" Florida Scientist Volume 41 Supplement 1 Issue THE FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE in conjunction with THE FLORIDA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCI El and the FLORIDA SECTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICS GENERAL SESSION: CAN FLORIDA AFFORD FUTURE GROWTH? ANTHROPOLOGY SEMINARS: THE CHIMPANZEE NUTRITION John Young Museum and Planetarium Loch Haven Park Orlando, Florida April 13, 14, 15 1978 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROGRAM ISSUE PRICE $2.00 FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OFFICERS 1977-1978 President-- Robert A. Kromhout, Florida State University- President -Elect Harris B. Stewart, Jr., Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, NOAA, Miami Secretary H. Edwin Steiner, Jr., University of South Florida Treasurer -Anthony F. Walsh, Orange Memorial Hospital, Orlando Program Chairman— Margaret L. Gilbert, Florida Southern College, Lakeland TABLE OF CONTENTS General Information i John Young Museum and Planetarium i Loch Haven Park i Registration . . i Lodging i Food Service . . i Academy Reception ii Field Trip ii American Association of Physics Teachers Workshop ii Chronological Program of Events iii General Session iv Special Section Programs iv Anthropological Sciences Section: Chimpanzee Seminar Nutrition Seminar Section Programs Agricultural Sciences 1 Anthropological Sciences 3 Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences 6 Biological Sciences 10 Engineering 25 Environmental Chemistry. .26 Geology and Hydrology .31 Physical Sciences 38 Science Teaching .42 Social Sciences .44 Urban and Regional Planning. .46 Session of the American Association of Physics Teachers 40 PUBl.ISulX' by Florida Academy of Sciences, Inc. 810 East Roi tins Street • Orlando. Florida 32803 Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) i 1978 FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JOHN YOUNG MUSEUM AND PLANETARIUM LOCH HAVEN PARK ORLANDO, FLORIDA 13, 14, 15 APRIL 1978 All registrants for the Senior and Junior Academy meetings and the meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers, Florida Section, are welcome to attend all sessions of all organizations. John Young Museum and Planetarium Loch Haven Park is located between highways 17-92 and 1-4 on the shores of Lake Estelle which is bisected by Mills Avenue (highway 17-92). It can be reached from 1-4 by taking the Princeton Street- Loch Haven Park exit and turning eastward from 1-4 on Princeton which passes through the park and ends at Mills Avenue. For those coming from the north on 17-92, the road is called Orlando Avenue in Winter Park and becomes Mills Avenue at the Orlando/Winter Park city limit close to the Museum. See the cover maps. Registration Registration will be held at the John Young Museum and Planetarium on Thursday evening and all day Friday. The registration fee is $5.00 for members and $7.00 for non- members. This fee is waived for students. Lodging A block of rooms has been reserved at the Mt. Vernon Motor Lodge near the Museum. All room reservations must be made directly with the motel. Early reservations are recommended. Mt. Vernon Motor Lodge (305) 647-1166 110 South Orlando Avenue Single occupancy $15 and $17 Winter Park, Florida 32789 Double occupancy $19 and $21 Food Service Lunch-in-the Park will be served from 11:30 to 1:00 pm on Friday. Information about nearby food services will be available at the registration desk Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) ii. 1978 Academy Reception From 9:00-11:00 pm on Thursday evening, following the Academy Debate, there will be a wine-fruit-punch-cheese public reception in the John Young Museum and Planetarium. The donation is $3.50, payable at the door or at registration. FIELD TRIP A field trip is planned to the Merritt Island Wildlife Preserve, including wild lands held by NASA in the Kennedy Space Center. This area has been the object of intensive study for nearly five years by scientists from Florida Technological University and Florida Institute of Technology. The leader will be Dr. L.M. Ehrhart, assisted by faculty and graduate students involved in the project. Maps and instructions will be issued at the registration desk or at preregistration. Travel will be mainly by private car. There will be no charge fur this trip. The trip is scheduled for Saturday afternoon, immediately after lunch. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICS TEACHERS FLORIDA SECTION A lecture-demonstration workshop for high school physics teachers will be sponsored by the Florida Section of the American Association of Physics Teachers at Valencia Community College, Thursday, April 13, 3:30 to 8:30 pm, $3:00 advanced registration fee. Send fee to William McCord, Valencia Community College, Orlando, 32809 by 1 April 1978. The program of the AAPT meeting appears with that of the Physical Sciences Section of the Florida Academy of Sciences later in this program bulletin. LOCAL ARRANGEMENT COMMITTEE Gary Bergstrom, Chairman Claudia Pennington Mark Sinclair Llewellyn Ehrhart Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl . ) iii . 1978 2:00 PROGRAM OF EVENTS Thursday pm, 13 April 1978 Council Meeting Alpha Room, Museum 3:00 - 8:30 Am. Assoc. Physics Teachers Workshop Valencia Comm. Coll. 7:00 - 10:00 Registration Lobby, Museum 7:30- 9:00 GENERAL SESSION: Academy Debate Art Center Auditorium 9:00 - 11:00 PUBLIC RECEPTION John Young Museum 8:00 - 5:00 Friday am, 14 April 1978 Registration Lobby, Museum 8:00 - 11:30 Atmospheric and Oceanographic Section Alpha Room, Museum p. 6 - 11:45 Geology and Hydrology Section Beta Room, Museum P • 31 8:45 - 11:00 Anthropological Sciences Section L abo rat ory , Museum P. 3 9:00 - 11:30 Agricultural Sciences Section Jr. Ach. Bldg.:W-l p. 1 - 11:00 Biological Sciences Section A. Animal Ecology Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-2 p . 10 B. Invertebrate Biol . /Physiol . Ecol. Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-3 P • 12 C. Plant Biology Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-4 p. 14 D. Physiology and Biochemistry Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-5 p.16 - 11:15 Environmental Chemistry Section Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-6 p.26 - 11:30 Physical Sciences Section Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-9 p.38 - 11:45 Social Sciences Section Jr. Ach. Bldg.:W-7 p.44 9:30 - 10:15 Anthropological Sciences Section Seminar: The Chimpanzee Laboratory , Museum p. 4 10:15 Business Meeting: Physical Sciences Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-9 11:00 Business Meeting: Anthropology Laboratory , Museum 11:15 Business Meeting: Biology Business Meeting: Medicine Business Meeting: Environmental Chem. Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-2 Jr. Ach. Bldg.:W-3 Jr. Ach. Bldg.:W-6 11:30- 1:00 11:30 LUNCH IN THE PARK Business Meeting: Agriculture Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-1 11:45 Business Meeting: Atmos. & Ocean. Business Meeting: Social Sciences Alpha Room, Museum Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-7 12:45 Friday pm, 14 April 1978 MEDALLIST CEREMONY AND ADDRESS Art Center Auditorium 1:15 ACADEMY ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Art Center Auditorium 2:30 - 4:30 Anthropological Sciences Section L ab or a t o ry , Mus eum p. 5 - 4:10 Atmospheric and Oceanographic Section Alpha Room, Museum p. 8 - 4:00 Biological Sciences Section A. Animal Ecology and Behavior Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-2 p. 18 B. Animal Structure and Development Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-3 p. 19 C. Plant Biology Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-4 p.21 - 4:00 Engineering Section Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-1 P* 25 - 5:00 Environmental Chemistry Section Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-6 P-29 - 4:30 Geology and Hydrology Section Beta Room, Museum p.35 - 4:30 Science Teaching Section Jr. Ach. Bldg.:W-5 p.42 - 5:15 Social Sciences Section Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-7 p.45 4:00 Business Meeting: Engineering Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-1 4:30 Business Meeting: Geology & Hydrology Beta Room, Museum Business Meeting: Science Teaching Jr. Ach. Bldg. :W-5 continued Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) iv 1978 PROGRAM continued 8:30 9:00 11:00 11:00 11:30 Saturday am, 15 April 1978 Urban and Regional Planning Section Biological Sciences Section Marine and Estuarine Biology Am. Assoc. Physics Teachers Laboratory .Museum p. 46 Alpha Room, Museum p. 23 Beta Room, Museum p. 40 Saturday pm, 15 April 1978 Field Trip to Merritt Island (information at the registration desk) GENERAL SESSION Loch Haven Art Center Auditorium 7:30 pm Thursday, 13 April 1978 CAN FLORIDA AFFORD FUTURE GROWTH? Howard T. Odum Joseph Z. Fleming, attorney Environmental Science Center Fleming & Neuman, Miami University of Florida Moderator Patrick J. Gleason Past-President 9:00-11:00 Academy Reception: John Young Museum and Planetarium. ($3.50 donation) ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTION SEMINARS Friday, 14 April. 9:30 am John Young Museum, Laboratory. Chimpanzee Seminar. Dr. Michael J. Jansinger, Florida-based Field Associate, Peabody Museum, Yale University. Friday, 14 April. 2:30 pm John Young Museum Laboratory. Nutrition Seminar . Dr. William A. Ellis. INVITE YOUR COLLEAGUES AND FRIENDS TO JOIN THE ACADEMY AND ATTEND THE MEETING Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 1, 1978 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES SECTION Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 1 Bob Volk, University of Florida, presiding 9:00 am AGS-1 "Wealth from Waste"-a 15-minute film produced by IFAS which documents Florida research on land disposal of sewage sludge. Dr. M. C. Lutrick, Agricultural Research Center, Route 3, Box 575, Jay, Florida 32565. 9*15 am AGS-2 Disposal of Liquid Digested Sludge on Agricultural Land. M. C. LUTRICK and J. E. BERTRAND. Agr. Res. Ctr., Rt. 3, Box 575, Jay, FL 32565. Grain sorghum yields were increased on liquid digested sludge (LDS) treated plots about 1000 kg/ha. A total of 60 to 75 cm over a 3-year period reduced the yield of corn. Yield was reduced by 1880 kg/ha with 75 cm LDS treatment. There was a complete loss of stand on some soybean plots. Lime at 4.8 metric tons/ha improved plant growth on LDS treated plots but normal growth was not established until 112 kg/ha of muriate of potash was applied. Steers grazed wheat and crimson clover pastures which had received (1) 7.5 cm LDS before planting, (2) commercial fertilizer, and (3) 2.5 cm LDS before planting plus 5 cm applied during grazing. Average daily gains were 0.97, 0.89, and 0.85 kg per head, respectively. The corresponding total gains were 487, 419, and 364 kg/ha. Incorporation of all the LDS into the soil prior to planting increased forage growth while top dressing on the soil and forage was detrimental to plant growth and caused the loss of most of the crimson clover seedlings. 9:30 am AGS-3 Growth Response and Nutrient Uptake by Forage Crops Under Effluent Irrigation. ALLEN R. OVERMAN AND A. NGUY, Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The forage crops corn (Zea Mays) , sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum Vulgare Pers. x Sorghum sundanese stapf.), and kenaf (Hybiscus cannabinus L. ) were irrigated with municipal effluent at rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm/week on Lakeland fine sand. Plant samples were collected weekly from each plot to measure green weight, dry matter, and nitrogen content. From these data crop nitrogen (kg/ha) was calculated for each week. Finally, up- take of nitrogen was calculated to determine efficiency of nitrogen recovery from the effluent as the crops matured. In all cases efficiency of uptake decreased with increasing application rates, as expected from fertility studies. For corn, efficiency of uptake continued to increase up zo harvest. For sorghum-sudangrass and kenaf a peak was reached at about 50 days after planting, after which effi- ciency of uptake declined rapidly. 9:45 am AGS-4 Viral Aspects of Sewage Sludge Application to Florida Soils. 0. C. PANC0RB0, G. BITT0N, S. R. FARRAH AND A. R. OVERMAN, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Infective viruses present in sludges disposed on land may contaminate groundwater supplies. The risk of contamination was evaluated by stud- ying the transport of viruses during anaerobically-digested sludge application to two Florida soils, a Red Bay sandy loam (Jay, FI.) and a Eustis fine sand (Gaines- ville, FI.). Laboratory experiments showed that the Red Bay sandy loam retained po- liovirus type 1 (Sabin) in excess of 99% following sludge application and subsequent elution with rain water. Similar application of sludge to the Eustis fine sand re- sulted in significantly higher virus breakthrough into the soil effluent than found for the Red Bay sandy loam. It is postulated that the low adsorptive capacity of the Eustis fine sand is a direct result of its low clay content. The results for the Red Bay sandy loam indicate that, under appropriate conditions, sludge application could be undertaken without threatening the quality of groundwater with viruses. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 2. 1978 10:00 am AGS-5 Effect of Salt on Seed Germination and Transplant Survival of Vegetable Crops. ALEXANDER A. CSIZINSZKY, Agricultural Research and Education Center, 5007 - 60th St. East, Bradenton, FL 33508. Following a fall tomato crop, nine vegetable crops were grown with or without additional fertilizer. The fall tomato crop had received 283 kg/ha N, 112 kg/ha P2O5, 393 kg/ha K20 and minor elements. The vegetable crops were fertilized at a rate of 220 kg/ha N, 112 kg/ha P2O5 and 112 kg/ha K2O, or were grown on residual nutrients alone. Additional fertilizer restricted or prevented to a greater degree the germination of carrot, green onion, lettuce and radish seeds than residual fertilizer. Either additional or residual fertilizer alone also affected the survival and growth of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants. Zucchini squash was not signifi- cantly affected by excess salts. 10:15 am ACS -6 The Influence of Light and Photosynthesis on the Cold Hardiness of 'Valencia' Orange Seedlings. C. L. GUY, GEORGE YELENOSKY AND HAVEN SWEET, USDA Horticultural Laboratory, 2120 Camden Rd . , Orlando, FL 32803, and Florida Techno- logical University, Orlando, FL 32816. 'Valencia' orange seedlings were conditioned in controlled environment chambers under different temperature and light treatments in an attempt to better understand the role of light on frost hardiness. Trees exposed to 10 C with a 12-hour photoperiod accumulated sugars and increased their resistance to frost over a 4-week period. Sugar accumulation decreased, and cold acclimation was inhibited when light exposure was prevented by covering the leaves with tin foil. Frost resistance was closely correlated with sucrose concentration. Reducing and total sugar concentrations were not well correlated with citrus frost hardiness. Autoradiographs of extracts from acclimating leaves labeled by CC^ showed sucrose to be the predominate product resulting from photosynthesis at low temperatures. 10:30 am AGS -7 Soils of cypress swamps, CHARLES L. COULTAS and M.J. DUEVER, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307 and National Audubon Soc. .Naples, FL 33940. Poorly drained soils in the orders Histosol, Ultisol, Entisol, and Inceptisol commonly support cypress (Taxodium distichum and T. ascendens) ♦ Organic soils (Histosols) from north Florida and the Okefenochee Swamp in Georgia were extremely acidic and low in extractable bases. A Histosol from Corkscrew Swamp in south Florida was near neutral in pH and well supplied with Ca and Mg. Ultisols (mineral soils with subsurface clay accumulation) were acidic and low in extractable bases. The Entisol (weakly developed mineral soil) from Corkscrew Swamp was sandy, well supplied with bases and alkaline. An Inceptisol, a slightly developed mineral soil from the floodplain of the Apalachicola River, was clayey and well supplied with bases. Organic C ranged from 0.35% to 75.0%. 10:45 am AGS-8 Vegetative stabilization of dredge-spoil in North Florida, CHARLES L. COULTAS, G. A. BREITENBECK, W.L. KRUCZYNSKI , and C.B. SUBRAHMANYAM, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307. Sandy dredge-spoil was planted with panic grass (Panicum amarulum) , sea oats (Uniola paniculata) , and American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata var. Cape) supertidally , and needlerush(Juncus roemerianus) . cordgrass (Spartina altemif lora) , and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) intertidally in a north Florida estuary. Supertidal plants were fertilized at rates of 0, 100, and 200 lb/acre with a 10-10-10 fertilizer applied twice during the growing season. Fertilization increased total biomass of panic grass and height of sea oats. Growth of beachgrass roots and rhizomes was increased. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration increased in some plants following fertilization. Plants in the intertidal zone survived poorly probably due to stress created by current and waves. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 3. 1978 11:00 am AGS- 9 The Occurrence of Stylosanthes hamata L. (Taub.) in South Florida and Its Potential as a Pasture Legume. JOHN B. BROLflANN, Agricultural Research Center, P. 0. Box 248, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450. Collections were made of Stylos- anthes hamata , a perennial legume which is indigenous to the east coast of Florida from Jupiter to Key West. Differences in morphology, chromosome number and adapta- tion were recorded. A tetraploid (2 n = 40) accession grew better on flatwood soils than did the diploids. In south Florida frosts killed vegetative growth above ground, but plants recovered from the crown. In central Florida where frost is more severe, plants regenerated from seed only. Tests indicate that hamata will make an important contribution towards improvement of pastures in south Florida. 11:15 am AGS-10 A Soil Moisture Budget Computer Program for South Florida. PATRICK T. GANNON, SR., National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, P. 0. Box 248265, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. A more realistic numerical model simulation of the south Florida sea breeze results when surface properties are correctly specified. In addition to prescribing the 11x11 km grid square values of albedo, thermal inertia, standing water, development, vegetation and bare soil, the initial soil moisture distribution must be known. A moisture budget program has been developed which calculates soil moisture through consideration of soil type, vegetation and daily drainage, evaporation and rainfall. This program is a synthesis of findings from laboratory and field experiments conducted by the Soil Science Department, University of Florida, and the Agricultural Research Service (USDA) stations at Belle Glade, Fort Pierce and Fort Lauderdale. Additional information on the drainage and moisture release characteristics of south Florida soils is required before the program can be improved. Other complicating factors include vegetation and water control activities in the muck reaion in the vicinitv of Lake Okeechobee. 11:30 am Business Meeting of the Section 11:45 am Lunch in the Park 12:45-1:15 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address. Loch Haven Art Center Auditorium 1:15-2:00 pm Annual Meeting of the Academy. Loch Haven Art Center Auditorium ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTION Friday 8:45 am John Young Museum, Laboratory William J. Kennedy, Florida Atlantic University, presiding 8:45 am ANS-1 Methods of Standardization of Prehistoric Ceramic Typology in Florida. J0LEE A. PEARSON* AND SAM E. UPCHURCH, Dept, of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33620. Typological analysis of potsherds in prehis- toric sites are often determined by such questionable methods as the "plink and plunk" test. The purpose of this project was to establish a possible standard set of identifying criteria in sherd composition that would correlate to cultur- al sequences or typological catagories . An initial controlled sample set of thirty sherds was taken from known cultural sequences and geographical areas within Florida. These samples were examined for textural and mineralogical con- tent by x-ray diffraction and petrographic analysis. Through analysis of the information provided by the dif'f ractograms and thin sections, a preliminary set of proposed standards was constructed. * Dept, of Anthropology ,Univ. of South Florida. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 4. 1978 9:00 am ANS-2 postmortem Cranial Deformation as Evidenced on the Skeletal Population from the Palmer Site, Sarasota County, Florida: A Weeden Island "Cult" Manifestation. GEORGE WARD SHANNON, Jr., Florida Atlantic University, Department of Anthropology, Boca Raton, Florida 33432. A close examination of the human skeletal remains from the Palmer mound has revealed a curious practice of postmortem cranial deformation on the squamosal portion of the temporal bone. There are 48 recons true table skulls present, of these 30 have been altered. A percentage of 62.5$ is striking. The deformation consist of a transverse cut along the lateral surface of the temporal bone. The result is a hole in the cranium which could have some possible ceremonial ties with the "kill holes" found in 'Weeden Island ceremonial vessels. 9:15 am A NS -3 |_ife In a Folsom Hunting Camp: A Case Suggesting the Potential Uses of Psychics in Archeology. DAVID E. JONES, Department of Sociology, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FI 32816. On March 19, 1976, at the Florida State Museum, professional psychic Albert Bowes, was presented with ten stone Folsom artifacts from the Lindenmeier site in Colorado, one of the most famous Pleistocene sites in the world, and the single major source of current knowledge about the ancient paleo-Indian bison hunters of the New World. Bowes, a 26 year old high school graduate, was simply told, "These materials could come from anywhere in the world. What can you tell me about them?" A tape recorder was activated and Bowes commenced to convey the impressions he received as he touched the various Folsom materials. This experiment is presented as suggestive of the potentials of psi (parapsychological ) abilities in the field of archeology. CHIMPANZEE SEMINAR 9:30 am ANS-4 Pan paniscus (the pygmy chimpanzee): Some behavioral traits in a semi-captive group. MICHAEL J. HANSINGER, Florida-based Field Associate, Peabody Museum, Yale, Box 351, Ft. Myers, FL 33902. The natural history of these wary hominoids is little understood and challenges science. A group of five infants of different ages was reared to maturity by a volunteer team in equatorial Africa. Secured at night and free by day, their observed behavior supplements the scanty data on wild bands. As growth progressed, certain patterns emerged without benefit of maternal imprinting or adult role modeling. Much behavior was of text-book type, while other patterns were not. Examples are the little fear of water, ready bipedalism, permanent rejection by female of alpha male's dominance/ mating, practice copulation (always ventral) by the immature, and little intra- group aggression. The patterns have interesting implications. 9:45 am ANS-5 Interpretation of chimpanzee behavior: slides. M. J.Hansinger BREAK Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 5. 1978 10:30 am ANS-6 Importance of Cultural and Ethnic Factors in the Epidemiology and Control of Hydatid Disease. M. J.BURRIDGE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610. Ethnic groups with unusually high prevalences of hydatid disease (infection with the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus) have been indentified in several regions of the world. Examples are the Turkana tribe of Kenya, the Maoris of New Zealand, the Basques of California and the American Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Epidemiological studies have shown that the high risk of infection in those ethnic groups was due to a variety of cultural and other practices that were highly favorable to the perpetuation of the E. granulosus transmission cycle. Successful control of hydatid disease necessitates modification of such practices and, therefore, de- tailed epidemiological and anthropological studies should precede and influence the design of control programs . 11:00 am 11:30 am 12:45 pm 1:15 pm Business Meeting of the Anthropological Sciences Section Lunch in the Park Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Friday 2:30 pm John Young Museum, Laboratory Adelaide K. Bullen, Florida State Museum, presiding NUTRITION SEMINAR 2:30 pm A NS -7 "Are You Eating a Disease Diet?" WILLIAM A. ELLIS, D.O. 3:15 pm ANS-8 Nutrition: discussion and question period. WILLIAM A ELLIS, D.O. BREAK 4:00 pm ANS-9 Applied Anthropology and Graduate Training: A Case Report. AILON SHILOH, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. Inasmuch as the University of South Florida M.A. Program focusing on the applications of anthropology, with three tracks in urban anthropology, medical anthropology, and public archaeology, is. one of the very few applied anthropology programs with an NIMH-funded internship provision, the delineation and analysis of our program will be of relevance to the spectrum of Florida's anthropologists - faculty, staff, students, and administrators. 4:15 pm ANS-10 Retirement Among the Plain People as an Alternative to Our American System. WILLIAM G. MATHER, Research Professor of Soci- ology, Emeritus, Pennsylvania State University, 2304 S. Colonial Drive, Melbourne, FL 32901. Old age brings dignity and security among the Amish and Hutterite cultures in America, in contrast to insecurity and indignity among the "majority" cultures. In place of the small nuclear family, the Church District among the Amish and the Colony among the Hutterites are the basic unit of society, 10 to 40 times as large. Work and thrift are encouraged within the units; mutual aid, exchange of labor, food are common . Competition is discouraged; conflict is out. Farming is almost the only occupation, everyone works to his or her capacity, and styles of life and work change but slowly. By the length of their experience, the older are the wiser, respected, and loved. Their religion is pacifist; they involve themselves in no national or state politics. To copy them, we would have to change too much. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 6. 1978 ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES SECTION Friday 8:00 am John Young Museum: Alpha Room Raymond C. Staley, Florida State University, presiding 8:00 am aos-1 Surface and Cloud Effects on the South Florida Sea Breeze. PATRICK T. GANNON, SR., National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, P. 0. Box 248265, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. Moist convection during the summer season in Florida typically occurs in the vicinity of convergence zones associated with the sea breeze. Variations in the inland penetration and intensity of these convergence zones can be traced to differential land surface heating. This differen tial heating results from variations in cloud cover and the surface properties of albedo, thermal inertia and soil moisture. Sensitivity experiments with a two-dimen sional sea breeze model which includes radiation and heat budget physics shows the initial soil moisture distribution must be known for realistic prediction of the sea breeze. Cloud cover variations also exert a significant influence. Future model runs will be initialized with soil moisture values obtained from a water-budget pro- gram for the south Florida domain. 8:20 am AOS-2 Improved Thunders torm-Oay Climatology for Florida. MICHAEL W. MAIER N°AA, National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. Previous analyses of thunderstorm days for Florida have been found to oversimplify the complex pattern of thunderstorm frequency for the state. A more representative analysis of Florida thunderstorm days was generated based primarily upon an expanded data base. Additional guidance from recent ra- dar , satel 1 ite and modeling studies that concerned thunderstorm patterns over Fl°^daJwasia1soJused' !t is demonstrated that the lonq-term annual distribution of thunderstorm days is closely related to peninsula-scale qeographic effects. Similarly, it is also shown that over 70% of the annual thunderstorm days occur during the summer months (June through September) when synoptic controls are secondary to peninsula-scale forcing. This supports the predominance of the summer pattern in the mean annual analysis. 8:40 am AOS-3 Hurricane Threat Along the Florida Coast. PRESTON W. LEFTWICH, NOAA, National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center, PO Box 8286, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Rapid increases in population along the Florida coastline encourage continued re-evaluation of the risk of destruction associated with hurricane landfall at given locations. Damage is caused by both high winds and storm surge. An updated climatology of Atlantic hurricane tracks for the period 1886-1977 is maintained on magnetic tape at the National Hurricane Center. This climatology facilitated computation of relative frequencies of landfall of tropical storms and hurricanes during the 92-year period of record. bn the manner of Simpson and Lawrence (1971) , values were computed for 90-km segments of the Florida coastline. Such relative frequencies serve as estimates of the probability of storm landfall. Also, estimates of peak storm surges associated with represent- ative intensities of tropical cyclones have been obtained with a numerical model for several coastal locations around Florida. 9:00 am AOS-4 Three-Dimensional Radar Observations in Hurricane Anita. BILLY M. LEWIS, NOAA, ERL, National Hurricane 4 Experimental Meceorology Lab, RFx9.1 , University of Miami Computing Center, Box 8265, 1365 Memorial Drive, Coral Gabies, FL 33124. Three-dimensional radar observations in Hurricane Anita on September 2. 1977 were made with the National Weather Service, NOAA, Brownsville, Texas, 10. cm radar. Radar signals for several antenna elevations were recorded at 3-minute in- tervals and subsequently digitized into quantized reflectivity intensities. The method of recording these radar data and computer processing them into multilevel plan arrays is described. Maps of constant altitude reflectivity (radar rainfall rate estimates) for the area north of Hurricane Anita are shown. Changes with time (3-minute intervals) of radar reflectivity over a 12-minute interval are presented for major rainbands and the wall cloud in Hurricane Anita. Florida Scientist 4l (Suppl. ) 7. 1978 9:20 am AOS -5 A Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Landfall, MICHAEL S. MOSS, National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, P0 Box 248265, Univer- sity of Miami, Coral Gables, FI 33124. A 3-dimensional, 3-level, nested grid numerical hurricane model has been used to simulate hurricane landfall . Many observed features have been duplicated and some hitherto unobserved landfall features have, perhaps, emerged; i.e. , although the model storm begins to fill before landfall, a wind speed maximum, greater than the control, is established on the landward side of the vortex. This feature can be explained through conservation of angular momentum principles. Furthermore, the center circulation shows a marked ellipticity, with the major axis oriented normal to the coastline, beginning at about five hours prior to landfall. This arises, in part, from a relative weakness in the pressure gradient to the left of the storm track. Finally, a rather concentrated area of convection moves up and in along the coast to the right of the storm path during landfall. If indeed these experimental results represent physical reality, then the prognosed damage due to wind, rain, and storm surge could be improved. 9:40 am AOS -6 On the Prediction of Hurricane-Generated Wind and Wave Fields. DUNCAN B. ROSS AND V. CARDONE, NOAA/AOML/SAIL , 15 Rickenbacker Cswy. , Miami, FL 33149, and Oceanweather Inc., 170 Hamilton Ave. , White Plains, NY 10601. The dis- tribution of wind-generated waves associated with tropical hurricanes is of obvi- ous importance to the maritime and offshore industrial communities. Recently de- veloped models are capable of producing accurate representations of the 10-meter surface wind field and the two-dimensional wave spectrum in all quadrants of a storm and have been applied in both the forecast and hindcast mode. In addition, empirically based parametric models are capable of providing accurate characteriza- tions of the one-dimensional wave spectrum. Presented herein are some results of "recent model exercises compared to observations obtained from data buoys deployed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (N0AA). BREAK Friday 10:30 am John Young Museum: Alpha Room Michael S. Moss, National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, presiding 10:30 am AOS -7 Radon Flux Measuring Systems: Charcoal Cannister and Drum Methods*, CESAR MOLINS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. Two methods have been used for measuring the radon flux emanating from the ground to the atmosphere: activated charcoal cannisters and drums with scintillation cells. Cannisters are a time-integrating device requiring 36-72 hours of exposure per measurement. Drums are a "spot" or differential measuring system with a sampling time of about 30 minutes. The two systems will be studied over a forty-eight hour interval, and the integral of the drum measurements will be compared with the can- nister measurements. The differential observations will also be correlated with "on-the-spot" meterological data in an effort to obtain a relationship between differential measurements and long-term average radon exhalation rates. *This work is supported by the Florida Phosphate Council Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 8. 1978 10:50 am: AOS-8 Predictors of Technologically Enhanced Environmental Radioactivity Levels.* MICHAEL J. CLELAND AND CONNIE WELCH, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. There is current interest in setting guidelines for radioactivity levels and land-use criteria. The parameter of major interest to occupants of struc- tures built on such lands is the Working Level in the structure, an exposure unit which is tenuously related to physical and radiological parameters of the land, architectural parameters associated with structures, and life-styles of the occu- pants . Attempts are being made to correlate both integrated and instantaneous measure- ments of various radiological and physical parameters (radon flux, radium content of the soil, moisture, etc.) with the Working Level of radon daughters in existing structures'/ This study will lead to parameters for evaluating the possible radio- logical health consequences of land development prior to actual building construction. *Work supported by the Florida Phosphate Council 11:10 am AOS -9 Acoustical Observations of a large Volume of Suspended Particu- late Matter Near the Heads of the Tortugas and Agassiz Valleys. By JOHN R. PRONI, H. B. STEWART, JR., F.C. NEWMAN AND J. W. K0F0ED, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, 15 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149. A large volume at least lO^m^ of suspended particulates was observed acoustically just north or shoreward of the Tortugas and Agassiz Valleys. Using an ultrasensi- tive 20 KHz acoustic sounder a vast layer, ranging in thickness from 10 to 50 m of particulate matter was observed. The matter was generally found in the depth range of 300 to 500 m. The layer may extend into either the Tortugas or Agassiz Valleys. The relationship of this material to the relevant physical oceanographic and geological environment will be discussed. 11:30 am Business Meeting of the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Section 11:45 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center Auditorium uu/w/Mui/mmuiteittu/M/tuiuimii 1:15 pm Annual Academy Business Meeting Loch Haven Art Center Auditorium Friday 2:30 pm John Young Museum: Alpha Room Stanley L. Rosenthal, National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, presiding 2:30 pm AOS-lO Rain Attenuation of Satellite Millimeter Wave Signals at Tampa, FI*. D. DAVIDSON and D. D. TANG, GTE Laboratories , Inc . , Waltham, Mass. 02154, and S. C. BLOCH, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FI 33620. Three receiver sites measure rain attenuation effects of a satellite beacon signal. The main terminal at the University of South Florida records co-polar and cross-polar signals on 19 GHz and only co-polar carrier on 29 GHz. The outlying terminals, each about 13 km distant, record only the 19 GHz vertically polarized signal to determine diversity effective- ness especially in summer when almost daily, intense rain cells pass through the boresight regions. The results reported are based on transmissions of the COMSTAR satellite positioned over the equator at 95° W longitude. * Research supported by U. S. Army Research Office, GTE Laboratories, Inc., and GTE Satellite Corp. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 9. 1978 2:50 pm AOS-11 Scales of Variation of the Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate in Hurricanes. FRANCIS J. MERCERET, NOAA, National Hurricane & Experimental Meteor- ology Laboratory, Box 8265, 1365 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Conven- tional techniques for determining which features of hurricanes govern their distribution of kinetic energy dissipation rate (e) fail to yield significant correlations because of the high random variability of e. Spectral analysis of the time series of the logorithm of e, however, shows several distinct features which may be tentatively identified with specific aspects of the storm circulation. In particular, cloud scale, cloud cluster scale, and rain-band scale peaks occur in the power spectrum of logioe. 3:10 pm AOS -12 me Dynamics ot tne wina-Height Relationship in the Tropics. PHILIP ARDANUY, Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306. Fields of geopotential height along an atmospheric constant pressure surface cannot be determined directly from observations in low latitudes. This is due, in part, to the sparce nature of the available upper air observations. More importantly, the low amplitude of height variation is of the same order of magni- tude as the accuracy of the instrumentation. The various methods of indirect esti- mation of the height fields in the tropics are discussed.Ut ilizing data sets from the 1974 GATE Experiment, the deduced height fields from different forms of the divergence equation as well as the output from a numerical model, are intercompared . .3:30 pm AOS-13 The Origin of Spiral Bands in Hurricanes. H.E. Willoughby, NHEML/ NOAA, P. O.Box 248265, Miami, FI 33124. The ratio of the wave energy flux to the intrinsic frequency (wave action) is constant with radius in a model of spiral bands as unforced, linear waves on a barotropic mean vortex. If we include the Coriolis force arising from the vortex motion and assume the storm is advected by a parallel, uniformly shearing environmental flow, there is an imbalance between the Coriolis force and the environmental pressure gradient everywhere except at the vortex center. This imbalance is important only at a specific radius where the intrinsic frequency of a stationary wave matches the local inertia frequency. There, tangen- tial wavenumber two is resonantly forced. The orbital frequency of the mean wind and the intrinsic frequency of this wave both increase by two orders of magnitude between the forcing radius and the eye wall where the wave is absorbed as a result of a singularity in its radial structure equation. This leads to a significant in- crease in the amplitude of the wave. Near the eye wall the horizontal perturbation velocities are several meters per second. 3:50 pm AOS -14 Trace Element Changes During Aerobic Decomposition of Thalassia testudinum. ROBERT J. TAYLOR and G.A. KNAUER, Environmental Quality Laboratory, 590-D N.W. Olean Blvd., Port Charlotte, FL 33952 and Moss Landing Marine Laborator- ies, Moss Landing, CA 95039. Concentrations of selected trace elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn) were monitored in decomposing Thalass'La testudimm for a period of 12 weeks. Degradation took place in an aerobic, flow-through system which was continually supplied with nutrients and trace elements at environmental levels . Elemental concentrations were correlated against time on both a dry weight and bulk tissue basis. An increase on the detrital particle was observed for Cu, Hg, and Zn. Lead remained approximately constant, while CD, FE, and MN were found to decrease . Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 10. 1978 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTION Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Session IA: Animal Ecology Ross Witham, Department of Natural Resources Marine Laboratory, Jensen Beach, Florida, presiding 9:00 am BS-1 Observations on the Relative Survival of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Hatchlings during Hatching and Emergence. RICHARD J. DEMMER, Florida Technological University, P.0. Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816. Hatching and emergence of 48 clutches of loggerhead sea turtle eggs were examined. These clutches were incubated in sand filled containers. The depths of sand above the clutches were 2 inches (n=22) , 4 inches (n=7) and 8 inches (n-19) . Emerged and non- emerged hatchlings were weighed and measured. They were subsequently compared in their ability to reach the surf. A line was drawn near the surf and the turtles were released 30 ft. above the line. The order in which the hatchlings crossed the line was examined using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Hatchlings with good survival ability were compared in their physical characteristics with those of poor survival ability. Research supported by N.A.S.A. Contract NAS10-8986. 9:15 3111 BS-2 Morphological and Ecological Characteristics of the Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) and Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) Nesting at Merritt Island, Florida in the summer of 1977. L. M. EHRHART, Florida Technological Univ. , Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816. During the 1977 nesting season 274 Atlantic loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and three Atlantic green turtles (Chelonia mydas) were encountered at Merritt Island. An estimated 572 + 133 loggerheads (95% confidence) nested on 34.2 km of beach. Loggerhead mean body weight (118.4 kg) straight-line carapace length (93.2 cm), over-curve carapace length (99.9 cm), and plastron length (71.9 cm) were similar to those observed in the four previous years. Two of the green turtle records constitute extensions of the known nesting season at Merritt Island to the period from 27 June to 18 August. Extensions of size and weight ranges for green turtles were also observed in 1977. Research supported by NASA Contract NAS10-8986. 9:30am BS-3 Morphology of the Diamondback Terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin tequesta. RICHARD A. SEIGEL, Dept, of Biological Sciences, Florida Technological University, Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816. The morphology of the Florida east coast diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin tequesta , and its taxonomic relations to other races of Malaclemys are poorly known. M. _t. tequesta can be separated from other Florida Malaclemys by combinations of the following characteristics: 1) absence of a pattern of light and dark circles on the carapace; 2) absence of a well-defined pattern on the plastron; 3) larger overall shell measurements than northern races of Malaclemys . Areas of possible intergradation between M. _t. tequesta and other Florida Malaclemys, as well as the current status of M. _t. rhizophorarum, are also discussed. This research was supported by NASA Contract No. NAS10-8986. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 11. 1978 9:45 am BS-4 Foraging Habits and Feeding Behavior of the Stoplight Parrotfish Sparisoma viride in the Florida Keys. DAVID K. NICKERSON, JR., Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory, 100 Eighth Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701. Sparisoma viride from Hen and Chickens Reef, Florida reef tract, were periodically observed by SCUBA divers from June of 1975 until March of 1976. This species is sexually dimorphic and two types of adult fishes may be distinguished in the field by color pattern and/or size. These are large brightly colored terminal- phase males (TPM) and smaller more drably colored sub- terminal-phase individuals (STPI) of both sexes. S^. viride was studied to determine if food resource parti- tioning occurred between the two phases. Several possible means of partitioning were investigated. These included depth of feeding, time of foraging and feeding, frequency of feeding, type of food selected, and type of substrate foraged. The phases were found to feed and forage at the same depth, the same time, with similar frequency, on similar substrates, and to prefer the same types of food. Also, the nhasps were tested and found to be dimorphic. BREAK 10:15 am -BS-5 Effects of the January 1977 record cold spell on reef fishes in the Lower Florida Keys. JAMES A. BOHNSACK, University of Miami, Department of Bio-logy, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Data taken before and after a record cold spell show a significant decrease in mean species (p<0.05) and mean number of individuals ( p<0 .10) . Greatest mortality occurred in shallow, partially enclosed bodies of water. Both parameters reached pre-stress values within four months, indicating a highly resilient reef fish community. The increase of species and individuals the summer following the cold spell was highly significant ( p<0 . 01 ) when compared to the summer prior to the cold spell. Greater colonization and survival of juveniles following the loss of prior residents is hypothesized to account for the latter observations. Research supported by the National Science Foundation grant 0CE77- 02496, Newfound Harbor Marine Institute, and the University of Miami. 10:30 asa BS-6 The Ll*fe History and Ecology of the Clam Shrimp (Conchostraca) of Southern Florida. WITOLD 0STRENK0, JR., Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. First reported occurrence of the clam shrimp, Caenestheriella belfragei , Eul imnadia diversa and Lynceus brachyurus from the Big Cypress Swamp, Florida. E. diversa was also found in the east Everglades. The life history and ecology of each species is described, -with emphasis on C. belfragei. C. belfragei was found in cypress heads, buggy trails, and roadside ditches, all areas with loosely-packed substrates. This species reached a maximum size of 14 mm with 90 growth lines, is sexually dimorphic, a filter feeder, lives for nine months, reaches maximum growth rates at 33C, and has an LD™ (96 hours) at 39C. Dragonfly nymphs are major predators. Only one generation of eggs is produced per wet season, with remaining eggs hatching over the next eight wet seasons. As many as eight interbreeding generations may possibly coexist at the same time. 10:45 am bs-7 Observations on the Effects of the Exotics Melaleuca quinquinervia and Casuarina sp. Upon Small Mammal Populations in the Florida Everglades. FRANK J. MAZZOTTI, W. 0STRENK0, A. T. SMITH. Department of Biology, University of Miami ^ Coral Gables, FL 33124. Exotic plants are invading the major ecological communities of the Florida Everglades. Little information is available concerning the effects of exotic plants upon the local animal populations. This study investigated the effects of Melaleuca quinquinervia and Casuarina sp. upon small mammal populations. A mark-recapture method was used to survey populations of Siqmodon hispidus, Orysomys palustrus and Peromyscus gossypinus in the two exotic plant communities and a Chrysobalanus icaco community. The small mammal populations became regionally extinct in both Casurina and Chrysobalanus habitats during peak high water. The number of animals in the Melaleuca habitat decreased during this time; but increased as the water levels receded. The interior of dense Melaleuca heads are dominated by Peromyscus while the surrounding Melaleuca-qraminoid community is dominated by Sigmodon. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 12. 1978 11:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Business Meeting of the Section 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 3 Session IB: Invertebrate Biology and Physiological Ecology Kerry B. Clark, Florida Institute of Technology, presiding 9:00 am BS-8 Spermatophore Production in Spionid Polychaetes. STANLEY A. RICE, Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. Eight species within the .polychaete family Spionidae are known to produce spermatophores . These structures appear to reduce sperm loss by keeping the sperm confined within discrete packages during the transfer from male to female. The size and shape of spermato- phores is variable between species and some spermatophores show adaptations for suspension in the water. The specific fate of a spermatophore after it reaches the female remains unclear but in some species, the female is capable of storing the sperm for up to two weeks. Spermatophores have been reported in relatively few species in the family Spionidae but are likely to be found in many other species in this family. The recent discovery of spermatophores in Polydora ligni Webster and P^. websteri Hartman provides evidence that spermatophore production may be more common than previously thought. 9:15 am BS-9 Genetic Vaxiability in Lytechinus vaxiegatus in Relatively Stable and Unstable Environments. VALERIE A. ROSENBERG, University of South Florida, Department of Biology, Tampa, FI. 33620. Eight populations of the decor- ator sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, have been analyzed electrophoretically. These populations range in latitude from 24°39.5'N to 32°20'N (Bahia Honda Key, FI to Bermuda) and vary in depth from 0.5^ to 47m. Nine enzymatic proteins and one general protein were scored. These proteins encode for eight monomorphic loci and ten polymorphic loci of which eleven have been used thus far to determine the average expected heterozygosity (H, 0.2369 to 0.2701), the average frequency of heterozygous loci per individual (Hi, 0.II50 to 0.2509), and the average pro- portion of polymorphic loci per population (Pp, approx. 0.53) • Implications of these findings will be discussed. 9:30 am BS-10 Effect of Salinity on Survival and Molting of Larval Emerita talpoida (Crustacea: Anomura) . H. M. STIRTS AND R. L. TURNER, Dept. Biol. Sci., Fla. Inst. Technol., Melbourne, FL 32901. Zoeae of the mole crab, Emerita talpoida, were reared in the laboratory for 20 days at salinities of 15, 21, 27, 33, 39, and 45°/oo. Larvae were fed a fixed, daily, optimal ration of Artemia nauplii. Sur- vival and frequency of molting were used as measures of salinity tolerance. Sur- vival was higher (20-57%) at salinities of 21-33°/oo. Zoeae did not survive 1 day at 15°/oo or 8 days at 45°/oo. Intermolt was shortest at 27 and 33°/oo. Salinity tolerance of the neritic zoeae is not as broad as that of euryhaline, intertidal, adult E. talpoida. We thank Mr. Richard Reagan for technical assistance. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 13. 1978 9:45 am BS-11 The Effects of Nutrition on the Rates of Nitrogen Excretion of Luidia clathrata (Say) (Echinodermata: Platyasteroidea) . WALTER J. DIEHL, III, Dept, of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33620. The NH4 excretion rate of 3 groups of 10 Luidia clathrata, fed maintenance level diets of Donax sp. (50% protein), Penaeus sp.(80?£ protein), and starvation, increased from 6 jig NH4-N/ g dry wt/hr to 15 A*g NH^-N/g dry wt^hr after 20 days. The urea excretion rate for the 3 treatments was 1.5 pg urea-N/g dry wt/hr for 56 days. Amino acids were not excreted by L. clathrata. The digestive gland index(% body wet wt) decreased 16 .5% and 73.4$ for Donax-fed and starved sea stars, respectively. The digestive gland index of Penaeus-fed sea stars increased 81. It seems that starvation resulted in increased NH^ excretion rates due to digestive gland tissue catabolism. Apparently maintenance level diets were deficient in non-protein nutrients and promoted excretion rate increases in L. clathrata similar to the effects of starvation. 10:00 am BS-12 The effects of temperature-salinity combinations on the levels of free amino acids in the lancelet, Bran Chios toma caribaeum from Tampa Bay. PAULA DEHN & JOHN LAWRENCE, Biology, U.S.F., Tampa, FI. 33620. Bran chios toma were obtain- ed from Tampa Bay in late fall 1975. Animals were returned to the laboratory and subjected to sublethal temperature and salinity combinations. Samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hrs. and tissues were analyzed for free amino acids (ninhydrin-positive substances, NPS). There was a corresponding increase and de- crease in NPS levels with increasing and decreasing salinities. These observed changes were higher and lower than would have been expected from tissue hydration or dehydration alone, suggesting an active modification of NPS. Temperatures seemed to cause a more pronounced change in NPS levels, but the extent of this effect is not known at this time. BREAK 10:30 am BS-13 The response of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) to hypoxia. W. J. DIEHL, III; L. MCEDWARD; E. PROFFITT; V. ROSENBERG; J. M. LAWRENCE , Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33620 the activity of Luidia clathrata was depressed by 3 days exposure to 29, 36, 44 mm Hg 02; partial recovery occurred after return to air-saturated water for 24 hrs. Activity was not significantly depressed at 53 and 67 mm Hg 0 . The 0 level below which L. clathrata deteriorated under experimental conditions was 38 mm Hg. Luidia clathrata is an apparent oxyregulator over the middle PO range but the relation between PO and VO is not described well by a quadratic regression equation. c 10:45 am BS-14 Amphipod Research in the Florida Keys: Status and Directions. JAMES D. THOMAS, Newfound Harbor Marine Institute, Rt. 1, Box 170, Big Pine Key, FL. 33043. . Research pertaining to tropical, shallow-water gammaridean amphipods • -..u0 Gf;ylttean in. general and the Florida Keys in particular has not kept pace with amphipod work in progress in other areas. That coastal amphipod populations play an important role in detritus-based ecosystems is undisputed. Investigations now in progress. at Newfound Harbor Marine Institute on Big Pine Key are directed at three specific goals: 1.) taxonomic descriptions and revisions, 2.) bioener- getics and community groupings of amphipods 3*) publication of easy-to-use Field Keys . for non-specialists. All interested investigators are urged to attend and ln "^is Presentation, This research is supported by Grant number DEB-77-15883 from the National Science Foundation. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 14. 1978 11:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Business Meeting of the Section 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 4 Session IC: Plant Biology Sheila D. Brack-Hanes, Eckerd College, presiding 9:00 am BS-15 Environmental Factors Affecting Holding and Nursery Grow-out of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L. ) Propagules. GARY BEARDSLEY, DURBIN TABB AND ERIC HEALD, Tropical Bioindustries, 9000 S.W. 87 Ct. , Miami, FL 33176. Low light levels acted as an inhibitor on root and plumule development, enabling propagules to be stored for periods up to 205 days. Four thousand field-collected propagules were successfully reared to the 6 leaf-pair stage in 16 months when grown in sterile medium and tap water. Plant weight increased 414% of original weight under these conditions. The number of "pre-formed" roots varied from 4-9 with a mean of 7. Root development (length) was more rapid in unconfined containers (1-108 mm range; average 89 mm in 90 days versus 68-115 range; average 94 mm in 501 days). Contrary to previous reports, aerial root formation occurred prior to first order branching 60% of the time. Incidence of boring due to beetle activity reached 86% in south- east Florida propagules but only 5% in southwest Florida propagules. Laboratory- reared propagules had an average of 2.2 (range 1-8) entrance/exit bore holes, 514y diameter, with a maximum number of beetles per propagule of 101. 9:15 am BS-16 Observations on the Reproductive Biology of Nemastylis f loridana Small (Iridaceae). JANICE M. MACKIERNAN AND ELIANE M. NORMAN, Dept, of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, FL 32720. Field studies of Nemastylis floridana, a rare endemic from the moist flatwoods of east central Florida, were conducted to determine its breeding system, pollen vectors, phenology and germinative capacity. Flowers were found in bloom from September 1 to November 20, each opening at about 3 P.M. and closing at dusk. The chief pollinators were the Halactid bees Augochlo- rella striata and Evylaeus foxii . The flowers were found to be self-compatible and self-pollination could occur even without an outside vector. The pollen/ovule ra- tio was 69o and the outcrossing index was 3. This agreed well with Cruden's data (Evolution 31:32-46. 1977) for facultative xenogamous species. Self-pollination without insect visitors resulted in lower seed set. All seeds obtained from either cross or self-pollinated flowers germinated readily. The implications are that the scarcity of Nemastylis floridana is due to environmental causes rather than reproductive ones. 9:30 am BS-17 Melaleuca qulnquenervia : Factors governing distribution and subsequent impact on native plant communities. STEVEN L. WOODALL, USDA-Forest Service, Forest Resources Laboratory, P.0. Box 938, Lehigh Acres, FL 33936. Australian literature is used to support the contention that, in Florida, melaleuca behaves in a way characteristic of its native range, the one major difference being the proportion of total land area being invaded. Establishment mechanisms, com- munity diversity, and successional trends are critically reviewed. The paper re- volves around the inadequacy of our present understanding of native communities, and the need to discover the appropriate questions to ask concerning exotic plants. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 15. 1978 3111 The Life Cycle of an Arborescent, Heterosporous, Pennsylvanian Age Lycopod. SHEILA D. BRACK-HANES, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33733. Stages in the development of both microgametophytes and megagametophytes of Lepidostrobus schopf ii are discussed and compared with similar stages that occur in living heterosporous lycopods. The fossil material indicates that micro- gametophytes are similar to Selaginella and megagametophytes re- semble Isoetes. BREAK 10:30 am BS-19 „ Peat Deposit Microfossils from Pinellas County, Florida. SHEILA D. BRACK-HANES, JOHN H. BIGELOW, STEVEN R. FORMAN AND JOHN C. HANSEN, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33733! Peat samples from Sawgrass Lake, Pinellas County, Florida have been examined for microfossil content by palynographic techniques to assist in determining past vegetation and climate in that area. The mucky, freshwater peat sediments are postglacial and overlie sili- cious sand of the Pamlico terrace above the marine Caloosahatchee Marl (Pliocene) . Pollen, spores and diatoms identified in this preliminary survey are compared with extant vegetation. 10:45 am BS-20 A floral survey of "West Lake," a 1500 acre area of southeastern Broward County, Florida. WILLIAM L. DRENNON, Ft. Lauderdale Christian School, 6330 N. W. 31st Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. A vegetation map was made of the area, floral communities were described, food chains were traced, and species of flora were tabulated. Eighty-six species of plants were uncovered: 24 species of trees, 11 shrubs, 37 herbs, nine vines, and five ferns. Over 90% of the biomass consisted of only four species. The greatest value of the flora appears to be its support of wildlife in marine, terrestrial, and avian food chains. Noteworthy is the detrital food chain support of several endangered species of native fauna. West Lake is the last remaining mangrove dominated community in Broward County, valuable to educational pursuits, but facing destruction by development. 11:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Business Meeting of the Section 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 16. 1978 Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 5 Session ID: Physiology and Biochemistry John C. Ferguson, Eckerd College, presiding 9:00 am BS-21 Glutamate Dehydrogenase in the Freshwater Pulmonate Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. FRANK E. FRIEDL, Department of Biology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. Until recently, good evidence for Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) has not been reported in Molluscs. In 1975, Sollock (Ph.D. Dissert., Rice Univ.), using a radiometric method, found an ADP activated GDH in three snails including Lymnaea. In our studies on Lymnaea, this enzyme was also found using a spectro- photometric method. ADP activation was likewise noted, and glutamate synthesis was demonstrably dependent upon NH4+. With NADH as a co-substrate, EDTA and L- leucine also appear to stimulate activity. The reaction was reversible, but much less active in the direction of oxidative deamination. Considering other enzymes of nitrogen metabolism found in Lymnaea, the possibility of GDH working primarily in the direction of reductive amination with coupling to terminal oxidases by transaminases is suggested. 9:15 am bs-22 is l-Heptano] an Insect Juvenile Hormone Mimic? MATTHEW LANDAU, USDA, P.0, Box 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604. l-Heptanol was first suggested to be a JH mimic by Schneiderman (1963, XVI Int. Cong. Zool . , Vol . I: 234) but later assigned no JH activity (Schneiderman et al., 1965, J. Insect Physiol. 11:1641). I reinvestigated the biological effects of 1-heptanol on the development of Plodia interpunctella. Incorporation of 1-heptanol into the diet of 5th instar larvae had no effect on the growth rate, number of instars, or percentage achieving pupa- tion. However, in parallel experiments in which eggs were placed on the treated diet, the percentage reaching pupation was reduced by varying degrees. Evidence also indicates that like JH, 1-heptanol stimulates the oxidation of succinate by mitochondria isolated from Plodia and inhibits the oxidation of pyruvate+malate and pyruvate+glutamate, although mitochondrial swelling patterns in the presence of JH and 1-heptanol indicates a different mechanism. Transaminase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in the local freshwater Lamellibranch Popenaias buckleyi (Lea). CHARLES N. FALANY AND FRANK E. FRIEDL, Dept, of Biology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. Homogenates of the hepatopancreas of Popenaias were assayed spectrophotometrically for Alanine and Aspartate transaminase activities. Ammonium sulfate fractionation separated two Aspartate transaminase activities distinguishable by pH maxima, only one of which was associated with the Alanine transaminase activity. Glutamate dehydro- genase is most active in the direction of glutamate formation with NADH as co- substrate and exhibits a sharp pH peak at 7.7 in phosphate buffer. The reaction rate is increased by 5' -ADP and L-leucine. The rate of glutamate deamination is 10 fold less and is also activated by ADP but is unaffected by the addition of L- leucine . 9:45 am BS-24 Malic and Lactic Dehydrogenase Activities and Ratio of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). MICHAEL J. DURAKO, R. H. GODDARD, W. HOFFMAN AND J. M. LAWRENCE, Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620. Malic and lactic dehydrogenase activities from digestive gland tissue of the primitive platyasterid asteroid Luidia clathrata were determined. Malic dehydrogenase yielded an apparent Michaelis constant of .0025mM for oxalacetate reduction, lactic dehydrogenase yielded an apparent Michaelis constant of ,087mM for pyruvate reduction. The ratio of malic to lactic dehydrogen- ase activities reveals the intermediate nature of Luidia *8 anaerobic capacity. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 17. 1978 BREAK 10:15 am BS-25 Covalent Incorporation of Specific Amino Acids Into Peanut Protein Via Enzymatic Modification and Resynthesis. CHRISTOPHER O. IKEDIOBI , Chem. Dept., Fla. A&M Univ. , Tall., FL 32307. A method based on the use of certain proteases in protein hydrolysis and resynthesis has been developed for the covalent enrichment of proteins with specific amino acids .Alkali-precipitated peanut protein was hydrolyzed with pepsin and the resulting hydrolyzate lyophilized. For the resynthesis reaction, lOg of the lyophilized hydrolyzate was incubated with 1.2g of methionine ethyl ester and 600mg papain in 30ml of 0.01 M L-cysteine at 37° C for 48 hrs. Excess methionine ethyl ester was hydrolyzed with 0.10 N NaOH. The resulting protein solution was neu- tralized with acid, dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized. A high molecu- lar weight protein-like product was recovered (yield=90%) and upon amino acid analy- sis showed a substantially increased methionine content. Preliminary studies aimed at simultaneous covalent incorporation of methionine, lysine and threonine into de- fatted peanut flour protein have yielded encouraging results. These and related ef- forts will be discussed. (Work funded by University Research Committee) . 10:30 am BS-26 Further Studies on CELO Virus: Biochemical Studies of Infection and Restriction Enzyme Digests of Viral DNA. C.K. OKUBO, Dept. Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199. Previously, it was shown that viral DNA synthesis and viral maturation begins 10 hours and 13 hours respectively after in- fection in chick embryo kidney tissue culture cells. Recently, using the DNA-RNA hybridization technique, we have shown that viral m-RNA synthesis begins at about 8 hours after infection. We have also be- gun studies on restriction enzyme digested fragment mapping of CELO virus DNA. Analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis indicates 7 frag- ments. Other enzymes are being investigated to obtain better re- solved fragments, if possible. The implications of the mapping studies will be discussed. 10:45 am bs-27 /\ Comparison of Obstructive and Nonobstructive Experimental Pyelonephritis in Male Rats. G. GIBSON, S.E. COLEMAN AND R. L. HACKETT, Dept, of Microbiology and Cell Science, Univ. of Florida and VA Hospital, Gainesville, 3261 1 . Experimental pyelonephritis via an obstructive model has been induced by the addition of oxamide to the diet with intravenous injection of nonhemolytic Escherichia coli 1 OBI 18. The oxamide causes stones to develop in the kidney which provide a nidus for initiation of infection by E. coli. Pyelonephritis via a nonobstructive model has been induced by the intravenous injection of hemolytic E. col i U444. Tissue changes in the cortex and medulla have been compared between the two models. Experimental evidence shows the medulla to be more susceptible to infection than the cortex. A third model has not produced pyelonephri tis. Male rats were injected with sodium oxalate intraperitoneally followed by an intravenous injection of nonhemolytic E_. col i 1 OBI 18. Sodium oxalate produces crystals within the kidney, which proved to be nonobstructive with this model. The bacteria were also localized at various times in the kidney and the tissue changes observed. 11:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Business Meeting of the Section 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 18. 1978 Friday 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 2 Session IIA: Animal Ecology and Behavior Frank E. Friedl, University of South Florida, presiding 2:30 pm BS-28 Nest Attentiveness of a Pair of Wood Storks. E. SCOTT CLARK, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Technological University, Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816. Over 200 hours were spent observing a pair of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) at the Moore Creek Colony during the 5 month reproductive period from March to July of 1977. The amount of time devoted to various activities such as nest attentiveness, incubation, aggression, feeding young, etc. was examined. Males and females shared incubation duties and caring for the young, but males assumed more responsibility as the season progressed. The time spent in the colony by the pair gradually declined as the breeding season progressed and was related to the development of the young. Comparisons were made between this pair and other storks in the colony. This research was supported by NASA Contract NAS10-8986. 2:45 pm BS-29 Spatial and temporal patterns of utilization of feeding areas by Wood Storks during breeding season in southwest Florida. JOAN A. BROWDER, Univer- sity of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149. An aerial survey was made of feeding areas of Wood Storks at the Corkscrew Swamp colony. The study was made over the 6 mo breeding season in winter and spring of 1973-74. Temporal and spatial patterns to the utilization of feeding areas were observed. The birds fol- lowed the seasonal dry-down from Fisheating Creek in the northern part of their feeding range to the mangrove swamps on the southern coast. They fed in upland ponds during the early part of the dry season and in lowland ponds during the lat- ter part of the dry season. The three most important feeding areas were the Okaloa- coochee Slough, Corkscrew Swamp and Marsh, and the marshes of Lake Okeechobee. The loss of any one of these three areas as feeding territory might seriously jeopar- dize the Corkscrew colony. Maximum observed distance from nesting site to feeding site was 130 km. A previously unreported nesting site of White Ibis and Cattle Eg- rets was discovered in the southern Okaloacoochee Slough during the survey. 3:00 pm BS-30 Suitability among native or naturalized plant species of southern Florida for citrus blackfly development. BRYAN STEINBERG. University of Florida Agricultural Research Center, 3205 S.W. 70 Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314. Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntz, Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. and Ardisia^ escallonioides Schlecht and Cham, support development of citrus blackfly (CBF) to the adult stage and are native to southern Florida. Ardisia solanacea Roxb. , Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Eugenia uniflora L. are naturalized plants which aTso- support complete CBF development. Citrus spp. and these native or naturalized plants, which support complete development are considered as potential refugia of CBF and can affect the chances of its eradication. Survivorship of CBF on several of these plants will also be discussed. J:io pm bs-ji Behavioral comparisons of two sympatric spider crabs: Mithrax forceps and Mithrax sculptus. JAMES A. BOHNSACK, University of Miami, Departmentof Biology, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Laboratory experiments show that both species prefer the coral Porites to the alga Goniol ithon for substrate; large patches vs. small; and live substrate vs. dead. M. forceps was more active and competitively dominant although less abundant in the field. Activity was not correlated with size. A linear size-dominant social hierarchy existed when corrected for combative capability between species. Loss of one claw had no effect on combative equality. Frequency of interspecific encounters was the same as for intraspecific encounters. The dispersion between patches by the two species was uniform although species composition on any one patch was random. The close similarity of these two species may be useful for examining problems of species coexistence. Research supported by the University of Miami and the Newfound Harbor Marine Institute. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 19. 1978 3:30 pm BS-32 American Shad Spawning Migration in the Upper St. Johns River, Florida. STEVEN M. DAVIS, So. Fla. Water Management District, P.0. Box V, W. Palm Beach, Fla. 33402. American shad, Alosa sapidissima, were collected from December through May during 1971 and 1972 in trammel nets set across the upper St. Johns River south of Lake Harney, Fla. Two periods of shad activity occurred each year. The first period in January and early February appeared to represent the major movement of shad into the upper river. The second period in late March and April apparently was post-spawning movement. Ovary weights indicated that peak spawning occurred be- tween the two activity periods. Male shad predominated during the first activity period, while numbers of each sex were similar during the second period. Male length frequency appeared bimodal with groups of 36-41 cm and 42-56 cm TL. The smaller length group of males was poorly represented during 1971, while catches of smaller and larger males were equal during 1972. During 1972 the larger males predominated during the first activity period, while the smaller males predominated during the second period. The female length frequency appeared unimodal with range of 40-56 cm. 3:45 pm BS-33 Preliminary Report on Recolonization of Invertebrates into a Thalassia testudinum Restoration Site. PATSY A. MCLAUGHLIN*AND ANITRA TH0RHAUG$* Florida International University and **University of Miami, Miami, Florida. One of man's chief impacts on the Florida coastal waters has been decimation of large sea- grass beds adjacent to shore. In 1973 we planted Thalassia (turtle grass) by seed in two 5 x 150 m areas at a site (9.3 ha) previously denuded by thermal effluents. Sections of the restored areas are now up to 2000 blades m-^ of Thalassia. Prelim- inary results of studies of animal communities by 1 m otter trawl and 15 cm^ bottom grab have shown marked differences between unrestored mud bottoms and restored Tha- lassia beds, in the isopods and amphipods particularly and other primary consumers and the penaids shrimp, secondary consumers. A surprising absence of all species of brachyurn crabs at all stations occurred in contrast to the 1968 and 1972 results of Thorhaug and Roessler (1977) in the area. Restored versus control areas compare favorably in abundance and diversity. Friday 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 3 Session IIB Animal Structure and Development Stanley A. Rice, University of South Florida, presiding 2:30 pm BS-34 changing Fiber Diameters and Glycogen Levels in Two Muscles of the Embryonic Chick. J.P. BRADLEY AND G.M. COHEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901. The distribution of glycogen in the biventer cervicis and gastrocnemius muscles was studied during incubation and until one day after hatching. As measured by particle counts, glycogen deposition gradually increased (± +) from the 12th- 15th days and then abruptly increased (+ ++) from the 16th-18th days, but the rate of increase’ slowed (++ +++) thereafter from 19th to one day after hatching. During early development, the muscles are large masses that break up into smaller groups. From the 12th-17th days, mean fiber diameters decreased from 15x11. 5y to 0.5x8.5y in the biventer cervicis and from 13x10.5 to 9.5x8y in the gastrocnemius and then increased one day after hatching to 13. 5x11. 5y in the biventer cervicis and to 13.5x9.5y in the gas- trocnemius . Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 20. 1978 2:45 pm BS-35 Ultrastructure of the Sensory Cells in the Eye of Costasiella lilianae (Mollusca: Ascoglossa) . J. M. SCOTESE, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901. Electron microscopic examin- ation of the eye of Costasiella lilianae (Marcus) reveals highly specialized sensory cells flanked by closely apposed supporting cells. Distally the sensory cells ex- tend nvicrovil lous sensory processes (rhabdomeres) toward the lens, forming a well- developed rhabdome. A dense layer of pigment granules, present in both sensory and supporting cells, shields the rhabdome. Below the pigmented region, the sensory cells are densely packed with photic vesicles (450-700 A), which also surround the large round nucleus, and in the proximal region are mixed with the other organelles. A unique feature of this region is the presence of a modified endoplasmic reticulum consisting of arrays of undulating cisternae. Proximally the sensory cells taper into axons which converge in the retinal neuropile before exiting from the eye as the optic nerve. 3:00 pm BS-36 Respiratory histology of Peromyscus f loridanus and P_. gossypinus and effects of exposure to solid rocket exhaust on _P. gossypinus . TERRY L. BITNER AND I. JACK STOUT, Florida Technological University, Box 25000, Orlando, FL 32816. Microscopic study of the tracheal dimensions of normal Florida and Cotton mice showed no significant differences between the two species, but external examination showed the tracheal length of the Florida mouse to be longer than that of the cotton mouse. Microscopic examination of the intrapulmonary apparatus of the two species indicated no significant differences in measurements between the two species. Cotton mice were exposed to gases produced by the burning of solid rocket motor fuel. Mice exposed once for 10 min demonstrated an LD,-q of 52 to 56 ppm HCL/g body weight and a LD ,-q of 169 to 173 mg Al^O^/m /g body weight. SRM exhaust components may have a synergis- tic effect. Cotton mice exposed to the exhaust exhibited signs of respiratory distress and dyspnea. Mice that received lethal exposures showed signs of early inflammatory reactions. However, the most likely cause of death was a sudden shift in blood pH. * Research supported by NASA Grant NCR 10-19-009 3:15 pm BS-37 The visualization of Nerve Fibers in the Chick's Basilar Papilla by Using Low Viscosity Epoxy. H.L. KR0UT, II, C.D. FERMIN, AND G.M. COHEN. Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901. In birds, the spiral ganglion is buried within the superior fibrocartilaginous plate and its distal branches course through the basilar papilla to innervate hair cells. However, these ramifying fibers lose their myelin sheaths at the habeula perforata, the entrance into the basilar papilla. Upon examination under either bright field or phase microscopy of stained (toluidine blue) semithin (l-2p) sections of epoxy (Araldite 502), the unmyelinated branches are not traceable within the basilar pap- illa, though in thin sections these fibers are detectable under electron microscopy. However, when embedded in low viscosity epoxy and similarly stained in toluidine blue, the fibers are strongly contrasted in semithin sections because of the differ- ent refractive index of the medium. We have demonstrated that in embryonic chicks the fibers ramify more than had been previously reported and innervate several hair cells. 3:30 pm BS-38 Histological Observations on the VUIth Nerve in the Embryonic Chick's Inner Ear. CESAR D. FERMIN AND G. M. COHEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901. As early as the 11th day (stage 37), the vestibular and auditory branches of the VUIth nerve are distinguishable by their branching patterns and by the proximity of the ganglia to their respective sensory epithelia. For example, the statoacoustic ganglion lies about 200y from the basilar membrane, whereas the vestibular ganglion lies about 300y from the sensory epithelia. Interestingly, fibers from the lagenar macular, a putative gravitostatic organ located at the distal end of the lagena, are mixed among the auditory fibers issuing from the basilar papilla and thus differ from the arrangement of the vestibular ganglion. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 21. 1978 3:45 pm BS-39 Sex Ratio in the Poeciliid Fish Poecilia latipinna . FRANKLIN F. SNELSON, JR. AND JEFFREY D. WETHERINGTON, Department of Biology, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FL 32816. The sex ratio was determined for two natural populations of Poecilia latipinna sampled monthly for up to 26 months. Sex ratios were determined for both the adult and juvenile segments of the populations, and the sex ratio at birth was investigated in laboratory reared broods derived from field stock. Sex ratios among neonates and juveniles was nearly 1:1, but females predominate among adults. Differential male mortality may be an adaptive response that enables the population to persist in the midst of environmental variability. This research was supported by NASA Contract NAS10-8986. Friday 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 4 Session IIC Plant Biology Richard P. Wunderlin, University of South Florida, presiding 2;30 pm BS-40 Vegetation analysis and conceptual energy model of a tropical hammock on Lignum Vitae Key. JOAN A. BROWDER, University of Miami, 4600 Ricken- backer Causeway, Miami, FL 33149. A 450 m transect in the tropical hardwood ham- mock on Lignum Vitae Key was analyzed. The two- layered canopy was made up of a continuous stratum at 4-7 m and scattered emergents at 5-10 m. Forest structure fit the Beard classification of "seasonal deciduous forest", except that it was lower. Six dominant trees comprised 61.2% of the forest. Shannon Weaver diversity was 2.81. The conceptual model described the interaction of animals with the plants and indicated those climatic factors thought to influence forest establish- ment and maintenance. Since 80% of the forest trees reproduce by fleshy fruit (berry or drupe), transportation by migrating birds, particularly the White-crown- ed Pigeon, was proposed as a dispersion mechanism. Seasonal patterns of rainfall, humidity, and wind suggest that severe water stress is experienced by the Florida Keys hammocks in the spring of the year and may limit regeneration in dry years. 2:45 pm BS-41 Remote Identification of Plant Species using Their Reflectance Spectrum. HAVEN C. SWEET, THOMAS 0. PEEPLES AND JAMES E. POPPLETON, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FL 32816. A technique for identifying and measuring the coverage of plants based on their visible and near infrared reflec- tance was evaluated. Spectra of six flatwoods specie^ were mathematically combined in proportions which simulated the reflectance spectrum of a flatwoods community. A least-squares computer program correctly calculated the coverage of each species even though one taxon contributed less than 2% to the total spectrum. During several field trials, 15 spectra from regions containing either two or three species were recorded from a roof top or a cherry picker. Although two spectra were not solvable, computer calculations correctly identified both the species composition and the coverage of each species in ten areas. Two spectra were "possibly correct" while one was incorrectly solved. Although the technique appears to be successful, equipment and program modifications are needed to assess the full potential of the technique as a tool for environmental monitoring. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 22. 1978 3-00 pm BS-42 Prodromus Florae Muscorum Polynesiae: Preliminary Steps Toward a Computer-Assisted Phytogeographic Analysis of Pacific Insular Bryophyta. HENRY 0. WHITTIER, H. A. MILLER, B. A. WHITTIER AND T. PEEPLES, Florida Technological Univ- ersity, ’ Orlando, Florida. The Prodromus Floras Muscorum Polynesiae by Miller, Whittier and Whittier (Cramer Verlag, 1978), lists 62 families, 254 genera and 1427 species of tropical Pacific islands mosses, provides a 300-couplet key to genera, synonymy, author citations, and geographic distributions. Based upon this informa- tion, systematic and distributional data have been computerized, producing species lists for each of 105 insular areas, matrices for 163 geographic areas tabulating the number of species or genera present, taxa in common for any two areas, and Kroeber's Coefficients of Correlation. Tree-form (dendrographic) insular relation- ships utilizing genera or species as characters have been generated. Any geographic area can be compared with any other, singly or in aggregation, to identify numbers of taxa unique or shared, or to list actual species unique or shared, to test our hypothetical migration tracks. 3:15 pm BS-43 Uptake of Cations by Tropical Marine Organisms: Uptake of Zinc-65, Manganese-54, Cesium-137, Strontium-85 and Sodium-22 by Macroalgae. PETER B. SCHROEDER AND ANITRA THORHAUG, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149. Our ongoing studies of trace metal cycling through subtropical and tropical seagrass ecosystems has demonstrated that uptake of zinc occurs in the seagrass Thalassia through both blades and roots. The uptake of sodium, manganese, cesium and strontium also occurs at both sites although not as readily. The temper- ature dependency of all cations studied is non-linear with minima near 30 to 3£°C and maxima between 32 and 37°C. Present uptake investigation utilizing zNa, DZn, 54Mn, 137Cs and 85St in the tropical macroalgae Laurencia poitei, Caulerpa sertulioL- des, Dictyota cervicornis, Udotea f labellum and Halimeda incrassata showed apprecia- ble concentrations of zinc and manganese, far greater than in blades or roots of Thalassia. However, in terms of uptake of sodium, cesium and strontium, the macro- algae behaved analogously to the blades of Thalassia. These data are being integra- ted into our model of trace metal cycling through tropical ecosystems. 3:30 pm BS-44 Abatement of Nutrients from Drainage Water by Aquatic Macrophytes in Shallow Reservoirs. PHILLIP D. SACCO AND L. R. SINCLAIR, Agricultural Research and Education Center, P. 0. Box 909, Sanford, Florida 32771. A comparison was made of the ability of two reservoir systems containing aquatic macrophytes to remove nutrients from agricultural drainage effluent. The nutrients monitored in the two flow through systems include nitrate and ortho phosphate. One system consisted of a single reservoir stocked with the aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes , Egeria densa and Typha sp. The other system consisted of a series of three reservoirs. The single reservoir removed 90% of the inorganic phosphate and 80% of the nitrate as compared to 96% of the inorganic phosphate and 84% of the nitrate removed by the series system. The study indicated that flow through reservoir systems might be applied to solving problems not only associated with agricultural drainage but other forms of water pollution as well. 3:45 pm BS-45 Pteridophy tes of Southeastern Florida. CLIFTON E. NAUMAN, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33^31 • The status of pteridophyte distributional data for the southeastern coast of Florida is discussed. Two recent state records and several county records indicate a need for more thorough collecting in southern Florida. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 23. 1978 Saturday 9: 00 am John Young Museum: Alpha Room Session III: Marine and Estuarine Ecology Richard L. Turner, Florida Institute of Technology, presiding 9:00 am BS-46 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Populations of Selected Florida Real Estate Canals. FLOOR KOOIJMAN, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of macroinvertebrate populations from coastal (dead-end") canals at four sites in south Florida were examined during 1975. Variability between samples from different sites was large. In general, however, numbers of individuals, numbers of species and diversity tended to be greatly suppressed during the summer months. Additionally, diversity, numbers of species and individuals, as well as dissolved oxygen values decreased proportionally with distance from the mouth toward the rear of the canals. Of the 63 taxa present, none except oligochaetes (normally freshwater inhabitants) occurred when dissolved oxygen values were lower than 2.5 mg/1. The number of species had a low but significant correlation (R = 0.43) with average dissolved oxygen concentra- tions. 9:15 am BS-47 Polychaete Colonization of a Dredge Spoil Island. CHEBIUM B. SUBRAHMANYAM, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FI 32307. Colonization of polychaete annelids in the inter-tidal area of an island made with dredged material was studied for an year. Triplicate 10 cm deep and 0.0625 m^ samples of substrate were obtained monthly from sub-tide, low tide, mid-tide and high tide zones. Two species appeared within a month in sub-tidal zone, and 28 species were noticed after 12 months. The particle size ranged from 0.30 to 0.40 mm in diameter. Total density ranged from an initial 37/m2 to final 2,660/m2. Species spread toward high tide zone with progression of time. Initially, 86% of species occurred in sub-tidal zone, and after an year 65% of species were found in mid-tide zone. Sedantary polvchaetes comprised 65% of total density in all the zones together. Scoloplos fragilis was the dominant species in all the zones, and the next abundant species are Sabella microphthaima , Maldane sarsi , Nereine agilis , Paraonus fulgens , and Glycera americana. Diversity index ranged from 0.6 to 3.4. Each zone showed a slightly different species composition with the progression of time. 9:30 am bs-48 Temporal and Spatial Occupancy of Habitat by the Chiton Acanthopleura granulata. FRANK J. MAZZOTTI, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33142. The temporal and spatial patterns of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata were studied from September, 1975 to September, 1977 at Harry Harris Park, Key Largo, Florida. The chitons are dispersed randomly, move primarily at night and exhibit homing behavior. It is probable that this behavior reduces mortality due to dessication and predation. 9:45 am BS-49 The Seasonal Distribution of Luidia clathrata (Say) in Charlotte Harbor with Reference to Various Physico-Chemical Parameters. STEVEN W. OSBORNE, Environmental Quality Laboratory, Inc., 590-D N.W. Olean Blvd., Port Charlotte, FL 33952. From January 1976 through December 1977, monthly trawls were made at 23 stations in Charlotte Harbor, Florida, for the sea star, L. clathrata. Concurrent measurements were made of depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential at each station. Apparent shifts in the upper boundary of the population seem to be correlated with peaks in Peace River flow into the estuary, and with associated low dissolved oxygen and salinity values. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 24. 1978 10:00 am BS-50 Species composition of newly settled fouling communities in the Indian River, Florida. DAVID MOOK, Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., RR 1, Box 196,- Ft. Pierce, Florida 33450. Racks of ceramic tiles were placed at various stations in the Indian River between Ft. Pierce Inlet and Vero Beach. Settlement near Vero Beach was dominated by barnacles and serpulid polychaetes whereas at Ft. Pierce Inlet, ascidians were the dominant settler. Salinities at Vero Beach were more variable than at Ft. Pierce Inlet. Because species that were found in Vero Beach in large numbers were also present at Ft. Pierce in smaller numbers, it is believed that competition by stenohaline organisms, rather than physical parameters, is the main force keeping the more euryhaline species from dominating the fouling commun- ity in the Ft. Pierce Inlet area. At Vero Beach, where varying salinities preclude settlement of more of the stenohaline forms, the more euryhaline polychaetesand barnacles can dominate the fouling community. BREAK 10:45 am BS-51 Zooplankton of the Oklawaha Lake Chain. MICHAEL A. MALLIN, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gaines- ville, Florida, 32611. Zooplankton wore sampled monthly for one year (1977) from five lakes in the Oklawaha lake chain (central Florida) . Zooplankton abundance varied seasonally from 75 to 350 organisms per liter. Rotifers increased in both number of species and number of individuals during the summer in all lakes, whereas cladocerans showed peaks during spring and mid-winter. Lake Apopka, the most eutrophic of the lakes examined yielded the greatest number of organisms, with Bosmina longirostris reaching 225 individuals per liter during December. Species richness varied seasonally from 1 to 5 copepods, 1 to 3 cladocerans, and 1 to 6 rotifers per sample. 11:00 am BS-52 Phytoplankton Identification in the Upper Oklawaha Lakes. CHARLES A. BIEDERMANN, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Monthly phytoplankton samples were collected and number of species estimates were obtained by using a Sedgewick-Raf ter counting cell. The results indicate that a hyper-eutrophic state exists in the Oklawaha chain of lakes with blue-green species clearly dominating in all samples. With the exception of the Gourd Neck Spring Station (1.01 x 105 units/ml) Lake Apopka contained the greatest overall phytoplankton population (3.04 x 10 units/ml) . Lakes Beauclair, Dora, and Eustis contained fewer algae with 2.64 x 10 units/ml, 2.11 x 105 units/ml and 2.10 x 105 units/ml respectively. Lake Griffin had the lowest mean population (1.26 x 105 units/ml) and contained the greatest proportion of Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta per unit Cyanophyta. The species representing the greatest populations include: Lyngbya lagerheimii, Lyngbya limnetlca, Microcystis incerta, Spirulina laxissima and Schizothrix calcicola. 11:15 am BS-53 Algae Scraping Guild Structure on Florida Keys Rocky Shores. HUGH CAFFEY, U. of Miami, Box 248324, Coral Gables, FL 33124. The densities, sizes and distributions of Nerita versicolor, N. tessellata and Acanthopleura granulata were compared on two islands 100 km apart. Where chiton density is high, nerites are small and have low density and where chiton density is low, nerites are large and have higher density. Probable factors contributing to this pattern are topographic heterogeneity, dispersal and algal composition. Inter-specific competition may also play a role. 11:30 am bs-54 why There Are So Many Animals In Seagrass Reds, and Does Abundance Imply Importance? ROBERT W. VIRNSTEIN, Harbor Branch Foundation, RR 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, FL 33450. Numerous authors have stressed the importance of seagrass meadows because of their high primary productivity and high density of animals. Data from various studies indicate that animals are more abundant in seagrass beds because the seagrass leaves, rhizomes and roots provide refuge from predators. But if these animals are more protected from predators, this implies that they are less utilized and less important as prey items. Does high density therefore imply low trophic importance, and vice versa? Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 25. 1978 ENGINEERING SECTION 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Friday 2; 30 pm Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 1 David R. Jenkins, Florida Technological University, presiding 2:30 pm ES-1 Historic Engineering Works in Florida, JOHN PAUL HARTMAN, P.E., College of Engineering, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FL, 32816. A slide presentation overview of some of the engineering and industrial works of his- torical interest within the State of Florida. Items noted include those formally inventoried by the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) as well as the His- toric American Buildings Survey (HABS). Engineering and industrial contributions in Florida include those associated with fortress construction, plantation indus- tries, forest products, lighthouses, canals, railroads, roads, bridges, airports, land development, mining, the citrus industry, the space age, and tourism. Included in such an inventory are two items designated as National Historic Engineering Landmarks: the Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine (Civil), and the Crawler Transporters of Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center (Mechanical). These initial inventory efforts were supported by the Historic American Engineering Re- cord and the College of Engineering at Florida Technological University. 2:45 pm es-2 Groundwater Recharge with Wastewater. PLLEN R. OVERMAN, Agri- cultural Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Hydraulic and chemical response in the soil profile to flooding with treated municipal wastewater was monitored. Surface sealing was observed with time due to suspended solids, necessitating cycles of wetting and drying. The soil profile became saturated within 12 hours after flooding due to a clay layer. Exchangeable NH4 adsorbed from the wastewater during flooding was nitrified to NO3 during the drying phase. (>l°a° C nS"3-> System for Job Shop, YASSER A. HDSNI, Fa' Box 25000, 32slo. job Shops are one type of production systems, it is char- £ ttertaS ,produc?s (Quantity and Operations) , to be manufactured SmSuter h ,P alOTSJ“.deSlgnlri8 d'e Job shoP is the Pla"t layout. A omputer system was developed to design an optimum layout arrangement for the shoD Sefocmti^60 CCT-ents- °“e buSSTS reLSL^s ^ S^mVOlved- 1110 criteria considered in creating these rela- mcAlude- Production volume, material flow, product design and processing SoSeTuni^tder-CCmP??ent °? the System ^ the faclUties relationships deslgn alternatives, each of which is generated by different tech- °f Rested designs with respect to SS E5lh deygn ts analyzed, and the bottleneck in the ate fiMi i,„„ 23jed: I*le s°ft«ate is formulated so that it can be used to initi- ate a new layout design or to analyze an existing layout. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 26. 1978 3:15 pm ES-4 Operations Analysis in Health Care. LINDA C. STEVENS, Dept, of IEMS FTU BOX 25,000, Orlando, FI 32816. A study of duplicate departments within the same hospital was conducted. The duplication was caused by the merging of two hospitals. An analysis of the departments (Medical Records) included: procedures, work flow, standards and manpower requirements, record storage capacities, and departmental space and layout. From this analysis changes in procedures, contents and sequences of the departments task, optimization of manpower, and a grouping of work stations according to work flow were proposed. The result of implementing the methodologies would result in substantial savings to the hospital in space and money. The case could be adapted to similar situations in health care. 3:30 pm ES-5 "Analysis of a Moored-Ship System", Abobakr M. Radwan, Ocean Engineering, Florida Inst, of Technology, Melbourne, Fl. 32901. The quasistatic behavior of a moored-ship system was investigated. To study the dynamic behavior of a moored-ship system, it was necessary to know the forces in each mooring line for given displacements and rotations in the ship, namely surge, sway, yaw, heave, pitch and roll. This investigation has solved the nonlinear mooring restoring forces (load -displacement and moment -rotation). These restoration forces are required to formulate the dynamic equations of motion for a moored vessel. The restoring forces can be used for dynamic analysis of supertankers where the displacements are large and the restoring forces cannot be taken as linear functions. 3:45 pm ES-6 Application of Boundary Integral Techniques to Engineering Analy- sis. W. E. CARROLL, Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Florida Technolo- gical University, Orlando, FL, 32816. A brief discussion developing the mathemati- cal preliminaries of the boundary integral equation techniques is presented. In particular, the scalar potential problem is discussed in detail. Restrictions as to the applicability of this numerical technique as well as the nature of the numerical approximation is examined. The application of the boundary integral method to several classical problems that demonstrate the usefulness of these techniques are presented. 4:00 pm Business Meeting of the Engineering Section ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY SECTION Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 6 Jim Taylor, Florida Institute of Technology, presiding 9:00 am ECS-1 Alkali-metal Chelating Tendencies of Selected Flourine-containing 8-diketones. BARBARA B. MARTIN AND DEAN F. MARTIN, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fl 33620. Previous studies elsewhere have demonstrated the efficacy of lithium salts in the treatment of the manic phase of the manic-depressive syndrome. The danger of side effects is real, however, and it seems desirable to find a method for removing excess lithium rapidly. As part of a long-term project concerned with the design of chelating agents with selectivity toward lithium, the chelating tendencies of p-di ketones have been investigated. In particular, chelating tendencies of compounds of the type RC0CH?C0R' (R=CHVR'=CF~ or ,F5) toward alkali metals have been measured in 75%(v/v) dioxane-water medium. The incursion of steric and solvent effects is considered. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 27. 1978 9:15 am ECS-2 Assay, Purification, and Synergism of Marine Bio-dynamic Compounds Cytolytic Towards the Red Tide Organism, Gymnodinium breve. D. -L. ENG-WILMOT, L.F. McCOY, JR., AND D.F. MARTIN, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FI 33620. A group of relatively nonpolar bio-active compounds have been iso- lated (CHC1 3 , pH 7. 5-8. 3) from the cell-free centrate of large-scale continuous cultures ot the marine blue-green alga, Gomphosphaeria aponina, and were demonstrated to be cytolytic towards Florida's red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve. A sensitive bio-assay procedure, based on the cytolysis of G. breve cells, was developed and is described, using probit analysis of dose-response curves. Separation and purifica- tion of the active principles was attempted using various column, thin-layer and HPLC techniques. Best results were obtained with a combination of preparative TLC (silica gel, CHCU) and alumina WB-2 (CH30H-CHCK gradient), and HPLC (Partisil 10/25 columns). Two pure cytolytic components Jwere isolated, and evidence of synergism is presented. Chemical and spectral analysis of the major component are compatible with a C2gH4g0 steroid or steroid-like compound. Work supported by NIEHS. 9:30 am ECS-3 Action of Cytolytic Agents in Gymnodinium breve Davis Bioassays. BRANDT F. HENNINGSEN, DEAN F. MARTIN, AND BRAD VOSS, Depts. of Biology and Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. 33620. Previous research has indicated that components of the blue green algae Gomphosphaeria aponina Kutzing are cytoly- tic to Gymnodinium breve Davis, the dominant dinof lagellate concerned with Florida red tides. Partial purification of this active material (aponin) has suggested the possibility of preparing aponin-substitutes, steroid-like compounds. Several preliminary compounds have been synthesized, but bioassays concerning toxic effects of these compounds to (J. breve have been hampered due to solubility problems of the material in sea water. In addition, potential solvents investigated have been highly toxic to (J. breve . Bioassays have indicated little to no toxicity to G. breve .of synthesized compounds of the type AOR where ROH is B-sitosterol and A is H, CH3CO, and C1CH2C0. future efforts will hopefully yield complementary non- toxic solvents and toxic aponin-substitutes. This research was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 9:45 am ECS-4 Special Considerations in Quality Control for Gaseous Emission Monitoring, ASHOK K. JAIN, H. SCOTT OGLESGY, and HERBERT F. BERGER, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, P.0. Box 14483, Gainesville, Florida 32604. Following long-range laboratory studies, an intensive field investigation was under- taken to observe the performance of several detectors for monitoring TRS in a stack gas and to determine their accuracy, zero drift, and span drift over a period of time. The performance of a properly designed gas sampling system was evaluated by determining its response characteristics and any gas sample losses passing through it. The accuracy of a coulometric titrator for TRS was 5.3 % in the 0-5 ppm range, with 90% response time of 3 minutes. Compared to GC flame photometric detector measurements, 48% of the concentrations were within ± 0.25 ppm in the range of interest, 0-5 ppm. BREAK 10:15 am ECS-5 Emanation Power of Soils from the Florida Phosphate Region.* BRUCE BUTLER, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Emanation power deter- mines the fraction of radon in any solid which can escape and contribute to airborne radioactivity. An experimental procedure follows. A soil sample is sealed and aged for four weeks which allows for secular equilibrium to occur between 226-Ra, 222-Rn, 218-Po , 214-Pb and 214-Bi. A Nal(Tl) detector is used to count the gamma photons from 214-Pb and 214-Bi present at the end of this waiting period. The count rate is proportional to the total radon in the sample. The material is then unseal- ed and placed in a sintered glass funnel where aged air is used to flush mobile radon from the sample. It is recounted. The difference in the two count rates times 100, divided by the original count rate, is equal to the emanation value of the sample. Results will be used in a radon transport model for predicting the radiation hazards associated with unmined or reclaimed phosphate lands. *Work supported by Florida Phosphate Council Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 28. 1978 3111 A Method to Determine the Effects of Enhanced UV-B (280-320 nm) Radiation on Aquatic Microorganisms in Culture , with Preliminary Results on the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana . MARK L. GEIGER, Florida Institute of Technology, Country Club Road, Melbourne, FL 32901. An increase in solar UV-B radiation, con- sidered the most damaging to life, will occur with a decrease in the protective ozone layer brought about by man's activities such as the use of nitrogen fertil- izers and chlorof luoromethanes . Natural intensities and duration of UV-B radia- tion were determined using a solar blind phototube detector. A combination of filter materials, incorporated with two Westinghouse FS40 sunlamps, were chosen to simulate both the natural UV-B conditions and the enhanced regime. Preliminary data indicate that 6-10% enhanced regime of UV-B radiation does have a detrimental effect on both the growth and the chlorophyll a content of Thalassiosi ra pseudonana. 10:45 am ECS-7 Benthic Oxygen Demand in Lake Apopka and Various S. Fla. Real Estate Canals. TOM BELANGER, FIT, Melbourne, FL 32901. Rates of sediment oxygen uptake in Lake Apopka and various s. Fla. real estate canals were studied in order to clarify the role of the sediments in the oxygen dynamics of these systems. A laboratory core uptake method was used in the real estate canals to measure benthic oxygen demand while the core uptake technique, in addition to a continuous flow through lab method, was employed in Lake Apopka. Average sediment uptake rates for the east coast canals was 0.025 g02/m2/hr. but was 0.09 g02/m2 /hr. for west coast canals. Our studies indicated, however, that the west coast canal sediments consume a higher percentage of the total canal oxygen uptake than do east coast sediments. Core uptake rates from Lake Apopka averaged 0.07 g02/m2/hr. and indicated that the benthic oxygen demand is primarily biological in nature with bacterial respiration dominating. 11:00 am ECS-8 Productivity and Evapotranspiration of Cypress Wetlands in Florida. SANDRA BROWN, Center for Wetlands, Phelps Lab. , University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32611. Measurements of the productivity and evapotranspiration (ET) of 4 types of cypress dominated wetlands were made. Using gas exchange techniques photo- synthesis, respiration, and ET of leaves, trunks, soil, and water surfaces were measured. A wide range of community gross primary productivities (estimated from measured values of net photosynthesis and niqht respiration) was found, from 2.6gC/ m2-day for the Dwarf Cypress system to 16 gC/m2-day for a sewage enriched cypress dome. Calculation of the community P/R ratios showed that all the sytems were heterotrophi c . ET rates varied from 1.3mm/day for the Dwarf Cypress to 5mm/day for the sewage enriched dome. The ET rate for the Dwarf Cypress is low compared to other natural systems in South Florida and may imply that this system could be useful in conserving the limited S. Florida water supply. 11:15 am 11:30 am 12:45 pm 1 : 15 pm Business Meeting of the Section Lunch in the Park Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 29. 1978 Friday 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 6 Jim Taylor, Florida Institute of Technology, presiding 2:30 pm ECS-9 Nitrogen as an Environmental Pollutant -- Implications of a Mass Balance Model for the Florida Peninsula. JAY J. MESSER AND PATRICK L. BREZONIK, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. A mass balance model was constructed for the Florida peninsula representing nitrogen transport and transformations. The peninsula model includes mini-models of atmospheric, hydrologic, and agricultural subsystems. The model indicates the importance of the atmosphere in returning natural and anthropogenic nitrogen aerosols to the earth's surface by precipitation and dry deposition. Over 60 percent of the nitrogen entering the state is unaccounted for in easily measured or estimated outputs, indicating the likelihood of either pollution of groundwater by nitrates, atmospheric pollution through N2O production during denitrification, or extensive bedload transport of topsoil nitrogen into estuaries. 2;45 pm ECS-10 External Loadings of Nitrogen and Phosphorus to the Lake Conway, Florida, Ecosystem. ELDON C. BLANCHER II, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Studies in the Lake Conway ecosystem indicated that the major sources of nitrogen to the lakes were from aerial inputs (70%) and subsurface seepage flows (19%) while phosphorus inputs were dominated by aerial loadings (52%) and urban runoff (37%). Estimates of external nutrient loadings to the system showed that nitrogen inputs (3.88g-m~ -yr-1) ex- ceeded established levels considered dangerous for lakes whereas phosphorus load- ings (0.214g-m -yr--*-) were in the range of "critical" loadings for the system. Experimental evidence indicated that phosphorus became a limiting factor in the lake briefly during the spring and summer of 1977. 3:00 pm ECS -1 1 Diel Variations of Selected Physical-Chemical Parameters in Lake Kissimmee, FL. C. W. DYE, D. A. JONES AND J. L. GERNERT, Fla, Dept, of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, FL 32301. Bi-monthly diel depth profiles were made of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, conductivity and redox potential at 2 stations in Lake Kissimmee, Florida, from July 1974 through June 1975. Results suggest that stratification in the large (14143 ha) shallow (mean depth = 2.5 m) lake is rare and occurs primarily in the summer. The data also suggests that when stratification does occur, it rapidly degenerates at night or under slight wind stress. Since many Florida lakes have a relatively shallow mean depth (i.e. ^5.0 m) and the topography of the land offers little obstruction to wind action, we believe that the holomictic condition observed in Lake Kissimmee may be typical of the state's lakes, particularly those in the central portion of the peninsula. 3:15 pm ECS-12 Chemistry of Precipitation in North-Central Florida. CHARLES D. HENDRY AND PATRICK L. BREZONIK, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Chemical analyses are presented for atmos- pheric precipitation collected during 1976-1977, at Gainesville, Florida. Sulfate, chloride, and nitrate were the predominant anions, comprising 52%, 27%, and 20% of the total anionic component, respectively. Hydrogen ion was the major cation making up 38% of the total cationic component with calcium (27%) and sodium (15%) contri- buting to a lesser degree. The average weighted pH of the precipitation was an acidic 4.46 which is considerably less than normal pH of 5.60 based on atmospheric C09 equilibria. Total P input was calculated at .04 g/M^-yr. Total N loading amounted to 1.05 g/M^-yr. Sampling within rain events at 5 min. intervals was per- formed to investigate the rainout versus washout phenomenon. Zinc, cadmium, cop- per, and lead concentrations in precipitation were at part per billion levels or less. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 30. 1978 3: |0 pm ECF-13 Sediment characterization and nutrient dynamics of selected real estate canals. CURTIS D. POLLMAN AND PATRICK L. BREZONIK, Department of Environ- mental Engineering Sciences, Gainesville, Florida, 326ll. The sediments in real estate canals of south Florida were studied and characterized with respect to nutrient levels and interactions between the sediment and overlying water. Canal sites were located at Punta Gorda and Port Charlotte on the Gulf coast and on the Loxahatchee River and at Pompano Beach on the Atlantic coast . Although each canal system is unique, the same selective size-sorting processes controlled depositional patterns of the sediments. The chemical and physical characteristics of the surfi- cial sediments are shaped by primarily the deposition of organic matter. Nutrient levels were positively correlated with organic content of the sediment, with sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorus existing in principally the organic form. Phosphorus retention was described by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The adsorption and desorption of P was dependent on the salinity of the solution. 3:45 pm ECS-14 Phosphorus Interactions Between Water and Bottom Sediments Due to Mixing in Shallow Florida Lakes. YOUSEF A. YOUSEF, P.E., Florida Technological Uni- versity, College of Engineering, Orlando, FL, 32816, and HERBERT H. ZEBUTH, Environ- mental Specialist, Florida Department of Transportation, Deland, FL, 32720. Isola- tion chambers were placed in three different lakes in Central Florida. Two chambers were placed in each lake, one for control and the other for mixing by using a two blade propel! or driven by a small electric motor. Also the lakes were mixed by recreational boating activities for limited periods of time. Total and orthophosphorus in water samples significantly in- creased by mixing in the isolation chambers and lake mixing stations. The increase in phosphorus seems to persist for extended periods of time. Changes in phosphorus content as a function of mixing time, horsepower and water depth were investigated. The impact of the increased phosphorus on the lake production was studied using chlorophyll analysis and black and white bottle techniques. . Research was sponsored by OWRT, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 4:00 Pm ECS-15 Aeration Efficiency, P, As a Means of Comparing Devices for Lake Restoration JOSEPH E. CARRl and DEAN F. MARTIN Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FI 33620 Various devices for aerating lakes as part of a lake restoration program have been proposed, but methods tor comparing aeration efficiency of these devices have limitations. It is shown that comparisons based on aeration efficiency, P, weight of oxygen transferred per horsepower-hour are superior to K, a values for rating efficiency of aerating devices. Aerating ratings based bn values of P, however, must be sub-classified for tour conditions (steady-state, non-steady-state, polluted, non-polluted) . The derivation, advantages, and utility of aeration efficiency is described. This research was supported by funds from the Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control 4:15 pm ECS-16 Nutrient Alteration Techniques for the Control pf Aquatic Weed Growth. Aeration. THOMAS N. COOLEY AND PATRICIA M. D00RIS AND DEAN F. MARTIN, Dept, of Biology and Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FI 33620. Aeration of two artifical lake systems was investigated to determine the effect upon water quality. The results were: (1) Both D.0. and pH levels rose to constancy after system start-up. Dissolved oxygen levels reached saturation after 2 days; pH rose steadily for 2 weeks before stabilizing around 7.5; (2) Over the 57 day interval in- organic carbon dropped 9 ppm, total carbon dropped 4 ppm and organic carbon increased (3) Magnesium levels increased slightly for the first three weeks, calcium decreased 6-7 ppm, zinc showed a general decrease only after 3 weeks, and manganese remained <50ppb; (4) Iron levels decreased dramatically the first week (from 1.5 ppm to 200p|±i) and remained low. Changes in water quality were monitored in a second experiment to establish any effect upon H.ydril la growth. In an aerated system growth was decreased by 20% fresh weight after three weeks. Research supported by FI. D.N.R., Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 31. 1978 4:30 pm ecs-17 inhibitory Effect of Aqueous. Extracts of Lake Sediments upon the Growth of Hydrilla vertici 1 lata. PATRICIA M. DOORIS AND DEAN F*. MARTIN, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FI 33620. Extracts of the sediments of Lakes Starvation and White Trout, Hillsborough County, were pre- pared by subjecting sediment to autoclaving in the presence of deionized, distilled water. U1 trafi Itration of each extract yielded two fractions; the first, containing material of greater than 10,000 mw; the second, containing material of less than 10,000 mw. Hydrilla grown in Hoagland's solution amended with either fraction ex- hibited increases in weight which were significantly lower than those of plants grown in Hoagland's solution alone. Selected chemical analyses of the extracts are provided. A discussion of the possible mode of inhibition of the extracts is presented. This work was supported by the Florida Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Aquatic Weed Research and Control. 4-45 pm ECS-18 Stormwater Management Practices Manual. MARK M. CALABRESE AND DR. MARTIN P. WANIELISTA, Florida Technological University, P. 0. Box 25000, Orlando, FL, 32816. This paper reports on a manual prepared as an aid for the selection, sizing, and cost of four stormwater management practices. The four practices are: (1) diversion for percolation, (2) parking lot retention, (3) seepage pits for roof drainage, and (4) broom sweeping. Example problems were prepared to illustrate the methods of stormwater management, and coaxial graphs were generated using the FTU Best Management Practices (BMP) Computer program. Efficiency and cost-effectiveness were parameters used to determine optimum designs, as well as marginal cost analyses. Funding for this study was provided by a grant to the East Central Florida Regional Planning Council by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through Section 208 of P.L. 92-500. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY SECTION Friday 8:00 am John Young Museum: Beta Room Session A Stratigraphy & Sedimentation Tom Scott, Florida Bureau of Geology, Tallahassee, presiding 8:00 am GHS-1 identity Crisis of the Tampa Formation: A Tale of Rocks, Fossils, and Time. KEITH C. KING, Department of Geology, Florida State Univer- sity, Tallahassee, FL 32302. The rocks outcropping in Hillsborough County, Florida currently referred to as the Tampa or St. Marks Limestone have been de- fined and laterally extended on the basis of biostratigraphic criteria. However, the established definition for a formation has been based on the observable physical features of the rock and not on biozones (International Stratigraphic Guide) . If such formations as the Tampa Formation were defined exclusively on physical features then hydrogeological boundaries would be expected to follow formation boundaries since such features as permeability are more closely related to lithology than to biozones. The present definition of the Tampa Stage also does not meet established criteria in that it has no acceptable stratotype. It is suggested that these units be redefined on the criteria suggested in the International Stratigraphic Guide. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 32. 1978 8:15 am uiS-2 Recent Grcv.ch of Cluett Key and Oil do Mud Bank, Florida Bay. M. M. CALVERT, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, R. P. STEINEN, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, R. P. HALLEY AND J. J. STIPP, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Carbonate sediments and basal peats from cores taken from Cluett Key and Dildo Mud Bank were radiocarbon dated to study sedimentation rates and evolution of island accretion. Sedimentation on Cluett Key has been relatively constant at about 9cm/100 years whereas the vertical growth of the adjacent Dildo Mud Bank appears to be erratic. This indicates the probable migration of the channel separating the bank and island. Peats from the south rim of the island and the adjacent mud bar gave ages of 4530 and 4630 years B.P. respectively while peats from the center and east edge gave dates of 3880 and 3820. Age differences of this peat could be explained by either a northeasterly migration of the mangrove stand causing sediment accretion, or a period of erosion at the south ri"1 8:30 am GHS-3 A PALEOENVIROMi-iENTau STUDY of the TWIGGS CLAY (UPPER EOCENE) of GEORGIA USING FOSSIL MICROORGANISMS, Walter Schmidt, Florida Bureau of Geology, 903 W. Tennessee St., Tallahassee, Fla. 32304. Ecologic and paleogeographic relationships of the Twiggs Clay Member of the Barnwell Formation of eastern Georgia have been studied by lithologic and micropaleontologi- cal analyses of collected surface samples and well cuttings. The microfossil groups investigated are diatoms, foraminifera, ostracods and calcareous nannofossils . Analyses of the aforementioned microfossils along with other macrofossils suggest that the Twiggs Clay was deposited in an inner continental shelf province. How- ever, fossil, as well as lithologic evidence indicates that the Twiggs Clay was not a simple depositional unit. From X-ray analysis various lithologic trends are in- dicated, and aid in the formulation of a paleogeographic picture. The time of deposition of the Twiggs Clay Member was determined using published ranges of cal- careous nannofossils. Twiggs time spans the middle part of the upper Eocene. 8:45 am GHS-4 Stratigraphic distribution of phosphate in the Hawthorn Forma- tion - central Florida. PETER L. MACGILL, Florida Bureau of Geology, Tallahassee, FL 32304. In a cooperative study with the U. S. Bureau of Mines, 20 core holes were drilled into the Hawthorn Formation to an economic depth from the ground surface. Six lithologic constituents, limestone, dolomite, sand, clay, phosphate and chert, were studied within the Hawthorn Formation revealing several regional trends. p2°5 analyses were utilized in constructing phosphate concentration maps and were correlated with these lithologic constituents. Higher concentrations of phosphate appear to have clearly defined trends and have a close relationship with the clastic elements within the Hawthorn Formation. 9:00 am GHS-5 Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Tamiami Formation in Hendry County, Florida. _ DAVID H. SLATER AND SHERWOOD W. WISE, JR., Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306. Lithologic and micropaleontologic study of seventeen borehole sections through the Tamiami Formation (late Miocene- early Pliocene) in Hendry County, Florida reveals a fluctuating series of trans- gressions and regressions accentuated by a pronounced upper Miocene d i scon form ity. Marked by a prominent pebble zone within a diatomaceous sand and clay sequence, the disconformity is attributed to a sea level drop associated with late Miocene Antarc- tic glaciation. The abundant forami n i fera, Buliminella e leganti ss ima, along with freshwater, brackish, and marine diatoms mixed in the green clay, suggest deposi- tion within a shallow embayment adjacent to a nutrient-rich river source entering from the northeast. Correlation of benthonic foraminifera zones established pre- viously in adjacent Lee County allow definition of the approximate northern and eastern margins of the embayment within the two county area for most of Tamiami time. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 33. 1978 9-15 am GHS-6 Depositional History of A Carbonate Mud-Skeletal Mound in Florida Bay, James Gray and S.B. Upchurch, Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620. Twenty-three cores taken from a small carbonate mound in Florida Bay show a complex stratigraphic history that can be related to Holocene sea level rise. The initial stage of marine sediment accumulation was in a minor bedrock de- pression. Marine sedimentation continued with typical marine biota embedded in a mud matrix until approximately 1900 years b.p. At that time, mangroves covered the mound. After the episode of mangrove deposition, skeletal debris began to accumulate on the mound. The skeletal debris consists mostly of molluscan and coral fragments. Zonation of skeletal elements show that the mound has not migrated but has undergone lateral and vertical migration. 9:30 am GHS-7 A Discussion of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Hawthorn Formation: northeastern Florida. TOM SCOTT, Florida Bureau of Geology, Tallahas- see, Florida and Ron Hoenstine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. The Hawthorn Formation in Florida has long been considered a "garbage cam." To aid in a better comprehension, the Florida Geological Survey Section is involved in a coring program to gather more primary lithologic data from the Hawthorn Formation. Synthesis of this data indicates that at least two members can be identified. As many as five members have been identified within this area (Miller, 1977) . In addition, a well preserved assemblage of diatoms and silicof lagellates were encoun- tered in the diatomaceous clays of the Hawthorn Formation. Species identified in- clude: Coscinodiscus stellaris , Dictyocha aspera, Distephanus longispinus, Meso- cena £._f . eliptica, and Triceratium tessellatum. T. tessellatum is restricted to the Middle Miocene. It was identified from samples considered to be Lower Hawthorn Formation taken from a core in St. Johns County. 9:45 am ghs-8 Style of Formation and Depositional Rate of Laminated Cal- cium Carbonate Crust "Calcrete," Key Largo, Florida. DANIEL M. ROBBIN, U.S. Geological Survey, Fisher Island Station, Miami Beach, FL ^3 139, AND J. J. STIPP, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Laminated calcium carbonate crust, "calcrete," from Key Largo, Florida was cut into four separate laminae groups to determine via radiocarbon dating how this crust forms and its rate of deposition. Apparent ages increase uniformly from 440 years (top laminae group) to 5680 years (bottom laminae group), indicating that the crust formed during the last 5,000-6,000 years. Crust was also col- lected from Big Pine Key, Florida. The top laminae group and bottom laminae group were cut from the crust and dated. Results confirm style of formation in the same horizon as the Key Largo Crust. 10:00 am GHS-9 Calcareous Nannofossils from the Neogene of the Florida Pcin- handle . MURLENE WIGGS, Florida State University, Dept, of Geology, Tallahas- see, FL 32306 and WALTER SCHMIDT, Florida Bureau of Geology, 903 W. Tennessee St., Tallahassee, FL 32304. During the course of a micropaleontological study of the Neogene of the Florida Panhandle the presence of calcareous nannofossils was revealed in the St. Joe, Intracoastal, and Bruce Creek Limestones. The discovery of s tratigraphically significant discoasters and coccoliths will provide information complementary to existing biostratigraphic knowledge of these units; knowledge which is currently based on planktonic foraminifera . The presence of nannofossil assemblages may further enhance the understanding of Neogene paleoenvironments in the Florida Panhandle. Useful age indicator species identified to date include Pis coaster broweri , D. pentaradiatus , D. surculus , and D. variabilis . Representatives of Baarudosphaera bigelowi and the genus Scyphosphaera, while not being stratigraphically important, lend valuable environmental information. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 34. 1978 10:15 am GHS-10 Jurassic Smackover oil prospects in the Apalachicola embayment: A. V. Applegate; F. A. Pontigo, Jr.; J. H. Rooke - Fla. Bureau of Geology, 903 W. Tennessee Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32304- Approximately 2000 square miles of the Apalachicola embayment are underlain by Smackover Limestone. Structurally the Smackover in the embayment forms a syncline with an axis which plunges south- southwest at 65 ft/miles. Eight wells have been drilled to date in the embayment, hence with the space well control, indirect evidence indicates possible faulting. Exxon's Buckeye ® ^a°Se N°.16-3 wel1 dlscl°sed oil stains throughout the Smackover with a 10 11 o porosity. Hunt's Oil Co. International Paper Co. No 30-4 well dis- closed oil in an impermeable section of Smackover limestone. A Bouguer anomaly map of the area shows possible buried structures which could afford Smackover structural traps. Further exploration efforts concentrated in those areas which have a thick Smackover section, may eventually lead to a commercial oil discovery. BREAK Friday 10:45 am John Young Museum: Beta Room Session B Geochemistry Walt Schmidt, Florida Bureau of Geology, Tallahassee, presiding 10:45 am GHS-11 Calcium and Magnesium Compiexing by Humic Substances in the Big Cypress Swamp System. SAM B. UPCHURCH, RICHARD N. STROM, AND L. JAMES CHARLES- WORTH, Dept, of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 (SBU, RNS) and Dept, of Geology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 (LJC) . Surface water in the system ranges from fresh to brackish. Concomitantly, the waters vary great- ly in total content of dissolved humic substances, pH, Eh, buffering capacity, and ability to transport cations by compiexing with organic ligands and by inorganic dissolution. An on-going study of the role of humic substances in the transport of calcium and magnesium by compiexing suggests that significant amount of both metals are transported as complexes rather than as free ions. The amounts of cal- cium and magnesium transported by the two processes indicate high denudation rates for the fresh-water portions of the system and significant calcium and magnesium fixation by organics in sediments and pore water in the brackish water environment. 11:00 am GHS-12 Occurrence of Anhydrite in Naturally Burned Peats from the Florida Everglades. MICHAEL J. ANDREJK0 AND SAM B. UPCHURCH, Dept, of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33620. A total of 16 cores were taken in peat-producing environments from Lake Okeechobee south through Everglades National Park. Material from each core was sampled at regular intervals and analyzed for total Ca,N,P,S,Si and organic content. X-ray diffraction was per- formed on the inorganic ash to determine mineralogical content of each sample. Interpretation of dif fractograms indicated the presence of anhydrite in ash samples from the Shark River Valley and nearby Taylor Slough in Everglades National Park. Dif fractograms of separate non-ashed sub-samples from the same cores indicated that the anhydrite was formed during ignition of the samples. Subsequent x-ray analysis of surface samples of naturally burned peats ( i.e., from sawgrass fires ) also contain anhydrite as a result of ignition. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 35. 1978 11:15 am GHS-13 Minerogen Enrichment of Sediments by Hydrothermal Activity in the Blanco Trough. KIM RUDOLPH, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124; BRUCE SELK, JULIUS DASCH, Dept, of Geology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97330; AMD J. J. STIPP, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Accumulation rates of the metals A1 , Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si and Zn have been determined in sediments of the Blanco Trough. Rates are based upon analysis of bulk percentages of the metals, and radiocarbon dating of the core materials. The resulting trend shows increasing rates of accumulation toward the surface of the core with an abrupt increase at the 27 cm depth interval. Hydrothermal enrichment could account for the increased accumulation of minerogens and perhaps also indicate that the rate of tectonism increased about 18,000 years ago in that area. 11:30 am GHS-14 An Electrophoretic Study of Phosphate Slimes and Its Constituents , JON E. SHAW and RICHARD N. STROM, Dept, of Geology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620. A microelectrophoresis apparatus was constructed to study surface charges on clay particles found in phosphate slimes. Standards of montmorillonite, attapulgite, and kaolinite along with a freeze dried sample of phosphate slime were used. Electrokinetic properties were determined at concentrations ranging from IN to .01N AlCSO^^'lS ^O. Montmorillonite and kaolinite were negatively charged at all electrolyte concentrations. Attapulgite yielded a zero charge in the electrolyte, however, in a solution of monovalent KC1 it was negatively charged. At electrolyte concentrations less than .5N, the phosphate slime was negatively charged, but flocculated at greater concentrations. Therefore, attapulgite acts as a bridge to link montmorillonite together causing large floe particles to form in slime ponds which trap water. This study determined the applicability of small particle theory to studying the phosphate slime dewatering techniques. 11:45 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Friday 2:30 pm John Young Museum: Beta Room Session C Hydrology & Geology Mike Brown, South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, presiding :30 pm GHS-15 Earthquake Seismograph- Station at the University of Florida, DOUGLAS L. SMITH, Department of Geology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. A short-period, vertical component seismograph station, representing the only earthquake instrument presently operating in Florida, was installed on the University of Florida campus in October, 1977. The seismometer rests on a pedestal at the top of a 25 cm diameter steel pipe extending 35 m below the ground surface. Operating with a frequency of 1 hz, a bandpass of 0.3 - 5.0 hz, and WWV timing, the system has recorded teleseisms from numerous distant earthquakes as well as regionally generated signals. Local quarry blasts can be identified, but many tremors reported by citizens are not corroborated. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 36. 1978 2:45 pm ghs-16 Sea Level Variation on the Belize Shelf - Tectonic Implica- tions. DOUGLAS S. INTRONE, EUGENE SHINN AND J. J. STIPP, Dept of Geology University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. Coastal peat ■ samples obtained from submarine cores taken on the Belize shelf yield radioc&rbon dates ranging in age from 8810 to 2860 years B.P. From these dates and their depths below present sea-level, a curve was constructed to mark eustatic sea-level rise. However, the Belize dates plot well below previously published sea-level curves drawn for the Caribbean. This suggests that the Belize shelf is sub- siding. The proximity of Belize to the active Caribbean/North American plate boundary would imply that the general area is under tectonic stress. Faulting and rotation of large basement blocks associated with the Cayman Trough and which terminate on the periphery of the shelf could provide the necessary stress to cause at least local subsidence. 3:00 pm GHS-17 Potent iometri c Surface and Water Quality of the Floridan Aquifer System in Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. MICHAEL P. BROWN AND DENNIS E. REECE, South Florida Water Management District, P.O. Box V, West Palm Beach, Flori< 33402. A reconnaissance study of the Floridan aquifer system in Martin and St. Lucie Counties is being conducted to provide basic hydrogeologic information necessary to better manage the water resources of this area. A monitoring system consisting of 27 flowing artesian wells penetrating portions of the Floridan aquifer system was established using strict selective criteria. Monitoring well pressure head measurements and water quality analyses have been collected on a monthly basis for a period of one year. Potent i ometr i c and water quality maps of the Floridan aquifer system for September 1977, will be presented. Water level hydrographs and temporal plots of water quality for a typical Floridan aquifer monitoring well will also be discussed. 3:15 pm GHS-tL§e of Surface Resistivity Techniques in an Aquifer Eval- uation, Palm Beach County. John N. Fischer, U.S. Geological Survey, 7815 Coral Way, Miami, Florida 33155. Resistivity profiles and sound- ings within a 9-square-ir.ile area of Palm Beach County have proven effec- tive in delineating geologic and water-quality conditions in a highly permeable zone of the shallow aquifer. Profile data along a 3— mile transect ranged from 4,000 ohm-ft in the east to 200 ohm-ft to the west and accurately reflected. areal changes in water quality and lithology. Data from soundings ranged from 900 ohm-ft near the ground surface to 250 ohm-ft at a depth of approximately 80 feet. ' These values are re- presentative of known water-quality and lithologic conditions. The use of surface resistivity techniques has resulted in savings in time and money which might otherwise have been spent using other exploratory methods. 3:30 pm GHS-19 Ground-Water Mixing in tne rower Floridan Aquifer in the • Southern Peace River Basin. SAM B. UPCHURCH, MATTHEW G. DALTON, AND LINDA L. LEHMAN, Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620. Factor analyses of water chemical data taken from wells that penetrate the lower Floridan aquifer indicate that a number of different hydrochemical water masses exist in the system and that ability to recognize them depends upon the scale of sampling. Regional analysis identifies three water masses that mix with native, bicarbonate waters; sulfates, which upwell near Arcadia; chlo- rides, which intrude near Charlotte Harbor; and a fluoride-rich water mass that is attributed . to leaching of the Hawthorn Formation. A small-scale analysis on the northwest boundary of the sulfate plume shows three water masses also. These are: the sulfate plume; water derived by leaching of the Hawthorn; and chloride waters that appear to be mixtures of the native, bi- carbonate water with connate waters. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 37. 1978 3:45 pm GHS-20 Sunspot Activity vs Streamflow in South Florida. S. F. Shih, University of Florida, IFAS , Agricultural Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, Florida 33430. The sunspot activity occurs in cycles which have been well studied and widely recognized. Three of these cycles of solar activity are considered in relation to the cyclic movements of streamflow in south Florida, i.e. the eleven-year sunspot cycle (actually ranging from 9 to 14 years), the double sunspot cycle, and the longer secular cycle. Three techniques of correlogram, spectrum analysis, and moving trend were used to examine the cyclic movements of streamflow. The Kissimmee river basin in south Florida was used to demonstrate the relationship between sunspot activity and the cyclic movements of streamflow. The results indicated that the 12 months cycle is existing as dry and wet seasons, the wet season includes the months of May through October, and the other months belong to the dry season; the 72 months cycle which is related to sunspot is also existing as a dry- and wet -year. 4:00 pm GHS-21 Bioerosion in the Tamiami Formation, Collier County, Florida. TAYLOR V. MAYOU University of South Florida, Geology Department, Tampa, FL 33620. Trace fossils of common marine organisms such as algae, sponges, bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoids are potentially useful in sedimentologic and paleoecologic studies. Although examples of boring organisms in solid substrates and in shells in modern environments are extremely abundant, relatively few examples have been reported from the fossil record. Recent studies of the Tamiami Formation, exposed in Collier County, have produced'- abundant well preserved borings of the sponge Cliona, the polychaete Polydora, and several bivalves. Abundant molluscs occuring in the Tamiami Limestone tend to be extensively bored. These examples of bioerosion provide additional information to the paleoecology of the Tamiami Formation. 4:15 pm ghs-22 An aquifer test analysis of Tamiami Aquifer System - Zone II in Lee County, Fla. L. K. HOLLAND, L. E. HORVATH, T. M. MISSIMER, and R. L. HOLZINGER, Missimer and Associates, Inc., 2500 Del Prado Blvd., Suite B, Cape Coral, FL 33904. The Tamiami Aquifer System is a group of water- bearing zones contained within the Tamiami Formation in southwest Florida. Zone II lies in the middle of the stratigraphic sequence and it consists of limestone, calcareous sand- stone, and unconsolidated quartz sand. A 45-hour aquifer test at a pumping rate of 500 gpm was made on Zone II with a network of 8 ob- servation wells used to monitor drawdowns. Zone II responded to pump- ing as a semi-confined or leaky aquifer. A Hantush-Jacob (1955) leaky aquifer analysis yielded a transmissivity (T) of 20,000 gpd/ft, a storage coefficient (S) of 3 x 10" , and a leakance (K'/b8) of 4.7 x 10-* gpd/ft3. The cone of depression at equilibrium for a pumping rate of 2.5 mgd would extend outward more than 20,000 feet. 4:30 pm Business Meeting of the Section Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 38. 1978 PHYSICAL SCIENCES SECTION Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building: Workshop 9 Jack H. Noon, , Florida Technological University, presiding 9:00 am PSS-1 Copernicus Observation of Mgll k line in Algol. KWAN-YU CHEN" AND FRANK BRADSHAW WOOD* , Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, AND EDWIN S. BARKER, McDonald Observatory, University of Texas, Fort Davis, TX 79734. The Mg II resonance k line at 2795.53 A in 8 Persei was observed with the Copernicus satellite during two primary eclipses of the binary star on Dec. 31, 76-Jan. 1, 77 and on Jan. 3-4, 77. The two spectral line profiles are different. The excess intensities in the line taken on Dec. 31-Jaiu 1 can be interpreted as an emission feature from Algol B as a result of a flare of this component . *Guest Investigators with the Princeton University telescope on the Copernicus satellite which is sponsored and operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 9:15 am PSS-2 The Eclipsing Binary Star, AL Velorum, FRANK BRADSHAW WOOD, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. The system AL Velorum is one of the few close double star systems in which one component is supposedly a normal giant star. However, observations made at the Mount John Observatory in New Zealand confirm others made earlier at Mount Stromlo in Australia which indicate that during the partial phases of the eclipse, light losses are at least in large part by extinction effects in an extended atmosphere. Other light changes inconsistent with conventional eclipse theory are discussed. 9:30 am pss-3 Coronograph Measurements of Doppler Temperature in the Solar Corona. JOSEPH G. HIRSCHBERG, JAMES D. BYRNE AND ALAIN W. WOUTERS,2 Laboratory for Optics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124. The breadth of the green coronal line at 5500 A was measured at a series of radii about 15,000 km apart in the corona. The measurements were made each minute for periods of ‘from 15 to 60 minutes. Resulting temperatures varied between about 1 and 2.5 million degrees Kelvin. The temperatures are interpreted with respect to coronal heating mechanisms. 1 Supported by the Solar Terrestrial Research Division of the National Science Foundation. 9:45 am pss-4 Computer Analysis of Correlation Function Definitions of Pulse Velocity in Dispersive Media*. C. U. H0GLE, S. C. BLOCH, and W. M. G0TTSCHALK, Univ. of South Florida, Tampp,FL 33620. Precise definition of the arrival times of pulsed electromagnetic waves is important in dispersive media due to the severe distortion which pulses may suffer. This problem is conwnon in dispersive media such as the ionosphere and in random media such as atmospheric turbulence and in- tense rainfall. We discuss several alternative definitions of pulse time delay in terms of the cross correlation function, and we present results of a computer analysis of these definitions as an aid in optimizing the choice of function. Applications to global satellite positioning systems are discussed. * Research supported in part by U.S. Army Research Office, GTE Laboratories, Inc., and GTE Satellite Corp. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 39. 1978 10:00 am pss-5 Thin Section NMR Imaging. H.R. BROOKER*, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, and WALDO HINSHAW, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England. Several methods have been demonstrated for developing NMR images of a cross section of an object in such a manner that, during data acquisition, informa- tion is simultaneously obtained from all parts of the cross section. Most of these methods rely on the spacial variation of the receiver coil sensitivity to define the thickness of the imaged section. This is often a serious defect since the region of coil sensitivity has dimensions characteristic of the coil itself, making the cross section much thicker than desired. We have demonstrated that it is possible to limit the sensitivity of the spectrometer to a thin section by using time dependent gra- dients. The distribution of spins in the "sensitive plane" is mapped out using reconstruction from projection. * Work performed while on Faculty Development Leave at University of Nottingham, England. 10:15 am Business Meeting of the Physical Sciences Section 10:30 am PSS-6 Statistical Analysis of Radon Flux Measurements.* M. A. HAGHI and J. A. WETHINGTON, JR., University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. The radon emerging from the Earth's surface can be used in classifying lands for development purposes. We have attempted to apply statistical sampling procedures to this prob- lem in order to ascertain the proper spacing of sampling points, the number of sam- ples taken at each point per day, and the number Of days in the sampling program in order to establish the exhalation rate at a known precision. A sampling program, conducted on a plot of reclaimed land near Lakeland, Florida, showed that radon flux values were highly variable; consequently, establishing guidelines for radon flux in connection with land use criteria is a vastly complex subject requiring many measurements . *Work supported by Florida Phosphate Council 10:45 am pss-7 An Evaluation of Solar Balloons As Platforms for Scientific Payloads, E. F. Strother and Richard J. Foch, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, FI 32901. Small experimental balloons which derive their lift entirely from solar heating have been constructed and flown at Florida Insti- tute of Technology. While this superheat effect is generally a small pertur- bation on the gross lift of a large rigid airship or in super-pressure balloons, it is very pronounced in non-rigid airships and the zero pressure balloons of the type flown at F. I. T. The construction, ground handling, and launching of solar balloons will be presented. In addition, cost figures, performance para- meters, and mission profiles will be discussed for both solar balloons and conventional sky-hook balloons in the area of scientific payload delivery. 11:00 am PSS-8 Electronic Switching in Polyacrylonitrile. W.G. RUMBACH, J.E.D. KINSEY, C.M. GILLOTTI, J.H. BARTLETT AND J.A. MEYERS,* Florida Technological Univ- ersity, Physics Department, Orlando, Florida 32816. Electronic threshold switching behavior reported in the semiconducting c’nalcogenides has been shown to be a result of unique electronic bonding states. The possibility exists that organic polymeric semiconductors such as polyacrylonitrile may share similar electronic properties. Thin films (a/ 1000 A ) of polyacrylonitrile have been made by vapor deposition. As deposited, the films are insulating but become semiconducting upon pyrolization. The switching characteristic and other electrical characterizations of pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile are reported here. Faculty supervisor of student research project. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 40. 1978 11:15 am PSS-9 Application of Number Theory in Physics. HARRY S. ROBERTSON, Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. The theory of numbers is regarded by mathematicians as the Queen of Mathematics, un- tainted by any possibility of practical application. Contrary to this opinion, ap- plications of number theory to physics will be given in the areas of statistical mechanics, solid state physics, measuring technique, electrostatics, and oscil- lation theory. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICS TEACHERS FLORIDA SECTION Thursday 3:00 - 3:30 pm Registration. Valencia Community College 3:30 - 5:00 pm Lecture-demonstration workshop 5:15 - 6:45 pm Dinner. Guest Lecturer 6:45 - 8:30 pm Film: The Physicists Additional Demonstrations Video Tape: Einstein Equipment Display Friday 9:00 - 11:30 am Presented papers. Physical Sciences Section, Florida Academy of Sciences Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 9 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 2:30 pm Presented papers, Science Teaching Section, Florida Academy of Sciences Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 5 Saturday 9:00 am AAPT presented papers John Young Museum, Beta Room J. Stephen Browder, Jacksonville University, presiding 9:00 am APT- 1 Correlated Satellite Optical and Ground-based Electric and Magnetic Field Observations of Lightning* William H. Beasley, University of Florida. On August 2, 1977 between about 00h06m U.T. and 00h09m U.T., a satellite passing over the south- east Atlantic Coast observed several optical events correlated in time and location with cloud-to-ground lightning flashes as determined using direction-finding stations operated by the University of Florida at Gainesvi I le and at Kennedy Space Center. We determined the location, peak radiation field, and number of strokes per flash for a large number of cloud-to-ground flashes during the satellite pass. Many of the flashes were associated with storms near Charleston, S.C. and Savannah, GA., as were several of the optical events. The lightning flashes correlated with the optical events are typically multiple stroke flashes with not unusually large fields. While there has been little doubt that the optical events observed by the DMSP lightning detector and other similar satellite instruments were lightning, the results presented here are the first direct evidence that the optical observations correlate with cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. * Research supported by NSF ATM76-0I454 9:15 am APT-2 Changes in Emphasis in Undergraduate Physics. Jack H. Noon, Department of Physics, Florida Technological University. In recent years, many small departments of physics across the country have made changes in the type of undergraduate courses and curriculum offered. Some have concentrated on increasing enrollment in service courses, others oii specializations for their majors. A survey of approaches reported at the recent AAPT meeting in San Francisco makes discussion of this change in emphasis for physics teaching worthwhile. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 41. 1978 9:30 am APT-3 Language Difficulties in Teaching Physics to Foreign Students. E. W. McDonald, Valencia Community College. Some foreign students have difficulty with physics examinations because of misinterpretation of words and phrases incorporated into test questions. Some common problems in this area and ways of avoiding them are discussed. 9:45 am APT-4 Physics Education in a West African University. George Coyne, Valencia Community College. A discussion of existing problems in teaching physics in West African Universities will be presented as they relate to purpose, content and methodology. The universality and commonality of such problems will become apparent as prospects for solutions are considered. BREAK 10*15 am APT-5 Do They Remember After The Final? Jayne Knoche, Florida State University. A retention test on heat was administered to two different non-calculus physics classes during the quarter after the subject was taught. The results of these tests and comparisons with course grades will be presented. 10:30 am APT-6 Experiences with the CEP ftodules1, Dickison, Alexander K., Seminole Community College, Sanford, Florida, 32771 . For the past two years I have been using the CBP Modules in the calculus -based physics course. The first year all students used them. The second year they were used as a honors section. This paper v.ri 11 relate my experiences and my students reactions. 1. Calculus Based Physics, University of Nebraska -Lincoln, 685R8 10:45 am APT-7 Help the Student Understand the Physics, Not Just Mathematics. James G. Potter, Florida Institute of Technology. The typical beginning physics student becomes so heavily programmed with mathematical relationships that he overlooks what happens physically. He must be induced to acquire convictions concerning the physical processes themselves. This may be achieved by forcing him to answer more frequent questions throughout his study of a topic - questions forcing his attention on the most basic physical concepts and calling on him to use only the mathematical tools with which he is most accustomed to reason, to build up and test for himself his own narrative structure and mathematical form- alation of the theory. 11:00 am APT-8 Are We Losing Physics in Our High School Curricula? Clarence Sheldon, Evans High School, Orlando. Physics used as a development of thought process and method of thinking appears on the decline in our high schools. The current trend is toward ready made answers, cook-book procedures, and at best a diluted technical approach. These prevailing trends will be considered in some detail. 11:15 am APT-9 Recent San Francisco Meeting of the AAPT. Stanley S. Ballard, University of Florida. Highlights are presented of the joint annual AAPT-APS meeting held in San Francisco, January, 1978. Special attention is given to items of interest to members of the regional section. 11:30 am Business Meeting of the Florida Section of the AAPT 12:15 am Luncheon Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl. ) 42. 1978 SCIENCE TEACHING SECTION Friday 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 5 Fred Prince, University of South Florida, presiding 2:30 pm STS-1 The Role of Science Museums in Environmental Education - Bringing the Public and the Environment Together. WITOLD OSTRENKO, JR. AND F. J. MAZZOTTI, in Miami, Florida has a vigorous, diversified program of environmental education. The goal of this program is to increase public awareness of local environments. Field trips to a variety of local communities, both terrestrial and marine are the focal point of the program. Programs are available for all ages. Especially successful was a new family series which involved the whole family together instead of keeping children and adults separate. This method raises the overall level of material presented to just children. Maximum benefits of this type of approach are reached when parents and their children interact with each ocher and with their environment. pm STS-2 Marine science environmental education at Newfound Harbor Marine Institute: An adjunct to basic education systems. J. C. CARRIER, J. D. THOMAS, and J. A. BOHNSACK. N.H.M.I., Seacamp , Big Pine Key, FL 33043. The importance of field experience as a supplement to classroom education has recently been acknowledged. N.H.M.I., a non-profit facility located in the Florida Keys, provides a complete program to assist in marine science and environmental education. The facility, currently handling over 5,000 students per year in programs from 3 to 30 days, is available to any group from elementary to University level and provides complete support facilities, including laboratories, housing, meal service, library, boats, and instructors. Staff instructors, trained in the local environments, specially design programs utilizing the local diversity of terrestrial and aquatic habitats ranging from mangroves to hammocks and from tide pools to coral reefs. 3:00 pm STS-3 How to Prevent Cheating on College Science Examinations. Frank M. Dudley, Dept, of Chem. , Univ. of South Florida. A description of the "Key Tag" method for administering examinations under seating arrangements in rooms and auditoriums of large seating capacity. A particular method was devised in order to deter the obtaining and exchange of information between students when seated close to each other. The procedure described was used in the administration of freshman chemistry examinations of the multiple choice machine scored type in classrooms containing 150 or more students. 3:15 pm STS-4 Rotating Space Colonies: A Source for Undergraduate Physics Problems. CHARLES HARGRAVES* AND JAY BOLEMON, Department of Physics,. Florida Technological University, Orlando, FL 32816 AND PAUL DOHERTY, Department^of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48063. We review recent work on mechanics problems in the environment of a rotating space colony. In the absence of air the trajectories of objects launched inside a space colony are easily found. It is more difficult to solve the equations of motion when air is present. We discuss these equations for spherical objects and show how to solve them numerically. We also show some computer-generated trajectories which could take place inside a habitat maintained at standard atmospheric pressure. *Undergraduate Research Project P. Doherty, J. McKinley, and J. Bolemon, AAPT Announcer _7, 80 (1977). Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 43. 1978 3:30 pm STS-5 A Modular Science Program for Elementary Education Majors. ROBERT C.BIRD, Florida Technological University, PO Box 25000, Orlandcr, FL 32807. As part of their training elementary education majors at FTU enroll in a modular science methods course. In this course the students are involved in eight activity oriented modules which have been selected for their appropriateness for use in elementary schools. Topics included are: (a) Mastering Metrics-students measure and estimate length, volume and mass, (b) Electricity and Magnetism-students investigate cir- cuits and magnets, (c) Other Energy Activities-students study heat and other energy forms, (d) Ecological Field Study-students make a collecting trip to one of the on- campus lakes, (e) "New Science" Programs-students study and do activities from S-APA, ESS and SCIS, (f) Classroom Photography-students take photographs, develop film and print pictures in a classroom setting. BREAK 4:00 pm STS -6 Investigation of Environmental Problems by Secondary School Students. H. EDWIN STEINER, JR., University of South Florida, EDU 308, Tampa, FL 33620. Approximately 1,500 students in secondary schools of six Florida Counties investigated environmental problems during 1976-77. The studies were conducted as part of requirements in courses taught by teachers who were participating in a training project funded by the National Science Foundation. Results of the project indicated: 1) that the high level of individualized instruction practiced can be successful with most classes and students; 2) some high school students are capable of conducting sophisticated investigations; and 3) the training approach was effective in changing teachers; classroom methods. /■ Kl§ 4:15 pm STS-7 Deplorable Economics of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal. EUGENE C. HICKS, JR., Post Office Box 191, Green Cove Springs, Fla. 32043. Congressional auth- orization of the project. Myth of National Defense exploded. History of Army Corps of Engineers in underestimating costs and in overestimating benefits. Unreliability of estimates for Florida canal project, including alleged new industries and result- ing number of new jobs to be created thereby. Absurdly low rate used in Corps' cost studies to determine annual interest on investment of hundreds of millions of dol- lars and which is designed to create artificial impression of higher benefits than can be realized. Corps' refusal to disclose data necessary to enable verification of claimed freight savings - unwillingness to permit inspection of computations and se- crecy of origins, destinations, articles to be shipped and tonnages thereof. Worth- lessness of economic studies that cannot be verified. Why do we need two cross Flor- ida waterways? 4:30 pm Business Meeting of the Science Teaching Section Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 44. 1978 SOCIAL SCIENCES SECTION Friday 9:00 am Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 7 Mark Stern, Florida Technological University, presiding 9:00 am SSS-1 The Network Analysis of the Diffusion of Innovation: An Introduction to Modern Diffusion. MARSHALL W. JFLLILS, Dept, of Mass Communication, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FT. 32306. The construction of a synthetic communication network structure facilitates the study of the over-time aspects of the diffusion of innovation. Its advantages are an increase in both rigor and precision, which are brought about through the mathematical quantification of phenomena. The shortcoming of this approach is a current lack of coherent network analytic measurement technique, which is essential for the building of isomorphic network models. Accordingly, it is argued that the development of network measurement methods is a research priority. 9:30 am SSS-2 Integrating Attitude Formation and Attitude Change into a General Behavioral Model. WILLIAM R. BROWN, Department of Sociology, FTU, Orlando, FI 32816. While an extensive literature decries the misuse of attitude and behavioral indicators, little attention has been directed toward systematically demonstrating why the correlations between attitudes and behaviors are not usually high. A general model is presented that schematically illustrates the social psy- chological processes through which influences from relevant • "classes" of variables flow, interact, and compete as part of the decision-making process. The model de- picts the processes through which new external stimuli are evaluated as positive or negative "social credits" and then inventoried. Examples are presented to illus- trate related cybernetic processes and the manner in which internal perceptions stemming from other pertinent motive sources can interfere or, under some condi- tions, enhance the assocation between attitudes and behaviors. The utility of this general model is discussed as an integrative and predictive tool for the social sciences. BREAK 10:15 am SSS-3 Sociobiology: A Social Science Perspective. STUART A. LILIE, Dept, of Political Science ,• Florida Technological University, Orlando, FL 32816. In spite of claims to the contrary the assertions of Edward 0. Wilson e^t al. on the controversial questions of human behavior such as social stratification, aggression differences in the male and female role, and homosexuality do not have a clearly demonstrated genetic base and often seem clouded by the categories of Western thought and tradition. These behaviors may be explained equally well by cultural and material factors. Greater methodological sophistication may ultimately resolve this genetic v. cultural controversy. Until that time, however, the social and political consequences of genetically based arguments for complex human behavior is a legitimate part of this debate. It will be argued that at the moment these conse quences are potentially negative. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 45. 1978 10:45 am SSS-4 Values and Political Polarization in Surinam: DOUGLAS C. SMYTH, Florida Technological University, Political Science, Orlando, FL 32316. Study will attempt to demonstrate that value differences between Creoles and Hindustanies account for ethnically polarized political organization. Study is based upon prelim- inary results of questions administered in project in Surinam and will be compared with base sample administered to American students at FTU . Compared will be value variations according to national and ethnic divisions. It is hypothesized, that value response will display significant differences between ethnic groups in Surinam, but will also all manifest significant contrast with American responses. It is also hypothesized that Surinam elites will manifest value preferences of greater simi- larity to the American pattern than non-elites. Values instrument will be based upon an adaptation of Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck instrument used in Rimrock studies. 11:15 am sss-5 The Alpine Lakes Wilderness Conflict: A Case Study of Politics and Land Use. MARK STERN, Dept, of Political Science, Florida Technological Univer- sity, Orlando, FL 32816. The North Cascades area of Washington State has been a federally managed forest area since 1946. It is an area whose immediate population is heavily dependent on timber industry related jobs. It is also a major recreation setting for more than two million urbanites who reside within an hour's drive of its borders. In 1973 the Forest service drew up an Alpine Lakes Management Unit and Wilderness Proposal. In immediate response three alternate bills were filed in Congress in attempts to define the future use of this region. The subsequent interest group battle is analyzed as perhaps a prototype of a struggle between rural, economically concerned interests who feel threatened by the taking away of their resources, and urban, recreational ly concerned interests who feel the need to pre- serve adequate land space for their needs. 11:45 am Business Meeting of the Social Sciences Section 12:00 n Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 2:30 pm Junior Achievement Building, Workshop 7 Randy Fisher, Florida Technological University, presiding 2:30 pm SSS-6 Opinions of Selected Faculty Members on Curriculum and Instruc- tion at Five South Florida Community Colleges, Or. Chester Handleman, Broward Com- munity Co 1 lege', Fort Lauderdale, Florida. During the past decade, there has been much controversy about how best to accommodate the heterogeneous academic abilities of student bodies, which have been especially ubiquitous in community colleges. In order to ascertain faculty members' attitudes on this subject, an available sample of instructors from campuses of five South Florida community colleges was inter- viewed and asked to complete an instrument, one section of which required objective responses and the other subjective, open-ended answers. In order to make the study manageable, the respondents were chosen onlv from the. academic areas of the social sciences and common icat ions . Although a sizeabLe minority of perhaps 25 percent of the participants generally favored adding still more innovative curriculums and instructional formats to com- munity college education, about 73 percent, in varying degrees, indicated that the rate of innovation should be reduced, at least for the immediate future. The St. Petersburg respondents were somewhat more supportive of adding still more innovative programs than those of the other four campuses. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 46. 1978 3:00 pm SSS-7 Student's Evaluations of Instruction as a Function of Lecture Quality and Student's Grade. RANDY FISHER, BILLY O'CONNOR, and PHILIP DUNKLE, Florida Technological University, Orlando, Florida, 32816. BREAK 3:45 pm SSS-8 Social Mobility of Women in the United States. IDA J. COOK, Florida Technological University, Orlando, Florida, 32816. 4:15 pm SSS-9 The- Impact of Urbanization on Traditional Musical Forms. DAVID R. DEES, Florida Technological University, Orlando, Florida, 32816. The development of bluegrass music from traditional mountain music on the South- eastern United States is examined as an example of the effect of urbanization on a previously rural population. While the music's lyrics may be viewed as a con- servative or even reactionary response to urban life, on other levels the music is correlative with the character of contemporary life, particularly in regard to the social organization of musical performance and in the relationship between performer and audience. The investigation suggests that the study of art forms for an indi- cation of other social processes can provide useful insights, but only when such an investigation is in-depth and systematic, rather than superficial or partial. 4:45 pm SSS-10 Attraction as a Function of First Name Usage and Self Esteem. JOSEPH BARETTA and RANDY FISHER, Florida Technological University, Orlando, Florida, 32816. URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING SECTION Friday 11:30 am Lunch in the Park 12:45 pm Medallist Ceremony and Address Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium 1:15 pm Academy Annual Meeting Loch Haven Art Center, Auditorium Saturday 8:30 am John Young Museum, Laboratory Harold Hill, Orange County Planning Department, presiding 8:30 am URS-1 The Impact of Population Decline on City Government. THOMAS R. DYE AND JAMES H. AMMONS, Florida Technological University, Department of Public Service Administration, P.0. Box 25000, Orlando, Florida 32816. This study exam- ined the impact of population decline and changes in the composition of the popula- tion on social problems and public policy in the 243 central cities of SMSA's for the 1970-73 time period. Our study indicated that age of settlement is the most important single determinant of population decline in central cities of metropoli- tan areas. Region was also shown to be a significant determinant of population decline. Growing and declining cities differed in the composition of their populations and the intensity of social problems. Moreover, our study indicated that declining central cities were "uneconomic" when compared to growing central cities. Population decline was shown to be indirectly related to increased social problems and higher taxing and spending levels through its impact on changes in the composition of the population. Florida Scientist 41 47. 1978 8:45 am URS-2 Economic Assumptions Element, Orange. County Growth Management Policy. HAROLD F. HILL, Orange County Planning Department, Post Office Box 1393, Orlando, Florida 32801. Under the provisions of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, the Florida Legis- lature has directed local governments to submit an acceptable growth management plan before July 1, 1979- The Economic Assumptions Ele- ment of the Orange County Growth Management Policy details projected demographic and economic trends through the year 2000. These pro- jections are summarized in the form of economic assumptions and serve as the economic base of the Growth Management Policy. 9:00 am URS-3 Some Alternative, Cos Some Mined-Out Lands and Slime Ponds as Geology, Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, of possible alternative adaptive guidel would be of benefit to the phosphate mi The present state and local legislation fits derived from land reclamation to t the present reclamation guidelines more geographical, and geological situations and lakes, are in the long term benefic Florida. Alteration of existing regulat especially slime ponds, as wetlands is ficial to the surrounding communities a t-Effective Guidelines for Reclamation of Wetlands. MICHAEL J. ANDREJKO, Dept, of Fla. 33620. The establishment of a series ines for the reclamation of mined lands ning industry and other interested groups. allow little leeway in maximizing the bene- he Central Florida region. Alternatives to suited to the varying local environmental, , are proposed. "Wetlands" such as marshes ial to the regional development of southern ions to allow reclamation of mined out lands shown to be economically and socially bene- nd to the phosphate industry. 9: IP am URS-4 Translating Policy Preferences into Comprehensive Plans. MARILYi: V/. WHISLKR, Florida Technological University. This study examines the planning process and the extent of the inclusion of city council members' policy preferences in the local comprehensive plans being prepared under the 1975 Florida Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. The focus is on the housing and land use elements of the plans. Attitudes expressed by council members in 1975 prior to adoption of the state requirements are compared with the contents of plan ele- ments in Central Florida municipalities in 1978. Attitudes examined include the interest of officials in increased industrial and commercial development and the attitudes of officials regarding selected growth management strategies. Research supported in part by a grant from the FTP Foundation. BREAK 10:00 am John Young Museum, Laboratory David Heath, The East Central Florida Regional Planning Council, presiding 10:00 am URS-5 Determinants of Local Participation In Central Cities, Suburbs, and Outlying Areas. William S. Maddox and David Bedford, Department of Political Science, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FI 32816. This paper compares the motivations and correlates of local level participation in three community types to see if participation in different areas is a function of the same set of determinants or a function of different determinants in each area. Using a seven point Local participation index and data from the 1976 Center for Political Studies National Election Study, we present a multiple regression analysis for each of the three areas with local participation as the dependent variable and nineteen independent variables taken from the literature on participation determinants. The regression analysis explains 23% of the variance among central city residents, 28% among suburbanites, and 29% among those in outlying areas. A different set of variables is found to be important as determinants oflocal participation in each of the three areas. Florida Scientist 41 (Suppl.) 48. 1978 10:15 am URS-6 Planning for the Elderly: A Systems Approach. DAVID C. HEATH, The East Central Florida Regional Planning Council, Winter Park, FL 32789. Much has been written about demographic data which shows ever increasing numbers of elderly Americans. This phenomena has become known as "The Graying of America". As the percentage of Americans over sixty increases, new demands are placed upon society. In response to these demands, Congress in 1973 established Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) in the Older Americans Act Amendments. This presentation establishes a systems evaluation approach in planning for the elderly. National, state and local trends will just be examined. To uniformly deal with the large variety of services available to the elderly, systems theory will be utilized. The various systems forming a comprehensive Geriatric Suprasystem will be identified. Plan Development will also be part of the presentation. 10:30 am URS-7 Low Visibility Decisions and Urban Justice. ROGER HANDBERG AND STEVE PILCHICK, Department of Political Science, Florida Technological University, Orlando, FI 32816. Law enforcement activities run the gamate from crime detection to social control. This paper looks at police attitudes relative to the Florida Mental Act (the Baker Act). The police are one of the major actors in the implementation of the Act which had been proposed as a reform of previous procedures. Clear discrepancies are found between the Baker Act objectives and the operating realities of the police. Some explanations are given for these discrepancies and future policy changes discussed. 10:45 am urs-8 Health Systems Agencies from Conception to Operation: A Case Study in Federal Planning Agency Development. JAMES A. MOWBRAY, East Central Florida Regional Planning Council, Winter Park, FL 32789. Health Systems Agencies (HSA's) were originally conceived as larger, more sophisticated areawide health planning councils (3146 agencies). The first intentions were to reorganize the extant agencies, using the effective areawides to absorb the less efficient ones, and to organize afresh in states devoid of areawides. The influence of efficacious lobbies, particularly governmental efforts on behalf of governors and local units of government, led to changes in the proposed law, notably in the designation pro- cess. Under the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 HSAs emerged as combination planning and quasi-regulatory agencies governed by vol- untary boards composed of a majority of health care consumers and a strong minority of providers, vested with substantial powers of a magnitude unprecedented for pri- vate nonprofit corporations acting under contract with the Government. Yet, as of the 1978 amendments, HSAs are given only 24 months to achieve full designation, _ FLORIDA sc: I INTI SI FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Application fob Membership Membership in mi Florida Academy of Soiem i s : open upon applied.: ion to any oerson oi organization interested in scientific research, stimulating inteiesl m the sci- ences, diffusion of scientific knowledge, or appreciation of science. Corporate arid insti- tutional memberships are welcomed. A schedule of membership classes will U supplied upon request to the Executive Secretary at the address below. Sections of the Academy are indicated below. Please circle the section of greatest interest to yon. Because membership is for a calendar year, you will receive the full volume of the journal for the year in which you join. Dues are established by the schedule l>elow. Type of Personal Membership Patron $1,000.00 Sustaining $25.00 Life $ 300.00 Regular $13.00 Student $3.00 Section ai. 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