria |Tourn.] L.
1. L. annua L. Escaped from gardens: southwestern Conn.
Known only from near Westport, Conn. Not recently collected.

20. Bursa Weber
1. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. In fields and waste places:
throughout N. Am., except the tropics. Naturalized from
Europe.
Common everywhere.

21. Camelina Crantz.
Glabrous or nearly so; pods 6-8 mm. long. 1. C. sativa.
Pubescent, at least below; pod 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. microcarpa.
1. C. sativa (L.) Crantz. In fields and waste places: throughout
E. N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Not very common but in most parts of our range.
2. C. microcarpa Andrz. In waste places: R. I. to W. Va.,
Idaho, Br. Col. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Not common as a weed in most parts of our range.

22. Neslia Desy.
1. N. paniculata (L.) Desv.. In waste places: Ont., Man. and
B. Col., and in ballast about the eastern seaports.
Rare near the larger cities and towns.

346 CRUCIFERAE

23. Draba [Dill.] L.
Petals deeply 2-cleft. 1. D. verna.
Petals entire, toothed or emarginate. 2. D. caroliniana.

1. D.vernaL. In fields: common throughout U.S. and Canada,
except in the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe.
Common in the south, decreasing northward.

2. D. caroliniana Walt. In sandy fields: Mass. to Ont., Minn.,

Neb., Ga. and Ark.

Conn. Rare along the coast, decreasing inland, and wanting in the

_ north.

N. Y. Reported from near Ridgewood, L. I. and Rossville, S. I.
and from Westchester Co. Not recently collected.

N. J. Rare and local in Hunterdon and Middlesex counties,
increasing but not common southward, but not in the pine-
barrens or east of them.

Pa. Bucks Co.

A rare and local plant, apparently most common on Cretaceous
sands and gravels.

24. Sophia Adans.
1. S. Sophia (L.) Britton. In waste places: N. B. to Ont., N. Y.
Ill. and Neb. Naturalized from Europe.

Occasional as a weed in most parts of our range, except in the
pine-barrens.

S. pinnata (Walt.) Howell has been reported as a waif from N. J., near Phila-
delphia and in Delaware Co.. Pa.

25. Stenophragma Celak.

1. S. Thaliana (L.) Celak. In sandy fields and rocky places:
Mass. and S. Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Naturalized from
Europe.

Common throughout the area.

26: Arabis LL.

Seeds in I row or in 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod.

Basal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending. 1. A. lyrata.
Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate.
Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 2. A. dentata.

Seeds larger, oblong, winged or wing-margined.
Pods nearly erect, 1 mm. broad.
Flowers white, 8 mm. broad; pods not ap-
pressed; style 1 mm. long. 3. A. patens.

CRUCIFERAE 347

Flowers white or greenish-white, 4-6 mm. broad;
pods appressed; style none.
Plant not glaucous. 4. A. hirsuta.
Plant glaucous. 5. A. glabra.
Pods recurved-spreading.
Plant glabrous throughout except the earliest
basal leaves.
Pedicels divergent in flower; petals not

much longer than the sepals. 6. A. laevigata.
Pedicels erect in flower; petals much longer
than the sepals. 7. A. viridis.
Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 8. A. canadensis.
Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. 9g. A. Drummondit.

1. A. lyrata L. Rocky and sandy places: Ont. to Va., Tenn.,
Man. and Mo.

Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or
wanting, most abundant northward.

2. A. dentata T. & G. Western N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., south
to Tenn. Mo. and Va.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

3. A. patens Sullivant. In woods: E. Pa. to Minn., Ala. and Mo.

Pa. Luzerne, Montgomery, Berks, Philadelphia and Chester
counties.

A rare and local species whose distribution is little known; in the

southern part of the area more common on garnetiferous schists
than elsewhere.

4. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. In rocky places: N. B. to Br. Col., Ga.,

Ariz. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare and local in New London and New Haven counties,
increasing but never common northwestward.

N.Y. The limestone regions of Columbia and Dutchess counties,
and at Riverdale.

N. J. Sussex, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Mercer counties.

Pa. Pike, Northampton and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward and most common on limestone. 138-220 days. Sea level-

I,400 ft.

5. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. In fields and rocky places: Que. to
S. N. Y., Pa., west to the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and
Asia.

348 CRUCIFERAE

Conn. Rare in Hartford, Fairfield, and New Haven counties,
otherwise unknown.

N. Y. Reported from L. I., apparently not recorded from S. I.;
rare and local on the upper end of Manhattan, thence increasing
but not common northward.

N. J. Reported, but probably incorrectly, from Cape May; known
otherwise only from Sussex, Morris, and Passaic counties.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Wayne and Northampton counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward, specially on limestone. Not south of the moraine, except in

Pa. 123-189 days. Sea level—2,180 ft.

6. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. In rocky woods: Que. to Minn.,
Kan., Ga. and Ark.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, wanting in
them and rare in the surrounding area; common northward.

. A. viridis Harger. Rocky places: Me. to Conn.
Conn. Reported from several stations, often on trap rock.

“NI

8. A. canadensis L. In woods: Ont. to N. Hamp., Ga., Minn.,

Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout the state, but not common.

N. Y. Not very common on L, I. and S. I., increasing northward
and becoming common in the Highlands. Not reported from
the Catskills.

N. J. Gloucester Co., increasing and common northward. Not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and
Chester counties, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 138-220days. Sea level—1,800 ft.

9. A. Drummondii A. Gray. Cliffs and rocky soil: Que. to
Conn., Ont., Ohio, Ill., Mich., B. C., Ore., south in the
Rocky Mts. to Colo. and Utah.

Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state.

A, brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton has been reported from Conn. I have seen no
specimens from our area.
27. Cheirinia Link
1. C. cheiranthoides (L.) Link. (Erysimum cheiranthoides L.).
Along streams and in fields: Newf. to Br. Col., N .J. and
Tenn. Also in northern Europe.

CAPPARIDA CEAE 349

Occasional throughout our range, except in the pine-barrens,
nearly always as a weed.

Erysimum repandum L. and E. orientale L., referable to this genus, have been
collected near New York and Jersey City as waifs.

28. Alyssum [Tourn.] L.

1. A. alyssoides L. In fields: Ont. to N. Hamp., N. Y., N. J.
and Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Naturalized
from Europe.

Occasional as a weed in most parts of our area.

29. Koniga Adans.
1. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. In waste places occasional: through-
out E. U.S. Escaped from gardens. Native of Europe.

A rather rare escape in our region.

30. Berteroa DC.
1. B. incana (L.) DC. In waste places: Me. to Ont., Minn.,
N. J. and Mo. Adventive from Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed near the larger towns and cities.

31. Hesperis [Tourn. |L.
1. H. matronalis L. In fields and along roadsides: Me. to Pa.
and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia.
Occasional throughout our area, except in the pine-barrens.

32. Conringia Link.
1. C. orientalis (L.) Dumort. In waste places: N. B. to N. W.
Terr. to N. Y. and Pa.
Locally common near the City of New York, at Kutztown, Fa.
and at Fairfield and New Milford, Conn.

The following cruciferous waifs have been collected in the area: Rapistrum rugosum
(L.) All., Iberis amara L., I. umbellata L., Eruca Eruca (L.) Britton, and Bunias orcentalis
L. Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br., has been collected at Rosedale and Springfield,
L. I., where it is becoming established.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Pod long stipitate on its pedicel. 1. CLEOME.
Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel. 2. POLANISIA.

350 RESEDA CEAE

1. Cleome L.

I. C. spinosa L. In waste places: N. E. to Fla., Ill. and La.
Adventive from Tropical America.
Not very common as an adventive near the larger cities.

Cleome gynandra L. (Pedicellaria pentaphylla (L.) Schrank) has been collected near
Philadelphia and on S. I., as a waif.

2. Polanisia Raf.
1. P. graveolens Raf. Sandy and gravelly shores: Que. to Man.,
the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Pa., Kan., and Colo.
Conn. Near East Hartford and Hartford.
N. Y. Near Gravesend L. I., and in the Hudson Valley.
N. J. Bergen and Monmouth counties, not recently collected.
» Pa. Luzerne Co.

P. trachysperma T. & G. and P. viscosa DC. have been collected as waifs in Con- °
necticut and New York respectively.

RESEDACEAE
1. Reseda [Tourn.] L.
Leaves entire; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. 1. R. Luteola.
Leaves lobed or pinnatifid.
Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. 2. R. lutea.
Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba.

I. R. Luteola L. In waste places: N. Y. and about the eastern
seaports in ballast. Adventive from Europe.
Common as a waif, perhaps naturalized near the metropolis;
also near the city of Philadelphia, and in Conn.

2. R. lutea L. In waste places: Mass. to N. J. and Mich. and in

ballast about the eastern seaports.
Occasional in waste places in parts of our range.

3. R. alba L. In waste places: Conn., N. Y., Ohio and in ballast
about the eastern seaports. Adventive from S. Europe.
Rare as a weed in parts of our area.

The common garden Mignonette, Reseda odorata L., has been reported as an estab-
lished escape in Conn. It is a native of Africa. R. Phytewma L. has been collected near
New York as a waif.

DROSERA CEAE 351

SARRACENIACEAE

1. Sarracenia [Tourn.] L.

1. S. purpurea L. In peat bogs, particularly in sphagnum: Lab.
to the Canadian Rockies, south to Fla., Ky. and Minn.
Common throughout the area in edaphically favorable situations
except on the unglaciated portion of the Piedmont Plateau, there
rare or wanting.*

S. purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. has so far been collected
only in New Jersey, one station near Forked River and the other
at ‘Cedar Swamp,”’ a locality long since destroyed; otherwise
unknown from the range and perhaps a mere form.

DROSERACEAE
1. Drosera L.

Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white. 1. D. rotundifolia,
Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide.
Leaves linear or spatulate, with a distinct petiole; petals white. 2. D. intermedia.
Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals
purple. 3. D. filiformis.

1. D. rotundifolia L. In bogs or wet sand: Lab. to Alask., Fla.
and Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal.
Throughout the range in edaphically favorable places.

2. D. intermedia Hayne (D. longifolia of Auct. not of L.). In
bogs: Newf. to Arctic Am. to Br. Col. and Sask., south to
Fla. and Cal.

Throughout our area, in edaphically favorable places, except
on the unglaciated part of the Piedmont Plateau, there rare or
wanting.*

3. D. filiformis Raf. In wet sand: Cape Cod to Fla.

N. Y. Not uncommon on eastern L. I.

N. J. Confined to the coastal plain and predominately a pine-
barren species, rare in the region surrounding the barrens.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not

known, except on the north of side L. I. Not north of the mo-

raine, except perhaps on the north shore of L. I. and then very
near it.

*See Introduction paragraph 7.

CRASSULACEAE

Ww
on
iS)

PODOSTEMACEAE

1. Podostemon Michx.*

1. P. ceratophyllum Michx. Inshallowstreams: Mass. to N. Y.,
Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky.
Conn. Rare or occasional.
N. Y. Near Newburgh, not recently collected.
N. J. Mercer, Passaic, and Warren counties.
Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Chester and Delaware counties.

CRASSULACEAE
Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. 1. TILLAEASTRUM.
Stamens twice as many as the calyx lobes.
Petals 6-20, 2. SEMPERVIVUM.
Petals 5 or fewer.
Carpels spreading; flowers perfect. 3. SEDUM.
Carpels erect; flowers polygamous. 4. RHODIOLA,.

1. Tillaeastrum Britton *
1. T. aquaticum (L.) Britton (Tillaea aquatica L.). Muddy
banks of streams: N. S: to Md., La. and Tex., Wash. to
Iowa, Calif. and Colo., Europe to N. Africa.

Rare and local, apparently more common near Philadelphia, and
coastal Conn. than elsewhere, not reported from near N. Y.

2. Sempervivum |Rupp.| L.
1. S. tectorum L. Escaped from cultivation: Mass. to N. J.
Native of continental Europe.
A very rare escape in our range; commonly cultivated.

3. Sedum [Tourn.]| L.

Flowers not corymbose.

Leaves densely imbricated, short. Te Gore:
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, more or less flattened, not im-
bricate. 2. S. ternatum.

Flowers corymbose, petals purple, twice as long as the sepals. 3. S. triphyllum.

1. S. acre L. On rocks and along roadsides: N. B. to Ont. and
N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Occasional in most parts of our range except in the pine-barrens,
there rare or wanting.

* See footnote, page 76.

PARNASSIACEAE 353

2. S.ternatum Michx. On rocks and in woodlands: Conn. and
N. J. to Ind., Mich. and Tenn.
Rare and sporadic in most parts of our area, except the pine-
barrens, there rare or wanting; not certainly native in the area.

3. S. triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray (S. Fabaria Koch.). In
fields and along roads: Quebec and Ont. to Md. and Mich.
Naturalized from Europe.

A not uncomman adventive in most parts of our range, except in
the pine-barrens, there wanting.

S. telephioides Michx. has been reported from Northampton Co., Pa.

4. Rhodiola L.

1. Rhodiola rosea L. (S. rosewm (L.) Scop.). Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Maine and Pa. Also in Europe.

Kknown in our range only from Pike and Bucks Co., Pa., both near
the Delaware River.

PENTHORACEAE

1. Penthorum L.
1. P. sedoides L. In ditches and swamps: N. B. to Fla., Minn.,
Neb. and Tex.

Throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, and east and
south of them, there rare or wanting.

PARNASSIACEAE

1. Parnassia [Tourn.] L.

1. P. caroliniana Michx. In swamps and low meadows: N. B.
to Man., S. Dak., Ill., Va. and Carolina (?).

Conn. Rare along the coast, especially westward, increasing
northward.

N.Y. Not uncommon on L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, reported but not definitely
known from New Egypt, Ocean Co.; Hudson and Warren counties,
thence increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, only a doubtful record from Ocean Co.,

N. J.: Older Formations, increasing, but never common, northward.

117-189 days. Sea level—2,800 ft.

24

354 SAXIFRAGA CEAE

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Placentae parietal, sometimes nearly basal.
Flowers solitary and axillary, or in small corymbs. I. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.
Flowers in more or less elongated racemes or panicles.
Gynoecium of 2-3 equal or essentially equal carpels.

Inflorescence racemose. 2. MITELLA.
Inflorescence paniculate. 3. HEUCHERA.
Gynoecium of 2 very unequal carpels. 4. TIARELLA.
Placentae axial. 5. MICRANTHES.

1. Chrysosplenium [Tourn.] L. (see pl. 8)

I. C. americanum Schwein. In wet shaded places: N. S. to

Sask., south to Ga. and Minn.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Not rare on the south side of L. I., not common on the
north side and on S. I., thence increasing and common north-
ward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, very rare in the region west of
them, thence increasing and common northward.

Pa. Throughout the area, very common northward.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-207 days.
Sea level—3,970 ft.

2. Mitella [Tourn.] L.

Stem leaves opposite. 1. M. diphylla.
Stem leaves usually wanting, if present, alternate. 2. M. nuda.
1. M. diphylla L. In rich woods: Que. to Minn., south to N. C.
and Mo.

Conn. Throughout, but not reported from New London Co.,
increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., rare on S. I. and in
Bronx and Westchester counties, thence increasing and becom-
ing common northward.

N. J. New Egypt, Ocean Co.,* unknown between this locality
and Hunterdon, Union and Somerset counties, thence increasing
and common northward.

Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward.

Tertiary, a single, remarkable station just on the edge of Beacon
Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward. Pre-
dominating north of the moraine. 117-220 days. Sea level—
4,020 ft.

*See Introduction paragraph 36.

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SANOY Hoon

PLATE 8
MAP ILLUSTRATING

THE DISTRIBUTION
OF CHRYSOSPLENIUM
AMERICANUM

SAXIFRAGA CEAE 355

2. M.nudaL. Incold woods and peat bogs: Labrador to Newf.
and Br. Col., south to Pa. and Mont.; also in eastern Asia.
Conn. The higher elevations of northwestern Litchfield Co.

Pa. The mountains of Wayne and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local at
high elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days.
1,070-4,000 ft.

The reported occurrence of M. prostrata Michx., at New Milford, Conn., is doubtful.
The report is probably referable to a mere form of M. nuda or of M. diphylla.

3. Heuchera L.
1. H. americana L. In dry and rocky woods: Conn. to Ont. and
Minn., south to Ala. and La.
Throughout the area except the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I.,
there rare or wanting; rare in the area surrounding the pine-barrens,,
always increasing northward.

4. Tiarella L.
1. T. cordifolia L. In rich moist woods: N. S. to Minn., south
to Ga. and Ala.

Conn. Rare and local in most parts of the state, especially near
the coast; increasing and becoming common northwestward.

N. Y. Reportéd but not definitely known from Westchester Co.,
thence increasing and common northward.

N. J. Passaic, Morris, and Sussex counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Luzerne, Lehigh and Delaware
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-220days. Sea level
—3,800 ft.

5. Micranthes Haw.
Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate.
Cymules compact or closely corymb-like at maturity. . M. pennsylvanica.

I
Cymules open and often raceme-like at maturity. 2. M. virginiensis.
Filaments clavate or spatulate. 3. M. micranthidifolia.

1. M. pennsylvanica (L.) Haw. (Saxifraga pennsylvanica L.).
In swamps and on wet banks: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Va.
and Mo.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
L. I., there rare or wanting.

356 ITEACEAE

2. M. virginiensis (Michx.) Small (Saxifraga virginiensis Michx.)
In dry or rocky woodlands: N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Tenn.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of L. I. and

N. J., there rare or wanting.

3. M. micranthidifolia (Haw.) Small (Saxzfraga erosa Pursh, S.
micranthidifolia (Haw.) Small). In cold brooks: Pa. to N.
C. and Tenn.
Pa. Northampton and Lehigh Co.
A rare and local plant in our range, most common on limestone.

HYDRANGEACEAE
Stamens 8-10, corolla relatively small. I. HYDRANGEA.
Stamens 12-20, corolla relatively large. 2. PHILADELPHUS.

1. Hydrangea [Gron.] L.
1. H. arborescens L. On rocky stream or river banks: N. Y.
to Iowa, Fla. and La.

N. Y. The Highlands of the Hudson.

N. J. From Kinkora, Burlington Co., northward in the counties
bordering the Delaware; otherwise unknown.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties, more common along the Delaware than
elsewhere.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered in Burlington Co., N. J. and
Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations, apparently more common on the
Piedmont Plateau than elsewhere. 138-220 days. Sea level—
1,000 ft.

2. Philadelphus L.
1. P. coronarius L. Escaped from gardens: middle and eastern
states. Native of Europe.

Rather a rare escape in most parts of our range.

Other cultivated shrubs sometimes recorded as being escapes are Philadelphus
inodorus L., P. pubescens Koch. and Deutsia scabra Sieb. & Zucc. None are to be
considered as part of our flora.

ITEACEAE

1. Itea L.

1. I. virginica L. In wet places or pine-barren swamps: N. J.
and E. Pa. to Fla. and La.

GROSSULARIACEAE 357

N. J. Common throughout the pine-barrens, decreasing in the
area surrounding them, unknown elsewhere in the state; more
common southward than elsewhere.

Pa. ‘Near Philadelphia,” probably as an introduced plant,
otherwise unknown.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing outside it: Cretac-
eous, scattered: Older Formations, 0: 168-220 days. About sea
level.

HAMAMELIDACEAE

1. Hamamelis L.

1. H. virginiana L. In low woods: N. S. to Ont., Wisc., Neb.,
Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; rare on the coastal plain of L. I.

ALTINGIACEAE

1. Liquidambar L.

1. L. Styraciflua L. In woods: Conn. to Mo., Fla. and Tex.,
southward to Mex. and Guatemala.

Conn. Fairfield Co., near the coast.

N.Y. CommononL.I.andS.1I.; frequent in the Bronx, and up
the Hudson Valley to the southern end of the Highlands, un-
recorded northward.

N. J. Local north of the coastal plains, increasing and common
southward, but wanting in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common, except on Beacon Hill, there wanting: Cre-
taceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating
south of the moraine. 143-220 days. Sea level—870 ft.

GROSSULARIACEAE

Plants without nodal spines, fruit disarticulating from the pedicel
(currants). I. RIBEs.
Plants with nodal spines; fruit not disarticulating from the pedicel

(gooseberries). 2. GROSSULARIA.
I. Ripeswe:
Plants with spines or prickles. 1. R. lacustre.
Plants without spines or prickles.
Ovary with sessile glands. 2. R. nigrum.

Ovary without glands or the glands stalked.

358

GROSSULARIA CEAE

Sepals slightly united at the base, the hypanthium ob-

solete.
Ovary without hairs of any kind.
Pedicels usually glandless, petals yellow. 3. R. vulgare.
Pedicels usually bearing a few glands; petals red. 4. R. triste.
Ovary with gland-tipped hairs, 5. R. glandulosum.
Hypanthium evident, though short. 6. R. americanum.

1. R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. In swamps and wet woods: Newf.

to

ie)

6.

to Alask., Mass., Pa. and Mich., also in Colo., Utah and Cal.
Conn. Near Meriden and Salisbury.
N. Y. The summits of the Catskills.
Pa. Schuylkill Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare at higher
elevations. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-138 days.
735-4020 ft.

. R. nigrum L. Locally escaped from cultivation in the middle

states. Native of Europe.

Rare as an escape in our area.

. R. vulgare Lam. Escaped from cultivation: Mass. to Ont.

and Wisc., south to Va. and Cal.

Not uncommon as an escape in our area.

. R. triste Pall. (R. rubrum subglandulosum Maxim). In cold

woods: Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and
Ore., also in northern Asia.

Known only, in our area, from Onteora, Greene Co., and Bergen
Co., N. J. The reference to R. rubrum as native in Warren Co.,
N. J., may apply to this species.

. R. glandulosum Grauer. (R. prostratum L’Her.). In cold wet

places: Newf. to Mackenzie, Br. Col., Athabasca, Sask.,
Man., Wisc. and N. Car.
Conn. Northwestern part of Litchfield Co.
N.Y. The Catskills.
N. J. Reported but not recently collected from Bergen Co.
otherwise unknown.
Pa. Monroe Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 ft. 1,000-4,020 ft.

R. americanum Mill. (R. floridum L’Her.). In woods: N.S.
to Va., west to Alberta; also in New Mex.

GROSSULARIACEAE 359

Conn. Throughout most of the state but not common as a wild
plant.

N.Y. Rare south of the moraine on L. I., increasing north of the
moraine and on S, I., thence becoming common northward.

N. J. Mercer, Somerset and Hudson counties, increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting, perhaps in Bucks Co.,
Pa.: Older Formations, increasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea
level—1,800 ft.

R. odoratum Wendl., has been collected in many places in Conn. and New York.
It isan escape from gardens.

2. Grossularia [Tourn.] Mill.

Ovary bristly, the larger bristles not gland-tipped. 1. G. Cynosbatt.
Ovary smooth or pubescent, not bristly. i
Ovary villous.
Ovary glabrous.
Sepals mostly greenish-purple, 1-2 times the length of the

No

. G. reclinata.

hypanthium. 3. G. hirtella.
Sepals mostly purplish green, 2-4 times the length of the
hypanthium. 4. G. rotundifolia.

1. G. Cynosbati (L.) Mill. (Ribes Cynosbati L.). In rocky woods:
N. B. to N. Car., Ala., Mo. and Man.
Conn. Hartford, Tolland, New Haven, Fairfield and Litchfield
counties, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. North of the moraine on L. I.; on S. I., unknown in the
Bronx, thence increasing and common northward.

N. J. Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing but not common
northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne and Lehigh counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and not
uncommon northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-169
days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft.

2. G. reclinata (L.) Mill. (Rizbes Uva-crispa L.; R. Grossularia L.).
Escaped from gardens: N. Y. and N. J.
A rather rare escape in our area, and probably not persisting.
3. G. hirtella (Michx.) Spach. (Ribes huronense Rydb. R.
oxyacanthoides of Gray’s Manual, 7th edition, and of Britton’s

Manual, in part. Notof L.). In wet woods and low grounds:
Newf. to N. J., Pa., W. Va., S. Dak. and Man.

360 ROSACEAE

Nearly throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens and the
area immediately surrounding them, there rare or wanting; not
onpknown) lator S: I

4. G. rotundifolia (Michx.) Coville & Britton (Ribes rotundt-
folium Michx.). In rocky woods: Mass. to N. Y. and N.
Car

Conn. Meriden, Southington and Salisbury.

N. Y. Formerly on L. I., reported from S. I.; unknown in the
Bronx; Westchester Co., increasing northward.

N. J. Monmouth Co., rare; frequent north of the coastal plain.

Pa. Wayne, Bucks and Schuylkill counties.

G. missouriensis (Nutt.) Coville & Britton (Ribes gracile Pursh) has been reported
from a roadside in Conn. I have seen no specimens.

PLATANACEAE

1. Platanus [Tourn.] L.

1. P. occidentalis L. Along streams and in wet woods: N.

Hamp. to Ont. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens.

ROSACEAE

Fruit consisting of 1-5 dehiscent follicles.
Carpels alternate with the sepals, or less in number; stipules
none or deciduous.
Carpels 1-5, if more than one united below; seeds shining. 1. OPULASTER.
Carpels 5, distinct; seeds dull.
Stamens inserted on the margin of the hypanthium;

flowers perfect; shrubs with simple leaves. 2. SPIRAEA.
Stamens inserted on the inside of the hypanthium;
flowers dioecious; herbs with compound leaves. 3. ARUNCUS.

Carpels opposite the sepals; stipules present, persistent.
Petals obovate or spatulate; leaves pinnately compound. 4. SCHIZONOTUS.
Petals strap shaped; leaves ternately compound. 5. PORTERANTHUS.
Fruit consisting of indehiscent achenes or drupelets.
Carpels not enclosed in a fleshy hypanthium.
Fruits consisting of dry achenes.
Ovules 2, one above the other; perennial herbs with
pinnately dissected leaves. 6, FILIPENDULA.
Ovules and seeds solitary.
Seeds inserted at the point where the style
arises.
Style articulated to the ovary; flowers
cymose or solitary.
Style terminal or nearly so, ovules
pendulous. 7. POTENTILLA.
Style lateral, ovules ascending.

ROSACEAE 361

Achenes glabrous; herbs.
Leaves odd-pinnate.
Petals yellow; leaves in-

terruptedly pinnate. 8. ARGENTINA.
Petals red; leaves regu-
larly pinnate. g. COMARUM.

Leaves trifoliolate.
Petals yellow, receptacle

not pulpy. 10. DUCHESNEA.
Petals white or cream,
receptacle fleshy. II. FRAGARIA.
Achenes hairy; shrubs or under-
shrubs.
Leaves trifoliolate; petals
white. 12. SIBBALDIOPSIS.

Leaves pinnate; petals yellow. 13. DASIPHORA.
Style nearly basal, ovules ascending or
nearly erect; leaves pinnate. 14. DRYMOCALLIS.
Style not articulated to the ovary; flowers
racemose or spicate.
Hypanthium not prickly; petals lack-

ing.
Stamens 2-4; pistil 1. 15. SANGUISORBA.
Stamens in the staminate flowers
numerous; pistils 2. 16. POTERIUM.
Hypanthium prickly, the prickles
hooked. 17. AGRIMONIA.

Seeds inserted at the proximal end of the ovary,
perfectly basal.
Style persistent on the achene; leaves
interruptedly pinnate. 18. GEUM.
Style deciduous; leaves trifoliolate. 19. WALDSTEINIA.
Fruits of more or less fleshy drupelets.
Drupelets very pulpy; upright or prostrate partly

woody vines or shrubs. 20. RusBus.
Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx; low
tufted herb. 21. DALIBARDA.
Carpels enclosed in the hypanthium which becomes fleshy in
fruit. 22. Rosa.

1. Opulaster Medic.

1. O. opulifolius (L.) IKuntze. Rocky river banks: Que. to
Tenn. and Mich.

Conn. Rare and local in New London Co., otherwise unknown.

N.Y. Unknown on L. I., rare and local on S. I., thence scattering
up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands. Not reported from the
Catskills. Perhaps not a wild plant in the area.

N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Burlington, Middlesex and
Mercer counties, thence increasing but not common northward.
Unknown in the pine-barrens.

362 ROSACEAE

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattering: Older Formations, not
common. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft.

2. Spiraea [Tourn.] L.
Inflorescence simple. 1. S. ulmifolia.
Inflorescence compound, flowers paniculate.
Sepals merely spreading; disk obsolete; leaves not tomentose

beneath.
Inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades broadly oblanceolate to
obovate. 2. S. latifolia.
Inflorescence pubescent.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. 3. S. salicifolia.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate. 4. S. alba.
Sepals soon reflexed; leaves tomentose beneath. 5. S. tomentosa.

1. S. ulmifolia Scop. Cultivated and sometimes escaping in the
eastern states. Native of southern Europe.
Not uncommon as an escape, especially in Conn. Rare in N. Y.
. S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. In meadows: Newf. to N. Car., W.
Pa. and Sask.

Throughout the range except the region east and south of the
pine-barrens in N. J.

to

3. S. salicifolia L. Sometimes escaping from cultivation: Eas-
tern and Middle States. Native of Siberia.

Occasional as an escape in most parts of our range.

4. S. alba Du Roi. Wet soil: Ont. to N. Y., N. C., Sask. and
Mo. —

Known, in our area, only from the Fishkill Mts., N. Y.

on

. S. tomentosa L. In swampy and wet places, sometimes in
fields: N. S. to Ga., Ark., Kan. and Man.
Throughout the range in favorable localities, usually very common.

Among the Japanese garden forms commonly cultivated, but rarely escaping are
S. chamaedrifolia L., S. japonica L. f. and S. prunifelia Sieb, & Zucc. None are to be
considered as part of our wild flora.

S. corymbosa Raf. recorded from Morris Co., N. J., has not been subsequently col-
lected within the range.

3. Aruncus [L.] Adans.

1. A. Aruncus (L.) Karst. Commonly cultivated but not escap-
ing very freely in the Eastern United States. Native of
Europe.

A rare escape, perhaps nowhere established within our area.

ROSACEAE 363

4. Schizonotus Lindl.

1. S. sorbifolius (L.) Lindl. Cultivated in Eastern U. S. and
Canada, sometimes escaping. Native of N. Asia.
A rare escape known definitely only from Conn. and N. Y. in our

area.
5. Porteranthus Britton

1. P. trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Woodlands: Ont. and N. Y. to
Mich., Mo. and Ga.
N.Y. Rare in the Highlands of the Hudson.
N. J. Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Morris, Passaic and Bergen
counties, increasing northward; locally at Prospertown, Ocean Co.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia,
Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, scattered and
local, most common on limestone. 138-224 days. Sea level-—

1,000 ft.
6. Filipendula [Tourn.] Mill.

1. F. rubra (Hill) B. L. Robinson. In moist ground: Vt. to Pa.,
Iowa, Ky. and Ga.

Reported only from Hancock, Delaware Co., N. Y., Andover,
Sussex Co., N. J., and locally in Conn., perhaps nowhere as a wild
plant.

Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and F. Filipendula (L.) Voss, both commonly
cultivated, are rare escapes in our area. Neither is established.

7. Potentilla L.

Flowers axillary, solitary, on long pedicels.
Pubescence of stem, petioles and peduncles appressed.
Leaflets sparingly silky or strigose, toothed except at the
very base. 1. P. simplex.
Leaflets densely silky beneath; toothed only from the
middle upwards. . pumila,
Pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. 3. P. canadensis.
Flowers cymose.
Cymes very leafy, many-flowered.
Annuals or biennials; styles glandular at the base;

N
Sy

scarcely exceeding the calyx. 4. P. monspeliensis.
Perennials; styles not glandular; petals slightly exceeding
the calyx.
Leaves white tomentose beneath. 5. P. argentea.
Leaves not white tomentose beneath. 6. P. intermedia.
Cymes not very leafy, generally rather few flowered.
Petals deep yellow, scarcely longer than the sepals. 7. P. recta.
Petals sulphur yellow, half longer than the sepals. 8. P. sulphurea.

364 ROSACEAE

1. P. simplex Michx. Moist shaded places: N.S. to Minn.,
Mo. and the mountains of Ala. and N. Car.
Common throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there
rare and local and probably adventive; always increasing north-
ward.

NO

. P. pumila Poir. Sandy or dry soil: Me. to Ga., Ohio and Ont.

Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, always decreasing
inland, and frequently replacing P. canadensis along the coast.

3. P. canadensis L. Dry ground: N. B. to Wisc., eastern Texas,
Ala. and N. Car.

Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there rare and
local, and probably adventive; always increasing northward.

4. P. monspeliensis L. Rich soil and waste places: Lab. to
D. C., Kan., Mex., Calif. and Alask.; also in Europe and
Asia.

Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, becoming very
common northward.

. P. argentea L. In waste places and in fields: N. S. to the
Dakotas, Kan. and D. C. Native of Europe.
Common as a weed throughout the area, probably introduced
into the pine-barrens.

on

6. P. intermedia L. Fields and roadsides and waste places:
E. U.S. Native of Europe.

Rare as a ballast plant near the larger cities.

7. P. recta L. Roadsides and waste places: E. U. S. Native
of Europe.
A rare adventive in Conn. and N. Y., hardly persisting.
8. P. sulphurea Lam. Fields and waste places: Vt. to D. C., Ill.

and Mich. Native of Europe and Asia.

A rather rare adventive near most of our larger towns and cities.
P. paradoxa Nutt. has been found as a waif.

8. Argentina Lam.

Leaf rachis densely pubescent; achenes corky. 1. A. Anserina.
Leaf rachis glabrate; achenes not corky. 2. A. littoralis.

1. A. Anserina (L.) Rydb. Roadsides and fields: E. N. S.
Naturalized from Europe and Asia.
A rare or occasional adventive.

ROSACEAE 365

2. A. littoralis Rydb. Along the coast and in salt marshes:
Lab., Newf. and Que. to S. I.
Known definitely in our range only from Sands Point and
Southampton, L. I., and from the coast of Conn. and S. I. It
has been referred to Potentilla pacifica Howell.

9g. Comarum L.
1. C. palustre L. In bogs and moist places: Greenland to
Alaska, south to Conn., N. J. and Wyoming.
Conn. Rare and local in New Haven Co., increasing northwest-
ward into Litchfield Co.
N. J. Budd’s Lake, Morris Co.
Pa. Wayne and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. Not south of the moraine. 138-152 days. 715-
1,800 ft.

10. Duchesnea J. E. Smith
1. D. indica (Andr.) Focke. In fields and waste places: N. Y.
and Pa., westward to Mo. and southward. Native of Asia

A rare adventive, sometimes established.

11. Fragaria [Tourn.] L.

Pubescence of scape and petioles divaricate, generally spreading at
right angles or somewhat reflexed.
Leaflets subsessile; achenes superficial.

Fruit hemispheric. 1. F. vesca.
Fruit ovoid or subconic. 2. F. americana.
Leaflets usually petiolulate; achenes set in deep pits.
Fruit subglobose. 3. F. virginiana.
Fruit oblong-conic. 4. F. canadensis.
Pubescence of the scape and petioles appressed or ascending;
achenes in pits. 5. F. terrae-novae.

1. F. vesca L. Cultivated and sometimes escaping: Eastern
and Middle States. Native of Europe.
Rather a rare escape in most parts of our range. The white-
fruited form is rarer than the type, but is found in parts of the
area and is apparently native northward.

2. F. americana (Porter) Britton. In woods: Newf. to Man.,
New Mex. and Va.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing but not common north-
ward.

366 ROSACEAE

N. Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson northward, becoming
common in the Catskills; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Sussex and Morris counties.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-176 days. Sea

level—3,365 ft.

3. F. virginiana Duchesne. In fields: P. E. I. to Minn. and
Ind. Terr., south to Ga.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
rare and probably introduced.

4. F. canadensis Michx. In woods: Newf. to Hudson Bay,
N. Y. and Mich.

Known definitely in our area only from the mountain tops in
Greene Co., N. Y.

. F. terrae-novae Rydb. In woods and fields: Labrador and
Newf. to Ont. and New York.

N. Y. The tops of the Catskills in Greene, Ulster and Delaware
counties.

on

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, exclusively north
of the moraine. 117-138 days. 1,000-4,020 ft.

F. Grayana Vilm. (F. virginiana illinoensis (Prince) Gray) has been collected as a

waif in Conn.
12. Sibbaldiopsis Rydb.

1. S. tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Bare exposed places: Green-
land to N. J., Ga., Minn., Man.; also in Great Britain.
Conn. The northwestern part of Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing northward.
N. J. The summit of High Point, Sussex Co.
Pa. The summits of the mountains in Luzerne and Lackawanna
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, exclusively north
of the moraine. 117-138 days. 1,000-4,020 ft.

13. Dasiphora Raf.

1. D. fruticosa (L.) Rydb. In woods or pastures: Lab. to Alask.,
Cal., N. Mex. and N. J.; also in Siberia and Western Europe.
Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., and Copake Falls, Columbia
Co.

Ie

ie

Tie

ROSACEAE 367

N. J. Hudson, Warren, Bergen, Passaic, Morris and Sussex
counties, increasing northward.
Pa. Pike and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 123-168 days. 800-3,365 ft.

14. Drymocallis Fourr.

D. agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb. (D. arguta Rydb.). Mead-
ows and rocky places: N. B. to D. C., Colo. and the
Mackenzie.

Conn. Not common, but found throughout the state.

N. Y. Unknown on S. I., very rare on L. I. near Springfield; rare
and local in Westchester and Rockland counties, thence increasing
northward but not definitely known from the Catskills.

N. J. Abundant but local at Winslow Junction, Lakewood and
Riverton, in and near the pine-barrens; thence unknown except at
the north in Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Sussex
counties. Probably introduced at all the southern stations.

Pa. Delaware, Northampton and Luzerne counties.

Tertiary, not known as a wild plant, sparingly introduced: Cre-
taceous, scattered, doubtfully indigenous: Older Formations, in-
creasing northward. 138-189 days. Sea level-2,r100 ft.

15. Sanguisorba [Rupp.] L.
S. canadensis L. In swamps and meadows: Lab. and Newf.
to Ga. and Mich.
Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland and perhaps
wanting northward.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson to
Peekskill, otherwise unknown.
N. J. Common throughout the state, except the pine-barrens.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties,
perhaps not indigenous.
Distribution little understood, but apparently more common near
the coasts and less common inland than elsewhere.

16. Poterium L.

P. Sanguisorba L. Often cultivated and frequently escaping:
Eastern and Middle States.
Not a very common escape in most parts of our range.

368 ROSACEAE

17. Agrimonia [Tourn.] L.*
Fruiting hypanthium with several series of bristles, the lower bristles
reflexed. 1. A. gryposepala.
Fruiting hypanthium with 2-4 series of bristles, the latter erect,
ascending or merely spreading.
Racemes and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 2. A. rostellata.
Racemes and lower surface of the leaves decidedly eters
Roots tuberous and thickened.
Leaflets 5-7, rarely 9, obovate or oval or rarely
elliptic. 3. A. pubescens.
Leaflets 7-13, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic. 4. A. Bicknellii.
Roots not tuberous.
Leaflets 5-9, broadly lanceolate, oblanceolate or

elliptic, with rather few teeth. 5. A. striata.
Leaflets 9-25, narrowly lanceolate, with numerous
teeth. 6. A. parviflora.

1. A. gryposepala Wallr. (A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell). Bor-
ders of woods and thickets: N.S. to N. Car., Neb. and N. D.
and in Cal., N. Mex. and Mex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the

region immediately surrounding them, there wanting; always in-
creasing northward.

2. A. rostellata Wallr. (A. striata of Britton’s Manual. Not
of Michx.). Hilly woodsides: Conn. to Ga., Ala. and Kan.
Conn. Not very common along the coast, decreasing inland, and
wanting northward.

N. Y. On L.1I., frequent north of the moraine; Bronx and West-
chester counties.

N. J. Throughout the region north of the coastal plain, south-

ward to Gloucester and Camden counties.
Pa. Bucks Co.

3. A. pubescens Wallr. (A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton). In dry,
open woods: N. Y. and Ont. to Ga., Ark., Kan. and Minn.
Scattered over most of our area, except the pine-barrens, there

rare or wanting; rare in the region surrounding the pine-barrens.

4. A. Bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb. In woods: S. Mass. to Pa.,
Ga. and Tenn.

N.Y. Common on L. I., not reported from S.I.; in N. Y., Bronx,
Westchester, and Putnam counties, otherwise unknown.

* The taxonomic treatment here presented is adapted from Dr. P. A. Rydberg’s
monograph in North American Flora. 1 have also followed Dr. Rydberg’s treatment of
Geum, Rubus and Rosa in the same work, and here gratefully express my indebtedness
to him for much help in these difficult genera.

ROSACEAE 369

N. J. Near Highlands, Monmouth Co.; Verona, Essex Co.
Pa. Rare in Northampton Co.

Rare and local species with inexplicably scattered distribution.

5. A. striata Michx. (A. Brittoniana Bicknell). Roadsides, open
woods and copses: N.S. to W. Va., N. Mex. and B. Col.

Conn. Rare near the coast and in the southwestern part of the
state, frequent elsewhere.

N. Y. Glen Cove, L. I., White Plains, Westchester Co., and in
Greene Co.
Pa. Northampton, Pike and Monroe counties.

6. A. parviflora Ait. In damp ground: Conn. to Fla., Minn.
and Neb.; also in Santo Domingo.

Conn. Reported only from Fairfield Co. and from Salisbury.

N.Y. OnL.I.,S. I.and in Bronx and Westchester counties, other-
wise unknown.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens; rare in the
area surrounding them.

Pa. Bucks, Berks and Delaware counties.

Agrimonia platycarpa Wallr. has been collected only once within our area, at Van
Courtlandt Park, N. Y. City. It is a southern species, perhaps only a fugitive in the
range.

18. Geum L.*
Sepals reflexed.
Receptacle stalked; bractlets none or rudimentary. 1. G. vernum.
Receptacle sessile.
Receptacle glabrous.
Receptacle hairy.
Petals white or ochroleucous; receptacle long-hairy.
Petals white or cream-colored, equalling the
sepals.
Basal and lower stem-leaves simple or
ternate.
Basal and lower stem-leaves pinnate.
Petals cream yellow, and shorter than the sepals.
Petals golden yellow; receptacle short hairy.
Sepals ascending or merely spreading.

ty
D

. virginianum,

. canadense.

. Meyerianum.
. hirsutum.

. strictum.

. rivale.

WARES
AAAAQA

1. G. vernum Raf. Meadows and borders of woods: Ont. to
N. J., Tenn., Tex. and Kan.
N.Y. Near Brooklyn, N. Y., probably there adventive; Kings-
bridge, N. Y. City.

* Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg and adapted from his treatment
of the genus in North American Flora.

25

379 ROSACEAE

N. J. Known only from near Princeton; not recently collected.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties.

A rare and highly localized species.

LS)

. G. virginianum L. Thickets and wet places: N. B. to N. Car.,
Mo. and Minn.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and the coastal
plain of L. I., there wanting; rare and local in the area immedi-
ately surrounding the pine-barrens.

3. G. canadense Jacq. Banks and among bushes: N. S. to Ga.,
Tex., Kan. and the Black Hills of S. Dak.

Very common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens,
there rare or wanting.

4. G. Meyerianum Rydb. Que. to N. Y. and Pa.

Known in our area only from Tuxedo Park, N. Y. and from Bangor
and Easton, Pa.

. G. hirsutum Muhl. (G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell). Woods

and banks: Conn., N. Y. and Ohio to Ga. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common.

N. Y. OnL.I. and S. I. and near the city of New York; in West-
chester Co., apparently wanting elsewhere.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens and east and
south of them.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.

on

Distribution not as yet understood.

6. G. strictum Soland. Low meadows: Newf. to Pa., Mo., Mex.
and B. Col.

Conn. Rare and local over most of the state.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., and in the Bronx, thence increas-
ing and common northward.

N. J. Freehold, Monmouth Co. and New Egypt, Ocean Co., rare;
becoming more frequent in Somerset and Union counties, thence
increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, 0:

Older Formations, increasing northward. 118-189 days. Sea

level—2,800 ft.

This species is supposed to hybridize with G. rivale and the
hybrid is to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents
occur.

ROSACEAE 371

7. G. rivale L. In swamps and low grounds: Lab. and Newf. to
N. J., Mo., N. Mex. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing and becoming common

northward.
N. Y. Unknown south of the Highlands of the Hudson, thence
increasing northward.
N. J. Bergen, Passaic, Morris and Warren counties, increasing
northward.
Pa. Wayne, Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 118-220 days. Sea
level-3,365 ft.
This species is supposed to hybridize with G. strictum and the
hybrid is to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents
occur.

G. macrophyllum Welld. a far northern species, has been erroneously reported from
Bucks Co., Pa. The specimen on which the report was based is G. virginianum.

19. Waldsteinia Willd.
1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Woods and shaded hillsides:
N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Mich., Ind. and along the
Alleghanies to Ga.

Conn. Northern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Ulster, Sullivan, Dutchess, Delaware and Greene counties.

N. J. Sussex Co.
Pa. Bucks, Monroe, Northampton and Schuylkill counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-158 days. 800-4,020 ft.

20. Rubus [Tourn.] L.*

I. Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lobed.

Shrubby; flowers corymbose, purple. 1. R. odoratus.
Herbaceous; flower solitary, white. 2. R. Chamaemorus.
II. Leaves 3-7 foliolate.
Stem herbaceous, never prickly, rarely bristly. 3. R. pubescens.
Stems more or less woody, biennial or perennial, usually
prickly.

Carpels united into a thimble-shaped aggregate fruit,
falling off from the dry receptacle.

* Adapted, with the aid of Dr. P. A. Rydberg, from his treatment in North American
Flora. Because of the uncertainty of specific limitations, the many hybrids, and the
writer’s lack of familiarity with the group, it has seemed wise to omit phytogeographical
and ecological data.

372 ROSACEAE

Petals rose or purple; stem densely hispid but not
glandular.
Petals white.
Inflorescence corymbiform; fruit black or purple;
stem prickly.
Inflorescence racemose; fruit red.
Plant not at all glandular hispid; young
branches and inflorescence finely tomentose.
Plant more or less glandular hispid, especially
in the inflorescence.

Carpels remaining on the fleshy receptacle, or falling off
together with the same, or falling off separately.
A. Stems prickly or rarely unarmed; prickles com-

paratively few, usually stout, confined to the
angles of the stem.
1. Suckers erect; stems in age erect, arching or
recurved (prostrate in No. 21).
Leaflets laciniate.
Leaflets not laciniate.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath.
Leaves noc white-tomentose beneath.
Inflorescence densely glandular; with
long stipitate hairs.
Sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate;
stem strongly angled.

Inflorescence corymbose; terminal
leaflet of the sucker broadly
cordate.

Inflorescence usually elongate
racemiform; terminal leaflet of
the suckers elongate-cordate
or ovate.

Sepals lanceolate, long acuminate.
Inflorescence not at all glandular or
only slightly so; glands sessile or
short stipitate.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath.

Inflorescence elongated racemose;

young branches angled;
terminal leaflets of the
suckers not broadly cor-
date.

Stem very prickly, much
branched; prickles of the
stem long.

Stem sparingly __ prickly;
prickles of the stem short.

Inflorescence short, corymbi-

form; young branches
terete; terminal leaflets of
the suckers broadly cor-
date.

4. R. phoenicolasius.

5. R. occidentalis.

6. R. Idaeus.

7. R. strigosus.

8. R. laciniatus.

g. R. cuneifolius.

10. R. sativus.

11. R. nigrobaccus.
12. R. allegheniensis.

13. R. argutus.

14. R. pergratus

ROSACEAE 373

Stem often recurved and
rooting at the tip; leaflets
on floral branches usually
acuminate, incised toothed. 15. R. recurvans.
Stem rarely recurved and
rooting; leaflets on floral
branches merely acute,
with short broad teeth. 16. R. frondosus.
Leaves essentially glabrous beneath
or hairy only on the veins.
Stem erect or arching, but not
rooting at the tip.
Stem slender, less than I m.
high, almost herbaceous,
unarmed or with a few
bristle-like retrorse
prickles.
Flowers racemose, though
few. 17.7R. Randii.
Flowers solitary or 2 or 3,
leafy bracted (erect
forms of). 25.” R. Enslenii.
Stem stout usually 1.5 m.
high, angled, unarmed or
with a few short stout
prickles. 18. R. canadensis.
Stems recurved and often rooting
at the tips (hybrids of Nos. 10,
I2, 13, 14, I5, 16, 17 and 18
with Nos. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and
25).
2. Suckers and stems prostrate, only the floral
branches erect.
Leaves decidedly pubescent beneath.
Inflorescence conspicuously leafy-bracted
with unifoliolate broadly ovate or
cordate leaves.
Leaflets firm and light green, shining

above, regularly toothed. 19. R. invisus.
Leaflets thin, dark green above,
irregularly toothed. 20. R. Baileyanus.

Inflorescence not conspicuously — leafy-
bracted; unifoliolate leaves rare, if any
cuneate at base. 21. R. plicatifolius.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath, except
on the veins beneath.
Leaflets, at least those of the suckers
coarsely and incisely dentate or lobed. 22. R. heterophyllus.
Leaflets more regularly serrate.
Leaflets of floral branches sharply ser-
rate, with lanceolate teeth, firm at
least in age.

374 ROSACEAE

Leaflets thick, dark green, dull;

leaves of inflorescence often uni-

foliolate. 23. R. flagellaris.
Leaflets light green, shining above;

leaves of the inflorescence rarely

unifoliolate. 24. R. procumbens.
Leaflets of floral branches crenate-ser-
rate, with ovate teeth. 25. R. Enslenii.

B. Stem with usually numerous bristles, not confined
to the angles.
Stem at first erect or ascending; leaflets of
suckers acute or acuminate at the apex,
not evergreen.
Inflorescence corymbiform, short and
broad. 26. R. nigricans.
Inflorescence racemiform, simple. 27. R. setosus.
Stem prostrate from the beginning; leaflets of
suckers obtuse or rounded at apex, half-
evergreen. 28. R. hispidus.

1. R. odoratus L. (Rubacer odoratum (L.) Rydb.). In rocky

woods: N.S. to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Tenn.

Conn. Rare or wanting near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Roslyn, L. I. Unknown on S.1.; rare and local in Bronx
and Westchester counties, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Union, Essex, and Hudson counties, increasing
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

2. R. Chamaemorus L. Arctic Am. and Greenland to N. Hamp.
and N. Y., west to Alask., B. Col. Also in Eu. and Asia.
Localized in our area at Montauk Point, L. I., there presumably
introduced by birds.

3. R. pubescens Raf. (R. americanus Britton). Swamps and
damp woods: Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Mont., B. Col., also in
Colo.

Conn. Rare near the east coast, increasing northward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I.; rare in Westchester and Bronx
counties, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Hudson, Essex, and Hunterdon counties, increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties.

4. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Escaped from cultivation in E.
U.S. Native of Japan and China.
A rare garden escape, occasionally persistent in our area.

ROSACEAE 375

5. R. occidentalis L. N. B. and Que. to Ga., Col. and Minn.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.
This species is supposed to hybridize with R. strigosus, and the
hybrid (sometimes called R. neglectus Peck) is to be looked for
wherever both the supposed parents occur together.

6. R. Idaeus L. Escaped from gardens: E. N. S. Native of
Europe and Asia.
A very rare garden escape in our area, hardly persisting.

7. R. strigosus Michx. In thickets: Newf. to Va., Neb. and
N. Dak.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northward.
N.Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson, northward.
N. J. From Hunterdon and Essex counties northward.
Pa. Pike, Lackawanna, Monroe, Northampton and Schuylkill

counties.
Hybridizes with R. occidentalis.

8. R. laciniatus Willd. Escaped from cultivation: E. U.S. and
in Canada.
A rare, hardly persisting escape, in our range.

g. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Dry fields: Conn. and N. J. to Fla. and

La.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting northward.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., apparently unknown cee here.

N. J. Rare in Hunterdon and Sussex counties, unknown between
this and the pine-barrens, there common, and in the region sur-
rounding the barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Hybridizes with R. argutus.

10. R. sativus (Bailey) Brainerd. Open fields: Que. and Ont.
to Conn. and Pa.
Known, in our area, only from Morris Co. and Forked River,
N. J., from Meriden and Southington, Conn., and from Easton, Pa.
Hybridizes with R. nigricans.
11. R. nigrobaccus Bailey. Open woods: N.S. to N. Car., Ark.
and Ill.

Common everywhere, except the coastal plain of N. J.

376 ROSACEAE

Hybridizes with R. argutus, frondosus, canadensis, Randit,
pergratus, Baileyanus, plicatiformis, procumbens, nigricans and
hispidus.

12. R. alleghaniensis Porter. In thickets: N.S. to Ont., N. Y.,
Va. and N. Car.

Known definitely only from Monroe, Carbon and Schuylkill
counties in Pa. and Union and Morris counties in N. J.

13. R. argutus Link. (R. andrewisanus Blanch.). In fields: N.
S. to mountains of N. Car., Kan. and Iowa.
Common nearly throughout the area, less common in the pine-
barrens than elsewhere; not recorded from S. I.
Hybridizes with R. frondosus, recurvans, Baileyanus, nigrobaccus,
nigricans, canadensis, procumbens, flagellaris, Enslentt and cunet-

folius.
14. R. pergratus Blanchard. In mountains: Me. and Ont. to
N. Y. and Iowa.

Known in our range only from the Catskills in Greene and Dela-
ware Co., N. Y. and from Pike Co., Pa.

Hybridizes with R. canadensis, procumbens, nigricans and
nigrobaccus.
15. R. recurvans Blanchard. In thickets: Me. to Conn. and
INGSINE YS
Apparently rather common in Conn., but not definitely reported
from any other part of our range.

Hybridizes with R. argutus, procumbens, geophilus, canadensis
and nigricans.

16. R. frondosus Bigel. N. E. to Va. and Ohio.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
very rare in the region immediately surrounding the pine-barrens.

Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, argutus, procumbens, Baileyanus,
flagellaris, nigricans, hispidus and Enslenit.
17. R. Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Woods: N.S. and Mass. to N. Y.
and Pa.

Known definitely only from Greene Co. in N. Y. and Pike,
Monroe and Northampton counties in Pa.; rare.

Hybridizes with R. nigricans and nigrobaccus.

ROSACEAE 377

18. R. canadensis L. Woods: Newf. to N. Car. and Mich.
Confined so far as now known to the mountains of Ulster, Greene,
Columbia, Sullivan and Delaware counties, N. Y.and Monroe and
Luzerne counties in Pa. Locally very common.

Hybridizes with R. sativus, nigrobaccus, argutus, recurvans,
Randi, pergratus, Baileyanus, procumbens, geophilus, plicatifolius,
nigricans and hispidus.

19. R. invisus (Bailey) Britton. Conn. to Ont. and Va.
Credited to Conn. but not definitely known from the state,
otherwise unknown from the range.

20. R. Baileyanus Britton. Mass. and Ont. to Va., Okl. and Kan.
Common throughout the range, except in and near the pine-
barrens, there rare or wanting.
Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, frondosus, procumbens, hispidus,
argutus, Enslenit, flagellaris, nigricans and canadensis.
21. R. plicatifolius Blanchard. Me. and Ont. to the Catskills
and Pa., also in Wisc. and Minn.
Known definitely only from the mountains in Greene Co., N. Y.
and Luzerne Co., Pa.
Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, nigricans, canadensis and
hispidus.
22. R. heterophyllus Willd. (R. geophilus Blanchard). On open
ground: Me. to Mich., Conn. and N. J.
Apparently not known on L. I. and S. I.; otherwise scattered,
but rare, over most of the range.
Hybridizes with R. recurvans and canadensis.

23. R. flagellaris Willd. Sandy plains: L. I. to Nantucket Island.
Apparently localized on the coastal plain of L. I.
Hybridizes with R. argutus, frondosus, procumbens, Baileyanus,
hispidus and Enslentt.
24. R. procumbens Muhl. In dry soil: Newf. and Ont. to Lake
Superior, Va., La. and the Ind. Terr.
Common everywhere.
Hybridizes with R. nigrobaccus, argutus, recurvans, pergratus,
frondosus, canadensis, hispidus, Enslenii, nigricans, Baileyanus
and flagellaris.

378 ROSACEAE

25. R. Enslenii Tratt. Mass. to Mo., Tex. and southeastward.
So far as now known, on L. I., the Bronx and Westchester
County, N. Y.; reported also from the coastal plain of N. J.
Hybridizes with R. Baileyanus, procumbens, flagellaris, fron-
dosus, argutus and hispidus.

26. R. nigricans Rydb. In low ground: Newf. to R. I., Pa. and
Wisc.
Nearly throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens; there
rare or wanting; rare in the region immediately surrounding the
_ pine-barrens; not known on S. I.

Hybridizes with R. frondosus, sativus, nigrobaccus, recurvans,
pergratus, canadensis, Randit, plicatifolius, Baileyanus, procumbens

and hispidus.

27. R. setosus Bigel. Mass. to Conn. and N. Y.

Known in our area only from a doubtful specimen from South-
ington, Conn.

28. R. hispidus L. Low grounds and wet meadows: N. S. to Ga.,
Mich. and Minn.
Common throughout the range.
Hybridizes with R. canadensis, nigrobaccus, frondosus, Bailey-
anus, plicatifolius, flagellaris, Enslenit and nigricans.

R. Linkianus Ser., a European species has been collected, but not recently, near
Camden, N. J-

21. Dalibarda L.
1. D.repens L. On dry or rocky hills: N. B. to the Rocky Mts.,
south to Tenn. and Kan.

Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. The Mountains of Ulster, Sullivan, Greene and Delaware

counties.

N. J. Reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.; otherwise
unknown.*

Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna and Schuylkill
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single extra-limital station.* Older
Formations: increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-—
4,050 {t.

Alchemilla arvensis Scop. has been reported from the area as a waif.

*See Introduction, paragraph 36.

ROSACEAE

22. Rosa [Tourn.] L.*

Styles much exserted, about equalling the stamens.
Leaflets glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath,
dark green and shining above.
Leaflets velutinous-pubescent, beneath, rather dull above.
Styles not exserted or only slightly so.
Sepals reflexed after flowering and early deciduous.
Achenes inserted both on the inner walls of the hypan-
thium and in the bottom; prickles rarely in-
frastipular.
Leaflets 3-5, rarely 7; stem with prickles and
bristles.
Leaflets 7; stem with strong prickles but rarely
with bristles.
Leaflets glandular-pruinose beneath, double-
serrated.
Leaflets sub-orbicular or oval, usually
blunt.
Leaflets ovate, mostly acute.
Leaflets not glandular-pruinose beneath;
only rarely double-toothed.
Achenes inserted only in the bottom of the bristly
hypanthium.
Infrastipular prickles decidedly curved.
Leaflets finely serrulate.
Leaflets coarsely serrate.
Leaflets not glaucous.
Leaflets glaucous.
Infrastipular prickles straight or slightly curved.
Leaflets 9-10; stems densely bristly.
Leaflets 5-7; old stems sparsely bristly.
Leaflets shining above.
Leaflets not shining above.
Leaves decidedly pubescent be-
neath.
Leaves glabrous or pubescent only
on the veins beneath.
Leaflets not glandular-dentate.
Leaflets glandular-dentate.
Sepals erect after flowering, long-persistent on the fruit.
Flowers bracted.
Infrastipular prickles present.
Stems not pubescent; leaves not rugose.
Stems pubescent; leaves rugose.
Infrastipular prickles not present.
Flowers bractless.

n

II.

12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.

ong

. R. setigera.

R. rubifolia.

R. gallica.

. rubiginosa.
. micrantha.

aA

R. canina.

. R. palustris.

gemella.
. virginiana.

i

. nitida.

y Bw

. virginiana.

R. Lyont.

R. carolina.
R. serrulata,

R. spinosissima.
R. rugosa.

R. Solandert.

R. pimpinellifolia.

* Prepared with the assistance of Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Because of scarcity of material
and the many doubtful and hybrid specimens it seems wiser to omit phytogeographical

and ecological data.

350 ROSACEAE

1. R. setigera Michx. N. Y. to N. Car. and Ky. to Fla., aslo in
Ark. and Kan.
Rare and local as an escape from cultivation; not known as a wild
plant from the range.
. R. rubifolia R. Br. Ont. and N. Y. to Ga., Ala., Tex. and
Wise.

Known in our area only as a rare escape from cultivation.

to

3. R. gallica L. Escaped from gardens: Mass. and N. Y. to
Mo. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe.
A rare escape from cultivation near the larger cities or about
abandoned cottages.
4. R. rubiginosa L. Roadsides: N. S. to Ga., Miss. and Kan.
Native of Europe.

Common as an escape from cultivation in our area.

. R. micrantha J. E. Smith. Roadsides: Mass. and N. Y. to
S. Car. and westward. Native of Europe.

on

Very rare as an occasional escape from gardens.
6. R. canina L. Roadsides: Mass. and D. C. to Tenn. Native
of Europe.

Rare as an occasional escape from gardens naturalized in valley
of the upper Delaware River.

~I

. R. palustris Marsh (R. carolina of Am. Auth.). Swamps
and low places: N.S. to Minn., Miss. and Fla.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.
Hybridizes with Rosa carolina and Rosa virginiana.
8. R. gemella Willd. Mass. to southern N. Y.

Known definitely only from the bay side of Staten Island, N. Y.

g. R. virginiana Mill. (R. lucida Ait.). Newf. to Ont., Va. and
W. Va., Ark. and Mo.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
only sparingly introduced; more common northward than elsewhere.
Hybridizes with R. palustris, carolina and Lyont.
10. R. nitida Willd. Low grounds: Conn. and Mass. to Newf.

KKnown, in our area, only from Thompson, Stafford and Plain-
field, Conn.

MALACEAE 381

11. R. Lyoni Pursh (R. humilis villosa Best.). Central N. Y. and
N. J. to Ark. and Kan.
N. Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Passaic and Sussex counties.
Pa. Bucks and Northampton counties.

12. R. carolina L. (R. humilis Marsh.). Me. to Ga., Kan. and
Wisc.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare or
wanting.
Hybridizes with R. virginiana and palustris

13. R. serrulata Raf. Mass. and Ont. to Iowa, south to Fla. and
dex.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
scattered and local in its distribution.

14. R. spinosissima L. (R. cinnamomea L.). Escaped from
gardens: E. U.S. Native of Europe and Asia.

A rare escape from gardens in the northern part of the area;
perhaps not persisting.

15. R. rugosa Thunb. Escaping from gardens. Native of E.
Asia.

Established as an escape in Conn. and L. I.

16. R. Solanderi Tratt. (R. blanda Lindl. not Ait.). Anticosti
to Conn., Pa., Ill., N. Dak. and Man.

Known definitely only from Litchfield Co., Conn. and Bucks and
Delaware counties, Pa.; perhaps not as a wild plant in the area.
Reported from Hunterdon and Sussex counties, N. J.

17. R. pimpinellifolia L. As an escape: E. U.S. Native of Eu.
and Asia.

A rare escape from cultivation in some parts of our range; hardly
persisting.

Among the numerous waifs and adventives perhaps the most persistent is Kerria
japonica (Thunb.) DC. which is widely cultivated and often escapes.

MALACEAE
Ripe carpels papery or leathery.
Leaves pinnate. I. SORBUS
Leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed.
Cavities of the ovary as many as the styles.
Flesh of the pome with grit cells. 2. Pyrus

382 MALACEAE

Flesh of the pome without grit cells.
Cymes simple; trees. 3. MALus.
Cymes compound; shrubs. 4. ARONIA.
Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. AMELANCHIER.
Ripe carpels bony.
Ovule I in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. 6. CRATAEGUS.
Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. COTONEASTER.

1. Sorbus [Tourn.] L.

Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 4-6 mm. thick. 1. S. americana.
Leaflets obtuse or short pointed; fruit about 8 mm. thick. . S. scopulina.

is)

1. S. americana Marsh. In moist ground: Newf., Man., N. C.,

and Mich.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in northern West-
chester Co., thence increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Sussex, Morris, Warren and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Wayne, Monroe, Carbon, Luzerne and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 127-189 days. 800-

3,365 ft.

2. S. scopulina Greene. In moist ground: Lab. to Alberta, N.
Eng., Pa. and Mich. Also in the Rockies to N. Mex. and
Utah.

N. Y. The highest mountains in Sullivan and Greene counties.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. 117-123 days. Not south of the moraine. 1,800-
4,020 ft.

Sorbus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. is recorded as an established escape in Conn. and
New York. I have seen no specimens of actually naturalized trees.

2. Pyrus [Tourn.] L.

1. P.communis L. In thickets and woods, escaped from cultiva-

tion: Me. to N. J. and Pa.
A rare escape locally established.

3. Malus Mill.

Leaves glabrous, at least when mature.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base. 1. M. coronaria.
Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 2. M. glaucescens.
Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 3. M. Malus.

MALACEAE 383

1. M. coronaria (L.) Mill. (1. angustifolia Michx.) In thickets:
INS coll Kan, Plavandelea:
N. J. Found only at Cape May and near Landisville, Atlantic Co.

2. M. glaucescens Rehder (M. coronaria of Amer. auth., not of
L.). In thickets: Ont. to Mich. and S. Car. Very rare in
our range.

Known definitely only from Mercer Co. northward in N. J., and
from Bucks, Delaware, and Chester counties in Pa.

3. M. Malus (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets, escaped from
cultivation: Eastern U. S.

A common escape in our area, hardly persisting.
A supposed hybrid between M. Malus and M. baccata has been recorded from
Conn. as Pyrus prunifolia Willd.
Malus baccata (L.) Borck. Britton has been reported from Conn. as an escape.
4. Aronia Medic.

Cymes and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly.

Fruit pyriform, bright red. 1. A. arbutifolia.
Fruit oval or globose, purple-black. 2. A. atropurpurea.
Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit blackish. 3. A. melanocarpa.

1. A. arbutifolia (L.) Medic. In swamps and wet woods: Conn.

to Fla.

Conn. Not uncommon near the coast southwestward, unknown
elsewhere.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I.

N. J. Throughout the state, rare in the north, increasing south-
ward.

Pa. Known definitely only from Lehigh, Northampton and Mont-
gomery counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, decreasing: Older Formations,

scattered in N. J. and Conn. and on the glaciated part of S. I.

189-224 days. About sea level.

2. A. atropurpurea Britton. Mostly in wet soil: N.S. to Fla.
Throughout the area, more common southward than elsewhere;
perhaps wanting in the pine-barrens.
3. A. melanocarpa (Willd.) Britton. (A. nigra Britton). In
swamps or low woods, sometimes in drier situations: N. S.
to Ont., Fla. and Mich.

Common throughout the area.

384 MALACEAE

5. Amelanchier Medic.*

Low shrub; petals 4-8 mm. long. 1. A. spicata.
Trees, when mature; petals usually 10-16 mm. long.
Flowers racemose.
Top of the ovary smooth or nearly so.
Young leaves and inflorescence smooth or slightly
hairy; leaves mostly cordate at base. 2. A. canadensis.
Young leaves and inflorescence white wooly; leaves
rarely sub-cordate.

Petals 10-14 mm. long. 3. A. intermedia.
Petals 3-4 mm. long or less. 4. A. nantucketensts.

Top of ovary wooly; leaves rounded. 5. A. sanguinea.
Flowers solitary or 1-3, not racemose. 6. A. Barlramiana.

1. A. spicata (Lam.) Dec. (A. stolonifera Wiegand). On dry
rocks: Ont. to Mich. and N. Car.

Conn. Reported from several stations.

N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson; Sam’s Point, Ulster Co.; In-
wood, N. Y. City

N. J. Bergen, Passaic and Sussex counties.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Most common on limestone.

. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (A. Botryapium (L.f.) DC.; A. laevis
Wiegand?). In woods: N. B. to Man., Fla. and La.
Throughout the range, except the coastal plain of N. J., com-
moner inland than near the coast.

3. A. intermedia Spach. (A. oblongifolia (T. & G.) Roemer). In
moist soil: N. B. to Man., south to Fla. and La.
Common throughout especially on the coastal plain.

4. A. nantucketensis Bicknell. Sandy soil; E. Mass. to N. J.
IN We Eg Ie ehaveltse ve
N. J. From Middlsex Co. southward.

5. A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. (A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roemer).
In woods: N. B. to N. Y. and Mich., south along the moun-
tains to N. Car.

Confined as far as now known to the vicinity of Tannersville,
Monroe, Co., Pa., and Saw Kill, Pike Co., Pa., a region underlaid
by Clinton Red Shale, having a growing season of about 118 days
and an elevation of 2,150 ft.

No

* A very complete account of Amelanchier in eastern North America appeared in
Rhodora 14: 117-161. 1912. Students of this genus should refer to that paper for a
more comprehensive study of the genus than is possible here.

MALACEAE

385

6. A. Bartramiana (Pursh) Roem. (A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem.)
In cold swamps or wet rocky places: Lab. and Ont. to Pa.

and Mich.

Confined in our area to peaks of the Catskills and in Monroe and
Schuylkill counties in Pa., all above 1,500 ft., usually up to 4,020 ft.

A. humilis Wiegand (Rhodora 14: 141. 1912) a plant reported to be related to A.
spicata (Lam.) Dec. has been collected at West Point, N. Y., according to Professor

Wiegand.
6. Crataegus L.*

Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. ue

Leaves not deltoid-cordate; glabrous or pubescent.
Petioles 2 mm. long; shrubs I—2.5 mm. high, with slender

straight spines. Zs

Petioles more than 4 mm. long.
Leaves deeply cut, the lobes sometimes as many as 15;

thorns about 6 mm. long. 2:

Leaves not deeply cut.
A. Leaves cuneate, mostly broadest at the middle
or the apex.
Leaves broadest towards the apex.
Leaves not impressed veined above,

shining.
Leaves serrate but not lobed. 4.
Leaves somewhat irregularly lobed. 5

Leaves impressed veined above,
Fruit ellipsoidal; leaves bright yellow-
green.

Leaves broadest at the middle.
Leaves impressed veined.

Calyx lobes usually deeply cut; nut-
lets pitted on their ventral
faces.

Leaves dark green, glabrous and
shining above, coriaceous.
Fruit about 2 cm. in diam-

eter; stamens 10. 8.

Fruit about I.2 cm. in di-

ameter; stamens 15-20. 9-

Leaves gray green, pubescent,

or dull above. 10.

Calyx lobes scarcely cut; nutlets
with shallow pits on their ventral

faces. Tire

C. Phaenopyrum.

C. uniflora.

C. monogyna.

C. Crus-galli.
C. Canbyt.

6. C. cuneiformis.
Fruit short; leaves dull gray-green. The

C. punctata.

C. succulenta.
C. neofluvialis.

C. Calpodendron.

C. Brainerdi.

* Prepared with the assistance of Mr. W. W. Eggleston. The unsettled state of our
knowledge of the thorns and the comparatively scanty material of many of the species,
makes it advisable to omit the usual phytogeographical and ecological data in this genus.
The synonymy of the species here treated may be found in Britton and Brown’s IIlus-

trated Flora, ed. 2, Vol. 2, page 294.
26

386

MALACEAE

Leaves not impressed veined.

Petiole usually glandless; fruit red,

soft.

Petiole always glandular; fruit green-
ish-yellow to reddish-brown,

hard.

Foliage and fruit pubescent.
Fruit globose, greenish

to reddish-brown.

Fruit ellipsoid to pyriform,

yellow.

Foliage, corymbs and fruit

glabrous.

Leaves elliptic-ovate; fruit

pyriform.

Leaves ovate to ovoid; fruit

globose.
B. Leaves mostly broadest at the base.
Calyx lobes usually entire.

Leaves yellow-green, often pubescent;

fruit soft at maturity.

Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid or pyriform.

Fruit 6-8 mm. thick;
conspicuously lobed.
Fruit 11-19 mm. thick;

leaves

leaves

not conspicuously lobed.
Fruit compressed globose or sub-

globose.

Lobes of the leaves reflexed.
Lobes of the leaves ascending.
Leaves blue-green; fruit hard at ma-

turity.
Leaves elliptic ovate.
Leaves ovate.
Leaves usually cordate.

Fruit conspicuously angled.
Fruit not conspicuously

angled.

Leaves usually cuneate; fruit

pruinose.
Calyx lobes serrate.

Mature leaves usually glabrous above;

anthers pink.

Leaves oblong-ovate; corymbs nearly

glabrous.
Leaves broadly ovate.
Leaves on vegetative
cuneate.

shoots

12.

13.

14.

15s

16,

7

22.

23.

24.

25.

C. chrysocarpa.

C. intricata.

C. Stonei.

C. straminea,

C. Boyntoni.

C. roanensis.

. C. macrosperma.

. C. Grayana,
. C. populnea.

. C. Jesupi.

C. rugosa.
C. filipes.

C. pruinosa,

C. villipes.

MALACEAE 387

Leaves concave 3-7.5 cm.
long. 26. C. Pringlet.
Leaves flat, 3-10 cm. long. 27. C. coccinea.
Leaves on vegetative shoots
cordate. 28. C. albicans.
Mature leaves tomentose above. 29. C. Arnoldiana.

1. C. Phaenopyrum (L.) Medic. Along streams: Va. to Ga. and
Ala., north in the Miss. Valley to S. Ill., Mo. Naturalized
in S. N. J. and Pa. Not common.

Rare as an escaped plant in our area; commonly cultivated.

2. C. uniflora Moench. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla., west to

W. Va., Mo. and Tex.

N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I.; on S. I.; otherwise
unknown.

N. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, Somerset and Bergen counties,
increasing and common southward, particularly in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Berks, Bucks, Philadelphia,
Delaware and Chester counties.

3. C. monogyna Jacq. (C. oxyacantha of Am. Auct). Sparingly
escaped to roadsides and thickets from cultivation. Native
of Europe and Asia.

Not very common as an escaped plant in our area.

4. C. Crus-galliL. In sandy soil: Saratoga, N. Y., west through

Ont. to E. Kan., south to W. Conn. and Ga.

Conn. Not very common along the coast and up the valley of the
Connecticut River, rare elsewhere.

N.Y. Throughout but rare on L. I.;S. I. and the lower Hudson
Valley.

N. J. Not common in and near the pine-barrens, increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.

5. C. Canbyi Sargent. Occasional in E. Pa. and Md.
Pa. Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.

6. C. cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggleston (C. pausiaca Ashe).
Western N. Y., Pa. and N. J. toS. W. Va., west to Central IIl.

N. J. Red Bank, Gloucester Co.
Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

388 MALACEAE

7. C. punctata Jacq. Que. to Pa., Minn., Iowa and Ky.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J. and
L. I., there rare or wanting, but locally unrecorded.

8. C. succulenta Schrader (C. macracantha of Britton’s Manual).
N. S. to Minn., N. Car. and Neb., and in the Rocky Mts. to
southern Col.

Throughout the range, except on L. I. and the coastal plain of
N. J., most common on limestone.

g. C. neofluvialis Ashe. Western Vt. to E. Wisc. N. Car. and
Iowa.
Known definitely in our range only from Montgomery, Bucks and
Delaware counties, Pa.

10. C. Calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. (C. tomentosa of the manuals,
not of L.). Central N. Y., northeastern N. J. and Pa. to Minn.
and Mo., south in the mts. to northern Georgia.

N.J. Local from Mercer Co. northward,
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties.

11. C. Brainerdi Sargent. N. Eng. to N. E. Iowa, south to Pa.

Conn. Litchfield Co. and a single station in New London Co.
N. Y. Near Stamford, Delaware Co.

12. C. chrysocarpa Ashe. N.S. and N. B. to Sask., south to
N. C. Mts. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex.
Conn. Scattered over the state.
N. Y. Dutchess, Columbia, Delaware and Greene counties.
Pa. Reported from Pike, Monroe, Northamton and Bucks counties.

13. C. intricata Lange. Open rocky woods: N. Eng. and N. Y.
to S. Car. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout.
N. Y. Bronx and Dutchess counties.
N. J. Bergen and Morris counties.

14. C. Stonei Sargent. Rocky places: Mass., Conn. and E. N. Y.
Known definitely only from near Southington, Conn.
15. C. straminea Beadle. Rocky hills: western Vt. to S. Mich.,
south through Conn. and Del. to N. Ala. and S. Mo.

Throughout our range, except on L. I. and S. I. and the coastal
plain of N. J.

MALACEAE 389

16. C. Boyntoni Beadle. Shaly soils: eastern Mass. to central
Md., S. C. and central Tenn.

Knewn definitely only from Hartford Co., Conn., Dutchess Co.,
N. Y., and Berks Co., Pa.
17..C. roanensis Ashe. Quebec to Wisc., N. C. and Tenn.
Known definitely in our range, only from Northampton and Bucks
counties, Pa.
18. C. macrosperma Ashe. (C. coccinea of Ill. Flora, ed. 1). N.S.
and Me. to SE. Minn., N. Car. and Tenn.
Common throughout the range, except on the coastal plain of
N. J.
19. C. Grayana Eggleston. Montmorency Falls, west to Ottawa,
Ontario, south to W. N. E. and NE. N. Y.
Known only from Wethersfield, Hartford Co. and East Lyme,
New London Co., Conn.
20. C. populnea Ashe. Low grounds: S. Ont. to Pa. and Del.
Known only from Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties, Pa.
21. C. Jesupi Sargent. W. Vt. to S.W. Wisc., south to Pa.
Known only from near Sellersville, Bucks Co., Pa.
22. C. rugosa Ashe. S. W. N. E. and through Pa. to the Mts. of
INla(Ce
Known only from Wethersfield, Hartford Co., Conn., Dutchess
ComNeyYeandeBucksi Gorka:
23. C. filipes Ashe. W. N. E. to central Mich. and south to
Pa.

Known definitely only from Berks and Chester counties,
Pa.

24. C. pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch. Rocky open woods: W.N. E.
to Mich., N. C. and Mo.

Conn. Scattered over the state.
N. Y. Bronx Co. northward.

N. J. Bergen and Morris counties.
Pa. Bucks Co. northward.

390 AMYGDALACEAE

25. C. villipes Ashe. Me. and Que. to cent. Mich., south in the
mts. to N. Car.

Conn. Rare in Fairfield and Litchfield Counties.

N.Y. Near N. Y. City, increasing northward and common in the
Catskills.
Pa. Bucks and Berks counties.

26. C. Pringlei Sargent. W. N. E., west to N. Il., south to
Pa.

Conn. Cornwall and Lynne.

N. Y. L. I.; Greene and Dutchess counties.
Pa. Bucks Co.

271C coccinea. LL... ‘Conn. to\Cent, Ill, Pa. and Del:

Conn. Reported from the state.

N. Y. Greene and Dutchess counties.

Pa. Reported from Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and
Chester counties.

28. C. albicans Ashe. W. N. E. to S. Mich., south to Del. and
in the mountains to northeastern Tenn.

Conn. Known only from near East Lyme, New London Co. and
Cornwall, Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Dutchess Co., and near N. Y. City.

Pa. Berks, Chester and Delaware counties.

29. C. Arnoldiana Sargent. Rare: E. Mass. and Conn.
Known only from near East Lyme, Conn.

Besides the above, more than 150 species have been credited to the area. As to
the specific status of these or their distribution too little is known to warrant their
inclusion here.

7. Cotoneaster Medic.
1. C. Pyracantha (L.) Spach. In thickets, escaped from cultiva-
tion: S. Pa., to Ala. and Tenn.

Reported as anestablished escape at Doylestown, Bucks Co., and
near Philadelphia, Pa.

AMYGDALACEAE

Flowers racemose, appearing after the leaves. 1. PADus.
Flowers umbellate or corymbed, appearing before or with the leaves. 2. PRUNUS.

AMYGDALACEAE 391

1. Padus Mill.

Leaves obovate or oval, sepals deciduous. 1. P. nana.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, sepals persistent. 2. P. virginiana.

rt. P. nana (Du Roi) Roem. (Padus verginiana Roem.). Along

river banks and in rocky situations: Newf. to Man., Br. Col.,
Ga., Neb., Tex. and Colo.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northward.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I.; very rare and local on S. I., un-
known in the Bronx, rare in Westchester Co., thence increasing
and becoming very common northward.

N. J. Somerset, Hunterdon and Hudson counties, increasing
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting, perhaps in Bucks Co.,

Pa.: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220days. Sea

level—4,020 ft.

2. P. virginiana Mill. (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). In woods and
open places, S. Ont. to Fla., Dak., Kan. and Tex.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.
2. Prunus [Tourn.] L.

Plums; fruit usually with a ventral groove and a flattened

stone.
Drupe purple, with a bloom, less than 15 mm. thick.
Leaves glabrous when mature, ovate; tree. 1. P. alleghaniensis.

Leaves pubescent on the lower surface, when
mature; shrubs.
Stone pointed at both ends; leaves acute. 2. P. maritima.
Stone pointed at base; leaves obtuse. 3. P. Gravesit.
Drupe red or orange, without a bloom,'mostly more than
20 mm. thick.

Calyx lobes neither ciliate nor glandular. 4. P. americana.
Calyx lobes ciliate and often glandular. 5. P. angustifolia.
Cherries; fruit without a ventral groove; stone globose or
subglobose.
Shrubs; flowers 6-12 mm. broad.
Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. 6. P. pumila.
Leaves oval, or oblong. 7. P. cuneata.

Trees; flowers 15-30 mm. broad, slightly less in No. 12.
Flowers appearing with or before the leaves.
Introduced European trees; flowers not corym-
bose.

392 AMYGDALACEAE

Leaves glabrous; pedicels short; fruit

sour. 8. P. Cerasus.
Leaves pubescent, at least on the veins;
pedicels long; fruit sweet. 9g. P. Avium.
Native tree; flowers corymbose; leaves acute. 10. P. pennsylvanica.
Flowers appearing after the leaves. 11. P. Mahaleb.

1. P. alleghaniensis Porter. In woods: E. Conn., and eastern
Pa. Rare in our range.
Known definitely in our area only from a few stations in southern
Conn.

2. P. maritima Wang. On sea-beaches and in sandy soil near the
coast: N. B. to Va.
Common throughout our sea beaches and along the shores of
L. I. Sound and N. Y. Bay. Also on the coastal plain of N. J. and
1 le

3. P. Gravesii Small. On a gravelly ridge: Eastern Conn.
KXnown only from its original locality at Groton, Conn.

4. P. americana Marsh. (P. americana mollis T. & G.). In woods:
N. Eng. to Mont., Fla. and Colo.
Conn. Rare over most of the state.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. 1. and up the Hudson Valley to the
Highlands, not reported northward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, rare in the region surrounding
them, increasing northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, scat-

tered: Older Formations, increasing northward. 138-220 days.

Sea level—1,800 ft.

5. P. angustifolia Marsh. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., west to the
Rocky Mts.
Known definitely only from Salem Co., N. J., a region on the
Cretaceous sands and gravels, with a growing season of 179 days
and about at sea-level; perhaps not native.

6. P. pumila L. On sandy or gravelly shores or in sandy woods:
N. B. to Man., N. J. and Mich.
Conn. Rare and local in the northwestern part of the state.
N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare in Westchester Co., thence
increasing and common northward.

AMYGDALACEAE 393

N. J. Sussex, Warren and Hunterdon counties along the Dela-
ware, increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Northampton and Bucks Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,020 ft.

7. P. cuneata Raf. In wet soil or among rocks: N. H. to Minn.,
N. Car. and Wisc.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. From the Highlands of the Hudson northward, not common.
N. J. Sussex, Morris, Passaic and Warren counties.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward especially on limestone. 127-220 days. Sea level-2,100 ft.

8. P. Cerasus L. In woods, escaped from cultivation: N. H.
and Mass. to N. Y. and Pa. Native of Europe and Asia.
Common as an established escape in our area.

9. P.AviumL. In thickets and woodlands, escaped from cultiva-
tion: Ont. to Mass. and Va. Native of Europe and Asia.
Occasional as an established escape in most parts of our range.

ro. P. pennsylvanica L. f. In rocky woods: Newf. to Ga., west
to the Rockies.

Conn. Throughout the state, more common northward than
elsewhere.

N. Y. At Hewlett and north of the moraine on L. I.; rare onS.
I., thence increasing up the Hudson Valley and becoming very
common northward.

N. J. Throughout the region north of the coastal plain.

Pa. Throughout the range, except in Chester and Delaware
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-189 days. Sea level-4,020 ft.

11. P. Mahaleb L. Roadsides and waste places: Conn. to Ont.,
N. J., E. Pa. and Kansas. Native of Europe.
Occasional as an escape from cultivation.
The following are sometimes to be found as adventives: Prunus institis L., P.

domestica L. and P. nigra Ait. None are common.
The peach Amygdalus persica L., is an escape in many parts of our range.

394 CAESALPINIACEAE

CAESALPINIACEAE

Leaves unifoliolate; shrub with flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. CERCIS.
Leaves pinnate; trees or herbs with flowers appearing after the
leaves.
Herbs; flowers perfect; corolla nearly regular.

Pods elastically dehiscent; leaves sensitive to shock. 2. CHAMAECRISTA.
Pods not elastically dehiscent; leaves not sensitive. 3. CASSIA.
Trees; flowers polygamous. 4. GLEDITSIA.
1. Cercis L.
1. C. canadensis L. In rich soil: S. Ont. to Minn., Neb., N. J.,

Fla. and Tex.
Conn. Doubtfully as a wild plant in the state; commonly culti-
vated and sometimes escaping.
N. Y. Unknown as a wild plant in our area; frequently escaping.
N. J. Rare as an escaped plant in the north, wild only in the
drainage of the Delaware from Hunterdon Co. southward.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common near old glacial ter-
races:* Older Formations, confined to the Pa. localities as a wild
plant. Notnorthofthe moraine. 168-204days. About sea level.

2. Chamaecrista Moench
Flowers 4-8 mm. broad, short pedicelled; anthers 5. 1. C. nictitans.
Flowers 2.5—4 cm. broad; anthers 10. 2. C. fasciculata.
1. C. nictitans Moench. (Cassia nictitans L.). In dry soil: Me.
to Ga., Ind., Kan. and Tex.

Common nearly throughout our area except in the pine-barrens
of N. J.; more common near the coast and less common inland, than
elsewhere.

2. C. fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. (Cassia Chamaecrista L.).
In dry soil: Mass. to Minn., Fla., Miss. and Tex.
The distribution of the preceding, but not definitely known
north of Westchester Co., N. Y.

3. Cassia [Tourn.] L.
1. C. marylandica L. In swamps and wet soil: N. E. to Fla.,
Mich., Neb. and La.

Conn. Not very common over most of the state.
N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley
to Dutchess Co., unknown northward.

*See Introduction paragraph 34.

FABACEAE 395

N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, increasing
southward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester counties.

Cassia Tora L. has been collected as an adventive in Delaware Co., Pa. and neat

the City of New York.
4. Gleditsia L.

1. G. triacanthos L. In woods: W. N. Y. and Ont. to S. Dak.,
Ga., Kan. and Tex. Naturalized and extensively planted
further east.

Doubtfully wild in any part of our area; all the numerous trees
in the area are probably derivatives of cultivated specimens.

FABACEAE
The 10 stamens distinct. 1. Baptista.
The stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.
Leaves not tendril-bearing.

Pod not a loment, 2 valved or indehiscent.

Foliage not glandular dotted.
Stamens monadelphous, anthers of 2 kinds.
Herbs, with simple or 5-11 foliolate

leaves.
Leaves simple; pod inflated. 2. CROTALARIA.
Leaves 5-11 foliolate; pod flattened. 3. LUPINUS.
Shrubs with 1-3 foliolate leaves. 4. CyTISUS.
Stamens diadelphus; anthers all alike.
Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely unifoliolate.
Leaflets denticulate.
Flowers racemose. 5. MELILOTUS.
Flowers spicate, umbelled or
capitate.
Pods curved or coiled. 6. MEDICAGO.
Pods straight. 7. TRIFOLIUM.
Leaflets entire. 8. Lotus.
Leaves pinnately several-foliolate.
Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate.
Standard very broad. g. CRACCA.
Standard narrow. 10. ASTRAGALUS,
Trees or shrubs. 11. ROBINIA.
Foliage glandular dotted. 12. AMORPHA.
Pod a loment; herbs.
Leaves odd-pinnate.
Flowers purplish. 13. CORONILLA.
Flowers yellow. 14. AESCHYNOMENE.
Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked.
Flowers yellow. 15. STYLOSANTHES.
Flowers purple, blue or white.
Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate. 16. MEIBOMIA.

Pod of 1 or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate. 17. LESPEDEZA.

396 FABACEAE

Leaves tendril-bearing or if not, odd pinnate.
Leaves tendril-bearing, even pinnate.

Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit.
Style flattened, bearded along the inner side.
Leaves not tendril-bearing, odd-pinnate; herbaceous

vines.

Style bearded along the inner side.

Rachis not thickened at the insertion of the
flowers.
Rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers.
Flowers purple, capitate.
Flowers racemose.

Style glabrous or slightly pubescent below.
Standard spurred at the base, flowers violet.
Standard not spurred.

Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 5-7.
Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.
Calyx short, bracteolate.
Calyx tubular, not bracteolate.

1. Baptisia Vent.

18.
19.

1. B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. In dry soil: Me. to S.

Fla. and La.

VICIA.
LATHYRUS.

. CLITORIA.

. STROPHOSTYLES.
. PHASEOLUS.

. BRADBURYA.

. GLYCINE,

. GALACTIA.
. FALCATA.

Ont., Minn.,

Common throughout the coastal part of the range, always de-
creasing inland, but locally common in sandy places northward.

2. Crotolaria L.

1. C. sagittalis L. In dry open places: northern N. Eng. to

Fla., S. Dak., Ark. and Mex.

Throughout the range, local northward.

3. Lupinus [Tourn.] L.

1. L. perennis L. In dry sandy soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn.,

Fla., Mo. and La.

Throughout the range in edaphically favorable places, local

northward, common on the coastal plain.*

4. Cytisus [Tourn.] L.

1. C. scoparius (L.) Link. In waste places: N. S. to Va.

Naturalized from Europe.
Rather rare as a naturalized plant.

*See Introduction paragraph 50.

FABACEAE

5. Melilotus [Tourn.] Mill.

Flowers white.
Flowers yellow.
Pod reticulate or alveolate, 2 mm. long.
Pods glabrous or pubescent, 3-5 mm. long.
Pods glabrous; leaves closely serrate.
Pods pubescent; leaves remotely toothed.

Ny

397

. M. alba.

M. indica.

M. officinalis.
M. altissima.

1. M. alba Desv. In waste places: E. N. Am. Naturalized

from Europe.
Common as a weed nearly throughout our area.

i)

Naturalized from Asia and Europe.
Not very common as a weed.

. M. indica (L.) All. In waste ground: eastern seaports.

3. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. In waste places: E.N.Am. Natur-

alized from Europe.

Common throughout our area, but not so common as M. alba.

4. M. altissima Thuill. In ballast: Atlantic seaports. Adven-

tive from Europe.
Rare as a weed near the larger cities.

M. occidentalis Nutt. has been collected as a waif near New York.

6. Medicago [Tourn.] L.

Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous. 1s
Annual; flowers bright yellow, small.
Pod 1 seeded, curved, not spiny. 2
Pod several seeded, spiny on the edge, spirally twisted.
Pod loosely coiled. 3.
Pod closely coiled. 4.

M. sativa.
M., lupulina.

M. denticulata.
M. arabica.

1. M. sativa L. In fields and waste places: N. Eng. and Ont.
to Minn., Va. and Kan. Introduced from Europe.
Frequent in fields and waste places in most parts of our area.

Ny

Native of Europe and Asia.
Common everywhere as a weed.

. M. lupulina L. In waste places and fields: E. N. Am.

3. M. denticulata Willd. In waste places and in ballast: N. S.

to Pa. Fugitive from Europe.

Rare as a more or less fugitive weed near the larger cities.

4. M. arabica All. In waste places and ballast: N. B. to Pa.

Adventive from Europe.

398 FABACEAE
Very rare as a fugitive weed near Brooklyn, N. Y., and perhaps
elsewhere.

M. muricata All., M. minima L., and M. pubescens DC. have been collected as
waifs near the larger cities.

7. Trifolium [Tourn.] L.

Flowers yellow.

Head 12-18 mm. long; stipules linear; leaflets all sessile. 1. T. agrarium.
Head 8-12 mm. in diameter, nearly globose; terminal leaflet
stalked.
Heads 20-40-flowered. 2. T. procumbens.
Heads 3-20-flowered. 3. T. dubium.

Flowers red, purple, pink or white.
Inflorescence longer than thick.
Corolla crimson. equalling or exceeding the calyx teeth. 4. T. incarnatnm.

Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx teeth. 5. 7. arvense.
Inflorescence not longer than thick; globose, ovoid or oval.
Flowers sessile or nearly so; heads dense. 6. T. pratense.

Flowers pedicelled; heads umbel like, loose.
Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter or more; pubescent.
Heads 12-18 mm. in diameter.
Ascending or procumbent; flowers pink, pink-
ish or purple.
Ascending; calyx shorter than the corolla. 8. T. hybridum.
Procumbent; calyx nearly equalling the
corolla. 9. T. carolinianum.
Creeping; flowers white or pinkish. 10. T. repens.

T. reflexum.

“I

1. T. agrarium L. (7. aureum Poll.). Along roadsides and in
waste places: U.S. to Va., Ont. and Iowa. Naturalized from
Europe.

Common as a weed throughout our area.

2. T. procumbens L. In fields and along roadsides: E. N. Am.
Naturalized from Europe.
Throughout the range, not very common.

3. T. dubium Sibth. In fields and waste places: N. Eng., N. J.
and in the Southern States. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a weed.

4. T. incarnatum L. In fields and waste places and on ballast:
Me. to N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe.

Not common near the larger cities as a weed.

5. T. arvense L. In fields and waste places: Throughout E. N.
Am. Naturalized from Europe.

Common everywhere, especially in fields.

FABACEAE 399

6. T. pratense L. In fields and meadows: throughout E. N. Am.
Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the area.

7. T. reflexum L. In meadows: Ont., western N. Y. and Pa.
to lowa, Neb., Fla. and Tex.

Recorded from Montgomery Co., Pa. and Trenton, N. J., other-
wise unknown in the range; probably adventive from the west.

8. T. hybridum L. In meadows and waste places: N. S. to
Idaho, Ga. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common in most parts of our range as a weed, often locally
wanting.
g. T. carolinianum Michx. In waste places near Philadelphia
and further southward.
Known definitely only on ballast near Philadelphia; not recently
collected.

10. T. repens L. In fields and waste places: throughout N. Am.
Also in Europe and Asia.
Common throughout our range as a weed.
The reported occurrence of 7. medium L. in the range, cannot be verified. T.

maritimum Huds. has been reported from near Bethlehem, Pa. T. scabrum L., T.
striatum L. and T. tomentosum L. have been recorded as waifs.

8. Lotus [Tourn.] L.

1. L. corniculatus L. In waste places and on ballast: N. B.
and about the eastern seaports.
Not very common as an adventive.
L. americanus (Nutt.) Bischoff. has been reported as an established plant at
Bridgeport, Conn.
©. Cracca_ Le.

1. C. virginiana L. In dry sandy soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., La.
and Mex.

Conn. Rare and local, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, de-
creasing up the Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co.; not known
from the Catskills.

N. J. Rare and local in sandy or rocky places in Sussex, Morris,
Warren, Passaic and Hunterdon counties, thence increasing and
common southward.

400 FABACEAE

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common; Cretaceous, less common; Older Formations,
scattered in edaphically favorable places*. 138-224 days. Sea
level—1,o8o ft.

10. Astragalus [Tourn.] L.
1. A. carolinianus L. Along streams; Que. to Man., N. J., B. C.,
Kan., Colo. and Nev.
N. J. Near Andover, Sussex Co.
Reported, but not definitely known from Westchester Co., N. Y.

11. Robinia L.

Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous; flowers white. . R. Pseudacacia.

=

Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid, flowers pink. 2. R. viscosa.
Twigs and petioles bristly; pods hispid; flowers pink or purple; a
shrub. 3. R. hispida.

1. R. Pseudacacia L. In woods: Pa. to Ga. and Iowa. Exten-
sively naturalized in Eastern N. Am.

Doubtfully indigenous in any part of our area, common as an
escape from cultivation.
2. R. viscosa Vent. In woods: Va. to Ga., sometimes escaping
in Eastern N. Am.

Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range.

Ww

.R. hispida L. Often cultivated, and sometimes escaping.
Native from Va. to Ga. and Tenn.
Locally common as an escape.

12. Amorpha L.
1. A. fruticosa L. Along streams: Ohio to Minn., also escaped
from cultivation in eastern U. S.
Not very common as an established escape.

13. Coronilla |Tourn.] L.

1. C. varia L. Roadsides and waste places: Mass. to N. Y. and
N. J. Adventive from Europe.
Uncommon asa roadside weed throughout the area except in Pa.,
there only reported from Chester Co.
C. Emerus L. has been found as a waif near N. Y.

*See Introduction paragraph 50.

FABACEAE 401

14. Aeschynomene L.

1. A. virginica (L.) B.S. P: River banks: Pa. and N. J. to Fla.,
west to La.

Confined to the region in the Delaware River Valley from
Camden and Philadelphia southward.

5. Stylosanthes Sw.

é I
Tees wbifiora(es)) bas: Pe. InidnytsoleeNevertoihla, ind. Kan.
and La.

N. Y. Occasional south of the moraine on eastern L. I., rare
north of it; occasional on S. I., rare at Inwood, N. Y. City,
otherwise unknown.

N. J. Rare in Warren, Hunterdon, and Essex counties, increasing
and common southward.

Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties, increasing and becoming
common southward.

16. Meibomia Heist.

Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long
stalked; leaflets broad.
Panicle arising from the base of the plant; peduncle usually

leafless. 1. M. nudiflora.
Panicle terminal.
Leaves crowded at its base. 2. M. grandiflora.
Leaves scattered along the stem. 3. M. pauciflora.
Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply above than
below.
Stems trailing or reclining.
Leaflets orbicular or nearly so. 4. M. Michauxit.
Leaflets ovate or oval.
Corolla whitish; leaves yellowish-green. 5. M. ochroleuca.
Corolla purple; leaves dull green. 6. M. glabella.

Stems erect or ascending.
Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate.
Leaves petioled.
Leaflets narrowly linear; joints of the loment usually
concave on the back. 8. M. stricta,
Leaflets broad.
Joints of the loment notably longer than broad.
Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent. 9. M. canescens.
Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous. 10. M. bracteosa.
Joints of the loment little longer than broad.
Loment distinctly long stalked in the calyx.
Plants glabrous.
Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 11. M. paniculata.
Leaflets broadly ovate or oval. 12. M. laevigata.

“I
=
=

. sesstlifolia.

402 FABACEAE

Plants pubescent or scabrous.
Leaflets thick, coriaceous, velvety
pubescent beneath. 5 13. M. viridiflora.
Leaflets scarcely coriaceous, ap-
pressed pubescent or villous
beneath. 14. M. Dillenit.
Loment sessile in the calyx or nearly so.
Loment joints 4—7; flowers numerous,

showy. 15. M. canadensis.
Loment joints I-3.
Leaflets scabrous 2-5 cm. long. 16. M. rigida.

Leaflets not scabrous I-2 cm. long.
Plant nearly glabrous

throughout. 17. M. marylandica.
Stem pubescent, leaflets and
petioles ciliate. 18. M. obtusa.
1. M. nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. In dry woods: Que. to Minn., Fla.
and La.
Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there
wanting.

2. M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. In dry rocky woods: Que. to

S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Ind. Terr.

Conn. Throughout the state, not very common.

N.Y. Exclusively north of the moraine on L. I.; unknown onS. I.,
thence scattered up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands; thence
increasing northward.

N. J. Gloucester, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north and
west of the pine-barrens, increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia
and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single station in Monmouth Co., N. J.
and perhaps in Bucks Co., Pa.: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,goo ft.

3. M. pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. In woods: Ont. to western
N. Y., southern Pa. and N. J. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and La.
N. J. New Egypt, Ocean Co.
Pa. Chester Co.

4. M. Michauxii Vail. Dry woods: Me. (?) and Ont. to Minn.,

Fla. and La.

Conn. Throughout the state, decreasing northward.
N. Y. Uncommon on L. I. and S. I., decreasing northward to the
Highlands of the Hudson, unknown elsewhere.

FABACEAE 403

N. J. Frequent throughout the state.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.
A rare and very local species about whose distribution little is
known.

5. M. ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. In woodlands: N. J.
and Pa. to Ga. and Mo.
Known only from Salem Co., N. J. and Northampton Co., Pa.
and with distributional features not easy of explanation.

6. M. glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. In dry sandy woods: E. Mass.

togN. Na, a. and S. Car. Venryrare:

Conn. Known definitely only from Waterford.

N. Y. Known only from near Yonkers on the Hudson.

N. J. Hunterdon and Morris counties, rare; not collected since
1887.

EAS bucks Cos
Distributional features unknown.

. M. sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. In dry soil: Mass., R. I. and
Conn. to Mich., Ky., Ark. and Tex.
Conn. Rare and local in New London Co., near the drainage area
of the Thames.
N. J. Known only from Hammonton, Atlantic Co.
A very rare and local species whose distribution is little known.

NI

8. M. stricta (Pursh) Kuntze. Pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla., west
to La.
N. J. Frequent in the pine-barrens, decreasing in the area sur-
rounding them, unknown elsewhere.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, scattered: Older Formations, 0: Not north of the moraine.
170-220 days. About sea level.

g. M. canescens (L.) Kuntze. In rich soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla.,

Minn. and Tex.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, except in the
Connecticut River Valley.

N. Y. Throughout the area, decreasing northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; common in the valley of the Delaware.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware
and Chester counties.

404 FABACEAE

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the
moraine. 170-224 days. Sea level-—1,750 ft.

10. M. bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. In thickets: Me. to Ont.,
Fla., Mo. and Tex.

Conn. Not uncommon in Fairfield Co. and along the coast and
up the Connecticut Valley, rare or wanting elsewhere.

N.Y. OnL.I.andS. I., unknown in the Bronx, decreasing up the
Hudson Valley to Dutchess Co. Not known from the Catskills.

N. J. Rare in Gloucester Co. near the Delaware, thence wanting
northward to Middlesex Co., thence increasing but not common
northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia,
Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, not very

common. 138-220 days. Sea level-2,100 ft.

11. M. paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Indry soil: Ont. to Minn., Mass.,
Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of N. J.,

there rare or wanting; not abundant on the coastal plain of L. I.

12. M. laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. In dry woods: S. N. Y. to

Fla., Mo. and Tex.

N. Y. Common on L. I., particularly eastward and south of the
moraine, and on S. I.; formerly local in the Bronx Valley.

N. J. Very rare in the pine-barrens at Winslow Junction; increas-
ing in the region surrounding the pine-barrens; reported from
Morris Co.; scattered in Mercer and Hudson counties north of
the coastal plain.

Pa. Known only from Northampton (?), Montgomery, Phila-
delphia and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, very rare on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere, but
nowhere common: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations,
rare and scattered exclusively south of the moraine, except for a
few records on L. I. 189-220 days. About sea level.

13. M. viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. In dry woods: E. Pa. and S.
N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex.
N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., rare on S. I.
and at Woodlawn, N. Y. City; formerly at Inwood; unknown
elsewhere.

14

15.

16

17

18

1.

FABACEAE 405

N.J. Rare in the pine-barrens at Winslow Junction and at Landis-
ville, common in the region north and west of the barrens;
Morris and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere: Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, scattered and rare. 189-220 days.

About sea level.

M. Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Woods: Me. and Ont. to Minn.,
Va:, Ky., Mo. and Tex.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and
local and probably introduced.
M. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Thickets and river banks:
Ne BstomVians NE Car. Vion and dlind salient:
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there rare and
local and probably introduced, always increasing northward.
M. rigida (L.) Kuntze. In dry soil: N. H. to Fla., Mich.,
Kan. and La.
Throughout the range, more common southward and less common
northward than elsewhere.
M. marylandica (L.) Kuntze. In dry soil: Ont. to Mass.,
Fla., Mich. and La.
Throughout the range, but nowhere common, decreasing north-
ward.
M. obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Dry soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla.,
Mich. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, but rare or perhaps wanting from
the Catskills and the mountains of Pa.

17. Lespedeza Michx.

Perennial; native species; stipules and calyx-lobes narrow.
Flowers of 2 kinds, the larger perfect but seldom fruitful, the

smaller, usually apetalous, pistillate and fertile.
Petaliferous flowers 1-6.
Stems soft downy, with short spreading hairs. 1. L. procumbens.
Stems glabrate or sparingly pubescent.
Stems prostrate or trailing; stipules 2-4 cm. long. 2. L. repens.
Stems upright; stipules 5-8 mm. long. 3. L. violacea.
Petaliferous flowers few—many.
Many of the peduncles elongate and exceeding their
subtending leaves.
Leaves densely velvety beneath. 4. L. Brittoniz.

406 FABACEAE

Leaves appressed pubescent or sparingly villous
beneath.
Few, if any, of the peduncles exceeding the leaves.
Calyx of petaliferous flowers 3-5 mm. long.
Leaflets densely woolly beneath.
Leaflets glabrate or appressed pubescent be-
neath.
Leaflets linear to linear-oblong.
Leaflets oval to oval-oblong.
Calyx of petaliferous flowers 6-8 mm. long.
Flowers all alike and perfect.
Peduncles shorter than the dense globose heads.
Stem loosely pubescent; calyx 8-12 mm. long.
Stem appressed pubescent; calyx 5-7 mm. long.
Peduncles chiefly longer than the subcylindric heads.
Stem with appressed pubescence.
Stem with long, spreading or loosely spreading hairs.
Leaflets oval to sub-orbicular.
Leaflets narrowly oblong.
2. Annual; naturalized species; stipules and calyx-lobes broad.

12.
m3:
T4.

. L. Nuttallii.

. L. Stuvet.

. L. virginica.
. L. frutescens.
. L. simulata,

. L. capitata.
. L. angustifolia.

. L. angustifolia.

L. hirta.
L. oblongifolia.
L. striata.

1. L. procumbens Michx. In dry soil: N. H. to Fla., the Ind.

Terr. and La.

Conn. Throughout, but not very common.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to Dutchess and Ulster counties, but not reported from

the Catskills.

N. J. Wanting in the pine-barrens, exceedingly rare in the region
surrounding the barrens, becoming common in Mercer and
Middlesex counties, thence increasing northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and

Chester counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, very rare in the rest of the
area; Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, not very

common. 138-224 days. Sea level—1,oo0 ft.

2. L. repens (L.) Bart. In dry or sandy soil: Conn. to Fla.,

Minn., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Reported from near New Haven, otherwise unknown.

N. Y. Common south of the moraine on L. I. and on S. I., local
north of the moraine at Jamaica, L. I., and in the Bronx.

N. J. Throughout the state, except the pine-barrens, there rare.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common, but less common on Beacon Hill than else-

where: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered. 180-

224 days. About sea level.

FABACEAE 407

3. L. violacea (L.) Pers. In dry soil: N. Eng. to Fla., Miss.,

Kan. and La. and northern Mex.

Conn. Throughout the state except New London Co.

N.Y. RareonL. I. and S.I., increasing northward up the Hudson
Valley to Dutchess and Ulster counties, but not reported from the
higher peaks of the Catskills.

N. J. North of the coastal plain.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,300 ft.

4. L. Brittonii Bicknell. In dry soil: Mass. to N. J. and Md.
Known only from its type locality, Bronxville, N. Y., from the
coastal-plain of L. I. and from Quaker Bridge, N. J.

5. L. Nuttallii Darl. Dry soil: S. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Fla.,
Mich. and Kans.

Conn. Rare and local in the southern part of the state.

N.Y. Frequent on L.I., not reported from S.I.; common in the
Bronx; increasing up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands but
not reported north of them.

N. J. Hunterdon, Mercer and Middlesex counties, rare; thence
increasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous, common:

Older Formations, scattered. 158-224 days. Sea level-1,100 ft.

6. L. Stuvei Nutt. Dry soil: Vt. to Va., Mich. and the Ind.

Terr:

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and
wanting in the north.

N. Y. On L. I., not reported from but probably to be found on
S. I., thence decreasing northward to Westchester Co.

N.J. Rarein Bergen, Hunterdon, Mercer and Middlesex counties.
thence increasing southward, but less common in the pine-
barrens than elsewhere.

Pa. Near Philadelphia.

Tertiary, more rare on Beacon Hill than elsewhere: Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, scattered. 168-220 days. Sea level—
goo ft.

L. neglecta (Britton) Meck & Bush, of southern N. J., may be a hybrid between this
species and L. virginica.

408 FABACEAE

7. L. virginica (L.) Britton. In dry soil: Mass. to Fla., Ont.,
Minn., Tex. and Kans.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and
local and perhaps adventive.
8. L. frutescens (L.) Britton. In dry soil: Me. to Ont., Mich.,
Fla., Dl. anct Tex.
Common throughout the range, more so in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.
g. L. simulata Mackenzie & Bush. In dry soil: Conn. and Pa.
to Mo. and Ind. Terr.
Known in our area only from Groton and Southington, Conn., and
from Haworth, Bergen Co., N. J.
10. L. capitata Michx. (ZL. velutina Bicknell.). In dry fields: Ont.
and Me. to Fla., S. Dak., Kan. and La.
Common throughout the area.
11. L. angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to
blaraMiach. and Ica:
N. Y. Known only from the Hempstead Plains, Nassau Co., L. I.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, less so in the region surround-
ing them, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Known only from Delaware County.
A plant mostly localized in and near the pine-barrens in our area
but of wide distribution outside the range.
. L. hirta (L.) Ell. Dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ill., Minn.
and La.
Common throughout the area.
13. L. oblongifolia (Britton) Stone. Sandy soil: Conn.; N. J. and
southward.
Conn. Reported from Glastonbury.
N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens.
14. L. striata (Thunb.)-Hook & Arn. Fields: N. J. to Mo., Fla.
and Tex. Naturalized from eastern Asia.
N. J. South Amboy and Wildwood.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties.

i
Ny

18. Vicia [Tourn.] L.

Flowers racemose or spicate; peduncles elongate.
Indigenous perennials.
Spike-like raceme 1-sided, 15-40 flowered. 1. V. Cracca.

FABACEAE

Racemes loose flowered, 1-20 flowered.
Flowers 1.5-2 cm. long.
Flowers 4-10 mm. long.
Introduced annuals.
Pods glabrous, 3—6-seeded.
Pods pubescent, 2-seeded.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, few, axillary.
Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate.
Leaflets, except those of the lower leaves, linear-oblong.

one

6.
TW

409

. americana.
”. caroliniana.

V. tetrasperma.

V. hirsuta.

V.

sativa.
angustifolia.

meV Cracca L. In dry soil: Newfie to Ba Col; N. J., Ky. and

Ikan. Also in Europe and Asia.

Rather common as a weed throughout the range, except the

coastal plain of N. J.

2. V. americana Muhl. In moist ground: N. B. to Man., Br.

Col., Va., Ky. and Nev. Rare.

Apparently confined in our area to the drainage of the Delaware
and Lehigh rivers, in Warren, Hunterdon, and Mercer counties in
N. J. and Northampton, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks and Chester

counties in Pa., otherwise unknown.

3. V. caroliniana Walt. Banks and cliffs: Ont. to Minn., Ga.,

Ky., and Kans.

Apparently confined to the limestone areas in Warren, Sussex
and Hunterdon counties in N. J. and to Northampton and Bucks

counties in Pa., otherwise unknown.

4. V. tetrasperma (L.) Moench. In meadows and waste places:
N.S. and Ont. to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed near the larger cities and towns.

5. V. hirsuta (L.) Koch. In waste places: N. B. to Ohio and Va.

and Alberta. Naturalized from Europe.

Frequent locally as a weed, in most parts of our range.

6. V. sativa L. In fields and waste places: throughout E. N. Am.

Adventive from Europe.
Common locally as a weed.

~I

Fla. Naturalized from Europe.
Occasional as a weed.

. V. angustifolia Roth. In fields and waste places: N. S. to

Among the waifs, from time to time collected on ballast and in waste places, are:

V. Sepium L., V. villosa Roth., V. narbonensis L. and V. Faba L.

any are thoroughly established.

It is doubtful if

410 FABACEAE
19. Lathyrus L.
Leaflets I pair; stipules foliaceous; stems winged. 1. L. pratensis.

Leaflets 3-7 pairs.

Flowers purple.

Stipules foliaceous; maritime. 2. L. maritimus.
Stipules half-sagittate or small; inland species (except L.
palustris which usually inhabits salt marshes).

Leaflets ovate or oval, large; flowers 10-20. 3. L. venosus.
Leaflets linear, oblong or oval; flowers 2-6.
Leaflets linear, or linear oblong; stem winged. 4. L. palustris.
Leaflets oblong or oval; stem wingless. 5. L. myrtifolius.
Flowers yellowish-white. 6. L. ochroleucus.

1. L. pratensis L. In waste places: Me., N. H., Mass., Conn.

and Ont. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a weed in N. Y. and Conn.

2. L. maritimus (L.) Bigelow. On sea beaches: Arctic Am. to

ios)

N. J., the Great Lakes, and on the Pacific coast. Also in
Europe and Asia.

Very common along all the sea beaches and along N. Y. Bay and
L. I. Sound; decreasing in southern N. J. and not known south of
Atlantic Co.

. L. venosus Muhl. River shores and banks: N. J. and Pa. to

Inde (Ga. La.and Kan.

Known only from the drainage of the Delaware and Lehigh
Rivers in Hunterdon and Warren counties, N. J. and Lehigh and
Northampton counties, Pa.

4. L. palustris L. In moist or wet places: Lab. to Alask., Mass.,

on

N. Y., S. Dak. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia.

Apparently confined to the salt marshes on S. I. and L. I. and
coastal Conn., especially as to the form linearifolius.

. L. myrtifolius Muhl. In moist or wet grounds: N. B. to Man.,

N. Car. and Tenn.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
West Point, unknown northward.

N.J. From Bergen, Sussex, Union, Middlesex and Mercer counties,
southward along the Delaware to Gloucester Co.; not in the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Berks and Dela-
ware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 149-204 days. Sea level—1,200 ft.

FABACEAE All

6. L. ochroleucus Hook. (L. glaucifolius Beck.). On river banks
and hillsides: N. J. to Que. and Arctic Am., Iowa, Wyo. and

B. Col. Very rare in our area.
Known only from an old collection from New Brunswick, N. J.

Lathyrus latifolius L. has been collected in Conn. as a waif, and L. aphaca L. has
been found as a waif near the seaports.

20. Clitoria L.

1. C. mariana L. In dry soil: N. J. to Fla., Mo. and Tex.

N. Y. Formerly at Brooklyn.

N. J. A single station in Hudson Co., thence wanting to the
pine-barrens; at Cape May; wanting in the counties bordering
the Delaware.

Pa. Philadelphia Co.

Rare and local.

21. Strophostyles EI.

Leaflets mainly lobed, 2-5 cm. long; pod 5-8 cm. long. 1. S. helvola.
Leaflets mainly entire, I-4 cm. long; pod 2-5 cm. long. 2. S. umbellata.
1. S. helvola (L.) Britton. In sandy soil: Que. to Fla., S. Dak.,
Neb. and Tex.
Conn. Common along the coast decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
Putnam Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex and Mercer counties,
increasing and common southward, but not in the pine-barrens,
or if so only locally adventive.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties.
Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of the

moraine. 159-220 days. Sea level—goo ft.

2. S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla.,
Ind. and La.

N.Y. Common south of the moraine on L. I. and onS. I., unknown
elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Hudson and Middlesex counties, thence
increasing but not very common southward; unknown in the
pine-barrens, except as a rare intruder.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

412 FABACEAE

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous:
common: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating south of
the moraine. 179-224 days. About sea level.

22. Phaseolus [Tourn.] L.

1. P. polystachyus (L.) B.S. P. In thickets; Can. (?), Conn. to
Fla., Minn., Neb. and La.
Conn. Rare in New London, New Haven, and Fairfield counties
near the coast, unknown elsewhere.
N.Y. Manhasset Neck, L. I., unknown on S. I., rare and local in
the Bronx and in Westchester Co., otherwise unknown.
N. J. Rare and very local over most of the state except in the
pine-barrens, there wanting.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood.
The common kidney bean, P. vulgaris L., sometimes escapes from gardens but it is
scarcely established.
23. Bradburya Raf.

1. B. virginiana (L.) Kuntze. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla.,
Ark., Tex. and Trop. Am.

Known definitely in our area only from Angelsea, Cape May Co.
and Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J. The first station is on
Cretaceous sands and gravel, the second on Tertiary sand, but not
on the Beacon Hill Formation (pine-barrens).

24. Glycine L. (A pios Moench.)
1. G. Apios L. In moist ground: N. B. to Fla., Ont., Minn.,
Kan. and La.
Common throughout the range.

25. Galactia R. Br.

Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent. 1. G. regularis.
Finely downy-pubescent; pods very downy. 2. G. volubilis.
1. G. regularis (L.) B.S. P. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. and Pa. to
Fla., Kan. and Miss.
N.Y. Known only from S. I. Not recently collected.
N. J. Middlesex and Burlington counties, increasing southward.
Pa. Apparently confined to Berks and Philadelphia counties.
A coastal plain plant of curious distribution.

GERANIACEAE 413

2. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. to Fla.,
Pa., Ky., Kans. and Tex.

N.Y. Rare on L. I., and the upper end of Manhattan (not re-
cently collected), otherwise unknown.

N. J. The southern part of Cape May Co.

Pa. Berks Co.
A rare and highly local species whose distribution is little under-

stood.
26. Falcata Gmel.
Leaves thin; bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. 1. F. comosa.
Leaves firm; bracts large; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. F. Pitchert.

1. F. comosa (L.) Kuntze. Moist thickets: N. B. to Fla., Man.,
Neb. and La.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of
N. J., there rare or wanting; always decreasing southward.

2. F. Pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. In moist thickets: Mass. to

W.N. Y., S. Dak., Neb., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Rare near the coast, especially westward, decreasing and
perhaps wanting northward.

N. Y. Frequent on the L. I. coastal plain; occasional on S. I.;
rare in the Bronx, increasing but not common northward.

N. J. Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing southward but
not in the pine-barrens; nowhere common.

Among the introduced plants credited to the range perhaps the following are here
worthy of record: Ervum Lens L. the lentil, Ononis arvensis L., Sesban macrocarpa
Muhl., Genista tinctoria L., Ulex europaeus L., Pueraria Thunbergiana Seib. and Zucc.,
Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze, Anthyllis vulneraria DC., Ornithopus sativus Brot.,
Onobrychis sativa Lam., Pisum sativum L., Cicer arietinum L., Arachis hypogaea Willd.,
Trigonella Besseriana Ser. and Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. They have all
been found but none are to be considered as part of our wild flora. There are a score
or so of mere waifs besides the above. Acuan virgatus (L.) Medic. of the Mimosaceae
has been found as a waif near Communipaw, N. J.

GERANIACEAE
Anthers 10, rarely 5; carpel-tails not hairy inside.
Carpel-bodies deciduous from the styles, appendaged. 1. ROBERTIELLA.
Carpel-bodies not deciduous from the styles, not appendaged. 2. GERANIUM.
Anthers 5; carpel-tails bearded inside. 3. ERODIUM.

1. Robertielia Hanks

1. Robertiella Robertiana (L.) Hanks. (Geranium Robertianum
L.). In rich woods: N.S. to Man., N. J., and Mo. Also in
Europe, Asia and Africa.

414 GERANIACEAE

Conn. Throughout the state, rare eastward, increasing westward
and northward.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., locally increasing northward par-
ticularly in the Catskills.

N. J. Rare along the coast in Cape May, Atlantic and Ocean
counties, not inland in either county; rare and local throughout
Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and
locally common northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, rare near the coast of N. J. and not on Beacon Hill:

Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward.

123-220 days. Sea level-2,800 ft.

2. Geranium [Tourn.] L.

Plants annual or biennial.
Peduncle terminated by a single pedicel. 1. G. sibiricum.
Peduncle terminated by a pair of pedicels.
Seeds smooth; sepals without subulate tips.

Carpels bodies wrinkled. 2. G. molle.
Carpel bodies pubescent. 3. G. pusillum.
Seeds reticulated or pitted; sepals subulate-tipped.
Sepal-tips less than 1 mm. long. 4. G. rotundifolium.
Sepal-tips I-2 mm. long.
Style-beak and branches less than 3 mm.
long.
Seeds pitted. 5. G. dissectum.
Seeds reticulated. 6. G. carolinianum.

Style-beak and branches more than 4 mm.
long.
Peduncles appressed pubescent.
Peduncles glandular villous.

G. columbinum.

G. Bicknellit.

G. maculatum.

1. G. sibiricum L. In waste places: N. Y., Ill., Pa. and Cal.
Naturalized from Asia.

Oo on

Plant perennial.

Rare as an adventive weed near New York City, and reported
from Delaware Co., Pa.

2. G. molle L. In waste places: Me. to B. Col., N. Car. and
Ohio. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a roadside weed.

3. G. pusillum Burm. f. In waste places and along roadsides:
Ont. to B. Col., south to Va., Neb. and Utah. Naturalized
from Europe.

Local as a weed in most parts of our range, except the pine-
barrens.

GERANIACEAE 415

4. G. rotundifolium L. In waste places: N. Y. and Mich.
Adventive from Europe.
Known only as a rare weed near the metropolis; not recently
collected.

5. G. dissectum L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Naturalized
from Europe.
Rare as a weed near N. Y. City, perhaps elsewhere.

6. G. carolinianum L. In barrensoil: E.N.Am., Mex., Bermuda
and Jamaica.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare and
probably introduced.

7. G. columbinum L. In fields and waste places: N. J. to Va.
and S. Dak. Native of Europe.

Rare as an adventive weed in N. J. and Pa.

8. G. Bicknellii Britton. In woods: N. S. to B. Col., N. Y.,
Mont. and Wash.
Known definitely only from near Woodmere and Aqueduct, L. I.,
Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City, and from Canaan Mt., Conn. A
rare species.

9. G. maculatum L. In woods: Newf. to Man., Ga. and Kan.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; there
rare or wanting.

G. pyrenaicum L. has been collected at Bethlehem, Pa., presumably as a waif.

3. Erodium L’Her.
Sepal-tips not bearing bristle-like appendages. 1. B. moschatum.

Sepal-tips bearing I or 2 bristle-like appendages. 2. E. cicutarium.

1. E. moschatum (Burm. f.) L’Her. In waste places: E. N. S.
and the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare on waste ground near our larger cities.

2. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her. In fields and waste places: S.
Canada, N. S. Mex., and Cent. Am. Introduced from
Europe.

Locally common as a weed.

E. malachoides Willd. has been collected near the larger cities, scarcely persistent.

416 OXALIDACEAE

OXALIDACEAE
Acaulescent; rootstocks bulb-like or scaly; flowers white, pink or
purple.

Sepals without tubercles; rootstocks elongated. I. OXALIS.
Sepals with apical tubercles; rootstocks bulb-like. 2. IONOXALIS.
Caulescent; flowers yellow. 3. XANTHOXALIS.
1. Oxalis L.

1. O. Acetosella L. In woods: N.S. to Man. and southward on
or near the mountains to N. Car. and Tenn. Also in Europe
and Asia.

Conn. Recorded only from northern Hartford and Litchfield
counties.
N. Y. The mountains of Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties.
Pa. Wayne, Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare except north-
ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-158 days. 800-
4,000 ft.
2. Ionoxalis Small

1. I. violacea (L.) Small (O. violacea L.). In woods: Me.
to the Rocky Mountain Region, Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting.

3. Xanthoxalis Small

Pedicels appressed-pubescent: cymes typically umbel-like.
Longer filaments glabrous; stems not woolly.
Stem appressed-pubescent, not creeping; capsules pubes-
cent. 1. X. stricta.
Stem loosely pubescent; capsules glabrous at maturity,

except in X. corniculata, an introduced creeping
plant.

Plants spreading and creeping: capsules pubescent. 2. X. corniculata.
Plants erect: capsules glabrous.
Cymes open at maturity, usually 1-3-flowered;
capsules slender, gradually pointed. 3. X. Bushit.
Cymes cluster-like at maturity, usually 4-6-
flowered; capsules stout, abruptly pointed. 4. X. rufa.
Longer filaments pubescent; stems mostly woolly.
Leaves numerous; cymes mostly 1-flowered; capsules less
than thrice as long as the calyx. 5. X. filipes.
Leav2s few; cymes mostly several-flowered; capsules over
thrice as long as the calyx. 6. X. Brittoniae.
Pedicels loosely pubescent, usually villous; cymes dichotomous. 7. X. cymosa.

1. X. stricta (L.) Small (Ovxalis stricta L.). In fields and along
roadsides: N. S. to Wyo., Fla., N. Mex. and Mex.

Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our area.

LINACEAE 417

2. X. corniculata (L.) Small (Oxalis repens Thunb.; O. corniculata
L.). In ballast about seaports. Also in Trop. Am. and
Europe.

Occasional as a weed.

3. X. Bushii Small (Oxalis Bushii Small). Dry soil, N.S. to S.
Dak. Golh andiGa:
N.Y. Valley Stream, L. I.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

4. X. rufa Small (Oxalis rufa Small). Woods and moist soil,
Mass. to Ga. and Minn.

Known, in our area, only from Stroudsburg, Pa.

. X. filipes Small. (Oxalis filipes Small). In woods along streams.
N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga.
N. Y. Copake Falls, Columbia Co.

6. X. Brittoniae Small (Oxalis Brittoniae Small). In woods:

Mass. to Mo. and Fla.

Conn. New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield counties.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., local northward, but not
definitely known from the Catskills.

N. J. Rare in Monmouth, Ocean and Mercer counties, local
northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. In Monroe Co., unknown elsewhere.

7. X. cymosa Small (Oxalis cymosa Small). Woods and fields,
Ont. to Mich., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

on

LINACEAE
Stigmas introrse and more or less elongate; sepals glandless. 1. LINUM.
Stigmas terminal and capitate; sepals, at least the inner ones, with
marginal glands. 2. CATHARTOLINUM.

1. Linum [Tourn.] L.

1. L. usitatissimum L. In waste places and in fields: through-
out cultivated America. Native of Europe.
Common as a weedy escape in most parts of our area.

Linum angustifolium Huds. has been collected as a waif near New York.

2. Cathartolinum Reichb.
Styles distinct.
Sepals entire at maturity.
Outer sepals 2-2.5 mm. long at maturity; stems panicu-
lately branched. 1. C. striatum.
28

418 LINACEAE

Outer sepals 3-3.5 mm. long at maturity, stems
corymbosely branched.
Sepals, or some of them, glandular toothed.

to

. C. virginianum.

Capsule spheroidal. 3. C. medium.
Capsule ovoid. 4. C. intercursum.
Styles more or less united. 5. C. sulcatum.

1. C. striatum (Walt.) Small (Linum striatum Walt.). In moist

sandy places: Ont. to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Not uncommon near the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; on S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to the Highlands; unknown northward.

N. J. Rare in the north, increasing and common throughout the
southern part of the state.

Pa. From Northampton Co. southward.
Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older

Formations, apparently decreasing northward. 164-220 days.

Sea level—8oo ft.

2. C. virginianum (L.) Reich. (ZL. virginianum L.). In dry sandy
woods: Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Ala.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and
probably introduced; not specifically known from the upper eleva-
tions of the Catskills.

3. C. medium (Planch.) Small (Z. medium (Planch.) Britton).
In sandy places and wet meadows: Ont. to Fla. and Tex.
Conn. Not very common near the coast, decreasing and perhaps

unknown northward.
N. Y. Rare on S. I. and L. I.; unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain especially near the
sea; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties, according to Pennell.
Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older
Formations, rare and local on overwash morainal material on L. I.
and scattered along coastal Conn. 168—-220days. About sea level.

4. C. intercursum Bicknell (Linum floridanum of the Manuals).
In dry places: E. Mass. to Fla.
N.Y. The coastal plain of L. I.
N. J. From Monmouth County southward, along the coast and
in the southeastern part of the pine-barrens.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties.

RUTACEAE 419

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill and near the sea: Cretaceous,
doubtfully, in northern Monmouth Co.: Older Formations, rare.
168-220 days. About sea level.

5. C. sulcatum (Riddell) Small (ZL. sulcatum Riddell). In dry

soil: Ont. to Man., Ga. and Tex.

Conn. Rare in New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield countics,
increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Occasional in the Bronx; reported but not definitely known
from near the Highlands of the Hudson; otherwise unknown.

N. J. Known only from a very old specimen collected in Bergen
Co., and from Sussex Co.

Pa. Lackawanna Co.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Tribulus terrestris L. and Zygophyllum Fabago L. have both been collected near
the metropolis. They are very doubtfully established.

RUTACEAE

Pistils 2-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. 1. ZANTHOXYLUM,
Pistil 1, 2-celled; truit a samara. 2. PTELEA.

1. Zanthoxylum L.
1. Z. americanum Mill. In woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Ga.,

Ala. and Oklahoma.

Conn. Rare in the south and probably mostly as an escape from
cultivation, increasing northwestward into Litchfield Co. as a
wild plant.

N. Y. Westchester Co., increasing northward. (L. I. records
probably based on cultivated specimens.)

N. J. Bergen and Hunterdon Co., rare, increasing northward and
becoming common in Sussex Co. (Monmouth Co. record probably
based on cultivated specimens).

Pa. Lackawanna, Northampton, Bucks and Berks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-166 days. Sea level—4,o00 ft.

2. Ptelea L.

1. P. trifoliata L. In woods: Conn. to Minn., south to Fla. and
northern Mex.
Conn. Not uncommon as an escape from cultivation, unknown as
a plant wild from the state.

420 POLYGALACEAE

N.Y. Known definitely only from Wading River, Suffolk Co., L.
I.; S. I.; otherwise unknown. Doubtfully wild anywhere in
the range.

N. J. Rare in Burlington, Mercer and Hunterdon counties in the
drainage of the Delaware River; spontaneous elsewhere.

Pa. Northampton, Berks and Philadelphia counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting; Older Forma-
tions, apparently scattered on various formations but probably
not wild. 168-220 days. About sea level.

Ruta graveolens L. has been collected from various parts of the range as an escaped
plant.

SIMAROUBACEAE

1. Ailanthus Desf.

1. A. glandulosa Desf. In fields and along roadsides: Ont. to
Mass., N. Car., Ala. and Tex. Native of China.

Common as an escape from cultivation throughout the range.

POLYGALACEAE
1. Polygala [Tourn.] L.

Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the
stem and branches.
Basal leaves spatulate or obovate; flowers orange-yellow. I. 2: lutea.
Basal leaves inconspicuous or wanting; flowers not yellow.
Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes 8-18 mm.
thick, blunt; flowers purple to greenish white.

Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 2. P. cruciata.
Spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate. 3. P. brevifolia.
Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 4-6 mm. thick,
acute.
Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense;
flowers green to purplish. 4. P. verticillata.
Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose; flowers
more purple. 5. P. ambigua.
Leaves all alternate.
Petals united into a cleft tube, 6-8 mm. long, pink. 6. P. incarnata.

Petals not conspicuously united into a tube.
Spikes ovoid to globose.
Bracts persistent; flowersrose purpleto white. 7.
Bracts deciduous; flowers rose purple. 8,
Spikes cylindric.
Leaves 4-12 mm. long; flowers greenish to
purplish. 9g. P. Nuttallit.
Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers white or
greenish. 10. P. Senega.

. viridescens.
. mariana.

yy

POLYGALA CEAE 421

Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. 11. P. polygama.
Flowers 1-4, axillary, but apparently terminal rose purple or white. 12. P. paucifolia.

1. P. lutea L. In pine-barren bogs: L. I. to Fla., Pa. and La.
N. Y. Rare on the south side of Long Island in Nassau and
Suffolk Co., and on S. I., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common on the coastal plain; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Known only from Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common; Rare and local on the
overwash plain on L. I. 168-224 days. About sea level.

2. P.cruciata L. In sandy swamps: Me. to Fla., Minn. and La.

Conn. Common near the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward. k

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Very rare in Bergen and Hudson counties, increasing south-
ward and common on the coastal plain.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common throughout; Cretaceous, common: Older

Formations, scattered and relatively rare north of the moraine.

170-224 days. About sea level.

3. P. brevifolia Nutt. In sandy swamps: R. I. to N. J., Fla.
and Miss.

N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens, except at New Egypt,
Ocean Co., and Ashland, Camden Co. The reported occurrence
of this plant at Secaucus, Hudson Co., not unverified and rather
doubtful.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting or very rare elsewhere:

Cretaceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 168-220

days. About sea level.

4. P. verticillata L. In dry or moist soil: Que. and Ont. to
Minn., Sask., Fla., Colo. and Mex.
Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens and the
higher elevations of the Catskills, there rare or wanting.
5. P. ambigua Nutt. In dry soil: Me. to Ga., Mo. and La.
Perhaps a mere form of the preceding and generally distributed
with it, but usually not nearly so common.
6. P.incarnata L. In dry soil: Ont. to Wisc., N. Y., N. J., Fla.,
Kans. and Mex.
N. Y. Known only from near Southampton, L. I.

422

POLYGALACEAE

N. J. Known only from Camden, Gloucester, Cumberland, and
Salem counties, not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Chester Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, more common than elsewhere: Older
Formations, very rare: Exclusively south of the moraine. 170-220
days. About sea level.

7. P. viridescens L. In fields and meadows: N.S. to N. Car.,

Minn., Kan. and La.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
rare and perhaps only introduced.

8. P. mariana Mill. Indrysoil: S. N. J. to Fla., Ky. and La.

N. J. Known only fram a few stations in the pine-barrens and in
the region of Cape May. Rare and local.

9g. P. Nuttallii T. & G. In dry sandy soil: E. Mass. to N. Car.,

Mo. and Ala.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting inland.

N.Y. Locally common on L. I. and §S. I.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Somerset and Mercer counties, increasing
and becoming common throughout the southern counties.

Pa. Pike, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, very common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older

Formations, rare and scattered, more common in the Pa. drainage

of the Delaware River than elsewhere. 149-224 days. Sea level-

1,000 ft.

10. P. Senega L. (P. Senega latifolia T. & G.). In rocky woods:

N. B. to Minn. and the Canadian Rockies, N. Car. and Ark.

Conn. Kent, and New Milford, both in the valley of the Housa-
tonic; and in Litchfield Co.

N.Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

N. J. Reported from but very doubtfully occurring now near

Jersey City and in Camden Co. No. N. J.specimens are extant.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very doubtfully. Older Formations,
restricted to Stockbridge limestone in the northern and to limestone
and serpentine in the southern part of the local range. 142-220
days. Sea level—5oo ft.

11. P. polygama Walt. In dry soil: N.S. to Man., south to Fla.

and Tex.

EUPHORBIACEAE 423

Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Morris, and Sussex counties; Monmouth
and Middlesex counties, thence increasing and common south-
ward, except in the pine-barrens, there rather rare.

Pa. Philadelphia.

Tertiary less common on Beacon Hill than elsewhere; Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, scattered. 142-220 days. Sea level—

1,000 ft.

12. P. paucifolia Willd. In moist rich woods: N. B. to Anticosti

and Sask., south to Ga. and IIl.

Conn. Rare in New London Co., increasing and becoming common
northwestward.

N.Y. Very rare north of the moraine on L. I., unknown on S. I.
rare and local in northern Westchester Co., increasing northward.

N. J. Reported from, but very doubtfully in Monmouth Co.; not
very common in Hunterdon, Essex and Hudson counties, increas-
ing northward; unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Throughout the state, always increasing northward.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx.
Ovules I in each cavity of the ovary. 1. PHYLLANTHUS.
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary.

Plants clothed with stellate pubescence or scales. 2. CROTONOPSIS.
Plants variously pubescent, with simple hairs. 3. ACALYPHA.
Plants glabrous or nearly so. 4. RICINUS.

Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale
at the base of the filament-like pedicel.
Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages.
Leaves all opposite. 5. CHAMAESYCE.
Leaves, at least the lower, alternate.

Annual or biennial; bracts petal-like. 6. DICHROPHYLLUM.
Perennial; bracts not petal-like. 7. TITHYMALOPSIS.
Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages. 8. TITHYMALUS.

1. Phyllanthus L.

1. P. carolinensis Walt. In sandy or gravelly soil: E. Pa. to
lll., Kan., Fla., Tex. and Cent. Am.

Known only from Chester Co., Pa.

424

EUPHORBIACEAE

2. Crotonopsis Michx.

1. C. linearis Michx. In dry sandy soil: Conn. and N. J., to

Kkan., south to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Milford.

N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens, decreasing in the region
north and west of them; unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co. Not recently collected.

Tertiary, more common on Beacon Hill than elsewhere. Cre-
taceous, decreasing: Older Formations, unknown except for its
probably adventive occurrence in Conn. 179-220 days. About
sea level.

3. Acalypha L.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes; cap-
sule spiny. 1. A. ostryaefolia.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; cap-

sule smooth.
Plant not glandular; bract palmately many lobed.

. A. virginica.

2
Plant glandular; bract many-cleft. 3. A. gracilens.

I

Ny

Ww

. A. ostryaefolia Ridd. In fields and waste places: N. J. to

Kan., Fla. and Mex. Rare in our area.

Known only from near Lawrenceville, Princeton, Trenton and
Closter, N. J. and Morrisville, Bucks Co., Pa. Not recently
collected.

. A. virginica L. In woods and thickets: N.S. to Minn., Kan.,

Fla. and Tex.

Common, in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens,
there rare or wanting; often a weed.

. A. gracilens A. Gray. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to

Kan., Fla. and Tex.

Occasional throughout the area, frequently wanting; less com-
mon in the pine-barrens than elsewhere.

4. Ricinus [Tourn.] L.

1. R. communis L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Native of

Africa and Asia.
A rare escape from gardens in most parts of our range.

5. Chamaesyce S. F. Gray.

Leaves entire, seeds smooth or roughened. 1. C. polygonifolia.
Leaves serrate or dentate; plants prostrate.
Herbage glabrous. 2. C. glyptosperma.

EUPHORBIACEAE 425

Herbage pubescent or puberulent.
Capsules glabrous.
Capsules pubescent.
Leaves serrate or dentate; plant erect.

. C. Rafinesqui.

. C. maculata.

. C. Preslit.

. C. polygonifolia (L.) Small (Euphorbia polygonifolia L.). In
sand, along Atlantic coast: N. S. to Fla. and on the shores
of the Great Lakes.

Common on beaches throughout our range, not reported else-
where.

new

I

iS)

. C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small. In sandy soil: Ont. to B.
Col., N. Y., Tex. and Mex.

Iknown in our area only as a weed, collected many years ago on
Fisher’s Island in L. I. Sound, and more recently at Hewlett, L. I.
. C. Rafinesqui (Greene) Small (E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand).

In sandy or gravelly soil: Que. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y.
and Pa.

Common, throughout the area, except on the coastal plain.

ww

4. C. maculata (L.) Small. Fields and roadsides: throughout
N. Am.
Common, often as a troublesome weed, nearly everywhere.

. C. Preslii (Guss.) Arthur (E. nutans of American authors.
Not of Lag.). In fields and thickets: E. N. Am.

Common throughout the area as a weed except in and near the
pine barrens, there rare or wanting.

on

Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small is erroneously recorded as found many
years ago at Brigantine Beach, Atlantic Co., N. J.

C. serpens (H. B. K.) Small has been found as a waif about cities, as also C. hirta
(L.) Millsp. (Euphorbia pilulifera L.), on Staten Island.

6. Dichrophyllum Kl. & Garcke

1. D. marginatum (Pursh) Kl. & Garcke. (Euphorbia marginata
Pursh). In waste places: Central and Atlantic States.
Introduced from the West.

Very rare as an escape.

7. Tithymalopsis K]. & Garcke

Involucres with conspicuous white petaloid appendages. 1. 7. corollata.
Involucres with inconspicuous green appendages. 2. T. Ipecacuanhae.

426 EUPHORBIACEAE

1. T. corollata (L.) Kl. & Garcke (Euphorbia corollata L.). In
dry soil: Mass. and Ont. to Minn. and Kan., south to Fla.
and Tex.

Conn. Rare, and only as an adventive weed.

N.Y. Unknown on L. I.; reported but not definitely known now
on S. I., otherwise unknown.

N. J. Rare and local in Hunterdon, Somerset and Mercer counties,
increasing and common southward, but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, rare and scattered in locally sandy

places. 158-220 days. About sea level.

2. T. Ipecacuanhae (L.) Small (Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L.). In
dry sandy soil, mostly near the coast: Conn. to Fla., also
in southern Ind.

Common throughout most of the coastal part of our range,
especially in the pine-barrens. Always in sand, but not collected
from the sea-beaches, and known in Conn. only from an old speci-
men reported to be collected at East Windsor.

T. arundelana (Bartlett) Small has been reported from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co.,
N. J.
8. Tithymalus [Tourn.} Adans.

Leaves mainly opposite; capsules 10 mm. wide or more. 1. 7. Lathyris.
Leaves alternate; capsules less than 10 mm. wide.
Leaves serrulate. 2. IT. Helioscopia.
Leaves entire.
Annual or biennial; seeds pitted. 3. T. Peplus.
Perennial; seeds smooth.
Glands reniform, not horned. 4. T. Darlingtonit.
Glands crescent-shaped, horned.
Stem-leaves 4-12 mm. wide. 5. 7. Esula.
Stem-leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide. 6. T. Cyparissias.
1. T. Lathyris (L.) Hill (Euphorbia Lathyris L.). In waste places:
Conn. to N. Car. Also in Cal. Native of Europe.
Rare as an adventive weed.
2. T. Helioscopia (L.) Hill (E. Helioscopia L.). In waste places:
Ont. to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio. Native of Europe.
In waste places near the City of New York and at Camden, N. J.
3. T. Peplus (L.) Hill. (Z. Peplus L.). In waste places: N. Y.

to N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed near the larger cities.

CALLITRICHA CEAE 427

4. T. Darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small (EZ. Darlingtonii A. Gray).
NeYeeeasand Ne ji. tomNie Gar

Known in our area only from Gloucester Co., N. J. and Chester
Co., Pa., there very rare. Distribution insufficiently understood.

5. T. Esula (L.) Hill (E. Esula L.). In waste places: Mass. to
N. Y.and Mich. Naturalized from Europe.
Very rare in our areaasa weed. Collected at Redding, Conn., in
1902.

6. T. Cyparissias (L.) Hill (2. Cyparissias L.). Escaped from
gardens to waste places: N. Eng. to Kan. Naturalized from
Europe.

Common throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.

Tithymalus segetalis (L.) Lam. has been collected as a waif.

Mercurialis annua L. has also been collected on ballast, but is apparently fugitive.

Croton capitatus Michx. was reported from Monmouth Co., N. J. many years ago.
There are no specimens extant and the record is doubtful. It has recently been col-
lected as a waif on S. I.

CALLITRICHACEAE
1. Callitriche L.*
Fruit short peduncled; bracts wanting; terrestrial. 1. C. Austini,
Fruit sessile; aquatic or mud inhabiting herbs.
Fruit oval, longer than the styles. 2. C. palustris.
Fruit obovate, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heterophylla.

1. C. Austini Engelm. In damp shaded places: Conn. to N. J.,
Ohio, Mo., Tenn., Tex. and Mex.

Conn. Not common but generally distributed except in coastal
New London Co., there not reported.
N.Y. Reported from S. I. but not otherwise known from the area.
N. J. Rare and local in Passaic, Bergen, Mercer, Middlesex
and Salem counties.
Pa. Bucks and Monroe counties.
A rare and local plant whose scattered distribution is little under-
stood.

2. C. palustris L. Mostly in cold or running water: throughout
Can. and U.S.

Conn. Not uncommon westward along the coast; rare or wanting
elsewhere.

* See footnote, page 76.

428 LIMNANTHACEAE

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing up the Hudson
Valley.

N. J. Known only from Bergen, Passaic, Warren and Hunterdon
counties.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.

3. C. heterophylla Pursh. In ponds and slow streams: N. Eng.
Corba INE VW. Mern., Colo: and Ia:
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barren streams and
ponds, there rare or wanting.
According to Porter’s Flora of Pennsylvania, p. 201, C. autumnalis L. (C. bifida (L.)

Morong.) has been collected at Sellersville, Bucks Co. I have seen no specimens. The
species is otherwise known only from Quebec westward, and in Europe and Asia.

EMPETRACEAE
1. Corema Don.

1. C. Conradii Torr. In rocky or sandy soil: Newf. to N. J.,
mostly near the coast, but occurring in one station on the
Shawangunk mountains in Ulster Co., N. Y.

N. Y. Formerly collected on L. I., unrecorded from S. I.; known
otherwise only from the summit of the Shawangunk Mountains,
Ulster Co.

N. J. Known only from the pine-barrens.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, unknown elsewhere: Cretace-
ous, 0: Older Formations, in edaphically favorable places, -but very
rare.*

Pachysandra procumbens Michx. of the Buxaceae has been collected in Delaware
Co., Pa., as an escape from cultivation; not otherwise known from the range.

LIMNANTHACEAE
1. Floerkea Willd.+

1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. In marshes and along rivers: Que.
to Ont., Del., Tenn. and Mo.
Conn. New Haven Co.
N.Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare in Westchester and Bronx
counties, otherwise unknown.
N. J. Locally common from Burlington and Middlesex counties
northward.
* For an account of the factors governing the distribution of this plant see Torreya 12:

241, 242. I9QI2.
} See footnote, page 76.

ANACARDIACEAE 429

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Distribution scattered and little understood.

ANACARDIACEAE

Fruit densely pubescent, its stone smooth.

F lowers in dense terminal panicles appearing after the leaves. 1. Ruus.

Flowers in clustered spikes, appearing before the leaves. 2. SCHMALTZIA.
Fruit glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, its stone striate. 3. TOXICODENDRON.

1. Rhus [Tourn.] L.

Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. ’ 1. R. copallina.
Rachis of the leaf not wing-margined.

Foliage and twigs velvety pubescent. 2. R. hirta.

Foliage and twigs mostly glabrous and glaucous. 3. R. glabra.

1. R.copallina L. Indry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb.

and Tex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.

2. R. hirta (L.) Sudw. In dry rocky soil: N.S. to Ga., Ont., S.

Dak., Mo. and Miss.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., thence
increasing but not very common northward.

N. J. Very rare along the Delaware in Gloucester, Camden, Bur-
lington, and Mercer counties, thence increasing and not common
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare, and practically confined to
the glacial terraces of the lower Delaware. Older Formations, in-
creasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,680 ft.

3. R. glabra L. (R. pyramidalis Greene, R. bipinnata Greene).
In dry soil: N.S. to B. Col., Fla., Miss. and Ariz.

Common throughout the area except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting, and rather rare in the region surrounding the barrens.

2. Schmaltzia Desv.
1. S. crenata (Mill.) Greene (Rhus aromatica Ait.). In rocky
woods: Ont. and Vt. to Fla., Minn., Kan. and La.
In our area reported only from ‘‘ Guildford, Conn. ona small rock
outcrop in a salt marsh.’’ Not seen by me.

430 AQUIFOLIA CEAE

3. Toxicodendron [Tourn.] Mill.

Leaflets 7-13, glabrous; shrub with reddish twigs. 1. T. Vernix.
Leaflets 3, more or less pubescent.

Vine climbing by aerial rootlets; sometimes erect. T. radicans.

Low shrubs; leaflets crenately lobed. 3. T'. Toxicodendron.

iS)

1. T.V ernix (L.) Kuntze (Rhus Vernix L.). Inswamps: southern
Ont. to R. J., Fla., Minn., Mo. and La.
Throughout the range always decreasing inland, common in the
pine-barrens.

2. T. radicans (L.) Kuntze (R. radicans L.) Thickets and along
fences: N.S. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
rare and probably adventive.

3. T. Toxicodendron (L.) Cockerell (R. Toxicodendron L.). In
dry soil: S. N. J. to Ga. and western N. Car.

Rare and local in Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, Salem, Cumber-
land and Cape May counties, perhaps only adventive in the pine-
barrens. Otherwise unknown in the range. A recently discovered
plant in N. J., apparently spreading northward, more readily along
the western edge of the pine-barrens than through them.

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Petals oblong or obovate, slightly united. 1, ILEX.
Petals linear, distinct. 2, NEMOPANTHES.
1. wlexilt.
Leaves thick, evergreen, persistent.
Leaves spiny-toothed. 1. I. opaca.
Leaves toothed or entire, not spiny. 2. I. glabra.
Leaves thin; deciduous.
Nutlets ribbed; peduncles 1-flowered. 3. I. monticola.

Nutlets not ribbed.
Flowers all short-pedicelled.
Leaves oblong to oval.
Branching not fastigiate; leaves 2.5 cm. wide orless. 4. J. verticillata.
Branching fastigiate; leaves mostly less than 12
mm. wide. 5. I. fastigiata.
Leaves obovate. 6. I. bronxensis.
Staminate flowers on long and slender pedicels. 7. I. laevigata.

1. I. opaca Ait. In moist woods: S. Me. to Fla., Pa., Mo. and
Tex.
Conn. Doubtfully as a wild plant, frequently escaping from cul-
tivation, especially near the coast.

AQUIFOLIACEAE 431

N. Y. Common south of the moraine on L. IJ.; on S. I., un-
known elsewhere.

N. J. Doubtfully as a wild plant in Warren and Mercer counties;
thence increasing and becoming very common southward, except
in the pine-barrens, there only an intruder, and rare.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, not indigenous on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere:

Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and confined as a wild

plant to the coastal plain. 189-220 days. About sea level.

2. I. glabra (L.) Gray. In sandy soil, mainly near the coast:

N. S., eastern Mass. to Fla., west to La.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, rare or wanting inland,
except as to derivatives of cultivated specimens.

N. Y. Rare on the south side of L. I. and on S. I., unknown
elsewhere.

N. J. A single isolated station in Hudson Co.; Middlesex, and
Monmouth counties, thenceincreasing and becoming very common
southward especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, rare: Elsewhere, scattered exclusively on the coastal plain,
except in Conn. 189-220 days. About sea level.

3. I. monticola A. Gray (J. mollis Gray). In mountain woods:

on

N. Yo and Pa. to N. Car. and Ala.
Conn. Torrington.
N.Y. Rare in the Catskills, not recently collected.
N. J. Northwestern Sussex Co. and in Morris Co.
Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Lackawanna and Lehigh Cos.
A rare and scattered shrub, mostly growing north of the moraine,
and more common in Pa. than elsewhere especially as to the form
I. monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britton.

. I. verticillata (L.) A. Gray. In swamps: Conn. to Fla., Ont.,

Wisc. and Mo.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
scattered near the edges.

. I. fastigiata Bicknell. Swamps and hillsides: E. Mass. to

INS Js
N. J. New Durham, Bergen Co.; Newton, Sussex Co.

. I. bronxensis Britton. Swamps: N. S. to Ont., N. J. and

Mich.

432 CELASTRACEAE

N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing northward.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

Perhaps not specifically distinct from I. verticillata.

7. I. laevigata (Pursh) Gray. In swamps: Me. to Pa. and Ga.

Common throughout the range, most abundant southward;
locally wanting.

2. Nemopanthes Raf. ([licioides Dumont.)

1. N. mucronata (L.) Trelease. Inswamps: N.S. to Ont., Wisc.,
Ind. and Va.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown in Bronx and Westchester
counties, thence increasing and becoming common northward.
N. J. Very rare and local in the pine-barrens and the region

surrounding them, thence increasing northward.
Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, Carbon and Lackawanna counties.
Tertiary, rare on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cretaceous,
scattered.* Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-189
days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

CELASTRACEAE
Leaves opposite. 1. EUONYMUS.
Leaves alternate, woody vine. . CELASTRUS.

nN

1. Euonymus [Tourn.] L.

Pods tuberculate; low shrubs; flowers greenish pink.
Erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Decumbent, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate, obtuse.
Pods smooth; high shrubs or small trees.
Flowers purple; cymes 6—15-flowered.
Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-7-flowered.

. E. americanus.
. E. obovatus.

cal

is)

. E. atropurpureus.
. E. europaeus.

3
4
1. E. americanus L. In low woods: southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb.
and Tex.

N.Y. Not uncommon on L. I.,S. I. and in the Bronx.

N. J. Rare in Passaic, Bergen, Essex and Hunterdon counties,
thence increasing and becoming common southward, but not in
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Delaware and Chester counties,
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, rather scattered. 176-220 days.

Sea level.

*See Introduction paragraph 36.

STAPHYLEACEAE 433

2. E.obovatus Nutt. In low woods: S. Ont. to Pa., Ind. and Ky.

Recorded, perhaps erroneously, in our area only, from several
counties in N. J. and from Bucks Co., Pa. Not recently collected.

3. E. atropurpureus Jacq. In woods: Ont. to Fla., Mont. and
indent:

Not uncommon in most parts of our range, except in the pine-

barrens; doubtfully indigenous in Conn. and N. Y.; commonly
cultivated.

4. E. europaeus L. Escaped from cultivation: N. H., N. Y.,
and N. J. Native of Europe.

Rather rare as anescape from gardens.

E. alatus (Thunb.) Rupr. & Maxim. has been collected as an escape in Conn.

2. Celastrus L.

1. C. scandens L. In rich soil: Que. to N. Car., Man., Kan.,
Ind. Terr. and N. Mex.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I.; S. I., thence increasing and becoming
common northward.

N. J. Rare along the coast from Cape May Co. northward and in
the drainage of the Delaware from Camden Co. northward, thence
increasing and becoming common in the northern counties; not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout the state.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
scattered along the Delaware in N. J. and Bucks Co., Pa: Older
Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-—
4,000 ft.

STAPH YLEACEAE
1. Staphylea L.

1. S. trifolia L. In moist woods and thickets; Que. and Ont. to

Minn., S. Car. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Unknown as a wild plant on L. I., reported only from New
Springville on S. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Salem, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington and Mercer counties,
near the Delaware, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-
barrens.

434 ACERACEAE

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered, mostly near glacial terraces
along the Delaware: Older Formations, increasing northward.
117-220 days. Sea level-3,o90 ft.

ACERACEAE
1. Acer [Tourn.] L.

Leaves simple, palmately lobed.
Flowers in dense sessile lateral clusters, unfolding before the
leaves.
Petals none; ovary tomentose; samaras divergent. I. A. saccharinum.
Petals present; ovary glabrous; samaras incurved.
Leaves not conspicuously paler beneath than above,

northern. 2. A. rubrum.
Leaves conspicuously paler beneath than above. 3. A. carolinianum.
Flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves.
Leaves pale and nearly glabrous beneath. 4. A. Saccharum.
Leaves green and pubescent, at least on the veins,
beneath. 5. A. nigrum.
Flowers racemose, terminal, unfolding after the leaves.
Racemes drooping; leaves finely serrate. 6. A. pennsylvanicum.
Racemes erect; leaves coarsely serrate. 7. A. spicatum.
Leaves pinnate. 8. A. Negundo.

1. A. saccharinum L. Along streams: N. B. to Fla., S. Ont.,
Dak., Neb. and Ind. Terr.

Conn. Unknown along the Sound as a wild plant, increasing
northward especially up river valleys.

N.Y. Very rare, if at all asa wild treeon L. J. and S.I.; rare in
the Bronx; unknown up the Hudson Valley to the Highlands,
thence increasing but not common northward; common every-
where as an escape.

N. J. Known only in the drainage of the Delaware in Sussex,
Warren, Hunterdon and Camden counties, and in the drainage
of the Pasaic and upper Raritan rivers so far as wild trees are con-
cerned. Perhaps all others are derivatives of cultivated speci-
mens; found as an escape in most parts of the state, except the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delawareand Chester counties.
A rare and highly localized plant in our area. Except for its

greater profusion in river-valleys, apparently without significant

distributional features.

2. A.rubrum L. Inswampsand low grounds: N. B. to Man. and
southward.

ACERACEAE 435

Common throughout the range except inand near the pine-barrens,
there replaced by A. carolinianum; increasing northward.

3. A. carolinianum Walt. In moist soil: E. Mass. to N. J.,
Fla. and Tex.
N.Y. Rareon L. I. and S. I.
N. J. Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing and be-

coming common southward, especially in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Bucks Co.

4. A. Saccharum Marsh. In rich woods: Newf. to Man., south
to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Rare as a wild plant near the coast, increasing northward.

N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknownon S. I. asa wild plant; commonly
planted. Rare in the lower Hudson Valley, increasing and
becoming common northward.

N. J. Hudson, Mercer and Essex counties, increasing and com-
mon northward

Pa. Throughout the state.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,oo0 ft.

5. A. nigrum Michx. In woods: Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn.,
La. and Ark.
Known only from Salisbury, Conn., Hyde Park, N. Y., Locktown,
Far-Hills, Little Falls and Newton, N. J., and from Bucks Co.,
Pa. Very rare and rather inexplicably scattered.

6. A. pennsylvanicum L. In rocky woods: N. S. to Lake

Superior and along the mountains to Ga. and Tenn.

Conn. Not uncommon in northwestern Litchfield Co., rare and
perhaps wanting elsewhere.

N. Y. From the southern end of the Highlands of the Hudson
northward, there common, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare in Somerset Co., thence increasing northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Lehigh, Carbon, Monroe and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-159 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft.

7. A. spicatum Lam. Damp rocky woods: Newf. and James
Bay to Man., south along the mountains to N. Car., Tenn.
and Minn.

Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully in Westchester Co., rare at

436 BALSAMJNACEAE

the northern end of the Highlands, thence increasing northward.
The L. I. record was apparently based on Viburnum acerifolium.
N. J. Union, Somerset and Essex counties, thence increasing
northward.
Pa. Throughout the area except in Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-168 days. Sea level-4,020 ft.

8. A. Negundo L. Along streams: Vt. and Ont. to Man., Fla.
and N. Mex.

Conn. Reported as apparently native in the Housatonic valley;
scattered elsewhere.

N. Y. An escape from cultivation.

N. J. Frequent or common in the drainage of the Delaware
from Hunterdon to Gloucester counties. Also,in Bergen and
Passaic counties, perhaps elsewhere an escape.

Pa. Northampton Co., southward.

Acer platanoides L. and A. pseudoplatanus L. both commonly planted are both
occasionally collected as escapes.

HIPPOCASTANACERE

1. Aesculus L.

1. A. Hippocastanum L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N. Am.
Native of Asia.

A rather rare escape from cultivation in most parts of our range,
commonly cultivated.
SAPINDACEAE
1. Cardiospermum L.

1. C. Halicacabum L. In waste places: N. J., D. C. and in
ballast about the eastern seaports. Native of Tropical

America.
Rare in our area as an occasional adventive near the larger
settlements. :
BALSAMINACEAE
1. Impatiens [Rivin.] L.
Flowers orange or orange-yellow, mottled; spur incurved. 1. I. biflora.
Flowers pale yellow; spur short, spreading. 2. I. pallida,

1. I. biflora Walt. In moist ground: N.S. to Ore., Alask., Fla.,
and Kans.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
rare or wanting.

RHAMNACEAE 437

2. I. pallida Nutt. (I. awrea of S. Wats., not of Muhl.).

In moist shaded places: Que. to Ore., Ga. and Kan.

Conn. Rare and local over most of the state, increasing north-
westward.

N.Y. Very rare on the north shore of L. I., unknown south of the
moraine and on S. I.; rare and local in Westchester Co., thence
increasing northward.

N. J. Very rare and local in Burlington Co., thence unknown to
Hudson and Hunterdon counties, except up the drainage of the
Delaware, thence increasing but not common northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare near the glacial terraces along
the lower Delaware. Older Formations, increasing northward.

117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

RHAMNACEAE
Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe. 1. RHAMNUS.
Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 2. CEANOTHUS.

1. Rhamnus [Tourn.] L.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved.

Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous. 1. R. cathartica.
Petals none; flowers 5-merous. 2. R. alnifolia.
Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth. 3. R. Frangula.

1. R. cathartica L. Escaped from hedges: E. N. Am. _ Intro-
duced from Europe.

Not very common as an escape.

2. R. alnifolia L’Her. In swamps: N. B. to B. Col., N. J., IIl.,
Neb. and Cal.
Conn. Northwestern Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Near Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., Copake Falls, Columbia

Go
N. J. Hudson, Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, unknown
elsewhere.

Pa. Northampton Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, apparently most
common on limestone. Notsouth of the moraine. 123-259 days.
500-1,500 ft.

3. R. Frangula L. In bogs: L. I. and N. J. Naturalized from
Europe.

438 VITACEAE

Occasional as an escape on L. I. and in northern N. J.; near
the City of New York.

The reported occurrence of R. caroliniana Walt. in Hudson Co., N. J., is an error based
on a misdetermination of a specimen of R. Frangula L.

2. Ceanothus L.
1. C. americanus L. In dry open woods: Me. and Ont. to Man.,
Kans., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout our area except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; always increasing northward.

VITACEAE
Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped; leaves not
digitately compound in our species. 1. VITIS.
Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting; leaves digitately compound,
the leaflets 5-7. 2. PARTHENOCISSUS.

1. Vitis [Tourn.] L.

Leaves woolly beneath.

Pubescence rusty-brown; berries large, musky. 1. V. Labrusca.
Pubescence at length whitish; berries small, black, not
musky. 2. V. aestivalts.
Leaves glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent when young.
Leaves bluish-white, glaucous beneath. 3. V. bicolor.
Leaves not glaucous beneath.
Leaves 3-7 lobed; lobes acute or acuminate. 4. V. vulpina.
Leaves sharply dentate; scarcely lobed. 5. V. cordifolia.

1. V. Labrusca L. In thickets: N. Eng. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn.

Common throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; always increasing northward.

_ V. aestivalis Michx. In thickets: southern N. Eng. to Fla.,
southern Ont., Wisc. and La.

Common throughout the area, less common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere and perhaps there introduced.

3. V. bicolor LeConte. In woods: N. N. Y. to Mich. and N.
Car.
Conn. Colebrook, Litchfield Co. and Southington, Hartford Co.
N. Y. Spring Valley, Rockland Co.
N. J. Sussex Co., very rare.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered indis-

criminately on limestone and crystalline rock-soils. 128-159 days.
Sea level—1,goo ft.

No

TILIACEAE 439

4. V. vulpina L. Along rocky river banks: N.S. to Man., Md.,
and Ark.

Conn. Throughout the state, rare except along rivers and streams.
N.Y. RareonL. I.,S. I. and the Bronx; upper end of the Hudson
Highlands northward, rare.
N. J. In the drainage of the Delaware, from Camden Co., to
Sussex, Warren and Morris counties.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.
A rare and scattered plant the distribution of which is not suffi-
ciently understood.

5. V. cordifolia Michx. In moist thickets and along streams:
N. Y. to Neb., Fla. and Tex.

N.Y. S.I.andL.1I.; recorded from Dutchess Co.

N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; very rare in the region surrounding them.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

2. Parthenocissus Planch.
1. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. In woods and thickets: Que. to
Man., Cuba, Tex. and Mex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
apparently sparingly introduced.

TILIACEAE
Te wailiay ournt||
Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. 1. 7. americana.
Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. Michauxii.
Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. 3. T. heterophylla.

1. T. americana L. In rich woods and along river-bottoms:
N. B. to Ga., Man., Neb. and Tex.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
occasional in the region just west and north of the barrens, otherwise
increasing northward.

2. T. Michauxii Nutt. (7. pubescens of the manuals, not of Ait.).
In moist woods: Conn. to Fla. and Tex., mostly along the
coast.

Conn. Rare near the coast, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Near College Point, L. I.

N. J. Rare; Hudson, Bergen, Hunterdon and Middlesex counties,
unknown elsewhere.

A highly localized species whose distribution is little understood.

440 MALVACEAE

3. T. heterophylla Vent.. In woods: N. Y. to Fla., Ala., Ky., Ill.
and Tenn.

Known only from the region near Slatington and Lehigh Gap,
Lehigh Co., Pa., an area with an elevation of about 800 ft., a
growing season of about 165 days and underlaid by Hudson River
and Utica shales.

The common European linden, Tilia europaea L. is often planted and is a not in-
frequent escape, but is scarcely persistent.

Corchorus tridens L. and C. trilocularis L. are rare waifs near New York and Philadel-
phia.

MALVACEAE

Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit.
Carpels 1-seeded.
Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. 1. ALTHAEA.
Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none.
Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches. 2. MALvA.

Stigmas capitate, terminal. 3. SIDA.
Carpels 2—-several-seeded. 4. ABUTILON.
Stamen-column anther-bearing below the entire or 5-toothed summit.
Carpels 1-seeded. 5. KOSTELETZKYA.
Carpels several-seeded. 6. HIBIscus.

1. Althaea L.

1. A. officinalis L. In salt marshes: Mass. and N. Y. to Pa.
Naturalized from Europe.
Occasional as naturalized plant in some of our salt-marshes.

A. rosea Car., the Hollyhock, is not infrequent as an escape in some parts of our range,
hardly ever becoming established.

2. Malva [Tourn.] L.

Leaves with 5-9 shallow, angular lobes.

Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx. 1. M. sylvestris.
Petals 1-2 times the length of the calyx.
Procumbent, low. 2. M. rotundifolia.
Erect, tall; leaf-margins crisped. 3. M. crispa.
Leaves deeply 5—7-lobed or pinnatifid.
Stem leaves I-3 pinnatifid; carpels downy. 4. M. moschata.
Stems leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous. 5. M. Alcea.

1. M. sylvestris L. In waste places and along roadsides:
throughout N. Am. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as an adventive weed.

2. M. rotundifolia L. In waste places: throughout E. N. Am.
Naturalized from Europe.

MALVACEAE 441

A common weed throughout the range, except in the pine-
barrens, there rare or wanting.

. M.crispa L. In waste places sparingly escaped from gardens:
N.S. toS. Dak. and Pa. Introduced from Europe and Asia.

An occasional escape, especially in N. J., often wanting and
hardly persistent.

is)

4. M. moschata L. In waste places: E. N. Am. Adventive
from Europe.
Occasional as a weed, except in the pine-barrens.

. M. Alcea L. In waste places occasionally escaped from
gardens: E. N. Am. Introduced from Europe.

on

An occasional escape from gardens, especially near the City of
New York.

M. arvensis Presl. and M. borealis Wallr. have been collected as waifs near New York.

2-ssidaules
I. S. spinosa L. In waste places: Me. to N. J., Mich., Kan.,
Fla., and Tex. and in Trop. Am. :
Not uncommon as a weed especially in southern N. J. where
perhaps native; not definitely known from L. I.

S. rhombifolia L., S. angustifolia Juss., S. carpinifolia L. f. and S. linifolia Cav. have
been collected near some of our larger cities.

4. Abutilon Gaertn.

1. A. Abutilon (L.) Rusby. In waste places: common through-
out N. Am. Native of southern Asia.

Common as a weed throughout most of the area, except the pine-
barrens, there rare or wanting.

5. Kosteletzkya Presl.

1. K. virginica (L.) A. Gray. In salt or brackish marshes: N. Y.

to Fla. and La.

N.Y. The marshes along the north shore of L. I., near the western
end; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Hudson Co., increasing and common southward in coastal
marshes.

Pa. Philadelphia Co., on the Delaware.
Apparently confined to salt marshes, more common southward

than elsewhere.

442 HYPERICA CEAE

6. Hibiscus L.
Tall perennial herbs.
Calyx segments triangular-lanceolate; capsule ovoid-conic,

long pointed. 1. H. oculiroseus.

Calyx segments triangular-ovate; capsule globose-ovoid. 2. H. Moscheutos.
Low hairy annual of waste places. 3. H. Trionum.
Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens. 4. H. Syriacus.

1. H. oculiroseus Britton. In salt marshes: N. Y. and N. J.
N.Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I.
N. J. Near Absecon, Atlantic Co., Island Heights, Ocean Co.,
South River, Middlesex Co.
A rare and highly local species to be looked for elsewhere, as it
becomes better known, and studied in relation to the following
species.

2. H. Moscheutos L. In brackish marshes: Mass. to Fla. and
La., locally in saline situations in the interior.

Common throughout the salt marshes of our area, and along the
edges and scattered through the center of Pensauken Sound;*
ascending the river valleys.

3. H. Trionum L. In waste places: N. S. to Fla., S. Dak. and
Kan. Adventive from southern Europe.
Locally common as a weed in most parts of our range.

4. H. Syriacus L. Escaped from cultivation: Conn. to Ga.
Rare as an occasional escape from gardens.

Malvastrum spicatum (L.) A. Gray, M. coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Sphaeralcea
miniata Cav., Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don., Pavonia hastata Cav. Urena lobata L.
and Gossypium barbadense L. have all been collected near the larger cities as waifs.

HY PERICACEAE
Sepals 4, in unequal pairs; petals 4. 1. ASCYRUM.
Sepals and petals 5.
Petals yellow.
Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. HYPERICUM.
Leaves reduced to minute, appressed scales. 3. SAROTHRA
Petals pink or greenish-purple. 4. TRIADENUM.
1. Ascyrum L.
Erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves clasping; styles 3 or 4. I. A. stans.
Diffusely branched, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves sessile; styles 2. 2. A. hypericoides.

*See Introduction paragraph 21 and fl. 9.

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HYPERICACEAE 443

1. A. stans Michx.* In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Fla., Tenn.
and Tex.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare in the area surrounding
them; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About
sea level.

2. A. hypericoides L. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Fla., Ill,

Kan. and Tex.

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare and local in Hudson, Mercer and Middlesex counties,
thence increasing and becoming common southward, especially
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
usually on or near the edge of the coastal plain. 179-220 days.

About sea level.

2. Hypericum [Tourn.] L.

Styles 5; large perennial; pods 5-celled. 1. H. Ascyron.
Styles 3 (rarely 4).-
Tall leafy shrub; pods 3-celled. 2. H. densiflorum.

Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base.
Stamens numerous, 15-40; flowers 6-25 mm. broad.
Capsules 1-celled, or incompletely 3—5-celled.
Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled. 3. H. adpressum.

Capsules strictly 1-celled.
Styles united into a beak, separate above;

stigmas entire.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong; cap-

sule 7 mm. long. 4. H. Bissellit.
Leaves elliptic; capsule about 4 mm.
long. 5. H. ellipticum.
Styles separate; stigmas capitate. 6. H. virgatum.

Capsulescompletely 3-celled; styles separate.
Leaves linear to linear-oblong; sepals lanceo-

late. 7. H. perforatum.
Leaves broadly oblong, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate. 8. H. punctatum.
Stamens few, 5-12; flowers I-6 mm. broad.
Cyme leafy-bracted. 9. H. boreale.

* The specimen of Miller and Young, upon which they incorrectly based the record
of this plant’s occurrence in Suffolk Co., L. I., was collected by H. W. Howland, in
August, 1871, in the pine-barrens of Ocean County, N. J.

444 HYPERICACEAE

Cymes subulate bracted.
Leaves 5-7 nerved, not linear.
Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule
2-5 mm. long.
Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong. 10. H. mutilum.
Leaves acute, or only the lower

obtuse; sepals long acuminate. 11. H. gymnanthum.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate;
capsule 8-10 mm. long. 12. H. majus.
Leaves 3-5-nerved, linear or linear-oblong,
obtuse.
Leaves narrowed at the base. 13. H. canadense.
Leaves rounded or clasping at the base. 14. H. dissimulatum.

1. H. Ascyron L. Banks of streams: Que. and Vt. to Man.,
Conn., N. J., Hl. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Not very common in New Haven, Fairfield, Hartford,

and Litchfield counties, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. The Catskills in Sullivan and Ulster counties.
N.J. Rare in Burlington Co., increasing northward, on the bank
of the Delaware River.
Pa. Pike, Northampton and Bucks counties, all the stations near
or on the Delaware.
Terdary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formacions, increasing
northward, especially in the valley of the Delaware. 127-183 days.
Sea level-1,g900 ft.

2. H. densiflorum Pursh. Pine-barrens: N. J., Ark. and Tex.

N. J. Common throughout the pine-barrens, decreasing in the
region immediately surrounding the barrens; wanting elsewhere.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, scattered in Middlesex and the counties southwest of it:

Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About sea level.

2A. H. prolificum L. Sandy soil: Ont. and N. Y., Minn. and Ga.
Pa. Philadelphia Co.

Records of this species from the coastal plain of N. J. refer to H. densiflorum.

3. H. adpressum Bart. Low grounds: Mass. to Ga., La., Mo.
and Ark.
Conn. Very rare along the coast east of the Connecticut River.
INS Yee ocalton. 1.
N. J. Rare in Bergea Co., not known between it and Monmouth
Co., thence local along the edges of the pine-barrens, wanting
in the pine-barrens.

HYPERICACEAE 445

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Philadelphia counties.

Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
rare: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 179-220days. About
sea level.

4. H. Bissellii Robinson. Known only from its original locality
at Southington, Conn.

5. H. ellipticum Hook. In swamps and along streams: N. S.

to Man., Conn., N. J., Pa., Md. and Minn.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I.; rare and local in northern
Westchester Co., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Very rare along the Delaware in Camden and Burlington
counties; Hunterdon and Morris counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Schuylkill, Bucks and Mont-
gomery counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the drainage of the Delaware:

Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-183 days. Sea

level—4,o20 ft.

6. H. virgatum Lam. (H. virgatum ovalifolium Britton). Moist
grounds: pine-barrens of N. J. to Florida and Tennessee.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing just outside the
barrens and unknown elsewhere; formerly reported from Hudson
Co.
Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing outside it: Cre-
taceous, rare and scattered: Older Formations, 0. 160-220 days.
About sea level.

“J

. H. perforatum L. In fields and waste places; throughout
eastern N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.

Common throughout the range as a weed; perhaps wanting in the
middle of the pine-barrens of N. J.

8. H. punctatum Lam. (H. subpetiolatum Bicknell, H. macu-
latum Walt.). In moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla.,
Kan. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
rare; occasional in the region immediately surrounding the barrens.

9. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Wet soil: Newf. to Vt., N. J.
and Va.

446 HYPERICACEAE

Conn. Not definitely reported, perhaps occurring in most parts
of the state.
N. Y. Common on the L. I. coastal plain.

N. J. Locally common throughout, especially along the coast.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

Distribution scattered and little understood.

10. H. mutilum L. In low grounds: N.S. to Man., Fla., Kan.
and Tex.

Common everywhere except in the pine-barrens, there unknown.

11. H. gymnanthum Engelm & Gray. In low grounds: N. J.
and Del. to Minn., La. and Tex.

Known in our range from two stations in Gloucester and
Burlington counties, N. J. Both are on the edge of the pine-
barrens, and are underlaid by Cretaceous sands and gravels.
Reported also from Bucks and Delaware counties, Pa.

12. H. majus (Gray) Britton. In moist soil: Me. to Mich., N. J.
and Neb.
Conn. Rareand local over most of the state, increasing northward.

N. Y. Rare on L. I., a single station on S. I., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. A single station in Camden Co., near the Delaware, not
recently collected; local in Hudson, Morris and Sussex counties,
thence increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, known only from a single station on a
glacial terrace along the lower Delaware: Older Formations, in-
creasing northward, 117-176 days. Sea level-3,365 ft.

13. H.canadense L. In wet sandy soil: Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky.
and Wisc.

Common throughout the range.

14. H. dissimulatum Bicknell. Damp or wet sandy soil: Me. to
Ne:

N.Y. Springfie d and Rosedale, L. I., and on S. I.

H. humifusum L. has been recorded as a waif near New York and Philadelphia.

3. Sarothra L.

1. S. gentianoides L. In sandy soil: Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn.,
Mo. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, nearly always as a weed.

CISTACEAE 447

4. Triadenum Raf.

I. T. virginicum (L.) Raf. In swamps: Lab. to Fla., Man.,
Neb. and La.

Common throughout the range.

The reported occurrence of T. petiolatum (Walt.) Britton, in N. J., rests on a specimen
collected ‘‘near Camden”’ many years ago. It has never been seen since.

ELATINACEAE
1. Elatine L.*

1. E. americana (Pursh) Arn. Margins of pools and in slow
streams: Me. and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. Also in Colo.
and Oregon.

Scattered and local in most parts of the area.

CISTACEAE

Petals 5, yellow, fugacious or wanting.
Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. I. CROCANTHEMUM.
Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated; style long. 2. HUDSONIA.
Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. LECHEA.

1. Crocanthemum Spach. [Helianthemum of Amer. Auth.].
Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short, terminal, cymose raceme, their
capsules 3-4 mm. long.
Petaliferous flowers short-pedicelled, their pods thicker than 1. C. majus.
long.

Petaliferous flowers long-pedicelled, their podslonger thanthick. 2. C. propinquum.
Petaliferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules 6-8 mm. long.

Leaves oblong, acute; branches erect. 3. C. canadense.

Leaves oval or elliptic; branches spreading. 4. C. dumosum.

1. C. majus (L.) Britton (Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S. P.).

In dry soil: N. S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. Car. and Tex.

Conn. Not very common throughout the state, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Common throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less ccmmon: Older Formations,

scattered. Predominating south of the moraine. 143-220 days.

Sea level—goo ft.

2. C. propinqguum Bicknell. Dry soil: E. Mass. to N. J.

N. Y. Not uncommon on L. J.
N. J. Landisville.

* See footnote, page 76.

448 CISTACEAE

3. C. canadense (L.) Britton. In dry rocky or sandy soil: Me.
to Ont., Wisc., N. Car. and Ky.

Common throughout the range, but not specifically known from
the mountains of the Catskills and of Pa.

4. C. dumosum Bicknell. Dry soil: E. Mass. and L. I.

Known, in our area, only from the Hempstead Plains of L. I.

The reported occurrence of C. corymbosum (Michx.) Britton, in N. J. is based ona
very old specimen collected in ‘‘N. Jersey.” The specimen may be from further south,
as the species has never since been collected in the state.

2. Hudsonia L.

Flowers slender-pedicelled; leaves subulate. 1. H. ericoides.
Flowers nearly sessile; leaves scale-like. 2. H. tomentosa.

1. H. ericoides L. In dry sandy soil: N.S. to Vt. and Va.
N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare in Middlesex Co., north
of the barrens, and at Atlantic City, unknown elsewhere.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, wanting or rare elsewhere;

Cretaceous, scattered: Rare on the overwash plain on L. I. About
sea-level.

2. H. tomentosa Nutt. Mostly in sands of the seashore and in
pine-barrens: N. B. and N. H., southward to Va.
Conn. Mostly near the coast, but found also at Ledyard.
N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.
N. J. From Middlesex Co., southward, especially abundant along
the coast, occasional in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, scattered: practically confined
to modern coastal sands. 166-2206 days. About sea-level.

3. Lechea Kalm

Leaves of the basal shoots oblong to ovate, not more than 3 times as
long as broad.

Outer sepals longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. ‘1. L. minor.
Outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner.
Pod oblong; pedicels slender, 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemulosa.

Pod globose; pedicels about 1 mm. long.
Erect, villous-pubescent. 3. L. villosa.
Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. L. maritima.
Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than
3 times as long as broad.
Stem leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals 1-nerved. 5. L. tenutfolia.

CISTACEAE 449

Stem leaves oblong linear; inner sepals 3-nerved.
Pod obovoid, 1 mm. in diameter. 6. L. Leggettit.
Pod globose, 2 mm. in diameter. 7. L. intermedia.

1. L. minor L. In dry open grounds: E. Mass. to Mich., Fla.

and Ia:

Conn. Very rare and local over most of the state, more common
near the coast than elsewhere.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and in the southern parts of
Westchester County, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Throughout the state, more common in the pine-barrens
and less common in the north than elsewhere.

Pa. Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, scattered elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, scattered: Older Formations, rare in locally sandy places.

153-220 days. Sea level—goo ft.

2. L. racemulosa Michx. In dry sandy soil: N. Y. to Ind.,

south to Fla. and Tenn.

N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I. and up the Hudson
Valley to West Point, unknown northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, increasing southward, especially in
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Carbon, Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.
Distribution scattered and not easy of explanation.

3. L. villosa Ell. In dry soil: Mass. and Vt. to S. Ont., south
to Neb., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the area, but decreasing west of the N. J. pine-
barrens.

4. L. maritima Leggett. Sands of the sea-shore and in sandy
barrens: Me. to Ga. Also at Crawford Notch, N. H.

Common throughout the coastal, sandy places and in the pine-
barrens of N. J.; unknown elsewhere in our area.

5. L. tenuifolia Michx. In dry open places: E. Mass. to Wisc.,
Neb., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Not very common on the north shore of L. I. and up the
Hudson Valley to Westchester Co.

N. J. Known only from an old record at Phalanx, Monmouth Co.
A rather rare and local species whose distribution is not as yet

understood.

30

450 VIOLACEAE

6. L. Leggettii Britton and Hollick. In open places: Mass. to
Ind. and N. Car.

Throughout the range, more common near the coast and in the
pine-barrens than elsewhere; rare or wanting at higher elevations.

7. L. intermedia Leggett. In open places: Conn., N. J. and Pa.
to N. B. and northern N. Y. and Ont.

Conn. Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare and local from Bronx and
Westchester counties northward.

N. J. A single station near South Amboy, Middlesex Co., thence
unknown except in Morris, Passaic, Sussex and Warren counties,
increasing and common northwestward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, and Philadelphia
counties.

VIOLACEAE*

Sepals not auricled; petals equal in length; stamens united into a sheath. 1. CUBELIUM.
Sepals auricled; lower petal spurred; stamens distinct, the 2 lower
spurred. 2. VIOLA.

1. Cubelium Raf.
1. C. concolor (Forst.) Raf. In moist woods: Ont. to Mich.,
N. Car. and Kan.

N. J. Local in Hunterdon Co.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Philadelphia, Delaware
and Chester counties.

2. Viola L.7

I. Plant stemless, arising directly from a rootstock or from

runners.
Style ending in a small hook pointing downward, flowers
very fragrant; producing leafy runners. 1. V. odorata.

Style not ending in a downward pointing hook.
Style beakless.

Leaves pedatifid; flowers violet or purple. 2. V. pedata.
Leaves repand crenulate, not divided; flowers
yellow. - 3. V. rotundifolia.

Style dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with
a conical beak on the lower side.
Rootstock fleshy and thickened, without under-

* Ecological data are omitted in many species of this family as, owing to the scarcity
of material, the recent instability of the specific status of many of them and the numerous
hybrids, such data must, as yet, be of doubtful value.

+ My thanks are due Dr. Ezra Brainerd for much help and criticism in the preparation
of the treatment of this genus.

VIOLACEAE

ground runners; petals violet-blue to
purple, the lateral bearded.

Leaves heart-shaped, the margins merely cre-
nate-serrate, or in nos. 9, 10 and It,
some leaves lobed but the cleistoga-
mous flowers on prostrate peduncles.

Plants glabrous or nearly so.

Beard of the lateral petals strongly
knobbed; cleistogamous flowers
long and slender.

Beard of the lateral petals not
strongly knobbed; cleistoga-
mous flowers ovoid or ovoid-
acuminate.

Cleistogamous flowers mostly
on ascending peduncles;
capsuies 5-10 mm. long.

Leaves and sepals obtuse;
capsules green.

Leaves and sepals acute;
cleistogamous capsules
usually purplish.

Cleistogamous flowers mostly
on short prostrate pe-
duncles; capsules 10-15
mm. long.

Leaves all undivided.

Early leaves purplish
beneath; plants of
sandy or dry soil.

Early leaves green;
moist soil.

Leaves palmately lobed or
parted.

Plants more or less pubescent.

Leaves all palmately 5-11-lobed or
parted, or rarely the first leaf of
spring uncut; seeds brown.

Earliest and latest leaves uncut,
others pedately 3-7-lobed, parted
or divided; seeds usually buff.

Leaves all uncut.

Spurred petal glabrous, or
bearing only scattered hairs;
capsules 8-10 mm. long.

Spurred petal villous; capsules
5-8 mm. long.

Pubescent only on the
upper surface of the leaf.

Pubescent on petioles and
lower surface of the leaf;
sepals ciliolate.

451

4. V. cucullata.

10.

Il.

12.

ist

14.

Vz.

. V. nephrophylia.

obliqua.

. latiuscula.

papilionacea,

”. Stoneana.

. palmata.

triloba.

. Sororia.

. hirsutula.

. Septentrionalis.

452 VIOLACEAE

Leaves not heart-shaped, usually sharply
dentate toward the base or lobed;
cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on
erect peduncles; capsules green.

Leaves pedately divided into linear lobes.
Leaves not divided but usually sharply
toothed toward the base.

Scapes usually exceeding the leaves,
the latter ovate-oblong, pubes-
cent.

Scapes as long as the leaves or

shorter.

Leaves lanceolate, glabrous;
basal lobes often dilated and
incised.

Leaves ovate-deltoid or deltoid.

Margins coarsely toothed
near the base; blades
sometimes lobes.

Margins sharply toothed
towards the base or
pectinately incised.

Rootstock long and filiform, producing slender
underground runners, except in V. reni-
folia.

Petals lilac or pale violet.

Petals white with purple lines on the 3 lower
ones.

Leaves glabrous on both sides, rarely
pubescent in nos. 20 and 21.

Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late.

Leaves heart-shaped or ovate.

Leaves ovate, acute, the base
subcordate obtuse or almost
decurrent.

Leaves heart-shaped, usually
obtuse. F

Leaves pubescent on one or both sides.

Leaves reniform, pubescent; runners
almost always small or wanting.

Leaves heart-shaped.

Lateral petals beardless; leaves
minutely hairy above, es-
pecially on the basal lobes;
plant elsewhere glabrous.

Lateral petals bearded; plant
pubescent.

II. Plants with leafy stems.
Stipules entire, the lower more or less scarious.
Petals yellow.

15.

16,

U7:

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

V. Brittoniana.

V. fimbriatula.

V. sagittata,

V. emarginata.

V. pectinata.

V. Selkirkii.

V. lanceolata.

V. primulifolia.

V. pallens.

V. rentfolia.

V. blanda.

V. incognita.

VIOLACEAE 453

Softly pubescent; root leaves often wanting; stem

leaves broad, often 7 cm. wide or wider. 27. V. pubescens.
Sparingly pubescent, root leaves usually 1-2; stem
leaves rarely over 7 cm. wide. 28. V. eriocarpa.
Petals white inside, tinged with violet outside. 29. V. canadensis.
Stipules fringed toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, herbaceous or
leaf-like.

Style slender, not much enlarged upward; stipules
somewhat herbaceous, fringe toothed.
Tip of the style bent downward, slightly pubescent
near the apex.

Petals white or cream colored. 30. V. striata.
Petals pale violet or violet purple. 31. V. conspersa.
Style straight and glabrous; petals lilac with
violet spot near the center. 32. V. rostrata.

Style much enlarged upward; stipules large, leaf-like
and lyrate-pinnatifid.
Stipules pinnatisect at the base; upper leaves

crenately serrate. 33. V. arvensis.
Stipules palmately pectinate at the base; upper
leaves entire or nearly so. 34. V. Rafinesquit.

1. V. odorata L. Escaped from gardens: Nov. Scot. to southern
N. Y. and N. J. Also in the south and on the Pacific coast.
Native of Europe.

Rare as an occasional escape from gardens.

2. V. pedata L. (V. pedata lineariloba DC.). In open sandy
places: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Fila.
Common over most of our range, always decreasing inland and
increasing in the sandy regions of the coastal plain except in the
pine-barrens, there rare.

3. V. rotundifolia Michx. Rocky woods and hillsides: Lab. and

Ont. to Minn., south in the mountains to N. Car.

Conn. Rare and local in the coastal part of New London Co.,
increasing and common northwestward.

N.Y. Asingle stationon L.I. OnS. I. near Bull’s Head, rare
and local in Bronx and Westchester counties, increasing and
common northward.

N. J. Kinkora, Burlington Co.; reported but not definitly known
from near Keyport, Monmouth Co., increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout, increasing at higher elevations.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-220 days.

Sea level—2,800 ft.

454 VIOLACEAE

4. V. cucullata Ait. In wet places: Me. and Ont. toGa. and Mo.

Common throughout the range in favorable situations except
the pine-barrens.

The following species have been reported as hybridizing with V. cucullata and the
various hybrids are to be looked for wherever both the supposed parents occur: cucullata
Xemarginata, cucullataX palmata, cucullataX papilionacea, cucullataX primulifolia, and
cucullata X sagittata.

-Ce. 5. V.nephrophylla Greene. Cold mossy bogs and along streams:
-tesvt- FE. Que. to B. C., south to central Me., northwestern Conn.,

= ee Wisc., Col. and Wash.
L -SL-

J -

Known in our range only from Litchfield Co., Conn., there rare
and local. The region is north of the moraine, with a growing
season of about 145 days and the stations are at 1,400-1,860 ft.

6. V. obliqua Hill (V. afinis Le Conte). Moist thickets and
boggy meadows: western N. E. to Wisconsin and southward.
Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and *

east and south of them, apparently always increasing northward.

The following hybrids have been recorded: V. affinisX Brittoniana, affinis X fimbria-
tula, affinisXhirsutula, affinisXpalmata, and affinis Xsagittata. Mr. Bicknell is of
the opinion that the older name V. obliqua Hill. belongs to this species (Bull. Torr. Club,

40: 261-270). See this paper also for a discussion of the application of the names
V. cucullata Ait. and V. papilionacea Pursh.

7. V. latiuscula Greene. In dry light soil: Vt. to N. J. (?)

Known in our area only from Southington and Cornwall, Conn.
A rare and little known plant.

8. V. papilionacea Pursh. In moist meadows and groves: Mass.
to Minn. and southward.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and
south of them.

The following hybrids have been described: V. papilionaceaX sagittata, papilionacea
X sororia.

9. V. Stoneana House. In moist woodlands: N. J., e. Pa. and
Md.
N. J. Known only from Middlesex Co., but probably southwest-
ward through the Cretaceous region.
Pa. Chester Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, 0:
not north of the moraine. 175-204 days. About sea level.

VIOLACEAE 455

10. V. palmata L. Dry rich woodlands: Mass. to Minn. and
south to Ga. and Ark.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
east and south of them.

The following hybrids have been described: V. palmataX papilionacea, and palmata
X sagittata.
11. V. triloba Schwein. In dry woods: S. N. E. and S. N. Y.
southward.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens.

12. V. sororia Willd. In various situations: Quebec to Minn.
and southward.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of
L. I. and N. J., there rare and local or perhaps wanting.

The following hybrid is known: V. sororiaXcucullata

13. V. hirsutula Brainerd. Dry rich woods: S. N. Y. to Ky.
and Ga.
N. Y. Reported but not definitely known, except on S. I.
N.J. Green Pond, Warren Co., increasing and common southward.
Pa. Northampton Co., increasing southward.

The following hybrid is known: V. hirsutulaX sororia.

14. V. septentrionalis Greene. Moist open woodlands, especially
under conifers: Prince Ed. Is., Que. and Ont. to Conn. and
NESYe
Conn. Recorded as rare. Roadsides and shaded banks: Union,

East Windsor, Plainville, New Hartford, and Winchester. —
N. Y. Mt. Utsayantha, Stamford, Delaware Co., at an elevation
of 3,000 ft.
N. J. Bearfort Mt., Passaic Co.

15. V. Brittoniana Pollard. In moist, sandy or peaty soil, or in
meadows near the coast: S. Me. to N. Car.

Conn. Common along the coasts, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Rockland Co.

N. J. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, and apparently
wanting in Somerset, Hunterdon, Warren, Sussex and Passaic
counties.

Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties.

Most common in the coastal region.

Hybids: Brittoniana X cucullata, emarginata, fimbriatula, papilionacea, sagittata and
sororia.

456 VIOLACEAE

16. V. fimbriatula Sm. Sandy hillsides and fields: N.S. to Wisc.
and south to Mo. and La.
Throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare and
perhaps intrusive.
The following hybrids are found. V. fimbriatulaXhirsutula, fimbriatulaX palmata,
jimbriatula X sagittata.
17. V. sagittata Ait. Moist banks and fields: Mass. to Minn.,
south to Ga. and Tex.
Conn. Not very common along the coast, decreasing northward.
N.Y. Rare on L.I.; common on S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to Dutchess Co.
N. J. Throughout, more common southward except the pine-
barrens, there rare.
Pa. Northampton and Bucks Co., increasing southward.

V. sagittata X Brittoniana, has been reported as a hybrid.

18. V. emarginata Le Conte. Dry woods and hillsides: N. Y. to

Va.

N.Y. Known only from S. I., L. I. and Rockland Co.

N. J. Morris Co., increasing and common southward, but rare in
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester Co.
Tertiary, not very common: Cretaceous, common: Older Forma-

tions, scattered. Very rare north of the moraine. 164-204 days.

About sea level.

Hybridizes with V. sagittata and sororia.

19. V. pectinata Bicknell. Low meadows: E. Mass. to Md.
Conn. Stratford.
ING Yee and’ Suk:
N. J. Cape May.
20. V. Selkirkii Pursh. Shaded ravines and cold woods: N. B.
to Mass., W. Pa., L. Superior and northward.
N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from Dutchess Co.,
rare on the highest mountains in Ulster and Greene counties.
Pa. Monroe Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at high
elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-123 days. 1,850-
4,000 ft.

21. V. lanceolata L. In wet places: N. S. to Minn., south to
Fla. and Tex.

VIOLACEAE 457

Common throughout the range especially on the coastal plain.
V. lanceolata X primulifolia has been reported as a hybrid.

22. V. primulifolia L. In moist or dry soil: N. B. and south along

the coast to Fla. and La.

Conn. Throughout, except in Litchfield Co., increasing coastward.

N.Y. Commonon lL. I. andS. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley
and perhaps not north of the Highlands.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Union and Hudson counties, in-
creasing and common southward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Phila-
delphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de-

creasing northward. 164-220 days. Sea level—goo ft.

23. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. In moist places: Lab. to B. C.,
south to the Mountains of S. C. and Tenn., Mich. and
Wyoming.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them.

V. pallens X primulifolia has been reported as a hybrid.

24. V.renifolia Gray. Inswampsand cold woods: Newf. to B. C.,
south to N. E. Pa., Mich. and Minn.
Known in our range only from the highest peaks of Greene Co.,
N. Y. at elevations of 2,000 ft. or greater and having a growing
season of about 123 days.

. V. blanda Willd. Moist rich woodlands: N. Que. to Minn.
and south to Ga and La.
Throughout the range except on the coastal plain, there rare
near the edges.

NO
un

26. V. incognita Brainerd. Mountain slopes and low moist wood-
lands: Newf. and E. Que., south to Pa. and westward.
Conn. Litchfield Co.

N. Y. In the highest peaks of the Catskills; doubtfully reported
from S. I.
Pa. Inthe mountains of Luzerne Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing at
higher elevations. Not south of the moraine. 117-153 days.
680-3 ,365 ft.

458 VIOLACEAE

27. V. pubescens Ait. Dry rich woods: S. Me. to Ont., Kan. and
Md.

Throughout the range except on the coastal plain.

28. V. eriocarpa Schwein. (V. scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein.).
In moist thickets: E. Que. to Lake Winnipeg, south to Ga.
and Tex.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and east and
south of them, and on L. I., there not known.

29. V. canadensis L. In woods: Newf. to N. Vt., south to N.

Car., Neb., New Mex. and Ariz.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast in New Haven Co., increas-
ing northwestward.

N. Y. Delaware, Greene, Sullivan and Ulster counties; formerly
at Damascus, L. I.

N. J. Recorded as formerly in Warren and Bergen counties.

Pa. Bucks and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. South of the moraine only in Bucks Co., Pa. 117-189

days. Sea level-3,go0 ft.

30. V. striata Ait. Low or shady ground: Conn. (?) to Minn.
and south to Ga. and Mo.
N. J. Warren, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen, Union, Somerset and
Mercer counties.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Reported but not definitely known from Conn. and N. Y.

31. V.conspersa Reichenb. ( V. /abradorica of Britton’s Manual).
In low or shaded ground: E. Que. to Minn., south to N. Car.
and Ky.

Throughout the range, but rare and local in the region surround-

ing the pine-barrens and unknown in them; found only on the
north side of L. I.

32. V. rostrata Pursh. Shaded hillsides: W. Que. to Mich., south
in the mountains to Ga.
Conn. Rare and local in the coastal part of New Haven Co., in-
creasing northwestward.
N. Y. Highlands of the Hudson, increasing and common north-
ward. Unknown elsewhere.

THYMELEACEAE 459

N.J. Rare and local in Mercer, Hunterdon, Union and Somerset
counties, increasing northward, not in the south.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Montgomery counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not very common: Older Formations,

increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

33. V. arvensis Murr. In fields and along roadsides: Newf. to
Mass. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as an occasional escape, often wanting.

34. V. Rafinesquii Greene: In woods and open places: N. Y. to

Mich., Tex. and La.

N. Y. The Highlands of the Hudson.

N. J. Rare and local over most of the state, except in Morris,
Sussex and Passaic counties and the pine-barrens, from which it
is not reported.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties.

Viola tricolor L., the progenitor of the garden pansy, is often common as an escape.

CACTACEAE
1. Opuntia Mill.

1. O. Opuntia (L.) Coult. In dry sandy soil or on rocks: E.

Mass. to Pa. and Fla.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, rare inland,

N. Y. Frequent on L. I; S. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley
to Saugerties, Ulster Co., and Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., but not
known from the Catskills.

N. J. Rare and scattered in Morris, Hunterdon, Passiac and
Bergen counties, increasing and becoming common southward,
but unknown in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Philadelphia and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. 149-

220 days. Sea level-goo ft.

THYMELEACEAE
aire alle:
1. D. palustris L. In woods and thickets: N. B. to Minn.,Va.,
Tenn., Mo. and Fla.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and in the Bronx, rare on S. I. and in
Westchester Co.; increasing northward.

460 ELAEAGNACEAE

N. J. Along the Delaware in Salem, Gloucester and Camden
counties, a single station in Mercer Co., thence scattered north-
ward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in the drainage of the Delaware.

Older Formations, increasing northward, but nowhere common.

117-220 days. Sea level-2,g00 ft.

The Lady Laurel, Daphne Mezereum L. is known in our area only as a very rare escape

from gardens.
ELAEAGNACEAE
1. Eiaeagnus [Tourn.] L.

1. E. argentea Pursh. James Bay to the N. W. Terr., Que.,
Minn., S. Dak. and Utah.

Nowhere as a wild plant in our area, sometimes escaping from
gardens.

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. has been collected in Chester Co., Pa., as an escape from
cultivation. It is scarcely persistent.

LYTHRACEAE

Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric; flowers regular.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few; low herbs.

Capsule bursting irregularly. 1. AMMANNIA.
Capsule septicidally dehiscent. 2. ROTALA.
Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub. 3. DECODON.
Calyx-tube cylindric; flowers regular. 4. LYTHRUM.
5. PARSONSIA.

Calyx-tube tubular, oblique; flowers irregular.

1. Ammannia [Houst.] L.
1. A. Koehnei Britton. In swamps: N. J. to Fla.
Known in our area only from specimens collected in the Hacken-
sack Marshes, N. J. Not seen there since 1868.

The reported occurrence in N. J. of A. coccinea Rottb. appears to be an error.

2. Rotala L.
1. R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. In swamps: Mass. to Fla., IIL,
Neb., Tex. and Ky.
Conn. Rare and local near the coast, unknown elsewhere.
N. Y. OnL. I. and S. I.; reported but not definitely known from
Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.
N. J. Rare and local throughout the state.
Pa. Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and local plant, confined for the most part to the coastal
plain.

LYTHRACEAE 461

3. Decodon J. F. Gmel.

1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. In swamps: Me. to Fla., Ont.,

Minn., Ky. and La.

Conn. Not very common but found over most of the state.

N.Y. CommononL. I.andS. I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley,
to Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Common throughout the state, decreasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Carbon, Luzerne, Northampton, Berks and Delaware
counties.
Distribution apparently more restricted in N. Y. than elsewhere,

otherwise rather scattered.

4. Lythrum L.
Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than the
petals.
Leaves mostly alternate.
Leaves obtuse, stamens all included; annual. 1. L. Hyssopifolia.
Leaves acute, stamens of short-styled flowers exserted;
perennial. 2. L. alatum.
Leaves mostly opposite. 3. L. lineare.
Flowers in panicled spikes, terminal; stamens twice as many as the
petals. 4. L. Salicaria.

1. L. Hyssopifolia L. Borders of salt marshes: Me. to N. J.
Also in Cal. and S. Am. Also in Europe.
Known, in our area, only from borders of salt marshes on S. I.
and at Girard’s Point, Camden, N. J.; recorded from coastal
marshes in N. J.

2. L. alatum Pursh. In low grounds: S. Ont. to Mass., Ky.,
S. Dak. and Kan.

Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, but unknown
northeastward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., formerly near Fordham, very
rare northward.

N.J. Known only from Monroe Corner, Sussex Co., Pennington,
Mercer Co., Monmouth Junction, New Egypt, Williamstown
Junction, Beach Haven, and Cape May; perhaps introduced at
all these stations.

Pa. Delaware Co.

Rather inexplicably scattered in its distribution.

3. L. lineare L. Borders of salt marshes: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Rare and local in the salt marshes from the Hackensack Meadows
to Cape May, N. J., not otherwise known.

462 MELASTOMACEAE

4. L. Salicaria L. In swamps and wet meadows: Cape Breton
Island to Ont. and Del. Native of Europe.

Becoming common throughout many parts of our range, es-
pecially in the Hudson and Delaware Valleys.

5. Parsonsia P. Br.
1. P. petiolata (L.) Rusby. In dry soil: R. I. to Ill, Kan., Ga.
and La. Introduced into S. Ont.

Nearly throughout our range, but not known from the pine-
barrens, and east and south of them.

MELASTOMACEAE
1. Rhexia L.
Stem cylindric, very pubescent. 1. R. mariana.
Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous.
Stem more or less pubescent; leaves ovate. 2. R. virginica.
Stem glabrous; leaves lanceolate oblong. 3. R. aristosa.

1. R. mariana L. In pine-barren swamps: L. I. to Fla., Ky.,

Mo. and Tex.

N. Y. Not very common on the east end of L.I., not reported
from S. I., otherwise unknown.

N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain portion of the state,
increasing southward.

Pa. Near Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, decreasing: Older Formations,

perhaps wanting. 179-220 days. About sea level.

2. R. virginica L. In sandy swamps: Me. to Fla., Ill., Mo. and

La.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland, and unknown
in Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S.1I.; rare up the Hudson Valley to
Westchester Co.; unknown northward.

N. J. Morris, Passaic, Bergen, Hudson, Essex, Union and Hun-
terdon counties, thence increasing and common southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Carbon, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
decreasing and becoming scattered. Predominating south of the
moraine. 162-220 days. Sea level-1,o00 ft.

ONAGRACEAE 463

3. R. aristosa Britton. In sandy pine-barren swamps: N. J.,
Dels and: S: Car:
N. J. Egg Harbor City, and Cologne, both in the pine-barrens.
Isolated very locally on the Beacon Hill Formation in the Tertiary
region.

ONAGRACEAE

Floral whorls of 4 parts or more.
Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore.
Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds naked.
Leaves opposite; stems creeping or floating.

Flowers sessile; petals none or very small. 1. ISNARDIA.
Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous. 2. LUDWIGIANTHA.

Leaves alternate; stem erect or ascending. 3. Lupwicta.
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 4. CHAMAENERION.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. EpILoBiuM.
Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate.
Stamens equal in length.
Ovules and seeds horizontal, prismatic,

angled. 6. OENOTHERA.
Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 7. RAIMANNIA,
Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones
longer. 8. KNEIFFIA.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. g. GAURA.
Floral whorls of 2 parts. 10. CIRCAEA.

t. Isnardia 1.7

1. I. palustris L. In muddy ditches and swamps: N.S. to Man.,
Ore., Fla., Col. and Mex. Widely distributed in the Old
World.

Scattered throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens and
perhaps introduced.

2. Ludwigiantha Small.*

1. L. brevipes Long. Moist sand: St. Albans, Long Beach Island,

Ocean Co., N. J.
3. Ludwigia L.*
Flowers inconspicuous; petals none or small, yellowish or greenish.

Capsules sub-globose or top-shaped.
Bractlets at base of calyx minute, or none; capsule finely

hairy. 1. L. sphaerocarpa.
Bractlets at base of calyx linear, about equalling the
glabrous capsule. 2. L. polycarpa.
Capsules cylindric or obpyramidal. 3. L. linearis.

* See footnote, page 76.

464 ONAGRACEAE

Flowers showy, peduncled; petals large, bright yellow.
Plants hirsute; capsules bristly-pubescent. 4. L. hiritella.
Plants usually glabrous; capsules glabrous. 5. L. alternifolia.
1. L. sphaerocarpa Ell. In swamps: E. Mass. and N. Y. to Fla.
west to La.
Conn. Known only from Guildford.
N. Y. Lake Mohegan, Westchester Co.; L. I. and S. I.
N. J. Rare in Bergen and Morris Cos., increasing and frequent
southward.
Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.

. L. polycarpa Short & Peter. In swamps: Ont. to Minn. and
Mass., south to Ky., Neb. and Kan.
IKknown in our area only from near Hartford, plentiful about
shallow ponds in meadows along the Connecticut River.

NO

3. L. linearis Walt. In swamps: N. J. to Fla., west to La.
N.J. Known only from the southern pine-barrens, there very rare
and local.

4. L. hirtella Raf. In pine-barren swamps: N. J. to Fla., west
uo) Wiese,
N. J. Known only from the southern pine-barrens, and at Cape
May; very rare.
5. L. alternifolia L. In swamps: N. H. to N. N. Y., Ont., Mich.,
Fla.,and Tex.
Common throughout the range; less common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere.

4. Chamaenerion [|Tourn.] Adans.
1. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. In dry soil: Lab. to Alask., N.
Car., IKkan., Ariz. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Common throughout the range but often scattered locally; very
frequently following fires in the pine-barrens, and in the Catskills.

5. Epilobium L.

Stigmas deeply 4-lobed; flowers 2.5 cm. broad. 1. E. hirsutum.
Stigmas entire or merely notched.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so.
Plant crisp-pubescent, or canescent. 2. E. lineare.
Plant glandular throughout; leaves sessile. 3. E. strictum.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, serrate.
Seeds obconic, beakless; coma reddish. 4. E. coloratum.
Seeds ellipsoid, short beaked; coma white. 5. E. adenocaulon.

ONAGRACEAE 465

1. E. hirsutum L. In waste places: E. N. Eng., N. J., Ont. and
in ballast near the eastern seaports. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed.

2. E. lineare Muhl. Inswamps: N. B. to Del., W. Va., Br. Col.,
the Ind. Terr. and Wyo.

Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common.

N. Y. Rare on the northside of L. I. and on S. I., increasing
northward; not definitely known on the south shore of L. I.

N. J. Essex and Bergen counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Lackawanna, Monroe, Schuylkill and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-190 days. Sea level—3,800 ft.

3. E. strictum Muhl. In bogs: Me. to W. Ont. and Minn.,

south to Va. and IIl.

Conn. Rare insouthern Hartford and Fairfield counties, increasing
northwestward.

N.Y. Woodlawn, Bronx Co.; Dutchess, Ulster, Greene and Dela-
ware counties, increasing northward. The L. I. record is an error.

N. J. Morris, Warren and Sussex counties. Pemberton, Burling-
ton Co. record probably incorrect and not verified.

Pa. Reported from Delaware Co., perhaps not reliably.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, not very common

northward. Not south of the moraine, except the single doubtful

record from Delaware Co., Pa. 117-189 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

4. E. coloratum Muhl. In low grounds: Me. to Ont., Wisc., S.
Dakeuos Car andekan:

Common throughout the area.

5. E. adenocaulon Haussk. In moist grounds; N. B. to Ore.,
south to Mass., Penn., Iowa., Utah and Cal.

Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, increasing
northwestward.

N.Y. Occasional on the coastal plain of L. I., Unknown onS. I.;
up the Hudson Valley to Orange Co., thence increasing but
never very common northward.

N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Schuylkill, and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-210 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

E. parviflorum Schreb. has been reported from the area as a waif and EF. tetragonum
L. was collected at Junction Station, Hunterdon Co., N. J., in 1885; not since collected.

31

466 ONAGRACEAE

6. Oenothera L. (Onagra Adans.)

Flowers small; petals linear, 2-4 mm. broad. 1. O. cruciata.
Flowers large; petals 1-3 cm. broad.
Upper bracts shorter than the pods, deciduous. 2. O. biennis.
Upper bracts as long as or shorter than the pods, persistent.
Puberulent and with long thick-based hairs. 3. O. muricata,
Densely velvety pubescent. 4. O. Oakesiana.

1. O. cruciata Nutt. Sandy soil: Me. and Mass. to N. Y.
Known only as reported from waste land near Hartford and
Salisbury, Conn.

2. O. biennis L. In dry soil: Lab. to Fla., west to the Mis-
sissippi Valley.
Common in most parts of the range, usually as a weed.

3. O. muricata L. Sandy and gravelly soil, Newf. to N. Y. and
INE
N. J. All along the coastal sands.
N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I.

4. O. Oakesiana (A. Gray) Robbins. Sandy soil, Massachusetts
to N. Y.
Conn. Sandy soil near the coast.
N. Y. Cold Spring Harbor and Floral Park, L. I.; frequent on the
Hempstead Plains; Fort Schuyler, L. I. Sound; S. I.

O. grandiflora Ait. is known in our range only from an old specimen collected at
Vineland, N. J. and there adventive.

7. Raimannia Rose.
Silvery pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 1. R. humifusa.
Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted. 2. R. laciniata.
1. R. humifusa (Nutt.) Rose. On sea-beaches: N. J. to Fla.

IXnown in our area only from the sea-beach from Atlantic Co., to
Cape May Point, N. J.

2. R. laciniata (Hill) Rose. In dry sandy soil: S. N. Y. to Pa.,
Ill. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex.; locally adventive
northward.

N. Y. Valley Stream, L. I., and in cultivated soil on S. I., intro-
duced from the south.

N. J. Exclusively south of the “ fall-line,’’ almost always as a
weed; probably in the pine-barrens only as an adventive.

Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties.

ONAGRACEAE 467

Tertiary, not very common on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere;
Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered:

175-220 days. About sea-level.
Raimannia rhombipetala (Nutt) Rose has been found at Green Bank, near Batsto,
N. J., presumably a waif from the west.

8. Kneiffia Spach.

Capsules club-shaped.
Pedicels and capsules pubescent.
Stem decumbent, spreading; body of the capsule be-
coming globose. 1. K. Allenii.
Stem erect or nearly so; body of the capsule more or
less elongated.
Capsule stalked.
Pedicels longer than the body of the capsule,
the wings thick and pubescent.
Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule,
the wings thin and glabrous.
Capsule sessile.
Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate.
Capsules oblong or nearly so.

1. K. Allenii (Britton) Small. In sand: eastern L. I. and per-
haps coastal Conn. and N. J.
Montauk Point, Patchogue, and Easthampton, L. I., and re-
ported from near Stratford, Conn.; recorded from Ocean Grove, N. J.
Localized in sandy places, but not confined to the region south
of the moraine on L. I.

Ny

. longipedicellata.

. pratensis.
. pumila.
. K. fruticosa.

K
K. linearis.
K
K

emia

2. K. longipedicellata Small. In moist soil: Conn. to W. Va.
and Fla.

Conn. Along the coast and at Southburg and Woodbury, accord-
ing to Conn. Catalog.

N. Y. South of the moraine on L. I.;o0nS. I., Van Courtlandt
Park: otherwise unknown in the area.

N. J. Very rare in the pine-barrens, perhaps there adventive, not
uncommon along the coast in Monmouth, Ocean and Atlantic
counties, but known only from Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., west
of the pine-barrens; unknown elsewhere in the state.

Pa. Known only from near Tullytown, Bucks Co., and from
Darby and Tinicum, Delaware Co.

Tertiary, rare and perhaps adventive on Beacon Hill, increasing
along the coast off this formation: Cretaceous, rare: Older Forma-
tions, rare and scattered near the coastal plain. 175-220 days.
About sea level.

3. K. linearis (Michx.) Spach. In dry places: Conn. to Tenn.
and Ga.

468 ONAGRACEAE

Conn. New Haven and Fairfield counties, near the coast, de-
creasing and rare inland; otherwise unknown.

N. Y. Not uncommon on the south shore of L. I.

N. J. Union, Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, in-
creasing southward.

Pa. Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.

4. K. pratensis Small. Low grounds: Ohio to Iowa, Mo. and
Ark. Also in N. Eng. and N. Y.

Known in our area only from near White Plains, N. Y.

. K. pumila (L.) Spach. Mostly in dry soil: N.S. to Man., N.
J., Ga., and Kan.

nn

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
Cape May, N. J., and the coastal plain of L. I., there rare.

6. K. fruticosa (L.) Raimann. In meadows: N.S. to La., Minn.

Conn. Very rare in New Haven and Fairfield counties, near the
coast; otherwise unknown.

N. Y. Throughout, increasing northward.

N. J. Unknown in the pine-barrens, and in the region east and
south of them; rare in the region west of the barrens in Gloucester,
Camden, Burlington and Ocean counties, thence increasing and
common northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward... 117-220 days. Sea level-3,365 ft.

Specimens approximating Kneiffia riparia (Nutt.) Small have been collected on the
Hempstead Plains, L. I., and from East Rockaway, L. I.; the species is otherwise
known only from N. Car. to Ga. Perhaps not separable from K. linearis.

9. Gaura L.

1. G. biennis L. In dry soil: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Ga.,
Tenn. and Miss.
Conn. Occasional, perhaps in part adventive.
N. Y. West Park, Ulster Co., and at Sag Harbor, L. I.
N. J. Along the Delaware from Camden to Warren Co. and at
Princeton and near New Brunswick.
Pa. Northampton Co. southward.

G. sinuata Nutt. has been collected as a waif near New York.

HALORAGIDACEAE 469

to. Circaea [Tourn.] L.

Fruit 2-celled; leaves mainly of an ovate type. 1. C. lutetiana.
Fruit 1-celled; leaves mainly of a cordate type. 2. C. alpina.

1. C.lutetiana L. In woods: N.S. to western Ont., S. Dak., Ga.,
Neb. and Kan. Also in Europe and Asia.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east and
south of them, there apparently wanting, always increasing north-
ward.

2. C. alpina L. In cold moist woods: Lab. to Alask., Ga., Ind.,

Mich. and S. Dak. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Westchester, Dutchess, Columbia and Ulster counties,
increasing northward.

N. J. Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Pike, Carbon, Monroe, Lackawanna, and Northampton
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea

level—3,365 ft.

Circaea intermedia Ehrh., a plant with the aspect of large C. alpina, has been
found in Montague Township, Sussex Co., N. J.

HALORAGIDACEAE*

Fruit 3 angled or 4 angled. 1. PROSERPINACA.
Fruit of 4 carpels. 2. MyRIOPHYLLUM.
1. Proserpinaca L.

Emersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate; fruit sharp
angled. 1. P. palustris.
Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid; fruit obtusely angled. 2. P. pectinata.
I. P. palustris L. In swamps: N. B. to Lake Huron, Fla., lowa,
and Cent. Am. Also in Cuba.
Rather scattered over most of our area except in the pine-barrens,
there apparently wanting.

2. P. pectinata Lam. In sandy swamps near the coast: Me. to
Fla. and La.
N. Y. Lake Ronkonkoma and Manorville, L. I.; formerly on S. I.
N. J. Monmouth Co. southward.
A plant intermediate in character between these two species has been described as

P. intermedia Mackenzie (Torreya 10: 249. 1910). It has been found only in N. J.,
near Island Heights, Atsion and near Bennett, Cape May Co.

* See footnote, page 76.

470 HALORAGIDACEAE

2. Myriophyllum [Vaill.] L.
Carpels smooth.
Flowers on emersed spikes.
Floral leaves shorter than the spikes.
Floral leaves longer than the spikes.
Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts.
Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems.
Flowers only on submersed stems.
Carpels rough or tuberculate.
Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. 5. M. heterophyllum.
Floral leaves linear, pectinate. 6. M. pinnatum.

1. M. spicatum L. In deep water: Newf. to the N. W. Terr.,
Md., Iowa, Kan. and Col. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Known only from Dutchess Co. northward.
N. J. Doubtfully reported from Passaic Co., otherwise unknown.

. M. spicatum.

M. verticillatum.

. M. tenellum.

. M. humile.

. M. proserpinacoides.

NEON H

2. M. verticillatum L. In pools, etc.: Que. and Ont. to N. J. and
Pa., Minn. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but rare.
N. Y. Dutchess Co., northward.
Pa. Bucks Co.
3. M. tenellum Bigel. Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams:

Newf. to N. J., Pa. and Mich.

Conn. Rare in New London and Litchfield counties, doubtless
in the intervening territory, but not reported.

N.Y. Known only from L. I., S. I., and the Hudson Valley below
the Highlands.

N. J. Known only along the Delaware in Gloucester and Camden
counties and along the coast in Monmouth and Ocean counties,
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Near Twelve Mile Pond, Pike Co.

4. M. humile (Raf). Morong. In ponds: Me., R. I. to Md. and
Ill.

Rather common near the coast and in the pine-barrens, decreasing

and very local northward.

5. M. heterophyllum Michx. In ponds: Ont. and N. Y. to
Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. Very rare.
N. J. Near Hammonton, Atlantic Co.
Pa. Bucks Co.

6. M. pinnatum (Walt.) B.S. P. In ponds: R. I. to Fla., Kan.,
La., Tex. and Panama.

ARALIACEAE 471

Conn. Rare along the coast in New London Co.

N. Y. Rosedale, L. I.

N. J. Known from the region surrounding the pine-barrens, but
not in them, otherwise unknown.

7. M. proserpinacoides Gill. Localized in our area at Haddon-

field, N. J. Perhaps not persistent. Native of Chili, and
frequently cultivated.

ARALIACEAE
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. 1. ARALIA.
Herbs; leaves verticillate, digitately compound; styles 2 or 3. 2. PANAX.

1. Aralia [Tourn.] L.

Umbels numerous, panicled or racemose.

Spiny shrub or tree; leaflets thick, ovate. . A. spinosa.

Branching unarmed herb; leaflets thin; large, cordate. 2. A. racemosa.
Umbels 2-several, sometimes numerous, terminal or corymbose.

Plant glabrate; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis.

Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy or erect. 4. A. hispida.

1. A. spinosa L. In low grounds, and along streams: Conn. to
Fla., Ind., Mo. and Tex. Adventive from the South.
Not known as a wild plant in our area; rarely escaping from

cultivation in southern N. J. and N. Y.; perhaps wild near Upper
Darby, Pa.

2. A. racemosa L. In rich woods: N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and
Kan.

Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. L. I. and on S. I., increasing and becoming common
northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Camden, Burlington and Monmouth
counties, not in the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common
northward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware
and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft.

3. A. nudicaulis L. In woods: Newf. to Man., N. Car., Neb.
and Mo.

Common throughout the range, more rare in the pine-barrens,
and more common northward than elsewhere.

The variety prolifera A. C. Apgar has been collected only at Lambertville, Hunterdon
Cos Ne J:

The variety elongata Nash, is known only from Greene Co., N. Y. in the Catskills.

472 ARALIACEAE

4. A. hispida Vent. In rocky or sandy woods and clearings:
Newf. to N. Car., Ont., Minn. and Ind.

Conn. Throughout the state, not common along the coast, in-
creasing but not very common northwestward.

N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. near the western end, and
on the south side coastal strip, and at Hewlett; formerly on
S. I., unknown in the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming
common northward.

N. J. Rare and local in northern Ocean and Monmouth counties,
near the coast, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Wayne, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton,
Lehigh and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward: 117-220 days. Sea level-4,o50 ft.

2. Panax L.

Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. 1. P. quinquefolium.
Leaflets 3-5, oval or oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifolium.

1. P. quinquefolium L. In rich woods: Que. to Ala., Minn.,
Neb. and Mo.

Conn. Scattered and rare over most of the state, increasing
northwestward.

N. Y. Recorded from Rockland Co., but rare, thence increasing
but never common northward, particularly in the Catskills;
otherwise unknown.

N. J. In Sussex and Warren counties, rare; reported from but not
recently collected at Plainfield, Union Co., otherwise unknown.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Schuylkill, Berks and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-190 days. Sea level-4,o50 ft.

2. P. trifolium L. In moist woods and thickets: N. S. to Ga.,
Ont., Minn., Iowa, and III.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and the coastal

plain of L. I., there apparently wanting; rare on the coastal strip
of southern N. J.

The cultivated shrub Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Thunb.) March. has been collected
as a garden escape near Hartford; hardly an element of our wild flora.

AMMIACEAE

AMMIACEAE

Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil tubes.
Fruit strongly flattened laterally.
Fruit not strongly flattened, sometimes turgid.
Fruit bristly, elongated.
Fruit smooth, of almost distinct globular carpels.
Fruit with distinct oil tubes.
Inflorescence glomerate, the inflorescence aggregated into
dense heads.
Inflorescence manifestly umbellate.
Fruit flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels
more or less prominently winged.
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit not notched at the apex.
Fruit notched at the apex.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Flowers white.
Fruit armed with barbed spines.
Fruit spineless.
Flowers yellow.
Oil tubes more than 1 in the intervals.
Leaf blades 1-2 ternately divided.
Leaves much more divided.
Fruit more or less flattened laterally or sometimes
slightly dorsally flattened.
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Upper leaves with narrow linear seg-
ments.
Upper leaves with relatively broad seg-
ments.
Seed-face concave.
Fruit glabrous or merely pu-
bescent.
Fruit spiny.
Seed-face flat.
Fruit nearly as broad as long.
Fruit linear-oblong.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Flowers white.
Dorsal ribs filiform; plant aquatic.
Dorsal and lateral ribs prominent
and corky.
Stylopodium flat or flattish.
Stylopodium obsolete.
Flowers yellow.
Fruit with winged ribs.
Fruit with merely filiform ribs.
Oil tubes more than one in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.

20.
22.

23.
19.

21.

19.
18.

14.

16.

473

. HYDROCOTYLE.

. WASHINGTONIA.
. BUPLEURUM.

. ERYNGIUM.

OXyYPOLIs.
HERACLEUM.

Daucus.
ANGELICA.
PASTINACA.

ANGELICA.
CONIOSELINUM.

PTILIMNIUM.

. CHAEROPHYLLUM.
. TORILIS.

. CICUTA.

. DERINGA.

. LILAEOPSIS.

. CELERI.

. SIUM.

. THASPIUM.
. ZIZIA.

LIGUSTICUM.

474

AMMIACEAE

Stylopodium flat or obsolete.
Fruit without ribs, spiny.
Fruit ribbed, spineless.

Ribs filiform. 12, TAENIDIA.
Ribs corky, at least the lateral ones.
Oil tubes continuous around the
seed cavity. 7. BUPLEURUM.
Oil tubes 2-3 in the intervals. 13. SruM.

to

. SANICULA.

1. Hydrocotyle L.

Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate.

Umbels simple, rarely slightly proliferous; pedicels slender. 1. H. umbellata.
Umbels, at least some of them proliferous; pedicels or some

of them short.

Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi.
Fruit not notched at either end. 3. H. verticillata.
Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate or reniform, not peltate.
Leaves 5-13 lobed; umbels nearly sessile. 4. H. americana.
Leaves 3-7 cleft; umbels long-peduncled. 5. H. ranunculoides.

1. H. umbellata L. In swamps and low grounds: E. Mass. to

to

Fla. and the W. I., Minn., Tex. and Mex. Also in S. Am.

Conn. Rare and local along the coast, decreasing inland into
Litchfield Co., unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Local on L. I. and S. I. and in Westchester Co., unknown
northward.

N. J. Rare in Passaic Co., thence wanting to Middlesex and
Monmouth counties, thence increasing southward, but unknown
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere; Cretaceous,

common: Older Formations, scattered and rare. 153-220 days.
Sea level—850 ft.

. H. Canbyi C. & R. In moist ground: N. J. to Md.

Known in our range only from along the coast in Cape May
€o.* and’in Bucks Co., Pa.

3. H. verticillata Thunb. In moist soil: Mass. to Fla., west to

southern Cal., and in Central and South America.

Known in our area, only from the coastal part of N. J. from
Monmouth to Cape May counties; not in the pine-barrens nor ap-
parently in N. Y. or Conn.

4. H. americana L. In wet places: N.S. to Minn., Pa. and N.

Car

AMMIACEAE 475

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and east and
south of them, there wanting.

5. H. ranunculoides L. f. In ponds andswamps: Pa. to Fla., near
the coast, west to Tex., Ore. to L. Cal. Also in Central and
South America, Abyssinia and Italy.

Known only from Chester and Delaware counties, Pa., in our
range, regions near sea level with a growing season of 179 days.

Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb., a native of tropical Africa and Asia, is reported as
becoming naturalized in lawns near Philadelphia.

2. Sanicula L.

Perennial; styles longer than the bristles; some staminate flowers in
separate heads.
Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx segments cuspidate;

fruit 6 mm. long. 1. S. marylandica.
Petals and anthers yellow; calyx segments obtuse; fruit about 3
mm. long. 2. S. gregaria.

Biennial; styles shorter than the bristles; staminate flowers never in
separate heads.
Leaves 3-5 divided; pedicels of staminate flowers 2 mm. long;

fruit less than 4 mm. long. 3. S. canadensis.
Leaves 3-foliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 4 mm. long;
fruit 6 mm. long or more. 4. S. trifoliata.

1. S. marylandica L. In rich woods: Newf. to Alberta, Ga. and
Colo.

Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, but becoming
rare southward.

2. S. gregaria Bicknell. In woods and thickets: B. N. and Ont.

to Minn., Ga., Kan. and Neb.

Conn. Rare and scattered over most of the state, increasing
northwestward.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I., north of the moraine; on S. I.; abund-
ant in the Bronx, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Not known from the pine-barrens, reported from Swedes-
boro, Gloucester Co., thence increasing but scattered northward.

Pa. Chester, Delaware, Monroe, Bucks and Northampton
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in Gloucester Co., N. J.: Older

Formations, increasing but not common northward. 117-189 days.

Sea level—3,365 ft.

3. S. canadensis L. In woodlands: Me. to Fla., S. Dak., and
Tex.

476 AMMIACEAE

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there not
reported.

4. S. trifoliata Bicknell. In hilly woods: Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and
Ind.
Iknown in our area only from Canaan, Conn., near Yonkers and
Onteora, N. Y., Water Gap and Pt. Pleasant, Pa. Distribution
not understood.

3. Eryngium [Tourn.] L.
Leaves parallel-veined. 1. E. aqualicum.
Leaves reticulate-veined. 2. E. virginianum.

1. E. aquaticum L. In wet soil or upland: Conn. to S. Dak.,
Fla., Kan. and Tex.

Known in our range only from near Bridgeport, Conn., Atsion
in the pine-barrens of N. J. and at Pestletown, Camden, Co., N. J.

2. E. virginianum Lam. In marshes near the coast: N. J. to

Fla., west to Tex.

N. J. Very common in the coastal salt marshes from Middlesex
Co., southward, also in Camden, Gloucester and Cumberland
counties, near the Delaware; not in the pine-barrens; formerly as
far north as Hudson Co.

Pa Bucks and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common east of it: Cretaceous,

scattered and rare: Older Formations, rare on gravel in Pa. 179-

220 days. About sea level.

4. Chaerophyllum [Tourn.] L.

1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. In moist ground: N. Y. (?) and

Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kan.

N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I.; otherwise
unknown.

N. J. Reported in 1819 from Hudson Co., not since collected;
scattered in Warren, Middlesex, Mercer, Burlington, Camden,
Gloucester and Salem counties, especially along the Delaware;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Formations, not very

common in Pa., unknown elsewhere in our range. 152-220 days.

Sea level-1,000 ft.

C. temulum L. has been collected as a waif in N. J.

AMMIACEAE 477

5. Washingtonia Raf.

Style and stylopodium 1 mm. long or less. 1. W. Claytoni.
Style and stylopodium 2 mm. long. ; 2. W. longistylis.

1. W. Claytoni (Michx.) Britton. In woods: N.S. to S. Dak.,

Minn., Ala., Ill. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, apparently not very common in
New London Co.

N. Y. On the side north of L. I., and on S. I., thence increasing
and becoming common SoRimTEni.

N. J. Reported from but doubtfully in Camden siiel Monmouth
Counties; rare and local in Middlesex and Mercer counties,
increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,365 ft.
2. W. longistylis (Torrey) Britton. In woods: N.S. to the N. W.

Terr., Ala., Tenn. and Kan.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;
very rare in the region just west of the barrens and on the coastal

plain of L. I.
6. Torilis Adans.

Umbels sessile or short-stalked, capicate, opposite the leaves. 1. T. nodosa.
Umbels compound, peduncled; rays slender. 2. T. Anthriscus.

1. T. nodosa (L.) Gaertn. In waste places: Pa., Md. and Iowa.
Adventive from Europe.

Not common as an established adventive in Pa., otherwise un-
known.

. T. Anthriscus (L.) Gmel. In waste places: N. J. to D. C.
and Ohio. Adventive from Europe.
Not common as an established adventive.

NO

7. Bupleurum [Tourn.] L.
. B. rotundifolium L. In fields: N. H. to N. Car., S. Dak.
Ikan. and Ark. Also in the Southwest. Naturalized from
Europe.

Lal

Rare as a weed near the larger cities.

8. Celeri Adans.
1. C. graveolens (L.) Britton. (Apium graveolens L.). In waste
places, escaped from cultivation: E. U.S. Native of Europe.
A rare escape, from market gardens, sometimes persisting.

478 AMMIACEAE

g. Zizia Koch.

Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 1. Z. aurea.
Basal leaves cordate, undivided. 2. Z. cordata.

1. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. In fields and swamps: N. B. to Ont.,
S. Dak., Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Common throughout the state.

N.Y. Very rare on L. I. except in and near the Hempstead Plains;
on S. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Farmingdale, Monmouth Co., and Cold Spring, Cape May
Co., and north of the coastal plain.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, a single station, not on Beacon Hill:* Cretaceous, rare:

Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea

level—3,365 ft. 5

2. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. In woods: R. I. to Minn., the N. W.

Terr., Ga., Mo., Wyo. and Ore.

Conn. The coastal region, except in Fairfield Co., there scattered.

N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., decreasing northward to Columbia
and Ulster counties.

N. J. A single station in Gloucester Co., near the Delaware,
thence unknown to Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the region of the glacial
terraces along the Delaware: Older Formations, not very common
and apparently increasing northward. 153-220 days. Sea level-

1,200 ft.
10. Cicuta L.
Leaf-segments lanceolate. 1. C. maculata.
Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 2. C. bulbifera.

1. C. maculata L. In swamps: N. B. to Man., Fla. and N. Mex.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.
2. C. bulbiferaL. Inswamps: N.S. to Del., Man., Ind. and Neb.
Conn. Throughout the state.

N.Y. OnL.I.andS. I. and in the Bronx, increasing and becom-
ing common northward.
N. J. Rarein Camden and Gloucester counties, near the Delaware,
* See Introduction paragraph 36.

AMMIACEAE 479

thence unrecorded to Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence in-

creasing northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the region of glacial terraces:
Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-204 days. Sea
level—3,365 ft.

11. Deringa Adans.

1. D. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. In woods: N. B. to S. Dak., Ga.
and Tex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, and
in the region just east of them, there unrecorded; rare in the region
west of the pine-barrens from Camden, Co., N. J. southward; and
on the coastal plain of L. I.

12. Taenidia Drude.

1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. In rocky or sandy soil: Que. to

N. Car., Ont., Minn., Kan. and Miss.

Conn. New Haven and Fairfield counties near the coast.

N. Y. Hempstead Plains and at Flushing, L. I.; unknown on
S. I.; rare in the Bronx, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Reported but not definitely known from northern Ocean
and Monmouth counties; rare in Middlesex Co., thence increasing
northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare or wanting: Older Formations

increasing but never very common northward. 117-220 days.

Sea level—3,365 ft.

13. Sium [Tourn.] L.

1. S. cicutaefolium Gmel. In swamps: N. S. to B. Col., Fla.,
aeands Cal:

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there un-
recorded.

A weak, usually aquatic, form of this species has been described as S. Carsoni Durand.
I am unable to maintain it as a species, at least so far as local plants are concerned.

14. Ptilimnium Raf.

1. P. capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. In wet soil, especially in
brackish marshes: Mass. to Fla., west to Tex.

480 AMMIACEAE

So far as our range is concerned, known only from the region
within the influence of the tide, and at New Egypt, Ocean Co.,
N. J. inland.*

15. Lilaeopsis Greene.
1. L. lineata (Michx.) Greene. In salt and brackish marshes and
on river shores: N. H. to Fla., west to Miss.

Conn. Rare along the coast in New London Co., increasing but
never common in the coastal marshes westward.

N. J. At the foot of the Palisades in Bergen Co., a little south of a
point directly opposite Hastings-on-Hudson and opposite Mt.
St. Vincent; also very rare in the coastal marshes of Ocean and
Atlantic counties; and in Cape May Co.

N. Y. Fort Washington Point, and Spuyten Duvil Creek, N. Y.
City, and Smithtown, L. I.

A very rare and local plant whose distribution is not understood.

16. Ligusticum L.

1. L. scoticum L. Along salt marshes: Conn. to Lab., also on
the Pacific Coast and in northern Europe and Asia.
Known only from East Lyme, eastward in Conn. and from Fisher’s
Island in L. I. Sound, and in N. Y.

17. Thaspium Nutt.
Leaves mostly ternate; segments crenate, thickish. 1. 7. trifoliatum.
Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin. 2. T. barbinode.
1. T. trifoliatum (L.) Britton (7. trifoliatum aureum Britton).
In woods: N. J. to Tenn. and Mo.
N. J. Union, Mercer and Middlesex counties, southwestward, but
not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Distribution not fully understood.

2. T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Along streams: Ont. to Minn.,
Kan., Fla., Ky. and Ark.
Conn. Near Canaan, Litchfield Co.
N. J. Known only from Hunterdon Co.
Pa. From Northampton and Montgomery counties southward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, perhaps rare, but probably not in the

region: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days.
Sea level-3,200 ft.

* See Introduction paragraph 21.

AMMIACEAE 481

18. Conioselinum Hoffm.

1. C. chinense (L.) B. S. P. In cold swamps: Lab. to Mass.,
N. Y., N. Car., Minn., Wisc. and Ind. Not Chinese.
Conn. Northern part of Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Rare in northern Westchester Co., increasing northward.
N. J. Bergen and Sussex counties.

Pa. Northampton Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local in the

north. 117-153 days. 500-3,365 ft.

19. Angelica L.

Umbels glabrous or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish. 1. A. atropurpurea.
Umbels densely tomentose; leaf segments tomentose. 2. A. villosa.

1. A. atropurpurea L. In swamps and moist ground: Lab. to
Minn., Del. and III.
Rare and scattered over all the range, but not in the pine-barrens,
nor in the region immediately surrounding them.

2. A. villosa (Walt.) B.S. P. In dry soil: Conn. to Fla., Minn.,
Tenn. and Mo.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown;
nowhere common.

20. Oxypolis Raf.
1. O. rigidior (L.) Raf. (O. longifolia Britton). In swamps: N.

Y. to Fla., Minn., Mo. and La.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I.; Piermont, Rockland Co.;
unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Bergen, Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing south-
ward, but rare or wanting in the pine-barrens.

Pa. From Northampton and Bucks counties, southward.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, common: Older

Formations, decreasing northward. 169-220 days. About sea-level.

21. Pastinaca L.

1. P. sativa L. Roadsides and waste places: E.N. Am. Natur-
alized from Europe.
A common adventive in most parts of our range.

22. Heracleum L.
1. H. lanatum Michx. In moist ground: Newf. to Alask., N.
Cary Mos Utahrand Calk
32

482 CORNACEAE

Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common.

N. Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward, but not
definitely known from the Catskills.

N. J. Local in Camden and Burlington counties, along the
Delaware; increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, occasional along the Delaware in and near

the region of glacial terraces: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 128-220 days. Sea level-2,1oo ft.

23. Daucus L.

1. D. Carota L. In fields and waste places: throughout N. Am.
Native of Europe.
Common everywhere as a weed, less common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere.

Among the occasional waifs and introduced plants are the following: The garden
chervil. Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., and a wild form A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.,
known only on S. I.; the Shepherd’s-needle, Scandix Pecten-veneris L.; the Poison Hem-
lock, Conium maculatum L.; the Parsley, A pium Petroselinum L.; The Caraway, Carum
Carui L.; The Pimpernel, Pimpenella Saxifraga L.; The Goutweed, Aegopodium
Podagraria L.; The Fool’s Parsley, Aethusa Cynapium L., The Lovage, Hipposelinum
Levisticum (L.) Britton; The Fennel, Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst.; The Dill-
weed, Anethum graveolens L.; The Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L.; The Master-
wort, Imperatoria Ostruthium L., known only from Long Pond, Monroe Co., Pa.; and
Spermolepis divaricatus (Walt.) Raf., known only from near Philadelphia. All of these
have been collected from time to time, but it is doubtful if any are permanently estab-
lished in the range. They are natives of Europe and Asia.

CORNACEAE

Flowers perfect, 4-parted; ovary 2-celled.
Flowers cymose, not involucrate. I. CORNUS.
Flowers capitate, involucrate by 4 large white bracts.

Trees or shrubs. . CYNOXYLON.

to

Undershrubs with creeping rootstocks. 3. CHAMAEPERICLYMENUM.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious; petals minute or none;
ovary 2-celled. 4. Nyssa.

1. Cornus [Tourn.] L.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves downy pubescent beneath, at least when young.

Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular. 1. C. rugosa.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 2. C. Amomum.
Leaves glabrate or minutely pubescent beneath.

Leaves ovate, short-pointed; twigs purple. 3. C. stolonifera.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; twigs grey. 4. C. femina.

Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering
branches. 5. C. alternifolia.

CORNACEAE 483

1. C. rugosa Lam. (C. circinata L’Her.). In shady often rocky

situations: N. S. to Man., Va., Ill. and Iowa.

Conn. Rare in New London Co., increasing northwestward and
becoming common in Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Bronx, West-
chester and Rockland counties, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Union and Hunterdon counties, increasing north-
ward, unknown southward.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks and Schuylkill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward, south of the moraine only in Pa. and N. J. 118-187 days.

Sea level—4,o50 ft.

2. C. Amomum Mill. In wet soil: N. B. to Ont., Fla., S. Dak.
and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting and rare on the L. I. coastal plain.

3. C.stolonifera Michx. In moist soil: N.S. to the Yukon Terr.,.

Va., Ky., Neb., Ariz. and Cal.

Conn. Hartford and Fairfield counties, rare; increasing and
common northwestward into Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Reported but not definitely known from the north side of
L. I., unknown on the south side; rare on S. I., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Ocean and Mon-
mouth counties; rare and local in northern Middlesex Co., thence
increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or wanting: Older Formations,
increasing northward. 117-189 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

4. C.femina Mill. (C. candidissima Marsh., not Mill.) In rich
soil: Me. to N. Car., Minn., and Neb.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and Cape May,
there wanting; rare or wanting in the region surrounding the bar-
rens, except that it is found along the Delaware River in N. J. near
the glacial terraces in Salem, Camden and Gloucester counties; rare
on the L. I. coastal plain.

5. C. alternifolia L. f. In woods: N. S. to Ga., Ont., Minn.,
W. Va. and Ala.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and

x

484 CLETHRACEAE

the region just east of them, there wanting; occasional on the
L. I. coastal plain.
2. Cynoxylon Raf.
1. C. floridum (L.) Raf. (Cornus florida L.). In woods: Me.
and Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.
3. Chamaepericlymenum Graebn.
1. C. canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (Cornus canadensis L.).
In low woods: Newf. to Alask., N. J., Ind. Minn., Colo. and

Cal.
Conn. Very rare in the southern part of the state, increasing
northwestward.

N. Y. Known on L. I. only from an old specimen collected at
Dutch Kills, in Queens; unknown elsewhere except in Dutchess,
Columbia, Ulster, Delaware and Greene counties.

N. J. Very rare in and not recently collected from Hudson and
Mercer counties, unknown elsewhere except in northern Sussex
Co.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Carbon, Luzerne and Schuylkill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 118-158 days. Sea level-4,050 ft.

4. Nyssa L.
1. N. sylvatica Marsh. In rich moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla.,
Mich. and Tex.

Throughout the range, more common southward than in the
mountains northward.

The reported occurrence of Nyssa biflora Walt. in N. J. has not been verified.
GAMOPETALAE
CLETHRACEAE
Clethra L.

1. C. alnifolia L. In wet soil: Ont. to northern N. J. and Fla.,
mostly near the coast.
Common throughout the range.

PYROLACEAE
Flowers racemose; leaves basal. I. PYROLA.
Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled.
Stem leafy at the base; flower solitary; style long. 2. MONESES.

Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. CHIMAPHILA.

PYROLACEAE 485

1. Pyrola [Tourn.] L.

Style and stamens declined (slightly so in No. 4).
Petals very obtuse; leaves rounded at the apex.

Calyx lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining. 1. P. americana.
Calyx lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull.
Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than the
petioles. 2. P. chlorantha.
Blades oval, membranous, longer than the petioles. 3. P. elliptica.
Petals and leaves acute, the latter small. 4. P. oxypetala.
Style straight; stamens connivent. 5. P. secunda.

1. P. americana Sweet. (P. rotundifolia of Amer. authors, not
Of.) In dry woods=N. S: to-S) Dak:; Ga: and Ohio:
Also in Europe.

Frequent throughout the range, less so in the region of the N. J.
pine-barrens than elsewhere.

2. P. chlorantha Sweet. In dry woods: Lab. to Brit. Col.,
D. C., Ill., Neb. and Col. Also in Europe.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Near Riverhead, L. I.,* otherwise not known from the
island, or from S. I. Rare and local from the Highlands of the
Hudson northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth, Burlington and Camden
counties, thence increasing northward up the Delaware Valley;
at Closter, Bergen Co.; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Bucks, Berks, and Delaware
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 118-189 days. Sea level-4,o50 ft.

3. P. elliptica Nutt. In rich, mostly dry woods: N.S. to B. Col.,
D. C., Ill., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens of N. J., there
rare or wanting, not very common on the region surrounding the
barrens.

4. P. oxypetala Austin. Hills: Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y.
Known only from its original collection and not recently
seen.

5. P. secunda L. (P. secunda pumila Payne). In woods and
thickets: Lab. to Alask., D. C., Neb., along the Rocky Mts.
to Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

*See Introduction paragraph 39.

486 PYROLACEAE

Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from L. I., rare on S. T.,
thence increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Very rare in Monmouth, Burlington and Camden counties,
mostly near the Delaware River, thence increasing northward;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 118-204 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

2. Moneses Salisb.

1. M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray. In woods: Lab. to Alask., Conn.,
Pa., Mich. in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and to Ore. Also
in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Northern Windham, Tolland, Hartford and Litchfield
counties.
N. Y. The mountains of Greene and Delaware counties.
Pa. Reported from the “ northern tier of counties ’’; not seen by
me.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the
northern part of the range. Not south of the moraine. 118-153
days. 1,200-4,050 fl.

3. Chimaphila Pursh.

Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white. 1. C. maculata.
Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green. 2. C. corymbosa.

1. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. In dry woods: Me. and Ont. to
Minn., Ga. and Miss.

Throughout the range, more common in the pine-barrens and less
common in the mountains than elsewhere.

2. C. corymbosa Pursh. (C. wmbellata of Amer. authors). In
dry woods: N.S. to Mich. and Ga.
Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens and always
increasing northward; less common than the last.

MONOTROPACEAE

Flowers solitary. 1. MoONoTROPA.
Flowers racemose. 2. Hypopirys.

ERICACEAE ; 487

1. Monotropa L.
1. M. uniflora L. In moist rich woods: Anticosti to Fla., B.
Col. and Cal. Also in Japan and the Himalayas.

Scattered throughout the range but rare or perhaps wanting in the
interior of the pine-barrens.

2. Hypopitys Hill.

Stigma retrorsely bearded; sepals and petals long-ciliate. 1. H. lanuginosa.

Stigma not retrorsely bearded; sepals and petals short-ciliate. 2. H. americana.

1. H. lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. Woods: Newf. to Ont., Tenn.
and Fla.

Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens.

2. H. americana (DC.) Small. Woods: Ont. and N. Y. to N. C.
Conn. West Goshen.

INE AYS (Scr.
N. J. Cranberry Lake, Sussex Co.

ERICACEAE
Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla deciduous; anthers unappen-
daged.
Corolla of separate petals. 1. LEDUM.

Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in No. 5).
Corolla somewhat irregular.
Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves

deciduous. 2. AZALEA.
Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base;
leaves deciduous. 3. RHODORA.
Corolla campanulate; leaves evergreen. 4. RHODODENDRON.
Corolla regular; seeds angled or rounded.
Corolla polypetalous; low pine-barren plant. 5. DENDRIUM.
Corolla gamopetalous. 6. KALMIA.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe; corolla deciduous;
anthers often awned.
Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not acrescent, mostly small.
Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink.
Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the
bud.
Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5
valves. 7. EUBOTRYS,
Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer
5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 8. CHAMAEDAPHNE.
Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate or separate in the
bud.

Anthers 2-awned on the back.
Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric; leaves
not glaucous. ' 9, NEOPIERIS,

488 ERICACEAE

Corolla globose; leaves narrow, glaucous

beneath. 10, ANDROMEDA.
Anthers awnless. 11. NOLISMA.
Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent; low trailing
woody herb. 12. EPIGAEA.
Fruit a drupe or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy acrescent
calyx.
Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the
capsule. 13. GAULTHERIA.
Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets. 14. UVA-URSI.
Fruit a septicidal capsule; corolla withering-persistent. 15. CALLUNA.

1. Ledum L.

1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. In bogs and swamps: Greenland

to B. Col., Mass., N. J. (?) and Wash.

Conn. Northeastern Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. and in the higher Catskills,
otherwise unknown.

N. J. Credited to Sussex Co. but not definitely known from the
state.

Pa. Luzerne and Monroe counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare, increasing
northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-153 days. 1,100-
4,020 ft.

2. Azalea L.

Flowers expanding before or with the leaves.
Flowers pink or white.
Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath; corolla-tube hirsute. 1. A. nudzflora.
Leaves canescent beneath; corolla-tube glandular. 2. A. prinophylla.
Flowers orange or yellow. 3. A. lutea.
Flowers expanding later than the leaves. 4. A. viscosa.
(eh

1. A. nudiflora L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to IIl., Fla.

and Tex. Reported from Canada.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there rare;
always increasing northward; uncommon on the L. I. coastal plain.

2. A. prinophylla‘Small. In woods: Mass. and N. Y. to Va. and

Tenn. Has been included in A. canescens Michx.

Conn. Very rare in northern New London Co., otherwise known
only from northwestern Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Known only from Greene, Ulster and Delaware counties,
but not always at great elevations.

N. J. The northern corner of Sussex Co.

Pa. Luzerne, Pike, Monroe and Lackawanna counties.

ERICACEAE 489

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local.
Not south of the moraine. 117-168 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

3. A. lutea L. In dry woods: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga. and Tenn.
This, the most widely cultivated of American azaleas, has never been collected from
the range as a wild plant since its original discovery in Ulster Co., N. Y. In view of the
fact that its extreme northern limit as a wild plant now appears to be in Franklin and

Somerset counties in Pa., its original collection within our range may have been from a
cultivated specimen.

4. A. viscosa L. In swamps: Me. to Ohio, Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range as to the type, and scarcely less
so as to the forms hispida, glauca, and nitida.

3. Rhodora L.

1. R. canadensis L. In bogs and on wet hillsides: Newf. to
N. J., Que., central N. Y. and Pa.

Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northward.
N. Y. Reported from Westchester Co., otherwise unknown.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
Pa. Monroe and Lackawanna counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local.
Not south of the moraine. 117-160 days. 500-4,040 ft.

4. Rhododendron L.

1. R. maximum L. In woods and along streams: N.S. to Ont.,
Ohio and Ga.

Conn. Litchfield, Tolland and New London counties, increasing
northwestward.

N.Y. Known only from the Highlands of the Hudson northward;
formerly on S. J. and reported as formerly at Inwood.

N.J. Very rare in the region of glacial terraces along the Delaware
in Camden and Burlington Co., thence increasing northward,
especially in the valley of the Delaware.

Pa. Throughout the range, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare along the drainage of the

Delaware River: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220

days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

5. Dendrium Desv.

1. D. buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. In damp sandy pine-barrens:
NESE

490 ERICACEAE

Common throughout the New Jersey pine-barrens, very rare
in Monmouth Co., just north of the barrens.

Tertiary, confined to the Beacon Hill formation: Cretaceous,
very rare at or near Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J.: Older For-
mations, 0. 169-182 days. About sea-level.

6. Kalmia L.

Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete.
Leaves oblong, mostly obtuse; flowers 6-10 mm. broad.
Leaves elliptic or oval, acute; flowers 16-25 mm. broad.

Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged.

. K. angustifolia.
. K. latifolia.
. K. polifolia.

® NH

1. K. angustifolia L. In moist soil: Newf. to Hudson Bay,
south to Ga. and Mich.
Common throughout the range, except that it is apparently

wanting on the southern end of Cape May and not known from
the Bronx.

2. K. latifolia L. In woods: N. B. to Ont., Ohio, Fla. and La.

Common throughout the range except at the southern end of
Cape May, there unknown.

3. K. polifolia Wang. (K. glauca Ait.) In bogs: Newf. to
Alaska, Conn., N. J., Pa., Mich. and Cal.

Conn. Very rare in Fairfield Co., increasing northward into
Litchfield Co., unknown elsewhere.
N. Y. Dutchess Co., increasing but rare northwestward in the
Catskills.
N. J. Near Budd's Lake, Morris Co. Round Pond, Sussex Co.
Pa. Pike, Wayne, and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-166 days. 680-4,050 ft.

7. Eubotrys Nutt.

1. E. racemosa (L.) Nutt. (Leucothoé racemosa (L.) A. Gray). In
swamps and moist thickets: Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La.
Conn. Rare and local near the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to Westchester Co.; unknown northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Morris, Bergen, Hunterdon and Union
counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.

ERICACEAE 491

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered and apparently wanting northward. 159-220 days.
Sea level—o93 ft.

8. Chamaedaphne Moench.

1. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. In bogs and swamps: Newf. to
Alask., N. J., Ga., Ill., Mich. and B. Col. Also in Europe
and Asia.

Common throughout the range, except on S. I. and in the Bronx,
there unknown.
g. Neopieris Britton.

1. N. mariana (L). Britton (Andromeda mariana L.). In sandy
soil: R. I. to Fla., Tenn. and Ark.

Conn. The coastal region in Fairfield Co.,

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., rare along the coast of Long
Island Sound in Westchester Co.; near Spuyten Duyvil Creek;

otherwise unknown.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Passaic
counties, thence increasing and common southward, especially
in the pine-barrens, unknown in soutnern Cape May Co.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, less common: Older

Formations, rare and scattered. 164-220 days. About sea level.

10. Andromeda L.

1. A. canescens Small. In bogs: Newf. and Lab. to Man. and N.
J., Pa. and Ind.
Conn. Rare in Fairfield Co., increasing northward into Litchfield
Co.
N.Y. Orange and Putnam counties, increasing northward.
N. J. Morris and Sussex counties.
Pa. Pike, Wayne and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-158 days. 500-
4,050 ft. Formerly included in A. polifolia L.

11. Xolisma Raf.

1. X. ligustrina (L.) Britton. In swamps and wet soil: Me. to
N. Y., Fla., Tenn. and Ark.

Common throughout the range but always increasing southward.

492 VACCINIACEAE

12. Epigaea L.
1. E. repens L. In sandy or rocky woods: Newf. to the N. W.
Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich.

Throughout the range in favorable places, but much diminished
by recent collection.

13. Gaultheria Kalm.

1. G. procumbens L. In woods: Newf. to Man., Ga. and Mich.
Common throughout the range.

14. Uva-ursi Mill. (Arctostaphylos Adans.)

1. U. Uva-ursi (L.) Cockerell. Dry, rocky or sandy soil: Lab.
to Alask., N. J., Va., Ill., Neb., Colo., Cal. Also in Europe
and Asia.

Conn. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, espe-
cially along the coast.

N. Y. Common on eastern L. I.; S. I.; unknown in Bronx and
Westchester counties, thence decreasing up the Hudson Valley
to Greene Co., but not known from the higher Catskills.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen and Passaic counties, thence
unrecorded to Middlesex Co., thence increasing and common
southward, in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare and scattered. 169-220 days. Sea level—soo ft.

15. Calluna Salisb.

1. C. vulgaris (L.) Salisb. Sandy or rocky soil: Newf. to N.. J.
Naturalized from Europe.

N. J. Very rare as an escape along the coast. Not recently
collected.

VACCINIACEAE

Ovary 10-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe. 1, GAYLUSSACIA.
Ovary 4-5-celled; fruit a many seeded berry.
Corolla open, campanulate, 4-5 lobed.
Corolla cylindric, sub-globose or urceolate.
Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not
white. 3. VACCINIUM.
Low trailing woody plant with snow-white berries. . CHIOGENES.
Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed. 5. Oxycoccus.

. PoLycopium.

Ny

=

VACCINIACEAE 493

1. Gaylussacia H. B. K.

Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit with a bloom. 1. G. frondosa.
Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit mostly black.
Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 2. G. baccata.
Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. dumosa.

1. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. In woods and thickets: N. H. to
Fla., Ohio and La.

Common throughout most of the range, less common northward
and more abundant in the pine-barrens than elsewhere.

2. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (G. resinosa (Ait.) T. & G.).
In woods and thickets: Newf. to Ga., Man., Wisc. and Ky.
Common throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens.

3. G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. In sandy swamps: Newf. to
ING Ye eb lasandsiea:

Conn. Very rare but scattered over most of the state; not def-
initely known from New London Co.

N. Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., unknown in the
Bronx, decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Westchester Co.,
apparently wanting elsewhere.

N. J. The coastal plain, more common in the pine-barrens than
elsewhere.

Pa. Montgomery and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered and rare. 166-220 days. About sea level.

A form with permanently glandular leaves has been described as var. Bigeloviana
Fernald from Conn. I have seen no specimens.*

2. Polycodium Raf.
1. P. stamineum (L.) Greene. In dry woods and thickets: Me.
to Ont., Minn., Ark., Ky. and Ala.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there un-
recorded, very rare in the region surrounding the barrens.

3. Vaccinium L.

Tall shrubs, mostly 1 m. high or higher.
Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick.
Glabrous or nearly so.

H

. V. corymbosum.

Twigs and leaves densely pubescent. 2. V. vicinum.
Corolla urn-shaped to oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as
thick.
Glabrous from the first. 3. V. caesariense.

* Rhodora 13: 99. 1911.

494 VACCINIACEAE

Leaves pubescent beneath at least when young.
Leaves entire-margined. 4. V. atrococcum.
Leaves spinulose-ciliate. 5. V. atlanticum.
Low shrubs, mostly Jess than 6 dm. high.
Leaves green on both sides.

Leaves densely pubescent beneath. 6. V. canadense.
Leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on the veins }
beneath. 7. V. angustifolium.
Leaves pale and glaucous, at least beneath.
Leaves pale on both sides; mature fruit black. 8. V. Brittonit.
Leaves pale beneath; mature fruit blue. 9. V. vacillans.
rt. V. corymbosum L. Inswamps and wet woods: Newf. to Va.,
Minn. and La.
Common throughout the range.
2. V. vicinum Bicknell. E. Mass. to N. J.
known only from the coastal plain of L. I. and N. J.
3. V. caesariense Mackenzie. Bogs: L. I. (2?) and N. J. to Fla.

N. Y. Apparently on L. I.

N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens in Ocean, Burlington and Atlantic
counties; a single station at Five-Mile Beach along the coast, and
one station near Woodbury, Camden Co.; otherwise unknown
from the area.

Pa. Reported from Chester Co.

4. V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. In swamps and wet woods:
Ne Beand ‘Onts to Ny ].; Pas and Ala:

Throughout the range, decreasing northward, and more common
southward than elsewhere.

. V. atlanticum Bicknell (? V. amoenum Ait.). In swamps: E.
Mass. to N. Y. and N. J.
Conn. Presumably recorded as V. corymbosum amoenum.
N. Y. Coastal plain of L. I., S. I., and near West Point.
N. J. Coastal plain, and in Union Co.
Has been referred to V. virgatum Ait.

on

6. V. canadense Richards. In moist places: Lab. to the N. W.
Terr., Va., Ill. and Mich.
Conn. Near Salisbury, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. The mountains of Ulster, Delaware, Greene and Sullivan
counties.
Pa. Monroe and Northampton counties.

VACCINIACEAE 495

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. Not south of the moraine. 117-152 days. 1,400-
4,020 ft.

7. V.angustifolium Ait. (V. pennsylvanicum Lam.., not Mill.) In
dry rocky or sandy soil: Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., Va.,
Ill. and Mich.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N.Y. Frequent on L. I., rare on S. I., unknown in the Bronx,
increasing northward.

N. J. Not very common in Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester,
Camden, Burlington, and Monmouth counties, north and west
of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and common northward,
especially on rocky ridges; rare in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Dela-
ware and Schuylkill counties.

Tertiary, rare or wanting on Beacon Hill, increasing elsewhere:

Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, increasing and

common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-4,020 ft.

8. V. Brittonii Porter (V. nigrum Britton not V. pennsylvanicum
nigrum Wood). Indry rocky soil: Me. toN. J., Pa. and Mich.
Confined, so far as present records show, to Litchfield Co., Conn.,
Sussex Co., N. J. and Monroe Co., Pa., at elevations in excess of
1,000 ft. All these stations are north of the moraine, and have a
growing season of 118-153 days. Not reported from, but doubtless

in, the Catskills.

9. V. vacillans Kalm. In dry soil: Me. and N. H. to Ont.,
Mich., N. Car. and Mo.

Common throughout the range.

V. Dobbinii Burnham (V. angustifolium XX vacillans) is to be looked for in our
area wherever both the parents are found. V. australe Small has been recorded along
the coast north to eastern Mass.

4. Chiogenes Salisb.

1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. In cold wet woods and bogs: Newf.
tous Cole Ne Car andeMiche

Conn. Northern New London and New Haven counties, increas-
ing northward into Tolland and Litchfield counties.

N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., a single station
near Clove Lake, S. I., thence increasing but rare northward
except in the higher elevations of the Catskills.

496 DIAPENSIACEAE

N. J. Known only from the old Cedar Swamp in Hudson Co., a
station long since destroyed.
Pa. Wayne, Northampton and Monroe counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-—

4,040 ft.
5. ,Oxycoccus [Tourn.] Hill.
Leaves oval, acute, 4-8 mm. long; berry globose. 1. O. Oxycoccus.
Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long; berry ovoid
or oblong. 2. O. macrocarpus.

1. O. Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. In cold bogs: Lab. to Alask.,
N. J., N. Car.; Mich. and B. Col. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare and local over most of the state, increasing north-
westward.

N. Y. From West Point northward.

N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Monmouth and
Ocean counties; recorded from Hudson, Bergen, Morris and
Sussex counties.

Pa. Pike, Wayne, Monroe, and Luzerne counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare northward.

Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level-4,oq0 ft.

2. O. macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. In bogs: Newf. to the N. W.
Terr., N. Car., W. Va., Mich. and Minn.

Throughout the range in locally favorable places, more common
southward, and less common northward than elsewhere. Ap-
parently wanting in the unglaciated’ portion of the Piedmont Pla-
teau.*

DIAPENSIACEAE
1. Pyxidanthera Michx.

1. P. barbulata Michx. In dry sandy pine-barrens: N. J. and
IN@ Car: .

N. J. Rare and local in Middlesex, Monmouth and Camden
counties, outside the pine-barrens; increasing and becoming
common in the barrens.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, decreasing elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, less common and scattered: Older Formations, unknown.

179-182 days. About sea level.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

PRIMULACEAE 497

PRIMULACEAE

Lobes or segments of the corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed.
Lobes of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud.
Ovary wholly superior. 1. Horronta.
Ovary adnate to the calyx; marsh herbs. . SAMOLUS.
Lobes of the corolla convolute or valvate.
Capsule longitudinally dehiscent.
Corolla rotate or rarely short-funnelform.
Stem leafy throughout; flowers yellow.
Staminoidia 5; each corolla-lobe curved
around its stamen. 3. STEIRONEMA.
Staminoidia none; corolla lobes convolute. 4. LYSIMACHIA.
Staminoidia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillary

nN

spike-like racemes or heads: 5. NAUMBURGIA.
Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers
white. 6. TRIENTALIS.
Corolla none; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 7. GLAUX.
Capsule circumscissle; flowers axillary. 8. ANAGALLIS.

Segments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. . DoDECATHEON.

o

1. Hottonia Boerh.
1. H. inflata Ell. (In shallow stagnant ponds: N. H. and Mass.
touGent- Nei ehlasandulba.

Local in the coastal region of our area, and in Bergen and
Hudson counties, N. J.

2. Samolus [Tourn.] L.
1. S. floribundus H.B. Kk. Inswampsand brooks: N. B. to Fla.,
Ba Colmes and Gale

Throughout the coastal part of our range, rare or wanting inland
except along the river valleys.

3. Steironema Raf.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate; capsule longer than the calyx. 1. S. ciliatum.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong or linear; capsule nearly as long as the calyx. 2. S. lanceolatum.

1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. In moist thickets: N.S. to B. Col., Ga.,
Ala., Kan. and Ariz.

Throughout the region except in the pine-barrens, there wanting,
and rare in the region to the east and south of the barrens.

2. S.lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. (S. hybriduwm (Michx.) Raf.)
In moist soil: Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ariz.
Distribution similar to the preceding but unknown in the
Bronx.

33

498 PRIMULACEAE

4. Lysimachia [Tourn.] L.

Leaves verticillate in 3’s—7’s, or some of them opposite.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure-yellow, 1-2.5 cm. broad.

Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes glabrous. 1. L. vulgaris.
Flowers axillary; corolla-lobes glandular ciliate. 2. L. punctata.
Corolla rotate, 0.8-1.6 cm. broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia.
Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alternate, sometimes ver-
ticillate in No. 5.
Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect.
Raceme leafy only at the base. 4. L. terrestris.
Raceme leafy to the middle or beyond. 5. L. producta.
Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creeping. 6. L. Nummularia.

1. L. vulgaris L. In fields and along roadsides: Me. to N. Y.
and Penn. Naturalized from Europe.
A rare and scarcely established adventive in parts of our range.

No

. L. punctata L. In waste places: N.S. to N. J. Adventive
from Europe.
A rare and infrequent adventive in parts of our range.

3. L. quadrifolia L. In thickets: N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Wisc.

Throughout the range, but rare and perhaps only intrusive in
the pine-barrens, increasing northward.

4. L. terrestris (L.) B. S. P. In swamps and moist thickets,
sometimes on gravelly shores: Newf., Man., Ga. and Ark.
Common throughout the range.

. L. producta (A. Gray) Fernald. In swamps and along road-
sides: Me. to N. Y., Mass. and Mich.

Conn. Rare and local near the coast, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Putnam
Co., unknown northward; nowhere common.

N. J. Passaic, Essex and Union counties, not very common;
decreasing and scattered in Middlesex, Monmouth and Burlington
counties; unknown in the pine-barrens.

A rare and local species whose distribution is little understeed

Supposed by some to be a hybrid between quadrifolia and terrestris.

io}t

6. L. Nummularia L. In moist places: Newf. to N. J., Pa. and
Ind. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a naturalized weed, often wanting.

5. Naumburgia Moench.

1. N. thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. In swamps: N.S. to Alask., N. Y.,
a, Mo. and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia.

PLUMBAGINACEAE 499

Conn. Throughout the state but much scattered and rare.

N.Y. Rare onthe north shore of L. I. and onS. I., thence increas-
ing but always scattered northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Sussex and

Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Pike and Wayne Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered,
exclusively north of the moraine. 117-220 days. Sea level-
4,000 ft.

6. Trientalis L.
1. T. borealis Raf. (7. americana (Pers.) Pursh.) Indamp woods
and thickets: Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., Ill. and Mich.

Throughout the range, common both in the south and in the
highest elevations of the Catskills.

7. Glaux L..
1. G. maritima L. In salt marshes and on sea beaches: N. J. to
Newf. and locally in the interior. Also in Europe and Asia.

Known so far as our area is concerned only at Deal on the coast
of New Jersey; Montauk, L. I.

8. Anagallis [Tourn.] L.
1. A. arvensis L. In waste places: Newf. to Fla., Minn. and
Mex., and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally common as a weed, often wanting.

The blue-flowered form A. arvensis coerulea (Lam.) Ledeb., has been collected in
the range, but it is a rare and hardly persistent adventive.

9. Dodecatheon L.
1. D. Meadia L. On moist cliffs and prairies: Pa. to Man., Ga.

and Tex.

Localized, and reaching its most northerly distribution point,
in our area in southwestern Montgomery Co., Pa. This region is
south of the moraine, is underlaid by syenite and granite, and has a
growing season of about 174 days.

PLUMBAGINACEAE
1. Limonium Adans.

1. L. carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. On salt meadows: Lab. to
Fla. and Tex.

500 OLEACEAE

Throughout the region of salt meadows in all our area, but not
known from Pa.
EBENACEAE
1. Diospyros L.

1. D. virginiana L. In fields and woods: R. I. to Kan., Fla. and

Tex.

Conn. Localized near New Haven in a good sized grove, perhaps
not native there.

N. Y. L. I. and S. I., the northern end of Manhattan; found
also on the Sound shore of Westchester Co.; unknown else-
where.

N. J. Scattered in all the northern counties, increasing south-
ward, but unknown in the pine-barrens; more common in the
drainage of the Delaware River than elsewhere.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Schuylkill, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not uncommon elsewhere:

Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare and _ scattered.

164-220 days. Sea level—625 ft.

OLEACEAE
Fruit a samara; leaves pinnate; flowers mostly dioecious; corolla
wanting. 1. FRAXINUS.
Fruit a drupe; leaves simple; flowers perfect and complete. 2. CHIONANTHUS.

1. Fraxinus [Tourn.] L.

Lateral leaflets sessile or short stalked. 1. F. nigra.
Lateral leaflets distinctly stalked.
Wing decurrent on the samara to the middle or below.
Wing of the samara long-linear. 2. F. Darlingtonit.
Wing of the samara spatulate or oblong-spatulate.
Samara-body broadly spatulate; leaves thick, entire. 3. F. Michauxit.
Samara-body narrowly spatulate; leaves thin,

serrate or entire. 4. F. pennsylvanica.
Wing of the samara terminal, scarcely decurrent on the
seed-body.
Twigs and leaves glabrous. 5. F. americana.
Twigs and leaves densely pubescent. 6. F. biltmoreana.

1. F. nigra Marsh. Swamps and river shores: Newf. to Man.,
south to Va., Ill., Mo. and Ark.
Conn. Throughout the state but rare.
N.Y. Reported but not definitely known from the north shore of
L. I., but south of Jamaica and north of Queens; rare on S. I.;

OLEACEAE 501

rare and local in the Bronx, and in Rockland Co., thence in-
creasing but never common northward.
N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Morris, Sussex, Hunterdon,
Essex, Mercer, and Monmouth counties; not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, Delaware and
Chester counties.
Species scattered and the distribution not understood.

iS)

. F. Darlingtonii Britton. In woods: Mass. to central N. Y.,
south to Ala. and La.
Known in our range only from near Southington, Conn. and
West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. The Conn. station is in the
region of Triassic sandstone and the Pa. record is on Azoic slates.

. F. Michauxii Britton. In wet places: southern N. Y. to
N. Car. and Ind.
Known definitely only from Swedesboro and Mickleton,
Gloucester Co., N. J., and from the New York Botanical Garden;
doubtless in the region between these geologically unrelated stations.

ios)

4. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. (F. lanceolata Borkh. F. viridis
Michx.). In woods: Vt. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.

5. F. americana L. In rich soil, usually on hillsides: N. S. ta
Minn., south to Fla., Kan. and Tex.
Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Frequent along the north shore of L. I. and on S. I
thence increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Occasional in Salem, Gloucester, Camden and Burlington
counties in the drainage of the Delaware, thence increasing and
becoming common northward.

Pa. Carbon, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare along the Delaware: Older Forma-

tions, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

”

6. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Southern Pa. to Ga.

Known in our area only at or near Woodbourne, Bucks Co., Pa.
This region is on the red and yellow gravels and clays that pre-
dominate in the southeastern part of the country.

F. excelsior L. planted for shade, is occasionally spontaneous.

502 GENTIANACEAE

2. Chionanthus L.
1. C. virginica L. In moist thickets: N. J. and southern Pa. to

Fla. and Tex.

N. J. Local in Salem, Gloucester, Atlantic and Cumberland
counties, especially along Maurice River and Cohausey Creek,
also sporadically introduced along the edges of the pine-barrens

in the same counties, otherwise unknown in the state.
Pa. Chester Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare near the region of glacial terraces:
Older Formations, not very common in the extreme southern part
of our range. 168-204 days. About sea level.

The privet, Ligustrum vulgare L. and the lilac, Syringa vulgaris L. are both largely
planted and both are established escapes, usually near gardens.

LOGANIACEAE
1. Polypremum L.

1. P. procumbens L. In dry sandy soil: N. J. and Pa. to Fla.,
Ky. and Ind. Terr. and Mex. Also in the W. I.

Found, in our area, only near the city of Philadelphia, as a
weed; undoubtedly adventive from further south.

There seems to be no evidence that Spigelia marylandica L., once thought to grow
in New Jersey, has ever been collected in that state.

GENTIANACEAE

Leaves normal; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.
Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when
old.
Corolla salverform.

I. CENTAURIUM.
Corolla rotate.

2. SABBATIA.
Style short, stout or none; anthers remaining straight.

Corolla without nectiferous pits, glands or scales.
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses.
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses.
Corolla with one or two nectiferous pits, glands or
scales at the base of each lobe.
Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla
lobes imbricated in the bud.

3. GENTIANA.
4. DASYSTEPHANA,

5. HALENIA.

Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals; upper leaves normal.

6, OBOLARIA.
Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales.

7. BARTONIA.
1. Centaurium Hill (Hrythraea Neck.)
1. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. In fields and waste places: N. J. to

Pa. and Md. Also in the W. Ind. Naturalized from
Europe.

GENTIANACEAE 503

Introduced locally as a weed in N. J., apparently not elsewhere.

C. Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight, has been reported from the range asa very rare waif.

2. Sabbatia Adans.

Flowers normally 4-5-parted, sometimes 6-7 parted.
Branches opposite.
Style 2-parted to below the middle; flowers white. 1. S. lanceolata.
Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink. . angularis.
Branches alternate.
Calyx shorter than the corolla; leaves narrowed at the base. 3. S. stellaris.
Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; leaves
broad at the base. 4. S. campanulata.
Flowers normally 8-12 parted, 3.5-6 cm. broad. 5. S. dodecandra.

iS)
i.)

1. S. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. In pine-barren swamps: N. J.
to Fla.
Common throughout the pine-barrens and locally in Cape May
(Cros INTE He
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: ‘Cretaceous,
0: Older Formations, 0. 168-220days. About sea-level.

2. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. In rich soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ont.
and Mich., south to Fla., Ind. Terr. and La.

N.Y. OnL.I.andS. I. and up the Hudson Valley to Westchester
Co., unknown northward.
N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Somerset and Mercer
counties, decreasing southward, but unknown in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, scattered. 169-220days. About sea
level.

3. S. stellaris Pursh. In salt meadows: Me. to Fla.

Very common in all our salt marshes within the influence of the
tides. A white-flowered form is sometimes found.

4. S. campanulata (L.) Torrey. In salt marshes and along
brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps: Mass. to Fla.

and La. Also in Cuba.

N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I.; along the bay side
of S. I.; apparently unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Commonalong the coast; also at Burlington on the Delaware
River; unknown elsewhere.

504 GENTIANACEAE

Pa. Known only from Tullytown, Bucks Co. on the Delaware
River.
All the stations maritime except two on the Delaware River
just below the “ fall line.”

5. S. dodecandra (L.) B.S. P. Borders of ponds and along salt
marshes: Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

In tidal marshes throughout the range; so far not reported
inland, nor up the tidal rivers, except in Cape May; sometimes
white flowered.

3. Gentiana [Tourn.] L.
Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits. 1. G. crinita.
Corolla-lobes naked, not fringed. 2. G. quinquefolia.
1. G. crinita Froel. In moist woods and meadows: Que. to

Minn., Ga. and Iowa.

Conn. Throughout the state; but not common.

N. Y. On the north side of L. I., there rare, and at Woodmere; on
S. I., thence increasing but not common northward. Reported
from Easthampton, L. I., but the report not unverified.

N. J. Occasional in Camden and Burlington counties in the drain-
age of the Delaware, and at Ocean View, Cape May Co., reported
from Monmouth Co., thence increasing northward; not in the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, very rare elsewhere*: Cretaceous,
rare: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days.
Sea level-4,000 ft.

2. G. quinquefolia L. In dry or moist soil: Me. and Ont. to

Mich. and Mo.

Conn. Litchfield Co., increasing northward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Orange and
northern Westchester counties, thence increasing northward.
N. J. Reported but not definitely known from Monmouth and

Mercer counties; rare and local in Union and Somerset counties,
thence increasing northward.
Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very doubtful: Older Formations,
increasing northward. 117-178 days. Sea level-3,860 ft.

4. Dasystephana [Reneal.] Adans. (Gentiana, in part).

Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate.
Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits. 1. D. Saponaria.

*See Introduction paragraph 36.

GENTIANACEAE 505

Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 2. D. Andrewsii.
Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so.
Flowers clustered, sessile, 2 bracteolate under the calyx.
Seeds winged.
Corolla-lobes twice as long as the plaits; leaves

broad, acuminate; flowers yellowish. 3. D. flavida.
Corolla-lobes only a little longer than the plaits;
leaves narrow; flowers blue. 4. D. linearis.
Seeds completely marginless; corolla-lobes much
longer than the plaits, greenish white. 5. D. villosa.

Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 6. D. Porphyrio.

1. D. Saponaria (L.) Small (Gentiana Saponaria L.) In wet soil:
Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La.

Conn. Not definitely known from the state; reported but prob-
ably erroneously.

N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I., and at Queens; common
on S. I.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Essex, Morris and Hunterdon
counties, thence increasing and becoming common southward,
but wanting in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties, all the
stations near the “‘ fall line.”

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 162-220

days. About sea level.

2. D. Andrewsii (Griseb.) Small. (G. Andrewsiit Griseb.). In
moist soil: Que. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Mo.
Conn. Throughout the state.
N. Y. Not rare along the north side of L. I. and on S. I., thence
increasing northward; rare on the coastal plain region of L. I.
N. J. Throughout the state, decreasing southward and wanting
in the pine-barrens, but found, rather rarely, near Cape May.
Pa. Throughout, increasing northward.
Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
rare and scattered: Older Formations, increasing northward.
117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

3. D. flavida (A. Gray) Britton. In moist soil: Ont. to Va., Minn.
and Ky.
KKnown in our area only as reported in Porter’s Flora of Pa. from
Bucks and Lehigh counties, Pa.; not seen by me.

4. D. linearis (Froel.) Britton. In bogsand on mountains: N. B.
and Ont. to Md.

506 GENTIANACEAE

N. Y. The Catskills of Ulster and Greene counties.
N. J. Gathered at Budd’s Lake, Morris Co., many years ago, not
recently collected.
Pa. Monroe and Lehigh counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-179 days. 800

—4,020 ft.
5. D. villosa (L.) Small. In shaded places: N. J. and Pa. to Fla.
and La.

Known definitely only from Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J.,
and from Berks and Chester counties in Pa. Very local and the
distribution not understood.

6. D. Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small. In moist pine-barrens: 5S.

INew|eato- Fla:

The pine-barrens, but found also at Cape May, N. J.

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
0: Older Formations, 0. 179-220 days. About sea level.

5. Halenia Borck (Tetragonanthus S. G. Gmel.).

1. H. deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. In moist woods and
thickets: Lab. to Mass., N. Y., Mich. and Ind. Terr.

Known in our area only from Cochecton, Sullivan Co., N. Y.,
which is north of the moraine, has a growing season of 147 days
and is within the drainage area of the Delaware River. It is at
about 900 ft.

5. Obolaria L.

1. O. virginica L. In rich woods and thickets: N. J. and Pa.
to Ga., Ill. and Tex.

N. J. In Hunterdon, Essex, Somerset and Mercer counties, in-
creasing southward along the Delaware, to Salem Co. Unknown
elsewhere.

Pa. Rather common in Northampton, Bucks, Berks, Philadelphia,
Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare along the Delaware: Older Forma-
tions, confined exclusively to the unglaciated portion of the Pied-
mont Plateau. 159-220 days. Sea level—6oo ft.

6. Bartonia Muhl.

Corolla lobes oblong, abruptly tipped, erose. 1. B, virginica.
Corolla lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire. 2. B, paniculata.

MENYANTHACEAE 507

1. B. virginica (L.) B.S. P. In moist soil: Newf. to Fla., Mich.
and La.

Throughout the range, less conspicuous than uncommon.

2. B. paniculata (Michx.) Robinson. (B. zodandra of Britton’s
Manual, in part, not of Robinson; B. lanceolata Small.) In
wet sandy woods and swamps: Eastern Mass. to Fla. and La.
Conn. Rareand local over the southern part of the state.

N. Y. Rare on the L. I. coastal plain and at Smithtown.

N. J. The coastal plain, there rare and local near the edges, most
common near the coast; unknown elsewhere.
A rare and local species whose distribution is not well understood.

MENYANTHACEAE

Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. 1. MENYANTHES.
Leaves simple, entire, cordate; floating. 2. NYMPHOIDES,

1. Menyanthes |Tourn.] L.

1. M. trifoliata L. In bogs: Greenl. to Alask., L. I., Pa., W. Va.,

Neb. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. On L. I. and S. I., unknown in the Bronx, increasing
northward.

N. J. Very rare in Cape May and Gloucester counties,* formerly
in Camden Co., apparently wanting between these stations and
Hudson and Bergen counties, thence increasing and locally
common northwestward.

Pa. Apparently confined to Monroe, Berks and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere:* Cretaceous,

very rare: Older Formations, increasing northward, especially in

the glaciated area. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

2. Nymphoides Hill (Limnanthemum S. G. Gmel.).7

Floating leaves 2-5 cm. long; flowers 6-12 mm. broad, yellow; seeds

smooth. 1. N. lacunosum.
Floating leaves 5-15 cm. long; flowers 12-20 mm. broad, white; seeds
rough. 2. N. aquaticum.

1. N. lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze. In ponds: N.S. to Fla., Ont.,
Minn. and L.
Throughout the area, nowhere very common and locally want-
ing; more frequent in the pine-barrens than elsewhere.
* See Introduction paragraph 33. The Cape May Co. records are the most southerly
in the east except for one in W. Va. See Rhodora 12: 11. 1910.
{ See footnote, page 76.

508 APOCYNACEAE

2. N. aquaticum (Walt.) Kuntze. In ponds: N. J. and Del. to
Fla and Tex.

Known only from Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J. Not
recently collected.

APOCYNACEAE

Flowers large, solitary; vines. 1. VINCA.
Flowers small, cymose; erect or diffuse herbs. 2. APOCYNUM.

Tee Vinca:

1. V. minor L. Escaped from gardens: E. N. Am. Native of
Europe.
Fairly common as an escape from cultivation in most parts of
our range, frequently wanting.

2. Apocynum L.

Corolla 5-9 mm. long, its lobes spreading or recurved.
Corolla 8-9 mm. long, pink, its tube narrowed in the
throat. 1. A. androsaemifolium.
Corolla 5-7 mm. long, white or pink; its tube not nar-
rowed in the throat.
Corolla-lobes more than half as long as the tube. 2. A. medium.
Corolla-lobes much shorter than the tube. 3. A. Millert.
Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, its lobes erect or nearly so.
Leaves and cymes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent.
Leaves petioled, mostly narrowed at the base;
flowers greenish. 4. A. cannabinum.
Larger leaves sessile or nearly so, mostly cordate-
clasping at the base; flowers white.

5. A. sebiricum.
Whole plant, including the cymes densely soft-pubescent. 6. A. pubescens.

1. A. androsaemifolium L. (A. divergens Greene). In fields and
thickets: Anticosti to Br. Col., Ga., Neb. and Ariz.
Throughout the range, including the pine-barrens, but there
probably introduced; unknown at Cape May.

2. A. medium Greene. (A. urceolifer G. S. Miller). In fields
and waste places: Que. to D. C. and Iowa.
Throughout the range.
3. A. Milleri Britton (A. speciosum G.S. Mill.). Dry soil, N.
Wow IDC.
N. J. Farmingdale, Monmouth Co.
Pa. Recorded from Delaware Co.

4. A.cannabinum L. In fields and thickets: Anticosti to B. Col.,
Fla. and Lower Calif.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

509

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there

rare or wanting; nearly always as a weed.

5. A. sibiricum Ait. (A. album Greene; A. hypericifolium Ait.). In
dry soil or along streams: Ont. to B. Col., L. I., and N. Mex.
Rare and local over most of our range, but not in the pine-

barrens.

6. A. pubescens R. Br. In moist soil; sometimes in fields:

Ont. to R. I. and Ala., Ill., lowa and Mo.

Local throughout most of the area, most common on the coastal

plain; not definitely recorded from Pa.

The recently published revision of this genus by A. Béguinot and N. Beloserky

records several other species within the range.

Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton was found in a field at Ridgewood, Bergen Co.,

N. J. in 1gor, also collected at Lawrence, L. I.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Erect or decumbent herbs.
Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within; leaves mostly
opposite.
Corona-hoods unappendaged, or with a thickened, erect-like
keel; leaves opposite or alternate.
Twining vines.
Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane; pollen masses pen-
dulous.
Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal.

1. Asclepias L.

Flowers yellow or orange; leaves alternate or opposite.
Flowers not yellow nor orange.
Corolla bright red or purple; leaves opposite.
Flowers 8-12 mm. broad; corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high.
Leaves lanceolate or linear; hoods oblong, obtuse.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; hoods lanceolate.
Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods
oblong, acutish.
Flowers 4-6 mm. broad; corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high.
Essentially glabrous; leaves lanceolate.
Pubescent; leaves oblong.
Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white.
Leaves not narrowly linear.
Plants glabrous throughout.
Leaves sessile, clasping or very short petioled.
Leaves cordate-clasping.
Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled.
Leaves manifestly petioled.
Corolla greenish; umbels loose.

Ww

on

. ASCLEPIAS.

. ACERATES.

. CYNANCHUM.
. VINCETOXICUM.

mf

pe

. tuberosa.

. lanceolata.
. rubra.

. purpurascens.

. incarnata.
. pulchra.

. amplexicaulis.
. intermedia.

. exaltata.

510 ASCLEPIADACEAE

Corolla white; umbels dense. 10. A. variegata.
Corolla pink; some of the leaves in 4's. 11. A. quadrifolia.
Under surface of leaves hairy. 12. A. syriaca.
Leaves narrowly linear, all verticillate. 13. A. verticillata.

1. A. tuberosa L. In dry fields: Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla.,
Tex. and Ariz.

Throughout the range, but not very common. Broad-leaved
races have been referred to A. decumbens L.

LS)

. A. lanceolata Walt. In swamps: N. J. to Fla. and Tex.,
mostly near the coast.

N. J. The region of coastal salt marshes and swamps from Point
Pleasant to Cape May, N. J.; apparently not in the pine-barrens.

. A:rubra L. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex:
N. Y. The south side of L. I.

N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, especially in the pine-barrens;
unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common throughout: Cretaceous, common: Older

Formations, decreasing and becoming scattered: 168-220 days.

About sea level.

ios)

4. A. purpurascens L. In dry fields and thickets: Mass. to Va.,

Ont., Minn. and Kan.

Common throughout Conn., N. Y. and Pa.

N. J. Frequent north of the coastal plain, thence decreasing
southward through Monmouth, Burlington, Camden, Atlantic and
Gloucester counties; not in the pine-barrens, nor along the coast.
Tertiary, apparently wanting: Cretaceous, rare: Older Forma-

tions, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,980 ft.

5. A.incarnataL. Inswamps: N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn.,

La. and Kan.

Conn. Not uncommon throughout the state, apparently more
frequent in the northwest than elsewhere.

N. Y. Very rare on L. I. near N. Y. on the north shore, and at
Bull’s Head, S. I., rare and local in Rockland Co., increasing
northward.

N. J. Passaic, Sussex, Morris and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Doubtfully, if at all, on the coastal plain. 117-220 days.

Sea level—3,g00 ft.

ASCLEPIADACEAE 511

6. A. pulchra Ehrh. In moist fields and swamps: Me. to Minn.
and Ga.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing northwestward.

N. Y. Common throughout L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the
Hudson Valley to Putnam and Orange counties, not definitely
known northward.

N. J. Throughout the state except the pine-barrens, increasing
southward.

Pa. Northampton and Chester counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill; common elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward. Pre-
dominating on the coastal plain. 159-220 days. Sea level—ooo ft.

7. A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. In dry fields, mostly in sandy
soil: Me. to Fla., Minn., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Rare over most of the state, more common along the
coast, except in Fairfield Co., than elsewhere.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
northern Westchester Co., reported but not definitely known
northward from Dutchess Co.

N. J. Very rare and local in Sussex, Morris, Passaic, Bergen and
Hunterdon counties, thence increasing southward and becoming
common in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

decreasing northward. 141-220 days. Sea level-1,1oo ft.

8. A. intermedia Vail. Known only from Rosedale, L. I.; origin-
ally cited as from Lawrence, L. I., but this was an error.

g. A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. In thickets and woods: Me. to Minn.,
Ga. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout the state, but not very common.

N.Y. Rare on the north side of L. I., occasional on the south side;
on S. I., thence increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Recorded in Burlington and Monmouth counties north and
west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing, but not very common,
northward.

Pa. Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

512 ASCLEPIADACEAE

10. A. variegata L. In dry woods and thickets: Conn. to IIL,

Fla., Ark. and La.

Conn. Rare along the coast, apparently wanting elsewhere.

N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to northern
Westchester Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Rare in Sussex, Passaic, Bergen, Somerset and Mercer
counties, thence increasing southward, but rare in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, wanting as a wild plant on Beacon Hill, common

elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing

and becoming scattered northward. 138-220 days. Sea level-—

1,100 ft.

11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Woods and thickets: Me. and Ont. to
Minn., N. Car. and Ark.

Conn. Throughout the state, nowhere common.

N. Y. On the north side of L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing
and common northward; apparently wanting from the south
side of L. I.

N. J. Occasional in Camden and Gloucester counties, near the
Delaware; wanting thence to Middlesex Co., thence increasing
and common northward; wanting in the pine-barrens and south
of them.

Pa. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.
12. A. syriaca L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to the N. W.
iherrevNe. Gar and» Kant
Throughout the range, nearly always as a weed, rather rare in
the pine-barrens.
13. A. verticillata L. In dry fields and on hillsides: Me. and Ont.
to N. W. Terr., Fla., Mex. and N. Mex.
Throughout the range, but always rather scattered; rare in the
pine-barrens.

A. Bicknellii Vail. Wnown only from Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y., is perhaps a
hybrid between A. exaltata and A. amplexicaulis.

2. Acerates Ell.
1. A. viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. (A. viridiflora Ivesii Britton). In
dry sandy or rocky soil: Mass. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Fla.
and Tex.

CONVOLVULACEAE 513

Conn. Rare and apparently confined to the coastal part of the
state.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. 1., unknown in the Bronx,
decreasing up the Hudson Valley to Ulster Co., there rare at
the lower elevations, unknown northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Bergen, Passaic, Warren, Morris, Hunter-
don, Somerset, Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties; not
known in the pine-barrens; at Cape May as a weed.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Distribution very curious. Above the fall line apparently most
common on limestone and serpentine, but common also on the

coastal plain on L.I.

3. Cynanchum L.

1. C. nigrum (L.) Pers. Escaped from gardens: Mass. to Pa.
and Ohio. Introduced from Europe.

Rare as a garden escape in our range, often locally wanting.

C. Vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. has been collecced ac Queens, L. I., and C. acutum L.
on ballast near Communipaw, N. J.

4. Vincetoxicum Walt.

1. V. obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. In thickets: Pa. to Ohio, Va.
and Ky.

Known in our area only from Montgomery, Philadelphia, Dela-
ware and Chester counties in Pa.

I can find no evidence that the reported occurrence of V. Shortiz (A. Gray) Britton,
in Pa. is supported by specimens.

The reported occurrence of Gonolobus laevis Michx. in Pa., cannot be verified so far
as our area is concerned. Periploca graeca L., a European weed, has been collected near
Philadelphia; it is otherwise unknown in our area. Philibertia gracilis D. Don. has
been collected as a waif near New York.

CONVOLVULACEAE
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. I. STYLISMA.
Style entire up to the stigma.
Stigmas capitate or globose.

Corolla salveriform; stamens and style exserted. 2. QUAMOCLIT.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate; stamens and style
included. 3. [POMOEA.
Stigmas 2, filiform or oblong. 4. CONVOLVULUS.

34

514 CONVOLVULACEAE

1. Stylisma Raf.
1. S. Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. In dry pine-barrens:
IN-ajia topNes€ar;, Till. to at and exe

N. J. Localized in the heart of the pine-barrens in Atlantic and
Burlington counties,—otherwise unknown.

2. Quamoclit [Tourn.] Moench.

I. Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Along river banks and in waste
places: R. I. to Fla., Ohio, Kan., Tex. and Ariz. Adventive
from further south. Very rare.

Very rare as a scarcely persistent adventive.

Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton has been reported as an adventive.

3. Ipomoea L.

Ovary 2-celled; stigma entire or 2-lobed.
Perennial from an enormous root; corolla 5-8 cm. long. 1. I. pandurata.
Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 8-20 mm. long. . I. lacunosa.
Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; leaves cordate.
Leaves entire; corolla 5-7 cm. long. 3. I. purpurea.
Leaves deeply 3-lobed; corolla 2.5—4 cm. long. 4. I. hederacea.

Ny

1. I. pandurata (L.) Meyer. In dry soil: Ont. to Conn., Fla.,

Mich., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Known only from western Litchfield Co., but not at great
elevations.

N.Y. On L. I. and on S. I., Manhattan and the Bronx; reported
also from Westchester Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Throughout the state, nowhere common, increasing west-
ward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
A local species whose distribution is little understood.

2. I. lacunosa L. In moist soil: N. J. to S. Car., Ill., Kan. and
Tex.
N.J. Rare in Monmouth, Camden and Gloucester counties, other-
wise unknown.
Perhaps nowhere native in the local flora range.

3. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. In waste places, usually escaping from
gardens: N. S. to Fla., Ont., Neb. and Tex. Adventive
from Trop. Am.

Occasional as an established escape from gardens.

CUSCUTACEAE ‘ 515

4. I. hederacea Jacq. In fields and waste places: L. I. to Fla.,

Pa., S. Dak., Neb. and Mex. Adventive from Trop. America.

Rare or occasional on cultivated areas or waste grounds, often
wanting.

I. hirsutula Jacq. has been found as a waif on S. I.

4. Convolvulus L.

Calyx with 2 large bracts at the base which enclose it.
Stems trailing or climbing.
Glabrate; leaves hastate. 1. C, sepium.
Pubescent; leaves sagittate.
Flowers double, in our representative.

ty

. C. japonicus.

Flowers single. 3. C. repens.
Stems erect or ascending. 4. C. spithamaeus.
Calyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit; leaves entire,
auriculate. 5. C. arvensis.

I. C.sepium L. In fields and thickets: Newf. to N. Car., Br.
Col. and N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.

Common in most parts of our range, except in the pine-barrens,
there rare.

No

. C. japonicus Thunb. In fields and waste places; Conn. to Mo.
Locally established as a weed, mostly in a doubled-flowered
form with us.
3. C. repens L. Moist and dry soil, Que. to Fla. and La.
Frequent along the coast throughout our area; occasionally
introduced elsewhere.

. C.spithamaeus L. In dry, sandy, or rocky fields, or on banks:
N.S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ky.

Rare in our area, sometimes as a weed; not reported from the
pine-barrens nor from S. I.

aN

5. C.arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Ont., N. J.,
Neb. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally common as a weed, often wanting.

Dichondra repens Forst. has been collected as a waif, but is very doubtfully per-
sistent.

CUSCUTACEAE
1. Cuscuta [Tourn.] L.

Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile.
Scales crenulate above, not incurved. 1. C. Epilinum.
Scales crenulate all round, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum.

516 CUSCUTACEAE

Corolla scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.
Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx.
Flowers very nearly sessile; corolla persistent at the base
of the capsule.
Corolla scales ovate, fringed all around. 3. C. arvensis.
Corolla scales abortive, or of a few processes. 4. C. Polygonarum.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping
the capsules.
Tips of the corolla lobes incurved. 5. C. Coryli.
Corolla lobes spreading or recurved.
Scales small, irregularly fringed; capsule de-

pressed globose. 6. C. Cephalanthi.
Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule
pointed. 7. C. Gronovit.
Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. 8. C. compacta.

1. C. Epilinum Weihe. On flax: N.S. to N. J. and Pa. Intro-
duced from Europe.
Very rare in our area, and not recently collected.

No

. C. Epithymum Murr. Usually on clover: Me. and Ont. to
Conn., N. Y., Pa. and S. Dak. Introduced from Europe.

Rare in our area as an adventive, usually not persistent.

3. C. arvensis Beyrich. On various herbs and low shrubs: Mass.
to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Tex., Mex. and Calif.
Throughout. the range, nowhere common, and often locally
wanting.

4. C. Polygonorum Engelm. On Polygonum and other herbs:
Pa. and Del., also westward.
Confined in our area to Luzerne Co., Pa.; not recently collected.

5. C. Coryli Engelm. On hazels and other shrubs and on herbs:
Conn. to Va., S. Dak. and Ark.

Known definitely, in our area, only from Norwich, Conn.

. C. Cephalanthi Englem. On shrubs and tall herbs: Pa. to
Minn., the N. W. Terr., Tex. and Ariz.
Known only from Quaker Bridge, Tom’s River and Swedesboro,

all in or near the pine-barrens of N. J.,and from Northampton Co.,
Pa.

7. C. Gronovii Willd. On herbs and low shrubs: N.S. to Man.,
Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout our area except in the pine-barrens, there
not recorded; always increasing northward.

ON

POLEMONIACEAE 517

8. C. compacta Juss. On shrubs: Ont. to N. Y., Ala., Kan. and
mliexe
Throughout the range, except in the coastal strip of N. J., there
apparently wanting; common in the pine-barrens.

POLEMONIACEAE
Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule;
leaves opposite. 1. PHLOX.
Corolla not distended or ruptured by the capsule; leaves alternate. 2. POLEMONIUM.
1. Phlox L.

Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear.
Cymes panicled; flowers short pedicelled or sessile.

Calyx-teeth subulate. 1. P. paniculata.
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. 2. P. maculata.
Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered.
Stem erect or ascending; no prostrate, sterile shoots. 3. P. pilosa.
Stem ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. 4. P. divaricata.
Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded. 5. P. subulata.

1. P. paniculata L. In woods and thickets: Pa. to Fla., Ill,
Kan. and La. Freely escaped from gardens in the north
and east.

Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range, perhaps
native only in Luzerne and Northampton counties in Pa.

2. P. maculata L. In moist woods and along streams: Conn. to

Fla., Minn. and Tenn.

Conn. and N. Y., escaped from cultivation.

N. J. On the drainage of the Delaware from Hunterdon to
Salem counties, and in Cape May; elsewhere probably not native
but frequently escaping.

Pa. Luzerne, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

3. P. pilosa L. In various situations: Ont. to Man., N. J., Fla.,
Kan., Ark. and Tex.

Conn. Very rare at Southbury, the only reported station for the
species in New England.

N. J. Rare along the drainage of the Delaware in Gloucester,
Camden and Burlington counties; rare and local in Monmouth and

Middlesex counties, thence increasing but scattered northward;

not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Lehigh, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not common.

141-220 days. Sea level—89g0 ft.

518 POLEMONIACEAE

4. P. divaricata L. In moist woods: Ont. to Minn., Pa., Fla.
and Ark.
Nowhere as a wild plant in our area; reported as an adventive in
Conn., N. J. and Luzerne and Northampton counties, Pa.

5. P. subulata L. In dry sandy or rocky soil: N. Y. to Fla.,
Mich. and Ky. Escaped from cultivation in New England,
and perhaps in N. J. and N. Y.

Conn. Not uncommon as an adventive.

N. Y. Occasional on the south side of L. I.; S. I.; wanting else-
where.

N. J. Scattered throughout the north, but perhaps sometimes
adventive there, increasing and becoming common southward,
but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout the state, most common in Delaware and Chester
counties, especially in the serpentine barrens in Chester Co.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered, perhaps

nearly always adventive in our area. 141-220 days. Sea level—

980 ft.

A white flowered form has been collected.

2. Polemonium [Tourn.] L.

Anthers exserted; flowers 16-20 mm. broad; stem erect. 1. P. Van-Bruntiae.
Anthers included; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; stem reclining. 2. P. reptans.

1. P. Van-Bruntiae Britton. In swamps and along streams: Vt.
and northern N. Y. to Md.

Conn. Known only from near Salisbury, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Rare in the mountains of Ulster, Greene and Delaware
counties; otherwise unknown.
N. J. Near Washington, Warren Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare in the north.
Not south of the moraine. 850-3,900 ft. 117-145 days.

2. P.reptans L. In woods: N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kan.

N. J. Rather uncommon in the drainage of the Delaware River
in Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, Camden and Salem counties,
unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.

A rare and local plant in our area.
Gilia rubra L. has been reported from southern New Jersey and Westchester Co.,

N. Y. as an escape from cultivation. G. achilleaefolia Benth. and G. capitata Dougl.
have been collected as waifs in New York and Pennsylvania.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 519

HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Corolla lobes convolate in the bud; placentae dilated.
Stamens exserted, calyx not much enlarged in fruit. I. HYDROPHYLLUM.
Stamens not exserted; calyx much enlarged in fruit. 2. NYCTELEA.
Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 3. PHACELIA.

1. Hydrophyllum [Tourn.] L.

Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. 1. H. virginianum,
Leaves palmately 5-9 lobed. 2. H. canadense.
1. H. virginianum L. In woods: Que. to Alaska, south toS. Car.,

Ikan. and Wash.

Conn. Rare, in Fairfield, New Haven, Hartford and Litchfield
counties, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Very doubtfully on L. I., except as a rare adventive; rare
on S. I., thence increasing but not common northward.

N. J. Rare in Monmouth and Ocean counties, thence increasing
but scattered northward; not in the pine-barrens, or south of
them.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,365 ft.

2. H. canadense Michx. In woods: Mass. to N. Car., Ill. and
Ky.

Known in our range only from near Nockamixon Rocks, Bucks

Co., Pa., a region south of the moraine, having a growing season of

about 176 days, and underlaid by Mesozoic formations; and along

the Delaware in Warren Co., N. J.; formerly reported from S. I.

2. Nyctelea Scop. (Ellisia L. Macrocalyx True).

1. N. Nyctelea (L.) Britton. In moist soil: N. J. to Minn.,
the N. W. Terr., Va., Neb. and Kan.
N. Y. Port Washington, N. Y. City.
N. J. Very rare in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, near the
Delaware River; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Bucks and Philadelphia counties.

3. Phacelia Juss.
Corolla-lobes entire. 1. P. dubia.
Corolla-lobes nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. 2. (P. Pursht.

520 BORAGINACEAE

1. P. dubia (L.) Small. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., Mo.,
Kan. and Tex.

Pa. Telford, Bucks Co.

2. P. Purshii Buckl. In moist woods or thickets: Pa. to Minn.,
N. Car., Ala. and Miss.

Pa. Walnut Hill, Montgomery Co.
Also as a waif in Conn.

Phacelia viscida (Benth.) Torrey has been collected in Conn. as an occasional waif;
doubtfully persistent.
Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) Kuntze has also been found as a waif near New York.

BORAGINACEAE
Ovary entire or 2-4 grooved; style terminal. 1. HELIOTROPIUM.
Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the

center.
Flowers regular.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.
Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the

prickles. 2. CYNOGLOSSUM.
Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on the back
or margin. 3. LAPPULA.

Nutlets unarmed.
Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, some-
times just above their bases.
Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor mem-

branous.
Corolla blue, rarely white. 4. MERTENSTA.
Corolla yellow. 5. AMSINCKIA,
Fruiting calyx much enlarged; veiny and mem-
branous. 6. ASPERUGO.

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases.
Scar of the attachment small and flat.
Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes

rounded.
Racemes not bracted; corolla-tube
short. 7. Myosotis.
Racemes bracted; corolla-tube 4-12
mm. long. 8. LiTHOSPERMUM.
Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. g. ONOSMODIUM.
Scar of attachment large, concave.
Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. 10. SYMPHYTUM.
Corolla rotate; anthers erect. 11. BoRaGo.
Flowers irregular.
Stamens included; throat of corolla closed by scales. 12. Lycopsts.

Stamens exserted; throat of corolla dilated, open. 13. EcHIUM.

BORAGINACEAE 521

1. Heliotropium [Tourn.] L.

1. H. europaeum L. In waste places: N. Y. and Pa. to Fla.
Adventive from Europe.

Rare or occasional as a weed, particularly near New York and
Philadelphia.

H. indicum L. and H. peruvianum Don. have been collected as waifs near New York;
they are hardly persistent. H. curassavicum L. has also been found as a waif in some
parts of the range.

2. Cynoglossum [Tourn.] L.

Stem leafy to the top; flowers reddish, purple, or white. 1. C. officinale.
Stem leafless above; flowers blue.
Flowers about 10 mm. broad; nutlets about 8 mm. long. 2. C. virginianum.
Flowers about 7 mm. broad; nutlets about 5 mm. long. 3. C. boreale.

1. C. officinale L. In fields and waste places: Que. and Ont. to
Minn., Man., N. Car. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our range, often locally
wanting.
2. C. virginianum L. In woods: Conn. to Fla., La., Mo. and Kan.
Conn. Reported from the southwestern part of the state.

N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I.
N.J. Bergen, Union, Somerset and Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing west-
ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,g00 ft.
3. C. boreale Fernald. Woods and banks: Que. and Ont. to
Conn. and Minn.

Conn. Rare, in rocky woods.
N.Y. Catskill Mountains.

3. Lappula [Rivin.] Moench.

Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not reflexed. 1. L. Lappula.
Racemes bracted only at the base; fruiting pedicels deflexed. 2. L. virginiana.

1. L. Lappula (L.) Karst. In waste places: N. S. to B. Col.,
N. J. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Occasional as a weed, often wanting locally.
2. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. In dry woods and thickets: N. B.
to Ont. and Minn., Ala., La. and Kan.
Conn. Throughout the state.

522 BORAGINACEAE

N. Y. Frequent on the north side of L. I., apparently unknown
from the south side; S. I.; rare and local in Bronx and Westchester
counties, increasing northward.

N. J. Infrequent in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, Ocean and
Monmouth counties near the Delaware and north and west of
the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,200 ft.

4. Mertensia Roth.
1. M. virginica (L.) DC. In low meadows and along streams:
Ont. to N. J., S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Kan. Rare.

N. Y. Known only from Tuxedo Park, Rockland Co.

N. J. Not uncommon in Burlington, Monmouth, Middlesex,
Mercer and Somerset counties, especially along the Raritan
River, neither in the pine-barrens, nor elsewhere.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, more common: Older Formations, scat-
tered. 175-220 days. About sea level.

5. Amsinckia Lehm.
1. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. Wasteand cultivated grounds.
Locally introduced in Conn. from the Pacific Coast.

A. intermedia F. & M. has been found on eastern L. I., pre-
sumably as a waif.

6. Asperugo |[Tourn.] L.
1. A. procumbens L. In waste places and on ballast: N. Y. to
D. C. and Minn. Adventive from Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed near the larger cities, often wanting.

7. Myosotis [Dill.] L.

Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 6-8 mm. broad. 1. M. scorpoides.

Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. broad. 2. M. laxa,
Hairs of the calyx, or some of them with hooked tips; annuals or
biennials.
Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis.
Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx.
Calyx lobes equal. 4. M. versicolor.

Calyx lobes unequal; corolla white. 5. M. virginica.

BORAGINACEAE 523

—

. M. scorpoides L. (M. palustris (L.) Lam.) In brooks and
marshes, escaped from cultivation: N.S. to N. Y. and Tenn.
Native of Europe.

Not uncommon as an escape in most parts of our range, ap-
parently wanting in the pine-barrens.

2. M.laxa Lehm. In wet muddy places: Newf. to Ont., Va. and

Tenn. Native of Europe.

Frequent throughout the range, less common in the pine-barrens
than elsewhere.

3. M. arvensis (L.) Hill. In fields: N. B. to Ont. and Minn.,
south to W. Va. Also in Europe.
Very rare, always as a weed, near the City of New York and
locally elsewhere.

4. M. versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. In fields and along roadsides:
southern N. Y. to Del. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally rare as a weed.

5. M. virginica (L.) B. S. P. On dry hills and banks: Me. to
Ont., Minn., Ga. and Tex.
Conn. Not very common over most of the state.
N. Y. On the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., not reported from
the south shore of L. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Philadelphia counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta-
ceous, common: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-
220 days. Sea level—3,080 ft.

Myosotis micrantha Pall. has been collected asa waif and recorded as M. collina Hoffm.

8. Lithospermum [Tourn.] L.

Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx;
flowers distant.

Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. 1. L. arvense.
Nutlets white, smooth and shining; perennial.
Leaves lanceolate, acute; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officinale.
Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium.
Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers
dense. 4. L. canescens.

1. L. arvense L. In waste places and fields: Que. to Ont.,
Mich., Ga. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

524 BORAGINACEAE

2. L. officinale L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to N. Y., west
to Minn, Naturalized from Europe.
Locally rare as a weed.

3. L. latifolium Michx. In dry thickets and fields: Ont. and
western N. Y. to Minn., Va., Kan. and Ark.

Known in our range only as reported from Berks Co., Pa.

4. L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. In dry soil: Ont. to N. J.,
Ala., the N. W. Terr., Kan. and Ariz. Very rare.

Known in our area only from a limestone bluff above Phillips-
burg, N. J. and in Chester Co., Pa.

9. Onosmodium Michx.
1. O. virginianum (L.) DC. In thickets and sandy soil: N. Eng.
to Fla., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Rare and scattered at a few stations throughout the state.

N.Y. On the north side of L. I., near Jamaica, and in Westchester
Co.; formerly on Manhattan Island.

N. J. Rare and local in Gloucester, Burlington, Atlantic, Middle-
sex, Monmouth, Sussex and Hunterdon counties, not in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Rather inexplicably scattered and its distribution little under-

stood.
O. occidentale Mackenzie has been collected as a waif in Conn.

10. Symphytum [Tourn.] L.
Leaf-bases decurrent. 1. S. officinale.
Leaf-bases not decurrent. 2. S. asperrimum.

1. S. officinale L. In waste places: Newf. to Minn., south to
Md. Adventive from Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed.
2. S.asperrimum Donn. Waste grounds, Mass. to Md. Adven-
tive from Europe.
Occasional in waste grounds.

11. Borago [Tourn.] L.

1. B. officinalis L. In waste places: escaped from gardens: N.S.
to Ont. and Pa. Native of Europe.
Very rare as an escape.

VERBENACEAE 525

12. Lycopsis L.
1. L. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Ont., Pa.
and Va. Adventive from Europe.
Not common as a weed near the larger cities.

13. Echium [Tourn.] L.

1. E. vulgare L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to Va., Ont.
and Neb. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed.

E. pustulatum Sibth. and E. violaceum have been collected as waifs near New York.

Nonnea nigricans DC., Anchusa officinalis L., and A. leptophylla Roem & Schult. have
been collected as waifs in the area.

Cochranea anchusaefolia (Poir.) Giirke has been collected as a waif.

The reported occurrence of Pnewmaria maritima (L.) Hill on L. I. has not been
verified. No specimens are forthcoming.

VERBENACEAE
Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. I. VERBENA.
Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. LIPPIA.

1. Verbena [Tourn.] L.

Spikes filiform; fruit scattered; corolla usually white.

Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual. 1. V. officinalis.

Leaves serrate, rarely incised; erect perennial. 2. V. urticifolia.
Spikes slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. 3. V. hastata.

Leaves linear to spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessile. 4. V. angustifolia.

1. V. officinalis L. In waste or cultivated ground: Me. to Fla.
and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from the
Old World.

Locally rare as a weed.

2. V. urticifolia L. (V. riparia Raf.) In waste places, and in
fields: N. B. to S. Dak., Kan., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the area, often as a weed.

Hybrids of this species with V. hastata have been reported and are to be looked for in
the area.

3. V. hastata L. In moist fields and waste places: N. S. to B.
Col., Fla., Neb. and N. Mex.

Common as a weed in most parts of our range except the pine-
barrens.

526 LAMIACEAE

4. V. angustifolia Michx. In dry fields: Mass. to Fla., west to
Minn., Kan. and Ark.
Rare and local in most parts of our range except the pine-barrens.

V. stricta Vent. and V. bracteosa Michx. have both been collecied as waifs, scarcely
persistent; V. bonariensis L. has been recorded as a waif near New York, but not

recently.

2. Lippia Houst.
1. L. lanceolata Michx. In moist soil: Ont. to Minn., N. J.,
Ill., Kan., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in California.
Known in our area only from the coastal region in Cape May Co.,
N. J., there very local.

LAMIACEAE

Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets laterally attached.
Corolla limb very irregular, apparently 1-lipped or the cther
lip very short.

Upper lip of the corolla short, truncate. 1. AJUGA.
Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into
the lower lip. 2. TEUCRIUM.

Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed.

Corolla-lobes spreading; stamens short exserted. 3. ISANTHUS.

Corolla-lobes declined; stamens long exserted. 4. TRICHOSTEMA.

Ovary 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets basally attached.

Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 5. SCUTELLARIA.

Calyx not gibbous on the upper side.
Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla tube. 6. MARRUBIUM.
Stamens longer, not included in the corolla tube.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lips unlike, the upper
concave.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Upper pair of stamens longer than the lower.

Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. 7. AGASTACHE.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx tubular; plant erect. 8. NEPETA.
Calyx unequally 5-toothed. 9g. GLECOMA.

Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower.
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 10, PRUNELLA.
Calyx 3-10 toothed, not 2-lipped.
Calyx membranous, inflated in
fruit, faintly nerved. 11. DRACOCEPHALUM.
Calyx neither membranous nor in-
flated, distinctly 5-10
nerved.
Anther-sacs_ transversely 2-
valved. 12. GALEOPSIS.
Anther-sacs not transversely F
2-valved, parallel or di-
virgent.

LAMIACEAE

Nutlets 3-sided, truncate.
Calyx-teeth not
spiny-tipped.
Calyx-teeth — spiny-
tipped.
Nutlets ovoid, rounded
above.
Calyx with a spread-
ing 5-toothed limb.
Calyx limb not
spreading.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Connective of anther very long, bearing a
perfect sac only at one end.
Connective of anther very short, the sacs
confluent.
Calyx tubular, 15-nerved.
Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-
lipped.
Corolla 2-lipped or regular; upper lip when present
mostly flat, scarcely concave.
Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters or these
forming terminal spikes.
Corolla 2-lipped.

Stamens curved, often converging.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.

Corolla-tube upwardly curved,
exserted.
Corolla-tube straight.
Calyx 10-nerved, about
equally 5-toothed.
Calyx mostly 13-nerved,
2-lipped.

Stamens straight, often diverging.

Calyx 15-nerved.
Calyx 10-13 nerved.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx equally 5-
toothed; erect
herbs.
Calyx 2-lipped; creep-
ing herbs.
Anther-sacs parallel.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Corolla regular, 4-5 lobed.

Anther-bearing stamens 2; plants not

aromatic.

Anther-bearing stamens 4; aromatic,

fragrant herbs.

14.

mS

16.

17.

18.

19.

21.

22.

23

24.

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

30.

527

. LAMIuM.

LEONURUS.

BALLOTA.

STACHYS.

SALVIA.

MONARDA.

BLEPHILIA.

. HEDEOMA.

MELISSA.

SATUREIA.

CLINOPODIUM.

Hyssopus.

ORIGANUM.
THYMUS.
KOELLIA.
CUNILA.

Lycopus.

MENTHA.

528 LAMIACEAE

Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes;
corolla 2-lipped.
Anther-bearing stamens 2; lower lip of

corolla fimbriate. 31. COLLINSONIA.
Anther-bearing stamens 4; lower lip of
corolla not fimbriate. 32. PERILLA.

1. Ajuga L.
Glabrous; producing stolons. 1. A. reptans.
Pubescent; destitute of stolons. 2. A. genevensis.

1. A. reptans L. In fields: Que. and Me. to southern N. Y.
Naturalized from Europe.
Locally rare as a roadside weed.
2. A. genevensis L. In fields and waste places: Me. and Conn.
to N. Y. and Pa. Native of Europe.

Rare as a local and perhaps fugitive weed.

2. Teucrium L.
Calyx canescent, its upper teeth obtuse.
Leaves usually green and glabrous above, scarcely papillose.
Leaves densely appressed-pubescent and papillose above.
Calyx villous, its upper teeth acutish.

T. canadense.
T. littorale.
T. occidentale.

1. T. canadense L. In moist thickets: N. E. to Man., Fla.,

Kan., Tex. and Mex.

Conn. Not very common over most of the state.

N. Y. Occasional on S. I. Most old records apply to 7. littorale.

N. J. Rare in Bergen, Passaic and Morris counties, increasing
westward; unknown in the pine-barrens; most common in
the Delaware drainage.

Pa. Throughout, but rare.

WN H

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not common elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, scattered: Older Formations, scattered. Predominating
south of the terminal moraine. 153-220 days. Sea level—o4o ft.

2. T. littorale Bicknell. On or near the coast: Me. to Fla.

Common along the coast of Conn., L. I., S. I., N. J., and up the
Hudson as far as Yonkers. Not definitely reported up the Dela-
ware in Pa.

3. T. occidentale A. Gray. In moist soil: Ont. to Pa., Br. Col.,
Kkan., N. Mex. and Cal.

Known in our range only from near Philadelphia, probably there
adventive.

A plant approximating T. boreale Bicknell, has been collected at West Point, N. Y.
This northern species is not otherwise known from our range.

LAMIACEAE 529

3. Isanthus Michx.

1. I. brachiatus (L.) B. S. P. In sandy soil: especially along
streams: Que. and Ont. to Minn., Kan., Ga. and Tex.
Conn. Recorded but no definite station known.

N.Y. Catskill Mts.
N. J. Monmouth, Mercer, Hunterdon, Warren and Bergen

counties.
Pa. Philadelphia and Bucks counties.

4. Trichostema [Gronov.] L.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate; minutely sticky-pubescent. 1. 7. dichotomum.
Leaves linear, plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. I. lineare.
1. T. dichotomum L. In dry fields: Me. to Fla., Pa., Ky. and
sexe

Common throughout the range.

2. T. lineare Nutt. In sandy fields and dry barrens: R. I. to
Ga. and La.
Conn. Collected at Milford in 1829; not since recorded.
N.Y. Occasional on L. I.,S. I., apparently wanting elsewhere.
N. J. Not rare in the pine-barrens and the region just west and
north of them, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Philadelphia Co.
Tertiary, not very common: Cretaceous, scattered: Older Forma-
tions, decreasing and becoming scattered northward. 168-220
days. About sea level.

5. Scutellaria [Rivin.] L.

Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase.
Flowers 6-10 mm. long, in axillary and sometimes terminal
racemes. 1. S. lateriflora.
Flowers 12-30 mm. long, in terminal, often panicled racemes.

Plant glabrous or very nearly so; leaves broad. 2. S. serrata.
Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose.
All except the floral leaves crenate or dentate.
Canescent, not glandular; corolla canescent. 3. S. incana.
Pubescent below, glandular above; corolla
nearly glabrous. 4. S. pilosa,
All except the lowest leaves entire. 5. S. integrifolia.

Flowers solitary in the axils.

Flowers 4-8 mm. long. 6. S. parvula.
Flowers 16-26 mm. long. 7. S. galericulata.
Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase;
flowers axillary. 8. S. nervosa.

2c
PP)

530 LAMIACEAE

1. S. lateriflora L. In wet places: Newf. to Ont., B. Col., Fla.,
N. Mex. and Wash.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens.

. S. serrata Andr. In woods: N. Y. and Pa. to N. Car., Ill.
and Ky. Rare.
Known in our range only from near Woodlawn, N. Y. City and
Montgomery and Delaware counties, Pa.

iS)

Distribution sporadic and little understood.

3. S.incana Muhl. In moist woods and thickets: Ont. to Mich.,
Kan., Ga. and Fla.

Pa. Montgomery and Delaware counties.

. S. pilosa Michx. In dry sandy woods and thickets: N. Y. and
Pa. to Mich., Mo., Fla. and Tex.
N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I.; in Westchester and Bronx
counties; and at Inwood, on Manhattan.
N. J. Rare and local in Sussex and Passaic counties, increasing
southward, but unknown in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Chester and Delaware counties.

aN

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
more common: Older Formations, scattered and local. Predomi-
nating south of the moraine. 138-220 days. Sea level-r,ooo ft.

5. S. integrifolia L. In fields, woods and thickets: Conn. and
Resto Waa. Ela, La. and lex

Conn. Apparently confined to New London, Middlesex and Hart-
ford counties especially in the predominately Triassic valley of
the Connecticut River.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I., on S. I. and in Westchester Co., not
definitely known elsewhere.

N.J. Throughout the state but only occasional in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Berks, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare and perhaps only adventive on Beacon Hill,

common elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, be-

coming scattered: 138-220 days. Sea level—1,200 ft.

6. S. parvula Michx. In moist sandy soil: Que. to Ont., S. Pa.,
N. J., Fla., Neb. and Tex.

Conn. Very rare and scattered and known only as to the form
ambigua Fernald.

N. J. Known only from bluffs of the Raritan River, New Bruns-
wick, Middlesex Co. Wee SP Ge

Y

LAMIACEAE 531

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Distribution scattered and little understood.

7. S. galericulata L. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to
Alask., N. Car., Ohio, Neb., Ariz. and Wash. Also in
Europe and Asia.

Frequent throughout most of the range except in the pine-
barrens, there rare or wanting.

8. S. nervosa Pursh. In moist woods and thickets: N. Y. and
N. J. to Ill., N. Car., Tenn. and Mo.
N. J. Hunterdon Co., near the Delaware: not recently collected.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and scattered
near the “fall line,’ along the Delaware River. 175-220 days.
About sea level.

6. Marrubium [Tourn.] L.

1. M. vulgare L. In waste places: Me. and Ont. to Minn., B.
Col., Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe.
Local as a weed in most parts of the range.

7. Agastache Clayt.

Glabrous or very nearly so, stout; corolla greenish yellow. 1. A. nepetoides.
Pubescent; corolla purplish. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia.

1. A. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. In woods and thickets: Vt. and

Ont. to S. Dak., Kan., Ga. and Ark.

Conn. Rare in Hartford, New Haven and Fairfield counties,
unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I., unknown from the south
side; rare on S. I., thence increasing but not very common north-
ward.

N. J. Rare and scattered in Gloucester, Camden and Monmouth
counties, especially along the Delaware, thence increasing north-
ward; not in the pine-barrens or south of them.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, Chester and Philadelphia
counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in the region of glacial terraces,
still less common elsewhere: Older Formations, increasing but
scattered northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-2,800 ft.

532 LAMIACEAE

2. A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. In woods and thickets:
Mass. to Wisc., Kan., N. Car. and Ky.

Conn. Rare throughout most of the state. The variety mollis
(Fernald) Heller has been collected at Fairfield, otherwise
unknown in the local flora range.

N. Y. On the north shore of L. I. and formerly on S. I., thence
increasing, but never common northward.

N. J. Camden and Monmouth counties, increasing northward;
not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—2,950 ft.

A. Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze has been reported from Portland, Conn. as a rare waif;
doubtfully extablished.

8. Nepeta [Rivin.] L.
1. N. Cataria L. In waste places: N. B. and Que. to S. Dak.,
Va. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

9g. Glecoma L.

1. G. hederacea L. In waste places and in thickets: Newf. to
Minn., Ga. and Ikan. Naturalized from Europe.

Common, nearly always as a weed, in most parts of our range.

10. Prunella L.

1. P. vulgaris L. In fields, woods and waste places: throughout
N. Am. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the range.

P. laciniata L. has been collected as a waif near New York, but not recently.

11. Dracocephalum [ourn.|] L. (Physostegia Benth.)
1. D. virginianum L. In moist soil: Que. to the N. W. Terr.,
Fla., La. and Tex.

Occasional in most parts of our range, but always as an
escape from cultivation. Perhaps, though doubtfully, wild in
Luzerne Co., Pa. In its wild state, ranging west of our area.

12. Galeopsis L.

Plant puberulent; leaves linear to lanceolate. 1. G. Ladanum.
Plant hispid; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit.

LAMIACEAE 533

1. G. Ladanum L. In waste places: N. B. to Mich. and N. J.
Adventive from Europe.
Very rare as a weed, perhaps not persistent.

2. G. Tetrahit L. In waste places: Newf. to Alask., N. Car. and
Mich. Naturalized from Eruope.
Occasional as a weed, especially northward. Not reported from
the region of the pine-barrens.

Galeopsis versicolor Curtis and G. villosa Huds. have been collected as waifs near
New York and Philadelphia.

13. Lamium [Tourn.] L.

cal

Upper leaves sessile or clasping. . L. amplexicaule:
Leaves all petioled.
Flowers red or purple.
Corolla 12-18 mm. long; leaves not blotched.
Corolla 20-25 mm. long; leaves usually blotched.

Flowers white.

. L. purpureum.
. L. maculatum.
. L. album.

own

1. L. amplexicaule L. In waste and cultivated ground: N. B.
to Ont., B. Col., Fla. and Ark. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally common as a weed, especially near the larger cities.
2. L. purpureum L. In waste and cultivated soil: R. I. to D. C.

Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed, near the City of New York, and on L. I.

_L. maculatum L. Along roadsides, escaped from gardens:
Me. to Va. Native of Europe and Asia.
Rare as an established escape, frequently cultivated.

ww

4. L. album L. In waste places: Ont. to Va. Adventive from
Europe.
Rare as a weed.

L. hybridum Vill. has been reported as a waif, in Conn.

14. Leonurus L.

. L. Cardiaca.
. L. sibtricus.
. L. Marrubiastrum,

Lower leaves palmately 2-5 cleft, the upper 3-cleft.
Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised.
Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate.

1. L. Cardiaca L. Inwaste places: N.S. to N. Car., S. Dak. and
Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Rather common as a roadside weed in most parts of our range.

WN

534 LAMIACEAE

2. L. sibiricus L. In waste and cultivated soil: Pa. and Del.
Naturalized from eastern Asia.
IKknown in our area only near Philadelphia.
3. L. Marrubiastrum L. In waste places: Pa. and Del. Native
of Europe.

Known in our area only in Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester
counties, Pa. The reported occurrence of this plant in New Jersey
is unsupported by specimens.

Leonurus glaucescens Bunge has been found as a waif near New York.

15. Ballota L.

1. B. nigra L. In waste places: Mass. to Pa. Naturalized from
Europe.

Rare as a weed in our area.

16. Stachys [Tourn.] L.

Leaves narrowed at the base, linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong.
Stem glabrous; leaves entire or nearly so,

Leaves linear, 2-5 mm. wide. 1. S. hyssopifolia.
Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 mm. wide. 2. S. atlantica.
Stem retrorsely hirsute; leaves serrate.
Leaves slightly pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate. 3. S. ambigua.
Whole plant densely clothed with stiff appressed hairs. 4. S. arenicola.
Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, lanceolate to ovate.
Stem glabrous or nearly so. 5. S. tenutfolia.
Stem hirsute.
Leaves all very short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong. 6. S. palustris.
Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, not obtuse. 7. S. aspera.
Leaves ovate, obtuse; a diffuse annual. 8. S. arvensis.

1. S. hyssopifolia Michx. In fields and thickets: Mass. to Fla.,
Mich. and Va.

Conn. Very rare and local in Windham, Hartford and New
Haven counties.

N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I. and S. I., but not otherwise re-
ported.

N. J. Along the Delaware in Camden, Burlington and Mercer
counties; Atlantic Co.; thence scattered north of the coastal
plain.

Pa. Bucks Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare in the region of glacial terraces:
Older Formations, scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,o00 ft.

Ww

LAMIACEAE 535

. S. atlantica Britton. In meadows and marshes: L. I. to

eastern Pa.

N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I., very rare on the
north shore and on S. I.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Jamesburg, Middlesex Co.

Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.

. S. ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. In moist soil: Mass. to Pa.

and Ga., Ill. and Ky.

Known in our area only from Bristol, Bucks Co,, Pa., a region
on the Trenton gravels, with a growing season of about 176 days,
and at about sea level.

. S. arenicola Britton. In sandy soil: N. Y. to Ill. and Mich.

Known in our area only from its original collection at New Dorp,
S. I., near the beach, fronting on the Lower Bay.

. S. tenuifolia Willd. In moist fields and thickets: N. Y. to IIL,

Kan., N. Car. and La. Rare.

Known only from Staten Island and West Point, N. Y., New
Brunswick, N. J., and Bristol, Bucks Co., Pa. Distribution
sporadic and not as yet understood.

. S. palustris L. (.S. palustris homotricha Fernald). In moist soil:

Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Mass., N. J., N. Y., Wisc. and

Minn. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare and local in Fairfield and Litchfield counties, perhaps
sometimes adventive in the state.

N.Y. Rare onL. I. and S.1.,and up the Hudson to Rockland Co.

N. J. Scattered throughout the north, decreasing southward to
Spray Beach, Burlington Co., on the coast; not in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, and Philadelphia counties.

7. S.aspera Michx. In moist soil: Ont. to N. E. Fla., Minn. and

War

Conn. The valleys of the Housatonic and Connecticut Rivers,
there rare.

N. Y. Known only from S. I. and in Westchester and Rockland
counties.

N. J. Throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens, and south
of them, there not recorded.

Pa. Bucks and Delaware counties.

530 LAMIACEAE

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,
not common: Older Formations, rare and scattered. 138-220 days.
Sea level—1,300 ft.

8. S. arvensis L. In waste places: Me. and Mass., and in ballast
about the eastern seaports. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as a weed; not recently collected.

S. annua L., S. hirta L., S. sylvatica L. and S. recta L. have been collected as weeds
near New York, perhaps not persistent. .S. germanica L. has been collected near Budd’s
Lake, N. J.,in a field, probably escaped from cultivation. Records of S. cordata Riddell
from the region apply to either S. aspera or S. palustris.

17. Salvia [Tourn.] L.

Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 small pairs on the stem.

Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand. 1. S. lyrata.
Leaves crenulate. 2. S. pratensis.
Stem ijeafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. 3. S. Sclarea.

1. S.lyrata L. In dry, mostly sandy woods: Conn. to Fla., IIL,
Ark. and Tex.

Conn. Known only from near New Haven.

N.Y. Known only from near Yonkers.

N. J. Middlesex and Mercer counties, increasing and common
southward, but not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and scattered and ap-
parently adventive.

2. S. pratensis L. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive from Europe.
Collected years ago at May’s Landing, N. J., as a weed; not
otherwise known from our area.

3. S. Sclarea L. In fields and escaped from gardens: Pa. to S.
Car. Native of Europe.

Rare as an escaped plant.

The scarlet sage, Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, the garden sage, S. officinalis L., S. Ver-
benaca L., S. sylvestris L. and S. verticillata L. have all been collected as waifs.

18. Monarda L.

Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely in upper axils).

Corolla scarlet. 1. M. didyma.
Corolla white, pink or purple.
. Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent. 2. M. clinopodia.

Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent.

LAMIACEAE 537

Corolla cream-color, pink or purplish.
Pubescence spreading; leaves thin.
Pubescence short, canescent; leaves firm.
Corolla and bracts deep purple or purplish red.
Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal.

M. fistulosa.
M. mollis.
M. media.
. M. punctata.

kenya sy)

1. M. didyma L. In moist soil, especially along streams: N. B.
to Ont., Mich. and Ga.
Conn. Scattered as an adventive.
N. Y. Catskill Mountains, escaped from cultivation elsewhere.
N. J. Bergen, Warren and Hunterdon counties: escaped from
cultivation elsewhere.
Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties.

2. M.clinopodia L. In woods and thickets: Ont. to Ga. and Ky.

Known in our range only from Northampton, Bucks, Philadel-
delphia and Delaware counties, Pa., and as introduced in Conn.

3. M. fistulosa L. On dry hills and in thickets: Me. and Ont.
to Minn., Kan., Fla. and La.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to northern Westchester Co., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Rare and local in Ocean, Monmouth and Middlesex coun-
ties, thence increasing but scattered northward; not in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing west-
ward, as a wild plant. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

4. M. mollis L. Dry soil, Me. to Br. Col., Ala. and Texas.

Conn. Frequent throughout the state.
N.Y. Bedford, Westchester Co., and Copake Falls, Columbia Co.
N. J. Passaic, Sussex and Bergen counties.

on

. M. media Willd. In moist thickets: Me. to Ont., Pa. and Va.
Conn. Escaped from gardens.
N. Y. Formerly near Fordham, N. Y. City, as an escape.
N. J. Hunterdon Co.
PENN. Bucks and Northampton counties.

6. M. punctata L. In dry fields: S. N. Y. to Fla., Wisc., Kan.
and Tex. r

N. Y. Rare on southern S. I., unknown elsewhere.

538 LAMIACEAE

N. J. Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing southward.
especially in the pine-barrens, where it is often weedy.
Pa. Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
confined to Trenton gravels in Pa., and perhaps near the serpentine
on S. I. 162-220 days. About sea level.

19. Blephilia Raf.

,Pubescence short; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, slightly serrate. 1. B. ciliata.
Pubescence villous; upper leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrate. 2. B. hirsuta,

1. B. ciliata (L.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Vt. to Mich.,
Wisc., Ga. and Mo.
Conn. Fairfield and Litchfield counties.
PENN. Chester, Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties.

2. B. hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. In woods and thickets: Vt. to Wisc.,
Ga. and Tex. ;

Conn. Northern New Haven and southern Litchfield counties.
N.Y. Dutchess, Greene and Ulster counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, confined to the
north. Not south of the moraine. 117-160 days. 378-3,g00 ft.

20. Hedeoma Pers.
1. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. In dry fields: N. S. to Ont. and
Minn., south to Fla. and Kan.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
the coastal plain of L. I.

Hedeoma hispida Pursh has been collected as a waif, in Conn.

21. Melissa [Tourn.] L.
1. M. officinalis L. In waste places, thickets and woods: Me. to
Ga. and W. Va. Naturalized from Europe.

Not rare as a weed in most parts of our range, but not recorded
from and near the pine-barrens.

22. Satureia [Tourn.] L.
1. S. hortensis L. In waste places: N. B. and Ont. to Pa., west
to Nev. Native of Europe.
Very rare asa weed. Not recently collected.

LAMIACEAE 539

23. Clinopodium L.
1. C. vulgare L. In woods and thickets: N.S. to N. Car., Minn.
and Man. Also in Europe and Asia.

Common as a weed throughout the range, except in the pine-
barrens and the coastal plain of L. I.

C. Acinos (L.) Kuntze, a European weed, has been collected in N. J. I can find
no evidence that C. Calamintha (L.) Kuntze is ever “inclined to escape from culti-
vation,’ inour range. C. Nepeta (L.) Kuntze is recorded as a waif from N. J. and Pa.

24. Hyssopus [Tourn.] L.
1. H. officinalis L. Along roadsides and in waste places: Ont. to
Me. and N. Car. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare as an occasional adventive, scarcely persistent.

25. Origanum [Tourn.] L.
1. O. vulgare L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to N. J. and
Pa. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed.

26. Thymus [Tourn.] L.

1. T. Serpyllum L. In thickets, woods, and along roadsides:
N. S. to Mass., N. Y., Pa. and N. Car. Naturalized from
Europe.

Locally common as a pasture weed, especially northward.

T. vulgaris L. has been found as a waif on S. I.

27. Koellia Moench.

Leaves prevailingly linear. linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as
the tube. 1. K. virginiana.
Calyx-teeth subulate, or bristle-tipped.

Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. 2. K. flexuosa.
Leaves lanceolate, usually serrate, sometimes entire.
Bracts appressed, erect; clusters dense.
Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K. pilosa.
Puberulent or glabrate; leaves mostly dentic- _
ulate. 4. K. verticillata.
Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodioides.

Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate.
Bracts appressed; clusters dense. 6. K. aristata,
Bracts spreading; clusters loose. . Incana.
Calyx-teeth prevailingly triangular. . mutica.

So
ala

540 LAMIACEAE

1. K. virginiana (L.) Mac M. In dry fields and thickets: Que.
and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kan.

Conn. Common throughout.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Very rare along the Delaware in Camden Co., thence un-
known to Middlesex and Mercer counties, thence increasing
northward; not in nor south of the pine-barrens.

Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
and common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,940 ft.

. K. flexuosa (Walt.) Mac M. In fields and thickets: Me. and
N. Ei to Fla., Ont., Kan., Minn. and Tex.
Frequent throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens of
N. J., there not recorded, always increasing northward.
3. K. pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. On prairies and in dry woods: Ohio
to Ga., Kan. and Ark.

iS)

IXnown in our area only from Monroe Co., Pa., and Plainfield,
Conn., probably adventive from further west.

4. K. verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. In dry fields and thickets:
Reivand We. to Ney. Via... Pasand Nios

Throughout the range, less common in and south of the pine-
barrens of N. J. and more common northward than elsewhere:
unknown on L. I.

The form knownas K. Torreyi (Benth.) Kuntze, with narrower, wholly glabrous leaves,
is to be found on and near the coast from Conn. and N. Y. southward. It is scarcely
specifically distinct.

5. K. clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. In dry soil: Conn. and
NERY] to Pas-and Wenn:
Conn. The drainage of the Quinnipiac River in New Haven and
southern Hartford counties, very rare.
N. Y. Known definitely only from S. I., upper Manhattan, and in

Westchester Co., very rare.

N. J. Rare in Sussex, Passaic, Hunterdon, Bergen, Essex and

Mercer counties, unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing west-
ward. 138-204 days. Sea level—1,038 ft.

6. K. aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Indry soil: N. J. to Fla. and La.

IKKnown in our range only from the region on or near the coast in

Ocean, Burlington and Atlantic counties, N. J.; only sporadically
in the eastern edge of the pine-barrens.

LAMIACEAE 541

7. K. incana (L.) Kuntze. In dry thickets and on hillsides: Me.
to Ont., Ohio and Fla.

Throughout the range, increasing northward.

8. K. mutica (Michx.) Britton. In sandy soil: Me. to Va. and

Fla., west to Mo.

Conn. Throughout the state, decreasing northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., and up the Hudson Valley to
Putnam Co., not definitely known northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Warren, Hunterdon, Essex, Passaic and
Bergen counties, mostly near the Delaware, thence increasing
southward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties,
increasing southward.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

decreasing northward. 179-220 days. Sea level—550 {t.

28. Cunila L.

1. C. origanoides (L.) Britton. In dry woods and thickets: N.Y.

to Fla., Ohio and Ga.

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., thence increasing but not
common northward.

N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, there
unknown.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Monroe, Bucks, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, not on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cretaceous,
common: Older Formations, increasing westward. 118-220 days.
Sea level-3,800 ft.

29. Lycopus [Tourn.] L.

Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets.
Leaves mostly ovate, usually purple; base of the stem not
tuberous. 1. L. virginicus.
Leaves mostly lanceolate to oblong; base of stem tuberous.

Leaves mostly firm, sessile or nearly so. 2. L. untflorus.
Leaves membranous, slender-petioled. 3. L. membranaceus.
Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the
nutlets.
Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Leaves sessile. 4. L. sessilifolius.
Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. 5. L. rubellus.

Bracts subulate or lancolate; corolla not twice as long as the
calyx.

542

LAMIACEAE

Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 6. L. americanus.
Leaves coarsely dentate. 7. L. europaeus.

1. L. virginicus L. In moist soil: N. H. to Ala., Neb. and Kan.

Conn. Not uncommon near the coast, decreasing inland, and
perhaps wanting in the north.

N.Y. OnL.I.andS. I., and up the Hudson Valley to Ulster Co.,
not definitely known from the higher elevations of the Catskills.
N. J. Common in the north, decreasing southward; rare in the
pine-barrens and unknown at Cape May.
Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, rather uncommon: Cretaceous, common: Older Forma-
tions, apparently increasing westward. 118-220 days. Sea level—
2,900 ft.

2. L. uniflorus Michx. (ZL. communis Bicknell). In moist soil:

Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Neb. and Ore.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown.

3. L. membranaceus Bicknell. In wet woods: Me. to N. Y. and

Mich.
Conn. Known only from northern Windham Co.
N. Y. Ulster, Greene, Delaware and Sullivan counties.
N. J. Northern Passaic Co., very rare.
Pa. Raymond’s Kill, Pike Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local
northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-141 days. 878-
4,020 {t.

4. L. sessilifolius A. Gray. In wet soil: E. Mass. to Fla.

Conn. Very rare along the coast, unknown elsewhere.

N.Y. OnL. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, wanting elsewhere.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,

rare and scattered. 189-220 days. About sea level.

5. L. rubellus Moench. In wet soil: Vt. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and

was

Conn. Groton, New London, Southington and Huntington.
N. Y. L.I., S. I. and northern Manhattan.
N. J. Camden and Cape May counties.

6. L. americanus Muhl. In wet soil: Newf. to B. Col., Fla.,

Tex., Utah and Cal.

Common everywhere, except the pine-barrens, there wanting.

LAMIACEAE

7. L. europaeus L.
from Europe.
Locally rare as a weed.

30. Mentha [Tourn.] L.

Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils.
Plants glabrous or very nearly so.
Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted; leaves sessile,
or nearly so.
Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short; leaves petioled.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcor-
date.
Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes.
Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. acute.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated
beneath.
Spikes 10-12 mm. thick, dense, elongated or short.
Leaves sessile; spikes 2-8 cm. long; plant canescent.
Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile;
spikes short.
Leaves simply serrate.
Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped
and wavy.
Whorls of flowers all axillary.
Upper leaves much smaller than the lower.
Upper leaves not conspicuously reduced.
Stem pubescent.
Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base.
Leaves narrowed, mostly cuneate at the base.
Stem glabrous, or very nearly so.

1, M. spicata L.
Minn., Utah, Fla. and Kan.

In waste places: N. Y. to Va.

10.
Il.

I2.

543

Naturalized

. M.

M.

M.
M.
M.

spicata.

. piperita.

. citrata.

. longifolia.
. rotundifolia.

. alopecuroides.

. aquatica.

. crispa.

Cardiaca.

arvensis.
canadensis.
gentilis.

In moist fields and waste places: N.S. to Ont.,
Naturalized from Europe.

Locally common as a pasture weed, often wanting; commonly

cultivated and often escaping.

2. M. piperita L. In wet soil: N.S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn.
Naturalized from Europe.
Throughout most of the range as a weed.
3. M.citrata Ehrh. In wet soil: Conn., N. Y. and Ohio.

of Europe.
Rare as a weed near New York and in Conn.
4. M. longifolia (L.) Huds.
N. J. Naturalized from Europe.
Occasional as a weed, often wanting.

Native

In waste places: Conn. to Pa. and

544 LAMIACEAE

. M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. In waste places: Me. to N. Car.,
Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe.
Rare and local, scattered over most of the range, except the
pine-barrens.

wn

6. M. alopecuroides Hull. Along roadsides: Conn. to N. Y.,
Pa., N. J. and Mo. Native of Europe.
Occasional as a weed in N. J. and Pa., apparently rather
rare elsewhere.
. M. aquatica L. In wet places: N.S. to Pa. and Ga. Natur-
alized from Europe.

1

Rare as an occasional weed near the larger cities; perhaps not
truly persistent.
8. M. crispa L. In swamps and roadside ditches: Conn., N. Y.,
N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe.

Occasional throughout our range, except in the pine-barrens,
there wanting.

g. M. Cardiaca Gerarde. Wet grounds: N.S. to Pa. and D. C.
Naturalized from Europe.
Occasional in the northern part of the range.
10. M. arvensis L. In dry waste places: N. B. to N. Y., N. J.,
Pa. and Fla. Also in Cal. and Mex. Native of Europe.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens; occasional.

11. M. canadensis L. In moist soil: N. B. to the N. W. Terr.,
B. Col., Va., Kan., N. Mex. and Nev. :

Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens.

12. M. gentilis L. In waste places and along streams: N. S. to
N. Y., N. C. and Tenn. Naturalized from Europe.

Occasional as a weed.

31. Collinsonia L.

1. C. canadensis L. In moist woods: Me. and Ont. to Wisc.,
Fla. and Kan.
Conn. Throughout the state.
N. Y. Rare on L. I.; S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Occasional in Gloucester, Camden and Monmouth counties,
thence increasing and becoming common northward; unknown
in the pine-barrens and south of them.

—nn

SOLANACEAE 545

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

32. Perilla Ard.

1. P. frutescens (L.) Britton. In waste places, escaped from
gardens: N. Y. to Ill. Native of India.

Very rare as an escape from gardens near New York and some
other places. A variety with crisped leaves, P. frutescens nan-
kinensis (Lour.) Britton, has been collected occasionally from the
area.

Sideritis montana L. and Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britton have been collected as
waifs in Conn.

SOLANACEAE

Fruit a berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate.
Anthers unconnected; fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated.
Fruiting calyx 5-angled and deeply 5-parted. I. PHYSALODES.

Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, 10-ribbed. 2. PHYSALIS.
Anthers connivent or slightly connate; fruiting calyx not
enlarged.
Anthers opening by terminal pores. 3. SOLANUM.
Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. 4. LYCOPERSICON.
Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate. 5. Lycrum.
Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform.
Capsule circumscissile towards the top. 6. HyoscyAMus.
Capsule opening by valves.
Capsule prickly. 7. DATURA.
Capsule not prickly.
Flowers paniculate or racemose. 8. NICOTIANA.
Flowers solitary. “9. PETUNIA.

1. Physalodes Boehm.

1. P. physalodes (L.) Britton. In waste places, escaped from
gardens: N.S. to Ont., south to Fla. Adventive from Peru.
Very rare as a weed in our region.

2. Physalis L.

Annuals with branched fibrous roots.
Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, the lobes at flowering time

lanceolate or acuminate. 1. P. pruinosa
Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled, the lobes
at flowering time triangular. 2. P. subglabrata.
Perennial by rootstocks and roots.
Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at the base. 3. P. heterophylia.
Leaves narrowly ovate, acutish at each end. 4. P. virginiana.

36

546 SOLANACEAE

1. P. pruinosa L. In cultivated soil: Mass. to Iowa, Mo. and
Fla.
Rare as a weed in cultivated fields. Has been confused with
P. pubescens.

2. P. subglabrata Mack. and Bush (P. philadelphica Lam. (?)).
R. I. to Ga., Ky. and Tex.
In most parts of our area, always as a weed, frequently wanting
locally.

3. P. heterophylla Nees. In rich soil: N. B. to Sask., Fla., Colo.
and Tex.
Common as a weed in most parts of our range. The forms
known as ambigua and nyctaginea are found with the type.
Formerly included in P. viscosa L.

4. P. virginiana Mill. In rich soil, especially in open places:
Ont. to Man., Fla. and La.
Rare, as an adventive, in most parts of our range; often wanting
locally.
The winter-cherry, Physalis Alkekengi L., the tomatillo, P. txocarpa Brot. and the
Strawberry-tomato, P. peruviana L. have ali been collected as waifs. Physalis angulata

L. has been collected near Hartford, Conn., and is recorded from N. J., otherwise
unknown.

3. Solanum [Tourn.| L.

Glabrous or pubescent herb, not prickly. 1. S. nigrum.
Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs.
Berry not enclosed by the calyx; perennial. 2. S. carolinense.
Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. 3. S. rostratum.
Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. 4. S. Dulcamara.

I. S. nigrum L. In waste places or cultivated soil: N. S. to
N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range as a weed, except in the pine-barrens.

2. S. carolinense L. In dry fields and in waste places: Ont. to
Mass., Fla., Ill., Neb. and Tex.

Rare as an adventive weed in most parts of the range.

3. S. rostratum Dunal. Occasional in waste places as a weed:
Ont. to N. H., Mass. and N. J. Adventive from the
west.

Rare as an adventive weed; more common in Conn. than else-
where.

SOLANACEAE 547

4. S. Dulcamara L. In waste places or in thickets: N. B. to
Minn., N. J., Pa. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

The potato, Solanum tuberosum L. is an occasional waif in the area, and S. sisymbrii-

folium Lam. has been collected in New York City.
4. Lycopersicon Mill.

1. L. Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Escaped from cultivation: N. Y.
and Pa., southward. Native of South America.

Not infrequently found as a scarcely persistent escape from cul-
tivation.
5. Lycium L.

1. L. halimifolium Mill (ZL. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal). In thickets
and waste places, escaped from gardens: Ont. to Conn., Va..,,
Minn. and Kan. Introduced from Europe.

Occasional in most parts of our range as an escape from culti-—
vation.

6. Hyoscyamus [Tourn.] L.
1. H. niger L. In waste places: N.S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich.
Naturalized from Europe.
Rare in our area as an occasional waif.

H. albus L. has been recorded as a waif near New York; scarcely persistent.

7 Datura) Ie.

Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. 1. D. Stramonium.
Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 2. D. Metel.

1. D. Stramonium L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to Fla.,
Minn., and Tex. Naturalized from Asia.

Common throughout ‘our range in waste places in some of its
forms. The purple-flowered D. Tatula L. is not here considered as
of specific rank.

2. D. Metel L. In waste places: R.I. to Fla. Native of Trop. Am.

Very rare as an occasional adventive.

Datura meteloides DC. has been collected as a waif in Conn., hardly persistent.

8. Nicotiana L.
1. N. rustica L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to Minn.,
N. Y. and Fla.
Rare as an adventive weed; cultivated and sometimes escaping.

Nicotiana longiflora Cav. has been collected in Northampton Co., Pa. and N. Tabacumt
L. has been collected in Conn. as an escape.

548 SCROPHULARIACEAE

g. Petunia Juss.

Corolla white, its tube cylindric. 1. P. axillaris.
Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea.

1. P. axillaris (Lam.) B. S. P. In waste places, escaped from
gardens: N. Y. and Pa. Native of Brazil.

Very rare as an escape from gardens, hardly persistent.

2. P. violacea Lindl. In waste places, escaped from gardens:
N. Y. and Pa. Native of Brazil and Paraguay.

Rare as an adventive in Pa., scarcely known elsewhere; doubtfully
persistent.

Petunia parviflora Juss. has been collected near N. Y. and Philadelphia as a waif.
The Chili Pepper, Capsicum annuum L., has been collected as a waif in Conn.

© CROPHULARIACEAE

Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting
(with exceptions in Mimulus).*
Leaves prevailingly alternate. I. VERBASCUM.
Leaves prevailingly opposite.
Corolla-tube with a spur, sac, or swelling on the lower
side near the base.
Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. CYMBALARIA.
Leaves pinnately veined.
Corolla-tube with an elongated spur.
Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. KICKXIA.
Flowers in terminal clusters. . LINARIA.
Corolla tube with a sac or swelling. . ANTIRRHINUM.
Corolla tube with neither spur, sac, nor swelling.
Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, I sterile more or less
different from the others.
Sterile stamen a scale, adnate to the upper
side of the corolla. 6. SCROPHULARIA.
Sterile stamen more developed.
Sterile stamen shorter than the others;

oes

seeds winged. 7. CHELONE.
Sterile stamen about equalling the others;
seeds wingless. 8. PENTSTEMON.
Filaments 2 or 4.
Trees. g. PAULOWNIA.
Herbs.

Anther-bearing filaments 4.
Sepals united into an angled tube. 10. MimuLus.
Sepals distinct or nearly so. II. CONOBEA.
Anther-bearing filaments 2.
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals.

* Key adapted, in part, from Small’s Flora S. E. United States.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Anther-sacs transverse,
ated.
Anther-sacs vertical, contiguous.
Calyx of 4-5 partially united sepals.
Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud.
Sepals distinct or nearly so.
Corolla campanulate or rotate, stamens included.
Stamens 4; corolla nearly regular.
Stamens 2; corolla rotate, slightly irregular.
Corolla tubular; stamens exserted.
Sepals partially or wholly united into a tube.
Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped.
Corolla yellow.
Corolla not yellow.
Capsule not included in the calyx.

Anthers all alike; leaves not auricled,
flowers pedicelled.

Anthers of shorter stamens smailer,
leaves auricled at base; flowers
sessile.

Capsule included in the calyx; corolla salver-
form.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped; stamens ascending under the
upper lip.
Anther-sacs unlike, the inner pendulous.
Anther-sacs alike, parallel.
Ovules I-2 in each cavity; capsules 1-4 seeded.
Ovules several—many in each cavity; capsules
many-seeded.

Calyx split, without bractlets.

Calyx not split.

Calyx scarcely inflated, 2-brac-
teolate.

Calyx much inflated and veiny in
fruit, ebracteolate.

separ-

1. Verbascum [Tourn.] L.

I2

13.
14.

15.
16.

V7

18.

19.

24.

25.

26.

Plants densely woolly; flowers in dense terminal spikes or spike-like

racemes.
Leaves decurrent on the stem.
Leaves not decurrent or only slightly so.
Leaves white-tomentose beneath; flowers in terminal panicles.
Plant glabrous or slightly glandular.

1. V. Thaspus L.
Fla. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common as a weed in most parts of our area.

2. V. phlomoides L.
Europe.
Rare as an occasional weed in the area.

549

GRATIOLA.
ILYSANTHES.
MICRANTHEMUM.

LIMOSELLA.
VERONICA.
LEPTANDRA,

AUREOLARIA.

AGALINIS.

. OTOPHYLLA.

. BUCHNERA.

. CASTILLEJA.

. MELAMPYRUM.

PEDICULARIS.

SCHWALBEA.

RHINANTHUS.

V. Thaspus.
V. phlomoides.
V. Lychnitis.
V. Blattaria.

Bo CT td

In fields and waste places: N.S. to S. Dak.,

In fields: Mass. to N. Y. Adventive from

550 SCROPHULARIACEAE

3. V. Lychnitis L. In fields and waste places: Ont. to N. J. and
Pa. Naturalized from Europe.
Local as a weed, in the valley of the Delaware in N. J. and
Pa., perhaps wanting elsewhere.
4. V. Blattaria L. In fields and waste places: Que. to Fla.,
Minn. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Common throughout the range as a weed; but often locally
wanting.
Verbascum Pseudo-Lynchnitis Schur., V. sinuatum L. and V. orientale Bieb. have been
collected as waifs in Connecticut and New York.
2. Cymbalaria Medic.
1. C. Cymbalaria (L.) Wetts. In waste places, and along road-
sides: N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe.

Rather rare as a weed.

3. Kickxia Dumort.

Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at base. 1. K. spuria.
Leaves triangular, mostly hastate. 2. K. Elatine.

1. K. spuria (L.) Dumort. In waste places and ballast: N. Y. to
N. Car. Native of Europe.

Occasional as a weed.

2. K. Elatine (L.) Dumort. In sandy waste places: Canada,
N. Y. and Ga. Native of Europe.

Rare in our area as a weed; often wanting locally.

4. Linaria [Tourn.] Mill.

Flowers yellow, 1.5—3 cm. long. 1. L. Linaria.
Flowers blue to white, 6-12 mm. lomg.
Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. 2. L. canadensis.
Spur of corolla short, conic; European adventive species. 3. L. repens.

1. L. Linaria (L.) Karst. In fields and waste places: N. S. to
Man., Va. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.

Common throughout the range, always as a weed.
2. L. canadensis (L.) Dumort. In dry soil: N.S. to Fla., Ore.
and Cal. Also in Central and South America.
Throughout the range, in sandy places, decreasing northward.
3. L. repens (L.) Mill. Newf. and in ballast about the Atlantic
seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Very rare as a weed near the larger settlements.

L. striata D.C., L. genistaefolia (L.) Mill. and L. supina Desf. have been collected as
waifs in New York.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 551

5. Antirrhinum [Tourn.] L.

Flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; calyx segments ovate, much shorter than
the corolla. 1. A. majus.
Flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx segments linear, as long as the corolla. 2. A. Orontium.
1. A.majus L. In waste places, escaped from gardens: E. U.S.
Adventive from Europe.

Rare as an escape.

2. A. Orontium L. In fields and waste places: Ont., N. Eng. and
New York. Adventive from Europe.
Very rare as a weed; not recently collected.

6. Scrophularia |[Tourn.] L.
Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. marylandica
Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish-yellow. 2. S. leporella.
1. S. marylandica L. In woods and thickets: Me. to S. Dak.,
N. Car., Ga. and Tenn.
Conn. Rare in the east, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Rare on L. I., and on S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Reported from Salem, Camden, Monmouth and Ocean
counties north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing
northward; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and local: Older Formations, in-
creasing but not very common northward. 117-220 days. Sea
level—3,980 ft.

2. S. leporella Bicknell. In woods and along roadsides: Vt. to
Conn., Minn., Va. and Kan.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, always in-
creasing northward.

Scrophularia canina L. and S. aquatica L. have been collected as waifs near New York.

7. Chelone [Tourn.] L.

1. C. glabra L. In swamps and along streams: Newf. to Fla.,
Man. and Kan.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens.

8. Pentstemon Mitchell.

Stem pubescent or puberulent, nearly or quite to the base,
Corolla large, over 5 mm. long; stem hirsute or canescent
often glandular. 1. P. hirsutus.

552 SCROPHULARIACEAE

Corolla sma!l, less than 5 mm. long; stem puberulent. 2. P.pallidus.
Only the inflorescence or pedicels or calyx pubescent or puberulent.

Corolla white, abruptly enlarged. 3. P. Digitalis.

Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged. 4. P. Pentstemon.

1. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to
Ont., Man., Fla., Minn. and Tex.
Conn. Rare and local, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Reported from but probably introduced on L. I., rare on
S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Occasional in Camden, Burlington, Ocean and Monmouth

counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing and
becoming common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,400 ft.

to

. P. pallidus Small. In sandy soil or swamps: Conn. and N. Y.
to Mo., Fla. and Okl.

Conn. Southwestern part of the state.
N. Y. Westchester Co.

. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. In fields and thickets: Me. to IIl.,
Kan., Va. and Ark.

Not uncommon in most parts of our range, always as an ad-
ventive from farther west.

Se)

4. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets: Pa. to
Fla., Ky. and La.

Rare as an adventive in Conn., N. Y. and Pa. Not native in
our area.

Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. and P. grandiflorus Nutt. have both been credited to our
range as waifs or adventives.
9g. Paulownia Sieb. and Zucc.

1. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Escaped from cultivation:
N. Y. and N. J. to D. C. and Ga. Native of Japan.

An escape from cultivation in some parts of our range.

10. Mimulus L.
Corolla violet, or rarely white.

Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. 1. M. ringens.

Leaves petioled; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus.
Corolla yellow.

Plant viscid, diffuse. 3. M. moschatus.

Plant puberulent, erect. 4. M. Langsdor fit.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 553

1. M. ringens L. In swamps and along streams: N. S. to Va.,
Tenn., Neb. and Tex.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.
2. M. alatus Soland. In swamps: Ont. to Conn., Ill., Ga., Kan.
and Tex.

Conn. Very rare in New London, Hartford and Fairfield counties.

N. Y. Known definitely only on Staten Island, in the Bronx,
and near New Baltimore, Greene Co.

N. J. Known definitely only from Salem, Gloucester, Camden,
Burlington, Ocean, Monmouth, Mercer and Hunterdon counties,
thence scattering northward, but nowhere common; not in the
pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Distribution scattered and little understood.

3. M. moschatus Dougl. In wet places: N.S. and Ont. to N. Y.
Adventive from the Pacific Coast.
Rare as an occasional adventive in parts of our range; per-
haps not persistent.
4. M. Langsdorffii Donn. Rareas an occasional adventive from
the West in Connecticut and New York.

11. Conobea Aubl.
1. C. multifida (Michx.) Benth. Along streams and rivers: Ohio

to Iowa, Kan., Ky. and Tex. Introduced along the Delaware
below Philadelphia.

Known definitely only from near Philadelphia as a weed.

12. Gratiola L.

Plants glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated.
Sterile filaments minute or none.
Glandular-puberulent; flowers 8-10 mm. long, capsule
ovoid.

. G. virginiana.
Glabrous; flowers 14 mm. long; capsule globose.

. G. sphaerocarpa.

Ponds

Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit. G. aurea.
Plants hirsute; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. . G, pilosa.
1. G. virginiana L. In wet places: Que. to B. Col., Mass., Fla.,

Tex. and Cal.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the
region east and south of them, there rare or wanting; always in-
creasing northward.

554 SCROPHULARIACEAE

2. G. sphaerocarpa Ell. In wet places: N. J. to Fla., Ill., Tex.
and Mex.

N. J. Known only from Burlington and Cape May counties, not
in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, increasing southward: Cre-
taceous, rare: Older Formations, unknown. 168—-220days. About
sea level.

3. G. aurea Muhl. In sandy wet places: Que. and Ont. to N. J.
and Fla.

Conn. Rare in Fairfield Co., increasing eastward and up the
Connecticut Valley, but wanting in the north.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Local in Morris, Warren and Hunterdon, mostly in the
drainage of the Delaware River, thence increasing southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Rare and local in Monroe, Northampton and Bucks counties,
all within the drainage area of the Delaware River.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare and scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,ooo ft.

4. G. pilosa Michx. Indry soil: southern N. J. to Ark. and Tex.
N. J. Rare in Camden, Cumberland and Cape May counties;
wanting in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, increasing southward: Cre-
taceous, rare: Older Formations, wanting. 168-220 days. About
sea level.

13. Ilysanthes Raf.

Peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-segments shorter than the

capsule. 1. I. dubia.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments almost as long as
the capsule or longer. 2. I. attenuata.

1. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. In wet places: N. E. to Fla., Ont.,
S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast.

Conn. Throughout, more common along the coast than elsewhere.
N. Y. Throughout, decreasing northward.
N. J. Rare and local along the Delaware in Camden and Burling-
ton counties; thence increasing northward; unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare in the region of glacial terraces
along the Delaware: Older Formations, more common. 138-220
days. Sea level—r,ooo ft.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 555

2. I. attenuata (Muhl.) Small. In wet places: Me. and Ont.
to Wisc., Ark., Fla., Mo. and Kan.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
unknown.
14. Micranthemum Michx.

1. M. micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wetts. In tidal mud: N. J. to
Fla.

Known in our area only from Burlington and Camden counties,
N. J., and Philadelphia and Delaware counties in Pa.,in both
states exclusively on the Delaware River.

15. Limosella L.

1. L. aquatica (L. tenutfolia Hoffm.). In brackish mud: Lab. to
N. J. Also in Europe, Australia and S. America.

Rather rare along the coast from Conn. to Cape May and up the
larger rivers, always within the influence of the tides; unknown
frompln Ion Ss iL.

16. Veronica |Tourn.] L.

Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate.
Glabrous or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely
hairy); brook or swamp plants.
Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate;
capsule compressed.
Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping. 1. V. Anagallis-aquatica.
All the leaves petioled, serrate. 2. V. americana.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3. V. scutellata.
Pubescent, dry soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate.
Leaves oval or obovate, petioled; pedicels shorter

than the calyx. 4. V. officinalis.
Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer
than the calyx. 5. V. Chamaedrys.
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils.
Flowers in terminal spikes. 6. V. serpyllifolia.

Flowers mostly solitary in the axils.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves,
Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emargi-
nate.
Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate.
Peduncles as long as the leaves or longer.
Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate.
Corolla not longer than the calyx;
capsule narrowly emarginate. g. V. agrestis.
Corolla longer than the calyx; capsule
broadly emarginate. 10. V. Tournefortii.

. peregrina.
. arvensis.

com
Sy

550 SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves orbicular or broader, 3-5 lobed or
crenate. 11. V. hederaefolia.

1. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. In brooks and swamps: N. S. to B.
Col., N. C., Tenn., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also in Europe
and Asia.

In most parts of the range except the coastal plain of N. J.; rare
in Conn. and unknown in the Bronx.

2. V. americana Schwein. In brooks and swamps: Anticosti to

Alask., Pa., Neb., New Mex. and Cal.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

N. Y. Rare on the north shore of L. I. and on S. I., thence in-
creasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Occasional along the Delaware in Gloucester, Burlington
and Ocean counties, thence increasing northward; not in the
pine-barrens.

Pa.. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

3. V. scutellata L. In swamps: Lab. to B. Col., N. Y., Minn.
and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Rare on the north side of L.I.; S. I., thence increasing
northward.

N. J. Very rare in Camden Co., near the Delaware, thence un-
known to Mercer and Middlesex counties, thence increasing
northward, otherwise unknown.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Dela-
ware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, o: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, common
and increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,g00 ft.

4. V. officinalis L. In dry fields and in waste places: N. S. to
Ont., S. Dak., N. Car. and Tenn.

Common throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens, there
unknown; decreasing southward.

5. V. Chamaedrys L. In fields and waste places: N.S. and Que.
to N. Y. and Pa. Naturalized from Europe.
Rather rare as a weed in most parts of our range; wanting in the
pine-barrens.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 557

6. V. serpyllifolia L. In fields and thickets: Lab. to Alask., Ga.,
N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia and S. Am.

Common in most parts of our range except the pine-barrens and
east and south of them.

. V. peregrina L. In moist places, and common as a weed in
cultivated soil: N.S. to B. Col., Fla., Mex. and Cal. Also in
S. Am. and Europe.

Sf

Rather common in our area, always as a weed of cultivated or
waste ground,

8. V. arvensis L. In fields, woods and waste places: N. S. to
Ont., and Wash., Fla., Kan. and Tex. Naturalized from
Europe.

Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

9. V. agrestis L. In fields and waste places: N.S. to N. J. and
La. Naturalized from Europe.
Not common as a weed.

ro. V. Tournefortii Gmelin (V. byzantina (Sibth. and Smith) B.
S. P. In waste places: N. S. to N. Y. and Ohio. Natural-
ized from Europe.

Occasional as a weed of roadsides, waste places and cultivated
cround.

11. V. hederaefolia L. In thickets, fields and waste places: N. Y.,
Pa. and N. J. toS. Car. Naturalized from Europe.

Occasional as a roadside weed.

The following have been collected as waifs from the range; Veronica Teucrium L.
mostly from Conn.; V. longifolia L., from L. I. and Westchester Co., N. Y.; and V.
Beccabunga L. from near the City of New York, and in Conn.

17. Leptandra Nutt.

1. L. virginica (L.) Nutt. In meadows, moist woods and thickets:
N.S. to B. Col., Ala., Mo. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

N.Y. Rare on the south side of L. I., increasing on the north side;
on S. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Monmouth Co.,
in Somerset Co., thence increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout the range.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing and
becoming common northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

558 SCROPHULARIACEAE

18. Aureolaria Raf. (Dasystoma Benth., not Raf.)

Plants glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without; leaves finely

divided; annuals or biennials. 1. A.Pedicularia.
Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without;
perennials.
Cinereous pubescent; leaves entire or the lower pinnatifid. 2. A. villosa.
Glabrous or nearly so; leaves predominately pinnatifid. 3. A. virginica.

1. A. Pedicularia (L.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Me.

and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Mo.

Conn. Rather rare but found over most of the state.

N.Y. CommononL.I.andS.I., decreasing up the Hudson Valley
to Columbia Co.; not known from the Catskills.

N.J. Common throughout the state, especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de-

creasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

. A. villosa (Muhl.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Mass. to
Ont., Wisc., Ga. and Miss.
Common throughout the range, less frequent in the pine-barrens,
and more frequent northward than elsewhere. Has been referred
to Dasystoma flava.

No

3. A. virginica (L.) Pennell. In dry or moist woods: Me. to

Minn., Fla. and IIl.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing southward.

N.Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I., Westchester Co., decreasing up
the Hudson Valley to Ulster Co., and not specifically known
from the Catskills.

N. J. Very rare in Cumberland and Ocean counties, west of the
pine-barrens, thence increasing northward. Reported also from
Hammonton, Atlantic Co.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester coun-
ties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, not very com-
mon. 138-220 days. Sea level-1,080 ft.

19. Agalinis Raf. (Gerardia L. in part)

Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or only slightly longer.
Corolla 2—2.6 cm. long. 1. A. purpurea.
Corolla 1-1.6 cm. long.
Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. . A. paupercula.
Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 3. A. maritima.

ty

SCROPHULARIACEAE 559

Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx.
Lobes of the corolla entire or barely emarginate.

Leaves linear, 2.5 cm. wide or less. 4. A. tenutfolia.
Leaves filiform-linear, less than I mm. wide. 5. A. Holmiana.
Lobes of the corolla all obcordate. 6. A. decemloba.

1. A. purpurea L. (Pennell). (Gerardia purpurea parvula Pennell.)
In moist fields and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Fla., mostly
near the coast.

Throughout the range except the Catskills and the mountains of
Pa. In the pine-barrens the type is replaced by a narrow-leaved
form (A. virgata Raf.; G. racemulosa Pennell, Torreya 11: 15.
IgI1), not here maintained as a species.

2. A. paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. In bogs and low meadows:

Que. to N. J., Tenn., Man. and Wisc.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing inland and
becoming scarce northward.

N.Y. Rare onthe north shore of L. I., rare on S. I.; Copake Falls,
Columbia Co.

N. J. Known only in the drainage of the Delaware in Sussex,
Warren and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties.
Distribution little known, apparently coastal in Conn. and N. Y.

and predominating inland in N. J. and Pa.

3. A. maritima Raf. In salt marshes: Me. to Fla. and La.
Common in the salt marshes throughout the range; unknown
inland.
4. A. tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. In dry woods and thickets: Que.
tor Gale Ont, Kans and sla.
Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens, where it
is replaced by the following closely related species.
5. A. Holmiana (Greene) Pennell. In dry sandy woods: L. I. to
Fla.
N.Y. Found only rather sparingly on L. I.; unknown elsewhere,
N. J. The pine-barrens, and in Camden Co.*

Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare or wanting elsewhere:
Cretaceous, only as a rare adventive:* Rare on the overwash plain
on L. I. 183-220 days. About sea level.

The species has been referred to A. setacea (Walt.) Raf.

*See Introduction paragraph, 29.

560 SCROPHULARIACEAE

6. A. decemloba Greene. In grassy places: Mass. to D. C.
N.Y. Not uncommon on the south side of L. I., on the Hemp-
stead Plains; unknown elsewhere.

This species includes those specimens credited to Gerardia Skinneriana in the
Manuals, but not of Wood, and has been referred to the southern A. parvifolia (Chapm.)
Small. A. Besseyana Britton has been recorded from Conn.

20. Otophylla Benth (Tomanthera Raf.)

1. O. auriculata (Michx.) Small. In moist soil: Pa. to Minn., N.
Car. and Kan.
Known in our area only from Lehigh, Bucks, and Chester counties
in Pa., and from Woodbridge, Middlesex Co., and from Madison,
N. J., perhaps not native anywhere in our area.

21. Buchnera L.

1. B. americana L. In sandy or gravelly soil: N. J. to western
INGSYS, Wiinn., Was las Ian ancdwAtck.
Known only from an old specimen collected in Burlington Co.,
N. J. and from more recent specimens collected in Delaware Co.,
Pa.
22. Castilleja Mutis.

1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. In meadows and thickets: Me. and

Ont. to Man., N. Car., Kan. and Tex.

Conn. Throughout the state but rare and scattered.

N. Y. Reported from but not definitely known on L. I., rare on
S. I., unknown in the Bronx, thence increasing but not common
northward.

N. J. Very rare in Burlington and Monmouth counties, thence in-
creasing but not common northward. Not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Delaware and Chester
counties. }

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward but never very common. 117-220 days. Sea level-—
3,050 ft.

23. Melampyrum [Tourn.| L.

1. M.lineare Lam. In dry woods and thickets: N.S. to B. Col.,
N. Car., Ky. and Minn.
Common throughout the range, especially in the pine-barrens.

Broad-leaved specimens have been referred to M. latifolium Muhl.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 561

24. Pedicularis [Tourn.] L.

Leaves pinnately lobed; capsules ovate, scarcely longer than the

calyx. 1. P. lanceolata.
Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the
calyx. 2. P. canadensis.

1. P. lanceolata Michx. In swamps: Ont. to Conn., Va., Man.,
Minn., Ohio, Mich. and Neb.

Conn. Throughout, but rare or wanting from Fairfield Co.,
increasing northward.

N. Y. Rare and local on L. I., and on S. I., and in the Bronx,
thence increasing northward, but not definitely known from the
Catskills.

N. J. Throughout, except in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.

Tertiary, wanting on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Creta-

ceous, common: Older Formations, increasing northward. 123-

220 days. Sea level-2,go0 ft.

2. P. canadensis L. In dry woods and thickets: N.S. to Man.,
Fla., Miss., Colo. and Northern Mex.
Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting.
25. Schwalbea L.
1. S. americana L. In wet sandy soil: E. Mass. to Fla. and La.,
near the coast.

Known from near East Lyme, Conn., thence wanting except from
Point Pleasant, N. J., south along the coast and up both sides of
the Delaware to Burlington Co., N. J. and Philadelphia, Pa.; also
in the pine-barrens. Apparently wanting in N. Y.; often in
coastal marshes.

26. Rhinanthus L.

1. R. Crista-galli L. Grassy places: N. B. to Conn.; Newf. to
Alaska, south to the White Mts., and in the Rocky Mts.
to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.

Known in our area only from several stations in Connecticut.

Monniera caroliniana (Walt.) Kuntze has been credited to the pine-barrens of N. J.
There are no specimens from that region and it is otherwise known only from Va. south-
ward.

Digitalis purpurea L., D. lutea L. and Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange have all been
collected as waifs.

Collinsia verna Nutt. is recorded from Easton and Germantown, Pa., probably
occurring only as a waif.

37

562 LENTIBULARIACEAE

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Bracts at the base of the pedicels without bractlets; calyx not en-
closing the fruit.
Branches verticillate, decompound; lateral lobes of lower lip of
corolla saccate. I. VESICULINA.
Branches alternate or none; lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla
not saccate.
Bracts and scales if present, flat, basally attached; aquatic 2. UrricuLARIA.
Bract solitary, tubular, surrounding the scape; scales none. 3. LECTICULA.

Bracts and scales peltate; terrestrial. 4. SETISCAPELLA.
Bracts at the base of the pedicels with a pair of bractlets; calyx en-
closing the fruit. 5. STOMOISIA.

1. Vesiculina Raf.

1. V. purpurea (Walt.) Raf. (Utricularia purpurea Walt.). In
ponds: Me. to Fla. and La., near the coast; Ind. to Minn.
Conn. Mostly near the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I., rare.

N. J. Throughout the coastal plain, more common in the pine-
barrens than elsewhere.

Pa. Known only from near Great Lake, Carbon Co.

2. Utricularia L.

Scape with a whorl of inflated floats. 1. U. radiata.
Scape without floats.
Stems floating.
Scapes 6-20-flowered, with 1-5 scales; no cleistogamous

flowers. 2. U. macrorhiza.
Scapes 2-5-flowered, without scales; cleistogamous
flowers present. 3. U. geminiscapa.

Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water.
Spur and palate conspicuous; fruiting pedicels ascending.
Segments of some leaves linear, flat, bristly-ciliate;

upper lip of corolla half as long as lower. 4. U. intermedia.
Leaf-segments all capillary; corolla lips nearly equal.
Spurs stout, conic, shorter than the lower lip. 5. U. gibba.

Spur slender, equalling the lower lip or longer.
Spur tapering from base to apex; leaves all

bladder-bearing. 6. U. pumila.
Spur conic at base, linear above; leaves not
all bladder-bearing. 7. U. fimbrosa.
Spur a mere sac; palate obsolete; fruiting pedicels re-
curved. 8. U. minor.

1. U. radiata Small. In ponds: Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the
coast.
Conn. Rare over most of the state, decreasing inland.

NO

own

ba |

LENTIBULARIACEAE 563

N. Y. Known definitely only from L. I., there rare.

N.J. Mt. Arlington, Morris Co., increasing southward, especially in
the pine-barrens.

Pa. Known definitely only from Bucks Co.

. U. macrorhiza Le Conte ( U. vulgaris of Amer. auth. not of L.).

In ponds and streams: Newf. to Md., Br. Col. and Cal.
Common throughout most of the range except in the pine-
barrens, there not reported.

. U. geminiscapa Benj. (U. clandestina Nutt.). In shallow

ponds: N. B. to Va.

Conn. Known only from Waterford, Fairfield and near Cromwell.

N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I.

N. J. Nearly throughout the coastal plain, and common in the
pine-barrens but unknown east of them.

Pa. Wayne and Monroe counties.

. U. intermedia Hayne. In shallow water: Newfoundland to

B. Col., N. J., Ind. and Cal. Also in Europe.

Throughout the range, but local, unknown on S. I.

. U. gibba L. In shallow water: Ont. to Me., Mich., Ala. and III.

Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens.

. U. pumila Walt. (U. bijlora Lam.). In shallow water: E.

Mass. and R. I., to Ill., La. and Tex. Rare.

Known only from Groton and Southington, Conn. and from near
Georgetown, Sussex Co., N. J.

. U. fibrosa Walt. In shallow ponds and swamps: L. I. to Fla.

and La.
Common on L. I. and the pine-barrens of N. J., and at Elmer, N.
J.; apparently wanting in Conn. and Pa.

. U. minor L. In shallow ponds and in bogs: Greenl. and Lab.

to B. Col., N. Y., Ark., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe.

Conn. Known only from near the coast and from Salisbury; rare.

N. Y. Apparently confined to the north side of L. I.; reported
but not definitely known from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co.

3. Lecticula Barnhart.

. L. resupinata (B. D. Greene) Barnhart. In sandy bogs and

borders of ponds: Me. to Fla., west to Mich. Rare.

564 LENTIBULARIACEAE

Conn. Known only from East Lyme, Southington and Woodbury.

N. Y. Apparently confined to L. I., there rare.
N. J. Known only from Sea Isle City and Ocean View, both on the

southern coast.

4. Setiscapella Barnhart.
Corolla yellow, the lower lip 4-8 mm. long; spur conic. 1. S. subulata.
Corolla white or purplish, the minute lower lip less than 0.5 mm.

long; spur saccate.
1. S. subulata (L.) Barnhart. In wet sandy soil: Mass. to Fla.,
west to Tex., Mex. and Ark. Also in Cuba.
N. Y. Reported from L. I., but report was probably erroneous

(according to Barnhart).
N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, rare elsewhere on the coastal

2. S. cleistogama.

plain.
2. S.cleistogama (A. Gray) Barnhart. In wet soil: E. Mass. and
in the pine-barrens of N. J.
Known only from the southern part of New Jersey in the pine-
barrens and from Cape May; and from Wading River, L.I. Rare.

5. Stomoisia Raf.

Corolla much exceeding the calyx.
Lower lip of corolla 12-16 mm. long; spur 7-12 mm. long.
Lower lip of corolla 8-10 mm. long; spur 5-8 mm. long.
Corolla shorter than or about equalling the calyx.

1. S. cornuta (Michx.) Raf. On borders of ponds or in bogs:
Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex.

Scattered over most parts of the range, more common in the pine-
barrens than elsewhere; rare inland and unknown from S. I.

2. S. juncea (Vahl) Barnhart. In bogs: N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.

and Tex., mostly near the coast.

N. Y. Reported from Riverhead, L. I.
N. J. Not uncommon in the pine-barrens and at Cape May,

1. S. cornuta.
2. S. juncea.
3. S. virgatula.

unknown elsewhere.
3 S. virgatula Barnhart. In mud and bogs: N. Y., N. J., Fla.
and Miss.

N. Y. Known only from near Riverhead and Woodmere, L. I.
N. J. Known only from near Jackson and Cape May.

OROBANCHACEAE 565

OROBANCHACEAE

Flowers all complete and perfect.
Calyx 2—5-toothed.
Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels or calyx. 1. THALESIA.
Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides; flowers

bracted. 2. OROBANCHE.
Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the
upper. 3. CONOPHOLIS.

Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. LEPTAMNIUM.

1. Thalesia Raf.
1. T. uniflora (L.) Britton. In woods and thickets: Newf. to

BaColp wa Ohiow Mex and: Gale Parasite:
Conn. Throughout the area, increasing northward.
N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Occasional in Burlington, Monmouth, Ocean and Mercer

counties, thence increasing northward; not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Throughout the range.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,500 ft.

2. Orobanche [Tourn.] L.
Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. 1. O. minor.
Calyx 4-toothed; stem mostly branched. 2. O. ramosa.
1. O. minor J. E. Smith. Parasitic on the roots of clover: N. Y.

to Va. Naturalized from Europe.
Scattered in most parts of our range from New York southward.

2. O. ramosa L. Parasitic on the roots of tomato, hemp and
tobacco: N. J., Ill., Ky. Adventive from Europe.
On tomato, New Brunswick, N. J.

3. Conopholis Wallr.

1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. In rich woods, usually at the
bases of oak trees: Me. to Mich. and Fla. Rare.

Conn. Known only from Plainville, Southington, Guildford and
New Haven.

N. Y. Known definitely only from S. I. and from Bronx and
Westchester counties.

N.J. Known definitely only from Camden, Hunterdon, Essex and
Bergen counties, the latter station on the Palisades opposite
Yonkers, rare.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

A rare and local plant.

566 ACANTHACEAE

4. Leptamnium Raf.

1. L. virginianum (L.) Raf. In beech woods: N. B. to Fla.,
Ont., Mich., Mo. and La.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and at
Cape May, there wanting, apparently always parasitic on the beech.

BIGNONIACEAE

Leaves compound; a vine. 1. BIGNONIA.
Leaves simple; a tree. 2. CATALPA.
1. Bignonia L.

1. B. radicans L. (Tecoma radicans (L.) J. St. Hil.). In moist
woods and thickets: N. J. and Pa., to Fla., Tex., Kan. and III.
N.J. Monmouth and Camden counties, increasing southward, but

not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Bucks Co.

The numerous records further north are based on specimens of cultivated plants or
those escaped from cultivation.
2. Catalpa Scop.
1. C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. In woods in the Gulf States: escape
from cultivation in Pa. and N. Y.

Not uncommon as an escape from very frequent cultivation, in
most parts of our range.
Martynia louisiana Mill. of the Martyniaceae and Sesamum indicum L. of the

Pedaliaceae have both been collected as waifs. Neither is certainly established in the
range.

ACANTHACEAE
Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. 1. RUELLIA.
Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2. 2. DIANTHERA.

1. Ruellia [Plum.] L.

Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule. 1. R. strepens.
Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule. 2. R. parviflora.

1. R. strepens L. In dry woods: Pa. to Wisc., Fla. and Tex.
Pa. Known only from near Easton, Northampton Co.; recorded
from Atlantic Co., N. J., probably erroneously.
2. R. parviflora (Nees) Britton. In dry soil: N. J. and Pa. to
Fla., Mich., Kan. and La.
N. J. Known only from Cape May Co.

A very rare and local species, apparently reaching its most
northerly station in our range; has been referred to R. ciliosa Pursh.

PLANTAGINACEAE 567

2. Dianthera L.
1. D. americana L. In water and wet places: Ont. to Mich.,
Kan., Ga. and Tex.
N. Y. Known definitely only from Orange Co.

N. J. Known only along the Delaware from Gloucester to Mercer
counties.

Pa. Luzerne, Bucks and Chester counties.

PHRYMACEAE

1. Phryma L.
1. P. Leptostachya L. In woods and thickets: Can. to Minn.,
Fla. and Kan. Also in eastern Asia.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown,
local on the coastal plain.

PLANTAGINACEAE
1. Plantago [Tourn.] L.

Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of
the pyxis.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong.
Seeds several or many in each pyxis.

Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 1. P. major.
Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. Rugelii.
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis.
Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed. 3. P. lanceolata.
Leaves or some of them cordate; veins starting from the
midrib. 4. P. cordata.
Leaves linear or filiform.
Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. 5. P. maritima.
Leaves not fleshy; plant not maritime. 6. P. aristata.
Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis.
Leaves spatulate to obovate; stamens 4. 7. P. virginica.
Leaves linear-filiform; stamens 2. 8. P. pusilla.

1. P. major L. In waste places: nearly throughout N. Am.
and nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, seemingly in part
naturalized from Europe and in part native in our area.

Common as a weed throughout the range. A form found along
the coast and on shores inland, described as P. halophila Bicknell,

appears to be the same as P. intermedia Gilib., which seems to be a
form of P. major.

568 PLANTAGINACEAE

No

. P. Rugelii Dec. In fields, woods and waste places: Me. and
Ont. to S. Dak.,.Fla., Neb. and Tex.
Common throughout the range as a weed in waste places; perhaps
more frequent than the preceding.
. P. lanceolata L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to the N.
W. Terr., B. Col., Fla. and Kan. Naturalized from Europe.
Throughout the range as a field weed.

ies)

4. P. cordata Lam. In swamps and along streams: Ont. to Ala.,
Mo. and La.
Known only from an old collection made at Mattewan, N. Y.,
many years ago. Otherwise unrecorded from the area.
. P. maritima L. (P. decipiens Barn.). In salt marshes and on
sea-shores: Lab. to N. J. Also on the Pacific Coast.
Common or frequent in our maritime swamps and up the tidal

on

rivers.

6. P. aristata Michx. On dry plains and prairies in the West;
also as a weed: Me. to Ga.

Common in waste places, particularly along the coast.

7. P. virginica L. In dry soil: R. I. to Fla., Ill., Mo., Ariz. and

Mex.

Conn. Not uncommon near the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
Westchester Co., unknown northward.

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, occasional north of it;
perhaps only adventive in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill as a wild plant, common

elsewhere: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scattered.

138-220 days. Sea level—1,050 ft.

8. P. pusilla Nutt. In dry sandy soil: R. I. to N. Y., Va., La.,
Ill., S. Dak. and Tex.

Conn. Rare at Old Lyme, Blackhall and Guilford, otherwise
unknown.

N. Y. Known definitely only from L. I., there rare.

N. J. Rare and local in Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden
and Cape May counties; not in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Apparently known only as a weed near Philadelphia.

RUBIACEAE 569

A very localized species, whose distribution is not yet understood.
It has been referred to the western P. elongata Pursh.

P. heterophylla Nutt. has been collected as a weed near Camden and Philadelphia.
P. Coronopus L. has been collected as a waif near Philadelphia and near New York.

RUBIACEAE

Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3).
Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; herbs.
Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate. 1. HOusTONIA.
Capsule wholly adnate tothe ovary; seeds minute, angular. 2. OLDENLANDIA.
Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary.

Shrubs or small trees; flowers in dense globular heads. 3. CEPHALANTHUS.
Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, with their ovaries

united. 4. MITCHELLA.
Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. 5. Diopta.

Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs.
Corolla rotate; calyx-teeth minute or none. 6. GALIUM.
Corolla funnelform.

Flowers in panicles. 7. ASPERULA.
Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. SHERARDIA.
1. Houstonia L.
Plants 2.5-18 em. high; peduncles 1-flowered. 1. H. coerulea.
Plants 10-25 cm. high; flowers cymose. 2. H. longifolia.

1. H. coerulea L. In open grassy places, or on wet rocks: N. 5.

to Que., Mich., Ga. and Ala.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Reported from but not definitely known on L. I.; on S. I.,
rare in the Bronx, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Throughout the state except in the pine-barrens, and at
Cape May; always increasing westward and northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

not common: Older Formations, increasing and becoming common

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

2. H. longifolia Gaertn. In dry open places: Me. and Ont. to
Man., Ga. and Mo.
Conn. Rare and local but scattered over most of the state, more
common along the coast than elsewhere.
N. Y. Common on L. I., unknown on S. I., otherwise known
only from a doubtful record in Greene Co.

570 RUBIACEAE

N. J. Known only from an old record from Lakehurst, Ocean Co.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Berks and Chester counties.
A scattered and local plant whose distribution is little known.

H. purpurea L. reported as from N. J. by Torrey in 1819, has noc since been col-
lected in the state. The record, in all probability, applies to H. longifolia.

2. Oldenlandia [Plum.] L.

1. O. uniflora L. In low grounds: N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. Also
in Cuba and Jamaica.
N.Y. Apparently confined to L. I. and S. I., not common.
N. J. Rarein Bergen and Hudson counties, thence increasing and
common southward but wanting or only rarely adventive in the
pine-barrens.

3. Cephalanthus L.

1. C. occidentalis L. In swamps and low grounds: N. B. to
Ont., Wisc., Neb., Fla. and Tex.

Throughout the range, not so common in the pine-barrens as
elsewhere.

4. Mitchella L.

1. M.repens L. In woods: N.S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and
Tex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
only as a rare intruder.

5. Diodia L.

Leaves linear-lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. 1. D. teres.
Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D. virginiana.

1. D. teres Walt. In dry or sandy soil: Conn. to Fla., Ill., Kan.,

Tex., N. Mex. and Sonora.

Conn. Rather rare along and near the coast, wanting inland.

N.Y. Locally common on L. I. and S. I., wanting northward.

N. J. Bergen, Warren, Hunterdon, Passaic, and Union counties,
thence increasing southward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common, less so on Beacon Hill than elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, less common: Older Formations, scattered and _ local.

153-220 days. Sea level—850 ft.

2. D. virginiana L. In moist soil: S. N. J. to Fla., Ark. and Tex.
N. J. Known only from southern Cape May Co., rare.

RUBIACEAE 571

6. Galium L.

I. Fruit dry.

Fruit bristly, granular or tubercled. (Becoming glabrous in No. 5).
Leaves in 6’s or 8’s.
Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly; ballast plant. I. G. tricorne.
Fruit bristly.
Angles of stem retrorse-hispid; leaves in 6’s or 8's;

fruit 4-6 mm. broad. 2. G. Aparine.
Stem glabrous; leaves in 6’s; fruit 3-4 mm. broad. 3. G. triflorum.
Leaves in 4’s.
Leaves I-nerved. 4. G. pilosum.

Leaves 3-nerved.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate: flowers in ter-

minal panicles. 5. G. boreale.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate; flowers in open cymes.
Upper leaves ovate, obtuse. 6. G. circaezans.
Upper leaves lanceolate, acuminate. 7. G. lanceolatum.

Fruit smooth and glabrous.
Flower yellow; leaves in 6’s or 8’s; fruit about 2mm. broad. 8. G. verum.
Flower greenish-white or white.
Leaves in 4’s or fewer than 4’s.
Flowers several in small dichotomous cymes. g. G. palustre.
Flowers solitary or in a simple cyme.
Leaves spreading or ascending; fruit about
3 mm. broad. 10. G. tinctorium.
Leaves mostly reflexcd; fruit I-1.5 mm. broad. 11. G. labradoricum.
Leaves in 5’s or more than 5’s or in 4’s in G. Clayiont.
Plants erect; stems and leaves smooth, or nearly so.
Flowering branches and pedicels strongly di-

varicate. 12. G. Mollugo.
Flowering branches and pedicels mostly ascend-
ing. 13. G. erectum.

Plants decumbent, forming dense mats; stems and
leaves scabrous.
Leaves acute or cuspidate.
Leaves linear, slightly upward scabrous on

the margin. 14. G. concinnum.
Leaves lanceolate, retrorse-scabrous. 15. G. asprellum.
Leaves obtuse.
Flowers solitary or in simple cymes. 16. G. Claytoni.
Flowers several in a small dichotomous
cyme. 9. G. palustre.
II. Fruit fleshy. 17. G. bermudense.

1. G. tricorne Stokes. In waste or cultivated fields: Ont. and
about the eastern seaports. Native of Europe.
Rare as an occasional waif in our range.
2. G. Aparine L. In various situations: N. B. to S. Dak., Fla.,
Mo. and Tex. Apparently naturalized from Europe, in part.
Common as a weed in most parts of our range.

572 RUBIACEAE

3. G. triflorum Michx. In woods: N. S. to Alask., Fla., La.,
Ind. Terr., Colo. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and the region
east and south of them, there wanting.

4. G. pilosum Ait. (G. puncticulosum Michx.). In dry or sandy
soil: Mass. to Ind., Kan., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, but rare northward.

5. G. boreale L. In rocky soil or along streams: Que. to Alaska,
N. J., Pa., Mich., Mo., Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in
Europe and Asia.

Conn. Rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. and S. I., rare and local in Westchester
Co., increasing but not common northward.

N.J. Rare and local in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, increasing
northward, especially in the valley of the Delaware.

Pa Northampton, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-189 days. Sea lewel-4,020 ft.

6. G. circaezans Michx. In woods: Que. and Ont. to Minn.,
Fla., Kan. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except ii the pine-barrens, there
wanting.

7. G.lanceolatum Torr. In dry woods: Que. an d Ont. to Minn.,

N. J., Va., Pa. and Mich.

Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northw.°stward.

. r 7 . . . *he <

IN ENG Wanting on L. I., and on S. I., occasional in ate LOIS,
thence increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Very rare in northern Burlington and Monmouth ¢ °U2U®S:
thence increasing northward. a

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Berks, fela-
ware and Chester counties. 3

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare and perhaps only adventive.
Older Formations, increasing northward, especially in the mountains
117-220 days. Sea level-4,o40 ft.

8. G. verum L. In waste places and fields: Ont. to Mass., N. Y.
and N. J. Native of Europe.
Not uncommon as a weed in most parts of our range. The

form described as G. Wirtgent F. Schultz has been collected in
Connecticut.

RUBIACEAE 573

9. G. palustre L. In damp places: Newf. and Que. to Mass.,
Conn. and N. Y. Also in Europe.
Conn. Rare in New London, New Haven and Litchfield counties.
N. Y. Known definitely from Greene Co., in the Catskills, Bed-
ford, Westchester Co., and from Long Beach, L. I.
N. J. Warren and Sussex counties.
Pa. Pike and Lehigh counties, apparently unknown elsewhere.
10. G. tinctorium L. In damp shady places and in meadows:
Can. to N. Car., Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting.

11. G. labradoricum Wiegand. Bogs, Newf. to Wisc., Conn. and
INERY<
Known in our area only from Norfolk and Salisbury, Conn.,
and from Copake Falls, N. Y.
. G. Mollugo L. In fields and waste places: Newf. to Vt.,
N: Y., N. J., Pa. and Del Native of Europe:

Not uncommon as a field weed, often wanting locally.

al
is)

13. G. erectum Huds. In fields and along roadsides: Que. to Vt.
and Conn. and N. J. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed; perhaps not yet thoroughly established.

14. G. concinnum T. & G. In dry woodlands: N. J. to Va.,
Minn., Kan. and Ark.
Very doubtfully in New Jersey, as the record was based on an old
specimen supposed to have been collected in “ N. J., near Phil.”
Not since recorded from the state. Reported from Bucks Co.,
Pa.; otherwise unknown in the range.

15. G. asprellum Michx. In moist soil: Newf. to Ont., N. Car.,

Ill., Wisc. and Neb.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I.; S. I.; in Bronx, Westchester and
Orange counties, increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Salem, Monmouth and Ocean counties, north and
west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing northward.

Pa. Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware
and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare and probably adventive: Older

Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—

4,040 ft.

574 CAPRIFOLIACEAE

16. G. Claytoni Michx. In swamps: Mass. and N. Y. to Fla.,
Mich., Mo. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens,
there unknown.

17. G. bermudense L. (Galium hispidulum Michx.). In dry or
sandy soil: S. N. J. to Fla. and Ga. Also in the W. I.

Known only from Cape May Co., N. J., there rare and local.

7. Asperula L.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to obovate; fruit hispid. 1. A. odoraa.
Leaves linear, 2 mm. wide or less; fruit smooth. 2. A. glaucat.

t. A. odorata L. Native of Europe. Known in our area only

from an old collection from New Brunswick, Middlesex Co.,
Ne Ji:

2. A. glauca (L.) Bess. (A. galioides Bieb.). Fields, Conn. to
Mich. Adventive from Europe.
Known, in our range, only from Southington, Conn.

A. arvensis L. also of Europe has been collected on S. I., but not recently.

8. Sherardia [Dill.] L.

1. S. arvensis L. In waste places: Ont. to eastern Mass. and N.
J. Adventive from Europe.
Occasional as a weed.

Richardsonia scabra St. Hil. has been collected as a waif in our range, scarcely per-
sistent.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Corolla rotate to urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style
deeply 2—5-lobed; shrubs or trees.

Leaves pinnate; drupe 3—5-seeded. I. SAMBUCUS.
Leaves simple; drupe 1-seeded. 2. VIBURNUM
Corolla tubular to campanulate, often 2-lipped; style slender.
Erect perennial herbs; leaves connate. 3. TRIOSTEUM.
Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled,
geminate. 4. LINNAEA.

Shrubs or vines.
Fruit a few-seeded berry.
Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so. 5. SYMPHORICARPOS.
Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanu-

late. 6. LONICERA.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 7. DIERVILLA.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 575

1. Sambucus [Tourn.] L.

Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. 1. S. canadensis.
Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad; fruit red. 2. S. pubens.

1. S.canadensis L. In moist soil: B. N. and N.S. to Fla., Man.,
Kan. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
unknown.

2. S. pubens Michx. In rocky places: N. B. to Alask., B. Col.,
Ga., Colo. and Cal.

Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare and local in Westchester
Co., increasing and becoming common northward.

N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Union, Hunterdon and Essex counties,
increasing northward.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Luzerne, Northampton, Lehigh, Schuylkill,
Berks and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations increasing north-
ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o40 ft.

S. Ebulus L. has been recorded as an escape from cultivation. I have seen no
specimens. S. laciniata Mill., a cut-leaved form of S. nigra L., has been collected at
Cape May, N. J.

2. Viburnum [Tourn.] L.

Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red.
Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. Te
Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2:
None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black.
Leaves palmately veined.
Leaves pinnately veined.
Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins prominent beneath.
Leaves very short petioled, pubescent. 4.
Petioles 0.6-4 cm. long.
Leaves glabrous or with tufts of hair in the axils
beneath, petioles glabrous. 5. V. dentatum.
Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more
or less stellate, petioles pubescent.
Leaves stellate-pubescent all over the under

. alnifolium.
. Opulus.

NN

we
=

*. acertfolium.

—

”. pubescens.

=

side. 6. V. venosum.
Leaves stellate-pubescent only on the veins
beneath. 7. V. Canbyi.
Leaves entire, crenulate or serrulate, the veins not promi-

nent.
Cymes obviously peduncled.
Peduncle shorter than the cyme; leaves crenu-
late. 8. V. cassinoides.

576

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme;

leaves nearly entire. 9. V. nudum.
Cymes sessile or nearly so.
Leaves prominently acuminate. 10. V. Lentago.
Leaves obtuse or merely acute. 11. V. prunifolium.

1. V. alnifolium Marsh. In low woods: N. B. to N. Car.,

bo

ios)

western N. Y. and Mich.

Conn. Very rare near the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. From Westchester Co., and the Highlands of the Hudson
northward.
N. J. Bearfort Mt., Passaic Co.
Pa. Known only from Monroe and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare, increasing
northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-159 days. Sea level—
4,050 ft.

. V. Opulus L. In low grounds: N. B. to B. Col., N. J., Mich.,

S. Dak. and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia.
CONN. Occasional.

N. Y. Dutchess Co.

N. J. Warren and Sussex counties.

Pa. Monroe and Berks counties.

. V. acerifolium L: In dry woods: N. B. to N. Car:, Ont.,

Mich. and Minn.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens and
at Cape May, there wanting. Always increasing northward.

4. V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. In rocky woods: Que. and Ont.

to Man., Ga., Ill., lowa and Mich.

Conn. Rare along the coast and scattered northwestward into
Litchfield Co.

N. Y. Port Washington Point, Manhattan; Rockland, Dutchess
and Columbia counties, northward, nowhere common.

N. J. Rare in Mercer and Hunterdon counties, increasing but
not common northward.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties, rare.

Distribution not as yet clearly understood.

5. V. dentatum L. In moist soil: N. B. to Ont., Ga., western

N. Y., Michigan and Minn.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
sometimes intrusive up the larger streams.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 577

6. V. venosum Britton. In open places: E. Mass. to N. J., Pa.
and Va.
N. Y. Rare on the southern shore of L. I. in Suffolk Co. Not
reported elsewhere.
N. J. Known only from Monmouth and Salem counties.
Pa. Recorded, but no definite station known to me.
A rare and local species whose distribution is mostly coastal.

7. V. Canbyi (Rehder) Britton (V. venosum Canbyi Rehder).
Thickets and river-banks, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and Ga.

N. J. Morris Co., increasing southward.
Pa. Chester and Bucks counties.

8. V. cassinoides L. In swamps and wet soil: Newf. to Man.,
N. J., Ga. and Ala.
Common throughout most of the range; unknown in the Bronx.
A specimen, apparently of this species, with unusually pubescent
inflorescence, collected at May’s Landing, N. J., has been referred
to V. rufidulum Raf.
g. V. nudum L. In swamps: Conn. to Fla., Ky. and La.
Conn. Rare near the coast of Fairfield Co., unknown elsewhere.
N. Y. Rare on the south side of L. I. and on S. I.; Woodlawn,
N. Y. City, unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Rare and local in Morris, Warren, Hudson and Mercer
counties, increasing southward.
Pa. Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Scattered locally, and more common on the coastal plain than
elsewhere.

10. V. Lentago L. In rich soil: Hudson Bay to Manitoba, N. J.,

Ga., Kan., Ind. and Mo.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northward.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I. and increasing northward.

N. J. Reported, but not definitely known from Camden Co.;
common in Passaic, Warren, Morris and Sussex counties, un-
known elsewhere.

Pa. Throughout the area.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,og0 ft.

11. V. prunifolium L. In dry soil: Conn. to S. Car., Mich., Kan.
and Tex.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there wanting;

rare southward and increasing northward. A form with globose

fruit, globosum, has been collected in N. J. and Pa.
38

578 CAPRIFOLIACEAE

3. Triosteum L.

Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish or dull red.
Leaves or some of them connate-perfoliate; fruit orange-
yellow. . T. perfoliatum.

I
Leaves narrowed to a sessile base; fruit orange-red. 2. T. aurantiacum.
Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; flowers yellowish. 3. T. angustifolium.

1. T. perfoliatum L. In rich soil: Mass. to Minn., Ala., Ky.

and Kan.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting
inland.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I.

N. J. Rare and scattered over the state, except in the pine-
barrens, there only occasionally adventive; increasing southward.

RAG Northampton, Berks, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, not common elsewhere: Cre-

taceous, scattered; Older Formations, decreasing northward. 138—

220 days. Sea level—r,ooo ft.

2. T. aurantiacum Bicknell. In woods: Que. to Minn., Mass.,
N. Car., Ky. and Iowa.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing but not common north-

ward.
N.Y. Rare and local on L. J. and S. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Very rare in northern Monmouth Co., thence increasing
but never common northward; not in the pine-barrens.

3. T. angustifolium L. In rich soil: Conn. and L. I. to N. J.,
Bas eAla.; I. anda: ;
Conn. South Windsor, East Granby, Milford and Stratford.

N. Y. Glen Cove, L. I.

N. J. Milltown and Rocky Hill.
Pa. Berks, Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester counties.

4. Linnaea [Gronov.] L.

1. L. americana Forbes. In cold woods: Newf. to Alask., S.
Dak., Col., Pa., Md., Mich. and Utah.
Conn. Scattered over most of the state, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Babylon, L. I.,* (not recently collected) otherwise known
only from the Catskills in Greene, Delaware and Ulster counties;
reported from but not definitely known now on S. I.

* See Introduction paragraph 39.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 579

N. J. Known only from Hudson and Passaic counties (not re-
cently collected) and from Green Pond, Warren Co.
Pa. Wayne and Schuylkill counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, scattered north-
ward. 117-189 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

5. Symphoricarpos [Dill.] Ludwig.
I. S. racemosus.

Fruit white; style glabrous.
2. S. Symphoricarpos.

Fruit red; style bearded.

1. S. racemosus Michx. Jn rocky places and on river shores:
N= SSitor Bb Gols, Ras Key. S* Dake andiintGall:

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; always as an
escape from cultivation, but possibly native in the upper Delaware
Valley.

2. S. Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Along rivers and in rocky
places: N. J. and Pa. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and
Tex.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens; apparently
only as an escape from cultivation.

6. Lonicera L.

Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads or interrupted spikes;
upper leaves connate-perfoliate.
Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire.
Corolla glabrous within. 1. L. Caprifolium.
Corolla pubescent within.

Leaves pubescent, at least beneath; corolla yellow. 2. L. hirsuta.
Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. 3. L. dioica.
Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 4. L. sempervirens.
Climbing vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles; garden
escape. 5. L. japonica.

Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles.
Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent or ciliate.

Leaves pale or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate. 6. L. coerulea.

Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not reticulate. 7. L. canadensis.

Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 8. ZL. Xylosteum.
Leaves cordate glabrous. g. L. latarica.

1. L. Caprifolium L. In thickets: Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to
Mich. and in the Southern States. Naturalized from
Europe.

Rather rare as a naturalized plant in parts of our range, except
the pine-barrens, there wanting.

580 CAPRIFOLIACEAE

2. L. hirsuta Eaton. In woodlands: Vt. and Ont. to Manitoba,
Pa., Ohio and Mich.

Known in our area only from Monroe Co., Pa., there rare, perhaps
not native.

3. L. dioica L. In rocky and usually dry situations: Que. to
Man., N. Car., Ohio and Mich.

Conn. Throughout the state, not very common.
N. Y. Unknown on L. I.; on S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Very rare in Burlington and northern Monmouth Co. and
in Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,380 ft.

4. L. sempervirens L. In low grounds or on hillsides: Me. to
Fla., Neb. and Tex.
Scattered over most of our range except the pine-barrens;
commonly cultivated, but native along the coast.
5. L. japonica Thumb. Escaping from cultivation: N. Y. and Pa.

to N. Car., Fla.and W. Va. Naturalized from Eastern Asia.
Not uncommon, as a more or less persistent escape, in most
parts of our range.
6. L. coerulea L. In low grounds: Newf. to Alask., R. I., Pa.,
Wisc. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Conn. Wanting near the coast, increasing but not common
northwestward.
Pa. Known only from Monroe Co.
A rare and local plant apparently found exclusively north of the
moraine and at moderate elevations.
L. canadensis Marsh. (L. ciliata Muhl.). In moist woods: N.S.
to Man., Conn., Pa. and Mich.
Conn. Very rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. From the northern end of the Highlands of the Hudson
northward, particularly in the Catskills.
N. J. Reported from but not definitely known in Warren Co.,
otherwise unknown.
Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe and Lehigh counties.

Sy

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-189 days. Sea level—
4,020 ft.

VALERIANACEAE 581

8. L. Xylosteum L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N.S. Native
of Europe and Asia.
Rare as an escape from gardens in most parts of the range.

g. L. tatarica L. Escaped from cultivation: E. N. Am. Native
of Asia.
Not very common, as a garden escape.

Lonicera orientalis has been collected as an escape in Conn.; scarcely persistent. It is
a native of Asia.

7. Diervilla [Tourn.] Mill.
1. D. Diervilla (L.) MacM. In dry or rocky woodlands: Newf.

to the N. W. Terr., N. Car. and Mich.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. as a wild plant; S. I., not uncom-
mon in the Bronx, thence increasing northward.

N. J. Hunterdon,” Somerset and Union counties, increasing
northward; reported from Cumberland Co.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks,
(2) Philadelphia, and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

ADOXACEAE

\ 1. Adoxa L.

1. A. Moschatellina L. In shaded rocky places: Arctic America
to N. Y., lowa, Wisc., S. Dak. and Col. Also in Europe and
Asia.

Known in our area only from Arkville, Delaware Co., N. Y.,
there rare. This is a region north of the moraine with an elevation
of about 2,000 ft., and a growing season of about 125 days.

VALERIANACEAE
Fruit 1-celled; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs. 1. VALERIANA.
Fruit 3-celled; calyx-lobes minute or none; low herbs. 2. VALERIANELLA.

1. Valeriana [Tourn.] L.

Lower leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. 1. V. uliginosa.
All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent. 2. V. officinalis.

582 DIPSACEAE

1. V. uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. In wet soil: Me. to N. Y. and
Ont., west to Mich.

Known in our area only from Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., a region
with limestone predominating, an elevation of about 1,000 ft. and
with a growing season of about 142 days.

2. V. officinalis L. Escaped from gardens to roadsides: Conn.,
N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe and Asia.

Not uncommon as an escape in parts of our range. Not re-
ported from Pa. or the pine-barrens of N. J. and L. I.

2. Valerianella [Tourn.j Mill.

Corolla blue or purplish; fruit about twice as broad as thick; intro-

duced species. 1. V. Locusta.
Corolla white; fruit about as broad as thick; native species.
Fruit with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile. 2. V. radiata.
Fruit with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower than
the sterile. 3. V. Woodsiana.

1. V. Locusta (L.) Bettke. In waste places: Conn., N. Y., N. J.
and Pa. to Va. and La. Native of Europe.
Not very common as a weed, frequently wanting.

. V. radiata (L.) Dupr. In moist soil: Mass. and N. Y. to Fla.,
Mich., Mo. and Tex. Very rare.

Ny

Conn. Known only from near Waterford.

N. Y. Near New Baltimore, Greene Co.

N.J. Mercer, Camden, and Cape May counties.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks and Delaware counties.

A rare and localized plant whose distribution is little understocd.

. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. In moist soil: N. Y. and Pa.
to Ohio, Tenn. and Tex.
Known in our range only from Bucks and Philadelphia counties
in Pennsylvania. The variety patellaria (Sulliv.) A. Gray has been
reported from Bucks Co., Pa.

ioe)

DIPSACEAE

Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. 1. Drpsacus.
Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2. SCABIOSA.

1. Dipsacus [Tourn.] L.

1. D. sylvestris Huds. In waste places: Me. and Ont. to Va.,
west to Mich. Naturalized from Europe.

CAMPANULACEAE 583

Not uncommon about waste ground. Often wanting.
Fuller’s Teasel, Dipsacus fullonum L. has been collected as a waif; scarcely persisting

in our area.
2. Scabiosa [Tourn.] L.

1. S. arvensis L. In cultivated fields and waste places: Mass.,
Vt., N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as a weed near the cities.

Scabiosa australis Wulf. from Europe is very rarely found as a waif in our area;
hardly persisting. S. stellata L. has also been collected.

CUCURBITACEAE

Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several seeded. 1. MIcRAMPELIS.
Fruit indehiscent, 1 seeded. 2. SICYOS.

1. Micrampelis Raf.

1. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene. Along rivers and in waste places:
Me. to Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex.
Not uncommon, especially in the northern part of our area,
often as a weed; native in the valley of the Delaware.

2. Sicyos L.

1. S. angulatus L. Along river banks and in moist places: Que.
and Ont. to Fla., S. Dak., Kan. and Tex. Naturalized in

eastern Europe.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and south of
them, there wanting.

The pumpkin, Cucurbita Pepo L., the muskmelon, Cucumis Melo L., the watermelon
Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the club gourd, Lagenaria Lagenaria (L.) Cockerell and
the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., are all occasional escapes. So also are several
varieties of squash and Ecbalium agreste Rich. None are really persistent.

CAMPANULACEAE
Capsule opening by lateral pores or valves.
Corolla campanulate, rarely-rotate; flowers all complete. I. CAMPANULA.
Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. SPECULARIA,
Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves. 3. JASIONE.

1. Campanula /Tourn.] L.

Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate or
panicled.
Corolla 14-30 mm. long.
Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular.
Leaves all lanceolate or ovate.
Corolla 4-12 mm. long; a weak diffuse perennial.
Corolla rotate; flowers spicate.

. C. rotundifolia,

. C. rapunculoides.
. C. aparinoides.

. C. americana.

OQ NH

584 CAMPANULACEAE

1. C. rotundifolia L. On moist rocks and in meadows: Lab. to
Alask., south to N. J., Neb. and in the Rockies to Ariz. Also
in Europe and Asia.

Conn. Throughout, rare in the south, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. A single station on the south side of L. I. in Suffolk Co.,*
unknown on S. I. or the Bronx, thence increasing and becoming
common northward.

N. J. Rare in Mercer, Union and Somerset counties, thence
increasing northward especially along the Delaware.

Pa. Pike, Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and
Berks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. 118-187 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

to

. C. rapunculoides L. In fields and along roadsides: N. B. to
Ont., southern N. Y., N. J. and Ohio. Naturalized from
Europe.

Occasional as an established adventive in most parts of our
range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown.

. C. aparinoides Pursh. In grassy swamps: N. B. to the N. W.
Terr., south to Ga., Ky. and Colo.

ios)

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

4. C. americana L. In moist woods and thickets: N. B. to Ont.,
Ss Dak., Fla:, Ky, Ark. jandskKan:
N. Y. Known definitely only from near Flushing and Port
Washington, L. I.
N. J. Reported years ago from Warren and Hunterdon counties,
not recently collected, and otherwise unknown.
Pa. Northampton, Bucks, and Philadelphia counties.
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood,
Campanula patula L., C. urticifolia Schmid. and C. carpatica L. have all been collected
as waifs.
2. Specularia Heist.
1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. In dry woods or fields: Me. and
Ont. to Br: Col:, Fla., La., Mex., Utah and Ore.
Throughout the range, decreasing in the pine-barrens; often a
weed.
S. hybrida DC. and S. Speculum DC. have both been collected as waifs near New York
and Philadelphia.

*See Introduction paragraph 39.

LOBELIACEAE 585

3. Jasione L.
I. J. montana L. In waste places: R. I. and Conn. Adventive
from Europe.
Rare as a waif in Conn. and near the City of New York.

LOBELIACEAE
1. Lobelia L.

Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue. 1. L. Dortmanna.
Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy.
Corolla-tube 10-25 mm. long.
Flowers bright scarlet, rarely white; corolla-tube 20-25

mm. long. 2. L. cardinalis.
Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 10-15
mm. long.
Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 3. L. syphilitica.
Leaves densely puberulent. 4. L. puberula.
Corolla-tube only 4-8 mm. long.
Stems mostly simple; flowers in terminal, spike-like
racemes. 5. L. spicata.
Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose
racemes.
Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, den-
tate. 6. L. inflata.
Stem slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal
wider.
Pedicels mostly longer than the flowers, 2-brac-
teolate near the middle. 7. L. Kalmii.
Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate
or only so at base.
Sepals usually spreading; corolla 5-7 mm.
long. 8. L. Nuttallit.
Sepals erect and sometimes incurved; corolla
g-11I mm. long. g. L. Canbyi.

1. L. Dortmanna L. Borders of ponds: N. J. and Pa. to N. S.,
N. B., the N. W. Terr. and B. Col. Also in Europe.

Conn. Rare near the coast, perhaps wanting except in New
London Co., increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Reported, but not definitely known from L. I., otherwise
only from Westchester, Putnam and Orange counties, northward.
N. J. Warren, Morris, Sussex and Passaic counties.
Pa. Pike, Monroe and Luzerne counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations; increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-187 days. Sea level-—
4,020 ft.

586

tN

w

LOBELIACEAE

. L. cardinalis L. In moist soil: N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr.,

Kan. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

. L. syphilitica L. In moist soil: Me. to Ont. and S. Dak., Ga.,

La. and Kan.

Throughout the range, except in New Jersey south of the “ fall
line,’ there very rare and only along the northern edge of the
coastal plain.

4. L. puberula Michx. In moist sandy soil: S. N. J. to Fla.,

west to Ill., Kan. and Tex.
N. J. Mercer, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, thence in-
creasing southward, but not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Known only from Chester Co.
Tertiary, common, except on Beacon Hill, there wanting: Cre-
taceous, common: Older Formations, rare and local near the
coastal plain in Pa. 172-220 days. About sea level.

5. L. spicata Lam. In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows:

N. S. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., N. C., La. and Ark.
Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting; very rare in the region adjacent to the barrens.

6. L. inflata L. In fields and thickets: Lab. to the N. W. Terr.,

a |

Ga., Md., Ark. and Kan.
Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens; often a
weed.

. L. Kalmii L. On wet banks and in wet meadows: N. S. to

N. J., west to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio, Mich. and Iowa.
Conn. Litchfield Co., increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Known only from Westchester and Columbia counties.
N. J. Warren and Sussex counties, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Northampton and Monroe Cos.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, most common on
limestone and northward. 138-189 days. 570~1,200 ft.

8. L. Nuttallii R. & S. In wet meadows, and in sandy soil: L. I.

to Pa., Fla. and Ga.
N. Y. The south side of L. I.
N. J. Middlesex Co., increasing and common southward, especially
in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Known only from Bucks and Delaware counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare and local. 169-220 days. About sea level.

r

AMBROSIACEAE 587

g. L. Canbyi A. Gray. In swamps: N. J. to S. Car.

Frequent throughout the pine-barrens of New Jersey; unknown

elsewhere.

AMBROSIACEAE

Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads; involucre of a few

rounded bracts.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the staminate mostly
uppermost; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like.

Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united.
Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate; involucre of the

pistillate heads an oblong bur.

I. Iva.

2. AMBROSIA.

3. XANTHIUM.

ie val We
1. I. frutescens L. Along salt marshes and on muddy seashores:

N. H. to Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the tidal marshes and up the Hudson River to
Hastings, N. Y.
Iva xanthizfolia (Fresen.) Nutt. has been reported from the coast of Connecticut as

a waif. I have seen only a single specimen from near Bridgeport.

2. Ambrosia [Tourn.] L.

1. A. trifida.

Leaves opposite, palmately lobed or undivided.
2. A. elatior.

Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-2 pinnatifid.
1. A. trifida L. In moist soil: Que. to Fla., the N. W. Terr.,
Neb., Colo. and Ark.

Common everywhere except the pine-barrens, always as a
weed. The entire-leaved form integrifolia, is not uncommon with

the type.

2. A. elatior L. (A. artemisiaefolia L.). In dry soil: N.S. to Fla.,
west to B. Col. and Mex. Also in the W. I. and S. Am.

Introduced into Europe as a weed.

A common and pernicious weed throughout our area.

Ambrosia bidentata Michx. has been collected in Conn.; scarcely persistent. A.

psilostachya DC. has been recorded as a waif.

3. Xanthium [Tourn.] L.
Leaves lanceolate, not cordate; axils bearing 3-divided spines.
Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate or truncate; axils not

spiny.
Bur 12-20 mm. long, usually nearly glabrous; beaks straight

or nearly so.
Bur 5-30 mm.; beaks hooked or incurved.

1. X. spinosum.

2. X, americanum.

588 COMPOSITAE

Body of the bur oblong, twice as long as thick or more.
Bur and its spines merely puberulent and glandu-

lar, very rarely somewhat hispid. 3. X. pennsylvanicum.
Bur and its spines very hispid. 4. X. commune.
Body of the bur oval or ovoid, not twice as long as
thick. 5. X. echinatum.

1. X. spinosum L. In waste grounds: Ont. to Fla., west to W.
Va., Mo. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe or Asia.
Not uncommon as a weed in parts of our area.

ho

X. americanum Walt. (X. glabratum (DC.) Britton). In waste
places: N. Eng. and N. Y. to Fla. and Mex., west to Neb.
Throughout most of our area, except in the pine-barrens, always

as a weed.

3. X. pennsylvanicum Wallr. In waste ground: D. C. to Penn.,
Ont., and Minn.

Known in our area only from Van Cortlandt, N. Y., and on waste
land in Northampton Co., Pa.

4. X. commune Britton. In waste land: Que. to N. Y., Kan.,
Mo. and Ariz.
Frequent throughout most of our area except in the pine-
barrens.

5. X. echinatum Murr. Sea, lake and river beaches: Vt. and
N. N. Y. to Minn. and N. Car.

Common on sandy shores along the coast, throughout our area.

X. speciosum Wearney has been collected in Westchester Co. and on L. I., not
certainly established.

COMPOSITAE
Stigmatic lines at the base of the-stigma or below the middle.
Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE.
(Genera 1 and2. See page 589.)
Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIEAE.

(Genera 3-7. See page 590.)
Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the
appendages.
Anthers without elongated appendages at the top.

Anther-sacs tailed at the base. TRIBE 4. INULEAE.
(Genera 21-26. See page 617.)

Anther-sacs not tailed at the base.

Recptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre well imbricated.

COMPOSITAE 589

Stigmas of perfect flowers with ter-
minal appendages. TRIBE 3. ASTEREAE.
(Genera 8-20. See page 595.)
Stigmas of perfect flowers with trun-
cate or hairy or papillose tips.
Bracts of the involucre herbace-
ous. TRIBE 6. HELENIEAE.
(Genus 38. See page 630.)
Bracts of the involucre dry and
: scarious. TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDEAE.
(Genera 39-44. See page 630.)
Bracts of the involucre little if at all, im-
bricated, except where the broad outer
ones overlap the inner. TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE.
(Genera 45-51. See page 635.)
Receptacle chaffy.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, some-
times foliaceous. TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE.
(Genera 27-37. See page 620.)
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. | TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDEAE.

(Genera 39-44. See page 630.)
Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous, mostly connate

appendages at the tip. TRIBE 9. CYNAREAE.
(Genera 52-58. See page 636.)

TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE

Pappus double; heads not glomerate. 1. VERNONIA.
Pappus single; heads glomerate. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS.

1. Vernonia L.

Bracts of the hemispheric involucre, or some of them with subulate
or filiform tips. 1. V. noveboracensts.

Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse or truncate. 2. V. glauca.
1. V. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. In moist soil: Mass. to Minn.,

Ga. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
the northern end of the Highlands, thence decreasing northward,
and perhaps wanting in the Catskills.

N. J. Throughout the state, except in the pine-barrens, there
unknown, always increasing southward.

Pa. Delaware Co.

Tertiary, unknown on Beacon Hill, common elsewhere: Cre-
taceous, common: Older Formations, decreasing northward, and

apparently wanting on the Piedmont Plateau in Pa. 138-220 days.
Sea level-1,500 ft.

590 COMPOSITAE

2. V. glauca (L.) Britton. In woods: Pa. and Md. to Ohio, south
to Fla. and La.
Pa. Recorded from Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware
and Chester counties.

2. Elephantopus L.
1. E. carolinianus Willd. Indry woods: S. N. J. and Pa. to Fla.
Kan. and Tex. Rare in our area.

N. J. Known only from Salem Co.
Pa. Philadelphia and Delaware counties.

TRIBE 2. EUPATORIEAE

Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed.
Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear,

whorled leaves. 3. SCLEROLEPIS.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. EUPATORIUM.
Involucre of 4 bracts; twining vines. 5. MIkANIA.

Achenes 8-10 ribbed, or 8—10 striate.
Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled

or corymbed in our species. 6. ICUHNIA.
Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all; heads spiked or
racemed. 7. LACINARIA.

3. Sclerolepis Cass.
1. S. uniflora (Walt.) B.S. P. In shallow ponds and streams:
Neve tor Ela:

Known in our area only from the southern part of the pine-
barrens and in Cape May Co., N. J. Local but abundant where

found.
4. Eupatorium [Tourn.]. L.

Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3’s or 6's, or the upper oppositc.

Leaves rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 1. E. maculatum.

Leaves nearly glabrous; inflorescence pyramidal. . E. trifoliatum.
Leaves opposite, rarely in 3's, or the uppermost alternate.

Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer

shorter.
Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate.
Leaves narrowed at the base.
Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly

Ny

toothed, 4-12 mm. wide. 3. E. leucolepis.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, 1-4 cm. wide. 4. E. album.

Bracts ot the involucre obtuse.

COMPOSITAE 591

Leaves linear, crowded, usually encire,

obtuse. 5. E. hyssopifolium.
Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate,
long-acuminate. 6. E. altissimum.
Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base.
Plant glabrous; leaves lanceolate, long-
acuminate. 7. E. sessilifolium.

Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong,
acute or obtuse.
Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, mostly
rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 8. B. verbenaefolium.
Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate,

mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 9. E. rotundifolium.
Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 10. E. pubescens.
Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate.
Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. 11. E. perfoliatum.
Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 12. B. resinosum.
Involucral bracts in 1 or 2 series, all equal or nearly so.
Flowers white; recptacle flat.
Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, sharply dentate,
acuminate. 13. E. ageratordes.
Leaves thickish, 2-5 cm. long, blunt-toothed,
acute or obtusish. 14. E. aromaticum.
Flowers blue or violet; receptacle conic. 15. E. coelestinum.

1. E. maculatum L. In moist soil: N. Eng. to Ky., Minn., B.
Col., Kan. and N. Mex.

Throughout the range, except the N. J. pine-barrens, there
unknown, and not definitely known from the higher peaks of the
Catskills. An opposite-leaved form, amoenum, has been collected
in the area.

2. E. trifoliatum L. In moist soil: N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens. The plant
known as E. purpureum L. does not seem to be specifically distinct.

3. E. leucolepis T. & G. In moist places: Mass. to Fla., Ga.
and La.

N. Y. Recorded from near Sag Harbor, L. I. many years ago,
not since collected, and otherwise unknown in the area.

N. J. Common in the pine-barrens, decreasing southward and
rare in Cape May Co.; a single station along the coast at Sher-
burn’s; otherwise unknown.

More common on the Beacon Hill formation in N. J. than else-
where, but not confined to it.

COMPOSITAE

592
4. E. album L. In sandy soil: L. I. to Fla., west to La.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., unrecorded from the rest
of the area.

N. J. Mercer, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing
southward, especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Chester Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare
and local. 189-220 days. About sea level.

A form with 3-nerved leaves, E. album subvenosum A. Gray, seems to be localized in
N. Am. near Riverhead, L. I. and in the N. J. pine-barrens.

5. E. hyssopifolium L. In dry fields: Mass. to Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Not uncommon along the coast, decreasing and perhaps
wanting inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. The coastal plain, there common particularly in the pine-
barrens.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare
and local. 166-720 days. About sea level.

6. E. altissimum L. In dry open places: Pa. to N. Car., Ala.,
S. Dak., Neb. and Tex.

Pa. Known only from Lehigh Co. in our range.
7. E. sessilifolium L. In dry woods: Vt. to Pa., Ill. and Ala.

Conn. Not infrequent along the coast, decreasing northward.

N. Y. On L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to northern
Westchester Co., thence not definitely known northward.

N.J. Asingle station in Camden Co. (not recently collected from),
thence unknown to Essex, Hudson and Hunterdon counties,
thence increasing northward. A broad-leaved form, Brittonia-
num Porter, has been collected at Budd's Lake.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and
Chester counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, a single somewhat aberrant station:
Older Formations, not very common. 138-220 days. Sea level—
1,000 ft.

8. E. verbenaefolium Michx. In moist soil: Mass. to Pa., south
to) Hlawandelea:

COMPOSITAE 593

Conn. Frequent along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., decreasing thence to Yonkers,
unknown northward.

N. J. Rare and local in the north, increasing southward, especially
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and
Chester counties. In Montgomery and Delaware counties a
pointed-leaved, sharp-toothed form, Saundersii Porter had been
collected.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
rare and scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,180 ft.

g. E. rotundifolium L. In dry soil: Mass. and Pa. to Fla., Ky.
and Tex.

N. Y. Reported from but doubtfully on L. I., not infrequent on
S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N.J. Rare in Essex, Middlesex and northern Monmouth counties,
increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Montgomery and Delaware counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
decreasing and wanting northward. Rare north of the moraine.
162-220 days. About sea level.

10. E. pubescens Muhl. In dry soil: N. H. and Mass. to Pa.,
W. Va. and Fla.

Conn. Rare at Stratford and East Haven, otherwise confined to
the Connecticut River Valley.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I., not very common on S. I., unknown
elsewhere.

N. J. Orange Mts.; common on the coastal plain.

Pa. Serpentine barrens near Nottingham, Chester Co.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,
more common in the predominately Triassic valley of the Con-
necticut River than elsewhere. 160-220 days. About sea level.

11. E. perfoliatum L. In wet places: N. B. to Man., Fla., Neb.
and Tex.

Common throughout the range except in the pine-barrens, there
wanting. The form truncatum A. Gray, with separated and truncate

leaves is found with the type.
39

504 COMPOSITAE

12. E.resinosum Torr. In wet places of the pine-barrens of N. J.
Known only from the pine-barrens of N. J., except for an old
specimen labelled ‘‘ Long Island, 1845.’’ There seem to be no L. I.
specimens of recent collection.
Apparently exclusively on the Beacon Hill formation of N. J.
and unknown outside our area.
13. E. urticaefolium Reichard. (EF. ageratoides L. f.). In rich
woods; N. B. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Neb., the Ind. Terr.
and La.

Throughout the range except the pine-barrens and the region to
the south; always increasing northward.
14. E. aromaticum L. In dry soil: Mass. to Fla.

Conn. Rare along the coast, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Frequent on L. I. and S. I.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. The coastal plain, but rare in the pine-barrens and at Cape
May; reported from Hunterdon Co.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, rare: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, scat-

tered. 166-220 days. About sea level.

15. E. coelestinum L. In moist soil: N. J. to Fla., Ill., Kan.,
Ark. and Tex. Rare in our area.

N. J. Gloucester and Cape May counties, not in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

Predominating on the Cretaceous sands and gravels.

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. has been reported from S. I.; I have seen no specimens
and it is otherwise known only from Delaware, southward. £. cannabinum L. has been
collected as a waif.

5. Mikania Willd. (Willughbaea Neck.)
1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. In swamps and wet soil: N. H.

and Mass. to N. Ont. and Ind., Fla. and Tex. Also in the
W. I. and S. Am.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.

6. Kuhnia L.

1. K. eupatorioides L. In dry soil: N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va.
and Tex.

N. J. Camden, Middlesex, Monmouth and Burlington counties;
reported but not definitely known from the _ pine-barrens.

COMPOSITAE 595

Known also on the limestone rocks of Warren and Sussex
counties and at Milford, Hunterdon Co.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Montgomery, Schuylkill, Delaware and

Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, not common: Older Formations, most
common on limestone. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

7. Lacinaria Hill.

Involucre hemispheric, 10-25 mm. broad, 15~-45-flowered;

heads peduncled. ¢ 1. L. scariosa,
Involucre oblong, 4-8 mm. broad, 5-15 flowered. 2. L. spicata.
Involucre narrowed at base; bracts usually very punctate;

heads peduncled. 3. L. graminifolia.

1. L. scariosa (L.) Hill. In dry soil: Me. to Fla., Ont., Man.,
Neb. and Tex.
Conn. Not uncommon along the shore, rare or wanting inland.
N. Y. Apparently confined to the south side of L. I. and at
Rye, Westchester Co.; formerly near Clifton, S. I.
N. J. Near Keyport, Monmouth Co.
Pa. Recorded from Lackawanna and Berks counties.
A rare plant whose distribution is not clearly understood.
2. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. In moist soil: Mass. to Fla., Ont.,
S. Dak., Ky., La. and Ark.
INE eeerancessele
N. J. Scattered throughout the state except the pine-barrens.
Pa. Monroe Co. southward.

3. L. graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze. (Z. pilosa Pursh). In sandy
soil: N. J. to Fla. and Ala.

Known in our area only on the coastal plain of N. J., increasing
southward and more common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere.

L. pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntz. has been collected at Moonachie, N. J., far from
its known eastern range in Ind.

TRIBE 3. ASTEREAE

Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of goldenrod) or wanting;
plants not dioecious.
Pappus of scales or awns or wanting, never of numerous
capillary bristles. 8. GRINDELIA.
Pappus of radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous
capillary bristles, or of scales.
The outer series of pappus bristles scale-like. g. CHRYSOPSIS.
The pappus wholly of capillary bristles.
Rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-
flowers. 10. SOLIDAGO.

596 COMPOSITAE

Rays mostly more numerous than the disk-flowers. 11. EUTHAMIA.
Ray-flowers not yellow in any of our species.
Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, never of
numerous capillary bristles.
Receptacle conic. 12. BELLIs.
Receptacle flat. 13. BOoLToNtIA.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.
Pappus of a single series of bristles, sometimes the outer
shorter.
Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series.
Involucre narrow, its bracts firm; rays few,

white. 14. SERICOCARPUS.
Involucre turbinate to hemispheric; bracts
mostly thin; rays usually numerous. 15. ASTER.

Bracts of the involucre in only I or 2 series, very
narrow; heads mostly long-peduncled.

Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 16. ERIGERON.
Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk. 17. LEPTILON.
Pappus distinctly double, the inner series long, the outer
shorter.
Leaves lanceolate, ovate or obovate; rays white. 18. DOELLINGERIA.
Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 19. IONACTIS.
Ray-flowers none; dioecous shrub; pappus capillary. 20. BACCHARIS.

8. Grindelia Willd.

1. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. In dry soil: Ill. and Minn. to
Man., south to Mo., Tex., Nev. and Mex. Adventive in
southern N. J. and in Conn.

Rare as an adventive in New Jersey and Conn.,; perhaps not
persistent.

G. glutinosa Dun. has been collected as a waif.

g. Chrysopsis Nutt.

Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. 1. C. falcata.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plan¢ hirsute-villous-pubescent. 2. C. mariana,

1. C. falcata (Pursh) Ell. In dry soil: eastern Mass. to N. J.
Conn. Common along the coast, rare or wanting inland.
N. Y. Local on L. I., rare on S. I.; not recorded elsewhere.
N. J. The pine-barrens, there rare or local.

Tertiary, confined to Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, 0: Older Forma-
tions, scattered in sandy places. 189-220 days. About sea level.

2. C. mariana (L.) Ell. In dry soil: southern N. Y. and Pa.
to Fla. and La.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

COMPOSITAE 507

N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain and locally in sandy
places in Morris Co.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,

scattered. 138-220 days. Sea level—o8o ft.

10. Solidago L.*

Heads in short or raceme-like, axillary clusters, subtended by
leaf-like bracts.
Stem and branches terete; leaf-blades narrow, shallowly
toothed. . S. caesia.
Stem and branches angled; leaf-blades broad, deeply toothed. 2. S. flexicaulis.
Heads ina terminal, inconspicuously bracted panicle, thyrsus,

I

or corymb.
Heads in a terminal panicle or thyrsus, involucral bracts not
ribbed.
Tips of the involucral bracts spreading or recurved. 3. S. squarrosa..

Tips of the involucral bracts erect or appressed.
Inflorescence equilateral or essentially sc, the
heads not secund.
Upper stem-leaves not abruptly smaller than
the lower, more or less spreading.
Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse.
Stem copiously pubescent.
Ray-flowers white. 4. S. bicolor.
Ray-flowers yellow. 5. S. hispida.
Stem glabrous or merely puberulent.
Bracts of the involucre I mm.
broad at the apex or more.
Lower leaves ciliolate on the

margins. 6. S. erecta.
Lower leaves not ciliolate. 7. S. speciosa.
Bracts of the involucre less than
1 mm. broad at the apex. 8. S. uliginosa.
Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish.
Heads 4-5 mm. high. g. S. puberula.
Heads 10-12 mm. high; plant of the
north. 10. S. macrophylla.
Upper stem leaves abruptly smaller than the
lower, usually appressed. 11. S. stricta.

Inflorescence 1-sided, the branches spreading or re-
curved; heads secund.
Leaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed.
Plants maritime, or always near the salt

water; leaves fleshy-leathery. 12. S. sempervirens.
Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy-
leathery.

* Key adapted, in part, from Dr. J. K. Small’s treatment of the genus in the Flora of
Southeastern United States.

598 COMPOSITAE

Internodes of the stem prominently
angled below the leaves.
Internodes of the stem essentially
terete.
Stem pubescent, rarely only in
lines.
Leaves glabrous and essen-
tially entire.
Leaves pubescent.
Leaves not rugose veiny.
Leaves rugose veiny and
serrate.
Stem glabrous, at least below the
inflorescence.
Branches of the inflorescence
pubescent.
Involucre cylindric, few-
flowered.
Involucre campanulate,
many-flowered.
Branches of the in-
florescence short
and approximate,
forming a com-
pact pyramidal
panicle.
Branches of the in-
florescence elon-
gate and remote.
Branches of the inflorescence

glabrous.
Involucre 5 mm. high
or less.
Involucre mostly over 5
mm. high.

Rays several; leaves
broadly —_ lanceo-
late.

Rays I-5; leaves
narrowly — lanceo-
late.

Leaf blades markedly 3-ribbed.
Heads small; involucre 2.5 mm. high or
less; stem glabrous or pubescent.
Heads larger; involucre 3-6 mm. high.
Stem glabrous.
Stem pubescent or scabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate to entire.
Leaves oblanceolate to oblong,
the lower crenate.
Heads in a terminal corymb; involucral bracts ribbed.

13.

14.

15.

16.

73

18.

19.

21.

oa.

24.

25.

26.
27.

S. patula.

S. odora.
S. fistulosa.

S. rugosa.

S. ulmifolia.

S. Elliottit.

S. arguta.

S. juncea.

S. neglecta.

. S. uniligulata.

S. canadensis.

S. serotina.

S. altissima.

S. nemoralis.
S. rigida.

COMPOSITAE 599

1. S. caesia L. In woods and thickets: Me. and Ont. to Minn.,
Fla., Ark. and Tex.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens; there wanting;
rare in the south increasing northward.

A supposed hybrid with S. ulmifolia Muhl. has been found at Hempstead, L. I.

2. S. flexicaulis L. In rich woods: N. B. to Ga., west to S. Dak.
and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, but not common.

N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I., unknown on the south
side; common on S. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare and local in Ocean and Camden counties, north and
west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing and becoming common
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,g00 ft.

3. S. squarrosa Muhl. In rocky soil: N. B. and Ont., south to
Va. and Ohio.

Conn. Unknown along the coast and in the eastern part of the
state, increasing but local northwestward.

N. Y. Bank of the Hudson in the Bronx and from the Highlands
of the Hudson northward, and in Columbia Co.

N. J. Bergen, Morris and Hunterdon counties, increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Throughout the area.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward, but most common on the trap rock of the valleys of the
Connecticut and Hudson, and on limestone. 123-220 days. Sea

_level-2,980 ft.

4. S. bicolor L. In dry soil: N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn.,
and Mo.

Common throughout the range.

5. S. hispida Muhl. In dry soil: N. S. to W. Ont. and Minn.,
south to Pa., Ga. and Wisc.

Known definitely in New Haven, New London, and Hartford
counties in Conn. and in Monroe and Bucks counties, Pa. and
from Copake Falls, N. Y.

Distribution scattered and little understood. Formerly con-
fused with the following species.

600 COMPOSITAE

6. S. erecta Pursh. In dry soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga. and N.

Car.

N.Y. Recorded from L. I. but distribution not known.

N. J. Very rare in Sussex and Bergen counties, thence wanting to
the coastal plain, thence increasing southward, especially in the
pine-barrens. .

The sporadic distribution is as yet not fully known.

7. 8. speciosa Nutt. In rich soil: N. S. to N. Car., west to

Minn., Ky., Kan. and Ark.

Conn. Throughout the state, more common southward than
elsewhere.

N. Y. On L. L., but not recorded on S. I., also up the Hudson
Valley to Westchester Co.; unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Middlesex, Hunterdon, Essex, Bergen, Morris, Sussex and
Warren counties.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware, Philadelphia and Chester
counties.
Not fully understood as to its distribution.

8. S. uliginosa Nutt. In swamps and bogs: Newf. to N. N. J.
and Pa., west to W. Ont., Minn. and Wisc.
Conn. [Known only from Salisbury, Litchfield Co.
N. Y. Very rare in northern Westchester Co., thence increasing
northward, especially in the Catskills.
N. J. Known only from Warren, Passaic and Sussex counties.
Pa. Monroe Co.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. Not south of the moraine. 117-138 days. 667-4,020 ft.

9g. S. puberula Nutt. In sandy soil: P. E. I. to Fla. and Miss.

Throughout most of the range, sometimes locally rare, unknown

in the Bronx, or in N. J. between the coastal plain and the sandy
areas of the northwestern part of the state.

10. S. macrophylla Pursh. In rocky woods: N. Y. to Lab. and
Hudson Bay, west to Lake Superior.
Known in our area only at elevations in excess of 1,000 ft. in the
Catskills of Ulster and Greene counties, N. Y.,a region north of the
moraine and with a growing season of 117-123 days.

11. S. stricta Ait. In wet sandy pine-barrens: N. J. to Fla. and
La. Also in Cuba.

COMPOSITAE 601

Known only, in our area, from that eastern part of the Beacon
Hill formation, N. J., characterized by pure pine-barrens; extending
to the edge of the salt marshes.

12. S. sempervirens L. On salt marshes, sea beaches, along tidal
rivers and in sandy soil near the sea: N. B. to Fla. and Mex.
Also in Bermuda.

Common throughout our area within the influence of the tides.

3. S. patula Muhl. In swamps: Me. and Ohio to Minn., south
to Ga., Mo. and Tex.
Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward.
N.Y. RareonL.I., and S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Very rare in Monmouth and Camden counties, thence in-
creasing northward; unknown in and south of the pine-barrens.
Pa. Throughout the range.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

14. S. odora Ait. In dry soil: N.S. and Mass. to Fla., west to
INE WY) Keys and Mex:
Throughout the range, rare northward, and increasing southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.

. S. fistulosa Mill. In and near moist pine-barrens: N. J. to
Fla. and La.
Common from Monmouth, Ocean and Burlington counties in
N. J. southward, especially in the pine-barrens, unknown else-
where in our range.

—
on

Tertiary, common, especially on Beacon Hill: Cretaceous, less
common: Older Formations, 0. 189-220 days. About sea level.
16. S. rugosa Mill. (S. aspera Ait.). Usually in dry soil, in fields
and along roadsides: Newf. to western Ont., south to Fla.
and Tex.
Throughout the range except the pine barrens, there occasional
near the edges.

17. S. ulmifolia Muhl. In woods and copses: Me. to Ga., west to
Minn. and Kan.
Conn. Throughout the state.
N.Y. Not very common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.
N. J. Very rare in the pine-barrens, and along the coast, thence
increasing northward.

602 COMPOSITAE

Pa. Throughout our area.

Tertiary, two stations on Beacon Hill, unknown elsewhere:
Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220
days. Sea level—4,o20 ft.

18. S. Elliottii T. & G. In swamps: N. H. and Mass. to N. Car.
and Ga., mainly near the coast.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting
inland.

N. Y. Not uncommon on L. I. and S. I. and in the tidal creeks
of the Bronx, unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Mercer, Glou-
cester, Ocean, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, mostly near
tidal water; some pine-barren stations are known, but rare.
Rare and local in our area, except in the region of tidal creeks,

there locally common.

19. S. arguta Ait. In rich woods: Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south

to Va.
Conn. Throughout, increasing northwestward; rare in New
London, Co.

N.Y. Rare on L.I.;S. 1.; unknown in the Bronx, thence increas-
ing and becoming common northward.

N. J. A single station in Gloucester Co., thence unknown, to
Middlesex Co., thence increasing northward.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,980 ft.

20. S. juncea Ait. (S. juncea ramosa Porter & Britton). In dry
or rocky soil: N. B. to Hudson Bay and Man., N. Car. and
Mo.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N.Y. Common throughout the area, increasing northward.

N. J. Gloucester, Middlesex and Camden counties, thence in-
creasing northward.

Pa. Throughout the range.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increas-
ing and common northward. 123-220 days. Sea level-2,500 ft.
21. S.neglecta T. & G. In swamps: N. B. to Wisc., Md. and
Ill.

Throughout the range, but usually scattered and locally rare.

COMPOSITAE 603

22. S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter. Bogs, Newf. to N. J., Ont. and
Ill.
Conn. Rare and scattered.
N. Y. Van Cortlandt Park.
N. J. Local on the coastal plain.

Perhaps not specifically discinct from S. neglecta.

23. S. canadensis L. Hillsides, thickets and stream-banks, Newf.
to Sask., Va. and Tenn.
Conn. Recorded only from Lyme.
N. J. Passaic Co.
Pa. Luzerne Co.

24. S. serotina Ait. In moist soil: Newf. to B. Col., south to
Ga., Tex., Nev. and Ore.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and Cape May
Co., there wanting. A large form is frequently found with the type.
It has been called S. serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray.

25. S. altissima L. Dry soil, Me. to Ont., Ga. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens; pre-
viously confused with S§. canadensis.

26. S. nemoralis Ait. (.S. nemoralis arenicola Burgess). In dry
soil: Que. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the range.

27. S.rigida L. In dry sandy, rocky or gravelly soil: Ont. to the
N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and Colo.

Conn. Rare and local, but scattered over most of the state.

N. Y. Rare on L. I., unknown on S. I. and in the Bronx, thence
increasing northward.

N. J. Locally north of the coastal plain.

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks and Chester counties, not
common.

A plant with a confusing distribution not as yet fully understood.

The occurrence of .S. racemosa Greene (.S. Purshii Porter) in our area is not supported
by specimens. It may be in the Catskills. S. tortifolia Ell. has been recorded as a waif.

11. Euthamia Nutt

Leaves distinctly 3—5-nerved; ray-flowers 12-20.
Involucre 4-5 mm. high; its bracts yellowish. 1. E. graminifolia,

604 COMPOSITAE

Involucre less than 4 mm. high, its bracts with appressed green
tips. 2. E. floribunda.
Leaves I-nerved or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves; ray-
flowers 5-12.
Involucre campanulate. 3. E. tenuifolia.
Involucre subcylindric. 4. E. minor.

1. E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. In moist soil, fields and roadsides:

N. B. to the N.W. Terr., Fla., Neb. and Kan.
Throughout the range; rare in the pine-barrens.

2. E. floribunda Greene. Fields and marshes, N. Y. to E. Penn.
N.Y. Hewlett, L. I.
N. J. Port Norris and New Egypt.
Pa. Reported from the southeastern part of the state.

3. E. tenuifolia (Pursh) Greene (E. caroliniana (L.) Greene?).
In dry sandy soil: eastern Mass. to IIl., Fla. and La.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing inland.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I.; decreasing up the Hudson
Valley to the southern end of the Highlands, unknown northward.

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, decreasing in Hudson and
Bergen counties, unknown northward.

Pa. Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

decreasing and rare northward. 159-220 days. About sea level.

4. E. minor (Michx.) Greene. Sandy soil: L. I. to Fla. and Miss.
Known only from Long Beach, L. I., in our area.

12. Bellis [Tourn.] L.

1. B. perennis L. In waste places or occasionally spontaneous
imwawns: Conn. and IN. YW. to; Pas, Ont: ‘Gal, andeBs Golk
Native of Europe.

Somewhat common as a weed of lawns and cultivated ground.

13. Boltonia L’ Her.

1. B. asteroides (L.) L’Her. In moist soil: Conn. and N. J to
Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and La.
N. J. Bog, Cape May Co.; and in Sussex Co.
KXKnown also in our area as a weed of cultivation in Conn.

14. Sericocarpus Nees

Leaves entire, linear or linear-spatulate. 1. S. linifolius.
Leaves dentate, oblong or obovate. 2. S. asteroides.

COMPOSITAE 605

1. S. linifolius (L.) B.S. P. In dry, usually sandy soil: Canada

and Vt. to Ohio, Ga. and La.

Conn. Rare and local over the southern half of the state, perhaps
wanting northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. but rare on S. I. and in the Bronx,
apparently unknown northward.

N. J. Hunterdon, Bergen, Union, Middlesex and Mercer counties,
increasing southward, especially in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,

scattered and decreasing northward. 166-220 days. About sea
level.

2. S. asteroides (L.) B.S. P. In dry woods: Me. to Fla., Ohio,

Ky. and Ala.

Common throughout the range.

15. Aster L.

Plants of salt marshes; leaves fleshy, narrow, entire.

Perennial; heads 12-25 mm. broad; involucral bracts lanceo-

late, acuminate. 1. A. tenutfolius.
Annual; heads 6-10 mm. broad; involucral bracts linear-
subulate. 2. A. subulatus.

Plants not of salt marshes; leaves not fleshy.

A. Basal and lower leaves with relatively broad blades,

mostly of an ovate-cordate type and long petioled.

Upper cauline leaves not cordate-clasping; lower peti-
oles not dilated-clasping.
Rays white, violet, or rose.

Ligules of ray flowers whitish or pinkish,

usually 2-toothed; plants not glandular.

Involucre ovoid, campanulate or tur-

binate; bracts obtuse or rounded

at apex; basal leaves usually small.

Leaves thin-membranous, smooth or

nearly so. 3. A. divaricatus.
Leaves thick, firm and rough, at
least when dry. 4. A. glomeratus.
Involucre cylindric; bracts tapering to an
obtuse tip; basal leaves large, tufted. 5. A. Schrebert.
Ligules of ray flowers violet, usually 3-toothed;
plant glandular. 6. A. macrophyllus.

Rays blue or purple.
Bracts of the involucre linear and obtuse or
obtusish.
Leaves thin, rough; petioles not usually
winged. 7. A. cordifolius.

606 COMPOSITAE

Leaves firm, smooth; petioles mostly
winged.

Bracts of the involucre linear and acute, or
subulate.
Upper cauline, or all the leaves, cordate-clasping.

B. Basal and lower leaves with relatively narrow blades,
with more or less contracted, petiole-like bases, but
not cordate.

Stem-leaves clasping by a more or less auriculate-cord-
ate base.
Stem rough-pubescent or hirsute.
Leaves entire.
Leaves with sessile, strongly cordate-
clasping blades.
Stem rough-pubescent; involucre
campanulate.
Inflorescence broad; leaves
rough; stem relatively low.
Inflorescence narrow; leaves
soft; stem relatively tall.
Stem hirsute; involucre hemispheric.
Leaves with slightly clasping bases.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, toothed.
Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent above.
Leaves sharply serrate.

Leaves tapering to the base.

Leaves narrowed to the base, the
lower into winged petioles.

Leaves scarcely or gradually nai-
rowed to the base.

Leaves abruptly contracted into broad,
petiole-like bases and often dilated near
the stem.

Leaves entire or nearly so,

Involucre campanulate.

Cauline leaves oblong to oval-lan-
ceolate; inflorescence tending to
a raceme-like panicle.

Cauline leaves linear or elongated
lanceolate; inflorescence tending to
a corymb-like panicle,

Involucre hemispheric.

Bracts of the involucre in several
series, unequal.
Bracts of the involucre linear-
subulate; leaves 3-8 mm. wide.
Bracts of the involucre merely
linear; leaves 6-16 mm. wide.
Bracts of the involucre in I or 2
series; leaves linear-lanceolate.
Stem leaves merely sessile or essentially so, not clasping.

8. A. Lowrieanus.

g. A. sagittifolius.
10. A. undulatus.

Il.

12.
13.
14.
16.

15.

16.

Lie

18.

19.

cs Sm Pp ms

nN

mh

rn
a

ss

»
—_

. patens.

. phlogifolius.
. novae-angliv.
. amethystinus.
. puniceus.

. tardiflorus.

. puniceus.

. prenanthoides.

. laevis.

. concinnus.

. junceus.
. novi-belgii.

. longifolius.

COMPOSITAE

Leaves silky, silvery, or canescent on both sides.
Leaves not silky, silvery or canescent.
Rays normally purple, blue, pink or violet, not
white.

Tips of the involucral bracts strongly
squarrose.

Involucre hemispheric or nearly so;
heads 2.5 cm. broad or more.

Involucre turbinate; heads 12-18
mm. broad.

Tips of the involucral bracts appressed or

erect (except in forms of No. 25).
Bracts of the involucre coriaceous
or herbaceous, not linear-sub-
ulate.
Bracts of the involucre cori-
aceous, obtuse.
Bracts of the involucre herb-
aceous, acute.
Bracts of the involucre linear-subu-
late, membranous, acute.
Ray essentially white (sometimes pink or
purplish in 27, 28, 29, 30 and 35).

Heads in a terminal corymb.

Heads solitary at the ends of slender
branchlets and often disposed in
racemes or panicles.

Heads scattered, the peduncles pro-
longed, scaly.
Heads decidedly racemose or panicu-
late, the peduncles not scaly.
Plants glabrous or pubescent but
not harsh.
Heads paniculate, not in I-
sided racemes.
Blades of the stem
leaves of a lan-
ceolate or nar-
rowly oblong
type.
Heads_ mostly
over 16 mm.
broad.
Ray-flowers
usually blu-
ish violet;
leaves firm.
Ray-flowers
usually
white;
leaves thin-
nish.

607

23. A. concolor.

24. A. spectabilis.

25. A. gracilis.

26. A. Raduia.
27. A. Herveyi.
28. A. nemoralis.

29. A. acuminatus.

30. A. dumosus.

31. A. salicifolius.

32. A. paniculatus.

608 COMPOSITAE

Heads mostly less
than 13 mm.

broad. 33. A. Tradescanti.

Blades of the stem
leaves of a linear-
lanceolate or
subulate type.

Heads scattered,
12-18 mm.broad.
Heads numerous,
8-14 mm.
broad.
Involucre
hemis-
pheric, 5-6
mm. high.
Involucre
top-shaped,
5 mm. high
or less.
Heads racemose and dispos-
ed on one side of the
branches.

Stem leaves not linear
or linear- lanceolate,
finely toothed. 3

Stem leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate. 3

Plant very rough and_ harsh;

34. A. Faxont.

35. ericoides.

36. A. depauperatus.

7. A. lateriflorus.

8. A. vimineus.

bracts of the involucre obtuse. 39. A. multiflorus.

1. A. tenuifolius L. In salt marshes: coast of M
Throughout the coastal marshes in our range.

ass. to Fla.

2. A. subulatus Michx. In salt marshes: coast of N. H. to Fla.
Throughout the coastal marshes in our range, and up the tidal

rivers a few miles, especially the Hudson.

3. A. divaricatus L.* (Including Aster carmesinus, tenebrosus,

stilletiformis, excavatus, castaneus, Claytont,

chlorolepis and

perhaps others, all described by E. S. Burgess, and A.
subinteger Bicknell.) In open woodlands and thickets, in

rather dry soil: Que. to Man., Ga. and Tenn.

Variable and

often exhibiting some constancy in its different forms.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens and the
region to the east and south of them, there unknown.

* The new species of Biotian asters described by Professor Burgess (Mem. Torr.
Club 13: 1-419. 1906) are as yet too imperfectly understood by local botanists to

enable me to record their distribution.

COMPOSITAE 609

4. A. glomeratus (Nees.) Bernh. In moist thickets, swamps or
ravines: Me. to N. Y. and Va.

Kknown, in our area, only from near New Baltimore, Greene Co.,
N. Y. and Montague, Sussex Co., N. J., both north of the moraine,
with a growing season of about 138-160 days, and both localities
with underlying limestone formations; and as reported from Cats-
kill Junction, N. Y.

5. A. Schreberi Nees. (A. curvescens Burgess). In woods: New
Eng. to Mich. and Va.

Conn. Throughout, but rare.

N.Y. Roslyn, L. I., rare on S. I., thence increasing northward;
nowhere common.

N.J. Burlington, Union, Hudson, Passaic, Bergen and Morris
counties.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Bucks and Northampton counties.

Distribution not fully understood, but usually increasing north-
ward.

6. A. macrophyllus L. (A. zanthinus, violaris and multiformis,
Burgess). In shaded places, usually in moderately dry soil:
Canada to Minn. and N. Car.

Common nearly throughout the range, except the pine-barrens,
there wanting; apparently rare on the south side of L. I., and on
the coastal plain of N. J. A form approximating A. roscidus
Burgess has been collected in Northampton Co., Pa.

7. A. cordifolius L. Woods and thickets: N. B. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo.

Conn. Common everywhere,

N.Y. Occasional on the south side of L. I., more common on
the north side and on S. I., thence increasing and common
northward.

N. J. Rare in Ocean Co., northwest of the pine-barrens, thence
unknown to Somerset and Mercer counties, thence increasing
northward.

Pa. Throughout the area, increasing northward.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare or perhaps wanting, except as an
adventive: Older Formations, increasing northward. 117-220 days.
Sea level—4,020 ft.

A. cordifolius polycephalus Porter is sometimes found with the type, especially in
Conn. and Pa.; rare.

40

610 COMPOSITAE

8. A. Lowrieanus Porter. In woods: Conn.-and southern N. Y.
to Pa., lowa, N. Car. and Ky. ;
Conn. Known only from New Haven Co.; rare.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and on S. I., thence increasing north-
ward to Orange, Rockland and Putnam counties, but not
recorded elsewhere.

N. J. Middlesex, Essex, Union, Somerset, Warren, Passaic,
Hunterdon and Bergen counties.

Pa. Luzerne, Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Bucks
and Montgomery counties. More common here than elsewhere
in the range, often being replaced by the forms known as lanci-
folius and Bicknellit.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, scattered
and apparently increasing westward. 123-197 days. Sea level—

2,080 ft.

9. A. sagittifolius Willd. In dry soil: N. B. to N. Dak., N. J.,
Ky., Kan. Rare in our area.

Apparently wanting in Conn. and N. Y. The old S. I. record
was based on a specimen of A. cordifolius. Reported from but not
definitely known at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

N. J. Morris, Warren, Hunterdon, Union, and Mercer counties.
Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware and _ Chester
counties.

A western species, most frequent along the upper drainage area
of the Delaware River.

10. A. undulatus L. (A. sylvestris, corrigiatus, triangularis, gracilens,
loriformis and (?) claviger Burgess). In dry soil: N. B. and
Ont., south to Fla., Ala. and Ark.

Common throughout the range, more common northward, and less
common in the pine-barrens than elsewhere.

11. A. patens Ait. In dry open places: Mass. to northern N. Y.,
Minn., Kan., Fla., La. and Tex.
Common throughout the range.

. A. phlogifolius Muhl. In woods and thickets: N. Y. to Ohio,
N. Car. and Tenn.
N.Y. Apparently confined to L. I.,S. I., southern Rockland Co.,
and to Westchester Co.
N. J. Monmouth, Hunterdon, Hudson, and Morris counties; not
in the pine-barrens.

NO

COMPOSITAE 61I

Pa. Northampton, Lehigh, Philadelphia, and Bucks counties. -
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood,
perhaps not specifically distinct from the preceding.
13. A. novae-angliae L. In fields and along swamps: Que. to
the N. W. Terr., south to S. Car., Mo., Kan. and Colo.
Throughout the range, rare in the pine-barrens, increasing
northward.

14. A. amethystinus Nutt. In moist soil: Mass. to southern
N. Y., eastern Pa., Ill. and Iowa. Perhaps a hybrid between
A. novae-angliae X multiflorus.
Conn. Rare, but scattered irregularly over the state.
N. Y. Very rare, and apparently confined to Westchester Co.
and the Bronx.
Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.
A rare and very local species in our area.

15. A. tardiflorus L. Along streams. N.B. to Pa.
IKknown, in our area, only from northwestern Conn.

16. A. puniceus L. In swamps: N.S. to Ont. and Minn., south
to N. Car., Ohio and Mich.

Common in some of its forms (firmus, Crawfordii, compactus,

etc.), or as to the typical species, throughout the range, except the
pine-barrens, there unknown.

17. A. prenanthoides Muh!. In moist soil: Mass. to Wisc., south

to W: Va., Ky. and Iowa.

Conn. Known only from southern Fairfield Co.

N.Y. The Catskills of Greene and Ulster counties; reported from
but not definitely known on L. I.

N. J. Sussex and Hunterdon counties; not recently collected.

Pa. Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood.

18. A.laevis L. Usually in dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Pa., La., the
N. W. Terr. and Kan.

Common throughout the range except the coastal plain in N. J.,
there very rare near Camden; and unknown in the pine-barrens.

19. A. concinnus Willd. Conn. to Pa., Va. and Ark.

Known from near Meriden and Southington, Conn. and from
Luzerne Co., Pa.; Sussex Co., N. J. Very rare. Doubtfully dis-
tinct from A. laevis.

612 COMPOSITAE

20. A. junceus Ait. In swamps and bogs: N. S. to N. W. Terr.,
south to N. J., Ohio, Wisc. and in the Rocky, Mts.
Known in our area only from Columbia Co., N. Y., Sussex Co.,
N. J. and Monroe Co., Pa. These regions are north of the moraine,
have a growing season of 123-138 days and an elevation of 550-
1,900 ft. Most common on limestone.

21. A. novi-belgii L. (A. novi-belgit litoreus A. Gray. A. novt-
belgit Brittonit Burgess, A. novi-belgii atlanticus Burgess
A. novi-belgii elodes (T. & G.) A. Gray). In swamps:
Newf. to Me. and Ga., mostly near the coast.

Conn. Common along the coast decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward, except in the Connecticut River Valley.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., and up the Hudson Valley to
Dutchess Co., unknown northward and in the Catskills.

N. J. Throughout the state, common especially southward.

Pa. Delaware, Bucks and Montgomery counties.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations,

decreasing northward. 138-220 days. Sea level—1,080 ft.

22. A. longifoliis Lam. In swamps and moist ground: Lab. to

Sask., N. Eng., Ont. and Mont.

Known, in our range, only from Farmington and Litchfield, Conn.
23. A. concolor L. In dry sandy soil: eastern Mass. and R. I.
to Fla. and La., mostly near the coast.

N. Y. Common on the south side of L. I., rare on the west side of
S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Middlesex and Monmouth counties, increasing southward,
especially in the pine-barrens. .
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, rare

and restricted to a single station in the glaciated part of S. I.,

168-220 days. About sea level.

24. A. spectabilis Ait. In dry sandy soil: Mass. to Del., mostly
near the coast.

Conn. Very rare along the coast in New London and New Haven
counties, unknown elsewhere.

N. Y. Common on L. I.; S. I., also rare in Rockland Co.

N. J. Rare in Morris and Mercer counties,* thence increasing and
common on the coastal plain, especially in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

rare and local.* 168-220 days. About sea level.

The recorded occurrence of A. surculosus Michx. in our range was erroneously based
on some New Jersey specimens of A. spectabilts.

* See Introduction paragraph 7.

COMPOSITAE 613

25. A. gracilis Nutt. In dry sandy soil: N. J. to Ky., Tenn. and

N. Car.

Known in our range only from the coastal plain of N. J. and pre-
dominating in the pine-barrens.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, rare elsewhere: Cretaceous,

rare. Older Formations, 0. Not north of the moraine. 175-220

days. About sea level.

26. A. Radula Ait. In swamps and low woods: Newf. to Del.

Conn. Known only from Voluntown, East Hartford, Hamden and
New Windsor.

N.Y. Rare on L. I. and S. I., unknown elsewhere.

N. J. Very rare in Morris Co., unrecorded thence to Mercer,
Ocean, Camden, Gloucester and Salem counties, unknown else-
where.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties.

A rare species in our area.

27. A. Herveyi A. Gray. Indry soil: E. Mass., Conn., R. I., and
INeJe .
A very rare and local species, collected in our area only from
near Groton and Stratford, Conn., and Plainfield, N.. J.

28. A. nemoralis Ait. In sandy bogs: Newf. and Hudson Bay to
INS Jia andhiNe WY
Known in our area only from the pine-barrens of New Jersey.*
Formerly in Hudson Co.

29. A. acuminatus Michx. Moist woods: Lab. to Ont., western

N. Y. and in the mountains to Ga.

Conn. Throughout the state, increasing northwestward.

N. Y. Rare on the north side of L. I. and south of Jamaica;
rare on S. I., increasing and common northward.

N. J. Bergen and Essex counties, increasing northward.

Pa. Throughout, except in Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and
Chester counties, apparently there wanting.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-

ward. Predominating north of the moraine. 117-210 days.

Sea level—4,020 ft.

30. A. dumosus L. (A. Gravesit Burgess). Sandy soil, Me. to
N. Y. and Ont., south to Fla., La. and Mo.

Throughout our area, increasing southward; common along the
coast, occasional inland.

*See Introduction paragraphs 36 and 38.

614 COMPOSITAE

31. A. salicifolius Lam. In moist soil: Me. and Ont. to Mass.

and Fla., west to Mont., Mo. and Tex.

Conn. Known only from Waterford, New London and Norwich.

N.Y. L. I. and onS. I., thence increasing but not common north-
ward.

N. J. Occasional in the northern counties.

Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia and Dela-
ware counties.
A rather scattered and local species apparently increasing

westward.

32. A. paniculatus Lam. In moist soil: N. B. to Ont. and Mont.,
south to N. J., Va., Ky., La. and Kan.
Throughout our range, except at Cape May, there not recorded;
rare or local southward on the N. J. coastal plain. Numerous
forms occur with the type.

33. A. Tradescanti L. (A. agrostifolius Burgess). In fields and
swamps: Ont. to Va., west to N. W. Terr., Ill. and Minn.
Conn. Rare, so far known only from near Hartford, Stratford and

Salisbury.
N.Y. Not rare onS. I., the Bronx and in Westchester and Orange
counties, apparently wanting elsewhere.
N. J. Hudson, Bergen and Hunterdon counties, increasing but
not common northward.
Pa. Luzerne, Northampton and Bucks counties.
A rare and somewhat scattered species whose distribution is little
understood.

34. A. Faxoni Porter. On moist cliffs: Me. and Vt. to Pa., Wisc.
and N. Car.
Known, in our area, from Spring Valley, Rockland Co., N. Y.
and Gravesend and Wading River, L. I.
35. A. ericoides L. In dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to
Wisc. and Ky.
Throughout the range in some of its many forms; rare and perhaps
only adventive in the pine-barrens; increasing northward.

36. A. depauperatus (Porter) Fernald. On serpentine barrens S.
P. and W. Va.
Known in our area only from the serpentine barrens in Delaware
and Chester counties in Pa.

COMPOSITAE 615

. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. (A. hirsuticaulis Lindl.). In dry
or moist soil: N. S. to western Ont., south to N. Car., La.
and Tex.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unknown;
always increasing northward. Here taken to include four or five
so called varietal forms. 7

38. A. vimineus Lam. (A. vimineus foliolosus (Ait.) A. Gray). In
moist soil: Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn., Kan. and Ark.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there only a rare
intruder.

39. A. multiflorus Ait. In dry open places: Me. and Ont. to S.

Dak., Ga. Tex., Ariz. and Mex.

Conn. Common throughout, often replaced by the form known as
A. exiguus (Fernald) Rydb.

N.Y. Throughout, but rare on S. I.

N. J. Recorded from Camden Co.; Monmouth, Middlesex,
Hudson, Bergen, Warren and Hunterdon counties.

Pa. Apparently confined to Northampton and Bucks counties.
A rather scattered species whose distribution is not well under-

stood.

There seems to be no evidence that A. azureus Lindl. has been correctly credited to
ourarea. A. tataricus L. f. has been collected in Conn. as anescape. A. Tripolium L.
has also been collected as a waif.

w
“NI

16. Erigeron L.

Heads 25-37 mm. broad; few, stem simple. 1. E. pulchellus.
Heads 12-25 mm. broad, numerous; stem branched.
Rays 100-150, mostly violet or purple. 2. E. philadelphicus.
Rays much less numerous, white, sometimes wanting.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 3. E. annuus.
Stem-leaves linear lanceolate, essentially entire, 4. E. ramosus.

i

. E. pulchellus Michx. On hills and banks: N.S. to Ont., S.
Dalkeehlan andi at
Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens.
. E. philadelphicus L. In fields and swamps: throughout N.
Am., except the extreme north.
Local in nearly all parts of our range, except the coastal plain in
N. J., and on S. I.; apparently there wanting.

No

3. E. annuus (L.) Pers. In fields and along roadsides: N. S. to
the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky., Kan. and Mo. Native of

Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed except in the pine-barrens.

616 COMPOSITAE

4. E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. In fields: N.S. to N. W. Terr.,
south to Fla., La. and Tex.

Common throughout the area, except the pine-barrens, as a
locally abundant weed.

E. acris L. has been recorded as a waif.

17. Leptilon Raf.
Pubescent; bracts of the involucre green. 1. L. canadense.
Glabrous or nearly so; bracts purple-tipped. 2. L. pusillum.
1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. In fields and waste places:
Throughout N. Am. except the southeastern states. Natur-
alized in the Old World.

Throughout the range, usually as a weed.

2. L. pusillum (Nutt.) Britton. Sandy soil, Mass. to Fla., Ky.,
Tex. and tropical America.
Known in our area only from Monmouth and Burlington
counties southward in N. J., and from Long Beach and Bayshore,
155 iby ING

L. divaricatum (Michx.) Britton and L. linifolium (Willd.) Small, have been re-
corded as waifs.

18. Doellingeria Nees.

Leaves lanceolate te ovate; heads mostly numerous.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. 1. D. umbellata.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilis.
Leaves, at least the lower, obovate; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma,

1. D. umbellata (Mill.) Nees. In moist soil: Newf. to Ga., west
to the N. W. Terr., Mich. and Ark.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there unknown.
2. D. humilis (Willd.) Britton. In moist soil: E. Mass. to N. J.
and Pa. south to Fla. and Tex.

N. J. Rare in the pine-barrens of Ocean, Monmouth, Atlantic and
Cape May counties, and near High Point, Sussex Co.
Pa. Delaware Co.

3. D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. In dry, usually rocky soil:
Mass. to N. Y., Pa. and Tenn.
Conn. Scattered, and rare, over most of the state.
N. Y. Rare on L. I. and in the Bronx; unknown on S. I., thence
increasing but not common northward.

COMPOSITAE 617

N. J. Gloucester, Camden, Ocean and Monmouth counties, north
and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing but not common
northward.

Pa. Luzerne, Northampton, Bucks and Chester counties, prob-
ably in the intervening territory.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level-3,800 ft.

19. Ionactis Greene.
1. I. linariifolius (L.) Greene. In dry, rocky or sandy soil: Newf.
to Que. and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Tex.
Throughout the range, locally rare.

20. Baccharis L.

1. B. halimifolia L. Along salt marshes and up tidal streams,
sometimes beyond influence of tides: Mass. to Fla. and
dliex:

Common throughout our coastal marshes, extending up the tidal
rivers; Piermont-on-the-Hudson.

B. Douglasii DC. has been reported as a waif.

TRIBE 4. INULEAE

Heads small, rays none; flowers white or whitish.
Receptacle chaffy. 21. GIFOLA.
Receptacle naked.
Plants dioecious or polygamo-dioecious.
Bracts of the involucre not scarious; plants pubescent

or glabrous, not woolly. 22. PLUCHEA.
Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink.
Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened
above. 23. ANTENNARIA.
Pappus bristles not thickened; stem leafy. 24. ANAPHALIS.
Plants not dioecious; flowers all fertile. 25. GNAPHALIUM.
Heads large, rays yellow. 26. INULA.

21. Gifola Cass.
1. G. germanica (L.) Dumort. In dry fields: southern N. Y. to
Pa. and N. Car. Native of Europe.

Very rare as a scarcely persistent waif near New York and south-
ward.
22. Pluchea Cass.

Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. 1. P. foetida.
Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. 2. P. camphorata.

618 COMPOSITAE

1. P. foetida (L.) B. S. P. In swamps: southern N. J. to Fla.
and Tex., mainly near the coast. Also in the West Indies.
Known in our area only from southern Cape May Co., N. J. near

the sea.

2. P. camphorata (L.) D. C. In salt marshes: coast of N. H. to
Fla. and Tex.

Common throughout the salt marshes of our area, and up the
Hudson to the Piermont “ flats.”’

23. Antennaria Gaertn.

Basal leaves arachnoid above, at least when young.
Basal leaves small, 0.7—2 cm. long, 1-nerved, or indistinctly

3-nerved.
Basal leaves spatulate, abruptly mucronulate. 1. A. neodioica.
Basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, but not

mucronulate. 2. A. neglecta.

Basal leaves large, 2-12 cm. long, distinctly 3-nerved, some-
times 5-nerved, the lateral nerves also often prominent.
Involucre of fertile plants 6-8 mm. high.

Basal leaves obovate to spatulate-obovate. 3. A. plantaginifolia.
Basal leaves nearly orbicular, or rhombic-obovate. 4. A. calophylla.
Involucre of fertile plants 8-10.5 mm. high. 5. A. fallax.
Basal leaves bright green and glabrous above from the front.
Basal leaves large, obovate, 3-nerved 6. A. Parlinit.
Basal leaves small, spatulate, I-nerved. 7. A. canadensis.

1. A. neodioica Greene. In dry fields and hillsides: Que. to Vt.,
Va. and S. Dak.
Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there not re-

corded; more common northward and less common southward than
elsewhere.

N

. A. neglecta Greene (A. petaloidea Fernald). In fields and pas-
tures: Me. to N. Y., Va. and Wisc.

Throughout the range, but rare in the pine-barrens; always in-
creasing northward.

3. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. In dry soil and open woods:
Ont: to Flas lll; Kana and Tex.

Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there
rare.
. A. calophylla Greene. IIl..and Mo. to La.

A plant approximating this has been collected, not recently, near
Bryn Mawr, New York; otherwise unknown in our area.

aN

COMPOSITAE 619

5. A. fallax Greene. (A. ambigens Fernald). In dry soil: Me. to

D. C., Wisc. and Kan.

Conn. Throughout the state, more common southwestward, in
Fairfield Co., than elsewhere.

N. Y. Occasional on L. I. and S. I., rare in Westchester Co., and
the Bronx, increasing northward.

N. J. Local in Salem, Cumberland, Camden, Burlington and
Monmouth counties, increasing northward; not in the pine-
barrens.

Pa. Delaware Co.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 118-189 days. Sea level—4,o10 ft. ;

6. A. Parlinii Fernald. Me. and Vt. to N. J. and Va.

A scattered and local species, found sporadically throughout our
range, but rare. Unknown on S. I. and in the Bronx. Distribu-
tion not well understood.

7. A. canadensis Greene. Dry soil, Newf. to Conn. and N. J.,
Man. and Mich.

Conn. Recorded as scattered nearly throughout.
N. Y. Delaware and Columbia counties and in the Catskills.
N. J. On the palisades opposite Yonkers.

A. occidentalis Greene has been reported from Northampton Co., Pa.

24. Anaphalis DC.

1. A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Dry soil: Newf. to
Alask., N. Car., Kan. and Cal. Also in Asia.

Throughout our area, sometimes as a weed.

25. Gnaphalium L.

Tall. erect; inflorescence corymbose or paniculate.
Leaves sessile.
Plant not viccid.
Plant glandular-viscid.
Leaves decurrent; plant glandular viscid.
Low, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate.
Slender, simple; heads spicate.

. G. obtusifolium.
G. Helleri.

. G. decurrens.

. G. uliginosum.
G. purpureum.

newh

1. G. obtusifolium L. (G. polycephalum Michx.). In dry, mostly
open places: N.S. to Fla., Man., Kan. and Tex.
Throughout the range, always as a weed.

620 COMPOSITAE

2. G. Helleri Britton. Fields and woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ky.
and Fla.
N. J. Lakewood and Forked River, Ocean Co.

3. G. decurrens Ives. In dry places: N. S. to Pa., west to
western Ont., Mich. and B. Col., south in the Rocky Mts.
to Ariz.

Conn. Rare, and scattered over most of the state.

N. Y. Unknown on L. I. or S. I., rare in Westchester Co., in-
creasing but not common northward.

N. J. Known only from Warren, Morris, Sussex, and Essex coun-
ties, rare.

Pa. Luzerne, Carbon, Lackawanna, Monroe and Northampton
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, rare and local

northward. Not south of the moraine. 118-190 days. Sea

level—3,g00 ft.

4. G. uliginosum L. In damp soil: Newf. to Va., west to Ont.,
Minn. and Ind. Native of Europe.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, and south of
them, there unknown; always increasing northward; mostly with
the appearance of a weed.

5. G.purpureum L. In dry sandy soil: eastern Me. to Fla., west
to Pa., W. Va., Ky., Kan., Tex. and Mex. Also on the
Pacific coast and in S. Am.

Scattered and local over most of the range; more common near
the coast.

G. luteo-album L. and G. palustre Nutt. have been recorded as waifs.

26. Inula L.

1. I. Helenium L. Along roadsides and in fields: N.S. to Ont.
and Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Naturalized from
Europe.

Occasional as an adventive in most parts of our area, except
the pine-barrens

I. dysenterica L. and J. pulicaria L. have been recorded as waifs.

TRIBE 5. HELIANTHEAE

Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Achenes thick. short, not flattened. 27. POLYMNIA.
Achenes flattened. 28. SILPHIUM.

COMPOSITAE 621

Disk-flowers fertile.
Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes. 29. HELIOPSIS.
Ray-flowers deciduous, or none.
Pappus a cup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns or bristles.
Achenes, at leat those of the disk-flowers, not com-
pressed (except in Ratibida and Verbesina).
Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle-
like; rays white, short. 30. EcLIPTA.
Scales of the receptacle broad, larger.
Receptacle conic or columnar.
Achenes 4-angled. 31. RUDBECKIA.
Achenes compressed, winged. 32. RATIBIDA.
Receptacle flat or convex.
Achenes not much flattened or winged or

margined. 33. HELIANTHUS.
Achenes of disk flowers flattened and
margined or winged. 34. VERBESINA.

Achenes very flat.
Pappus of 2 short awns or teeth, or

a mere border, or none. 35. COREOPSIS.
Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, barbed f
and hispid. 36. BIDENS.
Pappus of numerous scales; leaves opposite, toothed; rays
small. 37. GALINSOGA.

27. Polymnia L.

Rays 12-25 mm. long, yellow; achenes striate. 1. P. Uvedalia.
Rays minute, whitish, or none; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. canadensis.

1. P. Uvedalia L. In rich woods: N. Y. to Ind. and Mich. to
Fla., Mo. and Tex.
N. J. Known only from an old record at Weehawken, not since
collected.
Pa. Northampton, Berks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester
counties.

A rare and local species, apparently increasing westward.

2. P. canadensis L. In damp rich shaded places: Ont. to Minn.,
Ga., Mo. and Ark.

Apparently confined, in our area, to Middlesex and New Haven
counties, Conn., and Chester and Delaware counties, Pa. Rare.

28. Silphium L.
1. S. perfoliatum L. In moist soil: southern Ont. to S. Dak.,
south to Ga., Neb. and La.

Known in our area only as a rarely naturalized plant from the
west, especially near New York.

622

COMPOSITAE

29. Heliopsis Pers.

Leaves smooth or nearly so; pappus none or of 2-4 short teeth. 1. H. helianthoides.
Leaves rough; pappus crown-like or of 1-3 sharp bristles. 2. H. scabra.
1. H. helianthoides (L.) B.S. P. In open places: Ont. to Fla.,

2.

west to Ill. and Ky.

Conn. Scattered over most of the state, but perhaps adventive
from the west; rare.

N.Y. Rare and local on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Very rare in Camden, Burlington, Ocean and Monmouth
counties, north and west of the pine-barrens, thence increasing
northward.

Pa. Northampton, Delaware, Chester and Philadelphia counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward and westward. 118-220 days. Sea level—3,500 ft.

H. scabra Dunal. In dry soil: Me. to N. Y., N. J., Ill., B.

Col., Kan. and Ark.

Conn. Rare and lecal in the southern tier of counties, unknown
elsewhere.

N. Y. S. I, L. I., Bronx and Westchester counties.

N. J. Rare in Middlesex, Warren and Bergen counties, unknown
elsewhere.

Pa. Northampton and Lehigh counties.

Scattered and rare in our area; distribution little understood.

H. bupthalmoides Dun. has been recorded as a waif.

ie

30. Verbesina L.

V. alba L. (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.). Along streams and in
waste places: southern N. Y. to Ill. and Neb., south to Fla.,
Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from Trop. Am.

N.Y. Inwood on Manhattan and on S. I.

N. J. Monmouth, Middlesex and Bergen counties; frequent
southward on the coastal plain, except the pine-barrens.

Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware and Chester counties.

31. Rudbeckia L.

Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit; lower leaves

entire or lobed.

Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided; hirsute. 1. R. triloba.
Lower leaves neither 3-lobed or 3-divided.
Plants hispid; style-tips subulate. 2: R. hirta.

Plants pubescent, hirsute or glabrate; style tips obtuse.

COMPOSITAE 623

Leaves denticulate or entire, rays 1.8-2.5 cm. long. 3. R. fulgida.
Leaves dentate or laciniate, rays about 3.5 cm. long. 4. R. speciosa.
Disk elongated or cylindric, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinnately
divided or pinnatifid. 5. R. laciniata.

1. R.triloba L. In moist soil: Conn. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan.

and La.

Conn. Rare as an adventive from the west.

N.Y. RareonL.I.andS. I., probably on both islands only as an
adventive; increasing and perhaps native northward.

N. J. Sussex and Union counties, apparently adventive.

Pa. Northampton and Delaware counties.
With the aspect of an adventive in most parts of our range,

possibly native in the upper Hudson Valley.

. R. hirta L. In fields: Que. to western Ont. and the N. W.
Terr., south to Fla., Colo. and Tex.
Common throughout the northern part of the area as a field
weed, decreasing southward, naturalized from the west.

. R. fulgida Ait. Indry soil: N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., west to Mo.
and Tex.
N. J. Known only from Somerset and Hunterdon counties.
Pa. Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware and Chester
counties.
A rare and local species, perhaps more widely distributed than
is now apparent.

tN

WwW

4. R. speciosa Wenderoth. In moist soil: Conn. to Mich., south
to Ala. and Ark.

CONN. Occasional as an adventive.

N.Y. Formerly on S. I., perhaps introduced.

N. J. Cumberland Co., adventive.

Pa. Chester, Philadelphia and Carbon counties, perhaps native
in the latter.

5. R. laciniata L. In moist thickets: Que. to Man. and Mont.,
south to Fla., Kan. and N. Mexico.
Locally common throughout the range, except in the pine-
barrens of N. J. and east and south of them, and on the coastal
plain of L. I., there unknown.

R. subtomentosa Pursh has been collected in Conn. as a waif.

624 COMPOSITAE

32. Ratibida Raf.

1. R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. On dry prairies: western N. Y.
to Fla., west to S. Dak., Neb. and La.

Not uncommon as an escape from cultivation, often wanting.

33. Helianthus [Vaill.] L.

Disk purple, purplish or brown; receptacle flat or convex.
Leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate; perennial. T.
Leaves broad, ovate; annual. 25
Disk yellow or yellowish: receptacle convex or rarely conic.
Leaves prevailingly lanceolate, 3-8 times as long as broad.
Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid, at least above;
leaves sessile or nearly so.
Leaves scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. 3. H. giganteus.
Leaves very scabrous on both sides.
Plant 1-4 m. high; heads numerous; leaves

. angustifolius.
. petiolaris.

my

mostly alternate. 4. H. Maximiliani.
Plant 4-7 dm. high; heads 1 or 2; leaves, all
but the upper, opposite. 5. H. Dalyi.
Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 6. H. divaricatus,
Stem glabrous; leaves petioled. 7. H. grosseserratus.

Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong.
Leaves sessile or very nearly so.
Stem glabrous; leaves divaricate. 6. H. divaricatus.
Stem hirsute or hispid; leaves ascending. 8. H. mollis.
Leaves obviously petioled.
Stem puberulent or glabrous.
Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply

serrate. g. H. decapetalus.
Leaves firm, short-petioled, less serrate or
entire. 10. H. strumosus.

Stem hirsute or hispid.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short

petioled. 11. H. hirsutus.
Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the
base. 12. H. tuberosus.

1. H. angustifolius L. In swamps or low grounds: Long Island,
N. Y. to Fla., Ky. and Tex., mainly near the coast.
N. Y. Common along the south side of L. I., wanting elsewhere.
N. J. Rare in Mercer Co., increasing and common southward,
especially in the pine-barrens.
Pa. Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common on Beacon Hill, less so elsewhere: Cretaceous,
less common: Older Formations, rare and scattered near the ‘“‘ fall
line.” Not north of the moraine. 168-220days. About sea level.

COMPOSITAE 625

iS)

. H. petiolaris Nutt. On dry prairies: Minn. to the N. W.
Terr. and Ore., south to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. Sometimes
adventive eastward.

Not uncommon as a weed in N. Y. and Conn., often wanting.

.H. giganteus L. (H. ambiguus (T. & G.) Britton). In swamps
and wet meadows: Me. and Ont., to the N. W. Terr., south
to Fla., Neb. and La.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there
wanting.

eS)

4. H. Maximiliani Schrad. On dry prairies: Minn. and Man.
to the N. W. Terr., Neb. and Tex. Sometimes adventive
eastward.

Rare as an established weed near New York and in Conn.

H. Dalyi Britton. Known only from its original collection at
Sag Harbor, Long Island.

on

6. H. divaricatus L. In dry woodlands, rarely in open grounds:
Me. to Ont. and the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Neb.
and La.
Throughout our range.

. H. grosseserratus Martens. In open places: Me. to N. J.,S.
Dak., Mo. and Tex.
Conn. Newington and Oxford, apparently adventive at both
localities.
ING en lee randsonvowle-urane:
N. J. Victoria, Gloucester Co.

“I

8. H. mollis Lam. In dry barren soil: Ohio to Ga., west to
Iowa, Kan. and Tex.; also on L. I. and in Pa.

Rare as an obvious adventive on L. I., at Pestletown, N. J.,
and in Delaware Co., Pa.; otherwise unknown in our area.

. H. decapetalus L. In moist woods and along streams: Que.
to Mich., Ga. and Ky.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and south and
east of them and on the L. I. coastal plain, there unknown. An
upland form, from near Woodlawn, N. Y. City, has been de-
scribed as H. scrophulariifolius Britton. Its leaves are more
irregularly serrate than in H. decapetalus.

41

No)

626 COMPOSITAE

10. H. strumosus L. In dry woods and on banks: Me. and Ont.
to Minn., Ga. and Ark.
Throughout the range, except in and south and east of the pine
barrens, there wanting.

11. H. hirsutus Raf. In dry soil: Pa. and Ohio to Wisc., south to
WiVas, Ga. Kan. and Tex:
Iknown in our area only from Northampton and Monroe counties
rbot 1242p

12. H. tuberosus L. In moist soil; U.S. and Ont. to Man., Ga.
and Ark.
Occasional as a relic of cultivation; perhaps native in the valley
of the Delaware.

The common sunflower Helianthus annuus L. is somewhat common as an estab-
lished escape from gardens. 4H. scaberrimus Ell. and H. subrhomboideus Rydb. are
both reported as becoming established. WH. tracheliifolius Mill., H. debilis Nutt. and
H. laetiflorus Pers. have all been collected from our area as waifs.

34. Ridan Adans. (Actinomeris Nutt.)
1 R.alternifolius (L.) Britton (Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton).
In rich soil: N. J. to western N. Y., Iowa, Fla., Kan. and La.
N. J. Rare in Essex, Passaic, Hunterdon, Camden, and Burling-
ton counties, unknown elsewhere.
Pa. Northampton, Delaware and Chester counties.
Rare and apparently always adventive with us.

35. Coreopsis L.

Rays pink or sometimes white; leaves linear, entire. 1. C. rosea.
Rays yellow, with a brown base; lower leaves pinnately divided. C, tinctoria.
Rays yellow throughout.
Leaves narrow, linear, appearing verticillate. 3. C. verticillata.
Leaves lanceolate, not apparently verticillate. 4. C. lanceolata.

iS)

1. C. rosea Nutt. In open swamps: eastern Mass. to Ga., near

the coast.

N. Y. Not uncommon on eastern L. J., apparently wanting
elsewhere.

N. J. Local on the coastal plain, especially in the pine-barrens,
unknown elsewhere.

Pa. Known only from near Bristol, Bucks Co.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,

scattered and very local in Pa., only on Trenton gravels. 168-210

days. About sea level.

COMPOSITAE 627

2. C. tinctoria Nutt. In moist soil: Minn. to the N. W. Terr.,
south to Neb., La. and Ariz. Escaped from gardens
eastward.
A rare and doubtfully persistent escape from gardens, often
locally wanting.

3. C. verticillata L. Indry soil: western Ont. to northern Mich.,
Md., N. Car., Ky., Neb. and Ark.

Known in our area only as a rare escape from gardens, doubtfully
persistent.

4. C. lanceolata L. In dry or moist soil: western Ont. to Va.,
Fla., La. and Mo.

A rare and scarcely persistent escape from gardens, perhaps
nowhere established in our range.

36. Bidens L.

Plants terrestrial, often of swampy places, erect; leaves simple or

divided.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely lobed.
Rays present, large and conspicuous. 1. B. laevis.
Rays sometimes wanting, if present, mostly small.
Heads nodding after flowering. 2. B. cernua.
Heads persistently erect.
Pappus awns downwardly barbed.
Involucral bracts not foliaceous; stem
usually purple. 3. B. connata.
Involucral bracts foliaceous; stem straw
colored. 4. B. comosa.
Pappus awns upwardly barbed. 5. B. bidentoides,
Leaves, some or all of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or dissected.
Rays rudimentary, none, or very short.
Achenes flat; leaves, some or all of them, 1—3-divided.
Outer involucral bracts 4-8; achenes nearly
black.
Achenes 4—4.5 mm. long; awns very short;
outer bracts 4. 6. B. discoidea,
Achenes 6 mm. long; awns half as long as
the achene; outer bracts 6-8. 7. B. frondosa.
Outer involucral bracts 10-16; achenes brown. 8. B. vulgata.
Achenes linear; leaves dissected. 9. B. bipinnata.
Rays large and conspicuous.
Achenes cuneate or linear-cuneate. 10. B. trichosperma.
Achenes obovate, very flat.
Bracts of the involucre glabrous or ciliate. 11. B. aristosa.
Bracts of the involucre densely hispid. 12. B. involucrata.

Plant aquatic; submerged leaves finely dissected. 13. B. Beckii.

628 COMPOSITAE

1. B. laevis (L.) B.S. P. Inswamps and wet meadows: Mass. to
N. Car. and western N. Y.

Throughout most of the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
not recorded. Most abundant along the coast.

2. B. cernua L. In wet soil: N.S. to Hudson Bay and B. Col.,
south to N. Car., Mo. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia.
Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and east and
south of them, there unknown, always increasing northward.

3. B.connata Muhl. Inswamps or moist soil: N.S. to the N. W.
Terr., south to Del., Ga., Ky. and Mo.

Throughout the range, but rare and probably only intrusive in
the pine-barrens.

4. B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. In wet soil: Mass. and Ill.
to Pa.

Rare or occasional in most parts of our area, except the coastal
plain of N. J., there unknown.

5. B. bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. On muddy shores: N. J. and
Pa. to Md. and Del.

The lower Delaware Valley in Mercer, Burlington, Camden,
Salem and Cape May counties in N. J. and Bucks, Philadelphia
and Delaware counties, Pa.

6. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. In swamps and wet places:

Mass. to Va., Ohio, Mich., La. and Tex.

Conn. Along the coast and up the Connecticut River Valley, rare
or wanting elsewhere.

N. Y. L. 1, S. I. and the Bronx, not certainly reported else-
where.

N. J. Sussex, Morris, Middlesex, Camden, Salem, Gloucester
and Cape May counties.

Pa. Northampton and Luzerne counties.
A rare and scattered species.

7. B.frondosa L. In moist soil, often a weed in fields: N. B. to
Fla., Neb. and Tex.

Common throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there
unknown.

8. B. vulgata Greene. In moist soil: Ont. to N. Car., B. Col.,
Mo. and Cal.

COMPOSITAE 629

Conn. Throughout the area.

N.Y. L.I.andS. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Reported, probably as an adventive, from the pine-barrens,
unknown thence to, but increasing in Essex, Morris, Passaic and
Sussex counties.

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.

Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing but not
common northward. 118-172 days. Sea level-4,o20 ft.

9. B. bipinnata L. In various situations, often as a weed: R. I.
to Fla., west to Ohio, Neb. and Ariz. Also in Mex. and
tropical Am.

Locally abundant as a weed except on L. I., there rare or
occasional.

10. B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britton (B. trichosperma tenuiloba
(A. Gray) Britton). In swamps and wet meadows: Mass.
to Ga., Ill. and Ky.

Conn. New Haven.

No We 1s Ue emavel Se Ie

N. J. Common on the coastal plain, locally north of it.
Pa. Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester counties.

11. B. aristosa (Michx.) Britton. In swamps and wet places:
Ohio to Minn., south to La. and Mo.: southeastern Pa. and
Delaware.

Known only only from Delaware Co., Pa.

12. B. involucrata (Nutt.) Britton. In swamps: Ill. to Kan., Ark.
and Tex.: southeastern Pa. and Del.

Kknown only from Delaware Co., Pa.

13. B. Beckii Torrey. In ponds and streams: Que. to N. J., west
to Man. and Mo.
Conn. Rare in the southern tier of counties, perhaps wanting
elsewhere.
N. J. Known only from Swartzwood Lake, Sussex Co.
A rare and local species whose distribution is little understood.

Among the waifs and occasional adventives are Bidens leucantha Willd., and B.
tripartita L. They have been collected from some part of our area but probably neither
are established.

630 COMPOSITAE

37. Galinsoga R. & P.

1. G. parviflora Cav. In door yards and waste places: eastern
Mass. to Ore., N. Car., Kan. and Mex. Naturalized from
tropical America.

Common as a weed everywhere, often replaced by the form
known as hispida D.C.

G. caracasana (DC.) Sch. Bip. has been found in waste grounds in N. J.

TRIBE 6. HELENIEAE
Consists, in our area, of only the following genus:

38. Helenium L.

Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate; rays

fertile; disk yellow. 1. H. autumnale.
Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays
neutral; disk purple. 2. H. nudiflorum.

1. H. autumnale L. In swamps and wet meadows: Que. to
Conn., Fla., S. Dak., Kan. and Ala.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, there unknown.

2. H. nudiflorum Nutt. In moist soil: Kan. to IIl., Tex., east
to N. Car. and Fla. Adventive eastward.
Rare as an occasional adventive in parts of our range.

H. tenuifolium Nutt. and H. quadridentatum Labill. have been collected as waifs.

TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDEAE
Receptacle chaffy.
Achenes flattened; involucre obovoid to campanulate;
heads small. 39. ACHILLEA.
Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric; heads large. 40. ANTHEMIS.
Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy.
Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting; rays large.

Bracts of the involucre in several series. 41. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Bracts of the involucre in few series; rays white or
none. 42. MATRICARIA.

Ray-flowers none; heads small.
Heads corymbed; pappus a short crown; flowers
yellow. 43. TANACETUM.
Heads racemose, spicate or panicled; pappus none. 44. ARTEMISIA.

39. Achillea [Vaill.] L.
Leaves serrate. 1. A. Ptarmica.
Leaves finely dissected.
Rays 3-6 mm. broad; plant villous; achenes broadly margined. 2. A. lanulosa.
Rays 2-3 mm. broad; plant sparsely villous or glabrate; achenes
scarcely margined. 3. A. Millefolium.

COMPOSITAE 631

1. A. Ptarmica L. In moist soil: Newf. to Que., Mass. and Mich.
Naturalized from Europe.

Common as a garden escape and adventive plant in parts of
our range.

iS)

. A. lanulosa Nutt. Plains and mountains: S. Dak. to B. Col.,
south to Mex. and Kan. Adventive eastward.
Recorded as adventive in Conn.
3. A. Millefolium L. In various situations: throughout the U.S.
Adventive from Europe.
Common everywhere as a weed.

Achillea ligustica All. has been collected as a waif near Tannersville, New York,
probably not persistent.

40. Anthemis L

Rays neutral; plant glabrous or nearly so, fetid. 1. A. Cotula.
Rays pistillate; plants pubescent.
Annual; chaff of the receptacle acute. 2. A. arvensis.
Perennial; chaff of the receptacle obtuse. 3. A. nobilis.

1. A. Cotula L. In fields and waste places: throughout temper-
ate North America. Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed; often wanting.

i)

. A. arvensis L. In fields and waste places: N. S. to Va.,
west to Mich., Mo. and on the Pacific Coast. Native of
Europe.
Common as an occasional weed.
3. A. nobilis L. Escaped from gardens: R. I. to Del. and Mich.
Adventive from Europe.
Rare as a weed near the larger cities, perhaps not persistent.

Anthemis tinctoria L. and A. mixta L. have been collected as waifs.

41. Chrysanthemum [Tourn.] L.

Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches;

leaves merely incised. 1. C. Leucanthemum.
Heads numerous, small, corymbose; plant escaped from gardens;
leaves pinnatifid. 2. C. Parthenium.

1. C. Leucanthemum L. In waste places and fields: throughout
temperate N. Am. Native of Europe.

Common as a field and roadside weed throughout the range,
except the pine-barrens, where occasional.

632 COMPOSITAE

2. C. Parthenium (L.) Pers. In waste places: N.S. and Ont.,
to N. J. Native of Europe.
Locally common as an escape, often wanting.

C. Balsamita L. has been collected as a waif on L. I. and in Conn., and C. coronarium
L. and C. segetum L. have been recorded from near New York.

42. Matricaria L.
Rays present, white.

Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbed. 1. M. inodora.
Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3-5 ribbed. 2. M. Chamomilla.
Rays none, achenes oblong, faintly nerved. 3. M. matricarioides.

1. M.inodora L. In fields and waste places: Newf. to N. J. and
locally in the interior. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting.

2. M. Chamomilla L. In waste places and on ballast: N. Eng.
to Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Occasional as a weed.

3. M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Adventive eastward from
the West and the Pacific Coast.

Rare as a weed.

M. maritima L. has been found as a waif near New York.

43. Tanacetum [Tourn.] L.

1. T. vulgare L. Along roadsides and in fields: N. S. and Ont.
to S. Dak., south to N. Car., Mo. and Kan. Native of
Europe.

Common as a weed in most parts of our area.

44. Artemisia |Tourn.] L.

Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile. 1. A. caudata,
Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile.
Receptacle villous-pubescent.
Ree ptacle glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomen-
tose.
Leaves finely 2-3 pinnately divided; heads paniculate. 3. A. annua.
Leaves pinnately divided; segments pinnatifid; heads
in leafy spikes. 4. A. biennis.
Leaves densely white tomentose, at least beneath.
Heads 6-8 mm. broad; racemose-glomerate; sea-beach
plant. 5. A. Stelleriana.
Heads 2-4 mm. broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose.

. A. Absinthium.

to

COMPOSITAE 633

Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly
incised. 6. A. vulgaris
Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. 7. A. Pontica.

1. A. caudata Michx. In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea
beaches: Que. to Fla., Man., Neb. and Tex.
In our area practically confined: to the sea beaches of L. I.,
and the coastal plain of N. J., but not in the pine-barrens.

Ny

. A. Absinthium L. In waste places: Newf. and Hudson Bay
to Mass., western Ont., Mont. and N. Car. Native of
Europe.

Rare as an escape from gardens in our area, often locally wanting.

. A.annua L. In waste places: Ont. to D. C., Tenn., Ark. and
Kan.

ios)

Rare as a weed in parts of our range, often wanting locally.

4. A. biennis Willd. Native in the N. W. Terr. and northwestern
U. S., now widely distributed as a weed from Man. to N.S.,
south to Kan., Ky. and Pa.

More common than the preceding in our area, always as a weed.

5. A. Stelleriana Bess. Sandy beaches: Me. and Mass. to N. J.
Also in northeastern Asia.

Common along all our sea beaches, apparently, though perhaps
not actually native with us.

oO

. A. vulgaris L. In waste places: N.S. to Ont., Mich., N. Car.
and Pa. Native of Europe and Asia.
Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting.

7. A. Pontica L. On ballast: eastern U. S., Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed in parts of our area, except the pine-barrens.

The following have all been collected as waifs near the larger cities: Artemisia A bro-
tanum L., A. gnaphalodes Nutt., A. campestris L., A. laciniata Willd., A. frigida Willd.
and the Tarragon, Artemisia Dracunculus L.

TRIBE 8. SENECIONEAE

Leaves all basal; heads on scapes.
Heads solitary; flowers yellow. 45. TUSSILAGO.
Heads corymbed; flowers white or purple. 46. PETASITES.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers white, whitish or pinkish; rays none.
Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-fowers perfect. 47. ERECHTITES.
Flowers all perfect.

634 COMPOSITAE

Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milky. 48. MESADENIA.
Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer
ones. 49. SYNOSMA.
Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. 50. SENECIO.
Leaves opposite; rays yellow 51. ARNICA.

45. Tussilago [Tourn.] L.
1. T. Farfara L. In moist soil or along roadsides: N. S. and
N. B. to Mass., N. Y. and Minn. Native of Europe.

Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting.

46. Petasites [Tourn.] Mill

Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate. 1. P. palmata.
Flowers all rayless, purple. 2. P. Petasites

1. P. palmata (Ait.) A.Gray. Inswamps and along streams: Newf.
to Alask., and B. Col., south to Conn., N. Y., Wisc. and Cal.

Localized in our area near Salisbury, Conn., at elevations of about
1,500 ft.

2. P. Petasites (L.) Karst. In cultivated and waste ground:

Mass., Conn. and E. Pa. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed in Conn. and Pa.

47. Erechtites Raf.

1. E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. In woodlands, thickets and waste
places: Newf. to Fla., west to the N. W. Terr., Neb., Kan. and
La. Also in Mex. and S. Am.

Common, always as a weed, in most parts of our area.

48. Mesadenia Raf.

Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. 1. M. reniformis.
Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. . M. atriplicifolia.

1. M. reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. In woods: N. J. and Pa. to
Minn., south to N. C. and Tenn.

to

Iknown in our area, only from Camden Co., N. J., and Northamp-
ton Co., Pa.

2. M. atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. In woods: western Ont. to Minn.,
south to Fla., Mo. and Kan.

IXnown in our area, only from the drainage of the Delaware River
in N. J. and Pa., not common.

COMPOSITAE 635

49. Synosma Raf.

1. S. suaveolens (L.) Raf. In woods: Conn. and N. J. to Ill. and
Minn., south to Fla., W. Va. and Ky.

Known in our area only from the coast of Conn. and Mercer and
Monmouth counties in N. J., the latter stations not recently col-
lected from.

50. Senecio [Tourn.] L.

Heads conspicuously radiate (except in forms of Nos. 2 and 5).
None of the leaves cordate.
Leaves and stems persistently woolly. I. S. tomentosus.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stems often woolly.
Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or oval; achenes gla-
brous.
Basal leaves obovate or suborbicular, crenate or
dentate; involucral bracts 4-5 mm. long. 2. S. obovatus.
Basal leaves oval to ovate; involucral bracts 6-10
mm. long. 3. S. Crawfordit.
Basal leaves oblong; achenes glabrous or hispidulous.

Heads few; basal leaves mostly short. 4. S. pauperculus.
Heads very numerous; basal leaves !ong. 5. S. Smallii.
Basal leaves cordate or subcordate, orbicular. 6, S. aureus.
Heads discoid; rays none or minute. 7. S. vulgaris.

1. S. tomentosus Michx. In moist soil: southern N. J. to Fla.,
west to La.
Known, in our area, only from the pine-barrens of New Jersey
and along the coast from Ocean Co. southward.
Tertiary, occasional: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations; 0: 168-220
days. About sea level.

2. S. obovatus Muhl. In moist soil and on banks: N.S. to Fla.,

west to Ont., Mich., Ky. and Mo.

Conn. New Haven and Fairfield counties, increasing northward;
unknown in the eastern part of the state.

N.Y. Throughout, increasing northward.

N. J. Recorded from Camden Co., occasional north of the
coastal plain.

Pa. Northampton and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0; Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-189 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

3. S. Crawfordii Britton. Wet meadows: Pa. and N. J.
N. J. Mercer, Burlington and Camden counties, all near the
Delaware River.

636 COMPOSITAE

Pa. Near Tullytown, Bucks Co.

A rare and local species, apparently localized in the lower Dela-
ware valley.

4. S. pauperculus Michx. (.S. Balsamitae Muhl.). In dry or rocky
soil: N. S. to N. Car., west to Wash., B. Col., Tex. and
Neb.

Conn. Known only from Washington, Woodbury, Oxford and
Southbury, rare.

INeYe Lodt Hill, ST:

N. J. Somerset, Essex and Hunterdon counties, increasing north-
ward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Montgomery, Dela-
ware and Chester counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing west-

ward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,800 ft.

. S. Smallii Britton. Meadows and thickets: S. E. Pa. to Fla.
and Ala.

on

Pa. Serpentine barrens, Delaware county.

6. S. aureus L. In swamps and wet meadows: Newf. to Fla.,
west to Ont., Mo. and Tex.
Common throughout the range except the pine-barrens, there rare,
decreasing southward.

. S. vulgaris L. In cultivated ground and waste places: Newf.
and Hudson Bay to Va., west to Mich. and S.Dak. Also
on the Pacific Coast.

Rare as an occasional weed in our area.

“I

Senecio viscosus L., S. Jacobaea L. and S. sylvaticus L. are all sometimes adventive.

51. Arnica L.
1. A.acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. Inlow woods: Del. and southern Pa.

Known only from near Barnsley, Chester Co., Pa., in our area.

TRIBE 9. CYNAREAE

Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique.
Receptacle densely bristly.
Filaments separate.
Involucral bracts hooked at the tip; leaves not bristly. 52. ARCTIUM.
Involucral bracts not hooked at the tip; leaves bristly.
Pappus-bristles plumose. 53. CIRSIUM. ,

COMPOSITAE 637

a Pappus-bristles not plumose. 54. CARDUUS.
Filaments united below. 55. MARIANA.
Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 56. ONOPORDON.
Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle.
Heads not subtended by bristly leaves. 57. CENTAUREA.
Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 58. CNIcus.

52. Arctium L.

Bracts densely cottony; heads corymbose. 1. A. lomentosum.
Bracts usually glabrous; or slightly woolly.
Involucre 25 mm. broad or more; inner bracts equalling or ex-

ceeding the flowers. 2. A. Lappa.
Involucre 10-20 mm. broad; inner bracts not exceeding the
flowers. 3. A. minus.

1. A. tomentosum (lLam.) Schk. In waste places: N. B. to Mass.
and southern N. Y. to Pa. Adventive from Europe.
Occasional as a weed.

2. A. Lappa L. In waste places: N. B. and Ont. to southern N.
Y. and locally in the interior. Native of Europe.
In N. Y. and Conn. as a weed, apparently wanting elsewhere in
our range.
3. A. minus Schk. In waste places: E. N. Am. Native of
Europe.
Abundant as an often pernicious weed throughout the area.

A. nemorosum Lejeune has been collected as a waif in Conn.

53. Cirsium [Tourn.] Mill.

Outer involucral bracts, or all of them prickle-pointed.
Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath.
All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles;
naturalized weed. 1. C. lanceol tum.
Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acu-
minate; native species.
Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pin-

natifid. 2. C. altissimum.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear
segments. 3. C. discolor.

Leaves green on both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. 4. C. odoratum.
Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed or scarcely so.
Heads large, few, 3-10 cm. broad; flowers all perfect and
fertile.
Heads involucrate by the upper, very spiny leaves;
flowers usually yellow. 5. C. horridulum.
Heads peduncled, naked or with one or two bracts at

638 COMPOSITAE

the base; flowers purple. 6. C. muticum.
Heads small, numerous, 2.5 cm. broad or less; flowers im-
perfect, dioecious. 7. C. arvense.

—

. C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. In fields and waste places; Newf.
to Ga., west to Minn., Neb. and Kan. Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed.

tN

. C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. In fields and thickets: Mass. to S.
Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex.

Conn. Salisbury.
N.Y. Westchester Co.
Pa. Bucks, Delaware and Chester counties.

3. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. In fields and along roadsides:
Que. and Ont. to Ga., S. Dak., Neb. and Mo.

Common as a weed throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

4. C. odoratum (Muhl.) Britton. In fields: Me. to Pa. and Del.

Locally rare, but found throughout the area, except the pine-

barrens.

. C. horridulum Michx. (C. spinossimus Walt.). In dry or moist
sandy soil: Me. to Pa., Fla. and Tex.

wn

Mostly confined to the region near the coast in our area, but also
at Spring Valley, Rockland Co., N. Y.,and in Hunterdon Co., N. J.;
not in the pine-barrens.
6. C. muticum Michx. In swamps and moist soil: Newf. to
Fla., N. W. Terr. and Tex.

Throughout the area, except in the pine-barrens.
. C. arvense (L.) Scop. In fields and waste places: Newf. to
Va., S. Dak., Mont. and Kan. Native of Europe.

Common as a weed; at Kutztown, Pa., and perhaps elsewhere.
C. arvense mite has been collected.

“SI

C. palustre (L.) Scop. has been found as a waif near Queens, L. I.

54. Carduus [Vaill.] L.

Heads solitary, nodding. 1. C. nutans.

Heads several, clustered. 2. C. crispus.

1. C. nutans L. In waste places: Pa. and N. J. to N. B. and in
ballast about the sea ports. Native of Europe and Asia.

Rare as a weed near Jersey City and Hoboken, unknown de-
finitely elsewhere. Not recently collected.

COMPOSITAE 639

2. C.crispus L. In waste places: N. B. and N.S. and in ballast
about the seaports. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed near New York and Philadelphia.

C. acanthoides L. has been collected as a waif in Conn.

55. Mariana Hill.
1. M. Mariana (L.) Hill. In ballast: eastern seaports. Native

of Europe.
Rare as a weed near the vicinity of New York and Philadelphia.

56. Onopordon [Vaill.] L.
tr. O. Acanthium L. In waste places: N. S. and Ont. to N. J.
and Mich. Native also of Asia.
Rare as an occasional weed.

57. Centaurea L.

Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny.

Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. 1. C. cyanus.
Perennials; pappus obsolete, or short.
Bracts of the involucre laciniate or entire. 2. C. Jacea.
Bracts of the involucre, or their tips, pectinate fringed.
Lower bracts pectinate-fringed to below the middle. 3. C. nigra.

Lower bracts pectinate-fringed only at the tips.
Leaves entire, toothed on the lower bracts.
All but the upper leaves pinnatifid into linear
segments.
Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout, nearly simple spines. 6. C. Calcitrap1.

t. C. Cyanus L. In waste places and escaped from gardens:
Que. to N. Y., Va., S. Dak. and Kan. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed, often wanting.
2. C. Jacea L. In waste places: N. Y. to Conn. and Vt., and in

ballast about eastern seaports. Native of Europe.
Not very common as a weed in most parts of our range, except

>. vochinensts.

aid
~

5. C. maculosa.

the pine-barrens.
3. C. nigra L. In waste places and in fields: Newf. to Ont. and
Pa. Native of Europe.
Rare as a weed, more common near New York than elsewhere.
4. C. vochinensis Bernh. Waste grounds: Ont. to S. N. Y.
Native of Ga.
Rare as a weed.

640 CICHORIACEAE

5. C. maculosa Lam. Waste grounds: Mass. to N. J. and Pa.
Rare as a weed.

6. C. Calcitrapa L. In waste places and ballast: Mass. to N. Y.,
N. J. and Va. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed near the larger settlements.

Centaurea melitensis L., C. Phrygia L., C. solstitialis L. and C. paniculata L. have
been collected as waifs.

58. Cnicus L.

1. C. benedictus L. In waste places: N.S. to Md., Penn., Ala.
and on the Pacific Coast. Native of Europe.
Very rare as an occasional weed.

There seems to be no satisfactory evidence that Chondrophora nudata (Michx.)
Britton, credited to N. J., was ever found in that state.

The following have been collected from time to time, but are scarcely persistent;
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., E. angustifolia DC., Amphiachyris dracunculoides
(DC.) Nutt., Ageratum conyzoides L., Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton and
Rusby., Filago arvensis L., F. minima Fries, Acanthospermum hispidum DC., A. humile
DC., A. xanthioides DC., Parthenium Hysterophorus L., Melanthera deltoidea Michx.,
Spilanthes repens (Walt.) Michx., Guizotia oleifera DC., Hemizomia pungens T. & G.,
Flaveria bidentis (L.) B. L. Robinson, Anacyclus tomentosus L., Cenea turbinata Pers.,
Calendula arvensis L., C. officinalis L., Serratula tinctoria L., and Carthamus lanatus L.

CICHORIACEAE
Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none.
Flowers blue or white; pappus of blunt scales. 1. CICHORIUM.
Flowers yellow.
Pappus none; achenes 20-30 nerved. 2. LAPSANA.

Pappus of rounded scales; with or without an inner series
of bristles.

Perennial; pappus-scales 10-15, minute. 3. CYNTHIA.
Annual; pappus-scales 5, obovate. 4. WKricta.
Pappus, at least some of it of plumose bristles.
Receptacle chaffy. 5. HyPpocHAERIS.

Receptacle naked.
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed.
Plants scapose, the leaves basal. 6. APARGIA.
Plants leafy-stemmed. PUPIGRISS
Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. . TRAGOPOGON,
appus of simple bristles.
Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. g. LEONTODON.
Achenes smooth or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit.
Achenes flattened,

on

Achenes truncate, not beaked; flowers yellow. 10, SONCHUS.
Achenes narrowed at the summit or beaked; flowers
blue or yellow. 11. Lactuca.

Achenes cylindric or prismatic.

CICHORIACEAE 641

Involucral bracts in 1 row. 12. CREPIS.
Involucral bracts in more than I row.
Involucre imbricated; flowers yellow or orange. 13. HIERACIUM,
Involucre calyculate; flowers white, cream color
or pinkish. 14. NABALUS.

1. Cichorium [Tourn.] L.
1. C. Intybus L. Roadsides, fields and waste places: N. S. to
Minn., N. Car., Neb. and Kan. Native of Europe.
Common in some of its numerous forms throughout the range.
A form with divaricate heads, divaricatum, is often to be found
with the type.

The endive, Cichorium Endivia L., sometimes escapes from gardens.

2. Lapsana L.

1. L. communis L. Along roadsides and in waste places: Que.
and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. Also on the Pacific Coast.
Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed.

3. Cynthia D. Don.
1. C. virginica (L.) D. Don. In moist woods and meadows:
Mass. to southern Ont. and Man., Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kan.

Throughout the range except in the pine-barrens and along the
coast near them, there rare and obviously introduced.

4. Krigia Schreb.

1. K. virginica (L.) Willd. In dry sandy soil: Me. to Ont., Minn.,
Fla. and Tex.

Conn. Common along the coast, decreasing and perhaps wanting
northward.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I. and up the Hudson Valley to
the southern end of the Highlands, not certainly known north-
ward.

N. J. Common throughout the coastal plain, decreasing and be-
coming local northward.

Pa. Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Delaware, Schuylkill,
Philadelphia and Chester counties.

Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, common: Older Formations, de-
creasing and becoming scattered northward. 123-220 days. Sea
level—1,800 ft.

42

642 CICHORIACEAE

5. Hypochaeris [Vaill.] L.

1. H. radicata L. In waste places: Conn. to N. J. Native of

Europe.
Rare as a weed, often wanting.

H. glabra L. has been found as a waif near New York.

6. Apargia Scop.

Plant nearly glabrous; scape commonly branched; pappus-bristles all
plumose.

1. A. autumnalis.
Plant somewhat hirsute; scape simple; outer pappus of outer achenes

simple. 2. A. nudicaulis.

1. A. autumnalis (L.) Hoffm. In fields and along roadsides:

Newf. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Ohio. Naturalized from
Europe and Asia.

Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting.
2. A. nudicaulis (L.) Britton. In ballast and in waste places:

eastern seaports. Adventive from Europe.
Rare as an occasional weed, often wanting.

A, hispida (L.) Willd. (Leontodon hastile L.) has been collected as a waif in Conn.

7. Picris L.
Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked.

1. P. hieracioides.
Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous; acenes short beaked. 2. P. echioides,

1. P. hieracioides L. In waste places: eastern N. Am. Native
of Asia and Europe.

Rare as an occasional adventive in parts of our area, often
wanting.

2. P. echioides L. In waste places: N. S. and Ont. and in
ballast about the eastern seaports. Native of Europe.

Rare as an adventive in parts of our area, often wanting.
P. hispida All. has been recorded as a waif.

8. Tragopogon [Tourn.] L.
Flowers yellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays.
Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays. 2. T. porrifolius.

1. T. pratensis L. In fields and waste places: N. B. to N. J.,
Ont., Ohio and Man. Native of Europe.

Occasional as a weed, often wanting.

1. T. pratensis.

CICHORIACEAE 643

2. T. porrifolius L. In fields and waste places, mostly escaped
from gardens: Ont. to N.J., N. Car., Minn. and Colo. Native
of Europe.

Locally abundant as an escape from gardens.

9g. Leontodon L. (Taraxacum Hill.)
Outer involucral bracts reflexed; achenes greenish brown, the
beak 2-3 times their length.

Outer involucral bracts spreading or ascending; achenes red, the
beak not more than twice their length.

1. L, Taraxacum.

2. L. erythrospermum.
1. L. Taraxacum L. Perhaps indigenous northward, southward
naturalized as a weed from Europe.

Common nearly everywhere as a weed.

2. L. erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton. In fields and waste

places: Me. to Vt., southern N. Y. and Pa. Probably a
native of Europe.

Less common than the preceding, but found in most parts of our
area, as a weed.

10. Sonchus [Tourn.] L.
Involucre glandular-pubescent; heads nearly 25 mm. high.
Involucre glabrous; heads 12-16 mm. high.
Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes transversely wrinkled.
Auricles of the leaves rounded; achenes not transversely wrinkled.

1. S. arvensis.

2. S. oleraceus.
3. S. asper.

1. S. arvensis L. In low grounds and on ballast: Newf. to N. J.
and Pa., west to Minn. and Utah. Native of Europe.
Locally abundant as a weed, especially near salt marshes; often
wanting.
2. S. oleraceus L. In fields and waste places
vated N. Am. Native of Europe.

Frequent as a weed in most parts of our area.

: throughout culti-

3. S. asper (L.) Hill. In fields and waste places: Nearly cos-
mopolitan. Native of Europe.
Common throughout the cultivated part of our area.

S. tenerrimus L. has been collected as a waif.

11. Lactuca [Tourn.] L.

Pappus bright white.

Leaves spiny-margined and often with spiny or hispid midribs;
flowers yellow.

644 CICHORIACEAE

Heads 6-12 flowered; involucre very narrow, 8-12 mm.
high. 1. L. virosa.
Heads 12-20 flowered; involucre broader. 5. L. sagittifolia.
Leaves neither spiny margined or with spiny midribs.
Achenes very thin, flat, contracted into filiform or tapering
beaks.
Leaves, or some of them pinnatifid.
Plant glabrous throughout, 1-3 m. high. 2. L. canadensis.
Leaves, at least their midribs, hirsute.
Beak of the achene as long as its body; flowers

yellow. 3. L. hirsuta.
Beak of the achene less than half as long as
its body; flowers blue. 4. L. Morssit.

Leaves entire or dentate, none of them pinnatifid.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; achene longer

than the beak. 5. L. sagittifolia.
Leaves lanceolate; achene about equalling the
beak. 2. L. canadensis.
Achenes beakless or with short necks, thickish; flowers blue.
Leaves oblong to ovate, acuminate, dentate. 6. L. villosa.
Leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment commonly
triangular. 7. L. floridana.
Pappus brown; flowers blue to white. 8. L. spicata.

1. L. virosa L. (L. Scariola L.). In fields and waste places: Me.
to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb., Colo. and Kan. Native of
Europe.

Locally abundant as a weed, often wanting.

2. L. canadensis L. In moist open places: N.S. to the N. W.
Terr., south to Ga., Ala., La. and Ark.

Throughout the range, except in the pine-barrens, apparently
there rare.” A high mountain form with all the leaves entire has
been collected in Pa. and in the Catskills; it is ZL. canadensis
montana Britton.

3. L. hirsuta Muhl. In dry soil: Me. and Ont. to Minn., south
to Ala. and Tex.
Conn. Rare near the coast, apparently wanting northward.
N.Y. L. I. and S. I., occasional in the Bronx, unknown elsewhere.
N. J. Not uncommon on the coastal plain, wanting or very rare
elsewhere.
Tertiary, common: Cretaceous, less common: Older Formations,
scattered. 168-220 days. About sea level.

4. L. Morssii Robinson. Along salt meadows: Me. and eastern
Mass. to N. Y.

CICHORIACEAE 645

A very rare species, confined so far as present records show, to the
salt marshes of Westchester Co., N. Y. on L. I. Sound.

5. L. sagittifolia Ell. In dry open soil: N. B. and Ont. to Idaho,
Ga. and Kan.

Throughout the area except in the pine-barrens.

6. L. villosa Jacq. In thickets: N. J. to Ill., south to Fla., Ga.
and Ky.

N. J. Very rare in Burlington Co., northwest of the pine-barrens,
thence unknown to Hunterdon, Somerset, Bergen and Hudson
counties; nowhere common.

Pa. Northampton Co. southward.

A rare and local species with a very scattered distribution.
7. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. In moist open places: southern
INESYeand Pa. toll Neb. blas Wavandikan:

N. J. Bergen Co., and in the drainage of the Delaware from
Sussex to Burlington counties.
Pa. Northampton Co. southward.

8. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitche. In moist soil: Newf. to Man., south
to N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak.

Throughout the range, except the pine-barrens, there wanting;
more common northward than elsewhere.

The Lettuce, Z. sativa L., sometimes escapes from gardens.

72) .Crepisyles

Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile. 1. C. tectorum.
Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined.
Involucre 6-8 mm. high; achenes 10 striate. 2. C. capillaris.
Involucre 8-12 mm. high, achenes 13 striate. 3. C. biennis.

1. C. tectorum L. In waste places and on ballast: Ont., Mich.
and Neb. to Conn., N. J. and Pa. Native of Europe.

Rare as a weed over most of the area.

2. C. capillaris '(L.) Walby (C. virens L.). In fields and waste
places: ‘Conn; N. J Ni -Y./and@Pa» Adventive from
Europe.

Not uncommon as a weed, often wanting.

3. C. biennis L.. In waste places: Vt. to Pa. and in ballast about
the seaports. Native of Europe.

646 CICHORIACEAE

Locally distributed as a weed, more common in Pa. than
elsewhere.

Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill., C. setosa Haller, f. and C. rigida W. &. K. have al! been
collected as waifs.
13. Hieracium [Tourn.] L.
Flowering stem leafless, or with 1-5 leaves; achenes columnar or

oblong, truncate.
Stem scapose, with a single head only; introduced; principal

bracts in I or 2 series. : 1. H. Pilosella.
Heads corymbose or paniculate; principal bracts in 2-3 series.
Leaves coarsely dentate, narrowed at both ends. 2. H. vulgatum.

Leaves denticulate or entire.
Leaves mostly entire, spatulate to oblong; heads
corymbose.
Heads 16-25 mm. broad; flowers red or orange. 3. H. aurantiacum.
Heads 10-18 mm. broad; flowers yellow.
Glaucous, slightly hispid. 4. H. florentinum.
Densely hirsute. 5. H. pratense.
Leaves, at least some of them denticulate, mostly
obovate or oval; heads corymbose-paniculate.
Stem glabrous, or nearly so; leaves usually

purple-veined. 6. H. venosum.
Stem pilose below; leaves green. 7. H. marianum.
Flowering stem abundantly leafy at least below.
Principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series; heads corym-
bose. 8. H. canadense.
Principal bracts in 1 series; heads small, paniculate or race-
mose.
Achenes columnar at maturity, truncate.
Plant nearly or quite glabrous. 9. H. paniculatum.
Plant scabrous or glandular.
Peduncles stout, spreading. 10. H. scabrum.
Peduncles slender, ascending. 7. H. marianum.

Achenes spindle-shaped, or with a tapering summit at
maturity. 11. H. Gronovit.

1. H. Pilosella L. In dooryards and fields: Ont., N. Y., Pa. and
Mich. Adventive from Europe.
Locally common as a weed.

to

. H. vulgatum Fries. In waste places: Lab. and Newf. to
Que. and in N. Y., N. J. Native of Europe.

Very rare as a weed near the City of New York, perhaps not
peristent.

3. H. aurantiacum L. In fields, woods and along roadsides:
N. B. and Ont. to N. Y., N. J.and Pa. Native of Europe.

Common, especially northward, as a pernicious weed; perhaps
wanting in the pine-barrens.

CICHORIACEAE 647

4. H. florentinum All. In fields, meadows and along roadsides:
Me. and Ont. to N. Y. Naturalized from Europe.
Locally rare as an occasional weed, often wanting.

5. H. pratense Tausch. In fields and along roadsides: N. Y. and
Conn. Native of Europe.
Rare as an adventive on S. I.in Delaware Co., N. Y., Sussex and
Warren counties, N. J., and scattered over Conn.

6. H. venosum L. In dry woods and thickets: Me. to Ont. and
Man., south to Ga., Ky. and Neb.

Common throughout the range.

7. H. marianum Willd. In dry woods and thickets: R. I. to
southern N. Y., Pa., Ky., Ala. and Fla.

Apparently throughout the range except in the pine-barrens,
there wanting; nothing like so common as the preceding.

8. H. canadense Michx. In dry woods and thickets: N. S. to
Ont. and the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Pa. and Mich.
Conn. Throughout the state.

N.Y. Rare on L. I. and in the Bronx and from the Highlands of
the Hudson, northward.
N. J. Bergen, Morris and Sussex counties.
Pa. Monroe and Bucks counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, 0: Older Formations, increasing north-
ward. South of the moraine only in Pa. 117-189 days. Sea
level—4,020 ft.

9. H. paniculatum L. Indry woods: Me., Que. and Ont. to Ga.,

Ala. and Ky.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N. Y. Common on L. I. and S. I., increasing northward.

N. J. Rareand local in Middlesex Co., increasing northward. Not
in the pine-barrens.

Pa. Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—4,o40 ft.

10. H. scabrum Michx. In dry woods and clearings: N. S. to
Minn., Ga., Neb. and Kan.

Common throughout the range except in and south and east of
the pine-barrens, there unknown.

648

CICHORIACEAE

11. H. Gronovii L. In dry soil: Mass. to Ont., Ill., Fla. and Tex.

Scattered throughout the area, more common southward than
elsewhere.

Hieracium floribundum Wimm. & Grab. has been coliected asa waif in Conn.; H.
murorum L. was found many years ago in waste grounds, Prospect Park, Brooklyn.

14. Nabalus Cass.

Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs.

Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent.

Heads 5-7 flowered; involucre very narrow; light green, 2 mm.

thick; pappus light straw color. 1. N. altissimus.

Heads 8-16 flowered; involucre broader, green, purple or

glaucous, 3-6 mm. thick.
Leaves or some of them lobed, divided or pinnatifid;
involucre about 3 mm. thick.
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. N. albus.
Pappus straw color or light brown.
Inflorescence paniculate

Panicle branches divergent. N. serpentarius.
Panicle branches erect or ascending. N. trifoliolatus.
Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate; southern NV. virgatus.

N. serpentarius.
N. racemosus.

Leaves irregularly dentate or denticulate.

APA

1. N. altissimus (L.) Hook. In woods and thickets: Newf. to

2

Man., south to Ga. and Tenn.

Conn. Throughout the state.

N.Y. On the north side of L. I., not reported from the south side;
on S. I., thence increasing northward.

N. J. Rare in Burlington Co., west of the pine-barrens, frequent
or common north of the coastal plain.

Pa. Throughout.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, very rare: Older Formations, increasing

northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

N. albus (L.) Hook. In woods: Me. and Ont. to Man., south
to Ga. and Ky.
Conn. Rare along the coast, increasing northwestward.
N. Y. Common on the north side of L. I., unknown on the south
side, or in the Bronx, rare on S. I., thence increasing northward.
N. J. Rare in Burlington and Salem counties, west of the pine-
barrens, thence increasing northward.
Pa. Northampton, Montgomery, Bucks, Delaware and Chester
counties.
Tertiary, 0: Cretaceous, rare: Older Formations, increasing
northward. 117-220 days. Sea level—3,980 ft.

own

. N. serpentarius (Pursh) Hook.

CICHORIACEAE

to southern N. Y., Fla., Ala., Ky. and Miss.

Throughout the range except the northern counties of N. Y. and
Pa., often replaced, on the coastal plain, by an entire-leaved form,
N. serpentarius integrifolius (Cass.) Britton.

. N. trifoliolatus Cass.

Pa., Tenn. and Mo.

Common throughout the range, except the pine-barrens.

. N. virgatus (Michx.) DC.
near the coast.

The pine-barrens of N. J

. N. racemosus (Michx.) DC.

INEDYS

Westchester Co. and on the L. I. coastal plain.

649

In fields and thickets: Mass.

In woods and thickets: Me. to Vt.,

In moist sandy soil: N. J. to Fla.,

In moist open places: N. B. and
Anticosti to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Y., N. J., Mo. and
Colo.

N. J. Bergen and Hudson counties.

RAG

Reported but not definitely known from the state.

Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. has been reported as a waif.

NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES

Genera Species
Ophioglossaceae...... 2 9
Osmundaceae........ I 3
Schizaeaceae......... 2 2
Polypodiaceae....... 18 40
Marsileaceae......... I I
Sealviniaceae........ 2 2
Equisetaceae........ I 8
Lycopodiaceae....... I II
Selaginellaceae....... I 2
Isoetaceae........... I 7
EAM ACCAC reese rejects os = 8 22
MPAXACCAC) jc. cess sls «= I I
Typhaceae.......... I 2
Sparganiaceae....... I 8
Zannichelliaceae.. ... . 3 26
Zosteraceae.... 22... --. I I
Naiadaceae.......... I 2
Scheuchzeriaceae..... 2 2
‘Alismaceae.. .....-.. 4 14
Elodeaceae.......... 2 4
Hydrocharitaceae.... I I
Gramineae.......... 77 263

Genera
Gy pera ceacene rire 15
IATACEAC.ccincinise ini 6
Lemnaceae.......... 3
Neyridaceaenmteae ste I
Eriocaulaceae........ I
Commelinaceae...... 2
Pontederiaceae....... 2
Juncaceae = sar -ns: 2
Melanthaceae........ 10
Wiliaceaes issn ce ase 7
Convallariaceae...... 8
Smilaceaen sn nprcce: I
Haemodoraceae. ..... I
Amaryllidaceae...... 3
Dioscoreaceae....... I
[ridaceaesaeaacac lsc 3;
Orchidaceae......... 23
Saururaceae......... I
Salicaceae sneer 2
Miyricaceaea.-reee 2
Juglandaceae........ 2
Betulaceae.......... 5

Species
255
10
6
6

650 NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES

Genera
Fagaceaewaiscy-enies a 2
Wilmacedetvapeeieeerce 2
Wrticacede. yn... © 5
Cannabinaceae....... 2
Moraceae... ........ 3
Loranthaceae........ 2
Santalaceae.......... I
Aristolochiaceae...... 2
Polygonaceae........ 9
Chenopodiaceae...... 7
Amarantaceae....... 2
Phytolaccaceae....... I
WNIZOACeACH aba cas 3 2
Portulacaceae........ 3
Illecebraceae......... 3
Alsinaceae........... 8
Caryophyllaceae..... 8
Nymphaeaceae.......
Ceratophyllaceae..... I
Magnoliaceae........ 2
Anonaceae........... I
Ranunculaceae....... 22
Berberidaceae........ 4
Menispermaceae..... I
Watiraceae: «2... .-.<.- 2
Papaveraceae........ 4
Fumariaceae......... 4
Gruciferaes ci. .c5- 32
Capparidaceae....... 2
Resedaceae.......... I
Sarraceniaceae....... I
Droseraceae......... I
Podostemaceae....... 1
Crassulaceae......... 4
Penthoraceae........ 1
Parnassiaceae........ I
Saxifragaceae........ 5
Hydrangeaceae....... 2
[teaceaew js .fces. I
Hamamelidaceae..... I
Altingiaceae......... I
Grossulariaceae...... 2
Platanaceae......... I
Rosaceae! (i... hsr <.- 22
Malaceaer 6 Finn: 7
Amygdalaceae....... 2
Caesalpiniaceae...... 4
inabaceacw me rererre 26
Geraniaceae......... 3
Oxalidaceae. .:.....- 3

Species

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10

Genera
Linaceaet.c jester 2
Rutaceae acer 2
Simaroubaceae....... I
Polygalaceaese yond
Euphorbiaceae....... 8
Callitrichaceae....... I
Empetraceae......... I
Limnanthaceae....... I
Anacardiaceae....... 3
Aquifoliaceae........ 2
Celastraceae......... 2
Staphyleaceae........ I
Aceraceae y-yar eisai I
Hippocastanaceae.... I
Sapindaceae......... I
Balsaminaceae. ...... I
Rhamnaceae......... 2
Witaceaesarrieriee ere 2
Miliaceae .neeius case I
Malvaceaeien sereaact 6
Hypericaceae........ 4
Elatinaceae.......... I
Cistacede'ss<. 2. sate 3
Violacede wij ashckic scmten 2
Gactaceaeme eres I
Thymeleaceae........ I
Elaeagnaceae........ I
Lythraceae: . 2...) 5
Melastomaceae...... . I
Onagraceae.......... 10
Haloragidaceae....... 2
Araliaceae........... 2
Ammiaceae.......... 23
Cornaceaera.-= sees ee 4
Clethraceaés<.: =. 2... I
Pyrolaceaese.-2m- 6 Bi
Monotropaceae...... 2
Ericaceae........... 15
Vacciniaceae.......... 5
Diapensiaceae........ I
Primulacedessrerericc 9
Plumbaginaceae...... I
Ebenaceae........... I
Oleaceae!...8 eee 2
Loganiaceae......... I
Gentianaceae........ 7
Menyanthaceae..... . 2
Apocynaceae......... 2
Asclepiadaceae....... 4

Convolvulaceae...... 4

Species

20

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NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES

651

Deduct species introduced in the area
Pteridophytes |

Pe eR ay PRS ac oO
Angiosperms )
Monocotyledons......... 95
Dicotyledons...........- 518

Total number of native species.........

Genera Species Genera Species
Guscutaceae: =... 2. I 8 Plantaginaceae....... I 8
Polemoniaceae....... 2 7 Rubiaceaess-. 2... <: 8 24
Hydrophyllaceae..... 3 6 Caprifoliaceae....... 7 28
Boraginaceae........ 13 PY Nola NCSA SoA Smiooue I I
Verbenaceae......... 2 5 Valerianaceae........ 2 4
Walbiatae.. cc. sec <: 32 87 Dipsaceae. «.-5.:.-.- 2 2
Solanaceae... = a.24.- 9 16 Cucurbitaceae....... 2 2
Scrophulariaceae..... 26 61 Campanulaceae...... 3 6
Lentibulariaceae..... 5 15 Lobeliaceae.......... I 9
Orobanchaceae....... 4 4 Ambrosiaceae........ 3 8
Bignoniaceae........ 2 2 Compositae.......... 58 214
Acanthaceae......... 2 3 @ichoriaceaessnee. -- 1) 43
Phrymaceae......... I 1 Totaly syn teisce es): 830 Total. . 2651
Some of the Largest Genera.
Care. fx cla ag hee 155 species.
Panicum ines euro Ce (eh, ae
Alston cravatare qs epsjoivon eee terete 30) wees
Vt 0l acres ctesrscl. ee cee Ss
Crataegus. eee 20s
WRUDUS So sim (5 esrenee ee MO 23 ae
UNCUS ley te SA Te 230
CH PErUS! Si5 ea ee 20.0
Soltdago:..co re eto 275 mas
W2OLGMOLELON «| -reieiey eterno: 25 iin
SUMMARY
Genera Species
IP teridophytess (ci. cesses wee ob nse 31 85
(Gy mNOSPErMS\a. oc.05 6 a= 5 vies. so ess 9 23
HATIPIOSPELIOS )eiiertesc = eyo enn ve'e)s.0) Fie ieeenls
Monocotyledones. .......182 758
Dicotyledones........... 608 790 1785
830 2651 Total number of species admitted

Abama, 228
americana, 14, 228
Abies, 73
balsamea, 5, 73
Abronia micrantha, 302
linearis, 302
Abutilon, 441
Abutilon, 441
Acalypha, 424
gracilens, 424
ostryaefolia, 424
virginica, 424
Acanthopanax pentaphyl-
lum, 472
Acanthaceae, 566
Acanthospermum hispi-
dum, 640
humile, 640
xanthioides, 640
Acer, 434
carolinianum, 16, 435
Negundo, 436
nigrum, 435
pennsylvanicum, 435
platanoides, 436
pseudoplatanus, 436
rubrum, 434
saccharinum, 434
Saccharum, 435
Acerates, 512
viridiflora, 512
viridiflora Ivesit, 512
Achillea, 630
lanulosa, 631
ligustica, 631
Millefolium, 631
Ptarmica, 631
Achroanthes, 258
monophylla, 258
untfolia, 258
Acnida, 301

INDEX

Synonyms are in italic.

Acnida cannabina, 301
tuberculata, 302
Aconitum, 322
noveboracense, 6, 322
Acorus, 214
Calamus, 214
Actaea, 320
alba, 321
rubra, 19, 320
Actinomeris, 626
Acuan virgatus, 413
Adiantum, 60
pedatum, 60
Adicea, 283
Adlumia, 335
fungosa, 29, 335
Adonis annua, 330
Adoxa, 581
Moschatellina, 7, 20,
581
Adoxaceae, 581
Aegopodium Podagraria,
482
Aeschynomene, 401
virginica, 16, 401
Aesculus, 436
Hippocastanum, 436
Aethusa Cynapium, 482
Agalinis, 558
Besseyana, 560
decemloba, 29, 30, 560
Holmiana, 19, 18, 29,
559
maritima, 559
parvifolia, 560
paupercula, 559
purpurea, 559
setacea, 559
tenuifolia, 559
virgata, 559
Agastache, 531

652

Agastache Foeniculum, 532
nepetoides, 531
scrophulariaefolia, 532

Ageratum conyzoides, 640

Agrimonia, 368
Bicknellii, 368
Brittoniana, 369
gryposepala, 368
hirsuta, 368
mollis, 368
parviflora, 16, 369
platycarpa, 369
pubescens, 22, 368
rostellata, 16, 368
striata, 369
striata, 368

Agropyron, 148
biflorum, 18, 148
caninum, 149
repens, 148
tenerum, 149

Agrostemma, 311
Githago, 311

Agrostis, 128
alba, 128

aristata, 128
altissima, 14, 28, 129
antecedens, 130
canina, 129
elata, 129
hyemalis, 129
maritima, 129
oreophila, 130
perennans, 129
perennans, 129
Schweinitzii, 27, 129

Ailanthus, 420
glandulosa, 420

Aira, 136
coerulea, 136

Aird, 131

Aizoaceae, 302
Ajuga, 528
genevensis, 528
reptans, 528
Alchemilla arvensis, 378
Aletris, 235
aurea, 235
farinosa, 235
Alisma, 86
Plantago-aquatica, 86
subcordatum, 86
Alismaceae, 86
Alliaria, 339
Alliaria, 339
Allionia albida, 302
hirsuta, 302
nyctaginea, 302
Allium, 232
canadense, 21, 233
carinatum, 233
cernuum, 233
Schoenoprasum, 233
sibiricum, 6, 233
tricoccum, 232
vineale, 233
Alnus, 273
Alnus, 274
glutinosa, 274
incana, 274
noveboracensis, 274
rugosa, 274
serrulata, 274
Alopecurus, 125
aristulatus, 125
geniculatus, 125
myosuroides, 125
pratensis, 125
Alsinaceae, 304
Alsine, 305
aquatica, 305
borealis, 19, 306
graminea, 306
Holestea, 305
longifolia, 306
media, 305
pubera, 16, 305
uliginosa, 305
Althaea, 440
officinalis, 440
rosea, 440
Altingiaceae, 357

INDEX

Alyssum, 349
alyssoides, 349
Amaranthaceae, 300
Amaranthus, 300
blitoides, 301
crispus, 301
deflexus, 301
graecizans, 301
hybridus, 301
paniculatus, 301
lividus, 301
pumilus, 29, 301
retroflexus, 301
spinosus, 301
Amaryllidaceae, 241
Ambrosia, 587
artemisiaefolia, 587
bidentata, 587
elatior, 587
psilostachya, 587
trifida, 587
integrifolia, 587
Ambrosiaceae, 587
Amelanchier, 384
Bartramiana, 20, 385
Botryapium, 384
canadensis, 384
humilis, 385
intermedia, 384
laevis, 384
nantucketensis, 384
oblongifolia, 384
oligocarpa, 385
rotundifolia, 384
sanguinea, 6, 384
spicata, 384, 385
stolonifera, 384
Ammannia, 460
coccinea, 460
INoehnei, 16, 460
Ammiaceae, 473
Ammodenia, 310
Ammophila, 130
arenaria, 130
Amorpha, 400
fruticosa, 400
Amphiachyris dracuncu-
loides, 640
Amphicarpon, I17
Amphicarpon, 18, 32,
117

Amsinckia, 522
intermedia, 522
lycopsioides, 522

Amsonia Amsonia, 509

Amygdalaceae, 390

Amygdalus persica, 393

Anacardiaceae, 429

Anacyclus tomentosus, 640

Anagallis, 499
arvensis, 499
coerulea, 499
Anaphalis, 619
margaritacea, 619
Anchistea, 57
virginica, 57
Anchusa leptophylla, 525
officinalis, 525
Andromeda, 491
mariana, 491

canescens, 7, 20, 491

polifolia, 491
Andropogon, 97
Elliottii, 98
furcatus, 98
glomeratus, 98
littoralis, 97
scoparium, 97
virginicus, 98
Anemone, 322
canadensis, 24, 323
cylindrica, 322
quinquefolia, 323
riparia, 323
virginiana, 22, 322
Anethum graveolens, 482
Angelica, 481
atropurpurea, 481
villosa, 22, 481
Annonaceae, 317
Antennaria, 618
ambigens, 619
calophylla, 618
canadensis, 20, 619
fallax, 619
neglecta, 618
neodioica, 618
occidentalis, 619
Parlinii, 619
petaloidea, 618
plantaginifolia, 618
Anthemideae, 630

654

Anthemis, 631
arvensis, 631
Cotula, 631
mixta, 631
nobilis, 631
tinctoria, 631

Anthoxanthum, 120
odoratum, 120
Puelii, 120

Anthriscus cerefolium, 482
sylvestris, 482

Anthyllis vulneraria, 413

Antirrhinum, 551
majus, 551
Orontium, 551

Anychia, 304
canadensis, 304
polygonoides, 304

Apargia, 642
autumnalis, 642
hispida, 642
nudicaulis, 642

Apera, 131
Spica-venti, 131

Apios, 412

Apium graveolens, 477
Petroselinum, 482

Aplectrum, 259
hyemale, 259

Apocynaceae, 508

Apocynum, 508
album, 509
androsaemifolium, 508
cannabinum, 508
divergens, 508
hypericifolium, 509
medium, 508
Milleri, 508
pubescens, 509
sibiricum, 509
speciosum, 508
urceolifer, 508

Aquifoliaceae, 430

Aquilegia, 321
canadensis, 23, 321

flaviflora, 321
vulgaris, 321

Arabis, 346
brachycarpa, 348
canadensis, 348
dentata, 347

INDEX

Arabis Drummondii, 6, 20, Aristolochia macrophylla,286

348
glabra, 29, 347
hirsuta, 347
laevigata, 348
lyrata, 23, 347
patens, 347
viridis, 6, 20, 348
Araceae; 212
Arachis hypogaea, 413
Aralia, 471
hispida, 472
nudicaulis, 471
elongata, 471
prolifera, 471
racemosa, 471
spinosa, 16, 471
Araliaceae, 471
Arctium, 637
Lappa, 637
minus, 637
nemorosum, 637
(omentosum, 637
Arctostaphylos, 492
Arenaria, 308
caroliniana, 16, 309
groenlandica, 6, 309
leptoclados, 308
Michauxii, 309
serpyllifolia, 308
stricta, 309
Arethusa, 254
bulbosa, 4, 29, 254

Argemone mexicana, 334

Argentina, 364
Anserina, 364
littoralis, 20, 365

Arisaema, 212

Dracontium, 21, 27, 213

pusillum, 213

Stewardsonii, 6, 19, 212

triphyllum, 212
Aristida, 122
dichotoma, 122
gracilis, 122
lanosa, 14, 123
oligantha, 14, 122
purpurascens, 122
tuberculosa, 123
Aristolochia, 286
Clematitis, 286

Serpentaria, 22, 286
Aristolochiaceae, 285
Armoracia, 342

Armoracia, 342
Arnica, 636

acaulis, 636
Arnoseris minima, 649
Aronia, 383

arbutifolia, 16, 383

atropurpurea, 383

melanocarpa, 383

nigra, 383
Arrhenatherum, 132

elatius, 132
Artemisia, 632

Abrotanum, 633

Absinthium, 633

annua, 633

biennis, 633

campestris, 633

caudata, 633

Dracunculus, 633

frigida, 633

gnaphalodes, 633

laciniata, 633

Pontica, 633

Stelleriana, 633

vulgaris, 633
Aruncus, 362

Aruncus, 362
Asarum, 285

canadense, 27, 285

reflexum, 285
Asclepiadaceae, 509
Asclepias, 509

amplexicaulis, 511

Bicknellii, 512

decumbens, 510

exaltata, 511

incarnata, 510

intermedia, 511

lanceolata, 17, 510

pulchra, 511

purpurascens, 510

quadrifolia, 512

rubra, 29, 510

syriaca, 512

tuberosa, 510

variegata, 17, 512

verticillata, 512

INDEX 655

Aster vimineus, 615
foliolosus, 615

Aster gracilens, 610
gracilis, 17, 613

Ascyrum, 442
hypericoides, 443

stans, 16, 443
Asimina, 317
triloba, 317
Asparagus, 236
officinalis, 236
Asperugo, 522
procumbens, 522
Asperula, 574
arvensis, 574
galioides, 574
glauca, 574
odorata, 574
Asplenium, 58
angustifolium, 59
Bradleyi, 14, 60
ebenoides, 60
montanum, 59
pinnatifidum, 59
platyneuron, 59
pycnocarpon, 59
Ruta-muraria, 59
Trichomanes, 59
Aspris, 131
caryophyllea, 131
praecox, 131
Aster, 605
acuminatus, 613
agrostifolius, 614
amethystinus, 611
azureus, 615
carmesinus, 608
castaneus, 608
chlorolepis, 608
claviger, 610
Clayiont, 608
concinnus, 17, 611
concolor, 612
cordifolius, 609
polycephalus, 609
corrigiatus, 610
curvescens, 609
depauperatus, 614
divaricatus, 608
dumosus, 613
ericoides, 614
excavatus, 608
exiguus, 615
Faxoni, 20, 614
glomeratus, 609

Gravesti, 613
Herveyi, 613
hirsuticaulis, 615
zanthinus, 609
junceus, 7, 20, 612
laevis, 611
lateriflorus, 516
longifolius, 20, 612
loriformis, 610
Lowrieanus, 17, 610
Bicknellii, 610
lancifolius, 610
macrophyllus, 22, 609
multiflorus, 615
multiformis, 609
nemoralis, 24, 613
novae-angliae, 611
novi-belgii, 612
atlanticus, 612
Britton, 612
elodes, 612
litoreus, 612
paniculatus, 614
patens, 610
phlogifolius, 610
prenanthoides, 611
puniceus, 611
compactus, 611
Crawford, 611
firmus, 611
Radula, 613
roscidus, 609
sagittifolius, 610
salicifolius, 614
Schreberi, 609
spectabilis, 4, 612
stilletiformis, 608
subinteger, 608
subulatus, 608
surculosus, 612
sylvestris, 610
tardiflorus, 611
tataricus, 615
tenebrosus, 608
tenuifolius, 608
Tradescanti, 28, 614
triangularis, 610
Tripolium, 615
undulatus, 610

violaris, 609
Astereae, 595
Astragalus, 400

carolinianus, 20, 400

Atheropogon, 134
curtipendulus, 134
Athyrium, 60
acrostichoides, 60
Filix-foemina, 60
thelypteroides, 60
Atragene, 324
americana, 324
Atriplex, 298
arenaria, 299
congesta, 299
hastata, 299
hortensis, 299
laciniata, 299
patula, 299
rosea, 299
Aureolaria, 558
Pedicularia, 558
villosa, 558
virginica, 558
Avena, 132
pubescens, 132
sativa, 132
sterilis, 132
Torreyi, 150
Azalea, 488
canescens, 7, 488
lutea, 489
nudiflora, 488
prinophylla, 488
viscosa, 489
glauca, 489
hispida, 489
nitida, 489
Azolla, 62
caroliniana, 62
Baccharis, 617
Douglasii, 617
halimifolia, 617
Ballota, 534
nigra, 534
Balsaminaceae, 436
Baptisia, 396
tinctoria, 396
Barbarea, 341

656

Barbarea Barbarea, 341
praecox, 341
stricta, 341
verna, 341

Bartonia, 506
iodandra, 507
lanceolata, 507
paniculata, 507
virginica, 507

Bassia, 298
hirsuta, 298

Batrachium, 329

L.. circinatum, 329

longirostris, 329

tricophyllum, 329

Bellis, 604
perennis, 604

Benzoin, 332
aestivale, 332
Benzoin, 332

Berberidaceae, 331

Berberis, 331
canadensis, 331
vulgaris, 331

Berteroa, 349
incana, 349

Beta maritima, 300

Betula, 272
alleghaniensis, 6, 273
lenta, 273
lutea, 6, 273
nigra, 22, 273
papyrifera, 272
populifolia, 272
pumila, 6, 19, 272

Betulaceae, 270

Bicuculla, 334
canad nsis, 28, 334
Cucullaria, 28, 334

Bidens, 627
aristosa, 629
Beckii, 7, 20, 629
bidentoides, 17, 628
bipinnata, 629
cernua, 628
comosa, 628
connata, 628
discoidea, 628
frondosa, 628
involucrata, 629
laevis, 628

i

INDEX

Bidens jeucantha, 629
trichosperma, 629
tenuiloba, 629
tripartita, 629
vulgata, 628
Bignonia, 566
radicans, 17, 566
Bignoniaceae, 566
Blephariglottis, 250

Blephariglottis, 4, 251

ciliaris, 251
cristata, 4, 15, 250
grandiflora, 251
lacera, 21, 251
peramoena, 21, 252
psycodes, 252
Blephilia, 538
ciliata, 538
hirsuta, 7, 538
Blitum, 298
capitatum, 298
Boehmeria, 283
cylindrica, 284
Drummondiana, 15,
284
scabra, 284
Boltonia, 604
asteroides, 604
Boraginaceae, 520
Borago, 524
officinalis, 524
Botrychium, 47
dissectum, 48
lanceolatum, 18, 48
Lunaria, 49
neglectum, 48
obliquum, 48
silaifolium, 5, 18, 49
simplex, 28, 48
tenebrosum, 28, 48
virginianum, 21, 49
Brachyelytrum, 124
erectum, 124
Bradburya, 412
virginiana, 16, 412
Brasenia, 315
purpurea, 315
Schreberi, 315
Brassica, 340
arvensis, 339
campestris, 340

Brassica japonica, 340
juncea, 340
monensis, 340
napus, 340
nigra, 340
oleracea, 340
Rapa, 340

Briza, 139
media, 139
minor, 139

Bromus, 145
altissimus, 148
arvensis, 147
asper, 146
breviaristatus, 148
brizaeformis, 148
ciliatus, 146
erectus, 148
hordeaceus, 147
inermis, 148
Kalmii, 18, 147
maximus, 148
purgans, 23, 27, 147
racemosus, I47
rubens, 148
secalinus, 147
squarrosus, 147
sterilis, 146
tectorum, 146

Broussonetia, 282

Buchnera, 560
americana, 560

Bunias orientalis, 349

Bupleurum, 477
rotundifolium, 477

Bursa, 345
Bursa-pastoris, 345

Cactaceae, 459
Caesalpiniaceae, 394
Cakile, 339
edentula, 339
maritima, 339
Calamagrostis, 130
canadensis, 21, 130
cinnoides, 130
hyperborea, 130
inexpansa, 130
Langsdorfii, 130
Nuttalliana, 130
Pickeringii, 130

Calamovilfa, 130
brevipilis, 32, 130
Calendula arvensis, 640
officinalis, 640
Calla, 213
palustris, 6, 213
Callitrichaceae, 427
Callitriche, 427
Austini, 28, 427
autumnalis, 428
bifida, 428
heterophylla, 427
palustris, 427
Calluna, 492
vulgaris, 492
Caltha, 319
flabellifolia, 25, 319
palustris, 319
radicans, 319
Camelina, 345
microcarpa, 345
sativa, 345
Cammarum, 320
Campanula, 583
americana, 29, 584.
aparinoides, 22, 584
carpatica, 584
patula, 584
rapunculoides, 584
rotundifolia, 20, 25, 584
urticifolia, 584
Campanulaceae, 583
Camptosorus, 58
rhizophyllus, 58
Cannabinaceae, 282
Cannabis, 282
sativa, 282
Capnoides, 335
aureum, 335
flavulum, 335
sempervirens, 335
Capparidaceae, 349
Caprifoliaceae, 574
Capriola, 133
Dactylon, 133
Capsicum annuum, 548
Carara, 338
Coronopus, 338
didyma, 338
Cardamine, 342
arenicola, 16, 343

43

INDEX

Cardamine bulbosa, 344
flexuosa, 343
hirsuta, 343
parviflora, 343
pennsylvanica, 343
pratensis, 6, 20, 343
purpurea, 6, 343
rotundifolia, 344

Cardiospermum, 436
Halicacabum, 436

Carduus, 638
acanthoides, 639
crispus, 639
nutans, 638

Carex, 173
abdita, 19, 28, 195
abscondita, 198
aenea, 5, 19, 194
aestivaliformis, 202
aestivalis, 202
aggregata, 187
alata, 28, 193
albicans, 195
albolutescens, 193
albursina, 198
alopecoidea, 188
amphibola, 200
anceps, 199
annectens, 188
aquatilis, 206
arctata, 202
Asa-Grayi, 211
atlantica, 28, 191
aurea, 5, 19, 196
Baileyi, 6, 210
Barrattii, 15, 29, 204
Bebbii, 5, 19, 192
Bicknellii, 19, 193
blanda, 199
bromoides, 190
brunnescens, 5, 189
bullata, 29, 209
Bushii, 203
Buxbaumii, 21, 29, 205
canescens, 189

disjuncta, 189
caroliniana, 15, 203
caryophyllea, 194
castanea, 5, 19, 202
cephalantha, 190

angustata, 190

657

Carex cephaloidea, 19, 187

cephalophora, 187
Collinsii, 4, 208
communis, 195
comosa, 210
complanata, 203
conjuncta, 188
conoidea, 200
Crawei, 5, 200
Crawfordii, 5, 19, 191
crinita, 206
cristatella, 192
cryptolepis, 5, 19, 208
Davisii, 201
debilis, 15, 202
deflexa, 195
Deweyana, 5, 190
diandra, 5, 19, 188
digitalis, 198
disperma, 189
eburnea, 196
Emoryi, 206

exilis, 19, 24, 190
extensa, 207
festucacea, 28, 192
flava, 19, 208
flexuosa, 202
foenea, 194
folliculata, 208
formosa, 5, 19, 201
Frankii, 15, 211
glaucodea, 201
Goodenowii, 19, 205
gracillima, 201
granularis, 200
grisea, 201
gynandra, 206
Haydeni, 19, 205
hirta, 207
hirtifolia, 28, 196
Hitchcockiana, 200
hormathodes, 193
Howei, 19, 190
hystricina, 210
incomperta, 28, I9I
interior, 190
intumescens, 211
Jamesii, 194
lacustris, 29, 206
laevivaginata, 189
lanuginosa, 23, 207

Carex lasiocarpa, 19, 29,

207
laxiculmis, 198
laxiflora, 199

latifolia, 198
leptonervia, 199

Leavenworthii, 187
lenticularis, 5, 19, 206
leptalea, 194
limosa, 19, 204
livida, 19, 197
longirostris, 203
lupuliformis, 211
lupulina, 211
lurida, 209
Meadii, 15, 197
mirabilis, 192
monile, 19, 208
Muhlenbergii, 187
muricata, 187
nigro-marginata, 15,

28, 195
normalis, 192
novae-angliae, 5, 19,

195
oblita, 29, 202
Oederi, 5, 19, 208
oligocarpa, 200
oligosperma, 6, 19, 209
pallescens, 19, 204
panicea, 197
pauciflora, 5, 19, 194
paupercula, 5, 19, 204
pedunculata, 196
pennsylvanica, 195
plantaginea, 197
platyphylla, 198
polymorpha, 28, 197
prairea, 5, 188
prasina, 201
projecta, 28, 192
Pseudo-Cyperus, 6, 19,

INDEX

Carex scabrata, 29, 204

Schweinitzii, 6, 19, 210
scirpoides, 190
scoparia, 191
seorsa, 191
setacea, 188
setifolia, 196
Shriveri, 29, 199
siccata, 5, 186
silicea, 193
sparganioides, 187
Sprengelii, 202
squarrosa, 211
sterilis, 19, 190
stipata, 189
straminea, 192
striatula, 15, 27, 199
stricta, 205
styloflexa, 15, 199
Swanii, 203
tenera, 193
tetanica, 197
tonsa, 19, 28, 196
torta, 205
tribuloides, 191
reducta, 192
trichocarpa, 207
trisperma, 4, 189
Tuckermani, 6, 19, 209
typhina, 211
umbellata, 19, 195
varia, 195
vesicaria, 5, 19, 208
vestita, 207
virescens, 203
virescens, 203
vulpinoidea, 188
Walteriana, 29, 206
Willdenovii, 194

Carpinus, 271

caroliniana, 22, 271

Carthamus lanatus, 640

Castalia odorata, 315
minor, 315
rosea, 315
tuberosa, 316
Castanea, 275
dentata, 275
pumila, 15, 275
Castilleja, 560
coccinea, 28, 560
Catalpa, 566
Catalpa, 566
Cathartolinum, 417
intercursum, 29, 418
medium, 30, 418
striatum, 418
sulcatum, 419
virginianum, 22, 418
Caulophyllum, 331
thalictroides, 28, 331
Ceanothus, 438
americanus, 438
Celastraceae, 432
Celastrus, 433
scandens, 23, 433
Celeri, 477
graveolens, 477
Celosia argentea, 302
cristata, 302
Celtis, 280
canina, 6, 281
crassifolia, 281
georgiana, 6, 15, 281
occidentalis, 280
Cenchrus, 118
carolinianus, 119
tribuloides, 14, 118
tribuloides, 119
Cenea turbinata, 640
Centaurea, 639
Calcitrapa, 640
Cyanus, 639
Jacea, 639
maculosa, 640

210 Carum Carui, 482

ptychocarpa, 198 Carya, 269 melitensis, 640
retroflexa, 186 Caryophyllaceae, 310 nigra, 639
retrorsa, I9, 209 Cassia, 394 paniculata, 640

Phyrgia, 640
solstitialis, 640
vochinensis, 639
Centaurium, 502
pulchellum, 502

Chamaecrista, 394
marylandica, 22, 394
nictitans, 394
Tora, 395

Castalia, 315

rosaeoides, I91
rosea, 187
radiata, 187
rostrata, 209
salina, 205

Cephalanthus, 570
occidentalis, 570

Cerastium, 306
arvense, 307

longipedunculatum, 307

oblongifolium, 307
semidecandrum, 307
tetrandrum, 307
velutinum, 307
viscosum, 306
vulgatum, 307
Ceratophyllaceae, 316
Ceratophyllum, 316
demersum, 316
echinatum, 316
Cercis, 394
canadensis, 22, 394
Chaenorrhinum minus, 561
Chaerophyllum, 476
procumbens, 476
temulum, 476
Chaetochloa, 117
glauca, 118
imberbis, 118
italica, 118
magna, I4, 118
versicolor, 118
verticillata, 118
viridis, 118
Chamaecrista, 394
fasciculata, 394.
nictitans, 394
Chamaecyparis, 74
thyoides, 4, 11, 74
Chamaedaphne, 491
calyculata, 491
Chamaelirium, 229
luteum, 229
obovale, 229
Chamaenerion, 464
angustifolium, 464
Chamaepericlymenum, 484
canadense, 20, 484
Chamaesyce, 424
glytosperma, 425
hirta, 425
humistrata, 425
maculata, 425
polygonifolia, 425
Preslii, 425
Rafinesqui, 425

INDEX

Chamaesyce serpens, 425
Cheilanthes, 61
lanosa, 14, 61
Cheirinia, 348
cheiranthoides, 348
Chelidonium, 333
majus, 333
Chelone, 551
glabra, 22, 551
Chenopodiaceae, 295
Chenopodium, 296
album, 296
ambrosioides, 298
anthelminticum, 298
Bonus-Henricus, 297
Boscianum, 297
Botrys, 298
glaucum, 296
hybridum, 298
lanceolatum, 296
leptophyllum, 296
murale, 297
obovatum, 298
polyspermum, 297
rubrum, 298
urbicum, 297
viride, 296
vulvaria, 298
Chimaphila, 486
corymbosa, 486
maculata, 486
umbellata, 486
Chiogenes, 495
hispidula, 7, 495
Chionanthus, 502
virginica, 16, 502
Chondrophora nudata, 640
Chrosperma, 22
muscaetoxicum, 29, 229
Chrysanthemum, 631
Balsamita, 632
coronarium, 632
Leucanthemum, 631
Parthenium, 632
segetum, 632
Chrysopsis, 596
falcata, 596
mariana, 17, 596
Chrysosplenium, 354
americanum, 354
Cichoriaceae, 640

659

Cichorium, 641
Endivia, 641
Intybus, 641

divaricatum, 64%

Cicer arietinum, 413

Cicuta, 478
bulbifera, 478
maculata, 478

Cimicifuga, 321
racemosa, 22, 321

dissecta, 321

Cinna, 128
arundinacea, 23, 128
latifolia, 5, 128

Circaea, 469
alpina, 469
intermedia, 469
lutetiana, 469

Cirsium, 637
altissimum, 638
arvense, 638

mite, 638
discolor, 23, 638
horridulum, 638
lanceolatum, 638
muticum, 23, 638
odoratum, 638
palustre, 638
spinossimus, 638

Cistaceae, 447

Citrullus Citrullus, 583

Cladium, 172

Cladothrix lanuginosa, 302

Claytonia, 303
caroliniana, 6, 303
virginica, 303

Clematis, 324
Viorna, 324
virginiana, 324

Cleome, 350
gynandra, 350
spinosa, 350

Clethra, 484
alnifolia, 484

Clethraceae, 484

Clinopodium, 539
Acinos, 539
Calamintha, 539
Nepeta, 539

vulgare, 539
Clintonia, 236

660

Clintonia borealis, 236
umbellata, 15, 236
Clitoria, 411
mariana, 411
Cnicus benedictus, 640

INDEX

Corallorhiza
21, 260
Wisteriana, 15, 260
Corchorus tridens, 440
trilocularis, 440

Cochranea anchusaefolia, 525Corema, 428

Coeloglossum, 248
bracteatum, 248
Coelorachis, 96
rugosa, 14, 96
Collinsia verna, 561
Collinsonia, 544
canadensis, 544
Comandra, 285
umbellata, 285
Comarum, 365
palustre, 6, 20, 365
Commelina, 218
communis, 219
erecta, 219
hirtella, 219
nudiflora, 219
virginica, 219
Commelinaceae, 218
Compositae, 588
Comptonia, 268
peregrina, 268
Conioselinum, 481
chinense, 481
Conium maculatum, 482
Conobea, 553
multifida, 553
Conopholis, 565
americana, 28, 565
Conringia, 349
orientalis, 349
Convallaria majalis, 239
Convallariaceae, 235
Convolvulaceae, 513
Convolvulus, 515
arvensis, 515
japonicus, 515
repens, 515
sepium, 515
spithamaeus, 515
Coptis, 320
trifolia, 27, 320
Corallorhiza, 260
Corallorhiza, 6, 19, 260
maculata, 260
multiflora, 260

Conradii, 31, 428
Coreopsis, 626
lanceolata, 627
rosea, 29, 626
tinctoria, 627
verticillata, 627
Coriandrum sativum, 482
Cornaceae, 482
Cornus, 482
alternifolia, 483
Amomum, 483
canadensis, 484
candidissima, 483
circinata, 483
femina, 483
florida, 484
rugosa, 483
stolonifera, 28, 483
Coronilla, 400
Emerus, 400
varia, 400
Coronopus, 338
Corrigiola littoralis, 304
Corrigiolaceae, 303
Corylus, 271
americana, 271
heterophylla, 272
rostrata, 27, 271
Corynephorus, 131
canescens, 131
Cotoneaster, 390
Pyracantha, 390
Cracca, 399
virginiana, 31, 399
Crassulaceae, 352
Crataegus, 385
albicans, 390
Arnoldiana, 390
Boyntoni, 6, 16, 389
Brainerdi, 6, 388
Calpodendron, 388
Canbyi, 16, 387
chrysocarpa, 388
coccinea, 390
coccimed, 389

odontorhiza,

Crataegus Crus-galli, 23, 387

cuneiformis, 387
filipes, 20, 389
Grayana, 6, 389
intricata, 388
Jesupi, 20, 389
macracantha, 388
macrosperma, 389
monogyna, 387
neofluvialis, 388
oxyacantha, 387
pausiaca, 387
Phaenopyrum, 387
populnea, 389
Pringlei, 20, 390
pruinosa, 389
punctata, 388
roanensis, 389
rugosa, 389
Stonei, 6, 388
straminea, 388
succulenta, 388
tomentosa, 388
uniflora, 16, 387
villipes, 390
Crepis, 645
biennis, 645
capillaris, 645
rigida, 646
setosa, 646
taraxacifolia, 646
tectorum, 645
virens, 645
Crocanthemum, 447
canadense, 448
corymbosum, 448
dumosum, 448
majus, 447
propinquum, 447
Crotolaria, 396
sagittalis, 396
Croton capitatus, 427
Crotonopsis, 424
linearis, 16, 424
Cruciferae, 336
Cryptogramma, 61
Stelleri, 5, 61
Cubelium, 450
concolor, 450
Cucumis Melo, 583
sativus, 583

Cucurbita Pepo, 583
Cucurbitaceae, 583
Cunila, 541

origanoides, 17, 22, 541

Cuscuta, 515
arvensis, 516
Cephalanthi, 516
compacta, 517
Coryli, 516
Epilinum, 516
Epithymum, 516
Gronovii, 516
Polygonorum, 516
Cuscutaceae, 515
Cycloloma atriplicifolium,
300
Cymbalaria, 550
Cymbalaria, 550
Cynanchum, 513
acutum, 513
nigrum, 513
Vincetoxicum, 513
Cynareae, 636
Cynoglossum, 521
boreale, 20, 521
officinale, 521
virginianum, 521
Cynthia, 641
virginica, 22, 641
Cynosurus, 139
cristatus, 139
Cynoxylon, 484
floridum, 22, 484
Cyperaceae, I51
Cyperus, 151
cayennensis, 157
compressus, 154
dentatus, 155
diandrus, 23, 153
dipsaciformis, 156
Engelmanni, 155
erythrorhizus, 155
esculentus, 155
ferax, 155
filicinus, 154
filiculmis, 157
macilentus, 157
flavescens, 153
fuscus, 154
globulosus, 157
Grayi, 157

INDEX

Cyperus hystricinus, 15, 156

inflexus, 154
Iria, 154
lancastriensis, 15, 156
microdontus, 15, 154
Nuttalliz, 154.
ovularis, 15, 157
pseudovegetus, 15, 154
refractus, 15, 156
retrofractus, 15, 156
rivularis, 154
rotundus, 155
speciosus, 155
strigosus, 156
Torreyi, 15, 156

Cystopteris, 53

Cytisus, 396
scoparius, 396

Cypripedium, 247
acaule, 246
candidum, 6, 19, 24
flavescens, 247
hirsutum, 247
parviflorum, 247
reginae, 6, 247

“NI

Dactylis, 139
glomerata, 139
Dactyloctenium, 135
aegypticum, 135
Dalibarda, 378
repens, 378
Danthonia, 132
compressa, 28, 133
epilis, 14, 133
sericea, 133
spicata, 132
Daphne Mezereum, 460
Dasiphora, 366
fruticosa, 6, 366
Dasystephana, 504
Andrewsii, 23, 505
flavida, 505
linearis, 505
Porphyrio, 16, 506
Saponaria, 30, 505
villosa, 16, 506
Dasystoma, 558
flava, 558
Datura, 547
Metel, 547

661

Datura meteloides, 547
Stramonium, 547
Tatula, 547

Daucus, 482
Carota, 482

Decodon, 461
verticillatus, 461

Delphinium, 321
Ajacis, 322
Consolida, 322
divaricatum, 322
peregrinum, 322

Dendrium, 489
buxifolium, 32, 489

Dennstaedtia, 52
punctilobula, 52

Dentaria, 344
anomala, 6, 32, 345
diphylla, 344
heterophylla, 16, 345
incisifolia, 6, 32, 345
laciniata, 345

integra, 345
maxima, 6, 345

Deringa, 479
canadensis, 479

Deschampsia, 131
caespitosa, 131
flexuosa, 131

Deutzia scabra, 356

Dianthera, 567
americana, 567

Dianthus, 314
Armeria, 314
barbatus, 314
deltoides, 314
prolifer, 314

Diapensiaceae, 496

Dichondra repens, 515

Dichromena colorata, 212

Dichrophyllum, 425
marginatum, 425

Diervilla, 581
Diervilla, 28, 581

Digitalis lutea, 561
purpurea, 561

Diodia, 570
teres, 17, 570
virginiana, 17, 570

Dioscorea, 242
villosa, 242

662

Dioscoreaceae, 242
Diospyros, 500
virginiana, 500
Diplachne, 136
maritima, 136
Diplotaxis, 340
erucoides, 340
muralis, 340
tenuifolia, 340
virgata, 340
Dipsaceae, 582
Dipsacus, 582
fullonum, 583
sylvestris, 582
Dirca, 459
palustris, 459
Distichlis, 138
spicata, 138
Dodecatheon, 499
Meadia, 16, 499
Doellingeria, 616
humilis, 616
infirma, 29, 616
umbellata, 616
Dondia, 299
americana, 300
linearis, 300
maritima, 19, 300
Draba, 346
caroliniana, 346
verna, 346
Dracocephalum, 532
virginianum, 532
Drosera, 351
filiformis, 29, 351
intermedia, 4, 351
longifolia, 351
rotundifolia, 351
Droseraceae, 351
Drymocallis, 367
agrimonioides, 367
arguta, 367
Dryopteris, 54
Boottit, 57
Clintoniana, 55
cristata, 55
diltatata, 56
Dryopteris, 57
Goldieana, 27, 55
hexagonoptera, 56
intermedia, 56

INDEX

Dryopteris marginalis, 56
noveboracensis, 55
Phegopteris, 56
simulata, 55
spinulosa, 56
Thelypteris, 55

Duchesnea, 365
indica, 365

Dulichium, 169
arundinaceum, 169
spathaceum, 169

Eatonia, 137
pennsylvanica, 138
pubescens, 137

Ebenaceae, 500

Ecbalium agreste, 583

Echinacea angustifolia, 640
purpurea, 640

Echinochloa, 102
Crus-galli, 102
frumentacea, 102
Walteri, 102

Echium, 525
pustulatum, 525
violaceum, 525
vulgare, 525

Eclipta alba, 622

Elaeagnaceae, 460

Elaeagnus, 460
angustifolia, 460
argentea, 460

Elatinaceae, 447

Elatine, 447
americana, 447

Eleocharis, 157
acicularis, 160
acuminata, I61
diandra, 159
Engelmanni, 159
flaccida, 15, 159
glaucescens, 159
intermedia, 5, 161
interstincta, 158
melanocarpa, 160

filiformis, 160
mutata, 158
obtusa, 159
ochreata, 159
olivacea, 159
ovata, 5, 159

Eleocharis palustris, 159
pygmaea, 165
quadrangulata, 158
Robbinsii, 28, 158
rostellata, 28, 161
simplex, 15, 160
tenuis, 161
Torreyana, 15, 160
tortilis, 160
tricostata, 28, 160
tuberculosa, 160

Elephantopus, 590
carolinianus, 590

Eleusine, 135
indica, 135

Ellisia, 519

Elodeaceae, 89

Elymus, 149
arkansanus, 150
australis, 150
brachystachys, 150
canadensis, 150

glaucifolius, 150
glabriflorus, 14, 150
halophilus, 149
hirsutiglumis, 150
striatus, 23, 150
virginicus, 149

Emex spinosa, 295

Empetraceae, 428

Epigaea, 492
repens, 492

Epilobium, 464
adenocaulon, 20, 465
coloratum, 465
hirsutum, 465
lineare, 464
parviflorum, 465
strictum, 7, 465
tetragonum, 465

Epipactis, 254
pubescens, 257
repens ophioides, 257
tesellata, 257
viridiflora, 254

Equisetaceae, 62

Equisetum, 62
arvense, 63
fluviatile, 64
hyemale, 64
laevigatum, 64

INDEX 663

Equisetum littorale, 18,64 Erodium moschatum, 415 Euphorbia Cyparissias, 427

palustre, 64 Eruca Eruca, 349 Darlingtonii, 427
pratense, 5, 18, 63 Ervum Lens, 413 Esula, 427
scirpoides, 64 Eryngium, 476 Helioscopia, 426
sylvaticum, 63 aquaticum, 16, 476 hirsuta, 425
variegatum, 18, 64 virginianum, 16, 476 Ipecacuanhae, 426
Eragrostis, 136 Erysimum, 339 Lathyris, 426
capillaris, 136 cheiranthoides, 348 marginata, 425
Eragrostis, 137 officinale, 339 nutans, 425
Frankii, 136 orientale, 349 Peplus, 426
hypnoides, 137 repandum, 349 pilulifera, 425
major, 137 Erythraea, 502 polygontfolia, 425
megastachya, 137 Erythronium, 234 Euphorbiaceae, 423
pectinacea, 137 albidum, 234. Euthamia, 603
pilosa, 137 americanum, 234 caroliniana, 604
Purshii, 137 Eschscholtzia californica, 334 floribunda, 17, 29,32, 604
Eranthis, 320 Eubotrys, 490 graminifolia, 604
hymenalis, 320 racemosa, 490 minor, 29, 604
Erechtites, 634 Euonymus, 432 tenuifolia, 604
hieracifolia, 634 alatus, 433
Erianthus, 97 americanus, 432 Fabaceae, 395
divaricatus, 14, 97 atropurpureus, 433 Fagaceae, 274
saccharoides, 14, 97° europaeus, 433 Fagopyrum, 293
Ericaceae, 487 obovatus, 433 Fagopyrum, 293
Erigeron, 615 Eupatorieae, 590 tataricum, 293
acris, 616 Eupatorium, 590 Fagus, 274
annuus, 615 ageratoides, 594 grandifolia, 22, 274
philadelphicus, 615 album, 17, 592 Falcata, 413
pulchellus, 22, 615 subvenosum, 592 comosa, 23, 413
ramosus, 616 altissimum, 17, 592 Pitcheri, 413
Eriocaulaceae, 217 aromaticum, 594 Festuca, 144
Eriocaulon, 217 cannabinum, 594 bromoides, 145
compressum, I5, 218 coelestinum, 17, 594 capillata, 145
decangulare, 15, 18, 217 hyssopifolium, 592 elatior, 145
Parkeri, 15, 218 leucolepis, 591 gigantea, 145
septangulare, 29, 218 maculatum, 591 Myuros, 145
Eriophorum, 163 amoenum, 591 nutans, 145
alpinum, 5, 19, 163 perfoliatum, 593 octoflora, 144
callithrix, 5, 19, 163 truncatum, 593 ovina, 145
cyperinum, 168 pubescens, 28, 593 rubra, 145
gracile, 163 purpureum, 591 Ficaria, 329
gracile, 163 resinosum, 14, 32, 594 Ficaria, 329
polystachyon latifolium, rotundifolium, 28, 593 Filago arvensis, 640
163 serotinum, 594 minima, 640
tenellum, 19, 163 sessilifolium, 592 Filipendula, 363
vaginatum, 163 Brittonianum, 592 Filipendula, 363
virginicum, 164 trifoliatum, 591 rubra, 363
viridicarinatum, 163 urticaefolium, 594 Ulmaria, 363
Erodium, 415 verbenaefolium, 593 Filix, 53
citaricuum, 415 Saundersii, 593 bulbifera, 53

malachoides, 415 Euphorbia corollata, 426 fragilis, 27, 53

664

Fimbristylis, 161
autumnalis, 162
Baldwiniana, 15, 162
castanea, 162
castanea, 15, 162
Frankii, 162
geminata, 5, 162
laxa, 162
puberula, 15, 30, 162
spadicea, 162
Vahlii, 162

Fissipes, 246
acaulis, 246

Flaveria bidentis, 640

Floerkea, 428
proserpinacoides, 428

Foeniculum Foeniculum,

482

Fragaria, 365
americana, 365
canadensis, 6, 20, 366
Grayana, 366
terrae-novae, 6, 20, 366
vesca, 365
virginiana, 23, 366

allinoensis, 366

Fraxinus, 500
americana, 501
biltmoreana, 16, 501
Darlingtonii, 501
excelsior, 501
lanceolata, 501
Michauxii, 16, 501
nigra, 500
pennsylvanica, 22, 501
viridis, 501

Fuirena, 168
hispida, 168
squarrosa, 168

Fumaria, 336
capreolata, 336
officinalis, 336
parviflora, 336

Fumariaceae, 334

Galactia, 412
regularis, 28, 412
volubilis, 16, 413

Galeopsis, 532
Ladanum, 533
Tetrahit, 533

INDEX

Galeopsis versicolor, 533
villosa, 533
Galeorchis, 247
spectabilis, 247
Galinsoga, 630
caracasana, 630
parviflora, 630
hispida, 630
Galium, 571
Aparine, 571
asprellum, 573
bermudense, 17, 574
boreale, 572
circaezans, 22, 572
Claytoni, 574
concinnum, 573
erectum, 573
hispidulum, 574
labradoricum, 20, 573
lanceolatum, 572
Mollugo, 573
palustre, 573
pilosum, 572
puncticulosum, 572
tinctorium, 573
tricorne, 571
triflorum, 572
verum, 572
Wirtgent, 572
Gaultheria, 492
procumbens, 492
Gaura, 468
biennis, 468
sinuata, 468
Gaylussacia, 493
baccata, 493
dumosa, 493
Bigeloviana, 493
frondosa, 493
resinosa, 493
Gemmingia, 243
chinensis, 243
Gentiana, 504
Gentiana, 504
Andrewsti, 505
crinita, 23, 24, 504
quinquefolia, 504
Saponaria, 505
Gentianaceae, 502
Genista tinctoria, 413
Geraniaceae, 413

Geranium, 414
Bicknellii, 415
carolinianum, 415
columbinum, 415
dissectum, 415
maculatum, 415
molle, 414
pusillum, 414
pyrenaicum, 415
Robertianum, 413
rotundifolium, 415
sibiricum, 414

Gerardia, 558
purpurea parvula, 559
racemulosa, 559
Skinneriana, 560

Geum, 369
canadense, 22, 370
flavum, 370
hirsutum, 16, 370
macrophyllum, 371
Meyerianum, 20, 370
rivale, 371
strictum, 370
vernum, 369
virginianum, 370

Gifola, 617
germanica, 617

Gilia achilleaefolia, 518
capitata, 518
rubra, 518

Glaucium, 333
Glaucium, 333

Glaux, 499
maritima, 499

Glecoma, 532
hederacea, 532

Gleditsia, 395
triacanthos, 395

Glycine, 412
Apios, 412

Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 413

Gnaphalium, 619
decurrens, 620
Helleri, 17, 620
luteo-album, 620
obtusifolium, 619
palustre, 620
polycephalum, 619
purpureum, 620
uliginosum, 620

Gomphrena globosa, 302
Gonolobus laevis, 513
Gossypium barbadense, 442
Gratiola, 553
aurea, 554.
pilosa, 17, 554
sphaerocarpa, 17, 554
virginiana, 553
Grindelia, 596
glutinosa, 596
squarrosa, 596
Grossularia, 359
Cynosbati, 359
hirtella, 359
missouriensis, 360
reclinata, 359
rotundifolia, 360
Grossulariaceae, 357
Guizotia oleifera, 640
Gymnadenia conopsea, 249
Gymnadeniopsis, 248
clavellata, 249
integra, 15, 249
nivea, 15, 249
Gymnopogon, 134
ambiguus, 14, 134
brevifolius, 14, 134
Gypsophila, 313
elegans, 313
muralis, 313
Gyrostachys, 254
cernuud, 255
gracilis, 256
Grayi, 256
linearis, 255
ochroleuca, 255
plantaginea, 255
praecox, 255
simplex, 256
stricta, 255
Gyrotheca, 241
tinctoria, 4, 29, 241

Habenaria blephariglottis,
251

bracteata, 248

ciliaris, 251

clavellata, 249
cristata, 250

dilatata, 249
fimbriata, 251

INDEX

Habenaria flava, 248

grandiflora, 251
Hookeriana, 250
integra, 249
lacera, 251
macrophylla, 250
orbiculata, 250
peramoena, 252
psycodes, 252
Haemodoraceae, 241
Halenia, 506
deflexa, 7, 506
Halerpestes, 329
Cymbalaria, 19, 29, 329
Haloragidaceae, 469
Hamamelidaceae, 357
Hamamelis, 357
virginiana, 357
Hedeoma, 538
hispida, 538
pulegioides, 538
Helenieae, 630
Helenium, 630
autumnale, 630
nudiflorum, 630
quadridentatum, 630
tenuifolium, 630
Heleochloa, 125
schoenoides, 125
Heliantheae, 620
Helianthemum, 447
majus, 447
Helianthium, 86
parvulum, 28, 86
tenellum, 86
Helianthus, 624
ambiguus, 625
angustifolius, 29, 624
annuus, 626
Dalyi, 32, 625
debilis, 626
decapetalus, 625
divaricatus, 625
giganteus, 23, 625
grosseserratus, 625
hirsutus, 626
laetiflorus, 626
Maximiliani, 625
mollis, 625
petiolaris, 625
scaberrimus, 626

665

Helianchus scrophularizfolius,

25

strumosus, 626

subrhomboideus, 626

tracheliifolius, 626

tuberosus, 626
Heliopsis, 622

bupthalmoides, 622

helianthoides, 622

scabra, 622
Heliotropium, 521

curassavicum, 521

europaeum, 521

indicum, 521

peruvianum, 521
Helleborus, 320

viridis, 320
Helonias, 229

bullata, 4, 15, 27, 229)
Hemerocallis, 232

flava, 232

fulva, 232
Hemicarpa, 169

micrantha, 169
Hemizomia pungens, 640
Hepatica, 323

acutiloba, 324

Hepatica, 324
Heracleum, 481

lanatum, 481
Hesperis, 349

matronalis, 349
Heteranthera, 220

dubia, 220

reniformis, 220
Heterotheca subaxillaris,

640

Heuchera, 355

americana,
Hibiscus, 442

Moscheutos, II, 442

oculiroseus, 32, 442

Syriacus, 442

Trionum, 442
Hicoria, 269

alba, 269

cordiformis, 269

glabra, 270

laciniosa, 270

microcarpa, 270:

minima, 269

22

22,

355

666

Hicoria ovata, 270
villosa, 270
Hieracium, 646
aurantiacum, 646
canadense, 20, 647
florentinum, 647
floribundum, 648
Gronovii, 648
marianum, 647
murorum, 648
paniculatum, 647
Pilosella, 646
pratense, 647
scabrum, 647
venosum, 647
vulgatum, 646
Hierochloé, 120
Hippocastanaceae, 436
Hipposelinum Levisticum,
482

Holcus, 98
halepensis, 98
Sorghum, 98

Homalocenchrus, 119
oryzoides, 119
virginicus, 119

Honkenya, 310
peploides, 310

Hordeum, 149
jubatum, 149
murinum, 149
nodosum, 149
pusillum, 149
vulgare, 149

Hottonia, 497
inflata, 497

Houstonia, 569
coerulea, 28, 569
longifolia, 569
purpurea, 570

Hudsonia, 448
ericoides, 448
tomentosa, 448

Humulus, 282
japonicus, 282
Lupulus, 282

Hydrangea, 356
arborescens, 16, 356

Hydrangeaceae, 356

Hydrastis, 318
canadensis, 318

INDEX

Hydrocharitaceae, 90
Hydrocotyle, 474
americana, 474
Canbyi, 474
ranunculoides, 16, 475
rotundifolia, 475
umbellata, 474
verticillata, 474
Hydrophyllaceae, 519
Hydrophyllum, 519
virginianum, 519
canadense, 519
Hyoscyamus, 547
albus, 547
niger, 547
Hypericaceae, 442
Hypericum, 443
adpressum, 444
Ascyron, 444
Bissellii, 6, 32, 445
boreale, 23, 445
canadense, 446
densiflorum, 444
dissimulatum, 446
ellipticum, 445
gymnanthum, 16, 446
humifusum, 446
maculatum, 445
majus, 20, 446
mutilum, 446
perforatum, 445
prolificum, 444
punctatum, 445
subpetiolatum, 445
virgatum, 16, 445
ovalifolium, 445
Hypochaeris, 642
glabra, 642
radicata, 642
Hypopitys, 487
americana, 487
lanuginosa, 487
Hypoxis, 242
hirsuta, 242
Hyssopus, 539
officinalis, 539
Hystrix, 150
Hystrix, 150

Iberis amara, 349
umbellata, 349

Ibidium, 254
Beckii, 256
cernuum, 255
gracile, 256
plantagineum, 23, 255
praecox, 15, 255
strictum, 6, 19, 255
vernale, 255
Ilex, 430
bronxensis, 431
fastigiata, 431
glabra, 431
laevigata, 432
mollis, 431
monticola, 6, 431
mollis, 431
opaca, 430
verticillata, 431
Ilicioides, 432
Ilysanthes, 554
attenuata, 555
dubia, 554
Impatiens, 436
aurea, 437
biflora, 436
pallida, 29, 437
Imperatoria Ostruthium,
482
Inula, 620
dysenterica, 620
Helenium, 620
pulicaria, 620
Inuleae, 617
Jonactis, 617
linariifolius, 617
Ionoxalis, 416
violacea, 22, 416
Ipomoea, 514
hederacea, 515
hirsutula, 515
lacunosa, 514
pandurata, 514
purpurea, 514
Iridaceae, 242
Iris, 243
germanica, 243
orientalis, 243
prismatica, 243
Pseudacorus, 243
versicolor, 243
Isanthus, 529

Isanthus brachiatus, 529
Isnardia, 463
palustris, 463
Isoetaceae, 67
Isoetes, 67
ambigua, 18, 68
Braunit, 68
canadensis, 18, 69
Dodgei, 69
Eatoni, 5, 18, 69
Engelmanni, 69
foveolata, 69
Gravesti, 69
macrospora, 5, 18, 68
riparia, 69
saccharata, 68
Tuckermani, 5, 18, 68
Isopyrum biternatum, 330
Isotria, 253
affinis, 253
verticillata, 253
Itea, 356
virginica, 16, 356
Iteaceae, 356
Iva, 587
frutescens, 587
xanthiifolia, 587

Jasione, 585
montana, 585
Jeffersonia, 331
diphylla, 331
Juglandaceae, 268
Juglans, 268
cinerea, 269
nigra, 268
Juncaceae, 220
Juncoides, 227
bulbosum, 228
campestre, 228
nemorosum, 228
pilosum, 227
Juncus, 220
acuminatus, 227
debilis, 227
aristulatus, 15, 225
articulatus, 23, 227
obtusatus, 227
balticus, 223
brachycarpus, 226
brachycephalus, 19, 226

INDEX

Juncus brevicaudatus,

25. 227
2, 225, 2

227
bufonius, 223
caesariensis, I4,
canadensis, 226
debilis, 227
dichotomus, 22

platyphyllus, 224
Dudleyi, 6, 224
effusus, 222
filiformis, 6, 19, 222
Gerardi, 223
Greenei, 19, 31, 223
gymnocarpus, I5, 222
marginatus, 225
maritimus, 22
militaris, 226
nodosus, 226

megacephalus, 226
pelocarpus, 19, 225
Roemerianus, 227
scirpoides, 226
secundus, 22
setaceus, 15, 225
Smithii, 222
tenuis, 224
Torreyi, 226
trifidus, 6, 19, 223

Juniperus, 74
communis, 75
nana, 75
sibirica, 28, 75
virginiana, 75

18,

Kkalmia, 490
angustifolia, 490
glauca, 490
latifolia, 490
polifolia, 20, 490

Kerria japonica, 381

Kickxia, 550
Elatine, 550
spuria, 550

Kneiffia, 467
Allenii, 32, 467
fruticosa, 468
linearis, 16, 29, 467
longipedicellata, 16, 467
pratensis, 468
pumila, 468
riparia, 30, 468

667

Kochia Scoparia, 300
Koeleria, 138
cristata, 5, 138
Koellia, 539
aristata, 17, 540
clinopodioides, 28, 540
flexuosa, 22, 540
incana, 541
mutica, 541
pilosa, 540
Torreyi, 540
verticillata, 540
virginiana, 540
Koniga, 349
maritima, 349
Kosteletzkya, 441
virginica, 29, 441
Krigia, 641
virginica, 641
Kuhnia, 594
eupatorioides, 17, 594

Lacinaria, 595
graminifolia, 17, 595
pilosa, 595
pycnostachya, 595
scariosa, 595
spicata, 595

Lactuca, 643
canadensis, 644.

montana, 644.
floridana, 17, 645
hirsuta, 644.
Morssii, 7, 20, 644
sagittifolia, 645
sativa, 645
Scariola, 644
spicata, 22, 645
villosa, 17, 645
virosa, 644

Lagenaria Lagenaria, 583

Lamiaceae, 526

Lamium, 533
album, 533
amplexicule, 533
hybridum, 533
maculatum, 533
purpureum, 533

Lappula, 521
Lappula, 521
virginiana, 521

668

Lapsana, 641
communis, 641
Larix, 72
decidua, 72
laricina, 72
Lathyrus, 410
aphaca, 411
glaucifolius, 411
latifolius, 411
maritimus, 20, 410
myrtifolius, 410
ochroleucus, 411
palustris, 410
linearifolius, 410
pratensis, 410
venosus, 410
Lauraceae, 332
Lechea, 448 ;
intermedia, 450
Leggettii, 450 —
maritima, 449
minor, 449
racemulosa, 16, 449
tenuifolia, 449
villosa, 449
Lecticula, 563
resupinata, 29, 563
Ledum, 488
groenlandicum, 7, 20,
488
Lemna, 214
cyclostasa, 215
minor, 215
perpusilla, 215
trisulca, 27, 215
Lemnaceae, 214
Lentibulariaceae, 562
Leontodon, 643
erythrospermum, 643
hastile, 642
Taraxacum, 643
Leonurus, 533
Cardiaca, 533
glaucescens, 534
Marrubiastrum, 534
sibiricus, 534
Lepidium, 337
apetalum, 338
campestre, 338
densiflorum, 338
Draba, 338

INDEX

Lepidium — graminifolium,
338
neglectum, 338
ruderale, 338
sativum, 338
Smithii, 338
virginicum, 338
Leptamnium, 566
virginianum, 566
Leptandra, 557
virginica, 557
Leptilon, 616
canadense, 616
divaricatum, 616
linifolium, 616
pusillum, 616
Leptochloa fascicularis, 150
Leptoloma, 99
cognatum, 99
Leptorchis, 258
liliifolia, 258
Loeselii, 259
Lespedeza, 405
angustifolia, 30, 408
Brittonii, 407
capitata, 408
frutescens, 408
hirta, 408
neglecta, 407
Nuttallii, 29, 407
oblongifolia, 16, 408
procumbens, 406
repens, 16, 406
simulata, 408
striata, 408 ;
Stuvei, 29, 407
velutina, 408
violacea, 407
virginica, 408
Leucojum aestivum, 242
Leucothoé racemosa, 490
Ligusticum, 480
scoticum, 7, 480
Ligustrum vulgare, 502
Lilaeopsis, 480
lineata, 480
Liliaceae, 232
Lilium, 233
canadense, 234
philadelphicum, 233
superbum, 234

Lilium tigrinum, 234
Limnanthaceae, 428
Limnanthemum, 507
Limnobium, 90
Spongia, 90
Limnorchis, 249
dilatata, 6, 19, 249
huronensis, 249
hyperborea, 6, 19, 249
Limodorum, 254
tuberosum, 254
Limonium, 499
carolinianum, 499
Limosella, 555
aquatica, 20, 555
tenuifolia, 555
Linaceae, 417
Linaria, 550
canadensis, 550
genistaefolia, 550
Linaria, 550
repens, 550
striata, 550
supina, 550
Linnaea, 578
americana, 25, 578
Linum, 417
angustifolium, 417
floridanum, 418
medium, 418
striatum, 418
sulcatum, 419
usitatissimum, 417
virginianum, 418
Liparis, 258
liliifolia, 258
Loeselii, 23, 259
Lipocarpha, 168
maculata, 168
Lippia, 526
lanceolata, 526
Liquidambar, 357
Styraciflua, 16, 357
Liriodendron, 317
Tulipifera, 22, 317
Listera, 256
australis, 256
convallarioides, 257
cordata, 256
Lithospermum, 523
arvense, 523

Lithospermum canescens,

524
latifolium, 524
officinale, 524

Lobelia, 585

Canbyi, 17, 587
cardinalis, 586

Dortmanna, 7, 20, 585

inflata, 586
Kalmii, 20, 586

Nuttallii, 17, 29, 586

puberula, 17, 586
spicata, 586
syphilitica, 586

Lobeliaceae, 585
Loganiaceae, 502
Lolium, 148

multiflorum, 148
perenne, 148
temulentum, 148

Lonicera, 579
canadensis, 7, 20, 580

Caprifolium, 579
ciliata, 580
coerulea, 7, 580
dioica, 580
hirsuta, 20, 580
japonica, 580
orientalis, 581
sempervirens, 580
tatarica, 581
Xylosteum, 581

Lophiola, 242

americana, 242
aurea, 15, 242

Lophotocarpus, 87

spongiosus, 87

Loranthaceae, 284
Lorinseria, 58

areolata, 58

Lotus, 399

americanus, 399
corniculatus, 399

Ludwigia, 463

alternifolia, 464
hirtella, 16, 464
linearis, 16, 464
polycarpa, 464
sphaerocarpa, 464

Ludwigiantha, 463
brevipes, 16, 32, 463

44

INDEX

Lunaria, 345
annua, 345
Lupinus, 396
perennis, 31, 396
Lychnis, 313
alba, 313
chalcedonica, 313
coronaria, 313
dioica, 313
Flos-cuculi, 313
sylvestris, 313
Lycium, 547
halimifolium, 547
vulgare, 547
Lycopersicon, 547
Lycopersicon, 547
Lycopodiaceae, 64
Lycopodium, 64
adpressum, 18, 66
alopecuroides, 18, 66
annotinum, 5, 18, 66
carolinianum, 14, 18, 67
clavatum, 66
complanatum, 23, 66
inundatum, 18, 65
Bigelovit, 66
lucidulum, 65
obscurum, 66
porophilum, 5, 65
tristachyum, 66
Lycopsis, 525
arvensis, 525
Lycopus, 541
americanus, 542
communis, 542
europaeus, 543
membranaceus, 20, 542
rubellus, 542
sessilifolius, 542
uniflorus, 23, 542
virginicus, 542
Lygodium, 50
palmatum, 50
Lysias, 250
Hookeriana, 6, 19, 250
orbiculata, 250
Lysimachia, 498
Nummularia, 498
producta, 498
punctata, 498
quadrifolia, 498

669

Lysimachia terrestris, 498
vulgaris, 498

Lythraceae, 460

Lythrum, 461
alatum, 461
Hyssopifolia, 461
lineare, 16, 461
Salicaria, 462

Macrocalyx, 519
Magnolia, 316
tripetala, 16, 317
virginiana, 316
Magnoliaceae, 316
Malaceae, 381
Malaxis, 258
monophylla, 6, 19, 258
unifolia, 24, 258
Malus, 382
angustifolia, 383
baccata, 383
coronaria, 16, 383
coronaria, 383
glaucescens, 383
Malus, 383
Malva, 440
Alcea, 441
arvensis, 441
borealis, 441
crispa, 441
moschata, 441
rotundifolia, 440
sylvestris, 440
Malvaceae, 440
Malvastrum spicatum, 442
coromandelianum, 442
Mariana, 639
Mariana, 639
Marilaunidium jamaicense,
520
Mariscus, 172
mariscoides, 172
Marsilea, 62
quadrifolia, 62
Marsileaceae, 62
Marrubium, 531
vulgare, 531
Martynia louisiana, 566
Martyniaceae, 566
Matricaria, 632
Chamomilla, 632

670

Matricaria inodora, 632
maritima, 632
matricarioides, 632
Matteuccia, 51
Struthiopteris, 51
Medeola, 238
virginiana, 238
Medicago, 397
arabica, 397
denticulata, 397
lupulina, 397
minima, 398
muricata, 398
pubescens, 398
sativa, 397
Meibomia, 401
bracteosa, 404
canadensis, 405
canescens, 403
Dillenii, 405
glabella, 403
grandiflora, 29, 402
laevigata, 404
marylandica, 405
Michauxii, 402
nudiflora, 22, 402
obtusa, 405
ochroleuca, 16, 403
paniculata, 404
pauciflora, 402
rigida, 405
sessilifolia, 30, 403
stricta, 16, 403
viridiflora, 16, 28, 404
Melampyrum, 560
latifolium, 560
lineare, 560
Melanthaceae, 228
Melanthera deltoidea, 640
Melanthium, 230
latifolium, 230
virginicum, 230
Melastomaceae, 462
Melica mutica, 150
striata, 150
Melilotus, 397
alba, 397
altissima, 397
indica, 397
occidentalis, 397
officinalis, 397

INDEX

Melissa, 538
officinalis, 538
Menispermaceae, 332
Menispermum, 332
canadense, 22, 332
Mentha, 543
alopecuroides, 544
aquatica, 544
arvensis, 544
canadensis, 544
Cardiaca, 544
citrata, 543
crispa, 544
gentilis, 544
longifolia, 543
piperita, 543
rotundifolia, 544
spicata, 543
Menyanthaceae, 507
Menyanthes trifoliata, 22,
597
Mercurialis annua, 427
Mertensia, 522
virginica, 522
Mesadenia, 634
atriplicifolia, 634
reniformis, 17, 634
Mesembryanthemum nodo-
sum, 302
Micrampelis, 583
lobata, 583
Micranthemum, 555
micranthemoides,
555
Micranthes, 355
micranthidifolia,
356
pennsylvanica, 22, 355
virginiensis, 22, 356
Microstylis, 258
Mikania, 594
scandens, 594
Milium, 120
effusum, 5, 19, 120
Mimulus, 552
alatus, 28, 553
Langsdorfhi, 553
moschatus, 553
ringens, 553
Mirabilis jalapa, 302
Miscanthus, 96

17,

16,

Miscanthus sinensis, 96
Mitchella, 570
repens, 570
Mitella, 354
diphylla, 24, 28, 354
nuda, 6, 20, 354
prostrata, 354
Modiola caroliniana, 442
Moehringia, 309
lateriflora, 19, 23, 309
Moenchia erecta, 308
Moldavica parviflorum, 545
Molina, 136
Mollugo, 302
verticillata, 302
Monarda, 536
clinopodia, 537
didyma, 537
fistulosa, 537
media, 537
mollis, 537
punctata, 17, 28, 537
Moneses, 486
uniflora, 4, 20, 486
Monniera caroliniana, 561
Monotropa, 487
uniflora, 487
Monotropaceae, 486
Moraceae, 281
Morus, 281
alba, 281
rubra, 23, 281
Muhlenbergia, 123
capillaris, 28, 124
foliosa, 124
mexicana, 124
racemosa, 124
Schreberi, 123
sobolifera, 123
sylvatica, 124
tenuiflora, 124
umbrosa, 124
Muscari, 235
botryoides, 235
racemosum, 235
Myosotis, 522
arvensis, 523
collina, 523
laxa, 523
micrantha, 523
palustris, 523

Myosotis scorpoides, 523
versicolor, 523
virginica, 523

Myrica, 267
carolinensis, 268
cerifera, 15, 268
Gale, 29, 267

Myricaceae, 267

Myriophyllum, 470
heterophyllum, 470
humile, 470
pinnatum, 30, 470
proserpinacoides, 471
spicatum, 470
tennellum, 23, 470
verticillatum, 20, 470

Nabalus, 648

albus, 648

altissimus, 648

racemosus, 649

serpentarius, 649

integrifolius, 649

trifoliolatus, 649

virgatus, 17, 649
Naiadaceae, 85
Naias, 85

flexilis, 85

gracillima, 28, 85
Narcissus, 242

poeticus, 242

Pseudo-Narcissus, 242
Naumburgia, 498

thyrsiflora, 7, 20, 498
Nazia, 99

aliena, 99

racemosa, 99
Nelumbo, 316

lutea, 316

Nelumbo, 316
Nemopanthes, 432

mucronata, 24, 432
Neobeckia, 342

aquatica, 342
Neopieris, 491

mariana, 491
Nepeta, 532

Cataria, 532
Neslia, 345

paniculata, 345
Nicotiana, 547

INDEX

Nicotiana longiflora, 547
rustica, 547
Tabacum, 547

Nigella damascena, 330

Nonnea nigricans, 525

Norta, 339
altissima, 339

Nothoholcus, 131
lanatus, 131

Nyctaginaceae, 302

Nyctelea, 519
Nyctelea, 519

Nymphaea, 315
advena, 315

variegata, 315
fraterna, 315
hybrida, 315
Kalmiana, 315
microphylla, 6, 19, 315
rubrodisca, 6, 19, 315

Nymphaeaceae, 314

Nymphoides, 507
aquaticum, 17, 508
lacunosum, 507

Nyssa, 484
biflora, 484
sylvatica, 484

Obolaria, 506
virginica, 16, 506
Oceanorus, 230
leimanthoides, 15, 230
Oenothera, 466
biennis, 466
cruciata, 466
grandiflora, 466
muricata, 466
Oakesiana, 466
Oldenlandia, 570
uniflora, 17, 570
Oleaceae, 500
Onagra, 466
Onagraceae, 463
Onobrychis sativa, 413
Onoclea, 51
sensibilis, 51
Ononis arvensis, 413
Onopordon, 639
Acanthium, 639
Onosmodium, 524
occidentale, 524

671

Onosmodium
29, 524
Ophioglossaceae, 47
Ophioglossum, 47
arenarium, 47
vulgatum, 23, 47
Ophrys, 256
australis, 15, 256
convallarioides, 257
cordata, 6, 256, 257
Opulaster, 361
opulifolius, 28, 361
Opuntia, 459
Opuntia, 459
Orchidaceae, 245
Orchis rotundifolia, 248
spectabilis, 247
Origanum, 539
vulgare, 539
Ornithogalum, 234
nutans, 234
umbellatum, 234
Ornithopus sativus, 413
Orobanchaceae, 565
Orobanche, 565
minor, 565
ramosa, 565
Orontium, 214
aquaticum, 29, 214
Oryzopsis, 121
asperifolia, 5, 19, 121
pungens, 5, 19, 121
racemosa, I2I
Osmunda, 49
cinnamomea, 49
Claytoniana, 49
regalis, 49
Osmundaceae, 49
Ostrya, 271
virginiana, 271
Otophylla, 560
auriculara, 560
Oxalidaceae, 415
Oxalis, 416
Acetosella, 416
Brittoniae, 417
Bushit, 417
corniculata, 417
cymosa, 417
filipes, 417
repens, 417

virginianum,

672

Oxalis rufa, 417
stricta, 416
violacea, 416
Oxycoccus, 496
macrocarpus, 4, 496
Oxycoccus, 496
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria, 329
Oxypolis, 481
longifolia, 481
rigidior, 16, 481
Pachysandra procumbens,
428

Padus, 391
nana, 391
virginiana, 391
virginiana, 391
Panax, 472
quinquefolium, 472
trifolium, 472
Panicularia, 141
acutiflora, 144
americana, 143
borealis, 18, 27, 143
canadensis, 18, 142
fluitans, 144
fluitans, 143
grandis, 18, 28, 143
laxa, 18, 142
nervata, 143
obtusa, 24, 142
pallida, 143
septentrionalis, 21, 27,
143,
Torreyana, 142
Panicum, 102
aciculare, 14, 110
aculeatum, 14, 28, 30,
116
Addisonii, 28, 114
agrostoides, 109
albemarlense, 114
amaroides, 108
amarum, 14, 108
anceps, 108
angustifolium, 14, 110
annulum, 14, III
Ashei, 116
atlanticum, 113
barbipulvinatum, 117
barbulatum, 111

INDEX

Panicum Bicknellii, 28, 110
boreale, 5, 18, 112
Boscii, 117
capillare, 108
clandestinum, 117
Clutet, 112
coerulescens, I4, III
columbianum, I15

thinium, 115
Commonsianum,

114

commutatum, 27, 116
condensum, 14, 109
cryptanthum, 14, 116
decoloratum, 117
depauperatum, 109
dichotomiflorum, 107
dichotomum, III
ensifolium, 14, 18, 111
flexile, 5, 108
Gattingeri, 108
hemitomon, I4, 107
huachucae, 113

salvicola, 113
implicatum, 28, 114
languidum, 18, 113
lanuginosum, 14, I14
latifolium, 116
leucothrix, 14, 113
Lindheimeri, 112
linearifolium, 4, 109
longifolium, 109
lucidum, 14, 28, 30, 111
macrocarpon, 116
mattamuskeetense, I12
meridionale, 114
microcarpon, III
miliaceum, 108
minus, 108
nitidum, 112
octonodum, 14, 112
oricola, 114
oligosanthes, 14, 18, 115
paucipilum, 14, 112
philadelphicum, 108
polyanthes, 14, 27, 110
Porterianum, 117
proliferum, 107
psammophilum, 115
pseudopubescens, 113
pubifolium, 117

14,

Panicum scabriusculum, 14,
116
scoparioides, 113
scoparium, I15
Scribnerianum, 115
sphaerocarpon, 110
spretum, 18, 28, I12
stipitatum, 14, 109
subvillosum, 114
tennesseense, 114
tsugetorum, II5
unciphyllum, 113
verrucosum, 107
villosissimum, 113
virgatum, 108
cubense, 108
Werneri, 110
Wrightianum, 28, 113
xanthophysum, 18, 115
yadkinense, III
Papaver, 333
Argemone, 333
dubium, 333
hybridum, 333
Rhoeas, 333
somniferum, 333
Papaveraceae, 332
Papyrius, 281
papyrifera, 282
Parietaria, 284
debilis, 284
diffusa, 284
officinalis, 284
pennsylvanica, 23, 284
Parnassia, 353
caroliniana, 353
Parnassiaceae, 353
Paronychia, 303
argyrocoma, 303
Parsonsia, 462
petiolata, 462
Parthenium Hysterophorus,
640
Parthenocissus, 439
quinquefoiia, 439
Paspalum, 99
circulare, 14, IOT
difforme, 14, 101
dissectum, 100
floridanum, 14, 101
laeve, 14, LOI

Paspalum membranaceum,
100
Muhlenbergii, ror
plenipilum, 14, 101
psammophilum, 100
pubescens, 14, 100
setaceum, [00
Pastinaca, 481
sativa, 481
Paulownia, 552
tomentosa, 552
Pavonia hastata, 442
Pedaliaceae, 566
Pedicellaria pentaphylla, 350
Pedicularis, 561
canadensis, 22, 561
lanceolata, 22, 561
Pellaea, 61
atropurpurea, 61
Peltandra, 213
virginica, 213
Penthoraceae, 353
Penthorum, 353
sedoides, 353
Pentstemon, 551
Digitalis, 552
grandiflorus, 552
hirsutus, 552
pallidus, 17, 552
Pentstemon, 552
tubiflorus, 552
Peramium, 257
ophioides, 6, 257
pubescens, 21, 257
tesellatum, 6, 19, 257
Perilla, 545
frutescens, 545
nankinensis, 545
Periploca graeca, 513
Persicaria, 291
amphibia, 291
Careyi, 29, 292
Hydropiper, 293
hydropiperoides, 293
lapathifolia, 292
Muhlenbergii, 292
opelousana, 293
orientalis, 293
pennsylvanica, 292
Persicaria, 292
portoricensis, 15, 292

INDEX

Persicaria punctata, 293
punctatum robustior, 293

robustior, 293

setacea, 293
Perularia, 248

flava, 248
Petasites, 634

palmata, 7, 20, 634

Petasites, 634
Petrorhagia, 313
Saxifraga, 313
Petunia, 548
axillaris, 548
parviflora, 548
violacea, 548
Phacelia, 519
dubia, 17, 520
Purshii, 520
viscida, 520
Phalaris, 119
arundinacea, I19
canariensis, 119
Phaseolus, 412

polystachyus, 23, 412

vulgaris, 412
Philadelphus, 356
coronarius, 356
inodorus, 356
pubescens, 356
Philibertia gracilis, 513
Philotria, 89
angustifolia, 90
canadensis, 89
Nuttallii, 89
Phleum, 125
pratense, 125
Phlox, 517
divaricata, 518
maculata, 22, 517
paniculata, 17, 517
pilosa, 517
subulata, 518
Phoradendron, 284
flavescens, 15, 285
Phragmites, 135
Phragmites, 135
Phryma, 567
Leptostachya, 567
Phrymaceae, 567
Phyllanthus, 423

carolinensis, 16, 423

673

Physalis, 545
Alkekengi, 546
angulata, 546
heterophylla, 546

ambigua, 546

nyctaginea, 546
ixocarpa, 546
peruviana, 546
philadelphica, 546
pruinosa, 546
pubescens, 546
subglabrata, 546
virginiana, 546
viscosa, 546

Physalodes, 545
physalodes, 545

Physostegia, 532

Phytolacca, 302
decandra, 302

Phytolaccaceae, 302

Picea, 72
Abies, 73
canadensis, 73
Mariana, 72
rubens, 73,

Picris, 642
echioides, 642
hieracioides, 642°
hispida, 642

Pilea, 283
pumila, 283

Pimpinella Saxifraga, 482

Pinaceae, 69

Pinus, 70
echinata, 14, 26, 27, 71
pungens, 14, 71
resinosa, 5, 18, 70
rigida, 27, 31, 71
serotina, I4, 72
Strobus, 70
sylvestris, 72
Taeda, 14, 72
virginiana, 14, 27, 71

Pisum sativum, 413

Plantaginaceae, 567

Plantago, 567
aristata, 568
Coronopus, 569
cordata, 568
decipiens, 568
elongata, 569

674

Plantago halophila, 567
heterophylla, 569
intermedia, 567
lanceolata, 568
major, 567
maritima, 20, 568
pusilla, 568
Rugelii, 568
virginica, 568

Platanaceae, 360

Platanus, 360
occidentalis, 360

Pleuropierys, 295
Zuccarinii, 295

Pluchea, 617
camphorata, 618
foetida, 17, 618

Plumbaginaceae, 499

Pneumaria maritima, 525

Poa, 139
alsodes, 5, 140
annua, 140
autumnalis, 14, 140

brachyphylla, 14, 21,

I4I
brevifolia, 141
compressa, 141
debilis, 5, 18, 140
flava, 140
pratensis, 141
serotina, 140
sylvestris, 141
triflora, 5, 140
trivialis, 140
Poaceae, 90
Podophyllum, 331
peltatum, 28, 331
Podostemaceae, 352
Podostemon, 352
ceratophyllum, 352
Pogonia, 252
affinis, 253
divaricata, 15, 252
ophioglossoides, 252
trianthophora, 253
verticillata, 253
Polanisia, 350
graveolens, 350
trachysperma, 350
viscosa, 350
Polemoniaceae, 517

INDEX

Polemonium, 518
reptans, 518
Van-Bruntiae, 7, 518

Polycodium, 493
stamineum, 493

Polygala, 420
ambigua, 421
brevifolia, 421
cruciata, 421
incarnata, 29, 421
lutea, 16, 421
mariana, 16, 422
Nuttallii, 422
paucifolia, 423
polygama, 422
Senega, 422

latifolia, 422
verticillata, 23, 421
viridescens, 422

Polygalaceae, 420

Polygonaceae, 286

Polygonatum, 238
biflorum, 238
commutatum, 238

Polygonella, 295
articulata, 31, 295

Polygonum, 289
atlanticum, 290
aviculare, 290
buxiforme, 290
cuspidatum, 295
erectum, 290
exsertum, 289
Hartwrightit, 291
incarnatum, 292
littorale, 290
maritimum, 289
mons peliense, 290
neglectum, 290
prolificum, 290
provinciale, 290
ramosissimum, 290

prolificum, 290
Rayi, 290
sachalinense, 295
sagittatum, 293
tenue, 290
tomentosum, 292
virginianum, 291

Polymnia, 621
canadensis, 621

Polymnia Uvedalia, 621
Polypodiaceae, 50
Polypodium, 62
vulgare, 62
Polypogon, 127
monspeliensis, 127
Polypremum, 502
procumbens, 502
Polystichum, 53
achrostichoides, 53
Braunii, 5, 18, 53
Pontederia, 219
cordata, 219
Pontederiaceae, 219
Populus, 261
alba, 261
candicans, 262
deltoides, 262
grandidentata, 262
heterophylla, 261
nigra, 262
tremuloides, 23, 262
Porteranthus, 363
trifoliatus, 363
Portulaca, 303
grandiflora, 303
oleracea, 303
pilosa, 303
Portulacaceae, 302
Potamogeton, 79
alpinus, 82
americanus, 82
amplifolius, 82
angustifolius, 5, 82
bupleuroides, 83
compressus, 18, 84
confervoides, 14, 84
crispus, 83
dimorphus, 81
diversifolius, 81
epihydrus, 81
foliosus, 84
gemmiparus, 84
heterophyllus, 82
Hillii, 84
lateralis, 5, 18, 81
lonchites, 82
lucens, 83

connecticutensis, 82

natans, 18, 81
nitens, 84.

Potamogeton nitens, 84
Nuttallit, 82
Oakesianus, 18, 81
obtusifolius, 84
pectinatus, 23, 84
perfoliatus, 83
praelongus, 5, 83
pulcher, 83
pusillus, 84
Richardsonii, 83
Robbinsii, 83
Spirillus, 81
Vaseyi, 81
Zosteraefolius, 84

Potentilla, 363
argentea, 364
canadensis, 364
intermedia, 364
monspeliensis, 364
pacifica, 365
paradoxa, 364
pumila, 364
recta, 364
simplex, 364
sulphurea, 364

Poterium, 367
Sanguisorba, 367

Primulaceae, 497

Proserpinaca, 469
intermedia, 469
palustris, 469
pectinata, 469

Prunella, 532
laciniata, 532
vulgaris, 532

Prunus, 391
alleghaniensis, 392
americana, 392

mollis, 392
angustifolia, 392
Avium, 393
Cerasus, 393
cuneata, 393
domestica, 393
Gravesii, 32, 392
institia, 393
Mahaleb, 393
maritima, 392
nigra, 393
pennsylvanica, 393
pumila, 392

INDEX

Prunus serotina, 391
Psilocarya, 172
nitens, 15, 28, 172
Ptelea, 419
trifoliata, 419
Pteridium, 61
aquilinum, 61
Pteris, 61
Ptilimnium, 479
capillaceum, II, 479
Puccinellia, 144
angus, 144
Borreri, 144
distans, 144
fasciculata, 144

Pueraria Thunbergiana, 413

Pyrola, 485
americana, 485

chlorantha, 25, 29, 485

elliptica, 485
oxypetala, 7, 32, 485
rotundifolia, 485
secunda, 28, 485
pumila, 485
Pyrolaceae, 484
Pyrus, 382
communis, 382
Pyxidanthera, 496
barbulata, 16, 496

Quamoclit, 514
coccinea, 514
Quamoclit, 514.

Quercus, 275
acuminata, 278
alba, 279
Alexanderi, 278
bicolor, 278
borealis, 276
coccinea, 277
digitata, 277
ilicifolia, 277
imbricaria, 15, 278
lyrata, 15, 279
macrocarpa, 279
marilandica, 15, 277
Michauxii, 15, 278
Muhlenbergii, 27
nana, 277
nigra, 15, 277
pagodaefolia, 15, 277

675

Quercus palustris, 276
Phellos, 15, 277
platanoides, 278
prinoides, 278
Prinus, 278
rubra, 22, 276
stellata, 279
triloba, 15, 277
velutina, 276

Radicula, 341
hispida, 341
palustris, 341
sylvestris, 341
Raimannia, 466
humifusa, 16, 466
laciniata, 16, 466
rhombipetala, 467
Ranunculaceae, 317
Ranunculus, 325
abortivus, 326
acris, 327
allegheniensis, 6, 327
arvensis, 329
bulbosus, 327
delphinifolius, 326
fascicularis, 328
Graecus, 329
hispidus, 22, 328
lanuginosus, 329
micranthus, 6, 327
obtusiusculus, 326
parviflorus, 329
parvulus, 329
pennsylvanicus, 327
pusillus, 16, 326
recurvatus, 327
repens, 328
reptans, 326
sceleratus, 327
septentrionalis, 328
villosus, 329
Raphanus, 340
Raphanistrum, 341
sativus, 341
Rapistrum rugosum, 349
Ratibida, 624
pinnata, 624
Razoumofskya, 284
pusilla, 6, 19, 284
Reseda, 350

676

Reseda alba, 350
lutea, 350
Luteola, 350
odorata, 350
Phyteuma, 350
Resedaceae, 350
Rhamnaceae, 437
Rhamnus, 437
alnifolia, 6, 437
caroliniana, 438
cathartica, 437
Frangula, 437
Rhexia, 462
aristosa, 16, 463
mariana, 16, 20, 462
virginica, 462
Rhinanthus, 561
Crista-galli, 20, 561
Rhodiola, 353
rosea, 353
Rhododendron, 489
maximum, 489
Rhodora, 489
canadensis, 7, 20, 489
Rhus, 429 ;
aromatica, 429
bipinnata, 429
copallina, 429
glabra, 429
hirta, 429
pyramidalis, 429
radicans, 430
Toxicodendron, 430
vernix, 430
Ribes, 357
americanum, 358
Cynosbati, 359
floridum, 358

glandulosum, 6, 20, 358

gracile, 360
Grossularia, 359
huronense, 359
lacustre, 20, 358
nigrum, 358
odoratum, 359
oxyacanthoides, 359
prostratum, 358
rolundifolium, 360

INDEX

Ribes Uva-crispa, 359
vulgare, 358
Richardsonia scabra, 574
Ricinus, 424
communis, 424
Ridan, 626
alternifolius, 626
Robertiella, 413
Robertiana, 23, 413
Robinia, 400
hispida, 400
Pseudacacia, 400
viscosa, 400
Roripa, 341
americana, 342
Armoracia, 342
Nasturtium, 342
Rosa, 379
blanda, 381
canina, 380
carolina, 381
carolina, 380
cinnamomea, 381
gallica, 380
gemella, 20, 380
humilis, 381%
villosa, 381
lucida, 380
Lyoni, 381
micrantha, 380
nitida, 6, 20, 380
palustris, 380
pimpinellifolia, 381
rubifolia, 380
rubiginosa, 380
rugosa, 381
serrulata, 381
setigera, 380
Solanderi, 381
spinosissima, 381
virginiana, 23, 381
Rosaceae, 360
Rotala, 460
ramosior, 460
Roubieva, 298
multifida, 298
Rubacer odorata, 374
Rubiaceae, 569

rubrum subglandulosum, Rubus, 371

358
triste, 358

alleghaniensis, 376
americanus, 374

Rubus andrewsianus, 376
argutus, 376
Baileyanus, 377
canadensis, 6, 377
Chamaemorus, 374
cuneifolius, 375
Enslenii, 29, 378
flagellaris, 30, 377
frondosus, 6, 376
geophilus, 377
heterophyllus, 20, 377
hispidus, 378
Idaeus, 375
invisus, 377
laciniatus, 375
Linkianus, 378
neglectus, 375
nigricans, 20, 378
nigrobaccus, 375
occidentalis, 375
odoratus, 374
pergratus, 6, 20, 376
phoenicolasius, 374
plicatifolius, 6, 20, 377
procumbens, 377
pubescens, 20, 374
Randii, 20, 376
recurvans, 376
sativus, 375
setosus, 20, 378
strigosus, 375

Rudbeckia, 622
fulgida, 17, 623
hirta, 623
laciniata, 623
speciosa, 17, 623
subtomentosa, 623
triloba, 17, 623

Ruellia, 566
ciliosa, 566
parviflora, 17, 566
strepens, 566

Rumex, 287
Acetosa, 287
Acetosella, 287
altissimus, 15, 288
Britannica, 288
conglomeratus, 289
crispus, 288
elongatus, 289
hastatulus, 29, 287

Rumex maritimus, 289
mexicanus, 288
obtusifolius, 288
Patientia, 288
persicarioides, 289
pulcher, 288
salicifclius, 289
sanguineus, 288
verticillatus, 287

Ruppia, 79
maritima, 79

Ruta graveolens, 420

Rutaceae, 419

Rynchospora, 169
alba, 170
axillaris, 15, 28, 170

microcephala, 170
capillacea, 19, 170
corniculata, 28, 170
Curtisti, 170
cymosa, I5, 171
filifolia, 15, 171
fusca, 171
glomerata, 170

leptocarpa, 170
gracilenta, 15, 171
Knieskernii, 15, 170
macrostachya, 170
oligantha, 15, 170
pallida, 170
rariflora, 15, 171
Smallii, 15, 171
Torreyana, I71

Sabbatia, 503
angularis, 23, 503
campanulata, 503
dodecandra, 504
lanceolata, 16, 503
stellaris, 503

Sacciolepis, 117
striata, 14, 117

Sagina, 308
apetala, 308
decumbens, 308
procumbens, 23, 308
subulata, 308

Sagittaria, 87
cuneata, 5, 88
Eatoni, 88

Engelmanniana, 18, 89

INDEX

Sagittaria graminea, 88
latifolia, 89
longirostra, 14, 89
lorata, 88
pubescens, 14, 88
rigida, 88
subulata, 14, 87

gracillima, 88
teres, 28, 88

Salicaceae, 261

Salicornia, 299
ambigua, 299
Bigelovii, 299
europaea, 299
herbacea, 299

Salix, 263
acutidens, 265
alba, 264
babylonica, 264
Bebbiana, 19, 266
candida, 6, 19, 266
cordata, 265
discolor, 265
ertocephala, 265
fluviatilis, 265
fragilis, 264
glaucophylla, 267
humilis, 266
incana, 267
interior, 265
longifolia, 265
lucida, 6, 19, 264
myrtilloides, 265
nigra, 264
pedicellaris, 6, 19, 265
pentandra, 264
petiolaris, 265
prinoides, 265
purpurea, 267
rostrata, 266
sericea, 267
sericea, 265
serissima, 264
squamata, 6, 32, 265
subsericea, 267
tristis, 266
viminalis, 267

Salomonia, 238

Salsola, 300
Kali, 300
pestifer, 300

677

Salsola Tragus, 300
Salvia, 536
Sclarea, 536
lyrata, 17, 536
officinalis, 536
pratensis, 536
splendens, 536
sylvestris, 536
Verbenaca, 536
verticillata, 536
Salvinia, 62
natans, 62
Salviniaceae, 62
Sambucus, 575
canadensis, 575
Ebulus, 575
laciniata, 575
nigra, 575
pubens, 575
Samolus, 497
floribundus, 23, 497
Sanguinaria, 333
canadensis, 333
Sanguisorba, 367
canadensis, 22, 23, 367
Sanicula, 475
canadensis, 475
gregaria, 475
marylandica, 22, 475
rifoliata, 476
Santalaceae, 285
Sapindaceae, 436
Saponaria, 314
ocymoides, 314
officinalis, 314.
Sarothra, 446
gentianoides, 446
Sarracenia, 351
purpurea, 4, 351
heterophylla, 351
Sarraceniaceae, 351
Sassafras, 332
Sassafras, 332
Satureia, 538
hortensis, 538
Saururaceae, 261
Saururus, 261
cernuus, 15, 261
Savastana, 120
Nashii, 32, 120
odorata, 19, 120

678

Saxifraga erosa, 356
micranthidifolia, 356
pennsylvanica, 355
virginiensis, 356

Saxifragaceae, 354

Scabiosa, 583
arvensis, 583
australis, 583
stellata, 583

Scandix Pecten-veneris, 482

Scheuchzeria, 86
palustris, 18, 24, 86

Scheuchzeriaceae, 85

Schizachyrium, 97
littorale, 97
scoparium, 97

Schizaea, 50
pusilla, 24, 50

Schizaeaceae, 49

Schizonotus, 363
sorbifolius, 363

Schmaltzia, 429
crenata, 429

Schwalbea, 561
americana, 31, 561

Scirpus, 164
americanus, 166
atrocinctus, 168
atrovirens, 167
campestris, 166
cyperinus, 168

pelius, 168
debilis, 165
Eriophorum, 168
fluviatilis, 19, 167
georgianus, 167
Hallii, 168
Hudsonianus, 163
lineatus, 168
Longii, 168
maritumus macrostach-

yus, 167
microcarpus, 19, 167
mucronatus, 166
nanus, 165
novae-angliae, 167
occidentalis, 166
Olneyi, 166

contortus, 166
paludosus, 19, 166
parvulus, 165

INDEX

Scirpus Peckii, 168
pedicellatus, 168
planifolius, 28, 165
polyphyllus, 167, 168
robustus, 167
rubrotinctus, 167
Smithit, 165
setosus, 165
subterminalis, 28, 165
sylvaticus, 167
Torreyi, 28, 166
validus, 166

Scleranthus, 304
annuus, 304

Scleria, 172
minor, 172
pauciflora, 28, 31, 173
reticularis, 28, 172

pubescens, 172

Torreyana, 172
setacea, 15, 28, 172
Torreyana, 172
triglomerata, 172

minor, 172
verticillata, 28, 173

Sclerolepis, 590
uniflora, 590

Scrophularia, 551
aquatica, 551
canina, 551
leporella, 23, 551
marylandica, 551

Scrophulariaceae, 548

Scutellaria, 529
galericulata, 22, 531
incana, 530
integrifolia, 530
lateriflora, 530
nervosa, 531
parvula, 530

ambigua, 530
pilosa, 22, 530
serrata, 17, 530

Secale cereale, 150

Sedum, 352
acre, 352
Fabaria, 353
roseum, 353
telephioides, 353
ternatum, 353
triphyllum, 353

Selaginella, 67
apus, 67
rupestris, 67
Selaginellaceae, 67
Sempervivum, 352
tectorum, 352
Senecio, 635
aureus, 22, 636
Balsamitae, 636
Crawfordii, 32, 635
Jacobaea, 636
obovatus, 635
pauperculus, 636
Smallii, 17, 636
sylvaticus, 636
tomentosus, 17, 635
viscosus, 636
vulgaris, 636
Senecioneae, 633
Serapias, 254
Helleborine, 19, 254
Sericocarpus, 604
asteroides, 605
linifolius, 605
Serratula tinctoria, 640
Sesamum indicum, 566
Sesban macrocarpa, 413
Sesuvium, 302
maritimum, 16, 29, 302
Setaria, 117
Setiscapella, 564
cleistogama, 564
subulata, 564
Sherardia, 574
arvensis, 574
Sibbaldiopsis, 366
tridentata, 6, 366
Sicyos, 583
angulatus, 583
Sida, 441
angustifolia, 441
carpinifolia, 441
linifolia, 441
rhombifolia, 441
spinosa, 441
Sideritis montana, 545
Silene, 311
Anglica, 312
antirrhina, 312
Armeria, 312
caroliniana, 312

Silene dichotoma, 312
italica, 312
latifolia, 311
noctiflora, 312
nutans, 311
pendula, 312
quinquevulnera, 312
stellata, 23, 311
virginica, 312
vulgaris, 311

Silphium, 621
perfoliatum, 621

Simaroubaceae, 420

Sinapis, 339
alba, 339
arvensis, 339

Sisymbrium, 342
altissimum, 339
Irio, 339
Loesellii, 339
Nasturtium-aquaticum,

342
officinale, 339
pannonicum, 339

Sisyrinchium, 243
albidum, 6, 244
angustifolium, 244
arenicola, 244
atlanticum, 245
gramineum, 245
graminoides, 245
intermedium, 245
mucronatum, 244, 245

Sium, 479
cicutaefolium, 479

Smilaceae, 239

Smilacina, 236

Smilax, 239
Bona-nox, 241
glauca, 240
herbacea, 240, 241

crispifolia, 240
hispida, 240
laurifolia, 15, 241
Pseudo-China, 241
pulverulenta, 240
rotundifolia, 241
tamnifolia, 29, 240
tamnoides, 241
Walteri, 15, 241
Solanaceae, 545

INDEX

Solanum, 546
carolinense, 546
Dulcamara, 547
nigrum, 546
rostratum, 546
sisymbriifolium, 547
tuberosum, 547

Solidago, 597
altissima, 603
arguta, 602
aspera, 601
bicolor, 599
caesia, 599
canadensis, 603
Elliottii, 602
erecta, 600
fistulosa, 17, 601
flexicaulis, 599
hispida, 599
juncea, 602

ramosa, 602
macrophylla, 7, 20, 600
neglecta, 602
nemoralis, 603

arenicola, 603
odora, 601
Purshii, 603
patula, 601
puberula, 600
racemosa, 603
rigida, 29, 603
rugosa, 601
sempervirens, 601
serotina, 603

gigantea, 603
speciosa, 29, 600
squarrosa, 599
stricta, 17, 600
tortifolia, 603
uliginosa, 600
ulmifolia, 601
uniligulata, 603

Sonchus, 643
arvensis, 643
asper, 643
oleraceus, 643
tenerrimus, 643

Sophia, 346
Sophia, 346
pinnata, 346

Sorbus, 382

679

Sorbus americana, 382
Aucuparia, 382
scopulina, 6, 20, 382

Sorghastrum, 98
avenaceum, 98
nutans, 98

Sorghum, 98

Sparganiaceae, 76

Sparganium, 76
acaule, 5, 77
americanum, 77
androcladum, 77
angustifolium, 5, 18, 78
eurycarpum, 77
fluctuans, 18, 78
lucidum, 28, 77
minimum, 5, 78

Spartina, 133
alternifolia, 134
cynosuroides, 14, 134
cynosuroides, 133
Michauxiana, 133
patens, 134
polystachya, 134
stricta, 134

Spathyema, 214
foetida, 214

Specularia, 584.
hybrida, 584
perfoliata, 584
Speculum, 584

Spenopholis palustris, 132

Spergula, 310
arvensis, 310
sativa, 310

Spergularia leiosperma, 310
salina, 310

Spermolepis divaricatus, 482

Sphaeralcea miniata, 442

Sphenopholis, 137
nitida, 138
obtusata, 137
pallens, 137

Spigelia marylandica, 502

Spinacia oleracea, 300

Spiraea, 362
alba, 6, 362
chamaedrifolia, 362
corymbosa, 362
japonica, 362
latifolia, 362

680

Spitaea prunifolia, 362
salicifolia, 362
tomentosa, 362
ulmifolia, 362

Spiranthes, 254

Spirodela, 214
polyrhiza, 214

Sporobolus, 126
asper, 126
asper, 126
clandestinus, 14, 126
cryptandrus, 5, 127
heterolepis, 5, 127
indicus, 127
longifolius, 126
neglectus, 126
serotinus, 127
Torreyanus, 14, 32, 127
uniflorus, 19, 28, 127
vaginaeflorus, 126

Stachys, 534
ambigua, 535
annua, 536
arenicola, 28, 535
arvensis, 536
aspera, 28, 535
atlantica, 32, 535
cordata, 536
germanica, 536
hirta, 536
hyssopifolia, 534
palustris, 535

homotricha, 535
recta, 536
sylvatica, 536
tenuifolia, 535

Staphylea, 433
trifolia, 28, 433

Staphyleaceae, 433

Steironema, 497
ciliatum, 497
hybridum, 497
lanceolatum, 497

Stencphragma, 346
Thaliana, 346

Stenophyllus, 161
capillaris, 161

Stipa, 121
avenacea, 121

Stomoisia, 564
cornuta, 564

INDEX

Stomoisia juncea, 17, 564
virgatula, 17, 564
Streptopus, 237
amplexifolius, 6, 237
roseus, 6, 237
Strophostyles, 411
helvola, 411
umbellata, 16, 411
Struthiopteris, 51
Stylisma, 514
Pickeringii, 17, 514

Stylophorum diphyllum, 334

Stylosanthes, 401
biflora, 16, 401
Symphoricarpos, 579
racemosus, 579
Symphoricarpos, 579
Symphytum, 524
asperrimum, 524
officinale, 524
Syndesmon, 324
thalictroides, 324
Synosma, 635
suaveolens, 17, 635
Syntherisma, 99
filiforme, 99
humifusum, 99
Ischaemum, 99
sanguinale, 99
Syringa vulgaris, 502

Taenidia, 479
integerrima, 479
Talinum, 303
teretifolium, 16, 303
Tanacetum, 632
vulgare, 632
Taraxacum, 643
Taxaceae, 75
Taxodium distichum, 75
Taxus, 75
canadensis, 75
Tecoma radicans, 566
Teesdalia nudicaulis, 349
Tetragonanthus, 506
Tetragonia expansa, 302
Teucrium, 528
boreale, 528
canadense, 528
littorale, 528
occidentale, 528

Thalesia, 565
uniflora, 565
Thalictrum, 330
dasycarpum, 19, 330
dioicum, 330
polygamum, 330
purpurascens, 330
revolutum, 22, 330
Thaspium, 480
barbinode, 480
trifoliatum, 480
aureum, 480
Thlaspi, 338
arvense, 338
Thuja, 74
occidentalis, 5, 74
Thymeleaceae, 459
Thymus, 559
Serpyllum, 539
vulgaris, 539
Tiarella, 355
cordifolia, 355
Tillaea aquatica, 352
Tillaeastrum, 352
aquaticum, 352
Tilia, 439
americana, 439
europaea, 440
heterophylla, 440
Michauxii, 16, 29, 439
pubescens, 439
Tiliaceae, 439
Tiniaria, 294
cilinodis, 294
Convolvulus, 294
cristata, 294
dumetorum, 294
scandens, 294.
Tipularia, 259
unifolia, 15, 259
Tissa, 310
canadensis, 310
marina, 310
rubra, 310
Tithymalopsis, 425
arundelana, 426
corollata, 28, 426
Ipecacuanhae, 16, 426
Tithymalus, 426
Cyparissias, 427
Darlingtonii, 16, 427

Tithymaius Esula, 427
Helioscopia, 426
Lathyris, 426
Peplus, 426
segetalis, 427

Tofieldia, 228
racemosa, 15, 228

Tomanthera, 560

Torilis, 477
Anthriscus, 477
nodosa, 477

Tovara, 291
virginiana, 22, 291

Toxicodendron, 430
radicans, 430

Toxicodendron, 16, 430

Vernix, 430
Toxylon, 281
pomiferum, 281
Tracaulon, 293
arifolium, 294
sagittatum, 293
Tradescantia, 219
reflexa, 219
virginiana, 219
Tragopogon, 642
porrifolius, 643
pratensis, 642
Triadenum, 447
petiolatum, 447
virginicum, 447

Trianthema portulacastrum,

302

Tribulus, 419
terrestris, 419

Trichostema, 529
dichotomum, 529
lineare, 529

Tridens, 135
flava, 135

Trientalis, 499
americana, 499
borealis, 499

Trifolium, 398
agrarium, 398
arvense, 398
aureum, 398
carolinianum, 399
dubium, 398
hybridum, 399
incarnatum, 398

INDEX

Trifolium maritimum, 399
medium, 399
pratense, 399
procumbens, 398
reflexum, 399
repens, 399
scabrum, 399
striatum, 399
tomentosum, 399

Trighlochin, 85
maritima, 18, 85
palustris, 86

Trigonella Besseriana, 413

Trillium, 238
cernuum, 239
erectum, 238
grandiflorum, 238
undulatum, 239

Triosteum, 578
angustifolium, 17, 578
aurantiacum, 578
perfoliatum, 17, 22,578 -

Triphora, 253
trianthophora, 253

Triplasis, 135
purpurea, 135

Tripsacum, 96
dactyloides, 96

Trisetum, 132
pennsylvanicum, 21, 132
spicatum, 5, 132

Triticum sativum, 150

Trollius, 319
laxus, 319

Tsuga, 73
canadensis, 22, 73

Tulipa sylvestris, 235

Tunica, 313

Tussilago, 634
Farfara, 634

Typha, 76
angustifolia, 76
latifolia, 76

Typhaceae, 76

Ulex europaeus, 413
Ulmaceae, 279
Ulmus, 280
alata, 280
americana, 280
campestris, 280

681

Ulmus fulva, 280

racemosa, 280
Thomasi, 6, 280

Unifolium, 237

canadense, 23, 237

Uniola, 138

laxa, 14, 138

Urachne, 121
Urena lobata, 442
Urtica, 282

dioica, 283
gracilis, 283
Lyallii, 283
urens, 283

Urticaceae, 282
Urticastrum, 283

divaricatum, 283

Utricularia, 562

biflora, 563
clandestina, 563
fibrosa, 17, 29, 563
geminiscapa, 29, 563
gibba, 563
intermedia, 20, 563
macrorhiza, 563
minor, 20, 29, 563
pumila, 563
purpurea, 562
radiata, 562
vulgaris, 563

Uva-ursi, 492

Uva-ursi, 492

Uvularia, 231

grandiflora, 231
nitida, 15, 32, 231
perfoliata, 21, 231
sessilifolia, 231
nitida, 231

Vaccaria, 314

Vaccaria, 314

Vacciniaceae, 492
Vaccinium, 493

amoenum, 494
angustifolium, 495
atlanticum, 494
atrococcum, 494
australe, 495
Brittonii, 7, 20, 495
caesariense, 32, 494
canadense, 7, 494

682

Vaccinium corymbosum,

494
amoenum, 494

Dobbinii, 495
nigrum, 495

pennsylvanicum, 495

nigrum, 495
vacillans, 495
vicinum, 494
virgatum, 494.

Vagnera, 236
racemosa, 236
stellata, 23, 236
trifolia, 6, 19, 237

Valeriana, 581
officinalis, 582
uliginosa, 7, 582

Valerianaceae, 581

Valerianella, 582
Locusta, 582
radiata, 582
Woodsiana, 582

patellaria, 582

Vallisneria, 89
spiralis, 89

Veratrum, 231
viride, 21, 231

Verbascum, 549
Blattaria, 550
Lychnitis, 550
orientale, 550
phlomoides, 549

Pseudo-Lynchnitis, 550

sinuatum, 550
Thaspus, 549
Verbena, 525
angustifolia, 526
bonariensis, 526
bracteosa, 526
hastata, 525
officinalis, 525
riparia, 525
stricta, 526
urticifolia, 525
Verbenaceae, 525
Verbesina, 622
alba, 622
alternifolia, 626
Vernonia, 589
glauca, 17, 590

noveboracensis, 589

INDEX

Vernonieae, 589
Veronica, 555

agrestis, 557
americana, 556

Anagallis-aquatica, 556

arvensis, 557
Beccabunga, 557
byzantina, 557
Chamaedrys, 556
hederaefolia, 557
longifolia, 557
officinalis, 556
peregrina, 557
scutellata, 556
serpyllifolia, 557
Teucrium, 557
Tournefortii, 557
Vesiculina, 562
purpurea, 29, 562
Viburnum, 575

acerifolium, 436, 576

alnifolium, 7, 576
Canbyi, 17, 577
cassinoides, 577
dentatum, 576
Lentago, 577
nudum, 17, 577
Opulus, 576

prunifolium, 17, 22,
globosum, 577 577

pubescens, 576
rufidulum, 577
venosum, 29, 577
Vicia, 408
americana, 409
angustifolia, 409
caroliniana, 409
Cracca, 409
Faba, 409
hirsuta, 409
narbonensis, 409
sativa, 409
Sepium, 409
tetrasperma, 409
villosa, 409
Vigna repens, 413
Vinca, 508
minor, 508
Vincetoxicum, 513
obliquum, 17, 513
Shortil, 513

Viola, 450

affinis, 454
arvensis, 459
blanda, 457
Brittoniana, 455
canadensis, 458
conspersa, 458
cucullata, 454
emarginata, 16, 456
eriocarpa, 458
fimbriatula, 456
hirsutula, 455
incognita 7, 20, 457
labradorica, 458
lanceolata, 456
latiuscula, 20, 454
nephrophylla, 6, 454
obliqua, 454
odorata, 453
pallens, 457
palmata, 455
papilionacea, 454
pectinata, 456
pedata, 453
lineariloba, 453
primulifolia, 457
pubescens, 458
Rafinesquii, 16, 459
renifolia, 7, 20, 457
rostrata, 458
rotundifolia, 453
sagittata, 456
scabriuscula, 458
Selkirkii, 7, 20, 456
septentrionalis, 6, 20,
455
sororia, 455
Stoneana, 16, 454
striata, 16, 458
tricolor, 459
triloba, 455

Violaceae, 450
Viorna, 324

ochroleuca, 16, 324
Viorna, 16, 324

Vitaceae, 438
Vitis, 438

aestivalis, 438
bicolor, 438
cordifolia, 16, 439
Labrusca, 438

Vitis vulpina, 439

Waldsteinia, 371
fragarioides, 371
Washingtonia, 477
Claytoni, 477
longistylis, 477
Willughbaea, 594
Wolffia, 215
columbiana, 27, 215
punctata, 215
Woodsia, 52
ilvensis, 52
obtusa, 52

Xanthium, 587
americanum, 588
commune, 588
echinatum, 588
glabratum, 588
pennsylvanicum, 588
speciosum, 588

INDEX

Xanthium spinosum, 588
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, 330
Xanthoxalis, 416
Brittoniae, 417
Bushii, 417
corniculata, 417
cymosa, 417
filipes, 16, 417
rufa, 417
stricta, 416
Xerophyllum, 229
asphodeloides, 15, 18,
229
Xolisma, 491
ligustrina, 491
Xyridaceae, 216
Xyris, 216
arenicola, 15, 217
caroliniana, 216
Congdoni, 4, 29, 217
elata, 15, 216
fimbriata, 15, 217

683,

Xyris flexuosa, 216
montana, 6, 19, 216

Yucca filamentosa, 235

Zannichellia, 78

palustris, 78
Zannichelliaceae, 78
Zanthoxylum, 419

americanum, 419
Zizania, 119

aquatica, 119
Zizia, 478

aurea, 24, 478

cordata, 478
Zostera, 85

marina, 85
Zosteraceae, 85
Zygadenus leimanthoides, 230
Zygophyllaceae, 419
Zygophyllum Fabago, 419

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