Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 41, No. 1 March 2013 Pages 1-27 FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Founded 1972 OFFICERS President: Dave Goodwin, 807 Woodcarver Lane, Brandon, FL 33510. E-mail: Dave. Goodwin@aol.com Vice President: Ann Paul, Florida Coastal Islands Sanctuaries, 410 Ware Blvd., Suite 702, Tampa, FL 33619. E-mail: apaul@audubon.org Secretary: Brian Ahern, 629 Gail Ave., Temple Terrace, FL 33617. E-mail: brianahern@ aol.com Treasurer: John Murphy, 766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, FL 32346. E-mail: southmoonunder@mchsi.com Editor, Florida Field Naturalist: Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2013 Marianne Korosy, 2021 Oak View Lane, Palm Harbor, FL 34683. E-mail: mkorosy@ gmail.com Jon Greenlaw, 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, FL 33647-3544. E-mail: jgreenlaw@ earthlink.net Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2014 Erik Haney, 1015 14th Ave. North, St. Petersburg, FL 33705. E-mail: efalconh@netscape. net Gregory Schrott, Archbold Biological Station, P.O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862. E-mail: gschrott@archbold-station.org Directors, Terms Expiring Spring 2015 R. Todd Engstrom, 309 Carr Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32312. E-mail: engstrom@bio.fsu.edu Karl Miller, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL 32601. E-mail: karl.miller@myfwc.com Honorary Members Samuel A. Grimes 1979; Helen G. Cruickshank 1980; Oliver L. Austin, Jr. 1982 Pierce Brodkorb 1982; William B. Robertson, Jr. 1992; Glen E. Woolfenden 1994 Ted Below 1999; Fred E. Lohrer 2009 All persons interested in Florida’s natural history, especially its abundant bird life, are invited to join the Florida Ornithological Society by writing to the Treasurer. 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The Florida Ornithological Society web site is at www.fosbirds.org THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTED ON NEUTRAL PH PAPER Florida Field Naturalist ISSN 0738-999X PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Editor: Scott Robinson, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, RO. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: srobinson@flmnh.ufl.edu Managing/Copy Editor: Tom Webber, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800. E-mail: twebber@ flmnh.ufl.edu Associate Editor (for bird distribution): Bruce Anderson, 2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, FL 32792. E-mail: scizortail@aol.com Editor of the FOS newsletter, Snail Kite : Selena Kiser, 1740 Augustine Place, Tallahassee, FL 32301. E-mail: beenebat@netscape.net Editor of Special Publications: Jerome A. Jackson, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965. E-mail: jjackson@fgcu.edu Web Page Editor: Eugene Stoccardo, 331 Roswell Ave., Orlando, FL 36803. E-mail: Garberia@hotmail.com INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Florida Field Naturalist is a fully refereed journal emphasizing biological field studies and observations of vertebrates, especially birds, in or near Florida and the nearby West Indies. We welcome submission of original manuscripts containing new information from these areas. We encourage electronic submission of manuscripts. Please consult recent issues of the journal and the FOS website (http://www.fosbirds.org/ FFN/FFN.aspx) for style, noting especially that manuscripts should: (1) be double-spaced throughout, including tables and figure captions; (2) include the scientific name at the first mention of each species; (3) include capitalized standard English names for all birds, but lower case for English names of other organisms; (4) use metric units for all measurements; (5) use the form “7 June 2003” for all dates; (6) use the 24-hour clock for all indications of time (e.g., 0800, 1400); (7) use the following abbreviations: s (second), min (minute), h (hour); (8) use active voice where at all possible. Submit manuscripts, and books for review, to the Editor, Scott Robinson. Monograph- length manuscripts may be submitted for consideration to Jerome A. Jackson, Editor of Special Publications. Field observations should be sent to the Chair of the Field Observations Committee, Bill Pranty (see Field Observations, this issue). Reports of birds for which the FOS Records Committee requires documentation (see http://fosbirds.org/content/records- committee) should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee, Jon S. Greenlaw, 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, FL 33647-3544; E-mail: jgreenlaw@earthlink.net Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 41, No. 1 March 2013 Pages 1-27 CONTENTS ARTICLES Assessment of European Turtle-Dove ( Streptopelia turtur) on the Florida birdlist Jon S. Greenlaw, Reed Bowman, and Bill Pranty 1 The Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannus dominicensis), northern Florida to North Carolina William Post 9 FIELD OBSERVATIONS Summer report: June- July 2012 Bill Pranty 16 ANNOUNCEMENTS Friends of FFN 26 FOS Special Publications 27 Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 41, No. 1 March 2013 Pages 1-27 Florida Field Naturalist 41(l):l-8, 2013. ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN TURTLE-DOVE {Streptopelia turtur ) ON THE FLORIDA BIRDLIST Jon S. Greenlaw 1 , Reed Bowman 2 , and Bill Pranty 3 1 10503 Mistflower Lane, Tampa, Florida 33647 E-mail : jgreenlaw@earthlink.net 2 Archhold Biological Station, P. O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, Florida 33625 3 8515 Village Mill Row, Bayonet Point, Florida 34667 Abstract. — The provenance of the sole Florida record (and the first North American record) of the European Turtle-Dove ( Streptopelia turtur ) has been uncertain. The dove, found in the Florida Keys in April 1990, was originally considered to be a natural, possi- bly ship-assisted, vagrant from Europe or Africa; the species was thought to be very rare in captivity. But uncertainty about the possibility that the dove escaped from captivity persisted, although doubts lessened after other S. turtur records were documented off Newfoundland and in Massachusetts. Here, we briefly review the occurrence of S. turtur in North America, provide additional information on the species in captivity, and suggest that the evidence of occurrence in Florida does not convincingly favor any hypothesis on this bird’s origin - natural vagrancy, ship-assisted vagrancy, or escape from captivity. Accordingly, we recommend that the European Turtle-Dove be removed from the Official List of Florida Birds. Views on the significance of the sole Florida record of the European Turtle-Dove ( Streptopelia turtur ) have been fraught with uncertainty and advocacy. The bird, which furnished the first record for North America, was found by Pat Wells at Lower Matecumbe Key, Monroe County, on 9 April 1990 (Hoffman et al. 1990). During its stay through 11 April 1990, the dove was observed by five others (W. Hoffman, R. Sawicki, P. W. Smith, S. Smith, and M. Wheeler). The published account (Hoffman et al. 1990), which included one grayscale photograph of the dove, is ambiguous on whether the observers saw all the characters l 2 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST that they described as important in distinguishing S. turtur from similar species (DeBenedictis 1994). However, the identification of the dove was confirmed by color photographs published later (e.g., see DeBenedictis 1994). The dove was observed perched in trees and as close as 10 m (ca. 30 ft) as it foraged with Mourning Doves ( Zenaida macroura ) and Common Ground-Doves ( Columbina passerina ) on a mowed lawn with patches of bare soil. S. turtur is native to the Old World from Europe and central Russia, south to northwest China, Asia Minor, the Middle East, and northern Africa. The species is largely a summer resident in the European and Asian portions of its breeding range. It is a strong flier and a long- distance migrant, wintering south of the Sahara. It is comprised of four subspecies, of which the nominate race has the most northerly distribution, from Europe and western Siberia south to Mediterranean North Africa and the Canary Islands (Dickinson 2003). The only resident population is found in northern Africa. Three hypotheses on the origin of the European Turtle-Dove in Florida were considered by Hoffman et al. (1990): escape or release from captivity, natural vagrancy unassisted by any human agency, and ship-assisted vagrancy. Birds that escape or are released from captivity are not included on formal regional birdlists until or unless populations of such birds are deemed to be established as a self-sustaining element of the avifauna. Most such introductions, whether intentional or accidental, do not succeed in establishing permanent populations (Cassey et al. 2004, Pranty 2004). In the case of the European Turtle-Dove at Lower Matecumbe Key, Hoffman et al. (1990) argued that because the species is uncommon to rare in captivity in North America (judging from available import records and avicultural sources), and because of its well-developed migratory behavior in northern populations, it is unsuitable and unlikely as a cage bird. Hoffman et al.’s (1990) remaining two hypotheses involve direct (unassisted) or indirect (ship-transported) vagrancy. Vagrants are individuals that disperse far beyond their breeding and wintering ranges. Traditional views are that vagrants may be storm-drifted or lost (and when over the ocean, such individuals may seek refuge on passing ships), they may have followed inappropriate courses during migration or post-breeding dispersal, or they may suffer from a genetic abnormality that affected their navigational abilities (e.g., Alstrom and Colston 1991, but see Phillips 2000). Little is known about the biology of vagrancy in individual birds, but we suspect that multiple underlying causes will prove to be important. However, vagrancy is not uncommon and is especially notable among highly vagile birds. The European Turtle-Dove regularly reaches Iceland (Kolbeinsson 2012) Greenlaw et al. — European Turtle-Dove in Florida 3 and has occurred on some of the eastern Atlantic islands off northern Africa (they are resident on the Canary Islands, where they breed). Since the 1960s, increasing numbers have found their way to Iceland, but numbers seem to have peaked in the 1980s (Kolbeinsson 2012). Some observers argue that this pattern of vagrancy, coupled with a strongly developed ability to fly long distances during migration, suggest a capacity to cross the Atlantic Ocean, perhaps via Greenland to Newfoundland, or across the mid-Atlantic to the Lesser Antilles. However, no evidence of vagrancy is known in European Turtle-Doves to Greenland (WICE 2011) or to the Lesser Antillean islands (e.g., none reported from Barbados [Buckley et al. 2009], where European or African vagrants sometimes occur). Two recent records of this species in North America, one from St. Pierre (St. Pierre et Miquelon, a French department), off the southern coast of Newfoundland in mid-May 2001, and another from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, in July 2001, have occurred following the Florida record. The Massachusetts record was accepted by the American Birding Association Checklist Committee as representing a natural, possibly ship-assisted, vagrant, but the committee did not specifically evaluate the Florida or St. Pierre records (Pranty et al. 2007). However, the origin of all three turtle-doves in North America is unknown, so an important element of subjectivity prevails around any decision concerning their true status on this continent as vagrants or as escapes from captivity. The Florida bird was ca. 135 km from the major shipping port of Miami, but metropolitan Miami also is known to harbor a thriving cage-bird industry — and the region is a well-documented destination for vagrants from nearby islands. The Massachusetts dove was found killed by a vehicle on an island off the coast (Pranty et al. 2007). The St. Pierre dove was captured alive and photographed, but no local records committee assessed the record, and details surrounding its appearance on the island were uncertain (Maybank 2001). The matter of ship-assisted vagrancy arguably is best documented in the House Crow ( Corvus splendens ), a human commensal native to India and Sri Lanka. The species is a notorious hitch-hiker on vessels plying trade-routes, and already has colonized port cities in many other parts of the world (mostly) in tropical and subtropical latitudes (Cheke 2008, Ryall 1994, 2010), and has great further potential to do so (Nyari et al. 2006). Ship-assistance to passerine birds migrating over the ocean may be very widespread, and can range from temporary resting stop-overs on boats to long-distances. In the latter case, birds may or may not receive food by the ship’s passengers or crew (Pranty 2007). The British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee allows for ship-assisted birds that are migratory to be accepted on the British list so long as they receive no food, water, or other direct human support 4 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST while aboard the vessel (Meek et al. 2005, Evans 2010). This provision is impossible to assess without a written account of the ship-assisted event. Hoffman et al. (1990) considered the possibility of natural vagrancy involving a trans-Atlantic crossing either directly to Florida or to a landfall south of Florida followed by movement northward. The dove occurred in the Keys during the spring period of migration out of Africa, when turtle-doves cross the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea. The authors pointed to other examples of migrant vagrancy from Europe or west Africa to maritime Canada and New England and to Barbados, but few such cases involve land birds. They also speculated on a fall scenario with wintering in South America or the West Indies, but, in the absence of any direct information on long-distance, trans- oceanic vagrancy in European Turtle-Doves (apart from crossings between Europe and Iceland), the issue of natural vagrancy, although also plausible, was dropped. Lastly, Hoffman et al. (1990) examined the possibility of ship-assisted vagrancy to the New World. They considered the published record from 1977-1987 in the periodical of the Royal Naval Birdwatching Society, which reported European Turtle-Doves seen at sea from ships in the eastern Atlantic and western Indian oceans, and in the Mediterranean and Red seas during both spring and fall migration. Apparently many of these observations were of doves crossing these water bodies and by- passing ships as they migrated to or from their African winter quarters along their normal routes . But, without providing quantitative details, the authors also remarked that European Turtle-Dove were among the “most consistently reported [birds] landing aboard ships.” The authors also mentioned one case of a bird that came aboard a ship off Scotland and rode the ship southward for 4,800 km before it left the ship off the Azores, where it is known as a vagrant (Gibbs et al. 2001). Hoffman et al. (1990) completed their assessment by suggesting ship-assisted vagrancy was “the most credible explanation for [the] European Turtle-Dove’s appearance [in the Florida Keys],” while acknowledging that escape from captivity and natural, unassisted vagrancy also were plausible origin scenarios. The vagrancy record of European Turtle-Doves is confined to individuals that occur outside their wintering range southward in Africa as far as southern Africa (five reports; Sinclair et al. 2011), Iceland (more than 200 reports; Kolbeinsson 2012), northern Norway, Finland, the Faeroe Islands between Scotland and Iceland, the Azores, and Cape Verde Islands (Gibbs et al. 2001). The species has colonized the Canary Islands and Madeira off northwest Africa, perhaps through vagrancy. This vagrancy history out of Africa and northern, mainland Europe involves European Turtle-Doves crossing the eastern Atlantic Greenlaw et al. — European Turtle-Dove in Florida 5 Ocean to near-shore islands or island groups off northwest Africa and the northeast Atlantic Ocean that are not greatly distant from their European breeding grounds. As noted, although good numbers have appeared on Iceland in recent years (Kolbeinsson 2012), none has been known to have continued on to Greenland (WICE 2011). Veit (2006) attributed the lack of reports of European Turtle-Doves from Greenland to insufficient coverage. While this explanation may be correct, we do not believe that a northeastern stepping-stone route from Great Britain and through Iceland and Greenland can yet be supported to explain the appearance of European Turtle-Doves in Canada or New England. The status of the European Turtle-Dove on the Florida list stems from acceptance by Robertson and Woolfenden (1992) of Hoffman et al.’s (1990) assessment of the bird discovered in the Florida Keys. Robertson and Woolfenden’s annotated checklist became the default baseline state list used by the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee (FOSRC) (Anderson and Baker 1992), a decision that automatically by-passed the FOSRC’s original decision in 1990 to not review the record because of “questionable origin.” The dove exhibited no sign of feather damage or claw abrasion, which often are regarded as evidence of recent or prolonged captivity. Hoffman et al. (1990) concluded that if it had escaped, the captive period must have been brief or that it had been free long enough to have completed molt. This conclusion probably assumed that time in captivity was spent in a small, confined cage rather than in a large flight enclosure, but this matter was not discussed. Although the possibility of captive escape or release was regarded as plausible, the authors did not favor this conclusion. Robertson and Woolfenden (1992:81) believed the Keys dove was a natural, possibly ship-assisted, vagrant to Florida. They supported their conclusion by pointing to evidence of ship-assisted dispersal in European Turtle-Doves, including an individual that was last seen south of Newfoundland on a ship (Chapman 1962). Stevenson and Anderson (1994) also accepted the occurrence of the species on the Keys as a ship- assisted vagrancy, and repeated the example mentioned by Chapman (1962). Even if the dove arrived in Florida waters aboard a ship, long- distance dispersal of unrestrained birds sheltering on a traveling ship is open to varying and controversial viewpoints on whether such dispersal is an example of “natural vagrancy” (e.g., see a discussion of ship-assisted vagrants on BirdForum [2009]). The issue of direct human assistance to small birds on vessels traveling oceanic waters for long durations being fed by crew or passengers is a related matter and cannot be resolved without a published account of the crossing event. Such accounts are virtually unknown, thus human-supported and unsupported scenarios are equally likely default viewpoints. 6 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST The American Birding Association (ABA) accepted the evidence of Hoffman et al. (1990) and placed the European Turtle-Dove on the North American birdlist, but on a conditional basis in a newly erected category of “Origin Uncertain” pending additional occurrences of less uncertain origin (DeBenedictis 1994). ABA soon eliminated the “Origin Uncertain” category (Dunn 1997, Pranty 2007) and removed the European Turtle-Dove (and the three other species placed in the category) from the ABA Checklist. The European Turtle-Dove was replaced on the ABA checklist in 2007 on the strength of the subsequent record from Massachusetts (Pranty et al. 2007). The American Ornithologists’ Union also accepted the Florida record and placed the European Turtle-Dove on its North American birdlist (AOU 1998). The European Turtle-Dove found in the Florida Keys in 1990 has provoked controversy about its origin and therefore its proper status on official birdlists. Although initially accepted on the Florida birdlist, where it has remained, it was assigned a special status in the ABA checklist area and subsequently removed (Dunn 1997, Pranty 2007). It was accepted by the AOU (1998) with the cautionary statement that “Some consider the origin of this individual uncertain . . . .” The view that the Keys bird was an escape from captivity in Florida may be the most parsimonious explanation of its provenance. Yet, at the time, Hoffman et al. (1990) found little evidence that turtle-doves were being held in captivity in the United States or were being imported through the Port of Miami. Veit (2006), in the case of the Massachusetts bird, asserted the species was difficult to keep in captivity because of its highly migratory behavior and the “migratory restlessness” associated with it. However, large flight cages or an outdoor aviary may mitigate this issue. Thus, absence of apparent cage abrasion of feathers on the Keys dove may indicate only that the bird had not been kept in a small confinement cage. One website we visited () described the species as “hardy and easy to keep” in medium to large flight cages. Another website (http://www.cydoniamall.com /pets/678/ bird/Dove%20-%20European%20Turtle.html) claims that the species is “a favorite among beginners and expert [d]ove fanciers” and that they “breed easily in captivity” in large cages. A matter that may be related to the issue of captivity is the tameness of the doves that were found in eastern North America. None of the three North American records of European Turtle-Doves displayed notable wariness. The Florida bird allowed human approach to within 10 m (Hoffman et al. 1990), the St. Pierre bird was photographed in- hand (circumstances not stated [Maybank 2001, Pranty et al. 2007]), and the Massachusetts dove was run over by a slow-moving vehicle (Veit 2006). European Turtle-Doves are “[h]eavily hunted on passage Greenlaw et al. — European Turtle-Dove in Florida 7 through the Mediterranean” and are “[rjather shy and hard to observe closely, keeps well hidden in tree canopy, but may be seen at distance on telephone wires and foraging on ground” (Svensson 2009:218). Although apparent tameness of the North American doves records may be due to fatigue from a long flight, the extreme tameness exhibited by the St. Pierre and Massachusetts doves, and the lack of wariness of the Florida bird, also raise the possibility of captive origin of one or more of the records. Of greatest concern in this case, and in other similar cases in which natural vagrancy versus a non- vagrant origin involving humans is at issue, is the tendency to base choices on hypothesis plausibility and advocacy. Science is not an advocacy enterprise, so we must base choices on patterns that develop from a history of occurrences in a region. Currently, only three European Turtle-Doves have been found in North America, hardly a strong record for supporting inferences about the likelihood of vagrancy to the United States. We recommend that the European Turtle-Dove be removed from the Official Bird List of Florida. This approach would conform to the original decision of the FOSRC and to the ultimate position taken by the American Birding Association on the Florida bird, and is conservative in relation to the evidence at hand. Although it is possible that one, two, or all three North American records of European Turtle-Doves refer to assisted or unassisted natural vagrants from the Old World, there is no compelling evidence to support this conclusion. We see no strong reason to select a preferred explanation of origin in Florida among the three hypotheses considered. Acknowledgments We are grateful to A. W. Kratter for his comments on a draft of this paper. Literature Cited Alstrom, P., and P. Colston. 1991. A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, London. AOU [American Ornithologists’ Union]. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds, 7th ed. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington D.C. Anderson, B. H., and J. L. Baker. 1992. Tenth report of the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee. Florida Field Naturalist 22:17-23. BirdForum. 2009. Ship-assisted vagrants, . Accessed 1 April 2012. Buckley, P. A., E. B. Massiah, M. B. Hutt, F. G. Buckley, and H. F. Hutt. 2009. The Birds of Barbados: An Annotated Checklist. BOU Checklist No. 24. British Ornithologists’ Union and British Ornithologists’ Club, Peterborough, United Kingdom. Cassey, P, T. M. Blackburn, D. Sol, R. P. Duncan, and J. L. Lockwood. 2004. Global pat- terns of introduction effort and establishment success in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (Supplement) 271:S405-S408. FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Chapman, S. E. 1962. Turtle Dove crossing the Atlantic westward on a ship. British Birds 55:444. Cheke, A. 2008. Seafaring behaviour in House Crows Corvus splendens - a precursor to ship-assisted dispersal? Phelsuma 16:65-68. DeBenedictis, P. A. 1994. ABA Checklist report, 1993. Birding 26:320-326. Dickinson, E. C. 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, 3rd ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Dunn, J. L. 1997. 1996-1997 ABA Checklist report. Birding 29:486-490. Evans, L. G. R. 2010. Ship-assisted vagrants to Britain and Ireland - opinions sought, [message posted to Bird ID Frontiers, 29 June 2010, 12:28 p.m. at ], Gibbs, D., E. Barnes, and J. Cox. 2001. Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Hoffman, W., P. W. Smith, and P. Wells. 1990. A record of the European Turtle-Dove in the Florida Keys. Florida Field Naturalist 18:88-90. Kolbeinsson, Y. 2012. European Turtle-Doves in Iceland. In The Icelandic Birding Pages. . Accessed 13 April 2012. Maybank, B. 2001. Atlantic Provinces. North American Birds 55:269-271. Meek, E., T. Melling, M. Collison, A. Harrop, I. Lewington, B. McGowan, T. Prater, G. Walbridge, S. Votier, R. Wilkinson, and C. Bradshaw. 2005. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 31st report (October 2004). Ibis 147:246-250. Nyari, A., C. Ryall, and A. T. Peterson. 2006. Global invasive potential of the House Crow Corvus splendens based on ecological niche modelling. Journal of Avian Biology: 37:306-311. Phillips, J. 2000. Autumn vagrancy: “reverse migration” and migratory orientation. Ringing & Migration 20:35-38. Pranty, B. 2004. Florida’s exotic avifauna: a preliminary checklist. Birding 36:362-372. Pranty, B. 2007. More on the ABA Checklist Committee. Birding 39:22-26. Pranty, B., J. L. Dunn, S. C. Heinl, A. W. Kratter, P. E. Lehman, M. W. Lockwood, B. Mactavish, and K. J. Zimmer. 2007. Annual report of the ABA Checklist Committee: 2007. Birding 39(6):24-31. Robertson, W. B., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List. Special Publication No. 6, Florida Ornithological Society, Gainesville. Ryall, C. 1994. Recent extensions of range in the House Crow Corvus splendens. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 114:90-100. Ryall, C. 2010. Further records and updates of range extension in House Crows Corvus splendens. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 130:246-254. Sinclair, I., P. Hockey, W. Tarboton, and P. Ryan. 2011. Birds of Southern Africa, 4th ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Svensson, L. 2009. Birds of Europe, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Veit, R. R. 2006. First record of European Turtle-Dove ( Streptopelia turtur) for Massa- chusetts. North American Birds 60:182-183. WICE [World Institute for Conservation & Environment]. 2011. Birds of Greenland, Checklist of the Birds of Greenland, its Complete Birdlist. . Accessed 4 April 2012. Florida Field Naturalist 41(1):9-15, 2013. THE GRAY KINGBIRD ( Tyrannus dominicensis ), NORTHERN FLORIDA TO NORTH CAROLINA William Post 1907 I’On Avenue, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina 29482 E-mail: grackler@aol.com The Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannus dominicensis) breeds from northern Colombia and Venezuela, excluding Central America, northward to extreme southeastern North Carolina (Brunswick County) and the Florida Panhandle. Gray Kingbirds nest in small numbers on the southeastern Atlantic and eastern Gulf coasts of North America, but at widely separated locations and at irregular intervals. North of Florida, Gray Kingbirds have been found nesting only a few times, most often on the coast of Georgia. None has nested in South Carolina since the 19th century. In North Carolina the first confirmed nesting was in 1997. Since the early 1960s, nonbreeding (vagrant) birds have become more frequent on the Atlantic coast in spring, and some linger into the breeding season (May-June). This paper reviews the occurrence of the Gray Kingbird in the northeastern part of its range, from northwestern Florida and neighboring Alabama to North Carolina, and discusses the possible factors affecting its breeding distribution on the southeastern Atlantic coast. Distribution by State South Carolina. — South Carolina has at least 73 reports, including six breeding records that occurred before 1894. In 1832, John Bachman was informed that a pair was nesting on the Charleston Peninsula on the campus of the College of Charleston. The nest was destroyed, but Bachman was told of another nest of the same pair. The birds continued nesting in the college-yard, rearing two broods each season for at least three more years (Audubon 1834). It is probable that a female collected in 1840 by Audubon (American Museum of Natural History # 306308), was from this population. A. T. Wayne (1894) found South Carolina nests on Sullivan’s Island (Charleston County) on 27 May 1885 and 30 May 1893. No more Gray Kingbirds were reported until 17 May 1927, when Wayne (1927) found a lone bird near Mt. Pleasant (Charleston County). In the following 30 years, Gray Kingbirds were seen only seven times. In the late 1950s the Gray Kingbird began appearing more regularly. It next appeared on 19 November 1956, in Aiken County, 160 9 10 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST km from the coast (Odum and Norris 1957). In 31 of 56 years (1958- 2012), there were 59 reports of vagrant (nonbreeding) kingbirds, 51 from the coast and eight from the coastal plain. Five of the coastal sightings were in the nesting season (May- June). Although no nests were found, breeding may have occurred in two years. On 11-13 May 1984, two (“a pair”) were seen together on Fripp Island (Jasper County) in appropriate nesting habitat (T. K. Patterson, Chat 48:100, 1984). On 13 July 1993 at Debidue Beach (Georgetown County), Lex Glover (Chat 58:106, 1993) saw two adults accompanied by an “immature”. Although he stated that “breeding took place this year”, an immature could be capable of sustained flight, and its fledging location is unknown. Coastal nonbreeding Gray Kingbirds have occurred most often in spring (April-May, 28 of 51 reports). They have been reported six times in the breeding season (June-July) and 18 times in fall (August- October). The eight birds that appeared inland in the fall were far north of their normal range, and may be classified as “reverse migrants”. DeSante (1983) proposed that such individuals have inherited faulty navigational systems, and as a result migrate in a direction opposite that of their primary migrational path (180° misorientation). These vagrants are more likely to be found at inland sites (DeSante 1983). The 28 Gray Kingbirds found in spring on the South Carolina coast may represent cases of the birds’ overshooting their traditional breeding range. Overshooting may result from following winds, and appears to occur most often in inexperienced juveniles. Adults may disperse farther north because of weather conditions, but also from a failure to turn off their migratory drive. Such birds usually appear along the coast (Armistead and Illiff 2003). Veit and Petersen (1993) point out that overshooting could lead to northward range expansions, and extralimital birds should be classified as pioneers rather than vagrants. North Carolina . — From 1957 to 2009, North Carolina had at least 51 reports from the coast; 12 in fall, 4 in spring, and 35 during the breeding season (May- June). Nesting may have occurred at Southport Village (Brunswick County) in 1957. For several weeks beginning 28 June, a “group” of the kingbirds was present, and on 21 August, Cecil Appleberry watched four, one of which he suspected “might be a bird of the year” (Chamberlain 1957). During 1-21 June 1996, two Gray Kingbirds were seen associating at Ft. Caswell, Brunswick County, 8 km northwest of Cape Fear. Nesting was confirmed in 1997 at the same place, where, on 21 June, a nest that contained two eggs was photographed by Wayne Irwin (Davis 1998). Apparently no further information is available concerning its nesting in North Carolina. Cape Fear is now the northernmost nesting locality of the Gray Kingbird in North America. Post — Gray Kingbirds 11 In North Carolina, Gray Kingbirds have been seen only twice outside the tidal zone. Unlike South Carolina, where all seven inland sightings have been on the coastal plain, the two North Carolina birds were seen farther inland, one in the Piedmont in West Raleigh, 16 April 1959 (Funderburg and Soots 1959), and one in the Blue Ridge region at North Wilkesboro, 5 August 1966 (Parnell 1966). Both inland sightings are unusual because of their distances from the coast (Raleigh, 190 km; N. Wilkesboro, 350 km). The Raleigh report appears to be the only spring record from the interior of the Carolinas. Georgia . — At least ten breeding records from six localities are known for Georgia. Gray Kingbirds may have nested in Georgia as early as 1853, when S. W. Wilson was reported to have collected a 3-egg clutch on 8 June, sometime between 1853 and 1865, on either St. Simon’s Island (Glynn County) or in Wayne or McIntosh counties (Bailey 1883). Although Wilson gave descriptions and measurements of the eggs, and Bailey examined them, the record has been questioned (Eyels 1941) because of the inexact locality and date, and the fact that the eggs seem to have been lost. The first verifiable Georgia nesting occurred in 1938, on Cockspur Island, when on 17 July, Eyels (1938) climbed a Chinaberry tree ( Melia azedarach) and found a nest containing three eggs. The eggs hatched by 17 July, and the nestlings were photographed (published in the Savannah Morning News, 22 July 1938). A second nest was found on 24 June 1939 at the same locality in another Chinaberry, but it was destroyed during dredging operations (Eyels 1941). Apparently, this was the last breeding attempt on Cockspur Island. In Georgia in the 31 years of 1978-2008, Gray Kingbirds were seen during at least 15 breeding seasons, but were confirmed nesting only eight times, in seven years, at five localities. A nest with two young was found on Sea Island, 11 June 1978 (LeGrand 1979). In 1983 the kingbirds nested on Sea Island again. A pair nested on Jekyll Island in 1989, and two pairs nested there in 1994, one at the island’s convention center and one at the north end of the island (Sewell 1995). At the latter site, two adults and three young were seen together on 15 August. At the former location, adults were feeding two young on 27 August. On 9 October this pair or another was noted feeding young cowbirds ( Molothrus sp.) at the convention center. A pair nested at the convention center in 1996 also (Sewell 1996). On the mainland Gray Kingbirds nested in Brunswick in 1993 (Moore 1993) and near Savannah in 2007 (S. Wagner in Davis 2007). Gray Kingbirds apparently have not been recorded nesting in successive years at these localities. Blankenship (2008) suggested that since Gray Kingbird sightings have increased in recent years, these kingbirds may be nesting at more than five sites. They also 12 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST may breed more regularly at those locations where they have been reported to nest only intermittently. Northern Florida and eastern Alabama . — The northernmost Florida breeding site in 1952 was in Duval County (Grimes 1953). Sprunt (1954) stated that Gray Kingbirds were common only as far north as Matanzas Inlet, St. Johns County, 150 km south of Brunswick, Georgia. Stevenson and Anderson (1994) noted that the kingbird was once more common and widespread, at least as far north as the mid-Atlantic coast of Florida (Brevard County), but after 1955 it steadily decreased. Surveys conducted on Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge in 1983-1986 found no Gray Kingbirds (Breininger 1990). According to Kale et al. (1992), the Gray Kingbird bred at least four times in northern Brevard County, 1991-1992, but no further information is available. The Florida breeding bird atlas did, however, show one confirmed breeding record farther north, in St. Johns County (Kale et al. 1992). On the Atlantic coast of Florida the northernmost verified breeding locality is now northern Duval County, at Mayport, about 73 km south of Brunswick County, Georgia. On 7 July 1993 a pair and two juveniles were seen at Mayport, “the first local breeding report in several years.” On 3 July 2003, ten, including two dependent young were noted there (R. Clark in Pranty 2004). The Florida Panhandle, from Franklin to Escambia counties, is a stronghold of the Gray Kingbird in northern Florida. In July 1990 Douglas McNair found 13 pairs at Alligator Point, St. James Island, and stated that the kingbird was “possibly more common.” Hurricanes Opal and Erin in 1995 may have eliminated Gray Kingbirds in the region. Breeding was not confirmed again until summer 2000, when Bob Duncan (Florida Field Naturalist 29: 38, 2001) reported that pairs bred sparingly around Gulf Breeze, although they had not returned to Ft. Pickens, a frequently used nesting location, since the hurricanes. The next summer, Gray Kingbirds bred in downtown Pensacola and at Gulf Breeze, but still had not returned to their “traditional stronghold” at Ft. Pickens (Pranty 2002). It is not known to what extent the kingbirds bred on the Panhandle from 2001 through 2005. Pairs bred at Gulf Breeze and Pensacola in summer 2006 (B. Duncan, in Pranty 2007). In 2009, Gray Kingbirds were reported breeding in five areas in the extreme western Panhandle (Pranty 2010). Near Pensacola, Gray Kingbirds nested in adjacent Baldwin County, Alabama, in 1950 (Stevenson 1951). They nested regularly on the Alabama coast until fall 1997, when Hurricane Danny appears to have eliminated them as breeders (Purrington 2006). In 2006, Gray Kingbirds were watched feeding a fledgling at Orange Beach, Alabama, about 20 km southwest Post — Gray Kingbirds 13 of Pensacola. (McKay 2006). Also in that year, a pair possibly nested farther west, on Dauphin Island in May-June (M. S. VanHoose in Purrington 2006). Discussion As indicated by the few times they have been found nesting, the wide separation between breeding sites, and apparent discontinuity of breeding attempts, Gray Kingbirds reach the northern limit of their breeding range in Georgia and the Carolinas. In the 19th century, the Gray Kingbird nested on the Atlantic coast north of Florida at least seven times, six on the central coast of South Carolina and once in Georgia. In the 20th century, there was no verification of breeding in South Carolina, although there is suggestive evidence that it nested there in 1984 and perhaps 1993. On the Georgia coast, however, at least eight breeding attempts have been documented since 1939, the northernmost on the South Carolina border at Savannah. Increased sightings in Georgia and the Carolinas since the 1970s may be indicative of a northward range expansion. Indeed, in 1997 Gray Kingbirds were verified breeding in Brunswick County, North Carolina. From Savannah, this represented a 370 km extension of this kingbird’s 1997 southeastern U.S. distribution. There are several possible reasons for the Gray Kingbird’s apparently discontinuous occurrence between Florida and North Carolina. The first is inadequate observer coverage, a hypothesis supported by the pattern of reports from Georgia and South Carolina, where the species has traditional breeding sites that have not been monitored regularly. It also seems that no systematic surveys, which could provide information on the absence as well as presence of kingbirds, have been conducted from year to year. These oversights are perhaps related to paucity of research support, but also to the inaccessibility of potential nesting localities, such as remote sea islands and gated communities. To determine the dynamics of the kingbird’s range expansion, it will be necessary to monitor the nesting activities of as many pairs as possible. It is especially important when pairs are found at new sites, that these locations are checked in subsequent years (Blankenship 2008). Alternatively, gaps in the Gray Kingbird’s range may be real. Their distribution on the Gulf Coast has been affected by three hurricanes occurring since 1995. Hurricanes may cause direct mortality of adults, and the kingbirds’ poorly constructed nests, located on the coastline, may not survive tropical storms (Smith and Jackson 2002). Hurricanes also destroy nesting substrates. The disappearance of nesting Gray Kingbirds on Santa Rosa Island, Florida, was related 14 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST to loss of vegetation during Hurricane Irene. The kingbird’s breeding season extends into the period when most storms occur (Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Birds nesting on the Atlantic coast would also be affected by hurricanes. The current source of Gray Kingbirds on the southeastern Atlantic seaboard may be the Gulf Coast, where the species is known to breed regularly as far north as the Panhandle of Florida (Kale et al. 1992, Smith and Jackson 2002). It was found breeding in Alabama in 1950 (Stevenson 1951), and Mississippi in 1976 (Weber and Jackson 1977). Records of large autumnal congregations on the west coast of Florida (for example, in 2001: 63 at Weekiwachee on 13 September and 50+ at Bayport on 6 October), suggest the possibility that Gray Kingbirds found in the Carolinas and Georgia fledged on the Gulf Coast, and after wintering in the West Indies, drifted northeastward during spring migration. The Gray Kingbird colonized Florida from the West Indies, and remains restricted to regions with coastal, neotropical climates (Smith and Jackson 2002). As world temperatures rise, more Gray Kingbirds may colonize the southeastern coast (Woolfenden and Robertson 2006). But if the severity and frequency of hurricanes increase, the kingbird’s distribution may remain fragmented. Gray Kingbirds have benefited from the clearing of forests for agriculture. They also are tolerant of humans. In Puerto Rico and Hispaniola they nest near dwellings in urban and suburban situations (Smith and Jackson 2002, pers. obs.), although to what extent this has occurred in North America is not known. Some human-altered landscapes, those with large, treeless malls, factories, stadiums and casinos may provide few resources for reproduction, and the proliferation of such areas may inhibit the spread of Gray Kingbirds on the Atlantic Coast. Smith and Jackson (2002) point out that determining the effects of urbanization on Gray Kingbirds is an area in need of research. Acknowledgments I thank Jerome A. Jackson for very useful comments and suggestion, which helped me in revising the manuscript. As usual, Tom Webber’s editorial support was invaluable. Literature Cited Armistead, G. L., and M. J. Iliff. 2003. The vagrancy of Gray Kingbird in North America. North American Birds 57:148-161. Audubon, J. J. 1834. Ornithological Biography. Vol. II. Adam & Charles Black, Edinburgh. Bailey, H. B. 1883. Memoranda of a collection of eggs from Georgia. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 8:37-43. Blankenship, K. 2008. From the field. June-July 2008. Oriole 73:66-90. Breininger, D. R. 1990. Avifauna of hammocks and swamps of Kennedy Space Center. Flor- ida Field Naturalist 18:21-32. Chamberlain, B. R. 1957. The nesting season. Southern Atlantic coast region. Audubon Field Notes 11:396-399. Post — Gray Kingbirds 15 Davis, R. 1998. Briefs for the files. Chat 62:41-47. Davis, R. 2007. The regional reports. Southern Atlantic. North American Birds 61:574-576. DeSante, D. F. 1983. Vagrants: When orientation or navigation goes wrong. Point Reyes Bird Observatory Newsletter 61:12-16. Eyels, D. E. 1938. Gray Kingbird nesting in Georgia. Oriole 3:24-25. Eyels, D. E. 1941. Status of the Gray Kingbird in Georgia. Oriole 6:1-5. Funderburg, J. B., and R. L. Soots. 1959. Gray Kingbird in the North Carolina Piedmont. Chat 23:67. Grimes, S. A. 1953. A Duval County breeding record of the Gray Kingbird. Florida Natural- ist 26:55. Kale, H. W. II, B. Pranty, B. M. Stith, and C. W. Biggs. 1992. An Atlas of Florida’s Breeding Birds. Final Report. Florida: Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Tallahas- see. LeGrand, H. E., Jr. 1979. The autumn migration August 1-November 30, 1978: Southern Atlantic Coast region. American Birds 33:168-169. McKay, B. D. 2006. First Alabama breeding record of Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannies dominicen- sis ) following Hurricane Danny. Alabama Birdlife 52:48-49. Moore, T. 1993. From the field. August 1992 - July 1993. Oriole 58:24-48. Odum, E. P, and R. A. Norris. 1957. Gray Kingbird in the interior of South Carolina. Chat 21:45. Parnell, J. F. 1966. Briefs for the files. Chat 30:110-111. Pranty, B. 2002. Field Observations summer report: June-July 2001. Florida Field Natural- ist 30:11-19. Pranty, B. 2004. Field Observations summer report: June-July 2003. Florida Field Natural- ist 32:34-41. Pranty, B. 2007. Field Observations summer report: June-July 2006. Florida Field Natural- ist 35:30-37. Pranty, B. 2010. Field Observations summer report: June-July 2009. Florida Field Natural- ist 38:32-40. Purrington, R. D. 2006. The regional reports. Central Southern. North American Birds 60:537-539. Sewell, J. 1995. From the field. August-November 1994. Oriole 60:1-32. Sewell, J. 1996. From the field. June-July 1996. Oriole 61:85-92. Smith, G. A., and J. A. Jackson. 2002. Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannus dominicensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 668 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sprunt, A., Jr. 1954. Florida Bird Life. Coward-McCann, Inc., New York. Stevenson, H. M. 1951. Gray Kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis, nesting in Alabama. Auk 68:510-511. Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson. 1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville. Veit, R. W., and W. R. Petersen 1993. Birds of Massachusetts. Natural History of New Eng- land Series. Massachusetts Audubon Society. Wayne, A. T. 1894. Notes on the capture of the Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannus dominicensis ) near Charleston, S.C. Auk 11:178-179. Wayne, A. T. 1927. The Gray Kingbird ( Tyrannus dominicensis) again on the coast of South Carolina. Auk 44:565-566. Weber, W. C., and J. A. Jackson. 1977. First nesting record of Gray Kingbirds in Mississippi. Mississippi Kite 7:10-12. Woolfenden, G. E., and W. B. Robertson, Jr. 2006. The Breeding Birds of Florida. Part I: Sources and Post-Settlement Changes. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publica- tion No. 7, Gainesville. Florida Field Naturalist 41(l):16-25, 2013. FIELD OBSERVATIONS Summer Report: June-July 2012. — This report consists of significant bird observations compiled by the Field Observations Committee (FOC). Electronic submissions to the FOC should be in the following format: species, number of individuals, age and sex of the bird(s), color morph if applicable, location (including county), date, observer(s), and significance. Seasons are winter (December-February), spring (March- May), summer (June-July), and fall (August-November). Submit observations to regional compilers within two weeks after the close of each season, or to the state compiler within one month. Addresses of the compilers follow this report. Sight-only observations are considered “reports” while only those supported by verifiable evidence (photographs, video or audio recordings, or specimens) are called “records.” Species for which documentation is required by the FOC and by the FOS Records Committee (FOSRC; ) are marked here with an asterisk (*). A county designation (in italics) accompanies the first- time listing of each site in this report. Abbreviations in this report are: AFB = Air Force Base, AFR = Air Force Range, CWA = Critical Wildlife Area, EOS = end of season, FLMNH = Florida Museum of Natural History, NERR = National Estuarine Research Reserve, NF = National Forest, nm = nautical miles, NP = National Park, NS = National Seashore, NSRA = North Shore Restoration Area, NWR = National Wildlife Refuge, SF = State Forest, SP = State Park, STA = Stormwater Treatment Area, STF = sewage treatment facility, WEA = Wildlife and Environmental Area, WMA = Wildlife Management Area, and N, S, E, W etc., for compass directions. Bold-faced entries denote birds newly reported or verified in Florida, or record numbers. Photographs or video- or audio-recordings archived by the FOC are identified by a plus (+); BPA catalog numbers are provided for the most significant of these. Summary of the Summer Season It was a rather uneventful season. A notable exception was Tropical Storm Debby, which formed in the Gulf of Mexico on 23 June and made landfall near Steinhatchee three days later. The storm brought torrential rain to most of the state, with some areas recording 20 inches (50 cm) of rain. Many Least Tern and Black Skimmer colonies along the Gulf coast were washed over by Debby. Few rarities were reported; a Cuban Grassquit at Coral Gables was presumed to be an escapee. This report is dedicated to the memory of Chuck Geanangel of Winter Haven, long- time member of the Florida birding community, who died 9 November 2012. Species Accounts Black-bellied Whistling-Duck: 2 at Lake Pasadena ( Pinellas ) 2 Jun (R. Qually); 1 at Pine Lakes {Duval) 6 Jun (L. Johannsen); 1 at Taminco Sanctuary {Santa Rosa) 16-31 Jul (L. Kelly et al.); 15 at two sites in N Jefferson 29 Jul (M. Smith). Swan Goose: 1 pair and 2 grown young at Wesley Chapel {Pasco) 23 Jun (V. Ponzo, +B. Pranty, BPA 4207). Bar-headed Goose: 1 at Sebring {Highlands) 7 Jun (+P. Glinski, BPA 4179a-b). Canada Goose: 1 at Deerfield Beach {Broward) 16 Jul (A. Cyr, R. Titus). Muscovy Duck x Mallard: 3 with 1 female Muscovy Duck near Spring Lake {Pasco) 9 Jun (+B. Pranty [BPA 4180a-c], V. Ponzo). Wood Duck: 43 at Newnans Lake {Alachua) 3 Jun (L. Davis). 16 Field Observations 17 American Wigeon: 1 at Lake Ariana (Polk) 5 Jun (P. Timmer). Mottled Duck: 83 at Newnans Lake 2 Jun (J. Hintermister); 2 at Genius Drive Nature Preserve (Orange) 10 Jun (B. Anderson). Blue-winged Teal: 1 at Lake Maggiore, St. Petersburg (Pinellas) 2 Jun (E. Plage); 1 at N St. Petersburg 4 Jun (R. Smith); 1 male at Merritt Island NWR (Brevard) 5 Jun (D. Freeland); as many as 2 at Lake Apopka NSRA (Orange) to 15 Jun, and 1 male there 1 & 15 Jul (H. Robinson); as many as 11 at Newnans Lake to 16 Jun (L. Davis et al.); 5 at Palm Shores (Brevard) 3 Jul (D. Freeland); 1 male summered at Holiday (Pasco; K. Tracey et al.). Northern Shoveler: 1 at Newnans Lake to 7 Jun (L. Davis, J. Hintermister et al.). Green-winged Teal: 1 male at The Villages (Marion) to 10 Jun (+A. Horst, BPA 3280). Redhead: 2 at Tierra Verde (Pinellas) 1-10 Jun (R. Smith); 25 at Hidden Lake (Pinellas) 7 Jun (J. Wells); 7 at Holiday (Pasco) 20 Jun, and 1 there through 8 Jul (+K. Tracey et al.). Ring-necked Duck: 1 male at Brandon (Hillsborough) 7 Jun (+D. Goodwin, BPA 3398); 4 at Newnans Lake to 16 Jun (R. Rowan, L. Davis et al.); 1 male at The Villages (Sum- ter) 22 Jun (J. Dinsmore). Lesser Scaup: 1 at Frostproof (Polk) 2 Jun (P. Fellers); 2 at Harbor Isles Lake (Pinellas) to 3 Jun (D. Sauvageau); 1 at Newnans Lake 5-8 Jun (R. Rowan, L. Davis); 22 at Clearwater (Pinellas) 5 Jun (J. Wells); 12 at Oldsmar (Pinellas) 10 Jun (T. Mast); 6 at S Merritt Island (Brevard) 22 Jul (D. Freeland). Surf Scoter: 1 at Perdido Key (Escambia) 4 Jun was taken to a wildlife rehabilitation center (fide B. Duncan). Hooded Merganser: 1 immature male at New Port Richey (Pasco) 28 Jul (+K. Tracey, BPA 4093). Red-breasted Merganser: 2 at Tierra Verde 1-10 Jun (R. Smith); 1 at S Merritt Island 5 Jun (R. Webb et al.); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Jun (H. Robinson). Ruddy Duck: as many as 5 at Newnans Lake to 17 Jul (A. Zions, C. Gordon et al.). Indian Peafowl: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Jun (H. Robinson). Common Loon: 1 at Ocean Pond, Osceola NF (Baker) to 10 Jul (B. Richter); 1 at Newnans Lake 1-5 Jun (J. Hintermister, C. Parenteau); 1 in alternate plumage at Alligator Point (Franklin) 28 Jun (J. Murphy, BPA 4166). Horned Grebe: 1 at Ben T. Davis Beach, Tampa (Hillsborough) 2 Jun (C. Fisher); 1 at Pine Lakes 3-16 Jun (L. Johannsen); 2 in alternate plumage at Taminco Sanctuary 4 Jun, with 1 of these to 26 Jun (L. Kelly et al.); 1 in alternate plumage at Milton (Santa Rosa) 27 Jun (C. Tebay); 1 in alternate plumage at Brasher Park, Port Richey (Pasco) 10 Jun (+K. Tracey); 3 at Green Key, New Port Richey 20 Jun (R. Smart); 1 in alternate plumage at Lake Weir (Marion) 1 Jul (+D. & S. Shaddix, BPA 4231). American Flamingo: 1 adult at Hutchinson Island (St. Lucie) 26-27 Jun (fide T. Beck, B. Wagner et al., +A. Marques). Black-capped Petrel: 8 birds 58 nm off Ponce de Leon Inlet (Volusia) 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.). Cory’s Shearwater: 35 off Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS (Brevard) 19 Jun (M. Harris); 2 at Matanzas Inlet (St. Johns) 20 Jun (G. Davis); 45 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.). Great Shearwater: 4 moribund brought in to Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet (Volusia) 16 Jun (M. Brothers); 2 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR (St. Johns) 20 Jun (J. Becker); 15 at Matanzas Inlet 21 Jun (G. Davis); 6 at Mayport (Duval) 22 Jun (K. Dai- ley); 1 bird 27 nm off St. Petersburg Beach (Pinellas) 8 Jul (+E. Plage); 20 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.); singles 8 & 24 nm off Madeira Beach (Pinellas) 24 Jul (T. Young); 2 off Miami (Miami-Dade) 28 Jul (+R. Torres); 14 from Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS (Brevard) 16 Jun (M. Harris), 5 there 17 Jun (G. Williams), and 37 (plus 2 dead) there 19 Jun (B. Rossheim, M. Harris). 18 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Sooty Shearwater: 1 found dead at Huguenot Memorial Park {Duval) 9 Jun (S. Beville); duos from Playalinda Beach, Canaveral NS 16 Jun (M. Harris), 17 Jun (G. Williams), and 19 Jun (B. Rossheim); 2 off Ormond-By-The-Sea ( Volusia ) 16 Jun (M. Brothers); 1 at Matanzas Inlet 16 Jun (G. Davis); 2 moribund brought in to Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet 16 Jun (M. Brothers); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 21 Jun (D. Reed). Audubon’s Shearwater: 7 seen from shore in St. Johns 20-21 Jun (D. Reed, G. Davis); 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 21 Jun (D. Reed); 5 at Matanzas Inlet 21 Jun (G. Davis); 4 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.). Wilson’s Storm-Petrel: 4 from Playalinda Beach 19 Jun (M. Harris); 17 near Matanzas Inlet {St. Johns) 21 Jun (G. Davis); 1 at Jacksonville Pier {Duval) 20 Jun (P. Graham); 17 at Matanzas Inlet 21 Jun (G. Davis); 1 off New Port Richey 29 Jun provided the first Pasco record (+K. Tracey); 55 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.). Leach’s Storm-Petrel: 1 from Playalinda Beach 19 Jun (M. Harris); 3 near Matanzas Inlet 21 Jun (G. Davis); 4 at Mayport 22 Jun (K. Dailey); 1 off Miami 9 Jul (+R. Tor- res); 3 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.); 1 found dead at Turtle Beach {Sarasota) 26 Jul (K. Mazzarella). Band-rumped Storm-Petrel: 2 from Playalinda Beach 19 Jun (M. Harris); 4 near Matan- zas Inlet 21 Jun (G. Davis); 2 at Mayport 22 Jun (K. Dailey); 1 found moribund at Cedar Key {Levy) cemetery 26 Jun (D. Henderson, N. Taylor, to FLMNH); 4 off Miami 9 Jul (+R. Torres); 3 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson et al.). Wood Stork: 1 at International Paper Wetlands {Escambia) 1 Jul (B. & J. Callaway). Magnificent Frigatebird: 1 at S Merritt Island 10 Jun (D. Freeland); 2 at St. George Island {Franklin) 12 Jun (J. Murphy); 1 at Gainesville 22 Jun (B. Holt); 2 immatures northeast of Brooksville {Hernando) 25 Jun (K. Wood); 1 at Newnans Lake 25-26 Jun (J. Killian, L. Davis et al.). Masked Booby: 1 off Miami 28 Jul (R. Torres). Brown Booby: 1 at Ponce de Leon Inlet 12 Jun, and 1 off there 15 Jul (M. Brothers et al.); 1 adult at Blue Cypress Park {Duval) 14 Jun (T. Rohlatsu); 2 at Canaveral NS 21 Jun (M. Harris); 1 juvenile at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR 27 Jun (B. Tinsman); 3 juveniles at Mayport 22 Jun-4 Jul (K. Dailey). Great Cormorant: 1 immature at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP {Miami-Dade) to 4 Jun (R. Diaz). American White Pelican: as many as 148 at Newnans Lake to 27 Jun (C. Gordon, L. Davis et al.); 25 at STA-5 {Hendry) 28 Jun (M. England et al.); 13 at The Villages {Sumter) 1 Jul (J. Dinsmore); 1 at S Merritt Island 17 Jul (D. Freeland). Brown Pelican: 1 immature at Winter Park {Orange) 10 Jun and 8 Jul (B. Anderson et al.). Least Bittern: 1 at Hanna Park {Duval) 12 Jun (T. Rohtsalu); 1 at Mayport 16 Jun (J. Becker). Great Blue Heron, white morph: 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Jun (R. Rowan); 1 at Cockroach Bay {Hillsborough) 3 Jun (E. Kwater). Snowy Egret: 1 at Hog Pen Landing {Baker) 1 Jun (B. Richter). Reddish Egret: 1 at Newnans Lake 12 Jun (J. Golden, J. Killian). Yellow-crowned Night-Heron: at least 8 summered at Lake Apopka NSRA but with no evidence of breeding (H. Robinson). Glossy Ibis: 35 at Spring Hill {Hernando) 7 Jun (M. Gardler); 81 at Gainesville 18 Jun (A. Zions); 2 near Huguenot Park 22 Jun (K. Dailey); 1 at Three Rooker Island {Pinellas) 29 Jun (D. Sauvageau). Roseate Spoonbill: 1 at Winter Garden {Orange) 4 Jun (R. Leatto); 191 at Circle B Bar Reserve {Polk) 4 Jun (C. Fredricks); as many as 12 at Lake Apopka NSRA to 10 Jun (H. Robinson); as many as 26 at Newnans Lake to 26 Jun (L. Davis, A. Zions et al.); Field Observations 19 1 at Yerdis Dorman Road (Baker) 14 Jun (B. Richter); 2 at Tallahassee (Leon) 19 Jun (D. Bryan); 6 at The Villages (Sumter) 1 Jul (J. Dinsmore); 3 pairs bred at the St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park (St. Johns) this season, for the third year (T. Jennings). Osprey: 35 at Fort Pickens, Gulf Islands NS (Escambia) 9 Jul (B. & L. Duncan); a record- high 201 at Lake Apopka NSRA 11 Jul (H. Robinson). Sw atj. ow-t att.e d Kite: 20 at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve, Fort Myers (Lee) 4 Jun (R. Repenning); as many as 31 (14 Jul) along Powerline Road (Hernando/Pasco) 11-20 Jul (M. Gardler et al.); a record high 1,580 at Lake Apopka NSRA 20 Jul (H. Robinson); 30 at three sites in Jefferson 28 Jul (M. Smith). White-tailed Kite: 1 pair was nesting at Three Lakes WMA (Osceola) 5 Jun (G. Wil- liams); 1 adult at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP (Okeechobee) fed another adult a small rabbit (“cotton” tail visible) 23 Jun (B. Wagner). Snail Kite: 7 at Lake Istokpoga (Highlands) 12 Jun (L. Riopelle); 1 female along SR-70 east of Arcadia (DeSoto) 22-24 Jul (D. Goodwin et al.); 1 pair bred at Edward Medard County Park 23-29 Jul, a first for Hillsborough (A. Paul et al.); 1 male at Pond Apple Preserve (Broward) 31 Jul (R. Titus). Mississippi Kite: 1 or singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 10 & 15 Jun (H. Robinson); 1 at Lake Pierce (Polk) 16 Jun (J. DuBois); 2 at Leesburg (Lake) 19 Jun (L. Streeper); as many as 4 along Powerline Road 11-20 Jul (T. Obrock et al.); 1 at Richardson Park (Broward) 25 Jul (R. Titus). Great Black-Hawk: 1 adult at Virginia Key (Miami-Dade) 16 Jun & 11 Jul (R. Diaz). Short-tailed Hawk: 1 light morph at St. Marks NWR (Wakulla) 8 Jun (G. Kent); 1 at Newnans Lake to 18 Jun (S. Goodman, J. Killian et al.); 1 dark morph near Hillsbor- ough River SP (Hillsborough) 14 Jun (D. Goodwin); 1 dark morph at Lettuce Lake Park, Tampa 25 Jun-22 Jul (B. Ahern); 1 dark morph over Avon Park (Highlands) 20 Jul (M. McMillian); 2 dark morphs (adult and begging juvenile) at Temple Terrace (Hillsborough) 22 Jul (B. Ahern); 1 light morph at Saddle Creek Park (Polk) 24 Jul (P. Fellers); 1 juvenile dark morph at Valrico (Hillsborough) 29 Jul ate a Northern Cardinal (S. Backes); as many as 3 summered at Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve (J. Padilla, V. McGrath et al.). Purple Swamphen: 1 gray-headed adult at “Viera Wetlands” 20-24 Jul (R. Webb, D. Free- land). Purple Gallinule: 2 adults & 1 juvenile at St. Petersburg 14 Jul (T. Mast). American Coot: 2 at Lake Alfred (Polk) through 6 Jul (P. Timmer); as many as 95 sum- mered at Newnans Lake (L. Davis, A. Zions et al.); 3 summered at Lake Apopka NSRA but with no evidence of breeding (H. Robinson); as many as 18 (25 Jul) sum- mered at “Viera Wetlands” (D. Freeland). Limpkin: 1 at Florida State College (Duval) 9 Jun (J. Becker). Black-bellied Plover: singles at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun and 20 Jul (D. Freeland); 39 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP (Lee) 10 Jun, and 59 there 15 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo). Snowy Plover: 13 at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun and 23 there 13 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 22 at Anclote Key Preserve SP (Pinellas) 13 Jul (M. Korosy); 16 nesting attempts at Car- los Pointe, Fort Myers Beach (Lee) variously all summer (K. Laakkonen, C. Ewell). Wilson’s Plover: 1 at Crandon Park Beach (Miami-Dade) 26 Jul (R. Diaz). Semipalmated Plover: 4 at Newnans Lake 3 Jun (L. Davis); 4 each at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun and 20 Jul (D. Freeland); 4 at Spring Hill 8 Jun (M. Gardler). Piping Plover: 1 at Fort De Soto Park (Pinellas) 3-8 Jul (R. Harrod); 5 at Crandon Park Beach 30 Jul contained singles banded at Ludington, Michigan in 2009 and Lower Platte River, Nebraska in May 2012 (R. Diaz). American Oystercatcher: 2 nests at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 1 nest at Little Estero Lagoon CWA (Lee) 12 Jul (K. Laakkonen, C. Ewell). 20 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Black-necked Stilt: as many as 38 at Newnans Lake to 27 Jun (R. Rowan, L. Davis et al.); 36 (5 chicks) at Virginia Key 25 Jul (R. Diaz). American Avocet: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 1 Jun (D. Sauvageau); 1 at Newnans Lake to 2 Jun (A. Zions, J. Killian et al.); 1 at Caladesi Island SP ( Pinellas ) 17 Jun (+M. Ve- tricek); 5 in alternate plumage at Merritt Island NWR 29 Jul (M. Vetricek). Spotted Sandpiper: 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Jun (A. Zions, C. Gordon); 1 at Lake Lochloosa C Alachua ) 1 Jun (J. Bryan); 1 at The Villages ( Sumter ) 15 Jul (J. Dinsmore); 2 at Lake Alto ( Alachua ) 22 Jul (R. Rowan); 8 at Green Key Park 24 Jul (K. Tracey); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Jul (H. Robinson); 2 at Sawgrass Lake Park, St. Petersburg 27 Jul (R. Qually); 1 at Bayport {Hernando) 28 Jul (C. Black); 1 at Lake Pierce 30 Jul (J. DuBois). Solitary Sandpiper: 1 at The Villages ( Sumter ) 17 Jul (J. Dinsmore); singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 18 & 29 Jul (H. Robinson); 3 at Gainesville 27 Jul (M. Manetz); 7 at two sites in N Jefferson 29 Jul (M. Smith). Greater Yellowlegs: 2 at Lake Lochloosa 1 Jun (J. Bryan); 2 at Newnans Lake 9-10 Jun (R. Rowan, C. Gordon et al.); 1 at Caladesi Island SP 17-21 Jun (M. Vetricek); 2 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland). Willet: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 6 Jun (H. Robinson); 226 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun and 193 (138 basic and 55 alternate) there 13 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Sal- cedo); 1 at Lake Weir 30 Jun (+D. & S. Shaddix). Lesser Yellowlegs: 2 at Fort De Soto Park 2 Jun (R. Qually), and 1 there 31 Jul (E. Plage); 1 at Newnans Lake to 8 Jun (J. Killian, C. Cattau); 20 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP ( Alachua ) 24 Jul (L. Davis); 1 at “Viera Wetlands” 25 Jul (D. Freeland). Whimbrel: 1 with an injured foot at Bunche Beach, Fort Myers 2 Jun (+C. Ewell); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 5-10 Jun (D. Sauvageau); 1 at Fred Howard Park ( Pinellas ) 21 Jun (T. Mast); 2 at Three Rooker Island 13 Jul (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 2 at Honeymoon Island SP C Pinellas ) 23 Jul (J. Wells). Long-billed Curlew: 1 on a ball field at Punta Gorda ( Charlotte ) 10 Jun (+C. Olson, BPA 3316); 1 at Alafia Bank Sanctuary ( Hillsborough ) 30 Jun (C. Cassels); 2 at Three Rooker Island 13 Jul (B. Pranty, V. Ponzo); 1 at Bunche Beach (Lee) 23 Jul (V. Mc- Grath). Hudsonian Godwit: 1 in alternate plumage at St. Marks NWR 2 Jun (J. Simpson, +J. Murphy et al.). Marbled Godwit: 1 at Opal Beach, Gulf Islands NS ( Escambia ) 18 Jun (D. Sparks); 27 at Shell Key Preserve ( Hillsborough ) 8 Jul (R. Smith, R. Harrod). Ruddy Turnstone: 62 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun, and 83 (14 alternate and 69 basic plumage) there 15 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 10 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland). Red Knot: 76 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun and 38 there 15 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 15 in basic plumage at Little Estero Lagoon CWA 15 Jun (C. Ewell). Sanderling: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun (D. Freeland); 1 in alternate and 349 in basic plumage Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun, and 344 there (4 in alternate and 340 in basic plum- age) 15 Jul (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo). Semipalmated Sandpiper: 20+ at Bunche Beach 2 Jun (C. Ewell); 20 at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun, and 15 there 20 Jul (D. Freeland); as many as 3 at Newnans Lake to 8 Jun (C. Gordon, A. Zions et al.); 4 at Spring Hill 8 Jun (M. Gardler); 1 at Ocean Pond, Osceola NF 13 Jul (B. Richter); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Jul (H. Robinson). Western Sandpiper: 1 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland). Least Sandpiper: 20 at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun, and 250 there 20 Jul (D. Freeland); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Jul, and 23 there 22 Jul (H. Robinson); 4 at Gainesville 26 Jul (A. Zions). Field Observations 21 White-rumped Sandpiper: as many as 25 at Newnans Lake to 8 Jun (C. Gordon, R. Rowan et al.); 4 at Spring Hill 11 Jun (M. Gardler); 1 at Fred Howard Park 25 Jun (R. Smith); 3 along Four Mile Grade Road east of Arcadia 22 Jul (D. Goodwin, E. Haney). Pectoral Sandpiper: 2 at Merritt Island NWR 5 Jun (D. Freeland); 1 at Bald Point SP (Franklin) 27 Jun (+J. Murphy); 1 at Fort DeSoto Park 18 Jul (R. Harrod); 100 along Four Mile Grade Road 22 Jul (D. Goodwin, E. Haney); 2 at “Viera Wetlands” 25 Jul (D. Freeland); 2 at Lake City ( Columbia ) 30 Jul (J. Krummrich). Stilt Sandpiper: 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Jun (C. Gordon); 20 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland); 2 at Virginia Key 25 Jul (R. Diaz). Short-billed Dowitcher: 200 in basic plumage at Bunche Beach 2 Jun (C. Ewell); 25 at Merritt Island NWR 20 Jul (D. Freeland). American Woodcock: 1 at Tate’s Hell SF ( Franklin ) 16 Jul (R. West). Wilson’s Phalarope: one at Merritt Island NWR 21 Jul (+L. Taylor, BPA 4330). Laughing Gull: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA to 3 Jun (H. Robinson); 17 at Lake Weir 15 Jun (J. Dinsmore). Franklin’s Gull: 1 at Newnans Lake 1 Jun (R. Rowan). Ring-billed Gull: 1 first-summer at Lake Weir 30 Jun (D. & S. Shaddix, BPA 4232). Herring Gull: 2 at Crandon Park Beach 10 Jul (R. Diaz). Lesser Black-backed Gull: 67 (1 adult) at Crandon Park Beach 30 Jul, and 40 (4 adults) there 31 Jul (R. Diaz). Great Black-backed Gull: 7 (2 adults) at Crandon Park Beach 10 Jul (R. Diaz); 1 adult at Treasure Island Beach (Pinellas) 14 Jul (R. Smith). Brown Noddy: 1 adult observed from Fort De Soto Park (Hillsborough/Pinellas) 25-26 Jun (+E. Plage, C. Fisher); 1 exhausted at Indian Shores (Pinellas) 26 Jun (B. Forys). Sooty Tern: 1 at Apalachicola (Franklin) 11 Jun (+J. Murphy); 1 at Three Rooker Island 11-15 Jun (D. Larremore); 5 observed from Fort De Soto Park 25 Jun (E. Plage); as many as 2 at Newnans Lake 25-27 Jun (C. Gordon, J. Bryan et al.); 1 adult observed from Honeymoon Island SP (Pinellas) 27 Jun (E. Kwater, S. Mann); 25 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson). Bridled Tern: 1 found 45 nm off St. Petersburg Beach 8 Jul (E. Plage); 12 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson). Least Tern: 25 nests at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun and 200 nests at Carlos Pointe, Fort Myers Beach 15 Jun were lost from wash-over by Tropical Storm Debby (C. Ewell); 5 at Lake Weir 28 Jun-5 Jul (D. & S. Shaddix); 210 at Crandon Park Beach 28 Jul (R. Diaz). Gull-billed Tern: 3 at Jaycee Park (Okeechobee) 4 Jun (T. Beck); 1 at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun (+C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 1 at Newnans Lake 11 Jun (R. Rowan); 2 at Lake Lochloosa 18 Jun (J. Bryan); 1 at Weeki Wachee (Hernando) 28 Jun (M. Gardler); 2 at Weedon Island Preserve (Pinellas) 29 Jun (R. Smith); as many as 3 in alternate plumage at Gandy Beach (Pinellas) 3-31 Jul (B. Ahern et al.); 1 east of Homestead (Miami-Dade) 28 Jul (+R. Torres). Caspian Tern: as many as 12 at Lake Apopka NSRA 13-22 Jun, and 1 there 15 Jul (H. Robinson). Black Tern: 1 at Weedon Island Preserve 3 Jun (M. Burns); as many as 6 at Newnans Lake to 5 Jun (C. Gordon, R. Rowan et al.); 1 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun (+C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 12 at Merritt Island NWR 16 Jun (T. Dunkerton); 1 off New Port Richey 29 Jun (K. Tracey); 1 adult at Gandy Beach 7 Jul (B. Ahern); 10 at Palm Shores 31 Jul (D. Freeland). Roseate Tern: 1 at Crandon Park Beach 21 Jun (+Rangel Diaz). Common Tern: 1 in basic plumage at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun (+C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 1 at Honeymoon Island SP 14 Jun (D. Sauvageau); 12 at Fort De Soto Park 25 Jun (E. Plage); 1 in alternate plumage at Lake Weir 28 Jun (+D. & S. Shaddix, BPA 4230); 1 east of Homestead 28 Jul (+R. Torres). 22 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Forster’s Tern: singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Jun and 1 Jul, and 2 there 13 Jul (H. Robinson); as many as 12 at Newnans Lake to 30 Jun (C. Gordon, L. Davis et al.). Royal Tern: 2 at Newnans Lake 11 Jun (R. Robinson, R. Rowan). Black Skimmer: 1 at Newnans Lake 4 Jun (D. Miranda); 5 nests at Cayo Costa SP 10 Jun (C. Ewell, A. Salcedo); 300 at Fort Island Gulf Beach ( Citrus ) 26 Jun (M. Gardler). Pomarine Jaeger: 1 observed from Fort De Soto Park 25 Jun (E. Plage); 1 juvenile inter- mediate morph at Alligator Point 26 Jun (J. Murphy); 1 off Ponce de Leon Inlet 15 Jul (M. Brothers, B. Anderson); 1 juvenile light morph off Miami 28 Jul (R. Torres). Parasitic Jaeger: 1 at Fort De Soto Park 25 Jun (E. Plage); 4 juveniles at Honeymoon Island SP 27 Jun (E. Kwater, S. Mann); 1 bird 20 nm off Madeira Beach 24 Jul (T. Young). Jaeger species: 1 off New Port Richey 29 Jun (K. Tracey). White-winged Dove: 8 south of Little Manatee River SP ( Hillsborough ) 2-9 Jun (B. Ahern); 1 at Cedar Key 19 Jun (D. Henderson); 45 along Peavine Road ( Okeechobee ) 20 Jul (P. Miller). Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 1 at Boca Millennium Park ( Pinellas ) 1 Jun (D. Sauvageau). Mangrove Cuckoo: 2 at Fort DeSoto Park 9 Jun (M. Burns); 2 at Weedon Island Preserve all Jul (T. Mast et al.). Barn Owl: 1 at Wolf Branch Creek Preserve ( Hillsborough ) 30 Jun (S. Harris, S. Pepper et al.). Burrowing Owl: 26 at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve SP ( Okeechobee ) 25 Jul (P. Miller). Common Nighthawk: 25 foraging together at Duette Preserve ( Manatee ) 29 Jul (B. Ahern et al.). Ruby-throated Hummingbird: 1 nest at Lettuce Lake Park 1-26 Jun fledged two chicks (fide B. Ahern). Belted Kingfisher: 1 at Lake Pierce 29 Jun (J. Dubois); 1 at Steinhatchee ( Taylor ) 12 Jul (J. Hintermister); 1 west of Weeki Wachee ( Hernando ) 12 Jul (A. & B. Hansen); 1 at Hudson (Pasco) 12 Jul (K. Tracey, B. Pranty); 1 at Lettuce Lake Park 12 Jul (R. Newell); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Jul (H. Robinson). Red-headed Woodpecker: 1 nest at St. Petersburg 1-23 Jun fledged 1 young (S. Tava- glione et al.). Hairy Woodpecker: 1 at Gulf Breeze (Santa Rosa ) 5 Jun (J. French). Red-cockaded Woodpecker: 1 at Prairie Pines Preserve, North Fort Myers 3 Jun, ca. 16 km from Babcock-Webb WMA (G. Sheets). Crested Caracara: 1 adult and 1 juvenile at Sanford ( Seminole ) 27 Jun (+J. Leavens, BPA 3397). Merlin: 1 at Dry Tortugas NP 13 Jun (+K. Kittelberger, BPA 3940) furnished the first summer record. Lovebird species: 1 blue morph (thought to be a Yellow-collared Lovebird) at Fort Lau- derdale 13 Jul (R. Titus). Blue-crowned Parakeet: 11 at Fort Lauderdale (Broward) 14 Jul (R. Titus). Red-crowned Parrot: 2 at Fort Lauderdale 15 Jun (R. Titus). *Tropical-type Kingbird: 1 at Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR (St. Johns ) 27 Jun (+D. Reed, BPA3376a-d). Eastern Kingbird: 1 north of Alafia River SP ( Hillsborough ) 30 Jun (B. Ahern, D. Good- win). Gray Kingbird: 1 at Mayport 10 Jul (J. Becker); 14 at Fort Lauderdale 30 Jul (R. Titus). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher: 1 at Fort Walton Beach STF ( Okaloosa ) 5 Jun (E. & M. Rachie); 1 near Brooker Creek Preserve (Pinellas) 5 Jul (C. Gjervold et al., BPA 3942 by M. Vetricek). Fork-tailed Flycatcher: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 13-16 Jul (H. Robinson et al., +BPA 4215a-b by G. Williams). Field Observations 23 Yellow-throated Vireo: 1 adult fed a fledgling at Pinecraft Park, Sarasota at an un- known date (R. Greenspun fide J. Dubi). Red-eyed Vireo: 1 adult with 1 young at Riverbend Park, Jupiter ( Palm Beach) 23 Jun, for the second consecutive year of breeding (C. Weber). House Crow: 1 at Nokomis ( Sarasota ) 24 Jul (J. Dubi). Horned Lark: 1 male at Fort De Soto Park ( Pinellas ) 9-17 Jun (R. Qually, +B. Pranty, BPA 4072a-g). Tree Swallow: singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 8 & 27 Jun and 13 Jul (H. Robinson). Bank Swallow: duos at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 Jun and 6-8 Jul, and as many as 3 there 15-18 Jul (H. Robinson). Cliff Sw all ow: 8-12 birds and 3 nests with young (the colony moved to a second location following disturbance) at Milton 26 May-10 Jul (P. Baker +L. Goodman BPA3388a-c); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Jun, and as many as 2 there 4-18 Jul (H. Robinson); 55 at Bill Baggs Cape Florida SP 30 Jul (R. Diaz). Carolina Chickadee: 2 at Lake Pasadena ( Pinellas ) 1 Jun (S. Tavaglione et al.). Brown-headed Nuthatch: 2 at Hillsborough River SP 1 Jun (D. Goodwin); 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 10 Jun (R. Smith et al.). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 11 Jul (H. Robinson); 1 at Crandon Park Gardens ( Miami-Dade ) 13 Jul (R. Diaz). Eastern Bluebird: 1 leucistic south of San Antonio (Pasco) 23 Jun (V. Ponzo, +B. Pranty). American Robin: 1 pair nested at Hyde Grove (Duval) 6-26 Jun (C. Wain wright); 1 adult at Naples (Collier) 1 Jul (W. Burkett). Gray Catbird: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 1 Jun (H. Robinson); 1 along Loop Road, Big Cy- press National Preserve (Miami-Dade) 10 Jun (+C. Sanchez, BPA 3355); 1 at Brooker Creek Preserve 20 Jun (T. Mast). Cedar Waxwing: 8 at Lake City 5 Jun (V. Willis). Ovenbird: 1 in song at Brooker Creek Preserve 5 Jun (C. Gjervold). Louisiana Waterthrush: 1 at Old Town (Dixie) 23 Jun (S. Fronk); 1 at Gainesville 27 Jun (J. Hintermister); 1 at Bald Point SP 30 Jun (J. Murphy); 1 in song at Six Mile Cy- press Slough Preserve 11 Jul (V. McGrath); 1 at Saddle Creek Park 29 Jul (P. Fellers). Black-and-white Warbler: 1 adult male at Tate’s Hell SF 18 Jun (J. Murphy); 1 at Gainesville 24 Jun (R. Lewis); 1 at Newberry (Alachua) 27 Jun (B. & S. Ewing); 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 28-30 Jun (R. Rowan, L. Hensley); 1 in female plumage at Tallahassee 1 Jul (S. Jue); 1 at Avalon Beach (Santa Rosa) 2 Jul (D. Stangeland); 2 females at Walt Disney World (Orange) 3 Jul (J. Thornton); 2 at Ormond Beach (Volusia) 7 Jul (M. Wilson); 1 at Sebastian (Indian River) 7 Jul (J. Baker); 2 at Mead Botanical Garden, Winter Park (Orange) 12 Jul (B. Rohman); 1 at Altamonte Springs (Seminole) 14 Jul (A. Boyle); 1 at Saddle Creek Park (Polk) 21 Jul, and 3 there 29 Jul (P. Fellers); 4 at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Jul (H. Robinson). Prothonotary Warbler: 10 (including fledglings) at Lettuce Lake Park 2 Jun (B. Ahern); 1 at Green Key 14 Jul (K. Tracey); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 28 Jul (J. Mangold); 1 at Saddle Creek Park 29 Jul (P. Fellers). Swainson’s Warbler: 2 in song along McIntyre Road (Franklin) 10 Jun (J. Murphy). Kentucky Warbler: 1 in song at Tate’s Hell SF 23 Jun (J. Murphy). Hooded Warbler: 3 at Bayonet Point (Pasco) 24 Jul (+B. Pranty); 1 at Fort De Soto Park 28 Jul (J. Mangold). American Redstart: 1 at Lake City 5 Jun (V. Willis); 1 at San Felasco Hammock Preserve SP (Alachua) 28 Jul (F. Lee); 1 at Count Philippe Park (Pinellas) 28 Jul (R. & L. Smith); 2 at Saddle Creek Park 29 Jul (P. Fellers). Cerulean Warbler: 1 juvenile at Lake Apopka NSRA 29 Jul (H. Robinson). Yellow Warbler: 1 at Paynes Prairie Preserve SP 18 Jul (D. Segal, H. Warren); 6 at Green Key Park 24 Jul (K. Tracey); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Jul, and 4 there 29 Jul (H. Robinson). 24 FLORIDA FIELD NATURALIST Blackpoll Warbler: 1 male flew into a window at Orlando 26 Jun and was released (+fide B. Anderson, BPA 4350). Palm Warbler: 1 at Chekika, Everglades NP {Miami-Dade) 3 Jun (+C. Sanchez, BPA 3346). Yellow-throated Warbler: 1 at DuPuis WEA (Palm Beach) 30 Jun (C. Weber); 1 migrant at Green Key 14 Jul (K. Tracey); singles at Lake Apopka NSRA 15 & 25 Jul (H. Rob- inson); 1 at Saddle Creek Park {Polk) 21 Jul, and 2 there 29 Jul (P. Fellers). Prairie Warbler: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 8 Jun (H. Robinson); 2 separate males at Green Key 8 Jul fed the same fledgling Brown-headed Cowbird, and 21 warblers there 14 Jul (K. Tracey); 1 at Newnans Lake 23 Jul (J. Hintermister); 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 25 Jul, and 5 there 27 Jul (H. Robinson). Yellow-breasted Chat: at least 13 summered at Lake Apopka NSRA (H. Robinson). * Cuban Grassquit: 1 adult in song at Matheson Hammock Park {Miami-Dade) 23 Jun- EOS (+B. & N. LaFramboise, BPA 3364). Eastern Towhee: 50 at Duette Preserve 29 Jul (B. Ahern et al.). Bachman’s Sparrow: 21 in song at Duette Preserve 29 Jul (B. Ahern et al.). Florida Grasshopper Sparrow: only 71 singing males detected in point-count surveys this season: 1 at Avon Park AFR {Highlands', G. Schrott), 21 at Kissimmee Prairie Pre- serve SP {Okeechobee-, P. Miller) and 59 at Three Lakes WMA {Osceola', T. Hannon). Scarlet Tanager: 1 male in song at Orange Springs 2 Jun (D. Freeland). Blue Grosbeak: 2 in song north of Alafia River SP 30 Jun (B. Ahern, D. Goodwin); at least 12 males summered at Lake Apopka NSRA (H. Robinson). Indigo Bunting: 1 in song at Brooker Creek Preserve 3-22 Jun (R. Smith et al.); 3 at Circle B Bar Reserve {Polk) 30 Jun-EOS (C. Fredricks); 1 male again in song at Du- Puis WEA 30 Jun, same as this past summer (C. Weber); at least 17 males summered at Lake Apopka NSRA(H. Robinson). Painted Bunting: 1 in female plumage at Chekika, Everglades NP 3 Jun (+C. Sanchez, BPA 4176); at least 6 males summered at Lake Apopka NSRA (H. Robinson). Dickcissel: 1 male in song in N Escambia 9 Jul (+L. Catterton, BPA 4459a-c); 1 male in song at Lake Apopka NSRA 18 Jul “could have been there all summer” (H. Robinson). Bobolink: 1 at Lake Apopka NSRA 22 Jul (H. Robinson). Shiny Cowbird: 1 at Cedar Key 7 Jun-16 Jul (D. Henderson); 1 male at Lake Apopka NSRA 27 Jun (H. Robinson). Orchard Oriole: 1 pair at Belle Glade Marina, Lake Okeechobee {Palm Beach) fledged 2 nestlings by 17 Jun; 1 first-year male in song was also present (B. Wagner, +M. England, BPA 4194-4196; nest = [UF] 92998, FLMNH); 1 at The Villages {Marion) 18 Jun (A. Horst); 1 at Fort Lauderdale 16 Jul (R. Titus); at least 12 males summered at Lake Apopka NSRA (H. Robinson). House Finch: 1 albinistic in Seminole 7 Jun (fide +B. Stalnaker); 27 at Lake Apopka NSRA 11 Jul far exceeded the previous high (H. Robinson); 11 at Fort Lauderdale 14 Jul (R. Titus). Contributors: Brian Ahern, Bruce Anderson, Steve Backes, Juanita Baker, Peggy Baker, Tyler Beck, JoanBecker, Shelley Beville, Clay Black, Andy Boyle, Michael Brothers, W. B. Burkett, Dana Bryan, Judy Bryan, Mark Burns, Brenda & Jerry Callaway, Carol Cassels, Laura Catterton, Chris Cattau, Keith Collingwood, Al Cyr, Kevin Dailey, Gary Davis, Lloyd Davis, Rangel Diaz [spelled out], Robin Diaz [abbreviated], J im Dinsmore, Jeanne Dubi, Jim DuBois, Bob & Lucy Duncan, Tom Dunkerton, Margaret England, Charlie Ewell, Benjamin & Samuel Ewing, Paul Fellers, Charlie Fisher, Beth Forys, Cole Fredricks, David Freeland, Jere French, Sharon Fronk, Murray Gardler, Colin Gjervold, Pam Glinski, Jesse Golden, Larry Goodman, Steven Goodman, Dave Goodwin, Caleb Gordon, Phil Graham, Rick Greenspun, Erik Haney, Al & Bev Hansen, Tina Hannon, Mitchell Harris, Sandy Harris, Randy Harrod, Dale Henderson, Linda Hensley, John Field Observations 25 Hintermister, Bob Holt, Alice Horst, Terry Jennings, Laura Johannsen, Sally Jue, Les Kelly, Gina Kent, John Killian, Kyle Kittelberger, Marianne Korosy, Jerry Krummrich, Ed Kwater, Keith Laakkonen, Bill & Nancy LaFramboise, Dan Larremore, Renee Leatto, Janet Leavens, Felicia Lee, Rich Lewis, Mike Manetz, John Mangold, Steve Mann, Amy Marques, Tom Mast, Kristen Mazzarella, Vince McGrath, Mike McMillian, Paul Miller, Dennis Miranda, John Murphy, Roger Newell, Tom Obrock, Cathy Olson, Jose Padilla, Craig Parenteau, Ann Paul, Susan Pepper, Eric Plage, Valeri Ponzo, Bill Pranty, Robert Qually, Eric & Michelle Rachie, Diane Reed, Robert Repenning, Bob Richter, Larry Riopelle, Harry Robinson, Ron Robinson, Thomas Rohlatsu, Brook Rohman, Barry Rossheim, Rex Rowan, Arlyne Salcedo, Carlos Sanchez, Dan Sauvageau, Greg Schrott, Debbie Segal, Darcy & Steven Shaddix, Gayle Sheets, Jean Simpson, Ray Smart, Marvin Smith, Ron Smith, David Sparks, Bob Stalnaker, Daniel Stangeland, Leann Streeper, Sue Tavaglione, Larry Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Carol Tebay, John Thornton, Pete Timmer, Bill Tinsman, Russ Titus, Roberto Torres, Ken Tracey, Melissa Vetricek, Billi Wagner, Carly Wainwright, Helen Warren, Rosemary Webb, Chuck Weber, Jim Wells, Rick West, Graham Williams, Virlyn Willis, Meret Wilson, Kristin Wood, Travis Young, and Adam Zions. Correction to Fall 2004 report: Examination of the photograph (now catalogued as BPA 4327) of a juvenile tropicbird from Sanibel Island (Lee) 14 Aug 2004 taken in captivity reveals that it was a White-tailed Tropicbird, not a Red-billed Tropicbird as reported ( FFN 33:58, 2005). Report prepared by Bill Pranty, state compiler (8515 Village Mill Row, Bayonet Point, Florida 34667-2662, ). Regional compilers are Brian Ahern, (629 Gail Avenue, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617, , Bruce H. Anderson (2917 Scarlet Road, Winter Park, Florida 32792, ), John H. Boyd III (15291 SW 108th Terrace, Miami, Florida 33196, ), Kevin Dailey (6661 Beatrix Street, Jacksonville, Florida 32226, ), Bob and Lucy Duncan (614 Fairpoint Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, ), Charlie Ewell (115 SW 51st Terrace, Cape Coral, Florida 33991, ), Bev Hansen (6573 Pine Meadows Drive, Spring Hill, Florida 34606, ), Paul Miller (Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, 33104 NW 192nd Avenue, Okeechobee, Florida 34972, ), and John Murphy (766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, Florida 32346, ). BE A FRIEND OF FFN Florida Field Naturalist is the journal of FOS, an important communication vehicle for the Florida scientific and birding community. Increasing costs need to be offset with a combination of member dues and contributions. Please consider a donation of $50, $100, $200 or more to FRIENDS OF FFN. Your gift will allow FFN to improve its artwork, including four-color photographs of rarities similar to the one of the state’s first Varied Bunting, published in the February 2006 issue, and other improvements in the content and appearance of our journal. Contributions to FRIENDS OF FFN will be added to a special endowment of FOS, the interest of which will be used to improve the journal. Please write a check payable to the Florida Ornithological Society and specify that the gift is for FOS Friends of FFN. Send the check to: John Murphy, Treasurer, Florida Ornithological Society, 766 Alligator Drive, Alligator Point, FL 32346. We thank the following individuals for donating to FRIENDS OF FFN: 2006 Murray Gardler 2007 David B. Freeland 2008 2009 Judith C. Bryan John M. Murphy Billi Wagner Peggy Powell Peter & Victoria Merritt Jim Cox & Katy NeSmith Robert Budliger William Post David Hartgrove 2010 David Hartgrove Brian Ahern Robert Budliger 2011 David Hartgrove William Post R. Todd Engstrom Anthony White Robert Budliger John M. Murphy Vincent McGrath Michael Brothers Reed & Myra Noss 2012 James E. Cavanagh, Jr. Silvio Crespo, Jr. Robin Diaz David Hartgrove Larry Hribar John M. Murphy Billi Wagner William Post Anthony White David Budliger Theodore H. Below Jack P. Hailman Billi Wagner Charles Ewell & Arlyne B. Salcedo Robert & Lucy Duncan John M. Murphy Richard L. West 26 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY M. C. Bowman. 1978. Species Index to Florida Bird Records in Audubon Field Notes and American Birds, Volumes 1-30, 1947- 1967. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 1. xii + 43 pages. $4. J. A. Cox. 1987. Status and Distribution of the Florida Scrub Jay. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 3. vii + 110 pages. $8. R. W. Loftin, G. E. Woolfenden, and J. A. Woolfenden. 1991. Florida Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947- 1989): Species Index and County Gazetteer. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 4. xiv + 99 pages. $8. R. W. Loftin. 1991. West Indian Bird Records in American Birds and Audubon Field Notes (1947-1990): Species Index by Islands. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 5. ix + 90 pages. $ 8 . W. B. Robertson, Jr. and G. E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 6. ix + 260 pages. FOS members: $15 soft cover, $20 hard cover; Non-members: $18 soft cover, $23 hard cover. G. E. Woolfenden, W. B. Robertson, Jr., and J. Cox. 2006. The Breeding Birds of Florida. Florida Ornithological Society Special Publication No. 7. ii + 142 pages. $12. To order Special Publications: Please send a check made out to the Florida Ornithological Society to the Treasurer: John Murphy, Treasurer 766 Alligator Drive Alligator Point, FL 32346 The amount of the check should include the price of the publication(s) plus shipping and sales tax. Shipping: Add $2 shipping for 1-5 copies; $4 for 6-10 copies. Sales Tax: Florida residents add the sales tax for the county in which the special publications are delivered. Calculate the sales tax based on the total cost of the special publications plus shipping. 27