yK163 .B7 1887 Brendel, Frederick Flora Peoriana Flora Peoriana THE VEGETATION IN THE CLIMATE OF MIDDLE ILLINOIS BY FREDERICK BRENDEL PEORIA, ILL.: J W. FRANKS & SONS, PRINTERS AND BINDERS 1887 PEEFACE. The contents of this essay is the result of thirty-five years obser- vations on the vegetation of a small area of about three hundred English square miles. It is intended to show how local floras should be treated to be useful to phytogeography ; how notice should be tak- en of soil and climate, to understand the vegetation of a certain floral district. Descriptions of genera and species are unnecessary, in such treatise, as those can be found in Gray^s Manual, which, being in every botanists hand, offers sufiicient means to identify all the species found in our country. May this little book take the initiative to similar treatises, that would in a great measure, facilitate the work of a future writer on phytogeography of North America. EEK AT A . Page 17, line 11 (from bottom), for 15 read -.1.5. Page 20, line 15 (from top), for tribola read triloba. Page 20, line 16 (from top), for June 17 read June 7. Page 22, line 9 (from bottom), for 27.560 read 29.560. Page 25, table, April, column 6, for 11 read 12. Page 25, table, June, column 9, for 315 read 316. Page 25, table, August, column 5, for 4 read 3. Page 25, table, October, column 3, for 35 read 36. Page 27, table 8, line 17, for fall read year. Page 35, line 21, for Sagifraga read Saxifraga. Page 36, line 17, for Saggittaria read Sagittaria. Page 38, line 12 (from bottom), for Ipomoce read Ipomoea. Page 40, line 24, for Condolle read Candolle. Page 43, line 18, after VIII., insert 5. Page 43, line 22, for All. read Atl. Page 51, line 30, for Eschinacea read Echinacea. Page 54, line 5, for S read 5. Page 70, last line, for Orhiglossum read Ophioglossum. GENERAL REMARKS ON DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. When we study the history of a country, we ought to he acquainted with its geography, its physiognomy of the landscape, its climate and the physical qualities of its people. All these things will influence the moral character of the people and only in that way, combining cause and effect, we will gain a clear view of its history. Likewise when we study the flora of a country, it is not sufficient to know the names and characteristic qualities of all the species that grow in a certain district; we ought to know the circumstances under which they grow, the topography, the climate, the nature of the soil aud the geo- graphical distribution of each species beyond the limits of the country in question. This branch of science, known by the name of phytogeography, is a comparatively new one; it was founded in the first decennium of our cen- tury by Alexander Humboldt, when he published, in 1805, his " Essai sur la Geographic des Plantes," and in 1817, his " Prolegomena de Distribu- tione Geographica Plantarum." Since that time many botanists, by treatises on single countries or on single groups of plants, have furnished material to more general works on the subject, f. i., Wahlenberg on the flora of Lapponia, 1812; on the vegetation and climate of Northern Switzerland, 1813; in his Flora Gar- pathorum, 1814. Robt. Brown, in his " General Remarks, Geographical and Systematical on the Botany of Terra Australis, 1814, etc. The first attempt to arrange the vegetation of our globe into separate geographical divisions was made by the Danish botanist Schouw, in 1822, when he published " Grundtrack til en almindelig Plantegeographie," followed in 1824 by an Atlas of twenty-two maps. He used the names of the characteristic orders for each of his divisions: For North America, three only; the most northern, from 50 N. L. northward, he called the Kingdom of Saxifrageae and Mosses; the Northern United States and Canada formed that of the Asters and Solidagines; the Southern States that of the Magnolias. The country between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, the flora of which was at that time nearl}^ unknown, he passed by. Meyen, the botanist of the Prussian expedition around the world in 1830-32, published in 1836 a general work on the Geography of Plants. The most important works on the subject are the " Geographic Botanique," by Alph. De CandoUe (1855), and " Grisebach's Vegetation of the Earth," in 1872. 6 The Vegetation in the Grisebach's botanical provinces are much more natural than Pick- ering's quite artificial divisions in U. S. Expl. Expeditions, XV; but in regard to the causes that effected the distinct floras, he is rather one-sided; excluding all geological causes, admitting of recent agencies of migration only, and refuting the theory of transmutation of species, he adheres to the obsolete belief in general revolutions of the globe and new creations. As some other prominent scientists, he seems to be influenced by heredi- tary religious prejudices. However his arrangement of botanical provinces may partly be retained, as far as new discoveries in less thoroughly examined countries will not demand some changes, as proposed by A. Eugler, in his Essay on a History of Evolution of the Vegetable World (1879-82), and by 0. Drude (Florareiche der Erde 1884), who both differ from Grisebach in their argumentation acknowledging transmutation of .species and geological agencies. The limitation, not only of species but of whole genera, and even orders within continents or certain parts of the same, created the idea of a plurality of primitive centres of creation and of a phytogeographical sig- nificance of endemismus and of monotypes. This view, and the denial of a genetical connection of the species through all geological periods agrees perfectly well with a dualistic conception of cosmogony, the hypothesis of an arbitrary power, that created highly organized beings by an immediate will and placed each kind at a certain locality of our globe. A more probable hypothesis is the modern monistic biological theory: By an unknown compulsive force are uninterruptedly produced new forms out of older ones, and more perfect ones, beginning with the most simple organizations, so that the recent forms, by convenience called species, are genetically connected with the extinct. Species become extinct in certain localities and are preserved in others; only that way we can understand the co-existence of one and the same species in widely disjoint countries, f. i., of our Phryma leptostachya in North America and the Himalayas; for nobody would believe that this plant has a double origin, and the only explanation of this fact is that the plant had formerly a wider distribution, and became extinct in countries between the actual habitats. Several species of Liriodendron are found in the Miocene formation of Greenland, and, besides, in Germany and Italy when now only one species exist in North America; so the Taxodium distich um, another North American tree, was found in the bituminous slate-clay of Spitzbergen. Therefore, quite properly Bentham proposed, instead of centre of creation, the terra centre of preservation. The above mentioned species show that endemismus has nothing to do with origin, but only preservation, and that only in that sense it is of any value in phytogeography. Monotypes are very often the arbitrary make of systematics, and depend of their proneness to narrower or wider limitation of species and genera. Hepatica triloba is a monotype as soon as we separate it from Anemone, and as soon as we unite with it the other Climate of Middle Illinois. 7 little founded species. But when we acknowledge the latter as " good " species, then it ceases to be a monotype. Pentachaeta was, when Nuttall proposed the genus, a monotype until A. Grray described a second species, and with that as a variety, another monotype: Aphantochasta. So both of them cease to be monotypes. Of eight other genera of the order Composita3, which Grisebach men- tions as monotypes (in Vegetation of the Earth), only two : Whitneya and Crocidium retain yet their monotypism: Actinolepris merged in Eriophyl- lum, Oxyura in Layia, Coinogyne in laumea, Tuckermannia in Leptosyne. Corethrogyne is now represented by three Hulsea by six species, and besides two varieties. In the meantime not less than ten California monotypes are proposed, the greater part, probably, waiting for the company of new foundlings. These few examples, out of many, will show the value of monotypes the more when we add the above mentioned Phryma, which is not only a monotype genus, but after Schauer, even a monotype order, and does exist in two so remote countries. In undisputed monotypes what else can we recognize but the isolated remnants of an extinct plurality of forms, isolated by a row of geological and climatological changes? Analogous examples are offered in Zoology, when we compare the small number of recent ganoids with their abund- ance in early geological periods. Comparatively few species of plants are distributed all over the surface of our globe, of which a large proportion again proved to have spread by migration, even in historical time. The great majority of species is restricted to certain areas within certain limits that are defined by climatical influences as heat, light, humidity, or by physical or chemical qualities of the soil, or by geographical obstacles as are oceans, deserts or high mountain ranges, which a species may be unable to pass over. The assemblage of species which, under the above mentioned influ- ences, grow in a part of our globe, giving to the same its characteristic physiognomy, we call the flora of that country and the area to which it, as a whole, is restricted, we call a botanical province with subordinate regions and districts. It is evident that political boundaries must be excluded; the flora of a state may be quite different in its parts, f. i., in Virginia the flora is different in the Atlantic slope, in the Alleghanies and in the Western slope, and belongs, accordingly, to three different botanical districts, as will be shown. To arrange the vegetable world geographically into natural provinces and districts, the best guide will be the character of the landscape and the statistic proportion of the species, genera and orders. Climate and nature of soil will serve to elucidate the facts. Species, genera and orders, may be limited by lines, and so may be determined the area of each, but it will not do for the complex of them. For these lines will, in many ways, cross each other, and so the character 8 The Vegetation of the of the landscape will not abruptly change; species after species will disap- pear and new ones will present themselves. Traveling from the Atlantic westward, we find at first deciduous- leaved trees and conifera? ; on the Alleghenies, the same, with an additional number of Ericaceae; then west of the Alleghenies, in the Ohio Valley, deciduous-leaved woods; on the Upper Mississippi, the same, interspersed with prairies, which prevail west of the Mississippi, only the banks of the rivers being wooded, and farther westward the trees disappear entirely. The similar changes take place going from the north to the south. An early publication on the geographical distribution of North Amer- ican plants, is Barton's specimen of a geographical view of the trees and shrubs of North America (1809), of the newer ones the most important are: Richardson's Chapter on Woody Plants and Carices, in the second volume of his Arctic Searching Expedition (1850;) then Cooper's Paper in Smithsonian Reports (1858), on the Distribution of the Forests and Trees of North America; A. Gray's Statistics of the Flora of United States (1856); Grray and Hooker's: The Vegetation of the Rocky Mountains in Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (1881), and finally Sargent's Forest Trees of Norlh America, in Vol. IX of the United States Census (1884.) For North America, I propose the following floral divisions: 1. The Arctic Alpine. 2. The Woodland. 3. The Californian. 4. The Prairie. 5. As a part, or at least a transition to the West Indian Flora, that of South Florida. 1. The Arctic Flora, which is nearly the same as in the eastern conti- nent, covers all the country northeast of a line drawn from the mouth of the Mackenzie to the Hudson's Bay, under 60° north latitude, and north of aline from the mouth of the Mackenzie to the northwest coast under 66° north latitude; then that part of Labrador that lies north of 59°, and the highest points of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada and White Moun- tains. Characteristic is the absence of any tree-growth. The whole Arctic Flora does contain not quite four hundred and fifty species of vascular plants, and many mosses and lichens. 2. The North American Woodland, comprising the greater part of the continent from the Atlantic to the northeast, from Labrador and North Florida to East Texas, Missouri and the Lower Saskatchawan, could be sub-divided in the following provinces : A sub-arctic province from Alaska to the Hudson's Bay, an uninterrupted forest of coni- ferse, mostly Pinus alba and a few p6plars, birch, alder and wil- lows. A North Pacific Province: The coast from the peninsula Alaska, to the Oregon and the wooded part of the Rocky Mountains, have Climate of Middle Illinois. 9 liiore or less the same flora, with peculiar coniferse and trees with deciduous leaves; southward, increasing in number of species and pass- ing over into the Calif ornian province. A Province of Mixed Forests: Coniferse and leaved-woods, occupying the tract of land from Lake Win- nipeg and the great lakes to Nova Scotia and New Jersey; and, southward, in the AUeghanies to Georgia. This should be divided in three districts: (a) Around the great lakes (Canadian) conifeee prevailing; (h) coast from Nova Scotia to Delaware, North Atlantic, deciduous trees prevailing; (c) AUeghanies, coniferae, with many Ericaceae and some Magnoliaceae. A Pro- vince of Deciduous-leaved Trees with two districts: (a) The Ohio Valley, with nearly exclusively deciduous-leaved trees; (h) the Upper Mississippi, with deciduous-leaved trees and prairies, the former, westward, decreasing in number of species. A Province of Evergreen-leaved Trees, between the Atlantic coast from Virginia to North Florida, and along the Gulf of Mexico to the Brazos, in Texas. This could be divided in an eastern and western district, but the number of species, common to both, is so great, and the character of the landscape so similar, that it is not advisable. The area is coincident with that of the tertiary formation. 3. The California Flora, from San Diego to the Columbia River, and west of the Sierra Nevada. These mountains, as well as the coasb range, are covered with many peculiar species of coniferae. The valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin is sparsely wooded mostly with oaks, among which are several perennial-leaved species. In the coast range, north of San Francisco, the thick forest does consist mostly of the same species in one locality, and of another in the next a. s. o. Southward of San Fran- cisco the forests grow thinner and thinner, with only a few coniferae, and at Santa Barbara the mountains are nearly bare or covered with low shrubs. There is the transition to the North Mexican Flora. 4. The region of the prairies is characterized by a dry atmosphere, little precipitation and partly absence of any tree-growth. The northern part, known as the plains (54° — 38° north latitude), is divided from north to south by the Rocky Mountains, and has on both sides the same flora, crossing the lower parts of the mountain-range. Amongst the characteristic plants are the most common several species of Artemesia, known under the name " Sage. The southern part, comprising Arizona, southeast California, the southern parts of Nevada and Utah, New Mexico, West Texas and North Mexico is characterized by many species of Cactaceae, and thorny, woody plants, mostly small trees. There are many peculiar Compositae of which, out of two hundred and twenty-one North American genera, one hundred and sixty-five are represented in this province; and of these again seventy- one do not extend to California and to the East neither. Out of fifteen hundred and thirty-five North American species of this order seven hun- dred and forty-four we find there, and of those five hundred and forty-two only in this province, although many of them in tropic America. 10 The Vegetation of the 5. South Florida is included, by Grisebach, in his large province of North American forests. In his " Geographical Distribution of West Indian Plants," he says that only a few woody plants, common to West India, occur in Florida and the Keys (fourteen he mentions). The reason why, I suppose, that the flora of South Florida is a part rather of the West Indian than of the North American flora, I have shown in an article in the American Naturalist about ten years ago. At that time, I proved that two hundred and forty-seven species, mostly West Indian, occur in South Florida that do not extend into Florida, or any of the South- eastern States; further, that amongst these there are not less than one hundred and thirty-six woody plants, and it must be remarked that a number of introduced species was not included. In the meantime a sup- plement to the Flora of Chapman was published, furnishing to the above number an addition of more than a hundred species of vascular plants, so that now three hundred and sixty species (mostly West Indian) are known in South Florida, that do not pass beyond the 29° of north latitude; one hundred and sixty-nine species belong to one hundred and thirty-four genera, which are not found farther northward, and of these again two hundred and ninety-five species are of sixteen orders, not represented in Northern Florida. Besides these we find in Chapman's Flora one hundred and eighty-nine species that do not pass over the northern State line of Florida, although some of them occur westward along the gulf shore. These are certainly of southern origin; so we have five hundred and fifty species, nearly all West Indian. About fourteen hundred and forty species we find in Chapman's Flora, the habitat of which is said to extend to Florida, that means always the northern part. There is no full list of the plants of Southern Florida published, so that we could know how many of those northern species reach South Florida; but it is not probable that more than two-fifth of the above number will be found there. That would be equal to the number of southern species. As the exploration of the inner parts of the country, specially the everglades, is not finished, many more southern species may be found, when we consider that in the last ten years the number of known South Floridan species increased at the rate of forty-six per cent. So we may conclude that the Flora of South Florida is composed of an equal number of North American and West Indian species, and it is probable that the latter will prevail. There is no doubt that the fauna, especially the insect-fauna of a country, must be adapted to the flora; the areas of both will nearly be coincident, as we find it on a map representing the zoogeographical provinces in the third Report of the United States Entomological Com- mission (1883). And there we notice a fact of great interest: The southern part of Florida is separated from the Atlantic and united with the West Indian Province. Climate of Middle Illinois. 11 TOPOGEAPHY. Geological Foemation and Soil. The country which the Illinois river is traversing is a plain, cut in by valleys 30 — 60 meter deep, and very slightly sloping from the northeast to southwest, as will show the elevations of the following points: The Mississippi, at low water at Dubuque, is said to be 186 meter; at the mouth of the Ohio, 83 meter; the water-shed between Lake Michigan and the Des Plaines river about 190 meter. Between Rock river and the Mis- sissippi there are single hills rising to an elevation of 375 meter above the sea level, and 90 meter above the surrounding country. The River Des Plaines, running in a distance of a few miles along Lake Michigan, unites under 41°20^ north latitude with the Kankakee coming from Indiana, and from there the river is called Illinois, running for sixty miles due west; then for about one hundred and eighty miles in a southwesterly direction, and empties into the Mississippi under 30°50^ north latitude, 122 meter above sea-level. The descent is, in average, 14 decimeter per mile. About one hundred and forty miles above the mouth is Peoria, situated on the right bank upon two terraces, the first of which is 15 meter, the second, a little over 60 meter above low-water mark. Between the two terraces runs parallel with the river a depression, no doubt once a slough; the lower terrace, being an old sand-bank, rises at the lower end in a sand-hill, which was probably formed by a counter-current coming from the Kickapoo Valley, and shutting up the slough. This process was probably going on about the end of the drift period, but may be observed to-day on many rivers of the West. The second terrace, of equal height with the bluffs on the east side of the valley and about three miles distant, formed the oldest banks. The bluffs do not run in a continuous, straight line, but are interrupted bv shallow or often deep ravines. The river, widening fourteen miles above Peoria, forms a sheet of water called Peoria lake, which at the lower end is about 1,600 meter wide. From there the stream keeps an average width of 270 meter. In spring the river does rise from low water (140 meter above sea- level), 6 meter and then on the left bank the bottom-land is overflowed. The lower end of the lake was, thirty years ago, much wider than now, a little creek coming from the east, often changing channel, formed in the meantime not less than eighty or one hundred acres of land, partly covered already with cottonwood and willows, and increasing in a direction against a narrow strip separating a slough from the river. Should, in the course of time, the opening, left yet, be shut up, the slough will, drying up, turn in a prairie: the same process that was going on in the past on the right bank. Two miles farther downward the river bends and the bluffs border the left bank, the bottom-landbeing on the right side, where the Kikapoo creek enters from the west through a narrow valley with steep bluffs and numerous coal mines. 12 The Vegetation of the The great coal-field, occupying two-thirds of the State of Illinois, is covered by the northern drift, which is spread over the Northern Missis- sippi Valley southward to 39° north latitude. That this drift once filled the whole river valley, and that this was afterward washed out, is sufii- ciently proved by the large holders found along the river banks, granit, syenit, diorit, porphyr, etc., that were brought by icebergs from the far north and dropped during melting; they were left when the softer material was floated away. The bottom soil is alluvial; on the upland we find, below the humus, a subsoil of alternating layers of loam and gravel. There is no limestone soil, or very rare. There is little chance in the flora of Peoria to make observations on relations between chemical qualities of the soil and vegeta- tion, if we would not attribute significance to the growth of certain grasses on pure sand soil. It is always the physical condition the habitat of each species depends upon: exposition to sunshine or shade, loose or compact ground, dryness of humidity of the soil and similar contrasts are favorable or exclusive. CLIMATE. As generally in the middle parts of the great continents of the northern hemisphere our climate is an excessive one. Hot summers, cold winters and a rapid change of temperature at all seasons is the character of this climate. Table 1. TEMPERATURE, Dec. 1, 1855 to Nov. 30, 1885. Before sunrise 7 a.m. 2 p.m. 9 p.m. Mean Max. Min. Frost Days. Days Maximum not above freezing point. December January 24.5 19.4 23.5 31 42.7 54.4 63.5 67.6 65.5 57.7 45.8 33.8 24.5 19.4 23.5 32.4 45.8 58.5 68.5 72.6 69.5 60.6 47.3 34.2 33:3 29.5 35 44.8 59.7 72.5 81.6 86.3 84.1 75.9 62.4 45.5 28.6 24.3 29.8 37.6 50.6 62.2 71.6 76.1 73.6 65.2 52.7 38.9 28.6 24.3 29.2 38.1 51.7 63.8 73.3 77.7 75.2 66.7 53.7 39.4 71 65 70 79 88 98 100 104 105 98 90 77 —22 —27 -15 — 6 18 30 35 48 41 34 14 — 1 24 27 22 18 5 0.2 13 17 February March 10 5 April May June July August September October 3 14 November 3 Year 44 46.4 59.2 51 51.9 105 —27 113 48 The range of the thermometer scale in thirty years comprised 132° and nearly the same (127) even in one year 1872, when in January the minimum was — 22 and the maximum in August 105. The lowest stand of the mercury — 27 was observed on the 5th of January, 1884. The greatest range in one month (January, 1874,) was 87° from — 22 to 65, Climate of Middle Illinois. 13 and the greatest range in twenty-four hours was observed 1876 in January 28th, 2 p. M., to 29th in the morning the mercury fell 53° from 61 to 8, and again 1881 in January 13th to 14th falling from 34 to — 10. Such high daily oscillations are frequent, particularly in February, December and April, and even in July the greatest difference in twenty-four hours was 37° (1860 2d to 3rd.) To show the march of the mean temperature from day to day during the year the mean for each day (in thirty years) is computed in table two. Table 2. DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE, 1855 to 1885. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 34 23.1 24.7 35.9 44.5 55.9 68.4 75.4 77.9 71.4 61.7 46.6 2 34.8 23.2 24.7 35.4 46.5 55.4 69.5 76.5 76.9 71.4 63.2 45.5 3 34.1 24.1 24.3 32.1 48.5 58.6 69.9 77.7 76.2 71.7 62.5 45.2 4 34.7 22 23.1 30.7 48 60.5 68.8 78.3 76.3 71.5 59 3 47.6 5 34 23.1 25.8 34.4 47.8 60.2 70.8 78.6 76.9 71.4 58.6 44.7 6 32.7 22.6 29.5 36.9 48.2 59.3 70.6 78.8 76.9 70.9 58 45.6 7 30 22 28.4 35.4 49.1 62.1 71.9 78.3 77.6 70.9 60 47.3 8 28 20.7 27.4 36.8 47.9 63.3 70.9 79.2 77.4 70.5 58.5 45.9 9 30 21.6 24.6 35.5 48.5 62.1 70 79.1 77.3 69.7 58.3 43.2 10 30 23.5 28 37.2 48.7 61.3 69.6 77.1 76.8 68.5 56.9 43 11 ,30.6 25.7 30.9 35.8 49.6 61.6 71.4 77.3 76.5 67.5 55.3 43.4 12 32.8 28.5 30.1 36.2 48.8 62 72.2 78.2 76.3 67.2 54.9 40.8 13 31.4 24.6 27.1 36.5 51.9 60.8 72.4 78 75.2 67.6 54.5 40.6 14 27.7 24.8 27.6 38.8 52.4 61.6 74.1 79.9 75.2 67.8 54.9 38.3 15 27.5 25 29.5 37.4 49.3 62.9 73.4 79.8 74.9 68.2 55.2 38.4 16 28.4 22.1 30.2 35.7 49.5 63.5 73.4 80.4 75 67.8 54.8 40.2 17 26.6 21.1 29 36.3 52.6 64.2 72.9 77.6 75.4 66.4 52.9 38.9 18 27.6 23.4 30.2 37.9 54.6 64.9 73.5 77.5 76.5 65.9 50.2 37.1 19 27.3 24.7 29.7 38.4 54.7 66 73.5 77.2 75.8 64.3 50.7 35 20 25.7 25.4 .30.9 36.9 53.9 65.9 73.7 76.9 75.4 61.5 51.5 35.1 21 26.1 25 30.1 37.1 54.7 64.6 73.9 76.4 74.9 62.3 52 34.8 22 22.8 25.2 32.3 41.4 54.4 66.5 76.6 76.6 73 .8 64 49.3 35.2 23 21.9 25.4 30.5 40.4 52.5 68.2 78.4 77.1 73.9 65.6 47.9 32.8 24 24.7 25 31.3 39.5 53.8 70.3 78.4 77.9 73.8 63.9 49.4 33.1 25 26.2 26.1 33.8 39.6 56.1 68.8 76.8 78.4 72.6 62.8 50.4 35.6 26 27.4 28.3 35.2 42.3 57.2 68.2 77.6 77.5 73.4 62.6 49.6 35.7 27 26.2 27.1 34.7 43 56.6 67.4 77.1 78 74.4 63.3 49.3 34.6 28 27.5 25 34.6 43.9 55.6 67.7 77.2 77.1 72.6 62.6 49.9 33.9 29 25.9 25.3 42.9 57 6 68.1 76.7 75.9 71.3 62 47.8 31.6 30 25.8 27 44.5 56.2 67.9 76.7 77.3 71.9 60.8 45.6 31.8 31 24.4 25.7 45.6 69 74.5 73 42.7 From the 5th of March the mean keeps above the freezing point, rising by and by with little oscillations to the maximum mean on the 16th of July (80.4,) then it falls slowly to the middle of September, and more rapidly to the 29th of November, when it reaches the freezing point, under which it keeps from the 7th of December to the 21st of February, with the only exception on the 12th of December. From the 22d of Feb- ruary to the 5th of March only the 23d and 24th of February and the 4th of March have the mean temperature below freezing point. There are small oscillations in spring and fall, the depressions of which may be filled after longer observations, but those in winter are too 14 The Vegetation of the great, not to be considered as more constant, as well as those between the latter part of May and the end of July. Comparing the result of the thirty years observations with the march of temperature of a single year we find the latter much more irregular. In 1858 after a very mild January followed a severe February, and the first decade of March was colder than the first decade of January. In 1869 the first decade of February was the coldest of that winter and March colder than January. The mean temperature of Peoria is about the same as that of Paris, in France, under 48° 50' north latitude, that is 8° farther north than Peoria. We find for spring and fall about the same temperature in both localities, but a great difference for summer and winter. WINTER. SPRING. SUMMER. FALL. Peoria Paris 27.4 38.5 51.2 50.5 75.5 64. G 53.2 52.5 Difference . . . 8.9 0.7 10.9 0.7 Rome, in Italy, about 1° farther north than Peoria has a mean tem- perature of 60.8, in summer 74.3, in winter 50. That makes the mean temperature of Rome about 9° and in winter 22.6° warmer than in Peoria and the summer is nearly 1° colder. These examples may be suffi- cient to show the difference of climate of western Europe and the central parts of North America. Climate of Middle Illinois. 15 WINTEE. Table 3. FKOST DAYS. Days betw'n No. of Frost Dayr. Days not above freezing FROST DAYS. First. Last. Before. Dec. Jan. After. point. Feb. 1856-7 Oct. 1 May 11 223 142 63 20 74 42 1857-8 Oct. 20 Apr. 26 189 112 36 19 73 20 1858-9 Oct. 9 Apr. 23 197 96 35 14 67 15 1859-60 Oct. 9 May 1 206 120 47 17 82 21 1860-1 Oct. 12 Apr. 19 190 116 53 20 74 22 1861-2 Oct. 24 Apr. 6 165 114 57 17 78 19 1862-3 Oct. 24 Apr. 8 167 112 22 28 58 26 1863-4 Oct. 6 Apr. 21 198 109 38 23 66 20 1864-5 Oct. 9 Apr. 24 198 104 44 16 72 16 1865-6 Oct. 28 Apr. 7 162 107 50 12 75 20 1866-7 Oct. 31 May 8 190 118 61 12 73 33 1867-8 Oct. 24 Apr. 18 178 115 58 14 84 17 1868-9 Oct. 8 Apr. 14 189 112 45 14 70 28 1869-70 Oct. 13 Apr. 17 187 126 41 33 73 20 1870-1 Oct. 31 Apr. 1 153 92 38 10 71 11 1871-2 Oct. 28 Apr. 22 178 130 57 16 85 29 1872-3 Oct. 11 Apr. 25 197 124 73 20 84 20 1873-4 Oct. 7 Apr. 29 205 130 40 29 68 33 1874-5 Oct. 12 May 2 203 131 74 20 80 31 1875-6 Oct. 11 Apr. 5 178 98 36 19 55 24 1876-7 Oct. 15 Apr. 5 173 122 61 16 79 27 1877-8 Nov. 3 Mch. 25 143 51 15 9 41 1 1878-9 Oct. 19 Apr. 5 169 113 53 14 80 19 1879-80 Oct. 24 Apr. 12 172 92 28 16 54 22 1880-1 Oct. 18 Apr. 16 181 143 83 26 84 33 1881-2 Nov. 9 Apr. 12 155 93 24 15 01 17 1882-3 Nov, 12 Apr. 24 164 120 63 13 80 27 1883-4 Nov. 1 Apr. 8 160 106 58 13 76 17 1884-5 Oct. 23 Apr. 13 173 112 67 12 74 26 Mean Oct. 18 Apr. 17 180 112 48 18 72 22 The three winter months together had the lowest mean 20.7 in the winters from 1872 to 1873 and 1874 to 1875. Above freezing point was the mean of the winters 1862—63, 1875—76, 1877—78, and 1879—80; in all the rest it was below freezing point. The coldest January was that of 1857, 13.5; the coldest February 1875, 15.5; the coldest December 1876, 18.5. The warmest January was in 1880, 40.9; the warmest February 1878, 37.5; the warmest December 1877, 44.3. The coldest decade in January was 1864 1st and 10th, 0.2; in Febru- ary, 1875, 10th to 20th, 8, and in December, 1872, 21st to 31st, 8.8. The warmest decade in January was in 1864, 21st to 31st, 41.8; in February, 1871, 21st to 28th, 41.2; in December, 1862, 21st to 21st, 41.7. When we call the three months December, January and February the three winter months, it is obvious that this is mere theory. Practi- cally winter is not restricted to those three months; there are no general limits which are good for every year. When we take freezing as a dis- 16 The Vegetation of the tinctive quality of winter we find its limits very variable in different years. The mercury is falling below freezing point in a period commenc- ing on the 1st of October and ending on the 11th day of May, so that the first frost days in the thirty years occurred between the 1st of October and the 12th of November; the last between the 25th of March and 11th of May. The longest of those periods was in the winter from 1856 to 1857, the first frost was noticed on the 1st of October and the last on the 11th of May, a period of 223 days. The shortest was that from the 3d of November, 1877, to the 25th of March, 1878, a period of 143 days. The former contained 142, the latter only 51 frost days. Computing the average we find the first frost day to be the 17th of October, for the last frost day the 17th of April, a period of 18B days with 112 frost days, and 48 days with a mean tempera- ture not rising above freezing point. SPEING. The mean temperature of the three spring months together is 50.2. The lowest mean was observed in 1857=43; the highest in 1878=56.6. The coolest March, 1867=29.5; the coolest April, 1857=39.9; the coolest May, 1867=55; the warmest March, 1878=50.5; the warmest April, 1878=57.9; the warmest May, 1881=71.4. The mean temperature of the decades are in March lst^35; 2d=37; 3d^=41.8; the lowest was- the 1st in 1857^=22.3; the highest the 1st in 1878=55.5. April 1, 47.8, 2d, 51.7, 3d, 55.5; the lowest the lst=32.7; the highest the 3d, 1879=66.2; in May. the lst=59.9, 2d=63.3, 3d=67.9; the lowest the 1st in 1867=51.1; the highest the 3d in 1881, 77. The highest mean temperature of a single day of March was in 1875, on the 30th=65.6, of April in 1872, on the 29th=77, of May in 1860, on the 24=85.1; the lowest of March in 1867 on the 13th=4.7, of April in 1857 on the 6th=23.7, of May in 1875 on the lst=39.5. The highest stand of the thermometer was observed in March, 1860, on the 30th=79; April 1865, on the 26th=88.5; in May 1860, on the 24th =88.5. The lowest in March, 1867, on the 14th=_6; in April 1887, on the 15th=18; in May 1867, on the 8th=30. There are, in average, 18 frost days in March; 5 in April, and, in May, 5 were observed in 30 years. The most frost days we had were in March 1859=29; and in April 1857=18. There was no frost day observed in April 1878; only 13 p. c. of the frost days of April occurred after the 17th, at which date, for the last time, a mean temperature below freezing point was observed. SUMMEE. The mean temperature of the three summer months is 75.5. The coolest summer was in 1866 and 1869=73; the warmest in 1874 =79. The coolest June in 1869=69; the coolest .July 1865=71; the cool- Climate of Middle Illinois. 17 est August 1866^70; the warmest June in 1873=79; the warmest July 1868=82.7; the warmest August 1881=80.5. The mean temperature of the decades was of June 1st decade=70; 2d=73; 3d=77; of July lst=77.9; 2d=78.3; 3d=77.2; of August lst= 77; 2d=75.6; 3d=73.3. The coolest decade of June was the 1st of 1863^=63; July the 2d in 1865=65.3; of August the 3d in 1863=65.3; the warmest in June the 3d in 1858=85; in July the 2d in 1878=89.8; in August the 1st in 1861=86.7. Of the single observations the highest for June was on the 24th, in 1856=100; for July on the 15th, 1859, on the 4th, 1874, and on the 30th, 1885=104; for August on the 31st in 1873=105; the lowest for June on the 4th 1859=35; for July on the 2d, in 1861, and the 16th, in 1863=50; for August on the 29th, in 1863=41. FALL. The mean temperature of the three fall months is 53.3. The coolest fall was in 1880=48.9; the warmest in 1884=55.1; the coolest September was in 1866=60.5; the warmest in 1865=73.1; the coolest October in 1869=48.2; the warmest in 1879=62.7; the coolest November in 1880=30.2; the warmest in 1867=44.4. The mean temperature of the decades are the following: For Septem- ber lst=70.8; 2d=66.4; 3d=63. For October lst=59.7; 2d=53.5; 3d 48.5. For November lst=45.5; 2d=38.8; 3d=33.9. The coolest decade in September was the 3d in 1856=52.7. The warmest the 1st in 1884=81.3. The coolest in October the 3d in 1869= 36.3. The warmest the 1st in 1879=76.3. The coolest in November the 3d in 1880=20.3. The warmest the 1st in 1874=54.5. The highest stand of the thermometer was observed on the 3d of September, 1864, and on the 5th of September, 1881=98; on the 3d of October, 1856, on the 12th of October, 1879, and on the 8th of October^ 1884=90; on the 7th of November, 1874=77. The lowest on the 29th of September, 1871=34; on the 24th of October, 1869=14, and on the 23d of November, 1857=«15. By comparison of the temperatures of different places in Illinois dur- ing the meteorogical year, December 1869 to November 1870, we find in the mean temperature of Peoria and Springfield which is nearly a degree farther south, and Ottawa which is more than half a degree farther north, scarcely any difference, but Galesburg farther west and on a higher eleva- tion had, that same year, a mean of one degree lower and a January very much colder. Of the same year the temperatures of Steubenville, Ohio, Fort Madison on the Mississippi, and Nebraska City on the Missouri, all nearly in tbe same latitude with Peoria, as compared, show the following figures: 3 18 The Vegetation of the MEAN OP THE YEAR, IN WINTER. IN SUMMER. Steubenville 54.5 54. 52.3 52. 34.3 29.6 27.8 27.5 75.2 Peoria 76.6 Ft. Madison 76.6 Nebraska Citv 74.8 The means of the year are decreasing from east to west; in the same way lower the temperatures of the winter, but the summer is the hottest on the Mississippi and on the Illinois, well considered that Steubenville and Nebraska City be on a greater elevation above the sea-level, and that the climate of Steubenville is influenced by the Canadian lakes. By a mean period of frost of one hundred and eighty-three days for the season free of frost one hundred and eighty-two days would be left, and so the year would equally be divided; but as the last frost day in thirty years occurred on the 11th of May and the first on the 1st of Octo- ber, there would be left only one hundred and forty-two days, and even that is good only for the locality of the observations in the midst of the city, for on exposed places in the open country, even in this period, frosts may occur, and, indeed, on the 4th of June, 1859, when the thermometer in the city showed a mimimum of 35°, and on the 29th of August, 1863, when the mercury went down to 41°, frosts were reported from the sur- rounding country. Moreover, the so-called "white frost" may be formed at a temperature of the air above freezing point. All bodies radiate heat, and their temperature lowers, when they do not receive a fresh supply of heat from outside. So do the plants at night time. Radiation takes place in all directions to the surrounding air, and the more so the more clear the sky is and the more calm the air. A small thermometer placed in the grass, on an unprotected place, may very likely show ten or more degrees less than that one that is suspended five feet above the ground. The plants exhale constantly water in gas form, which precipitates upon the cooled surface, and when that cooling reaches the freezing point, white frost is formed. The difference of temperatures observed in localities of the same lati- tude shows, that meteorological observations of one locality are good only for that locality, and perhaps its next vicinity, and it is lost labor to com- pute averages for wider districts f. i. of the State of Illinois, divided by straight lines in a northern, central and southern part, or for even larger area of five or six States, comparing the results with the crops of the same districts so different, not only of temperature and precipitation, but in the nature of the soil. There is no more sense in it than would be in compu- ting the temperature of the whole of North America. It is only waste of time and paper. The means of the single years range between 8°, the lowest mean temperature of a year was that of 1857=48.7; the highest that of 1878= Climate of Middle Illinois. ' 19 56.7. The mean of the first ten years was 52.1, of the second, 51.4, of the last, 52.7. TEMPERATUEE ACTING UPON PLANTS. One plant is more sensible than others; cultivated plants introduced from a warmer climate more than indigenous ones, and often in fall the leaves of the tomatoes and dahlias may be killed by a temperature of the atmosphere, which is above freezing point. On the other hand I observed in April 1857, when the gooseberry bushes were green for a week, that the mercury descended to 19° without injury to the leaves. In Transact, of 111. Agric. Soc, Vol. Ill, is published a paper read - before the Illinois Natural History Society in June, 1859, " On Meteorol- ogy in connection with botanical observations," in which I did show that each plant require a certain sum of heat in a certain space of time to per- form its physiological functions, and that the degrees below the freezing point, if not destructive, be not reactive, but inactive, and, therefore, all the degrees below freezing point be of no account and excluded from the computation. In the summer of 1857 I made some observations on the growth of Indian corn. On the 16th of May, two days after a heavy rain, I planted some corn in the yard of my residence, it sprouted on the 25th of May and was ripe on the 30th of September. During these 138' days the sum of daily mean temperature, 5 feet above the ground in the shade, was 3064 c. The sum of daily mean temperature of the soil four inches below the surface, at 3 p. m,, was 3,443; the quantity of rain, 13.2 inches; the mean humidity of the atmosphere, 68 p. c. of saturation. The result of this ob- servation is about the same as that reported by Bousingault upon an ob- servation made at Alais in South France (44° N. L.) In the above observation, during the period of which the minimum of the temperature was not falling below freezing point, the meteorologi- cal observations as made for the Smithsonian Institution, and now for the Signal office, could be used, and the means were computed from the three daily observations at 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., although this mode of calculation does exclude for the whole summer the minimum (before sun- rise) and the maximum (about 3 p.m.); and so the above sum, which would be necessary to ripen Indian corn, was obtained, provided that the temperature of each degree above freezing point have any effect upon its growth. That, in winter, the temperatures below freezing point are not reac- tive, can be proved by observations of the periods of blooming of woody plants. In 1857 spring was tardy, in 1859, very early. Comparing the time of flowering of certain species with the sum of daily mean temperature, commencing with January and excluding all temperatures below freezing point, it is surprising to see the coincidence of figures, and the great dif- ference when the negatives are not excluded. A table published in the 20 The Vegetation of the above named transactions, but full of printing errors, and, therefore, here- with corrected, will prove that. Acer Saccha- rinum Crataegus \ Subvillosus \ Aesculus \ Glabra ( Cerasus < Virginiana \ Asimina j Tribola 7 Kobinia ( Pseudacacia j First Day of Blooming. SUM OF DAILY MEAN TEMPERATUEE (CENTIGRADE), May 10, 1857 Apr. 20, 1859 S o'O oi C 3 NEGATIVES EXCLUDED. Above freezing. May 20, 1857 Apr. 30, 1859 39.4 327.41522 526 on 87 days 88 155.6642 97 452.4 May 20, 1857 1 155.6 Apr. 30, 18591 452.4 May 25, 1857 May 5,1859 May 31, 1857 May 10, 1859 Jun. 17, 1857 May 16, 1859 263 555 361.2 657.5 471 767 646 642 646 97 750 „ 102 750 „ 103 848 852 108 108 978 962 115 114 1 degree above freezing. 443 on 86 days 447 „ 87 „ 549 562 96 97 549 562 96 97 652 661 101 102 744 758 107 107 867 114 113 2 fJegrees above freezing. 392 on 377 „ 85 days 84 „ 489 „ 483 „ 95 ., 97 „ 489 „ 483 „ 95 „ 97 „ 587 „ 576 „ 100 „ 102 „ 672 „ 668 „ 106 „ 107 „ 788 766 113 113 Eleven series were calculated in that way as far as ten degrees above freezing point. As the figures diverge more and more, it seems that the sap of our woody plants moves as soon as the temperature rises above freezing point, for there the figures come nearer together. Only Robinia makes an exception, the starting point of which is probably one degree above freezing point. This is a Southern tree and at Peoria introduced, but as the observa- tions were made on an individual, standing right near the place of obser- vations, these are the most reliable. How much later these plants would have been in bloom in the year 1857, when the negative temperatures acted reactive instead of inactive, can be proved by the following table: Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jan.— May. Feb.— May. 1857. Sum of daily mean tem- perature .320 0 4 47 106 24 27 108 21 142 163 28 465 465 31 361 848 108 681 Sum of daily mean above freezing 842 Number of days with a tem- perature above freezing. 104 1859. Sum of daily mean tem- perature —73 57 19 26 84 18 225 226 31 275 279 30 615 615 31 1068 1261 129 1141 Sum of daily mean above freezing 1204 Number of days with a tem- perature above freezing. 110 Climate of Middle Illinois. 21 It may be doubted whether it be advisable to include the tempera- tures of January. In continuously cold winters a temperature rising only a few day a few degrees above freezing point, may be inactive; but we have, not rarely, quite warm winter months in which the buds of the trees consid- erably swell, and, when cold weather follows, rest stationary for a time. The time of blooming of a number of woody plants were noted, amongst which Amelanchier canadensis. From seventeen years an aver- age sum of heat of 450 degrees (centigrade) was found from the 1st of January to the day of blooming, which is in average the 21st of April. In this period of one hundred and eleven days the temperature rises on seventy-eight days above freezing point. The earliest time of blooming was observed in 1871, on the 4th of April, with a sum of 414 degrees; the latest in 1857, on the 8th of May, with a sum of 496 degrees. The difference of 82 degrees may be accounted for, when we consider that the heat is not the only agent. The time of blooming may partly depend on the moisture in the ground, the dryness of the atmosphere, and, before all, on the quantity of light and direct insolation. The above figures indicate not the absolute, but the relative value of heat, i. e,: When the sum of daily means above freezing point reaches 450 degrees in the shade, then the Amelanchier is in flower, or is in flower since several days, when we had much sunshine and the air is dry, or will be in flower in a few days, when we had less sunshine and the air is moist. Of fifteen other species, the necessary heat and the time of blooming was calculated. MEANTIME OF BLOOMING. SUM OF HEAT IN CENTIGRADE DEGREES. NUMBER OF OBSERVA- TIONS. Acer dasycarpum . . . Ulmus americana . . Negundo aceroides . Acer saccharinum . . Prunus americana . . Cercis canadensis . . . Aesculus glabra Pyrus coronaria .... Morus rubra Prunus virginiana.. Asimina triloba Prunus serotina .... Robinia pseudacacia Catalpa speciosa Tilia americana March 27th. March 31st. April 21st. April 28th. April 29th, May 3d. May 6th. May 11th. May 13th. May 13th. May 15th. May 22d. May 23d. June 7th. June 26th. 210 230 440 530 550 600 650 740 760 770 800 920 940 1270 1700 11 13 7 12 6 12 15 5 5 7 7 5 15 6 11 That the temperature of December is not of great influence, as one might suppose, shows the December, 1877, with a sum of 225 degrees above freezing point. The American Elm was in bloom on the 8th of March, 1878, with a sum of 235 starting from the 1st of January, and the same on the 10th April, 1866, with a sum of 240. The December, 1865, 22 The Vegetation of the had only a sum of 40 degrees. So the elm must either be in bloom on the 4th of February, when the sum of heat was 280 degrees, or required, in 1878, a sum of 460 against 280 m 1886. Amelanchier was in bloom in 1878 on the 27th of March, with a sum 454 degrees, and in 1861, on the 11th of April, with 453 degrees. December, 1860, had only a sum of 27 degrees; accordingly, Amelanchier required 679 degrees in 1878, and only 480 in 1861, or the due time of blooming was in 1878, the 8th of March. BAKOMETER. The observations on the pressure of the atmosphere comprise twenty- five years from December, 1860, to November, 1885. The mean reduced to freezing point was 29.628 inches; the mean, at 7 A. M., is 29.644; at 2 p. m., 29.606; at 9 p. m., 29.634. The highest stand was observed in January, 1866, 30,671, and the minimum in April, 1880, 28,581, the range being 2.090. The greatest range in one month was observed in January, 1866, 1.676; the smallest in August, 1878, 0.283. The highest mean of a month had, December, 29.698; the lowest May, 29.548. The greatest range in twenty-four hours was observed in January, 1.028. In July it is only 0.389. There are generally two oscillations in twenty-four hours, with two minima at 11 a. m. and 10 p. m., and two maxima at 4 a. m. and 4 p. m. The rise and falling is, in the tropic countries so regular, that it is pos- sible to determine the daytime from the stand of the barometer; in our zone it is more variable, so that often a continuous falling or rising for several days is observed. Table 4. BAKOMETER REDUCED TO FREEZING POINT. December 1860 — 1885. 7 A.M. 2 P.M. 9 p.m. Mean. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Kange. Greatest change in 24 hours. December 29.714 29.680 29.717 29.704 30.389 28.771 January ^29. 724129.685 29. 726129.712 30.67 r28. 795 February 29.688 29.649 29.683 29.673 30. 453 28. 823 March 29.632 29.600 29.632 29.621 30.364 28.612 April 29.572 29.540 29.568 27.560 30. 252|28.. 581 May 29. 57 129. 532 29. 554 29. 5.52 30. 041 128.670 June 29.583 29.540 29.565 29.565 29.956 28.996 July 29.607 29.572 29. .587 29.-589 29. 944|29. 134 August 29.608 29.572 29.590 29..591 29.965 29.207 September 29.670 29.626 29.651 29.648'.30.083l29.05l October 29.677 29.629 29.664 29.057 30.254 29.025 November 29.679 29.637 20.678 29.664 30. .308 28.725 Year 29.644129.606 29.634 29.628 30.671 28.581 1.618 1.876 1.630 1.752 1.671 1.371 0.960 0.810 0.758 1.031 1.229 1..583 2.090 1.017 1.028 0.967 0.950 0.811 0.750 0.508 0.484 0.492 0.617 0.718 0.838 1.028 Climate of Middle Illinois. 23 PEECIPITATION. The mean quantity of rain and melted snow was 35.6 inches per year in one hundred rainy days. The smallest quantity falls in January, 1.6 in seven days; the greatest in June and July, each with four inches in ten and nine days The precipitation in winter is 6.1, in spring 9.7, in summer 11.2, in fall 8.6. This would be favorable when distributed in that way every year; but the single years differ very much. In 1856 it was only 22.8; in 1858, 51.4. There are sometimes long droughts. From the 29th of August to the 8th of October, 1871, there was only one rainy day in the middle of September with 0.65 of an inch of rain. The longest period without anv rain was in 1861, in October and November, which lasted, twenty-eight days. There was one in the spring of 1863 of twenty-one days, in April and May, 1863, of twenty days; in July, 1873, of nineteen days, and the same in July and August, 1869. Sometimes there are long periods of too much rain, f. e. in 1858, from the 29th of April to the 10th of June, 15.7 inches in twenty-seven rainy days. The quantity of rain is of less importance than the number of rainy days and their distribution. The highest number for one month was 18 in May, 1858, and in July, 1865, the lowest in September, 1871, and Feb- ruary, 1877, each with one rainy day. 5'upposing that eleven inches of rain in twenty-six days of the three summer months be most beneficial, and that a plus or minus of two inches and two rainy days be of no importance, than we had in the summers of 1862, 1869 and 1872, a great excess in quantity, viz: 9.1, 7.8 and 10.8 in- ches surplus, and an excess in the number of rainy days in 1865 and 1866, viz: thirteen, and seven surplus. A deficiency in quantity show the years 1870, 1868 and 1865 with 6.6, 5.8 and 5.6 minus, and in rainy days, 1863 and 1856, viz: twelve, and eight minus. The most normal summers (in regard of rain) were 1857 and 1871. The greatest quantity of rain for one month was measured in May, 1858, 10.64; then in June, 1872, 9.76, and in September, 1875, 9.61. The mean precipitation of the single months are: December, 2.5; January, 1.6; February, 2; March, 2.7; April, 3.2; May, 3.8; June, 4; July, 4; August, 3.2; September, 3.5; October, 2.7 and November, 2.4. HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE. The relative humidity of the air was computed from the difference of the wet and dry thermometer by means of Guyot's tables. When there is no difference the atmosphere is saturated with moisture, and that is noted by 100. The greater the difference the lower is the per centage; 20 means very dry, and there is scarcely ever noted a lower figure. 24 The Vegetation of the The mean of the year is at 7 a. m., 81; at 2 p. m., 58; at 9 p. m., 75. The highest mean in January at 7 a. m., is 89; the lowest in May, 2 p. m., 50. The pressure of vapor is the highest in July, 9 p. m., 0.669 of an inch, the lowest in January, 7 a. m., 0.114. The means for the year are: 0.316 at 7 a. m.; 0.338 at 2 p. m., and 0.340 at 9 p. M. Table 5. PRECIPITATION, HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE, AND PRESSURE OF YAPOR. Decembei: . January .. February . March April May June July August . . . September . October . . . November Winter , Spring.. Summer Fall Year MEAN PRECIP- ITATION- Inches I^ *iay« 2.48 1.61 2.04 2.68 .3.17 3.80 4.03 4.04 3.16 3.49 2.71 2.37 6.13 9.65 11.23 8.57 35.58 10 10 10 9 7 8 7 7 23 29 26 23 100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMO.SPHERE. 7 a.m. 2 p.m. 9 p.m. 87 89 87 80 75 73 77 78 81 83 83 81 76 79 82 81 70 71 66 59 52 50 53 53 52 55 55 63 69 54 53 58 58 80 81 80 74 70 70 74 74 75 76 75 75 80 71 74 75 75 PRESSURE OF VAPOR IN FRACTIONS OF INCHES. 7 A.M. 2 P.M.. 9 P.M. .130 .114 .122 .157 .240 .362 .537 .626 .590 .465 .276 .173 .122 .253 .548 .305 .316 .142 .130 .145 .185 .260 .390 .559 .642 ,610 .500 .299 .193 .139 .278 .604 .331 .338 .134 .122 .138 .177 .263 .397 .567 .669 .642 .492 .291 .185 .131 .279 .626 .323 .340 CLOUDINESS AND SUNSHINE. The cloudiness of the sky is expressed by figures, which mean the percentage of covering, 100 was noted, when the sky was entirely covered, 50 when half, and so on, and 0 when cloudless. The sky is the most cov- ered in December in the morning, and least in August in the evening. The mean for the year is 47; the highest for the month is in Decem- ber, 55; the lowest August, 35. From the amount of cloudliness cannot be deduced the time of sun- shine duriug a period, for the sky may be half covered, the sun may shine during the whole day. It is necessary to note the time of sunshine every day. This was done from December 1857 to November 1868 and the re- sult was that we had sunshine 58 p. c. of the time from sunrise to sunset. The sunniest months are June and August each with 71 p. c. Climate of Middle Illinois. 25 How great the influence of insolation must be upon the growth of plants is shown by the difference of the thermometer in the shade and exposed to the sun, which, in June, often exceeds 20 degrees and more yet in winter. December January February March April May June J uly August September October November Winter Spring Summer Fall Year peK cent, of covering. 7 A.M. 59 57 52 53 51 45 44 87 37 44 47 55 56 4!) 39 48 48 54 56 55 56 57 50 48 47 45 45 46 56 55 54 47 49 51 9p.«. 53 48 49 49 45 35 32 29 27 31 35 49 50 43 29 39 40 Mean. 55 54 52 52 51 43 41 38 35 40 43 53 54 49 38 45 47 NUMBMR OF DAYS Cloud- less. 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 4 6 8 11 8 7 13 39 Moder- ately cloudy. 10 10 11 12 11 13 16 18 18 14 12 10 31 87 52 36 156 Very cloudy. 17 17 14 16 16 15 12 n 10 12 13 17 48 47 33 42 170 With- out sun shine. 10 9 7 6 5 3 1 1 1 2 5 26 14 3 16 59 SUNSHINE. Hours. 129 133 149 182 192 269 315 314 299 216 202 148 411 643 929 566 2550 per ct. 45 46 51 50 49 61 71 69 71 58 59 51 48 53 70 56 58 WIND. West winds are prevalent from October to April. South winds dur- ing the summer; only in August east equals the south. About 12 p. m. of all the observations are marked as high winds, gales or hurricanes, but the force of winds were not measured by the anemometer but only esti- mated, and the dates are not quite reliable. The windiest months are March and April; the calroest, August and September. Wind and temperature, wind and cloudiness, wind and precipitation are, in a certain degree, correlative. The warmest winds are south, south- west and east; the coldest, northwest, north and northeast. The difference between the coldest and warmest winds is about 15, in spring even 20 de- grees. Above the average is the temperature with south and southwest in all the months, with east only in spring and fall. Southeast wind is too scarce, so that no reliable mean could be abstracted. The temperature of north is always below. Northeast is only in November, December and January above, and that may be accounted for by the great quantity of cloudiness that always accompanies these winds, preventing radiation. Northwest has only, in August, a temperature above average. The region from which this wind come is naturally a cold one, only during the sum- 4 26 The Vegetation of the mer months excessive heat is accumulating, what has the above effect upon these winds. The same reason is good for the west during all the summer months; in the rest the west winds are cooler. Northeast brings the most cloudiness, and west the least; the west is the only one that has a cloudiness considerably below average. The relation of wind and precipitation must be considered in a double way. When we compute the direction of wind in 1,000 observations of precipitation, then we find that we have 258 times south wind; 174 times east; 159 times northeast; 105 times southwest; 95 times west; 84 north- west; 79 north, and 46 times southeast. But when we reduce the observa- tions of precipitation to 1,000 of each wind direction, then we find for each wind the following per mille. of rain observations: northeast, 317; south- east, 153; southwest, 132; south, 126; northwest, 124; east, 111; north, 93; west, 46. That shows that northeast is the prevalent rain wind. But the single months differ. In summer southwest brings the most rain, and nearly all the thunder storms come from southwest or northwest. The average number in a year is twenty-eight, • Table 7. DIRECTION OF WIND FROM December, 1855, to November, 1885. • REDUCED TO 1000. West. South West. South South East. East. North East. North. North West. December 280 308 290 259 214 184 200 193 188 160 233 293 293 217 197 229 233 96 103 57 62 70 67 84 97 84 74 82 69 86 67 88 75 79 207 216 217 188 208 244 302 253 239 279 240 233 214 214 264 250 235 43 25 32 38 28 43 39 55 30 36 32 37 33 37 34 35 35 136 110 149 167 197 235 222 220 248 211 157 137 131 200 230 168 183 56 47 57 64 78 66 39 60 61 52 66 53 53 69 54 57 58 78 87 113 114 117 111 63 89 92 126 111 83 92 114 82 107 99 104 January 104 February 85 March 108 April 88 May 50 June 42 July 53 August 58 September 62 October 79 November 95 Winter i)8 Spring 82 Summer 51 Fall 79 Year 78 Climate of Middle Illinois. 27 Table 8. NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS OF STRONG WINDS MORE THAN TWENTY-FIVE MILES AN HOUR. December, 1855 to November, 1885. One Per Cent, of All Observations (32,765). West. South West. South. South East. East. North East. North North West. December 14 14 26 25 23 12 8 8 3 2 5 10 13 7 5 4 3 1 3 3 3 2 January 2 February 5 9 9 4 2 2 2 6 8 6 5 22 6 20 54 1 1 '"2 ' 4 March 8 4 2 2 1 '"2 ■ 2 April 3 May 1 June July 1 4 August 1 September 3 11 17 54 60 16 31 161 1 8 2 10 30 9 11 60 1 '"3"' 1 1 5 October 1 3 1 3 7 6 2 2 1 14 2 4 20 2 November 1 Winter 8 Spring 6 Summer 5 Fall 4 8 13 11 Fall 22 Table 9. MEAN TEMPERATURE COINCIDENT WITH CERTAIN WINDS. December, 1865 to November, 1885. December 22.2 January 16.6 February ! 22.7 March 34.4 West. April 50, May ' 59, June 72 , July 79, August 76 , September i 66 Obtober 49, November 34, Wir.ter 20.3 Spring 46.9 Summer 76.3 Fall 46.9 Year 45.4 South West. ISouth. South East. 30.8 35.4 34.3 29.6 32.3 29.9 33.6 37.5 28.6 43.4 45.5 49.6 64 60.1 58.2 75.5 72.4 72.1 78.8 76.7 73.5 82.5 81.9 78.5 79.9 79.9 78 78.5 72.1 67.8 59.4 60.8 57.5 42.9 45. 9 43.1 30.9 35 31.4 61.5 60.5 59 80.7 79.3 77 61.1 60 55.3 60.1 59.5 55.8 East. 29.8 24.9 29.8 36.5 50.3 63.4 72.4 77 74.4 66.5 55.7 42.7 28.2 51.6 74.9 .56.6 55.8 North East. North. 32.2 25.5 25 21.9 28.1 22.5 34.9 32.6 43.1 47.4 56.3 60 67 71 71.4 73.8 70.2 69.6 63.1 63.7 56 47.5 40.1 35.1 28.7 23.2 44.3 46.1 69.2 71.4 53 50.9 46.6 47.3 North West. 25.3 21.7 23.6 33.3 45.2 57.1 67 75.9 74.9 61.9 48 34.9 23.6 42.3 72.8 46.2 42.2 28 The Vegetation of the Table 10. WIND AND CLOUDINESS. Percentage of Covering. West. South West. Soutn. South East. East. North West. Nosth. North West. December 35 31 33 31 38 32 30 30 28 30 31 38 33 33 29 34 32 50 48 54 52 48 51 55 45 42 42 36 49 50 50 47 42 47 61 59 55 57 51 42 38 37 35 37 42 54 58 50 37 44 47 72 66 53 60 51 55 45 35 36 33 60 66 64 55 39 52 52 72 71 61 60 52 40 40 37 30 35 37 44 68 50 35 44 47 88 90 93 87 81 70 61 56 65 78 80 90 90 71 61 82 79 61 63 61 56 52 44 42 37 39 38 43 55 62 51 38 44 50 70 January 71 February 56 March 62 April 56 May June 60 55 July August September , October 37 45 51 65 November Winter Spring Summer Fall Year 72 67 60 46 64 61 Table 11. DIRECTION OF WIND IN ONE THOUSAND OBSERVATIONS OF PRECIPITATION. West. South West. South. South East. East. North East. North. North West. December 81 37 71 84 98 85 110 147 106 111 93 107 65 89 121 104 95 89 66 55 84 75 115 186 179 159 88 100 55 71 92 177 81 105 231 288 219 228 191 272 318 244 237 306 270 287 244 231 272 288 258 61 18 32 49 44 51 56 38 21 24 60 87 39 48 39 56 46 190 188 178 162 228 203 161 172 163 182 117 142 185 197 166 147 174 170 162 216 192 191 141 79 103 1.55 138 194 180 183 174 107 170 159 78 100 139 106 98 82 31 55 65 84 83 42 104 95 48 70 79 100 January 140 February 90 March 95 April 75 May 51 June 59 July ., 62 August 94 September 67 October 83 November 100 Winter 109 Spring 74 Summer 70 Fall 84 Year 84 Climate of Middle Illinois. 29 Table 12. OBSERVATIONS OF PRECIPITATION REDUCED TO ONE THOUSAND FOR EACH WIND. December , January . . . February . March . . . , April May June July August . . . September October ... November. Winter . . . . Spring Summer . . . Fall Year West. South West. South. South East 'Xl 120 143 185 11 62 129 73 30 117 123 119 43 169 160 165 58 138 117 202 62 230 150 158 69 294 138 172 80 193 100 114 49 171 87 62 76 129 121 72 43 132 121 202 39 85 132 255 26 95 132 136 54 179 142 171 66 216 110 128 49 117 128 176 46 132 126 153 East. 180 167 146 128 148 115 95 81 57 94 79 111 164 130 77 94 111 North West. INorth. 391 128 333 111 465 148 392 123 312 108 289 100 269 64 179 64 221 61 288 63 318 74 361 80 398 130 330 110 216 63 322 71 317 93 Xorth West. 123 130 130 115 109 136 194 121 143 120 113 112 126 117 147 114 124 VEGETATION. The floral district of the upper Mississippi, as I understand it, will comprise the southern part of Wisconsin from about the '44° N. L. Min- nesota, from 46° N. L. southward, the greater southeastern part of Iowa the wooded eastern borders of Nebraska and Kansas. Missouri, northwest- ern Arkansas with the eastern borders of Indian Territory, and, finally, Illinois — except the southern and southeastern borders along the Ohio and lower Wabash (Ohio flora). There may be added the prairie land of northwest Indiana, but the shores of Michigan Lake all around, should be excluded as a part of the Canada flora. The western line of this district would nearly coincide with the limits of the palaeozoic formation on the east, and the new red sandstone on the west side; but, as already said, it is difficult to circumscribe a floral district by lines. Many western species cross the Missouri into Iowa, and not a few the Mississippi into the Illinois country and are found in the numerous and often extensive prairies between the woodland. Therefore, the vegetation of the upper Mississippi should be regarded a gradual transition between the woodland-flora of the Ohio district and the prairie-flora of the western plains. There are good reasons to exclude that part of the State of Illinois that is south of the dividing ridge crossing from the Wabash to the Miss- issippi, with an elevation of about 150 meter above the country both sides. There are no prairies in this district of tertiary formation, and the com- mon forest trees are such that do not occur north of the dividing ridge, or only rarely, and not far northward, but all are common on the Ohio 30 The Vegetation of the upward, and the same may be said of a number of raonocarpic and rhizo- carpic species. Flora Peoriana shall be called that complex of species and varieties of plants that occur around the city of Peoria within a radius of 10 or 12 miles. About 80 per cent, of this area was originally covered by woods, original prairie was little, and there is nearly none now. THE FOEEST. Generally the forest is mixed of man)'^ species, although some are so- ciable but never excluding others f. i. the white oak and the hickories, with the hazel as undergrowth in the upland, and the willows and cotton wood in the bottoms. The whole number of woody plants included, the small shrubs is 112 in 58 genera and 30 orders: Ranunculacege, 1; Anonaceae, 1; Menisp- ermaceae, 1: Tiliaceae, 1; Anacardiaceee, 3; Rutaceas, 2; Vitaceae, 4; Rham- naceae, 3; Celastraceae, 2; Sapindaceae, 5; Leguminosae, 4; Rosaceae, 15; Saxifragaceae, 3; Hamameliaceaj, 1; Cornaceae, 6; Caprifoliaceae, 6; Rubi- aceae, 1; Ericaceae, 3; Ebenaceae, 1; Bignoniacea, 1; Oleaceac, 5; Lauraceae, 1; Thymelaceae, 1; Urticaceae, 4; Platanaceae, 1; Juglandaceae, 8; Cupuli- ferae, 12; Salicaceae, 13; Coniferae, 2; Smilacese, 1. The biggest trees are the white elm, the sycamore, the cottonwood, the soft maple, the white oak and the swamp white oak. They attain often a diameter of 15 decimeter; then follow with an average thickness of 13 decimeter, the scarlet, red and burr oak, the sugar maple, the black walnut, the two shell-bark hickories, the pignut and mockernut, the bass- wood, the box elder, the honey locust and the hackberry; of 6 to 9 deci- meter; the five species of ash, the slippery elm, the butternut, the pecan, the bitternut, the shingle and chestnut oak, the coffeeaut, the wild cherry; a thickness of 3 to 6 decimeter attain the mulberry, buckeye, sassafras, the American and large-toothed aspen, black willow and the red cedar. Small trees are the persimmon, seryice berry, red bud, paw paw, horn- beam, hop hornbeam, crabapple, sheep berry, plum, buckthorn, hop tree and the haw thorn. Large shrubs often of tree form with stems 1. decimeter thick are the following: witch hazel, wahoo, prickly ash, bladdernut, long-leaved wil- low, smooth sumach, the silky, panicled and alternate-leaved cornel, the black haw. Large shrubs are the hazelnut, the false indigo, chokecherry, elder, button bush, rough-leaved and red osier dog wood, arrow wood, aro- matic sumach, the silky and glaucous willows. Very small shrubs are three species of roses: the New Jersey tea, cur- rant and gooseberry; leather wood, the hoary, prairie, dwarf and myrtle willows; black huckleberry, low blueberry, bearberry, wild hydrangea and the alder-leaved buckthorn. Climate of Middle Illinois. 31 Woody climbers are the trumpet creeper, the Virginia creeper, the poison ivy, the Virgin's bower, 3 species of grapevines, the yellow honey suckle, the waxwork, the climbing rose, the hispid green brier and the Canadian moonseed. As much mixed as the forest is, the different species of trees and shrubs do not like the same localities. Some prefer a dry, others a moist soil. The left bank of the Illinois river opposite Peoria is bottom land one mile wide, in spring inundated and for the greater part still thickly wooded. Nearest the bank we find the long-leaved and the black willow, cotton wood, sycamore, soft maple and white elm. Farther backward, black walnut, butternut, pecan, ribbed hickory, hackberry, slippery elm, burr oak, swamp white oak, the five species of ash, of which the green ash is the most frequent, the coffee nut, the honey locust, mulberry, box elder, the buckeye, the paw paw, the persimmon, the elder and the false indigo. On open swampy places, the button bush, the osier dogwood and [species of shrubby willows. The highest trees climb the grapevine, the poison ivy, the Virginian creeper and the trompet creeper; on shrubs, the climbing rose and the hispid green brier. Along the foot of the bluff and upward the forest is composed of sugar maple, scarlet, red and shingle oak, chestnut oak, wild cherry, large toothed and American aspen, hop tree, service berry, bass wood, hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, sheeps berry. The undergrowth is composed of witch hazel, walioo, prickly ash, bladdernut, buckthorn, arrow wood, chokecherry, rough-leaved dog wood, panicled and alternate-leaved cornel, yellow honey suckle and wax work. On the upland the prominent trees are the white oak, shell-bark hick- ory, mockernut, Ijitternut. The brushes hazel. New Jersey tea, smooth sumach and prairie willow. Coniferous trees are rare: red cedar on single places in small groups and of small growth. The arbor vitae seems to be extinct, but no doubt was once indigenous, for 30 years ago a single tree 60 centimeter thick- was found in a swampy place, where it was certainly not planted. The trunk was inclined in an angle of 35 degrees from the ground, so that one could walk up to the branches. Some of the larger trees grow very rapidly, f. i. cottonwood and s^'^ca- more, others have slow growth. A white oak, 11 decimeter thick, was examined, and 250 circles could be counted, 25 of them occupying the sap- wood. A sugar maple 92 centimeter thick had 230 circles, and the growth of the last 100 years was only 2 decimeter. The outermost layer of the bark was 125 years old, and the width of the bark was 3 centimeter. A black walnut 75 years old was 3 decimeter thick — a thickness attained by cottonwood already in 20 years.* *The biggest tree I measured was a bald cypress, in Pulaski county. It had in 4 feet from the ground a diameter of 2.1 meter. 32 The Vegetation of the Trunks, branchless to a great height, are not rarely found of cotton wood and sycamore, and then the crown has a table form, although the first growth is pyramid-shaped. The coffeenut tree, the ash, the pecan, the sassafras and the wild cherry have a slender trunk. A wide spread- ing dome-shaped crown have the box elder, the elm, the basswood, the sugar maple and the honey locust, which is conspicuous by its slender horizontal branches. Few branches only have the walnut, butternut, hickories and the coffeenut. Very irregular and knotted-branched is the white oak; densely-branched the elm, hackberries and the shingle oak. The form of the leaves is manifold: 13 species have lobed leaves; all the oak (except the shingle oak and the chestnut oak, which is only toothed), the maples, sycamore, etc. The leaves of a number are deeply divided or palmate as the buckeye, and not less than 22 species, of which 16 large trees have pinnately divided leaves: the ash, hickories, walnut, butternut, coffeenut and honey locust. The last often very large trees with long branches and double pinnate leaves and small leaflets, represent strength joined with elegance. The forest is adorned by various tints, changing with the seasons. In March, wherever the elm is predominant, it appears reddish brown, for the white elm (and the soft maple) is the first in bloom. Then follow the male trees of cotton wood with dark-red catkins. In April, the plum and serviceberry with white, the red bud with peach red, and the sugar maple with yellow blossoms. All these develop the flower before leafing. The first young green in April show the buckeyes, and soon afterwards the upright yellow bunches of flowers open in the last days of April or the first week in May. About the 10th of May the forest is green all over; only the sycamore extends the whitish branches leaflets, for that is the last of all the trees that does develop the leaves. Most of the other trees and shrubs are in bloom during the rest of May. The latest are in middle June the coffeenut, and at the end of June or in the first days of July the basswood, and, finally, the witch hazel opening the flowers only in November, when the leaves are withered and fallen and the fruits of the last year elastically disperse their seeds. Some of the conspicuously blooming shrubs and climbers adorn the woods and copses in July: the elder, the climbing rose, the Virgins bower and the trumpet creeper. In the fall the forest is shaded of manifold tints by changing the green of the leaves into deep red (Rhus glabra and Ampelopsis) light red (Quercus rubra and coiclnea) orange, (sugar maple) yellow, (Primus sero- tina and Amelanchier ) and brown of every shade (Platanus and many others). The hickories are the first that shed the leaves; often already at the end of August. In the latter part of October most of the trees are leafless. Only the white oak and the shingle oak keep partly the dry leaves all winter. Climate of Middle Illinois. 33 The forest is rich in herbaceous plants (about 250), many of them with conspicuous flowers of vivid colors. The first in flower are Hepatica and Trillium nivale, mostly in the middle of March, and the last in fall are most of the compositae, species of Aster, Solidago, Helianthus, Eupa- toriunj, Helenium, etc. THE PEAIRIE. The largest prairie of the district in question- does not exist any more. It was where now the city of Peoria is built, and the little that is left is no more a prairie, for most of the prairie plants are replaced by immi- grated foreign weeds. The smaller prairies of the district are turned mostly into cultivated land; still most of the prairie plants that occur in Illinois are represented. How originated the prairie? To solve this problem many attempts were made. Violent storms were accused to prevent the growth of trees. But the wooded districts are exposed to the same violent storms that pros- trate the largest trees but never the young pliant stems, which will grow when the older ones are gone. There is a general belief that the annual prairie fires make the prairie; a view which without hesitation even Volney adopted in his "Tab- leau du cliraat et du sol des Etats unies" ("ou la nature du sol et plus encore les incendies anciens et annuel des sauvages out occassione de vastes deserts"). A burnt forest will not be turned to a prairie, for at once brambles and other shrubs grow up and defend the forest soil against the invasion of the prairie, and we find no remnant stumps below the sod what would prove that there was once a forest. Prevailing dry winds and deficiency of rain may be the cause of tree- less tracts in southern Russia^ but certainly not in the upper Mississippi valley with an annual average of 35 inches of precipitation with about one hundred rainy days. To explain the origin and existence of the prair- ies we have to resort to geological causes. Lesquereux, in Geological Survey of Illinois (I., 288-254), demon- strates that the soil of the prairie was formed under water by slow decom- position of water plants. When the land emerged it was first swamp, then wet prairie, at last dry prairie with a compact sod of grasses; the soil had such physical and chemical qualities that no tree could grow. To make trees grow it is necessary to plow deep and to expose the soil, so rich of ulraic acid, to the atmosphere. Bushels of tree seeds may be thrown on the surface of the prairie, they will not germinate; or even if they germinate the roots will not penetrate the sod. Of all the theories this is one of the most acceptable. But there are often small prairies in the midst of forests that have a quite different or- igin. They are the result of the work of the beaver that build a dam 5 34 The Vegetation of the across a brook; ponds were formed, the trees died when such that couhl not exist in water; afterwards, when the beaver was gone, by and by the dam broke, the water flew off and grasses formed a meadow. Such forest meadows may sooner or later turn again into forest and have nothing in common with the true prairies. In the upper Mississippi district forest and prairie struggled for ex- istence before culture ended that struggle by subdoing both to the plow. Now the trees are planted on the cultivated prairie land, and so, although regardlessly wasted even in localities fit only for tree growth, the forest got the advantage over the prairie. But even before, when forest and prairie were in their natural state, the trees gained ground at the cost of the prairies. When we examine the constituent parts of the western woods, we find that they gradually diminishing in species follow the large river vallies and even along the small tributaries; then we conclude that all those species from their eastern home traveled westward. The fittest to travel and to settle: the cottonwood, the sycamore and the hackberry, the elm spread the farthest towards the Rocky Mountains, others not farther than Missouri and Iowa, or did not pass over the Mississippi. Not the woods, as was believed, yielded to the prairie, but, on the contrary, the prairie yielded to the woods. When in the course of time the wide level plain was furrowed by streaming water, from year to year hollowed banks sank down, deep val- lies were formed, flanked with steep bluffs once the banks of the rivers, then sod and argillaceous underground and humus thoroughly mixed, as to-day by the plow on the prairie, formed a soil fit to receive the spreading forest growth, and species after species could migrate to the far west. As the woody plants did westward, so the prairie plants wandered east- ward, diminishing by and by in number. Of 55 species of the prairie- flora, that under the same latitude don't go beyond the Alleghanies, 28 do not reach the State of Ohio, and Iowa has many western species that east- ward do not cross the Mississippi, We distinguish wet and dry prairie. The former in the river bottoms or in depressions of the dry prairies which occupy the high and undulating plain. The number of species of our prairie plants is scarcely more than 200, and many of them are not restricted to the prairie. The first in spring blooming on the dry prairie are: Draba caroliniana. Anemone decapetala, Ranunculus fascicularis, Oxalis violacea, Androsace occidentalis. Then follow in May, Lithospernum angustifolium,* canescens and hirtum, Trox- imon cuspidatum, Baptisia leucophffia, Pentstemon pubescens; in June, Viola delphinifolia, Scutellaria parvula, Linum sulcatum, Polygala incar- nata and sanguinea, Asclepias Meadii and obtusif olia, Sisyrinchium Bermu- diana, Tradescantia virginica, Cirsium pumilum, Silene Antirrhrina, *Lithospermum longiflorum Spreng. is the same as L. angustifolium Mich, and was founded on specimens with earlier and larger flowers. Climate of Middle Illinois. 35 Cacalia tuberosa; in July, Silphium laciniatum, terebinthinaceum and integrifolium, Echinacea angustifolia, Coreopsis palmata and lanceolata, Rudbeckia hirta and subtomentosa, Lepachys pinnata, Asclepias tuberosa and verticillata, Euphorbia corollata, Petalostemon violaceum and candi- dura, Amorpha canescens, Desmodium Illinoense, Ruellia ciliosa, Callirhoe triangulata, Potentilla arguta and Erynchium yuccaefolium; in August, Helianthus rigidus and occidentalis, Solidago rigida and missouriensis, Hieracium longipilum, Diplopappus linariifolius, Liatris cylindracea, scar- iosa and pycnostachya, Prenanthes aspera, Gnaphalium polycephalum, Chrysopsis villosa; lastly in September, Aster sericeus, azureus, oblongi- f olius, multiflorus and ericoides and Gentiana puberula. Number, size and color make these most characteristic members of the prairie flora conspic- uous; besides ought to be mentioned a number of tall gregarious grasses: Chrysopogon nutans, Andropogon f urcatus and scoparius, Kceleria cristata, Eatonia obtiisata, Elymus canadensis Stipa spartea and Sporobolus heterolepis. The flora of the wet prairies is mixed with the species of the neigh- boring banks, swamps and bottom-wood and differs according to the soil (sand or silt). The most conspicuous species are in spring: Menyanthes trifoliata, Scilla Fraseri, Allium canadense; in summer. Spiraea lobata, Phlox glaberrima, Asclepias Siillivantii, Sagifraga pennsylvanica, Phaseolus diversifolius, Steironema longifolia and lanceolata, Ipomoea lacunosa, Habenaria leucophsea; in fall, Boltonia asteroides (glastifolia) Prenanthes racemosa, Solidago neglecta, Riddellii and ohioensis, Helianthus giganteus Gentiana Andrewsii and Polygonum ramosissimum — the latter often six feet high. Besides there are many Cyperaceae: Scirpus lineatus and atrovirens, Gyperus erythrorhizus, Michauxianus and strigosus, Carex vul- pinoidea, crus corvi, stipata, conjuncta, arida, scoparia, strarainea, cristata, hystricina, tentaculata and some tall grasses: Calamagrostis canadensis, Leersia lenticularis and Spartina cynosuroides. WATER, SWAMP AND MOIST PLACES. From the foot of the eastern bluffs numerous springs rush in small beds toward the lower bottom land or form swampy places of little exten- sion. There we find Caltha palustris, Cardamine rhomboidea, Parnassia caroliniana, Archangelica atropurpurea. Aster corymbosus, umbellatus and infirmus, Solidago patula, Cnicus muticus, Archemora rigida, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Gerardia purpurea, Chelone glabra, Seymeria macrophylla, Symplocarpus foetidus, Peltandra virginica, Habenaria hyperborea, Cypri- pedium candidum and spectabile; in the running water: Mimulus lamesii Ludwigia palustris, Berula angustifolia, Veronica Anagallis and ameri- cana, Callitriche heterophylla and Anacharis canadensis. 36 The Vegetation of the In the stagnant water of an artesian sulphur well grows abundantly Zannichellia palustris, before the boring of this well never observed in our vicinity. The species of the larger open swamps are: Epilobiuni palustre and coloratum, Elodes virginica, Proserpinaca palustris, Cicuta raaculata and bulbifera, Slum cicutgefolium, Aster puniceus, Novi Belgii, junceus, sali- eifolius, paniculatus, Coreopsis aristosa Lobelia Kalmii, Utricularia inter- media, Pedicularis lanceolata, Polygonum sagittatum, Rumex orbiculatus and verticillatus, Acorus calamus, Typha latifolia, Triglochin palustre and maritimum, Dulichium spathaceum, Eleocharis palustris, Eriophorum gracile, Rhynchospora alba, Carex polytrichoides, teretiuscula, filiformis, comosa, riparia, monile, Muhlenbergia glomerata, Phragmitis communis, Phalaris arundinacea, Aspidium Thelypteris and Osmunda regalis. The two latter in a cold bog together with Salix Candida and myrtilloides. In stagnant water of the sloughs where the silt is covered by about a foot deep of water we find: Ranunculus multifidus, Utricularia vulgaris, Saggittaria variabilis Sparganium eurycarpum, Alisraa Plantago, Scirpus validus, Potamogeton pauciflorus, Polygonum amphibium, Lemna minor, polyrrhiza and trisulca, Nympha^a tuberosa, Nelumbium luteum, Ponte- dera cordata and Zizania aquatica. The latter sometimes 4 meter high. The running water of creeks and shallow places in the river is the abode of Schollera graminea, Valisneria spiralis, Najas flexilis, Cerato- phyllura demersum, Nasturtium lacustre, Potamogeton natans, pectinatus and pusillus. Wet sandy banks harbor with preference: Clematis Pitcheri, Desman- thus brachylobus, Corydalis aurea, Polanisia graveolens, Conobea multi- fida, Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinodorus rostratus, Cyperus diandrus, in flexus and phymatodes, Hemicarplia subsquarrosa, Fimbrystilis autumnalis, Scirpus pungens, Eragrostis reptans, Frankii and capillaris. Where the banks are flat and miry, there are: Nasturtium palustre and sessiliflorum, Cardamine hirsuta, Grratiola virginiana, Bidens chrysanthemo- ides and connata, Eclipta alba, Ilysanthes gratioloides, Lippia lanceolata, Sagittaria heterophylla. Iris versicolor, Eleocharis obtusa and acicularis. Along brooks we find: Thalictrum cornuti, Silene nivea, Hypericum pyramidatum. Hibiscus militaris, Thaspium barbinode, Artemisia Ludovi- ciana, Erigeron philadelphicum, Solidago lancelota and tenuifolia, Sil- phium perfoliatum, Cacalia suaveolens, Plantago cordata, Scrophularia nodosa, Carex shortiana, Leersia oryzoides, Glyzeria nervata and fluitans, Panicum virgatum. Climate of Middle Illinois. 37 EOADSIDES, WASTE PLACES, PASTURES AND CULTIVATED SOIL. Of roadsides, wastes places in the neighborhood of houses and yards, mostly immigrated plants took possession, but some of the indigenous ones kept their places: Lepidium virginicum, Mollugo verticillata, Erigeron canadense, Ambj'osia artemisiaefolia, Dysodia chrysanthemoides, Bidens frondosa, Erechtides hieracifolia, Artemisia biennis, Verbena stricta, urtici- folia and bracteosa, Solanum carolinense. Datura Tatula, Polygonum avicnlare and erectum, hydropiper and pennsylvanicum, Hordeum pratensc and Eragrostis pectinacea. On pastures prevail Trifolium repens, Poa pratensis and compressa; and on sandy places Cyperus filiculrais, Vilfa aspera and vaginaeflora, Pa- nicura autumnale. Along fences many tall plants are preserved: Napaea dioica, Gaura biennis, Oenothera biennis, Ambrosia trifida, Helianthus gj-osseserratus and doronicoides, Lactuca canadensis and Asclepias cornuti. The indigenous weeds between the cultivated plants are: Sisymbrium canescens, Potentilla norvegica, Erigeron annuum, Xanthium canadense, Veronica peregrina, Ipomoea pandurata, Physalis virginiana and lanco- lata, Chenopodium album and hybridum, Euphorbia maculataand hyperici folia, Panicum capillare and crus galli, Cenchrus tribuloides. IMMIGKATED PLANTS. Before this country was settled by our race, at the time when the red man hunted the buffalo on the prairie and the elk in the forest, the virgin soil was intact, nature reigned undisturbed. When the white man came with his plow, lie introduced voluntary or involuntary many foreign plants, which by and by spread and supplanted indigenous plants on the cultivated land. It would promote phytogeography, when for each local flora that im- migration could be historically verified and transmitted to posterity. In regard to our flora an attempt shall herewith be made as far as possible*. The species which immigrated partly from EuroJDe, partly from trop- ical countries, are either fully naturalized and form an integral part of our present flora, or they are adventives, i. ^., new comers, mostly escaped from cultivated land or gardens, that may afterwards become naturalized, after a more or less prolific propagation, or become extinct again, when the chances are less favorable. Perfectly naturalized and common around Peoria in the year 1852 were; Sisymbrium officinale Scop., Brassica nigra L., Capsella pursa pastoris Moench, Portulaca oleracea L., Malva rotundifolia L., Sida spinosa L., 38 The Vegetation of the Abutilon Avicenuge Gsertn., Trifolium pratense L., Pastinaca sativa L., Maruta cotula DC, Lappa officinalis All., Verbascum Thapsus L., Cheno- podium urbicum L., Chenopodium botrys L., Cbenopodium ambrosioides L., Polygonum persicaria L., Polygonum Convolvulus L., Rumex crispus L., Cannabis sativa L., Phleum pratense L., Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. var megastacbya, Eragrostis pilosa Beauv., Bromus secalinus L., Panieum sanguinale L., Setaria glauca Beauv. Old settlers, but not so common, are: Hypericum perforatum L., Ve- ronica arvensis L., Nepeta catariaL., Nepeta gleclioma Bentb., Marrubium vulgare L., Melilotus alba Lam., Malva sylvestris L., Martynia proboscidea Glox., Amarantus spinosus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Rumex acetosella L., Dactylis glomerata L., Panieum glabrum Gaud. First observed between 1855 and 1860, and noYf very common: Sonclius asper Vill., Linaria vulgaris Mill., Leonurus cardiaca L., Echinos- permum Lappvila Lehm., Cynoglossum officinale L. New settlers after 1860 and before 1870 and now common: Nastur- tium officinale R. Br., Stellaria media, Smith; less common: Verbascum Blattaria L., Melilotus officinalis Willd., Eleusine indica Gartn., Setaria verticillata Beauv. Trifolium arvense L. Lychnis Githago Lam., Camelina sativa L. Cirsium arvense Scop. Single specimens were collected 1852 (but not seen since) of: Raphanus Raphanistrum L., Nicandra physaloides Gaertn., Inula Helenium L and Leucanthemum vulgare L. The latter re-appeared 1885 on the railroad tracks. In 1886 first appeared Conium maculatum L., and Lactuca scariola L. Several years ago single stocks of two grasses appeared along railroad tracks, but not seen since: Triticum repens L and Lolium perenne L. Probably the seed dropped from the cars but did not propagate. Some species sometimes escape from gardens or cultivated lands, but are, until now, not naturalized: Argemoue mexicana L., Nasturtium Ar- moracia Fr., Hibiscus Trionum L., Medicago sativa, Rosa rubiginosa L., Anethum graveolens L, Daucus carota L, Helianthus annuus L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Centaurea Cyanus L., Mentha viridis L., Satureja hortensis L., Ipomoce purpurea Lam., Ipomoea Nil Roth, Lycium vulgare Dun., Poly- gonum orientale L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Asparagus officinalis L., Phalaris canariensis L and Setaria Italica Kunth. There is a number of species which are doubtful whether indigenous or naturalized, Cerastium triviale Link (C. vulgatum L. spec, C, viscosum L. herb et auct. americ.) is the first time mentioned by Pursh (Flora Am. sept. I., 320) and then by Nuttall (Gen. of N. Am. pi. I., 291), neither of them says whether the plant be introduced or not. Barton (Fl. phil. I., 216) says that perhaps only C. longepedunculatum Muhl (C. nutans Raf. ) and C. arvense L are indigenous. Decidedly as an introduced plant it is spoken of by Beck (Bot. of N. St. 51 ) by Dewey (Herbaceous plants of Mass. 89) Climate of Middle Illinois. 39 by Darlington (Fl. cestr. 33) and Torrey (Flora of N. Y. L, 99). In Torrey and Gray's Flora I., 188 it is left doubtful whether introduced or not, and Gray in Man. of Bot. says: perhaps indigenous to the country. Not a few plants, common to North America and Europe, are supposed to have come to the eastern states on a double way by new introduction from Europe or by old migration from the north in both continents. The question is, whether this in regard to our plant is possible and probable. A. de Candolle in Geogr. bot. 748 says: Cerastium vulgatum L. et Cerastium viscosum L paraissent manquer encore a I'Asie orientale et au nprd-ouest de TAnierique, ce qui me fait croire a Tintroduction aux Etats- unies. The plant is found in Iceland (Hooker Tour in Iceland II., 324) in Labrador (Meyer Flor. Labr. 94) in Spitzbergen (Martens flor. arct. 8) in Greenland (Lange in Etzels Greenland 634). So an arctic connection with the eastern continent is proved. After Ledebour (Fl. ross. I., 408), who takes the species in a wide sense, it extends through Sibiria to Kamt- schatka, and his varieties Grandiflorum and Behringianum to Alaska. The latter after Watson (Kings Rep. V., 38) occurs in the Uintah Moun- tains in an altitude of 10,000 feet, and in the Rocky Mountains it was found by Parry (PI. of Rock. Mount, in Proc. Ac. n. s. Phil. 1863, p. 55) and Gray in PI. Wright, I., 18, mentions: Cerastium vulgatum L., C. tri- viale Auct,, in ravines of the Organ Mountains N. Mex. That means, no doubt, L. spec, and not L. herb as in Man. of Bot. Now, if a plant is distributed from the arctic region to New Mexico, it is possible that it spread in the same direction to Illinois. It is not mentioned in Agassiz Lake Superior, but Houghton collected there C. viscosum L. (Schoolcraft Sources of the Mississippi), and we find it in Lapham's Catalogue of Wisconsin plants. In both cases it is not said whether L. herb or spec, is understood. I found the plant on a grassy place at the bank of a little brook at that time remote from a settlement, what made me suppose, that the plant did not recently immigrate. Solanum nigrum L. is a polymorphus cosmopolite, and now ranged amongst the indigenous by Gray in Fl. of N. Am. I., 227. Datura Tatula L. — The question, whether this is a proper species or a variety, and the probability of an American origin, A. de Condolle in Geogr. Bot., 731, has extensively treated. Another question is, whether we have the plant from South America, as is supposed. When that is so, the im- migration must be a very old one. Western farmers affirm that in remote new settlements the plant appear as soon as the land is broken. It is a well known fact, that the seeds of most Solanacea^ keep the germinative power a loug time, and so it is probable that the seeds had been buried in the ground long before they had a chance to germinate. The white spe- cies Datura stramonium was, only a few years ago, the first time seen — in the yard of a druggist's house ! 40 The Vegetation of the Chenopodium album L. and hybridum L. — The American botanists took those plants unanimously for immigrated ones. Amongst the fifty- five species described by Mocquin in Prodromus XIII., 2, are only two, the exclusive habitat of which is conceded to North America, one in Califor- nia, the other in Carolina and Texas; the species of the genus are equally distributed all over the globe, and the species in question are cosmopolites, the original home unknown; they may have spread by colonization in settled countries, but recently both species were found in the Rocky Moun- tains of Colorado in an altitude of 10,000 feet (Porter & Coulter, Flora of Colorado, 110), C. album L. from the Great Bear Lake, 66° N. L. to Nevada, and C. hybridum L. from the Saskatchewan to the Wahsatch Mountains. Watson (in King's Report, Y. 287), declares both to be indigenous, and in his Revision of N. Am. Chenopodiacese (Pr. Am. Ac. IX, 97), under C. hybridum, he says: " Introduced eastward, but indigenous from Kentucky, Texas, and New Mexico to Oregon." I never doubted that the variet}^ viridis be indigenous, as it is found in our vicinity only in the shade of the woods. Amarantus retroflexus L. and albus L. — These species, too, were ever taken for immigrated plants. To Mocquin it is an open question, whether the former came to Europe from America, as to the latter he is sure of it: he gives as habitat Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the meantime the plants were found in the deserts beyond the Rocky Mountains, " far from cultivated fields," as Watson remarks in King's Report, and "probably indigenous." De Condolle did not include them in the list of immigrated plants in Geogr. Botan. There is a third species, A. blitoides Wats., which I first observed about ten years ago, when I took it for a variety of A. albus. Now it grows in immense numbers around houses. Watson described it as a new species (Flora of California, II., 41), "Mexico to Northern Nevada and Iowa, and spreading then eastward." As its migration seems to be spon- taneous and steady, and being a North American plant, I ranged it in the list of indigenous plants. Poa annua L. Poa compressa L. and Poa pratensis are no doubt cir- cumpolar. They occur from Europe through Siberia to Karatschatka, Poa annua in Sitka (Alaska), after Ledebour (Flora Rossica IV., 372-78), in Greenland and Iceland, after Martens (Fl. arct.), P. Pratensis in Green- land, Iceland and Labrador, Poa compressa in Labrador, after Meyer (Plant* Labrad., 19). So we may have the plants from the North as well as from the East. Panicum crus Galli L. is a cosmopolite, the original home of which to verify will hardly be possible; it occurs throughout North America, even in the deserts of Utah and Nevada. Agrostis alba L. and A. vulgaris With., have the same distribution as the three species of Poa. They are in Gray's Manual acknowledged as indigenous. Climate of Middle Illinois. 41 CULTIVATED PLANTS. The foreign, not American, trees and shrubs, planted for shade or or- nament around houses, are: Aesculus Hippocastanum, Ailauthus glandu- losus, Populus alba and dilatata, Salix alba and babylonica, Tilia europaea, Philadelphus coronarius, Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrura vulgare, Rhamnus catharticus. Lycium vulgare, Rhus cotinus and Catalpa Ksempferi. American species from southern Illinois: Liriodendron tulipifera, Catalpa speciosa, Robinia pseudacacia. Wistaria frutescens; from north Illinois: Betula papyracea; from other States: Populus balsamifera, Pyrus americana, Catalpa bignonioides, Crataegus cordata, Ribes aureum, Symph- oricarpus racemosus, Lonicera sempervirens and Madura aurantiaca. Coniferse: Pinus Strobus, Abies balsamea and Larix americana, and the foreign Pinus austriaca and Abies excelsa thrive only in clayey soil of the bluffs. In tne orchard the apple in many and often excellent varieties takes the first place; less common are cherries, pears and plums. Peaches suf- fer from severe winters and late frosts. Small fruit for the market are raised: Strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants. The principal crops of cultivated farm land in Illinois are: Maize, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat and potatoes, together (in 1875) on 13^ millions of acres, about 38 p. c. of the area of the State. Hay was made in the same year on 2^ millions of acres on uncultivated farm land. Maize alone was cultivated on more than eight millions of acres. In- deed no Illinois farm is so prosperous as the large farm Esperanza, in Mexico, of which Humboldt, in his Essay Politique sur la Nouvelle Es- pagne, says: " Uue faneque de mais en produit quelquefois huit cent." Still the Illinois farmers reap nearly the average crop of the fertile parts of that country, which is, after Humboldt, 3-400 fold, that would be 288 fold after the following table, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Roswell Bills, Sec. of Peoria Co. Agricult. So. : TIME OF SOWING. TIME OF HARVEST. QUANTITY OF SEED. Maize Winter Wheat Spring Wheat. Rye Oats Barley Buckwlieat . . . Potatoes May 14th. Sept. 1st. Mch. 25th. Sept. 10th. April 10th. 9 June 25tli. May 15th. Oct. 10th. July 1st. July 15th. June 25th. July 15th. June 20th. Sept. 25th. Oct. 1st. 5 quarts, 1% bushels. 2% „ 45 bushels. 20 15 20 50 50 20 100 In the year 1875, wheat was grown on 2.6 millions of acres, oats on 2.27 millions of acres, and potatoes on 118,715 acres, with a crop of 128 bushels per acre. The cultivated fodder are clover and timothy. 42 The Vegetation of the Other farm products are: Peas, beans, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cu- cumbers, melons, water melons and tomatoes. What the gardening bring to market is the same as in all civilized countries of the temperate zone. SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF PEORIA. of To indicate the relative number of localities and the relative number individuals in each locality, roman figures are used for the former, and arable ones for the latter; so Eleocharis palustris X., 10, means that the plant occurs on all favorable places, in swampy places, flat banks a. s. o. in the greatest number; Corylus americana VIII, 10, that it is found in most favorable localities; Thuja occidentalis I., 1, that this tree was ob- served on a single place a single specimen. The abbreviated geographical names* express the limits of distribution of each species. *ABREVIATED GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. [Those of the States are well known, and therefore omitted.] T^ll—eghannies, All. (N.Ca.), All. (Ga.), Alle?han- nies sovithward to N. Ca. or Ga. Art— Ic coast, Atl— antic coast. Can— ada. G— ulf coast. Hud— son. Labr— ador. Miss— issippi river. U. Miss.— Upper Mississippi. U. Mo.— Upper Missouri. N. E.— New England. N. F. — New Foundland. Pac— ific coast. R. Mts. — Rocky Mountains. Sask — atchewan . ABBREVIATED NAMES OF AUTHORS. Ach— arius. Ait— on. Anders— son. Andr— ews. Aust — in. Bart— on. Beauv— ois. Benth— am. Bernh— ardi. Big— elow. Bisch— off. Bland— ow. A. Br— aun. R. Br— own. Brid— el. Br. Sch. Bruch and Schimper. Br. Eu. Bryologia Eu- ropea. Buckl— ey. Cav— aniles. Chois— y. Curt— is. Darl— ington. DC— DeCandolle. ADC— Alphonse DC Desn. — Decaisne. Desf — ontaine. Dew— ey. Dietr— ich. Dgl. — Douglas. Dum— ortier. Dun— al. Ehrh— art. . Ell— iot. Englm— ann. F.& M.Fischer& Mayer Fr- ies. Froel— ich. Ga?rtn — er. Gaud— ichaud. Gm— elin. Good — enough. A. Gr- ay. Grev- ille. Gris— ebach. Gron — ovius. Hassk— arl. Hedw— ig. Hoffm— ann. Hook— er. Hornsch — uch. Hueb — ener. Hud — son. H. B. K. Humboldt Bonpland & Kunth. Jacqu — in. Juss— ien. Kth.— Kunth. Lag— asca. Lam — ark. Lamb— ert. Lehm— ann. Ij — inna3us. Lindl — ey. Lk.— Link. Lightf— cot. L'Her— itier. Lois — eleur. Marsh— all. Mart— ins. Mey — A. C Meyer. Michx — Michaux. Mill— er. Moeq — uin. Muell— er. Muhel — enberg. Murr— ay. Norm — ann' Nutt-all. Pers— oon. Ph.— Pursh. Planch — on. Poir— et. Raf— inesque. Rich— ard. Richards— on. Ridd— ell. Rostk— ovius. R. Sch. — Roemer and Schultes. R. P.— Ruiz & Pavon. Rottb— oil. Salisb— ury. Sartw— ell. Schleich— er. Schreb- er. Schrad — er. Schk— uhr. Schult— es. W. P. Sch — imper. Schpr — Schimper. Schwteg- richen. Schw— einitz. Scop - oil. Sh. & P. — Short and Peter. Shuttl— eworth. Sibth— orp. Sm— ith. Spr— engel. Spring— er. Sol— ander. Steud— el. SuU— ivant. Sw— artz. Trin — ius. Torr— ey. T. Gr. — Torrey and Gray. Tuck— erman. Vent— enat. Wang — enheim. Wahl— enberg. "Walt— er. Wats— on. Willd— enow. With— ering. Climate of Middle Illinois. 43 RanuDculaceae. In N, Am. 18 Gen. 147 Spec. Clematis Pitcher! T. Gr. sandy banks V. 5 III.— N. Mex. Clematis virginiana L. shady banks III. 2 Atl.— N. Mex. G.— Sask. Anemone decapetala L. dry prairies, hill-sides III. 4 Ariz.— N. Ca.— Utah- Ill. Anemone cylindrica Gr. copses V. 4 Mass.— 111. Wise— N. Mex. Anemone virginiana L. woods V. 5 jST.E,— Ark. All. (S.Ca.)— 55°]S".L. Anemone dichotoma L. bottom wood V. 7 Can.— All. (Pa.) Ark. R. Mts.— Arct. Hepatica triloba Chaix var. acutiloba wood VI. 5 Atl.— Alaska G.— U. Mo. Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. wooded hill-sides II. 5 Can.— N. Ca. La. — U. Miss. Thalictrum dioicum L. woods II. 2 N.E.— La.— 67°]Sr. L. Thalictrum purpurascens L. woods, copses III. 3 N.E. — La. — R. Mts. Thalictrum cornuti L. woods, shady banks IV. 3 Atl.— N. Mex. G.— 56°lsr.L. Ranunculus multlfidus Ph. stagnant water I. 4 N.E.— IST. Ca.— La.— R. Mts. Arct. Ranunculus abortivus L. woods VIII. JSf.F.— La.— R. Mts. S.Ca.— 57°N.L. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. moist woods III. 3 Atl. — Or. G.— Labr. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. prairies and wood openings VI. 6 N. E. — R. Mts. Ranunculus repens L. woods X. 6 AH.— Pac. G.— Can. Isopyrum biternatum T.Gr. shade VL 5 G.— Oh. — U.Miss. Caltha palustris L. springy places in bottom woods III. 6 Atl.— Pac. S.Ca.— Can. Aquilegia canadensis L. wooded hillsides VI. 3 Atl.— N.Mex. Ga. — Huds. Delphinium tricorne Michx. copses IV. 2 All. — Up.Mo. — La. Hydrastis canadensis L. shady woods II. 3 Can. — Ga. — Up.Miss. Actaea alba Big. shady woods V. 3 N.E.— La.— 55° N.L. Anonacese. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 5 Spec. Asimina triloba Dun. bottom woods V. 4 All.— Miss. G.— Gr. Lakes, Menispermacese. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 5 Spec. Menispermum canadense L. bottom woods Atl.— R.Mts. G. — Can. Berberidacese. In N. Am. 7 Gen. 15 Spec. Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx. shady woods IV. 3 N.E. — N.Ca.— Up. Miss. Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. shady woods I. 4 All. (Tenn.)— Mich.— 111. Podophyllum peltatum L. woods VIII. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. NymphaeacesB. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 13 Spec. Kelumbium luteum Willd. waters III 10 AH.— Miss. G.— Can. Nymphtea tuberosa Paine waters III. 6 Atl. — Miss. ISTuphar adveua Ait. waters I. 5 Atl. — Pac. G. — Can. Papaveraceae. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 17 Spec. Sanguinaria canadensis L. woods VI. 5 Atl. — Miss G. — Can. Fumariaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 17 Spec. Dicentra cucuUaria D.C. wooded hillsides VI. 5 N.E.— IST.Ca.- Up. Miss. Corydalis aurea Willd. sandy banks, fields II. 6 Atl.— W.Tx. R.Mts. G— 64° N.L. Oruciferae. In N. Am. 37 Gen. 217 Spec. Nasturtium sessiliflorum ZSTutt. banks bottom III. 4 Fla.- Tex. — 111. 44 The Vegetation op the * tNasturtiuni siuuatum Nutt. bottom 1. 1 Miss.— Pacif. Nasturtium palustre D.C. bottom VIII. 6 N.E. — La.Pacif. — Arct. ]S"asturtium lacustre Gr. inundated bottom II. 4 Can. N.Y. Ky. La.— Up. Miss. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. woods V. 5 Fla.— La. X.E. — Up.Miss. Cardamine rhomboidea D.C. bottom, springy places V. 7 Atl. — R.Mts. G. — Can. Cardamine hirsuta L. bottom VIII. 8 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Arct. Arabis dentata T.Gr. bottom III. 3 K.Y.—Tenn.— Up.Miss. Arabis canadensis L. shady hillsides IST. 4 N.E. — Ark.— Can. Arabis laevigata D.C. rocky hillsides N. 4. Can.— Va. N.E. — Up.Miss. — Ark. Thelypodium pinnatifidum Wats, bottom V. 5 Oh.— 111.— La. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. fields V. 8 N.Y. — Fla.— La. — Cal. — Arct. Draba caroliniana Walt, hillsides V. 8 N.E.— Ga.^La. — Up.Miss. Lepidium virginicum L. roadsides, waste places X. 8 Atl.— La. — Up.Mo. Capparidaceae. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 2.5 Spec. Polanisia graveolens Raf. sandy banks IV. 0 Can. — Fla. — Ark,— Up.Miss. ViolacesB. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 3.3 Spec. Jonidium concolor B.H. shady woods II. 3 N.Y. — All. — 111. Viola cucullata Ait. woods and prairies VIII. 5 Atl.— Pacif. G. — Arct. Viola cucullata var.palmata Gr. woods I. 4. Viola sagittata Ait. dry openings III. 4 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Viola delphinifolia Nutt prairie III. 5 111.— Up.Mo. Viola pedata L. dry openings II. 5 Atl.— Miss. G.— 53° N.L. var. bicolor. Viola pubescens Ait. woods VI. 4 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— R.Mts. Oistacese. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 17 Spec. Helianthemum canadense Michx. open woods, hillsides II. 4 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Lechea major Michx. dry woods, hillsides III. 5 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Lechea minor Lam. dry woods, hillsides II. 8 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. HypericaceSB. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 3.5 Spec. Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. banks II. 3 N.E. — 111. Wise. Hypericum corymbosum Muhl. copses V. 5 N.E. — N.Ca.— Miss. Hypericum sph»rocarpum Michx. banks II. 4 Oh.— 111. — La. Hypericum nudiflorum Michx. copses V. 5 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— La. Elodes virginica Nutt. swampy bottom I, 2 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla. — La. Caryophyllacese. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 129 Spec. Silene stellata Ait. copses VI. 4 N.E.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Silene nivea D.C. bottom II. 4 Pa.— 111. Silene antirrhina L. dry hills V. 3 Atl.— Cal. Or. Tex.— Can. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. grassy places II. 6 N.E.— Va. — La. — R.Mts.— Alaska. Arenaria lateriflora L. shady hillsides I. 4 N.E. — Up.Mo. Or. Alaska. Cerastium triviale Link, (viscosum L. herb) grassy places I. 3 N.Engl. — Fla. — N.Mex. — Alaska. Cerastium nutans Raf. moist places VII. 4 Vt.— Minnes. N.Ca.— N.Mex.— Cal. Paronychieae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 17 Spec. Anychia dichotoma Michx. openings VI. 8 N.E. — Up.Miss. Ga— Ark. '■■The species marked f, founci long ago at a single place, have not been .seen again, and may partly be oxtinct in our flora Climate of Middle Illinois. 45 Portulacaceae. In X. Am. 9 Gen. 44 Si)ec. Claytonia virginica L. openings VI. 6 Atl.— N.Mex. Ga— Can, Ariz.— Alaska. Malvaceae. In X. Am. 17 Gen. 104 Spec. Callirtioe triangulata Gr. prairies II. 4 All. (Ala— N.Ca)— Up.Miss. Napsea dioica L. fences, open places, copses III. 5 All. — 111. Hibiscus militaris Cav. bottom II. 4 All. (Pa.— Ala.)— Miss. Tiliaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 4 Spec. Tilia americana L. woods V. 3 N.E.— All— La.— 52°N.L. • Linaceae. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 17 Spec. Linum sulcatum Ridd. prairies, open woods, V. 5 N.E,— N.Ca.— Up.Mo. Geraniaceae. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 27 Spec. Geranium maculatum L..open woods V. 5 Atl. — Up.Mo. G.— Can. tFloerkea proserpinacoides AVilld. bottom I. 4 X.E.— Utah. Impatiens pallida Nutt. moist, shadj' woods II. 5 Atl. — Oreg. Ga— Can. Impatiens fulva Xutt. moist shady woods YI. 5 Atl.— Oreg. G.— GG°X.L. Oxalis violacea L. dry liillsides VI. 3 Atl. — N.Mex. G. — Can. Oxalis stricta L. bottom, cultivated land VIIl- 5 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Can. Rutaceae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 11 Spec. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill, copses VIIL 4 X.E.— Va.— Up.Miss. Ptelea trifoliata L. woods, banks VI. 3 Lake Erie— N.Mex. Fla.- Tex. Anacardiaceae. In N. Am. 2 (xcn. 14 Spec. Rhus glabra L. dry hillsides VIIL 5 Atl.— Oreg. G.— Sask. Rhus toxicodendron L. bottom woods VIIL 5 Atl.— Oreg. G.— Sask. Rhus aromatica Ait. hillsides IV. 2 Vt.— Kas. G.— Sask. Vitaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 15 Spec. Vitis aestivalis Michx. woods VII. 5 Atl. — Sonora G.— Can. Vitis cordifolia Michx. woods VIl. 5 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Vitis riparia Michx. woods IV. 3 N.E.—Va.— N.Mex. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. woods VII. 6 Atl.— N.Mex. G.— Can. Rhamnaceae. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 47 Spec. Rhamnus lanceolatus Ph. woods V, 3 W.Pa.— Tenn.— Up.Miss. Rhamnus alnifolius L'Her. swampy places II. 4 N.Y.— 111.— Huds.— Cal. Ceanothus americanus L. copses VI. 5 Atl.— R.Mts.— Tex. G.— Can. Celastraceae. In N. Am. 7 Gen. 15 Spec. Celastrus scandens L. woods V. 3 All. (N.Y.— N.Ca.)— Up.Miss.— 47°N.L. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. woods, copses V, 3 Can. 47 N.L.— Fla.- Mo. Sapindaceae. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 31 Spec. Staphylea trifolia L. copses V. 4 N.Ca.— Tenn 47°N.L.— Up.Mo. Aesculus glabra Willd. bottom woods V. 4 W.Pa.— Up.Miss. Acer saccharinum Wang, wood hillsides V. 8 Can. N.E.— All.— La.— Lake Winnipeg. Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. bottom woods VII. 9 Can. N.E.—Ga.— Ark.— Wise. Negundo aceroides Moench. bottom woods IV. 4 Pa.— Fla.— Cal.— Sask .54° N.L. Polygalaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 40 Spec. Polygala incarnata L. dry prairie II. 4 Pa.— Fla. — Ark.— Wise. Polygala sanguinea L. dry prairie, open woods III. 4 Atl.- -N.Mex. G.— Can. 46 The Vegetation of the Polygala verticilluta L. saudy places IV. G Atl.— R.Mts. G. — Can. Polygala senega L. dry wooded hillsides IV. 3 N.E.— All.— (X.Ca.)— Miss.— 54°N'.L. Leg-uminosae. In N. Am 67 Gen. 736 Spec. "fCrotalaria sagittalis L. sandy banks I. 2 N.E. — Up.Miss.—Fla.— Sonera. Trifolium reflexum L. bottom woods II. 3 All.— 111.— Fla.— Tex. Trifolium repens L waste places, pastures, roadsides, X. 10 all North America. Psoralea onobrychis Nutt copses V. 6 All. (S.Ca.) Oh.— Up.Miss. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. dry prairies, hillsides V. 6 111. — R.Mts. — Ark.— Sonora. Petalostemon violaceum Michx. prairies, hillsides V. 4 Mich. — X.Mex.— La. — Sask. Petalostemon candidum Michx. prairies, hillsides, V. 3 Mich.— Sonora.— La. — Sask. •fTephrosia virginiana Pers. dry prairie I. 1 Atl— Miss. G.— Can. Amorpha fruticosa L. bottom, banks V. 5 Pa.— Up.Mo.— W.Tex.— Fla.— L. Winnipeg. Amorpha canescens Nutt. dry prairie, hillsides V. 6 Mich. — R.Mts. — Ga. — Tex. Astragalus canadensis L. copses V. 5 All. (N.Y. — Ga.)— La.— Or.— 58°N.L, Desmodium nudiflorum D.C. woods I. 3 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. Desmodium acuminatum D.C. woods V. 5 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. IDesmodium pauciflorum D.C. woods I. 2 Pa.— 111.— Fla.— La. Desmodium cuspidatum T.Gr. copses III. 3 Atl. — Up.Mo. G.— Can. Desmodium canescens D.C. copses VII. 7 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Desmodium lUinoense Gr. prairies, copses V. 3 111. Desmodium Dillenii Darl. copses III. 3 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Desmodium paniculatum D.C. copses, wood openings V. 8 N.E.— Up.Mo.— Fla.— W.Tex. Desmodium canadense D.C. woods, copses IV. 3 Atl. — R. Mts— N.Ca.— .54° N.L. Desmodium sessilifolium T.Gr. copses I. 5 Pa. Ky.— Tex.— Up.Mo.— Mich. Lespedeza violacea Pers. copses V. 6 Atl. — Up.Mo. — Tex. G. — Can. Lespedeza reticulata Pers. copses III. 4 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Lespedeza capitata Michx. copses, wood openings V. 5 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. IVicia americana Muhl. bottom, moist copses 1. 2 N.Y. — Ky. — La. — Gr. Bear Lake— N.Mex.— Cal. Lathyrus palustris L. moist copses IIL4 N.E.— N.Ca.— Pacif.— 55°N.L, Lab- rador. Phaseolus diversifolius Pers. bottom V. 3 Atl.— Up.Mo.— W.Tex. G.— Can. ■j-Phaseolus helvolus L. sandy soil I. 2 N.Y.— 111.— Fla. N.Mex. Apios tuberosa Moench. bottom copses III. 4 Oh.— R.Mts. G.— Can. Amphicarpaea monoica Nutt. woods V. 5 Atl. — UpMo. G. — Can. Baptisia leucantha Nutt. copses V. 4 Oh.— Wise— L^^p.Mo. Fla.— Tex. Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. prairies V. 3 Ga. — Tex. — Wise— Iklich. Cercis canadensis L. woods VI. 3 Pa.— 111.— Cal. Fla. — La. Cassia marilandica L. bottom VI. 4 Atl. — Mo. G. — Can. Cassia chama^crista L. bottom VI. 7 Atl. — N.Mex. G.— Can. Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. bottom woods V. 3 W.N.Y.— Tenn.— Up. Mo.— 46°N.L. Gleditschia triacanthos L. .5 bottom woods V. 5 W.Pa. — Up.Mo. Fla.— La. Climate of Middle Illinois. 47 Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. sandy banks III. 4 111— Up.Mo. Ky. La,— W.Tex. Rosaceae. In N. Am, 35 Gen. 201 Spec. Primus americana Marsh, woods, copses V. 4 Atl.— Up.Mo. Tex. — Sask. Primus Yirginiana L. copses V, 3 Atl.— R,Mts.— N.Mex. G.— 67°N.L. Prunus serotina Ehrh. woods V. 3 Atl,— Up.Miss.— W.Tex. G.— 62°N.L. Spiraea lobata Murr. bottom II. 4 All. (Pa.— Ga. 111. Mich. Spiraea Aruncus L. wooded hillsides IV. 4 All. (N.Y.— Ga.)— R. Mts. Cal. Sitka. Agrimonia Eupatoria L. woods V. 3 Atl. — Pacif. G. — Can. Agrimonia parvhlora Ait. woods II. 3 All. (Pa. — N.Ca.) — 111. — La. Geum album Gm. woods, copses Y. 4 N.E.— Ga.— 111. Geum virginianum L. 4 wet prairies 1. 4 N. E.—R.Mts.— W.Tex. Potentilla norvegica L. fields VI. 5 I^.E.— N.Mex. — Or. — Alaska — Arct. Potentilla canadensis L. woods, copses VI. 3 N.E. — All. — La. Can.— Up.Mo. Potentilla arguta Ph. prairies, copses III. 4 N.E,— R.Mts.— 65°]Sr.L. Fragaria virginiana Ehrh. wooded hillsides VII, 5 Atl,— Cal.— Or. G.— 65° N.L. Rubus occidentalis L. copses VI. 5 N.E.— All.— R.Mts.-^Or, Rubus villosus Ait. copses VIII. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. G. — Can. Rosa setigera Michx. bottom VI. 5 W.N.Y.— Fla.— Miss.— 47°N.L. liosa Carolina L. woods I. 2 Atl. — Miss. G. — Can. Rosa parviflora Ehrh hillsides V. 5 N.F. — Fla.— Miss. Rosa blanda Ait. prairies, hillsides III. 5 X.E.— Up.Miss. X. Mex.— Cal— G9°X.L. Crataegus coccinea L. wooded hillsides II. 3 N.E.— Up.Mo.— Fla.— X.Mex. Crat;egus tomentosa L. 5 bottom woods V. 4 N.E.— All.— La.— Up. Miss. Crataegus subvillosa Schrad. bottom woods VI. 4 JSf.E.— La.— Up.Miss. CratcOgus crus galli L. bottom woods III. 5 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Pyrus coronaria L. wooded hillsides, copses V. 5 W.N.Y.- All.— La.— Up. Miss. Amelanchier canadensis T,Gr. var Botryapium wooded hillsides V. 3 Atl.— Cal. G.67°N.L. Saxifrag-aceae. In N. Am. 23 Gen. 135 Spec. Ribes rotimdifolium Michx. woods V. 5 N. E.— All. (N.Ca.)— La.— R.Mts. Ribes floridum L. woods V. 3 X.Y.—Va.—Ky.— Up.Mo.— 54°N.L. Hydrangea arborescens L. wooded hillsides IIL 4 N.J. — Fla. — Miss. G. — Can. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. bottom, springy places III. 5 Atl. — Miss.G.— Can. Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. wet prairies II. 2 N.E. — Va.— Up.Miss. Ileuchera hispida Pli. wooded hillsides V. 3 All. (Va.— N.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Mitella diphylla L. rocky hillsides V. 6 N.E.— All. (N.Ca.)— Up.Miss, Crassulaceae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 40 Spec. Penthorum sedoides L. bottom V. 8 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Hamamelaceae. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 3 Spec, Hamamelis virginica L. wooded hillsides II, 4 Atl,— Miss. G.— Can, Halorageae. In N, Am, 3 Gen, 14 Spec. tProserpinaca palustris L. swamps I. 3 Atl.— Up.Miss. — W.Tex. G.— Can, 48 The Vegetation of the Onagracese. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 148 Spec. Circaea Lutetiana L. shady woods V. 3 N.E.— AIL— La.— Up.Mo. Gaura biennis L. fences, fields VIII. 5 N.Y.— Miss.— Ga. N.Mex. Epilobium palustre L. var. lineare ditclies V. 5 JSf.IC— All. (N.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Or.— Arct. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. ditches, wet prairies III. 5 N.E.— All. (N.Ca.) Sonora~Cal.— Or.— 54°K.L. Oenothera biennis L. bottom, fields VI. 5 Atl.— W.Tex. Cal. Or. G.— 56°N.L. Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. sandy soil I. 4 Up.Miss.— Tex. — Cal. Oenothera fruticosa L. wet prairies II. 5 Conn. — All. — La.— Up.Mo. tLudwigia alternifolia L. fences, ditches I. 3 X.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.- La. Ludwigia polycarpa Sh. Pet. bottom III. 3 Mich.— Oreg. Ky. — Sask. Ludwigia palustris Ell. ditches, swampy places V. 8 Atl.— Pacif. G.— 54° N.L. Lythracese. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 13 Spec. Rotala ramosior Koehne (Ammannia humilis Michx.) bottom IV. 3 Atl.— Miss.— Or. G.— Can. Ammannia coccinea liottb. (A. latifolia L. Mant.) Ijottom VI. 5 Oh.— La.— Up.Mo. Cal.— Sonora. Lythrum alatum Ph. bottom VIII- 5 Mich —Fla.— Sonora— Cal, Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. dry wood openings VIII. 4 Conn.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Cucurbitaceae . In N. Am. 11 Gen. 26 Spec. Sicyos angulatus L. bottom V. 3 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Echinocystis lobata T.Gr. bottom V. 8 W.N.E.—Ky.— Up.Mo.— Sask. Ficoideae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 4 Spec. MoUugo verticillata L. roadsides, waste places, yards VIII. S N.E.— Cal. Fla.— X.Mex. Umbelliferae. In X. Am. 45 Gen. 171 Spec. Sanicula marilandica L. woods VI. 6 X.F.— Ga.— La.— li.Mts.— Or. Erynchium yuccaefohum Michx. dry prairie V. 5 X.J,— Up.Mo. Fla.— W. Tex. Heracleum lanatum Michx. banks, copses III. 5 X.E,— All. (X.Ca.)— X.Mex. Cal.— Sitka— Huds.—.58°X.L. Archemora rigida D.C. springy places III. 4 X.Y.— Fla,— Miss. Archangelica atropurpurea Iloffm. springy places II. 5 X.E.— Up.Miss. Thaspium barbinode Xutt. banks I. 4 N.E.— Fla.— Up.Miss. Thaspium aureum Xutt. woods V. 5 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Thaspium trifoliatum Gr. woods V. 5 Atl.— Miss.— R.Mts. G.— Sask. Pimpinella integerrima Benth Hook (Zizia D. C.) wooded hillsides V. 5 X.E.— Up.Miss,— La. Cicuta maculata L. swamps V. 5 Atl. —Pacif. G.— Sask. Cicuta bulbifera L. swamps II. 5 X.E. — Li^p.Miss. Slum cicuttefolium Gm. swamps V. 5 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Hudson's Bay. Berula angustifolia Koch, springs, creeks II. 7 Mass.— Pacif. (Sonora,— Oreg). Cryptotfenla Canadensis D.C. woods IV. 5 X.E.— All,— La.— Up.Mo. Chjerophyllum procumbens Lam. woods V. 5 X.J.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Osmorrhiza brevistylis D.C. woods II. 4 X.E.— N.Ca.— Cal.— Sitka. Osmorrhiza longistylis D.C. woods II. 3 N.E.— Or. La.-=-Sask. Climate of Middle Illinois. 49 Araliaceae. In IST. Am. 2 Gen. 9 Spec. Aralia racemosa L. woods Y. 3 IST.E.— All. (Ga.)— R.Mts.— Sask. Aralla nudicaulis L. woods III. 3 Labrador— All. (N.Ca.)— R.Mts.— 64°N.L. Aralia quinquefolia Gr. woods HI. 4 N.E. — All.— La. — Up.Miss. Oornaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 29 Spec. tCornus circinata L. woods I. 1 Can.— All. (Va.) — 111. Cornus sericeri L. woods, copses HI. 4 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Cornus stolonifera Michx. bottom woods II. 3 N.E.— N^.Mex. — Alaska — Huds.-69°N.L. Cornus asperifolia Michx. bottom woods V. 5 Fla.— S-Ca. Ky. 111. — La. Cornus paniculata L'Her. woods V. 3 N.E.— Up.Miss. N.Ca. — La. Cornus alternifolia L. woods IV. 3 N.'E. — Fla. — Up.Miss. Oaprifoliaceae. In N. Am. 8 Gen. 47 Spec. Lonicera flava L. rocky banks II. 3 IST.Y. — All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. fLonicera parviflora Lam. rocky banks I. 1 IST.E.— All. (N.Ca.)— R.Mts. — Huds. Triosteum perfoliatum L. woods IV. 4 N.E. — All. (Ga.) — Up.Miss. Sambucus canadensis L. bottom VII. 5 Atl. — R.Mts. G.— Sask. Viburnum Lentago L. banks, hillsides III. 3 X.E, — All. (Ga.) — Miss.— Sask. Viburnum prunifolium L. copses III. 3 Conn. — Up Miss. G. — Can. Viburnum dentatum L. wooded hillsides I. 2 Vt, — N.J. — Ky. — Wise. Viburnum opulus L. wooded hillsides I. 2 Vt.— R.Mts. — Arct. Rubiacese. In N. Am. 26 Gen. 82 Spec. Galium Aparine L, bottom, copses IV. 5 N.E.— Sonora — Alaska. Galium concinnum_T.Gr. dry woods V. 8 All. (Pa. — Va.)— Up.Miss. Galium trifidum L. moist woods V. 8 Atl. — Pacif.— Alaska G.— 68°N.L. Galium triflorum ISIichx. shady woods IV. 5 Atl. — Pacif. G.— Greenland. Galium circsezans Michx. shady woods V. 5 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. tSpermacoce glabra Michx. banks 1. 1 Fla. — Tex. — Ills. — Oh. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. bottom, swamps V. 8 Atl.— Tex. — Cal. G. — Can. Compositse. In Am. 221 Gen. 1557 Spec. Vernoniacect. Vernonia fascieulata Michx. bottom VIII. 8 Oh. Ky.— Up.Mo. Fla.— La. Eupatoriacese. Liatris cylindracea Michx. dry woods and prairies, IV. 5 W.Can. — Up. Miss. — La. Liatris scariosa Willd. dry sandy soil V. 6 W.Can.— Fla.— Tex.— R.Mts. — Sask. Liatris pycnostachya Michx. dry prairie V. 5 111. — La. — Tex. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. dry woods and prairies VIII 8 N.J. — R.Mts. Fla. — N.Mex. Eupatorium purpureum L. bottom, copses VI. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. R.Mts. G. — Can. Eupatorium altissimum L. dry copses III. 4 All. — La. — Up.Mo. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. copses II. 3 N.E. — All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. bottom V. 5 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. bottom VII. 9 N.Ca.— Up.Mo. Fla.— Tex. Eupatorium ageratoides L. shady wooded hillsides VI. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. 50 The Vegetation of the Asteroidese. Aster corymbosus Ait. woods II. 3 ]S".E. — All. (Ga.).— Up.Miss. Aster sericeus Vent, dry, gravelly hillsides YI. 6 Oh. — Up.Mo. — All. (N. Ca.)— La.— Tex. Aster Icevis L. woods and dry hillsides V. 5 N.E. — All.— La.— N.Mx. — Sask. Aster azureus Lindl. copses, dry prairies Y. 4 Oh. Mich. — Up.Mo. All. (Ga.) — La. Aster Shortii Boot wood YI. 6 Oh.— Up. Miss. All. (Ga.)— La. Aster Drummondii Lindl. woods, copses YI. 6 Oh.- Miss. Ga.— Can. Aster cordifolius L. woods YI. 6 I^. E.— La.— Up.Miss. Aster sagittifolius Willd. woods YI. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. W.Tex. G.— Can. Aster ericoides L. sandy soil, prairies II. 4 Conn. — Wise. Fla. — La. — li.Mts. Aster multiflorus Ait. sandy soil, prairies YII. 8 Atl. — Mex. — Alaska G. — Arct. Aster Tradescanti L. fields, banks, etc. Y. 3 N.E. — La.— Up.Miss. Aster diffusus Ait.* fields, copses X. 10 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Aster paniculatus Lam. bottom YI. 8 Atl. — N. Mex.— Or. G. — Can. Aster salicifolius Ait. bottom II. 4 N.E.— W.Tex. — Can. Aster junceus Ait. bottom II. 4 Oh. — Cal. — Arct. Aster J^ovi-Belgii L. bottom III. 8 Atl.— X.Mex.— Or. Aster puniceus L. bottom Y. 8 N.E.— Miss. Fla.— I^.Mex. G.— Huds, Aster prenanthoides Muhl. bottom I. 3 X.Y.— All. (N.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. dry gravelly hillsides III. 5 Pa. Ya.— N.Mex. Aster amethystinus Nutt. bottom I. 2 Mass. — HI. Wise. Aster Novae Anglise L. copses, fences YI. 5 N.E. — All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. — R.Mts. Aster anomalus Engelm. wood openings III. 4 Up.Miss. Aster umbellatus Mill. (Diplopappus umbellatus and amygdalinus T.Gr.) springy places in woods II. 4 N.F.— All. — Up.Miss. Aster infirmus Michx. (Diplopappus cornifolius T.Gr.) moist woods I. 3 N.E.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Aster linariifolius L. (Diplopappus linariifolius Hook.) sandy hills II. 5 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Erigeron canaderasis L. waste places X. 10 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Sask. Erigeron divaricatus Michx. sandy soil II. 5 Ky. 111.— La.— W.Tex. Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl. copses, hillsides, Y. 5 X.E. — All. — La.— 64° N.L. Erigeron philadelphicus L. banks, moist places, Y. 5 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Arct. Erigeron annuus Pers. fields, waste places YII. 5 X.E. — Ky. — Up.Mo. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. fields, wood openings YI. 5 Atl. — Pacif. G.— Sask. Boltonia asteroides L'Her. (including B. glastifolia L'Her.) bottom Y. 7 W. Can.— Up.Miss.— Fla.— La. Solidago latifolia L. shady woods Y. 5 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up. Miss. Solidago speciosa Nutt. copses Y. 4 Atl.— Tex. Up.Mo. G.— Can. Solidago rigida L. dry hillsides YI. 5 Conn. All. (N.Ca.)— Tex.— R.Mts.— Sask. Solidago Ohioensis Ridd. swamps II. 5 W.N.Y. — 111. Solidago Ridellii Frank swamps III. 5 Oh. — Up.Miss. Solidago neglecta T.Gr. swamps II. 5 N.E.— Up.Miss. Solidago patula Muhl. springy places III. 4 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. *There is no genus, the species of which are more subject to changes in nomenclature and so difficult tolimitate, than the genus Aster, particularly the sections dumosi and salicifolii of Torr. & Gr. (iray in his new " Synoptical Flora " of North America does unite A. simplex and A. tinuifolius Nees (partim) under the name A. paniculatus Lam. A. carneus is partly put under A. salicifolius Xees, A. sestious (xr. under A. junceus Ait., A. miser L. ? is A. diifusus Ait. The genus Diplopappus is re-united with Aster. Climate of Middle Illinois. ■ 51 Solidago arguta Ait. copses V. 5 N.E.— All. (S.Ca.)— Miss.— Huds. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. woods VI. 6 N.Y.— All.— Up.Mo. Solidago nemoralis Ait. dry wood openings VI. 6 Atl.— R.Mts. "W. Tex. G.— Sask. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. dry praries III. 5 Up.Miss.— R.Mts. La.— As- siniboin. Solidago canadensis L. copses, fence rows X. 8 Atl.— N.Mex. G.— Subaret. Solidago serotina Ait. var. gigantea banks, copses III. .5 Atl. — Or. G.— Sask. Solidago tenuifolia Ph banks II. 3 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Solidago lanceolota L. banks, bottom V. 5 Atl.— E.Mts. G.— Huds. Chrysopsis villosa Nutt. dry prairie III. .5 111. Ky. Ala. — N.Mex.— Or.— Sask. SenecioideSB. Polymnia canadensis L. woods III. 3 Can.— All.(N.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Silphium laciniatum L. dry prarie V. 5 Oh.— Up. Mo. Ala.— Tex. Silphiura terebinthinaceum L. dry prairie V. 5 Mich. Oh. Up.Miss. — W. Ga. Silphium integrifolium Michx. dry prairie III. 3 W.Ga. — Up.Mo. Silphium perfoliatum L. copses III. 3 Mich. — Up.Mo. — La. — Ga. Partheniura integrifolium L. dry prairie, wood openings III. 2 All. — Up. Miss.— Tex. Ambrosia trifida L. bottom, fence-rows, fields III. 7 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Ambrosia artemisisefolia L. bottom, waste places X. 10 Atl. — Pacif . G. — Sask. Ambrosia psilostachya D.C. sandy soil II. 5 111. — Tex.— Cal. lAmbrosia bidentata Michx. prairie 1. 1 Up.-Miss.— La.-Tex. Xanthium canadense Mill, bottom X. 10 Up.Miss. — Sask. — Cal. — Tex. Eclipta alba Hassk bottom III. .5 Pa. — Up.Mo. — Or.— Fla. — Tex. Heliopsis Ifevis Pers. copses IV. 5 Atl. — Up.Mo.— N.Mex. G.— Sask. Echinacea purpurea Moench. copses IV. 4 All. — Up.Mo. Eschinacea angustifolia D.C. prairies V. 6 111.— Up.Mo.Ala. — Tex. Rudbeckia laciniata L. bottom VIII. 8 Atl. — N.Mex.G.— Can. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Ph. prairie III. 5 L' p.Miss.— La. Rudbeckia triloba L. woods V. 5 Pa.— W.Fla. — Miss. Rudbeckia hirta L. dry prairie, hillsides V. 7 W.N.Y.— Up.Miss. Fla.— La. Lepachys pinnata T.Gr. prairie, hillsides V. 4 W.N.Y.— Up.Miss. Fla.— La. Ilelianthus rigidus Desf. prairie V. 5 Mich. W.Ga. — N.Mex. — Sask. Helianthus laetitlorus Pers. prairie I. 4 Oh. W.Ga.— Up.Miss. Helianthus occidentalis Ridd. prairie V. 5 Oh. — All. (N.Ca.) — Miss. Heliantlms giganteus L. copses, bottom II. 5 N.E.— All. — Miss.— Sask. Helianthus grosseserratus Martens copses, fields, VIII. 7 Oh. — Up. Miss. La.-N.Mex. Helianthus strumosus L. banks copses VII. 5 Atl. — Up.Mo.G. — Can. Helianthus tracheliifolius Wild, copses II. 4 Pa. — Up.Mo. Helianthus divaricatus L. copses V. 5. — Fla.— La.— Can. Sask. Helianthus decapetalus L. copses III. 5 N.E. — All.(Ga.) — Miss. Helianthus uoronicoides Lam. copses fence rows V. 5 All. — Up.Mo. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. copses I. 2 Oh. — Ga.— Tex. Wise. Verbesina helianthoides Benth. Hook, copses I. 2 Oh.— W.Ga. — Up.Mo. Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. copses V. 5 AIL— Up.Mo. Coreopsis aristosa Michx. swamps VIII. 8 Oh. — Wise. — La. Coreopsis tripteris L. copses, banks V. 3 Pa.— Fla. — La. — Up.Miss. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. prairie, hillsides V. 4 La. W.Tex. — Wise. Lake Winnipeg. 52 The Vegetation of the Coreopsis lanceolata L. prairie II. 4 W.Can.— 111. Fla.— La. Bidens frondosa L. waste places; bottom, VIII. 5 Atl.— Up.Mo. G. — Can. —Or. Bidens connata Muhl. low banks V. 5 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Mo. Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. swamps, banks VIII. 8 Atl.— Pacif.Gult Can. Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. waste places, roadsides VI. 8 Up.Miss. — La. Up.Mo.— Mex. Helenium auctumnale L. bottom X. 6 Atl. — N.Mex. — Ore. G.— Subarct. Achillea millefolium L. prairies, open roads V. 3 Atl. — Pacif. G.— Arct. Artemisia caudata Michx. prairie IV. 5 iST. E.— Up.Mo. Sask.— Tex. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. banks II. 2 Pacif. — 111.— Sask. Artemisia biennis Willd. wastes places IV. 6 Pacif. — Tenn.— Mackenzie R. Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. dry prairie, wood openings VI. 5 Atl. — Mex. G.— Can. jGnaphalium purpureum L. sandy soil 1. 1 Atl. — Pacif. G. — Can. Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook, open woods, hillsides VI. 5 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Huds. Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. waste places VI. 4 Atl.— Up.Mo. G. — Sask. Cacalia suaveolensT.. bottom I. 3 Conn.— 111. All.— W .Fla. Cacalia reniformis Muhl. woods II. 3 Pa.— N.Ca.— Up.Miss. Cacalia atriplicifolia L. bottom V. 5 W. Can.— 111. — Fla. Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. prairie 11, 3 W.Can.— Ala. Wise. Senecio aureus L. wood, hillsides V. 5 N.F — Fla. — Tex.— Or. OynaresB. Cnicus altissimus Willd. copses, fields IV. 3 N.Y.— Fla. — Tex. — Wise. Cnicus altissimus var discolor Gr. copses, roadsides V. 4. Can.— Ga. — 111. Cnicus muticus Ph. bottom, springy places III. 3 N.F.— Fla. — La.— Sask. Cnicus pumilus Torr. prairie V. 4 N.E.— U.Miss. OichoriacesB. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt.CCynthia virginica Don) open woods V- 3 N.Y.— Colorado. Ga. — Minnesota. Hieracium scabrum Michx. open woods III. 3 N.E.Can. — Ga.— Up.Miss. Hieracium longipilum Torr. prairies V. 3 Mich. — Ark. — W.Tex. — Up.Mo. Prenanthes albaL. (Xabalus Hook) shady hillsides V. 4 N.F.— All.— U.Miss. Prenanthes aspera Michx. dry prairie III. 3 Oh. — La. — Up. Miss. Prenanthes crepidiuea Michx. bottom, rich soil II. 3 W.N.Y.— 111.— Ky. Prenanthes racemosa Michx. wet prairie III. 3 N.E.Can. — Up.Miss. — Sask, R.Mts. Troximon cuspidatum Ph. prairie, hillsides II. 3 111. Wise. — R.Mts. Taraxacum officinale Weber open wood, yards V. 7 N.E.— R.Mts. Ore. — Arct. Lactuca canadensis L. copses, roadsides V. 3 Atl. — N.Mex. G. — Sask. Lactuca integrifolia Big. open ground II. 3 N.E — Ga. — 111. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. wooded hillsides III. 4 N.E — Up.Miss. — Tex. Lactuca floridana Gaertn. (Mulgedium DC.) copses, wooded hillsides V. 3 Pa.— 111. Fla.— Tex. Lactuca acuminata Gr. copses, wooded hillsides II. 2 N.Y.— Fla. — 111. LobeliEicesd. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 29 Spec. Lobelia cardinalis* L. bottom IV. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Lobelia syphilitica L. bottom VI. 4 N.E. — Atl.— La.— R.Mts. "A single hybrid of Lobelia cardinalis and syphilitica was found. Climate of Middle Illinois. 53 Lobelia leptostachys A. D. C. dry open woods V. 4 111.— Up.Mo. S.Ca.— Tex. Lobelia intlata L. woods V. 4 N,E.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Lobelia spicata Lam. dry prairie, open woods II. 3 K.E. — All. — La. Up.Mo. Lobelia kalmii L. swamps, wet banks III. 7 N.E. — La. — 111. Oampanulaceae. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 18 Spec. Campanula aparinoides Ph. moist grassy plains III. 5 N.£.— La.— Up.Miss. Campanula americana L. bottom, copses V. 4 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Specularia perfoliata A.D.C. dry hillsides VI. 6 Atl.— Facif. G.— Can. Ericaceae. In N. Am. 34 Gen. 131. Spec. Vaccinium vacillans Sol. wooded hillsides I. 6 N.E. — S.Ca. — Ga. Gaylussacia resinosa** T. Gr. wood I. 2 N.E.— Atl. (Ga.)— Up. Miss. Arctostaphylos uva ursi Spr. wooded hillsides I. 4 N.J.— R.Mts. Cal.— Arct. Monotropa uniflora L. woods III. 2 Atl. — Or. G. — Can. Bbenaceae. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec. Diospyros virginiana L. woods along river banks II. 4 R.I.— Kas. — Fla. — Tex. PrimulacesB. In N. Am. 11 Gen. 36 Spec. Androsace occidentalis Ph. sandy hillsides, banks VI. 6 111.— Ark.— R.Mts. — N.Mex. Dodecatheon meadia L. open woods II. 3 Pa. — N.Ca.— La. — Cal.— Alaska. Steironema ciliatum Raf. (Lysimachia L.) wood bottom V. 5 N.E. — La. — Up.Mo. Steironema lanceolatum Gr. bottom V. 6 N.E.— Up.Miss. Steironema longifolium Gr. wet prairie III. 4 Pa. — S.Ca.— Up.Miss. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. swamps II. 3 Pa. — Up.Miss. — Subarct. Samolus valerandi L. var. americanus Gr. bottom IV. 5 Atl.— Mex.— Or. G. — Can. Oleaceae. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 29 Spec. Fraxinus americana L. bottom, hillsides IV. 4 N.E. — Up.Mo. Sask — Fla.— Tex. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. bottoms II. 2 N.Br.— Minn. Fla.— Ala. Fraxinus viridis Michx. f. bottom hillsides VI. 5 N.E.— Sask. Fla.— Ariz. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. bottom III. 3 Mich.— Minn. — Ark. Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. bottom III. 4 N.F.— Sask. Va.— Ark. ApocynacesB. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 21 Spec. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt, bottom VI. 4 111.— Tex.— Fla.— N.Ca. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. copses, hillsides IV. 3 Can. — Ga. — X.Mex. — Br.Columb. Apocynum cannabinum L. copses, banks V. 5 Atl. — Pacif. G. — Can. Asclepiadaceae . In N. Am. 17 Gen. 87 Spec. Asclepias tuberosa L. dry open woods, hillsides, prairie VI. 5 Atl.— Mex.— R.Mts. G.— Can. Asclepias purpurascens L. copses, hillsides V. 3 N.E. — Up.Miss.— Tenn. Abclepias incarnata L. wet bottom, banks VI. 6 N.E. —All. (Ga.) — Up.Miss. —N.Mex. Asclepias cornuti Desn. fields, hillsides V. 5 Can.— Sask.— N.Ca. Asclepias Sullivanti Engelm. wet prairie II. 3 Oh.— N.Mex. Asclepias obtusifolia Michx. dry prairie IV. 3 N.E. — Up.Mo. — Fla.— Tex. Asclepias Meadii Torr. dry prairie II. 3 Up.Miss. **Gaylussacia was found about fifteen mile.s southwest and may occur somewhat nearer. 54 The Vegetation of the Asclepias phytolaccoides Ph. shady banks TV. 'i I^T.E.— All.(Ga.)— TJp.Miss. —La. Asclepias quadrifolia L. wooded hillsides III. 3 Can. — IS'.Ca. — Up.Miss. — Ark. Asclepias verticillata L. dry prairie V.S. Atl. — R.Mts.— Mex.G. — Can. Acerates longifolia Ell. prairie II 2 Fla.— Tex. Oh.— Up. JNIiss. Acerates viridiflora Ell. dry prairie hillsides V- 4 N.E.— Sask. Fla.— Tex. G-entianacesB. In N.Am. 13 Gen. 82 Spec. Gentiana quinqueflora Lam. shady hillsides IV. 4 N.E. — Up.Miss. — Fla.- Tex. Gentiana alba Muhl. copses III. 3 N.Y.— All. (Va.) Ky.— Up.Miss. Gentiana Andrewsii Gris. bottom III. 4 N.E.— Sask.— All. (Ga.) Gentiana puberula Michx. dry prairie, hillsides, II. 4 Oh. Ky. — ^Up.Miss. tMenyanthes trifoliata L. swamps, I. 4 N.E.—Cal.— Alaska— Arct. Polemoniaceae. In N.Am. 5 Gen. 123 Spec. Phlox maculata L. wooded hillsides I 2 Pa.— LTp.Miss.— Fla. Phlox glaberrima L. bottom, wet prairie II. 5 All. (Va.)— Up.Miss.— Fla.— La. Phlox pilosa L. prairie, hillsides V. 5 N.J.— Sask. Fla.— Tex. Phlox divaricata L. woods VII. 7 N.Y.— LTp.Miss. Fla.— Ark. Phlox bifida Beck sandy soil, hillsides II. 5 Up.Miss. Polemonium reptans L. wooded hillsides VI. 5 N.Y.— Ala. — Up.Miss.— Or. ? HydrophyllaceaB. In N.Am. 14 Gen. 115 Spec. Hydrophyllum virginicum L. woods V. 3 N.E.— All. (S.Ca.)—"W.T.— Alaska. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. woods IV. 4 Can. — Wise. All.— Mo. EUisia nyctelea L. shady woods VI. 8 Pa.— Va.— La.— Sask. Borragiuacese. In N.Am. 19 Gen. 123 Spec. Echinospermum virginicum Lehm. (Cynoglossum Morisoni DC.) woods VIII. 8 Can.— Alab.— Miss. Mertensia virginica DC. bottom, shady hillsides V. 8 N.Y. — All.(S.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Myosotis verna Nutt. dry soil II. 4 N.E.— Fla.— Tex.— Cal. Or. Lithospermum canescens Lehm. prairie V. 3 Can. — Sask. Ala. — Ariz. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. dry open wood, prairie V. 5 Va.— Mich. Up. Miss. Fla.— Tex. Lithospermum angustifolium Michx. (L. longiflorum Lehm.) prairie III. 6 Up.Miss.— Sask.— Ariz. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. woods V. 3 Can. — Va. — Tenn. Up.Miss. Onosmodium carolinianum DC. var. molle dry prairie, roadsides V- 6 111.— Sask.— Tex. Oonvolvulacese . In N.Am. 8 Gen. 73 Spec. Jpomoea pandurata Mey. bottom, fields V. 6 Can.— Fla.— Up.Miss. Tex. Jpomoea lacunosa L. bottom IV. 5 Pa. — 111. S.Ca. — Tex. Convolvulus sepium L. bottom, copses III. 3 N.E. — Fla. — N.Mex. — Sask. Convolvulus spithameus L. dry open woods IV. 3 Can. — Fla.— Up.Miss. Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm. bottom upon Cephalanthus V. 5 Pa.— Sask. — Ariz. Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. bottom on shrubs V. 5 N.E.— Neb. — Ark. Cuscuta chlorocarpa Engelm. bottom on Polygonum, etc. II. 3 Pa. — Up. Miss.— Ark. , Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. bottom on Saururus, etc. V. 8 Can. — Up.Miss. Fla. —Tex. Climate of Middle Illinois. 55 Cuscuta compacta Juss. bottom on shrubs V. 5 Can. — All. (Ala.) Up.Miss. —Tex. Cuscuta gloraerata Chois. bottom on compositae V. 5 Oh. — Up.Miss. — Tex. Solanaceae. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 68 Spec. Solan um nigrum L. roadsides, fields, woods Y. 3 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Can, Solanum carolinense L. sandy soil, roadsides, fields VI. 5 Conn. — Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex. Physalis virginiana Mill. (Ph. viscosa Gr.) sandy soil, fields, roadsides V. 4 Can.— Fla.— Tex.— Up.Miss. Physalis lanceolata Michx. (Ph. pennsylvanica Gr.) sandy fields III. 4 Fla. N.Mex. — Sask. Datura tatula L. waste places, roadsides X. 8 Atl. — Pacif. G.— Can. Scrophulariaceae. In N. Am. 37 Gen. 313 Spec. Scrophularia nodosa L. banks, copses VI. 4 Atl. — Pacif. S. — Can. Chelone glabra L. bottom, springy places IV. 4 N.F. — Fla.— Ark.— Sask. Pentstemon pubescens Sol. dry prairie, open woods VIII. 5 Can. Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex. Mimulus ringens L. bottom VI. 5 N.E. — Up.Miss.— Tex. Mimulus Jamesii T. Gr. springs I. 5 Mich. Up.Miss.— R.Mts.—Mex. Conobea multiflda Benth. sandy banks VI. 6 Oh.— 111.— vTex. Gratiola virginiana L. bottom VI. 5 Atl. — Tex. — Or. Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. bottom VI. 5 Atl.— Tex. — Or. Veronica virginica L. woods V. 4 Can.— Sask. Ala. — Up.Mo. Veronica anagallis L. ditches, brooks II. 5 Can.— Up.Miss. X.Mex.— Br.Col. Veronica americana Schwein ditches, brooks I. 4 X.E.— Ark.— Up.Miss. N.Mex. Cal.— Alaska. Veronica scutellata L. bottom I. 5 X.E.— Up.Miss. Huds.— Br.Col. Cal. Veronica peregrina L. wet fields, bottom X. 10 Atl. — Pacif. G. — Huds. Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. bottom IV. 4 Oh. — Ky.— La. — Tex. Gerardia purpurea L. bottom IV. 5 Can.— Fla.— Tex.— Up.Miss. Gerardia tenuifolia Yah], bottom, open woods V. 6 Atl. — R.Mts. G.— Can. fGerardia aspera Dougl. bottom I. 3 Up.Miss. — Sask.—W.Ark. Gerardia grandifiora Benth. woods, copses IV. 5 Up.Miss. — Tenn. — Tex. Gerardia auriculata Michx. fields, bottom II. 5 All. (Pa.— X.Ca.)— Up.Miss. Ark. Castilleja coccinea Spr. dry open woods, copses VI. 6 All. Can. — Sask. — Tex. Pedicularis canadensis L. prairie, hillsides V. 5 Can. — Sask. Fla. R.Mts.— Mex. Pedicularis lanceolata Ph. swamps, springy places IV. 7 Conn.— Va.— Sask. Orobanchaceae. In X. Am. 4 Gen. 13 Spec. Aphyllon uniflorum Gr. wooded hillsides II. 2 X.F.— Tex. Cal. Br.Columbia. Lentibulariaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 19 Spec. Utricularia vulgaris L. waters III. 5 X.F.— Sask.— Br.Col. All. — Tex. tUtricularia intermedia Hayne shallow water I. 5 X.F. — Up.Miss.— 60°X.L. Cal. Big-noniaceae. In X. Am. 4 Gen. 6 Spec. Tecoraa radicans Juss. bottom, woods III. 4 Pa. — Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex. Acanthacese. In X.Am. 1.5 Gen. 39 Spec. Ruellia ciliosa Ph. dry prairie VI. 5 Mich.— Up.Miss. Fla. — La. Ruellia strepens L. woods II. 4 Pa.— Up.Miss. Fla. — Tex. 56 The Vegetation of the Verbenacese. In N.Am. 11 Gen. 35 Spec. Phryma leptostachya L. woods YI. 3 Atl.— Miss. Ga.— Can. *Verbena urtiaifolia L. bottom, roadsides VII. 7 Atl.— Mex.G.— Can. Verbena bastata L. bottom, roadsides Y. 5 Can.— Sask. Fla. — N.Mex. — Cal. Verbena stricta Vent, dry prairie, roadsides x 8 Oh.— Up.Mo.— Tex. N.Mex Verbena bracteosa Michx. roadsides VII. 7 Wise— W.Fla.— Ariz.— Or. Lippia lanceolata Michx. bottom, banks VI. 8 Pa,— Up.Miss. Fla.— Mex.— Cal. Labiatae. In N.Am. 37 Gen. 196 Spec. Isanthus cceruleus Michx. sandy banks, hillsides IV. 7 Can.— Ga.— Tex, | Up.Miss. Teucrium canadense L. bottom VI. 5 Atl. — Mex.G.— Can. Mentha canadensis L. bottom, banks IV. 5 Atl.— Pacif. Can. — Sask. Lycopus virginicus L. bottom IV. 5 Labr.— Fla.— Br.Columb. Lycopus sinuatus Ell. bottom III. 4 Can.— Fla.— Tex.— Or. Pycnanthemum muticum Pers. var. pilosum Gr. dry open woods V. 5 Oh.— 111. Ark. Pycnanthemum linifolium Ph dry open woods II. 3 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla. - Tex. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Ph. dry open woods, copses IV. 4 N.E.— Nebr. — Ga. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. open woods V.8 N.E. — All. (S.Ca.) — Up.Miss. Monarda tistulosa L. open woods, copses, hillsides V. 5 Can.— Fla. Ariz.— Br.Columb. Monarda clinopodia L. shady woods II. 3 Can. — All. (Ga.) — Up.Miss. Blephilia hirsuta Benth. woods V. 5 Can.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss.— Tex. Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. copses IV. 3 Vt.— Wise. All. (Ca.)— Tex. Lophanthus scrophularia^folius Benth. copses IV. 4 N.Y. — Up.Miss. N.Ca. -Ky. Scutellaria lateriflora L. bottom VI. 6 Can— Fla.— N.Mex.— Br.Columb. Scutellaria versicolor 2^utt. open woods V. 3 Pa.— Up.Miss. Fla,— Tex. Scutellaria parvula Michx. gravelly banks, hillsides III. 6 N.E. —Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex. Scutellaria galericulata L. bottom II. 3 N.F.— All. (N.Ca.)— Cal.— 60° N,L. Scutellaria nervosa Ph. bottom I. 4 N.Y. — Va. — Up.Miss. Brunella vulgaris L. bottom, woods VI. 4 N.F. — Fla.— Cal. — Alaska. Physostegia virginiana Benth. bottom VI, 8 N.E.— Fla.— Tex,— 65° N.L, Stachys palustris L. bottom III. 3 N.F,— Pa. — R.Mts. Stachys aspera Michx. bottom V. 5 Can.— Fla,— La. — Up.Miss. Plantaginaceae. In N.Am. 1 Gen. 14 Spec. **Plantago Rugelii Decaisne fields, roadsides, woods VI. 8 Can. Vt* — Up.Miss. Ga.— Tex. Plantago cordata Lam. banks of brooks I. 3 N.Y. — Up.Miss. Ala. — La. Plantago virginica L. gravelly hillsides III. 5 N.E, — Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex. Aristolochiaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 11 Spec. Asarum canadense L. shady hillsides V. 4 N,E.— All. (N.Ca,)— Up.Mo. Aristolochia serpentaria L. woods II. 2 Conn. — Fla.— Miss. *Several hybrids Of Verbenas occur: V. stricta X urticifolia, V. stricta X bracteosa, V. hastata X urticifolia. **Plantago Kugelii was formerly taken for PI. major an immigrated plant, which, so far, was not yet observed in our vicinity. Our species, which is indigenous, differs from P. majorin the num- ber of seeds {only 4 to 9) and the longer at the apex attenuateil spike. Plantago sparsiflora Michx. probably does not grow in Illinois. A specimen from South Illinois I received under that name is nothing else than a depauperate Plantago Rugelii. Climate of Middle Illinois. 57 Nyctaginacese. In N. Am. 10 Gen. 50 Spec. Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet fence rows, banks V. 5 Up.Miss. — La. — N. Mex.— Up.Mo. PhytolaccacesB. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 5 Spec. Phytolacca decandra L. bottom, banks V. 3 X.E— Up.Miss. Fla.— N.Mex. Ohenopodiacese. In N. Am. 17 Gen. 83 Spec. Chenopodium album L. bottom, fence rows X. 8 Atl.— Pacif.G.— Gr. Bear Lake. Chenopodium hybridum L. bottom V. 5 Atl.— Pacif.G.— Sask. Amarantacese. In N. Am. 16 Gen. 46 Spec. Montelia tamariscina Gr. bottom VIII. 8 Vt.— Up.Mo.— W.Tex. Amarantus albus L. waste places IV. 5 Atl — N.Mex. R.Mts. — Or. Amarantus retroflexus L. bottom, waste placos VIII. 8 Atl. — N.Mex. — R.Mts. Amarantus blitoides Wats, waste places V. 7jMex.— R. Mts. — Up.Miss. PolygonacesB. In N. Am. 16 Gen. 197 Spec. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. moist places VI. 6 Atl.— Mex.G. — Can. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. moist places III. 5 Atl. — Mex.G. — Can. ♦Polygonum hydropiper L. moist places, ditches VI. 10 N.E. — Ariz. Polygonum acre H.B.K. bottom V. 3 Atl.— Mex.— Cal.G.— Can. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. moist places V. 6 Atl. — Mex.G. — Can. Polygonum amphibium L. waters, sloughs, banks X. 8 Atl. — Mex.G.— Or. Gr. Slave Lake. Polygonum virginianum L. woods V. 3 N.E. — Fla.— Up.Mo. Polygonum aviculare L. roadsides, yards X. 10 Atl. — Mex.G.— 72°N.L. Polygonum erectum L. yards, roadsides V. 5 Atl.— Can. — Or. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. bottom IV. 4 N.E. — Up.Mo. Polygonum tenue Michx. dry soil, hillsides V. 5 N.E. — All.— La. — Sask.— Or. Mex. Polygonum sagittatum L. bottom II. 8 Atl. — Miss.G.— Can. Polygonum dumetorum L. copses, banks V. 5 Atl. — Miss. — R.Mts.G. — Can. Rumex orbiculatus Gr. bottom, swamps II. 4 N.E — Up.Miss, Rumex britannica L. banks, moist places IV. 5 N.Y. — W.Tex. Rumex verticillatus L. moist soil, banks V. 5 Atl. — Miss.G. — Can. Lauraceae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 8 Spec. Sassafras officinalis Nees. woods V. 4 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. Thymeleacese. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec. Dirca palustris L. bottom, springy places II. 3. Atl.— Cal.G.— Can. Santalaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 6 Spec. Comandra umbellata Nutt. dry hillsides, copses IV. 5 N.E.- All. (Ga.) — Mex.G.— Can. Saururaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 2 Spec. Saururus cernuus L. swamps, springy places V. 6 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Oeratophyllacese. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec. Ceratophyllum demersum L. waters X. 10 Atl. — Paeif. G.— 62°N.L. OallitricbaceaB. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 6 Spec. Callitriche heterophylla Ph. waters III. 5 Atl.— Pacif. G.— 71°N.L. ♦Polygonum hydropiper may be indigenous as well as not. Porter, in Wheeler's Report, says: " Introduced? " De Candolle has it not in the list of introduced plants. 8 58 The Vegetation of the Euphorbiaceae. In N. Am. 17 Gen. Ifi4 Spec. Euphorbia maculata L. roadsides, waste places, fields X. 10 Atl. — Cal. G. — Can. Euphorbia hypericifolia L. (Preslii Guss.) bottom fields VIII. 8 Atl.— ISr.Mex. G.— Can. Euphorbia dentata Michx. bottom III. 4 Ta. — Up.Miss. La. — Sonora. Euphorbia heterophylla L. banks, hillsides IV. 5 Up.Miss.— Mex. Euphorbia corollata L. prairies, hillsides VII. 7 N.Y.- Up.Mo. Fla.— Mex. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. sandy banks I. 3 Va. — Fla.— Up.Miss. lEuphorbia obtusata Ph. woods I. -3 Vt. — S.Ca.— R.Mts. Acalypha virginica L. bottom, woods VII. 8 Atl.— N.Mex. G. — Can. Croton glandulosus* L. sandy soil I. 3 Va. — Up.Miss. La. — W.Tex. Urticacese. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 24 Spec. Ulmus fulva Michx. woods, bottom V. 3 Can.— N.Fla.- Tex.— Up.Mo. Ulmus amencana L. woods, bottom VIII. 8 N.F.— Fla.— R.Mts.— 52° NX. Celtis occidentalis L. woods, bottom III. .5 Can. — Up.Mo. Fla.— Tex. Morus rubra L. woods VI. 4 N.E.— Up Mo. Fla.— Tex. Urtica gracilis Ait. bottom V. 4 N.E.— All.— N.Mex.— Cal. Or. Laportea canadensis Gaud, bottom V. 6 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. Filea pumila Gr. shady woods V. 6 Atl.— Up.Mo. G. — Can. Bohmeria cylindrica Willd. bottom III. 4 Atl.— W.Tex. G.— Can, Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. shady woods 111.^8 N.E.— All.— jSI.Mex.— Up.Mo. Humulus lupulus L. copses, bottom III, 4 N.E. — All. — N.Mex. R.Mts. — Sask. PlatanacesB. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 3 Spec. Platanus occidentalis L. woods, bottom VI. 5 N.E, — Up.Miss. Fla. — Tex, Juglandaceae, In N. Am. 2 Gen. 12 Spec, Juglans cinerea L, woods V, 4 N.Br.— Up-Miss. All. (Ga,)— Ark. Juglans nigra L. woods V. 5 N.E.— Up.Miss, Fla.— Tex, Carya olivae formis Xutt. woods, bottom III. 3 Up.Miss. W.Ky.— La.— Tex. Carya alba Nutt. woods VIII. 8 Can.— Up.Miss. W.Fla.— Tex. Carya tomentosa Nutt. woods VI. 5 Can.— Up.Miss. Fla. — Tex- Carya sulcata Nutt, woods, bottom I, 3 Pa,— Up.Miss. — Ark, Carya porcina** Nutt, woods I, 2 N,E, — Up,Miss. Fla. — Tex. Carya amara Nutt, woods VI. 6 N.E, — Up,Miss, Fla,— Tex, Oupuliferse In N, Am, 7 Gen, 46 Spec, Quercus alba L, woods X, 8 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— Tex, G.— 46° N,L, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. woods, bottom V. 5 N.Br.— Up.Mo. N.Ca, — W,Tex. Quercus bicolor Willd. woods, bottom II, 5 N,E,— All, (Ga,)— Ark, Up,Miss, Quercus prinoides Willd. (Qu.prinus acuminata Michx,) woods IV.|4 N.E. — Up.Miss, All.— W.Tex, Quercus imbricaria Michx, woods IV, 4 Ta,— Up,Miss,— All. — (Ga.) Quercus nigra L. woods I. 2 N.Y.— Up.Miss, Fla,— W,Tex, Quercus coccinea Wang, woods VIII. 6 N.E.— Up.Miss. All. — Fla. Quercus rubra L. woods VI. 5 N.Scot, — Up,Miss, Fla. — Tex, *From the locality on -nhich Croton glandulosus' was found only a few years ago (railroad track) it may be concluded that it might be an immigrant from the southern part of Illinois. *"Carya porcina — No doubt single trees exist in the neigliborhood, althousjh I have not seen such; for amongst the nuts of the common hickory, brought to market, single nuts of the tree were observed. Climate of Middle Illinois. 59 Quercus Leana Nutt.* (coccinea x imbricaria) 1. 1 Oh. Ill, Corylus ameiicana AValt. copses VIII. 10 Can.— Sask. Fla.— Tex. Carpinus americana Michx. woods V. 3 N.Scot. — Up.Miss. Fla. — Tex. Ostrya virgiuica Willd. woods V. 5 Can.— Up.Miss.— Winnipeg. Pla.— La. Salicaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 68 Spec. Salix Candida Willd. swampy bottom I, 4. N.E.— Up.Miss.— Sask. tSalix tristis Ait. dry hillsides I. 2. N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Salix humilis Marsh, dry hillsides V. 5. N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Salix discolor Muhl. banks bottom VII. 6. N.F.—N.Ca.—R.Mts.— Athabasca R.— Labr. Salix sericea Marsh, (incl. S petiolata) banks bottom IV. 4. N.E.— Up.Miss. — Sask. Salix cordata Muhl. var angustata bottom V. 5. N.E. — R.Mts.— Arct. Salix nigra Marsh, bottom X. 8 N.Br. — Cal. Fla.— Ariz, Salix amygdaloides Anders, bottom III. 4 N.Y.— Sask.— Or. Oh.— N.Mex. Salix longifolia Muhl. bottom low banks VIII. 8 N.E.— La.— Ariz.— Cal. — Sask— 66° X.L. Salix myrtilloides L. swampy bottom I, 4. N.E. — Up.Miss. — Arct. Populus tremuloides Michx woods III. 5 N.F.- N.Mex. Cal.— Alaska— Huds. 69° N.L. Populus grandidentata Michx. wooded hillsides V. 5 N.Br.— Up.Miss,— All (N.Ca.) Populus monilifera Ait. bottom X. 8 Vt.-Fla.-N.Mex.— R.Mts. Coniferae. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 82 Spec. .Tuniperus virginiana L. hillsides II. 4 N.Br.— Up.Miss, Fla,— Tex.— R.Mts. 67° X.L. jThuja occidentalis=^* L. swamps I, 1 N.Br.— All (N.Ca.)— Up.Miss,— Huds. Araceae. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 11 Spec. Arisaema triphyllum Torr. woods V. 4 Atl.— Up.Mo. G. — Can. Arisaema Dracontium Schott woods IV. 3 Atl. — Miss. G. — Can. Peltandra virginica Raf. swampy bottom II. 3 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Symplocarpus foetidus Salisb. swampy bottom III. -5. N.E. — N.Ca. — Up. Miss. Acorus calamus L. swamp II, 6 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Leranacese. In N.Am. 2 Gen. 9 Spec. Lemna trisulca L. waters III. 10 N.E.— N.Mex.— Cal.— 5.5° N.L. Lemna minor L. waters V. 10 N.E.— Fla.— Mex.— Or.- 60° N.L. Lemna polyrrhiza L. waters V. 10 Atl.— W.Tex. Nevada G.— 55° N.L. Wolffia Columbiana Karsten waters 1. 10 N.E.— La. — Up.Miss. Typhaceae. In N.Am. 2 Gen. 5 Spec. Typha latifolia L. swamps, slough, banks III. 5 Atl. — Pacif. G.— 60° N.L. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. banks, ditches V. 5 N.E. — Pa.— Or.— Slave Lake. NajadacesB. In N.Am. 7 Gen. 29. Spec. Najas flexilis Rostk. Illinois R. II. 8 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— W.Tex. Zannichellia palustris L. creeks I. 10 N.Y.— Sask.— Or. Cal, W, Fla. — Mex. *The only tree unfortunately was outlast year: It stood on the bluflf side near the western city limits. **Thuja occidentalis is certainly extinct now in our flora, but in 1853 yet a large tree nearly two feet in diameter stood in a swamp at the foot of the eastern bluff. The locality and the age of the tree is against the belief that it was planted. 60 The Vegetation of the Potamogeton natans L. waters, sloughs and rivers V. 10 Atl.— Pacif.G.— 60° N.L. Potamogeton pauciflorus Ph. pools 1. 5 N.E.— Ga.— N.Mex. — Up.Miss. Potamogeton pusillus L. River I. 5 N.E.— R.Mts.— 60° N.L. Potamogeton pectinatus L. River V. 8 Atl.— Pacif.G.— 55° N.L. Alisraaceae. In N.Am. 6 Gen. 15 Spec. Triglochin palustre L. bottom springy places III. 8 N.Y.— Up.Miss. R.Mts. — Alaska— Greenland. Triglochin maritimum L. var. elatum bottom springy places II, 4 N,Y.— Cal Labr. — Alaska. Alisma Plantago L. shallow waters V. 5 N.E.— Ga.— Cal.— 55° N.L. Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. low banks III. 5 Fla.— Ariz. — Up.Miss. iSagittaria variabilis Engelm. low banks, pools VII. 7 Atl.— Pacif.G.— Can. N.F. ISagittaria calycina Engelm. swamps II. 3 N.E. — Up.Miss. Sagittaria heterophylla Ph. swamps, low banks II. 8 N.E.— Fla.— Miss. HydrocharidacesB. In N.Am. 3 Gen. 3 Spec. Anacharis canadensis Planch, creeks IV. 10 N.E.—N.Ca.— Up.Miss.— 55° N.L. Valisneria spiralis L. river IV. 10 Atl.— Miss. Orchidaceae. In N.Am. 24 Gen. 99 Spec. Orchis spectabilis L. wooded hillsides III. 4 N.E. — All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Habenaria virescens Spr. wooded hillsides II. 3 Atl. — Miss.G. — Can. jHabenaria hyperborea R.Br, bottom springy places I. 2 N.E.— Or. Alaska- Greenland. Habenaria leucophjea Gr. wet prairie I. 5 Oh.— Up.Mo. Spii'anthes cemua Rich, moist banks II. 3 Atl. — W.Tex. — Or.G. — Can. Spiranthes gracilis Big. dry hillsides III. 3 Atl. — Miss.G. — Can. tPogonia pendula Lindl. woods I. 3 Atl.— Miss.G.— Can. Liparis Lceselii Rich, swamps I. 4 N.E. — Up.Miss.— 54° N.L. Liparis liliifolia Rich, shady hillsides I. 1 N.E. — Up.Miss. Corallorhiza odontorhiza Nutt. woods I. 2 N.Y.— Fla. — R.Mts. tAplectrum hiemale Nutt. woods I. 3 N.E.— All.— Up.Mo. Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. swamps 1. 4 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— La. Cypripedium canclidum Muhl. bottom II. 3 VV.N.Y. — Up.Miss. fCypripedium parviilorum Salisb. bottom I. 2 N.Y.— All.— La.— Up.Miss. Cypripedium pubescens Willd. woods V. 4 N.E.— All. — La.— R.Mts. Cypripedium spectabile Sw. bottom, springy places II. 4 NE. — N.Ca.— Miss. Amaryllidacese. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 21 Spec. Hypoxis erecta L. dry open woods, prairie V. 4 Atl.— R.Mts. G.— Can. Iridaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 21 Spec. Iris versicolor L. bottom, banks V. 5 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L. prairie, open woods V. 6 Atl. — Pacif. G— Alaska, DioscoreaceaB. in N. Am. 1 Gen. 1 Spec. Diosoorea villosa L. woods, copses IV. 4 Atl. — Miss. G. — Can. Smilacaceae. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 14 Spec. Smilax hispida Muhl. moist copses, banks V. 5 W.N.Y. — La. — Up.Miss. Smilax herbacea L. banks, bottom V. 4 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can. Climate of Middle Illinois. 61 Liliaceae. In N, Am. 50 Geu. 246 Spec. Trillium recurvatum Beck, woods V. 5 Ind. — Up.Miss. Trillium erectum L. var. album woods I. 2 I^.E.— N.Ca. — Up.Miss. Trillium nivale Ridd. woods IV. 4 Oh.— Up.Miss. Uvularia grandillora Sm. woods V. 4 Yt.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Mo. Smilacina racemosa Desf. woods, copses Y. 4 N.E.— All.— Cal. Or. — Sask. Smilacina stellata Desf. bottom, banks III. .3 N.E.— N.Mex. Cal. — Arct. Polygonatum giganteum Dietrich, woods Y. 4 N.E.— La.— ll.Mts.— Sask. Lilium philadelphicum L. prairie, open woods Y. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.— Up.Mo. Lilium superbum L. copses, banks III. 3 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— La.— Up.Miss. Erythronium albidum Xutt. woods Y. 5 iSf.Y.— Up.Miss. Scilla Fraseri Gr. prairie, banks Y. 5 Oh.— La. — W.Tex.— Or. Allinm tricoccum Ait. shady hillsides III. 4 N.E. — N.Ca. — Up.Miss. Allium canadense Kalm. wet prairie, banks Y. 4 Atl. — Up.Mo. G. — Can. Juncaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 61 Spec. Juncus tenuis Willd. bottom, woods, roadsides, etc. YII. 8 N.E.— Fla. — Cal. Juncus acuminatus Michx. var. legitimus swamps Y. 5 N.E.— Ga.— Ark. — Up.Miss. Juncus canadensis Gay. var. brachycephalus moist places Y. 6 N.E. — Up.Miss.— N.F.—Huds. Juncus nodosus L. var. raegacephalus swamps, banks lY. 4 N.F.— La. — Cal. Pontederiacese. In N Am. 3 Gen. 4 Spec. Pontederia cordata L. shallow waters, banks II. 10 Atl.— Miss. G.— Can. Schollera graminea Willd. river, low banks YI. 8 jST.E.- N.Ca.— Mex. CommelynaceaB. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 12 Spec. Tradescantia virginica L. prairie, copses Y. 5 Atl. — W.Tex. G.— Can. Commelyna cayennensis* Rich, banks I. 3 Up.Miss.— La. Oyperaceae. In N. Am. 20 Gen. 448 Spec Cyperus diandrus Torr. bottom Y. 10 ]!^E.—N.Ca.— W.Tex.— Up.Miss. Cyperus erythrorhizus Muhl. bottom Y. 5 Pa.— Fla.-Ariz.— Up.Miss. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. sandy banks Y. 8 Atl.— N.Mex.— Cal.— 52°]SJ'.L. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. bottom III. 3 111.— Up.Mo. Cyperus phymatodes Muhl. bottom, sandy banks Y. 8 Yt.— Fla.-Ariz.— Cal. Cyperus strigosus L. bottom Y. 6 Atl.— N.Mex. G.— Can. Cyperus Michauxianus Schult. bottom Y. 6 Atl. — Pacif. G.— Can. Cyperus flliculmis Vahl. dry prairie, hillsides Y. 4 Atl.— VV. Tex. G.— Can. tCyperus ovularis Torr. sandy soil I. 2 N.Y.— Up.Miss. Fla. — W.Tex. Dulichium spathaceum Pers. bottom, wet banks II. 8 Atl. — Miss. — Nebr. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa** Nees. sandy banks Y. 6 N.Y. — Fla. N.Mex. — R.Mts. Eleocharis obtusa Schult. bottom Y. 8 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— W.Tex. Eleocharis palustris R. Br. swamps X. 10 Atl.— Pacif. G.—60°N.L.— Green- land. Eleocharis compressa Sull. bottom III. 6 N.Y.— Up.Mo. Eleocharis Wolfii Gr. bottom II. 6 111. Eleocharis intermedia Schult. swamps, sandy banks Y. 5 N.Y. — Ga. — Miss. *Commellyna cayennensis is found on a single place in a wood. It is not uncommon in culti- vation, and therefore it is doubtfull whether it is indigenous or not. It is common in South Illinois and certainly an annual, although it may occasionally become perennial by striking roots from the joints. ••■■■= Boeckeler (Linnaea 30 499) reunited this genus with Scirpus, and our species as Scirpus micrauthus Vahl., the oldest name. 62 The Vegetation of the Eleocharis tenuis Schult. swamps II. 4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.— W.Tex. Eleocharis acicularis R. Br. low banks, shallow water VI. 10 Atl.— Pacif. G. — 55°N.L. Scirpus pungens Yahl. banks V. 6 Atl.— N.Mex.— Cal. G.— Can. Scirpus validus Vahl. banks V. 6 Atl.— N.Mex.— Cal. G.— Can. Scirpus Smithii Gr. low banks, bottom II. 5 L. Ontario— Del.— 111. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. bottom V. 4 N.E.— Ky — R.Mts. Scirpus lineatus Michx. bottom II. 4 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.— Tex. lEriophorura gracile Koch, swamps I. 5 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.- Cal.— Arct. Fimbristylis autumnalis R. Sch. gravelly banks III. 6 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.— W.Tex. Rhynchospora alba Vahl. swamps II. 5 Atl.— Up.Mo.— Alaska G.— 60°N.L. Scleria triglomerata Michx. wet prairie I. 3 Vt.— Fla.— Miss. Scleria verticillata* Muhl. swamps I. 4 W.N. Y.— Fla.— Mich.— Up.Miss. Carex polytrichoides Muhl. bottom VI. 10 Atl.— R.Mts. G.— Sask. Carex Steudelii Kth. woods IV. S N.Y.— Fla.- Miss. Carex disticha Huds. sandy prairie III. 3 N.Y. — R.Mts. — Cal. 111.— Sask. Carex teretiuscula Good, moist soil V. 5 N.E.— Or.— 53°N.L. Carex vulpmoidea Michx. bottom VI. 6 N.E.—S.Ca.— Up.Mo. Carex crus corvi Shuttl. wet prairie III. 3 Oh.— Wise— La.— W.Fla. Carex stipata Muhl. wet prairie III. 5 N.E.— Fla.— La. — Or.— 54°N.L. Carex conjuncta Boot, bottom V. 5 N.E. — All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Carex sparganioides Muhl. wooded hillsides VI. 6 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up. Miss. Carex cephaloidea Boot, woods II. 4 N.Y.— 111. Carex cephalophora Muhl. open woods V. 5 N.E. — Up.Miss. Fla. — W.Tex. Carex rosea Schk. woods VI. 6 N.E. —All. (Ga.)— Up.Mo.— Or. Carex sterilis Willd. bottom II. 5 N.E.— Fla.— Up.Miss. Carex stellulata Good, woods IV. 5 Atl.— Or.— Alaska G.— 54° N.L. Carex arida Schw. Torr. bottom II. 6 Ky. — Up.Miss.— 54° N.L. Carex scoparia Schk. bottom, V. 6 N.E.— N.Ca.— Or.— 54° N.L. Carex lagopodioides Schk. bottom V. 5 N.E.—S.Ca.— Cal.— 54° N.L. Carex cristata Schw. bottom V. 7 Del. Pa.— Up.Mo. — 54° N.L. Carex straminea Schk. bottom VI. 7 N.E. —Or. Fla. — W.Tex. Carex stricta Lam. swamp III. 7 N.E.— All. (N.Ca.)— N.Mex.— Arct. Carex limosa L. swamp I. 3 N.E. — R.Mts. Or.— G. Bear Lake. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. dry prairie I. 3 N.E. —All. (Ga.)— Tex.— Cal.— Al- aska.— Huds. Carex Shortiana Dew. banks, shady woods V. 5 Pa. — Va. — Up.Mo. Carex tetanica Schk. var. Meadii Dew. dry prairie III. 5 Oh. 111. Wise. Carex granulans Muhl. wooded hillsides VI- 6 Atl.— Miss. G. — Can. Carex grisea Wahl. wooded hillsides VI. 6 Atl.— LJ^p-Mo.- Tex.G.— C^n. Carex Davisii Schw. Torr. woods V. 5 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Mo. Carex triceps Michx. open woods III. 5 N.E.— Fla.— Miss. — Tex. Carex digitalis Willd. wooded hillsides I. 3 N.Y. — Ky.— Up.Miss. Carex laxiflora Lam. woods VI. 6 Atl.— Up Mo.— Or.G.— 54° N.L. Carex oligocarpa Schk. woods II. 3 N.E.—Ky.— Up.Miss. fCarex Hitchcockiana Dew. woods I. 2 N.E. — Ky. — Up.Miss. Carex umbellata Schk. dry hillsides I. 4 N.E.— 111.— R.Mts. — Sask. La.— Ariz. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. woods VIII. 8 N.E.— All. (Ga.) — R.Mts. Carex varia Muhl. woods V. 5 N.E.— Up.Miss. fCarex Richardsonii R.Br, open woods 1.2 N.Y. — Up.Miss. 54° N.L.— N.W. Coast. Carex pubescens Muhl. moist woods V. 5 N.E. — Up.Miss. * This rare plant was found during the summer of 1887 by Mr. McDonald, the first time in Illinois. Climate of Middle Illinois. 63 Carex filiformis L. swamps III. 5 N.E.— Up.Mo.— 54° N.L. Carex lanuginosa Michx. wet prairie V. 5 N.E.— Ky.— N.Mex.— Cal.— Mc- Kenzie. Carex riparia Curt, swamp I. 5 Fla. N.E.— Up.Miss. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. bottom II. 5 N.E.— Ga.— Up.Miss. Carex comosa Boot, swamp I. 4 X.E. — Up.Miss. Carex histricina Willd. wet banks, bottom VII. 7 IST.E. — Up.Miss. Ga.— N.Mex. Carex tentaculata Muhl. bottom VII. 6 Atl. — Miss.G. — Can. Carex Grayi Carey bottom V. 4 N.Y. — Up.Miss. Carex lupulina Muhl. bottom V. 5 Atl. — Miss.G. — Can. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell bottom I. .3 N.Y. — Del. — 111. Carex monile Tuck, swamps II. 3 N.E. — Ky. — 65° N.L, Carex squarrosa L. bottom I. 4 N.E.— All. (Ga.) — Up.Miss. Carex longirostris Ton. woods III. 5 N.E. — li.Mts. — 54° N.h. GraminesB. In N. Am. 103 Gen. 615 Spec. Leersia oryzoides Sw. banks V. 1 Atl. — Miss. G. — 54° N.L. Leersia virgmica Willd. bottom V. 5 Atl. — Miss. G. — Can. Leersia lenticularis Michx. bottom II. 4 Va.— Fl.— La. — Up.Miss. Zizania aquatica L. swamps, shallow waters IV. 8 Atl. — Miss. G.— Can. Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Michx. fields, waste places III. 3 N.E.— Fla.— Up.Miss. Vilfa aspera Beauv. sandy soil IV. 4 Atl. — Miss. Vilfa vaginaetlora Torr. sandy soil VI. 5 N.E. — N.Ca. — Ark.— Up.Miss. Sporobolus heterolepis Gr. dry hillsides V. 6 N.E. —Up.Miss. Agrostis perennans Tuck, bottom IV. 5 Atl. — Miss. Agrostis scabra Willd. dry prairies III. 5 N.E. — Cal. — Alaska Pa. — La. Agrostis vulgaris With, open woods V. 5 N.Y.— Ark.— K.Mts.— 55° N.L. Agrostis alba'L. bottom IV. 3 N.Y.— Cal.— Huds. Cinna arundinacea L. bottom, banks V. 5 Atl. — Miss. G.— 55^ N.L. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Gr. woods 11. 3 Vt.— Up.Miss. TMuhlenbergia glomerata Trin. swamps I. 4 N.E. — Up.-Miss. — Ark. — Sask. —Or. Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin. bottom V. 6 N.E. — N.Ca. — Ark.— Up.Miss. Muhlenbergia silvatica T. Gr. bottom III. 6 N.E.— Up.Miss.— W.Tex.— Nevada. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. woods II. 3 N.E. —All. (Ga.) — Up.Miss. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schrad. bottom VI. 8 Atl. — Cal. G. — Can. Braehyelytrum aristatum Beauv. bottom III. 4 Atl.— Miss. Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv. bottom II. 7 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— R.Mts.— Arct. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. sandy hillsides I. 4 N.E.— Up.Miss. Stipa spartea Trin. prairie V. 5 111.— N.Mich.— Up.Mo.— R.Mts.— Nevada. Spartina cynosuroides Willd. bottom V. 10 N.E.— Up.Mo.— Arct. Bouteloua curtipendula Gr. dry prairie VI. 6. N.Y. — Mex. Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. dry prairie IV. 5 N.Y.— Fla.— La. — Up.Miss. Diarrhena americana Beauv. shady woods IV. 4 Oh. — Up.Miss.— Ark. Koeleria cristata Torr. dry prairie V. 7 Fa.— Cal.— Or.— 54'' N.L. Eatonia obtusata Gr. dry prairie III. 5 Pa.— Fla.— Cal.— Or. Eatonia pennsylvanica Gr. woods V. 5. N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Mo. Melica mutica Walt, copses, woods V. 4 W.Pa.— Fla.— R.Mts. Glyzeria nervata Trin. banks VI. 8 Atl.— Miss. Glyzena fluitans R.Br, creeks III. 6 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Miss.— 54° N.L. 64 The Vegetation of the Poa sylvestris Gr. woods III. 5 Mich.— Ky.— Up.Miss. Poa serotiiia Ehrh. banks II. 4 N.E.—E.Mts.— Or.— Alaska. Poa pratensis L. prairies, cultivated ground V. 10 N.E.— XJp.Mo.— 72' N.L, Kotzebue Sund— Greenland. Poa compressa L. dry soil V. 8 N.E.— Up.Miss.— 54° N.L. Poa annua L. dry prairie, cultivated land V. 4 Atl. — Pacif. Eragrostis reptans Xees low sandy banks V. 10 Atl.— Up.Miss. Eragrostis Frankii Mey. sandy banks V. 8 Oh.— Up.Miss. Eragrostis capillaris Nees sandy soil, fields V. 8 Atl.— Miss. Eragrostis pectinacca Gr. var. spectabilis sandy soil V. 7. Mass. — Oh.— Fla, —Miss. Festuca tenella Willd. dry prairie V. 6, N.E — Up.Mo. Fla.— Cal. Festuca nutans Willd. woods V. 5 N.E.— Fla.— Up.Mo. Bromus Kalmii Gr. woods IV. 4 ISr.E.- Cal.— Arct. Bromus ciliatus L. woods IV. 4 Atl.— Pacif. G.— Arct. Phragmites communis Trin. banks, swamps II. 6 Atl. — Pacif. G. — 54°N.L. Hordeum pratense Huds. roadsides IV. 5 Oh. — La.— R.Mts. *Hordeum jubatum L. fields 1.3 W.Can.— Up.Miss.— R.Mts.— Cal. Elymiis virgimcus L. woods IV. 4 Atl.— Up.Mo. G.— Can, Elymus canadensis L. prairie, copses III. 5 N.E.— Up.Mo. Elymus strictus Willd. var. villosus woods V. 4 N.E.— All.— Cal. Gymnostichum Hystrix Schreb. woods V. 3 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— Up.Miss. Danthonia spicata Beauv. dry open woods III. 6 Atl.— Miss. Phalaris arundinacea L. swamps II. (5 N.E.— Up.Miss.— Cal.— 60°N.L. Panicum anceps Michx. moist places V. 5 N.J.— Up.Miss. Fla.— La. Panicum proliferum Lam. roadsides, moist places V. 6 Atl.— Miss. Panicum capillare L. sandy soil V. 7 Atl.— Cal. G.— Can. Panicum autumnale Bosc. sandy prairie I. 5 S.Ca. — 111. Panicum virgatum L. banks, bottom V. 4 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.— N.Mex. Panicum clandestinum L. copses II. 4 NE. — N.Ca.— Up.Mo. Panicum latifolium L. copses V. 4 N.E.— Up.Miss. Fla.— N.Mex. Panicum scoparium Lam. prairie III. 4 N.W.— Ga.— Miss. Panicum dichotomum L. open woods, prairie V. 7 N.E.— Cal. Fla.— W.Tex. Panicum depauperatiim Muhl. dry prairie, copses III. 5 N.E. — N.Ca. — Up.Miss. Panicum crus Galli L. bottom, fields VII. 7 N.E.— Fla.— Tex.— Cal.— Or. Cenchrus tribuloides L. bottom, cultivated land V. 5 N.E.— Fla.— Tex.— Cal.— Up.Mo. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. prairie V. 5 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.— N.Mex. Audropogon scoparius Michx. sandy soil V. 7 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla.— N.Mex. Chrysopogon nutans Benth. dry prairie V. 6 N.E.— Up.Mo. Fla. — N.Mex. Equisetaceae. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 13 Spec. Equisetum arvense L. sandy soil, banks VI. 3 N.E.— N.Mex.— Cal.— Arct. •j-Equisetum palustre L bottom I. 5 N.Y.— Up.Miss. Equisetum limosum L. shallow waters VI. 4 N.E.— Up.Miss. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. dry clay soil I. 3 N.Ca. — 111.— Cal. Equisetum hiemale L. banks VI. 5 N.E. — N.Mex.— Cal. Equisetum robustum A. Br. banks V. 0 Oh.— N.Mex. — Or. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. banks II 3 N.E.— R.Mts.— 72°N.L. Pilices. In N. Am. 30 Gen. 146 Spec. Adiantum pedatum L. woods VIII. 8 N.E.— N.Ca.— Cal.— Alaska. •Bordeum jubatum is observed only since five years. When not overlooked before, as it is not common, then it may be that it recently immigrated from the Northwest. Climate of Middle Illinois. 65 Pteris aquilina L. woods Y. 5 N.E. — Alaska Fla. — Ariz. Asplenium angustifoliura Michx. woods II. 3 N.E.— All. (Ga.) — Ark. — Up.Mo. Asplenium filixfoemina Bernh. woods V. 5 Labr. X.E.— Fla. — Cal. — Alaska. Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. woods III. 5 N.E.— All. (Ga.)— La.— Up. Miss. Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link, rocks II. 3 2^.E. — All. (Ga.)— Wise.- Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fe^. woods III- 5 Atl. — Miss. Aspidium thelypteris Sw. swamps V. 10 Atl. — Miss. G. — 52°N.L. Aspidium spinulosum Sw. woods III, 4 N.F. — j^.Ca. — Ark.— Or.— Alaska— Arct. Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. woods V. 5 Atl.— Miss. Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. shaded rocks III. 5 X.E. — N.Ca.— Ark.— Up. Miss. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. woods VII. 8 N.E.—iS".Ca.— Cal— Alaska— Green- land 72°N.L. Onoclea sensibilis L. woods III. .5 X.Br. — Fla. G. — Sask. tStruthiopteris germanica Willd. woods 1. 1 N.E.- All. (Ga.)— Sask. fOsmunda regalis L. swampy bottom L 2 Atl. — Miss. N.F. — Sask. Osmunda claytohiana L. woods Y- 6 XF. — All. (Ga.)— Ark. — Lake Superior. Ophiog'lossaceae. In iST. Am. 2 Gen. 11 Spec. Botrychium virginicum Sw. woods lY. 4 Atl.— Or. Lycopodiaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 20 Spec. Selaginella apus Spring, moist places near springs III. 5 Atl.— Miss. Hydropterides. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 22 Spec. Azolla caroliniana Willd. river, wet banks I. 10 Atl, — Miss. — Ariz. Musci. In N Am. 120 Gen. 896 Spec. Phascum cuspidatum Schreb., old fields. Pleuridium alternifolium Brid., old fields. VVeisia viridula Brid., old fields, roadsides. Dicranella varia Schpr., clay soil. Dicranella heteromalla Schpr., moist ground. Dicranum scoparium L., woocjed hillsides. Fissidens bi-yoides Hdw., moist ground in woods . Fissidens taxifolius Hdw., on sandy soil in woods. Fissidens adiantoides Hdw., moist ground in woods. *Fissidens subbasilaris Hdw., on putrid trunks. Leucobryum vulgare Hampe, moist ground. Ceratodon purpureus Brid., on the ground in woods and fields. Didymodon rubellus Br. Sch., on sandy ground. *The species marked (*) are not common with the Eastern Continent. Fissidens grandifrons Brid. and Gymnostomum curvirostrum Hedw., before not known in Illinois, I found in the canyon called Deer Park, on the Vermillion river, in LaSalle county in 1883. A list of Illinois mosses, published in 1878 by Hall and Wolf in Bulletin II. of Illinois State Laboratory, contains 50 genera and 153 species. No doubt there will be found more, although the nature of the country, the little difference in elevation and soil, and the lack of coniferous forests is not favorable to moss growth. A great number found by Wolf in Fulton county have not yet been observed around Peoria, but a greater part may occur. The.se are the following: Ephemerum crassinervium Hampe, Sphaer- angium Schimperianum Lesq., Astomum nitidulum Schimp., Bnichia llexuosa C. MuelL, Weisia Wolfli James, C'ampylopus Leanus SuU., Dicranella rufesceus Schimp., Dicranum flagellare Hedw., Fissidens obtusifolius Wils., Fissidens minutulus SulL, Conomitrium Julianum Mori., Ulota crispula Brid.. Atrichum undulatum Beauv., Webera nutans Hedw., Webera albicans Schimp., Bryum pendu- lum Schimp., Bryum atroiiurpureum Wahl., Mninm affine Bland., Philonotis Miih!cnbergii Brid., Discelium nudum Brid., Aphanorhcgma serrata Sull., Fontinalis bifortnis SulL, Foutinalis disticha Hook., Fontinalis dalecarlica Br. Eu.,^ DichclymacapiHaceum Br. Eu., Leskea Austini Sull., Clasma- todon parvulus Hampe, Thelia Eescurii Sull.", Fabronia gymnostoma Sull. and Lesq., Anacamptodon splaehnoidos Brid., I'ylaisia dcnticulata Schimp., Cylindrothoeium comprcssum Br. Eu., Hypnum triquetrum L,, Hyjmum Sullivailtii Spruce., Hypnum Boscii Sclnvaegr., Hypnum micans var. albu- lum C. Muell.. Hypnum crista castrensis L.. Hy])num dimorphum Brid., Hypnum acutum Mitt. 66 The Vegetation of the Leptotrichum pallidum Hampe, clayey ground. Leptotrichum tortile C. Muell., clayey ground. Desmatodon o4jtusifolius Schpr., on sandy soil. Barbula unguiculata Hdw., clayey ground. Barbula caespitosa Scliwaegr., on exposed roots of trees. Grimmia conferta Funk., on rocks. Hedwigia ciliata Ehrli., on rocks. *Drummondia clavellata Hook., on bark of trees. *Ortliotrichum strangulatum Beauv., on bark of trees. Physcomitrium pyriforme Brid., on the ground. Funaria hygrometrica Sibth., on the ground. Bartramia pomiformis Hedw., on the ground in shady woods. Leptobryum pyriforme Schimp., on the ground. Bryum intermedium Brid., on clayey soil. Bryum bimum Schreb., on the ground in woods. Bryum argenteum L., on the ground around houses. Bryum caespitosum L., on the ground. Bryum roseum Schreb., in shady places. Bryum uliginosum Br. Sch., in woods. Mnium cuspidatum Hedw., in woods around trees. *Aulacomnium heterostichum Br. Sch., in the shade of trees. Timmia megapolitana Hedw., on sandy soil. Atrichum angustatum Br. Sch., on the ground in woods. *Pogonatum brevicaule Beauv., on clayey soil. Polytrichum juniperinum Willd., on the ground in woods. Polytrichum commune L., on the ground in woods. *Leucodon julaceus Sull., at the base of trees. *Thelia hirtella Sull., at the base of trees. *Thelia asprella Sull., at the base of trees. Leskea polycarpa Ehrh., at the base of trees. Leskea obscura Hedw., at the base of trees. Anomodon rostratus Schimp., on the ground in woods. Anomodon obtusifolius Br. Sch., on trunks of trees. Anomodon attenuatus Hueb., on trunks of trees. Anomodon tristis Cesati., on trunks of trees. Platygyrium repens Br. Sch., on the bark of decayed logs. Pylaisia intricata Br. Sch., on the bark of trees. Pylaisia velutina Br. Sch., on the bark of trees. Homalothecium subcapillatum Br. Eu., on the bark of trees. Cylindrothecium cladorrhizaus Schimp., on old logs. *Cylindrothecium sedutrix Sull., on oKi logs. *Climacium americanum Brid., on the ground in woods. Hypnum minutulum Hedw., on decayed logs. *Hypnum graeile Br. Sch., on decayed logs. Hypnum delicatulum L., on decayed logs. Hypnum laetum Brid., on exposed roots of trees. *Hypnum acuminatum Beauv., on the ground in woods. Hypnum salebrosum Hoffm., on the ground in woods. Hypnum rutabulum L., on the ground in woods. Hypnum rivulare Br. Eu., on moist ground in woods. Hypnum hians Hedw., on the ground in woods. *Hypnum serrulatum Hedw.. on the ground in woods. *Hypnum deplanatum Schpr., on the ground in woods. *Hypnum adnatum Hedw., on boulders and trunks. Climate of Middle Illinois. 67 Hypnnm serpens L., on the ground and rotten logs. Hypnum radicale Beauv., on the ground and rotten logs. Hypnum orthocladuni Beauv., around springs. Hypnum riparium L., in swampy places. *Hypnum hispidulum Brid., in dry woods on the ground or logs. Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid., in woods on the ground. Hypnum aduncum Hedw., in swamps. Hypnum imponens Hedw., on decayed logs. Hypnum curvifolium Hedw., on decayed logs. Hypnum Haldanianum Grev., in Avoods on the ground. Hypnum Schreberi AVilld., in damp woods on the ground. Hepaticae. In ^.America, 50 genera, 230 species. The list of Illinois Hepaticae by Wolf and Hall contains 44 species in 22 genera. There are seven species that are mentioned of Fulton County and may occur around Peoria, although not yet observed, viz: Riccia Les- curiana Aust., Aneura pinguis Dum., Aneura multifida Dum., Madotheca porella Nees., Lophocolea Macouni Aust., Coleochila Taylori Dum., Bleph- arostoma trichophylla Dum. *Riccia Frostii Aust., on moist ground. *Riccia lutescens Schwein., on moist ground. Riccia fluitans L., in waters and moist ground. Riccia natans L„ in water. Marchantia polymorpha L., on moist ground in woods. Grimaldia barbifrons Bisch., in woods between mosses. Asterella hemisphaerica Beauv., on moist ground. Conocephalus conicus Dum., on wet rocks, moist hillsides. *rimbriaria tenella Nees., on the ground in woods. Anthoceros laevis L., on wet boulders between mosses. *Xotothylas orbicularis Sull., on moist ground along creeks. *Frullania eboracensis Gottsche., on the bark of trees. ♦Frullania virginica Gottsche., on the bark of trees. *Frullania aeolotis Xees., on decayed logs. Madotheca platyphylla Dum., on the bark of trees. Radula complanata Dum., on the bark of trees. Blepharozia ciliaris Dum., on old logs. Trichocolea tomentella Dum., in moist places in woods. Lophocolea bidentata Dum., between mosses in woods. Lophocolea heterophylla Xees., between mosses in woods. Cephalozia bicuspidata Dum., on rotten logs. Cephalozia divaricata Dum., on rotten logs. Cephalozia curvifolia Dum., on rotten logs. Jungermannia Schraderi Mart., on rotten logs. 68 The Vegetation of the The Lichens, Fungi and Algae of our flora are little studied; though the few species identified may be mentioned. Lichenes*. Usnea bavbata Fr. Ramalina calicaris Fr. Evernia jubata Yv. Tlieloscliistes parietina Norm. Parmelia perforata Ach. Parmelia perlata Ach. Parmelia olivacea Ach. Physcia pulverulenta Schreb. Physcia speciosa Wulfen. Physcia stellaris L. Physcia caesia Hoffm. Physcia obtcura Ehrh. Peltigera canina Hoftm. Lecanora varia Fr. Lecanora subfusca Ach. Placodium aurantiacum Lightf. Placodium ferrugineum Huds. Placodium cerinum Ach. Fungi. Agaricus procerus Scop. Agaricus decoloraus Mich. Agaricus radicatus Relhan. Agaricus velutipes Curt. Agaricus pyxidatus Bull. Agaricus domesticus Bolt. Agaricus cinereus Bull. Agaricus campestris L. Agaricus rosaceus Nees. Agaricus laccatus Scop. Agaricus ostreatus Jacq. Agaricus campanella Batsch. Agaricus flabelliformis Bolt. Lenzites tigrinus Fr. Lenzites vialis Peck. Marasmius Rotula Scop. Schizophyllum commune Fr. Favolus cauadeusis Klotsch. Polyporus lucidus Fr. Polyporus badius Schw. Polyporus versicolor L. Polyporus cinnabarinus Jacq. Polyporus picipes Fr. Polyporus gilvus Schw. Polyporus fomentarius L. Pertusaria velata Turn. Calicium subtile Fr. Cladonia pyxidata Fr. Cladonia fimbriata Fr. Cladonia gracilis Fr. Cladonia mitrula Tuck. Cladonia f areata Floerke. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. Cladonia rangiferina Hoffm. Biatora campestris Fr. Biatora flexuosa Fr. Biatora rubella Fr. Biatora sanguineo-atra Fr. Opegrapha varia Pers. Graphis scripta Ach. Collema nigrescens Huds. Leptogium pulchellum Ach. Polyporus igniarius L. Polyporus arcularius Fr. Polyporus varius Fr. Trametes Peckii. jNIerulius lacrimans Fr. Merulius spathularia Schw. Clavaria aurea Schaeflf. Clavaria botrytis Pers. Clavaria cristata Holmsk. Clavaria fastigiata D.C. Tremella foliacca Pers. Tremella lutescens Fr. Helvella esculenta Pers. Helvella crispa Fr. Morchella esculenta Pers. Phallus Ravenelii B.&C. Geaster mammosus Fr. Stemonitis fusca Roth. Hemiarcyria rubiformis Pers. Cyathus vernicosus D.C. Crucibulum vulgare Tul. Peziza badia Pers. Peziza aurantia Vahl. , Peziza coccinea Jacq. Peziza umbrina Pers. *The first part of Tuckerman's synopsis of N. Amer. Lichens containing Parmeliacei, Clado- niei and Coenogonici enumerates 46 Genera 411 species and 5» subspecies, of which after Wolf and Hall 22 genera with 93 species are found in Illinois. Of the rest of the genera the first edition of Tuckerman's Lichenes (184«) contains only 16 genera and 109 species, and of those Wolf and Hall meutiou as occuriug in Illinois 75 species, so tlial 108 species st) far are known from lUinois. Climate of Middle Illinois. 69 Peziza acetabulum L. Peziza luculenta Cke. Bovista nigrescens Pers. Lycoperdon pyxiforme Schaeff. Uromyces Lespedezae Schw. Uromyces Iledysari paniculati Fail. Uromyces Polygoni Fckl. Uromyces Howei Peck. Uromyces Caladii Pari. Uromyces Eupborbiae C.&P. Uromyces graminicola Andr. Ustilago Maydis Cd. Gymiiosporangium macropus L.N. Phragmidium fragariae Rostk. Phragmidium mucronatum Pers. Coleosporium ISoncbi-arvensis Lev. Melampsora salicina Lev. Caeoraa agrimoniae Schw. Caeoma nitens Schw. Puccinia Podophylli Schw. Puccinia violae D.C. Puccinia Amorphae Curt. Puccinia Circaeae Pers. Puccinia galiorum Lk. Puccinia Kuhniae Schw. Puccinia Asteris Duby. Puccinia Silphii Schw. Puccinia Tanaceti D.C. Puccinia flosculorum Roehl. Puccinia Lobeliae Gerard. Oharacese. Chara gymnopus A.Br. Chara contraria A.Br. *AlgS8. Oscillaria nigra V"auch. Nostoc pruniforme Agh. Palmella byalina Lyngby V Hydrodictyon utriculatum Roth. Spirogyra quinina Kuetz. Spirogyra setif ormis Kuetz. Puccinia lateripes B.&C. Puccinia Menthae Pers. Puccinia aculeata Schw. Puccinia Polygoni amphibii Pers. Puccinia Smilacis Schw. Puccinia caricis Rebent. Puccinia graminis Pers. Puccinia Andropogi Schw. Puccinia Prunorum Lk. Puccinia phragraites Kornike. Roestelia pennicillata Fr. Roestelia lacerata Fr. Aecidium Ranunculi Scliw. Aecidium Pteleae B.&C. Aecidium Psoraleae Peck. Aecidium grossulariae D.C. Aecidium oenotherae Peck. Aecidium compositarum Burr. Aecidium Euphorbiae Gm. Aecidium Erigeronatum Schw. Aecidium Podophylli Schw. Cystopus cubicus Lev. Cystopus candidus Lev. Cystopus Bliti Lev. Microsphaera Frisii Lev. Entyloma Menispermi Farl. Peronospora Arthuri Farl. Peronospora viticola De.Bary. Peronospora Halstedii Farl. Nitella acuminata var subglomerata A.Br. Hydrogastrura granulatum Desv. Vaucheria spec. Cladophora glomerata Rabenh. Draparnaldia plumosa Agh. Chaetophora elegaus Agh. Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth. -Wood in "Fresh water Algse of North America" 1872 enumerates 40 genera, 411 species and 57 subspecies. 70 The Vegetation of the COMPAEATIVE STATISTICS. The flora of Peoria contains 835 indigenous species of vascular plants, of which 139 are monocarpic, 583 rhizocarpic, and 113 woody. Possibly 30 or 40 species more may be found — most of them in water and swamps. This for so small an area, with a soil which is prevailingly arenaceous and humus, only partly argillaceous, with very little calcareous matter in it, is not a poor flora compared with those of larger areas. The flora of Illi- nois*, when we exclude 29 species restricted to the shores of Lake Mich- igan, which form a part of the Canadian flora, and 56 species of the most southern part of the state along the Ohio and Wabash, belonging to the flora of the Ohio Valley, numbers 1,353 species of 525 genera in 122 orders; 504 species have not yet been found in the vicinity of Peoria, 220 of which are reported only from the southward, 131 from northward, 7 only from westward, and 158 as well north- as southward. *The species excluded from the Illinois flora proper, so far only observed on the shore of Lake Michigan and along the Ohio and Wabash, are the following: On the shore of Lake Michigan — Eanunculus cymbalaria Ph., Sarracenia purpu- rea L., Cakile americana Nutt,, Hypericum kalmianum L., Drosera rotundifolia L., Drosera longifolia L., Lathyrus maritimus Big., Potentilla anserina L., Lin- naea borealis Gron., Aster macrophyllus L., Solidago virga-aurea L. var. humilis, Solidago Muhlenbergii T. Gr., Silphium trifoliatum L., Cirsium Pitcheri T. Gr., Corispertnum hyssopifolium L., Rumex maritimus L., Euphorbia polygonifolia L., Salix adenophylla Hook., Juniperus sabina L. var. procumbens. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf., Habenaria Hookeri Torr., Habenaria lacera R. Br., Medeola virginica L., Juncus balticus Deth., Juncus Gerardi Lois., Eriophorum virginicum L., Carex aurea Nutt., Carex Crawei Dew., Calamagrostis arenaria Roth. ; along the Ohio and Wabash — Magnolia acuminata L., Cocculus carolinensis D. C, Calyco- carpum Lyoni Xutt., Xuphar sagittifolia Ph., Cabomba caroliniana Gr., Corydalis flavula Raf., Draba brachycarpa Nutt., Elodes petiolata Ph., Cassia obtusifolia L. Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt., Jussiaea repens L., Jussiaea decurrens D. C, Ludwigia cylindrica Ell., Galium lanceolatum Torr., Mikania scandens L. Solid- ago odorata Ait., Iva ciliata Willd., Verbesina occidentalis Walt., Anaphalis mar- garitacea Benth. Hook., Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr., Hottonia Intlata Ell., Catalpa speciosa Ward., Epiphegus virginiana Bart , Verbena Aubletia L., Scu- tellaria serrata Andr., Pycnanthemum muticum Pers. (forma typica), Hydrophyl- lum macrophyllum Nutt., Phacelia Purshii Buckl., Hydrolea affinis Gr., Obolaria virginica L., Trachelospermum difforme Gr., Gonolobus laevis Michx., Iresine celosioides L., Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks, Acalypha caroliniana Walt., Tragia macrocarpa Willd., Quercus lyrata Walt., Quercus Phellos L., Fagus ferruginea Ait., Taxodium distichum Rich., Cupressus thyoides L., Najas indica var. gracil- lima A. Br., Goodyera repens R. Br., Iris cuprea Ph., Commelyna erecta L., Het- eranthera reniformis R. P., Heteranthera limosa Vahl., Cyperus flavescens L., Fuirena squarrosa Michx., Rhynchospora corniculata Gr., Carex gigantea Rudge, Arundinaria tecta Muhl., Leptochloa mucronata Kth., Dicksonia punctilobula Kunze, Botrychium lunarioides Sw. var. obliquum, Orhiglossum vulgatum L. Climate of Middle Illinois. 71 A number of local floras and sucli of larger districts of the same geo- graphical latitude or longitude are given in the following table, but it must be remarked that all mere varieties and all introduced species are excluded, and that the figures mean the number of the entire states, even if they, like New York state, Ohio, Illinois, and Wisconsin, belong to dif- ferent natural floral districts: Massachusetts New York. Ohio. Chester Co. Pa. Newcastle Co., Del. Washington, D.C. Area in Sq. Miles . Vascular Plants: Genera Species 7,800 443 1162 47,000 533 1330 40,000 453 1232 128 436 981 108 426 922 Illinois. Colorado. Michigau. Lower Peninsula. Wisconsin Arkansas. Louisiana. Area in Square Mi Vascular Plants : Genera les. .. 55,400 551 104,500 430 1145 33,400 446 1094 53,900 450 52,200 562 41,300 588 Species 143 1 1104 12^ !3 1555 The comparatively large number of species in Illinois is readily explained by the wide extension of this state in a south-north direction over 5° of latitude. The number of species in * Michigan, Wisconsin, Arkansas, and particularly in Colorado may really show greater figures, as those states are apparently not so thoroughly explored in all parts. Generally the eight or ten largest orders make up half of the whole number of vascular species of a floral district. The following tables will show the per mille of species for each of the largest orders: Massachusetts. Cyperacese 116 CompositiB 108 Graminete 73 Kosaceae 38 Ericacea; 33 Filices 32 Leguminoste 26 Orchidaciv 26 Scrophulariaceae 24 Labiatie 22 498 Neiu York. Cyperaceae 113 Compositse 104 Graraineffi 79 Rosaceie 36 Leguminosfe 34 Ericaceae 30 Filices 30 Orcliidacete 29 ScrophulariaceiE ... 25 Labiatse 25 505 OJiio. Compositie 122 Cyperaceie 95 Graminete 65 Leguminoste 40 Rosacete 36 Orcliidacea) 32 Filices 30 Ranunculacese 29 Labiatse 28 Liliacese 28 505 * * Michigan means here the lower peninsula, and the flora is taken from the first Report of Geological Survey of Michigan, 1861. The flora of Wisconsin after Lapham's Catalogue in Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, 1853, with two additions by Hale. The flora of Arkansas is after Lesquereux' Catalogue in Arkansas Geological Survey US^O). The flora of Colorado is after Porter and Coulter (1874). 72 The Vegetation of the Chester, Fa. ; New- castle, Del. Compositse 130 Cyperacea; 83 Graminefe 78 Legaminosse 40 Rosacea; 33 Filices 32 Orchidace?e 29 Labiat?e 28 Ericaceae 26 Scrophulariacse 23 502 Arkansas. Compositse 164 Gramineaj 78 Legaminosre 77 Cyperaceai 46 Labiatte 35 Scropliulariacese 28 liosaceee 27 Filices 25 Umbellifeipe 24 Cruciferae 21 525 Illinois. Compositfe 132 Cyperacese 92 Graminea; 75 Leguminosai 49 Rosacea* 36 Scrophulariacete ... 28 LabiatiE 27 Ranunculacea' 26 Filices 25 Liliacete 23 513 Michigan. Compositje 116 Cyperaceai 100 Graniineae 73 Rosacea; 46 Leguminosa; 38 Orchidacea? 35 Scrophulariacea3 ... 28 Ranunculacea? 26 Filices 25 Labiatse 25 512 Louisiana. Compositfe 172 Leguminosse 70 Graminese 66 Cyperaceae 58 Scrophulariacese 29 Rosacese 23 Umbelliferae 20 Labiatse 19 Onagracese 19 Orchidacese 18 494 Peoria. Compositai 158 Cyperacete 90 GramineiTG 84 Leguminosa; 45 Rosacere 30 Labiata; 27 Ranunculacese 26 Scrophulariaceae ... 26 Umbellifera; 20 Filices 20 526 Wisconsin. Compositse 123 Cyperacese 90 Graminese 72 Rosaqefe 40 Leguminosse 38 Filices 30 Orchidaca? 26 Scrophulariaceae.. ... 26 Ranunculacese 26 Liliacese 24 495 Colorado. Compositse 161 Leguminosse 82 GraminesB 78 Cyperacese 53 Scrophulariaceae ... 42 Rosacea? 38 Ranunculacese 37 Crucif erae 30 Saxifragaceae 28 Polygonaceae 28 577 Washington, B. C. Compositic 130 Cyperacete 89 Gramineae 85 Leguminosa? 45 Rosaceae 34 Labiatae 31 Filices 28 Scrophulariaceae ... 27 Ericaceae 25 Ranunculacea? 24 518 The relative number o£ Compositae increases toAvard the south and west, and only in Massachusetts and New York they do not take the first place; the Gramineae take nearly throughout the third place. The num- ber of Legurainosa3 increases southward in a great proportion; while the Rosacea^ prevail in the north and decrease southward. The Ericaceae, so numerous in the east, are little represented in the west; the Labiatae increase southward, the Scrophulariaceae westward; the Orchidaceae and Filices take a higher position in rank in the north than in the south; the Ranunculacese are most represented in Colorado, and only little in the south. The Liliacea? have only in Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin a place amongst the ten prevalent orders. Umbellifera? and Cruciferae increase Climate of Middle Illinois. 73 in number south westward, and so do the Onagraceae. In Colorado we find the Saxifragacea3 and Polygonaceae amongst the prominents, the lat- ter chiefly by the numerous species of Eriogonum, of which sixteen are reported from that state, and the like number inhabit the Rocky Mountains. The floras of the Northern States (Gray) and Southern States (Chap- man) west of the Mississippi compared in the same way show the follow- ing figures: N. Sts Composit£e 122 Cyperaceae 104 Graminese 75 Leguminosse 41 S. Sts Compositse 148 Cyperaceae 92 Gramineffi 71 Leguminosse 54 N. Sts Rosacese 31 EricacetB 28 Liliacese 24 Filices 24 S. Sts LabiatEB 27 Serophulariaeefe.. 25 EricaceiB 24 Liliacese 24 N. Sts Orchidacese 23 Scrophulariacese.. 22 Ranunculacete 21 Labiata 21 S. Sts Rosacete 22 OrchidaceiB 21 Filices 20 Kanunculaeese 19 N. Sts Cruciferae 19 Umbelliferse 16 Caryophyllacese 16 Saxifragacea? 15 S. Sts Umbelliferse 17 Euphorbiacese 15 Onagracece 15 Caryophyllaceis 14 N. Sts Juncacese 13 Onagracese 12 Euphorbiacese 12 Caprifoliacete 12 S. Sts Cruciferae 14 Saxifragaceae 13 Polygonaceae 12 Asclepiadaceae 12 N. Sts Najadaceae 12 Polygonaceae 11 Gentianaceae 10 Cupuliferae 10 S. Sts Convolvulaceae.... 11 Gentianacece 10 Cupuliferte 10 Hypericaceae 10 Comparing both rows, we find that the four first orders keep the same rank; that the Labiatge, Scrophulariaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Ona- gracese take a higher position in the south than in the north; and vice versa the Rosaceae, Filices, Cruciferae, and Saxifragaceae. In the sec- ond row we miss the Juncacese, Caprifoliaceae, and Najadaceae; they are replaced by the Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Hypericaceae, that are not represented in the first row; the rest take nearly the same position in both rows. GEOGEAPHICAL DISTKIBUTION OF OUR GENERA AND SPECIES. Those fanciful believers in centres of creation (not centres of preser- vation as proposed by Bentham), rejecting any theory of descent, set a great value upon the so called endemism and monotypes. As they admit only of recent means of distribution, excluding all geological agencies, en- demism is to them the principal proof of an originality of certain floral areas. Monotypes are mostly the arbitrary make of systematists prone to narrow limitations of genera or to wide limitations of species, or the re- sult of an incomplete knowledge of species. Hepatica is a monotype as soon as separated from Anemone and when at the same time we join as varieties with the species H. triloba the little defined species, that have been proposed; but as soon as the latter be acknowledged as species, the genus would cease to be a monotype. Pentachaeta was a monotype when Nuttall proposed it, but Gray decribed a second species and joined another mono- type Aphantochaeta; so both of them ceased to be monotypes. Such ex- amples are many; only from the order compositae may be mentioned: Cor- 10 74 The Vegetation of the etlirogyne D. C. now with 3 species, Hulsea T. & Gi. with 6, Actinolepis D. C. after Bentham with 8 species; Oxyura D. C. recently united with Layia, Tuckermania Nutt with Leptosyne, Coinogyne Less, with Jaumea Pers. Of what value endemism is to the believed originality of floral areas and how little contented we ought to be with exclusively recent agencies of distribution shows Phryma leptostachya a monotype genus and after Schauer even a monotype order. It is inimaginable that this plant now found only in North America and in the Himalayas, by means of recent agencies could have migrated from one to the other of its actual habitats. Its disjoint existence is explicable only from geological and climatical changes and progressive extinction of the plant in the intermediate coun- tries; for a double origin cannot be imagined. It is true paleontologists made not known this or another related species from former geological periods, but it is a fact, that other monotypes f. i. Liriodendron now only found in North America existed in the tertiary period in very distant countries, in Greenland as well as in Germany and Italy. Should that not lead to the conclusion that, what are now monotypes, be the last members of once widely distributed genera now in process of extinction? Analogous examples are offered in zoology; only compare the small unmber of recent Ganoids with the richness of former geological periods. Lately not less than 10 California monotypes were proposed, the greater part probably waiting for the company of new foundlings. Systematization so much subject to change united recently Solea to lonidium, Zizia to Pimpinella and Gymnostichum with Asprella, so that our flora would now contain only 21 monotypes, viz: Hydrastes, Sangui- naria, Anychia, Napaea, Floerkea, Apios, Gymnocladus, Echinocystis, Dodecatheon, Phryma, Jsanthus, Menyanthes, Montelia, Sassafras, Dirca, Peltandra, Aplectrum, Schollera, Dulichium, Brachyelytrum and Diarrhena. Caulophyllum and leffersonia are excluded; since in addition to each a second species is known from Eastern Asia (Amur). Besides Phryma only Menyanthes occurs outside of the American continent: it is widely dis- tributed over Europe and Asia. That was no monotype to Linnaeus, when he proposed the genus, but afterwards there were three genera formed of it, Limnanthemum and Villarsia; so Menyanthes trifoliata became a mono- type. A small area cover Hydrastes, Napaea and Diarrhena; westward reach the Pacific coast only Floerkea, Dodecatheon and Dirca, the Gnlf coast Sanguinaria, Anychium, Apios, Phryma, Sassafras, Dirca, Peltandra, Dulichium and Brachyelytrum. Over the Alleghanies do not pass Napgea and Diarrhena. Westward occur Schollera in Nevada, Montelia in Texas, and in the western plains Apios, Gymnocladus, Echinocystis, Peltandra ( ?) Aplectrum and Dulichium. Of the 384 genera of our local flora 22 are restricted to the east of North America. These are, besides the above mentioned monotypes: Elodes, Boltonia, Blephilia, Onosmodium, Carya, Oryzopsis, Eatonia and Climate of Middle Illinois. 75 Tricuspis, of the exclusively North American genera reach the Rocky Mountains or the Pacific coast 35: Lechea, Callirhoe, Ptelea, Floerkea, Amorpha, Petalostemon, Apios, Baptisia, Proserpinaca, Heuchera, Gaura, Thaspiom, Liatris, Chrysopsis, Polymnia, Silphiura, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, Lepachys, Krigia, Troximon, Dodecatheon, Aphyllon, Chelone, Pentstemon, Monarda, Physostegia, Pycnanthemum, Hydrophyllum, EUisia, Amsonia, Dirca, and Bouteloua. Of our genera restricted to the Western Hemisphere occur with single species in Mexico or South America 12: Ceanothus, Oenothera, Par- thenium, Heliopsis, Helenium, Seymeria, Gerardia, Castilleja, Asclepias, Oxybaphus and Echinodorus, 8 are chiefly South American and partly North American: Asimina, Cuphea, Kuhnia, Actinomeris, Helianthus, Dysodia, Conobea and Tradescantia. A number of genera are commou to North America and Eastern Asia or the Himalayas, of which 26 are represented in our flora amongst which is Phryma. Genera with one species in each continent are: Meui- spermum, Jeffersonia, Caulophyllum, Podophyllum, Nelumbium, Negundo, Crypotaenia, Penthorum, Hamamelis, Saururus, Symplocarpus, and of our two species of Osmorrhiza one is found in Eastern Asia; the 12 species of Dicentra are equally divided, 6 for each continent. Chiefly Asiatic are: Ampelopsis, Amphicarpaea, Hydrangea, Arissem a. Chiefly American: Claytonia, Mitella, Archeniora, Triosteum, Nabalus (now united with Prenanthes), Lophanthus, Phlox, Uvularia and Trillium. Many tropic genera are represented by one or a few species in North America, of which we find in our flora the following: N.B. * Means that the genus is a large one with 50 and uiore species, f means that the genus is chiefly South American. Polanisia. Mollugo. *Zanthoxylum. *Crotalaria. *Psoralea. *Tephrosia. *Desmodium. ■*=Cassia. Desmanthus. *Phaseolus. *Impatiens. Ammannia. Sicyos. *Spermacoce. Cephalanthus. *Vernonia. t*Eupatorium. Eclipta. fAmbrosia. Erechtites. t*Lobelia. Gaylussacia. *Tecoma. *Diospyros. *Plantago. llysanthes. *Ruellia. ^Verbena. *Lippia. ■|*Ipomoea. t*Solanum. *Physalis. Datura. *Aristolochia. Phytolacca. *Euphorbia. •*Acalypha. *Laportea. *Pilea. Boehmeria. *Celtis. Hypoxis. *Habenaria. Spiranthes. Liparis. *Dioscorea. Pontederia. *Cyperus. Fimbristylis. *Scleria. Leersia. *Vilfa. *Sporobolus. *Muhlenbergia. *Panicum. Cenchrus. *Andropogon. Cbrysopogon. ■fAdiantnm. Pteris. Azolla. 76 The Vegetation of the All the other genera are either cosmopolitan or predominate in the northern temperate zone of both hemispheres, though some are chiefly North American as: Aster, Erigeron, Solidago, Polemonium, Fraxiuus and Comandra. When the entire upper Mississippi valley to the 38° N. L. emerged the last time, after the drift period, then it is obvious that the whole con- cern of our flora must have immigrated. The relationship and the present center of preservation of each species will point to the direction of the probable immigration. There are only a few species, that so far are observed only in the up- per Mississippi district: Desmodium lUinoensc A.Gr. Aster anomalus Engelm., Phlox bifida Beck., Asclepias Meadii Torr., Trillium recurvatum Beck., Eleocharis Wolfii Gr. These may elsewhere been overlooked or taken for other species; they may have been formed by variation or hybridation in the present period, but not spread over a wider territory or they may have covered a wider area and be restricted now to their present habitat; all that is possible but not proved. The majority of the species no doubt came from the AUeghanies; for not less than 715 extend to that mountain range and 642 of them surpass the same. A good many of such species, that America has in common with the eastern continent, (114 of our flora) may have immigrated from the north. All the species that in the same latitude do not reach the Alleghannies but have their eastern limits in Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois may be either western or southern. The southern species (excepted those that keep along the coast) go generally farther northward in the west than in the east of the Alleghannies. Besides the above mentioned 6 species 48 others do not extend to Ohio, and of those came probably from the south 13: Nasturtium sessilifolium. Coreopsis lanceolata. Callirhoe triangulare. Lobelia leptostachys. Cornus asperifolia. Amsonia tabernseraontana. Eupatorium serotinum. Carya olivseformis. Liatris cylindracea. Leersia lenticularis. liudbeckia subtomentosa. Panicum autumnale. Coreopsis palmata. From southwest 10: Desmantus brachylobus. Dysodia chrysanthemoides. Liatris pyenostachya. Hieracium longipilum. Erigeron divaricatum. Euphorbia heterophylla. Ambrosia bidentata. • Echinodorus rostratus. Ambrosia psilostachya. Cyperus acuminatus. Climate of Middle Illinois. 77 From west 20: Clematis Pitcheri. Anemone decapetala. Nasturtium sinuatum. Psoralea tloribunda. Petalostemon violaceum. Petalostemon candidum. Amorpha canescens. Ly thrum alatum. Solidago missouriensis. Chrysopsis villosa. From northwest 4: Viola delphinifolia. Artemisia ludoviciana. From north 1 : Equisetum palustre. Echinacea angustifolia. Helianthus rigidus. Androsace occidentalis. Mimulus Jamesii. Gerardia grandiflora. Verbena bracteosa. Lithospermum angustifolium. Oxybaphus nyctagineus. Amarantus blitoides. Equisetum laevigatum. Troximon cuspidatum. Stipa spartea. There are 49 species that extend eastward only to Ohio. Those marked * occur in the southern Alleghannies, but do not reach those mountains in the latitude of Illinois. From southeast may come 5: *Aster Shortii. Solidago Riddellii. *Silphium perfoliatum. From south 20: Isopyrum biternatum. Thelypodium pinnatifidum. Hypericum sphserocarpum. *Ptelea trifoliata. *Baptisia leucantha. *Baptisia leucophsea. Spermacoce glabra. *Vernonia lasciculata. Silphium lacinlatura. *Silphium terebinthaceura. From southwest 10: Ammannia coccinea. Silphium integrifolium. Helianthus grosseserratus. Verbesina helianthoides. Prenanthes aspera. From west 4: Prenanthes racemosa, Cuscuta glomerata. *Prenanthes crepidinea. *Fraxinus quadrangulata. Coreopsis aristosa. Cacalia tuberosa. *Ruellia ciliosa. Verbena stricta. Onosmodium molle. Lithospermum latifoliura. *Gentiana pubera. Acerates longifolia. Carex crus corvi. Eragrostis pectinacea. Conobea multifida. Seymeria macrophylla. Asclepias Sullivantii. Diarhena americana. Montelia tamariscina. Scilla Fraseri. Equisetum robustum. 78 The Vegetation of the From northwest 8: Ludwigia polj^carpa. Aster jmiceus. Artemisia biennis. Habenaria leucophsea. From north 2: Carex arida. Trillium nivale. Eragrostis Frankii. llordeum pratense. Hordum jubatum. Poa sylvestris. Of 50 species, that reach the AUeghannies in the latitude of Illinois, but do not pass over, are probably southern 11: Asimina triloba. Gleditschia triacantbos. Amorpba fruticosa. Boltonia asteroides. Eclipta alba. Rudbeckia triloba. From southwest 4: Aster sericeus. Parthenium integrifolium. From west 2: Helianthus laetiflorus. From northwest 1 : Spiraea Aruncus. Lepachys pinnata. Coreopsis tripteris. Ruellia strepens. Ipomoea lacunosa. Eupborbia commutata. Lippia lanceolata. Eupborbia dentata. Melica mutica. The rest (32 species) extend from the AUeghannies westward, but not eastward. Delphinium tricorne. Jeffersonia diphylla. Napaea dioica. Hibiscus militaris. Rhamnus lanceolatus. Aesculus glabra. Trifolium reliexum. Psoralea onobrychis. Desmodium sessilifolium. Gymnocladus canadensis. Spiraea lobata. Agrimonia parvi flora. Rosa Setigera. Heuchera hispida. Galium concinnum. Eupatorium altissimum. Aster azureus Solidago Ohioensis. Polymnia canadensis. Echinacea purpurea. Helianthus doronicoides. Helianthus occidentalis. Cacalia reniformis. Cacalia atriplicifolia. Steironema longifolia. Pycnanthemum pilosum. Scutellaria versicolor. Phlox maculata. Phlox glaberrima. Ellisia nyctelaea. Cuscuta inflexa. Cypripedium candidum. Climate of Middle Illinois. 79 All the other species we have in common with the Eastern States; but judging from the centres of preservation, it seems that we have from the South 20. Polygala incarnata. Crotalaria sagittalis, Desmodium paucittorum. Cercis canadensis. Cassia marilandica. Cassia chamaecrista. Mollugo verticillata. Erynchium yuccaefolium. Rudbeckia hirta. Diospyros virginiana. Tecoma radicans. Verbena hastata. Verbena urticifolia. Lithospermum hirtum. Ipomoea pandurata. Solanum carolinense. Euphorbia corollata. Croton glandulosus. Cyperus erythrorhizus. Azolla caroliniana. From Southwest 9. Linum sulcatum. Kuhnia eupatorioides. Monarda flstulosa. Physostegia virginiana. Cuscuta tenuiflora. Polygonum tenue. Euphorbia dentata. Cyperus phymatodes. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa. From West 8. Ranunculus fascicularis. Sisymbrium canescens. Ceanothus americanus. Negundo aceroides. From Northwest 44. Actaea alba. Claytonia Virginica. Ramnus alnifollus. Astragalus canadensis. Potentilla norvegica. Potentilla arguta. Rubus occidentalis. Rosa blanda. Epilobium palustre. Epilobium coloratum. Heracleum lanatum. Osmorhiza longistylis. Osmorhiza brevistylis. Aralia racemosa. Aralia nudicaulis. Cornus stolonifera. Galium Aparine. Dodecatheon Meadia, Utricularia vulgaris.. Veronica xVnagallis. Veronica Americana. Veronica peregrina. Salix longifolia. Eatonia obtusata. Eestuca tenella. Carex umbellata. Mentha canadensis. Scutellaria galericulata. Lithospermum canescens. Polemonium reptans. Menyanthes trifoliata. Ceratophyllum demersum. Populus tremuloides. Typha latifolia. Alisma Plautago. Smilacina stellata. Carex lanuginosa. Carex Richardsoni. Carex Buxbaumii. Carex stricta. Carex disticha. Carex teretiuscula. Carex stellulata. Calamagrotis canadensis. Koleria cristata. Poa pratensis. Poa serotina. Elymus striatus. 80 The Vegetation of the From North 23. Viburnum Opulus. Salix cordata. Achillea millefolium. Salix myrtilloides. Senecio aurea. Sparganium eurycarpum. Taraxacum dens leonis. Triglochin palustre. Arctostaphyllosuvaursi. Triglochin maritimum. Lysimachia thyrsiflora. Habenaria hyperborea. Utricularia intermedia. Eleocharis palustris. Veronica scutellata. Eriophorum gracile. Lycopus sinuatus. Rynchospora alba. Stachys palustris. Carex limosa. Polygonum aviculare. Poa compressa. Salix Candida. In common with the Eastern Continent, our flora contains 114 spe- cies; of these six (Ranunculus maltifidus, Claytonia virginica, Mitella diphylla, Artemisia biennis, Bromus ciliatus and Adiantum pedatum) extend only to East Siberia and not farther westward. Of the 116 species, which, after A. de Caudolle (Geographic Botani- c[ue, p. 564), are widely distributed, our flora contains thirty-two, all European, except Eclipta alba, a tropical plant, and Erigeron canadense, an immigrant in Europe. Species that are found in Australia (Hooker's Introduction to the Flora of Australia) we have twenty-five, in Guyana (Schomburgk) are twenty-three, and Grisebach's West Indian plants contain fifty of our flora. Only three species extend to the polar region of Northern Greenland: Habenaria hyperborea, Calamagrostis canadensis and Bromus Kalmii. Besides those three forty-six more extend to the artic circle. The distribution of our species over the natural floral districts of N. America will show in the following tables: The Vegetation of the 81 DISTEIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF THE FLORA OF PEORIA OVER NORTH AMERICA. This table shows how many species of each order the different floral provin- ces have in common with Peoria: o a. ? 2; > > 0 p ■ 0 0 0 3 Ranunculaceae Anonaceae 22 1 1 3 3 1 2 14 1 6 3 5 7 1 1 p 1 1 6 2 3 4 3 2 5 4 38 25 7 1 1 1 10 4 2 1 17 3 6 8 131 6 3 4 1 7 5 3 12 5 6 3 8 18 1 1 2 3 1 2 11 1 4 3 4 6 1 1 18 i 2 3 1 2 11 1 5 3 4 6 1 1 19 1 1 3 3 1 2 11 1 5 3 4 7 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 3 4 3 2 5 4 30 24 7 1 1 1 8 2 2 1 17 3 6 8 6 101 5 3 4 1 6 4 2 9 4 5 3 5 20 1 1 3 3 1 2 12 1 5 3 5 7 1 1 2 1 1 6 2 3 4 3 2 5 4 32 24 7 I 1 1 9 3 2 1 17 3 5 8 7 112 5 3 4 1 6 5 2 11 5 5 3 7 14 1 1 1 3 1 1 8 1 3 3 2 1 1 "5 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 28 13 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 8 "4 2 5 68 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 6 1 3 1 3 17 1 1 1 3 1 1 12 1 3 3 3 5 1 1 2 1 5 2 3 3 2 2 4 4 33 18 3 1 1 1 7 4 1 1 11 1 4 3 5 97 6 3 1 1 4 3 3 8 1 4 2 5 18 13 10 5 1 1 10 4 2 Menispermaceae 1 1 1 Berberidaceae ISTymphaeaceae Papaveraceae Fumariaceae Crucif erae Capparidaceae Yiolaceae Cistaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 5 '4 "4 1 3 "2 "3 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 Hvpericaceae Caryophyllaceae Paronychieae 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 Portulacaceae 1 1 Malvaceae Tiliaceae 1 1 6 2 3 4 2 2 4 4 29 23 6 1 1 1 8 2 2 1 17 3 5 8 5 97 5 3 3 5 5 2 9 4 3 2 6 1 1 6 1 3 4 2 2 4 4 24 21 6 1 1 1 8 2 2 1 17 3 5 8 5 79 5 3 4 1 t 2 9 4 3 2 5 1 Linaceae 1 6 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 30 'I Geraniaceae Rutaceae 5 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 Anacardiaceae 3 1 2 Vitaceae Rhamnaceae 1 1 Celastraceae Sapindaceae 1 1 7 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 1 i 2 Polvgalaceae Leguminosae Rosaceae Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae 13 8 2 5 2 3 3 3 2 3 Hamameliaeeae Halorageae io 2 1 1 8 2 1 2 4 81 4 1 2 1 4 2 3 6 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 Onagraceae 1 1 3; 2 5 3 1 1 Lythraceae Cucurbitaceae 1 Ficoideae 1 7 2 1 3 4 41 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 4 Umbelliferae Araliaceae 2 3 2 1 4 3 32 1 i "2 4 Cornaceae 1 1 1 Caprifoliaceae 1 Rnbiaceae 4 42 1 1 3 18 4 15 3 12 1 Compositae Lobeliaceae 6 Campanulaceae 1 1 1 2 1 2 Ericaceae 1 1 Ebennceae Primulaceae 3 "2 3 1 1 1 2 5 1 4 1 2 2 "2 2 2 2 1 1 01enceae Apocyiiaceae Asclepiadaceae Gentianaceae 1 1 1 1 1 Polemoniaceae Hydrophyllaceae 2 3 1 1 Borraginaceae 2 1 1 2 10 82 Climate of Middle Illinois. Convolvulaceae Solanaceae m o >~t ? 10 5 22 1 2 1 2 6 23 3 2 1 1 2 4 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 10 1 8 12 13 2 5 4 2 6 7 2 16 1 2 1 2 13 4 2 2 78 70 7 16 1 1 1 592 217 26 835 9 a 5 5 17 1 2 "2 3 19 2 2 > 7 5 17 1 2 "3 21 3 2 > 1) 5 17 1 2 1 2 4 23 3 2 0 p 10 5 19 1 2 1 2 5 23 3 2 CO 6 5 11 1 "i 2 4 11 2 1 F ~1 5 16 1 1 1 2 6 19 3 2 1 1 2 3 13 1 1 1 0 3 5 10 1 1 3 4 7 1 1 X 5 2 6 1 2 2 5 1 1 0 E. 1 2 5 1 1 0 ? 1 2 7 1 1 1 > > 3 Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae 3 2 Lentibulariaceae Bignoniaceae 2 Acanthaceae 1 5 10 1 1 1 1 2 4 10 '4 9 1 5 7 1 Verbenaceae 2 8 2 5 1 2 5 Labiatae 6 1 Plantaginaceae Aristolochiaceae Nyctaginaceae 1 "2 3 5 ] 1 2 4 8 Phytolaccaceae Chenopodiaceae Amarantaceae 1 2 3 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10 1 7 11 13 2 5 3 2 6 6 2 16 1 2 1 2 12 4 2 1 70 63 5 15 1 1 1 479 198 23 700 1 2 2 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 10 1 6 11 12 1 5 4 2 6 6 2 14 1 2 1 2 10 4 2 1 66 56 4 16 1 1 1 450 184 23 657 1 2 2 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 10 1 7 11 12 2 5 4 2 6 6 2 15 1 2 1 2 10 4 2 1 74 61 5 16 1 1 1 512 198 24 734 1 2 3 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 10 1 il 13 2 5 4 2 6 6 2 16 1 2 1 2 12 4 2 1 76 66 6 16 1 1 1 543 208 25 776 1 2 2 11 1 1 i 1 1 7 7 1 4 9 3 1 5 2 1 5 4 2 7 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 43 41 1 15 1 1 1 334 124 19 477 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 Polygonaceae 4 1 1 Lauraceae Thymelaceae 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 Santalaceae 1 Saururaceae Ceratophyllaceae Callitrichaceae Euphorbiaceae 1 1 7 10 1 7 11 4 1 4 3 1 5 3 1 8 1 2 1 2 7 3 2 2 41 45 1 11 1 1 1 443 130 15 588 1 1 6 10 1 5 5 1 1 3 2 4 5 1 1 1 3 "7 1 1 1 6 7 1 2 3 5 1 1 "i 4 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i "i Urticaceae Plantanaceae Juglandaceae Cupuli ferae Salicaceae 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 Coniferae Araceae 1 Lemnaceae Typhaceae Najadaceae 3 1 3 4 3 1 5 2 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 1 1 "2 i "i Alismaceae Hydrocharidaceae Orchidaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Dioscoreaceae 2 5 1 2 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Snailacaceae 1 7 2 1 1 38 41 5 7 1 Liliaceae Juncaceae Pontederaceae 4 2 '26 33 5 5 1 3 2 1 1 26 20 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 10 23 3 4 1 2 2 3 ■2 3 2 1 Commelynaceae Cyperaceae Gramineae Equisetaceae Filices 13 17 3 5 1 15 6 3 5 1 23 11 1 4 1 5 6 1 5 3 5 ! Ophioglossaceae Lycopodiaceae Hydropterides Dicotyledoneae Monocotyledoneae Cryptogamae vasculares 338 114 14 466 261 76 11 288 1 202 66 9 277 108 54 8 170 88 44 9 141 88 39 9 136 118 54 6 178 31 52 32 13 4 49 Climate of Middle Illinois. 83 PLANTS OF THE ILLINOIS FLOEA, BUT SO FAR NOT FOUND NEAR PEORIA. [S.— Southward. I^.— Northward, W.— Westward. Ranunculacease. S. Clematis viorna L. N. Anemone patens L. var. Nuttal- liana. N. A. nemorosa L. Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank. R. aqualilis L. var. trichophyllus. S. R. alismaefolius Geyer. S. R. oblongifolius Ell. N. R. rhomboideus Goldie. R. pennsylvanicus L. S. Myosurus minimus L. S. Trautvetteria palmata Fisch. and Mey. W. Delphinium azureum Michx. S. Cimicifuga racemosa Ell. Mag-noliaceae. S. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Nsrmphaeaceae. Erasenia peltata Ph. Sarraceniaceae. N. Sarracenia purpurea L. Papaveraceae. S. Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt. PumariaceaB. K. Adlurnia cirrhosa Raf. N. Dicentra canadensis D. C. N. Corydalis glauca Ph. Oruciferae. S. Nasturtium obtusum Nutt. N. Arabis lyrata L. A. hirsuta Scop. N. A. perfoliata Lam. N. A. Drummondii Gr. S. A. Ludoviciana Mey. N. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. E. asperum D. C. var. Arkansa- nura. S. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Lepidium intermedium Gr. Violaceae. K. Viola lanceolata L. N. y. blanda Willd. Y. canina L. var. sylvestris. V. striata Ait. y. tricolor L. var arvensis. Oistaceae. N. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Hypericaceae. S. Ascyrum crux Andreae L. S. H. proliferum L. S. H. adpressum Bart. S. H. ellipticum Hook. S. H. Drummondii T. Gr. H. mutilum L. H. canadense L. H. sarothra Michx, Blatinaceae. S. Elatine amerieana Arnott. S. Bergia Texana Seubert. Oaryophy llaceae . Silene virginica L. S. S. regia Sims. S. Sagina apetala L. N. Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. N. Arenaria stricta Michx. Cerastium oblongifolium Torr. Portulacacea9. W. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. N. Talinum teretifolmm Ph. Malvaceae. S. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. S. H. grandiflorus Michx. N. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt. Tiliaceae. S, Tila heterophylla yent. Linaceae. Linum virginianum L. S. L. striatum Walt. Geraniaceae. Geranium carolinianum L. Ilicineae, Ilex verticillata Gr. S. I. decidua Walt. Anacardiaceae. Rhus typhina L. R. copallina L. N. R. venenata DC'. 84 The Vegetation of the Vitaceae . S. Vitis indivisa Willd. S. V. bipinnata TGr. Rhamnaceae. 8- Frangula caroliniana Gr. N. Ceanothus ovalis Big. Celastracese. Euonymus americanus L. Sapindaceae. S. Acer rubrum L. Polygalaceae. Polygala ambigua Xutt. P. polygama Walt. N. P. cruciata L. ]Sr. P. pauciflora Willd. Leguminosae. N. Lupinus perennis L. Trifolium stoloniferum Mulil. IsT. Petalostemon foliosus Gr. S. Psoralea melilotoides Michx. S. Dalea alopecuroides Willd. S. Robinia pseudacacia L. S. Wistaria frutescens DC. S. Astragalus mexicanus ADC. S. A. distortus TGr. N. A. platensis Nutt var Tennessee- nsis. S, Desmodium rotundifolium DC. S. D. laevigatum DC. fS. D. viriditlorum Beck. S. D. rigidum DO. S. D. ciliare DC. S. D. marilandicum DC. IS. Lespedeza repens TGr. S. L. hirta Ell S. Stylosanthes elatior Sw. S. Phaseolus perennis Walt. Ph. pauciflorus Benth. S. Clitoria Mariana L. !S. Galactia mollis Michx. N. Vicia caroliniana Walt. N. Lathyrus venosus Mnhl. N. L. ochroleucus Hook. N. Baptisia tinctoria RBr. S. Cassia nictitans L. S. Gleditschia monosperma Walt. Rosaceae. N. Primus pumila L. N. P. pennsylvanica L. ISTeillia opulifolia Benth, Hook. ISpircea salicifolia Ilaf . JST. Sp. tomentosa L. Geuni strictum Ait. S. G. vernum TGr. N. G. macrophyllum Willd. ]Sr. G. nvale L. K G. triflorumPh. Fr garia vesca L. S. Gillenia stipulacea l^utt. S. Poterium canadense Gr. S. Potentilla paradoxa Xutt. X. P. fruticosa L. N. P. palustris L. Rubus strigosus Michx. R. canadensis L. N. R. triflorus Rich. N. R. hispidus L. S. Crataegus arborescens Ell, S. Pyrus angustifolia Ait. N". P. arbutifolia L. Saxifrag-aceae. r. N. Ribes cynosbati L. N. R. hirtellum Michx. S. Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey. S. Heuchera americana L. S. H. Rugelii Shuttl. Crassulaceae. Sedum ternatum Michx. S. 8. pulchellum Michx. Hamameliaceae. 8. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Halorageae. Myriophyllnm verticillatum L. M. heterophyllum Michx. M. scabratum Michx. N. M. spicatum L, N^. Hippuris vulgaris L. Onagraceaa. N. Epilobiura angustifolium L. E. moUe Torr. 8. Oenothera linearis Michx. 8. Oe. missouriensis 8ims. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Melastomaceae. Rhexia virgmica L. Lythraceae. Peplis diandra Nutt. 8. Decodon verticillatus Ell. Loasaceae. 8. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. Oactaceae. Opuntia Rafinesquii Engelm. Climate of Middle Illinois. 85 Passifloreae. S. Passiflora lutea L. Umbelliferae. Sanicula canadensis L. Poly taenia Xuttallii DC. S. Discopleura jSTuttallii DC N. Conioselinum canaclense T. Gr. Eulophus americanus Nutt. S. Areliangelica hirsuta T. Gr. S. Erigenia bulbosa Nutt. Araliaceae. S. Aralia spinosa L. Cornaceae. X. Coi-nus canadensis L. ' S. C. florida L. S. ^STyssa raultiflora Wang. Caprifoliaceae. Symphoricarpus occidentalis R.Br. S. IS. vulgaris Michx. X. Diervilla trifidaMoench. X. Viburnum pubescens Ph. iST. Y. acerifolium L. S. Triosteum angustifoliuni L. Rubiaceae. Galium asprellum Michx. S. G. pilosum Ait. N. G. boreale L. S. Diodia virginica L. S. D. teres Walt. S. Mitchella repens L. Floustonia coerulea L. S. II. angusti folia Michx. S. H. minima Beck. Valerianaceae . Fedia radiata Michx. N. F. umbilicata Sull. X. Valeriana edulis Xutt. S. V. pauciflora Michx. Compositae. W. Vernonia Xoveboracensis Willd. 8. Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Liatris squarrosa Willd, iST. L. spicata Willd. S. Eupatorium aromaticum L. S. Eu. ccelestinum L. S. Aster patens Ait. S. A. turbinellus Lindl. A. undulatus L. A. dumosus L. N. A. acuminatus Michx. A. ptarmicoides TGr. S. Boltonia diffusa L'Her. Solidago bicolor L. S. caesia L. IST. S. stricta Ait. S. S. petiolaris Ait. S. altissima L. S. S. Drummondii TGr. S. BadulaNutt. S. Pluchea foetida DC. S. Polymnia ITvedalia L. S. Chrysogonum virgmianum L. S. Rudbeckia speciosa Wender. S. Helianthus atrorubens L. S. H. mollis Lam. S. H. microcephalus TGr. S. Coreopsis auriculata L. C. trichosperma Michx. S. C, discoidea TGr. X. Bidens cernua L. B, Beckii Torr. S. B, bipinnata L. Verbesine virginica L. S. Ilymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. N. Actinella scaposa Xutt. S. Leptopoda brachypodaTGr. S. Matricaria discoidea DC. X. Artemis. a dracunculoides Ph. X. A, serrata Xutt. S. Senecio lobatus Pers. S. Cnicus virginianus var filipendu- lum Ph. S. Krigia virginica Don. S. K, Dandelion Xutt. Ilieracium Gronovii L. X. H, canadense Michx. Prenanthes altissimus Hook. Lactuca leucophaea Gr. Lobeliaceae, S. Lobelia puberula Michx. Oarapanulaceae, Campanula rotundifolia L. S. C, divaricata Michx. Ericaceae, X. Vaccinium macrocarpum Ait, X. V, pennsylvanicum Lam. X, V, canadense Kalm, X, V, corymbosum L, S. V, arboreum Marsh. X, Andromeda poll folia L, X. Pyrola elliptica Xutt. X, P, chlorantha Sw. Chimaphila umbellata Xutt. 86 The Vegetation of the Primulaceae, Lysimachia stricta Ait. S. Centunculus minimus L. Sapotaceae, S. Bumelia lanuginosa Pers. Oleaceae. S. Forestiera acuminata Poir Asclepiadaceae . S. Asclepias perennis Walt. A. variegata L. N. A. ovalifolia Descaine. iN". Acerates lanuginosa Descaine. Asclepiodora viridis Gr. S. Enslenia albida ISTutt Loganiaceae. S- Spigelia marilandica L. Gentianaceae. jS". Gentiana crinita Froel. iST. G. detonsa Walt. ]N". G. saponaria L. S. Sabbatia angularis Ph. N. Bartonia tenella Muhl. S. Frasera carolinensis Walt. Polemoniaceae. S. Phlox paniculata L. S. Ph. stellaria Gr. Hydrophyllaceae. Hydrophyllum canadense L. S. Ph. bipinnatiiida Michx. Borrag-inaceae. S. Cvnoglossura virginicum L. S. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Oonvolvulaceae. W. Breweria Pickeringii Gr. S. Cuscuta decora Chois. Solanaceae. Physalis pubescens L. Ph. philadelphica Lam. S. Ph. angulata L. Scrophulariaceae. Linaria canadensis Spr. Collinsia verna Xutt. Chelone obliqua L. Pentstemon laevigatus Sol. var. digitalis Gr. W. P. grandiflorus Fraser. S. Mimulus alatus Ait. S. Herpestes rotundifolia Ph. S. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Synthyris Iloughtoniana Benth, S. Veronica serpyllilolia L. S. Buchnera americana L. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. G. quercifolia Ph. G. pedicularis L. S. G. flava L. S. G. laevigata Raf. N. Castilleja sessiliflora Ph. Orobanchaceae. S. Conopholis americana Wallr. S. Aphyllon ludovicianum Gr. Lentibular^acese. Utricularia biflora Lam. U. gibba L. N. U. minor L. Bignoniaceae. S. Bignonia capreolata L. Acanthaceae. Dianthera americana L. VerbenaceaB. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Labiatae. Trichostema dichotomum L. S. Cunila Mariana L. S. Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. N. Calamintha Nuttallii Benth. Hedeoma hispida Ph. S. Collinsonia canadensis L. S. Salvia lyrata L. S. Monarda BradburianaBeck. M. punctata L. Blephiiia ciliata Eaf. S. Synandra grandiflora Xutt. S. Scutellaria canescens Xutt. Stachys cordata llidd. St. hyssopifolia Michx., var am- bigua Gr. Plantaginaceoe, S. Plantago pusilla Xutt. S. P. patagonica Jacq., var aristata. Aristolochiaceae, S. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Chenopodiaceae, W. Cycloloma platyphyllum Mocq. N. Blitum capitatum L. Atriplex patula L. Amarantaceae, S. Froelichia floridana Mocq. Climate of Middle Illinois. 87 Polygonaceae, Polygonum Hartwrightii Gr. P. articulatum L. P. arifolium L. Lauraceae, Lindera Benzoin Meisner. IiOranthaceae, fS. Phoradendrun flavescens Xutt. Oallitrichaceae, S. Callitriche Austin! Engelm. S. C. auctumnalis L. Buphorbiaceae . Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. Eu. glyptosperma Engelm. S. Eu. serpens HBK. S. Eu. humistrata Engelm. S. Croton capitatus Michx. S. Cr. raonanthogynus Michx. S. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. S. Phyllanthus carolinensis Walt. Urticaceae. N. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. S. U. alata Michx. S. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Cupuliferae. Quercus stellata Wang. Qu. palustris DuRoi. S. Qu. falcata Michx. Betulaceae. Alnus serrulata Ait. Betula nigra L. N. B. papyracea. N. B. lenta L. N. B. pumila L. Myricaceae, N, Comptonia asplenifolia Ait. Salicaceae, Salix lucida Muhl. K. S. rostrata Rich. S. Populus heterophylla L. Ooniferas, N. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. N. P. strobusL. S. P. mitis Michx. N. Larix americana Michx. N. Juniperus communis L. N. Taxus baccata L., var canadensis. LiemnaceaB, S. Wolffla Brasiliensis Weddell. Typhaceae, ■N. Sparganium simplex Hudson. Najadaceae, S. Potamogeton Claytoni Tuclc. S. P. pulcher Tuck. ISr. P. Vaseyi Robbins. N. P. spirillus Tuck. P. hybridus Michx. N. P. rufescens Schrad. :Nr. P. Lonchites Tuck. P. gramineus L. P. lucens L. N. P. perfoliatus L. P. compress us L. Alismaceae, Scheuchzeria palustris L. Sagittaria graminea Michx. S. Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. S. E. radicans Engelm. Orchidaceae, N. Habenaria viridis Spr., var brac- teata. H. psycodes Gr. S. H. peramoena Gr. N. Goodyera pubescens RBr. S. Spiranthes lati folia Torr. N. Pogonia ophioglossoides Xutt. -N. Microstylis monophyllos Lindl. S. M. ophioglossoides Xutt. S. Corallorhiza multitlora Xutt. Amaryllidaceae IS. Pancratium rotatum Ker. S. Agave virginica L, Haemodoraceae, Aletris farinosa L. Smilacaceae, S. Smilax rotundifolia L. S. S. glauca Walt. S. S. tamnoides L. Liliaceae, Trillium sessile L. Tr. grandiflorum Salisb. N. Tr. cernuum L. Melanthium virginicum L. N. Zygadenus glaucus Nutt. S. Stenanthium angustifolium Gr. W. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Chamaelirium luteum Gr. X. Tofj'eldia glutinosa Willd. Uvularia perfoliata L. X. Smilacina trifolia Desf. X. S. bifolia Ker. Polygonatum biflorum Ell. Lilium canadense L. The Vegetation of the S. N. N. ]Sr. Erythronium araericanum Sra. N". Allium cernuLim Roth W. A. stellatum Nutt. S. A. striatum Jacq. Juncacese. Luzula campestris DC. Juucus effusus L. J. marginatus Rostk. J. bufonius L. J. Ureenii Oakes & Tuck. J. Vaseyi Engelm. J. alpiuus var insignis Engelm. J. acurainatus var robustus En- gelm. J. acumiuatus var debilis Engelm. J. brachycarpus Engelm. J. canadensis var longicaudatus Engelm. J. canadensis var coarctatus En- gelm. Commelyuacese. S. Commelyna virginica L. S. Tradescantia pilosa Lehm. Xyridaceae, Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Oyperaceae, S. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. C. Scliweinitzii Torr. S. Kyllingia pumila Michx. S. Eleocharis quadrangulata RBr. S. E. rostellata Torr. S. E. lOngelmanni Steud. W. E. Engelmanni var detonsa Gr. l»r. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. N. S. caespitosus L. S. S. debilis Pursh. S. S. supinus var Hallii Gr. S. fluviatilis Gr. S. S. polyphyllus Vahl. S. Eriophorum Micbx. 1>[. Eriophorum polystachyon L. Fimbristylis spadicea var casta- nea Gr. F. laxa Vahl. r. capillaris Gr. Rhynchospora cymosa Nutt. R. capillacea Torr. N. R. glomerata Vahl. N. Cladium mariscoides Torr. Carex siccata Dew. C. decomposita Muhl. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. s. C. retroflexa Muhl. N. c. chordorhiza Ehrh. N. c. Bebbii Olney. S. c. foenea Willd. N. c. aquatilis Wahl. c. aperta Boot. c. erinita Lam. m. c. panicea var Bebbii Olney. c. tetanica Schk. c. conoidea Schk. S. c. virescens Muhl. 8. c. plantaginea Lam. S. c. Careyana Torr. N. c. platyphylla Carey. N. c. retrocurva Dew. N. c. pedunculata Muhl. S. c. debilis Michx. N. c. CEderi Ehrh. s. c. stenolepis Terr. c. retrorsaSchw. c. utriculata Boot. N. c. Tuckermani Boot. c. bullata Schk, Gramineae, N. S. S. s. s. w. N. s. N. w. s. s. N. N. N. N. S. S. Vilfa virginica Beauv. Sporobolus cryptandrus Gr. Ammophila longifolia Benth. Aristida dichtoma Michx. A. ramosissima Engelm. A. gracilis Ell. A. stricta Michx. A. oligantha Michx. A. purpurascens Poir. A. tuberculosa Nutt. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. B. oligostachya Torr. Diplachne fascicularis Benth. Triplasis purpurea Chap. Glyceria canadensis Trin. Poa alsodes Gr. Eragrostis tenuis Gr. Uniola latifolia Michx. Lepturus paniculatus Xutt. Triticura repens L. T. caninum L. Trisetum palustre L. Ilierocliloa borealis R Sch. Milium effusum L. Paspalum Huitans Kth. P. walterianum Schult. P. setaceum Michx. P. laeve, Michx. Panicum filiiorme L. Climate of Middle Illinois. 89 S. F. microcarpon Muhl. S. Tripsacum dactyloicles L. S. Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx. Equisetacese. N". Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Filices. Polypodium vulgare L. S. P. incanum Sw. S. Cheilanthes vestita Sw. W. Ch. lanuginosa Nutt. N. Pellaea gracilis, Hook. P. atropurpurea Link. S. Asplenium pinnatifldum Nutt. S. A. Trichomanes L. A. ebeneum Ait. S. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee. Aspidium iS'oveboracense Sw. A. Goldianum Hook. A. marginale Sw. S. Woodsia obtusa Torr. K W. Ilvesis R Br. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Lypopodiaceae. N. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. N. L. Selago L. N". Selaginella rupestris Spring. Isoetes melanopoda Gay. New York Botanical Garden Librarv QK 163 .B7 1887 """' ^en ^^,",9wl]u,l:^P^'^'^^/^^°''^ Peoriana; the v 5185 00131 0802