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THE

FLOEIST, FEUITIST,

AND

GARDEN MISCELLANY.

1855

NEW YORK
BOTANlC^Al-

LONDON:
CHAPxMAN AND HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.

MDCCCLV.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY S. WHITWELL, 10, NORTHUMBERLAND TERRACE,

BAGNIGGE WELLS ROAD,

INDEX TO COLOURED PLATES.

Aquilegia glandulosa, 321

Azalea Imperatrice Eugenie, 161
„ Beauty of Dropmore, 161

Carnation, Puxley's Defiance, 257

Fuchsia Dominiana, 1
,, Queen Victoria, 33
,, Prince Albert, 33

Gloxinias,

Hederoma tulipiferum, 193
Leptodactylon californicum, 289
!Meyenia erecta, 225
Picotee, Turner's Mrs. Drake, 257
Rhododendron retusum, 129
Sonerila margaritacea, 65
Verbena, Lady Lacon, 97

Blue Beard, 97

^Yonderful, 97

INDEX TO WOODCUTS.

Abney Hall, Flower Garden of, 367
Carnation blooming table, 58
Cupressus macrocarpa, 41
Enville Hall Conservatory, 328
Flower Gardens, plans of, 147, 276, 277
Juniperus Lycia, 215
Label, plant, 284
Mangosteen, 10

Pear, Bergamot Seckel, 374

Pinus patula, 88
„ ponderosa, 103
,, macrophylla, 171

Pits, forcing, 343

Rosary, plan of, 69

Thujiopsis borealis, 28

Walls, Glass Covering for, 1 17

Tuclisia-

THE

FLOEIST, FRUITIST, AND GARDEN
MISCELLANY.

FUCHSIA DOMINIANA.

(Plate 96.)

On visiting Messrs. Veitcli and Son's nursery, at Exeter, some
time ago, we were so much struck with this very tine hybrid,
raised in January, 1852, from seed of Fuclisia spectabilis crossed
with Fuchsia serratifoha multi flora, that we have been induced to
give a coloured representation of it, and we are sure that our
readers will agree with us that it is well worthy of such distinction.
The parent plant is now five feet high, and about four feet through,
and has been in full bloom since August. Young plants, struck
in March last, are now about two feet high, with about twenty
lateral shoots, all well studded with beautiful lars^e scarlet flowers.
This is unquestionably a first-rate autumn blooming conservatory
plant, and an example of it has been flowering well against a
south-east wall in the Exeter nursery during the summer.

In cultivating this variety, the usual rules laid down for
the culture of other Fuchsias must be observed ; begin by strik-
ing the cuttings in silver-sand and leaf-mould prepared for
the purpose, and placing them in a close frame or pit where
there is a little bottom-heat. When the sun shines, shade for
four or five hours during mid-day; and after the cuttings have
been in for three or four days, pull off the light for ten or twelve
minutes every morning, in order to allow the confined air and
damp to escape. As soon as they are rooted, pot them oft' into
tliree-inch pots, in a mixture of equal parts silver-sand and leaf-
mould. We prefer that mixture for the winter potting, for, being
light and porous, it allows the water to pass ofi" quickly. When
potted off", replace them in the frame or pit ; and as soon as
they become established, remove them to a warm and shady part
of the greenhouse ; after hardening there for a week or two, they
maybe moved to a more airy part of the house, where they may
remain till January, when they should receive a little artificial
heat, say from 40 to 50 deg. by day, and from 40 to 50 deg. at
night. As the day lengthens, increase the day temperature to from
00 to 70 deg., the night heat being about 5 deg. less, maintain-
ing a moist atmosphere at all times, with air both day and night

SE\y SERIES, VOL. V. NO. XLIX. B

TnE FLORIST.

when convenient. The pLants should be kept as near the glass
as possible, and should be shaded during bright sunshine. If
they do well, they will require shifting about once in five or six
weeks ; and before the operation, the mould about the roots should
be rather dry than wet. After they are shifted, give a good
watering, and replace them in their old situation, keeping them
close for a day or two. In potting, drain well, and place some
moss (Sphagnum) over the crocks, then some of the roughest of the
conpost, which (after the January shift) may consist of one part
silver-sand, two parts turfy or fibry peat, and one part dry cow-
dung, all well mixed together with the spade, and used without
sifting. As the season advances, pot rather firmly ; and we find
it a very good plan to put some of the moss on the top of the soil ;
when potted, the roots seem quite at home in it, and it prevents
the mould from being washed over the pot. Use rain-water
both for the soil and for sprinkling the plants overhead with. In
the latter operation be guided by the weather, and in the
former by the wants of the plant. Also water about once a week
with very weak manure water. Train the main-stems to stakes,
allowing them to branch out right and left, never pinching the
side-shoots back, except when one seems to take the lead of the
others. By following these directions, we are certain that every
success will attend your labours.

NOTES ON APHELANDRAS.

Amongst evergreen hothouse plants Aphelandras may not inaptly be
considered as constituting some of the best or showiest flowerino- kinds
cultivated. In fact, it is difficult to conceive anything more truly
beautiful than A. cristata when in a high state of cultivation ; although
it is one of the oldest inhabitants of our hothouses, yet one rarely sees
a good specimen of it. At no very distant period it was the only
Aphelandra known in a cultivated state, but, owing to the rapid intro-
duction of exotics within these last half-dozen years, or so, there are, at
the present time, several of them met with among collections, some of
them when in flower being extremely beautiful, and well worth any
trouble that may be bestowed on them. As winter flowering shrubs
they are invaluable ; their flowers, when once become developed, re-
main in perfection for a long time, enlivening the stove for several
months in succession. They are Acanthaceous shrubs, and are culti-
vated with facility if kept in a moist stove while growing, and in a httle
bottom heat, near the glass, and at a moderate temperature. When in
a dormant state keep them rather dry, and at a temperature of about
50°. Before starting them cut them well back, if they require it, so as
to cause them to break and make Ijranches, otherwise some of them will
soon become unsightly, by being naked at the bottom. A mixture of

JANUARY. 3

good mellow turfy loam, fibry peat, and silver sand, in about equal
proportions, is an excellent composition to pot them with, using good
drainage and as much potsherds broken very small as will ensure poro-
sity. The following species of them are cultivated at Kew, and are
now in flower : —

A. AURANTIACA. This is one of the best of the genus, flowering
abundantly as it does even on small plants, scarcely exceeding 6 inches
high. The leaves are 6 — 8 inches long, smooth, dark green above,
with the midrib and primary veins of a darkish purple beneath. The
flowers are produced from erect imbricated spikes, on the apices of the
branches, at first of a rich yellow, subsequently changing to a deep
orange-scarlet, and remaining a long time in perfection ; some plants of
it here having been in flower for two months, and to all appearance will
last for a month to come.

A. PORTEANA is a robust sturdy growing species, with smooth
light green leaves 10 — 15 inches long, of abroad lanceolate form, taper-
ing to each end, with a petiole of about half an inch. This species has
a very conspicuous appearance, on account of its flower spike, which is
5 — 6 inches long, and covered with large deep orange-red bractete ; the
flowers are of a bright yellow, but not many are expanded at once.

A. CRISTATA. An exceedingly beautiful flowering species, of robust
growth, attaining the height of six feet or more, unless kept cut back.
The leaves are smooth, of a light green, and are 12 — 15 inches long,
with a petiole of one -third. The flowers are scarlet, and are produced
copiously in imbricated spikes on the apices of the branches.

A. GRANDis. A fine flowering species, much resembling in habit
A. cristata, and if formed into a good specimen would be a very striking
object. The leaves are 10 — 12 inches long, smooth, and of a dark green.
The flowers are 2 — 3 inches long, and produced copiously from imbri-
cated spikes, many of them being together on the apex of a branchlet,
forming a large head of flowers, which are of a scarlet colour.

A. FULGENS. A rather interesting species, of more bushy habit
than the preceding kinds. The leaves are pubescent, 4 — 8 inches long,
oblong- ovate, of a dark green, attenuated to the base, and acute at the
apex. The flowers are small, of a dull red, and not attractive. Another
species, resembling this in habit, with smooth dark green leaves, and
led flowers three inches long, is cultivated here, but at present is with-
out name.

A. SQUARROSA CITRINA. This is an ornamental kind, with
variegated foliage. The leaves are smooth, 4 — 6 inches long, of a light
green, the upper surface of each leaf on both sides the midrib and all the
primary veins being white, resembling broad white lines. The flowers
are from an imbricated spike, of a pale citron colour.

Hydromestus maculata. This is an Acanthaceous shrub, closely
allied to Aphelandra, being similar in habit, in leaves, and likewise in
its inflorescence. The leaves are 6 — 8 inches long, very smooth, and
of a bright shining green. The flowers are of a light yellow, produced
from imbricated green spikes on the apices of the branches. It is at
present in flower at Kew. J. Houlston.

B 2

4 THE FLORIST.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. VI.
By a Gardener in the Country.

The heating of the house will now require consideration, and as we
are advocating cheapness and home-spun work, the heating must
be viewed in this light. The time of the year when the grower
wishes his Grapes to ripen must be first determined ; that settled, the
rest becomes plain and easy. We shall leave the early produce for
future consideration, and merely remark that foi Grapes ripening from
the beginning of July and through the autumn common brick flues
will answer every purpose, provided they are built on good principles.
But like a penchant for ornamental houses, some people will insist on
having hot water pipes. Well, we by no means wish to dissuade them
from this : that they are, for some reasons, preferable we know ; but
they are, likewise, much dearer, require perhaps more care in looking
after, and cannot well be mended (should accident occur) without the
engineer ; and we have next to enquire, after all this, whether anything
superior in the shape of Grapes can be obtained by them which our old-
fashioned flue will not equal. To this, we confess, we are bound
(looking at a long array of evidence which has passed before us) to
answer in the negative, and we therefore leave hot water pipes and
boilers for early Grapes and long purses, and betake ourselves to consider
what can be done without them. The great objection to flues is
that they do not distribute the heat equally ; that is to say, they heat
the house too much at one end, and insufficiently so at the other. Much,
however, of this can be corrected by managing it properly when building
it. In most cases flues are too large and clumsy ; in no case need they
exceed eight inches in the clear inside ; the sides should be built with
bricks set on edge, with which a coat of pargetting inside will make the
flue 14 inches in width ; 18 inches is ample depth. The furnace frame
should have a door for the fuel (a double one is best), 12 inches square,
with an ash-pit door of similar dimensions, provided with a ventilator.
The interior of the fireplace may be about 18 inches long, well built with
fire bricks, and either arched over or covered with Welch burs, to with-
stand the action of the fire ; beyond the 18 inches gradually narrow the
flue till it reaches within the house, up to which point the sides should
be formed with bricks laid flat. The flue should be built on stout
slates, or flagging, placed on piers of brickwork ; this will raise the bottom
of the flue from the floor, prevent damp, and greatly increase its effi-
ciency. The best covers are made of brick clay (no material stands the
effect of fire so well) : they will require to be the width of the flue, and
may be 12 inches long or more ; we have our own made two inches
thick, made in a mould, with a panel one inch deep on the upper surface,
leaving a margin two inches wide on each side, and one inch at the ends.
Thus when they are fixed the hollow dishes (which are meant to hold
water for evaporating when required) have a rim two inches wide round
each ; if it can possibly bo done these dishes would be all the better for
being glazed. To fix them, place a piece of broad hoop -iron across the
flue at each joint, which will " break joint " and render the flue smoke-

JANUARY. 5

tight. In all cases of flue building use as little mortar as possible. A
flue, such as we have just described, will heat a house sufficient for our
purpose 35 feet long ; but when the houses run much larger two should
be employed, one at each end ; they will meet in the middle and return
to the fireplace, where the chimney should be placed, with a damper to
stop the draught when required.

Besides the above, we have latel}^ tried earthenware pipes, or large
drain pipes, with a socket for forming a secure joint to each ; what we
have in use are 11 inch bore, and no mode of heating we have hitherto
tried so effectually answered the purpose ; the pipes should be selected
strong, or there will be danger from their bursting with a fierce fire.
The heat becomes after a time dry, but this can easily be corrected ; and
for late Grapes and a variety of other purposes they possess manifest
advantages, to which we shall more particularly allude.

In recommending flues at all, even for late Grapes, &c., we may
perhaps be thought "antiquated" in our practice. Our object is to
obtain Grapes cheaply, and we wish to keep out of the way of the
engineer, and as much as possible of the carpenter and glazier. The
Grapes in our domestic Vineries will be none the worse for this, and if
we can show how these erections can be carried out without the expense
of employing "professionals " we shall do much towards bringing a good
crop of Grapes within the reach of hundreds of individuals, who are
reasonably enough frightened at plans, specifications^ and estimates, and
the long bill which inevitably follows in the train.

THE NEW DAHLIAS OF 1854.

The brief editorial comments appended to my last paper remind me
that a word or two of explanation is due to my readers, in order that
we may fully comprehend the position we occupy in relation to each
other. Let me frankly acknowledge then, once for all, that in the
observations I have made, and the opinions I have expressed respecting
the growing and the showing of the Dahlia, I wish to disclaim, in toto,
the assumption of such an acquaintance with the subject as would justify
me — even were I so disposed — in constituting myself an authority on
the question. In truth, my sphere of observation is too limited, and my
organ of self-esteem not sufficiently developed, for any such assumption
on my part. Why then — it may be asked — do I venture to obtrude
myself before the public ? Simply this : it is only by the free inter-
change of opinions that we arrive, by slow degrees, at the truth. By
this means crudities are dispelled, prejudices removed, doubts solved,
and erroneous impressions eradicated. And it is well to remember
that we have, usually, as much to unlearn as to learn, before we can
render ourselves masters of our subject — be it whatever it may.
Having previously expressed an opinion that the Florist is a legitimate
medium for such intercommunication, I scruple not to avail myself of
the facilities offered by its pages. I may affirm, moreover, in all

6 THE FLORIST.

sincerity, that whatever I have written has been penned with the ulti-
mate hope of obtalnini/, rather than of imjxirting information.

These observations will apply with redoubled force in connection with
that part of my subject I am now approaching, viz., a consideration of
the new Dahhas of 1854. In this category I find before me a list of
some two dozen varieties, more than half of which I have grown, and
the remainder I have seen, more or less, on some few occasions. The
remarks I have to offer concerning them are the result of my own
limited experience onlij. If they possess any value, it is solely because
(within the bounds of that experience) they are strictly honest and
impartial.

To proceed : the Dahlias sent out in May last have not, upon the
whole, been exhibited in so good a state as when shown as seedlings in
1853. Nor need this be a matter of surprise, since a like result will
almost always occur, in a greater or less degree. The reason is obvious.
When a seedling is to be put upon its trial, it enjoys pecuhar advantages.
Being then, for the most part, in the hands of its raiser, it experiences,
so to speak, a kind of parental care and solicitude : from the earliest
period of its existence to the time it is " brought up for judgment "
it is watched and tended with the utmost anxiety ; every appliance of
art and nature is summoned to its aid ; and when, at length, it is
produced before the world, it follows, as a matter of course, that it
comes forth in the highest state of perfection to which it is capable of
being raised. Now let us note the career of such a production. Week
after week it is exhibited, three or six blooms as the case may be, and
always in excellent condition. Such a gem cannot escape observation.
Every grower looks upon it as a great acquisition, sees, in imagination,
its splendid appearance in his stands for the ensuing year, and orders it
accordingly. The stock, it may be, is limited, while the plants required
are very numerous. And what, now, is the fate of this pet, this spoiled
child, which has been reared in the lap of luxury ? Alas ! the usual fate of
pets awaits it, and it becomes the victim of over-popularity. Poor John
Barleycorn himself was never subjected to more barbarous usage. But
the demand is great, and the supply must be made to keep pace with
it, be it ever so enormous. Our unfortunate subject is therefore /brce«:/
and drimn to, and almost beyond, its utmost powers of endurance ; for
every bud it produces must, if possible, be converted into a distinct, inde-
pendent being, having a perfect organisation of its own, and complete
in all its parts. Nor is this all. In due time a plant thus artificially
reared comes into the possession of the grower, who, instead of nursing
it tenderly, is too often anxious to " make the most of it" in another
sense ; and who, under the erroneous impression that he will have a
better chance of blooms from two or three plants than from one, still
further mutilates and multiplies it, unthinking that he is deteriorating
the quality in the exact ratio that he increases the quantity of his new
acquisition. What marvel, then, that under such unnatural treatment,
the constitution of the variety should have become seriously impaired ?
It may retain indeed the principles of simple vitality : it may grow freely,
and be, apparently, healthy and vigorous, and yet its powers of repro-
duction may have suffered to such an extent as to render it incapable

JANUARY. 7

of yielding perfect blooms , until time and less severe discipline shall
hav^e restored it to its pristine state ; and a year or even more may
elapse belore this restoration is complete. Here, then, is a sufficient
reason, and one of almost universal applicability, why Dahlias, in the
first year of their cultivation, so often disappoint the hopes of their pos-
sessors. Moreover, the new varieties of last year have had to contend
against one of the most trying seasons ever known. Let it not be
supposed, therefore, that the broad assertion with which this paragraph
commences is to be construed into a sweeping condemnation of the
Dahlias let out last spring. On the contrary, 1 am disposed to augur
well of the majority of them ; I believe they will all be better another
year, and that many of them are destined to become established favourites.
J\Iy confidence in them may be inferred from the circumstance that I
hope to grow more than three-fourths of the entire number another
season.

Let us now descend a little to particulars. We will give a brief
glance at each individual, passing the whole under review, in alpha-
betical order.

A7'iel may be designated as an unfortunate variety, unfortunate in
the time of its appearance. Had it come before the world one year
earlier its novel and delicate colour would have insured it many
friends ; but the contemporaneous appearance of another flower of its
class, immeasurably its superior in every respect, has thrown it
somewhat into the shade. Exhibitors, who grow on a large scale,
may continue to cultivate it, but it will scarcely be needed by those w^ho
desire a selection of the very best kinds only. The absence of Beauty
of Slough from the exhibitions raises some doubts on the score of its
constancy. Flowers of this class are usually unstable ; but, although
not to be depended on, they are occasionally produced in such an extra-
ordinary state of perfection that we cannot make up our minds to banish
them from our collections. It is not improbable that such may
prove the character of the variety now under consideration. Colonel
Baker must have been a great disappointment to many. From
the manner in which it was exhibited as a seedling the highest expecta-
tions were naturally formed of it. We must yet have patience. That
which has been may be again. There is every probability that this
variety will prove to be all that we can expect or desire. Dhairala Giri
(what a name !) has something about it very taking. It has not
appeared often enough to justify us in giving a very decided opinion ; but
we are rather inclined to think that this variety will not detract from the
high reputation of its raiser ; presuming it to have sprung from the same
source which supplied us with Beeswing, Bob, Wellington, Alice, and
many others of high desert. Fanny Keynes is one of the gems of the
season ; but will perhaps require some management, in certain localities.
On strong, stiff, retentive soils it will produce perfect blooms, and
plenty of them, without the slightest trouble ; and in these situations it
is one of the most constant Dahlias extant : but on light, porous land the
chances are that a very liberal supply of manure and a superabundance
of w^ater will be necessary adjuncts to its successful cultivation. Of
Glory there is little to be said ; it is a hopeless variety. Golden Eagle

8 THE FLORIST.

is a fine bold flower, desirable alike for its novel colour, great depth,
and general good qualities. It presents a noble appearance in the
back row, in which situation it will, in all probability, be very fi-e-
quently seen for many years to come. Indispensable has scarcely justi-
fied its name ; nevertheless it possesses some desirable qualities. The
petal is of good form and great substance ; the colour bright and decided.
It has one property much desired by exhibitors, it will keep for an
almost indefinite period. On the other hand, it lacks depth, is too flat on
the face, and the un bloomed petals are not sufficiently incurved to form
a neat and finished centre. John Keynes is a fine, large back row
flower, of good average properties. It is a little low in the centre, a
defect which might be overcome by growing it closely under a pot.
The outline of this variety is very perfect, and its constancy indubitable.
In King of Ye/hzoswewere promised the "best flower of its class," and
the same eminence was predicted for two other yellows, Colonel Baker
and Indispensable. It yet remains to be proved whether either of
them can substantiate its claim to that post of honour. The variety
under consideration was certainly as nearly perfect as possible, when
shown last year ; and we will yet hope to see it again in the same
state. At all events, we must suspend judgment for the present. Lady
Bathurst may be dismissed without much comment. We trust we
shall be doing no injustice in the expression of an opinion that this
variety will never occupy a very high position. Lady Mary La-
bouckere has been termed an improved ]\Iiss Vyse : but the likeness is
by no means striking. The latter is a constant flower and only second-
rate in quality : the former is inconstant, but, when caught, is ex-
tremely delicate and beautiful. Magnet is almost a good Dahlia.
Miss Sitsan Sainsbiiry is another of the Bath flowers. It is much
after the style of Marchioness of Cornwallis ; and while it promises to be
no less chaste and elegant, it bids fair to prove no more constant than its
charming prototype. M^s. Rawlings is an exceedingly pretty kind,
with a remarkably high centre, so high that the bloom is, literally, the
segment of a circle. The raiser of this flower is evidently on the
right path : his productions have, almost all of them, tight and promi-
nent centres. He will do well not to lose sight of this important point.
Primrose Perfection must be content to occupy a secondary position.
Although it has the advantage of a high and prominent centre, its petals
are too much quilled, in consequence of which it is, at times, sadly
deficient in outline. In Rachel Rawlings we have, decidedly, the
flower of the season. It has been exhibited more frequently than any
of the new varieties ; and fully deserves the large amount of admiration
it has gained. Less constant, it may be, than its sister flower, Fanny
Keynes, it will, probably, be found to succeed better with the majority of
growers : a light soil will be more suitable to it than a heavy one. This
variety will continue for many years an ornament to our show boards.
Rosea elegans is remarkable no less for its very delicate and attractive
colour than for its peculiar stoutness of petal. It requires, and wiW.
bear, generous growth ; under such treatment it will amply repay the
care and attention of the cultivator. In Sarah we recognize no advance
upon other flowers of its class. Talisman has disappointed us much.

JANUAfxY. 9

The first blooms were so good that our expectations were raised to a very
high pitch : hut it soon became thin and open in the centre. Never-
theless it must not be dismissed without a further trial.

Brief comment must suffice for the fancy Dahlias of 1854. They
are not numerous. Admiration is a brilliant and constant variety.
Butterfly, something after the fashion of Flower of the Day, is a great
improvement thereon. Leader is a large flower, of good proportions,
with somewhat of a heavy appearance. We have, hitherto, seen nothing
so good, in its way, as Marvel. Pigeon appears to be of the right stamp
and quite new in colour. Topsy will take the place of Elegantissima,
which it resembles much in colour, and which it far surpasses in every
other particular.

In conclusion, let me request the correction of a slight typographical
error, which has crept into my last paper. The quotation occupying the
tenth line of page 366 contains a redundant word, which completely
destroys the rhythm. The word all should be omitted.

" They wou them well, and may they wear them long ! "
is the correct reading. The fault, in all probability, was my own : but
I am sensitive enough to be scrupulous in such matters.

A. S. H.

THE MANGOSTEEN— Garcinia mangostana.

This celebrated tropical fruit, a native of the Molucca Islands, and
hitherto considered difficult to fruit, even in the tropics, beyond the
limits of the Eastern Archipelago, is now, we understand, producing its
fruit (for the first time in Europe), in the tropical house at Syon, under
the successful management of Mr. Ivison, gardener to his Grace the
Duke of Northumberland. As considerable interest attaches to this,
stated to be the most delicious fruit in the world, w^e append a short
description of it, and a woodcut of the fruit.

" In its native state the Mangosteen forms an upright growing tree,
near 20 feet high, sending out many branches on every side, which are
placed opposite and stand oblique to each other, and not at right angles.
The leaves are entire, seven or eight inches long, and about half as
much in breadth in the middle, gradually diminishing to both ends, of a
lucid green on their upper side, and of an olive colour on their under,
having a prominent midrib through the middle, with several small veins
running from it to both sides of the leaf. The flower is like that of a
single Hose ; the fruit is round, about the size and shape of a Non-
pareil Apple, green at first but afterwards changing to dark brown, with
yellowish spots, as it approaches maturity. The inside of the fruit is
of a rose colour, divided into several parts by thin partitions, as in the
Orange, in which the seeds are lodged, surrounded by a soft juicy pulp
of a delicious flavour, partaking of the Strawberry and the Grape. It
is esteemed the most delicious of the East Indian fruits, and may be
eaten in large quantities without producing inconvenience to the system,"
The above is an abridged abstract from " Miller's Gardeners' Dic-
tionary," (Martyn's edition.)

10

THE FLORIST.

Among a number of encomiums which have been passed on the
Mangosteen by different authors who have eaten the fruit, Lord
I\Iacartney, in his '* Embassy to the Emperor of China," speaking of
Java, says :

" The whole country is richly stored with the choicest fruits, which,
like all places within the tropics, are gathered throughout the whole
year. The Mangosteen, about the size of a Nonpareil, accounted the
most delicious of all, was ripe in March. Its rind thick and firm, of a
dark colour, contains from five to seven seeds, of which the pulp that
covers them is the only part eaten. It has a delicate, subacid taste,
differing a little from, but far preferable to the same kind of pulpy
substance which encloses the Sour-sop of the West Indies."

Dr. Lindley, in his " Vegetable Kingdom," says : " Garcinia Man-
gostana has the reputation of being the finest of all fruits ; it resembles
a middle sized orange, and is filled with a sweet and most delightful
pulp. It is generally thought that this tree will not thrive beyond the
hot and damp atmosphere of Malacca, but Dr. Wight states that it has
been introduced into the gardens of Courtullam, where it had already
begun to bear, in the year 1840."

The INIangosteen was first introduced to our stoves in 1789- It is a
native of the IMoluccas, from whence it has found its way to the neigh-
bouring islands, more particularly Sumatra and Java, where it is much
cultivated, not only for its fruit but for its fine appearance as an orna-
mental tree. Like many other fruits which have not been subjected to

JANUARY. 11

artificial propagation, several varieties are met with in those islands, of
various degrees of excellence. The credit of being the first to fruit this
difficult exotic is a gratifying reward for the liberality with which the
late and present Dukes of Northumberland have furnished the neces-
sary appliances to effect this desirable result, as the spacioas houses
devoted to the growth of tropical fruits at Syon sufficiently attest, and is
no less creditable to the skiU and judgment of his Grace's very excellent
gardener, Mr. Ivison, who has charge of them. We can only hope that
the fruit in question will fully bear out its high character when ripe ;
but whether or no, the fact of fruiting it is another triumph of British
gardening.

The Mangosteen now fruiting at Syon was introduced (we under-
stand) by Captain White from Calcutta, in 1833, and is growing in a
tub three feet square, in turfy loam, and kept in a bottom heat of from
80° to 90°, the temperature of the house ranging from 65° to 90°, with
a constant supply of fresh air and moisture, even in the coldest weather,
the air being introduced through drains which open among the hot-
water pipes. The tree is about 15 feet high, and 9 feet in diameter.
The first flowers expanded on the 18th of November, and the fruits are
now about the size of Greengage Plums, with every appearance of
coming to perfection.

GLASS WALLS versus BRICK WALLS.

When we consider that fruit has become one of the necessaries of life
to all classes of people, the importance of annually securing a good
crop is at once evident ; a calm discussion as to the best means of
accomplishing this must, therefore, in its results, be for the public good.
This of itself would, I hope, be sufficient apology for me again offer-
ing a few remarks on the subject ; but as your correspondents "J. M."
and " Helminthion," — whose articles have appeared in the Florist
since my communication in the June number — have so often referred
to mine, I feel it incumbent on me to reply to them, and to offer some
additional remarks on the subject.

I am very glad they have spoken out on the matter, and I wish
others would do so also ; because by so doing, if we can only elicit the
truth — which is the object we all ought to have in view — we shall not
have laboured in vain,

I will take their communications in the order in which they have
appeared. And to begin with " J. M.," I must in the first place beg
of him the favour of reading my article again : by so doing, he will find
that it was penned in consequence of Mr. Ewing, in a previous number,
designating fruit tree protection by canvas-rolls and Fir-branches " the
antiquated plan." When I ventured to defend this plan, I did not
then, nor do I now, consider it perfection : far from it. But I did then
believe, and do now, that this plan will />«//, which glass walls will not.
" J. M." must assuredly see that my article was not intended so much
to condemn glass walls and orchard-houses (if people choose to spend
their money on such hobby-horses), as to defend the plan which the

12 THE FLORIST.

ori(?inator of glass walls designated " antiquated." I am as great an
advocate of progress as either "J. M." or " Helminthion ; " but, on
takinor a retrospective glance of the progress of gardening for the last
twenty years, while I teel pleased at the advance it has made in many
ways, I at the same time can recollect many, very many, so-called
inventions and discoveries, which the authors of them assured us would
work wonders, but which now, alas ! are numbered among the things
that were. I need not particularise any, as " J. M." and " Helmin-
thion " will themselves probably recollect something of the kind.

I will now make a few extracts from "J. M.'s " article, to show his
reasons for advocating glass coverings. He says — " Have we not
proofs that the frost that night (April 24) swept away all hopes of a
crop of fruit from the gardens and orchards through a wide extent of
country in the southern and western parts of England ? From my own
experience I can affirm that Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, are
all but entirely gone ; and, going from the subject, that Potatoes, early
Strawberries, and some other crops suffered equally." It is surprising
to me how the writer of the above could, in the same page, and immedi-
ately after, write as follows : — " I need not inform your readers how
comparatively small a surface of fruit trees protected by glass, and the
chance of a crop made surer, is sufficient to produce as large a quan-
tity of fruit as a great extent of walls." At present I will merely ask
" J. M." if he intends recommending glass coverings as a preventive
of that wholesale destruction of crops just mentioned above ? Again,
" J. M." says — " I am quite at a loss to see how trees, protected by
glass, and consequently where the operator can work at them, in the
dry all weathers, should require more labour than trees on the open
walls. Most assuredly a man dry and comfortable could tie in a tree
to a trelHs, or even nail it to a M^all, as expeditiously as if it stood on
the wet ground, and exposed to the open weather of winter or early
spring?" Granted. But how does "J. M." intend to manage the
ventilation of his glass cases? Again, does he purpose leaving the
glass on the trees the year round, or does he remove it at any time ?
If he does, is it all done without labour ? Again, " J. M." says —
" All gardeners know the great labour during summer with wall trees
is to keep them clean, and casks of tobacco water and much labour are
each season required to keep down the various aphides which infest
wall trees ; whereas, when enclosed by glass, one or two fumigations
with tobacco paper will be sufficient to destroy effectually this pest.
In fact, on the score of labour, taking into account the facilities for
working and training the trees in all weathers, I consider the balance
fairly on the side of trees protected by glass." Does " J. M." find one
or two fumigations with tobacco paper to destroy effectually the red
spider ? How does he manage to keep that pest from his Peach trees
under glass, when he keeps the atmosphere sufficiently dry to mature
the wood properly ?

I will make one more quotation from " J. ]\I.'s " article. He says —
" One word more, and I have done. Fir- boughs. Fern, and the like,
are useful protectors for trees before they bloom, but they should be
removed immediately the blooms expand, or they will open weakly.

JANUARY. 13

Now, from the period of blooming to a month after is just the time
Peaches and Nectarines require protection the most from cutting winds,
saying nothing of the alternation between a hot mid-day sun and a fall
of the thermometer to below the freezing point by night. Are these
coverings, then, to be kept on to the manifest injury of the trees, by
weakening the blooms and drawing the young shoots, or taken off and
put on according to the state of the weather ? " To this I reply, that if
these coverings be applied all over the trees to the thickness of a door-
mat the blooms will, without doubt, be weak ; but surely no intelligent
gardener would apply them in this way. But if " J. M." leaves it to
an ignorant labourer to do, such may happen. The evil results, which
" J. M." would attribute to the use of canvas-rolls and Fir-branches,
may also (and often does) arise fi'om other causes. One cause is, im-
perfectly ripened wood. When the wood is badly ripened the blooms,
as a matter of course, will be weak. Now this may be " J. M.'s "
case ; for if the wood be thoroughly ripened, what need is there of pro-
tection before blooming, as he recommends ? If the wood be properly
ripened no degree of cold will injure it. For instance, in the United
States of America, notwithstanding the severity of the winters, the
Peach is an orchard tree, and stands uninjured a degree of cold rarely
experienced in Britain. The wood of the Peach tree in America is vrell
ripened, and that it is which enables it to resist frosts. But if the
wood is unripe — as perhaps was " J. M.'s " case — then farewell all
hopes of crops.

" J. M." may have often noticed the difference between the blooms
on the natural spurs of the Apricot and those on the young wood. The
latter are in general weak, and mostly drop off without any fruit set-
ting ; whilst the former are properly developed blooms, and, in nine
seasons out of ten, will, without any protection whatever, set sufficient
fruit for a crop.

As the facts I will by and by state, and some of the remarks I will
have to make on " Helminthion's " article will apply equally to
" J, M.'s" communication, I will leave the latter for the present, and
address myself to the former.

In the first place, I object to " Helminthion's " throwing overboard
all other descriptions of fruits except Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots.
It is hardly consistent for him to do so, because we have himself and
the other advocates of protectives affirming "that Apples, Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Potatoes, early Strawberries, and other crops, in the southern
and western parts of England, were all swept away by the frost of
April 24, 1854."

Now, of all the fruits in cultivation. Apples are the most indispens-
able ; they have become one of the necessaries of life with the middle
and working classes in this country. Peaches and Nectarines are dessert
fruits, and their use is, as a matter of course, confined to the higher
classes of society in this country. Apricots, besides being a dessert
fruit, make one of our best preserves ; but their use, owing to the high
price of the fruit in this country, is principally confined to the wealthy
classes of society. But Apples and Plums, on the contrary, are used by
the minions of the working classes, more particularly the former.

14 THE FLORIST.

which, as I have already observed, have become one of the necessaries of
hfe with the working classes ; but, to place them within the reach of
the million, we must produce them at a price they can purchase them
at. And here I beg leave to ask "J. M.," " Helminthion," and the
other advocates of protectors, who attribute the failure of these crops to
frosts and our " precarious springs," can they do this (produce a supply
annually at a price the million can buy them at) by means of glass
coverings, of whatever form or description ? No, they cannot do so,
because the plan vrould not j^ciy — poor people could not afford to pay
high prices. We must, therefore, adopt those means which, even in
our " variable climate," will remunerate the grower, and at the same
time place these fruits within the reach of all. The large quantities
of Apples — not to mention other fruits — which reach our markets from
foreign countries keep down the price of them, even in years when the
crop is considered a failure in this country. Apples are at the present
time (Dec. 13) cheaper in Leeds market than they were three months
ago — I mean English fruit — so great is the supply from the Continent.

Now, when we consider the amazing large quantities of Apples, Pears,
and Plums, both of foreign and home growth, that are annually con-
sumed in this country by all classes of people, we shall have little diffi-
culty in coming to the conclusion, that they are of more importance
than all our other crops of fruit trees put together.

But " Helminthion " would leave these crops to the mercy of our
" precarious springs," whilst for Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, he
would erect glass structures of the very best materials and workman-
ship ; and " J. M." thinks a small amount of glass protection will make
good all the necessities and wants of a private family. It appears,
then, these gentlemen are only for supplying the wants of private
families ; but I beg leave to ask them where the supply to meet the
yearly increasing demands of the public is to come from ?

Where is London, Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol, Birmingham,
Leeds, Bradford, York, and all our other great towns, to be supplied
from ? They must either be supplied at home or from abroad. But
" Helminthion " informs us, and he says " nine out of ten of the prac-
tically experienced gardeners of the country can corroborate the asser-
tion, that all our crops of late years have been destroyed by frost."
We must then, according to " Helminthion," either depend on foreign
countries for our supplies, or we must cover all our fruit trees with
glass. " J. M.," " Helminthion," and the other advocates of glass
walls, &€., may ride their hobby-horses as long as they please, but
they cannot mislead the great body of the intelligent practical gardeners
of this country.

No, that they cannot do. Let us by all means use glass structures
for purposes that will pay. For this I am as warm an advocate as any
of them. And if some of our wealthy classes choose, for the gratifica-
tion of their taste and pleasure, to spend a portion of their incomes in
this manner, without any regard to profit, by all means let them do so.
But we must not on that account be misled from our duty, which is,
to provide for our people as large a quantity of food at as low a remu-
nerating price as possible. This is to be done, not as " J. M." and

JANUARY. 15

" Helminthion " would do, by covering all our orchards with glass, but
by taking a lesson from M. de Jonghe, as to pruning, selection of
stocks, selection of scions, &c., and paying attention to the soil, that is,
in raising its temperature by drainage and other means, in improving
its texture, &c., and by selecting such sorts as are suitable for the
localities. In these things we hope to be assisted by the British Pomo-
logical Society. Had such a society been in existence in this country,
even from the commencement of this century, we should not now be so
ignorant of everything concerning such matters, and we should not
annually hear so many complaints about the destruction of our crops.

(To be continued.)

NEW PLANTS OF 1854.

The new plants of the year just past have been numerous, and
include several of importance in an ornamental point of view, though
they are on the whole, perhaps, less striking than the introductions of
former years. As of yore, the Messrs. Veitch have taken the lead in
the work of introduction ; but the lovers of gardens and of floral
novelties have also to acknowledge the instrumentality in this matter
of various other cultivators, among whom Messrs. Standish and Noble,
Low, Henderson, Osborn, Rollisson, and Backhouse, and the botanical
establishments of Kew and Glasnevin, may be specially noted.

Of hardy plants, the scarlet and yellow flowered Holly-like Desfon-
tainea spinosa is probably the most interesting ; and this, together with
two brilliant blue-flowered Ceanoths — C. Lobbi and C floribundus —
will be very valuable additions to select flowering shrubs ; the latter
are probably better adapted for walls than for open borders. Torreya
Myristica, the Californian Nutmeg, is also a striking and valuable
plant, having very much the aspect of Cephalotaxus Fortuni, and
probably hardy. Other interesting Conifers brought into notice are the
free-growing Thuja gigantea, a very promising evergreen ; and Abies
Ksempferi, a deciduous tree, like the Larch. Thuiopsis dolabrata
and borealis, and Pinus Royleana, Jeffreyana, and Parryana, of which
less seems known, are also additions to this class. Among hardy
perennials, the most remarkable, of which we have any knowledge, is
the blue Gentiana Fortuni, from Northern China, a real gem of its
class. Primula mollis, a gay, rosy-flowered plant, is probably better
adapted for frame culture than for the open borders, though no doubt
hardy in sheltered situations. •

As hardy or half-hardy annuals we have added Wliitlavia grandi-
flora, a fine, blue-flowered plant, with the habit of Eutoca ; a dwarf,
small-flowered Eschscholtzia, called tenuifolia ; a deep orange variety
of the beautiful Leptosiphon luteus, or, as it is sometimes called, Gilia
lutea ; and last, though not least, the brilliant crimson annual Flax,
Linum grandiflorum, of which a spurious red kind is in cultivation, and
which is also impersonated in some collections by a large variety of the
common blue Flax. The genuine kind is a very brilliant plant, and

16 THE FLORIST.

should be sought for, if not aheady obtained. Another promising
annual of the half-hardy class, or probably best suited for greenhouse
put culture, is the Acrolinium roseum, an exceedingly gay, pink-
tiowered " Everlasting," introduced from Swan River.

Of half-hardy perennials the most prominent which has appeared is
Lysimachia Leschenaulti, a densely-branched prostrate plant with
heads of rosy flowers, which will probably be found useful for flower-
beds and borders during summer.

Greenhouse shrubs have been more numerous. Acacia Drum-
mondi and Boronia Drummondi are among the best of their respective
families ; the former has flowers of the usual colour — yellow — in oblong
heads, and the latter has gay pink blossoms. Oxylobium Osborni has
profuse bright orange Papilionaceous flowers, and, as well as the pre-
ceding, is remarkably ornamental. Pittosporum flavum is a bold, strong
plant, of a different character, but worth growing where there is space
for it ; it has broad Laurel-like leaves, and heads of large yellow flowers.

In the Continental botanic gardens has been raised an exceedingly
ornamental Cestrum, called Ptegeli, which, it appears, rivals the now
well-known C. aurantiacum, and requires similar management.
Salvia porphyracantha is a new and brilliant scarlet-flowered species
which has originated in the French gardens ; and from the same
scource, it may be mentioned, has been re-introduced, under the name
of Echites Pellieri, the old and rare Echites suberecta, now called
Neriandra suberecta. A fine greenhouse evergreen perennial, with the
habit of Chvia, has been added, or at least bloomed for the first time,
during the past year ; it is called Imantophyllum miniatum, and bears
an umbel of very showy vermilion-coloured flowers. Another curious
and really showy greenhouse perennial, from the Southern United
States, is the Sabbatia stellaris, whose flowers are deep rose, with a
yellowish- green, star-shaped eye.

Belonging probably to the cool greenhouse, rather than to the hardy
class, are several species of Rhododendron, which have been introduced
from the mountains of Bootan. As none of them have as yet, we
believe, flowered in this country, little more can be reported of them
than that they comprise novelty and distinctness in their foliage, and
in some instances the flowers are stated to be very showy ; one of them,
R. Nuttalli, having, it is said, the largest blossoms of any known
species of the genus, and these are said to be white, with a tint of
yellow and rose, and to be delightfully' fragrant. It is probably in the
way of R. Dalhousiae.

Among the novel stove plants occurs, probably, the most decidedly
popular of the plants of the year, a beautiful variegated-leaved, dwarf-
branching, sub-shrubby perennial, called Sonerila Margaritacea. Its
foliage, which looks as if so\\m with pearls, is in itself very lively, and
its ornamental blooms, which are for some time produced in great pro-
fusion, are of a gay rose-colour, enlivened in a remarkable manner by
the large prominent yellow anthers. It is quite a gem. IMaranta
Warczewitzi and Aphelandra squarrosa Leopoldi are two otlicr gay,
variegated-leaved plants, very desirable for general cultivation.
Gesnera Donkelaari is a very rich-looking plant of hybrid origin, its

JANUARY. 17

inflorescence resembling some of the larger flowered varieties of
Pentstemon Hartwegi, better known, perhaps, under the erroneous
name of gentianoides. We may further mention Gomphrena coccinea,
as another very useful plant for decorative purposes ; it is perennial
^vith orange-coloured flowers, and should be treated similarly to its near
ally, the well-known globe Amaranth.

Of older, but comparatively novel, plants, the Impatiens Jerdonise,
already noticed and figured in our pages, proves itself to be one of the
gayest of recent introduction.

CLERODENDRON SPLENDENS.

When well managed this is one of the most showy and useful of stove
twiners, for when seen in the form of good sized specimens, covered with
its dark glossy green foliage, and its large bunches of glowing scarlet
flowers, it forms a most striking object. It is of comparatively easy
cultivation, and is easily increased either by cuttings or grafting it on
the more robust growing kinds. Short jointed bits of the young wood,
such as are rather firm at the heel, should be used for cuttings, planted
in a well drained pot in sandy soil, covered with a bell glass, and
plunged in a brisk bottom heat. Do not over water them, and as soon
as they are fairly rooted pot them singly in small pots, using about equal
parts fibry peat, turfy loam, and leaf mould, adding plenty of sharp
clean sand. After potting place them in a shady part of a warm pit or
stove, where a moist atmosphere is maintained, and, if possible, afford
them a brisk bottom heat. When they become well estabhshed they
should be more freely exposed to fight, and a little air should be
admitted on fine days. As they advance in growth attend to shifting
as may be required, using the same compost as recommended above,
with the addition of a small quantity of well decomposed cow-dung.
The compost should be rubbed through a half inch mesh sieve, and well
intermixed, but I need not say that it should not be sifted, as was once
the practice, for this takes out the fibry and best portion of the soil. The
plants should be afforded a slight shade for a few hours on the forenoons
of bright days, but do not use this too freely. If well attended to and
shifted on as they require more pot room, they will make nice little
specimens for flowering by the end of September, and will continue in
beauty for a long time, and it is a first-rate subject for winter decora-
tion. Some persons prefer having this variety grafi:ed on some of the
stronger growing kinds, and I have had it succeed well grafted on C.
odoratum, fallax, and Kaempferi. For grafts select a short jointed
well ripened piece of wood, cutting it above each joint, when it will
form as many grafts as there are pieces with a pair of leaves or eyes.
But I have invariably found plants grafted on the roots of any of the
strong growing kinds to make the finest specimens. For root grafting a
short rather firm bit of a young shoot with a leaf should be used, and
in either case the grafts should be covered with a bell glass until they

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. NO. XLIX. C

18 THE FLORIST.

become united aud begin to grow; after which grafted plants will
require the same treatment as recommended for those obtained from
cuttings ; and by gi'afting them early in spring, and proper attention, they
will make fine plants in course of one season. Those who possess large
plants that have been afforded a season of rest will find this a good time
for starting them into growth, particularly where they are wanted for
exhibition purposes next summer. The wood should be unfastened from
the trellis, cutting out altogether any of the main shoots that may be
weakly or not wanted, shortening back those that have flowered to the
lowest pair of eyes, placing the plants in the stove, and giving sufficient
water to the soil to bring this into a healthy state. As soon as the buds
push turn them out of the pots, and reduce the ball sufficiently to allow
a good shift into fresh soil without increasing the size of the pot. Use
the same compost as directed above, and be very careful not to over
water until the roots reach the sides of the pots, but syringe the plants
over head frequently, and maintain a moist atmosphere. As growth
advances keep the shoots neatly and regularly tied in, in order that they
may be exposed to all the hght possible, and if green-fly makes its
appearance apply tobacco smoke immediately it is perceived. When the
pot becomes full of roots manure water made from cow-dung and well
cleared may be given once a week with advantage. Plants started early
this month will be finely in bloom by June, and will continue in full
beauty for months, if kept in a rather dry and not over warm house.
Indeed I have fi'equently shown the same plant in a winning collection
in July, August, and September. The plant should be well rested after
flowering, placing it in a light airy part of the stove or intermediate
house, and keeping it sufficiently dry at the root to check growth, and
get the wood well ripened ; this will cause it to break more closely than
would otherwise be the case, and induce a tendency to produce short
jointed flowering wood. There are evidently two varieties of this plant
in cultivation, and the best variety is to be obtained from most nurseries
under the name of C. splendens speciosissimum ; this has larger and
darker foliage and much higher coloured flowers, and is altogether
greatly superior to the other variety. W. Cole.

NEW CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

We are not surprised to find the Chrysanthemum becoming a popular
flower, for it is really valuable for autumn decoration, independent of
the great beauty of many of the recently introduced kinds. On
looking through the new varieties of the past year, we particularly
noticed among Pompons ; —

Aurora Boreale, mottled orange, fine.

Dr. Bois Duval, bright brown red, good and distinct.

Comte Achille Vigier, pale lemon striped with pink, dwarf habit, and
very distinct.

Bob, bright chocolate red, very fine and distinct.

Anne Boleyn, bright buff, very double, small and good.

Zebra, rosy lilac, yellowish centre, distinct and pretty.

JANUARY. 19

Reqniqui, deep rosy purple, good.

Brilliant, bright cinnamon, good form, extra fine, and should be in
every collection.

Bayardiere, shaded pink and white, good.

The following varieties of 1852 and 1853 are worthy of every
collection, viz. : —

Madame Felicie Albert, rosy pink with small white tip, distinct and
good.

Concordeau, deep pink, good and distinct.
^ Marabout, pale blush changing to white, beautifully fringed, and very
distinct.

Nonsuch, golden yellow, good.

Jonas, orange, with deep brown centre, very distinct.

Flora, lilac, very small and pretty.

Madame Celestine Philopal, yellow, tipped with red, changing to yellow,
good form.

La Parisienne, French white, good form.

Rose Pompon, quilled blush, good.

Bernard de Rennes, bright golden cinnamon, fine.

Madame Vatry, delicate peach, fine.

Adonis, rosy purple and white, distinct and good.

Madame Jules d'Evry, pale blush, with small yellow centre, good.

Among the new large flowering kinds of 1854 the best are : —

Auguste Mie, dull carmine, with yellow tip, good form, fine.

Hermine, delicate blush, with rose tip, fine form, beautiful.

La Prophcte, pale yellow, fine.

Didon, bright yellow, good.

Prince Jerome, orange, tipped with brown red, fine.

These we noticed as particularly worthy of attention ; also the
fjUowing from the varieties sent out in 1852 and 1853, viz. : —

Aregina, rosy purple, fine.

Albini Godereau, deep rosy purple, bright.
. Australie, bright orange brown, fine.

Bossuet, pale rosy purple, fine.

Berthilde, veined lilac, fine.

Bernardinium, deep orange, slightly shaded with red ; good form, fine

Chevalier Domage, dwarf, golden yellow ; good

Merceau, pink, with broad white tip, distinct

Pluie d'Or, bright buff, yellow centre, good form

Plutus, very fine incurved yellow

L'Ingot d'Or, fine yellow, large

Trilby, delicate blush white, fine

Rosa mystica, mottled rose

To see Chrysanthemums in perfection, one or more of the metro-
politan exhibitions of this flower should be visited. There would be
seen immense specimens, full of vigour and health, and clothed with
flower. Judging of the plant as it is too often seen, with yellow leaves
and attenuated growth, sufficient attention is not paid to the necessity
that exists for a full supply of air and water. If the latter is neglected,
and the plant allowed to become very dry, yellow leaves soon make
their appearance. As a border decorative plant, the Pompone Chry-
santhemum is invaluable, as it yields a supply of flowers late in the
summer and early in the autumn, when so many other things are failing.

c 2

20

THE FLORIST.

FANCY PELARGONIUMS.

The following list of Pelargoniums must be accepted as a continuation
of the returns made by our best qualified growers.

The fancy Pelargonium, wdth all its popularity, yet fails to embrace
the number of cultivators which the larger flowered sorts can boast. So
far as my observation extends, their real deficiency is in the want of
attractiveness — in other words the want of showiness ; for to no variety
does that brilliancy of colour belong which so distinguishes the old sorts.

All must admit that under ordinary treatment the fancy Pelargonium
may claim that profuseness in point of flowering which scarcely belongs
to any other subject in general cultivation ; when the time shall have
arrived that to this qualification can be added brilliancy and depth of
colour, then, and not till then, will the fancy Pelargonium become a
flower for the million, in common with its compeer, so long the universal
favourite.

LISTS OF TWELVE FANCY PELARGONIUMS,
By Messrs. Dobson & Son, Mr. Frost, Mr. Robinson, Mr.

AND Mr. Turner.

Rosier,

Varieties.

Messrs.

Dob.«on

1 and Son.

c

0
. («

0

75

0

Advancer

1

1

Annette .

2

...

...

• • •

. . .

1

Caliban

8

1

...

• • •

...

2

Captivation
Cassandra

4

2

1

1

1

1

4

Celestial .

• . •

8

2

2

2

4

Conspicuum
Constance

'*5

...

3

...

...

1

1

Criterion

6

4

. . .

'3

"s

4

Dandy-

5

...

4

4

3

Darling
Defiance .

...

4
5

...

...

1
1

Delicatum .

"e

6

...

5

3

Erubescens

7

7

5

6

4

Fascination .

"i

...

...

...

1

Formosissimum

8

...

...

• • •

1

Gipsy .

Hero of Surrey

...

...

8
9

...

...

1

1

Lady H. Campbell (
Magnum Bonum

H.

"9
10

8

i'6

7

"7
8

4

4

Madame Sontag .

...

'9

11

8

9

4

Neree

11

• • •

• • •

...

1

Perfection .

12

10

...

2

Queen of Crimsons

...

11

• • •

• • •

io

2

Eesplendens .
Sultan

...

12

12

9
10

11

4
1

Triumphant .

. . .

• • •

11

1

Victrix .

...

...

12

12

2

Wace Cottage, HoUoway.

John Edavards.

JANUARY.

21

A SELECT LIST OF FRUITS

FOR

SCOTLAND AND THE EXTREME NORTH OF ENGLAND.

By Mr. Charles McIntosh, Dalkeith Palace Gardens.

The abbreviations employed are as follows : — St., standard ; Dwf.-
dwarfs for open quarters ; Esp., espalier; T., table; K., kitchen use ;
Pvg., preserving ; S. G., for small gardens ; E., east aspect ; W., west
aspect; N., north aspect; S., south aspect; E. V., early vinery;
L. v., late vinery. The month is given in which they usually ripen ;
still season, soil, and situation, often make a difference of days and
weeks — more especially in the ripening of Pears.

APPLES.

Names.

When in

Season.

Use.

•3

c5

Remarks.

M

Q o-

^o

w

Admirable, Small's

Nov. Dec.

K

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

fAlfristoa .

Dec. Mar.

K

St.

.. .

. ..

jAstrachan, Ked

Sept. Oct.

T

St.

Dwf.

. ..

Esp.

jBlenheim Pippin

Nov. Feb.

K.T.

St.

...

...

...

Requires plenty of

*Borsdoffer .

Dec. Mar.

T

St.

Dwf.

...

(room

'^Cox's Pomona .

Oct. Nov.

K.T.

St.

Dwf.

...

...

Very handsome

*Cox's Orange Pippin .

Nov. Jan.

T

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Flavour of Ribston

Codlin, !Manks' .

October

K.T.

• • •

Dwf.

.. .

(Pippin

Codlin, Keswick .

October

K

St.

Dwf.

...

...

A great bearer

*Court Pendu Plat

Dec. Mar.

T

St.

Dwf.

• ..

A sure bearer

tCourt of Wick .

Nov. Mar.

T

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Cockle Pippin .

Jan. April

T

St.

Dwf.

...

...

Dumelow's Seedling .

Nov. April

K

St.

...

S.G.

Excellent for jelly ;
keeps good till June

Dutch Mignonne . .

Jan. Mar.

T

St.

Dwf.

Esp.

Early Red Margaret .

August

T

St.

Dwf.

S.G

...

fFearn's Pippin .

Dec. Jan.

T

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

fGolden Harvey .

Jan. April

T

Dwf.

...

Esp.

Small but very rich

Golden Pippin, Small's

Dec.

T

...

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Hardy & good bearer,
unknown to me

^ Do., Franklin's

Nov. Dec.

T

St.

. • .

...

. . .

fKerry Pippin

Nov. Dec.

T

, ,.

Dwf.

...

Esp.

fKing of the Pippins .

Jan.

T

St.

...

...

Esp.

Lord Nelson, Kirk's .

Dec. Feb.

K

St.

...

,,,

• • •

Very apt to canker

fNonpareil, Downton .

Dec. Mar.

T

...

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Apparently tender

^Nonpareil, Braddick's .

Jan.

T

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

.. .

*Nonpareil, Old .

Jan. April

T

...

...

...

...

Requires a dry warm

fReinette, Golden . .

Nov. Dec.

T

.. .

...

...

Esp.

(situation

tlieinette, Scarlet

Dec.

T

St.

...

S.G.

...

jRibston Pippin . .

Nov. ^Nfar.

T

St.

. ..

...

Esp.

Finer coloured on a

fRusset, Powell's.

Dec. Feb.

T

St.

■ . .

. . •

Esp.

(wall

fRusset, Syke House .

Jan. Mar.

T

St.

Dwf.

...

Esp.

Those marked * require walls in most parts of Scotland. Those marked f succeed
well as espaliers. The rest, with the exception of Small's Golden Pippin, which I only
know by Mr. Ingram's report, ripens freely in most places as standards.

22

THE FLORIST.

APPLES ADAPTED TO THE MIDLAND PAETS OF SCOTLAND,

IX ADDITION TO THOSE IN PRECEDING LIST.

Name.

When in

Use.

ui

rs

irf for

)en

rters.

09

Si

Rkmarxs.

season.

a

a

P°3

fAclam's Russet .

Nov. Mar.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Adapted to dry soils

Annat Scarlet Pear-

Jan. Feb.

T

St.

...

...

Exceedingly beautiful,

main.

and very hardy

Gogar Pippin

Nov. April

T

St.

...

...

Ditto.

flngestrie Yellow

Avg. Oct.

T

St.

...

Esp.

fMargil

Oct. March

T

St.

.. .

Esp.

*Scarlet Nonpareil

Dec. Mar.

T

...

Esp.

Wall in south and north

fPearmain, Claygate .

Nov. Feb.

T

. . .

Esp.

Dwf. St. in lowlands

fPearmain, Lamb Abbey

Jan. Mar.

T

Dwarf

Esp.

■fPearmain, Manningtn.

Oct. Feb.

T

Dwarf

Esp.

fRavelston Pippin

August

T

Dwarf

Esp.

Often against a wall in
cold localities, and then
becomes one of the best
table Apples, where the
finer sorts won't thrive

Reinette Franche

Nov. Jan.

T or
K

...

...

Esp.

Often on walls in cold
places

Calville Blanche d'Ete

Sept. Oct.

do.

...

Dwarf

Esp.

„ „ d'Hiver

Jan. April

do.

„

Dwarf

Esp.

Cambusnethan Pippin

Oct. Jan.

do.

St.

• * •

...

Extremely hardy

Devonsh. Quarrenden*

Aug. Sept.

K

St.

•••

...

Succeeds equally as well
in the highlands as in
the south of England

fSea Cliff Hawthornden

Nov. Dec.

K

St.

Esp.

Very great improvement
on old Hawthornden,
of which it is a seed-
ling,so far bearing out
Mr. Knight's theory

tNew Hawthorn

...

...

...

• ••

...

Of equal merit

fLemon Pippin .

Oct. April

...

...

Esp.

Melrose

Oct. Jan.

St.

...

...

Sufficiently hardy for
any part of Scotland

Northern Greening .

Nov. April

K

Dwarf

...

Succeeds well in the
west highlands, where
the atmosphere is
very damp (places

Stone Pippin

Nov. June

K

St.

• ••

...

Remarkably hardy in all

Yorkshire Greening .

Oct. Feb.

K

St.

...

We have a vile lot of Clydesdale and Carss of Gowrie Apples, which nobody
but those who grow them can eat. IMy own collection is extensive, consisting
of most of the English sorts ; the majority do well, but it would not be a fair
criterion, as we are warm and dry. There are very few Apples grown in the
gardens along the southern border, or in the highlands, worth notice. There
are exceptions, however, to this ; for along the coast of the JMoray Frith as
fine Apples and Pears are grown as in the south of England ; the same may
be said of some spots near the sea, between Edinburgh and Berwick, and
again, strange to say, in Strathearn, in the centre of Perthshire.

f- This IS valuable more on account of its hardiness and great bearing than for any
other merit beyond its being a good market-taking fruit, and capital for the cook.

JANUARY.

23

PEARS.

The Pears mostly growni in Scotland as standards are the Swan's Egg,
Mocrfowl Egg, Green Pear of the Yair, Crawford or Lammas, Bishop's
Thumb, Black Achan, which is an excellent Pear where no better will grow ;
it is dry, but of a very peculiar flavour, esteemed by some — Charnock, Green
Chissel, Massise Jean, John IMonteith, IMuscat Robert, Orange Bergamotte,
Pitfour, Pollockshaw, Seggiden. There is, however, one excellent Pear grown
on a wall, little known in England — Galston's IMoorfowl Egg, in use in
October and November. Chaptal ripens as a dwarf standard in many places
here, as do also Downton, Dunmore, the Hessel Pear, now extensively grown
in all places, JMoccas, Thomson's, Belmont, Autumn Bergamotte.

Names.

When in

Use.

1/3

(4

eS

"2

^~^ en
sis +->
Sj-O-

"2 ="

CO 7^

u5

Remarks.

season.

3

■*->

CO

Ananis .

October

T

w

Dwf.

...

...

New & excellent kind
— not yet proved

Baron de Mello . .

November

T

w

,,,

Dwf.

...

...

Ditto

*Aston Town .

October

T

. ..

,,,

Dwf.

S.G.

...

A great bearer

*Bergamot, Autumn

October

T

...

St.

...

...

...

Very hardy

Bergamot, Gansel's .

October

T

w

...

...

. . .

Plant in dry soil, and
water when the
fruit is swelling

Beurre,' Easter

Dec. Jan.

T

w

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Beurre Diel

Dec.

T

w

St.

• ••

...

Esp.

Dry soil

Beurre, Brown . .

Nov.

T

w

...

...

Dry soil

Beurre Bosc

Nov.

T

. ..

St.

• • •

...

Esp.

Excellent onstandrds

Beurre Ranee . .

Feb.

T

w

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

The best late Pear

^Citron des Carmes .

• • •

W

...

...

• • •

...

• • •

An early Pear

Chaumontelle .

Jan.

T.K.

w

.■•

• »•

...

• • .

Requires a warm si-

Colmar, Passe . .

Dec.

T

w

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

(tuation

Colmar d'Aremberg .

Nov.

T

...

St.

...

...

Esp.

Gather early

Crassane, Old .

Dec.

T

w

...

...

...

...

Requires a warm, dry
situation

Crassane, Althorp .

Nov.

T

. . .

St.

Dwf.

...

Esp.

A great bearer

Crassane, Winter

Feb.

T

...

St.

...

...

...

Ripen the fruit in a
warm temperature

Eyewood .

Dec.

T

w

...

Dwf.

...

Esp.

Flemish Beauty .

Nov.

T

.. .

St.

Dwf.

. . ■

...

Gather before ripe

Fondante d'Automne

Oct.

T

w

. ..

• ••

...

...

(tuation

Glout Morceau

Dec.

T

w

,,,

Dwf.

...

. ..

Requires a warm si-

*Incomparabl,Hacon

Dec.

T

...

St.

Dwf.

...

Esp.

Very hardy variety

Jargonelle, English .

August

T

w

St.

...

...

Esp.

Louise Bonne, Jersey

Sept. Oct.

T

• • •

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Marie Louise .

Nov.

T

w

St.

Dwf.

S.G.

Ksp.

Hangs well on tree

Monarch, Knight's .

Jan. Mar.

T

w

...

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Ne Plus Meuris

March

T

• • •

St.

Dwf.

...

.. .

Napoleon

Dec.

T

w

St.

Dwf.

...

Good sort for compote

St. Germain (Uve-

Dec. Mar.

K

...

St.

...

...

Used only for kitchen

dale's)

purposes

V. ^lons Leon le Clerc

Nov.

T

w

...

Dwf.

S.G.

Esp.

Very large, excellent

Vicar of Winkfield .

Dec.

T.K.

w

• • •

...

Very large, good for

Winter Nelis .

Dec. Jan.

T

w

Dwf.

S."g. Esp.

(stewing

All these Pears are good, and do well with us, both on walls and as dwarf
standards. Those only that are marked ^ will do as standards or espaliers
in the high countries. With the exception of a very few places, they all

24

THE FLORIST.

require walls, and mostly south ones. The Seckel never ripens with me, the
first blossom perishing, the second producing deformed, small, useless trash.

PLUMS.

Names.

"When in
Season.

Use.

II

a

V)

s S
;2^

a5

w

Remarks.

Coe's Fine Late Red .
Coe's Golden Drop .
Fotheriugham .
Goliah .
Green-gage* .

German Pruen
Imperatrice,Ickworth
Iniperatrice, Blue
Jefferson .
Jaune Hative .
Kirk's Plum .
Lucomb's Nonsuch .
MagnumBonum,wht.
Magnum Bonum, red
Orleans, Wilmot's

Orleans, Smith's
Reine Claude Violette
ReineClaude deBavay

"Victoria, Denyer's .
Washington

Oct. Nov.

Sept. Oct.
August
August
August

October
October

September

Beg. Sept.

July

August

August

End Aug.
August

Beg. Aug.

August
Sept. Oct.
September

Beg. Sept.
September

T

T

T

K
T&
Pvg.

T

T

T

T

T

T

T
Pvg.
Psty

T

TK.
T

T

T.K.
T

w
w

Wall
Wall
Wall

W

w
w

s

E
E
E
K

S

E
W

E
W

St.
St.

St.

St.

St.
St.

St.

S*.G.
S".G.

S'.G.

S*G.

S.G.
S.G.

Esp.
Esp.

Fsp.

Esp.

Esp.
Esp.
Esp.

Esp.
Esp.

Esp.
Esp.

Dwf
Dwf.
Dwf.

Dwf.
Dwf.
Dwf.

Dwf.

Dwf.
Dwf.

Dwf.
Dwf.

Suitable for pot cul-
(ture

Very hardy

Forces well
Suitable for pot cul-
Ditto (ture

The best for pre-
(serving
Suitable for pot cul-
ture and a gool
(forcer

Suitable for pot cul-
ture
Forces well
Forces well

The Plums generally grown as standards are Winesour, Damsons, Orleans,
Reine Claude Violette, Fotheringham, Ickworth Lnperatrice, rarely Green-
gage. The new Plums, however, raised by Mr. C. Guthrie, Taybr.nk,
Dundee, are all hardy, and ripen well as standards, viz., Guthrie's New Apri-
cot Plum, Guthrie's Minette Plum, Guthrie's Taybank Plum ; and Guthrie's
Topaz and Lawson's Golden Gage are equally hardy, and are really good.

CHERRIES.

Names.

Wlien in
Season.

Use.

■a

14

i-i rt

o -c
fe a

arf for
11 qrtrs

Small
rdeiis.

u5

^1,

Remarks.

73 « O U<^

Adam's Crown .

July

T

St.

Dwf.

Esp.

A great bearer

Belle de Choisey

Mid. July

T

w

...

Dwf.

...

...

Fruit transparent ; a
moderate bearer

Bigarreau

Beg. Aug.

T

w

St.

• •«

...

Esp.

(ture

Bigarreau Napoleon .

August

T

w

St.

• ••

. ..

Esp.

Good sort for pot cul-

Black Eagle .

Mid July

T

w

• • •

Dwf. S. G.

Esp.

Extremely rich

Black Heart .

Beg. July

T

St.

Dwf. S. G.

...

Downton .

July

T

w

...

... 1 ... Esp.

* This is uncertain. It ripens in great perfection at Lord Traquhair's, in Peeble-
shire, 700 feet above the sea, as open standards in a field, thought to have been brought
from France 100 years ago by a Catholic priest. Also at Preston Hall, 350 to 400 feet,
as standards, while it will not do so close to the sea in this neighbourhood. There are
evidently very many varieties of this excellent fruit, and bad ones are yearly imported
from the French nurseries.

JANUARY.

25

Names.

■\\Tien in
Season.

Use.

-si

"3

arf for
n qrtrs.

Small
udcns.

^1

Re.marks.

"^s

Vi

11'^^'

w

Early Purple Guigne

Mid. June T

w

...

Dwf.i ...

...

Requires a dry gra-
velly soil

Elton

Mid. July T

w

St.

Dwf.S.G.

Esp.

Best white Cherry ;
good for pot culture

Florence .

Aug. i^ept. T

w

...

Esp.

Hangs well on tree

Kentish . . .

Beg. Aug. IK.P.

...

St.

Dwf.

...

...

Good for drying

Harrison's Heart

August i T

...

St.

Dwf.

...

...

Late Duke

September

KT.

w

...

...

...

...

May Duke

Beg. July

T

w

St.

Dwf.S.G.

1

Esp.

One of the best for
forcing or pot culture

Morello .

Aug. Oct.

Pvg.

w

St.

Dwf. S. G.

...

Tartarian, Black

Beg. July

T

w

St.

Dwf. S. G.

Esp.

Forces well in pots,
but rather too stony

Eoyal Duke

End July

T

w

...

Dwf. ...

Esp.

Forces well in pots

These all grow with us on walls, or as dwarf standards ; they are seldom
grown in Scotland as espaliers. We have our Geans, which do in the very
heart of the highlands, and are even superior in flavour to any of the Cherries,
and some of them as large. Of these the Amber, Castle Menzies, Hungarian,
and Black Dutch, are the most esteemed. I\[y father had many Gean trees
planted round the garden, as affording food for the birds, while his Cherries
escaped without the trouble of netting them. They are very ornamental as
well as useful.

APRICOTS.

rt ^'

N MES.

WTien in

Season.

Use.

Wall
Aspect.

£ S

Remakes.

Breda

Mid. July

Pvg.

S.

...

Frogmore Seedling . .

End Aug.

T

S.

...

Very late

Heraskirk .

End July

T

s.

...

Resembles theMoorpark

Large Early . . .

Beg. July

T

s.

S. G.

Moor Park .

End July

T

s.

S. G.

The best for forcing

Musch !Musch . . .

Mid. July

T

s.

...

Small, but sweet and

Shipley's

July

Pvg.

s.

S. G.

Great bearer (prolific

lloyal . . . .

End July

T

s.

S. G.

Very rich, and ripens

Nectarines.

well.

Due de Telliers .

End. Aug.

T

s.

...

Downton

End Aug.

T

s.

...

Forces well

Elruge . . . .

Beg. Sept.

T

S.

S. G.

Forces well

Pitmaston Orange

End Aug.

T.,Pvg.

s.

* *

Flesh yellow, similar to
that of the Apricot ;
makes a rich preserve

Roman . . . •

September

T

s.

...

Hunt's Tawney .

Mid. Aug.

T

S. G.

Adapted for pot culture

Murray . . . .

End Aug.

T

Forces well, or for pots

Vermash

End Aug.

T

S."

S.G.

Adapted for pot culture

Violet Hative . . .

Beg. Sept.

T

...

S. G.

Forces well

White, new

End Aug.

T., Pvg.

s.

...

Requires a favourable

Peaches.

situation

Admirable, Walburton .

Mid. Sept.

T

• .•

S.G.

Admirable, Late .

End Sept.

T

s.

...

Admirable, Early . .

End Aug.

T

...

...

26

THE FLORIST.

NAMES.

When ill
Season.

Use.

Wall
Aspect.

1 ^

CO -2
o O

REMARKS.

Bellegarde .

Barrington . . .

Early Ann .

Gro.sse Mignonne . .

Malta.

Noblesse . . . .

Purple Hative

Royal George . . .

Twyford

Beg. Sept.
Beg. Sept.
Mid. Aug.
August
End Aug.
Beg. Sept.
Mid. Aug
End Aug.
Bog. Sept.

T

T

T
T., Pyg.

T

T

T
T., Pvg.

T

s.
s*

S.

s.
s.

s.'
s.

S. G.
S.*G.

S.'g.

Good for forcing
Very large

Adapted for pot culture
Forces well, or tor pots

Forces well

Adapted for pot culture

Forces well, or for pots

Apricots do not ripen so well in the damp atmosphere of the west coast as
on the drier yet colder east coast. The Apricots are all grown on south walls
in the lowlands, the Breda only in the highlands, also the Red Masculine and
occasionally the Roman. The Nectarines we grow also, but on south walls,
rarely on any other. In many parts they will not ripen, while in some
localities, even in Ross-shire, most of them ripen pretty well.

GRAPES.

NAMES.

Black Hamburgh

Black Prince .
Barbarossa .

Froutignac, white .
Muscadine, white
Muscadine, Royal .
Muscat of Alexandria
Muscat, Cannon-hall
Muscadine, Dunmore
St. Peter's .

Colour.

Black

Black
Black

White
White
White
White
White
White
Black

or

Early
Late
Vineries.

E.&L.y,
L. y.

L. V.

E.V.
E.V.
E. Y.
E.&L.V,
E.V.
E.V.
L.V.

" c t;

^ o s

Pots

Pots
Pots
Pots

Pots

S.G.

S.G.
S.G.

S.G.

REMARKS.

The most useful of all
black Grapes

Will hang a long time
without shrivelling

Very early

An excellent late variety

Wine Grapes are of no use here, and are seldom planted, and then only
for their leaves, for garnishing. My brother, however, ripens the Hambro',
Black Cluster and Esperione by training them round the chimneys of his Pine
pits ; and this year I had a 2-lb. bunch of an Esperione sent me which
ripened on the end of a house at Pitchlochny, in Athol, but a baker's oven
was behind it.

FIGS.

NAMES.

<<2

For
Pots.

go

REMARKS.

Brunswick .

Ischia, Black . . .

Ischia, Brown

Marseilles . . .

Malta

Turkey, Brown . .

w
w

w

w

Pots
Pots
Pots

S.'g.

S. G.

s."g.

Forces well

One of the best for pot
(culture
Forces well

JANUARY. 27

Figs ripen well in many gardens in the Lothians, as high as from
350 to 400 feet, but always on south walls, and protected by branches
during winter. They do not ripen as standards anywhere, although
with us they grow very well as such, but do not perfect their fruit.

[We hope to be able to follow up this admirable plan still further,
and present our readers with suitably compiled lists for other districts,
by other eminent cultivators. Ed.]

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS.— No. XIII.

XXIII. THUIOPSIS BOREALIS — THE NORTHERN THUIOPSIS.

We this month give a woodcut of this new Conifer, partly on account
of its rarity and beauty, and partly with the hope of eliciting some-
thing more of its history than is knowTi at present. We give the name
as we find it in catalogues, but are ignorant of the authority for the
specific name borealis. Possibly when more is known of it this may
give way to some other, and our readers must receive it as entirely
provisional.

The engraving on our next page represents a young tree of Thuiopsis
borealis growing in the nursery of Mr. Pontey, of Plymouth, and pro-
bably the finest in the country. Mr. Pontey informs us that he purchased
this, with others, some time back from the Clapton Nursery, ]\Ir. Low
ha\dng been the first to introduce it from the continent. On aj)plying
to Mr. Low for information respecting it, he states that he obtained this
Thuiopsis from the Messrs. Ohlendorff and Son, of Hamburgh, who
reported it as coming from Behring's Straits. It appears further, from
the Gardeners Chronicle, p. 727, that it was exhibited in Paris in
1852 by IMessrs. Thibaut and Keteleer as a Conifer said to come from
mountains in the north of India. To us it appears very unlikely that
it should come from Behring's Straits, the shores of which are described
by navigators as destitute even of the trees and shrubs usually met with
in high latitudes. For the present w^e must, therefore, wait for better
evidence before we can name its native locality.

One species of Thuiopsis, dolabrata, is described by Siebold and
Zuccarini as indigenous to the Japan Islands, where it forms a large and
very handsome tree, with a thick trunk, and verticillate drooping
branches ; young plants of this species are in the JMessrs. Lawsons'
collection, who, however, consider its hardiness doubtful. In respect to
T. borealis ]\Ir. Pontey considers it perfectly hardy. From a specimen
sent us the branches are numerous, with branchlets arranged on
each side the branches alternately, and again dividing, thickly clothed
with small pointed leaves, imbricate at their base, of a beautiful glaucous
green on their upper surface, and pale green below. It is said to grow
freely, which, added to its graceful foliage and habit, will make it a most
desirable plant to possess, especially if it prove as hardy in other parts of
England as in Devonshire. Its great beauty for an ornamental tree
will, we hope, ensure its trial in every part of the kingdom.

Thuiopsis is one of three sections into which modern botanists have

28

THE FLORIST.

divided the genus "Thuia" of Linn^us. Of these Thuiopsis is the
name given, as noticed above, by Siebold and Zuccarini to a new class,
including our present subject. Of the others " Biota" includes what is

THUIOPSIS BOREALIS.

known as Chinese and American Arbor-vitse ; and the American Arbor-
vitees are now only retained under their old name of Thuia.

Erratum in last number, article Abies Nordmanniana: after " Nordmann's Fir
forms an upright tapering tree," insert "80 to 100 feet high," &c.

JANUARY. 29

BRITISH POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The ordinary meeting of this Society was held at the Rooms,
20, Bedford-street, Covent-garden, London, on Monday, the 4th of
December. G. W. Johnson, Esq., was in the chair.

The business of the meeting consisted chiefly in the consideration of
the appointment of local committees, of which it is intended to have
one in every county of England, Scotland, and Ireland, consisting of
five members each. The importance of such committees will at once
be evident, from the facilities they will afford the Society of accumulat-
ing a mass of information respecting fruits and fruit trees, which, when
properly digested, will furnish many new facts for the benefit of fruit-
growlers.

It could not be expected that at one meeting, or even for some time,
the Society could complete such an organisation ; and it is only when
advantageous opportunities offer that it will proceed in this matter.

The following gentlemen were appointed : —

For Hereford Mr. William Dickens, Peterston, near Ross.

„ Mr. W. Smith, St. Peter-street, Hereford.

,, Mr. S. Williams, Tillington, near Hereford.

„ Mr. J. Cranstoun, King's-acre, Hereford.

,, Mr. J. Bailey, \\'alford, Ross.

For Worcester Dr. Davies, Pershore.

„ Richard Vardcn, Esq., Seaford Grange, Pershore.

For Yorkshire Mr. William Barratt, Wakefield.

For Oxfordshire ...Mr. Henry Bailey, Nuneham, Oxford.
For Ireland Mr. Niven, Drumcondra, Dublin.

„ T. Bewley, Esq., Black Rock, Dublin.

,, J. Abel, Esq., Limerick.

„ Rev. Dr. Graves, Brig^own, Glebe, Mitchelstown,

Cork.

The Society then proceeded to the election of the following gentlemen
as ordinary members : —

Dr. Davis, Pershore

R. Varden, Esq., Seaford Grange, Pershore

Mr. R. Langelier, St. Heliers, Jersey

Mr. W. Barratt, Wakefield

E. Ball, Esq., Pershore

Mr. James Lake, Briflgewater

Mr. S. Brown, Sudbury

J. D. Llewellyn, Esq., Penllgare, Swansea

Mr. Jas. Milne, Exotic Nursery, Chelsea

Mr. Sclater, Stackpole Court, Pembroke

A large collection of Cider Apples w^as sent to the meeting by I\Ir.
Smith, of Hereford, which possessed considerable interest, and which
were very fine specimens ; some of the elder varieties of which, such
as the Fox Whelp and ]\Iust, showed no symptoms of the degeneracy
of which IMr. Knight sounded the alarm.

A collection of fine Seedling Apples, from Mr. Smee, of Halstead,
was also reported upon.

The Society then adjourned, to meet on Monday, Jan. 1, 1855.

3Q THE FLORIST.

NOTES FROM KEW.

Protea cordata. An extensive number of species is contained in the
genus Protea, all natives of the Cape of Good Hope, many of them being in
cultivation, amongst which are some that are interesting and may be useful
as ornamental plants for general cultivation. They are hard-wooded ever-
green greenhouse shrubs, requiring no particular treatment, except tbat of
ordinary greenhouse plants. They vary from a few inches to ten or a dozen
feet high,"and, like other Protcacea3, appear characteristic of a dry, hard,
sterile-like habit. The present one was lately in flower here, and is perhaps
one of the most singular of them ; it is a highly ornamental species,
deserving a place among all large collections of greenhouse plants. It forms
a low shrub, a foot and a half liigh, with slender red branches, and large
thick leathery heart-shaped leaves, 4 — 5 inches across, of a bright green,
with a red margin ; the flowers are sessile, produced from the old wood
at the base of the branches, each flower being an inch or more across, of
a brown colour, lighter within.

Crinum giganteum. a large fragrant flowering Lily from Guiana,
having leaves a foot and a half long, and an erect flower stem nearly two
feet high, bearing on its apex an umbel of 4 — 6 white flowers, each flower
when expanded being 7 — 8 inches across, and having a strip of green on the
outside of each petal. This species has been recently in flower here in one
of the stoves ; it is a large, attractive thing when in flower, but remains in
perfection but a few days.

Ceropegia Thwaitesi. This is one of the prettiest flowering species of
this genus, and can be grown successfully on a small trellis in a moist stove,
where it Avill soon form a neat beautiful object. It has a similar habit to C.
candelabra, but is a far more beautiful flowering species, both being
natives of Ceylon, and introduced to Kew a short time ago, where they are at
present in flower ; it has slender branching stems, easily trained on a trellis,
for which it seems most suitable, as it is not a robust growing kind ; the
flowers are about the size of those of C. elegans, but more beautifully marked,
the lower part being thickly spotted ; above is buff, with a very distinct
marking of a rich dark purple, surmounted on the apex with a pea-green.

Aster Nov^ Anglic. Few things at this late season of the year are
to be found in flower in the herbaceous grounds; lately the most conspicuous
was the Aster of New Engand, a tall-growing species, that is valuable for
clumps or shrubbery borders ; it grows 4 — 5 feet high, and flowers later
than most other kinds, being in perfection far on in November. The
flowers are produced 4 — 5 on the apex of each stem or branch, and are of a
bright purple-blue. This is a useful species for cutting, with a few other
things to form bouquets.

Griffinia hyacinthina. Although this very elegant flowering bulb
has been in cultivation for nearly half a century, it is much to be regretted
that it is at present far from being common among collections ; it is
unquestionably one of the best of all the Amaryllis tribe ; indeed, when in
flower, few can vie with it in beauty, or produce a more charming efi^ect ; it
is a desirable aquisition to any collection, and the flowers Avhen expanded
remain for a long time in perfection. It is a hothouse species, requiring a
moist stove temperature, and a moderate supply of water while growing,
afterwards kept cool and rather dry. In a mixture of sandy peat, with
good mellow turfy loam and silver sand, it thrives vigorously ; a good
specimen of it here was lately in flower ; its leaves are large, more than
a foot long, the flower stem stout, erect, nearly a foot and a half high,
bearing on its apex an umbel of 12 — 16 good moderate sized flowers, which
are of a violet-blue, white within.

J. HOTJLSTON.

JANUARY. 31

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — Cover the pits or frames with mats of Frigi Domo during
severe frosty weather. The plants should remain tolerably dry during
the present month, after which time the water-pot must be used more
freely. Remove dead foliage as it appears.

Azaleas. — Remove all decayed leaves from the plants. Keep the
pots perfectly clean, water very sparingly, and give air at all favourable
occasions. If there is the slightest appearance of thrips, cause the
infected plants to be frequently fumigated with tobacco, until the
troublesome pests are quite removed.

Bedding Plants. — Those plants that were lifted lately from the beds
or borders cannot be well established for some time; they must be
watered very carefully, and if possible kept in a situation quite free
from damp. All decayed foliage must be removed. Those that were
struck from cuttings in autumn .and wintered in cold frames must be
strictly attended to, and aired at all favourable times.

Carnations and Picotees will now require a general cleaning, cutting
away all dead foliage, and gently stirring the surface of the soil. Water
but very sparingly for another month ; cold will have but little effect on
them unless they are kept too wet.

Cinerarias. — As the Cinerarias will be growing very fast this month,
care should be taken that plenty of room is given to the plants, parti-
cularly if dwarf specimens are required.

Cold Frames. — Our remarks on bedding plants are also suitable for
cold frames. Cleanliness is the principal feature in this department ;
the glass must be kept perfectly clean and in good repair ; the bottom of
the pits or frames free from all decayed matters, and a coating of sifted
ashes firmly pressed down would be desirable.

Dahlias. — Roots that are not keeping well, or choice kinds, should
now be put to work, if a large increase is required. The ground intended
for Dahlias next season should now be trenched.

Ericas. — Give air in mild and favourable weather, and water with
caution. Dry up all dampness that passes from the pot, and avoid
making fires if possible ; a few degrees above freezing is sufficient, and
if this temperature can be maintained by any contrivance in covering the
ends or exposed sides of the houses, it is preferable to much fire heat.

Flowers, forcing. — Bring on all kinds of bulbs in a mild bottom
heat ; also Lily of the Valley in pots and in boxes for cut flowers.
Well-established plants that will force, such as Roses, Lilacs, Deutzias,
&c., &c., should be forwarded in bottom heat if possible, previous to
being removed to the increased heat of the forcing-houses or stove,
where they will expand their flowers.

Flower Garden. — Cleanliness in this department is the most that
can be attended to at present. Frequently sweep the turf and edgings.
Make up any hollows in the walks with fresh gravel, and cause them to
be rolled after frost or rain. All vacant ground must be neatly levelled
with the rake, and in severe weather protect any half hardy plants that
may be in the open borders or against walls. Use sawdust or some such
dry material to preserve the roots of tender plants or bulbs.

82 THE FLORIST.

Fruit, forced. — As the Vines begin to break they must by no means
be pushed too hard. By day the temperature should not exceed 65°
of fire heat, and be allowed to fall ccnsiderably towards evening. J ake
advantage of fine days to allow a slight increase of temperature ; admit
air, but not in strong currents. If the Vines are planted outside, the
covering of fermenting material must be attended to, and thatched with
litter or Fern, to preserve the heat.

Fruit, hardy. — Attend to the pruning of standard fruit trees. Those
on borders should be kept as dwarf and neat as possible, and may be
made to assume the most desirable size and form by frequent trans-
planting and the free use of the knife. Prune and tie espaliers, and in
mild weather proceed with the nailing and pruning of wall trees.

Greenhouse. — If sofi:-wooded plants exhibit the chief feature in
this department, do not allow the night temperature to exceed 45° ; an
increase of 10° by day will be sufficient. Put in neat order all
climbers that are trained against the pillars of the house, or elsewhere.
CamelHas will be benefitted by fi-equent waterings of weak manure
water ; give air, avoiding cold currents.

Hollyhocks. — The young stock should be kept growing by the
application of mild heat. Repot the young stock as soon as rooted. Both
rooted plants and cuttings, if in pots or hotbeds, should be dried every
morning, or many will damp off. The Hollyhock may be propagated
all the winter, by .taking cuttings from the crowns of the old roots as fast
as they become long enough.

Kitchen Garden. — In time of fi:ost wheel dung and vegetable com-
post to the open quarters ; rough dig and trench all vacant ground.
Protect Cauliflowers, Lettuce, &c., &c. in severe weather, and make a
sowing of Broad Beans and Peas in a warm sheltered situation.

Orchids. — Keep those in a state of rest in a moderately cool dry
atmosphere. When they commence growth, pot and dress them at
once. Maintain a humid atmosphere by damping the pipes. Syringe
the baskets, blocks, &c., in sunny days.

Pansies. — Keep the soil, for repotting such as are to be bloomed in
pots, in a good state for use early next month. The plants must be
gi-own hardy and kept healthy by going over them often, to clean them
of all dead foliage.

Pelargoniums should be now in a state of rest, and should be kept
so during the month. Give all the air that can be done with safety, a
httle fire to keep out frost, and in long continued cold and damp weather
it will be needful and beneficial, but not more than 42° to 45°. Avoid
moisture in the house from wet shelves or floor. Keep clean the plants,
and use ah means to give them all possible light ; avoid crowding, train the
branches as required by degrees, destroy insects as soon as perceived,

Pinks. — These must be looked over after severe frosts, for the pur-
pose of pressing any weak plants that have been lifted up firmly into
the ground.

Stove. — Those plants that are wanted to flower early may be
plunged in bottom heat. Do not excite premature growth by high
temperature ; 55° by night and 65° by day is quite sufficient.

Tulips. — ^A moderate share of rain wall not injure the Tulip. Too,
much, however, should be guarded against.

J. Queen MctcncL
Z.Hince Albert'

FEBRUARY. 33

THE WHITE COROLLA'D FUCHSIA.

(Plate 97.)

We this month give an illustration of this great novelty among
Fuchsias. We have for a long time possessed varieties with
white tubes and sepals and light scarlet corollas, but now, thanks
to the perseverance of the late Mr. Story, we have these points
reversed, and in the beautiful variety appropriately named
"Queen Victoria," now before us, the tube and sepals are scarlet,
while the corolla is white. It will be seen from the illustra-
tion that the flower is not deficient in form, and reflexes nicely.
The question w411 immediately arise, How has this been obtained?
And we regret that a definite reply cannot be given to this inquiry.
Ever since they were sold to Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son,
of the Wellington Road Nursery (for other varieties with white
corollas by the same raiser are in their possession), Mr. Story
has been a great suff'erer from a severe affliction, and, in the hope
of his recovering, no steps were taken to inquire into their origin.
Death has now terminated his suff'erings, and that information
cannot be clearly ascertained. It is, however, believed that Mr.
Story obtained pollen through Mr. Veitch, of the Exeter nur-
series, from a species with a small and almost white corolla, and
transferring it to a dark variety, obtained ultimately the batch of
seedlings now to be sent out, of which Queen Victoria is one.
The species alluded to died very shortly after it had flowered.

The beautiful dark variety. Queen Victoria, was raised by E.
Banks, Esq., of Sholden Lodge, near Deal, the successful raiser
of Glory, Autocrat, Elegans, Queen of Hanover, Clio, and other
fine varieties, and is now in the possession of Messrs. E. G.
Henderson and Son. The two varieties, with some others, are to
be sent out in spring.

GLASS WALLS versus BRICK WALLS.
{^Concluded from page 15.)
My own opinion, founded on experience, is this — that throughout
the length and breadth of the British isles, by proper attention as to
selection of stocks and sorts, by proper attention to soils and localities,
and by performing all the operations connected wdth the planting and
growth of trees from early infancy to old age — 1 say by these means we
can produce a supply of all our fruits equal to the wants of our popula-
tion, and that, too, at a price which will place our common fruits — as
Apples — within the means of the working classes, and w^hich will pay
the grower. I will presently state a few facts in support of this opinion.
Before 1 do so I must return to " Helminthion's " article. " If, how-
ever," he says, " we give credence to Mr. Saul, that simple means of

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. NO. L. D

34 THE FLORIST.

protection invariably answer every desired purpose with him, we must,
while we congratulate him on his fortunate locality, demand credence
on his part that such cases are exceptional." JS'ow, instead of " Hel-
minthion " demanding credence that my case was the exception, I wish
him to give me credence that my case was a general rule throughout
the north of England, and not exceptional. He will see it stated
three times in one page in my article (and I did so purposely to prevent
mistakes) that my neighbours were equally fortunate. I am surprised
how " Helminthion," after seeing this, could demand credence of me
that my case was exceptional. As my article was written at the
commencement of last IMay, I could not then have known to what extent
the crops were safe, therefore I v^rrote, " From inquiries I have made I
learn that my neighbours have been equally fortunate." I can now
affirm, from personal knowledge, that crops of every kind, except Apples,
were much above an average throughout the whole of Yorkshire
(whose area occupies no small part of the north of England), and from
authentic sources I learn that they (crops) have been the same in all
the northern counties.

Now, with respect to Apples, I never had a better (indeed, never so
good) a crop of them as I had the past season, which I ascribe entirely to
the trees (except a few old ones) being annually pruned, and not being
allowed to bear too many one year, and none the following year. Tiie
Apple crop the last season in Yorkshire was a little below an average
crop, which I attribute not to the frost on April 24 last, as our fi-iend
in the south does, but to the crop in 1853 having been twice as heavy
as it ought to have been. The crop of 1853 robbed the trees of all the
organisable matter ready to be formed into fruit. " The trees," as M.
de Jonghe says, " are overloaded with spurs." " In fact," as the editor
of the Gardeners Chronicle remarks, " orchardists never dream of
removing them ; the more they have the greater they fancy is the chance
of a good crop ; they are like those speculators who, in their eagerness
for immense gain, contrive to realise nothing. The Belgian, on the
contrary, is the plodding, thrifty shopkeeper, who takes care of his
moderate profits, never makes much, never loses much, but in the long
run finds a very satisfactory account at his banker's. It is an axiom in
applied physiology that no animal or plant can bear more than its
system can nourish ; when an attempt is made to contravene this
natural law, abortion is the result, or the produce, whether animal or
vegetable, if it survives, is degenerate or imperfect. Let a Pear (the
case is applicable to any other kind of fruit tree) tree contain a pound
of nutrition or natural food, ready to be attracted into its spurs, let each
spur receive a dram of such food, then the tree may carry 256 spurs,
supposing the food to be equally distributed. But if a thousand such
spurs is present, it is probable, not that 750 will be starved and 250
fed, but that the whole will be starved ; in the struggle among them for
food none will obtain what is requisite to sustain life, and all will
perish." No intelligent gardener will question the truth of the fore-
going. Is it, therefore, any wonder that the Apple crop of 1854 should
be below an average one, when the crop of 1853 was twice as great as
it ought to have been ? The large crop of 1853 was, of course, owing

FEBRUARY. 35

to partial ones the previous years, and to the trees being overloaded with

spurs.

M . de Jonghe assures us that frosts which leave nothing behind them

in England pass over the well managed Belgian orchards without

committing serious mischief. From facts which have come under my

own observation I feel satisfied that he is right. Mr. Rivers, who, from

1 • • •

his experience, we may consider a fit person to reply to him, has done so,

and a very poor defence he has made, simply because his case was a

bad one. I hope " Helminthion " will give me credence, — not that my

case was exceptional, but general throughout the north of England. I

quite coincide with his remarks on the materials and workmanship of

glass structures. But *' Helminthion " will please to bear in mind that

the first outlay is not all, for unless such structures are kept in thorough

repair (no matter how well they are built), they will in time begin to

get worse of wear. These repairs will make another reason for dispensing

with glass cases, if, as I believe we can, secure good crops of superior

fruit. I am also an advocate for genuine British sheet glass. There

are some houses and pits here glazed with it, and I have grown for

nearly seven years crops and plants of various kinds in them to my entire

satisfaction.

In the second part of his article " Helminthion " says, "Well, we are
still only bringing up the rear ; our grandfathers found all this out, and,
as protectives, adopted the various modes of straw curtains. Fir branches,
canvas blinds, and many others, and generally succeeded in securing
a respectable crop. It is, however, generally admitted that our springs
are more precarious, from their changeableness, if not upon the average
colder than they were in the olden time. It is, besides, generally
expected that with our advanced knowledge and our improvements in
arts and sciences, we should do more in the way of artificial cultivation
than merely ' secure respectable crops sometimes,' for with our ordinary
appliances the ' generally ' alluded to above has thus degenerated. The
obvious common sense argument is, that in the present day we ought to
be more than a match for the difference apparent in our seasons, that
what is done sometimes may be done always, ought to be reduced to a
certainty." Now, after this, hear the plan which " Helminthion " has
to propose, which is to make us equal to the times we live in, and is
to defy King Frost, and save all our crops from our " precarious springs."
I give it in his own words : — " We may conclude," he says, " that it (a
brick wall) is indispensable as a foundation for our scheme, and that all
that is necessary further is to enclose it with a glass case." Hear ye that
British gardeners ! Why our grandfathers knew all this, and many of
them would have adopted it had it not been for the high price of glass,
timber, and workmanship in those days. It was the expense of these
that of necessity drove them to canvas-rolls and Fir branches. But
I ask " Helminthion " what is he to do with all our Pear, Plum, and
Apple trees ? How is he to protect the hundreds of thousands of acres of
these trees throughout these islands from our " precarious springs." I
answer, not by covering them with glass, but by good cultivation.

With respect to our variable climate, I think that if there is one
thing more than another for which we ought to be thankful to the all-wise

D 2

36 THE FLORIST.

and omnipotent Creator of all things, it is this very " variable climate "
of ours. To it horticulture in Great Britain is indebted for the position
it at the present time occupies. Had we a climate so genial as to
make vegetation so exuberant as to anticipate our every want, as
gardeners we should now be a contemptible race. Man owes his growth,
his energy, chiefly to that striving of the will, that conflict with difficulty,
which we call effort. If we look at the nations of the earth we will find
that it is not those who are blessed with the mildest and most genial
climates, that are distinguished for endurance, perseverance, steady force
of will, energy of purpose, character, and great, noble, exalted, and lofty
ideas. No business or study which does not present obstacles, tasking
to the full the intellect and the will, is worthy of a man.

The variableness of our climate demands constant vigilance from us ;
we ought, therefore, to consider it in the light of the greatest blessing.
Now, I admit that sometimes crops suffer from frosts in spring ; at the
same time I am fully persuaded that were our fruit trees properly
managed, that is, in pruning, in proper selections of stocks and scions, in
proper selection of kinds to different soils, and in the soils also being
properly managed, I say I am fully convinced that were this the case
we should hear very little complaints of our crops being yearly destroyed
by frosts.

In the annals of agriculture in this country there was never known to
be a better harvest than the last. Has this been owing to any improve-
ment in our climate ? (" Helminthion " says our seasons are yearly
getting colder.) No ; but to drainage, deep ploughing : in a word, to good
cultivation. Land, which a few years since was supposed not worth
cultivating, has by these means yielded extraordinary crops. I have
myself heard a farmer say that he had at the rate of five quarters of
Wheat to the acre from land which, 20 years ago, it was thought would
not grow corn ; and this has been effected by good cultivation. Shall
British gardeners, then, who have always been before farmers, put
their hands in their pockets and call on Jupiter to help them, whilst
British farmers and all the world are moving onward?

I will now state a few facts to show that the climate is not always the
cause of failure of our crops. Fact one is this : in these gardens there
is a very old Apple tree, the sort is Sir Walter Blake's Favourite ; it
appears never to have anything done to it in the way of pruning, for the
branches are as crowded as possible. Well, this tree only bears every
alternate year ; one year it has not a dozen fruit on it, the following
season it is bent to the ground with its load of fruit ; this has been the
case for the last six years to my knowledge, and I am informed it has
been the same for 20 years before. Now, I ask " J. M." and " Hel-
minthion " if they really think this tree misses a crop every other year
in consequence of our "precarious springs." No, gentlemen, that is not
the cause ; it is because the crop of one season robs the tree of all the
organisable matter fit for the formation of fruit, so that it takes a year
to store up sufficient for another crop.

Fact number two is this. In these gardens are six trees of the
White Calville Apple ; five of these have been regularly pruned, the
other one never. Their situation is similar in every respect, yet the one

FEBRUARY. 37

not pruned has not for the last six years had anything like a crop of
fruit, whilst those pruned have never failed to bear an average crop.

Fact number three is as follows. Here are nine trees of Manks
Codlin Apple ; for the five years previous to 1854 they had no fruit
except a few very misshapen ones. These trees have been covered with
spurs, and nothing could exceed their beauty when in blossom ; but year
after year no fruit except, as just observed, a few misshapen ones ;
a pressure of other engagements prevented me from giving them any
attention until last spring. I was well aware that thinning of the
branches, thinning of spurs, and thinning of blossoms and fruit, was
sound practice founded on science. Our grandfathers knew this, and
some of them followed it, though, unfortunately, it has not been carried
out so fully as it ought to have been. Well, then, I cut off a third part
of the spurs of some of the trees, and more than that of others,
and the result is I had the past season a fair crop from all the trees, and
the fruits were particularly fine and well formed. One tree, the smallest
of them, which vras operated on very freely, in order to get it to grow,
was much admired by many gardeners who called here during the
season ; the fruit on it was very fine. To the pruning these trees
got last spring I attribute the crop of the past season. " J. M." and
" Helminthion " may, if they think proper, ascribe the failure of the
crops of the five previous seasons to our "precarious springs."

For fact number four I must take "J. M." and " Helminthion" from
Yorkshire to Somersetshire, and I may here remark that I am tolerably
acquainted with the southern counties. The fact will lose none of its
force if I withhold the name of the place. Well, the fact is this : — For
15 years before I knew the place, they never could get Peach trees to
grow there ; every three or four years a lot of young trees was planted,
but to no purpose. Every spring brought forth — not the promise of
fruit, but the " curl ; " the trees never made any growth. As in
similar cases the locality, the climate, the proximity of the Bristol
Channel, and twenty other causes, were blamed for it. But the most
surprising part of the matter was that old men could remember that for
some 15 or 20 years after the gardens were first made Peach trees had
done well. Of course, there were people then who thought, as " Hel-
minthion " does now, that our springs were more " precarious " than in
olden time. But the gardener who was at the place when I first became
acquainted with it some seventeen years ago, was a thorough practical
man, self-tiught, and always hunted out a cause for everything. Well,
such a man did not long leave the matter as it was ; after a time he
ascertained that when the garden was made it was very thin of soil,
and that to make it better the surface soil of several acres adjoining
(which were afterwards planted) was carted into the garden, until the soil
in some places was five feet deep ; this was real light on the subject.
As a matter of course Peach trees planted in such a soil would for some
years do well ; but after a time came the evil : the sods became rotten, the
soil lost its mechanical properties, and became one solid sour mass. No
wonder Peach trees should refuse to grow in such soil. Well, now for the
remedy. The gardener had the soil of the Peach border taken out to the
depth of 4^ feet ; he had two feet of rough stones placed at bottom ; on

38 TUE FLOaiST.

this he put 2-| feet of the same soil, selecting of course the best, and mixed
with it a good portion of manure. In this border he planted a lot of
Peach and Nectarine trees, and five years after he had as fine a wall of
trees as I have ever seen in any part of the country since. When I
heard last of them the trees were still in good heaUh. Had not this
article already extended beyond all reasonable limits, I could adduce
scores of facts similar to those mentioned, all showing that with proper
cultivation we may in nine years out of ten expect average crops.
There are some people who, as the editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle
remarks, when they lose their crops never think of simple common sense
explanations of failure, but run to books, perplex themselves with
comphcated directions, half understand them, try to carry them out, and
inevitably fail. All this comes of neglect of first principles.

In the village of Goldsborough, about two miles from here, there is a
cottager who has an Apricot tree growing against his cottage wall. This
man has during the last 20 years made upwards of £40 of the fruit of
this one tree, which has never had any other protection than a few straw
blinds. Does this fact show that we are to distrust our climate and have
recourse to glass ? This man has, of the fruit of this one tree, made
nearly as much as his cottage is worth.

As a great portion of all our fruits. Peaches and Nectarines excepted,
which reach our country markets is produced by market gardeners,
farmers, and cottagers, on this account I am an advocate for encouraging
the growth of fruit trees among the latter. As Pears, Plums, and
Apricots bear on spurs, cottagers will have little difficulty in managing
such trees ; the only danger is that of their leaving too many spurs, but
when they find them pay they will not mind a little trouble with them.
In the growth of the Peach and Nectarine, in fact all fruit trees, unless
the wood is thoroughly ripened, it is in vain to expect fruit. At the
close of my article on this subject, I said, " If the wood is well ripened I
would not, nor do I, use them " (coverings). I still stand on the same
ground.

If what I have advanced be the true state of the case it will stand,
no matter what opposition may come ; if it be wrong it will go down
without any argument. The same with " Helminthion's " ideas.

To the judgment of a candid public I commit the matter. I will
finish this very long article by quoting M. de Jonghe's words in his
reply to Mr. Rivers in Gardeners' Chronicle, December 9 : " Have we
not had in Belgium, situated in the same latitude, and subject to the
same winds, the same variations of climate in the month of April as in
England ? Very well, then ; all the amateurs who were careful in the
management of their trees had a crop, whilst the negligent had none.
In conclusion, I am well aware that it is difficult to persuade and
convince by reasoning, supported by facts, a person who, from motives
of whatever kind, will not be convinced."

Stourton. M. Saul.

FEBRUARY. 39

WHITE MOUNTAIN SPINACH.

If the advantages of this as a summer Spinach were more generally
known, I think few gardens would be without it. As it is, its valuable
qualities seem known to a few gardeners only.

The Orach, or Mountain Spinach, is a native of Tartary, and in this
country it grows from three to four feet in height ; the leaves are broad
and fleshy, of a light green colour, and of a delicious flavour when
young, in which state it should be gathered for use. The leaves simply
require to be well washed, boiling quickly, and adding a little salt to the
water.

To keep up a succession in a garden, two sowings will be sufficient,
say the end of February and in April or May ; any good garden soil
will suit it, although it evidently prefers a rich loamy soil. The seed
vegetates in about three weeks after sowing, and considerable thinning
will be required. If the flower shoots are stopped, a succession of fresh
young leaves will be ensured throughout the summer, when the common
garden Spinach has run to seed and is useless. J. F.

Cliveden, January, 1855.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS.— No. XIV.

XXIV. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA — MR. LAMBERT's, OR THE LARGE-FRUITED

CALIFORNIAN CYPRESS.

For the introduction of this fine species of Cypress we are indebted to
the Horticultural Society, whose collector, Mr. Hartweg, sent seeds of
it to Chiswick from California in 1845, and young plants were freely
distributed by the Society.

We have given the name adopted in the Synopsis of Coniferous Plants
published in the Horticultural Society's Journal, which has placed the
name first given to it, " Lambertiana," as a synonym of " JMacro-
carpa ;" but there exists a general impression that the diverse habits
of the two are sufficient to constitute them distinct varieties, if they
be not found even to be specifically different, which can only be deter-
mined by an examination of the cones and seed-vessels of each. Our pre-
sent subject is figured from a fine specimen of the horizontal branched
kind, growing in the Arboretum attached to Mr. Pontey's nursery at
Plymouth, who informs us he had it fi-om the Horticultural Society
in 1845, and that it was planted out in the dry loamy soil of his
Arboretum in 1846, with many other kinds of Cypresses, &c., which
it soon overtook, making very rapid growth, and now it forms a tree
twenty-four feet high and seventeen feet in diameter, equally thick on
all sides, and clothed with foliage of the darkest green.

This very beautiful tiv e is a native of Upper California, in the neigh-
bourhood of Monterey, where Hartweg informs us he " found it attain-
ing the height of sixty feet and a stem of nine feet in circumference,
with far-spreading branches flat at the top, like a fuU-growm Cedar of
Lebanon, which it closely resembles at a distance." This description

40 THE FLORIST.

evidently refers to a tree with horizontal branches, and having our-
selves examined a great number of specimens, we incline to the opinion
that the fastigiate, or upright growing Cypress from California, is a
well-defined variety of the above, and to which the name " Lam-
bertiana" would not be inapplicable. In stating this, however, we
are quite aware of a pecuharity existing in many species of European
Cypresses and Junipers, among which are found seedling plants differ-
ing as widely in this respect as the Californian Cypress ; so that our
assertion requires further evidence to support it, on which point we beg
our readers to give us their opinions, with the view of clearing up the
matter.

The large-fruited Cypress is thickly furnished with branches, irregu-
larly opposite or alternate, with numerous branchlets densely clothed
with foUage of an intense green (the foliage of the upright growing
kind is a bright grass green), leaves ovate, fourfold, imbricated but
expanded, awl-shaped, and sharp pointed in young plants. Mr.
Pontey notices that the foHage of macrocarpa is of a very dark grass
green when compared with the upright one, which we have alwa3^s
seen to be the case. For ourselves we consider the latter the hand-
somest in its young state, though it remains to be proved whether it
will form a tree equally grand with those described by Hartweg as
growing in California. The dense habit and intense green of their
foliage constitute them especially ornamental ; nor must we forget to
notice their rapid growth, which exceeds that of any other kind of
Cypress. As an additional proof to what the specimen figured affords
us, we have several plants of the upright growing variety, fifteen and
sixteen feet high and proportionally bushy, which were only planted
in the spring of 1850. And we agree with Mr. Pontey, who states
he has observed that both kinds of this Cypress, as well as several other
Californian trees and shrubs, sensibly increase during the winter. As
an additional recommendation, both forms of Cupressus macrocarpa
are completely hardy. In the most exposed situations during the
severe weather of the winter 1853-4, not the least change could be
observ'ed in their foliage, which retained its beautiful gi-een throughout
that trying season. Nor do we consider it particular as to soil, except-
ing wet and cold clays ; we must therefore consider the Cahfornian
Cypress to be one of the most ornamental trees we possess, and its
adaptation to eveiy style of garden and park embellishment sufficiently
establistied. It has been extensively propagated by cuttings, which
appear to grow as freely as the seedling plants first introduced. This
has brought downi its price, and it may now be had sufficiently cheap
to enable its being introduced into every description of scenery. We
remember a few years back noticing a very fine specimen of the hori-
zontal-branched kind, in the nursery of Messrs. Waterer and Godfirey,
at Knap Hill, which must now be a fine tree.

Erratum.— At conclusion of our article on Thuiopsis, in last Number, Biota
has been inadvertently made to include American Arbor-vitses, which should
not have been the case. Our readers will therefore please to accept this correc-
tion of the mistake.

FEBRDARr.

41

'

CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

Height, 24 feet ; diameter, 17 feet.

42 THE FLORIST.

A SELECT LIST OF FRUITS

FOR

THE MIDLAND COUNTIES OF ENGLAND.
By Mr. G. Fleming, C.M.H.S., Trentham.

In complying with your request to furnish a Hst of fruits suitable for
the Midland Counties, my first idea was, that, besides giving such a hst,
I oudit to mention those kinds which I found did not ripen well here,
as, by so doing, parties making selections might avoid ordering any but
those which do succeed in this situation ; but, on further consideration,
I saw that this would lead to no good result, as there are many
situations in the midland counties where our choicest Apples and Pears
succeed well. I have, therefore, left out of the hst some kinds which I
found did not do well here, rather than condemn them, because they
would not succeed in a situation unfavourable to the perfect maturity of
the more tender kinds, among which are some of the choicest Apples
and Pears. I have, how6:ver, mentioned in the columns for remarks in
the following table those which do best in this situation, that persons
making selections for small places may know, to a certain extent, what
sorts to make choice of. There are few places where more than
24 sorts of Apples and Pears would be required, if those are of the
most suitable kinds, and selected so as to give a succession, and that
number of each may be chosen from among those which I have com-
mended without fear of failure, as the kinds which do well here will do
weU in any other part of the district. I may add that sorts which do
well in one county may not succeed in the adjoining one, and the reverse,
and much will depend on the skill and energy of the cultivators for
getting together a first-rate collection of sorts.

Our own plan is to try as many as possible, and to graft those which
are not suitable with those sorts which are approved. This plan we
carry out on wall trees, standards, and trellises in an economical way ;
it is done by grafting all along the branches of those trees on the walls
and trellises, at distances of two feet graft fi-om graft, and training the
young wood on the old ; we also put several grafts into each of the
main branches of pyramids and standards.

This plan I recommend with confidence to all, as the trees come into
usefulness in the second and third year, not merely in part but all over
the trees, thus saving much disappointment and the disfigurement of
the trees by cutting off the branches. This double grafting is conducive,
too, to their fruitfulness.

The abbreviations employed are as follows : — St., standard ; Dwf.,
dwarfs for open quarters ; Esp., espalier ; T., table ; K., kitchen use ;
Pvg., preserving ; S. G., for small gardens ; E., east aspect ; W., west
aspect; N., North aspect; S., south aspect; E. V., early vinery;
L. v., late vinery. The month is given in which they usually ripen ;
still season, soil, and situation, often make a difference of days and
weeks — more especially in the ripening of Pears.

FEBRUARY.

43

APPLES.

Name.

When in
Season.

Use.

-a

i

CO

^ a"
S a>

c2^

to
u

W

Dwarf for

open
quarters.

Remarks.

Alfriston

Dec. Mar.

K

St.

Large and fine

Ashmead's Kernel . .

Nov. May.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Astrachan, White

Sept. Oct.

T

St.

.. .

Esp.

Dwf,

Succeeds well here

Beachamwell . . .

Dec. Mar,

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Merits a wall in a
cold situation

Bedfordshire Foundling

Nov, Mar.

K

St.

• . •

Esp.

Dwf,

Hardy ; free bearer

Blenheim Pippin .

Nov. Feb.

T.K-

St.

3.G.

.. .

• • •

Succeeds well

BorsdotFer Pippin .

Dec. Mar.

T

St.

• • •

Esp.

Dwf,

A fine and useful sort

Brabint Belle Fleur .

April

R

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and excellent

Brodie Pippin . . .

Nov. Jan.

K

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Keeps well

Calville Mahngre .

Jan. April

K

St,

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and keeps well

Cellini . . . .

Nov. Feb.

K

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Succeeds well in mid-
land counties, and
very hardy

Christie's Pippin .

Dec. Feb.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Small, and not fit for

Cockle Pippin

Jan. April

T

St.

,.,

Esp,

Dwf,

\1S6

Bears very freely-

Court of Wick Pippin .

Nov. Mar.

T

St.

S.G.

Esp,

Dwf,

Good, but requires a
better situation

Court Pendu Plat

Dec. Mar.

T

St.

...

Esp,

Dwf.

Free bearer

Devonshire Quarrenden

September

T

St.

...

Esp,

Dwf.

Does not keep long

Downton Nonpareil

Dec. April

T

St,

...

Esp,

Dwf.

Does not succeed here

Dumelow's Seedling

Nov. April

K

St.

S.G.Esp.j

Dwf.

Ripens moderately-

well

Dutch Mignonne . .

Jan, Mar.

T

St.

■ • •

Esp.

Dwf.

Excellent

Early Crofton

August

T

St.

• ••

Esp,

Dwt,

One of the earliest

Early Harvest. . .

Nov,

T.K.

St.

• »•

Esp.

Dwf,

Useful Apple in its
season, but does not
keep

Early Red Margaret .

August

T

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Early, and free bearer

Gooseberry .

Mar. May.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Bears well

Golden Pippin, Hughes'

Dec. Feb.

T

St,

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Deserves a wall in a
cold situation

Ditto Burner's .

Sept. Nov.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Too tender for this
situation

German Spa

Dec. April

K

St,

S.G,

Esp.

Dwf.

We think this is difie-
rent from Mere de
Menage, which it
is often called

Gravenstein . . .

Oct. Dec.

K

St,

...

...

...

Large, handsome, and
requires much room

Hammond's Jrsey.Pipn

Nov. Dec.

T

St,

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Too tender for this
locality

Hawthornden

Oct. Dec,

T

St.

• • •

Esp.

Dwf-

Liable to canker

„ New .

Oct, Dec,

T

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very good, and does
not canker like the
old one

Ingestrie Pippin .

Sept. Oct.

T

St.

. ..

Esp.

Dwf.

Very free bearer

Irish Peach Apple .

Dec.

K

St.

...

Esp,

Dwf.

Excellent, but does
not keep long

Keswick Codlin .

. Aug. Dec.

K

St.

S.G

Esp,

Dwf.

Most useful Apple ;
good for jelly

King of the Pippins

. Oct. Jan.

T

St.

S.G

Esp,

Dwf.

The best for this
situation we have

1

tried

44

THE FLORIST.

Names.

"WTien in
season.

Use.

1

ag

CO T?

1-1 ci

Dwarfs for

open
quarters.

Remarks.

Leadington's Monstrous

Oct. Jan.

T

St.

,,,

...

...

Large and fine

Lemon Pippin

Oct. April

T

St.

,».

Esp.

Dwf.

Requires a wall here

Leyden do. . .

Aug. Sept.

T

St.

...

Excellent

Maclean's Favourite

Oct. Jan.

T

St.

. ..

Esp.

Dwf.

Good quality

Manks Codlin . . .

October

K

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very free bearer and
useful

Margil

Nov. Feb.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Excellent quality

Mere de Menage . .

Oct. Jan.

T

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and handsome

Northern Greening

Nov. April

K

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

One of the best for

[d'Espagne

culinary use

Reinette Blanch

Nov. Mar.

TK.

St.

.••

. ..

...

Handsome

Reinette du Canada

Nov. April

T-K.

St.

...

Esp.

Deserves a wall in
cold situations

Reinette Van !Mons

Nov. Feb.

T

St.

Esp.

Dwf.

Rhode Island Greening

Dec. April

T.K.

St.

...

...

Useful kind

Ribston Pippin . .

Nov. Feb.

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Given to canker here

Ditto New

Nov. Feb.

T

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Equal in quality to
the old one, and
free from canker

Stirling Castle . .

Nov. Jan.

R

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Succeeds well here

Stone Pippin

Jan. April

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Very hardy

Sturmer's Pippin . .

Feb. June

T.K.

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Keeps well

Syke House Russet

November

T

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Succeeds well in mid-
land counties

Tower of Glammis

Nov. Feb.

K

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and fine baking

Waltham Abbey Seeding

Sept. Jan.

K

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Wellington .

Oct. Jan.

K

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Splendid Apple, said
to have been raised
in Staffordshire

Winter Peach Apple .

Nov. Jan.

K

St.

...

...

Succeeds well here

PEARS.

Names.

When in
season.

Use.

t» o

c
00

s2
s s

CO

Remakes.

Althorpe Crassane .

Nov.

T

w

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

Does not succeed well
here except on a
wall

Aston Town .

Oct. Nov.

T

. ..

St.

...

Esp.

• • •

Succeeds well in M.C.

Bergamot Cadette

Dec. Jan.

T

...

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

ditto ditto

,, d'Esperen .
Beurre d'Amanlis

April May
September

T
T

w

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf.

New ; promises well
Succeeds well in M. C.

Beurre d'Aremberg .

Dec. Jan.

T

w

...

...

...

ditto ditto ; an
excellent Pear

Beurre Bosc

Nov. Dec.

T

w

St

• • •

Esp.

Dwf.

Succeeds well in M. C.

Beurre, Brown

Dec.

T

w

St.

• • •

Dwf.

Excellent on a waU

Beurr^ deCapiaumont

...

...

...

...

...

...

Not of good quality

here
Succeeds well in M. C.

Beurre Diel

Nov. Dec.

T

w

St.

S.G

Esp.

Dwf.

Beurre Langelier

Oct. Nov.

T

w

St.

. ..

Esp.

...

Handsome, and of
good quality on a
wall

FEBRUARY.

45

Names.

When in
Season.

Use.

"1

+^ OS

to

Eemakes.

rt

s

> ID

X ft

1— 1 o

Beurre Moire .

Sept. Oct.

T

w

St.

...

Esp.

New ; promises well

Beurre Ranee . .

Jan. Feb.

T

w

...

...

...

...

One of the best on
south wall

Beurre Spence .

Sept. Oct.

T

w

St.

...

Esp.

. . .

Excellent on a wall

Bon Chretien Fon-

Dec.

T

...

St.

...

Esp.

...

Succeeds well in M . C,

[dante

in warm situations

„ Williams'

Aug. Sept.

T

...

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Ditto, ditto, but should
be gathered before
quite ripe

Catillac .

Dec. April

K

...

St.

...

...

...

Hardy baking Pear

Chaumontel . .

Jan.

T.K.

w

...

...

.. .

...

Does not succeed here
except on a south
wall

Citron des Carmes .

Sept.

T

...

St.

S.G. 'Esp.

Dwf.

This excellent early

Pear succeeds well

in M. C.

Colmar

Nov. Feb.

T

w

• ••

• ••

...

,,,

Colmar d'Aremberg .

Dec.

T

w

...

...

...

...

Not of good quality

here
Succeeds well here on

Colmar d'Or . .

Oct.

T

w

a wall ; rich and

juicy

Colmar d'Ete .

Sept.

T

w

...

...

...

...

New ;^ promises well

Comte de Lamy

October

T

...

St.

...

Esp.

...

Hardy tree, and good

fruit
Some seasons excel-

Crassane .

Dec.

T

w

...

lent ; requires a

wall

Crassane, Winter

Jan.

T

w

• • •

S.G.

• • •

...

Excellent quality

Doyenne Boussoc

Sept.. Oct.

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Large, excellent, and
succeeds well
against south wall

Doyenne Gris .

October

T

• • •

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very free bearer, and

[Nouveau

good market Pear

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver

April

T

• • •

St.

...

Esp.

...

New ; promises well

Doyenne Goubault .

Jan. Mar.

T

w

• • •

...

...

Ditto, ditto

Doyenne Rouge

October

T

• • •

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Free bearer

Downton Court .

Sept.

T

...

St.

...

...

...

Scarcely worth grow-
ing here

Duchesse d'Orleans .

October

T

w

...

...

«••

...

Very good Pear, but

[leme

tender as a standard

Duchesse d'Angou-

Nov. Dec.

T

w

...

...

...

...

Requires a wall in
midland counties

Dunmore

Nov.

T

...

...

...

...

...

Not worth growing

here
Deserves a wall

Easter Beurre .

Dec. Jan.

T

w

Esp.

...

Flemish Beauty . .

November

T

...

St".

S'.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Succeeds well in M. C.

Fondante d'Automne

Oct.

T

...

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

ditto ditto

„ de Malines

Jan. Feb.

T

w

...

...

...

.. .

Well worth a wall ;
large and fine
quality

Forelle . . ,

Nov.

T

...

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very handsome, and
of good quality

Gillogil .

Nov. Dec.

K

• • •

St.

,,,

• ••

...

Hardy baking Pear

Glou Morceau

Jan. Feb.

T

w

...

...

...

Excellent on a south
wall

46

THE FLORIST.

Names.

Grosse Calebasse

Hacon'slncomparable

Jargonelle

Jean de Witte .

Josephine de Malines
Knight's Monarch

Lewis .

Louise Bonne, Jersey

Marie Louise .
Moor Fowl Egg .
Ne Plus Meuris

Shobden Court .

Soldat Laboureur
Summer Franc Real
Thompson's . • .

Uvedale's St. Ger-
main .
V. Mons Leon Leclerc

Winter Nelis

When in
Season.

Use,

Nov.

Dec.

August

Feb.

Feb. May-
Dec. Jan.

Nov. Feb.
Sept. Oct.

Nov.

Oct.

March

Jan. Feb.

Feb. Mar.
Sept.
Dec.

Dec. Mar.

Nov.

Dec.

K
T

<'3

o -o

fa a

W ...

W

w

St.
St.

St.

St.

St.

W i St.
W St.

w
w

w
w

w

S 3

r?.0

S.G.

S'.G

S*.G

S.G

Esp.

St.

St.
St.

St.

S.G,

Esp,

Esp.

Esp.
jEsp.

Esp.

IIEHA.BKS.

Dwf

S.G. Esp

Not worth growing
here

Good quality, but shy
bearer

Unequalled in its
season

Small, and scarcely
worth growing here

Small on a standard

One of the best Pears,
and succeeds well
in midland counties

A good Pear

One of the best Pears ;
succeeds well in M . C.

Ditto, ditto

Not of best quality

Excellent Pear, but
shy bearer

Very hardy, and of
good quality

Good quality on wall

Succeeds well in M. C.

Ditto, ditto ; an ex-
cellent Pear

Stewing Pear

One of the very best

on a south wall
Requires an east or

west wall here

CHERRIES.

Names.

"When in
Season.

Use.

Adapted
for Walls.

For
Standards.

(go

a a

REMAEK3.

Bigarreau

August

T

W St.

Esp.

Dwf.

Excellent

Bigarreau Napoleon .

August

T

W St.

. ..

Esp.

. ..

Good for pot culture

Black Eagle

July

T

w ...

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very good

Black Heart . . .

July

T

• ••

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Fine and good

Black Tartarian

July

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Good for forcing

Downton .

July

T

• ••

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very good

Early Amber Heart .

August

T

St.

S.iG.

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and good

Early Purple Guigne.

June

T

w

...

...

...

Dwf.

Requires a dry situa-
tion
Best white Cherry

Elton . . . .

July

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Florence .

Aug. Sept.

T

w

.. .

Esp.

...

Keeps well

Knight's Early Black

July

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Very useful, free
bearer

Late Duke . . .

Sept.

T-K.

w

»•«

...

• • •

...

Keeps to a late period

May Duke

July

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Best for forcing or
culture in pots

Morello . . .

Aug. Oct.

Pvg.

w

St.

S.G.

...

Dwf.

One of the most useful

Do., Buttner's Octobr.

Oct.

Pvg

w

St.

S.G.

...

Dwf.

Very good; shy bearer

Reine Horteuse

July

T

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf.

Large and fine

FEBRUARY.

47

APRICOTS.

Moor Park : in season in July ; use, table ; south aspect ; adapted for small
gardens : the best for forcing or any other purpose. We have tried several other sorts,
but so far we have not succeeded so well with them as with the Moor Park.

PLUMS.

Names.

When in
Season.

Use.

II
5|

II

"3 -Jl

15

ai

Remarks.

Coe's Golden Drop .

Sept. Oct.

T
T. &

w

St.

S.G.

Esp.

Dwf Suitable for pot cul-
ture; keeps long
after it is ripe

Green -gage
Jeflferson
Kirk's Plum .

August

September

August

Pvg.
T
T

w

w
w

St.
St.

S'.G.
S.G.

Esp.
Esp.

Dwf. Well known
Dwf. Good for forcing
Dwf. A fine variety

Magnum Bonum
Orleans, Wilmot's

August
August

Pvg.
T

w

St.
St.

sVg.

Esp.
Esp.

... i Useful for preserving
Dwf. A good forcer

l^eineClaude deBavay

September

T

w

• • •

«••

Esp.

Dwf. Good for pot culture

Reine Claude Violette

Sept. Oct.

T

w

St.

...

Esp.

Dwf. Said to be a good Plum

Victoria, Denyer's .
Washington

September
September

T
T

w
w

St.
St.

S.G.

S.G.

Esp.
Esp.

Dwf. 'Good for forcing
Dwf.l

PEACHES.

Names.

When in
Season.

Use.

Wall
Aspect.

15 CO

CO 13

Rkmakxs.

Acton Scot .

August

T

S

S.G.

Excellent Peach, early ;
succeeds well in M.C.

Barrington
Bellegarde .
Chancellor . . .

Sept.

Sept.

October

T
T
T

s
s
s

s.'g.

Very large and good
Good for forcing
Latest, but very fine in

Early Admirable .
Late do. . . . .
Early Ann .

August
October
August

T
T
T

s

S or E

S

...

a good season

Very useful late Peach
Good for pot culture

Grosse Mignonne .

August

T., Pvg.

S

S. G.

Do., and forces well

Noblesse . . . .

Sept.

T

S

S. G.

Forces well

Royal George .
Walburton Admirable ,

August
Sept.

T., Pvg.
T

S

S

S G.

Do., for pots
Large and good

NECTARINES.

Names.

^\1ien in
Season.

Use.

Wall
Aspect.

ego

Remarks.

Downton

Elruge . . . •

Murrey

Newington

Pitmaston Orange . .

Violette Hative .
Roman . . . .
White, new .

August
September
August
August
August

September
September

T

T

T
T «& Pvg.
T&Pvg.

T
T

s

S
SorE

S
Sor W

S
S

S

S

*G.
.G.

Forces well

Ditto, ditto

Ditto, ditto, or for pots

Good for preserving

Flesh yellow, similar to

an Apricot, good for

preserving
Forces well
Good and useful kind
Too tender for M. C.

48

THE FLORIST.

GRAPES.

Early or

a; a .

^-S

NAMES.

Colour.

Late

^ c-^

"Si

REMARKS.

Vineries.

Barbarossa .

Black

L. V.

...

• • .

S.G.

The best late black Grape

Black Prince . . .

Black

L. V.

. . •

• ..

• • >

Bears only on young
wood ; not a very good
Grape

Charlesworth Tokay .

White

L. V.

...

S.G.

Good late white Grape

Genuine White Tokay .

White

L. Y.

...

...

8. G.

Bestkeeping whiteGrape

Grovenier du Cantol

Grizzly

E.&L.V.

Pots

...

S.G.

Free bearer,& hangs well

Grizzly Frontignan . .

Grizzly

E.V.

Pots

...

...

The finest flavour, but
apt to shrivel

Hamburgh, Black

Black

E.&L.V.

Pots

s.w.

S.G.

The most useful

Mill Hall.

Black

E.Y.

...

...

S.G.

Very large

Muscat, Cannon-hall .

White

E. y.

...

...

. ..

Large and good

Muscat of Alexandria .

White

E.&L.Y.

,,,

...

S.G.

The best of white Grapes

Muscat, Bowood .

White

E.V.

•••

...

• .•

This promises to be an
excellent late white
Grape

Muscat, Muscadine

White

E.V.

•••

...

• • ■

An early Grape of much
excellence, but apt to
crack

White Frontignan

White

E.V.

Pots

...

...

Fine flavour, but apt to
shrivel

White Sweetwater . .

White

E.V.

■ • •

. . .

S.G.

A good early Grape

West's St. Peter's.

Black

L.V.

, Pots

...

S.G.

A useful late Grape

Remain . . . .

White

E.V.

Pots

...

...

Very free bearer, oval,
and rather small

Royal Muscadine

White

E.V.

Pots

s.w.

...

Early [berries

FIGS.

NAMES.

^.2

For
Pots.

For Small
Gardens.

REMARKS.

Brunswick .
Ischia, Brown . .
Ischia, Black
Marseilles . . .
Turkey, Brown .

Downton . . .

w
w
w
w
w

w

Pots
Pots

Pots

Handsome fruit
S. G, i Bears well
S. G. Good for forcing
S. G. Ditto, and for pots
S. G. Good bearer, and forces

: well [pots
S. G. The best for forcing in

ON GRAFTED PLANTS.

I have for some years back purchased, each season, a consider-
able number of plants from the London nurseries, and have been
much surprised of late to find I have so many grafted ones among
them. To say nothing of Roses, I have Daphnes, Pimeleas, Jasmines,
Ipomoeas, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Pinuses, and many others. They
look nice plants when first received, but soon begin throwing up

FEBRUARY. 49

suckers, which are difficult to keep down, and prevent the plants
thriving. I find likewise they never make good specimens. I shall
be glad if you can explain the reason of this innovation on the nursery-
trade. For myself, I mean, except in very few cases, to return in
future any grafted plants which may be sent me, as useless for
growing.

Berks, January 5, 1855. J. M., M.A.

[We must admit our correspondent has fair cause for complaint, for
grafted plants are alarmingly on the increase in many of the London
nurseries. Camellias, Azaleas, and some Rhododendrons cannot be
propagated without grafting or inarching, and make better plants when
so worked ; but with many other plants, some of which our corre-
spondent alludes to, it is a bad though quick way of getting up a sale-
able plant, and specimen growers carefully avoid purchasing such. We
may notice the very beautiful specimen pot Roses, which are seen at
the great exhibitions, and which are all, we believe, on their own bot-
toms, as a proof.' The practice has been adopted from the continental
nurseries, but we are sure purchasers will much prefer plants growing
on their own bottoms, even if they pay a trifle more money for them
than worked plants. J. S. — Ed.J

THE FORTHCOMING NEW DAHLIAS.

" Nothing extenuate,
" Nor set down aught in malice."

In discoursing of the Dahlia I am too sensible of having engrossed a
large portion of valuable space in the last two numbers of the Florist.
It is not without some hesitation I venture to protract the subject : still
I feel it incumbent on me to complete the task I have voluntarily taken
in hand. Hitherto my observations have been confined exclusively to
the ]Mst ; the present of the Dahlia grower is somewhat of a blank ; but
with him — as with all of mortal mould — " Hope springs eternal :" and
there yet remains the future, on which he may and will speculate.
In our review — I say our, gentle reader, because I would fain hope you
and I have been travelling together in no ungenial companionship ;
but deem not, I entreat you, that I aspire to wield the thunderbolts
implied by the awful editorial pronoun. In our review (let me repeat)
of the past Dahlia season, we have limited ourselves to the consideration
of those varieties with which we have established, through the medium
of an acquaintance of more or less duration, a certain degree of intimac}''.
Now, although old friends are not to be lightly discarded for new, we
should not altogether overlook the claims of the rising generation.
We may and perhaps ought, at first, to be somewhat chary of our
confidence ; but it would be unfair if we were wilfully blind either to
their merits or demerits : nor should we withhold the " word in season,"
be it oi encouragement, of commendation, or — if need be — of reproof.

I now propose to enter upon what would doubtless prove both a

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. KO. L. E

50 THE FLORIST.

thankless and invidious task, if undertaken in any other than a spirit of "
intetrrity and honesty of purpose, — viz., some investigation of the claims
which the new Dahhas of 1855 may or may not have to our consideration.
Bearing in mind the motto prefixed to this paper, I proceed, without
further preface, to offer an opinion of the merits of some among the
most prominent of the seedhngs proved during the past season — the
majority of which, it may reasonably be presumed, will soon present
themselves as candidates for our suffrages. Nay I will advance a step
further, and boldly assign to each what I believe to be its relative position
in the scale of excellence. That this last resolution is scarcely a wise
one I am powerfully reminded at the very threshold of my subject ;
inasmuch as two aspirants, with claims entirely dissimilar, rise up before
my vision, each, in its turn, advancing weighty reasons why it should
be placed at the head of the poll. After a careful scrutiny 1 find it my
duty, as an impartial returning officer, waiving my undoubted right of
giving the casting vote, to pronounce the numbers for each to be alike ;
I therefore bracket them thus

r Pre-eminent (Fellowes) i
\ Annie (Rawlings) j ^ •

Now no two Dahlias can be more thoroughly unlike than these, unlike
in everything save the attribute of surpassing beauty. The former,
displaying the superb and stately bearing of a Zenobia, boldly challenges
our admiration : the latter attracts it by the softer but not less fascinating
graces of a Cleopatra. Two extracts from my note book, the one
bearing date September 13, the other September 19, 1854, will suffice
to show the estimate I have formed of these two varieties.

" Pre-eminent, originally named Combatant. A very large bold
purple flower, possessing unusual brilliancy, intensity and body of
colour, good petal, great depth and perfect centre : appears constant, and
must become a general favourite."

" Annie. Lilac, one of the most perfect Dahlias in existence. This
is not a large flower, but in general form, outhne, petal, and centre it
really leaves httle to be desired. It bears, moreover, the mark of
constancy."

I think it will be generally admitted of these two varieties that we
recognize in each the most perfect type of its respective style — in a
word, the Minna and Brenda of Dahlias.

3. Lord Bath. (Wheeler.) A full sized, noble maroon, of the right
durable stamp, treading very closely on the heels of Pre-eminent ; its
general appearance is indicative of constancy, if, indeed, that property
may ever be predicted with safety. It combines great fulness with
good petal, plentiful substance, and close centre. "Take it for all in all "
it presents an aggregate of good qualities which cannot fail to ensure
for itself a very large amount of popularity.

4. Espartero. (turner.) A dark scarlet flower of excellent proportions,
a little below the average size, with abundance of small, well formed
and well arranged petals, ample substance, and a close, high centre :
a very promising variety.

5. Ringleader (G. Holmes), having been " kept in" last year, has

FEBRUARY. 51

undergone a probation of two seasons, and is therefore pretty generally
known. It presents a well formed petal and a most perfect outlme,
but these same good qualities are unfortunately conducive to a centre
somewhat depressed, the only exception which can be taken to this
exquisite sort : size about medium.

6. Raby Queen. (Keynes.) A very brilliant medium sized flower, of
the colour indicated by its name : it possesses many excellent points,
but a httle more depth is required to render it quite perfect : the shape
of its petal is unexceptionable, in this respect it is almost unique. It
has been extensively and successfully shown, and will in no way detract
from the well earned reputation of its raiser.

7. Bessy (Sainsbury) is from a source which has already supplied us
with not a few celebrities. Colour very bright yellow ; petal, outline,
and centre good, with moderate depth. It may be a question, and it is
one which Time alone can solve, how far the purity of its colour, so
remarkable in some of the specimens exhibited, may be dependent on
close shading.

8. IVie Nigger (Fellowes), if not quite black, is sufficiently dusky to
j ustify its name. Essex Triumph has long maintained a sort of prescriptive
right to the leadership of the dark class. Shall it henceforward resign
its pretensions to this son of Canaan ? It is difficult to say. The battle
yet remains to be fought which shall decide the question. Let the old
monarch still retain our allegiance, until the new aspirant shall have
given proof of superior claims on our allegiance.

9. Cossack (Fellowes), bright red, a large and deep variety, which
will; probably be extremely useful for the back row ; very splendid as
seen in the stand of 24 which gained the silver cup at Brighton : if
often to be had in that state, it would be entitled to assume the highest
rank. It is, perhaps, safer to assign it that moderate position to which
its general good qualities, on all occasions, fairly entitle it.

10. Empress (Prockter) is pretty and delicate : colour very like that
of Annie Salter, which variety it also resembles in other particulars.
It will doubtless be a favourite with many, but it scarcely exhibits
sufficient novelty, either of form or colour, to render its possession abso-
lutely indispensable.

11. Dr. Reed. (Rawlings.) Purple crimson, of good form and centre,
much after the model of Standard of Perfection, and perhaps no
great improvement on that favourite old flower : it is, however, a useful
variety, and we may yet see it produced in better condition.

12. Omar Pasha. Large and rather coarse, presenting altogether
too flat a surface. Its colour, rich crimson scarlet, very bright and
attractive, will, doubtless, ensure for it a certain amount of admiration :
but on the whole it can scarcely be deemed equal to the requirements
of the present time.

Three other varieties, Agincourt (Fellowes) purple ; Beauty of Bath
(Bush), yellow, and Lady Fo^kstone (Keynes), buff tipped with crimson,
should have a place among the foregoing. I have omitted these promising
sorts only because I have not seen enough of them to enable me to
determine their respective positions with satisfaction to myself

The expectant fancy Dahlias are few in number, and demand no

E 2

52 THE FLORIST.

elaborate notice. I am acquainted with four only really deserving of
patronage. Of these it may be remarked, generally, that they are all
good, all dissimilar, and will all prove welcome acquisitions to those who
admire the brilliant eccentricities of this motley tribe.

1. iMiss Frampton. (Rawlings.) Bright red tipped with white ; an
exceedingly neat and well built flower, with good centre ; constant, if
frequency of appearance be any test of that quality ; it exhibits, on the
whole, a decided advancement upon any of its class.

2. Baron Alderson. (Perry.) A novelty ; colour pecuHar orange
scarlet, with clear and well defined white tips, considerably above the
average size ; petals of good form and well arranged ; centre close, full,
and well up to the surface.

3. Comfit. (Keynes.) A striped variety, cream colour and crimson
shaded with pink ; a neat and well formed flower of moderate size,
considerable depth, and good centre.

4. Miss Herbert. (Dodds.) Ground colour not easily defined, but not
very unlike that of Laura Lavington ; the white tips, however, appear
to be better and more constantly developed ; if such belts general character,
it must certainly be deemed an improvement on the older variety.

I have selected barely a score from the very large number of seedling
Dahlias exhibited during the past season. I can testify only of those I
have seen ; and I am not aware of having omitted to notice any that
seem worthy of especial consideration. There may be some few others,
unknown to me, whose merits entitle them to a place in the list. I
can only regret I have not had the opportunity of examining them.
With regard to the relative places I have assigned to each, 1 cannot
expect to have arrived at anything beyond an approximation to the
truth ; and I am quite prepared to hear that my attempt in that direction
meets with universal reprobation. Yes, I can very readily anticipate
the running commentary, with which the raisers of these flowers — each
in his individual case — will enliven the reading of these otherwise dull
lines. It will be something to this effect." Verily this 'A. S. H.' whoever
be may be, is taking a little too much upon himself; and yet, confound
the fellow ! his general view of the matter is by no means erroneous.
It is only suprising he should be so blind in two or three particulars ;
as not to discern, for instance, that D is superior to A, and that the
positions of C and H ought to be reversed." Well, well, this is all very
natural, if not very reasonable ; and I can perfectly understand and ap-
preciate the feeling. 0, what an arena of perfection this world of ours
would he, if the extraordinary qualities we are apt to attach to our own
productions were viewed by others through the same medium as that
through which we ourselves behold them ! I cannot refrain from tran-
scribing a very old fable from a very old author, written, evidently,
with the purpose of illustrating how strangely mankind differ in their
opinions ; and how strongly each is attached to his own.

" Jupiter one day enjoying himself over a bowl of nectar,and in a merry
humour, determined to make mankind a present. Momus was ap-
pointed to carry it to them, who, mounted on a rapid car, was presently
on earth. ' Come hither,' said he, ' ye happy mortals ; great Jupiter
has opened for your benefit his all-gracious hands. It is true he made

FEBRUARY. 53

you somewhat short sighted, but to remedy that Inconvenience, behold
how he has favoured you.' So saying, he unloosed his portmanteau,
when an infinite number of spectacles tumbled out, and were picked up
by the crowd with all the eagerness imaginable. There were enough
for all : every man had his pair ; but it was soon found that these
spectacles did not represent objects to all mankind alike, for one pair
was purple, another blue, one was white and another was black : some
of the glasses were red, some green, and some yellow. In short they
were not only of all manner of colours, and every shade of colour, but
they had the strange property that no two of them gave the same form
and appearance to things seen through them. However, notwithstanding
this diversity, every man was charmed with his o\vn, as beheving it to
be the truest, and enjoyed in opinion all the satisfaction of reality."

Now, my good sirs, you who feel a parental interest in these beloved
productions of your own, and who would keenly resent any slight or
affront put upon them, I pray you to remember, one and all of you,
that, although I have regarded these pets of yours with the most minute
observation, it has not fallen to my lot to examine them through your
spectacles.

To all those from whom I may be so unfortunate as to differ, I would
merely observe that my conclusions have not been rashly or hastily
formed, but are the result of much and patient investigation. I avow
candidly that I feel a strong desire to assist the choice of the uninitiated :
the adept can and will exercise his own judgment, and is perfectly
capable of taking good care of himself The former may safely order
all or any of the flowers I have enumerated, and be certain that he has
not encumbered himself with a worthless variety. ]\Iy task would be
supererogatory could I persuade myself that no Dahhas deserving that
epithet will be sent out in the ensuing season. That were indeed a
" consummation devoutly to be wished." Should it be realised, the year
1855 will prove a memorable one, in truth an annus mirabilU in the
records of floriculture.

With that word "floriculture," good and much-enduring reader, did
I purpose to conclude this article ; but even as I traced the letters
which go to its formation, the last stroke of twelve from the old church
tower above me sounded the knell of a departed year ; and while the
ink is yet moist, a joyous peal from the same tower heralds the birth
of another. As rapidly, my replenished quill again skims the surface
of the paper ; but not again to tax your sorely-tried if not exhausted
patience. Guided by a kindlier impulse, its mission is accomplished by
the simple record of my sincere aspiration, on your behalf, for
"A Happy New Year!"

January 1, 1855. A. S. H.

THE FLUKE KIDNEY POTATO.

Having ourselves proved this excellent variety of Potato, we feel justi-
fied, and shall be doing gooi service to our readers and the pubhc, by
recommending it to all who cultivate the Potato, whether for private
use or for market purposes. In our own neighbourhood (Wiltshire)

54 THE FLORIST.

the disease has been as fatal to this useful root as in most parts of the
country, and very much more so than in the north of England and
south of Scotland, where we recollect seeing the crops in full vigour of
growth a month or five weeks after the crops in the west of England
presented nothing but the bare haulm. Yet, owing to the dry and
warm autumn, the crop in this district is not much diseased, excepting
on cold, wet soils ; but it is much shortened by the untimely loss of
the foliage at an important period of the plant's growth. To test the
powers of the " Fluke" to withstand the disease, we planted them on
four different soils, varying from a poor sand to a clay, amongst other
kinds, principally Regents, Kidneys, and Cups ; and the result was
that the Flukes, though showing the fatal spot on the leaf towards the
end of August, kept the greater part of their leaves green till the last
week in September, when the crop was taken up — many of the tops
being then green, although the ordinary kinds growing close by had
lost their leaves upwards of a month. The yield of saleable Regents in
this locahty scarcely averages 5 tons per acre, while on a careful calcu-
lation my crop of Flukes is ten tons, very nearly all of which are
marketable ; the quantity of small being very small in proportion to
the large ones. No doubt these crops will be considered small by some,
and are much greater on more favourable soils : but we give only our
own experience, on soils by no means rich. The flavour of the Fluke
is excellent, much surpassing in our estimation the Regent. They boil
white and flowery — will keep well till July, and there is very little waste
in paring them, the eye being nearly even with the skin. We are
pleased to find there has been an immense demand for them in the
district where they first originated (Lancashire) for planting ; and we
feel sure that those who give them a trial will not be disappointed in
the result.

The Fluke owes its origin to a Lancashire weaver, who obtained it
from seed of the • Lapstone,' a well-known Potato in the iManchester
district ; and who was, a year or two ago, presented by his friends with
a sum sufficient to purchase for him a small annuity, as a public appre-
ciation of its merits. We are in possession of a seedling from the
Fluke, called Dean's Seedling, resembling in some points the original,
but earlier and with rounder tubers ; it is equally good, and a heavy
cropper. The London public was first made acquainted with these
valuable kinds of Potatoes through the exertions of our valued corre-
spondent, Mr. P^dwards, of Holloway.

PANSIES IN POTS.
I DO not know why it should be the case, but certain it is, that
but few of the Pansy growers with whom I am acquainted succeed
with the cultivation of that plant in pots. My experience is princi-
pally among growers in the north ; the case may be different in the
south, but in this neighbourhood the experiment, as some still persist
in calling it, has resulted, with very few exceptions, in undeniable

FEBRUARY. 55

failure. As a proof of this it may be mentioned, that for the last three
years the Caledonian Society has been in the habit of offering prizes
for '■ Pansies exhibited in eight-inch pots," and in spite of attempts
having been made by many in this Pansy-loving district, to produce
them in good order at the exhibitions, only one grower has as yet suc-
ceeded in bringing forward anything approaching to creditable produc-
tions. The prize is omitted in schedule for 1855, published by the
Society, in consequence, as I understand, of the three years' trial not
having been followed by any satisfactory competition.

Although from this reason nothing else was to be expected, still the
exclusion is to be regretted, for, when well grown, at the early season
of the year at which they are to be had in perfection, they make a
valuable addition to an exhibition, and are found very useful as orna-
ments to the front shelf of a greenhouse. I am one of those who think
that, in every case where practicable, the plant should be exhibited with
the bloom. The point of habit of plant for decorative purposes is a
very important one, and we know that much disappointment is fre-
quently experienced by those who attend exhibitions (although not
themselves growers for exhibition) for the purpose of selecting from the
specimens shown those varieties which they may be desirous of adding
to their collection. It is superfluous, perhaps, to tell the Pansy-grower
that his favourite plant is not free at times from the charge of bad
habit, and that some varieties are more suited to the border than others ;
indeed it might almost be added, that some varieties which are esteemed
for exhibition purposes are not fit for the border at all. Exhibiting in
pots of course brings the habit to the test as well as the bloom. Many
have been misled in selecting their varieties of Pansies, and other flowers
which might be named, from the bloom alone.

Much more might be said on this subject, but the object at the
present time is not that of advocating the exhibition of the Pansy in
pots, but that of giving those who are desirous of succeeding with them
in this way some hints, gathered from the experience of the grower to
whom I have alluded, who has succeeded with them, not only as bloom-
ing plants. for exhibition, but who also, from pots, has won a large
number of the prizes which have been offered for cut blooms. These
hints may not be required for the south, but many in the north are
readers of the Florist, who, if they will adhere to the mode of manage-
ment to be mentioned, will cease to find much further difficulty in
producing the desired result.

First, then, as to soil. Upon this being of proper materials and
those in right condition, when mixed together, much of the after success
depends. Tlie soils to be used should be leaf mould, sandy loam, and
well-decomposed manure. The first mentioned is perhaps the most
important of the three ; and when in fit condition to form part of the
compost, will be found to be a very different material from that which
is made to serve the purpose. That which should be used is such as
has been prepared somewhat after the following manner. (I here give
the mode followed by the grower in question.) About the 1st of
January of each year, a bed is made up for the purpose of forcing
Rhubarb, composed of leaves which have been kept moderately dry up

56 THE FLORIST.

to that time, and stable manure in somewhat rank condition ; the
quantity used is generally about twelve large cart-loads of the leaves,
with which two cart-loads of" the stable manure are thoroughly shaken
in and mixed ; these together produce a steady and a lasting heat, up
to the middle or the end of March; and, as the Rhubarb is planted
wide, there is space enough between the rows of plants on which
to place a single-light frame, which is useful for many purposes during
that period.

When the Rhubarb no longer requires it, the material which formed
the hotbed is removed to another situation ; and as the leaves are only
very partially decayed, when fresh placed and thoroughly shaken over,
the mass again forms another hotbed, which is used perhaps up to the
middle of June. Should the heat be found to fail, it is of course easy
enough to increase it by linings in the ordinary way ; however, this is
but seldom necessary, and generally a sufficient amount remains to
produce the desired blood-heat from the bed on which Pink pipings,
and the earlier ones of Carnations, may be rooted. When no longer
needed or serviceable for this purpose, the heap is again turned over,
which process is repeated in the autumn, and once or twice during the
first winter and the following summer. By the commencement of the
second winter the heap has begun to assume the character of mould in
some degree ; and when this is the case the turnings over are more
frequent, and, should frost set in, the whole mass is exposed to its
influence. The following spring finds this material in a condition very
wtII suited to digging in to the Pansy beds, for instance, and many
other purposes ; but it does not form part of the compost which is used
for the growing of Pansies in pots until another year, by which time it
has the appearance of a dark-coloured mould.

The above mode of preparation of leaf-mould is to be recommended
for various reasons, the chief of wdiich are, the use which is made of
the leaves so long as they wdll serve the purpose of a hot-bed, and the
frequent turnings over which are continued, I ought to have said, up to
the time of use, and which are so essential to the good condition of that
or any other soil. — S.

{To be continued.)

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SCHEDULE FOR 1855.

It is really gratifying to be able to speak of the Horticultural Society's
Schedule for the present year in terms of commendation ; several of
the alterations are decidedly in the right direction, and if the Schedule
should fail to satisfy all classes of exhibitors, which is probable, yet it
cannot fail to please a large number, and I hope the result will be
such an energetic support of the Shows as will induce the Council still
to extend the list of attractive objects for competition, and thus extend
the interest both of exhibitors and the public.

The alteration of the day of holding the Exhibitions, from Saturday
to Wednesday, is very satisfactory, and will no doubt be felt to be a

FEBRUARY. 57

great improvement by all interested, and the example of the Royal
Botanic Society has proved that it need not cause any diminution in
the number of visitors.

The encouragement again to be given to " Florist Flowers," is also
gratifying, and might be still further extended with advantage. But I
do not intend to go into all the items of the Schedule in detail, or revert
to the past, but simply to give expression to the pleasure I feel at the
great improvement of the Schedule generally.

Holding the May Show in the grounds of Gore House, Kensington,
is no doubt a wise plan, and will give opportunity for many to attend
who, from various causes, might not be able to visit the Chiswick
Gardens at that season of the year.

In conclusion, I beg to give expression to the hope that all the
zealous friends of the Society will respond to the earnest appeal of the
Council, and each do his part to render the proposed meetings more
attractive and efficient than they have ever yet been.

Scrutator.

CARNATIONS.

The Carnation grower having yet two months' recess from potting time,
might usefully employ his leisure hours in providing auxiliaries for the
busy month of July, in the matter of shades, blooming cards, &c. The
readers of the Florist need scarcely be reminded that the Carnation or
Picotee, if left unrestrictedly to the fluctuating influence of our ever-
varying midsummer weather to develop their innate beauties, unaided
by art, present little save in perfume to excite our admiration. But,
under judicious banding, carding, and shading, who could wonder at
their high position, or say such care is wasted on objects such ys
these ? For myself, struggling under all the difficulties enthusiasts are
heir to, I have managed to construct some six dozen blooming tables,
which I find exceedingly useful, a sketch of which I herewith subjoin.
A small bell glass is used to throw off" wet and dust. Each evening
the opening, by which the bloom is brought to the centre of the table,
is filled with loose cotton and the glass put on, thus effectually ex-
cluding earwigs, who are abroad at night, oft to the destruction of
many fondly reared hopes. This filament should be removed at sunrise
for the admission of air to the bloom under development. ! he extreme
surface diameter of table is five inches, constructed of half-inch deal.
The cross piece, with socket cut therein for stake, is two inches by
three quarters, and seven inches ; the stake half an inch square ; the
bell glass is four-and-a-half inches across the rim, and a groove is cut
one-eighth of an inch deep on the surface of table, to secure the glass
from accident by wind, &c. Thus, without injury to the plant or re-
tarding unexpanded blooms, by the aid of a Cucumber or Hollyhock
leaf you can shade a bloom at will, in lieu of shading for a dozen
blooms, possibly the whole collection. I would further submit for the
benefit of your readers a sketch of a simple instrument for cutting

58

THE FLORIST.

blooming or exhibition cards, elegant if you can afford it, cheap if only
for utility ; in fact, any village blacksmith for the trifle of half-a-
crown, would, from the subjoined, construct a something that would
meet the required purpose. Cards, elegant and suitable, can be pro-
cured for the Carnation and Picotee of JMessrs. Meek, Crane-court,
London ; but we would assist the poor man, the artisan, or cottager,
who cannot afford the outlay. Give the cottager means to cope with

the wealthy in c/ass- showing, and hundreds will join our National who
hold back from incompetence. For I hold it ungenerous to suppose
that the humble clerk, artisan, or cottager may not from his twelve or
eighteen pots, cut the bloom that shall stand Premier at our next
national gathering at Oxford. And who would ?io? rejoice to see t?
A superb bloom is not the result of accident, but the result of combined
skill and attention — the latter of paramount importance. And has not
the amateur, even of hmited means, sufficient to outvalue the advan-
tages of quantity and variety in class showing with the extensive culti-
vator, in the matter of his undivided attention to one object ? Whereas
the cultivator of three or five hundred pots has perhaps fifty other ob-
jects to engross his time and attention, in many cases keeping them
alive and little more. With means to purchase every novelty, he in-
creases his stock beyond his power to govern it, either to his own satis-
faction or realisation of his hopes on the day of exhibition. Therefore,
I reiterate, the cottager or mechanic zealously applying the advantages
possessed, may not only realise a rich source of delight in the cultiva-
tion of a few choice Carnations and Picotees, but raise Laurels for his
pains from the wealthy and opulent.

Vauxhall, December 1 8, 1854. Robert R. Oswald.

FEBRUARY. 59

REVIEWS.

— -♦■ —
The Book of the Garden. By Charles M'Intosh, Dalkeith. Two thick
vols, royal 8vo., illustrated by numerous plates, and upwards of
2000 wood engravings. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.
We must congratulate both editor and pubUshers on the completion of
this work, which, whether considered in reference to the information it
conveys on the theory and practice of horticulture, its numerous illus-
trations, in the first style of art, and beautiful type, is every way
worthy of the character of all concerned in its publication. The scien-
tific knowledge and great experience of the editor in all that pertains
to horticulture, not only as regards cultivation, but as a landscape
gardener and garden architect, has enabled him to produce a work
which brings all that is known of the various subjects treated on down
to the present time ; while the manner in which the work is illustrated
merits our highest approval as most successful specimens of engraving.
Designs are given for flower-gardens, parterres, conservatories, and
plant and forcing-houses of every kind, with the different modes in
practice for heating them ; in short, every description of building con-
nected with the gardens and grounds of country and suburban resi-
dences, with all the accessories of vases, trellises, baskets, fountains,
&c., are described and delineated in the clearest manner by wood
engravings, in many cases even to minute details. This will prove of
great use to architects and others engaged in horticultural buildings, as,
generally speaking, architects are much wanting in the requisite know-
ledge for designing plant structures. On the practical details of cul-
ture the editor gives, in addition to his own opinion, the pith of what
others have wTitten on the subject. Our present garden literature is
too diffuse, and the editor, by taking advantage of introducing extracts
from other authors, has conferred a boon on the general reader, by
saving him much valuable time in referring to so many different works,
as we may feel satisfied he has quoted all worth recording on the sub-
ject. We hope to notice this work again. In the mean time we
strongly recommend the " Book of the Garden." To gardeners, in
every way, it will be indispensable, and not less so to country gentle-
men, architects, and surveyors, who will find it the best authority on
the subject they can refer to.

General Price Current of Kitchen Garden and Floicer Seeds, sold by

William Edgecumhe Rendle and Co., Seed Merchants, Flymouth.
No small indication of the growing importance of the nursery and seed
trade is afforded by the well got up and elaborate catalogues which are
annually published by the principal members of the trade. A very
few years back such things were unknown, except to the London seeds-
men and some few others. We have now catalogues the size of a
goodly volume, admirably arranged, and containing lists of fruit trees,
ornamental trees, and shrubs, hardy and exotic plants, with kitchen-
garden and flower seeds. The above all carefully classed and de-
scribed, with their various sjTionyms, so as to afford all the informa-

60 THE FLORIST.

tion needed to those who may not be experienced enough to judge for
themselves in making their selections. The increased matter and in-
formation which these yearly afford, indicate pretty clearly that the
facilities for purchasmg what is wanted, brought so conveniently under
the notice of the public by such means, is not thrown away, and in a
commercial point of view is attended with success.

The readers of the Florist have only to look over the admirable and
beautifully got up catalogues published by Messrs. Peter Lawson and
Sons, of Edinburgh (which are worthy of a place in the library of every
country gentleman and gardener in the kingdom, as works of refer-
ence)— to those of the Messrs. E. G. Hendersons, Wellington -road —
Messrs. A. Henderson and Co., Pine Apple-place, Messrs. Veitch,
Exeter and Chelsea — T. Rivers and Son, Sawbridgeworth — Waterer
and Godfrey, Knap-hill — J. Waterer, and Standish and Noble, Bag-
shot — Lane and Son, Berkhamstead — Paul and Son, Cheshunt —
Turner, Slough — Sutton and Sons, Reading — and many others too
numerous to particularise, when they "will be convinced of the trouble,
care, and expense involved in getting them up, most of them present-
ing lists of all the popular plants, &c., of the day, and giving complete
descriptions of each article they offer for sale.

We must, however, leave this generalising, and resume our notice
of the one which heads our article ; reminding our readers that this is
a Seed Catalogue merely. The list of vegetable seeds comprises a long
array of names, which, speaking for ourselves, we should like to see
much shortened. But then the public at large prefer it to be other-
wise, and therefore the blame (if any there be) rests more with our
over-fastidious public than with the seedsmen, who have in this, as in
other matters, to cater for their customers in place of pleasing them-
selves. The lists are carefully arranged as to time of sowing, &c., and
we do not remember before seeing such full descriptions and directions
for culture as are appended to each. We may likewise add that the
" Collections " made up for various sized gardens, afford parties igno-
rant of the best kinds of vegetables a valuable chance for stocking their
gardens in the best manner at a moderate cost. The list of flower
seeds, with the accompanying hints on sowing and culture, will be
valuable to many. There are, besides, original articles by ]\Ir. Erring-
ton and a calendar of operations, altogether conveying information
which cannot fail of being useful to the amateur as well as the practical
gardener. The only thing in it we condemn is the Calendar, which
should contain the exhibition days of the London and country horti-
cultural societies, and much other matter relative to garden affairs, now
entirely omitted, and which we hope to see inserted in future editions.

Edwards's Garden Almanack for 1855.

This Annual is of quite as much service to the man ofi business as to the
florist, as a work of reference, as there are forty pages devoted to the
information peculiar to almanacks, and on a more extended scale than
is adopted by many. The National Floricultural Society (of which
]\Ir. Edwards is the Hon. Secretary) is now unquestionably the only
practical tribunal for seedling flowers, because the Society's judges are

FEBRUARY. 61

selected from well known florists and plant growers, and the Editor
has therefore given a descriptive list of all the plants and flowers that
have received an award from the Society during the past year, a list
that must be serviceable to plant purchasers. In addition to this, a
lengthened descriptive list of new plants of every description is given,
as well as carefully selected hsts of the best varieties of Auriculas,
Azaleas, Carnations, Cinerarias, Chrysanthemums, and various other
flowers. This wiU be a great guide to purchasers, as the hsts can be
relied on. Some sound practical remarks are appended to the list of
Chrysanthemums that should be read by growers of that plant. We
are often asked privately for selected lists of greenhouse plants that wiU
give a succession of flower throughout the year, and to such as are seek-
ing that information we heartily refer them to page 80, for a brief and
carefuUy compiled hst of greenhouse plants, stating the month in which,
under ordinary circumstances, they flower. Stove plants also are
similarly arranged. This is the sort of information sought after by the
reading portion of the gardenmg world, and we gladly recommend our
readers to judge for themselves. Mr. Wilkinson, of Kahng, discourses
pleasantly on new Roses, and our experience fully bears out all he
states respecting them. Mr. Edwards has throughout his pages paid
deserved praise to the National Floricultural Society, but we regret to
find he has condescended to notice so repeatedly the compiler of a con-
temporary almanack, who has for a series of years past made a point
of attacking both him and the National Floricultural Society. We
regret he has devoted so much space to so unworthy a subject, as the
writer in question is now almost a myth, and should be classed with
the old bogies of our infantine days. So much valuable space must for
the future be devoted to information, if Mr. Edwards wishes to retain
the popularity of his almanack.

We have read somewhere complaints from one or more of the alma-
nack editors that j\[r. Edwards had copied them. The edition for the
current year is so completely in advance of all the gardening almanacks
of the past years, that it must be evident copying is not the Editor's
forte. There is striking originality throughout the book, particularly
in some of the Edwardsian phrases.

Too much praise cannot be given to the Trade Directory portion of
the Almanack. We have, from our daily intercourse with the trade,
a tolerable knowledge of their localities, and although a few mistakes —
and they are very few — still are to be found in this portion of the
work, the list is, without exception, the most correct ever published, and
obtained only at considerable expense and trouble. The fault we have
pointed out rests, we fear, with the trade themselves, as they should
see to these errors and correct them. The Almanack is not entirely
free from errors that would have been avoided if a careful reading of
*' proof" had been attended to. Fifty-three pages of advertisements
are to be found in the work, comprising in themselves a supplementary
list of new things for 1855.

The other Garden Almanacks for the present year have not come
under our notice, as we hesitate about paying our shillings for the
volumes of errors they have hitherto been, and they have not reached
us through any other channel.

62 THE FLORIST.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — The growing season for these plants will have fairly set
in, therefore increased care will be necessary to protect them in severe
weather ; on all other occasions keep the pits quite open, avoiding
rain. Still the \vaterpot must now be used pretty freely. It should
be ascertained that the water has penetrated through the ball of earth,
which is not always an easy matter after being kept dry so long a
time. Top-dress as soon as this has been effected, and remove the
plants to a south aspect. We feel great pleasure in announcing that
the Horticultural Society of London has offered prizes for this deserving
old favourite, to be competed for at the Society's rooms, 21, Regent-
street, on Tuesday, April 3.

Azaleas. — Those plants that are required for early blooming should
be brought into the Peach houses and early Vineries, making certain
that they are free from thrips. Those that remain in cooler houses
should have every attention ; by no means over-water them ; keep the
pots and surface-soil perfectly clean, and air at all favourable times.
Those that were forced early must, after done flowering, be removed to
a close pit ; be cautious not to over excite them.

Bedding Plants. — Look over the entire stock of bedding plants, and
prepare for an increase of those varieties that are deficient.

Carnations and Picotees. — These will now be showing signs of
growth, which will be perceived in the heart of the plant. The spar-
rows are very fond of the young foliage that will now be made ; and as
the plants should on nearly all occasions be kept open, some care and
watchfulness will be required to protect the plants from their depreda-
tions. The plants wdll now require to be cleared of all dead foliage,
and fumigated, if green-fly attacks them. See that none suffer for want
of water, and increase the supply generally this month. The soil for
blooming them in should be often turned over, and well-frosted, if
possible.

Cinerarias. — Many of the early flow^ering kinds, with some seed-
liners, are already enlivening us with their gay bright flowers. The
Cineraria is quite an early spring plant ; the more early it blooms, the
more satisfactory will it be. This should be kept in mind at the time
for propagating. 1 ying out the side shoots and keeping down aphides
is all that will be required for this season's bloom, excepting any late
succession plants, which will yet require repotting.

Conservatory . — By properly arranging those plants that have be^n
forced, such as Azaleas, Lilacs, Rhododendrons, Roses, Orange trees,
&c., and endeavouring to place those plants most striking in colour in
situations most conspicuous, this structure may be made to assume a
gay and comfortable appearance. Keep on hand an abundance of early
flowering bulbs, which are easily brought into bloom; also Mignonette,
Neapolitan, and tree Violets ; dwarf Orange trees, well -formed plants
of Daphne indica, rubra, and little things that may be prized for their
fragrance or bloom. A few plants of the Calla sethiopica, if brought into
flower at this season, look very interesting ; and well-managed plants

FEBRUARY.

of the tree Carnation will be found useful. Azaleas and Camellias,
when opening their flowers, will be benefited by liberal waterings of
manure water.

Dahlias. — This is the best time for starting the roots generally ; a
good number can be made from them if put to work now, without the
plants being too early : INIarch struck plants, however, will be in ample
time. In striking the cuttings, dung beds are the best ; but avoid an
excess of moisture. Seed should not be sown till next month.

Fuchsias. — Commence the growth of old plants by shaking them out
of the old soil ; and after repotting them in a size less pot, using a good
rich compost, place them in a gentle heat, drawing the syringe over
them every afternoon. Young autumn struck plants that have been
kept growing all the winter should be repotted, and grown on for
specimens also. Cuttings put in now will make fine plants to succeed
them.

Ericas. — If possible abstain from making hea\^ fires to exclude frost ;
water in the early part of the day, and give a more liberal supply to
those soft wooded varieties that grow freely. Admit air at all liavour-
able occasions, and apply sulphar on the slightest appearance of mildew.

Flower Garden. — Cleanhness should be attended to in this depart-
ment, and tender plants and shrubs should have sufficient protection
against severe winds and frosty weather. Anemones and Ranunculuses
may be planted in very rich clean soil. In very favourable weather,
plantations of deciduous and evergreen shrubs may be proceeded with.
Prepare compost for flower beds.

Fruit Forcing. — If the first Vines are sufficiently advanced as to
admit of being tied down, they should be stopped at a desirable
distance from the fruit ; and as the bunches fully develope themselves,
one only should be left upon the shoots until they show further indi-
cations of size, &c. Maintain a very steady temperature, not under
65° of fire heat by day, with an increase of 10° or 12° in sunshine.
Admit air very cautiously, and close early. See that the heat of the
outside border does not by the severity of the weather decline. A
check in temperature at this stage would be very injurious. Bring on
later houses as required.

Fruit, hardy. — Proceed with pruning and training of all hardy fruit
trees. Have in readiness a sufficient quantity of netting or other ma-
terial to protect the blossom of wall trees. If Beech or Fir boughs are
placed over Apricots and Peaches, it prevents the too early expansion of
the blossom, making the chance of a crop more secure. All kinds of
fruit trees may at this time be removed, doing so only when the soil is
dry. Give a top dressing with well-decayed manure to Strawberry
beds. Prune and train all small fruits, and have all the prunings
removed and the ground forked up.

Greenhouse. — Do not give much fire heat. Admit air freely in fine
weather, closing early to secure as much sun heat as possible. Tie
out the shoots of climbers. Keep the pots and surface soil very clean,
and give a sufficiency of water to such plants as begin to grow freely.
Keep down insects by fumigating, and frequently wash such plants as
are liabk to become dirty.

64 THE FLORIST.

RoUi/hocks. — Any good cuttings that can be taken from the stools,
either this or next month, will make good plants, and bloom well in
September. Autumn struck plants should now be repotted and planted
out in ]\Iarch. Encourage autumn sown seedlings by potting them off
into small pots from tlie seed pans, to be planted out in JMarch or April,
according to the weather.

Kitchen Garden. — As the soil becomes dry, preparations should be
made to receive the spring and summer crops. Dig up all vacant
ground, and where the land has been trenched it will be found most
suitable for Carrots, Parsnips, &c. Make up deficiencies in plantations
of Cabbages, Cauliflowers, Lettuces, &c. ; and Cauliflowers in frames
should be looked to, giving air at aU favourable times, gradually hard-
ening them off.

Pansies. — Repot at once those intended for blooming in pots under
glass, the soil having been prepared as previously described. Strong
plants have now been blooming some time. To strengthen and increase
the size of the flowers, however, during the months they are most
Avanted, the blooms should be plucked off, particularly from weak
plants. We gathered as many as half-a-peck of flowers on the l6th
of January. These were from pots, the flowers being generally very
fine. Strong plants in the ground have been covered wdth blossoms all
the w^inter. The most showy flowers, however, for winter w^ork are the
self yellows — Ophir, Malvern, and Adela. Cuttings put in now will
strike more readily than at any other season. Stock plants should
be planted out into beds towards the end of the month, as wtU as
seedlings that have been wintered in pans.

Pbiks. — On a dry day, after frost, press firmly into the ground any
that have become loose during the winter. Also, stir the surface of the
beds when sufficiently dry. Fill up any vacancies from the stock that
has been wintered in pots. Towards the end of the month, plant out
those that have been wintered in pots into smaU prepared beds, pressing
them firmly into the soil.

Roses. — Frigi domo has been found a very good material for fixing
round the heads of tea-scented and other delicate varieties, worked on
standards. See that the moss or fern, which has (we trust) been
placed over beds of similar varieties on their own roots, is not dis-
turbed.

Roses in Pots. — The hard opening varieties intended for exhibition
may be placed in the greenhouse.

Stove. — j\Iake preparations for potting those plants that are beginning
to start into grow^th, and have them neatly pruned and tied. Do not
keep high temperatures until the days are more favourable. Bring on
pots of Achimenes, Gloxinias, Gesneras, &c.

Tulips. — Many of our best bed Tulips appeared above the ground as
early as the middle of January. The rows wdll be visible by the 10th
of February, unless w^e get much colder weather than we have hitherto
experienced to check them. This is much to be desired, or it is more
than probable they will suffer in April. Keep the bed free from rains
or snow. At other times, the more hardy they are grown the better.

MARCH. 65

SONERILA MARGARITACEA.

Pearl-Bearing Sonerila.
(Plate 98.)

Those of our readers who attend the meetings of the Horticul-
tural Society in Regent Street will remember how much this
extremely pretty plant was admired at the November meeting of
last year, when it was exhibited by the Messrs. Veitch, who have
been fortunate in introducing it from India, through their col-
lector, Mr. Thomas Lobb.

Sonerila Margaritacea forms a tufty, low-growing plant, with
obovate-lanceolate leaves, of a rich dark green, thickly covered
with white oval spots, which give the leaves the appearance of
being covered with pearls — hence the specific name. Numerous
offsets or short runners, each producing a tuft of leaves at their
extremity, are sent out from the parent stem, forming altogether
dense tufts of foliage, from which rise numerous flower-stems of a
crimson colour, carrying bright rose-coloured flowers. The plant
grows from 6 to 9 inches high, and, well managed, will grow
18 inches or 2 feet in diameter.

No doubt this plant may be propagated freely by means of the
offsets, or from seed, which should be sown in shallow pans, and
treated much in the same way as seedling Gloxinias or Achimenes,
shading them from the sun, and potting them on as they require
it. Towards winter less Avater will be required. For the purpose
of wintering the plants a dry atmosphere and moderate tempera-
ture— say 55° or thereabouts — will be found the best, with the
foliage kept free from wet or damp of any kind. As spring
advances increase the temperature, and shift into a size larger
pot. On all occasions be particular not to injure the foliage.
Towards May the heat may range up to 70°, and by this time
the plants will require being put into 9 or 10-inch pots for
blooming. The soil may consist of one-half fibrous peat, and
the other turfy loam, leaf-soil, and sand, well mixed together,
using plenty of drainage.

There is just now quite a rage for variegated-leaved plants,
among which this must occupy the very first place ; besides which,
it is altogether so charming a plant, and will be found useful for
so many decorative purposes, that every one cultivating a dozen
stove plants will select this as one. We are indebted to the
Messrs. Veitch for permission to figure it for our pages ; and Mr.
Andrews' usual success as a floral artist has attended him in
giving a beautiful representation of the original.

NEW SERIES, VOL. Y. NO. LI.

66 THE FLORIST.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.— No. I.

[Our esteemed correspondent, Mv. Davidson (late head gardener to
Sir Wm. Middleton, Bart., of Shrubland Park), of whose correct taste in
matters of ornamental gardening, and practical and scientific knowledge
concerning garden structures and general cultivation we entertain a high
opinion ; has promised to furnish us with a series of designs of different
styles and patterns of flower gardens. And as the season is now opening
when alterations and improvements in gardens are generally contem-
plated and carried out, we hope this additional special aid which w^e
have secured will prove useful and interesting to our readers. Ed.]

Having been requested to give a few designs for geometrical gardens,
accompanied by descriptions, &c., in the pages of the Florist, I shall
premise them with a few remarks as to what amplification of the sub-
jects embraced may be brought within the fimits of cursory detached
articles, so as to make them useful to those under whose eyes they may
fall, or at least that they may be illustrative of the principles which
may be taken as guides in any alteration and improvement as ladies
and gentlemen may contemplate.

In this series of designs it will be better to introduce such as I
have laid down or recommended, and to accompany them, as far as is
practicable, with the circumstances, general and special, by which, in
each case, the arrangement of the design was governed. As, however,
the governing circumstances and desirable objects in artistical arrange-
ment are rarely similar in any two cases, though they may resemble in
some of their bearings, I feel it specially necessary to draw attention
to the fact that every individual instance requires special consideration
in adapting and arranging general principles to suit peculiarities of
position, purpose, or dimension.

It may with some be a matter of surprise that, avowedly living by
my profession, I should freely give my designs and my reasons for their
arrangement. As a matter of course I should generally recommend the
employment of professionals, not that I might myself be selected, but
that what is done to beautify the gardens of our land may be done in
accordance with good taste, and that they may afford real and lasting
gratification to their owners, and be objects of delight to all beholders.
However, as there are many who prefer prescribing for their own
wants in landscape gardening, as well as in medicine, I most respect-
fully offer them what assistance these articles may afford freely and
candidly, and shall feel gratified if I have reason to believe that they
have been of service : feeling assured that in the end my motives will
be appreciated, and the obligation will be mutual.

I may, however, be permitted to mention that we do not arrogate to
ourselves more professional skill or judgment than that which is con-
sequent upon natural taste carefully cultivated and practically experienced,
much less to infer that cases do not exist — or even that they are rare — in
which the proprietors of gardens will not be benefitted by my advice.
We know, on the contrary, that many ladies and gentlemen possess and
display the most admirable taste in design, as well as general knowledge
of practical adaptation ; and I feel it no disgrace to acknowledge that I

MARCH. 67

have derived many and valuable lessons from such sources. And I am
fully prepared to admit that professional men, when called in, would
not suffer in dignity or usefulness if they would carefully and candidly
consider such of the proprietor's own ideas as he may submit to them,
rather than pertinaciously insist upon the introduction of their own. I
think this simple propriety, as the owner of a garden has doubtless
studied its wants and capabilities very much himself; and must, per-
force, have arrived at many conclusions which are correct in the main,
however much they may need to be modified by some one who has
made special arrangement his study. At the same time the professional
man will be expected not to sanction what he cannot approve of as
being in strict accordance with good taste.

In the above remarks I have endeavoured to start myself right with
those under whose notice these articles may come. I shall merely
state in addition that the general subject of natural landscape will
scarcely come within the intention of the series, excepting where
mention may be made of the relation which a particular design or the
effect it produces has reference to the tout ensemble of which it forms a
part.

No. I. — Design for a Rosary.

As Roses are perhaps the most esteemed of our garden plants,
and as every one is desirous of having an appropriate place for them,
it occurs to me that this will be an agreeable introduction to our series.
For although in general — and especially in light land districts — the
autumn is the best time for forming a new Rose garden, still various
circumstances may, in special cases, make it an object not to lose a
season. As in such instances, therefore, it is essential that the arrange-
ment be decided upon, the ground prepared, and the Roses planted as
early as possible after the frost breaks up, I give the matter a pre-
ference over designs for parterres, which are intended for that class of
summer flowers, of which few require planting before ]\Iay.

A Rosary, though admitting of a certain amount of geometric
arrangement, as the plants admit to a limited extent of artificial
training, should still be considered to verge upon the outer limits of this
class of gardening ; and even in extreme cases the artificial should rather
be used as a means of making the introduction of Roses allowable in a
particular position, than as a necessary part of any manner in which
they might be introduced.

The position of a Rose garden, especially if artificially arranged,
should not generally approach too nearly to the mansion, and particularly
not to that usually regarded as the most important front. It may
happen, however, that the immediate foreground consists of exceedingly
wild scenery, when an artificially-arranged Rosary is one of the best
links that can be introduced ; and where the space immediately
surrounding the house admits of artificial arrangement in connection
with the architecture, and the extent is sufficient, such a provision for
Roses is exceedingly applicable as a quiet transition from the architec-
tural to the natural. In many cases it may with good taste be
introduced nearer home on one of the flanks, where its transitional

F 2

68 THE FLORIST.

capabilities are of the greatest value. In all cases the artificial provision
for the ilose should be decidedly subservient and unobtrusive : the
garden should be adapted to the flowers more than the flowers to
the garden — the reverse of the usual intent in designing the more
positively artificial adjuncts to a mansion. The extent to which such
arrangement is admissible, its nature and adaptation, must specially
be governed by local circumstances, each of which may require to
exercise a governance over the design. But the nearest approach to
our beau ideal of what a Rosary should be, where it may be free and
wild, is pleasingly described by the author of the popular American work
"Queechy."

The accompanying design was made for a gentleman's garden in
Hertfordshire. The house stands on an elevated position, with a large
terrace in front, and upon one of the sides is a shrubbery lawn sloping
towards a valley which flanks the garden. The plant houses are
gathered together about the end of the lawn in a line with the mansion,
and are partially concealed, and at the same time connected with the
terrace and shrubbery by means of an iron arcade covered with Roses
and other hardy creepers. About the houses are several rectangular
spaces, and two of those most seen from the terrace, and coming into
view between it and the distant country, are made use of as Rosaries,
in one of which the accompanying pattern is used. The poles with
festoons, one remove beyond the iron arcade, are specially introduced to
moderate somewhat the rather too striking effect of one of the plant
houses, and to break the line of the arcade. Its immediate connection
with the plant structures points out the justness of having an arrange-
ment of plan, consisting principally of straight lines. In considering
the size of the beds regard is had to convenience in getting round and
about them for the purpose of cutting the flowers, as the position it
occupies, close to the house, but out of that part of the garden from
which it would not be the general custom to cut flowers for decorative
purposes, renders it easy of access both to the lady and her gardener.

The small number of standard Roses introduced may be a matter
of surprise, but it is obvious that in the space shown it would not be
possible to have many more without crowding, unless the poles and
chains were dispensed with. As a general rule I am averse to tall
standard Roses. This, however, does not apply to the weeping
varieties ; of these the stems can scarcely be too high if they are
appropriately situated, excepting where the entire garden can be looked
down upon, as the majority of the varieties show their flowers best
when so situated. With the exception of the standards indicated, the
beds are filled with dwarf Roses, the strongest shoots of which being
regularly pegged or layed down, the appearance is kept more uniform
than is generally the case with a Rose garden. The standards are
all autumn bloomers, and the dwarf varieties consist for the most part
of kinds having the same property, but so distributed as to balance in
the effect.

With regard to the edging for the beds of Rosaries on gravel, I
cannot generally feel pleased with Box ; its fitness in a flower garden
is for the nicely defined lines and curves of an elaborate pattern, where

MARCH. 69

PLAN FOR A ROSARY, 50 feet by 25. Scale 4 feet to an inch.

Elevation of Poles and Festoons along one side of Rosary, showing Standard

Roses between.
0 0 0 Rough poles, 9 feet high, excepting the four corner ones, which should be
only 4 feet 6 inches for climbing Roses, with chains suspended from pole to pole on
whioh the Roses are to form festoons.

* * * Tall Standard Roses. The beds should for the most part be filled with dwarf
plants. The centre bed should be raised about 18 inches above the level of the ground,
by means of rough stumps covered with Ivy.

70 THE FLORIST.

all the occupants are of a highly dressed character ; it ill accords with
so rude a subject as the Rose, and is used for want of something more suit-
able. The old-fashioned Thrift is less discordant ; but a much better
substitute for large beds is the Irish Ivy planted round the edge, and
twisted together. It requires clipping rather closely just before
commencing its growth in the spring, and in the autumn any long
straying shoots should be shortened. In the case referred to Ivy upon
stumps was used for the large bed in the centre ; but for the others, in
consideration of the contiguity of a building, an edging of slate, tile, or
wood painted and sanded, seemed most fitting for the purpose.

William Davidson,
Landscape Gardenpr and Garden Architect ^

37, Bloomsbury Street, Bedford Square, London.

PANSIES IN POTS.

[Continued from p. 56.)

It is by no means the universal custom, even for those who are well
aware of the value of leaf-mould, to prepare it with that care which
adds so much to its usefulness ; but some are content with any decayed
leaves without reference to the sourness, or the contrary, of the material.
I entered, therefore, in my last, somewhat more minutely than other-
wise I should have done into this, as one of the ingredients of the
compost for Pansies in pots, and to an extent greater than some of your
readers may have considered to be w^arranted by so insignificant a
subject ; but, it must be borne in mind, that leaf-mould, prepared in
the way which has been recommended, is a most desirable soil to have
at hand, for other plants as well as the Pansy. Indeed I know of
scarcely any soft-wooded plant which does not delight in it. Let the
Carnation grower, for instance, make trial of it, and I shall be much
surprised if he does not find the health of his plants, and the beauty of
their blooms thereby much enhanced. He may mix it to the extent of
one-third, and if the loam, at the same time used, be of good quality,
for some varieties at least of that beautiful flower, no other manure will
be requisite ; nor will running be as frequent as it is apt to be, with
the application of more stimulating substances.

It would be sufficient merely (as has already been done), to name
the descriotion ot the loam to be used, were it not that some misunder-
standing is apt to arise on the subject of this word " loam." What is
loam ? is a question which has been asked frequently, and is not very
easy to answer. The substance so named seems to vary much in
different localities, and still more so, when we come to speak of separate
qualities of the same material. That which is merely called a "heavy
loam" in some places, in others would be said to be a clay. The
" medium" description in one district, the "heavy" in another. In
fact the term is altogether a very indefinite one, at least as employed in
gardening phraseology. The strict definition, probably, would be an

MARCH. 71

" unctuous earth," heavy in character, and not much differing from
some clays in appearance to the eyes of the gardener, who has but his
fingers and sight to assist him in the analysis ; and that the predomi-
nance of the clayey principle (if I may so call it), or that of the sandy,
constitutes the difference between the light and the heavy loam.
However, in gardening language, the term has assumed a wider
signification than this, and includes those which are more strictly
vegetable soils. If the word is difficult to explain, the thing signified
by it, is, in some districts, still more difficult to procure. That which
should be sought, for the purpose at present in view, is loam, in the
wide sense of the word, with about one-fourth of the sandy principle in
it, or, should it contain less, river sand must be added until that
amount is made up. As has often been said, the top spit of an old
pasture is the best, as it will be more full of fibre than that taken from a
lower depth. This soil should be got together long before required for
use, so tha'G the turf may become well decayed, and the whole heap
thoroughly pulverised and sweetened by the action of frost.

Little need be said on the subject of the manure. The grower
whom I am quoting uses that principally from sties in which pigs are
kept. There is, perhaps, no pecuhar value in this description, any other
probably will do as well, if care be taken that that which is intended,
when fully decayed, for the richest portion of the compost, does not,
during the process of decomposition, lose its strength through over-
exposure to the sun and rain ; old hot-bed manure may do well enough
for some things, but it is considered better to prepare specially for the
purpose, that which is intended for use in pot culture, both as regards
the one in question and also for the variety of other plants which the
said grower cultivates. More dependence can be placed, under such
circumstances, upon the real quality of the material employed.

The proportions used of the above-named soils are as follows : — two
barrow loads of loam, one ditto of leaf-mould, half ditto of the
thoroughly decomposed manure ; but although this will be found
adapted to the majority of Pansies, it must not be supposed that it is
recommended that, in this respect, every variety should be treated in a
precisely similar manner. With the Pansy, as with all other plants,
there are differences of constitution in the same family, wdiich the
experience of the careful grower teaches him he must humour. The
same richness of soil, for instance, which would be required to produce
size of bloom in a variety such as St. Andrews, if applied to Flower of
the Day, Father Gavazzi, or others which might be named, would
cause those sorts to throw out little else but rough and coarse flowers.
A knowledge of the habit of the variety under treatment is essential to
the development of its good points. Tn the instance of the Pansy there
may not be many exceptions to the general rules as to growth, but still
unquestionably there are some, and these must not be overlooked.

The young stock for pot purposes is propagated at two different
periods ; such as are intended to make fine plants for ornamental
specimens, or for exhibition in that form, are taken at the earliest time
of the year at which suitable cuttings can be procured, and this, on
account of its being expedient to give them as long a growth as

72 THE FLORIST.

possible in the beds, in which they are forwarded previous to the time
when they are potted up for winter. If cuttings can now be had, the
present is a good time to take them with this view ; but, even from
plants which have been protected during winter, these are as yet not
very numerous. Those shoots which come from under the soil, whether
suckers or from the lower part of the stem, are preferred to such as are
to be had from the plant above ground : the former are more sure to
root freely than the latter, and are less pithy ; these are struck either in
pots, in a frame, or in soil, under hand glasses, and are not planted out
in the bed until they are well rooted. The bed for their reception is
prepared in the autumn ; and since the goodness of the plants at
potting up time depends upon the soil in which they have been grown
being suited to them, and their being placed in such a situation as the
Pansy thrives best in during summer, care is had to fulfil these neces-
sary particulars.

The soils for the bed may be of the same description as those which
have been recommended for the pots, with the exception of the substi-
tution of a more adhesive for the sandy loam which has been spoken
of; indeed an ordinary garden soil, with the addition of a heavy
dressing of the leaf-mould, will answer the purpose well enough;
but the proper position of the bed is of much moment — a cool situation,
that is, one not exposed to the burning sun during the summer months,
should be selected. The plants, during this period, must not be allowed
to flower, but the blooms be regularly picked off, which will tend greatly
to strengthen the plants and to keep them short jointed and dwarf.
Neither should they at any time suffer from drought ; the object being
to obtain as large a specimen as possible for the pots. If they do well,
many, at potting time, will be ready with from fifteen to twenty or even
more stems, of pretty even growth, less than the former number cannot
make a specimen ; upon the number of the stems, that of the flowers
to be had in bloom at the same time, depends. It is not desired to
have those plants which are grown merely for the sake of cut blooms as
large as those which are intended for exhibition in pots. Indeed, I
know it to be the opinion of some growers, that large plants do not
throw as fine individual blooms as smaller ones. This may be the case ;
still I have seen instances to the contrary — one plant in particular I
well recollect, which was shown in this neighbourhood by the grower
whose system of culture I am giving. This (Ophir, the variety),
measured two feet in diameter, had twenty-one stems, and from forty
to fifty full sized blooms on it, from which at least twenty might have
been selected fit for a stand. The smaller plants do not require the
same time in the bed, so that those struck, say in June, will be early
enough. After being planted out in the bed, the same treatment as
that recommended for the larger ones should be pursued.

About the beginning of October, both large and small should be placed
in their winter pots ; the size of the pot for the larger ones must be re-
gulated by that of the plant, six inch will be large enough in all cases, a
much less size will do for the smaller. Good drainage should be secured in
the usual way, and pretty deep potting be resorted to ; let them be kept close
for a few days in a frame ; after that, the sashes must be removed on all

MARCH. 73

occasions (except during drenching rains,) up to the time of the setting
in of frost, from the severity of which they need to be protected. At the
time of potting, all but those shoots which are moderately even in
growth should be removed, and the stems which are preserved be
stripped of their side shoots — pegging down the stems round the side
of the pots, and supporting those in the centre is advisable. The care,
through the winter, consists in steering judiciously between too much
nursing and too much exposure — the one would draw the plants, the
other would do away with the benefit to be derived from protection.
If mildew appears, which is frequently the case, apply sulphur ; if green-
fly, tobacco. At the beginning of February, potting into the blooming
pots should be proceeded with, taking care to use precisely the same
soil as that into which they were removed in the autumn ; a change of
soil at this time is highly prejudicial — eight-inch pots will be sufficient
for the largest plants, six-inch for the smaller. Between this and the
time of flowering, let all means be taken to insure short-jointed and
vigorous growth. Keep the plants free from suckers, and the stems of
side shoots ; tie them out into the desired form, with one or more of the
strongest stems to form the centre ; a short time previous to their setting
to bloom, those varieties which will not be overgro^^^l by such a
stimulant may have occasional applications of weak liquid manure.
Continue to remove the blooms up to near the time when the whole of
the stems can be had in flower together ; this applies to those intended
for showing in pots ; the day when the cut blooms will be wanted
must be the guide, in this particular, as regards the treatment of the
smaller plants. It may be well to mention here, that such as are more
than one year old at the time of flowering cannot be depended upon for
pot culture, they are apt to die off suddenly without any apparent cause.
In the former part of this article, I gave some reasons in favour of
growing Pansies, both for ornament and exhibition in pots ; if, in
addition, it be generally true, as in this quarter it has been proved to be,
that cut blooms are to be had from plants grown in this way, to say the
least, equal to those produced from such as are cultivated in the border,
this system has very many advantages to recommend it. I have
already stated that the difference in habit between some varieties,
necessitates, to some extent, a difference also in the mode of cultivation ;
some require strong growing, others, to be less Hberally dealt with.
The difficulty in carrying this out in a border is great, but it is perfectly
easy to do so in a pot. Some again are benefitted by Hquid manure,
an application of which to others would cause the production of coarse
flowers — discrimination can be used also in this respect in the pots ;
but not so readily is it managed in the border. Add to this the power
of protecting the blooms, in the one case easily applied, against the
difficulty and trouble of effecting it in the other. How great, too, is
the saving of soil which is not easily procured; the loam which would be
necessary to make up a border for 100 plants would grow a collection
in pots for years. Those sorts which are vigorous, and at the same time
short-jointed in their growth, will make the best specimens in pots ;
any variety which is valued for its blooms may be grown as successfully
in a pot as in the open border. S.

74 THE FLORIST.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. VII.
By a Gardener in the Country.

Having in my previous article given at length \ny reasons for preferring
the brick flue for our " domestic Vinery" for autumn Grapes, I may
here observe that such by no means enforces the rejection of hot water
as a medium for heating, where forcing the Vines to obtain Grapes
earlier in the season is required, nor yet in any structure devoted to
plants where fires are almost constantly needed ; in such cases the extra
cost at first may be compensated for by subsequent advantages, which,
as I intend devoting a chapter to, in concluding, I need not more
pai'ticularly advert to here.

At pages 328-29, of your last year's volume, I gave directions for
getting the compost into the border during dry weather, in March or
April ; and supposing that done, and the Vines duly prepared, as there-
in advised, by the end of April, or beginning of May, they will
have made shoots eight inches or a foot in length, and will be ready for
planting. The principal object in keeping them to this stage is, that by
getting both root and top into active growth.- they will start more freely
when turned out into the border ; and at the same time, there is the
chance of rejecting any which break weakly, or have mis formed shoots,
taking care to plant those only which have a strong leading shoot and
healthy leaves.

Before, however, planting the Vines, a suitable wire trellis to train
them should be fixed under the roof; a three-eighth iron rod should
be carried horizontally eighteen inches from the upper wall-plate, the
length of the house ; and a similar one along the top, the same distance
from the back wall. These should be secured by running them through
iron brackets, furnished with an eye for the purpose, and inserted at
suitable distances in the front plate and the back wall ; from these,
one-eighth wire should be stretched from front to back, nine inches
apart, and having every two feet a snnilar wn-e runnmg horizontally
between the bottom and top. These should be fastened together ^^dth
thin copper wire where they cross. If the roof be long, an additional
horizontal three-eighth rod may be necessary half-way between the
former ; but generally speaking two will be sufficient, as the roof is short.
My reasons for trelhsing the whole is, that, as I intend the foliage to
cover the entire space, it will be found easier to train them than when
only a certain part is trellised ; the best article for which will be three-
eighth and one- eighth galvanised iron wire, which, with a few iron
brackets made to suit, wnll be all that is necessary.

In training Vines, some plant them for the purpose of carrying the
principal stem directly under each rafter, while others prefer training
them up the centre of each sash, thinking thereby they get a larger
share of light ; this is true, during the first year or two, but as the
Vines become established and are spurred in, it makes but little differ-
ence, for the stem only will be shaded by being under the rafter, for
the shoots growing right and left fi-om it will meet in the centre of each
light, and consequently the foliage will be fully exposed, the principal

MARCH. 7^

thing to be attended to. It therefore matters little which is practised ;
one Vine will therefore be planted either under each rafter or under
the centre of each sash.

When the time arrives for planting, take advantage of dull weather,

that the Vines may overcome any slight check they may get, before

very bright sunshine occurs, from which otherwise it would be necessary

to shade them for a few days. When planting the Vines, turn them

carefully out of their pots, liberating the roots on the outside of the ball;

and having previously made holes in the middle cf the narrow border

inside the house, under the spot you intend training them, lay the

ball in the hole, arranging the liberated roots, so as they may pass under

the sill into the outside border ; the ball should at the same time be

placed rather on one side, the more effectually to assist the roots to take

that direction ; and at the same time, it will assist the young shoot to

reach the trellis at an easier angle. This done, close the compost

gently round the ball, and give a slight watering ; the compost will

cover the ball a couple of inches, and a thin mulching of any rotten

manure may be spread over the surface inside the house, which should

be kept constantly damp, but not wet, to encourage the free growth of

the yoimg roots. The shoot must be very slightly tied to the trellis at

first, or there will be danger of its growing itself off should the tie in

any way prevent its free growth. A little fire by night for the first t-wo

or three weeks will assist the growth, and the leaves should be syringed

all over each evening, with frequent sprinklings of water during the

day over the floor of the house. The temperature by night should be 58°

which, as the season advances, may rise to 63° in three months' time ;

this should be the highest night temperature allow^ed. During sunny

days 80° to 85° may be permitted, giving air freely in bright weather,

by opening the bottom and top ventilators early in the morning, very

little at first, and increasing it as the day advances, diminishing it in

like manner in the afternoon, and as the season advances, allowing

sufficient to produce a gentle current through the house by night ; this

may be done in a month from planting. As the Vmes advance, train

them directly up the roof, the abundance of air I recommend, and

comparatively low night temperature, will insure a short jointed growth,

and large healthy leaves, which must be taken every care of Pinch off

tendrils as they are formed, and lateral shoots, leaving two joints at the

first stopping, and one each time after\vards. When the Vines reach the

top of the house, which they in all likelihood will by the end of July,

if not sooner, stop them. The laterals made after this may be allo\ved

to grow four or five joints, or till they meet ; this encouragement of the

foliacre will enable the Vines to make vigorous roots, and establish them-

selves for future bearing.

76 THE PLOfllST.

FLOWERS.

Consider the lilies of the field .... even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed

like one of these."

With what emotion glows the inmost soul

In contemplation of the mighty power

Of those twin-sister children of the mind,

Painting and Poetry — this on the page,

That on the canvas, tracing wondrous scenes

Of human life and jS'ature's beauteousness, —

Subservient both to Genius, within bounds

Which even Genius may not overleap !

* -ifr -x- -x- -x-

The limner's pencil and the poet's pen
Alike are impotent to designate
The loveliness of flowers, those " stars of earth,"
That sparkle on her ever-joyous bosom,
Like jewels in the girdle of a queen.
Yet who but feels their beauty — whether it be
Of form oi: colour, odour exquisite.
Or infinite variety ? While some
Uprear their lofty heads in gaudy pride,
As if self-conscious of their glowing charms,
Others, meek emblems of humility.
Scarce rise above the ground whereon they grow,
To woo the matin sun. The VIOLET thus
Blooms unassuming on the grassy banks,
Scattering her perfume wide, herself unseen.
Close by, her sister PRIMROSE, herald meet
Of coming Spring, peeps mildly forth and smiles
' Upon the tras-eller's journey, far admired
By botanist and poet, and by all
Who, with the lowliest of created things,
As with the most exalted, love to hold
Deep converse and communion mystical, —
Who worship Nature in her holiest fanes.
And seek, amid the creatures of their God,
The glorious and the beautiful. From out
The ice-bound earth, see, how the SNOWDROP bares
Her hardy bosom to the frosts of heaven !
Not long to pine in solitude. Impelled
By pleasing rivalry, the emulous CROCUS,
In cloth-of-gold or purple vest bedight.
Steps gaily forth, and boldly challenges
Old Winter to the combat. He, secure
In rugged veteran strength, looks grimly down,
Contemptuous, on the stripling ; as, of yore,
The pagan giant smiled with proud disdain,
On Israel's shepherd-champion. But the " man
Of war " confronts an agile foe, who seizes
The veil of Spring, and with a dexterous cast
Involves the hoary tyrant in its folds.
And half obscures the terrors of his form.
Soon as the wreathed snow dissolves away,
Death-smitten by the dart of vernal sun.
The liberal Earth again unlocks her casket.
And scatters widely, with unsparing hand.
Her treasures hoarded well and thriftily —
Gems of surpassing lustre. Shrinking now.
Abashed to meet the rapturous gaze of light.
The LILY OF THE VALE, clothed like a bride

MARCH. 77

Peeps from lier lowly bower, scarce recognised

Amid its circling verdure, waiting there

The morning splendour and the dews of eve.

Quail not, thou timid one, nor shun the glance

That joys to dwell upon thee ! Virtue knows

No fear ; and pure, unspotted Innocence

May stand erect throughout the sultry hour,

Despite the burden and the heat of day.

Nor less your beauty, unpretending flowers,

"Wee, modest, crimson-tipped," that deck the meads

With infinite profusion, whispering low

Of gales all softness and of hours all sun !

Humble although ye be, yet are ye dear

To every heart : in every ear your name,

Lisped by the prattling tongue of infancy,

Soundeth " familiar as a household word."

Ay, little children love you well ; and that

Which doth attract their love must ever be

A richly cherished object. Poets too —

Whose souls are oftentimes more near akin

To those of children than the world doth dream —

Have marked your simple graces, nor withheld

The tribute of their numbers. Even so

Your fame approaches to the pinnacle

Of immortality ; for ye did prompt

One of the sweetest of those deathless songs

Warbled by Caledonia's peasant-bard.

But though, amid these ornaments of earth.

Each boasts its separate charm, none may presume

To rival the attractions of the KOSE.

Magnificence and grace inelFable

Pervade her form ; therewith she mingles hues

Of every shade denoting life and love

And healthful animation ; — from the pure

Transparent white abiding on the brow

Of thoughtful maiden — to the delicate blush

Suffusing her pale cheek, enkindled there

From that mysterious flame which permeates

The subtil spirit, — to the ruddier tinge.

Charged from the liquid fount of very life,

Incessant mantling on her glowing lips, —

Or to the more intensely crimson dye

Of the warm current ever gushing on

Through the deep channels of her throbbing heart.

Nor to the eye alone commends herself

The Queen of Flowers. The concentrated odours

Of all her subject race, combined in one

Impalpable, amalgamated essence.

Would fail to match the fragrance she exhales

With boundless prodigality, while yet

Her store decreaseth never. In the climes

Of the delicious East, where the fair Rose

Receives no stinted homage, bards have striven

To grace her beauties with an added charm :

Thus they have feigned her as the chosen bride

Of the melodious nightingale, who chants

His serenade, not for the listening stars.

But for her ear alone. From such conceits

Roves Fancy to traditions of old time —

Fantastic yet poetic — of the change

Of youths and nymphs to trees and flowers, all bearing

Some semblance of their pre-existing state

-Tg. THE FLORIST.

Implanted on their forms ; — the work of Gods,

Themselves derived from superstitious men,

In nations much enlightened, save in that

Wherein consists true learning. Fair are ye.

Lilies and Roses ! Every flower that grows

Bears in itself peculiar loveliness :

Would ye were all undying! Bootless wish !

And impotent as bootless : for ye pass

So quickly from our vision, that ye are

Fit types and emblems of mortality !

Ye bud, ye bloom, are lovely in your prime

As transient in your being, but so soon

Ye droop and fall and perish, that the sun

Can scarce mature your beauty, ere ye lapse

Among the things that have been, leaving still

Young blossoms, your successors, which will fade,

Even as yourselves have faded. So doth man

Walk in life's garden for a passing hour.

Then find his home beneath the soil he trod.

Mouldering and soon forgotten : and his sons

Live in his stead. So individual man

Is mortal and corruptible ; each one

Bows to the grave, and feels the primal curse

On his own spirit. As himself hath known

Sin and transgression, so he knows the power

Of that dread sentence, "Thou shalt surely die."

Thus fall the sons of earth ; but 'tis not thus

In their collective being. Since the first

Of human-kind was fashioned has that race

Be:^n living and increasing ; yea, throughout

Time and Eternity shall man remain

Unceasing and immortal. Like the flower

Born in the field, so passeth he away.

Leaving the scene for others. Like the flower

He dies and is forgotten, and the place

Of his lone dwelling hears his name no more.

Each fills his several station in the world,

As Wisdom hath directed ; but herein

Trace we no parallel — though both " go hence,"

One but departs, the other dies for ever.

A. S. H.

THE WEATHER IN FEBRUARY.
The month just passed has been remarkable for its extreme cold-
ness— on two or three occasions the thermometer having been below
zero ; and there has been intense frost every night up to the time we
write (the 20th), with a dry cutting east or south-east wind, which has
prevailed up to the present time. The effect of this on garden
vegetables has been most disastrous, most winter crops being all but
killed, many downright so — unfortunately. The snow which fell early
in the month has been drifted into heaps by boisterous winds, and
left a great portion of surface unprotected by snow. This has aggravated'
the evil, and has caused much mischief to plants not perfectly
hardy. We shall be glad to hear from our correspondents particulars
of shrubs, plants, and vegetables, hitherto considered hardy, which
have been killed.

MARCH. 7.)

CULTIVATION OF THE PHLOX.

The Phlox has of late years been making rapid progress in the
march of improvement ; and although nearly all the varieties of this
lovely tribe are of easy cultivation, and will grow freely in almost any
soil, still they are seldom seen so well managed as with a little extra
care and attention they might be. The following is the mode of culture
I have practised, and which has been attended with considerable success.
Li the hrst place select a sheltered, but at the same time an open,
situation, having a rich deep loam, not over sandy, at least one and a
half to two feet deep ; have it well trenched over in autumn in a rough
manner, and by all means avoid heavy manuring, but especially leaf-
mould or decayed vegetable matter, as this last substance generates
insects that are fatal to the young plants. If the ground has been well
manured for any previous crop, it is much safer to plant out without
manure, and rather give the plants a little in a liquid state once or
twice a week, just before they are coming into bloom. Nothing answers
this purpose better than sheep droppings ; it both adds to the size of
the spike and imparts to the foliage a dark shining green. I have been
rather particular on this point, as I have seen many fine collections
entirely lost from a want of caution in manuring. Also avoid, if pos-
sible, planting on a steep or sloping piece of ground, as few plants suffer
so soon from want of w^ater as the Phlox. In dry weather the beds
should receive a good watering at least once a week. Should this be
neglected the plants will come both weakly and prematurely into bloom,
and have a very unsightly appearance : and as young plants produce
much finer spikes than old ones, cuttings should be struck the summer
before wanted, under a handglass, and potted off as soon as struck
(v;hich will generally be in about four weeks), and kept in pots in a
cold frame over winter. Towards the end of IMarch, if the weather is
favourable, plant out in rows two feet by three, or according to circum-
stances. To procure a succession of bloom take the strongest cuttings
from the old stools, when they are about three inches long ; use
5-inch pots, putting one cutting into each pot ; place them in a gentle
hotbed, and when well rooted and hardened off, they may either be
planted out or repotted into eight-inch pots, plunged out in any shel-
tered situation, and taken into the greenhouse when they begin to show
bloom ; these will be found useful, if wanted for exhibition about the
end of August or beginning of September. To grow Phloxes in per-
fection, they should be renewed from cuttings at least every three
years ; and if wanted for exhibition two or three stems may be left on
an old, and only one on a young plant. Have them well secured to
stakes and protected from rain, scorching sun, &c.

About the middle of March a selection should be made from plants
struck the previous season, taking care to choose those that are throwing
up vigorous shoots. Put one plant in each pot, allowing not more than
two stems on each, using pots from eight to twelve inches in diameter,
according to the strength of the plants, avoiding too much drainage. Pot
with rich fibry loam, adding a little sand and well decomposed manure ;
the dwarfer growing sorts may be placed under glass at once, either in

80 THE FLORIST.

a cold frame or greenhouse, and kept as near the glass as convenient —
the dwarfer they can be grown the better. Give air on all possible
opportunities ; a little weak liquid manure may be given with advantage
occasionally. The tall growing varieties may be plunged out of doors
in any sheltered situation, and brought into the conservatory or green-
house ; by their having long naked stems the pots can be introduced out
of sight, and the fine head of bloom shown above the other plants. By
a careful selection of the kinds, and only bringing them in as they show
flower, a succession of bloom may be kept up from June till September.
When grown to any extent in the above manner they make a beautiful
display, and in addition to their pleasant colours, many of the sorts are
highly perfumed. In repotting the Phlox care must be taken not to
break or reduce the ball, although shifting from a twelve to an eighteen-
inch pot, as on this particular much of the future success of the plant
depends. Should large specimens be wanted, those that have flowered
once may be kept over winter in a cold frame, or if this is not con-
venient they may be plunged out of doors, and covered over with three
inches of coal ashes or tanner's bark, taken up early in spring, and
repotted and thinned to three or four stems, and treated as formerly
mentioned ; they will then amply repay any little care and attention
that may have been bestowed on them.

The following are well adapted for pot culture, being of a dwarf,
bushy habit : —

Abdul Medschid Khan
Admiral Linois
Alice Allain
Amabilis
Antagonist
Colonel Dundas
Countess of Home
Criterion
Dr. Leroy
General Brea

Westcoates Nursery, Edinburgh.

Harold
Lychniflora
Leonida

Madame Couslin
Masterpiece
Monsieur Fontaine
President M'Carel
Princess Mathilda
Queen Victoria
Rubra

John Downie.

GOSSIP.

We understand that the directors of the Crystal Palace Company intend
giving a grand horticultural fete towards the end of May, in which
prizes on a most liberal scale will be awarded for flowers and fruits.
This augurs well for exhibiting gardeners, and if continued will bring
many new aspirants for horticultural honours into the field, and will be
popular with the public, considering the great attractions of the Palace
and grounds, and the ease with which they can be reached. Besides,
there will be some chance of a little enjoyment on a wet day at
Sydenham, a calamity which deters many from venturing to Chiswick,
or Regent's Park ; what effect this fete will have on Chiswick and the
Regent's Park remains to be seen.

MARCH. 81

NOTES FROM KEW.

Canna Warscewiczi. Among the more recent introductions to English
gardens, from tropical America, is this showy species of Canna (or Indian
Shot). Tliirty or ibrty kinds are enumerated as belonging to the genus,
all tropical, amongst which are several beautiful flowering sorts ; they are
all sub-evergreen hothouse herbs, cultivated with the greatest facility in a
warm humid atmosphere, but require to be kept well syringed over-head to
keep them clean and free from mealy bug or red spider, Avith which they are
apt to become infested ; they should be potted in a mixture of rough peat,
turfy loam, and a little gritty sand, and pretty freely watered at the roots
during their growing season, as they are moist-loving plants. Where any
of this tribe are cultivated, C. Warscewiczi must not be omitted, as it is
decidedly the best of them hitherto introduced, being a highly ornamental
plant at all seasons, whether in or out of flower. It attains the height of
3 — 5 feet, flowering freely on small plants; the leaves are 10 — 18 inches long,
of a light green, stem erect, and, as well as the midrib of the leaf, of a dark
purple colour, and covered throughout with a farinose powder ; on the apex
of the stem is a raceme 6 — 10 inches long, having 10 — 14 flowers expanded
at once ; they are of a bright scarlet, and remain in perfection for a con-
siderable time. A plant of it here is flowering very freely, and has been for
these two months past.

Sciadocalyx Warscewiczi. This is a very handsome flowering Ges-
neraceous plant, recently introduced to Kew from the continent, and may
be viewed as a good addition to this succulent tribe of plants, it has precisely
the habit of a Gesnera, the foliage much resembling that of G. oblongifolia,
and the flowers have a very striking resemblance to those of Achimenes
picta. It has an erect stem one to near three feet high, with ovate leaves
6 — 10 inches long, having a footstalk about one-third of their length ; the
flowers are produced copiously on the upper part of the stem, 5 — 8 on the
apices of long footstalks, which stand out well from the plant, arising from the
axils of the leaves ; they are scarlet, with the lobes of the limb reflexed and
beautifully spotted ; and have a conspicuous large grein calyx. The whole
plant is densely clothed with soft woolly hairs throughout. Plants of it are
in flower here ; they require the same treatment as is given to Achimenes
and Gesneras.

Abutilon insigne. Ahandsome flowering evergreen greenhouse shrub, very
closely resembling an Hibiscus. Several species of Abutilon are well known
in cultivation, and are usually much admired for their beautiful and richly
coloured flowers, which are produced during the winter and spring months.
They are not impatient of cultivation, requiring an intermediate or warm
greenhouse temperature, and to be vvell cut back, so as to form bushy plants,
otherwise they soon become unsightly by being naked at bottom ; the present
species is one of the best of them, and is capable of being formed into a
tolerably compact specimen three feet high ; the leaves are rugose, heart-
shaped, acute at the apex ; the flowers are pendulous, two inches or more in
diameter, and are of a rich dark colour, something approaching to that of lake,
and have conspicuous dark veins. This is a winter flowering kind, and will
be found well worthy of attention. It is at present in flower at Kew.

Pentas rosea. This is a decided improvement on P. carnea, of which
it is probably only a variety, as both in habit and foliage it is precisely iden-
tical, the difference being in the colour of the flowers, which in rosea are of a
liglit rose colour. A specimen of it is at present in flower here.

Besleria ardens is a succulent or soft- wooded hothouse plant, recently
introduced to Kew from the continent; the flowers are of a shining orange-
red, but are much too small and too sparingly produced for its foliage.

GoLDFCSsiA DicKSONi. ^VTle^e winter flowering plants are a desideratum

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LI. G

82 THE FLORIST.

this will be found one of the best, and most useful for that purpose ; it is an
abundant bloomer, has a much branching habit, and will easily form a compact
specimen a foot and half hio;h ; the leaves are glabrous, narrow, lanceolate,
and dark green above ; the flowers are of a lilac colour, borne in great pro-
fusion throughout the branchlets. It is an Acanthad, requiring the tem-
perature of a cool stove, or intermediate house.

RuELLiA GLOMERATA. A rather interesting evergreen Acanthad,
introduced to Kew from the Mauritius. It has slender branches, which
grow rather straggling, very hairy leaves, and tubular or bell shaped violet-
blue coloured flowers. This plant, under the name of Goldfussia glomerata,
has been cultivated for many years, but never produced any flowers, while
the one introduced to Kew about a year ago flowers very freely, its flowers
contrasting well with those of Goldfussia Dicksoni, Eranthemura nervosum,
and Barleria flava, other Acanthads which are at present in flower here.

J. HOULSTON.

APHELANDRA AURANTIACA.

Aphelandra AURANTIACA is a remarkably neat and ornamental
dwarf, late autumn and winter flowering hothouse shrub, of sparingly
branched habit, from 6 to 18 inches high, with large, dark green,
ovate, acuminate-pointed, laurel-like leaves, and terminal, closely
imbricated flower-sheaths, unfolding a comparatively large raceme of
exceedingly rich and brilliant orange or vermilion-scarlet blossoms; the
front expanding lobe of a triangular or trowel-shaped form. Under
imperfect management it often assumes the appearance of a low, leaf-
less plant, and not unfrequently presents a pecuhar character, with its
fine large leaves in a collapsed state, being often decurved and pressed
to, as it were, in a perpendicular position to the stem.

As the first imported plants into England were placed under my
care for propagation in the Pine-apple-place establishment, London,
my attention was first attracted to its habit and consequent treatment,
on observing the peculiar position of the leaves in one or more
specimens which had been removed from a high to a lower tempera-
ture, and this apparent susceptibility to ordinary variations of heat and
cold induced me to try its capability of enduring temperature by direct
experiment, and also to observe its gradual exfoliation on the approach
of winter under ordinary modes of culture. In the course of my
practice with this species two facts connected with its physiological
structure were noticed — first, the difficulty of obtaining a vigorous and
healthy continuous expansion of the leaves upon a plant of two or more
years old at all equal to a young well-grown plant of the current year ;
second, the equal difficulty of inducing more than one of the tvy^in
opposite buds to develop its leaf-organs. (Though the facts now
mentioned are not uncommon to certain other plants, they are not
less important to a sound theory upon which their successful manage-
ment is based.) Though this species is found to luxuriate in a high
genial heat, it was ascertained that all transitions of temperature from
a propagating pit to a hothouse were invariably attended with a less
vigorous expansion of its leaf-organs, and, in many instances, assumed
the decurved and apiparently collapsed state previously described.

MARCH. 83

That continued aspect of health, indicated by natural and sustained
^^gour in most plants of similar structure, could only be maintained in
this when exposed to a given amount of surface-heat in houses of well-
managed temperature during the summer months, and only, during
the remaining season, when placed under the influence of stronger
bottom heat, or, in oth*r words, where a reciprocal temperature could
be maintained between the root and leaf- organs.

The apparent difficulty of maintaining a neat and leafy habit has
induced some cultivators unwillingly to rehnquish its culture. The
following detail of the ordinary routine of management, annually
adopted with success, in obtaining young luxuriant plants, and also of
re-accumulating the vigour in plants of one or more years' growth, will
afford a key to the essential conditions of its culture.

After the plants have expended their bloom in November or
December, continue their ordinary position until January, February, or
March, diminishing the supply of water as the plants denote a state of
rest by the less of foliage. During the last-named months, as con-
venience may admit, remove them to the hottest part of the stove or
propagating pit, cut each plant back to within one or more buds of the
previous year's growth, apply water but once or twice each week until
the flow of sap ceases, and the dormant buds from the base are grown
to the length of one inch, at which period partially disroot them, and
reshift into pots a size larger than those removed from, using about
equal portions of friable turfy loam, peat, and dry leaf- mould, with a
due admixture of sand — then plunge them slightly within the upper
strata of a moist, genial tank-bed or pit of sand, water and sprinkle
alternaiely until the plants commence a vigorous growth, which, when
attained, lift the pots to the surface, and as the plants gain a com-
paratively mature growth admit them to a fuller exposure to light, still
maintaining, if practicable, a gentle surface heat, and from thence
progressively placed upon a cooler surface, and ultimately, if re-
quired, removed to the warmest part of the hothouse, or Orchidaceous
division.

Cuttings taken from the extremities of vigorous plants in summer
and autumn, and rooted rapidly in small pots, or a pit of sand, will
often mature a terminal raceme of flowers more than equal in size to
the whole of the plant beside, and a selection of such plants, varying
from six inches and upwards in height, each reflecting a glowing
cluster of vermilion-tinted bloom, which seems to defy the utmost art
of the painter to picture its vividness and beauty, will present an effect,
by contrast and combination, more easily conceived than described.

William Wood,

Flshergaie Nurseries York.

G 2

84 THE FLORIST.

HARDY FERNS AND FERNERIES.
It scarcely needs remarking, but must be obvious to all engaged in
the pursuit of horticulture, that hardy Ferneries, or rockeries, are
amongst the more essential things met with in a garden, for effecting
a diversity of scenery, where such can compatibly be introduced. There
are usually plenty of nooks and corners to be met with, where a rockery
would not only be useful in filling up, but would materially improve, by
destroying the prevailing monotony, and impart a pleasing appearance
to what would otherwise be uninteresting, and regarded as dull and
unattractive.

An artificial rockery, when constructed tastefully, is as attractive an
object as anything pertaining to a garden, especially when formed, as
far as practicable, imitative of nature on a small scale ; concentrating,
as it were, into one focus, mountain and valley, hill and dale, precipice,
cascade, &c., which objects should be kept in view by those constructing
such a device, and made the predominating character throughout the
whole. A rockery may be either on a large or small scale, according
to means and materials, but whether large or small, the one great
object aimed at should be the same, " imitate nature " as far as can be
carried out, which plan is decidedly the most preferable, producing as it
does a broken surface abounding with irregularities. It will like-
wise be found more suitable for the growth of the plants wherewith
it is to be furnished, as amongst the declivities so formed, many of the
more tender kinds can be kept with greater facility, and better pre-
served than when exposed on a bleak surface. There are abundance
of plants disseminated throughout gardens that are much better adapted
for cultivating on rockeries than in any other locality, such as many
of the creeping or trailing herbaceous kinds, and stragghng or low-
growing shrubs, which to a certain extent may be considered as the
natural occupants of such situations, and which would be managed
much better on rockwork than if intermixed among a general collection
indiscriminately, on clumps, beds, or borders. The purport of the
present paper being chiefly intended as suggesting, or pointing out the
utility of a rockwork, or a hardy Fernery in a garden, where such can
compatibly be introduced, and to furnish a list of the hardy Ferns
which can be cultivated thereon, with their native habitat, &c. ; pre-
suming that such may prove interesting, and useful to those who take
a delight in cultivating the hardy species only of this beautiful family
of the vegetable kingdom.

It must be borne in mind that several of the smaller-growing
species enumerated in the annexed list, although indigenous to
Britain, only succeed well (as hardy kinds) in the more temperate parts
of it, or in the more favourable or sheltered localities, where they
encounter but a moderate degree of frost, and are not exposed to
a cold bleak wind ; such species are easily kept in a cold frame, or if
planted out they must be covered with some loose protecting material
during the rigour of winter ; those marked E are evergreen, and
retain their fronds in greater or less perfection throughout the year,
those marked D are deciduous, dying down at the approach of frost
in autumn.

MARCH.

85

Name.

Polypodium vulgare

,, Pliegopteris

„ hexagonopterum

„ alpestre

,, Dryopteris

„ calcareum .

Struthiopteris pennsylvanica

,, germanica .
Allosorus crispus .
Gymnogramma leptophylla

Adiantum pedatum

„ capillus- veneris

Pteris aquilina

Lomaria alpina .

,, spicant .

Woodwardia onocleoides

,, virginica
Scolopendrium vulgare

Diplazium tlielypteroides
Asplenium marinum .

„ angustifolium

„ Trichomanes

„ viride

„ septeutrionale

„ germanicum .

„ ruta-muraria
„ fontanuin

„ lanceolatum

it Adiantum nigrum

„ acutum

,, Filix-foemina .

,, Michauxii .
Ceterach officinarum

Onoclea sensibilis
Woodsia hyperborea

,, ilvensis

W.5

1

H

I

X

2

n

D
D
E

D

E

D

E
E

E

E

E
E

Native Cocntriks, &c.

Indigenous to Britain, and common in

Europe, Asia, and North America.
Britain, and most European countries as

far North as Lapland.
North America.
Britain, and Switzerland.
Europe, and North America.
Britain, most parts of Europe, and North

America.
North America.
South of Europe.
Britain.
An annual species found in Jersey, &c. ;

cultivable in a frame.
North America.

South of Europe, North of Africa, Britain,
the Canaries, and Cape de Verde Islands.
Common in Europe, Asia, and North

America.

Falkland Islands, Cape Horn, New Zea-
land, and Van Dieman's Land.
Common throughout Europe, Madeira,

and the north-west coast of America.
North America.
North America.
Britain, more or less throughout Europe,

and in North America.
North America.
Britain, South of Europe, the Channel

Islands, Madeira, Tenenflfe, &c.
North America.

Europe, Asia, and North America.
Britain, and all European countries.
Britain, and most European countries.
Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Swit-
zerland, Hungary, and Sweden.
Throughout Europe, and in N. America.
Britain, and more or less throughout

Europe.
Britain, Madeira, the Channel Islands,

Hungary, Bohemia, and S. America.
Britain, and every country of Europe
except Spain, likewise Madeira and
Carolina.
Teneriffe.
Found throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa,

and North America.
North America.

Britain, the middle and Southern coun-
tries of Europe, Madeira, and N.Africa.
North America.
Britain, the North of Europe, and North

America.
Britain, Germany, Italy, and the most
northern parts of the northern hemi-
sphere, as far as Greenland.

8(5

THE FLOllIST.

Name.

Woodsia obtusa
Cistopteris fragilis

dentata .
Dickieana
bulbifera
alpina

„ tenuis .

,, montana

Lastrea oreopteris .

,, noveboracensis

,, Thelypteris .

,, cristata

,, lancastriense .

,, Filix-mas .

,, Goldiana

,, margiualis .

„ rigida .

,, spinulosa .

„ dilatata:

,, intermedia .

,, foenisecii
Polystichum acrostichoides

,, Lonchitis

„ aculeatura .

,, lobatum

„ angulare
Trichomanes speciosum .

Hymenopliyllum tunbridgense

unilaterale .

Sitobolium punctilobum
Osmunda interrupta .

,, cinnamomea

„ regaljs

„ spectabilis
Botrychium Lunaria .
Ophioglossum vulgatum

o
0/

o

ho

Nat.

TK

COCSTRIES,

&C.

1

u
1

u
u

2

U
1

H

2
2
1

U

1

2

2

H

D

U

D

U

D

3

D

2

D

i

D

^

D

North America.

Throughout Europe, the Canary Islands,

Northern India, Cape of Good Hope,

North and South America.
Britain.
Britain.

North America.
East and West Indies, North and South

America, Biitain, and the Southern

part of the Alps.
North America.
Britain, the North part of the Alps, and

the rocky mountains of North America.
Britain, and throughout Europe.
North America.
Throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and

North America.
Britain, and sparingly throughout Europe

and North America.
North America.
Throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and

North America.
North America.
North America.
Britain, various parts of Europe, and

Siberia.
Dispersed throughout the whole of Europe.
Britain, and various parts of Europe.
North America.
Madeira.
North America.

Britain, and various other parts of Europe.
Throughout Europe, in Asia, Africa, and

North America.
Britain.
Britain.
Britain, Canary Islands, Madeira, "West

Indian Islands, Brazil, East Indies, &c.
Britain, the Alpine districts of Europe,

Madeira, Azores, Cape of Good Hope,

South America, Tasmania, and New

Zealand.
Britain, and other parts of Europe, in

Africa, South America, and New-
Holland.
North America.
North America.
North America.
Throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and

North America.
North America.

Throughout Europe, and North America.
Common in Europe, and said to be found

in Africa, and North America.

J. HOULSTON.

MARCH. 87

GRAFTED RHODODENDRONS, ROSES, &c.
Had " J. S's." note on the communication of your correspondent,
*' J. M. M. A.," on this subject been hmited to a stricture on plants thus
worked I should have concluded it was intended to be applied strictly
in a literal sense, and as it is perfectly understood that grafted Roses
are in most cases doubtful of success it would have called for no com-
ment from your humble servant, but as he has alluded to the pot
Roses at the exhibitions being exclusively those on their own bottoms,
and the ineligibility of worked plants for such a purpose, allow me to
remind " J. S." that hitherto exhibitors in that class have been con-
fined to a select four or five, who, from their large stock, and length
of time they have been cultivating their show plants, it would not be
very creditable did they not come within his description of their beauty;
although I suspect a little closer examination will discover that they are
not so strictly confined to those an naturel as he suspects. My
principal reason for now troubling you, is to ask him on behalf of
budded Roses to withhold his condemnation, as, if I mistake not, the
liberality of the Horticultural Society, in this class at least, will call a
few more Richmonds into the field, some of whose plants have not had the
benefit of pot culture so many months as the older exhibitors have years,
but whose specimens, if from present appearances they may be judged,
will be no discredit to the shows, and convince him that it is not "every
dog that gets a bad name who deserves hanging."

One who knows a Rose.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS— No. XV.

XXV. PINUS PATULA. — THE SPREADING-LEAVED PINE.

PiNUS Patula is generally too tender for the climate of Britain,
and such may be the case in some places when planted in low damp
situations where its wood did not ripen sufficiently. But the fine
specimen we now figure from the Dropmore Pinetum shows it to be
perfectly hardy on the high ground at Dropmore ; and our own plants
in Wiltshire did not suffer in the past winter, and have within the
last fortnight withstood an amount of cold but rarely experienced in
Britain (the thermometer having been twice within that period down
to zero), apparenthj without injury, and thcugh it would be premature
to say they are quite safe, we are pretty confident they will escape.
From our own observation, we have noticed that plants of Patula
suffer more from exposure to keen cutting winds than from a merely
low temperature when sheltered from its effects. As Pinus Patula is
a very distinct and ornamental species, we therefore recommend it with
some confidence, premising that it should be planted on a dry soil, and
in a situation wholly or partially sheltered from cold winds.

The spreading-leaved Pine is a native of the cool region of Mexico,
having been found at ]\Ialpayo de la .Toya, by Sehiede, and was first
introduced to England by JMr. Lambert. It forms a graceful tree,
attaining the height of seventy feet, with a straight trunk furnished

88

THE FLORIST.

with spreading branches, having smooth ash-coloured bark ; leaves in
threes, slender, soft, slightly incurved, and spreading, from six to nine

PIN us PATULA.

Height 18 feet ; diameter of branches, 26 feet ; girth at one foot from ground,

2 feet 8 inches.

inches in length, of a pleasing green colour. Cones about five inches
long, smooth, of an oblong shape. The tree, when seen in a healthy

MARCH. 8^

vigorous state, such as our specimen presents at Dropmore, is very
ornamental, from its long slender grass-green leaves and graceful mode
of growth. In reference to this plant, Mr. Frost informs us that it was
planted in October, 1843, being then eleven inches high ; its piesent
height is eighteen feet, diameter of branches twenty-six feet, and
girth of trunk at one foot horn the ground two feet eight inches. ]\Ir.
F. further informs tnat it is partly sheltered from the north winds.
The soil at Dropmore is well known to be thin loam, renting on a bed
of gravel, and so far favourable as inducing only a moderate growth ;
the more vigorous specimens at Dropmore are all planted in prepared
soil.

PEACHES ON OPEN WALLS.

The system of culture that I am about to describe I have in a great
measure practised for many years in several counties of England,
widely apart from each other, and of its success many can bear witness
who have seen it carried on for the last seven years without a single
failure, the crops being every year abundant.

I may observe that we labour under great disadvantages as to
climate. The place I am living in is in a low damp situation, on a
strong clay subsoil, within a mile of tide- mark on the east coast. The
prevaihng winds during the spring months being from the east, make
this place extremely cold and damp during their continuance ; indeed I
may say that spring only commences here in June, although this
season has certainly been an exception, as we had fine weather in
May. As it is always best to begin at the beginning, I will commence
with the formation ot" the borders, and treat of the subject under
separate heads as I proceed.

First, as to the formation of the borders. I would recommend
them by all means to be thoroughly drained. I have no wish to enter
into the controversy lately carried on in the public journals, as to what
is to be termed shallow, or what is to be termed deep draining, as
from reading their articles on the subject, it appears to me that as the
advocates of the shallow system attempt to go a little deeper than
before, the advocates of the deep system, as if anxious to keep out of
their way, plunge deeper and deeper, leaving the point as to what is
to be termed deep or shallow draining still undecided ; but as I would
recommend the roots of the Peach tree to be kept as near the surface
as possible, and also to put the drains somewhat closer than forty feet
apart, I think three feet deep will answer every purpose for Peach
tree borders.

The best soil to grow the Peach in is a good strong loam ; it need
not be more than two feet deep, and the border to be prepared should
be about the same width in feet as the wall is in height. I will now
suppose that the wall is built, the ground drained, and that the
intended border has one foot of the original soil of good quality left on
it, I would then procure turf (cut about three inches thick) from an

90 THE FLORIST.

old pasture or common, sufficient to cover the border one foot deep ;
this being laid on, I would then trench the border two feet deep, well
mixing the turf and the original soil as the work proceeds, then level
the border and it is ready for planting. If the borders are well pre-
pared as above described, and not cropped with any kind of vegetables,
they will be well calculated to last, and give satisfaction for many years.

I will now consider what is the best mode of fastening the trees to
the wall. I would always recommend the walls to be wired in the
following manner. Procure a sm dl tin dish and char a little hay or
straw in it, add a little water to the charred ashes, sufficient to bring it
to the cnnsistency of thick paint ; having a piece of string or twine as
long as the wall is high, dip the string into the paint so prepared, and
strain it perpendicularly on the wall, and by giving it a slight pull
forward in the middle, while it is held tight at both ends, it will fall
back, leaving a black line on the wall ; having got some cast-iron
studs or loops with holes in them, to allow the wires to pass through
them, drive one into the wall just above the gi'ound level, and one in
every third joint of the brickwork along the black line, the topmost one
being just under the coping of the wall ; having some wire ready,
begin at the lowest loop, and draw the wire through every one till you
reach the top of the wall ; then with a pair of pliers twist the wire
round the last loop, so as to make it fast, and draw the wire tightly
down and fasten it round the lowest loop, and so proceed till the whole
of the wall is done, leaving from six to seven inches between every
wire ; the wires may be very nearly close to the wall ; with a little
practice this operation will soon become easy. The trees should
be tied to the wires with bast matting. I now come to planting the
trees and their treatment afterwards.

Having left the border trenched, well mixed the soil (quite loose),
and being ready for planting in the autumn, procure from a nursery
a sufficient number of trees that have been one year trained (if con-
venient, it is always best for the gardener to go and select his own
trees) ; if each tree has got three healthy shoots on it, that will be
enough to begin with. If the wall be from ten to twelve feet in height,
the trees may be planted twenty feet apart. Having made a mark on
the wall where each tree is to be planted, then proceed thus : take out
the soil opposite every mark on the wall about four or five inches
deep, the width to be in proportion to the roots of the trees ; it is
always better, however, to have the bottom of the hole a little too large ;
observe to leave it quite level, then put the tree in its place, and
lay out the roots straight and regular all round, and cover them lightly
with soil to the level of the surrounding ground, being careful not to
set a foot if possible on the ground where the tree is planted, neither
before nor after planting. Then pour water on the ground sufficient to
settle the soil about the roots of the newly planted tree ; next day, or
soon after, cover the ground about the trees with some kind of long
litter, which will keep out the frost in winter, and prevent the soil from
becoming so soon dry in spring. If some old trees can be got, one may
be planted in the middle between every two young ones, and if they
are carefully taken up and replanted, as recommended above for the

MARCH. 91

young trees, they will most likely bear fruit the first season after ; and
continue bearing till their branches come in the way of the young trees,
when they must of course be cut away as the young ones require
their room. I have often had old trees treated in this way recover so
much and become such good looking and useful trees, that 1 have felt
sorry at being obliged to throw them away. In February or
early in March, the young trees should be headed back to within four
inches of their main stems. About the middle or end of ]\Iay their
young shoots will require to be tied to the wall, laying in three young
shoots from each old one. Their heads will now have nine shoots,
which must be trained out as leading branches to form the future tree,
and made fast to the wall as they continue to grow. About the beo-in-
ning of November I would recommend them to be transplanted, being
very careful in taking them up, to preserve every root whole as far as
possible ; and replant them immediately in their former places, and
treat them in every way as before recommended, except that they will
not require heading back so far this time ; each shoot may now be left
from eighteen to twenty-four inches long, according to its strength.
The following May, two or three shoots may be laid in from every old
one, if they have done well they will now look fine young fan -trained
trees. The autumn following they should be again transplanted as
before directed ; they will have formed fine fibrous roots, extending
four or five feet from the stem of the tree in every direction. In
planting, their roots may now be laid out with as much regularity as
their heads were on the wall. They may now remain two years before
they are again transplanted. I would, however, strongly recommend
them to be again transplanted the second autumn, they will then be
large trees, but their roots will be so fibrous that they will receive no
injury from being again transplanted, if the work has been well done.
Their roots will now extend seven or eight feet every way, and many of
them will be found to have rooted deep in the border ; their roots
being now again spread horizontally about five inches under the surface
of the soil, as before stated, they will be several years before they
get very deeply rooted again, and consequently before they will again
require transplanting.

As before observed, the borders should never be crossed with any
kind of vegetable, at least not within five or six feet of the wall, nor
should they ever be dug with a spade. When the ground requires
stirring let it be done with a fork, being careful at all times never to
injure the surface roots. In very dry weather let the harder be
mulched with short Grass from the lawns, tree leaves, or any kind of
long litter that can be got for the purpose. If young trees are allowed
to get deeply rooted in the border they will make strong watery shoots,
which will continue growing till very late in the season, and, conse-
quently, winter comes before their wood gets ripened ; such shoots
generally become unhealthy the following season, but when trans-
planted as above recommended, and their roots kept near the surface,
they will not make such strong shoots, nor will they continue to grow
so late in the autumn, consequently their wood will get much better
ripened, and will therefore be better able to bear thes everity of winter.

92 THE FLORIST.

If I ever find an old Peach tree becoming unhealthy, I always con-
clude its roots have got too deep. After transplanting and adding a
portion of fresh turf to the border, they generally recover again.

When the Peach wall is flued (and it is of little use attempting to
grow Peaches in the open air in the north unless they are so), gardeners
generally apply fire heat to the walls only in the autumn to ripen the
wood, but I consider that it is of much more service in the spring ; just
as the blossom buds begin to open, I set the fires going, and conthiue
them every night for six weeks or two months till the nights become
warm ; I then leave off the fires by degrees. By applying fire heat in
the spring I have never failed to get the fruit to set weli, although the
ground has sometimes been covered with snow five or six inches deep at
the time the trees were in flower. The trees also make their growth
much earlier, and ripen their wood sooner, so much so that I have very
rarely had occasion to use the fires in the autumn. Under this treat-
ment curl never troubles us ; I have only seen three curled leaves
during the last six years ; their foliage is always clean and healthy, the
fruit large and well flavoured, although the crops have alv/ays been
heavy. Many gardeners wash their trees with the garden engine late
in the afternoon ; this, I consider, is a very bad time for the operation,
as it cools the wall and keeps it cold and damp all through the night.
When the trees require washing, I consider the morning the best time
for getting it done, just as the sun's rays begin to reach the wall.

As soon as the fruits get as large as Peas it is time to begin thinning
them, leaving at this time for a future thinning as many more as will
ultimately be required for a crop. I have often observed the same
tree continue opening fresh flowers for eight or ten days, and I always
try to preserve a number of the late set fruit as well as the first, so as
to prolong their season of ripening as much as possible ; this will be
found to give a difference of three weeks to the fruit season.

Disbudding the trees may be done at the same time the fruit is being
thinned ; it is better, however, to do this gradually — a little every day
or every other day — than to be too severe on them at once ; they should,
however, never be allowed to become too thick of wood. I never
remember having seen trees in good health too thin of wood, but I
have often seen them left far too thick. The shoots as they advance
in growth should always be kept close to the wall with small wooden
pins, the winter prunings of Privet hedges and Jasmine bushes are.
excellent for the purpose ; they should therefore be carefully preserved
in some dry shed till they are wanted.

Should green -fly make its appearance at any time, it should be
immediately destroyed, which is very easily done in this way. Get
two gallons of tobacco-water from a tobacconist's shop ; this will be
sufficient to mix with a garden-engine full of clean water ; wash the
trees affected with this mixture, next morning give them a good
washing with clean water, and the green gentlemen will have disap-
peared ; should they again make their appearance the dose must be
repeated.

If the trees have been well thinned of wood during the summer,
there will be but very little pruning required in winter ; it is always

MARCH. 93

best to make choice of fine weather for this operation. Should the red
spider become troublesome, the garden engine and clean water will
make him quit his quarters. J. D.

North umberland.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas have made but little progress in growth up to the present
time, neither have they suffered by the severity of the weather, it
having commenced before they had unfolded any of their young and
tender foliage, and when they were in a dry state. If later, the
bloom will probably be better, and more at one time. Watering must
be regularly attended to ; at this season they require considerable
moisture. The glass will require cleaning after so much covering to
the frames to protect the plants from the frost. This covering must be
continued whenever the nights are frosty.

Azaleas. — Attend to directions as given last month.

Bedding Plants. — While increasing those varieties that are scarce,
endeavour to forward the growth of the remaining stock, if much used
for cuttings. Keep down insects by fi-equently fumigating, Verbenas
especially, as now they are liable to be attacked by aphis when beginning
to push. Many kinds of Geraniums should be increased now ; Golden
Chain, Unique, Mountain of Light, &c., will strike readily at this time,
and be sufficiently strong to bed out. Forward roots of Salvia patens,
and form a short growth by frequently pinching the shoots, if they
are required for beds, especially.

Carnations and Picotees should be allowed to have the first mild
rain ; it will improve their appearance by giving them a good washing
after the long dull winter, and otherwise benefit the plants. They
will also require often looking over with the water-pot, as the small pots
they are wintered in will be getting full of roots, and the plants will
suffer if this is not attended to. The winter has been an excellent one
for preparmg the soil, which will now very shortly be required ; having
been well frosted it v/ill only require a few good turnings previous to
being used, unless wireworms are detected, in which case it should be
drawn on a bench to clear it of this pest. If the plants are strong, the
more there is potted for blooming in March the better, commencing
with the strongest plants of the earliest varieties.

Cinerarias. — The principal plants will have made their growth and
be coming into bloom ; look well to green- fly, and fumigate on their
first appearance. Repot those for late blooming, and give all plenty of
light and air. If the foliage has become dusty from the covering up
that has been necessary to protect the plants in pits, give them a good
syringing on a bright morning, that they may become dry before night.
Conservatory. — Where plants are trained against the pillars or
walls of the conservatory, according to their habits and wants, they
should, before beginning to grow, have special attention at the roots.
When circumstances admit of having the plants in large pots or
slate boxes, they can be more easily attended to, but otherwise the old

94 THE FLORIST.

soil, as far as practicable, should be removed, fresh soil added, and as the
plants begin to grow they should have a liberal watering, and
particularly if the Hues or hot-water pipes pass along the side of the
beds. Keep the house gay with all kinds of forced flowers. Koses
should now be in abundance, and large and healthy pots of Sweet-briar
will be a great acquisition. By no means omit to have good specimens
of Dielytra spectabilis, tree Mignonette, and abundance of Violets ; and
where plants are wanted for vases, few things are more beautiful than
well-flowered specimens of Calla sethiopica. Attend to all things that
want removal from the conservatory, such as Azaleas, Orange-trees,
&c., &c. Select some of the finest kinds of Primulas, Cinerarias, &c. ;
mark the plants, and be careful of seed.

Dahlias. — Take all the cuttings that can be procured this month of
kinds of which a large increase is required ; they will strike readily,
and make good plants. Roots of varieties of which but a little increase
is required may now be placed in a little heat — the bottom of a
Vinery, pit, or frame ; either will do, so that there is a mild gentle
heat. When the shoots are sufficiently long, divide the roots and pot
them, to make forward plants to turn out into the borders-. Strong
plants are necessary for this purpose, being more likely to be attacked
with slugs and snails in mixed beds than in open quarters. Pot roots
should be started into growth towards the end of the month ; a very
gentle heat is sufficient ; if forced too much the shoots from pot roots
become weak. Many of these small roots will make two plants ; those
that have an eye on either side of the crown should be divided. In
potting them use rich soil, filling the pot to about two-thirds, that it
may receive plenty of water, which they will require before the time
comes for planting out; four-inch pots will be found the most
convenient size. Seed may be sown towards the end of the month in
a strong moist heat.

Ericas. — Attend strictly to the watering, and when necessary to
keep up much fire heat, be careful to give abundance of air throughout
the day. Remove all the decayed flowers from the winter flowering
species, and keep down mildew by dustings of sulphur.

Flower Garden. — While the ground remains frozen, wheeling should
be prosecuted with all possible despatch, dressings brought on to the
flower beds, and everything in readiness for the return of favourable
weather. Give strict attention to the covering and uncovering of all
tender shrubs and plants, and in mild and favourable weather proceed
with fresh plantations where such are necessary. Allow no defects or
hollows to remain in the walks, but immediately have fresh gravel
laid and firmly rolled. Keep everything clean and neat, and frequently
sweep and roll turf edgings ; also lay down fresh turf where required.

Fruit Forcing. — In the absence of fine weather for early forcing, be
careful not to push too rapidly. Let the atmosphere remain dry while
the Vines remain in flower, and allow the heat to rise considerably in
sunshine ; see that the heat of the border does not decline ; a good plan
is to thatch the fermenting material, and give it a coating of plaster ;
i. e., if the material is sufficiently heated and in good lasting condition.
Admit air with great caution, and as all Vineries (for early work)

MARCH. 95

should be so constructed as to admit air without shding down the hghts,
a free circulation may be kept up at will. If the early Peaches are
in tlovver they should be carefully gone over and the weakest of the
flowers taken off Keep the atmosphere rather dry, and by keeping
up a good heat in day time a free circulation of air may be maintained.
Do not allow the borders to become dry inside, and fumigate on the
slightest appearance of aphis.

Fruit, Hardy. — Wliile the weather remains severe strictly watch the
mischievous visits of those birds known to destroy the fruit buds ; have
them destroyed. Finish the pruning and nailing of Apricots and
Peaches towards the end of the month, if the trees are sufficiently
advanced in fruit-bearing appearance to do so. Plant young and
healthy trees where others have decayed, and when doing so remove
the old soil, giving additions of fresh turfy loam.

Fuchsias. — These will be growing fast this month, both the young
plants and the old stocks ; this growth should be encouraged, but not
too rapidly, or the plants become long-jointed ; those that have this
tendency should be at once stopped, which will have the effect of making
them more bushy. Fuchsias will grow in almost any soil, but a rich
light soil suits them best. The Fuchsia can be propagated to almost
any extent at this season, if plants are required, either for late blooming
in the greenhouse or for bedding out There are but few kmds, how-
ever, adapted for the latter purpose ; those with small foliage will be
found the best adapted for out-door work. Standard Fuchsias, such as
are to be seen at Dropmore during the summer and autumn months,
are interesting and noble objects. These are easily grown by pinching
out the side shoots until they have attained the desired height. Old
plants flower the best.

Greenhouse. — Keep this structure well aired, and take advantage of
a good day to close early, keeping down fire heat as far as convenient.
See that all things are strictly clean, neatly trained, and attended to
with water. If the collection is miscellaneous, let the attention be more
varied, withholding great supplies of water from unhealthy or weak
specimens, and vice versa. Keep down insects while the season is
early.

Hollyhocks. — Continue to increase these by taking cuttings from the
stools as often as they can be procured ; cuttings taken now will stand
more heat than those taken in the autumn, not that they should be
placed in a strong heat. The same treatment that the Dahlia succeeds
in wiU do for the Hollyhock, only with about half the amount of heat.
Repot the young stock struck during the autumn and winter, that the
plants may become strong by the time they are required for planting
out.

Kitchen Garden. — Where circumstances will admit of doing so,
ground should be in readiness to receive the spring crops, and Peas and
Beans which have been forwarded in cold frames should be planted in
a warm situation. Early vegetables that are sown in cold frames should
have every attention as to air, &c., and pricked out when sufficiently
advanced to do so. Make use of all spare framing to forward early
Potatoes. Make frequent sowings of Lettuce, Radish, &c., and on

96 THE FLORIST.

ground that has been well cleaned make a general sowing of Onions,
Carrots, and Parsnips. Have every space of spare ground well forked
over, and as speedily as convenient bring to a close the rougher
operations, wheeling, trenching, &c. Select the warmest situations to
forward a planting of Ash-leaf or . other early Potatoes, and where
vacancies are discovered among other early crops, the defects should be
remedied.

Orchids should immediately have attention on the appearance of
their beginning to grow. Examine the drainage of those that may not
require more pot room, giving a dressing of fresh material, and add
fresh sphagnum and peat to those on blocks or in baskets. Keep a
humid moist atmosphere as the temperature is increased, and admit as
much light as possible by having everything around perfectly clean.

Pansies. — The same may be said with these as with the Pink. In
January a very early bloom appeared to be almost certain ; there is not
much doubt now but that it will be a late one. Severe as the weather
has been, the plants do not appear to have suffered.

Pinks. — The weather during the last month having been such that
no out-door operations could be proceeded with, our instructions then
given will do for the present time.

Pelargoniums will require particular attention ; the branches should
be tied out to neat dry willow sticks ; arrange them so as to make the plant
as nearly semi-globular as possible ; keep the foliage clean and free
from a single aphis. Take care the water penetrates the entire ball of
earth ; examine the bottom of the pot, and if quite dry plunge it up
to the rim, and hold it for a few seconds in a bucket of water.
Remove the lower leaves as they become yellow, and v\^hen this is the
case give clear weak manure water until you see its invigorating effects
on the plants. Give plenty of space : the plants will occupy twice as
much when in bloom as they do now, and it is a great benefit to give
it them now. Give plenty of air and light ; avoid anything like a close
moist atmosphere,

Roses. — Towards the end of this month the buds will probably show
signs of pushing ; so soon as this is perceptible pruning should be
finished without delay, and, as we have before mentioned, cutting always
to an outer bud.

Roses in Pots. — To no plants, in a growing state, is syringing more
grateful, and to none more destructive of the anticipations formed of
their coming beauty, than the insects which will now prey on them, if
not sedulously hunted for and destroyed.

Stove. — Endeavour to keep up a moist heat among those plants that
have been recently potted and are beginning to grow ; do not over water,
especially before the pots begin to fill with roots, and keep the fohage
healthy by keeping down insects, and have everything clean and neat.

Tulips. — The cold February we have just experienced has been all
in favour of the Tulip ; there is much less chance of their being injured
by frost in IMarch and April than if they were as forward as usual.
Towards the end of the month, however, they will require protection
during cold nights and bad weather, such as snow, hail, or cold rain.

Andre^fs^D^^^-^ Zaie&

Terbenas .

Jhr'*,^' fy C I 'fuUvf

APRIL. 97

VERBENAS.

(Plate 99.)

Our present illustration consists of three distinct kinds of Ver-
bena, raised by Mr. Edmonds, gardener to the Dowager Lady
Lacon, Great Ormesby. Mr. Edmonds has long been a success-
ful raiser of this interesting and useful tribe of plants. Princess
Royal, Speciosissima, and Ormesby Beauty were amongst his first
productions that attracted attention. These were succeeded by
Bridesmaid, Rouge et Noir, Annie Laurie, Mrs. Gerard Leigh,
President, &c. The great superiority of Mr. Edmonds' Verbenas
over most other kinds is the large and distinctive white or yellow
eye that they possess, almost resembling that of an Alpine
Auricula. This is most conspicuous in one of the varieties now
figured, named Wonderful ; and being of good habit, dwarf, and
very free blooming, will make an interesting plant for pot culture,
as well as a first-rate bedding variety. Blue Beard is also very
novel and attractive, and, together with Wonderful and Lady
Lacon, make a group of three excellent flowers — tlie two last
named having been successfully exhibited at the National Flori-
cultural Society.

Since January 1849 there have not been any Verbenas figured
in the Florist. Three varieties then appeared, which were con-
sidered great novelties at the time, only one of which is now
retained in collections, namely. Princess Alice — so great and rapid
has been the improvement in this flower. Messrs. A. Henderson
and Co. have a fine large scarlet variety to send out this spring,
raised by Mr, Woodroffe, named Mrs. Woodroffe ; it is a bold,
noble variety. Mr. Smith, of the Tollington Nursery, Hornsey
Road, is also offering some pretty additions this spring. Boule
de Feu and Violacea are amoni>;st the best of them.

The followinsr are the best older varieties that have come
under our notice : —

Annie Laurie (Edmonds), deep rosy lilac, with large white eye; distinct

Bouquet Parfait (Chauviere), shaded rosy purple

Brilliant, orange scarlet, yellow eye

Brilliant de Vaisc, shaded crimson, large trass

Cardinal Wiseman, Jieiv, rose, large truss

Comtes^e de Belleval (Chauviere), lilac blue, large truss

Defiance (Robinson), deep bright scarlet

Eblouisante (Chauviere), deep scarlet, large dark centre

Francisse Rousseau (Chauviere), blush, large deep pink centre, ^^e

Forget-me-Not (Smith), large lilac, crimson eye

Islington Rival (Smith), pale scarlet, good

Jerome (Thompson), deep rosy purple, large truss

King of Scarlets (Thompson), brill in nt orange scarlet, creeping habit

Mdlle. de Freleuse (Chauviere), pale blush, large pink centre

Mrs. F. S. Caley (Chauviere), white, small pink eye, fine truss

Mrs. D. Tysson (Robinson), blush white, with large crimson centre

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. NO. Lll. H

98 THE FLORIST.

Orb of Day (Hovey), deep scarlet, dwarf erect habit, good truss

President (Edmonds), deep plum purple, ver^f dwarf habit

Purple King (Reeves), dwarf erect liabit, deep purple

Rouge et Noir (Edmonds), dark crimson, large white centre

Rougieri (Chauviere), deep scarlet, with large dark centre, very large

truss
White Perfection, white
William Barnes (Chauviere), crimson, with large dark centre

OUR CLIMATE, AND OUR PROSPECTS OF FRUIT FOR
THE PRESENT YEAR,

WITH HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON THE VARIOUS MODES OF ARTIFICIAL

PROTECTION.

For several years past we have not had so fair a promise for a pro-
ductive fruit season as we seem to have at the present moment. All
the preparatory favourable conditions for ensuring this desideratum have
in the past autumn been realised. Instead of those murky skies and
pluvious clouds which so often characterise our English seasons, we
have had many months of more than usual dryness, and these were
crowned by the Italian skies and unclouded sun which it was our rare
fortune to enjoy in September and October last. From these influences
short jointed and well ripened wood abounds on our fruit trees, and
there is no lack of frutiferous growths, instead of the strong watery
shoots with which our trees are crowded in less favourable years. The
past old-fashioned winter, too, has enhanced the cheering prospect of a
crop, — its uniformly low temperature and the small amount of solar
influence has kept precocious excitement in check, and the scales of the
buds yet clasp securely in their folds the embryo organisms on whose
safe development depends the golden and luscious stores of the coming
autumn. But with aU these fair prospects, are our crops safe ? Past
experience dearly bought answers, No ; and we naturally seek for
expedients which may enable us to husband our present resources.
Let our inquiry, then, be this : — by what means can we best retard
the progress of the abundant blossom with which our fruit trees in the
open air are this spring covered ? I shall not enter upon the vexed
question of glass walls, which are without the pale of this inquiry, but
confine myself strictly- to my subject.

Mr. Errington, one of our best gardeners and most sensible and
orthodox writers, has, I think, the merit of first insisting on the advantages
of retarding the progress of the blossoms in early spring, and I fully
acquiesce in this opinion. How often do we see and hear of fruit crops
being good in a more northern locality, while those of the midland and
southern counties are destroyed, simply by their precocity. They
flower early, and are subjected to the nipping influences of our late
spring frosts. Natural causes have this year done a great deal for us in
the way of retardation, but I think we ought not any the more to relax
our exertions : let us aid Nature, and not do violence to her laws ; let us
screen our walls from the hot suns which induce a treacherous precocity,

APRIL. 99

and expose them at night till the buds are unfolding. The longer we
deter the flowering period the greater will be the chances of success ;
but when the blossoms are opening we must change our tack, cohering
at night always, and occasionally screening from very hot suns.

I am of opinion that jixed coverings fi-equently do more harm than
good, from the want of a free circulation of air under them ; and I deem
it of the highest import that our screens should be easily moved, thus
enabling us to lower or raise them as circumstances may require in our
very fickle climate.

In the Royal Gardens at Frogmore I\Ir. Ingram has succeeded for
some years past in securing crops worthy ot royalty by using screens
of coarse canvass, which are perfectly at command, and were this
plan more general, I have no doubt but it would be attended with
concomitant success.

It is much to be regretted that the zealous enthusiasm of some
well-meaning individuals does occasionally lead them into error, and
we have recently had instances of this in the marvellous recommenda-
tions of JM. de Jonghe and his followers, who have said that by properly
thinning the spurs and blossom buds of our fruit trees we can give them
a greater degree of constitutional vigour, and by some special acts of
hocus pocus enable their tender blossoms to resist severe frost with
certainty. My very clever friend (in pomological matters) Mr. Rivers
laughs at this doctrine, as well he may, while Mr. Fleming, of
Trentham, who is second to none as a cultivator, is constantly adding
to his protective apphances, from a firm conviction of their necessity
and utility.

Gentle reader, let us pause for a moment and inquire what is the
effect of frost upon tender vegetation, and try to discover, if we can, in
what way the operation of pruning, simple or profoundly philosophical,
can tend to lessen the mechanical force exerted by the expansion ot
fluids in the process of congelation, or arrest the chemical decomposition
which ensues after such injury.

It will, I presume, be on all hands admitted that plants suffer injury
from frost in proportion to the quantity of fluid they contain, and that
in the process of freezing the sap vessels are ruptured by the progres-
sive expansion which takes place in the formation of ice, and that
once ruptured the future circulation is arrested, and death and decay
follow.

As a cultivator, I do not deprecate the occasional removal of old and
unsightly spurs, which may in time become overcrowded, but I would
rather see a tree overloaded than deficient in fruit buds. But that such
pruning renders trees capable of having their blossoms exposed to
severe frost without injury, is a doctrine which is but one of the
chimeras engendered by over enthusiasm. The art of the gardener
consists principally (in fruit tree management) in controlling judiciously
the energies of the subject for a specific purpose, viz., the production
of fruit ; he has ever had, and ever will have, the difficulty of contending
with un[)ropitious seasons and fickle climate, — circumstances which he
can only securely guard against but by the use of temporary protections,
always bearing in mind that retardation is the first step to sure success.

H 2

100 THE FLORIST.

Coarse open canvass seems to be the best protective material, aided
by a temporary projecting eave board at the top of the wall — these
materials securing plenty of ventilation and perfect dryness, at the
same time arresting the escape of heat by radiation.

Henry Bailey.

Naneham^ March 15, 1855.

ROELLA CILIATA.

This is one of the most charming plants in cultivation, and were it not
that it is somewhat difficult to manage, it would doubtless be more
common in collections than it is; but many persons find it to be a some-
what difficult subject, and hence it is not nearly so largely grown as it
deserves to be. its profusion of fine large, bell-shaped, blue flowers,
and their long continuance in beauty, renders it a most desirable subject
for July exhibition, and, when well done, few plants that bloom at that
season are equal to it. It is, however, by no means impossible to induce
it to form first-rate specimens, and to preserve them in good condition
for several seasons, and any amateur who will ^carefully attend to the
following hints may calculate upon success.

Propagation is easily effected, as cuttings of the half ripe wood root
very freely ; they should be made of strong points, planted in a well-
drained pot, in sandy peat, covered with a bell glass, and placed in a
shady part of a cool house for a fortnight or three weeks, and afforded
a gentle bottom heat, taking care to properly supply them with water
and guard them from damp. But although this is the quickest method
of rooting it, I prefer putting in the cuttings under a hand glass at the
foot of a north wall, where they will soon emit roots in summer, and I
have always found those rooted without artificial heat make the best
plants. When the cuttings are well rooted, pot singly in 3-inch pots,
using good firm fibry peat, broken up small and liberally mixed with
silver sand, and making it rather firm about the roots. Give a gentle
watering and place in a cold frame, keeping rather close and moist,
and shading against bright sunshine. Here they will soon get into
free growth, and as soon as they are fairly established in their pots stop
them back to within about an inch of the soil, in order to make them
throw out several shoots. Shift into 5 -inch pots as soon as the plants
get fairly into growth, after stopping, which will be sufficiently large for
the first season, and unless the cuttings are got in early in May,
which they should be in order to allow of getting the plants some strength
before winter, a shift may not be necessary. It is the usual practice
to place this plant in rather a warm house in winter, but this should
never be done, for plants so treated never grow away with the same
vigour in spring as those that are kept dormant through the winter.
They should be wintered in the warmest corner of the greenhouse,
where they will be close to the glass, and not exposed to currents ot
cold air. Water must be applied very carefully and rather sparingly
at this season, and mildew must also be carefully watched lor, and

APRIL. 101

sulphur applied immediately the least symptom of it is observed, for
this pest is the great enem}'' of the Roella, and probably more plants of
it are ruined by mijdew than from other causes. Towards March, or
as soDn as the weather becomes mild and the sun gains a little power,
will be the time to encourage growth, and the atmosphere should then
be kept moist by frequently sprinkling the shelf, &c., about the plants,
and they should be shaded from bright sunshine, using thin muslin, or
net, for there is no getting this plant to thrive unless it is afforded a
shady moist atmosphere. A shift will probably be necessary as soon
as the plants get fairly into growth, which should be the case early in
April, but repot only if the roots are healthy, and appear to require
more pot room, and then give only a moderate shift. Keep the plants
rather close, and afford them a thoroughly moist atmosphere by keeping
the shelf, &c., about the pots constantly moist, and giving air very
cautiously. I have always found young plants of the Roella to do best
in a cold pit or frame in summer, and they should be removed here
as soon as all danger of frosty nights is over, affording them a tho-
roughly moist atmosphere, and a slight shade against bright sunshine.
Give air freely, however, but do this by raising the lights on the
sheltered side, and avoid currents of drying air, which cause rusty
foliage, and induce a weakly stunted habit of growth. As the plants
increase in size, attend to stopping and tying out the shoots, as may be
necessary to keep them sufficiently thin to admit light and air, and
induce a thoroughly vigorous stocky habit of growth. If all goes on
well during the second season, a second shift will be required, and the
plants will be strong, and well established, before winter, in eight-inch
pots. Do not keep them growing too late in autumn, but remove them
to their wdnter quarters, in a warm close corner of the greenhouse
before they suffer from damp, and treat them, during the dormant
season, as already recommended ; only as the plants increase in size
they will be so much more liable to injury from any neglect, and must
have an increased share of attention in guarding them from mildew or
damp, &c.

Towards the first week in April they should be ready for a shift into
11 -inch pots; but, before shifting, the shoots should be nicely drawn
out to thin stakes, and stopped, as may be deemed necessary, to induce
a close, bushy habit of growth, and allowed to push their buds, and
make a little growth, previous to repotting. And for large plants the
soil may be used in a rather rough state, but it should be well inter-
mixed with plenty of silver sand, charcoal, or potsherds to ensure the
free percolation of water through the mass ; for any defect in the drain-
age, or stagnant water about the roots, would be fatal to the plants.
Attend to them as already directed for the growing season, keeping
them rather close with a thoroughly moist atmosphere, and shading
against bright sunshine. If all goes on well they will be nice sized
plants by July, covered with bloom, and will well repay all the attention
which may have been required to grow them. Wliile in bloom they
must be guarded from damp, but they should not be placed where they
will be exposed to currents of drying air, and the atmosphere should be
kept rather moist — giving sufficient air to prevent injury from damp.

102 THE FLORIST.

As soon as their beauty is over, cut back the shoots sufficiently to keep
the specimens in form, and remove them to their winter quarters in
the greenhouse, where they must be very carefully attended to. A
liberal shift may be given in spring to such as are healthy and look
likely to make a full growth, and, if all goes well, they will form mag-
nificent specimens this season.

W. Cole.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS.— No. XVI.

PINUS PONDEROSA. — THE HEAVY WOODED PINE.

Tnis Pine was one of the first sent to the Horticultural Society by
Douglas, in 1826, he having discovered it on the banks of the Columbia
river and in other parts of the north-west coast of America. Seedling
plants from this importation were distributed by the Society, and many
fine trees are now to be met with in different parts of the country.
Our woodcut is taken from a specimen in the grounds at Bowood Park,
Wilts, planted about the year 1832.

Pinus ponderosa is remarkable for its robust habit, which makes it
easily chstinguished from other Pines ; it attains the height of 100
feet and upwards on its native soil, with a trunk of corresponding
dimensions, and furnishes timber said to be of considerable value, but
so heavy, that it will sink in water when first cut. The branches are
disposed in w^horls, in some trees horizontal, in others more upright ;
the upper part of the branches are thickly set with leaves (three in a
sheath) from nine to tw^elve inches long, thick, rigid, and nearly straight,
and of a dark green colour ; the cones are produced singly, three inches
long, roundish ovate. After a few years' growth, those parts of the
branches nearest the trunk become naked, and, consequently, the foliage,
which is nearly straight and rigid, is confined principally to the
extremities of the branches. This peculiarity gives the tree a bold
and picturesque appearance, even when the tree is comparatively young,
which is heightened as it advances in years, when it forms a very con-
spicuous object well suited to wild rocky situations, or abrupt declivities
accompanying water. It is evidently not a tree for the plain, nor for
pastoral scenery ; but associated with Pinus Sabiniana, macrocarpa,
and Benthamiana, its proper position will be found on the rocky banks
of rivers,* or the mountain side, where the grandeur of the scenery
will best harmonise with the picturesque and rugged outlines of this
section of three-leaved Pines. We have no information on which we
can rely as to the value of the timber ; but, as it contains a large quantity
of turpentine, we may infer that its durability may be relied on. P. Pa-
lustris furnishes in a great measure the yellow Pine of the Americans,
and we have no dcubt, P. ponderosa is equally valuable. Its growth is
very rapid, and it is certainly as hardy as the Scotch Fir ; and in some
situations will merit a trial for its timber, when the price is sufficiently
low for the purpose.

APRIL.

103

PiNUS PONDEROSA.

104 THE FLORIST.

CULTIVATION OF DOUBLE WHITE AND RED CHINESE

PRIMROSES.

These varieties are remarkably neat and ornamental dwarf early
winter and spring-flowering greenhouse perennials ; they are the most
useful of plants for greenhouse decoration, at a period of the year when
there is but little else in flower ; their large double white blossoms
sometimes rivalling the whiteness of the surrounding snow. I imagine
they are thought but little of, in consequence of their being rather
stuljborn things to cultivate ; but any person, by adopting the following
mode of treatment, may ensure success. These varieties are very readily
increased by the shoots or offsets. First prepare pots in size according
to the glasses and number of cuttings ; let them be three parts filled
with small pieces of broken flower-pots, over which place a little turfy
peat, which, with silver sand added, must reach to within three quarters
of an inch of the surface of the pot. The best cuttings are those taken
from the side shoots or offsets. They must be cut with a very sharp
knife, so that the incision is not left ragged, or the cutting will rot.
Insert them a quarter of an inch into the sand, water moderately, to
settle the sand about them, and place a bell glass over all to exclude the
air, then plunge the pot into a good bottom heat, of about 65°. Re-
move the bell glass every morning ; wipe it dry and replace it : thus
you will prevent them damping off. Give them, at the same time, a
sufficient quantity of water to keep them moist.

When they have properly taken root, prepare mould for potting
them off The soil I have found best adapted for their healthy culture
is a compost of good loam, from rotted turves, leaf-mould, decomposed
cow-dung, turfy peat, and silver sand, of equal parts, beaten up together.
Fill one-fourth of a three-inch sized pot with pieces of broken pots, over
which place a thin layer of turfy peat, to prevent the soil from intruding
and obstructing the drainage ; pot them off into the pots prepared, and
on account of their possessing such fine Erica-Hke roots, they require to
be potted moderately firm. Give them water sufficient to soak through
the soil. Place them in a warm house upon a shelf free from drip,
where the atmosphere is rather moist around them, keeping them
shaded until they make a start ; then allow them to have a little air
when convenient, to keep them from being drawn up too weakly. Let
them remain in this position until the pots are filled with roots, keep-
ing the blossom picked off whenever it is visible. Then let them be
repotted into five-inch sized pots, with compost and drainage as before
described. Also continue to give them a medium quantity of water —
never allowing them to get thoroughly dry. Place them again upon
the same shelf Be careful to keep the burning sun from them, or they
will become stunted and never thrive. A free circulation of air will
also have great influence on them. Let them remain in this position
until the pots are again filled with roots. By this time they will have
become middling sized plants, and should be again repotted into seven-
inch sized pots ; for twice potting is better than the one-shift system,
but takes a little more time, which should be thought nothing of in

APRIL. 105

plant growing. Be sure not to change the soil, drainage, nor watering,
as it will cause a great check to the plants. Let them now be removed
into a frame having a northern aspect. The frame should be placed
on the north side of a south wall, elevated upon one brick in front and
two behind, (or any other support) to allow a current of air to pass
through the under side of the foliage. The plants should be placed
in the frame, also elevated upon two bricks — one on each side of
the pot, not placing anything directly under the bottom to cover the
hole, which might obstruct the drainage. The season should now have
reached the middle of June, which is generally warm and dry ; con-
sequently the lights should be (if a clear morning and evening) taken off
earlier for the former, and kept off rather late for the latter, to let the
moist atmosphere settle upon the foliage, and when the sun gets
rather warm, shut them almost up, leaving the lights propped up about
six inches, with a mat or canvass placed over the frame for a shading.
Attend carefully to the watering, and let them remain here until they
again require repotting.

If they have become healthy and prosperous looking plants, let them
be repotted into ten-inch sized pots, with compost, drainage, and
watering as before described, and place them in the same position as
before, also remove the blossoms as soon as they appear. As soon as
the roots make a start, water with manure water about twice each
successive week during the winter, while they are in bloom. The best
material of which to make this manure water is either sheep-dung or
cow-dung, placed in a tub, with water poured upon it, and then well
stirred. Let it remain to fine down, until required for use.

By this mode of treatment 1 have had plants in ten-inch sized pots,
sixteen inches in diameter, all flowering in profusion from the middle
of October to the-end of April. About the beginning of September they
should have completed their growth, when they should be taken in for
greenhouse decoration. Choose a situation for them, if convenient, free
from drip, or they will be greatly disfigured by their rotting off. Allow
the blossoms to spring forth, so that they may display their beautiful
appearance, which forms the greatest ornament I have ever perceived
in the dreary winter months. Any person wishing to obtain the above
varieties may purchase them of any respectable nurseryman or florist for
about Is. 6c/. each. They are deserving a place in every greenhouse,
and, by adopting the above mode of treatment, I am certain they
cannot fail.

G. Gaterell.

NOTES ON THE MONTH OP MARCH.

March has been one of the coldest ever remembered. Not only has
it been cold, but there has been an absence of sun's heat on several
days. The thermometer has barely risen more than 2° or 3° above
the freezing point. Frost, snow, and cold drizzling rain, have only
been relieved by three or four really fine days. This has very con-
siderably retarded all out-door operations, including digging, planting,
and the execution of ground work. The sowing and planting of sum-

106 THE FLORIST.

mer crops has, in many instances, hardly yet commenced ; much,
therefore, remains to be done, and will require considerable activity and
management to bring up arrears. No time must now be lost in com-
mitting to ground all descriptions of garden crops. Potatoes and root
crops, generally, should at once be completed. In many places the
early crops of Peas have perished in the ground, and means should be
taken, by forwarding some under glass, to make up this failure. The
same may be said of the early Cabbage and Lettuce crops, which, in
many districts, have been entirely killed, as are Cauliflowers and other
kitchen -garden plants. These failures will take some time to replace,
and consequently, in many places, early garden vegetables will be scarce.
A few frames should be devoted to pricking out spring raised vegetables
of this crop, so as to get them forward, by the middle of the month, for
transferring to the open ground ; and even early Potatoes may be forwarded
so as to get them to push before planting. By-the-bye, I purchased,
the other day, a few tubers of the new substitute for the Potato
(the Chinese Dioscorea), four small things, no bigger than good
sized pills, for half a guinea. When, in the name of goodness, are
these to produce tubers fit for supplying the million ? Now, I really
hope, for the sake of horticulture, there is no deception in this matter,
for I hear people are laying down their half- guineas pretty freely on
the new commodity.

The planting of deciduous trees should now be brought to a close as
quickly as possible. Staking tall plants, and mulching their roots, are
necessary adjuncts. 1 should advise parties to be careful of moving
evergreens, except under very favourable circumstances. They are
somewhat sick, from the effects of the severe weather, and, consequently,
are not so well able to furnish new roots as healthy trees ; and a few
dry days, with frosty nights, would injure them almost beyond recovery.
If, however, their removal is absolutely necessary, wait till towards the
end of the month before attempting it. This will give them time to
rally a little, and success will be much more certain ; bearing in mind
that dull showery weather should be selected, if possible, and that the
roots and top should be kept moist afterwards.

The prospect of a fruit crop looks very promising. The last dry
warm autumn had a favourable effect in arresting the growth (assisted
by the previous dry summer and spring) of fruit trees, and causing a
better development of fruit buds. This is the case, both with wall
trees and orchard fruits. I cannot agree with M. de Jonghe, in his theory
of making fruit trees independent of seasons, but the prospects this
year are better than for some years past, and the cold weather of the
spring has operated very favourably in retarding the bloom. Even
Apricots are with me, the 26th, not yet in bloom ! There is then,
I repeat, from these circumstances, good reasons for hoping that
the fruit crop will be good. There is, however, danger yet to be ap-
prehended, and I therefore advise your readers to look carefully at the
valuable articles which have appeared in the Florist, on fruit tree
protectors, and employ such means as come most easily within their
reach, for protecting the bloom ; but not to apply it till the flowers are
beginning generally to expand, and to remove them as quickly after-
wards as possible. G. F.

APRIL. 107

BENNINGBOROUGH HALL, YORKSHIRE,

THE SEAT OF THE HON. PAINE DOWNEY.

This beautiful place is six miles west of York. The mansion is
situated near the banks of the Ouse. The gardens and grounds are
extensive, and kept in the very best order. As a plant place it has
attained considerable celebrity, through J\Ir. Foster, the head gardener,
having been a leading and successful exhibitor at the shows of the
Yorkshire Horticultural Society for the past thirty years. Notwith-
standing the very severe winter we have had, this place was already
beginning to be gay and attractive, even on the 9th of March, the
period of my visit. Considering that the subsoil is of a most retentive
nature, and the locality low, I expected to see sad destruction among
the ornamental trees and shrubs, but was most agreeably disappointed.
On the lawn I observed an immense large tree of the common Arbutus,
which, unprotected, has stood, without sustaining any injury, the
storms of many a winter. I also noticed a handsome young tree of
the Cedrus Deodara, the foliao-e of which was a little browned. Wei-
gela rosea stands the winter well here ; some plants of it have already
attained a good size. Taxodium sempervirens has survived unpro-
tected, but the foliage is a little browned. This tree may be regarded
as hardy in this country, for having stood here the past winters close
to the Ouse, where the subsoil is most retentive, it will with ordinary
attention succeed in any locality ; Cryptomeria japonica is a little
bro\vned, but otherwise safe ; Cupressus torulosa has stood the weather
miprotected. The common sorts of Rhododendron do well here, not
however in the natural soil but in peat.

In the flower garden are two houses, the one a conservatory, the
other a greenhouse ; the former was one blaze of floral beauty, with
Cinerarias, Azaleas, Heaths, Cytisus, Chinese Primroses, and all those
spring flowers generally found in such structures at this season of the
year. Among them I noticed a great many pots of old Lachenaha tricolor.
This is a plant that bears forcing well, and may be made to flower at
any season, and after done growing may be stowed away under a
stage or any place, where, kept dry until wanted, they are easily increased
either by offsets or seeds.

In the greenhouse there is a miscellaneous collection consisting of
some good specimen Heaths, Azaleas, and a variety of other hard-
wooded plants.

Stove plants are grown extensively here ; there are three houses devoted
to their culture. To enumerate all the good plants would be to occupy too
much space, suffice it to say that Mr. Foster has, with proper discernment,
whilst adding the really good new plants as they come out, retained such of
the old things as are deserving of cultivation ; he has not abandoned his old
and tried friends for new ones. This gives his collection a greater variety
than is usually met with now-a-days in stoves, and there is scarcely a
plant here but what may be called a good specimen.

In the Peach-house there is the prospect of a good crop. There is
only one house here devoted to Pines, which are grown on the Hamil-

108 THE FLORIST.

tonian system ; they were in good health and vigour. At the back of this
house JMr. Foster grows his Orchids ; among those in flower was a nice
specimen of Dendrobium nobile.

I was pleased with a plan Mr. Foster was going to adopt with a
border for Vines which he was about to make. To obviate the evil effects
arising from a retentive subsoil, Mr. Foster was about to cover the
entire surface with tiles of a peculiar form, about 14 inches wide, 26
inches long:, and 3 inches thick ; these tiles are hollow and fit close to
each other. Over these tiles he mtends laymg slates, and on these
materials for the border. He also purposed making a provision for the
air to pass through the tiles ; by these means Mr. Foster expected to
prevent the roots from penetrating to the subsoil, and of getting rid of
any excess of moisture.

In one of the Vineries in the kitchen-garden I saw some bunches
of a Grape which I believe is very little known beyond this neighbourhood,
but which in my opinion deserves to be widely known and extensively
grown ; I therefore think I shall be doing the readers of the Florist a
favour in bringing before their notice the properties of this Grape, which
is called " Lady Downes' Seedling." It is a late Grape ; the bunches
are long and compact, the berries are rather oval and black, the flavour
is sweet ; but Uke all Grapes that hang long, the skin is rather thick ; it
is a good bearer, and sets well.

The bunches I saw were ripe early last September, and, considering
that they were in a house where plants were wintered, and consequently
where fire heat was kept during the whole time of the severe weather,
the berries were, notwithstanding, very little shrivelled on the 8th March,
when I saw them. These facts, in my opinion, show it to be one of the
best, if not the very best Grape in cultivation for late purposes. I
believe the IMessrs. Backhouse, of York, possess the stock of this Grape ;
if, therefore, any person should like to try it, they will, I presume, be
able to procure it of them. The fruit trees in the kitchen garden promise
well for blossom. ]\Ir. Foster grows a quantity of Apple trees as espahers,
also Pears ; among the latter he finds Marie Louise, Winter Nelis, Easter
Beurre and Beurre Ranee bear well Everything about this place
reflects the greatest credit on the intelligence, skill, and scientific and
practical knowledge of my esteemed friend, Mr. F.

Stourton. M. Saul.

WHAT GARDENERS MAY DO FOR THEIR JOURNEYMEN.

Assuming that the gardeners who read these pages are sincerely
anxious to promote the happiness and welfare of those under their
control, I propose to venture a few remarks upon the means by which
they may most effectually do so. The influence which the head
gardener of a large estH,blishment must have on the comfort, and I may
add on everything that affects those in his employ, can hardly be
overstated, and will fully justify the tone of earnestness which may be
adopted in speaking of the subject. To him they have committed their
professional education, and it must very much depend on him whether
they make respectable progress or turn out a set of mere dolts and

APRIL. 109

pretenders. Whether he receives a premium from the young men
under him or not, he should feel himself bound to do all in his power
for their advancement. Every journeyman gardener, following the
business with a view to improvement, is virtually an apprentice ; he
accepts wages far below what his position and educational acquirements
legitimately entitle him to expect, in the hope of ultimately rising to
the post of master himself, as the reward of his diligence. For this
reason his master is fairly expected to give him every reasonable facihty
for acquiring the knowledge without which his hopes must be disap-
pointed.

This will not be done miless it be made part of a settled plan of
procedure. Knowing that a man can never thoroughly enter into every
branch of his profession unless actually engaged in every branch, he
should lay it down as a maxim, never to be lost sight of, that every man
in his employ should have an opportunity of assisting in all the different
departments of the garden. Perhaps it cannot be safely determined
that every fresh hand shall begin in the kitchen garden, proceed next to
the framing ground, after that to the forcing houses, and so on. It
may, in some cases, be desirable to follow a different order, but the
point insisted on is, that each man should have a turn in each depart-
ment ; we should not then have so many gardeners whose skill in their
profession, though undoubted, is entirely limited to one or two branches ;
they can grow Pine-apples well, but they are quite at sea in making
an Asparagus bed ; they are regular adepts in the management of Cape
Heaths, but almost as unacquainted with Cape Broccoli as the natives
of the Cape themselves : and all because during the time they worked
as journeymen they were found to be so handy about one particular
kind of work that they could not be spared for anything else. Now, if the
master would make it a settled rule that no one should be kept to one
kind of work at all times, however great the inconvenience to himself,
such evils as this would not occur.

But, however extensive and well-conducted any single garden may
be, it is quite necessary, if men expect to keep up with the times, that
they should see other places besides that at which they work. A man
who has his eyes open can never go to a fresh place without seeing
some new thing. And it is the aggi'egation of new ideas picked up
here and there, on this side and on that, which constitutes progress.
A master gardener, therefore, who is solicitous for the improvement of
his young men will allow them time, occasionally, to visit the gardens
and nurseries within their reach, without deducting from their wages.
It may be said, this is a regular thing. It ought to be ; but some of
us know very well it is far from it. Such a state of things is \\Tong,
and as surely inimical to the interests of the master as those of the
man. Of course if any disposition is shown to abuse tlie privilege, it
must be suspended; but very few are the cases in which this is likely
to occur.

Another point which claims the attention of the gardener who is really
concerned for the improvement of his young men, is the direction of
their studies, Although gai'dening is not to be learnt from books, and
most assuredly never has been so learned, it cannot be learned without

110 THE FLORIST.

them ; at least in the present day. But young students are often
exceedingly mistaken in their purchases of books. I have seen young
gardeners spend perhaps a week's earnings in procuring a book which,
when obtained, was not worth reading. Yet, when possessed, it will be
read, and thus there is a waste of time as well as money. If, however,
before purchasing or reading a new book, the young man could consult
his master — we say could, for, in most cases, if he could he would —
this double waste might be prevented. There is no way in which
greater assistance can be rendered to young men in a garden than by
supplying them with suitable books. Works of a thoroughly scientific
character are necessarily expensive, and the journeyman gardener's
wages are not such as to admit of his buying them. Hence the great
desirableness of forming a garden library. The late Mr. Loudon was
so impressed with the importance of such an institution, that he at one
time offered to present books, to a considerable amount, to those esta-
blishments that would exert themselves to form and sustain one. A
library of this description would consist, of course, of books of reference
on botanical and horticultural subjects; the extent proportioned to the
means at command — the most indispensable works being procured first.
A most important feature -would be the periodicals treating of botany
and horticulture, which ought, by some means or other, to be brought
within the reach of every young gardener. There would be no neces-
sity for limiting the books to those immediately connected with garden-
ing, except that necessity should arise from limited finances. On the
contrary, if good works on general subjects could be introduced, all the
better ; for, in many rural districts it is even yet by no means easy to
get at them. It may be said, this is a little like reckoning without our
host — where is the money to come from ? Partly from subscriptions
among the men themselves, and, I think we may safely say, in nine
cases out of ten, partly from the kindness of the owner of the estate.
If the gardener would take the trouble fairly to represent the matter, I
have the fullest confidence that there are very few gentlemen who
would not be glad of the opportunity to give their countenance and aid.
There is one point on which I hope a concluding remark may be
forgiven. If a gardener would really act the part of a friend to his
journeymen, he must make it a study to be at all times communicative.
Strictness is necessary, but it need not merge into stiffness or reserve.
Such a deportment will never lower a man in the view of his inferiors,
but must infallibly enhance their attachment and respect.

F. H. JOYNES.

GOSSIP.

A NEW horticultural society is about being established in Bath, on
liberal principles. The old society had long been defunct from bad
management — faults, we hope, the new society will avoid.

APRIL. Ill

THE "CENTURY OP FERNS."

Ferns have now become so essential as component parts of all good
collections of plants, that we are glad to welcome any publications of a
character to place correct information respecting them within reach of
the cultivator. And we do this the more readily, as Ferns are them-
selves somewhat difficult objects of study, so that a superficial knowledge
of them is scarcely separable from a greater or less amount of error.
This arises from the extreme difficulty which is found to exist, in
clearly defining the species of Ferns by those technical phrases which
botanists call specific characters. Their differences are often only
differences of degree, so that words, though applied with skill and caution,
often fail to convey to the mind of the reader a correct idea of the
intention of the waiter. Hence the value of faithful illustrations.

The book^ of wdiich the title stands at the head of this notice, is one
of the most recent contributions in illustration of Ferns ; and that it is
an acceptable contribution will follow, when it is stated that it
combines the learning and scientific acumen of a Hooker, with the
precision and artistic skill of a Fitch. It comprises figures of one
hundred new or rare Ferns, from the pencil of certainly one of the
most talented botanical artists of the day ; and corresponding descrip-
tions by one of the most eminent of English botanists. When w^e
testify that each — both artist and author — has well done the part
assigned to him, we can add no higher praise. The plates, which are
issued nicely coloured, as w^ell as uncoloured, are the same as those of
the last and recently published volume of Sir W. Hooker's '' Icones
Plantarum ; " and the publisher has here reproduced them on larger
paper, for the special use of the admirers of Ferns. The getting up
of the book is highly creditable to all concerned in its production.

Having thus rendered justice to the book and its author, we proceed
to indicate some of the information it affords, as specially interesting to
Fern cultivators. The vast resources afforded by Sir W. Hooker's
unrivalled herbarium are here made to subserve the wants of the
cultivator, by showing him in what direction his efforts may be best
applied towards the introduction of species not already in cultivation ;
for, of the thousands of known Ferns, it must be remembered, that but
very few comparatively have yet been brought within the cultivator's
reach. Confining ourselves to our present text, the " Century of
Ferns," we find figures of no less than nine species of the beautifully
dehcate group of Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum, not one of which
is yet in our gardens ; of Lindsaeas, almost unknown in cultivation, two
species are figured ; of Adiantum two ; of Asplenium some fifteen or
more ; of Cheilanthes three, and so on.

Several very fine species from the mountains of India, which ought
to be within reach of enterprising collectors, are among the subjects
here figured. }Ve notice especially — Cheilanthes chrysophylla, which

* A " Century of Ferns ;" being figures with brief descriptions of one hundred
new or rare or imperfectly known Ferns. By Sir W. J. Hooker. London;
W. PampUn, Frith Street, Soho, 1854.

112 THE FLORIST.

has the under surface of its fronds of a beautiful golden hue ; Actini-
opteris radiata, which resembles a miniature herbaceous Palm; Aspleni-
dictyon Finlaysonianum, and IMeniscium salicifolium, bold-looking,
handsome, pinnate Ferns : Polypodium Khasyanum, with long, narrow,
elegant, pinnatifid fronds ; and Gymnogramma microphylla, a small,
much divided Fern, admirably suited for a miniature greenhouse.

From Borneo is figured the Trichomanes Pluma, a remarkably elegant
and graceful plant. From Java, two beautiful Polypodinms — P. seti-
gerum, which has flexile, sub-pellucid simple fronds, glittering with
golden brown, from the aureo-fuscous hairs which cover them, and
P. papillosum, a gracefully pinnatifid species ; and besides these a bold,
noble-looking pinnate Fern, Oxygon ium cordifolium ; an allied species,
0. elegans, being from the Philippines.

From New Zealand there are many fine Ferns yet to be procured.
Of these we find, among the figures before us, two elegant small Ferns,
here referred as varieties, under the names of Richardi and Colensoi,
to Asplenium adiantoides, but which probably deserve to be kept apart
fi*om that species. Leptopteris superba, from the same country, a
near ally of the rare Fern known commonly as Todea pellucida, now
Leptopteris hymenophylloides, certainly stands in the first rank of
ornamental Ferns. From tropical New Holland, we have the Adiantum-
like Lindsaea media ; and from the South Sea Isles, the very elegant
Asplenium Novae- Caledonice.

The South American continent has furnished many illustrations.
From South Brazil we have Lastrea Klotzschi, a small and pretty
plant ; and Asplenium mucronatum, a pendulous, flaccid Fern, with
long, narrow, pinnato-pinnatifid fronds. From San Gabriel, on the Pdo
Negro, two beautiful species of Trichomanes ; T. Spruceanum, named
after the naturalist who is now exploring the botanical riches of that
part of South America ; and T. bicornis. From French Guiana, Gym-
nopteris semi-pinnatifida, a Fern of the bold striking class. From the
Quitinian Andes, Polypodium semi-adnatum, with long, narrow pen-
dulous pinnate fronds. From Mexico and Guatemala, Cheilanthes
ochracea, another species with a golden under-surface ; Nephrodium
Skinneri, and Adiantum glaucophyllum.

The island of Jamaica is extremely rich in these plants. Here, we
find from this source, Asplenium Purd"eanum, a bold pinnate Fern, with
the aspect of A. Finlaysonianum ; Hymenophyllum undulatum, H.
fucoides, and H. asplenioides, small species of an elegant genus.

We have thus indicated some of the more ornamental of the species
figured in the " Century ;" all being plants which it would be extremely
desirable to add in a living state to our cultivated collections ; and all
of which ought to be tolerably accessible to the collectors of plants.
Ferns are so easily transmitted by the aid of Wardian cases, that we
may hope to see many of them, ere long, flourishing in our hothouses.

Our readers will find this series of illustrations well worth con-
sulting ; and we strongly recommend that they should avail themselves
of them, as well as urge their foreign correspondents to aid in intro-
ducing the living plants.

APRIL. 113

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. VIII.

BY A GABDENER IN THE COUNTRY.

At page 75 in your last number, I detailed the planting and training
of the Vines, till they had reached the top of the house. As however,
some difference of opinion exists on the advantages or disadvantages of
allowing newly planted Vines to make what growth they please the
first and second seasons, I will more at length enter into this, for the
benefit of those of your readers not practically acquainted with the
laws of vegetable physiology. The argument used is this : that as the
roots of the Vine (or any other tree), increase in proportion to the
amount of foliage produced, the more the laterals (or secondary shoots)
are left to ramble unstopped, and produce leaves, the larger will be the
accession to the roots. This, however, is not exactly correct; leaves
have the power of secreting organisable matter, in proportion as they
are healthy and are exposed to light ; the leaves on the primary shoots
of the year are usually much larger than those formed on the secondary
ones, or lateral shoots, and have proportionably larger vessels, and
altogether form a far more powerful apparatus for assimilating true sap
than the weak action of the small leaves produced on the lateral shoots.
Now, as one effect of allowing laterals to grow unchecked is to weaken
the power of the larger leaves, by withdrawing a portion of the sap
from them which is taken up to assist in forming the new growth ;
and further, as the active power of leaves for secreting true sap is
only perfected after the leaf has become fully grown, it follows that a
month or six weeks is lost in the very best part of the season, to enable
these lateral leaves to become matured for the purpose ; and even then
their power of secretion will not be adequate to the time lost in making
this growth, during which, they have prevented in great measure the
activity of the first formed leaves. In Vines trained the first year,
when plenty of room between them exists, from two to four or five
leaves may be allowed, or until the foliage meets between Vine and
Vine ; the second year, when the primary leaves will be much larger,
one or at most two lateral joints with leaves, and those only on the
upper half of the shoot, should be permitted to remain ; all further
attempts at growth in both cases should be pinched in the bud. I
wish to see each leaf fully exposed to the light, all will then be done
that is possible, for promoting the largest secretion of organic matter.
1 believe this practice to be both theoretically and practically right ;
and therefore never allow the lateral shoots to ramble unchecked
throughout the summer, with the leaves shading each other as they
must; these do no good to the roots. A dozen large healthy leaves, well
taken care of, will secrete more true sap (or organisable matter), than
one hundred of the former, and consequently add more to the stock,
roots, branch, and fruit-buds included. With this digression I must
resume my subject. Now that active growth has ceased for the season,
it only remains to take every possible care of the leaves ; this you
will be prepared to do, after reading what I have stated above. Air
must be admitted freely at all times, and a good wash over the leaves

NEV^ SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LII. I

114 THE FLORIST.

given four or five times a week in the afternoon ; this will add vigour
to the leaves, and keep down red spider. If the wood on the
lower half at least of the Vine has not assumed a brown tinge by the
middle of August, slight fires should be put on in the afternoon of dull
days, and in the morning too, if the days are likely to be wet, or sun-
less ; allowing air to remain on at the same time (for never when you
want to ripen wood shut your house up after applying fire heat). With
the exception of the use of syringes, which now can be dispensed with,
no watering should be permitted in the house, or as little as can be
helped ; plenty of light and air, moderate heat by day, accompanied by
dryness and a cool night temperature, are all that is requisite for the
present. Some time in October the leaves will turn to a brown yellow, or
red colour (according to the kind of Vine) ; this will take place gradually,
and it should now be noticed whether the wood has become brown (or
ripe) to the topmost leaf, if not, continue fire heat by day till such is
the case ; the leaves should be allowed to drop of themselves, at any
rate do not remove them unless they fall easily on being touched.
Winter will now be approaching, and as the Vine's duties are over
for the season, no further care will be required ; the house may have
full air on night and day, except in very severe frost, and unless it is
made use of for other purposes, such as keeping half hardy plants or
vegetables. The mode of protecting the roots will be noticed in our
next.

NOTES FROM KEW.

Dendrobium speciosum. a variety of his showy flowering Deiiclrobe is at
present flowering here, in the cool Orchid house ; the stems are narrower and
more slender tlian the usual form of the plant : they are fifteen inches long,
and nearly the same thickness throughout ; from the apices of each are one
or two pendulous racemes of flowers, some of them measuring twenty inches
in length. It is but a small specimen, yet has twelve ]arge racemes of flowers
on, all well expanded. It was introduced to Kew some three or four years ago,
from New Holland.

Gloxinia argyroneura splendens. This is a truly beautiful variety, and
Avill be found a valuable addition to this succulent tribe of plants, more especially
as variegated-leaved plants are at the present crisis very much sought after.
It is an exceedingly attractive variety, the leaves are of a good moderate size,
reddish beneath, dark green above, with the midrib and all the primary
nerves having a bar of white on them ; the flowers are blue, with white inside
the throat. As regards its cultivation, pot it in a light compost of sand, leaf-
mould, and peat, keep it in a humid atmosphere while growing, water very
sparingly at the root, or else it will soon damp off; it is a safe rule always,
more especially with succulent plants, to under-pot rather than over-pot
them ; in the latter case, if they become once saturated with moisture, they
will never thrive well, and unless they can be quickly dried, they will not
endure it long.

DiPORiDiUM ARBOREUM. This is a very handsome flowering, hard-wooded
evergreen shrub from South Africa, not common in collections, though it
has been in cultivation at Kew for a number of years past. It is one of the
showiest things for winter and early spring, flowering, as it does, as copiously
as the Cherry or common Thorn ; the flowers are produced in clusters on

APRIL. 115

every small branchlet; they are pendulous, of a bright yellow, literally
covering the whole plant, which has then much the appearance of some
Berberis, or a Cherry tree covered with yellow flowers ; they have a very
agreeable perfume, scenting the whole house, and remaining in perfection for
several weeks in succession. The specimen now in flower is a standard near
six feet high, with a head five feet in diameter ; it was formerly subject to
greenhouse treatment, but that was evidently unsuitable, as it did not flower.
Within the last two years it has been placed in th.^- coolest end of an ordinary
moist stove, where it thrives far better, and now produces flowers abundantly.

Begonia ukophylla. This is one of the most desirable species for cultiva-
tion, being a profuse bloomer, and having a good dwarf habit ; it is a hothouse
herb, and was introduced to Kew from the continent, last year, and proves to
be one of the showiest of this useful tribe of plants for winter and spring
flowering. The stem or rhizome is decumbent and creeping, leaves simple,
of a bright shining green, 6 — 9 inches long, and 6 — 7 broad, with a petiole
nearly a foot long ; the flower-stalks are erect, of a red cast, bearing cymes
of large flowers, which are white with a dash of pink : a large specimen of
this species is now in flower here, and has a very striking appearance : its
flowers remain in perfection for a long time.

Thyrs ACANTHUS RUTiLANS is an evergreen hothousc shrub, introduced to
English gardens, from the continent, about a year ago. It is one of those
beautiful things that will doubtless soon find its way into all choice collec-
tions. It grows freely in a close moist stove, but is not likely to be grown
so as to make a bushy plant, on account of its peculiar inflorescence, which
is produced from near the tops of the stems. It attains the height of three
or four feet, has lanceolate leaves, minutely hairy, and very slender pendu-
lous panicles, one to two feet long, of rosy-red tubular flowers, each
being about an inch and a half long. It is at present flowering at Kew.

J, HOULSTON.

THE NOMENCLATURE OF TULIPS.

This is a subject so rife with difficulties that any practical suggestion
for its elucidation will, I feel sure, be accepted with favour at the hands
of all Tulip growers. Your monthly contemporary, the Midland
Florist, teems with enumerations of aliases, and consequent contradic-
tions ; for while one grower avows this break and that variety to be
identical, so do others either deny the soft impeachment or strengthen
the accusation. One bold writer in the eighth volume, just completed,
very rudely (I imagine), handles ]\Ir. H. (iroom, and would fain doubt
his veracity as a fancier, because high priced names are given in his
catalogues, and varieties said to be therein retained, which may not
boast, par excellence, all the arbitrary properties which florists may
desire. Surely a professional florist may be allowed to cater for his
customers, some of whom will give no ear to premier pretensions, but
simply purchase varieties that may please their eye or suit their taste.
And is a tradesman to be condemned and held up to scorn for such an
act ? I am not of that turn who would blame a tradesman for selling
to his customers subjects that please them when bought with their eyes
open, and I would further condemn any such arbitrary dictator who
should contemn the character of an upright dealer on so slight a
pretence. But to the subject of the nomenclature of Tulips. Let at
each National meeting year by year a bed be grown in the immediate

I 2

116 THE FLORIST.

locality of such place of meeting, under the care of the committee for the
time being. To this end an open invitation should be given to the fancy
that they one and all contribute such bulbs as from repute or fancy may
be considered in doubt as to their identity, and with such bulbs send a
list of the aliases which, to their knowledge, exists both at home and
abroad. In this manner, doubtless, a goodly muster of roots would be
gathered together, and a National bed formed, which season by season
would prove interesting and welcome to those exhibitors and friends who
attend the National exhibitions. The local committee might have the
full particulars printed for the use of those who inspected the flowers
thus collected, and an inventory or general entry book should be at
command wherein observations and notions could be registered, in the
end forming a ready means of correcting the present difficulties sur-
rounding the nomenclature of the Tulip.

I see no practical difficulty in the way to the annual formation and
growth of a travelling National Tulip bed. What would such have
effected had its establishment commenced with the first National Tulip
meeting I Can we not boast of growers willing to entrust a few rows of
flowers to the care of the committee for the year ? Can there be any
scruple as to the safe custody and due return of such at taking up time ?
I already, in imagination, see a bed of five hundred rows, contributed
by at least one hundred fanciers, at the command of the first National
committee, who will invite such co-operation. Then with National
exhibitions let us have National beds. John Edwards.

Wace Cottage, HoUoway.

WALLS AND GLASS COVERINGS.
Although much has been said by various writers in the Florist, as
to the expediency or inexpediency of covering fruit walls with glass, I
do not think I shall weary its readers by describing a method of treat-
ment which, with the aid of a glazed frame, has brought Black Ham-
burgh Grapes to great perfection, on a common stone and mortar wall,
six feet and a half in height. This will suit very many amateur
gardeners who happen to have garden walls with a south aspect in the
suburbs of towns.

Before entering upon the training of the Vines, I will first describe
my glass cases ; they are six feet in length inside measure ; one foot in
width, and three feet in height outside in front — the glazed sloping
roof which rises to the extent of six inches behind is supported in the
centre of the front by an upright prop one and a half inch by two inches ;
this holds together the top and bottom of the frame, and serves to secure
by an iron pin (which fits into a round hole in its middle), the two
sliding sashes which form the front of the frame — at its sides they are
secured by a hook and eye. Two panes on each side of the glazed
roof are necessarily used as ventilators, and are fastened for that pur-
pose to a hinged framework of zinc. A large stay-nail is driven into
the wall to support the frames at bottom, and two small ones higher up
the wall, to receive iron hasps, which are screwed to the sides of the
frames.

APRIL.

117

The foregoing description, with the aid of the accompanying sketch,
will, I think, make the construction and fixing of the frames perfectly
intelligible. They are fastened at the distance of two feet from the
groand, to be out of the reach of damp.

My Vines are planted twelve feet apart. A space of wall five feet
wide, on the left side of each Vine, is occupied by three branches,
which are annually spurred in, and are not intended to produce fruit,
but only wood and leaves ; to organise sap, strengthen the Vine, and
enable it to bring to maturity a heavy crop of Grapes within the cases.
These branches are nailed at two feet distance from each other, the
lowest of them being six inches distant from the ground.

Another space of seven feet on the right side of each stem is appro-
priated to the Vine cases and to the accommodation of an annual cane,
which requires about a foot in width for its development, and this is
trained between the coping of the wall and the top of the glazed frames,
to a length of nine or ten feet.

These canes or young shoots having been nailed on the wall in the
autumn, so as to be about three inches above the bottom of the frames
(after these have been taken down and housed), the frames are again
placed upon the wall each spring on the 1st of April, which forwards
the breaking of the buds and protects the young shoots from spring
frosts.

The irregularities of the stone wall, though partly smoothed off with
a chisel, prevent the edges of the frames from fitting close to it, and
there are always therefore chinks left open, which answer the purpose
of ventilation ; so that there is no occasion to open the ventilating
panes except on those bright sunny days when the sky is free from
clouds, and there is no screen to soften the scorching ardency of the
sun's rays ; this weather in our climate rarely continues for more than
four or five days together. The six feet of young wood laid in each
frame contains on the average nine good eyes, which generally produce
18 fair-sized bunches. As the shoots of the Vines grow, they must
be carefully tacked to the wall, and their laterals must be pulled oft".
When the bunches of Grapes are full-grown, a nail or two must be
withdrawn, and pieces of lath with a notch cut in one end to receive
the shoots must be placed between them and the wall, so that the
bunches may hang clear of it, which will prevent their being bruised
by pressure against it, or turning mouldy when ripe, from the damp-
ness issuing from it. The Black Hamburgh Grapes begin to colour
towards the end of August, and are fit to eat about the middle of

118 THE FLORIST.

October, but will hang on the trees without injury till the end of
November. The White Muscadine can be eaten the third week in
September, and the berries are much larger than when grown on the
uncovered w^all.

Although I grow several sorts of Vines, 1 must recommend amateurs
to cultivate the Black Hamburgh only ; because the size and flavour of
its berries, the fine appearance of its bunches, its hardiness in setting
its fruit, and its comparative exemption from the disease which cracks
to pieces the immature berries of other Vines, render its cultivation the
most profitable and satisfactory. I may as well mention, however,
that a Grape called the White Tokay, which is very late and not in
perfection till the middle of November, has with me been entirely free
from the Grape disease, as the newspapers say it has remained in
Hungary ; whilst that plague of the wine-growers has ravaged the
Vineyards of other countries.

T. E. P.

ROSES AND THORNS.

Calm as the placid ocean,

Ere billows learned to roll, —
Pure as the meek devotion

Of an untainted soul ; —
So calm, so pure, the maiden's breast,

In life's auspicious morn ; —
The rosebud's moss -enveloped crest

Without a thorn.

Those calm blue waves are driven

In heaps by tempests dark :
Rent is the sail, and riven

The tall and stately bark.
So love distracts the maiden's breast,

As year succeeds to year ; —
The full-blown Rose is now confest, —

Thorns, too, appear.

Hushed is the loud commotion

That late disturbed the wave ;
But, 'neath that slumbering ocean

The seaman finds a grave.
Tomb of fond hopes — the maiden's breast

Subsides to calm again: —
The bright Rose doffs his gaudy vest,

The thorns remain.

Well shows that mighty ocean —

In calm, in joy, in strife,
In every changeful motion —

The type of human life.
Betimes, fair maiden, school thy breast

For mingled joys and woes ! —
Think ever that a thorn doth rest

Beneath the Rose !

A. S. H.

APRIL.

119

REVIEWS.

The Chinese Potato {Dioscorea Batatas), and Holcus Saccharatus.
A Pamphlet descriptive of the Nature and Progress of these Plants,
with Directions for Culture. By John Henderson, Kingswerswell,
South Devon, \s.
The author treats on the history and culture of two plants which
are just now the subject of much enquiry with the pubUc. Our
readers will, no doubt, have heard of the West India Yam, which
is the tuber of various species of Dioscorea. The present species
is indigenous to the north of China, from whence it was introduced to
France some five or six years back, where it has been the subject of very
careful trial, to ascertain its productiveness, &c. ; and which, from the
reports published in this country, we learn is superior to the Potato. But
to prove this satisfactorily, a much wider range of experiments is neces-
sary. The culture of the common West Indian Yam had years ago been
tried in France and failed, being too tender for the climate ; added to
which, it is too close and waxy ever to enter into competition with the
Potato as an article of food. That the Chinese Yam, or Potato, is
hardy, we believe theie is no doubt. Of its nutrition and edible quahties
our readers must judge from a report on it by Professor Decaisne,
which is given in the work before us, wherein, after giving the results
of various modes of culture, speaking of its qualities, he says, — " I do
not hesitate to regard it as superior to the Potato, although I have not
yet any comparative analysis between the two ; I believe the Dioscorea
much the richer in point of nutritive principles. Its roots are as vfhite
as snow, in the interior they neither contain any visible fibre nor
woody matter : cooked by steam or roasted they look and taste like
the best Potatoes. But they have one advantage which every one will
appreciate — viz., the short space of time required for cooking. Two
pieces of tubers of the size of a hen's egg, one the Dioscorea, the other
the Batate blanche, were both put into boiling water simultaneously
with a Dutch Potato of the same size ; the first and second were done
in ten minutes, the third in twenty minutes. And we must recollect
that the facility with which the Potato may be cooked is one of the
causes which has contributed to its popularity in a culinary point of
view, as it requires so little fuel ; but this advantage we see is still
greater with the Dioscorea Batatas. There is another point of great
importance to cultivators — the facility ^^^th which it preserves from one
year to another, and perhaps longer. We all know the Potato is certain
to sprout in the spring; the Dioscorea is wholly free firom this disadvantage,
it is affected neither by cold nor heat, and perhaps not even by moisture.
Left in the ground it remains alive through the winter without injury,
as has been proved by a root which was tried the last severe winter,
and pushed freely in the spring ; so that it is a hardy plant in the
widest acceptation of the term." That the Chinese Dioscorea will
prove an agreeable article of food we doubt not, and as such, is a useful
addition to our list of hardy roots. The tubers vary in size from an
ounce in weight to two pounds and upwards ; the mean average per
tuber, taken from the report noticed above, is about ten ounces.

120 THE FLORIST.

The Horticulturist (American), edited by P. Barry, Rochester.
James Vick. New Series. January, 1855.
This is an American monthly periodical, formerly edited by the late
lamented Mr. Downing — the Loudon of America — and now under
the management of Mr. Barry. The work contains much useful in-
formation on horticulture — especially Pomology and rural affairs — and
shows how keenly awake the Americans are to everything connected
with the productions of their country. Among matter more im-
mediately connected with our work, is a coloured plate of the Peach
Plum, and outlines of others, with a long discussion on the merits of
the Concord (said to be a seedling) and Isabella Grapes. Reviews
from English and Continental gardening periodicals, and the fol-
lowing, under " Horticultural Notes " may interest some of our readers.
" The freezing and thawing of last winter we supposed, at the time,
to be fatal to our Peach buds ; yet, as frequent as these variations of
temperature were, they produced no unfavourable effect. Every Peach
tree which came under our observation was loaded to its utmost capacity.
One farmer in this place (Richmond, Mass.) where, a dozen years ago,
planting Peach trees was thought an act of folly, after supplying his
family, and remembering his neighbours with kind liberality, had a
surplus of forty bushels for market ! So there is no mistake but that
Western Massachusetts, as rough as her soil and severe as her climate
is, may raise, at least, a good supply of Peaches for her own consump-
tion," [Could we not procure seeds from this hardy race of Peaches, on
which to work our own sorts — even if we could not fruit them ?] We
learn from this number that Mr, L. Berkmans, the distinguished
Belgian Pomotogist, has purchased property in the States, whereon he
intends cultivating fruit trees on a large scale, having taken with him
the entire stock of Seedling Pears, &c., of M. Esperen ; and being
thoroughly acquainted with European fruits, his arrival in the States is
welcomed by American Pomologists with much satisfaction. To those
of our readers interested in American fruits and horticulture we can
safely recommend this work.

GRAND FETE AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE.

The intimation conveyed in your last number, that it was the inten-
tion of the Crystal Palace Company to give a Grand Horticultural Fete,
has been quickly followed by the issue of the schedule of prizes, and
it must gratify every exhibitor that such a magnificent arena as the
Crystal Palace should be opened for their peaceful and beneficial com-
petition, and that the successful competitors will be rewarded by prizes
which greatly exceed those usually awarded on such occasions. The
facility, and security also, with which the public will be able to view
the gorgeous array, will greatly enhance the attraction, and it cannot be
doubted that the fete will be numerously attended, and be worthy the
present state of British Horticulture, and give it a beneficial impetus.
The total amount of prizes offered for flowers and fruit is £1,050,

APRIL. 121

of which £254 are for fruit, £179 for stove and greenhouse plants,
£187 for Orchids, £90 for Azaleas, £82 for Pelargoniums, &c., &c.

With so much that is satisfactory, it is much to be regretted that
the great error of fixing the day for a Saturday should have been com-
mitted, and I trust that in a future year this will be altered, as the
Horticultural Society has wisely done. It is impossible for those ex-
hibitors who live at a distance, which many of the principal ones do, to
reach home after the exhibition closes, before the Sabbath ; and the
Exhibition should close at 6 o'clock.

Scrutator.

AMERICAN ORCHARDS.

American Peach Orchards. — New Jersey, Delaware, and
Maryland are famed for their orchards, and New Jersey, especially, for
its immense produce of Peaches. Orchards of ten to twenty thousand
Peach trees are not uncommon in this State. Each tree yields, when
in bearing, an average produce of a bushel of perfect fruit. This is
sent, in vast quantities, to the markets of New York and Philadelphia,
where the price varies from fifty cents (25. 2<i.), to four dollars (17^- 6 J.)
a bushel — the average retail price being about 65. 6d. a bushel.

The remarkable facility with which the Peach tree grows on the
soils of this State has led to the great extent to which the culture of the
tree is carried. On the greater part of its surface, however, the tree is
very short-lived — continues in profitable bearing only about three
years, and rarely yields more than two or three good crops. The large
Peach-grower has always, therefore, a succession of young trees coming
forward. They bear the third year, and if they produce two good
crops afterwards they repay the investment. The ground thus occu-
pied is poor, thin, light, and sandy — of little value for the growth of
corn-crops, and is, therefore, profitably covered with these quickly
dying orchards.

Yet better, richer, and deeper soils in these States are also covered
with Peach orchards, and in these the trees take deeper root, grow up
healthily and in luxuriance, and, with proper care, yield crops of
marketable fruit for twenty successive years. The mode of culture on
the two qualities of soils is very different. On the light soils, Indian
corn or rye, or some other suitable crop, is sown between the rows of
trees, which are planted sixteen to twenty-five feet apart, during the
first season, only, after the trees are planted. The surface is then left
at rest, is enriched by top dressings, and is undisturbed by the plough.
This treatment is best, under the circumstances. The soil is poor and
thin, the roots run along the surface in search of food, the plough, if
put in, would injure them, and would retard the growth of the tree.

On the richer, deeper, and stronger soils the interspaces are ploughed
and cropped, year after year. The roots of the trees descend beyond
the reach of the ploughshare ; the land is kept open, mellow, and clean,
by the culture, and the tree flourishes for a series of years, and is
more luxuriant than when the soil is unbroken.

122 THE FLORIST.

Apple Orcuards on the St. John. — We travelled thirty
miles down the river from Woodstock, before we escaped from the stony,
pine-clad country. As we approached the little river Koak, we were
greeted by a change in the foliage ; some hardwood ridges stretched along
the upland, and the St. John rich intervales appeared. We stopped
at Henstie's farm, on this intervale, chiefly because he is one of the
most extensive Apple-growers on the river.

In the orchard of this gentleman were 1,550 Apple trees, for the
most part young, but in full bearing. The fruit was in general small,
but of pleasant agreeable flavour. The large delicate Apples of the
Hudson River, of western New York, and of the Ohio River, are not
to be expected, I suppose, in New Brunswick, though the summers are
hot enough ; yet fruit of good quality may evidently be raised, and the
cultivation for home consumption carried on, with a profit.

It is probable, I think, that the great heat of the sun is, in reality, a
chief cause of the smallness of the fruit, hastening the ripening process
before the Apple has had time to swell. Its scorching effect was seen
upon the fallen fruit, which was dried and altered, as if by artificial
heat, on the side which had been exposed to its rays. The ten o' clock
sun has the effect also of scorching the young trees, burning a strip all
the way down the stem, and finally killing them. The preventive is
to wind a straw rope round the stem, and to let all the branches grow
till it has got a rough bark. It is an interesting fact that part of the
stem thus protected will thicken faster than the uncovered portion, and,
when the straw is detached, will be sensibly of greater girth.

For those who are curious in such recipes, I may state that Mr.
Henstie kills caterpillars on his Apple trees by boring a hole half-way
through the stem, filling with sulphur, and plugging it with wood.
The caterpillars disappear, he says, in twenty-four hours. For lice
and other small vermin, he opens a piece of the bark, introduces a few
drops of turpentine, and then ties it up again. Both remedies he
pronounced to be infallible.

GLOXINIAS, GESNERAS, AND ACHIMENES.
These beautiful flowers have most frequently been treated as stove
plants. In the observations I am desirous to make, I wish to show
that they are better cultivated in a greenhouse. If the bulbs be
placed in heat either in March or April, either in a Melon frame or a
dung or tan bed, until they have started, they may be brought into the
greenhouse and will succeed the Geraniums. They will continue in
flower during four or five months ; this is the treatment recommended
by the well-known horticulturist, Mr. Louis Van Houtte, of Ghent, —
and for the last ten years I have treated them thus. In the stove their
beauty is soon over, in the greenhouse it continues for months.

Those who are desirous to hybridise these plants should sow their
seed very early in the spring, and they will flower very freely in
August. The winter care of the plant is this : allow them to die down,
and never cut away leaves or stem until this be the case, and let the

APRIL. 123

pots repose on their sides where no moistui*e can come near them, not
too near the flues of your greenhouse, this would cause the bulbs to
wither ; and in the sprhig repot them, shaking carefully all mould from
the Gloxinia, and separating the other bulbs if you possess any rare
sorts — every scale of the Achimenes will grow. The best of the present
Achimenes are these — Sir Trehern Thomas, Gigantea (Van Houtte),
Cherita Mexicana, Gloxinifeflora, and picturata marganita. Gigantea,
which is most beautiful, produces bunches of flowers, and lasts in
flower during five months ; it was raised from seed by Mr. Van Houtte,
and partakes partly of the character of the Gesnera. The Gloxinia
may be seen in great beauty, at the gardens of Messrs. Veitch, Hen-
derson, and Turner, of Slough. Mr. Van Houtte, of Ghent, often
raises twenty thousand seedlings. E. T.

"MY OWN GARDEN," BY MRS. LOUDON.

This is a handsomely got-up foolscap octavo volume, intended as a
year book for amateurs and young gardeners. It contains an enumera-
tion of the operations to be performed during every month in the year,
together with lists of annuals and other plants suitable for small
gardens. In addition to some small woodcuts, it has four uncoloured
page plates, representing groups of the more popular flowers in bloom
in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Each plate is accompanied
by descriptions of the flowers figured, and as those of spring are now
most seasonable, we select the following account of them, to show the
pleasant way in w^hich this part of the work is ^vritten : —

1. Snowdrop. — The Snowdrop is one of the earhest and most
beautiful flowers of spring, and it has received its English name from
its frequently appearing rising above the snow when it begins to melt
in February. The common British Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) is
found wild in many parts of Great Britain, but of course only in its
single state ; the double variety being confined to gardens. The botanic
name, Galanthus, signifies literally milk-flower. There are only two
species of Galanthus known ; the one figured in our plate, and the
Russian Snowdrop, which has smaller flowers and a folded leaf. They
are both bulbous plants, requiring a light rich soil, thriving under the
drip of trees, and increased by offsets, which form round the root-
plate of the parent bulb.

2. The Winter Aconite. — This pretty little plant has bright
yellow flowers like the Buttercup and the Lesser Celandine, but it is
easily distinguished from these plants by a circle of green leaves which
grow close below the flower, and on which it appears to repose. It has
also the peculiarity of appearing to produce only one flower, with its
circle of leaves, from each plant ; as the stems producing the flowers
grow each separately out of the ground like distinct plants, though they
are, in fact, all shoots from a fleshy underground stem. Another pecu-
liarity is, that the flower appears yellow in the bud. The plant is a
native of Lombardy ; and though it flowers early in February, and

124 THE FLORIST.

sometimes in January, it is often killed entirely by a severe frost or
much damp ; it should therefore be grown in an open dry situation ex-
posed to the sun. When it is wished to increase or remove it, ii should
be taken up between June and September, but not sooner or later, and
the fleshy stem should be cut with a sharp knife into pieces, having two
or three buds in each.

3. Hepatica. — The common Hepatica is either blue or pink, and
both kinds become double by cultivation. The leaves are thick and
leathery, and of a dark green ; and the flowers, which are numerous,
are each borne on a separate stem, rising from the root like the Winter
Aconite. The Hepatica is a native of the north of Italy, and it is found
wild in various parts of Europe. It should be planted in peat or sandy
soil ; and as it has a tendency to push itself out of the ground, the
earth should be drawn up round its roots every autumn, early in
October, as the plant would be killed if the roots were exposed to the
frost. The Hepatica is propagated by dividing the roots, which should
be taken up for that purpose any time between June and September. It
grows well in pots, and is very suitable for rockwork.

The American Hepatica has a smaller flower than the European kind,
but the flowers are pretty, being of a dark purple on the margin, and
softening down into white in the centre. This species is very abundant
in rocky situations in Canada ; but it does not succeed well in British
gardens, unless the situation is very open, and the air pure and quite
free from smoke.

4. The Polyanthus. — The Polyanthus is a garden variety of the
Oxlip, a British flower very nearly allied to the Cowslip ; and the
common kinds are easily grown in any situation where the soil is good,
and where they are freely exposed to the sun and air. The finer kinds,
which are considered florists' flowers, require a rich stiff soil, and are
only valued when the anthers of the stamens completely hide the pistil ;
as when the stigma projects, which it does occasionally, like the head of
a large pin, the flower is called pin-eyed, and is considered worthless.
There is a double Polyanthus, but it is considered of no value by florists.

5. The Crocus. — There are upwards of a hundred named varieties
of Crocus ; but there are only about thirty distinct species. All the
species have bulb-tubers, or corms, which differ from the common bulbs
in being solid, and they are propagated by offsets which form round the
base of the original tuber. The two kinds which appear earliest in
spring are the Scotch Crocus, which is striped white and purple, and
the Cloth of Gold, which is orange, with very dark purple stripes.
When Crocuses are planted they are generally put three inches deep,
as they have the habit of pushing themselves out of the ground. On
this account also, Crocuses should be frequently looked at, and every four
or five years they should be taken up and replanted. The corms are
often eaten by mice in dry situations, and destroyed by damp in situa-
tions that are not dry, so that they require to be frequently examined.
They look best planted in rows, or so as to form patterns of the different
colours. In the neighbourhood of London the flowers are often destroyed
by the sparrows. Crocuses ripen abundance of seed ; but seedlings do
not flower till the third or fourth year.

APRIL. 1 25

6. Blue Gentian. — The colour of this flower is the most beautiful
and intense blue that can be imagined, if the plant be grown where it
has an open situation and an abundance of free air ; but the flowers
become comparatively pale and dingy when they are grown in the
smoky atmosphere of a town. The Blue Gentian is frequently used as
an edging for beds, as the flowers are large, and, from the shortness
of their stems, grow close to the ground. They grow best in peat or
sand.

7. Dog's-tooth Violet. — This is a pretty bulbous-rooted plant
with spotted leaves and purple flowers, but there is an American species
that has dark yellow flowers ; both kinds grow best in poor sandy soil,
There is also a variety of the common species with white flowers, but it
is rather rare.

8. The Lesser Daffodil. — The genus Narcissus is a very exten-
sive one, and most of the kinds are well known, but this plant, which is
sometimes called the Little Hoop Petticoat, is somewhat rare. It is a
pretty little spring plant, with clear yellow flowers ; it is propagated by
the offsets that form round the bulb, and which must be taken off with
great care, as they are extremely brittle.

9. Dwarf Iris. — This beautiful little plant is quite hardy, and will
grow readily in any situation where it can have plenty of sun and air.
It looks very well in a bed with the Little Hoop Petticoat Narcissus, as
they both flower in April ; and the purple flowers of the Iris contrast
well with the yellow of the Narcissus.

The other portions of IMrs. Loudon's book are equally well done, and
heartily recommend it to our readers.

BRITISH POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We are much pleased to see the continued success which attends this
Society. At the meeting held on the 5th ult., when the Chair
was occupied by Dr. Davies, of Pershore, the following seven new
members were elected :

Rev. R. 0. Bromfield, Sprouton, near Coldstream.

Rev. P. Morgan, M.A., Aberclyn, Brecon.

Mr. F. Arthur Dickson, Chester.

Mr. George Jackman, Woking.

Mr. Henry Bailey, Nunehara.

Mr. H Betteridge, Abingdon.

Mr. Elliott, gardener to the Marquis of Stafford, Lilleshall.

There was a considerable quantity of fi-uit exhibited at this meeting,
but on account of the lateness of the season it was not so great as has
been seen on some previous occasions. The Chairman produced a
collection of Apples, from the garden and orchards of Worcestershire,
am ng which were specimens of a very fine noble looking Apple called
Flanders Pippin. We observed specimens of this at the meeting in
November, which were much noticed, both for their great size, solid
flesh, and excellent flavour. It is employed either for dessert or kitchen
use, but principally for the latter, and keeps till March and April.

126 THE FLORIST.

Another, a small conical- shaped Apple for dessert, called QueerCs Delight,
was highly approved of. The Chairman stated that this was a very-
old variety, and that the trees were in the last stage of decay ; but
that it was his intention to place a quantity of the grafts of this and
the Flanders Pippin at the disposal of the Society for distribution.
He also reported upon three varieties of seedling Plums, which were
raised in his neighbourhood, and which, being of superior quality, he
also intended to place at the disposal of the Society.

Mr. Smith, of Hereford, sent a collection of Cider Apples, as did also
G. S. Wintle, Esq., of Gloucester. Among the latter were some fine
old varieties of dessert Apples, which were in good condition.

Mr. Lane, of Berkhampstead, sent some excellent specimens of Easter
Beurre Pears, and of the New Uawthornden Apple. The latter was
in excellent condition, and was as good as the old variety ; but, even
at this late season, perfectly firm and sound.

Mr. Rivers submitted specimens of the Melon Apple, of America,
gro\vn at Sawbridgeworth, which were found to possess very great
merit. They were of good size, very delicate flesh, and with a re-
markably fine flavour, resembling that of the imported Newtown
Pippin.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — Water these freely, using weak liquid manure occasion-
ally, to support and mcrease the size of the truss of bloom. Towards
the end of the month remove the plants to a cool northern aspect, to
prolong their bloom. No dust should be allowed to spoil the purity of
the matchless white which is to be found in the flowers.

Azaleas. — Attend to directions given previously.

Bedding Plants. — While increasing those varieties that are scarce,
endeavour to forward the growth of the remaining stock, if much used
for cuttings. Keep down insects by frequently fumigating. Verbenas
especially, as now they are liable to be attacked by aphis when beginning
to push. Many kinds of Geraniums should be increased now ; Golden
Chain, Unique, Mountain of Light, &c., will strike readily at this time,
and be sufficiently strong to bed out. Forward roots of Salvia patens,
and form a short growth by frequently pinching the shoots, if they are
required for beds, especially.

Carnations and Picotees. — The operation of potting is rather late
this spring ; no time should now be lost in completing it, however. The
plants are in an excellent state, not having started prematurely into
bloom. Any tall plants should be firmly secured with small stakes as
they are potted, to prevent the wind from injuring them : when first
stood out they are liable to be broken if this precaution is not taken.
The sparrows will also be very destructive at this season of their growth.
Means must be taken to scare them away, or many fine plants will be
rendered useless. The pots the Carnations are grown in should be
raised above the ground, on narrow strips of wood. In potting, press

APlllL. 127

the soil firmly round the plants. The soil, it should be remembered,
must not be in a wet state. Such plants as are not required for pots
may be planted in well prepared beds or borders.

Cinerarias will now become interesting. To prolong their beauty a
little shading must be resorted to. The common papering canvass is
about the best material for this, as well as for Pelargoniums, as it does
not wholly exclude the light, and is also the cheapest material for the
purpose. No plant sooner becomes affected with aphides than the
Cineraria. Yet they are easily kept clean, if fumigation is resorted to
in time. Tie out the late plants, that broad compact heads of flower
may be produced.

Conservatory. — Keep the house gay with all kinds of forced flowers.
Roses should now be in abundance, and large and healthy pots of Sweet-
briar will be a great acquisition. By no means omit to have good
specimens of Dielytra spectabilis, tree Mignonette, and abundance of
Violets ; and where plants are wanted for vases, few things are more
beautiful than well- flowered specimens of Calla eethiopica. Attend to
all things that want removal from the conservatory, such as Azaleas,
Orange -trees, &c., &c. Select some of the finest kinds of Primulas,
Cinerarias, &c. ; mark the plants, and be careful of seed.

Dahlias. — Repot all that are ready, that have been struck in store
pots. They must be placed in a gentle moist heat for a time, and
gradually hardened off as soon as they have drawn root. Another
shift into four-inch pots is necessary to make fine plants, as well as to
prevent their becoming stunted. The medium between drawing them
up and almost setting them to rest is what should be aimed at. To
be successful in this requires care in hardening the plants, and wiU be
the foundation of a good bloom. Early planting out is seldom success-
ful. Cold nights or cutting winds throw them back very much. The
plants are better stood for a time where they can be protected at night,
if they are becoming crowded under glass. Sow seed, if not already
done.

Flower Garden. — While the ground remains dry, wheeling should
be done with all possible despatch, dressings brought on to the flower
beds, and everything in readiness for the summer campaign. Give
strict attention to the covering and uncovering of all tender shrubs and
plants, and in mild and favourable weather proceed with fresh planta-
tions where such are necessary. Allow no defects or hollows to remain
in the walks, but immediately have fresh gravel laid and firmly rolled.
Keep everything clean and neat, and frequently sweep and roll turf
edgings : also lay down fresh turf where required.

Fruit Forcing. — Let the atmosphere remain dry while the Vines
remain in flower, and allow the heat to rise considerably in sunshine ;
see that the heat of the border does not decline. Peaches in flower
should be carefully gone over and the weakest of the flowers taken off".
Keep the atmosphere rather dry, and by keeping up a good heat in day
time a free circulation of air may be maintained. Do not allow the
borders to become dry inside, and fumigate on the slightest appear-
ance of aphis.

Fruity Hardy. — Finish the pruning and nailing of Apricots and

128 THE FLORIST.

Peaches towards the end of the month. Plant young and healthy
trees where others have decayed, and when doing so remove the old soil,
giving additions of fresh turty loam.

Fuchsias. — See last number.

Greenhouse. — Close early and keep down fire heat as far as convenient.
See that all things are strictly clean, neatly trained, and attended to
with water. If the collection is miscellaneous, let the attention be more
varied, withholding great supplies of water from unhealthy or weak
specimens, and vice versa. Keep down insects while the season is
early.

Hollyhocks. — These may still be increased by taking cuttings from
the old shoots ; by the use of a little moist heat, plants are produced
in less time than at any other season. But to bloom well, they must
not be allowed to stand still — repotting immediately they are struck
into good and rich soil is necessary, that a strong plant may be formed
before planting out, when a fine spike in September will be the result.
The ground for the most forward plants should be prepared ; strong
seedlings may be planted out.

Roses. — Finish pruning, unless in the case of Teas and other
delicate varieties, which have been so severely injured by the frost ;
it will perhaps be best to allow them to remain, as many which appear
dead may break at the collar, i. e., the base of the bud. Plants in pots
will require much attention to keep down insects. Where, in the earlier
kinds, blooms are showing, Hquid manure should be given somewhat
freely, and until the blossoms are expanding syringe every morning.

Pansies. — To produce large blooms the small shoots should be cut
away from the centre of the plant, as well as the side shoots of the
principal branches. These should be put in as cuttings, which will
bloom in the summer and autumn. Seedlings wintered in pans should
now be planted out, and autumn seed sown. Plants grown in pots for
exhibition will require considerable care and attention. Grow them
hardy without too much exposure.

Pelargoniums. — Owing to the dulness of the weather, we cannot
expect these to be so forward as they otherwise would have been, had
the weather been clear and bright. Where they are required to be got
into flower early, the houses should be shut up early in the afternoon,
and a fire put on about the same ; and in the evening, when the flues
get warm, if they are syringed, the steam will moisten the air, and
greatly assist the plants. They should have plenty of room, the
branches be kept well tied out, and the watering well attended to, so as
to keep the roots moist. While the weather is bright a little manure
will be beneficial. Fumigation should also be well attended to.

Pinks. — Top dress with good rotten manure, as soon as the beds are
sufficiently dry for the surface to be stirred. The sparrows will attack
these as well as the Carnations, if not protected in some manner.

Tulips. — Protect these with canvass or mat, covering during snow,
hail, or severe frost. On other occasions the more open and hardy
they are grown the better. Hail is very destructive to the foliage, and
should be particularly guarded against.

J**.^?z£lr»nis de^ £■ Zmcc

iHftieel If C ^:^a^oC

MAY. 129

RHODODENDRON RETUSUM.

(Plate 100.)

This pretty species of Rhododendron has l)een figured from the
nursery of Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting, where plants of it have
flowered for tlie first time, we believe, in Europe, this present
spring.

The Messrs. Rollisson inform us that plants of it were received
from Mr. John Henshall, their collector in Java, about four years
ago, who found it growing on the lofty volcanic mountains in the
western parts of Java, about 9000 feet above the level of the sea.
Mr. Henshall states also that it grows much higher up the
mountains than Rhododendron javanicum, and consequently may
be expected to turn out a much hardier kind. Hitherto in the
Tooting nursery it has been grown in a greenhouse, where it
appears to thrive very well.

Although described many years ago both by Dr. Horsfield and
the eminent Dutch botanist. Dr. Blume, Mr. Henshall (Messrs.
Rollissons' collector) was the first, we believe, to send plants that
survived the voyage to Europe.

. The Messrs. Rollisson inform us that no difficulty is met with in
cultivating this species, if treated in the same manner as R.
javanicum is grown. To give it the necessary drainage, small
rubble stones are generally mixed with the peat and sand in
potting the plants.

Messrs. Rollissons' variety of R. javanicum was likewise sent
them from Java through Mr. John Henshall, and is figured at
p. 65 of the Florist for 1852.

Although all the Java Rhododendrons are extremely handsome in
themselves as greenhouse plants, and as such demand cultivation,
even where only limited collections are grown, yet their value to
English gardens will be enhanced when hybrids from them which
have been crossed with hardy varieties shall become common ; and
when the rich warm colour of these varieties is obtained on plants
hardy enough to withstand our winters, such will prove a decided
acquisition to this already beautiful tribe of plants, which can now
boast of nearly every colour but the one in question ; nor do we
yet despair of seeing the bright glossy foliage of javanicum and
retusum combined in varieties whose size of bloom may vie with
Dalhouseianum and some other Sikkim Rhododendrons; for, great
as has been the success attending the efforts of hybridising with
this family, much yet remains to be accomplished ; and viewed in
this light, the species now under review afford materials by which
plants with both new habits and colours may reasonably be
expected.

We hope some one will give this species of Rhododendron

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. NO. LIII. K

130 THE FLORIST.

from Java, as well as the Sikkim ones, a trial in such parts of the
country as seem to hold out the greatest chance of their succeeding
out ot doors. In inland districts Sikkim species do not thrive
well, or the last extraordinary dry summer may not suit them.
Cornwall, Devon, South Wales, and the south part of Ireland,
which districts enjoy an immunity from very severe frost, and with
an atmosphere more loaded with moisture than in inland situations,
are therefore more suitable for their growth; to their well
doing both extreme cold and atmospheric dryness appear hurtful,
as indeed their semi-alpine character might lead us to conclude
would be the case.

TOWN GARDENING!

In a very recent number of the Gardeners' Chronicle was given a
leading article containing much relative to the subject chosen as the
title of this communication ; and as it has been my misfortune for
20 years to garden under many, if not most of the difficulties therein re-
counted, I may, from the experience thereby gained, do some service
to others similarly situated ; and trust that, by giving my actual modus
operandi, in connection with a wide range of most difficult subjects,
other growers may thereby profit, both by the nature of their plants
and the reward awaiting them when blooming season may come round.

To very many of the readers of the Florist the locale of Wace
Cottage may be famihar, — scarcely three miles from the centre of Lon-
don, and in a direct line to receive the full influence of the "smoke
nuisance " during the south-west winds proverbially prevailing at least
nine months of each year ; then the subsoil is a most tenacious cold clay,
perfectly water tight, as I may hereafter show ; further, the situation
was a swamp until quite lately, being without any effectual sewerage ;
its want of elevation is foretold by its nomenclature Holloway, in
contradistinction to the adjoining village, yclept Highgate.

Year by year, with the growth of all suburban districts, have the
difficulties increased, and with them the chances of good gardening
decreased, unless the more perseveringly counteracted by those necessary
means and appliances, which but few of us possess, and still fewer in
the aggregate have sufficient of to bid defiance to smoke, soil, and
situation.

Dr. Lindiey, in bis usual skilful way, divides the difficulties of
town gardening under three heads — firstly, coal smoke; secondly, dryness
of atmosphere ; and lastly, sterility of the soil ; these it is my wish to
discourse upon, and which I shall endeavour to do as briefly as each
topic will admit.

Coal smoke, and its attendant soot, are of a nature to absorb that
moisture so necessary to the progress of plants, by robbing the foliage of
the means to fulfil the functions with which they are so largely
endowed. With this arose the first question, how to remedy the evil ;
my plants were diety, begrimed by soot ; then, thought I, wash them.

MAY. 131

and so betook myself to the water-pot, and by daily well cleansing them
I soon discovered that my stock gave ample evidence of relishing
their treatment. Thus did I insist that my Gooseberry bushes,
Raspberry canes, and even my plantations of Cabbages, should
periodically receive the benefits which my Pansies, Pinks, Dahlias,
Roses, &c., seemed to cherish. If I had to undertake to reclaim the very
worst of our London squares, even Leicester Square around the great
globe itself, my first act would be that water should be laid on, and at
such a strength of pressure that the whole area could be subjected to
the only " cure " for soot and dirt, — that of "cold water." Florists,
think this no idle dictate ; whether you luxuriate in the glories of a pure
and spotless atmosphere, or labour under the clouds of obscurity (soot),
fail not to strengthen your plants by absolute and frequent washings ;
whatever the labour, sure are you of reward.

I shall have little need to advance aught under the second head — dry-
ness of the atmosphere, if those who, relying on my recommendation for
the cure of soot, act up to request therein given, that remedy being of
two-fold value.

Soil ! Here, indeed, is there a gigantic difficulty. The learned
editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle states that "we take our wretched
London squares to be gardens of a peculiar kind. In the course of 30
or 40 years, during which we have known them, we never remember to
have seen a single load of manure carted into even the best of them ; "
the italics are not in the original. Town gardeners ! good friends !
bear with me awhile. I grew for years 2000 pairs of Carnations and
Picotees, as many Pinks, perhaps half as many Pansies, not less than
300 standard Roses, and about 180 to 200 Dahlias, to say nothing
of Tulips, &c., alas Tulips! (see advertisement) and these not merely
for decorative purposes, but strictly for exhibition against many a more
favoured antagonist, with what general success I will not here recite.
This was not alone achieved by the daily overhead waterings ; that
formed but part of the grand whole. My Carnations were annually
grown in maiden loam, leaf-mould, two-year-old manure, with the
necessary sand, in the whole about six single horse-loads. The second
year this was used in my beds of Pinks and Pansies. These beds, being
annually so replenished, had to be cleared out at least one spit deep,
which was taken on to my Dahlia and Rose quarters, where also were
deposited an average of fifly loads of manure, consisting of stable dung
and slaughter-house refuse, of both of which I had an absolute un-
limited supply. Never was there a bed, border, or quarter dug over
without receiving a full dressing of manure, be it even three or four
times in a year. How does this contrast with the too true assertion of
the talented editor just quoted ! Here, then, brother florists, are the
grand secrets by which I may claim to have earned some little notoriety,
even though conducted in what might positively be termed a town garden.

Even the drainings from the manure was set to account, for, being
collected in a clay-well adjoining the heap, the same was dispensed, afler
ample dilutions, in the form termed liquid manure, and I may further
state that we seldom ground-watered our strong-growing plants, such as
Dahhas, Chrysanthemums, &c., with other than this liquid.

K 2

132 THE FLORIST.

In the article quoted from, the name of Mr. Paul is introduced in
connection with his recently-published book on suburban gardening ;
permit me to state how much I felt myself complimented by that
gentleman when, in your p;'.ges, he a short time since enumerated
HoUoway as one of the localities in evidence that Roses might be well
done about great towns. I am not above acknowledging that the Roses
grown by me fully merited such encomiums, and further, that on a very
particular occasion, long to be remembered by many, a slight error was
corrected after the inspection by a delegated floral M.D., whose avowed
declaration was, *' You have better Roses, Carnations, and Picotees now
blooming than those you yesterday so successfully exhibited." Need I
state that the withheld prizes were duly paid, and the first instigators
of the movement silenced by the evidence reluctantly given by their
own appointed inspector.

To conquer the difficulties of town gardening must needs require
energy, command of labour, of water, of manure, of renovating maiden
soil, and of patience. John Edwards.

WINTERING FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

There is little necessity for reminding our readers that the winter of
1854 and 1855 has been remarkably severe and prolonged, and such a
winter as florists have not encountered for many years. In the course
of a recent run through the north of England and Scotland we noticed
its terrible influence on Pinks, Pansies, and other florists' flowers
wintered out of doors, and in no instance whatever did we see a healthy
bed of either flower, but the reverse of this, as all seemed to be, if not
totally destroyed, at least greatly injured. It is our purpose now to
note the position of our own beds here at Slough, and to offer in all
kindness a few remarks on the inefficient means — as we venture to
think them — taken by our northern friends for the preservation of their
flowers during winter.

PINKS.

In the course of the summer we turn the ground up roughly where they
are to be planted, and at the time of planting we dig in a good dressing
of well- decayed manure. In September well rounded beds four feet
wide are prepared, the centre of which should be eight inches above the
path. We then plant, each row across the bed being formed in this
manner by nine plants placed in a triangular form, —

Bed No. 1.— Nine Plants of New Criterion.

Bed No. 2. — Nine Plants of Colchester Cardinal.
by which means one stick marked thus * serves for tliree plants, and

MAY. 133

tne glass for the three plants also. Each bed is thus occupied by six
long rows, each outside row being six inches from the edge of the bed.
Of course any plants that are rather " leggy " are secured by simply
placing two small pieces of stick against them, to prevent their being
blown about and broken by the wind. We have now three " blooming
beds," i. e., with plants for blooming for exhibition and other purposes,
containing upwards of 1500 healthy plants, and we lost hut four planls
from these beds during the whole of the winter, and we are quite
certain that not more than 100 plants were lost out of a nursery stock
of 10,000 plants. This is to be attributed entirely to planting them on
raised beds, and securing them from injury by wind ; for during the
past winter, for instance, there has been as much frost and snow in the
south as in the north. A few sorts, such as Colchester Cardinal, Optima,
Criterion, Brunette, Sappho, Reed's Ada, Mrs. Bragg, and Bertha,
being rather delicate growers, should be wintered in pots ; notwith-
standing, they are now in luxuriant health after being wintered in our
beds, so that it is not absolutely necessary they should be wintered in
pots, but it is safest to do so. It will be as well here to remark that for
wintering in pots the best place is a cold frame with a dry bottom
raised above the level of the ground, and with the glass in good order,
giving all the air possible, and keeping the plants quite hardy, but dry.
Let the plants be in small 60-sized pots.

In March the beds are well trodden between the plants before the top
dressing. We then mix one barrow of mould with three barrows of
thoroughly decayed manure, and top dress the bed to the depth of one
inch, and if the weather should continue dry after top dressing, give a
good watering occasionally. With growers of Pinks, one fact should be
borne in mind. To ensure well laced flowers they should be planted early
in the autumn, and if treated as we have before described, much less
disappointment will exist than under the ordinary treatment practised
by many. Plants wintered in pots and planted out in March or April
will lace equally as well as those planted out in September. The
propagation of the Pink is often delayed until too late in the season.
Good strong plants can only be procured by commencing early, and the
sooner after the 20th of June the better.

CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES.

Soil for Carnations. — One barrow of well decayed manure to four
barrows of good turfy loam.

Soil for Picotees. — One barrow of well decayed manure to three
barrows of good turfy loam.

The soil, as will be seen, will be richer for Picotees than Carnations,
as the latter flower has a tendency to run in colour. In November
mix the soil in a dry state, and fully expose it to the action of the air.
During winter remove the frosted surface at every opportunity, and
place it in a heap by itself until the whole be frosted. Keep it dry from
snow and heavy rains, and turn over often until required for use We
bloom our plants in 11 -inch pots, each pot accommodating from three
to four very strong plants. Weaker plants should be grown in 8 -inch
pots, two or three plants in a pot.

134 THE FLORIST.

Begin potting the first week in March, using from two to three inches
of broken crocks and chnkers as drainage. Chop the soil well, sifting
only a portion for about three inches of soil at the top, using the coarse
portion of the siftings as a thin layer over the crocks to assist drainage.
Pot very firm indeed.

After potting expose them fully to the weather, placing the pots on
two parallel slips of wood, so as to ensure good drainage and prevent
the ingress of worms. Water moderately after potting.

We have been induced to offer these remarks on the culture of
Picotees and Carnations, in consequence of having received so many
communications lately on the subject, and believing also that our plan of
culture would be as acceptable to our readers as any. We are anxious
to impress on the minds of readers that Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks
are thoroughly hardy plants, and vnll bear any amount of frost under
proper treatment, by which we mean being kept dry in a dry frame,
well aired, and moderately watered in sunny open weather. In short,
as a general rule, keep dry and air well. We wintered several thousand
pairs in dry frames without any covering whatever, with the soil frozen
hard for weeks, and were rewarded by luxuriant health and vigour, as
can be seen by any person visiting this estabhshment at the present
time. With many, the Carnation is treated too tenderly, by keeping
them in close frames, watering too freely, and covering too much. It
is also a great fault to pot off in large pots for wintering. We use none
larger than large 60-sized pots for a pair of strong layers.

PANSIES.

These have wintered well. The plants in pots wintered in cold dry
frames with little or no covering are in luxuriant health. Those planted
out have done equally well, and, as with Pinks, raised beds are used.
We are now blooming upwards of 1 4,000 seedhng Pansies, all of which
have been wintered on raised beds, without any covering, and with the
loss of less than 200 plants. The seed is so\vn broadcast in a bed towards
the end of July, placing frame lights over it at about three inches from
the surface, and keeping it damp and shaded until the seed is coming
up. When fairly up it can be exposed to the sun, using the lights only
in case of heavy rains. In September prick them out in raised beds
for flowering in spring.

It will, therefore, be seen that with us all florists' flowers in the open
ground during the winter are on well raised beds. Our northern friends
appear not to have paid sufficient attention to the importance of this
step, and we trust before another winter sets in they will be induced to
follow the plan practised so successfully here, by which ample drainage
is secured to the plants, instead of their being sodden with water after
a heavy rain or snow, as occurs when the beds are on a level with the
paths. In some soils it will be necessary to drain the beds.

DAHLIAS.

There has also been a great loss in Dahlia roots this season. Now
that we are propagating this flower, but little exertion is necessary to
make a few more plants than is required for planting of certain varieties

MAY. 135

that should be grown in pots, for the purpose of producing small sound
roots which winter easily, as well as being suitable for travelling to any
distance. The following varieties seldom produce sound roots in the
ground, and invariably perish before Christmas arrives, viz. ; — Annie
Salter, Bob, JMarvel, Duchess of Sutherland, Bishop of Hereford, and
George Villiers. It is as well to have a few pot roots of all the choice
kinds, in case of failure in any of the ground roots. These will winter
easily anywhere if excluded from frost. Ground roots should be well
dried before starting, and they keep very well in a dry warm cellar.
Many persons have no other convenience than placing them under the
stage of their greenhouse ; this answers very well if they can be kept
free from drip from above. By no means put them in a loft unless it is
heated, or the fr'ost will find them out.

The ground for growing the plants in having been trenched in the
autumn, it will only be necessary to turn it over with the spade before
planting, choosing fine weather, when the soil is dry. Planting cannot
safely be commenced before the last week in Mai/, unless protection is at
hand for covering the plants during the night, ]\Iany — ourselves among
the number — do not plant until the first week in June. Several spits
of good rotten manure should be mixed with the soil immediately under
the plant. If the soil is weU prepared, and a good healthy plant put out,
very early planting is unnecessary, to say nothing of the danger of losing
the plants by frost.

We cannot do better than repeat the following instructions : — " To
grow a good plant during the time it is in the pot is of far more import-
ance than early planting. Pot them into 4-inch pots, using rich soil ;
the pots should be drained with coarse partly decomposed leaf-mould, so
that in planting out there will be nothing to abstract fi'om the ball of
earth. A good start is of great importance ; therefore care should be
taken that the plant is grown to a fair size without draudng during the
time it is in the pot : the stouter it is the better, without being taU ;
and it should not be pot-bound at the time of planting out. Both the
roots and the point of the plant should be in a thriving condition, and
free from aphides. It may, perhaps, be unnecessary to state that the
plants must be carefully hardened off before they are turned out. If
the soil and plants are in a proper state, the first week in June wiU be
a good time for planting out, and with ordinary care and attention good
plants will be produced in time for the earliest exhibition.

A short period will suffice to have plants of a good size, but it should
be borne in mind that hours lost in repotting them when in a young
state will make a difference of days in the time of blooming, and it is
important that this should be clearly understood, that no neglect in the
matter may take place. Examine the plants often, to see if any require
water ; by no means let them become dry so long as they are in pots.
Secure them with proper and strong fastenings at the time of planting ;
water whenever they require it, and sprinkle the foliage slightly with
soft water almost every evening. Tie out the branches, and, as the plant
increases in size, secure the side shoots firmly to extra stakes."

AURICULAS.

Here is another flower which we never show to any one without
the remark being elicited, ** Very beautiful, but so very difficult to

136 THE FLORIST.

winter ! " They are neither difficult to manage or keep through the
winter ; on the contrary, no collection gives us so little trouble. If
kept dry when in a dormant state, watered freely during the growing
time, grown in a proper box or frame, and always kept clean, success
is tolerably certain. The Auricula, like the Carnation, is by no means
a tender plant, if properly grown. A single mat was all the protec-
tion given to our plants during the long severe winter, and kept in a dry
frame.

HOLLYHOCKS.
These are easily grown and bloomed, if you have a good plant ; but
here is the difficulty. How are good plants to be made ? Our most
experienced propagators have failed this winter. Many that had con-
sidered they had found the best method of producing a large number
of plants from one root, have all at once found themselves at fault.
Hundreds of what appeared to be well-estabhshed plants in the autumn
have gone off during the winter. Young struck plants also rot at the
collar after being well rooted. Those that have small but healthy
plants now will do well to repot them into rich light soil, and grow
them for a time under glass, planting them out into well prepared and
well manured ground as soon as the roots are working freely round the
sides of the pots. Strong plants may be wintered in a cold pit or
frame ; if weakly, a little gentle heat, not very moist or very dry, will
assist them greatly. The summer treatment is very simple and easy,
after being securely wintered.

HIGHNAM COURT, NEAR GLOUCESTER,
The Residence of T. Gambier Parry, Esq.
Mr. Parry having for some years past been a most assiduous collector
of Coniferae, and having obtained his permission to figure any plants
in his collection for the Florist, &c., we paid Highnam Court a visit
the end of March, for the purpose of examining the Pinetum, &c., and
append the following notes made on the spot for the benefit of our
readers.

Since Highnam Court came into the possession of its present liberal
proprietor, great improvements have taken place, both in the mansion
and grounds ; in the alterations of the latter and formation of the orna-
mental and flower gardens, Mr. Parry has been assisted by his very
intelligent gardener, Mr. Wells, son of a gardener well known to many
of our readers — Mr. Wells, late of Redleaf, in Kent. The " Court " is
situate on gently rising ground, and commands a pleasing and extensive
prospect ; the principal front is embraced by a terrace running its entire
length, laid out in parterres, and with a conservatory and flower garden
on the east of the house. Near the conservatory is a fine specimen of
Arbutus Andrachne, upwards of 20 feet high, and a Cupressus thuri-
fera of the same height. From the west front a straight walk connects
the mansion with the "winter or rock garden" a very interesting
part of the grounds, occupying a dell or deep valley. Advantage has
been taken of the inequalities of the ground to form the rockery on a
grand scale ; this, as well as the accompanying water, has been tastefully

MAY. 137

executed and planted, and the ground being of considerable extent,
forms altogether a very delightful spot, and, from its sheltered position,
particularly so in winter and early spring. A great number of valuable
plants and trees is met with here, too numerous to particularise. We
must however observe, that the designs of a superior eye for the
harmonising and contrasting of colour, in the planting of the various
shrubs, are very evident; and as the shrubs arrive at a size to display
the full effects of their varied tints, \\411, we predict, increase the
reno^vn of Mr. Gambler Parry, as an amateur artist. Juniperus excelsa
and recurva are liberally distributed; the former is striking, from its
delicate silver-coloured foliage ; and the latter is one of the most graceful
of plants — both were growing in the greatest luxuriance. Dwarf grow-
ing Junipers, Irish Yew, Golden Yew, Golden Holly, and Box ; Arau-
carias, Yuccas, Lavender, Cotton, Senecio maritima, Cerastium tomen-
tosum, and the useful variegated Vinca minor, are also abundant and
striking. Here is also a handsome plant of Cryptomeria japonica, with
elegant dense green foliage ; on each side the walk which leads from the
mansion to this garden are some beautifully trained specimens of the
upright Cypress, planted at regular intervals, and some 16 or 18 feet
in height. They have a striking effect, and define the hmits to which
the accompaniments of the straight line of walk is carried — as beyond
a more natural style prevails, to suit the adjacent scenery. We hope
to notice the many interesting plants, &c., near the house on a future
occasion, when the flower gardens are in perfection, and therefore pro-
ceed at once to the Pinetum, which consists of about 20 acres, and is
situated a mile from the mansion, occupying the summit and declivity of
a hill of considerable elevation overlooking the valley of the Severn.
This was formerly a shooting-box, and was surrounded by game cover,
which has been gradually cleared away as the planting of Coniferous
plants proceeded. The site, fi'om its elevated position, is fully exposed
to westerly gales. The soil is a stiff red marl so frequently found on
the new red sand-stone formation, of which most of the surrounding
neighbourhood consists. ]\Ir. Wells has, however, counteracted the bad
effects of this to Coniferae, by thoroughly draining not only the grounds,
but each individual specimen ; sand and burned earth from the marl
and clay have been liberally intermixed, adding a proportion of sand
with the marl, when preparing for planting, this has produced the
best results, as is seen by the health of the specimens. The selection
of this ground for a Pinetum was most judicious, as the site presents
great variety of surface, and the arrangements of the walks and planting
have been well adapted to the natural irregularities of the ground.
A very picturesque and interesting spot this is, and will be more so,
after the lapse of a few years, when the trees have assumed more of
their distinctive characters.

The Pinuses, &c., are arranged in sections, the two, three, and five-
leaved species, being planted nearly together so as to be easily referable.
But as it will be impossible, for want of space, to notice even every
remarkable plant, to save ourselves time we may remind our readers
that every Conifer in the country may be met with here ; many of
the suspected tender kinds have temporary roofs of poles made over

138 THE FLORIST.

them before winter, which are thatched with Furze ; this, as Mr. Wells
informed us, has preserved several, many of which would otherwise have
been destroyed, and will be carried out till the trees attain a certain
height, when Mr. Wells calculates they will be then less liable to injury
from frost ; and, therefore, this Pinetum forms one of the best schools
for studying Coniferous plants to be met with. Our concluding remarks
will therefore be confined to a notice of what struck us in walking
through as most remarkable.

Pinus Padufiana, a new two-leaved species from the Crimea, one
foot high, with the habit of a Scotch Pine, said to be, however, a very
distinct species. P. Pinaster variegata, with leaves of a dark golden
yellow, very showy, and well worth planting for effect. P. P. Esca-
renus, a strong growing variety of Pinaster, with very stout thick
leaves, distinct. P. Benthamiana : this is the king of the true Pinuses,
and a fine specimen is here in robust health. Teocote, 14 feet
high, noticeable for the red bark of its wood, making a striking contrast
with its foliage, as does also Pyrenaica, a much stronger grower than
Teocote, belonging, we believe, to the Laricio family. Llaveana is
striking, with its graceful branches, light coloured bark, and deep green,
short foliage. Japonica and Hardii were new to us — the latter we
think distinct. A good plant of Sinclairi, of which there is some doubt
about its being a really distinct species. Apulcensis, with long hair-
like leaves, striking. Skinneri, a fine and distinct species, of robust
habit, well worth planting. JMontezumee, the true variety, eight feet
high. Devoniana, ten feet ; this is protected each winter. Abies
Brunoniana, seven feet, a very fine and healthy young tree. A. glauca
alba, a striking variety of the white Spruce, with very silvery
foliage, distinct. A. mucronata, a species or variety remarkable for its
thick short leaves and the red bark of its young wood. A. c£erulea, a
distinct kind. A. nobilis : several fine healthy trees of this general
favourite. A, grandis : a fine young tree, with dense foliage of a dark
green. The plants originally planted here under this name are now
marked amabilis, notwithstanding which, we consider them to be the
true grandis of Lindley and Douglas. Amabilis is, in our opinion,
a very different plant. The plants now labelled grandis here, and
in some other places, have been obtained from Elvaston, and are so
called on the authority of Mr. Barron. What these may be we don't
pretend to say; they bear some resemblance to the plants above in
general appearance, but differ in the arrangement of the leaves on the
branches. The plant originally planted here as amabilis, of which,
however, we rather doubt the correctness, the original grandis and the
Elvaston grandis (so named by Barron) together with religiosa, Pichta,
Nordmanniana, and Frazeri), we compared specimens of, and found
them all distinct.

Abies Pinsapo, 10 feet high, and as many in diameter : this truly
beautiful Fir is not so generally planted as it ought to be. A. Nord-
manniana, a free grower : this seems to thrive well in most situations,
preferring, however, deep rich soils. A fine specimen, and very
symmetrical plant, of Cryptomeria japonica, and also of Taxodium sem-
pervirens (21 feet high) ; both are superior and exceedingly fine

MAY. 139

Specimens. Cupressus lusitanica, 17 feet high, stands with a
shght protection, and is a fine object. C. sempervirens thuifoHa,
a handsome compact variety which we had not before seen. Cha-
msecyparis Kewensis and atrovirens, a handsome glaucous leaved
variety of the white Cedar ; C. atrovirens appears to be very distinct.
C. Corneyana, a loose-growing weeping Cypress, in some respects
resembling C. funebris. Juniperus recurva densa, a beautiful plant
for rockwork ; a plant here is by far the largest we have ever seen.
Juniperus phoenicea, a very graceful plant for a lawn ; some fine
specimens of this and J. lycia are growing here in great vigour ; by
permission of Mr. Parry we shall in a future number of the Florist
figure one. J. sphserica, a new species, promises to be handsome.
Several plants of J. oblonga pendula, handsome, from their dense
weeping foliage, well suited for rockwork or small lawns. Biota orien-
tahs glauca, striking silvery foliage, distinct. Thuia occidentalis varie-
gata, rich variegation, valuable. Thuia plicata, distinct. A good
specimen of Pinus macrophylla, planted in spring of 1846 ; present
height, 16 feet. We shall have the pleasure of presenting our readers
with a woodcut of this in our next number. Pinus Bungeana, a new
three -leaved Pine from Japan, with very large strong leaves, and alto-
gether a very distinct species.

A very interesting group of dwarf varieties of Conifers has been
planted in a part of the Pinetum. Some of the kinds are very rare,
all very beautiful and interesting. As these must ere long become
favourites, from their singularity and neat habit, we give the names of
some which appear to merit most notice. Juniperus humilis, pretty ;
a neat dwarf variety of the common Yew, Taxus nana and ericoides ;
dwarf Silver Fir ; do. Scotch Fir, both pretty. P. Laricio pygmaea, a
useful little plant, from the gold colour of its leaves ; this might be
employed in parterres with good effect. Pinus excelsa nana and P.
cembra nana. P. umbraculifera, a variety of the Weymouth Pine, of
dwarf habit and beautiful silvery foliage. Abies humilis, pumila, com -
pacta, nana, all dwarf varieties of the common Spruce. Abies dumosa,
or Gregori, a very pretty distinct kind, and the best perhaps of
this class. A. pyramidalis, very compact grower; this will hkewise
form a useful architectural tree, as it grows higher than some of the
others. A dwarf Cryptomeria, Picea balsamea pygmaea and Hudsoni.
Two dwarf varieties of Arbor -vitse. These vary in height from 9 inches
to one, two, and three feet, and their average diameter generally about
equals their height. We cannot close our account of this interesting
ground without expressing our thanks to Mr. Gambier Parry for
permission to give our readers this report, as well as to Mr. Wells,
through whose kindness we have been able to collect the information it
contains.

NEW BEDDING PLANTS.

We believe the best bedding plant of the season will be Calceolaria
Purity, a free-growing variety, of dwarf shrubby habit, throwing a
profusion of pure snow-white flowers. It appears to be all that a

140 THE FLORIST.

bedding plant should be ; and as good white bedding plants are so much
needed, it will be found a valuable addition. It is also a handsome
plant for conservatory decoration. Calceolaria Eclipse is the brightest-
coloured variety w^e have seen, having more of a scarlet colour than
any other ; and from what we saw of it last year, is a decided acqui-
sition in merit. Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son have some new
shrubby varieties, but we have not seen them.

In Verbenas, VVonderful is the most useful and novel variety of the
season. The colour is rich plum purple, with a very large clear white
centre, dwarf robust habit, large truss, and a first-rate variety for beds.
Blue Beard is really a blue Verbena — not a blue-purple, as we have
hitherto had. It makes a lovely bed, and is a good grower. Lady
Lacon, rose, with a large yellow centre, most compact erect habit, with
a well-formed truss, most valuable for bedding out. In the three
varieties above named, compactness of habit will be found, and we
regard this as a very desirable feature in bedding Verbenas. Of other
new ones, Commander-in-Chief, bright cerise with yellow eye; Em-
press of France, large pale rose ; Florence Nightingale, pink, large
yellow eye ; Rose of England, beautiful bright rosy pink, with large
yellow eye ; and Tyrian Prince, deep blue purple and a noble flower ;
will all be found valuable. There are still other new Verbenas that we
believe to be first-rate — such as Boule de Feu, bright orange scarlet,
lemon eye, and Violacea, an intense violet-coloured flower, in the way
of M. Paquin, but much better. Of Mrs. Woodroffe w^e can say but
little. A truss of this variety, as seen last year, was the most remark-
able we ever saw ; the colour deep scarlet, and each pip six- eighths of
an inch in diameter. It is evidently a seedling from Robinson's
Defiance, but with, we fear, a coarser habit. However, as it is sent
out at a very cheap rate, we should recommend purchasers to order it,
and give it a trial.

If there are any other new bedding plants possessing more than
ordinary merit, that are not included in our remarks, it is because they
have not come under our notice.

Of older varieties. Verbenas King of Scarlets and Purple King are
two valuable varieties ; Calceolaria Golden Cap, a dwarf, shrubby,
dull crimson, with a bright yellow cap, is very showy and attractive.
Golden Chain is also a good dwarf, shrubby yellow variety, growing
from the centre, as in Sulphurea splendens. Prince of Orange deserves
to be extensively cultivated. It is of very dwarf branching habit,
blooming very freely ; in colour dull orange, but makes a bright bed,
and stands the weather well. Wellington Hero is also one of the very
best yellows. In scarlet Geraniums with variegated foliage, Osborn's
Brilhant is a gem, a dense bloomer, and as scarlet as Tom Thumb,
with variegated foliage in the way of Mangles's Variegated. It is very
probably a splendid new variety, in the way of Flower of the Day, but
with much better foliage and rich scarlet flowers, will be sent out in the
autumn, if it proves what is anticipated. It is named Alma.

Phlox General Radetsky will no doubt make a beautiful bed, as it is
a free-growing striped variety of Drummondi, but much brighter, in
colour than Mayi ; it is a very beautiful variety. Lantana Cameroni,

MAY.

141

bright orange, and close stiff habit, is also a good bedding plant ; and
the Scarlet Ivy-leaf Geranium is also a very serviceable plant for
ba&kets, rockwork, or beds ; but to have it in perfection the plants should
be struck the previous summer. We purpose paying attention this
season to various novelties, and testing their adaptability to bedding
purposes, and shall report upon them at the close of the season.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. IX.
Bt a Gardener in the Country.

Although the roots of the Vine, when the top is in a dormant state,
v^^ill bear the ordinary winters of our climate without protection from
frost, yet too much wet weather during the same period is unfavourable
for them, more especially with newly planted Vines, at which time the
roots, like the wood and leaves, are thick, fleshy, and not so plentifully
furnished with fibrous roots as they will be hereafter ; consequently,
an excess of wet more easily affects them. In many instances which
have come under my notice, all the younger and more active portions
of the roots have become completely rotten, through new made borders
having been exposed to the rains of winter, which have the effect hke-
wise of reducing the temperature of the soil, and thus adding to the
evil ; for as the temperature of the border (or in fact any body of
earth exposed to atmospheric influences), will be materially affected by
its dryness, or the reverse, it follows, that to allow the rains and snows
of winter to penetrate it, would lower its heat, and assist in endangering
the healthy action of the roots in several ways. It is therefore good
policy to prevent any large quantity of rain from gaining admittance
to Vinery borders between November and Blarch ; for the rest of the
year no harm can happen to the Vines by the borders being fully ex-
posed— provided, in constructing them, the directions given in my pre-
vious papers have been carried out.

Various contrivances will suggest themselves to the mind of the
amateur for effecting this ; as parties living in different locahties may
be within reach of different materials, which will serve the purpose.
Thatching them with straw, stubble, or Fern, answers admirably, as
does a covering of dry leaves plastered over with rough mortar, to
throw off rain, and keep the leaves from blowing about ; or the mortar
may be spread on alone, first covering the surface of the border with
some short litter, or half rotten leaves, tan, &c. The object is easily
effected, and the preservation of the border from cold and wet by such
means is amply repaid the following season, by the uninterrupted pro-
gress which the Vines will make through having the spongioles of their
roots secured in a condition for supplying the wants of the Vine when
growth commences. This covering, whatever it may be, should be removed
towards the middle or end of March, by which time the sun begins to
have power sufficient to maintain the heat of the border, at a point
which will promote the natural root action as spring advances. In these

142 THE FLORIST.

operations avoid any unnecessary treading of the borders, which will
tend to make them solid. As the season advances a shght mulching
with half rotten dung may be applied ; but unless the season is very
dry and hot, water will not be required more than two or three times,
except to the border inside, as the outside border will scarcely be yet
filled with roots ; still, if the growth during summer is vigorous, such
may happen, in which case more water will be required ; that from a
iDond, or which has been exposed for a time to the air, so as to become
slightly tepid, should be preferred.

Some time in December or January cut the Vines down to about
three feet ; this will allow three or four eyes to be tied to the trellis.
By ]\Iarch the buds will be seen to swell, when those below the trelhs
should be rubbed off, leaving three or four of the uppermost eyes for
breaking ; of these take care of the highest one, which will form the main
rod, and one on each side should be left to form a spur to the right and
left, and these, as they advance, should be tied out at right angles to the
main stem. When they have made five or six joints stop them, unless
doubts exist as to whether the Vines are true to their kinds.

I should not recommend any fruit to be left on this season ; if, how-
ever, it is wished to prove them, a bunch may be left on one or both of
the side shoots (not on the leading one), and thus an opportunity will
be afforded of seeing if all is correct. Under the management of the
previous year they will be almost safe to produce fruit, if wanted for
trial.

As the object, this second season of the Vine's growth, will be to get
a strong shoot the entire length of the rafters, well furnished with large
healthy leaves, I do not advise any fire to be applied, except the weather
becomes dull and cold, towards the end of April or early in May; for
when once started into active growth, the checks produced by a sudden
decrease of temperature might stop the regular progress of the leading
shoot, and produce (which is sometimes the case) blindness. Such
assistance, however, will only be needed for a short time, when the
further assistance of fire heat must be reserved for ripening the wood
in the autumn, if this important process is not secured by the natural
heat of the season. It should be borne in mind that this ripening
process is more difficult to accomphsh when the Vines grow vigorously,
and when this is the case, and by the beginning of August the lower
part of the main shoot is not then changing to a brown colour, firing
should be at once commenced, applying it, however, only on wet and
dull days, and not by night, as my former directions point out.

As in former papers I have given the summer management of the
Vinery somewhat in detail, and at the same time have endeavoured to
account physiologically for the treatment advocated, I need not further
notice the subject, merely reminding my readers that as the Vines the
following or third season are intended to carry a crop their entire length,
when the leading shoot reaches the top of the house the end should be
turned sideways or downwards, and trained either horizontally or down
the back wall for a few feet ; this will preserve the eyes at the top from
pushing prematurely, as most likely they would if stopped immediately
they reached the top of the house. The management of the lateral

MAY. 143

shoots, &c., during the summer should be strictly in accordance with the
treatment detailed in my two last papers, which give likewise the
temperature to be observed and the necessary steps to be taken to secure
to the Vines all the benefits of a perfect ventilation.

My next papers will give the management of the Vines for the first
season they will produce a crop of fruit.

(To be continued.)

THE BEST CINERARIAS.

As our collection is now in full bloom, and while it is possible to de-
scribe them from plants in bloom, without trusting to memory, we
consider this a fitting time for remarking on not only the new varieties
of the season, but the best of the older sorts that should be grown in
select collections.

Of the new varieties, Optima (Bousie's) is certainly the most attrac-
tive, and, in a general point of view, the best — clear white, with medium
margin of intense blue, dark disc, fine form and substance, and good
habit. Lady Paxton is a fitting companion, being one of the most
attractive and best Cinerarias we have ; colour white, with broad deep
lilac purple margin, and dark disc, broad, stiff, well formed petal,
producing close, well arranged heads of bloom, equal to an Hydrangea
under the best culture. Sir Charles Napier is decidedly the best blue,
opening deep blue, and changing to bright blue as it ages ; petal, form,
and habit good. Mrs. Foster is a deeper coloured Cerito flower, good in
form and habit, but not a free grower, with good foliage. With us
this season. Lady Mary Labouchere is good, and of excellent habit —
white, with small margin of lavender blue, and moderately dark disc.
Admiral Dundas is one of the best formed flowers we have seen — white
with shaded blue purple margin, and from what we have seen of it, a
flower worthy of every collection. So also is Optima (Hopwood's)
not a new variety, stiU little known — white, with broad rosy crimson
margin, a good exhibition variety, and dissimilar to any other yet
out. Empress is white, with a broad margin of pale rose, light disc,
good form, but uncertain in colouring this season, having a tendency to
become mottled in colour, otherwise it would be a most desirable
variety. Prince of Prussia is a light blue, with a light disc, but de-
ficient in form and substance. Esther, if first-rate in form, would be
a charming variety ; for in habit it is more compact and even than
any variety we know. In colour it is clear white, with broad deep
crimson margin, and dark disc, dwarf and perfect habit, and beautiful
early, but it becomes starry as it ages. Notwithstanding this, it is a
general favourite. There are two or three other new sorts, but as yet
they have not bloomed with us.

Of older varieties the best are Picturata, white with broad even
margin of bright rosy purple, good shape and habit ; certainly one of
the handsomest Cinerarias in cultivation. Rosy Morn is a very
attractive flower in a collection — rosy carmine with a white ring round

144 THE FLORIST.

a grey disc, tolerable form, and very useful for exhibiting. Estelle is
a most serviceable flower — white, with very broad deep rosy lilac
margin, and dark disc, rather cupped, good form, but deficient in sub-
stance to be a first-class flower, still one of the best and most attractive.
]\Irs. Sidney Herbert, in its class, is unrivalled — white with delicate
rose margin and pretty habit. Lablache is a most useful blue, dwarf,
and of first-rate habit and moderate form, and the colour best described
as a medium blue. Amy Robsart is not yet surpassed in its colour,
which is rosy lilac with a dark disc. Lady Camoys is of dwarf habit,
white, with medium bright blue edging, and is a general favourite,
and possesses tolerable form.

Kate Kearney is no doubt the best white, and Prince Arthur the
best crimson. Marguerite d'Anjou is duller in colour than Prince
Arthur ; reflexed, and not so good. Teddington is a light purple with
white disc, good form, but reflexes slightly ; it is, however, of good habit
and of a pleasing colour. Formosa is a good variety for exhibition —
light violet purple with white disc ; of good form, and with a dwarf
compact habit. Asmodeus is a good dark blue, dwarf, and of good
form and habit. Advancer is white, with purplish blue margin, but
too starry. Scottish Chieftain, if first-rate in form, would be a great
acquisition ; in colour white, with deep violet margin, clear and well
defined, but the flower is somewhat starry. Lord Stamford is a very
attractive variety in a collection — white with medium margin of deep
blue, light disc, and close compact habit ; the flower is somewhat con-
fused and indented at the edge, but it is notwithstanding a very showy
variety. Loveliness is a rosy crimson with white ring round the disc ;
a very distinct and serviceable flower for exhibition purposes. Mrs.
Beecher Stowe is a very useful variety — white, with broad deep lilac
margin and dark disc ; good form, valuable for exhibition purposes,
and much better than Empress Eugenie, which is deeper in colour, but
by no means so good. Etoile de Vaise is a little inprovement on an
old variety named " Annie " — white, with dark plum purple; broad
margin. We greatly want improvement in this colour. Ringleader,
although old, is a very useful flower for exhibiting, and is of a pale
carmine colour. Octavia is the lightest azure blue we have, with light
disc and dwarf habit.

Of Seedlinj Varieties, the best we have seen is Emperor of
France, a very great improvement on Hopwood's Optima ; colour,
rosy crimson, with broad white ring round a dark disc ; great width and
depth of petal. This is a fine stout flower, of great excellence. Rose
of England is also a first-class flower ; colour, clear white, with medium
margin of rich rosy purple ; compact dark disc, fine form, and good
substance. This flower will be a standing variety. Magnum bonum
is of a rich purple crimson colour, with a small white ring round a
black disc; a large, bold, and attractive variety of first-rate habit.
Lord Cardigan is a very large striking flower that will be a great
favourite ; white, with a broad margin of violet purple ; small dark
disc. Florence Nightingale is a very promising flower, of good sub-
stance ; white, with medium margin of deep rosy lilac ; good petal
and dark disc. Duchess of Welhngton is evidently a first-class flower ;

MAY. 145

white, with a broad margin of lilac purple, and dark disc ; good sub-
stance, and of first-rate form. Lord Nelson is a lively purple self,
rather thin in substance, but with a close dark disc, and is certainly the
best of all the purples. Monarch is a shaded plum purple with
fiery centre ; good form and habit. Other seedlings will no doubt come
under our notice during the season, and shall be reported on.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.— No. IL

We give, this month, an example of the arrangement of a piece ot
ground in front of a gentleman's villa, in the neighbourhood of London,
having, beyond, an extended view of country, rather flat, but tolerably
well interspersed with groups of trees. Immediately before the house
a slight hollow existed, and, as it was decidedly a necessity that a piece
of geometrical gardening should be introduced near that side of the
house, the object was to consider the best means of managing it.

If the hollow had been filled up entirely, space enough would have
been gained for a more extensive pattern ; but the limits of the ground
governed the proportion of ornamentation of this kind which might be
introduced with propriety.

It should always be an important point with the landscape gardener
to arrange his adjuncts so that the existing elevation of the house be
preserved if sufficient, and aided if defective. The amount requisite
increases in proportion to the extent of terrace round or against the
house ; and it should be an object to give a sense of elevation from the
place itself and secure the same effect in the appearance of the build-
ing when it is viewed from the outside. After the architect has done
as much as is admissible in this way, and with this double object in view,
the landscape gardener may often increase the sense of elevation from
the house, by sinking a portion of the flat ground in front, and so forming
a panel in the ground, and at the same time, by thus depressing the
level upon which an ornamental pattern is to be laid out, he exposes it
the better to a bird's eye view, by which the beauty of the arrange-
ment is more easily and generally appreciated, both from the house and
the ground adjoining.

With so many good reasons for the introduction of such arrangements
generally, it became abundantly evident that it was the right thing to
do in the instance under consideration, especially as there were no
counter-reasons against doing so — such as do, however, sometimes occur
in the shape of water which cannot be drawn off, &c.

In this case, then, it was decided that advantage should be taken of
the existing hollow, by forming it into a regular figure, having its
centre in a right line with the centre window of an important portion
of the house, and in the arrangement of the pattern having the subor-
dinate centres, bearing a similar reference to other windows and walks.
In the accompanying design, which was specially arranged for the
requirements of the case, the turf spaces are uniformly three feet wide,
amply sufficient to separate masses of colour of the sizes shown in a case

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LIU. L

146 THE FLORIST.

of the kind where the plan comes decidedly under the eye, whatever
point it is observed from, it becomes, indeed, a necessity, in such
cases, that the masses of colour be not too far detached from each other, or
the unity of the arrangement is broken up and lost. At the same time
a compensatory amount of green is necessary, and this is supplied by the
broad margin, the slope, and the upper surrounding shrubbery and turf.

In designing gardens of this kind, especial attention must be given
to proportioning their dimensions to the position they occupy, with
regard to the surrounding objects and circumstances, their nearness to the
points from which they are most conspicuously seen, and the extent of
flat ground which it is desirable to preserve open rather than occupy
with extensive planting. Special consideration must also be given to
the angle of the slope or batter, and the depth of depression below the
general surface. It sometimes happens to be an object not to have steps
or other easy means of entrance at any particular point or points, and
in such cases the slope should be very gradual ; while, on the other
hand, where due provision of this kmd is made, it is sometimes
requisite that the slopes should be very steep, to harmonise with the
precipitous nature of the position, or from its nearness to a noble
mansion, or from its having some intervening link or links between
it and the more naturally arranged grounds. The nature of the soil
must also be considered or suited to the slope, as the angle which would
allow of good sward growing upon one kind of soil, on another would
produce nothing, or nearly so.

Perfect satisfaction in the arranging of anything of the kind depends
upon the careful consideration of every circumstance by which it is, or
may be, governed, and by allowing each to exercise its due influence on
the decision to be arrived at.

The entrance to gardens of this kind may be of three kinds, — stone
steps, gravel slopes, or easy turf inclines. Where a passage to any
other portion of the grounds is likely to be made to any extent through
a garden of this kind, one of the two former modes should be preferred,
but when the pattern itself is cut out of Grass, if stone steps are not
adopted Grass should be used as an eas^y incline. Turf steps are an
absurdity, an impossibility. Artistical embellishment should ever have
subservience to natural laws, and nothing can militate more against
this canon than the attempt to produce perpendicular faces of green
sward. I have seen the thing attempted a thousand times, but never
have met with a satisfactory and successful example, or one that did
or would continue so in appearance and repair six weeks after it was
made, if it were more than a thing to be used as well as seen. Where
gravel is used as a groundwork for the pattern, the descent into it should
generally be of the same, and in such cases the incline should be suf-
ficiently flat to ensure the stability of the walk against heavy rain.
The walk in such cases is margined with turf having the same
inclination, and the difference between the angle of the walk and the
angle of the embankment is occupied by a transverse sloping triangular
piece of turf, mitred in the corners where the two slopes join. When
turf is used, it may be managed in the same manner, or the base
of the projecting portion may be the segment of a circle, meeting the
foot of the general slope on its chord hne.

MAY.

147

r^V

<./V

•V^'

Section in Line A B

148 THE FLORIST.

I would draw special attention to the importance of all arrangements
of flower gardens having reference to the quantity of plants of the kinds
required which can be conveniently furnished from such sources as
exist, or as the proprietor is disposed to provide. It is always better to
have a small parterre really well filled than to have three times the
extent meagrely occupied. This is a matter on which the designer
should bring practical knowledge to bear, and point out beforehand, when
additions to the manufacturing department will be necessary to enable
the plan being well worked out ; for the judicious arrangement, the
sufficient planting, and the careful after tending, are as indispensable to
the beauty of a flower garden as is the suitableness of the design.

It is probable that the accompanyhig plan may be more accept-
able and useful if a few hints are given concerning the kinds of plants
which are calculated to make a good display. The list may be varied,
but in such variations the habits, heights, and duration of the plants
used should be considered, as weU as their colours.

1. Neutral Grey. Heliotrope, mixed with a variety of grey Verbena, as

Hamlet, Haidee, or Princess Madeline.

Escholtzia (sown in April), with centre of yellow Calceo-
laria.

Varieties of Verbena, as Emma, Andre.

Geranium, dwarf v?riety or dwarf plants, and planted
upon their sides round the edge of beds.

Variegated Alyssum, Lobelia ramosoides.

Variegated Alyssum, Agathea ccelestis.

2. Orange margin,

yellow centre.
8. Light Purple.

4. Scarlet.

5. White margin, deep

blue centre.

6. White margin, pale

blue centre,

7. Pink or Rose.

8. Brown.

9. Deep Purple

Varieties of Verbena, as Favourite, Marianne, Camille,

King.
Calceolaria, or Dwarf French Marigold.
Petunia, deepest colours.

William Davidson, Landscape Gardener.
37, Bloomsbury Street^ Bedford Square, London.

NEW PLANTS.

Some interesting novelties have been figured in Hooker's " Botanical
Magazine " for the present year. Among the most remarkable are
perhaps —

Dipladenia Harrisi, from Trinidad, where it was discovered by Mr. Pur-
die. Messrs. Veitch flowered this species for the first time in Europe
in September last. In beauty it is surpassed by none of its congeners,
whether we consider the size and beauty and fragrance of its flowers of
metallic lustre, or its habit. The flowers are of a glossy yellow, with
the tube tinged externally with red, and internally streaked about the
eye with the same colour. We need scarcely add, it is a stove plant.

Hoya lacunosa, found growing on trunks of trees, not only in Java
but in other islands of the Indian Archipelago, is a pretty little species
of this genus. It is not, however, so handsome as H. bella.

Escallonia pteracladon is reported to be a decidedly hardy shrub, four
or five feet in height, an abundant bloomer, and fi*agrant. It is a

MAY. 149

bushy plant, with foHage like a small-leaved Myrtle ; the flowers
resembling those of an Epacris, are white, tinged with red. It
flowered in the open border with Messrs. Veitch in July last.

Pentaraphia cubensis is a warm greenhouse Gesneraceous shrub
from Cuba. It has drooping red flowers, which are tolerably handsome.

^chmea mucroniflora appears to be a good addition to the class of
Pine-apple-like plants. It has red bracts and yellow flowers, and the
latter are succeeded by pretty blue berries, which last long in beauty.

Talinum polyandrum is a Portulaca-like plant, with starry brick-
red flowers, which are too thin of petals to please the florist. Never-
theless it may be a useful plant lor some purposes.

Billbergia Wetherelli is a handsome enough Bromeliaceous plant, which
deserves cultivation. It has a drooping spike of highly coloured bracts,
which are really ornamental.

To the above, which are all we have room for this month, we have a
few more new things to add, but those must stand over till our next.

TREATMENT OF THE CINERARIA.

This is a very interesting genus of showy greenhouse plants, growing
from six inches to two and a half feet high ; yet, common as they are,
few manage them well. We too often see tall drawn -up plants, instead
of dwarf bushes. Propagation is easily effected by dividing the young
offsets from the old plants, and potting into small sized pots ; but
cuttings are preferable, which should be put in about the end of June,
and placed in a cold frame ; or, select seed from the best varieties,
sow early in the spring, in wide-mouthed pots or pans, and place them
where they may receive a gentle bottom heat ; and when the seeds have
germinated, and the rough leaves are making their appearance, move
them carefully into small sized pots, also continue them in a gentle
heat, until the weather w^ill permit them to be removed to a frame.
Let their position be close to the glass — kept shaded and free from air
for a few days ; afl:er which apply a little air, gradually increasing it
until they become comparatively hardened. So that, after a short
period, air may be applied without engendering any disorder to the
plants. Water should be applied moderately — -just enough to keep
them moist. Never by any means allow them to become thoroughly
dry, as an insufficiency of water is the sole cause of that destructive
fungus called mildew, which gradually increases, consequently the
plants get into an unhealthy state, and become next to useless. Then
how important it is to be on the watch for this insidious foe ; for pre-
vention is better than cure, and it is much easier to expel the disease
on its first approach than when he has usurped his destructive reign.

Three things have come under my observation, as regards excluding
this encroaching frmgus. First, by admitting a fi*ee circulation of air,
which should be regularly attended to every day, and shut off" at
night. Secondly, as before stated, attending carefully to the w^atering.
Thirdly, by removing the dead foliage from them, which is also a
harbour for green-fly. By adopting the above treatment I have sue-

150 THE FLORIST.

cessfully kept this destructive parasite under. If green-fly appears,
with which they are very apt to be infested, fumigate with tobacco.
'I'hey should now require a shift into a larger sized pot, and let the fol-
lowing compost be used : turfy peat, fibry loam, leat-mould, decomposed
cow-dung, and drift-sand, equal parts of each, beaten roughly together,
mixing in a little silver sand. Prepare a six-inch sized pot, with a
good drainage, over which place a thm layer of turfy-peat, to prevent
the soil from intermixing with the sherds. Repot, and again place
them in the frame. Water moderately, and the admittance of a good
current of air will also have great influence on them. Let all possible
care be taken not to have the roots coiled and cramped by their coming
in contact with the side of the pot, which is generally the case afler
subsisting in the same pot too long. Then, as soon as the roots are
penetrating through the soil, let the plants be again repotted into a larger
sized pot, using the aforesaid admixture, and be replaced in the same
position as heretofore described, keeping them thoroughly clear from
aphides by occasionally fumigating. By this time they will have made
great progress, and become good sized plants, and those which will not
be likely to be overgro\\Ti by such a stimulant may have occasional
waterings with liquid manure. Cow-dung is the best manure to use
for this purpose, as a much brighter colour is effected. About
the end of October potting should be proceeded with, taking care to
pot them into the same soil as that described. A change of soil at this
period is highly prejudicial. Six or eight-inch pots should be devoted
to the largest plants ; and soil rougher than that formerly described.
Place them into a greenhouse, close to the glass ; thus they will be
prevented from being drawn up too weakly. They may be also grown
in a frame during the winter, if there is a flue or hot-water apparatus,
to prevent the frost from injuring them. Between this and the time of
flowering let all means be taken to insure a vigorous growth, care-
fully tying out, so that the plants may assume a neat and compact form.
About the end of February they will have expanded their bloom, then
the varieties of colour, long continuance in bloom, and the splendid
show which will be formed by them, in the greenhouse or conser-
vatory, at this period of the year, when there is little else in bloom,
will amply repay any person for the care which has been bestowed
upon them, and any person, by practising the above, may calculate on
success.

As soon as the bloom begins to decay, and the leaves are turning
yellow, less water must be applied. Remove them into a frame, or,
if not convenient, out of doors wall suit them. As the plants are of
an herbaceous habit, they require a period of rest.

G. G., Kew.

[We agree with our correspondent that few plants are worse
managed generally than the Cineraria. We prefer, however, growing
them entirely in a pit, with a command of heat, which should only be
used in case of frost, removing them to the conservatory, or green-
house, when in bloom. Tie the side shoots out, and give the plants plenty
of room. This, with cleanliness, will make them grow in any soil.]

MAY. 151

NOTES ON THE MONTH.
April, though the latter half of it has furnished us with a
number of sunny days, has been on the whole, cold, cheerless, and un-
genial. Northerly and easterly winds have prevailed, excepting from
the 9th to the I4th, when the wind was westerly, and the tem-
perature higher, but accompanied by boisterous winds and slight rain.
The remarkable dryness of the present spring, coupled with that of
the last summer and autumn, is causing much anxiety ; already are
springs very low, and a scarcity of water is anticipated, which in many
localities will affect garden, as well as farm produce. The dry parch-
ing winds ' f IMarch and April have caused much damage, not only to
the productions of the kitchen garden, but nurserymen have in many
places been large sufferers from frost and the cutting winds which have
succeeded it — Cypresses, Junipers, and a host of young nursery stock,
being either killed down or much injured ; nor have fruit tree stocks
fared much better, particularly those worked last autumn. Rose
stocks, too, are dead by thousands; these are drawbacks which cannot
be averted. To the forcing gardener, this season has been one of
difficulty, and it has needed good apparatuses to cope against so low a
temperature ; and what was worse, the want of sunshine, of which we
never remember so little. Early Grapes, we hear, are not generally
good in consequence, and the same may be stated of Strawberries,
while Pines have been late in showing fruit in most places. And the
production of such forced things as French Beans, Cucumbers, &c.,
has been troublesome, from the dryness of the air, engendered by the
strong fires necessarily used for keeping up the temperature. Late
crops of Grapes, however, may be all the better, from the dry healthy
state in which the borders are now in, owing to the dry weather ; and
so far, this has been favourable for them, as it has been to out-door
fruits, which, w^ith few exceptions, promise well for an abundant crop.
Kitchen garden vegetables will be late, most of the autumn plantings
being either dead or much injured ; and therefore some time must
elapse before their place can be occupied by spring-raised plants.

To the plant grower, the difficulty has been nearly the same ; it is
well known how impatient many of our choicest greenhouse plants — as
Heaths, New Holland plants, &c., are of fire heat, which nevertheless
could not be dispensed with, and we fear many fine things will have
been in consequence forced into bloom earlier than usual ; and some
exhibition plants may be over before the sho\vs come off. The con-
trivances, however, for retarding plants, by means of houses with north
aspects are now so general, that our fears may not be reahsed.

The coming exhibitions are now occupying much attention, for never
before were such prizes placed before the public ; and we expect the
competition, especially at the Crystal Palace fete, will be well con-
tested. But exhibitors must not forget their old friends at Chiswick,
and the Regent's Park, while admiring the liberality of the authorities
at Sydenham. Cr. F.

152 THE FLORIST.

A WORD FOR HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
In the midst of our great anxiety to procure new varieties of what are
termed bedding out plants, I should like to see more interest taken in
herbaceous or perennial plants for the flower garden ; for if the present
rage for grouping plants (as they are called) continues, I much fear my
favourites will go out of cultivation in the majority of gardens, for there
are yet a few good old-fashioned places where collections of herbaceous
plants are still grown. To my mind (which, however, may have in
the opinion of some of your readers an old-fashioned turn about it)
herbaceous plants are much too valuable adjuncts to a gay garden to be
neglected ; for, when well arranged and treated, they present a
continuous &how of gay flowers from very early spring till near
Christmas. My garden, though limited in extent, is scarcely ever
without plants in bloom, and from June onwards we manage to have it
certainly gay. In this neighbourhood I am nearly alone in growing
such things as Monkshood, Columbines, Lychnis, Larkspurs, Bell
Flowers, Bachelors' Buttons, Fraxinellas, Rockets, Foxgloves,
Michaelmas Daisies, and the like, which are now not ofl:en seen except
in the nooks and corners of the country, where in the gardens of some
old grange or parsonage house they may yet be found, remnants of what
in our forefathers' time were the choicest ornaments of the garden.
This should not be ; and as a lover of them I hope you will insert my
note in their favour in your useful work, in the hope it may help to
bring into notice flowers which are closely associated with our true
English garden scenery.

As before stated, I cultivate this class of plants in my garden
exclusively, not but that I admire Geraniums, Verbenas, Calceolarias,
and many other modern plants, but, having only a limited space, I much
prefer my favourite perennials, and have the satisfaction of knowing
my garden is duly admired by good judges. As I have some little
experience in their cultures, I will briefly state how we manage them.
My residence is near Wells, Somerset ; the soil a strong loam resting
on clay and marl, and we therefore dress the borders with the scrapings
and parings obtained from the road-sides. About the end of February
or early in March most strong growing kinds, as Phloxes, Asters,
Lythrums, Delphiniums, &c., are taken up, and if the patches are
become too large we divide them with the spade ; as the labels give
the height and colour of each, we re-arrange them. After having forked
the beds over deeply, half a spadeful of good rotten dung is placed in
the hole and worked in with the earth in which we replant the roots.

The bulbous plants are only taken up once in three years to remove
offsets, &c., and this is done in the summer when the leaves die off
Afi;er replanting the former roots, half a pot of water is poured over
them, to settle the earth ; we then leave the beds rough for two or three
weeks, and when the plants appear above ground the borders are neatly
raked over, and merely require cleaning a few times in the season.
By this plan, I find I get strong blooms, and my plants do not get too
spreading. I practise one thing worth noticing, which is, that, growing
many duplicate plants, I cut back some of each at two different stages

MAY. 153

of their growth, and by this means contrive to keep Larkspurs, Aconites,
Phloxes, and some other kinds, in bloom for a very long period ; the
flowers are scarcely so fine, but it is a pleasure to me to induce them
to bloom for three months, instead of only half that time. Pseonias,
and many kinds of bulbous plants, I grow principally on shrubberry
borders, and as these cannot be taken up very often, I have them
well supplied with liquid manure in the summer, by which assistance
I am rewarded by masses of flowers truly gorgeous, either my soil
or treatment suiting them remarkably. I may here notice that I do
not spare water in dry weather, for 1 find without it we should not keep
our plants in bloom through the hot months of July and August.
On the whole, 1 may say, that for variety of outline and colour, com-
bined with sweetness, and a long display of bloom, I can safely
challenge all my neighbours — while my expenses are within the means
of a village clergyman. I see you occasionally give lists of new plants,
and I wish you would inform us of anything new and showy among
herbaceous plants, more especially late-flowering varieties of Pentste-
mons, Lupinus, Gentians, Chelones, Asclepias, Campanulas, &c. Your
list of new Phloxes in a recent numlDer has added to my stock of that
very ornamental tribe, and I hope will be followed by others; which I
cannot but think will oblige many as well as a

" Country Rectos."

MEMORANDA FROM KEW.

Having during the three preceding months had to contend with one
of the most rigorous winters ever experienced in this country, it
may be of some interest, if only for comparison, to know how vege-
tation stands affected here up to the present crisis, April 16. The
general aspect of the majority of all hardy or out-door things may be
said to have nearly one uniform appearance — that is, excessively rusty ;
several things that have weathered the storm unhurt for many succes-
sive winters are this season cut down to the ground, if not completely
destroyed. Nothing in the herbaceous grounds yet wears a green aspect,
except the young growths now springing up ; against the walls are a
few evergreens unhurt, as Ilex caroliniana, Arbutus procera and
Andrachne ; the two latter in the open ground have lost all their leaves,
or are so nmch injured as not to recover ; almost everything else in t e
way of evergreens is to a greater or less extent injured, a fact which is
becoming more palpable every day. JMagnolia grandiflora, against the
walls, or as standards, has not a soHtary green leaf left, and in some
cases it is perfectly deciduous. A large specimen of Ceanothus thyrsi-
florus, with a stem six inches in diameter, has stood unhurt against an
east wall for many years, but is now dead ; C. azureus against a west
wall is killed to the stem, and C. dentatus against a south wall has all
its leaves browned, and the last growth killed; Ilex rotundata against
an east wall has most of its leaves killed, and Fabiana imbricata close
adjoining is very much injured. The Laurustinus, Phillyreas, Aucubas,
Mahonias, Arbutus, and common Bay have most of their leaves

154 THE FLORIST.

scorched, except what are much sheltered. Berberis Fortuni and
nepalensis are killed to the old wood, if not the former down to the
ground. The Chinese Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), and the evergreen
Beech (Fagus antarctica) have scarcely a leaf left upon them, and the
leaves on the evergreen Oaks all appear scalded, or are otherwise per-
fectly browned. A specimen of Taxodium sempervirens, 14 feet high,
has all the last year's growth killed, and is intensely browned. It may be
remarked that this specimen had not recovered the effects of the
preceding winter. Cupressus torulosa, specimens 10 to 12 feet high,
appear dead — if alive, they will require a long time to recover ; others
are only killed on the north side, while the south side is uninjured.
C. Knighti, plants three feet high, are dead. C. Goveniana, four feet
high, is browned all round and has all the last year's growth killed.
C. Uhdeana appears almost past recovery. C. funebris, eight feet high,
is very sickly and will require some time to recover. Cryptomeria
japonica, where much exposed, is a great deal browned and has its last
year's shoots killed. Libocedrus chilensis, dead.

Juniperus Bedfordiana, lycia, chinensis, excelsa, virginiana, and
torulosa, specimens varying from 8 to 14 feet high, are all killed on
the north side, while the south side is in no way injured; recurva, four
feet high, appears as if scalded ; and sempervirens, 25 feet high, is very
much browned all over. Among Pinuses, apulcensis, 10 feet high, is
dead, or its recovery very doubtful ; rudis, mitis, and Llaveana very
much browned ; insignis, very brown on the north side ; halepensis,
browned, and patula appears quite dead. The black tea (Thea bohea)
is leafless, although planted in a south aspect and had some protection;
the green tea (Thea viridis) close by, has escaped with only having its
leaves browned.

In the greenhouses many things are at present attractive ; none more
so than the Camellias, of which there is a good collection, and now
flowering in great perfection, likewise a magnificent specimen of
Rhododendron arboreum, ten or a dozen feet high, and literally covered
with flowers. R. Aitoni is one of the most beautiful of this tribe ; it
has a large well-formed truss of large light pink flowers, which become
lighter coloured with age, or as they are exposed to sunshine. A good
specimen of it, four feet high, is here flowering profusely, R. ciliatum,
in abundance, and R. barbatum, a distinct species with large bright
rose-coloured flowers. Fuchsia Dominiana is flowering here ; it is distinct,
with a robust habit, has flowers three inches long, large, and red
throughout. Another plant worth notice is Brachysema acuminata,
the best of the genus for cultivation ; it has a graceful habit, and will
easily form a compact specimen two or three feet high; it is a profuse
bloomer, and the flowers are of a dark carmine.

Among hothouse plants, the gayest are Francfsceas, which at this
season make a fine display, and Maranta sanguinea, which, if in a good
state of cultivation, is by far the most conspicuous of all herbaceous
things. A specimen five feet high and five feet in diameter has now
on about 30 heads of well expanded bright rose coloured flowers. The
large Amherstia nobilis is in full flower, many racemes are expanded
and others progressing ; likewise large specimens of Brownea coccinea,

MAY. 155

10 feet high, are flowering copiously. The handsome foliaged tree,
Rhopala corcovadensis, is coming into flower ; it has a spike a foot long of
rathar insignificant flowers ; it is well worth growing for the beauty of
its foliage. Gesneras, and Gloxinias are among the chief features at
present in flower, the latter are particularly fine. Many new kinds
have been received from the continent, &c., which far eclipse most of
the older sorts, combining large flowers 2 — 2| inches across, with
richness and delicacy of colouring. The following are a few of the
best: Eleanor, Eugenie, elegantissima, Maria Van Houtte, Sir C.
Napier, Victoria regia, Magnet, Presleyi, and rubra violacea.

J. HOULSTON.

SOMETHING ABOUT THE TREATMENT OF CREEPING

PLANTS.

The advice which I gave to a lady, a few days since, about some
creeping plants which she had purchased for the purpose of covering a
wall, may, perhaps, be of use to some reader of the Florist. Here is
the substance of it.

I should, however, premise that the fair horticulturist had pre-
viously complained of many failures — the plants had either died out-
right, or had merely vegetated for a season or two, and then departed.
Now this is a very general complaint — but let us suggest a remedy.

Suppose the time, March. A warm day invites you to a leisurely
stroll in your garden. You remark that there are several vacancies
for creeping plants on the wall, that you are desirous of having well
covered. You resolve to replant these vacancies, and the next time
you drive over to the neighbouring town, you will call at the nursery
and purchase plants for the purpose.

I will suppose you have done_ this. That the plants are at this
moment before you, in your own garden, and that they are hardy
kinds. Your first impulse will be to request your gardener to plant
them in the places they are to occupy. Do no such thing. JMost
probably they have been plunged in the open ground, or taken from
amongst dozens of others, where they have passed an uncomfortable
winter, under a wall or hedge. At all events they will be somewhat
rude in exterior, and doubtlessly pot-bound. First prune away all
dead and decaying branches. Then let each be turned out of its
pot and carefully examined about the roots. If they are in an un-
satisfactory state remove the greater part of the old soil, cut away
the dead roots, and repot the plant in as small a pot as will comfort-
ably accommodate it, using, of course, some new soil, of a kind suitable
for the particular plant. With those that are pot-bound use also
the knife pretty freely about the roots, and repot in new soil and
pots as can conveniently be employed.

All your plants having been revised and neatly tied up, remove
them to a frame, or a shady spot in your greenhouse, where they
can be kept close for a few days. If the soil is damp give no water

156 THE FLORIST.

for twenty-four hours, then supply them with sufficient to thoroughly
wet the ball.

As soon as you observe new growth, keep the plants less confined ;
gradually inuring them to air, light, and sun, as growth progresses.
\Vhen they are nicely rooted, repot them, giving a liberal shift, and
when in full growth, gradually harden them off to stand in the open
air. Now, the plants being in full growth, the places for them
prepared, and the frost over (for, although our plants are hardy, it
will be as well not to tempt it by exposing young and succulent
shoots to its influence) plant them where they are to remain — they
will well repay you.

It is of little use to plant out stagnated pot-bound plants. They
very rarely succeed. L.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Annuals. — Make use of a thinning of those Annuals that were
sown last month, for filling fi-ont spaces of the shrubberies and flower
borders. Prick out the finer sorts that are wanted in bedding;
aiTangements, and have all those that were raised in heat removed
into cooler quarters, reserving a few of the very finest varieties for pot
culture. Make successional sowings of Asters, Stocks, &c., &c., that
are required for beds as losses may occur.

Auriculas. — If not in a cool shady situation, they should be shaded
during the heat of the day, giving plenty of air at the same time.
These are now at the height of their beauty ; and chaste and beautiful
they are, if well grown. As soon as they are out of bloom place the
plan'^s on raised beds in a cool part of the garden ; placing them on a
good coat of ashes, to prevent worms from entering the pots. Protect
them fi'om heavy rains by pit-lights (which will be out of use at this
season) over them, leaving the sides open. Young seedlings should be
potted off and kept growing all the summer.

Carnations and Ficotees. — Towards the end of the month the stakes
for securing the blooms should be placed in the centre of each pot.
Aphides will be seen on the young foliage, and on the points of the
plants ; these must be destroyed, either by brushing them off, or by
fumigating. If the side shoots are throwing blooms, pinch them off to
the main shoot, as well as to produce more stock. They will now
require a considerable supply of water, if the weather continues dry.
If the surface becomes baked and hard, from repeated waterings, it should
be loosened.

Cinei'arias. — The^e, like the Auricula, are at their best. The
blooms have been above average quality this season, with a marked
improvement in " the varieties, which we shall particularise in our
next. The plants should be cut down as soon as out of bloom, if
seed is not requn ed, and placed in a cold frame, facing the north, to
produce cuttings for another season. Seed should be sown as soon as
ripe, and should be saved from the finest varieties, crossed as recom-
mended in previous numbers. Mildew and aphides inust be kept down.

MAY. 157

Cucumbers and iMelons. — The former will now be in full bearing,
and will require daily attention in stopping, training, and thinning out
barren vines ; water frequently with manure water, and occasionally
surface the beds with stimulating compost. The heat by night should
not decline below 70° — but may reach 85° by day ; shading will be
necessary in bright weather. Keep the bottom heat steady, and the
atmosphere about them damp. A sowing may now be made in a cold
I'rame, for ridging out towards the end of the month. IMelons will now
be fast advancing ; where these are grown by hot water pipes the
requisite heat, both bottom and top, can be maintained without much
trouble, but when grown in dung pits, considerable care will be re-
quired to keep up a steady bottom heat. This, however, mnst be
attended to, even till the fruit is ripe, for on it the whole success hinges ;
anything which gives a check to the root is intensely felt by the leaves,
and acts upon the fruit ; it is therefore indispensable to success, that
the bottom heat be kept steady, to preserve a uniform growth at the
root. Carefull}'- train the young vines, and stop them when grown,
three feet from the parent stem ; the laterals from these will show fruit,
which should be stopped, one or two joints above the young fruit. The
number of fruit to leave on a plant will depend on the room it occupies,
from three to seven may be stated as the limit ; when the fruit begins
to swell, thin out the crop to the desired number. One great point in
Melon culture is to keep the foliage healthy ; the leaves are very
dehcate, and easily injured either by rough handling or insects, and
both should be guarded against. If the loam in which they grow is
tolerably heavy, and a layer of tiles or other porous materials (not
slates) is laid on the surface of the bed, but little water will be
required ; the soil, however, should by no means be permitted to become
^ dry, but it will retain its moisture better w^ien covered, and the fruit is
kept free from dirt and damp. Sow for succession al crops ; temperature
as for Cucumbers, but with a drier atmosphere.

Dahlias. — Repot into four-inch pots, w^ithout loss of time, using
good free soil. (See paper in another part of our present number.)
Seedlings should have plenty of room to grow this month, that they
may become well hardened before they are planted out. The prin-
cipal thing to avoid is their receiving a check, when first planted in
their blooming quarters.

Flower Garden and Shrubberry. — Spring planting of evergreens will
this year be a ticklish job. If it must be done, better wait for rain, even
to the middle of May, than attempt it under present conditions. Autumn
planted trees, &c., must be well mulched and watered. Now will be
a busy time with planting out the beds and borders of the flower gar-
den. The late dry weather has been favourable for getting them
properly prepared for planting, by additions of suitable composts ;
unless tliere is urgent necessity for planting, defer it till rain falls ; or
if compelled to plant, let them be well protected by evergreen branches
stuck in amongst them to shelter them, unless you can hoop them over
and mat them. In the meantime, well harden oft' the stock, that the
check of transplanting may not be so severely felt afterwards. Look
over the beds and borders of herbacious plants, and fill up vacancies

158 THE FLORIST.

by sowing and pricking in annuals, adjusting their height to suit the
plants around them. Beds of German Stocks, and the fine French
Asters, which for brilHancy of colour are unequalled, should be pricked
out into frames or shallow pots, for final transplanting towards the end
of the month.

Fruit Forcing. — The last fortnight has been more sunny and favour-
able for early colouring Grapes, at which stage, air in more liberal quan-
tities may be given ; in the earlier stages of forcing, while the Vine leaves
are tender, do not permit cold chilling currents of air to act directly on
either the leaves or young fruit ; considerable attention in managing
the admission of air, to prevent this, is necessary. Bring on the suc-
cession Vineries as wanted, aiming at a night temperature of 65^,
while the Vines are in bloom, for such hardy kinds as Hamburghs, &c. ;
5° higher or thereabouts for Muscats. These latter require a high and
dry temperature, to set their fruit, so as to form compact bunches.
After the Vines are out of bloom, the house may be kept damper by
frequently wetting the floors, walls, &c. The same treatment should
likewise be enforced with Vines breaking, and up to their period of
blooming ; we do not ourselves syringe much after the buds progress
into leaf, but keep the internal atmosphere damp by the above means.
Late Grapes will now be breaking, and the usual routine of disbudding,
training, and stopping the shoots, must be attended to. Thin the
bunches of all Grapes, as soon as the berries can be clearly distinguished,
leaving those which have the shortest foot-stalks, as they usually pro-
duce the largest berries. The protecting materials of borders, if not
removed before this, should at once be cleared off, forking the borders
slightly over afterwards.

Fruit, Hardy. — Nailing, &c., will be all done. This season the
bloom of Peaches and Apricots has opened so late that we have
dispensed with protecting them ; the winds are certainly cold, but so
dry that at present we see no injury likely to arise from leaving the
blooms to their fate. Peaches we never saw in finer bloom, nor yet
some kinds of Apricots. Pears are variable ; a vast number of trees
were last autumn attacked with the sooty blight, which caused the
premature loss of their leaves ; some kinds made a feeble growth late,
but generally speaking the blight injured the chances of a crop this
season ; where such w^as not the case they promise well. We have,
however, no trees yet in bloom (the 21st), so the chances are greatly in
their favour. Apples promise an abundant show of bloom, and as we
had only a very shght crop last season, we in all likelihoods shall have
a large one this. The disbudding of wall trees must be proceeded with
as the buds advance ; this should not be done all at once, but a few
only taken off at one time ; reserve sufficient to fill up the wants of
the trees, and in suitable places. Pay particular attention to keep down
the aphis, which may be expected to appear with the young leaves.
Tobacco water, mixed with sulphur, and laid on the wall between the
shoots, is a good preventive ; timely washing with weak tobacco w^ater
is the best remedy. Water newly planted trees.

Hollyhocks. — Finish planting seedlings, also plant out named

MAY. 159

varieties for succession bloom. The first planting will require a
liberal supply of water.

Kitchen Garden. — We never remember this looking so desolate as it
does this year : Broccoli, Cabbages, Spinach, and many other vegetables,
are nearly all dead. One remarkable circumstance connected with this
is, that autumn -sown Cabbages in this neighbourhood are all running to
seed, and the Cauliflowers buttoning. What can be the cause? Spring
raised Cauliflowers, &c., should be got out into warm rich borders as
soon as they are sufficiently hardened off; Cabbages the same. Keep
the ground well hoed between advancing crops, to loosen the soil, and
keep down weeds. Successional sowings of Peas, Beans, French do.,
Spinach, Lettuce, Radishes, &c., should be made ; let the ground for
these crops be deeply trenched and well pulverised, that they may find
ample pasture for their roots during the dry season coming on. Water
liberally such vegetables as Cauliflowers, Asparagus, Lettuces, &c., to
cause them to grow quickly, on which their good properties depend.
Stick Peas and Scarlet-runner Beans. Onions, Carrots, Parsnips, Beets,
Parsley, &c., should be thinned out when sufficiently advanced for the
purpose. Hoe between the rows of Potatoes, and earth them up a
week or ten days afterwards. Divide and transplant herbs in showery
weather, and sow Sweet INIarjoram and Basil on warm borders.
Tomatoes and Chilies should be planted at the foot of south walls, first
hardening them off ; the former should be trained to the wall as they
grow. Clip edgings of Box and Thrift. Keep every department in
tidy order.

Pansies. — This is another flower that will be in its beauty this
month. Water freely, and shade temporarily, only during the heat
of the day. To prolong the bloom, cut the old flow^ers off as they
fade. The size of the bloom will be increased and kept up by keeping
the young shoots cut out of the plants. Seedlings will not only
be in full flower this month, but will bloom in good character, and
should be carefiilly examined, marking such varieties as appear to
possess good qualities, as well as being dissimilar to existing kinds.
These must be grown another year before they can be depended on.

Peaches. — After the fruit have stoned, the trees should be gone over,
and if too many fruit yet remain, thin them to the number the trees
are capable of swelling off; tie in the young wood, and syringe each
morning and in the afternoon of sunny days. The night temperature
may be 60°, with a rise of 15° or even 20° by day ; air must be very
liberally given in bright weather, closing the house tolerably early for
the advantage of sun heat, to save firing. Thin out the crops of later
houses, and treat as before.

Pelargoniums — Shading, watering, and keeping the bees from the
flowers is the principal work this month. Aphides, there should be
none to kill. The plants should have two good smokings as they are
about to open their flowers, as they cannot be fumigated after without
injuring the bloom. The shading should only be kept on during the
bright part of the day, as it weakens the late flowers so much.
Seedlings will not generally be in bloom until June, which is the
Pelargonium month, notwithstanding the May flowers are exceed-
ingly bright, and perhaps more pleasing than at any other time.

IGO THE FLORIST.

Pines. — As the fruits go out of bloom apply the syringe, and keep
the internal air of the pit damper. Shading in very bright weather will
be required, to preserve a more genial growing heat. The bottom heat
must be kept steadily ; 85° to 90° is ample, night temperature 68°,
rising by day to 85°, and closing at 90° on sunny afternoons. Water
hberally now fruiters as well as successions, as the roots are getting into
active growth. Successions will require larger pots towards the middle
of the month ; pot them in fibrous turf alone, and supply the rest by
liquid manure. The temperature noted for fruiters will now apply to
younger plants, if near the glass. Syringe daily, or take other means to
keep the air moist ; evaporation is excessive this weather, and should
be counteracted by artificial means. Syringing, the steam of dung
linings, or evaporating troughs to the apparatus, must be brought to bear
on this point.

Pinks. — Thinning out the side shoots, and disbudding those re-
maining, will be the principal work this month. The number to be
left will depend upon the strength of the plants, and the known
properties of the flower — some being what is termed thin, others too
double, with the various intermediate grades. Keep them moist if
the weather is dry. Use liquid manure when the buds are swelling,

Roses. — From the backward state of most recently removed plants
the buds of many are still dormant ; and where so, pruning should
be delayed until the cut can safely be made to a strong outer bud.
A good watering with liquid manure and mulching the surface after-
wards will be beneficial. In warm situations the Rose maggots will
be making their appearance — strive to make their exit prompt on
their entrance. Roses in pots will require close attention ; many will
now be in their freshness and beauty, delighting all with their
fragrance, as well as with their delicate tints of colour. Syringe
every morning until the blooms expand ; liquid manure " as before."
Roses out of doors are very late this season; but we hope for a
better bloom than 1854 produced. Many of the tender kinds, such
as the Teas and Bourbons, have suffered very much this quarter.

Strawberries, Early, have not been very first-rate this season with
us, owing to the cold weather we experienced while the plants were in
bloom. Do not allow plants swelling their fruit to get dry ; manure
water should be occasionally given to assist them. Strawberries in
bloom require a dryish heat and plenty of air, see therefore this is the
case ; and the same treatment is requisite after the fruit changes
colour. A portion of the earhest forced plants, after a temporary rest,
may be planted on a sunny border, where they will produce fine crops
in the autumn. Black Prince, and Prince of Wales, are the best for
this purpose.

Tulips. — These are later than in 1854, but will be well in bloom
by the 22nd, the day fixed for the Great National Show at Cam-
bridge. A good bloom is more than probable, they not having re-
ceived a check since they were above ground. Last year they were
through the ground early, but suffered from fi-ost during April.
Shading is all that will now have to be done to protect the bloom.

JUNE. 161

CHINESE AZALEAS.

(Plate 101.)
The Chinese Azalea is most certainly at the head of ornamental
plants ; nothing can be grander than the huge bushes we each
year see at the London exhibitions, with the foliage completely
hid by their gorgeous flowers, varying in tint from carmine and
crimson to the purest white. Nor is it for exhibition purposes alone
in which the principal merits of the Chinese Azalea consist. To
the amateur and country gardener, who, if not growing plants for
exhibition, has got to keep his greenhouse or conservatory gay
with flowers through the winter and spring, nothing so completely
answers his purpose as the Azalea. A slight amount of forcing
(which it bears easily) brings it into bloom early ; and by a little
management, forcing and retarding, this useful plant may be had
in flower from January to the end of June. This will convey no
mean idea of its value as a decorative plant for the conservatory,
or for filling boxes, baskets, &c., in halls, drawing-rooms, &c. It
is, besides, a plant easy to grow (when its cultivation is once
understood), can be purchased for a small sum, and may be
wintered even in a cold pit, with the protection of a mat over them
in frosty weather ; in fact, a few degrees of frost will not injure
them materially, when they are in a dormant state, but this may
as well be avoided, if possible. Our readers may think that we
have now said enough in favour of the Azalea; and so, no
doubt, we have for those who know its good properties, but we
cannot help thinking that many find some difficulty in growing it,
for it is a plant we do not often see in the greenhouses or pits of
amateurs, and when we do they are mostly loose, straggling
things, deficient in bloom, and generally covered with insects ;
and as we have the opportunity of presenting our readers, this
month, with two new seedling varieties, perhaps a few hints on
their general management will not be out of place, as an accom-
paniment to the plate.

The class we are here describing are popularly called Chinese
Azaleas (to distinguish them from the American and Levant
sections, which are hardy), but very many kinds have been
originated by English and continental gardeners, by hybridisa-
tion. The first species which reached us from China was A.
indica and its varieties, including i. alba (the old white) and
phoenicea ; and subsequently we obtained varicgata, lateritia,
sinensis, doulde red, &c. ; from these and the indica section all
our best modern varieties have leen raised, by repeated crossings.
But notwithstanding the great improvement, in size of bloom,
form, and colour, which many of the seedlings sent out, both by
English and continental gardeners, possess, it will be some time

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LIV. M

162

THE FLORIST.

before such sterling varieties as variegata, lateritia, and Gled-
stanesi, can be dispensed with.

In regard to soil for growing the Chinese Azalea, a good rather
heavy peat is preferable ; that in which Heaths are usually grown
will be found too light, and if none of a heavier nature can be
procured, a fourth part of fibrous turfy loam should be added,
with a portion of sharp sand. Some growers (with large speci-
mens) use a small proportion of very rotten cowdung. We are,
however, every year becoming more averse to potting plants in
composts in which manure in any shape forms a part, our expe-
rience showing us that liquid manure, applied during active growth,
is a better mode of applying the necessary stimulants to plants,
than by enriching the compost, which is often done at the
expense of other advantages, as the drainage properties of the
soil, freedom from worms, &c.

Let us suppose that a batch of Azaleas is just bought in, for
commencing a stock with ; that they are small bushy plants, in 48-
sized pots, and that the season is March or April. Pick off any
buds which may be on them, the object for the present being to
get them into nice little specimens, for future display, rather than
to encourage blooming for the first year or two. Any straggling
growths should be either tied in or cut back, and the plant, even
at this early stage, should be got into something like the shape it
will be desirable the plants should assume hereafter. One of the
most pleasing modes of training for the Azalea is that of a pyra-
mid, of which we gave a woodcut at page 101 of last year's
Florist. Some of the stronger kinds make very nice standards,
and well managed, with stems from one to two, or even three feet
in height, and symmetrical heads, are very effective. If the
ordinary bush-like form is adopted, care should be taken to get the
lower branches well tied over the pot, and loose straggling growth
should be kept in by frequently pinching back strong shoots as
they make their appearance.

Before, however, anything is done by way of shifting them,
the plants should be examined, to see if their enemy, the thrips,
has attacked them ; for if such is the case, they should be well
cleaned before being potted or encouraged to grow. Mix some
tobacco-water (one quart to a gallon) with soapsuds, add a wine-
glassful of spirits of turpentine, and warm the mixture up to
about 90°; this should be put into a vessel large enough to hold
the plant, into which the head should be inserted, holding the pot
in your hands ; when the whole have been dipped place them in a
frame or pit by themselves for a few days, when the same opera-
tion may be repeated, which will completely destroy these pests ;
and a little after attention, during growth, by an occasional
syringing with diluted tobacco-water, will keep them clean. This
first shift should not be a large one, unless the plants are very

JUNE. 163

healthy ; use plenty of drainage, and the compost above recom-
mended, taking care to keep the rougher materials at the bottom of
the pot, and finishing with the finer portions. While the plants
continue small, a close pit or deep frame is the best place to grow
them, placing them near the glass. Keep the atmosphere damp
about them, and svrino:e them over-head in the afternoon of bright
days. The plants will soon commence growing, when more air
may be given, closing the pit, however, early, for they will stand a
high temperature at this stage. Water in larger quantities should
be given as the temperature of the season advances. If all has
gone on well, by June the pots will be full of roots, and the tops
will have made good progress. If not prevented, the plants
would now stop growing, and begin the formation of bloom buds ;
but as the object for the present (as noticed above) is to get good
sized plants before allowing them to flower, each shoot must be
pinched back ; this will induce a second crop of young wood ;
and as soon as they again show their new growth will be the time
to give them a second shift. As we prefer often shifting to a one-
shift course, the increased size of the pot must not be great — from
half an inch to an inch clear space round the old ball wdll be
ample. After repotting keep them close for a few days, and when
the young shoots begin to lengthen, allow air in larger quantities,
closing early, as before, damping the plants over-head at the same
time. By JSeptember they will have grown into nice plants ; and
as training will have followed the treatment as a matter of course,
you may expect shapeable plants as well. Now w411 be the time
to take off" the sashes altogether each fine day, putting them on
by night, but tilting them up for the admission of air. The
plants will now gradually get into a state of rest, and may be
wintered in a common greenhouse, as before noticed. The supply
of water will be considerably less as growth ceases.

The following season's treatment should be exactly the same
as that just described, if large plants are wanted, viz., a second
stopping in June, and a shift when the plant has started into
second growth. By the end of the second season very fine speci-
mens will be the result.

Our readers will notice, that a close moist heat, plenty of light,
with a considerable rise of temperature above that of an ordinary
greenhouse, and a gradual exposure to more air as the season
advances, are requisites for getting up good healthy plants of
Azaleas. After the plants are got into good blooming specimens,
this double stopping must of course be dispensed with ; but
directly the blooming is over the plants should be placed in a
close house, and frequently syringed, to induce a free growth,
after which more air, &c , may be given, to ripen the w^ood ; but
to insure a uniform bloom great attention must be paid to
stopping, for in this lies the whole secret. When a few shoots

M 2

164 THE FLORIST.

are stopped at one time, and a few at another, you may be sure
your bloom the following season will come out in the same
succession ; to avoid this, the stopping must all be done at the same
time, and very strong or very weak shoots cut away entirely,
leaving the wood of a uniform degree of strength ; this will ensure
the young wood growing and ripening at the same time, and the buds
will therefore be in an equal state of forwardness, and consequently
will open at one time ; on this depends those fine shows of bloom
which elicit so much admiration at the exhibitions, and in other
plants besides Azaleas — for instance, Pelargoniums as well.

At page 137 of the Florist for 1852 we gave an illustration
of two seedling varieties raised by the Messrs. Ivery, of Dorking,
and at the same time an epitome of culture was given, which may
appear to some to render our present paper unnecessary ; but
Azaleas are yearly becoming such popular plants, that we have
ventured again on their cultivation. It is highly satisfactory to know
that the varieties then figured (Admiration and Criterion), still
hold their high character ; and splendid specimens of them will
soon be brought to the exhibitions. (Jne of the seedlings raised
by these gentlemen (Iveryana) was, as we have elsewhere stated,
the admiration of all who witnessed the Horticultural Society's
last exhibition. The plant in question was shown by Mr. Green.

One of the varieties we now figure — Beauty of Dropmore — has
been raised by our old friend Mr. Frost, of Dropmore, who has
previously raised many fine varieties, of which Grenvillese, Frosti,
and Glory of Sunning Hill are well known. He likewise has a
seedling besides the one figured — Alba magnifica — which in our
opinion is the best white out, and which w^e should have figured,
but white flowers never look well on paper. The other is a seed-
ling of the Messrs. Rollissons.

THE SHOWER.

Of the many delights experienced in the pursuit of gardening no mean
pleasure arises from contemplating the gradual development of the objects
cultivated. We sow the seed, and watch with interest the springing
germ ; we adopt the young and tender plant, nurture it during hard-
ships, trials, and difficulties, and hail with delight the unfolding of new
leaves and blossoms as it rises to maturity. But beyond the direct
pleasures and influences of gardening it is no small gratification to
consider that it brings one continually in contact with the beautiful and
sublime in nature, and engenders habits of observation and reflection
which enable the mind to understand and enjoy them.

How rich and varying is the aspect of Nature ! Who can do other-
wise than rejoice amid the new-born glories of spring ! What fulness
and strength are exhibited in the manhood of summer ; what beauty

JUNE, 165

and variety in the mellowed landscapes of autumn! /^nd even winter
is not without its beauties and attractions ; there is much to interest in
tracing the ramifications of the leafless trees, or in watching the silent
spread of frost and snow, a^ it covers them with a mantle of matchless
purity. If we turn from the seasons to the different times of day, fresh
sources of contemplation and enjoyment await us ; the leaves and
blossoms gemmed with dew-drops in the early morn, and the rich glow
of expanded flowers in the twilight at eventide are equally interesting.
Then there are new beauties awakened in nature by the appearance of
those phenomena known as mists, clouds, and storms. Perhaps there
is no time at which a garden offers so much that is exhilarating and
dehghtful as immediately afl;er long-deferred rain. The recent dry
spring has placed us in a position to receive with more than usual
gratitude the boon newly conferred. The long prevalence of dry
easterly winds, attended by sunny days and frosty nights, had been
little favourable to the progress of vegetation. With what joy, then,
did we inhale the first breathings of the soft westerly wind, and with
what avidity did the thirsty earth drink in the falling shower ! The
denizens of the garden seemed suddenly to awaken with new life and
beauty, leaves brightening, flowers unfolding, as the warm rain moistened
their parched surfaces.

The recent shower forcibly called to my mind a scene once witnessed
in the forest of that kingly residence, Fontainbleau. The day was
serene and cloudless, and after spending the forenoon in the park and
gardens, we sought the forest, that we might hold converse awhile with
Nature beneath the agreeable influences of its leafy shades. The last
place visited, though not the least interesting, was the Hermitage, where
some convulsion of remote ages has cast on the surface huge blocks of
sandstone, sometimes bare, and sometimes clothed with heather. The
extensive and beautiful prospect afforded here induced me to linger till
the sun was low in the horizon, and while closely engaged in the
pursuit of a beautiful green lizard I was startled by the rumbling of
distant thunder, and saw signs portending a coming storm. The
heavens grew blacker by degrees, while the peals of thunder reverberated
among the distant hills ; I was six miles from shelter, and therefore
judged it prudent to retire, and drove some distance through the forest,
the tempest scowHng over my head, and the declining sun at my back.
As the sun cast a lurid purplish flame on the tufts of trees occasionally
met with in the glades and openings through which I passed, the
contrast of light and shade was intensely beautiful, and the whole
scene impressively grand and sublime. It was striking to behold how
greatly the aspect of the forest was changed in the short space of an
hour or two. Silence reigned supreme ; the axe of the woodman, the
hum of insects, and the songs of the feathered tribe were alike hushed.
l^ome flowers which were seen in the morning holding their faces up to
tlie sun, as it fell through the trees above, were now folded up, whilst the
forest cattle before scattered were gathered together in motionless groups
or hid from view amid the dense tufts of trees. Soon " the big rain
came dancing to the earth," and it was indeed a shower fraught with
fragrance and fruitfulness.

166 THE FLORIST.

The first sign of the breaking up of the storm was a small spot of
blue sky shown by the bursting of a cloud. From this point the floating
vapour which had just before overspread the whole heavens gradually
dispersed, opening a view into the immensity beyond. It was most
interesting to watch the fantastic shapes the clouds assumed, as,
unchanging, they coursed along the sky in taking their departure,
sometimes black, at others thick and murky, and anon of a fleecy
lightness, their upper edges fringed with gold.

But the warring of the elements ceased, the sky was again cloudless,
the fragrant earth, refreshed by the shower, presented to the sight
trees, herbs, and flowers bespangled with liquid diamonds ; the sound of
the axe again rose upon the ear, the feathered inhabitants of the forest,
issuing from their leafy tenements, sat motionless on the outer boughs
warbling in subdued accents their evening song.

Kryptos.

ALLAMANDA NERIIFOLIA.

Although inferior to A. grandiflora, A. Schotti, and other varieties of
the genus, both in the size and colour of the flowers, this has the
advantage of coming into bloom much earlier than any of the other
varieties, and flowers very freely in a small state ; and when seen in
the form of a really well managed specimen, is perhaps more generally
admired than any of the Allamandas in cultivation, except grandiflora.
Its dwarf compact habit also renders it very suitable for persons of
limited means for plant culture, and when managed so as to have it in
flower at the proper time, it forms a first-rate subject for exhibition
purposes ; but it must be admitted that it is nearly worthless for
decoration, for although it will bloom for months in succession, it cannot,
by the best management, be kept long in perfection, and the flowers
soon become too few and small for the mass of foliage to allow of its
being effective ; but it is easily kept in first-rate condition for several
weeks, and may be cut back after the first flush of beauty is over, and
had in good condition again in the autumn, and I have by this means
frequently shown the same plant twice the same season, — in May and
again in September.

This Allamanda is easily propagated by means of cuttings of the
short jointed young shoots, which, if selected in a rather firm state,
afforded a moderate bottom heat, and otherwise treated with ordinary
care, soon emit roots. The cuttings should be got in early in summer,
however, so as to allow of having the plants strong and well established
before winter, and they should also be potted singly as soon as they are
sufficiently rooted, placing them in a warm moist situation until they
get fairly established in their pots. When the young plants get into
free growth after potting place them near the glass where they wfll have
plenty of light, but shade slightly in the forenoons of bright days, to
prevent scorching, and encourage free growth. In forming a specimen
of this plant timely attention towards getting it well furnished at the
bottom is of consequence, for it should be grown in the form of a low

JUNE. 167

bush, exactly like a PImelea or any other hard -wooded plant, and young
plants should be stopped, cutting back to the last promising point above
the soil. There will be little gained, however, by stopping too soon, as,
unless the eyes are prominent and the roots in a vigorous state, but few
shoots will be produced ; therefore stopping should be deferred until the
plant is well established in a 5 -inch pot. Keep the plant growing as
ireely as possible during the season, repotting as may be necessary to
afford the roots sufficient space, stopping a second time if there is a fair
prospect of securing an increased number of shoots, and getting these
moderately ripened before winter. It should be borne in mind,
however, that unless the shoots are strong and well ripened they will
break but poorly in spring. The plants may be wintered in the cool end
of the stove, keeping them near the glass, and giving no more water to
the soil than will suffice to keep the foliage from flagging ; or they may
be placed in any light situation where a temperature of about 55° is
maintained. It ^vill doubtless be necessary to grow the plants a second
season before getting them sufficiently large to be worth notice as
flowering specimens ; for unless a plant has some 20 to 30 strong well
placed shoots it will hardly be possible to make anything like a first-
rate specimen of it the following spring. Supposing, however, that the
plant is in this state, which -with ordinary care will easily be the case
after a second season's growth, about the middle of February cut the
shoots back to the lowest promising eyes, and reduce the ball, shaking
away as much of the soil as can be done without seriously injuring the
stronger roots, and after slightly pruning the roots repot in the pot in
which the plant is to bloom. As to the size of the pot, this must be
regulated by the size of the specimen, &c. ; a 15-inch pot will be large
enough for the growth of a fine specimen, and there will be more
certainty of getting the plant to bloom fi-eely by keeping the roots rather
confined. After potting, plunge in a mild bottom heat of about 85°
where the night temperature of 65° or 70° is maintained, letting it rise
to 80° or 85° with sun heat. Keep the atmosphere moist, and
sprinkle the plant lightly with the syringe every fine afternoon, but
give water to the soil until the buds begin to push ; and if care is observed
to have the soil for potting in a moist healthy state, no water will be
necessary until the buds fairly start, and then only a moderate supply
should be given, for too much would probably induce a gross habit of
growth ; therefore, until the shoots are fairly set for bloom, give water
only when it is absolutely wanted, and then give a good soaking, so as
to moisten the whole of the soil. When the buds have fairly started,
and the roots appear to have got hold of the fresh soil, the plant should
be lifted out of bottom heat and placed in a rather airy part of the
house, in order to prevent over luxuriant growth. As soon as the shoots
are fairly set for flowering, and with proper management they will show
flower before making much growth, then a rather free supply of water
may be given, and in the case of large specimens which may be rather
short of pot room, give plenty of manure water. Syringing over-head
should, of course, be discontinued when the blossoms begin to expand,
but a thoroughly moist state of the atmosphere must be maintained if
large flowers are desired, and it is doubtless the neglect of this which is

168 THE FLORIST.

the principal cause of the miserably small flowers which are often seen
upon this plant.

While in bloom the plant may be removed to a somewhat cooler
situation, ])rovided the proper degree of moisture can be maintained in
the atmosphere, which will tend to prolong its beauty. As already
stated, the specimen will continue growing and flowering the whole
season, but it can seldom be had in first-rate condition after the first
head of flower is over, and unless better things are scarce, or it can be
cut back and grown a second time, it need not receive any very
particular care through the summer, merely aftbrding it a situation in
a rather warm house, and a moderate supply of water. By annually
cutting back and disrooting, a specimen will last any length of time,
and will soon form an immense bush, producing a grand effect when
in full beauty.

The best soil for this plant is good strong fibry peat with a small
proportion of turfy loam ; the peat and loam should be carefully broken
up and intermixed with a liberal proportion of clear sand to ensure the
soil taking water equally ; and in potting, the soil should be made
moderately firm, so as to prevent the water escaping without first
moistening the ball.

Wm. Cole.

THE GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION.

We again beg to direct attention to this institution, which has peculiar
claims on gardeners, and so eminently deserves the attention of all
interested in gardening matters. The Society was instituted in 1838,
for the relief of aged and indigent gardeners and their widows, but it
was not until 1841 that the institution became practically useful, through
the medium of pensions. Since then the Society has paid upwards of
5000/. to aged and indigent gardeners and their widows. The number
of pensioners now on the funds is 29, and three more are to be elected
at midsummer ; but since the formation of the Society, 74 pensioners
have enjoyed its benefits, and these persons have lived to the average age
of 80 years. The institution is dependent entirely on subscriptions and
donations, in addition to possessing 3400/. in funded property.

Another great source of income to the Society is the annual dinner,
appointed to take place at the London Tavern, Bishopsgate Street, on
Monday, June 11th, when Sir Samuel Morton Peto, Bart,, has consented
to preside, and wiU be supported by a large number of stewards, in the
list of whom are the well-known names of Dr. Royle, T. Grissell, Esq.,
J. J. Mechi, Esq., and many other gentlemen. These annual dinners
of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution promise to rank above
the ordinary dinners connected ^vith charitable institutions ; men holding
the highest position in the world of literature have honoured the festive
board, and have not only done great service to the Society in words but
by their purses also. A large number of noblemen and gentlemen have
annually frequented these dinners,, and the handsome subscriptions

JUNE. 169

collected on each occasion show how much benefit the institution derives
from them. The committee therefore appeal to those gentlemen and
gardeners who have it in their power to present donations of fruit and
flowers, to assist them as much as possible at the ensuing anniversary
meeting, feeling that on such an occasion there should be such a supply
of Howers and truit as would do honour to the cause, and show to the
friends of gardeners what gardeners can do. We are sure that many
have it in their power to assist the institution in the manner alluded to,
and we are empowered to state that such donations will be gladly received
by ]\Ir. E. R. (Jutler, the Secretary, 14, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden,
London.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. X.
By a Couktry Gardener.

By November the Vines will have their wood ripened to a brown
colour throughout their entire length, and by this time the leaves will
be changing to a brownish yellow, or red colour, according to the kind
of Vines grown, and ready to fall when touched. When this is the
case, the lateral or side shoots should at once be cut out, and the Vines
may have about 12 or 18 inches cut off the top, leaving the rod that
distance from the back of the house ; the two spurs likewise at the
bottom of the cane should be shortened back, leaving only one clear
joint from the old wood. The Vines may now be more fully exposed,
by permitting the ventilation to remain open day and night, merely
excluding rain. By following this treatment till the beginning of
January the wood will get well hardened, after which the Vines may
either be fully exposed, if it is desirable for any purpose to remove the
sashes enthely ; or, as the house may be rendered useful in various
ways, for wintering plants, vegetables, &c., the sashes may remain on,
giving air very liberally in mild weather, and never using the fires,
except for keeping out fi'ost. Notwithstanding that the Vine is per-
fectly hardy under ordinary circumstances, and will withstand the
severest frosts without injury when growing in the open air in Vine
countries, yet, under their previous artificial treatment, it will be safer,
more especially with young Vines, to give them some protection, should
severe weather set in during the time they are exposed ; this may be
done by tying two or three of the canes together, and wrapping them
round with a hay band, straw, or fern. This precaution will be the
safest plan, for I have many times seen young, strong-growing Vines
destroyed by being exposed (or wintered, as some call it) to severe
frosts during winter. As the buds will commence swelling early in
]\Iarch, the sashes, if removed, should then be put on the house ; and
if the Grapes are wanted to ripen in August, or early in September,
the house may be kept closed on the afternoons of warm, sunny days,
to bring them on gradually.

By way of preventing attacks from red spider, which may hereafter

170 THE FLORIST.

prove a troublesome pest, dissolve half a pound of soft soap in a gallon
of hot water, and add to the mixture 1 lb. of flowers of sulphur and a
little soot, to make the mixture less conspicuous when laid on the
Vines; the mixture should be applied warm, and if thrips made their
appearance on the Vines the previous season, a pint of strong tobacco-
water may be added to a gallon of the above ; with this well wash the
Vmes, first remonng any loose bark from the older parts of the stem ;
this will remain on the Vines some considerable time, and will greatly
assist in keeping down both red spider and thrips. After dressing, the
Vines should be tied to the trellis in their allotted places ; but as young
strong canes, when first excited, have a tendency to break at the upper-
most eyes only, and as the object should be to induce all the buds to
break evenly, the upper half of the rod should be bent round to a curve
of half a circle ; this will check the sap half way up, and cause the
buds below to break first ; and when such have fairly started, the shoot
may be turned back to its right position, when the uppermost buds will
progress, and from the lower ones having had the start of them, will not
now take the lead, and rob them, as they would if suffered to break
unchecked before the lower ones had started. This will make all the
spurs hereafter of a uniform strength. It the Vines have made the
short-jointed wood expected of them, to suffer all the buds to grow and
form spurs would leave them much too crowded, especially with strong-
growing Vines ; it will therefore be necessary to remove a portion of
them ; but as the buds are arranged alternately, the two following must
be taken away, reserving each third bud for the permanent spurs ; by
this the spurs will be left at regular distances on each side the main
stem, and therefore care should be taken in looking well before-hand,
where to begin to get the spurs at regular distances apart.

{To he continiied.)

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS.— No. XVII.

XXVII. PINUS MACROPHYLLA — THE LARGE-LEAVED PINE.

In our last number (page 137) we gave a description of the very
interesting Pinetum at Highnam Court, and we now, by Mr. Gambler
Parry's permission, give a wood engraving of Pinus macrophylla fi'om
the same place, where it forms a fine feature in the collection.

Pinus macrophylla is represented as a low growing tree, and a native
of the Ocotillo mountains in Mexico. Although described in catalogues
as a straight-leaved Pine, we have no doubt this is the true kind.
It is a very ornamental species, from its long pendulous foliage, which
is of a pleasing hght green. In the Pinetum at Highnam it grows
very fi-eely, and is quite hardy, having passed through the last winter
without having a leaf injured.

JUNE.

171

PINU8 MACROPHYLLA — THE LARGE-LEAVED PINE.

Height, 16 feet ; planted in 1846.

GARDEN MEMORANDA.— KEW.
Various alterations and improvements are at present being carried
iiito effect in this establishment, amongst which are the pulling down

172 THE FLORIST.

and re-erecting of plant-houses, for the better and more suitable
accommodation of some of the tribes of j^lants grown here ; from the
immense number of exotic species now in cultivation, their increasing
growth, and the continual addition to their numbers, it is obvious that
to have anything approaching a moderate sized specimen of each, so
that one could see its real character, would require a far larger area of
house-room than is here at present occupied. In a national institution
like the one at Kew, which is subservient to the whole community,
every species of plant that could be easily or compatibly introduced
should be cultivated ; of all those that are of an insignificant description
small specimens may suffice, and the greater portion of room devoted to
those which are best appreciated by the pubUc taste, such as those that
are of practical utihty in the arts, manufactures, or sciences ; and those
which are either striking for their foliage, or have gay showy flowers.

An old lean-to house used as a greenhouse chiefly for New Zealand
plants is just pulled down, and another, 200 feet long by 27 feet 6 inches
wide, is in the course of erection ; it is intended for succulents, such as
Aloes, Fourcroyas, Haworthias, Gasterias, Mesembryanthemums, &c.,
and is to be heated by hot water, and divided into compartments so as to
better accommodate the different species wherewith it is to be furnished.
Another small one, about 80 feet long by 12 feet wide, is likewise
being erected, which is to be used chiefly for the accommodation of young
stove plants, or as an auxiliary to the propagating department ; this is
to be heated by hot water. In the great Palm house things are looking
far better than could be anticipated, considering the severity of the
late winter ; many of them are now becoming very large and begin to
assume something of their natural character, particularly the Musas,
Zamias, Encephalartos, Pandanus, Uranias, Bamboo, and many of the
Palms, which are now admirable specimens. To convey any adequate
idea of the grandeur of these princes of the vegetable kingdom, when on
a large scale, the reader should make a visit to them and see them in a
living state ; a few of the more conspicuous are the Cocoa-nut Palm
(Cocos plumosa), near 60 feet high, and C. coronata of equal height;
the Wine Palm of the East Indies (Caryota urens), 60 feet high ;
the Sago Palm from the East Indies (Areng saccharifera) 40 feet high ;
this is a magnificent specimen, one of the most beautiful of the tribe, the
leaves are white on the under surface ; the Wax Palm (Ceroxylon
andicola) from New Grenada, with the under surface of its leaves white ;
the great Fan Palm of the West Indies (Sabal umbrae ulifera), 30 feet
high, with a trunk of near 2 feet in diameter at the base. There are also
the Australian Cabbage Palm (Seaforthia elegans), 30 feet high ; the
Australian Fan Palm (Corypha australis), near 30 feet high ; the Ivory
Nut Palm (Phytelephasmacrocarpa), 20 feet high; Livistonia borbonica,
a splendid Fan Palm from the Mauritius, and many others equally
meriting attention, but cannot be admitted into this concise notice. In
one of the small stoves is a new species of Streptocarpus from Natal ;
it is the largest of the genus in cultivation, and will prove useful for
decorative purposes, as it has panicles of flowers more than a foot long,
of a light blue colour. A new species of Heliconia from Jamaica is
just coming into flower here ; this will be a desirable plant for cultiva-

JUNE. 173

tion ; it grows six feet high, and is covered throughout with a farino&e
powder ; the flowers are hght coloured, and are enclosed by large
conspicuous red bracts. A new species of Cymbidium (C. iridifolium),
is at present in flower here ; it has a pendulous raceme near two feet
long, of greenish yellow flowers. Amongst greenhouse plants there are
plenty of things tlow^ering at this season, such as Cinerarias, Acacias,
abundance of New Holland plants, and Azaleas, which form a very
prominent feature ; one of the best of the red flowering kinds is Apollo,
and should be in every collection, also alba magna, which is one of the
best of the whites. Several half hardy herbaceous things are kept here
in pots in frames until the commencement of their flowering, when they
are removed to fill up various places in the greenhouses, thus producing
a pretty effect ; one of the most striking is Arctotis grandiflora : it grows
about a foot high, has flowers much resembling those of a Gazania, they
are four inches across, and are of a deep bright orange colour. Another
new plant, introduced from Berlin some time back, is Anexetum
asperum ; it is a low branching shrub belonging to Compositse, having
dark green woolly leaves, white on the under side, and woolly branches ;
the flowers are in corymbs, white and pink, and much resemble those
of an Achillea. Cantua buxifolia is here, flowering freely in one of
the small greenhouses ; the habit of this shrub is rather against its being
formed into a good specimen, as it flowers on or near the extreme points
of long slender pendulous branches ; the flowers are large, very showy,
2^ — 3 inches long, pendulous, tubular, which part is of a bright orange
red ; inside the limb is tinged with purple. The specimen now
flowering is five feet high, and has been kept during the past winter in
a cool house with the Sikkim Rhododendrons ; it is flow^ering from 21
branchlets, varying from one to five flowers each, and would no doubt
have flowered from many more if they had not previously been taken
off for cuttings.

J. HOULSTON.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY, REGENT'S PARK.

The first grand floral fete of this Society for the season was
held on the 9th ult., and was well attended, considering the cold-
ness of the day, which, however, kept dry. The Queen, H.R H.
Prince Albert, and other members of the Royal Family, inspected the
exhibition before it was opened to the public. As a whole the display
was an average one ; fewer plants were, however, brought together on
this occasion than is usual in May, and in some of the classes what
were produced were scarcely in such good condition as we have been
accustomed to see them. Ttiis may doubtless in a great measure be
attributed to the unfavourable season we have just passed over. Stove
and greenhouse plants, large and well flowered, were, however, furnished
in abundance by the usual exhibitors, and the same may be said of
Orchids, among which, however, there was a paucity of fine specimens.
Azaleas, Rhododendrons, and Tall Cacti made a less display than usual,
and Roses, with the exception of a fine group from Mr. Frajicis, of

174 THE FLORIST.

Hertford, were inferior to what might have been expected, even after
making due allowances for the disadvantages under which they must
have been grown.

New plants appear to be scarce this year, Messrs. Standish and
Noble had Azalea narcissiflora, a white semi-double kind ; also A.
amoena, crowded with small purple flowers; and A. Beali, a charming
variety, with white blossoms, striped and mottled with rosy salmon.
J\Iessrs. RoUisson contributed Meyenia erecta, a greenhouse shrub,
with Tyrian purple flowers, something like those of an Achimenes.
They were however, very much withered by the cold ; the same
nurserymen also sent a Cymbidium in the way of C. pendulum;
Messrs. Henderson produced Rhododendron glaucum, and Genetyllis or
Hederoma tulipiferum, which very much resembles an Epacris in all but
the flowers, which are bell-shaped, large, and drooping, and white or
rather pale lemon in colour, streaked with bright red. This is one of
the best plants of the season. IMessrs. Lane sent the white-flowered
Andromeda formosa.

Among Miscellaneous Plants were some Ferns, a collection of Ama-
ryllises, apparently varieties of A. Johnsoni, and a standard parasol-
shaped Fuchsia.

Of Florist Flowers there were many more present than we could
have expected. If the cold weather prevented Pelargoniums from
being present in such large numbers, it had retarded the Cinerarias
and Auriculas. Pansies were also shown very large, good in colour,
and in considerable numbers.

Pelargoniums, with the exception of the collection from Slough, were
not in good bloom ; the}'' evidently required more sun. The first col-
lection contained remarkably well bloomed plants of Rosamond, Carlos,
Queen of May, Lucy, Governor- General, and Basilisk. We give the
awards as follows : — Pelargoniums : In which these Mr. Turner, of the
Royal Nursery, Slough, was 1st, with twelve beautifully grown plants,
which were remarkable examples, for this early season ; they consisted of
the following kinds : — Governor- General, Carlos, Lucy, Basilisk, Clara,
Rosamond, Majestic, IMochanna, Exactum, Rival Queen, and Petruchio.
Mr. Dobson came next, but was scarcely in bloom. In the class of
private growers, Mr. Windsor, gardener to A. Bligh, Esq., Hampstead,
produced old varieties, tolerably well gro\vn, but not in good bloom.

Of Fancy Pelargoniums there were seven collections, but not suffi-
ciently in flower. Here, again, the best group came from Mr. Turner ;
it contained JNIadame Sontag, a fine specimen of one of the best kinds ;
Delicatum, Gaiety, Formosissimum, Caliban, and Electra. In the class
of private growers, Mr. Windsor sent Fairy Queen, Magnificent, Duchess
d'Aumale, Statiaski, John Bull, and Madame Miellez.

Cinerarias were numerous. The best group came from Mr. C.
Turner, who sent large dwarf plants of the following : — Optima, Esther,
Loveliness, Sir C. Napier, Lady Paxton, and Picturata. Mr. Beck, of
Isleworth, was second. There were many others, but of bad kinds,
and but indifferently grown.

Of Pansies in pots, Mr. C. Turner contribued Brilliant, British
Queen, Uncle Tom, Monarch, Aurora, Ophir, Lord J. Russell, Mar-

JUNE. 175

chioness of Bath, Satisfaction, Sovereign, Purple Perfection, and
Emperor. I\Ir. Dobson furnished twelve plants, which came next in
order of merit. Mr. Bragg, of Slough, had a third collection. Cut
blooms, 36 varieties : 1st, Mr. Turner ; 2d, Mr. Dobson. Among these
the best kinds were Perfection, Monarch, Royal Albert, Comet, Satis-
faction, Sampson, Nonpareil, Beauty, Sir J. Cathcart, Purple Perfection,
Queen of the Isles, Primrose Perfection, Mr. Marnock, Salamander,
Earl Mansfield, and Royal Visit. The Pansies generally were very fine.
Mr. Gaines had six herbaceous Calceolarias, and Mr. C. Turner a
collection of thirty Auriculas. The best of these were Lancashire Hero,
Oxonian, General Bolivar, Ringleader, Lovely Ann, Superb, Attraction,
Ne Plus Ultra, Venus, Lady Jane Grey, Smiling Beauty, Duke of
Cambridge, and Conspicua. Mr. Gaines exhibited a collection of
Mimulus, both in cut state and in pots, some of which were very
prettily marked.

NOTES ON THE MONTH.

May has now passed by us, and during the greater part of the
month the same dull cold weather that has marked its predecessors
has prevailed. Our observations go to prove this to have been the
coldest ]May within our memory, the temperature of the month beino-
greatly below the average. Early in the month frosts, some of them
very intense, as on the 4th and 8th, when our thermometer registered
11° of frost, and on the former night a fall of snow from one to three
inches deep, were general throughout the western counties, continuing
on the high grounds for 48 hours. Fortunately for the fruit crops,
neither Cherries, Apples, nor Pears were with us forward enough to
receive any injury ; had they been in bloom at the time, as they were
on the 24th of April, 1854, the crop would again have been destroyed.
I believe I may affirm that throughout the mid-western counties these
fruits will be a safe crop. Some early Pears and Cherries in enclosed
gardens, which were more forward in bloom, are injured, but the late
blooms have set, and will save a crop. Peaches, Apricots, &c., are a
heavy crop ; indeed, never do we remember seeing the Peach under
such favourable circumstances ; the dryness of last summer and the
present spring, with the extreme low temperature we have experienced,
kept the trees from blooming till the middle of April, and the result
has been (at least with all the walls I have examined) the best set of
fruit gardeners have ever had ; and the trees are breaking into clean
healthy wood, without a curled leaf upon them, and at the same time
remarkably free from insects. Our own trees had no protection except
a wide coping, and yet the low night temperature which has occurred
more or less ever since the trees commenced blooming has had no
injurious effect upon them, and I attribute their present strong and
healthy appearance to their being fully exposed to light. Of course in
April the sun (when we got any) warmed the walls considerably by day,
and as I have a false coping 10 or 12 inches wide, which helps to

176 THE FLORIST.

arrest vertical radiation, the temperature close by the walls would
scarcely fall more than a degree or two, if it did so much, during the
coldest nights, and to this no doubt I owe the preservation of the crops.
I shall be glad to know the results of others' experience, and Mr. Saul's
to wit, on this point, as it is worth noticing.

In the kitchen garden much up-hill work has been experienced.
Spring raised Caulitlowers and Lettuces look blue and wiry, from the
want of those warm genial showers so essential to their growth ; for the
watering-pot is, after all, a poor substitute for rain. And what can be
advantageously done with watering with a north-easterly wind a few
degrees onl}'- above the freezing point ! which has actually been the
case more than once during the present month. All other vegetables
have suffered from the cold dry atmosphere in the same proportion.

In the flower garden and pleasure ground the season has been
equally unpropitious, the planting of the flower garden having only just
commenced. To those who have been obliged to plant this spring no
small amount of care will be necessary for some time yet to ensure
their well doing, particularly with evergreens. With the latter class
the best way to counteract the effects of these drying winds on newly
planted evergreens, which otherwise would lose their moisture rapidly
from its influence, is to well syringe them over-head each evening, and
mulch the surface over the roots, to prevent evaporation, and save
incessant watering at the roots, which often does more harm than good.

The exhibition season has fairly set in, and the display of plants
which have been exhibited has certainly surprised me. The freshness,
vigour, and abundance of bloom which characterise the whole of the
specimens I have seen show how completely English gardeners can
surmount the difficulties of an unfavourable climate, increased in no
ordinary degree by the peculiarities of the present season.

G. F.

PAULOVNIA IMPERIALIS.

The Imperial Paulovnia is decidedly one of the most ornamental
deciduous trees we yet possess. It grows in its native country (Japan)
from forty to fifty feet high. Notwithstanding this, we have plants in
this country, extending from the middle to the south of England, twenty
feet high — and particularly in the south, where it attains a greater height,
growing spontaneously, producing in one season large robust shoots
three or four feet long, and at the same time bearing ample foliage. I
once observed (at a nursery in Sussex) a large healthy plant twenty-five
feet high, lifted from the situation in which it had been established
eight years, and removed to a gentleman's estate, there replanted, and
to his great satisfaction, the plant reflourished in a most luxuriant manner.
But in this part of England, as well as the midland localities, we find our
strongest plans with their terminal shoots nipped, and more or less
killed by the autumnal frost, or, what is worse, the biting north-east
winds of spring. Three years ago I beheld a plant coming nicely into
bloom, it had expanded three lilac-coloured, Gloxinia-liked flowers.

JUNE. 177

on a spike six inches long, but unfortunately it experienced one frosty
night, which destroyed the whole, but in the same summer, at the
Bishop of Exeter's favourite and beautiful grounds, at Bishopstow,
rear Torquay, a plant bloomed most proiusely, from which specimens
were forwarded to tlie conductors of the Botanical I\Iagazine, in which it is
most splendidly figured, Tab. 4666. " The flowers," his Lordship writes,
" are produced in terminal clusters, and the odour is of a delicate violet-like
character." He states that the effect to the eye is rather disappointing,
for the bloom precedes the leaves, which were not then half out. His
Lordship's statement concerning the structure of the flower exactly
corresponds with what I have myself perceived. Great difficulty has been
experienced in propagating the Paulovnia, as the robust shoots which
our English summers seldom ever half ripen, will not strike, though
it has been in many instances rooted firom layers ; but the most successful
method of effecting propagation is by taking the roots in the autumn
and cutting them into parts about one inch and a half long, and inserting
one half of the subterraneous cutting into some good sandy soil, and
leaving the other half exposed to the light ; let the soil be pressed rather
firm, and kept rather moist ; then let the pot be plunged into a medium
bottom heat, and a handglass placed over the whole.

The soil which is best adapted for this plant is that of a dry sandy
naUire, and the situation in which it should be planted ought to be
exposed to the powerful rays of the sun ; by these means the abundant
flow of sap in moist weather Avould become checked ; the plant would
form its bloom at a much earlier period, and be more likely to expand its
flowers, before the inclemency of the weather would injure them. This
plant, as well as a great many other semi-hardy plants, would form
ornamental objects in the Crystal Palace. The whole beauty of many
of these plants we have not discovered, and particularly those of New
Zealand, because they cannot withstand the various temperatures to
which our island is so subject.

G. G.

HORTICULTaR/VL SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.

The first show of this Society took place on Wednesday, May 16, in
the grounds belonging to Gore House, Kensington, which, as many of
our readers are aware, are now in possession of the Commissioners of
the great industrial Exhibition of 1851, having been purchased with the
surplus fund remaining on hand on the breaking up of that establish-
ment, aided by a parliamentary grant. This block of ground includes
more than 80 acres, and will hereafter be converted, by the erection of
suitable buildings, &c., into a great national school for obtaining a
practical knowledge of the various details in M\ connected with the
development of industrial, decorative, and scientific art. The Royal
Commissioners having very kindly placed part of these grounds belonging
to Gore House at the disposal of the Cuuncil of the Horticultural Society
for their first exhibition, it was at once decided to accept the offer, more
particularly as the distance to Chiswick at this early season has formerly

NEW SERIES, VOL. V. NO. LIV. N

178 THE FLORIST.

prevented many parties from attending. The change of site had
advantages in this respect, for a numerous and select company visited
the grounds in the afternoon ; and if the verdant lawns and many
interesting features of the Chiswick garden were missed, an adequate
compensation was found, this cold, cheerless spring, by the comparative
ease with which the exhibition was reached by numbers to whom the
drive to Chiswick would have been an objection.

We are happy to record that Her Majesty, Prince Albert, and party,
paid an early visit to the grounds, and were evidently much gratified
with the exhibition — both Her Majesty and the Prince noticing, for a con-
siderable time, many of the matchless specimens of horticultural skill with
which the tables were furnished, among which a ripe fruit of the Man-
gosteen, from his Grace the Duke of Northumberland's gardens at
Syon, particularly excited the admiration of the Royal party. Full
particulars of this fruit are given at page 9 of the January number for
the present year, with a woodcut illustration ; and we must now con -
gratulate Mr. Ivison on having so successfully brought to maturity so
difficult a fruit to grow, which, we understand, fully bears out the high
character given it by persons who have tasted it in the East Indies.

Taken as a whole the exhibition was the best the Society has had ;
the alterations in the schedule, by reducing the number of plants in
the lai'ge collections, and increasing the number of prizes in the smaller
ones, as well as in florists' flowers generally, has had the desired effect ;
as a proof of which we may advert to the individual excellence of nearly
every plant exhibited, and this considering the very worst season for
plant growing on record. It would be invidious to particularise single
collections, but we may refer to those from Sir John Cathcart and Mr.
Green, as affording some of the best examples of cultivation ever
witnessed. The former had an immense Cavendish Heath covered
with flowers, an admirable Boronia pinnata, as well as Azaleas,
Pimeleas, and Gompholobiums in such excellence as one rarely sees.
Mr. Green had an Azalea Iveryana so large and full of blossoms as to
strike all who saw it with admiration.

As Chinese Azaleas were intended to be a prominent feature at this
exhibition, a large number was furnished by different exhibitors, which
produced a gorgeous effect, and contained some magnificent plants. We
do not, however, particularly admire the standards at these exhibitions,
believing that they may be much better done, which no doubt wiU be
the case in time. Roses are every year produced in greater perfection,
and this season were fully up to our expectations. The Messrs. Lane's
were magnificent plants. Of new varieties Messrs. Paul had a collec-
tion of thirty kinds. Conspicuous among them were Paul's Prince
Albert, a brilliant coloured Bourbon, which w^e have previously
figured ; Adam Paul, rose colour, large and full, and very sweet ;
General Castellane, brilliant crimson ; Jules Margottin, bright cherry
colour, apparently a very free hardy Rose ; Lady Stuart, flesh colour ;
Leon Plee, large bright rose ; Madame Duchere, blush ; Madame Phihp,
blush, with rosy edges ; Paul Dupuy, dark purplish crimson, very
velvety ; Prince Leon, large bright crimson, a very fine Rose ; Leveson
Gower, dark ruby red, large ; Triomphe de Paris, velvety purple ; Volta,

JUNE. 179

large glossy rose ; Louis Odier, bright pink, blooming in clusters. All
the above, with the exception of the first, are Hybrid Perpetuals. Tea-
scented, Auguste Vacher, yellow, shaded with copper colour ; and T.
Sombreuil, large creamy white, very double. There were also some
other fine kinds> such as Baronne de Kermont. Duchess of Norfolk,
which may make a brilliant pillar Rose, and Paul's Helen. The collec-
tions of Orchids were numerous, and, taken altogether, we never recollect
seeing them in finer condition. There was a manifest freshness about
them, indicating high cultivation, which added no little to the size and
beauty of their blooms. Some of the specimens were remarkable for
their individual excellence. In Heaths more variety was introduced ;
the plants were fresh, healthy, and nicely in bloom.

Of New Plants, JNIessrs. Henderson, of Pine-apple Place, and Mr.
Lane sent Andromeda formosa ; Messrs. Veitch Embothrium coccineum,
which we hope to see again when its flowers are open, for they were
scarcely so on this occasion ; Mr. Tegg, gardener to Baron Hambro, had
a species of Hoya, in the way of the old carnosa ; and ISIessrs. Standish
and Noble a standard plant of Rhododendron Edgworthi, with 15
large white blossoms on it : the latter are extremely fragrant ; Messrs.
Veitch also showed as a plant not in flower, AraKa papyrifera, the Rice
paper plant.

Pelargoniums were exhibited in considerable numbers, but with the
exception of one collection were not in good bloom. By far the best came
from Mr. C. Turner, of Slough. This consisted of twelve large and
finely bloomed plants, namely, Carlos, a large bold flower, with dark
top petals and white centre, very fine ; Basilisk, bright scarlet ; Lucy,
lilac rose, dark top with white centre ; Governor-General, rosy scarlet,
very fine ; Sanspareil, a spotted variety ; IMagnet, red, and very showy ;
Queen of May, a fine plant, of bright orange colour ; Rival Queen, rose,
and very free ; Majestic, dark ; Clara, rose ; Magnificent, a fine
specimen ; and Exactum, white. ]\Ir. Dobson, of Isleworth, sent
twelve nicely bloomed plants, but thin in foliage, and the flowers
were for the most part deficient in size. They consisted of
Harriet, very well bloomed ; Vulcan, Exhibitor, Eugenie, Rosamond,
Delicatum, a free flowering white kind but deficient in spot ; Pasha,
Arethusa, Salmon, Leah, a good flower with white centre ; Gulielma,
Painter Improved, and Ambassador. ]\Ir. Gaines, of Battersea, had
Flying Dutchman, Admiration, Andover, First of I\Iay, Star, Peerless,
Queen of Purples, a bad plant ; Tdomphe de la Tour, Colonel Fossey,
Jacques Duval, Gustave Odier, and Gloire de Belle Vue ; the latter
five are spotted continental varieties. There were but two collections
from private growers. Mr. Windsor, gardener at Kidderpore Hall,
Hampstead, sent Enchantress, a fine plant, but not in good bloom ;
Forget-me-Not, Ajax, Constance, Emily, Ariadne, Conspicuum, Pearl,
Nonsuch, Lallah Hookh, Little Nell, and Virgin Queen. JNIr. Todman,
gardener to Mrs. Buckmaster, sent twelve as follows, but they were but
indifferently done, viz., Loveliness, Beatrice, Rolla, Mochannn, Constance,
Ariadne, Crusader, Negress, Sparkler, Governor, Virgin Queen, and
Aspacia. There were six collections of fancy varieties, three from
nurserymen and three from private growers. Mr. Robinson, of Pimlico,

N 2

]80 THE FLORIST.

sent six clean and nicely bloomed plants of the following kinds : —
Delicatum, large and well bloomed; Fairy Queen, Erubescens,
Mirandum, Formosissimum, and Princess Alice JMaude. Mr. Windsor
had six very large well grown plants, but of inferior varieties, and
not in good bloom. Ihey were Magnificum, Caliban, Madame
Miellez, Duchesne d'Aumale, Fairy Queen, and Statiaski. A third
collection came from Mr. Barter, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq., of
Stamford Hill, but both plants and varieties were much below
mediocrity. In the Nurserymen's Class, Mr. C. Turner contributed
six finely bloomed specimens, consisting of Madame Son tag, a noble
plant of one of the best kinds, being bright rose, with clear white
centre ; Cassandra, violet crimson ; Criterion, crimson ; Gaiety, white
and maroon ; Delicatum, light ; and Electra, bright rosy crimson.
Messrs. Fraser, of Lea Bridge Koad, had six small but nicely bloomed
plants of the following sorts : — Jenny Lind, Formosissimum, Richard
Cobden, Jehu Improved, Exquisite, and Nepaulese Prince. Mr. Gaines
had six large well-shaped plants, but they were not in good bloom.
They were Advancer, Delicatum, Vandyke, Princess Galitziri, Princess
Alice Maude, and Signora Castiglioni. A magnificent plant of
Rosamond was shown by Mr. Turner as a single specimen. It was in
an 8-inch pot, and loaded with flowers.

Mr. Kinghorn furnished two promising Variegated Geraniums ;
these appeared to be good growers, possessed scarlet flowers, and will
form good additions to this intereresting class of plants.

Cinerarias were exhibited by Mr. C. Turner, Mr. Beck, and Mr.
Dobson. The two first collections consisted of extremely well-grown
plants. Mr. Turner had Magnum Bonum, rich crimson, with white
ring round the disc, a very large variety ; Lady Paxton, white tipped
with rosy lilac, large, wdth small black disc ; Optima, white tipped
with blue, a finely formed flower ; Mrs. Sidney Herbert, white and
rose ; Picturata, white and crimson purple, very attractive, and fine in
form ; and Teddington, rosy lilac. Mr. Beck produced Lady Camoys,
Amy Robsart, Eugenie, Agnes Wakefield, and Exquisite.

Pansies in pots were shown in very good condition, and were, as they
deserved to be, much admired. The blooms on Mr. Turner's collection
were particularly large and good in colour. The sorts were Sovereign,
yellow ; Emperor, yellow ground ; Royal Albert, dark self; Ophir,
yellow ; Earl Mansfield, white ground ; BriUiant, yellow ground ;
Royal Visit, white ground ; Sir J. Paxton, straw ground ; Flower of
the Day, dark; Satisfaction, yellow ground; British Queen, straw
ground ; Lord J. Russell, yellow ground. The varieties in Mr. Dobson 's
coUection, dissimilar to the above, were Fanny Kemble, Lady Carring-
ton, Robert Bruce, Aurora, Lady Emily, Marchioness of Bath, Great
Western, Marion, and Rising Sun.

Of Calceolarias there was one collection, which was exhibited by Mr,
Bray, gardener to Baron Goldsmid, of Regent's Park. They vrere well
bloomed, but the varieties appeared to be no improvements on kinds
we have seen for these last six years.

Auriculas were produced by Mr. Willmer, of Sunbury, and Mr. C.
Turner. Among these there appeared to be a deficiency of good selfs and

JUNE. 181

white edges, and a preponderance of grey and green edges. Of Selfs
there were Oxonian and JMango. In white edges, Pillar of Beauty,
Smihng Beauty, and Catherina. Grey edges consisted of Cheetham's
Lancashire Hero, Squire Chihnan, Duke of Cambridge, Ringleader, Ne
Plus Ultra. Conqueror of Europe, Privateer, Lady Mildmay, Napoleon,
and Liberty. Ot" green edges, there were Smith's Britannia, Lovely
Ann, Prince of Wales, Apollo, Lord Nelson, and Conductor.

Mr. Gaines sent a large collection of cut Mimulus, some of which
were very pretty.

FiiuiT. — The season has been so unfavourable for forcing, that a
large quantity could not reasonably be expected. Some good things,
however, were placed on the tables. A nicely swelled and coloured
Queen Pine from Mr. Price, a Jamaica from Mr. Clements, and a
smaller Moscow Queen from Mr. Fleming, were selected for prizes, as
was a well grown Providence from ]\Ir. Robinson, gr. to Lord Boston.
Black Grapes were shown pretty numerously ; by far the best were
those shown by ]\Ir. Clements, from Oak-hill ; next came Mr. Slow,
My. Dods, Mr. Fleming, &c. In white Grapes a dish of Frontignans
from Mr. Breadley were first ; these were ripe and coloured, which
could scarcely be said of the others. Mr. Fleming had three dishes of
JPeaches and Nectarines, and with only one competitor ; these were
fully ripened and finely coloured — a great deal to say, with the season
we have had. Strawberries were, generally speaking, fine ; a collection
of three dishes from Mr. M'Ewen, Arundel, contained some well-grown
and coloured fruit of the British Queen, Eleanor, and Victoria ; there
were besides capital samples of Keens' Seedling, which is still one of
the best forcing Strawberries we have. Two Persian Melons were
shown by Mr. Fleming, and one by JMr. Robinson ; and well-grown
Cherries by Mr. Ingram, of the Iloyal Gardens, and Mr. Fleming.
We must conclude by noticing a brace of fine Cucumbers, the " Hima-
laya," shown by Mr. Roser, of Streatham.

WINTERING FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

I BEG to thank you for your article on wintering florists' flowers, most
of which is as applicable to the low grounds and exposed situation of
north-east Lincolnshire, in parts of which you may travel for twenty
miles without seeing a tree of ordinary size to break the east winds, as
it is for your own more metropolitan neighbourhood. Will you, however,
permit me to add to it a caution or two arising out of some mistakes,
from the consequences of which I am now suftering ? In the first place.
Auriculas, you say, are easy to winter ; and so they are ; and I rather
wonder at your visitors objecting to them that tliey are otherwise.
Being an Alpine plant, and of considerable elevation, their constitution
is susceptible of great cold without injury, at least under proper conditions,
that is, as you state, if they are dry ; and also, I would add, if they are
protected either with their natural snow or with a proper equivalent for
it. When in pots under glass they are deprived of their snow covering

182 - THE FLORIST.

and exposed to a greater amount of actual cold than in the Alps
themselves, and therefore need some protecting material, even in the
depth of winter. But the danger from cold is not in the depth of
winter when they are at rest, but when the wmter is past and growth
commences. In their native habitat, as soon as the snow disappears
there is no more fear of frost. Not so with us ; and therefore in this
climate the injury from cold is perpetrated principally from the time
the plant commences its growth till it matures its flower. Mice are an
enemy more to be dreaded than frost in the winter, as my poor
benibbled Oxonian, which I fear will die, can testify. Mr. Willison, of
Whitby, told me a few years ago he lost nearly the whole of his stock
the preceding winter from this cause, the mice equally relishing the
comfortable shelter of the frames and the taste of the Auriculas. But a
far more common source of injury is the severity of the summer. In
their Alpine retreats they are not exposed to the strength of the summer's
sun under the dense foliage of the valleys. In an acre and a half of
garden here, owing to some Irish mode of laying it out, and partly to
the fact that it was a Grass meadow the year before, I could not find a
north aspect sufficient for 100 pots of Auriculas. I did my best ; but
they complained ; and now I am paying the penalty for not attending
better to their cry. Not but that my boxes are worth looking at as it
is ; but I would rather have two such winters as the last to do their
worst to my Auriculas than one month of last July. It cost me two
varieties altogether ; and I am disposed to attribute to it the fact that
I have so many more than usual blooming out of character or not
blooming at all. For instance, of six plants of Dickson's Duke of
Wellington, which some contend is the finest of the green-edged, only
one blooms with me, and that is white-edged. Sir John Moore serves
ine the same trick for the second time, and one fine and healthy looking
plant of Leigh's Colonel Taylor has perfect blooms fit to show in Lilhput,
each pip being no larger than a Currant blossom.

In Hollyhocks I am glad I am no worse off than my neighbours,
though that seems like a savage cause of rejoicing. By diligence I had
got together a good stock of young. plants by the autumn, the strongest
of which, all but the weakly ones in fact, were planted out, and fine
plants they were ; but all died. The small stuff brought into the
greenhouse in pots have for the most part lived ; but there they are
now, no larger than they were in December, and will not stir ■ nor
damp off.

Pansies do not thrive here ; and probably will not till there is more
vegetation on the ground ; and when I am to look forward to that I
cannot tell, for two successive seasons have swept off each its army of
evergreens ; w^hich is the reason, I suppose, why Escallonias, Leyces-
terias, and other things reputed " perfectly hardy," are killed to the
ground, and some are entirely dead. Nevertheless, the Pansies, too, in
the open ground have stood the winter far better than the summer.

Of Pinks, the sorts you name as tender, though in very light ground,
stood the weather as well as others — Colchester Cardinal especially so.

But how shall I approach the subject of Dahhas ? I had (alas ! that
I should say had) a choice collection ; and being very desirous of

JUNE. 183

keeping it, I determined to dry the roots well before storing them.
Accordingly, to make sure of sutficient fine weather to do so, no sooner
had the first frost killed the growth than I had them taken up and
dried. Please warn all your readers by my misfortune never to follow
my example, but to give their roots time to make eyes, after the foliage
is gone, before they dig them up ; or they may find in the spring, as I
did, that they have destroyed their hopes by the means they took to
secure them. Only one produced a shoot ! And as I do not mean to
replace the stock this year, that one will have to act the part of Robin-
son Crusoe's " garrison " against the pirates, and answer to a numerous
roll-call all round my island, as if it were a host in itself.

One more flower I would mention as having suffered with me, through
a mistake I was led into by a writer in a leading gardening periodical,
and that is, the Cineraria. Nothing seems to me to suit it better for
the winter than the common garden frame, provided frost be excluded,
which there is no difficulty in doing in the ordinary way, by staking
the ground from 6 to 10 inches from the frame, filling up the space with
dry straw, and banking it with sods. But I saw an account that
promised a saving of trouble, and some other advantages, by filling
glaziers' crates with straw, and placing them round the frames. I can
truly say this had a fair trial, and was done with every care, and covered
with waterproofed material. But I lost the greater part of my Cine-
rarias. The fact is, the plan does not admit of work so compact as the
more vulgar method, and in a trying winter weak points will be found
out. But notwithstanding this disaster (and this in reality is no excep-
tion) my general impression is that with florists' flowers and other
plants under the hand of cultivation, the much-dreaded winter is not
usually the really difficult time for the grower ; and that in the majority
of cases the mischief developed by frost is done before ; or perhaps I
should say the power is given to frost to injure by previous blunders.

Iota.

ROYAL SOUTH LONDON FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This was a very good spring exhibition, notwithstanding the lateness of
the season. The plants were not large, but were well-flowered healthy
specimens; they came Irom Mr. Young, Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Roser, and
Mr. Hamp. Of florists' flowers there was a very good display.
Tansies, both in pots and cut, were very good ; so also were the Cine-
rarias and Auriculas. Mr. Turner's plants of the latter were very healthy
and well grown. We give the names of the most prominent.

Pansies in pots were furnished by Mr. Turner, who sent Uncle Tom,
Great Western, Crimson Perfection, Constance, Emperor, and Earl
Mansfield ; Mr. Dobson had Flower of the Day, Lady Emily, Ophir,
Fearless, Great Western, and Lady Carrington. These two collections
were shown in first-rate condition, the plants being covered with fine
large flowers. Crimson Perfection is a small flower, of a beautiful rich
new colour, gold ground, with bright crimson top petals and margin.

184 THE FLORIST.

Mr. August sent Flower of the Da}^ Sir J. Paxton, Marion, Sir J.
Cathcart, Duke of Perth, and Robert Burns.

The first prize for twelve Cinerarias was awarded to I\Ir. Turner, for
Ptingleader, Esther, Kate Kearney, Formosa, Mrs. Beecher Stowe,
Estelle, Sir C. Napier, Lady Mary Labouchere, !-losy Morn, Lablache,
Amy Robsart, and Lady Camoys. These were compact, dwarf, bushy
plants, covered with flowers. Auriculas were in fine health and beauty.
An extra prize (small silver Albert medal) was awarded to Mr. Turner,
fur three plants of Oliver's Lovely Ann. The same exhibitor also fur-
nished Lancashire Hero (Cheetham's), Ringleader, Favourite, and
Smiling Beauty. An excellent pair of Auriculas was contributed by
the same grower, viz., Ne Plus Ultra and Apollo (Beeston). Pansies,
cut blooms, 24 varieties : ]\Ir. Turner was first, with Earl Mansfield,
Monarch, Miss Talbot, Satisfaction, Constance, Comet, Duke of New-
castle, ]\Iarion, Emperor, Royal Visit, Ophir, ]\Iemnon, Sweep, Royal
Albert, Lord John Russell, Queen of the Isles, Victory, Perfection, Red
Rover, Marchioness of Bath, Sovereign, Brilliant, Duchess of Suther-
land, and Sir J. Cathcart. Of these, the best were Lord John Russell,
Red Rover, Duke of Newcastle, Perfection, Memnon, Royal Albert,
and Satisfaction. Mr. Dobson was second, with Beauty, Emperor,
Aurora, Great Western, Earl Llansfield, Duchess of Sutherland, Marion,
Flower of the Day, Gliffe, Albion, Satisfaction, ]\Ir. Gough, Father
Gavazzi, Lady Carrington, British Queen, Polyphemus, Constance, Lady
Emily, Argo, JMonarch, Fearless, Charles Cowan, Alice, Marchioness of
Bath, Ostrich, ]\Iiss Talbot. ]\Ir, August was first in the amateur
class, with Ophir, Samson, I\Iarchioness of Bath, Pandora, Flower of the
Day, Tam Samson, Miss Talbot, Sir J. Cathcart, Marion, Meteora, Sir
J. Paxton, Addison, Aurora, Mr. Beck, Royal Visit, Sulphurea splendens.
Queen, Joe Miller, Aunt Chloe, Alpheus, Velvet, Thisbe, Duke of Perth,
and Adela.

There was a large number of seedlings, some of considerable
promise. A first-class certificate was awarded to a seedhng Pansy,
Sir Walter Scott (Turner), a yellow-ground variety, with clear shield
round the eye ; fine in form and distinct. A similar award was made
to Admiral Napier (Turner), a large yellow- ground flower, with narrow
belting of bronze ; top petals of same colour ; a fine distinct flower for
purposes of exhibition. A first-class certificate was awarded to Per-
fection (Turner) ; this is the finest of the dark yellow-ground varieties ;
the colours are very dense and rich ; it also possesses great substance,
and is very smooth on the edges. Of other seedling Pansies, there were
shown Alpha (Turner), Nonpareil (Turner), and Crimson Perfection
(Turner), all yellow-ground flowers ; the latter is very bright, novel,
and smooth. Sir Colin Campbell (Turner) is a large dark variety ; an
improved Duke of Perth. Of seedhng Cinerarias, IMagnum Bonum
(Turner) is a large, bold flower ; Brilliant (Lidgard) is white, with a
regular edge of delicate pale blue, quite a new colour, and evidently a
first-class flower ; and Rose of England (Bousie), a beautiful variety,
and fine in form. ]\Ir. Roser sent a specimen plant of Azalea Duke of
Devonshire, and three new Azaleas, viz., Mrs. Barchard, Marie Louise,
and Dilecta. Mr. Roser also sent fine specimens of his new Cucumber,
*' Himalaya," a very long, handsome variety for exhibition.

JUxNE. 185

REVIEW.

The Handbook of Villa Gardening. By William Paul. Crown 8vo.

Piper, Stephenson, and Spence.
This interesting little work consists of a series of letters, originally
written, the author tells us, to a friend residing in the vicinity of a
manufacturing town, by whom they have been found so extremely
useful, that it has been thought well to publish them in a revised form.
They are full of sound, practical instruction on all the more important
points relating to the Ibrmation, improvement, stocking, and keeping of
a town garden, and that too, conveyed in a pleasant and agreeable \vay.

Window gardening, we are glad to find, has not been forgotten, and
the concluding letters contain select lists of ornamental trees and flowers,
together with the names of such fruits as it might be desirable to
introduce into the villa garden.

The following extract \\\\\ give some idea of the kinds of information
the book contains. After speaking of plants under glass, the author
says : —

" Amusement is provided out of doors. Bedding plants should be
watered, hoed frequently, and pegged down, or tied up, as required, to
protect them from wind, and promote growth. Plants in raised baskets
and vases will require an extra supply of water ; and if the surface of
the soil can be covered with moss, it is no waste of labour, as less water
is required, on account of a diminished evaporation. Hoeino- and
watering are such beneficial operations at this season, that they may be
well made to fill up all spare time. In gardens situate near to large
towns a syringe, or garden engine, is almost indispensable ; and a free
use of it should be made, both in and out of doors, to cleanse the leaves
of the plants of the impurities which settle on them. No plant will
thrive long if the pores of the leaves remain choked up with soot or dust,
for under such circumstances the functions of breathing, dio-estino-, and
perspiring are deranged — these transpiring mainly through the ao-ency
of the leaf Weeding and rolling the walks, and mowing the lawn, is
suitable work for damp weather ; and weeding, breaking the surface of
the ground, sweeping, &c., demand your attention when the weather is
fine. The Rose requires some attention in early summer. The aphis,
caterpillar, and maggot, should be keenly sought for, and, where found,
destroyed. June and July form the glorious season of the Rose. The
shoots of the autumnals should be cut back inmiediately after the first
Howering, and the plants may be manured at the same time. Roses
may also be budded at this period. Biennials are best sown in summer
(July) — Hollyhocks, Sweet- Williams, Wallflowers, and the like, in the
open border, and Primula sinensis in pots in the greenhouse. The
latter, with INIignonette and a few others, sown at this season, prove
invaluable for ornamenting the conservatory in winter. As the season
advances, Hollyhocks and Dahlias must be thinned out, staked, and
w^atered abundantly. When growing for exhibition the flowers should
be shaded just as they expand, which will both improve and preserve
them. Continue nipping over-vigorous shoots of the Fir tribe and their

186 THE FLORIST.

allies, when threatening to destroy the balance of the tree. Summer is
the time for propagating Roses, Hollyhocks, Pinks, Pansies, and many
bedding plants, to secure a strong and healthy stock for planting out the
following spring. Place ripened cuttings of your Roses, Hollyhocks, and
Pansies under a handglass on a north border, or in pots in a cold frame.
Scarlet Geraniums, Verbenas, Fuchsias, and other bedding plants, may
be placed six or eight round the side of a five -inch pot, in a compost of
loam, sand, and pulverised manure. Set them in a close frame or pit,
shade and keep the leaves moist, by sprinkling them for the first fort-
night, and you may calculate on a fair proportion becoming healthy
and vigorous plants. They may be wintered in a cold frame or green-
house, taking care to protect them from frost ; and when potted off in
March, give to each plant a separate pot, preparatory to 'hardening off'
and planting in the ground in May."

Concerning that Queen of flowers, the Rose, we have the following
remarks : —

" The most important requirements in the cultivation of the Rose,
are, good soil and a pure air. A deep rich loam, well drained, seems
to suit it best ; and if the natural soil of your garden be far distant
from this, the nearer you can approach it by the aid of foreign materials,
the better. As we cannot alter the state of the air, this requirement
must be met by suiting the varieties to it. In smoky locahties, or
where, from any cause, the air is impure, the hardiest varieties of Hybrid
Chinas, Hybrid Perpetuals, and Noisettes, will be found to succeed best.
The position of Roses in a garden will depend much on its size. If
there be room to form a Rosetum, a series of beds on a lawn, with
single specimens of American or other ornamental flowering plants
interspersed, is very effective. A single clump on a lawn is in good
taste, formed of either standards or dwarfs, or both combined. Standard
and pillar Roses may also be planted to advantage, singly on lax^ms, or
in avenues. The borders may be planted with groups here and there,
and the climbing sorts planted against, and trained to, bowers, trellis,
or rustic work. The Rose, in its various forms, is adaptable to almost
every kind of ornamental planting, and positions of suitability will
almost surely show themselves in every garden. It has already been
said that the choice of varieties should be regulated by the soil and
situation. The INIoss and Tea-scented Rose are considered by many
the most beautiful, and certainly they are the most dehcate. Neither
succeeds well in the immediate neighbourhood of large towns ; whereas .
both grow as well as the commonest kinds in a warm situation, pure air,
and light loamy soil. The hardiest groups of Roses are perhaps
the Damask, Gallica, Ayrshire, Sempervirens, Hybrid China, and
Hybrid Bourbon, among summer Roses ; and some varieties of Hybrid
Perpetual, Noisette, and Bourbon among the Roses of autumn. The
month of November is a capital time for the removal of Roses intended
to remain permanently in the open ground. The temperature of the
earth at that period induces the rapid emission of fresh rootlets, and the
plant becomes well established in the soil by the arrival of the growing
season. Nevertheless, spring-planting is not open to condemnation.
I have seen the most complete success wait on its adoption. The ground

JUNE. 187

where Roses are intended to be planted should be first trenched two- spit
deep, and plenty of well-decayed manure be worked in the operation.
If the soil be very tenacious or clayey, a portion of old mortar or burnt
earth is highly advantageous. When standard Roses are planted, each
should have a neat stake to secure it from being shaken by the wind."

' I To these excellent remarks we have nothing to add, except to recom-
mend our readers to make a perusal of the work itself, which will be
found well worth their attention.

NATIONAL FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

April 26. — Mr. Robinson in the chair. On this occasion several
seedling Cinerarias were exhibited. Mr. Lidgard sent the following
varieties, viz., Blue Beard, small with rather coarse disc ; Bridesmaid,
w^hite, but no improvement on Kate Kearney ; Lady Bathurst, scarcely
so good as ]\Irs. Beecher Stowe ; Hector, white with deep lavender
edging, but insufficient in breadth of petal ; Emperor, white, deep
blue edging, deficient in form and substance ; Mary Anne, rosy purple,
neat second-class flower ; Lydia, hke Kate Kearney, but hardly so
good ; Fame, white with rosy purple margin, too much reflexed ;
Brilliant, pure white, medium margin of delicate azure, compact dark
disc, petals slightly indented, good form, but rather thin, promising
and distinct — a Certificate of Merit was awarded it. Mr. Lochner
sent Query, white, broad rosy lilac margin, but only of average
merit. JNIr. Crockford furnished Morning Star, a flower of little
value. ]Mr. Turner exhibited Emperor of the French, rosy crimson,
with broad white ring round a dark disc. Rose of England, white,
edged with rose. To each of these varieties a first-class certificate was
awarded. From the same nurseryman also came Lord Cardigan, w^hite,
with a broad margin of violet purple ; Monarch, shaded plum with
brighter centre ; Magnum Bonum, purplish crimson, with a small white
ring round a black disc, and Princess Royal. Mr. G. ^mith sent Ver-
bena Lord Raglan, bright vermilion, good truss, and habit of Defiance ;
to this a first-class certificate was awarded. The same grower also sent
four seedling Mimuluses, viz., Portia, Unique, Enchantress, and Lydia ;
the last a striking variety, received a Certificate of I\Ierit. Of Pansies
there were several. Mr. Turner produced Perfection, yellow ground,
with belting of dark maroon, and Constellation, yellow, with broad very
dark margin ; each of these obtained a first-class certificate. Two
other seedlings, and pans of named varieties, also came from the same
exhibitor. Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-apple Place, sent a collection of
Hyacinths. Mr. Poser contributed Rhododendron Edgworthi, with
large white flowers spotted with lemon, and deliciously fragrant. A
certificate of merit was awarded to an Epacris named purpurea rosea,
a cross between miniata and Tauntoniensis ; this came from I\Ir. Kincj-
horn. ]\Iessrs. Ivery, of Dorking, sent Azalea Admiration, a striped
variety.

188 THE FLORIST.

]\Iay 17- — This was the first meeting since the Society has offered
small prizes for collections, the object of which will be best explained
in the words of the Society's schedule, and we have no doubt the scheme
will work well : — " The Society in offering the above premiums is alone
actuated by the desire to promote increased means of comparison as a
test for seedlings submitted to its tribunal, and respectfully invites the
co-operation of growers, to whom these premiums may prove some
remuneration for the cost of contributing their plants and flowers. Nor
is it expected that the interest of floriculture can in any way be other
than benefited by the periodical display of a few well-grown subjects
that may serve to gratify the patrons of and visitors to the Society's
meetings."

The meeting on this occasion w^as but thinly attended, on account of
the Horticultural Society's exhibition taking place the day previously at
Gore House, which prevented many subjects from being present.
Messrs. Ivery and Son, of Dorking, received a first class certificate for
a charming Azalea, Rosy Circle, a beautiful dwarf bush, full of flower,
very smooth, and of the finest form ; colour bright rosy pink, the upper
part of the flower slightly spotted with crimson. Messrs. Ivery also
exhibited six small well bloomed plants of their Azalea, Criterion,
figured by us in 1852. It is in every respect a first-rate variety, being
a great improvement on variegata. There were several other produc-
tions, but they did not receive any awards. The prizes offered on this
occasion were for Cinerarias and Pansies. The first prize for the
former was awarded to well grown plants, covered with large blossoms,
of the following kinds: — Optima (Bousie), Teddington (Ivery), Lady
Paxton and Magnum Bonum (Turner). These came from Mr. Turner,
Slough. The second prize w^as aw^arded to Mr. J. Robinson, Pimlico,
for Asmodeus, Estelle, Lady Paxton, and Bousie's Optima.

For twelve Pansies Mr. Turner also received the first prize wdth
Royal Albert, Perfection, Memnon, Duchess of Sutherland, Nonpareil,
Adela, Admiral Napier, Purple Perfection, Sir J. Cathcart, Sir Walter
Scott, Royal Visit, and Earl Mansfield, the ten first named being of Mr.
Turner's raising. The second prize was awarded to Mr. James, gardener
to F. Watson, Esq., Isleworth, wdth Earl Mansfield, Africanus, Gliffe,
Emperor, Aurora, Robert Burns, Great Britain, Topaz, Royal Visit,
Miss Talbot, Pandora, and Marchioness of Bath. The blooms of
Emperor and Earl of Mansfield in this stand w^ere exceedingly fine.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — The bloom of this flower has been nearly a month later
this season than usual ; there are many still in bloom. We shall not
be surprised to see them present at the great exhibition at the Crystal
Palace on the 2nd of June, — an exhibition which growers of all
classes appear determined to make the most extensive and successful
that has ever taken place in this country. The Auriculas wall now
only require to be kept cool, and clean and free from aphides for some

JUNE. 189

time to come. Placing them on a north border, protecting the plants
from heavy rains are all that is required.

Azaleas. — The chief feature in Azalea culture is to keep the plants
perfectly clean ; it is hopeless to expect tine plants or bloom unless
thrips are kept completely down by very frequent fumigations ; and
while forming new growth the atmosphere should be moist. Those
wanted to force early, and which have been kept in warm, moist
quarters, to induce growth, should be gradually inured to cooler
quarters. When making any regulation in training, as far as possible
cause them to assume the pyramid form ; it shows the bloom better,
and is the simplest form to attain. Small standards are useful for
decorative purposes, but this must be aimed at whilst the plants are
young. Guard against over-potting, even for appearance sake.

Camellias, if in small pots or in good condition at the roots, while
forming growth, will be much aided by frequent supplies of sheep-dung
water. Afford them as much room and hght individually as circum-
stances W'ill admit, and gradually allow them more air as they matuie
growth. Keep them well syringed, and the foliage perfectly clean ;
shade when necessary. A house with a north-west aspect we think is
much the best for Camelha culture.

Carnations and Ficotees. — Securing the blooming shoots to proper
supports must now be attended to. The operation of disbudding, which
is usually done the beginning of the month, cannot be proceeded with
before the end, so little advanced are the plants tow^ards blooming. It
is of the greatest importance at this season to keep down green-fly ;
this is easily done by following the directions given in previous numbers
of the Florist.

Cinerarias. — Cut down plants not required for seed as soon as
the bloom becomes dull, to encourage the old stocks to throw up young
suckers, w^iich should be taken off and put in as cuttings. Seed should
be sown as soon as secured, that the plants may bloom early, to be seen
in their true character. The Cineraria is a most pleasing spring flower,
when it is very attractive, but in summer it loses its brightness.

Cold Frames should be turned to account for the culture of Fuchsias,
Geraniums, Balsams, and all rapidly-raised annuals, which are necessary
for show purposes ; and if sufficiently deep to admit of a quantity of
fermenting materials, late crops of Melons and Cucumbers can be
grown. We think it hard work, and hopeless, to try without having
some means of giving bottom heat ; seldom will the foliage last until
the fruit is sufficiently matured.

Conservator (/. — ]\Iuch will depend upon the accommodation in other
quarters, in keeping up a fine display of flower here ; yet much may
be done to make very common and easily cultivated plants look effective
by judicious and easy arrangement. To get show and colour, guard
against crowding the plants. Keep all in neat trim, and the pots and
soil clean. Give permanent specimens a sufficiency of room, and tie
up climbers, causing the slrots to festoon from one place to another in
forms as natural as circumstances will admit. Planted out specimens
w^ill be benefitted by occasional waterings with strong water. Attend to
shading and air early.

190 THE FLORIST.

Cucumbers. — During very hot weather Cucumbers are apt to taste
bitter, where the plants are grown in fully exposed pits ; shading should
therefore be attended to, and a moist atmosphere maintained. If
Cucumbers are cultivated in moveable frames, it is a good plan to turn
the frames for the sashes to face the east, or even the north, during the
summer months. Water plants in full bearing with hquid manure
every other time, and let a mild bottom-heat be kept up.

Dahlias. — Plant out without delay in well prepared soil, that the
plants may take hold of the ground without losing time. Early
planting is neither desirable nor necessary, if the plant has been well
grown during the time it is in the pot, and the soil well prepared.
When planted out the}?- will require care to protect them from slugs,
snails, and from being injured by rough winds. Keep them well
watered, and encourage their growth in every way at first, by syringing
the plants over head at night, using soft water, and frequently stirring
the surface of the soil near the plants. Earwigs cannot be got under
too early in the season, as they eat the tender shoots of the plants as well
as the bloom.

Flower Garden and Shrubbery. — Now that the great work of
planting out is completed, have everything and every department in
strict neatness and order. If necessary the walks should have a thin
coating of gravel, which must be well rolled down. Plant up any
defects as they appear ; and to do so effectually, keep a reserve stock of
many things. Plants in vases must be attended to, and if placed on
pedestals raised much above ground, introduce traihng plants round
the margin.

Heaths and Epacrises. — IMuch care and attention should be bestowed
upon such plants as are removed to cold frames by allowing them as
much room as convenient. Be careful not to over water newly potted
plants ; place them upon a stage of boards, if practicable, and keep the
lights on in very heavy rains, tilting them up back and front. All old
blooms should be removed. Soft- wooded species should be neatly
pruned to assume dt sired forms, and hard-wooded varieties should also
be neatly trained, avoiding as much as possible the insertion of sticks
in the ball. Epacrises may be kept somewhat closer after being pruned ;
and if not newly potted, and well supplied with root, very weak
manure water will assist them ; shade in strong sunshine.

Fruit, Forcing. — The labours of the forcing gardener are now
nearly at an end for the season ; fcr what follows in this department is
merely a matter of routine, speaking in general terms. Air, by day,
must be freely given, and a small circulation allowed by night ; this
will prevent anything like stagnation in the houses ; and a moister
atmosphere may be kept during the swelling of Grapes and Peaches.
The house may be closed for an hour or two during the afternoon, but
air should be given before evening ; and as the fruit begins to change
colour this must be increased, as both colour and flavour are dependant
on a plentiful supply of air. Water inside borders, and in some cases
the borders outside wall require its apphcation. Strong liquid manure,
applied during the swelling of the fruit, will assist them. As a pre-
ventive of the attacks of red spider, wash over the pipes, flues, &c.,
with a little sulphur and lime.

JUNE. 191

Fruit, Hardy. — In this locality the prospects for a fruit crop are
good. The season is so unprecedentedly late, that we hope even the
severe frosts at the beginning of j\Iay did but little injury. The summer
growth of Peaches and other wall trees will require frequent attention,
doing a httle and often to each, stopping or removing entirely gross
shoots, and encouraging the weaker ones, so to obtain a nicely balanced
tree. A good deal of knowledge is necessary to carry this out, but care
and forethought will effect a deal. Look at last Calendar for insects.

Kitchen Garden. — Peas, broad and French Beans, Spinach, Lettuce,
Cauliflower, Walcheren Broccoh, and a variety of other crops, will
require successional sowings, to carry on the supply. Lettuce, Spinach,
and some others, should always be sown where thay are to remain, as
transplanting never succeeds. The soil for them and Cauliflowers, &c.,
should be deep trenched, that the roots may find plenty of pasture in
dry weather. Water liberally in dry weather, to obtain a quick suc-
culent growth. Stick the tall-growing Peas and Scarlet Runners, and
hoe and thin advancing crops. On very dry soils, mulching the surface
between growing crops is a good practice. Plant out in trenches well
manured the first crops of Celery, and sow hardy Cucumbers under
handglasses, for pickling, &c. Asparagus should not be cut longer than
about the third week. To promote its growth afterwards, water freely,
if with dung- water so much the better ; or adding a little salt to clean
water, this will help exhausted or weak beds.

Melons. — Sov/ for late crops. Attend to our former directions, by
keeping the plants steadily progressing, Give more air and less water
as the fruit ripens. Earth up with sound heavy loam advancing crops.
Do not allow too many fruit to remain on the plants ; a second crop
may sometimes be obtained from the first forced plants, which should
have the bed fresh surfaced and watered, and a stimulus given to the
roots, by a little additional bottom heat ; the plants will soon break and
grow afresh.

Mixed Greenhouse. - Soft-wooded plants must be the chief feature
here, while New Hollar.d and other hard-wooded plants are removed
out of doors, or in frames. Endeavour to keep the house gay with
reserve batches of Balsams, Amaranths, Cockscombs, Egg Plants,
Fuchsias, Geraniums, Crassulas, &c., occupying the centre of the house
with good specimens of Humea elegans, large plants of Oleanders,
Liliums, &c. Tropaiolums (Triomphe de Gand), Petunias, new or
fine Verbenas, Thunbergias, &c., may occupy space in the absence of
Vines or more valuable stock.

Pansies. — These, like the Auricula, continue in good character much
longer this season than usual. Those who have grown them in pots
must have found the bloom much finer than can be produced out of
doors during such cold and ungenial spring weather as we have experi-
enced ; it is the only certain method of having good early flowers. The
seed beds should be carefully looked over, marking any promising kinds
for trial another season. Seed must now be procured for another
season's growth ; it should be sown the latter part of July or early
in August ; we abound in fine yellow ground varieties, and therefore
recommend as much seed as can be procured to be saved from white

192 THE FLORIST.

ground flowers, as well as from good selfs ; get seed from those only of
good substance and that are smooth.

Pinks. — If the weather continues as dry as it has been, these will
require liberal and frequent watering. Once or twice a week, according
to the nature of the soil, use liquid manure, to assist their lacing.
Large blooms, finely coloured, can only be produced with strong growth
and by attention to the thinning of the shoots as well as disbudding.
In this operation the habit of the flower as well as the strength of the
plant must be taken into consideration ; some plants will produce half
a dozen fine flowers fit for competition, others not more than two. If
for effect only, leave all the main shoots, only remove the small side
buds. Commence putting in cuttings towards the end of the month.

Pelargoniums. — We are now at the height of the bloom of this
favourite plant ; all June they are in good character ; here it has been
fine all May. For three months, with good management, a fine bloom
can be maintained ; to do this some care and forethought will be necessary
in the cutting back and final potting of the plants, as well as protecting
the bloom by judicious shading, care and attention in watering, and
excluding the bees. Seedlings will now become interesting by daily
unfolding their new beauties ; if the habit is bad discard them. The
finest colours and shape will not produce effect if there is not also
freedom of bloom ; get these qualities combined to as great an extent
as it is possible.

Fancy Pelargoniums require much the same treatment as the others,
but the propagation of which should commence earlier in the season
than of the large varieties, or it will be found difficult to strike many
of the kinds.

Roses. — Green-fly must be kept under and the maggots not neglected,
or the first blooms will be sacrificed. A strong solution of tobacco,
black sulphur, and soft soap syringed over them in the evening, followed
in the morning with clear water, is the best antidote for the green-fly
and mildew. When we are favoured with warm weather encourage their
growth by attending to last month's directions.

Tulips. — Remove the covering, and allow the beds to have all the
weather as soon as the bloom begins to drop. It has been a late and
irregular bloom this season generally, there being a large number of
mal-formed flowers, split petals, and other deformities. Taking up
the bulbs is generally deferred too long ; it is better to be a little early
in this operation than too late ; as soon as the stalk bends instead of
snapping they may be lifted. The bulbs wiU be better and cleaner for
being taken up early. In our next we shall give a full and detailed
report of the great show of this flower at Cambridge.

Vines. — As the fruit changes colour, let the plants have a somewhat
drier atmosphere, and more air, to bring up the colour and improve the
flavour. Plants for winter fruiting should now be showing fruit ; take
care no water reaches the fruit while they are in bloom. Pot on
successions as they require it, and keep the plants near the glass, and
with abundance of air, to promote a stocky growth. Temperature as
last month.

JDLY. 193

HEDAROMA (GENETYLLIS) TULIPIFERUM.

(Plate 102.)

Our plate this month furnishes an example of a handsome new
greenhouse shrub, a fine specimen of which was shown at a late
meeting of the Horticultural Society, in Regent-street, by the
Messrs. Backhouse, of York. It is closely related to the family
of Fringe Myrtles, which are beautiful little bushes, abounding in
many parts of New Holland, but in only very few instances
reaching the northern coast. In appearance it somewhat resembles
an Epacris, or perhaps more properly a Diosma, on whose branches
are hung large drooping bell-shaped tlowers — white, streaked with
reddish brown. An example of this plant was, we believe, brought
into notice a year or two ago by Messrs. Garraway, Mayes, and Co.,
of Bristol, but it was not then thought much of, its ilowers being
dull and colourless. In Messrs. Backhouse's specimen, however,
from which our representation has been prepared, the colours were
beautifullv brouo-ht out, rendering: the Ilowers strikino; and hand-
some, and since that time this valuable little shrub has risen
rapidly in public estimation.

As regards cultivation, we would treat it very much like a
Diosma. If we were to receive a young plant now, we should
first of all examine the state of its roots, and if requisite we should
give it a shift. That done, it should be placed in a tolerably close
frame or pit for a day or two till it got established, air being
admitted more plentifully by degrees, and when fully hardened, to
enable it to sustain exposure, it should be placed in a shady
position out of doors, such as the north side of a hedge. Here it
should be properly attended to with water, and in autumn
permitted to receive the full sun, in order that its wood may be
throroughly ripened. It should then, as winter approaches, be
removed to the greenhouse, where it should be wintered. Early next
summer, if the plant is large enough, it will probably flower when
its handsome blossoms forming, as they will, a striking contrast
with those of its associates, cannot fail to attract attention. It
has the best appearance grown in the form of a pyramid, with one
stick to the centre stem to support it. To over stake a plant like
this would be to destroy its beauty. This, like Eriostemons,
Epacrises, and all plants of that description, if properly managed,
requires little support, and in all such cases the fewer stakes
employed the better. For soil, take good peat, with a little silver
sand intermixed with it, and in certain cases perhaps a little loam
might be added to this mixture with advantage.

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LV.

194 THE FLORIST.

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT THE CRYSTAL

PALACE.
This exhibition was held at the Crystal Palace on the 2d of June, and
had excited more interest than any other exhibition of the year, in con-
sequence of the Crystal Palace Company having issued a most hberal
schedule of prizes, accompanied with very liberal arrangements. It
was expected to be the leading show of the year, and expectation cer-
tainly was not disappointed, for never was such an amazing quantity of
plants seen at an exhibition before. It was an enormous success, so far
as the gathering together of exhibitors and plants was concerned ; but,
mewing it as an exhibition, we are compelled to regard it as a failure.
Our impression is, and we know it to be the impression with many
more, that in so large a building, so highly attractive in itself, the hor-
ticultural exhibition should have been made the principal featm-e for the
day, and aU the surrounding objects, even to the building itself, should
have played a secondary part. The dais and Collard's piano should
have been removed, with much of the surrounding statuary, &c., and
taking the centre of the transept as a centre of the horticultural exhi-
bition, the whole might have been brought together, by a little manage-
ment, and formed the grandest display of horticultural skill ever brought
together. Whether the plants had been arranged in the building or
under canvass out-of-doors, they should have been brought together.
We have an instance of this at the Regent's Park, where, under the
new arrangement, the plants, when well arranged, produce a most
striking effect.

We maintain that in a building like the Crystal Palace, the display
of plants should be made the principal feature, and this can only
be done by bringing the whole into a mass, and arranging it in the most
effective manner. If it had been brought into the centre of the
building, as we suggest, means might have been taken to produce a
subdued light, by stretching canvass across above the galleries, and yet
would have allowed visitors to view from the galleries the effect produced
by the plants themselves. It may be urged that so large a display of
plants could not be seen without great inconvenience to the visitors, if
brought together as we suggest ; but we do not see that any incon-
venience would arise, if the necessary precautions were taken. The
visitors ought all to pass one way, neat barriers should be placed about
eighteen inches or two feet from all subjects exhibited, as it would not
only be a great protection to the plants and fruit, but would enable all
to see better. We know that on the day in question much inconvenience
and grumbUng arose from the absence of these two requisites, especially
with the fruit exhibitors. The fruit was shown on a side table, where
visitors could pass but on one side, with no barrier whatever ; and we
heard many complaints about the injury the fruit had sustained, while
in some cases it had disappeared altogether. We were disappointed in
finding the exhibition cut up into pieces as it was, part in the left nave,
a corresponding part in the right nave, pieces of the exhibition in other
parts of the building, while the eastern galleries outside of the building

JUJLY. 195

held the Geraniums and various other collections ; and even here the
want of some arrangement was felt, as the Geraniums were in one
gallery and the fancy Geraniums in another, and the same with Azaleas
and other plants. If the Geraniums or Azaleas, for instance, had been
brought into one place and formed unbroken banks, the effect would
have been telling. Luckily for the plants in the exterior galleries, the
day was fine, without those fitful gusts of wind that had prevailed even
up to the day before. Had it not been so, the effect on the plants
would have been disastrous in the extreme ; a canvass awning was
placed over them and had a very pleasing effect, but had easterly \vinds
prevailed the plants would have been literally stripped. We sincerely
hope this danger will be avoided in future. One more complaint and
we have done. Another season arrangements should be made by which
exhibitors could take their plants from one portion of the building while
visitors left by another, so that the exliibitors may not have to wait
until the building is cleared, as they did this year, before they could
get their plants away. Every facility should be afforded them, for it
must be borne in mind that in very many instances the exhibitors and
assistants were up and travelling the whole of the night before, and did
not reach home again until late on Sunday morning.

Having now viewed the dark side of the picture, we have very great
pleasure in stating v/hat we have to commend. The Crystal Palace
Company, as we before stated, offered a liberal schedule, as will be seen
by the amount of the prize in each case, as given in our report. In
addition to the prizes offered, the Company most hberally placed in the
hands of the judges the power of awarding a great many extra prizes
from £1 to £6 each, while the total amount of money given for the
day's prizes was £857 lOs. This liberality will have great weight with
the body of exhibitors, and will insure a good attendance again ; still
we think a Uttle more care should be exercised in the management by not
admitting everything that may be brought. We saw one or two
collections of plants not fit for any exhibition. Every attention was
shown to the exhibitors ; a good breakfast was provided for them, and
the waiters were unceasing in their exertions, and the utmost courtesy
and attention were shown to them by the whole staff connected with the
Crystal Palace, and the best thanks of all are due to Mr. Eyles and
those who so ably assisted him in the arduous duties of the day. We
now present a summary of the awards : —

Class I. Thirii/ Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Grouped for Effect,
in or out of Flower : — 1st, Messrs. W. Rollisson and Sons, Tooting, 30/. ;
2nd, Messrs. Veitch and Sons, Exeter and Chelsea, 15/. ; 3rd, Mr.
James ]\Iay, gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford, 10/. ; 4th, ]\Ir. 0.
Rhodes, gardener to J. Phillpot, Esq., Stamford Hill, 7/- Extra Prizes :
Mr. C. Peed, gardener to T. Treadwell, Esq., Lower Norwood, 5/. ;
Mr. J. Morris, gardener to Coles Child, Esq., Bromley, 5/.

Class II. Ticenty Stove and Greenhouse Plants in Flower. — 1st,
Mr. James May, gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford, 30/. ; 2nd,
Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, 20/. ; 3rd, Messrs. J. and J.
Eraser, Lea Bridge Road, 10/. Extra Prizes : Mr. G. Barter, gardener
to A. Bassett, Esq., Stamford Hill, 5/. ; Messrs. Pamplin and Son, Lea

o 2

196 THE FLORIST.

Bridge Road, 5/. In Mr. Colyer's collection Erica elegans, Boronia
piiinata, and Leschenaultia formosa were very fine.

Class III. Twelve Stove and Greenhouse Plants in Flowers. — 1st,
Mr. Dods, gardener to Sir J. Cathcart, Bart., Cooper's Hill, Surrey, 18/. ;
2nd, Mr. Carson, gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., Nonsuch Park,
12/. ; 3rd, Mr. Frost, gardener to E. L. Betts, Esq., Preston Hall, 6/.
Extra Prizes : Mr. W. Cutbush, Barnet, 6/. ; ]\Ir. W. May, gardener
to Mrs. Lawrence, Ealing, 5/. ; Mr. R. Dingle, gardener to A. Lawrence,
Esq., Bath, 4/. ; Mr. W. Carmichael, gardener to G. C. Tugwell, Esq.,
Bath, 3/. ; Mr. W.Taylor, gardener to J. Coster, Esq., Streatham, 2/. ;
Mr. R. Roser, gardener to J. Bradbury, Esq., Streatham, 1/. In Mr.
Dods' collection the most remarkable plants were a noble plant of Pimelea
spectabihs and Ericas Cavendishi and depressa, the latter perhaps the
finest ever grown of this kind.

Class IV. Six Stoi'e and Greenhouse Plants in Flower. — 1st,
Mr. Williams, gardener to Miss Traill, Hayes, Kent, 10/ ; 2nd, Mr.
Rhodes, gardener to J. Phillpot, Esq., Stamford Hill, 6/. ; 3rd, Mr.
Hamp, gardener to Jas. Thorne, Esq., South Lambeth, 3/. ; 4th, Mr.
Girdler, gardener to Miss Wilson, Snaresbrook, 2/. Extra Prizes : Mr.
Clarke, Brixton Hill, 21. ; Mr. Brush, gardener to F. Tritton, Esq.,
Norwood, 2/.; Mr. C. Smith, Norwood Grove, 1/. Mr. Chilman,
gardener to Mrs. Smith, Epsom, Mr. J. Tyler, Beckenham, Mr. A. Young,
gardener to John Edwards, Esq., and Mr. Woolaston, of Sydenham, also
exhibited in this class.

Class V. Twenty Variegated Plants. — 1st, Messrs. Veitch and
Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 7/- 5 2nd, Mr. Franklin, gardener to Mrs.
Lawrence, Ealing Park, 5/ ; 3rd, Mr. Young, gardener to W. Slam,
Esq., Dulwich Hill, 4/. ; 4th, Messrs. J. and C. Lee, Hammersmith, 3/.

Class VI. Ten Plants with fine Foliage. — 1st, Messrs. Veitch and
Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 5/. ; 2nd, Messrs. RolUsson and Son, Toot-
ing, 3/. ; 3rd, Mr. Outridge, gardener to J. Foster, Esq., Stamford
Hill, 21.

Class VII. Twenty Orchids, of Exotic Species (Amateurs). — 1st,
Mr. Mylam, gardener to G. Reed, Esq., Burnham, Somerset, 30/; 2nd,
Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., Hoddesdon, 20/. ; 3rd,
Mr. Hume, gardener to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware, 10/. Extra
Prize : Mr. Woolley, gardener to H. B. Ker, Esq., Cheshunt, 7/- Mr.
Bassett, gardener to R. S. Holford, Esq., of Westonbirt, also exhibited
in this class, having in his collection fine plants of Saccolabium guttatum
splendens and Cypripedium barbatum.

Class VIII. Twenty Orchids, of Exotic Species (Nurserymen). —
1st, Messrs. Veitch and Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 30/. ; 2nd, Messrs.
Rollisson and Son, Tooting, 20/. In Messrs. Veitch's collection we
noticed fine plants of Oncidium ampliatum majus, Aerides " Fox's
Brush," Cattleya Mossise superba, Dendrobium anosmum, Cypripedium
barbatum majus, Aerides Veitchi, Aerides virens superbum, Dendrobium
moniliforme. The plants in this collection were very fine. Messrs.
Rollisson had in their collection a noble plant of Oncidium sphacelatum,
with about 30 spikes of bloom. Messrs. Veitch and Son also exhibited
a collection of 20 fine plants not for competition, among which were fine

JULY. 197

plants of Anguloa Ruckeri, Odontoglossum nsevum, Chysis bractescens,
Dendrobium Pierardi latifolium, Vanda Roxburgh! cserulea, and a
beautiful variety of Phalsenopsis granditlora.

Class IX. Twehe Orchids, of Exotic Species (Amateurs). — 1st,
Mr. Bassett, gardener to A. Kendrick, Esq., West Bromwich, 18/. ;
2nd, Mr. Schroeder, Stratford Green, Essex, 12/. ; 3rd, Mr. Clarke,
Hoddesdon, 6/. Mrs. Lawrence also exhibited in this class.

Class X. Six Orchids, of Exotic Species. — 1st, Mr. Carson,
gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., Nonsuch Park, 10/. ; 2nd, JNIr.
Dods, gardener to Sir J. Cathcart, Bart., Cooper's Hill, Surrey, 6/. ;
brd, ]\rr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., 3/. Mr. J.
Summerfield, gardener to J. S. Venn, Esq., Highbury Park, and Mr.
W. Keele, gardener to J. Butler, Esq., Rectory Place, Woolwich, also
exhibited in this class.

Class XI. Orchids, single specimen. — 1st, Messrs. Veitch and
Son, 3/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Veitch and Son, 2/. ; 3rd, Mr. Carson, gardener
to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., Nonsuch Park, 1/., for Cattleya Mossiae
aurantiaca. Messrs. Veitch and Son exhibited Cattleya Mossise, Vanda
suavis, and Phalaenopsis grandiflora ; Mr. WiUiams, gardener to C. B.
Warner, Esq., Saccolabium guttatum superbum ; Mr. Strudwick,
gardener to T. Keen, Esq., Croydon, Cattleya Mossise ; and Llessrs.
Rollisson and Son, Odontoglossum hastilabium, all in this class.

Class XII Twelve Greenhouse Azaleas. — 1st, Mr. Green, gardener
to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., 20/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Eraser, Lea Bridge Road,
15/. ; 3rd, Mr. Clarke, Brixton Hill, 10/. Extra Prize : Messrs. Lane
and Son, Great Berkhampstead, 5/. Mr. Green's were superb plants,
with flowers of excellent quality ; Messrs. Eraser's plants were also
very fine ; Mr. Clark's were compact, well grown, and well flowered
plants. Mr. Gaines also exhibited in this class.

Class XIII. Six Greenhouse Azaleas (Amateurs).— 1st, Mr.
Carson, gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq., Nonsuch Park, 10/. ; 2nd,
Mr. W. Taylor, gardener to J. Coster, Esq., Streatham, 7/- ; 3rd, Mr.
Keele, gardener to J. Butler, Esq., Woolwich, 4/. Mr. Carson's were
well grown medium sized plants. Mr. Morris, gardener to Coles Child,
Esq., Bromley, Mr. G. Wright, gardener to Sir C. F. Farnaby, Bromley,
Mr. Mortimore, gardener to J. R. Scott, Esq., Leyton, Mr. Roser,
gardener to J. Bradbury, Esq., and Messrs. Ivery and Son, in whose
collection we noticed Admiration, a fine striped variety, also exliibited in
this class, and all plants of fair average quality.

Class XIV. Six Greenhouse Azaleas, of new kinds (Open). — 1st,
Mr, Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., 10/. ; 2nd, Mr. Taylor,
gardener to J. Coster, Esq., Streatham, 7/. ; 3rd, Mr. Kinghorn, St.
Margaret's, Isleworth, 4/. Extra Prize : Messrs. Lane and Son, Great
Berkhampstead, 3/. This was a very interesting class, and was well
responded to. Mr. Taylor had Extrani, soft deep rose, Glory of
Sunning Hill, Jenkinsi superba, Griswoodiana, a noble orange scarlet
variety, Iveryana, and Broughtoni. The best of Mr. Kinghorn's were
Trotteriana, Symmetry, one of tlie finest shaped varieties in cultivation,
Perryana, and Iveryana. In Messrs. Lane's lot we noticed Reine des
Beiges, delicate rose, and very fine, and Glory of Sunning Hill. Mr.

198 THE FLORIST.

Roser, Streatham ; Mr. Clark, Brixton, who had among his plants
Magnifica, a fine white, JuUana, orange scarlet, Gledstanesi, and
Formosa, a good pale striped variety ; and Messrs. Ivery and Son, of
Dorking, who had Pride of Dorking, white, but not pure, with Lateritia
habit, rosea superba, a fine bright variety, Iveryana, Barclayana, a
very fine variety, with pale purple stripes. Beauty of Reigate, white,
with clear scarlet stripes and Lateritia habit, and Criterion, a superb
variety, exhibited also in this class.

Class XV. Greenhouse Azalea, single specimen. — 1st, Messrs.
Ivery and Son, Dorking and Reigate, 2/., for Azalea Iveryana; 2nd,
Mr. Calder, gardener to Mrs. Horsman, Thames Ditton, 1/. Two others
exhibited in this class.

Class XVL Ten Cape Heaths. — 1st, Messrs. Rohisson and Sons,
Tooting, 10/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Fraser, Lea Bridge Road, 71- ', 3rd, Mr.
Frost, gardener to E. L. Betts, Esq., 4/. Extra Prizes : Mr. WiUiams,
gardener to I\Iiss Traill, Hayes, Kent, 4/. ; Mr. Peed, gardener to T.
Tread well, Esq., Norwood, 3/. ; I\Ir. Clarke, Brixton HiU, 21. ; Messrs.
Jackson and Son, Nurserymen, Kingston, \l.

Class XVII. Six Cape Heaths. — 1st, Mr. Breadley, gardener to
Sir S. M. Peto, Bart., 6/. ; 2nd, Mr. Roser, gardener to J. Bradbury,
Esq., F.H.S., Streatham, 4/. ; 3rd, Mr. Taylor, gardener to J. Coster,
Esq., Streatham, 3/. Extra Prizes : Mr. Barter, gardener to A. Bassett,
Esq., Stamford Hill, 3/. ; Mr. Rhodes, gardener to J. Phillpot, Esq., 21. ;
Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart,, 1/. ; Mr. Harlock,
gardener to R. W. Nutter, Esq., Wanstead, 1/. Mr. Cutbush,
nurseryman, Barnet, and ]\Ir. Young, gardener to J. Edwards, Esq.,
also exhibited in this class.

Class XVIII. Six Tall Cacti, species or varieties of, in Flower.
— 1st, Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., 11 ; 2nd, Mr.
Grix, gardener to A. Palmer, Esq., Cheam, hi ; 3rd, Mr. IMortimer,
gardener to J. R. Scott, Esq., Leyton, 3/. Messrs. Smith, nurserymen,
Dulwich, also exhibited in this class.

Class XIX. Six Rhododendrons, distinct kinds. — 1st, Messrs. Lane
and Son, Great Berkhampstead, 8/. ; 2nd, Mr. Gaines, Battersea, 6/. ;
3rd, no competition.

Class XX. Twelve Roses in Pols, distinct kinds. — 1st, IMessrs.
Lane and Son, Berkhampstead, 10/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes withheld ; 4th,_
Mr. Wilkinson, Ealing Common, 4/. IMessrs. Lane had fine plants of
Coupe de Hebe, Tea Adam, Paul Perras, and La Peine. I\Ir. Wilkin-
son's plants were budded on the Celine stock, fi-om dormant buds, with-
out artificial heat, produced in fifteen months. The plants of course
were small, and were exhibited for the purpose of showing the result of
budding in this manner.

Class. XXI. Six Roses in pots, distinct kinds. — 1st, Mr. Busby,
gardener to J. S. Crawley, Esq., Luton, 5/. ; 2nd, Mr. A. Rowland,
Lewisham, 4/. ; 3rd, no competition.

Class XXII. Six Calceolarias in pots, distinct varieties. — 1st, Mr.
James, gardener to W. F. Watson, Esq., Isleworth, 6/. ; 2nd, Mr. Gaines,
Surrey Lane, Battersea, 4/. ; 3rd, Mr. Liley, gardener to E. King, Esq.,
Eden Bridge, Kent, 3/. Extra Prizes : Mr. Carmichael, gardener to

JULY. 199

G. C. Tugwell, Bath, 2/. ; Mr. M. Clarke, Hoddesdon, 1/. The first
collection were well-grovvn plants of distinct varieties. Eleven other
collections were also exhibited in this class, some of which were no better
than nursery plants.

Class XXIII. Six Fuchsias in pots, distiiict varieties. — 1st, Mr.
Bousie, Stoke Park, Bucks, 6/. ; 2nd, Mr. Carroll, gardener to F. C.
Hills, Esq., Denmark Hill, 4/. ; 3rd, Messrs. Dobson & Son, Isleworth,
3/. Extra Prizes : JMr. J. Wiggins, gardener to E. Beck, Esq., Isle-
worth, 21. ; Mr. E. A. De Grave, Fetcham, near Leatherhead, 1/.
Mr. Smith, gardener to A. Anderson, Esq., Norwood Grove ; Mr. G.
Blundell, gardener to A. Rowland, Esq., Sydenham ; Mr. Outridge, gar-
dener to J. Foster, Esq., of Stamford Hill, also exhibited in this class.

Class XXIV. Twelve Pelargoniums, distinct varieties. — 1st, Mr.
Turner, Slough, 12/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Dobson & Son, Isleworth, 8/. ; 3rd,
Messrs. Eraser, Lea Bridge Road, 6/. ; 4th, Mr. Gaines, Battersea, 4/.
Extra Prizes : Mr. Wiggins, gardener to E. Beck, Esq., Isleworth, 21. ;
Mr. Maher, gardener to J. M. Strachan, Esq., Twickenham, 1/. Mr.
Turner's plants were the admiration of all, seeming almost impossible
to surpass them in excellence. The varieties were Carlos, a fine kind ;
Governor-General, a brilhant variety for exhibition ; Una, a fine free-
flowering white ; Achilles, Exactum, Mochanna, Rosamond — this, per-
haps, was the finest specimen ever grown in an 8-inch pot ; Esther,
Majestic, Sanspareil, Astrea, and Zeno. IMessrs. Dobson & Son were a
good second, with Ambassador, Purpureum, Empress, Exhibitor, Deli-
catum. Magnet, Gulielma, Prince Arthur, Painter improved, Rosamond,
Enchantress, and Vulcan.

Class XXV. Six Pelargoniums, distinct varieties f Amateurs). —
1st, Mr. Nye, gardener to E. Foster, Esq., Clewer, 6/. ; 2d, Mr.
Windsor, gardener to A. Blyth, Esq., Hampstead, 4/. ; 3d, Mr. Hoyle,
Sidney Villa, Reading, 3/. Extra Prizes : Mr. Holder, gardener to
Rev. E. Coleridge, 21. ; ]\Ir. Mockett, gardener to J. Allnutt, Esq.,
Clapham, 1/. Mr. Barter, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq. ; Mr. Weir,
gardener to J. Hodgson, Esq., Hampstead ; and Mr. Wiggins, gardener
to E. Beck, Esq., also exhibited in this class. Mr. Nye was deservedly
first with Purple Perfection, Enchantress, Rosa (Foster's), Queen of
May, Pandora, and Lucy, all well grown plants, with flowers of fine
quahty. We thought Mr. Hoyle should have been second, as he had
Wonderful (figured in the Florist in September last). Magnet, Carlos,
Portia, Serena, and Sanspareil. Mr. Hoyle's plants were good and well
flowered, and, as will be seen. Wonderful and Serena, two of the finest
new flowers, were in no other collection. In our opinion, quality, in
sorts, combined with good culture, should take precedence, and that
especial attention should be paid to this point.

Class XXVI. Ttcelve Fancy Pelargoniums, distinct varieties. —
1st, Mr. C. Turner, Slough, 12/. ; 2nd, Mr. Gaines, Battersea, 8/. ;
3rd, Messrs. Eraser, Lea Bridge Road, 6/. Mr. A. Young, gardener to
J. Edwards, Esq., also exhibited in this class. Mr. Turner had a
monster plant of Perfection, Madame Sontag almost as large, Caliban,
Erubescens (a bright and useful variety), Delicatum, Formosissimum,
Gaiety, Celestial, Jenny Lind, Cassandra, Richard Cobden, and Electra,
all extremely fine plants, loaded with flower.

200 THE FLORIST.

Class XXVII. Six Fancy Pelargoniums, distinct vars. (Amateurs).
— 1st, Mr. Bousie, Stoke Park, Bucks, 61. ; 2d, Mr. Windsor, gardener
to A. Blyth, Esq., Hampstead, 4/. ; 3rd, Mr. Wackrill, gr. to H.
Wheeler, Esq., Wandsworth Common, 3/. Extra Prizes : Mr. Weir,
gardener to J. Hodgson, Esq., 2/.; Mr. Robinson, gardener to J.Simp-
son, Esq., Thames Bank, 1/. ; Mr. Mockett, gardener to J. Allnutt,
Esq., Clapham Common, 11. Mr. Bradley, gardener to Sir S. M. Peto,
Bart. ; and Mr. Spinks, gardener to — Bushey, Esq., Forest Hill, also
exhibited in this class. Mr. Bousie's varieties consisted of Delicatum,
Jenny Lind, Advancer, Princess Marie Galitzin, Madame Sontag, and
Hero of Surrey.

Class XXVIII. Twelve Pansies, distinct kinds, in 8-inck pots
(Amateurs). — 1st, Mr. James, gardener to W. F. Watson, Esq., SI. ;
2d, ]\Ir. Holder, gardener to Rev. E. Coleridge, Eton, 21. ; 3rd, Mr.
Lovesey, Tulse Hill, 1/. Extra Prize : Mr. August, Beddington Lane,
10s. Mr. George Turner, of Whetstone, exhibited a collection that
seemed to have been taken from the ground and potted a few days
before.

Ci/ASS XXIX. Twelve Pansies, distinct kinds, in 8-inch pots
(Nurserymen). — 1st, Mr. Turner, Slough, 3/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Dobson
& Son, Isleworth, 21. ; 3rd, Mr. Bragg, Slough, 1/. Mr. Turner
exhibited Uncle Tom, Isabella, Duke of Perth, Emperor, Crimson
Perfection, Satisfaction, Queen of the Isles (a fine white-ground flower),
Brilliant, Duke of Newcastle (a very fine flower), John Ingram, and
Royal Visit.

Class XXX. Twelve Ferns, Exotic species, tender, cultivated in pots.
— 1st, Mr. Fletcher, gardener to J. F. Young, Esq., Upper Kennington
Lane, 5/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Veitch & Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 3/. ; 3rd,
Mr. Hume, gardener to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware, 21. ; 4th, Mr.
Bassett, gardener to R. S. Holford, Esq., Weston Birt, 1/. Mr.
Fletcher's and Messrs. Veitch's plants were very fine. The last named
firm also exhibited in this class twelve very fine plants of distinct
species of Lycopods that were much admired.

Class XXXI. Twenty Ferns, hardy, cultivated in pots. — 1st, Mr.
Fletcher, gardener to J. Young, Esq., Kennington Lane, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr.
WilHams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., Hoddesdon, 21. ; 3rd, Mr.
Bixley, gardener to Lord Down, 11.

Class XXXII. Twelve Lycopodiums, not less than six species. —
1st, Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., 3/. ; 2nd, Messrs.
Veitch and Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 21. ; 3rd, Mr. Bassett, gardener to
R. S. HoLford, Esq., 1/. Mr. Fletcher, gardener to J. F. Young, Esq.,
also exhibited in this class.

Class XXXIII. Newly Introduced or extremely Rare Plants re-
markable for their beauty, in flower. — 1st, Messrs. Veitch & ir-'on, for
Rhododendron Brookianum, 5/. ; 2nd, Messrs. Veitch & Son, for Em-
bothrium coccineum, 3/. ; 3rd, Messrs. Veitch & Son, for Weigela
amabilis, 21.

Class XXXIV. Newly Introduced or extremely Rare Plants, re-
markable for their beauty, not in flower. — 1st, Messrs. Veitch & Son,
for Lomatia ferruginea, 3/. ; 2nd, to Messrs. Veitch & Son, for Aralia

JULY. 201

papyracea, 21. ; 3rd, to Messrs. Rollisson & Sons, for Sonerila mar-
garitacea ; 4th, to Messrs. Veiteh & Son, for Ansectochilus Veitchi, 1/.
Several other plants were exhibited in these classes, among them Cle-
matis monstrosa, a variety with creamy white flowers ; and Clematis
Sophia, a fine variety of "azurea," pale lilac, margined with deep lilac,
both from IMessrs. Jackson & Son. Messrs. Standish & Noble sent a
beautiful and distinct variety of Azalea indica, named " crispiflora,"
bright rose with crisp or frilled edges, and free blooming. ]\Ir. Cutbush,
of Barnet, sent a fine plant of Hypocalymma robustum ; Mr. J. Bruce,
gardener to B. Miller, Esq., Merton, sent Rhododendron javanicum in
flower. Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son had Bouvardia longiflora, with
pure white Jasmine-like flowers ; also Rhododendron Burlingtoni, a fine
buff-coloured variety of " flavum," and Hedaroma tulipiferum, not well
coloured. Mr. Ayres, gardener to Lord Southampton, sent a small
plant of Hydrolea azurea, a bright blue greenhouse perennial ; ]\Ir.
Hume, gardener to R. Hanbury, Esq., sent Impatiens Jerdonise, Achi-
menes gigantea, and Blandfordia species, all in bloom ; Messrs. Rol-
lisson & Sons exhibited the beautiful Meyenia erecta, clothed with deep
purple Franciscea-hke flowers, the habit of which it resembles ; Messrs.
Veiteh & Son also exhibited the beautiful Rhododendron Brookianum
fi'om Borneo, with rich clear yellow flowers and the habit of "javani-
cum," also Weigela amabihs, the flowers of which are of a pale lilac
pink colour, and smaller than W. rosea, and the beautiful Embothrium
coccineum, with a profusion of bright scarlet flowers, and we believe
hardy in the West of England. If generally hardy, it is a most
valuable acquisition.

Class XXXV. New, or Extremely Rare, Orchids, in Flower. —
1st, Messrs. Rollisson and Son, Tooting, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Williams,
gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., 21. ; 3rd prize withheld. Mr. WilUams
exhibited Aerides Warneri, and Mr. White, gardener to A. Kenwick,
Esq., Birmingham, had Aerides virens maculatum, and Mr. Woolley,
gardener to H. B. Ker, Esq., had Bifrenaria species, in this class.

Class XXXVI. Six plants of Nepenthes with Pitchers, — 1st,
Messrs. Veiteh and Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 10/., with six such plants
as perhaps were never seen before ; 2nd and 3rd prizes no competition.
Class XXXVII. Six plants of Ancectochilus and Physurus. —
1st, Messrs. Veiteh and Son, Exeter and Chelsea, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Hume,
gardener to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware, 21. ; 3rd, IMr. Woolley,
gardener to H. B. Ker, Esq., Cheshunt, 1/. Messrs. Veiteh and Son
had well cultivated specimens under glass of A. Lowi, A. setaceus,
A. xanthophyllus, A. Lobbi, A. cordatus, and A. intermedius.

Class XXXVIII. Six Begonias, not less than four species: — 1st,
Mr. Frost, gardener to E. L. Betts, Esq., 4/. ; 2nd, Mr. Young, gardener
to W. Slam, Esq., Dulwich Hill, 3/. ; 3rd prize, no competition.

Class XXXIX. Six Gloxinias of distinct varieties. — 1st, IMr.
Pullen, gardener to W. D. Adams, Esq., Lower Sydenham, 4/. ; 2nd,
Mr. G. Young, gardener to W. Slam, Esq., Dulwich Hill, 3/. ; 3rd,
Mr. A. Young, gardener to John Edwards, Esq., Holloway, 21. Extra
Prize : Mr. Taylor, gardener to J. Wilhams, Esq., 1/. Mr. Taylor,
gardener to J. Coster, Esq. ; Mr. Dale, gardener to J. Renny, Esq.,

202 THE FLORIST.

Thames Bank, Pimlico ; and Mr. Barter, gardener to A. Bassett, Esq.,
Stamford Hill, also exhibited in this class.

Class XL. Miscellaneous. — 1st, Messrs. Rollisson and Sons, for
Cephalotus follicularis, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Taylor, for Aphelexis macrantha
rosea, 21. ; 3rd, Mr. Henchman, Edmonton, for Calceolarias, 1/. Extra
Prizes : Mr. E. Collins, gardener to E. H. Chapman, Esq., Hornsey,
for Callitris cupressiformis, 3/. ; Mr. Hamp, gardener to James Thorne,
Esq., South Lambeth, for a collection of Amaryllis, 21. ; Mr. W. Dennis,
Chelsea, for Dennis's Alma Geranium, 1/. ; Mr. James Wood, Norwood,
for Alpine Plants, 1/. ; Mr. E. Edmonds, gardener to the Duke of
Devonshire, Chiswick, for Yellow Hybrid Rhododendron, 1/. Many
interesting plants were exhibited in this class. The Callitris cupressi-
formis exhibited by Mr ColHns will be one of the handsomest coniferous
plants ever seen. Mr. ColHns had 16 fine plants from four to six feet
high, somewhat resembling Cupressus funebris, with a beautiful drooping
habit ; if it should be hardy it will be an invaluable acquisition. IMessrs.
Veitch and Son had fine plants of Lilium giganteum and Medinilla
magnifica ; and Mr. Kinghorn, St. ]\Iargaret's, Isleworth, had three
seedling variegated Geraniums, Annie and Countess of Warwick, both
partaking of Flower of the Day foliage, and General Pelissier, very fine
bright orange scarlet flowers, in habit like Commander in Chief ; this
variety is a great acquisition. Messrs. A. Henderson and Co., sent a
box of Mrs. Woodroffe Verbena, a very large scarlet variety ; and Mr.
C. Turner sent two boxes of Pansy blooms and a collection of 150 cut
blooms of Tulips, which were not the least interesting feature of the
show. Mr. Lawrence, of Hampton, also sent some Tulips ; and Mr.
Bragg a box of Pansy blooms. Mr. Dennis sent some plants of his
seedhng Geranium Alma, a forcing variety in the way of Washington,
but much brighter in colour. Messrs. Veitch and Son sent eight plants
of Wellingtonia gigantea, the largest nearly 1 8 inches high, and showing
promise of great beauty ; also Rhododendron purpureum splendens, fine
truss, purple rose colour, beautifully blotched on the upper petals ; also
Rhododendron formosum elegans, Swainsona lessertifolia, a charming
greenhouse plant with shaded purple flowers, and Gloxinia adamis
oculata, soft shaded lilac with white throat, habit of Fyfiana, distinct
and handsome. Messrs. Standish and Noble, of Bagshot, sent Spiraea
grandiflora, a most distinct variety, with large white flowers, and
evidently a free bloomer, Berberis intermedia, B. trifurca, B. Beali, and
B. japonica ; also Weinmannia tricosperma, a very ornamental plant,
and Rhododendron Dalhousianum, which had produced six heads of
bloom. G. W. Hoyle, Esq., of Reading, exhibited the following seedling
Geraniums : — Eminee, Josephine, Dion, a bright scarlet Governor-
General flower ; Pallas, a beautiful bright rose, with clear white centre
and dark blotch in upper petals, Orlando, Echo, Evadne, Floretta, Gaiety,
and Eva, all of which will come under notice shortly. Our report will
show that a large number of plants was collected, including many of
great interest, and owing to the exhibition being scattered about the
building there were still many things that escaped our notice.

Fruit. — Note. A Dish of Grapes to consist of Three Bunches ;
Peaches and Nectarines, Six Fruits ; Cherries and Strawberries, of
Fitly Fruits. All Fruit must be perfectly ripe and sound.

JULY. 203

Class A. Collections of Fruit in Twelve Dishes, consistinor of at least
Eight Distinct Kinds: — 1st, Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke
of Sutherland, 10/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes no competition.

Class B. Collections of Fruit in Eight Dishes, consisting of at least
Five distinct kinds : — 1st, Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to the Duke of
Norfolk, Arundel Castle, 8/. ; 2nd, ]\Ir. Watson, Market Gardener,
Ealing, 6/. ; 3rd prize not awarded.

Class C. Collections of Six Pine-apples : — 1st, Mr. Bailey, Shardeloes
Garden, Amersham, Bucks, 10/. ; 2nd, Mr. Robinson, gardener to Lord
Boston, Hedsor, IMaidenhead, 7/- ; 3rd, Mr. Turnbull, gardener to the
Duke of ]\Iarlborough, Blenheim, 4/.

Class D. Collections of Three Pine-apples, viz., Providence, Trinidad,
and Black Prince : — 1st, 2nd, and 3rd prizes no competition.

Class E. Single Fruit of the Providence : — 1st, Mr. Robinson,
gardener to Lord Boston, Hedsor, INIaidenhead, 4/. ; 2nd, Mr. Bailey,
Shardeloes Garden, Amersham, Bucks, 3/. ; 3rd prize not awarded.

Class F. Single Fruit of the Queen, any variety : — 1st, ]\Ir. Barron,
gardener to Mr. Vivian, Singleton, Swansea, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Constantine,
gardener to C. JMills, Esq., Hillingdon, Uxbridge, 2/. ; 3rd prize, not
awarded.

Class G. Giapes in Boxes, Twelve Pounds (Market Gardeners
only) : — 1st, ]\Ir. John Davis, Oak Hill, East Barnet, 5/. ; 2nd, Mr.
Samuel Solomon, Peckham Rye, 4/. ; 3rd, I\Ir. Hughes, Shacklewell, 3/.
Extra Prize : Mr. Harrison, Oatlands Palace, Weybridge, 21.

Class H. Grapes, Collections of Three Dishes, of Three Distinct
Kinds : 1st, Mr. Turnbull, gardener to the Duke of Marlborough
Blenheim, 8/. ; 2nd, Mr. Hill, gardener to R. Sneyd, Esq., Keele Hall'
Staffordshire, 6/. ; 3rd prize no competition.

Class I. Grapes, Black, Single Dish: — 1st, Mr. Dods> gardener to
Sir J. Cathcart, Bart., Cooper's Hill, Surrey, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Monro,
gardener to Mrs. Oddie, Colney House, St. Alban's, 2/. ; 3rd, Mr. Roser,
gardener to J. Bradbury, Esq., Streatham, 1/. Extra Prize : Mr.
Martin, gardener to Sir H. Fleetwood, Bart., Hill House, Windsor
Forest, lOs.

Class J. Grapes, White, Single Dish : 1st, Mr. Ayres, gardener to
Lord Southampton, Whittlebury Lodge, Towcester, 3/. ; 2nd, Mrs. C.
A. Preller, Ada Lodge, Tulse Hill, 2/. ; 3rd, Mr. Busby, gardener to
J. S. Crawley, Esq., Stockwood Park, Luton, 1/.

Class K. Grapes, Muscat, Single Dish : 1st, ]\Ir. Turnbull, gardener
to the Duke of ]\Iarl borough, Blenheim, 4/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes not
awarded.

Class L. Peaches and Nectarines, in Collections of Four Dishes,
Two Distinct Kinds : — 1st, Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of
Sutherland, 8/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes no competition.

Class ]\L Peaches, Single Dish of One Kind only: — 1st, Mr. Con-
stantine, gardener to C. ]\Iills, Esq., Hillingdon, Uxbridge, 4/. ; 2nd,
Mr. Gardiner, gardener to Sir G. P. Phillips, Bart., Weston House,
near Shipston-on-Stour, 3/. ; 3rd prize not awarded.

Class N. Nectarines, Single Dish of One Kind only: — 1st, Mr.
G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, 4/. ; 2nd, Mr. Ayres,

204 THE FLORIST.

gardener to Lord Southampton, Whittlebury Lodge, Towcester, 3/. ;
3rd, Mr. Spencer, gardener to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Bowood, 2/.

Class 0. Melons, Persian, or Hybrids from it, the heaviest : — 1st,
Mr. Monroe, gardener to Mrs. Oddie, Colney House, St. Alban's, 3/. ;
2nd, Mr. Boreham, gardener to Sir F. Kelly, Chantrey, Ipswich, 2/.
Extra Prize : Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, 1/.

Class P. Melons, Green Fleshed: — 1st, Mr. Monro, gardener to
]\Irs. Oddie, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Boreham, gardener to Sir F. Kelly, 2/.
Extra Prize : Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, 1/.

Class Q. Melons, Scarlet Fleshed: — 1st, Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to
the Duke of Norfolk, Arundel Castle, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr. Bennett, gardener
to J. Beech, Esq., Brandon Lodge, Coventry, 21.

Class R. Figs, Single Dish, consisting of Ten Fruits : — 1st, Mr.
Busby, gardener to J. S. Crawley, Esq., Stockwood Park, Luton, 3/. ;
2nd, Mr. Bean, Hanworth Park, 2/. Extra Prizes : Mr. Baile}^
gardener to G. Harcourt, Esq., M.P., Nuneham Park, Oxford, 1/. ;
Mr. Gotterill, gardener to the Earl of Lisburne, Crosswood Park,
Aberystwith, 1/.

Class S. Cherries, in Collections of Three Kinds, one dish of each,
in Fifties : — 1st, Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland,
4/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes no competition.

Class T. Cherries, Single Dish (White) in Fifties : — 1st and 2nd
prizes no competition.

Class U. Cherries, Single Dish (Black) in Fifties : — 1st, Mr. G,
Flemhig, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, 21. ; 2nd, Mr. Shuter,
gardener to the Earl of Wilton, Heaton Park, Manchester, 1/.
hxtra Prize : Mr. Evans, gardener to C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.,
Asbury, Warwickshire, 10^.

Class V. Plums, Single Dish : — 1st and 2nd prizes no competition.

Class W. Strawberries, Collections of Three Dishes, distinct
varieties : — 1st, Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to the Duke of Norfolk, Arundel
Castle, 6/. ; 2nd, Mr. Turnbull, gardener to the Duke of Marlborough,
Blenheim, 4/. ; 3rd, Mr. Dunsford, Chingford, Essex, 2/. Extra Prize :
Mr. Barrow, gardener to Mrs. Vivian, Singleton, Swansea, 1/.

Class X. Strawberries, Single Dish, in Fifties : — 1st, Mr. M'Ewen,
gardener to the Duke of Norfolk, Arundel Castle, 3/. ; 2nd, Mr.
Constantine, gardener to C. Mills, Esq., Hillingdon, Uxbridge, 2/. ;
3rd prize not awarded.

Class Y. Vines, in Pots, with Ripe Fruit, not less than Four
Plants: — 1st, Mr. Constantine, gardener to C. Mills, Esq., Hillingdon,
Uxbridge, 6/. ; 2nd and 3rd prizes not awarded.

Class Z. Tropical Fruit, fit for the Dessert, and not included in any
other Letter : — 1st, Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq.,
Hoddesdon, Herts, 6/. ; 2nd, Mr. G. Fleming, gardener to the Duke
of Sutherland, 4/. ; 3rd prize not awarded.

We are unable to give any details respecting the fruit, as it was
impossible to get near it during the afternoon. The visitors were also
admitted shortly after 12 o'clock, so that reporters and judges were
sadly inconvenienced in their duties. The pubHc should not be admitted
until a later period of the day, as it is impossible for the judges to arrive

JULY. 205

at a correct opinion unless sufficient time is given them for comparison ;
and on sound impartial judgment more than anything else the success
of a horticultural society depends.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. XL

By a Country Gardener.

To encourage the swelling of the buds, the Vines should be damped
over wTith the syringe two or three times daily with tepid water ; as
before advised, close the house early on the afternoons of sunny days,
to give the Vines the benefit of a little extra sun heat ; and if the Vines
are syringed at the same time, and the walks and floor well damped,
a genial moist heat will follow, very favourable to vegetation ; in fact,
during their entire growth, up to the time when the fruit commences to
change colour, advantage should be taken of this. I do not recommend
syringing the Vines after the shoots are three or four inches long,
although it is a common practice with many cultivators to do so,
believing that a sufficiently humid atmosphere can easily be obtained
by sprinkUng the floors, &c., of the house. In very hot dry weather
this should be constantly done, and especially towards the evening.
After the leaves of Vines are fully grown, they exhale, or perspire, very
freely in dry weather ; and it is a good practice in some degree to coun-
teract this, by keeping the interior of the house moister than the external
air, which the above will effect.

In tying the main stem to the trellis, take care it is placed in exactly
the same position in which it grew last season ; the eyes, or buds, will
then, as they advance, be in a line with the trellis, so as to be easily
trained at a right angle with the main stem, or nearly so. As the
young shoots are very brittle, they must be gradually brought to their
proper places ; for if tied down at once, some of them might break off*,
by the tie obstructing their growth, which would destroy for a time the
regularity of their growth. When the shoots are advanced sufficiently
long that the bunches can be distinguished, the points should be pinched
out, or stopped (as it is technically called). Before this is done it will
be as well to allow the bunches to develop themselves more fully, as
sometimes the second bunch on the shoot is the handsomest, and should
of course be left. The stopping may therefore be deferred a few days,
to give time to ascertain this point. It is the usual practice to stop
Vines at one joint above the bunch, and this with Hamburghs and the
generality of Vines is the proper practice ; but with IMuscats and one
or two others whose foliage is not so large, two joints may be allowed.
The leading or top shoot should run to the top of the house before being
stopped, if it does not already reach it.

The Vines at this stage will grow fast, and my previous remarks on
supplying them with air, &c., must be attended to ; in addition, should
cold dull weather intervene, slight fires will be of great assistance, both
by encouraging the development of the bunches, and by permitting a
larger admission of air than could otherwise be given.

206 THE FLORIST.

The application of fire-heat during the time the Vines are in bloom is
important to all kinds of Vines ; for notwithstanding that Hamburghs
and many other Vines will set their fruit without such assistance, yet
a better set is obtained by a little extra heat at the period of blooming,
as the atmosphere can more readily be made dri/, in which state the
fertilization of the embryo fruit is more surely effected ; and this con-
dition becomes imperative to insure a good set of Muscats, Dutch Sweet-
water, and a few other Vines, which rarely (through the irregular
setting of the fruit), form perfect bunches, without a temperature
ranging from 68^ to 75° being maintained, and the air of the house
being at the same time kept dry.

When the berries are fairly set, and grown to the size of a very
small Pea, the bunches should be thinned out, having, however, first
gone over the Vines for the purpose of removing such bunches as may
appear too thick on the Vines ; a good deal of discretion on this point
must be left to the cultivator, who must judge by the vigour of the
Vines how many bunches they should carry. If in moderate strength,
ten or twelve bunches may be left, and more or less as the Vines are
above or below the standard, bearing in mind that it will be much safer
to undercrop than to overcrop them, which will in the end be sure to
undermine their vigour and entail subsequent disappointment, both in
the quality of the fruit and their permanent productiveness. The
thinning of the bunches should be effected by scissors on purpose, and
to the unpractised hand is a rather difficult operation, as the berries on
the bunches of the different Vines vary in size considerably, and there-
fore require thinning out accordingly ; Hamburghs and IMuscats, having
large berries, will require more than half of the berries being taken
away, if they have set well ; while Frontignans and Muscadines may
be left thicker on the bunch, as these kinds have smaller berries. In
thinning out the surplus berries, select the outside ones, and those with
the stoutest footstalks, as they usually swell to the largest size. The
shoulders or upper parts of the bunches of Hamburghs and some others
should be tied up, suspending them to the spur or trellis by strands of
soft matting ; this will make the bunches look larger and allow a larger
number of berries to be left. Great caution must be used in thinning,
not to handle the bunches more than is necessary, and the operator
should frequently wash his hands, as any rubbing of the bunches or
touching them with dirty hands will give the berries a greasy appear-
ance, and wull hereafter prevent them from forming that beautiful
bloom which is characteristic of well-managed, clean-grown Grapes.
The best way is, for the person thinning them to take hold of a berry
with one hand, for the purpose of more easily getting at the rest with
the scissors, and when the bunch is finished cut these berries out — the
rest will scarcely have been touched, if proper care has been taken.
Thinning out should, as nearly as is possible, be done at once, a little
practice will soon show the cultivator how many to take out ; for when
a second thinning is requisite, most likely the berries have grown con-
siderably, and when any quantity has to be removed it is greatly at the
expense of the crop ; besides, the bunches are never so handsome and
regular as \vhen finished off the first time, and therefore it is very

JULY. 207

desirable that no great number of berries should have to be taken
away at the second look over.

The thinning over, but little remains to do, as we are presuming now
to be in the month of June, and that the Grapes are not to have more
assistance than what the season affords (excepting during long-con-
tinued wet weather, when a little fire-heat should be given them). The
chief point in their summer management to attend to will be the
admission of air. But as we have given in former papers directions on
this head, we shall only repeat that air must he given hberally each
day — not merely noticing how high the thermometer is, for air must be
supplied without reference at all times to the height of the temperature ;
for instance, in dull cloudy weather the thermometer may not reach
higher than 60°, and yet air is then as absolutely necessary as when it
indicates 75° with a bright sun. A small circulation should be per-
mitted by night (see back papers) by leaving an inch or two back and
front ; this should be increased early each morning, and again, as the
state of the weather indicates, closing the house for two or three hours
each afternoon, and again giving air for the night, as a comparatively
low night temperature will not injure the more hardy kinds of (.'rapes,
provided it follows bright days ; but after a continuance of wet or sun-
less days I have often noticed that Grapes suffer, and this, in my
opinion, is one cause of shanking, and therefore I advise slight fires
by day, during such weather. The day temperature may range up to
80° or 85° if accompanied by air, and the house may be closed at this
temperature, as the temperature will gradually decline with the day,
and the night ventilation will keep it down to 60° or 65° during the
hottest part of the season. My practice is to make the most of the
sun -heat by day, under the conditions that air shall accompany it till
towards evening, when the closing takes place, and by husbanding the
afternoon sun, I get an increase of heat for three or four hours ; this
assists the Vines, and does no injury, as the heat of the house gradually
cools down by the evening, when the night ventilation prevents any-
thing like a stagnation of air in the house ; and by keeping the air in
motion the healthy action of the foliage is secured, and one great cause
of shanking prevented ; indeed I think (as before noticed) this evil
owes its origin in a great measure to a close confined atmosphere, par-
ticularly if attended with a low temperature.

During the summer the lateral growths must be stopped, leaving one
joint each time ; but in August these growths should be cut back to the
last joint, provided the leaf at that joint is healthy. This will admit
more light into the house, and at this season there will be little danger
of their breaking again, and consequently the eyes on the spur will be
benefited as well as the fruit.

By the middle or end of August the fruit will be perceived to be
changing colour, when the sprinkling of the floors, &c., should be gra-
dually withheld, until it ceases altogether as the Vines ripen ; for at
this period the house should be kept as dry as possible, and a fire made
to warm the flues and dry the air of the house in wet weather.

We have said nothing about the borders ; as, however, the borders,
if constructed according to directions, will allow of water in quantities to

208 THE FLORIST.

be applied without injuring the Vine, several good soakings may be
given, should the weather be dry, in June, July, and August, after
which it may take its chance, as the rains of autumn will then suffice.
If all has gone on well, the best wishes of the anxious cultivator will
now be realised, and he may enjoy the fruit of his own labour.

THE ROYAL NATIONAL TULIP EXHIBITION.

The sixth anniversary of the Great National Tulip show was held a t
Cambridge on the 29th of May, and was much more successful than
many were led to anticipate from the late cold ungenial spring. The
Society was established in 1849, when its first exhibition was held at
York. The class for six blooms, one feathered and one flamed of each
class, has always been the principal and most difficult for exhibitors,
many of the southern growers not being yet up to the mark in making
their selections.

It is a curious fact that, with one exception, the principal prize on
each occasion has been carried off by different growers. At York, in
1849, John Thorniley, Esq., of Heaton, Mersey, was first; at Man-
chester, in 1850, Thomas Houghton, of Nottingham, was the fortunate
winner; 1851, at Derby, Thomas Adams, Esq., of that town, was first.
Thence it was adjourned to Birmingham, 1852, when Mr. Houghton
proved successful for the second time. In 1853 the exhibition was
held at Nottingham, Mr. Allestree, of Draycot, near Derby, being first.
The next meeting 1854, was in London, Mr. Parkins, of Derby, being
first, from which place we find the Society migrating to Cambridge,
under the auspices of R. Headley, Esq. ; here the first prize was awarded
to Mr. C. Turner, of Slough.

Our remarks on the new varieties and principal blooms must
be deferred to another occasion, our space being limited this month,
from the large number of exhibitions we have to find room for, including
the great show at the Crystal Palace. The following are the awards : —

Six blooms, one in each class, first prize. £10 10s.: — 1st, Mr. C.
Turner, of Slough, with Madame Vestris, Duke of Devonshire, Rutley's
Queen, Alexander Magnus, Triomphe Royale, and Glory of Abingdon ;
2nd, Mr. C. Spencer, of Thurlston, Derby, with Royal Sovereign,
Victoria Regina, Heroine, Pilot, Salvator Rosa, and Triomphe Royale ;
3rd, Mr. R. I. Lawrence, Hampton, with Everard, Queen Charlotte,
Kate Connor, Byzantium, Triomphe Royale, and Vivid ; 4th, Mr. H.
Betteridge, Milton Hall, Abingdon, with Bion, Royal Sovereign, Friend,
Triomphe Royale, David, and Everard ; 5th, Mr. Thomas Adams,
Derby, with Captain White, Aglaia, Gem, Duke of Devonshire,
Salvator Rosa, and Heroine ; 6th, Mr. Joseph Hunt, High Wycombe,
with Lady Denman, Camuse de Croix, Sir Joseph Paxton, Princess
Royal, Bion, and Vivid. Other competitors in this class were Mr.
Headley, Mr. Barratt, and Mr. Lenton, of Cambridge ; ]\Ir. Lymbery,
Nottingham ; Mr. Houghton, Hempshill ; Mr. Allestree, Draycot ;
Mr. Thorniley, Heaton Norris ; and Dr. Sanders, of Staines.

JULY. 209

Twelve Blooms (amateurs) : 1st, Mr. Betteridge, with seedling
(feathered bybloemen), seedling (flamed bybloemen), Sir E. Codrington,
Heroine, Royal Sovereign, Bion, Rembrandt, Glory of Abingdon, Thalia,
Charles Brown, Mountain Sylph, and Triomphe du Monde ; 2nd, Mr.
Hunt, with Nora Creina, Gold Cup, Lady Stanley, David, Ulysses,
Heroine, Violet Quarto, Pilot, Brulante (Peteral), Princess Royal, Lady
Catherine Gordon, and Lustre ; 3rd, Mr. R. Headley, with Chellaston,
Penelope (Headley), Sarah (Headley), seedling, Aglaia feathered,
Aglaia flamed, Duke of Devonshire, Pilot, Apollo (Headley), Platoff,
Adonis (Headley), and Better than Fanny Goepel ; 4th, Mr. Lymbery,
with Paul Pry, Shakspeare, Platoff, Vivid, Queen Charlotte, Lorenzo,
Nepaulese Prince, Rosa Blanca, Triomphe Royale, Comte de Vergennes,
Joe Maltby, and La Vandicken ; 5th, Mr. Sanders, with Smith's Sir
Robert Peel, Sir James Watts, Princess Lamballe, Triomphe Royale,
Polyphemus, Caledonia, Walworth, Claudiana, Royal George, Duke of
Devonshire, Reine d'Egypt, and Ariel. Other competitors were Mr.
Colman, Norwich ; Mr. Allestree, Mr. Spencer, Mr. Thomiley, and
Mr. Barratt.

Eighteen Blooms: 1st, Mr. C. Turner, with Alexander Magnus,
Madame Vestris, Rosa Blanca, Aglaia flamed, Duke of Devonshire,
Triomphe Royale, Aglaia feathered. Pilot, Princess Royal, Strong's King,
Primo Bien du Noir, Selim, Purple Perfection, Heroine, Delaforce's
King, Countess of Harrington, Polyphemus, and Arlette ; 2nd, Mr.
Lawrence, Polyphemus, with Vicar of Radford, Queen Charlotte, seedling
(feathered bizarre), Mrs. Lymbery, Aglaia, Pilot, Claudiana, Madame
Vestris, ]\Iaid of Orleans, Vivid, Violet Imperial, Friend, Armidia,
seedling (bizarre), Heroine, Queen of the North, and Sphinx ; 3rd,
Mr. Lymbery, with Platoff, Sir Joseph Paxton, Strong's King, Paul
Pry, Duke of Devonshire, Captain White, Mrs. Lymbery, Bacchus,
Lady Denman, Lysandre Noir, Hepworth's Sarah, Crown Prince of the
Netherlands, Comte de Vergennes, Aglaia, Agnes Cresvvell, Lavinia,
Joe Maltby, and Geraldine.

Single Specimens, in Classes. — Feathered Bizarres : 1st, Royal
Sovereign, Mr. C. Spencer ; 2nd, ditto, ]\Ir. T. Houghton ; 3rd, ditto,
Mr. C. Spencer ; 4th, ditto, ditto ; 5th, Duke of Devonshire, Rev. S.
Creswell ; 6th, Sphinx, ditto. Flamed Bizarres : ] st. Royal Sovereign,
Mr. C. Turner ; 2nd, Seedling, Mr. R. I. Lawrence ; 3rd, Duke of
Devonshire, Mr. C. Turner ; 4th, Pizarro, ditto ; 5th, Selim, ]\Ir. R. I.
Lawrence ; 6th, Polyphemus, ]\Ir. C. Spencer. Feathered Bybloemens :
1st, Queen of the North, INIr. R. I. Lawrence; 2nd, Queen of the
South, Mr. J. Hunt; 3rd, Friend, Mr. R. I. Lawrence; 4th, Seedling,
IMr. R. Headley ; 5th, Helen, Mr. J. Hunt ; 6th, Ehza, Mr. J. Hunt.
Flamed Byblcemens : 1st, Don Pedro, Mr. R. I. Lawrence ; 2nd,
Princess Royal, Mr. C. Turner; 3rd, David, Mr. Clarke; 4th,
Camarine, ]\Ir. Lawrence ; 5th, Lord Denman, Mr. C. Spencer ; 6th,
Princess Royal, Mr. C. Turner. Feathered Roses : 1st, Madame
Vestris, Mr. Lawrence ; 2nd, Mary Lamb, Rev. S. Creswell ; 3rd,
Heroine, Mr. C. Spencer ; 4th, Ditto, Mr. Houghton ; 5th, Ditto,
ditto; 6th, ditto, Mr. C.Turner. Flamed Roses: 1st, Lady Catherine
Gordon, Mr. J. Hunt; 2nd, Triomphe Royale, Mr. C. Turner; 3rd,

NEW SERIES, VOL, V., NO. LV. P

210 THE FLORIST.

A^laia, Mr. Lawrence ; 4th, Triomphe Royale, Mr. J. Hunt ; 6th,
Ditto, Mr. C. Turner ; 6th, Aglaia, Mr. Lawrence.

Premier Prizes, selected from the whole exhibition : Feathered
Bizarre : Royal Sovereign, exhibited by Dr. Sanders, of Staines. Flamed
Bizarre : Selim, exhibited by Mr. C. Turner, Slough. Feathered
Bybloemen : Gem, exhibited by Mr. Thomas Allestree, Draycot.
Flamed Bybloemen : David, exhibited by Mr. Betteridge, Abingdon.
Feathered Rose : Mary Lamb, exhibited by Mr. Thomas Allestree,
Draycot. Flamed Rose : Lady Catherine Gordon, exhibited by Mr.
Joseph Hunt, High Wycombe. Breeders, Six Blooms ; 1st, Mr. R.
Headley, Esq. ; 2nd, Mr. C. Turner; 3rd, Mr. J. Hunt; 4th, Mr. R.
H. Betteridge. Mr. Lawrence, Mr. Headley, and Mr. Hunt exhibited
some remarkably fine seedlings ; Lawrence's George Hayward and
Mr. Hunt's Queen of the South were particularly admired. Mr.
Headley's breeder Tulips were very fine. With the exception of 12
blooms the whole of the classes, were open to all competitors.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY.

The second show of the season of this Society took place on the 13th
ult. under unfavourable circumstances as regards weather, heavy showers
falling suddenly at intervals during the whole afternoon. The attendance,
however, was good, and the exhibition, we have reason to believe, all
that could be desired. Stove and greenhouse plants were numerous,
large collections of them coming from Mr. Colyer, Mr. Bassett, Mr.
Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., Mr. Frost, gardener to E.
L. Betts, Esq., Mr. Taylor, Mr. Peed, and others, while groups from
nurserymen were furnished in excellent condition by Messrs. Eraser,
RolUsson, Cutbush, and Pamplin. Tall Cacti were contributed in good
condition, and to some extent supplied the place of Azaleas, of which
there were only a few plants present, and those much past their best.
Of the former Mr. Grix furnished well flowered plants of Epiphjdlum
speciosum and Jenkinsoni, Cereus speciosissimus and Egertoni, the
latter a handsome small-flowered hybrid. Mr. Mortimer and Mr.
Green also showed examples of these showy plants, among which was
the white-flowered Epiphyllum crenatum. Orchids were numerous,
but we did not think they appeared to so good advantage on the grassy
terraces of the exhibition grounds of this Society as they do on stages
covered with green " base ; " this, however, is a mere matter of arrange-
ment. That the plants themselves were fine none could dispute. The
groups from Messrs. Veitch and Rollisson were much admired, as they
well deserved to be, and so were those from the private growers, Mrs.
Elhs, Mrs. Webb |Mr. Butler, and Sir E. Antrobus's gardener, Mr. Green.
Roses in pots were in admirable condition, and we need not say contri-
buted greatly to the beauty of the show. Messrs. Lane had Coupe de
Hebe, Paul Perras, Baronne Prevost, and Chenedole literally beset with
blooms just in perfection ; also Souvenir d'un Ami, not so well grown
perhaps, but with flowers matchless in point of shape and richness of

JULY. 211

colour. Messrs. Paul had likewise extremely well managed plants, and
so had Mr. Francis, Mr. Terry, gardener to Lady Puller, A. Rowland,
Esq., and Mr. Sage, gardener to W, R. Robinson, Esq. These groups
contained some of our most favourite Roses, among which Mrs. Rosanquet,
Solfaterre, and Souvenir de la Malmaison were conspicuous. Mr. Francis
had a collection of well-flowered small plants of R. Devoniensis on the
Manetti stocks. These, as they deserved to be, were much admired.
Cape Heaths were contributed in good condition by Messrs. Rollisson,
Fraser, I\Iay (gardener to H. Colyer, Esq.), Williams (gardener to Miss
Traill), Frost, Roser, &c. Among the different varieties were tricolor
Wilsoni, metuleeflora, ventricosa grandiflora (a fine kind), Cavendishi,
Bergiana, Westphahngia, mutabilis, Massoni perspicua nana, and
gemmifera. Of Miscellaneous Plants Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-apple
Place, had a collection in which small flowering New Holland and other
shrubs were intermixed with Rhopalas and other plants possessing fine
foliage, the whole producing an excellent effect.

Of novelty there was little. Rhododendron formosum elegans,
Veronica Lucombeana, Embothrium coccineum and, Achimenes
gigantea, a sort like picta, came from Messrs. Veitch. INIessrs. RoUisson
sent Meyenia erecta, and A. Farrie, Esq., of Liverpool, furnished a
flowering plant of what was called Rhododendron Keysi, from Bootan.
It had clusters of little orange tubular blossoms something like those of
Burchellia capensis, on the ends of the last year's wood, the young shoots
of the present season extending beyond them some five or six inches ;
altogether it looked very unlike a Rhododendron. Messrs. Veitch had
a handsome Gloxinia with upright flowers like those of Fyfiana, but
white with a carmine throat. It was called Comte de Talleyrand.

Pelargoniums were shown very extensively and in very fine condition.
The first collections were even finer than we remember to have seen
them, and the class of six new varieties was more than usually inte-
resting, in which Mr. Turner, of Slough, was first with Governor-
General, Carlos, Omer Pacha, Serena, Zeno, and Majestic. These were
all extremely well bloomed plants. Mr. Nye, gardener to E. Foster,
Esq., of Clewer Manor, was second with nice plants of Attraction,
Phaeton, Purple Perfection, Rosa, Carlos (Hoyle), Pandora (Turner).
"J he first four are of Mr. Foster's raising ; Attraction and Phaeton were
particularly fine. Messrs. Dobson was third with Conqueror, a bright
crimson, with dark top petals ; Empress, Rebecca, Laura, Gem of the
West, and Lucy. The first four are varieties raised by Mr. Beck.
]\Ir. Holder, gardener to Rev. E. Coleridge, Eton College, sent a fourth
collection, which contained Fair Ellen, Attraction, Carlos, Governor-
General, ]\Iary, and Seraskier.

Of twelve plants (nurserymen) there were four collections. Mr.
Turner's were large and striking plants, evenly matched in size, and
covered with bloom, and obtained the first prize. They consisted of
Topsy, Rosamond, Mochanna, Portia, Esther, Leonora, Sanspareil,
Achilles, Virgin Queen, Rowena, Majestic, and Astrea. The two next
collections were considered to be nearly equal in merit. These were
sent by Messrs. Dobson, 1st, and Messrs. Fraser, 2d. Those varieties
shown in good condition and not in the first collection were Delicatum,

P 2

212 THE FLORIST.

Enchantress, ]\Iagnet, Vulcan, Magnificent, and Lucy. Mr. Gaines, of
Battersea, had twelve plants, which included several of the French
spotted varieties.

Of ten plants from private growers there were many collections ; by
far the best came from Mr. Nye, gardener to E. Foster, Esq., who
obtained the first prize in this class, all the plants in which, with one
exception, were raised by that gentleman. It contained Phaeton, very
fine, Lucy, Rosa, Queen of May, Ariel, Optimum, Purple Perfection,
Enchantress, Eleanor, and Magnet. Mr. Holder had ten large well-
bloomed plants, but they were badly tied and put up ; the best plant
was Carlos. Mr. Wiggins, gardener to Mr. Beck, sent ten neat well-
bloomed plants.

Fancy varieties of Pelargoniums were also numerous. The most
remarkable plant of this class was Perfection, an old kind, shown
by Mr. Turner as a single specimen. This was more than three feet
through, loaded with flowers, ai.d yet in an 8-inch pot. The collection
of six varieties by the same grower, which obtained the first prize,
were also excellent examples of skilful management, being very
large, well contrasted, and covered with bloom. These were Celestial,
Goliath, Jenny Lind, Electra, Richard Cobden, and Formosissimum.
Messrs. Eraser were second with Advancer, Celestial, Queen Victoria,
Miss Sheppard, Madame Rosati, and Reine des Francais. Messrs.
Dobson third, and Mr. Gaines fourth, each exhibiting six plants. In
the Amateur's Class Mr. Weir was first with Formosissimum, Hero of
Surrey, Jenny Lind, Princess Alice Maude, Fanny, and Fairy Queen.
Mr. Bousie, gardener, Stoke Park, sent the next best collection, the
plants in which were not large, but they were well bloomed, and
obtained the second prize.

Calceolarias were shown in good condition by Mr, James, gardener
to F. W. Watson, Esq., Isle worth. Their names were Brunette, St.
Margaret, Marie, Californian Chieft;ain, and Duke of Northumberland.
Mr. Cole, St. Alban's, was second with six nicely bloomed plants, all
shrubby, a class that should be encouraged. These were King of
Yellows, a fine bright rich yellow ; Grandis, in the way of Kentish
Hero'; Negro, a small rich dark, and three others less attractive.

Fuchsias were shown rather extensively by Mr. Bousie, Mr. Bray,
Mr. George, gardener to — Nicholson, Esq., Stamford Hill; Mr.
Bishop, South Villa, Regent's Park, and Messrs Dobson. The two
first named collections were by far the best, and obtained the first and
second prizes in the order named. The finest light varieties shown
were Queen of Hanover, Duchess of Lancaster, Miss Hawtrey, Pearl
of England, England's Glory, and Elizabeth. In dark kinds. Vanguard,
Macbeth, Glory, Verrio, and Autocrat were fine.

Pansies were not very good, the season having now become late for
them. 36 blooms were shown by Mr. Turner, first prize ; Mr. R.
Bryan, Hounslow, second prize ; and Messrs. Dobson, third prize. 24
blooms (private growers) were sent by Mr. James, Mr. Holder, and
Mr. Thorpe, Feltham. What are called selfs appear to stand the hot
weather best; far superior to the other kinds were Royal Albert,
Memnon, Sovereign, Sir Colin Campbell, Purple Perfection, Uncle Tom,
and some good seedhngs of self colours. "*'

JULY. 213

Seedling Florists' Flowers were numerous. The judges selected for
Certificates, Pelargoniums : IMeteora (Foster), a bright orange variety,
very fine, showy, and free flowering ; Pallas (Hoyle), rose, with crimson
spot, white centre ; Quadroon (Beck), a rich dark painted or spotted
fiower, small, but very attractive. There were several others we
thought good and new, viz., Admiration (Hoyle), Leopard (Hoyle), and
Corsair (Hoyle) ; also Edith (Foster), and Admirable (Turner). Mr.
Turner sent twelve kinds of seedling fancy varieties, the best of which
were Masterpiece, beautiful chocolate colour, blended with violet, and
edged with white, good form and habit ; Beauty of Slough, rich warm
rose colour, edged with white, white centre, good form and dwarf
habit. Both of these varieties received first class certificates. We also
noticed Sir Joseph Paxton, purplish midberry, edged wdth white, pure
white throat, fine form and habit ; Warrior, purple violet, edged with
white, white throat, dwarf and free ; Purpureum album, purple, with
distinct white belt and throat, free bloomer ; Naomi, the upper petals
of w^hich are of a beautiful purplish puce colour, edged with white, and
the under petals white veined with purple, fine form and dwarf habit ;
and Carminatum, dense carmine, edged with white, white throat, good
form, and very dwarf habit.

There were several good things in the way of bedding plants,
particularly Geraniums. Mr. Kinghorn sent three of the scarlet class,
the best being General Pelissier, the others, Countess of Warrington
and Annie. Emperor Napoleon, shown by Mr Butcher, Stratford-on-
Avon, is a dwarf good scarlet for beds. Mr. Cole sent several good
kinds of shrubby Calceolarias ; Compacta, Leo, and a spotted kind, not
named, were very good.

Messrs. Henderson, of the Wellington Road, sent a Miscellaneous
collection of small plants in bloom, containing some new things, amongst
which we noticed six plants of the pretty free blooming fancy Geranium
Cloth of Silver. This is a free flowering light kind, an improvement on
Delicatum. Also six plants of Evening Star, a good shaped sort of the
class, but with more white than H. Cobden. This is very good.

Several new Gloxinias were shown. Messrs. J. and J. Fraser sent
two plants each of Princess of Prussia, a very attractive flower ; inside
of tube rich carmine edged with white, white tube, find Schaefer,
rich purple, edged and shaded with lilac ; both of these are finely
shaped flowers. Messrs. Rollisson and Sons sent Gloxinia adamis
oculata, white, tipped with lilac, very fine, also G. mars caerulescens,
deep purple, shaded to the edge with lilac, the centre beautifully
spotted with purple. Messrs. Veitch sent G. Comte de Talleyrand,
mentioned in another })age ; and the same firm sent a large
and finely bloomed plant of the Achimenes gigantea, a large coarse
growing, but very showy, plant, and with it a cut specimen of
Embothrium coccineum, a beautiful scarlet flowering shrub, which has
stood out in Devonshire during the last severe winter without protection.
Of Fruit there was a good display. Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to the
Duke of Norfolk, at Arundel Castle, furnished a collection in which were
very good white and black Grapes, Peaches and Nectarines, Melons,
Apples in a state of good preservation, red and white Currants, and

214 THE FLORIST.

Raspberries. Of Pine-apples the best Providences came from Mr.
Chapman, gardener to J. B. Glegg, Esq., and Mr. Robinson, gardener
to Lord Boston. Of Queens the best examples came from Mr. James,
gardener to C. H. Leigh, Esq., Pontypool Park, and Mr. Turnbull,
gardener to the Duke of Marlborough at Blenheim. Among Grapes,
Mr. IMunro, gardener to Mrs. Oddie, had beautiful bunches of Black
Hamburgh, extremely well ripened ; Mr. Frost, gardener to E. L. Betts,
Esq., also sent fine fruit of this variety, but the colouring was imperfect ;
Mr. Davis, of Oak Hill, and Mr. Harrison both had good Black
Hamburghs ; and so had Mr. Dods, gardener to Sir J. Cathcart, and
Mr. Slowe, gardener at Bayfordbury. Mr. Tillyard, gardener to the
Right Hon. the Speaker, produced good bunches of the same kind of
Grape, and so did Mr. Turner, of Streatham. Very fine examples of Black
Prince came from Mr. Hill, gardener to R. Sneyd, Esq., Mr. Turnbull,
and Mr. Constantine, gardener at Hillingdon. Mr. Turnbull had
Muscats, large both in bunch and berry, but not nearly ripe. Mr. Cook,
of Tulse Hill, also showed Muscats, as did likewise Mr. Solomon, but
the latter were unripe. Frontignans came from Mr. Parr, of Gloucester-
shire, and Mr. Henderson, gardener to Sir G. Beaumont, Bart. ; the
latter showed the Grizzly variety. Good jMuscadines came from Mr.
Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., Mr. Ayres, Mr. Tillyard,
and Mr. Bailey, of Shardeloes ; the exhibitions from the two last-named
growers were, however, unripe. Peaches. — Royal George, large and
well coloured, came from Mr. Hill, Mr. M'Ewen, and Mr. Brown ; and
very fine examples of Grosse Mignonne were furnished by Mr. James,
from Pontypool Park, and Mr. Tegg, firom Roehampton. Mr. Raxton
sent White Magdalen. Mr. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Suther-
land at Trentham, had Murray Nectarines, large and in every way
excellent ; and Mr. Ayres sent Elruge. Of Figs Mr. Constantine had
good fruit. Cherries may be said to have been confined to a dish of
May Duke, large and well ripened, from Mr. Fleming. Of Straw-
berries the best came from Mr. M'Ewen, who furnished beautiful dishes
of British Queen, Trollop's Victoria, and Myatt's Eleanor. Mr. Con-
stantine also sent examples of British Queen. Among other kinds we
noticed the new sort called Sir Harry. Melons were numerous and
generally speaking good. Among the very best were the Bromham
Hall and Golden Drop.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF HARDY CONIFERS.— No. XVIII.

28. JuNiPERUs Lycia — THE Ltcian Juniper.

This fine Juniper, which we figure by permission of Mr. Gambler
Parry, from a specimen at Highnam Court, is marked as we have
named it in Mr. Parry's Pinetum, though our opinion is, that it is
phoenicea ; but as we had no opportunity of seeing the berries, we
cannot say we are correct, except from judging by the habit of the
tree. If it is Lycia, the berries will be soft, nearly black when ripe,
and covered with a beautiful glaucous bloom, whereas the berries of
phoenicea are hard, pale yellow, and shining.

JULY.

215

In the Synopsis of Coniferous Plants in the Horticultural Society's
Journal, J. lycia is described as the soft fruited variety (malacocarpa)
cf phoenicea, and by other writers phoenicea is named J. oxycedrus lycia.

JuNiPERUS Lycia — the Ltcian Juniper.

Both Juniperus phoenicea and our present subject (if not the same)
are so alike that one description will embrace both. They are natives

216 THE FLORIST.

of the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where phoenicea is
described as forming a low tree, the trunk and branches being covered
with a reddish-brown bark, branches very numerous, drooping, covered
thickly with small scale-hke leaves, of a pale or yellowish-green colour,
according to the time of year ; the berries are, as noticed above, of a
pale yellow, and ripen the second year.

For lawns of limited extent, or for rockwork, we know of no plants
more suitable, their spreading branches and weeping habit, thickly
covered with dense foliage, rendering them very ornamental. The
Phoenician Juniper is but seldom seen, and deserves to be better known,
being perfectly hardy, and will grow in almost any soil — preferring,
however, that of a sandy nature.

SCOTTISH PANSY SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.

The eleventh annual meeting took place at Dalkeith on the 6th ult.,
in connection with the exhibition of the Dalkeith Horticultural Society.
The annual gathering of the Scottish Pansy growers is commonly
strongly supported fi'om all quarters of Scotland, but this season the
number of blooms brought forward, and that of the competitors for the
liberal prizes offered by the Society, were considerably larger than has
been the case on any previous occasion. There were no less than 63
boxes staged, and the number of blooms, inclusive of seedlings, was
close upon 1000. Generally speaking, the flowers were shown in
excellent condition, and every variety of any note, whether old or new,
was present among them. The prizes were awarded as follows : —

Nurserymen, best 24< distinct varieties, six competitors. — 1st, Messrs.
Downie & Laird, Edinburgh, with Jubilee (Dickson and Co.), Royal Standard
;(D. and Co.), Countess of Strathmore (Hampton), Sovereign (D. and Co.),
fanny Kemble (Downie and Laird), Fearless (Scholefield), Miriam (D. and
Co.), I'^'ather Gavazzi (Holland), Miss Talbot (D. and Co.), Flower of the
Day (D. and L.), Lady Emilie (D. and L.), Nonpareil (D. and Co.), Mary
Taylor (D. and L.), Marchioness of Bath (Wheeler), Sir J. Cathcart (Turner),
Beauty (D. and L.), St. Andrews (D. and L.), Sultan (Marsh), Alice (D.
and L.), Sheriff Napier (D. and L.), Argo (Paton and Small), Uncle Tom's
Cabin (Macnab), Mrs. Campbell (D. and L ), Charles Cowan (Macnab) ;
2nd, Messrs. Baliantyne and Son, Dalkeith ; 3rd, Mr. Grieve, Florist,
Libberton ; 4th, Mr. Douglas, Rosepark, Edinburgh.

Practical Gardeners and Amateurs, best eighteen, twelve competitors. —
1st, Mr. James Henderson, gardener to C. K. Sivewright, Esq., Cargilfield,
with Duke of Perth (Handasyde), Lord Raglan (Paton and Small), Royal
Standard (D. and Co.), Jubilee (D. and Co.), Emperor (Hale), Flower of the
Day (D. and L.), Sir C. Napier (Paton and Small), Royal Visit (D. and Co.),
Memnon (Turner), National (Turner), St. Andrews (D. and L.), Fearless
(Scholefield), Yellow Climax (Paton and Small), Monarch (Hale), Beauty
(D. and L.), Sir J. Cathcart (Turner), Pandora (Hunt), Sovereign (D. and
Co.) ; 2nd, Mr. J. Young, gardener to Mrs. H. N. Ferguson, Archerfield ;
3rd, Mr. J. Reid, gardener to — Wilson, Esq., Broomfield ; 4th, Mr. W.
Campbell, Pollock, Glasgow.

Practical Gardeners and Amateurs, best twelve, seventeen competitors. —
1st, Mr. J. Hampton, jun., Newport, Dundee, with Marchioness of Bath

JULY. 217

(Wheeler), Sir J. Cathcart (Turner), Flower of the Day (D. and L.), Pandora
(Hunt), Black Warrior (Hampton), Miss Talbot (D. and Co.), Sovereign (D.
and Co.), Uncle Tom's Cabin (iMacnab), Miriam (D. and Co.), Lady Emilie
(D. and L.), Duke of Perth (Handasyde), Yellow Climax (Paton and Small) ;
2n(l, Mr. J. Henderson, Cargilfield ; 3rd, Mr. Shearer, Y ester; 4th, Mr. J.
Gibson, Barrhead House, Cathcart.

Practical Gardeners and Amateurs, best six, eleven competitors. — 1st, Mr.
J. Henderson, Cargilfield, with Miss Talbot (D. and Co.), Fearless (Schole-
field). Royal Visit (D. and Co.), Monarch (Hale), Royal Standard (D. and
Co.), Sir J. Cathcart (Turner). (The bloom of Royal Standard in the above
lot won the prize given for the best light ground flower in the room). 2nd,
Mr. J. Hampton, Jun. ; 3rd, Mr. Niven, Keir.

For Amateurs exclusively, who cultivate their own plants, best six, nine
competitors. — 1st, Mr. W. Young, Edinburgh, with Flower of the Day (D.
and L.), Robert Burns (Campbell), National (Turner), Argo (Paton and
Small), St. Andrews (D. and L.), Yellow Climax (P. and S.) ; 2nd, Dr.
Stuart, Chirnside ; 3rd, Mr. Rutherford, Lingerwood.

Classes open to all, best twelve, nine competitors. — 1st, Mr. Campbell,
Pollock, with St. Andrews (D. and L.), Wonderful (Hooper), Royal White
(Thompson), Duke of Perth (Handasyde), Fearless (Scholefield), Sir J.
Cathcart (Turner), Lord J. Russell (Turner), Robert Burns (Campbell), Earl
of Mansfield (D. and Co.), Argo (P. and S.), Miss Talbot (D. and Co.),
Royal Visit (D. and Co.) Wonderful, in the above, was shown as a pure
yellow self, and won, most deservedly, the prize for the best self in the room ;
indeed many were inclined to think it the finest bloom in the room al-o; 2nd,
Mr. J. Henderson, Cargilfield ; 3rd, Messrs. Dickson and Co.), Edinburgh.

The Sweepstakes, open to all, best twelve, were won by Mr. J. Henderson,
Cargilfield, with Royal Standard (D. and Co.), Duke of Norfolk (Bell),
Nonpareil (D. and Co.), Medora (D. and L.), Pandora (Hunt), Earl of
Mansfield (D. and Co.), Fearless (Scholefield), Omer Pasha (D. and Co.),
Egon (Turner), St. Andrews (D. and L.), Great Western (Hooper).

A large number of seedlings was exhibited. Those from Messrs.
Dickson and Co., as will be seen by the awards, were the most
successful. A yellow ground variety named Cyrus had a first class
certificate, won the prize for the best yellow ground in the room, and
also that for the best flower in the room. It need scarcely be
added that it was considered this would prove a valuable addition to its
class. Indian Chief also was awarded a first class certificate ; this is a
deep purple flower of fine quality and substance, and from the same
growers came Rubens, a yellow ground, with rosy purple belt and
top petals, fine form and texture ; this had a certificate of merit. The
above were all from Messrs. Dickson and Co. These were the only
certificates awarded on the occasion ; nevertheless there were many
flowers produced by other raisers, which were of considerable merit,
and some of which, we doubt not, we shall see in prominent places
next season.

It may strike some as strange that so few, comparatively, of last
season's flowers should be found among the winning stands. The
reason of this, doubtless, is that but few growers had more than a single
plant of the newer, and in many cases better, varieties, while the old
established favourites were grown in much larger numbers. This
Society is to make the experiment of an autumn Pansy show this
season ; this will take place in Glasgow, on the 12th of September next.

218 THE FLORIST.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Society held its second exhibition of the season, in the gardens at
Chiswick, on the 20th ult., and was favoured with a fine day though
threatening in the morning, and even in the aftei noon colder than usual
for the time of year. The gardens themselves were in beautiful con-
dition ; American plants were in full bloom, and other ornamental
shrubs and trees were just at their best. The display under the tents,
both of fruits and flowers, was also good ; and altogether, we may con-
gratulate the Society on having as successful a midsummer show as
ever it has held, except in the way of company, which was comparatively
thin. Stove and greenhouse plants were in beautiful condition, more
especially those composing the fine collections from Mr. Dods, gardener
to Sir J. Cathcart ; Messrs. Eraser; Mr. Rhodes, gardener to
J. Philpotts, Esq. ; Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart. ;
Mr. Carson, gardener to W. F. G. Farmer, Esq. ; Mr. Roser, and
others. These contained remarkable plants of Epacrises, Heaths,
Everlastings, Pimeleas, Leschenaultias, Polygalas, Stephanotis, Dipla-
denias, and Allamandas, and we also noticed a plant or two of the
showy genus Kalosanthes. Azaleas were scarce, and we saw very few
Tall Cacti. Cape Heaths were better in bloom than generally happens
in June. Orchids were numerous, well varied and brilliant, and formed,
next to the fruit perhaps, the most attractive feature of the show.
Excellent collections of them came from Messrs. Veitch and Rolhsson ;
and among private growers, from Mr. Wilhams, gardener to C. B.
Warner, Esq. ; Mr. Woolley, gardener toH. B. Ker, Esq. ; Mr. Gedney,
Mr. Clark, Mr. Carson, Mr. Ivison, Mr. Dods, Mr. Green, and others.
In the different collections were very fine plants of Phalaenopsis,
Aerides, Calanths, Cattleyas, Lady's Slippers, Saccolabiums, Sobralias,
and Vandas. Among other curiosities, were some Pitcher plants ; Mr.
Dods had an enormous specimen of Nepenthes distillatoria, and Messrs.
Rollisson sent a mass, covered with a bell glass, of the little New
Holland Cephalotus foUicularis. These, we need not state, were objects
of great interest. H oses in pots were good, although not so fine as they
were in May. Exhibitions of them were furnished by Messrs. Lane,
Paul, Francis, A. Rowland, Esq., Mr. Terry, gardener to Lady Puller ;
Mr. Sage, gardener to W. R. Robinson, Esq., of Acton. In these
groups we remarked Queen, Paul Perras, Chenedole, Adam, Vicomtesse
Decazes, Juno, Great Western, Souvenir de la Malmaison, Paul Ricaut,
Baronne Prevost, Coupe de Hebe, Blairi No. 2, Emperor Probus, Madame
Willmorz — a comparatively new creamy coloured kind, Brennus,
William Jesse, La Dauphine, Auguste Mie, and Souvenir d'un Ami.
Nearly all of these, it will be seen, are well known kinds, which how-
ever it would be difficult to surpass in beauty or excellence. New
plants in flower consisted of what was called Leptodactylon californicum,
a shrubby Phlox and a Hydrangea in the way of japonica, from Messrs
Veitch ; a Dendrobium, from Amboyna, belonging to the secundum class,
Cypripedium barbatum (?), from Messrs. Rollisson; Linum grandiflorum
from Messrs. Henderson, of Pine-apple Place ; and Scheeria Mexicana,
from Mr. Glendinning. Among new plants not in flower, the most

JULY. 219

remarkable were Begonia splendida, a kind with stems and leaves
covered all over with brilliant red hairs, from Messrs. Rollisson ; a
variety of Rhododendron Brookianum with red edged leaves, a Peruvian
Begonia, and a Bornean Nepenthes, with deep green pitchers, from
Messrs Veitch. The last named firm also furnished the Rice-paper
plant, An£ectochilus Veitchi, and Sonerila margaritacea. Messrs. Hen-
derson sent a Gordonia from China, with large deep green foliage. Of
New Garden Hybrids by far the most important was Messrs. Veitch's
Rhododendron, Princess Royal. This is a cross between R. jasmini-
florum and javanicum, the new hybrid, however, having none of the
orange of the latter species in it, but flowers of a clear pure rose colour,
and very beautiful. Mr. Ingram, gardener to her IMajesty at Frogmore,
had a seedling Achimenes in the way of picta ; but much more brilliant.
Messrs. Rollisson sent a Gloxinia like Fyfiana in habit, called alba
auriculata, a white kind with a ring of crimson in the inside of the
throat ; and Messrs. Henderson had Princess of Prussia, also an upright
kind, and white with a crimson throat. These will, doubtless, both be
favourites. Mr. Westwood had a Petunia, a brilliant rose with a white
eye, and striking. Among miscellaneous articles were some beautiful
Ferns and Lycopods from Mr. Wilhams, gardener to C. B. Warner,
Esq., a light coloured Rhododendron called Due de Brabant, from Messrs.
Rollisson, and cut blooms of Rhododendrons from Messrs. Jackson and
Lane. Mr. Salter had a large collection of cut flowers of Irises.

Florist Flowers were for the most part confined to Pelargoniums,
which were present in considerable numbers, and in very good bloom,
particularly the collections from Slough and Clewer. The class of 12
plants for private growers brought three competitors. Mr. Nye, gar-
dener to E. Foster, Esq., produced 12 finely grown specimens, principally
new and choice kinds, the flowers on which were large and well coloured.
Phaeton and Attraction were particularly good. The others were
Enchantress, Seraskier, Rosa (Foster), Carlos, Purple Perfection, Magnet,
Pandora, Iris, Ariel, and Optimum. Mr. Holder, gardener to the Hev.
E. Coleridge, sent large plants in good condition of the following
varieties, viz. : Topsy, Ariadne, Enchantress, Magnet, Beatrice, Nar-
cissus, Sanspareil, Mochanna, Mary, Portia, Carlos, and Virgin Queen.
Mr. Maher, gardener to J. Strachan, Esq., sent the third collection,
the varieties in which, and not in the above, were Pearl, Leonora, Painter
improved, Conspicuum, Centurion, Alderman, Napoleon, Spot, Village
Maid, and Star. The class of six plants brought but two collections :
Mr. Nye being first with Phaeton, Purple Perfection, Rose (Foster),
Optimum, Fair Helen, and Enchantress. Mr. Robinson, Pimlico, had
six large finely grown specimens, but they were not in such good bloom
as those in other groups. In the Nurserymen's class of 12 plants,
there were four competitors : Mr. Turner, of Slough, exhibited large
finely bloomed plants, the names of which were Beatrice, a noble
specimen : Topsy, Astrea, Sanspareil, Enchantress, JNIedora, Virgin
Queen, Painter improved, Portia, Governor General, Mary, and Rovvena.
Messrs. Dobson and Son, of Isleworth, sent Star, Vulcan, Magnet,
Gertrude, Delicatum, ]\Iagnificent, Painter improved, Eugene, Am-
bassador, Rosamond, Conqueror, and Enchantress. JMessrs. Eraser, of

220 THE FLORIST.

Lea Bridge Road, sent 12 small but compact well grown plants, which
were, however, scarcely in bloom. They were Lucy, Majestic, Vandyck,
and other good old varieties. Mr. Gaines, of Battersea, also had a
collection ot fancy kinds. There were seven groups of six plants, lour
from nurserymen and three from amateurs. By iar the best was sent
by Mr. Turner, who had a noble plant of Lady H. Campbell, Cassandra,
Perfection, Charles Dickens, Conspicuum, and Criterion. Messrs.
Fraser sent Miss Sheppard, Caliban, Advancer, Reine des Francaise,
Celestial, and Empress. Mr. Gaines' collection consisted of Vandyck,
Delicatum, Perfection, Conspicuum, Lucy, and Caractacus. Messrs.
Dobson and Son had Erubescens, Celestial, Perfection, Criterion, Reine
des Fleurs, and Chamouni. In the class of six plants for amateurs,
Mr. Wier, gardener to — Hodgson, Esq., Hampstead, sent Fairy
Queen, Jenny Lind, Hero of Surrey, Princess Alice, Fanny, and
Formosissimum. Mr. Windsor was second with Madame Sontag,
Fairy Queen, Bride, Celestial, Erubescens, and Lady H, Campbell.
The next came from Mr. J. Robinson, who had nicely bloomed but
rather small plants of kinds similar to the above. There were six
plants of an exceedingly showy seedling Fancy Pelargonium, sent by
Mr. Turner, named Queen of Roses. This will make a fine exhibiton
plant. Mr. Dennis sent several examples of his seedhng called Alma,
a bright but badly formed variety for forcing, for which it appeared well
adapted. Quite as showy a one of this class, named Sir E. Lyons,
came from Mr. BuUen, of Dulwich. Mr. Gaines had Scarlet Unique.
There was but one collection each of Calceolarias and Pansies, the
former from Mr. Gaines, the latter from Messrs. Dobson and Son.
Neither was so good as we have seen them.

The exhibition of F'ruit was extensive. The best collection was
furnished by Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to the Duke of Norfolk, at Arundel.
It contained a Providence Pine-apple, Black Hamburgh Grapes, very
fine Royal George Peaches, Violette Hative Nectarines, Golden Perfec-
tion Melon, and Myatt's Cinquefolia Strawberries, a large showy variety.
Mr. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, at Trentham, also
had a collection in which were admirable bunches of Black Hamburgh
Grapes, a Providence Pine, Royal George Peaches, Black Tartarian
Cherries, Brown Ischia Figs, and a Trentham Hybrid Melon. Of Pine-
apples Mr. Robinson, gardener to Lord Boston, sent a Providence
weighing 7 lbs. 4 oz. ; Mr. Chapman, gardener to J. B. Glegg, Esq., a
fruit of the same variety, weighing 6 lbs. 14 oz. ; Mr. Barron, gardener
to Mrs. Vivian, an Otaheite, weighing 4 lbs. 8 oz. ; Mr. Turnbull,
gardener to the Duke of Marlborough, a Cayenne, weighing 4 lbs. 9 oz. ;
Mr. James, gardener to C. H. Leigh, Esq., a Queen, weighing 3 lbs.
10|- oz. ; and Mr. Clements, of Oak Hill, a Queen, which weighed
2 lbs. 14 oz. Grapes were plentiful and good, more especially black
sorts ; the white kinds were scarcely ripe. Mr. Fleming, gardener to
the Duke of Sutherland, at Cliveden, had most excellent Black Ham-
burgh, large both in bunch and berry, and well coloured. Mr. Ingram,
gardener to her Majesty, at Frogmore, also had good Black Hamburgh ;
and so had Mr. Dods, gardener to Sir J. Cathcart, Bart. Mr. Martin,
gardener to Sir P. H. Fleetwood, Bart., sent some extremely good

JULY. 221

examples of Black Frontignan, large both in bunch and berry, and
quite black. The finest Muscat Grapes came from Mr. Turnbull ; and
Mr. Clements also had good Muscats ; but they were too green to be
taken notice of by the judges. Mr. Ingram also sent good Muscats.
Mr. Williams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq., Mr. Ayres, gardener to
Lord Southampton, and ]\Ir. Forsyth, gardener to Baron Rothschild,
contributed good JNIuscadines. Grapes in pots, admirable specimens,
were furnished by Mr. Forsyth ; these were Black Hamburgh, whose
only fault was their not being quite coloured enough. ]\Ir. Fleming,
Cliveden, also had very good Grapes in pots. The sorts were Black
Hamburgh, and Muscat ; the latter were, however, unripe. Of Peaches
and Nectarines, excellent fruit, large, and well ripened, came from Mr.
James, gardener to C. H. Leigh, Esq. The varieties were stated to be
Royal George Peaches, and Violette Hative and Red Roman Nectarines.
Mr. Clement's Peaches were called White Magdalen and Noblesse ;
and Mr. Tegg, gardener to A. Prior, Esq., sent Grosse Mignonne
Peaches and Violette Hative Nectarines. Elruge Nectarines, fine
specimens, came from Mr. Eyles, gardener to Sir E. Kerrison, Bart.,
Mr. Ayres, gardener to Lord Southampton, and Mr. Chapman, gardener
to J. B. Glegg, Esq. Some good Nectarines also came from Mr. Ingram,
and Mr. Hill, gardener to R. Sneyd, Esq. The best Melon was a
Hybrid Cashmere, from Mr. Fleming, gardener to the Duke of Suther-
land, at Trentham. Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duke of Northum-
berland, at Syon, had good fruit of Brown Ischia Fig. Mr. Fleming,,
of Trentham, the same variety ; and Mr. Drummond, gardener to S. L.
Stephens, Esq., Violette, a smaU Fig, but very productive. Of Cherries,
Mr. Ingram, gardener to her Majesty, at Frogmore, sent fine dishes of
Black Circassian Bigarreau, and May Duke ; and Mr. Fleming, of
Trentham, produced Knight's Early Black, Black Tartarian, and I\Iay
Duke. Raspberries came from Mr. Fleming, of Trentham, and Mr.
M'Ewen. The sorts were the Red Antwerp, and Rivers' Double
Bearing. Of Strawberries, Mr. Smith, of Twickenham, sent magnifi-
cent dishes of British Queen, Sir Charles Napier, and Keens' Seedling.
Mr. M'Ewen furnished, from Arundel, British Queen, Trollop's Victoria,
and Keens' Seedling. British Queens, from Mr. Ingram, of Frogmore,
were fine fruit, but scarcely sufficiently well coloured. Mr. Ingram,
gardener to J. J. Blandy, Esq., h:^d Keens' Seedling ; Mr. Dunsford,
British Queen ; and Mr. Lydiard, of Bath, Trollop's Victoria ; Mr.
Turnbull sent Keens' Seedlings. The only dish from the open ground
was one of Keens' Seedlings, furnished by Mr. Roke, from Chertsey.
Mr. Smith, of Twickenham, had some Strawberries in pots loaded with
fruit. The sort was Sir C. Napier. Among miscellaneous fruits were
very fine Orleans Plums from Mr. Ingram, and Mr. Williams sent
dishes of Oranges, Lemons, and Citrons.

IMPATIENS JERDONI^.
This Balsam is certainly one of the most useful plants of recent intro-
duction, being of easy culture, neat habit, and a remarkably free-

222 THE FLORIST.

flowering plant. The colour of the bloom is also very striking, being a
bright vermilion and yellow, which, with the dark-green foliage, makes
an admirable contrast ; it may therefore be safely pronounced a great
acquisition.

This Impatiens, although a native of the East Indies, succeeds
remarkably well in an ordinary greenhouse. To have it in flower in June,
young plants should be obtained early in February, and after being
potted should be placed in a temperature of about 55*-^ or 60°, where
they will soon commence growing. Water should be given sparingly
until the plants are fairly started into growth. By the middle of May,
if they have gone on well, they will require repotting ; and as this will
be the last time for the season, a liberal shift should be given, using a
compost of fibrous peat and loam in equal parts, with a little well
decomposed manure and silver sand. By the middle of June they will
commence flowering, and should then be removed to a cool part of the
greenhouse, where they will continue to bloom until the autumn. In
October it should be gradually allowed to go to rest, giving water very
sparingly. When most of the foliage has fallen from the plant, it
should be placed in a cool, dry situation, where it will require no
further attention than a little water occasionally, to prevent it from
shrivelling. In February it should be again started as before, and by
summer it will have formed a splendid specimen.

Its value as a greenhouse decorator will, I am sure, win it a place in
most collections ot plants ; but besides this, I think there is no doubt
that we shall one day see it occupying a place in the terrace vases, as
in sheltered situations at least it would bear exposure. Those who had
an opportunity of seeing the splendid plants exhibited at Chiswick in
July last by the Messrs. Veitch, will readily conceive the beautiful effect
a group of such plants would have. For such purposes as this, the
plants would require two years' preparation, to get them into good sized
bushes ; it would also require attention to keep the plant upright, as
it has a tendency to curve over the rim of the pot in which it grows.
This, of course, is only speculation, as I am not aware that it has been
tried in the open air in this country at present. Its neat habit and
extreme beauty for such purposes make it well worth a trial.

Joseph Shater.

Bowood Gardens, Wilts.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas, — These should remain quiet in the shade for some time
to come. Prepare the soil for repotting them next month. Let the
plants be quite exposed excepting during heavy rains, from which they
should be protected with pit lights, the sides being quite open.

Azaleas should, after they have formed growth, be removed to an
exposed situation out of doors ; place them so that worms cannot enter
the soil, and attend to careful watering. The foliage should, as a matter
of course, be perfectly healthy and clean.

JULY. 223

Camellias, before removing them out of doors, should be gradually-
inured to a cooler atmosphere. Keep the plants perfectly clean, and
aid them by frequent waterings with sheep manure. Be careful to
provide them with a shady exposure, and occasionally wet them over-
head in warm weather, so that no worms can enter the pots ; and raise
them a sufficient height from the ground, that water may pass off
freely.

Carnations and Picotees. — These are very late, but promise a fine
bloom. Aphides have troubled us but little this season. The dis-
budding should now be principally done. If hot dry weather is expe-
rienced, care should be taken that they do not become dry through the
ball of earth at any time, but water regularly and freely, using weak
liquid manure occasionally, and soft water on all occasions. Those that
grow for exhibition will scarcely need to be reminded that they should
look well to the buds, to prevent their bursting, and to protect the bloom
when opening. Plants in the open ground, for making the borders gay,
should have but a few buds removed. The remaining shoots should be
neatly tied up.

Cinerarias. — Commence putting in cuttings in the usual way, us'ng
fine soil with silver sand on the top ; place the cutting pots in a cool
frame, potting them off as soon as struck, using fine rich soil. Seed
may still be sown, plants from which will bloom in good time.

Conservatory and Show House. — Now that the finer inmates of
these structures are removed, do not neglect to bring in an abundance of
sofl- wooded stuff, which, if well done, may for a time keep up a pleasing
display. Some of the Orchids in flower may also be brought here, and
with Neriums, Fuchsias, Cockscombs, Balsams, Mignonette, Scarlet
and White .Stocks, &c.. Heaths in flower, Geraniums and so on, the inside
borders well watered, and climbers kept in proper trim, the house
kept scrupulously clean, well aired and shaded, will fully compensate for
the removal of the finer and more costly inmates.

Dahlias. — If the garden is infested with earwigs commence trapping
them at once, to get them under before the blooms appear. It has been
a growing time since they were planted out, giving but little trouble
with the waterpot ; yet no opportunity should be lost, afler a dry day,
to water them over the foliage with sofl water. There will be but little
else to do during July, after which they will require the side stakes.

Fruit, Forcing, — Vineries: Grapes intended to serve during the
winter will now require most attention. Where such are in flower,
they should be assisted with a little fire-heat during dull weather. As
soon as the berries are set they should be well thinned ; for if allowed
to remain too thick on the bunches they are more apt to damp during
the autumn. Peaches swelling their fruit should have any leaves re-
moved that may shade the fruit, so as to give them the benefit of the
full rays of the sun. Keep a moist temperature, with plenty of air.
Pines will, during the present month, make rapid growth ; to insure
them growing strong, air should be given freely. Keep a moist atmo-
sphere for such as are swelling their fruit, and dry, with plenty of air,
where the fruit is ripening. Cucumheis and Melons. — Attend to last
month's directions for airing, watering, &c. Sow seed for late crops.

«
224 THE FLORIST.

Flower Garden. — Attend to newly bedded out plants, peg down where
necessary, tying and staking. Keep all in perfect good order, the
mowing machine at work, and have fresh gravel put down wherp
necessary.

Fruit, Hardy. — Wall trees will, during the present month, require
great attention, as it is now that the foundation must be laid for next
season. The young shoots should be kept trained to the w^alls, taking
sufficient off to prevent crowding, and keep the trees free from insects.
Strawberi'ies for next year's forcing should be laid in small pots as
soon as good runners can be obtained, potting them into their fruiting
pots as soon as sufficiently rooted. Kitchen Garden. — Take every
opportunity of filling up vacant ground with the various kinds of Broccoli,
winter Greens, &c. Also plant Celery, Lettuce, &c., for succession.
Towards the end of the month make a sowing of some approved kind
of Cabbage for spring use. Thin out Parsnips, Carrots, Onions, &c.
Cut Box edging, stake Peas, &c.

Heaths and Epacrises as last month.

Hollyhocks. — These should be well secured to strong stakes, if not
already done. If strong spikes are required, the side shoots should be
cut away, these shoots to be put in as cuttings. There has been great
loss among the plants this season, after being planted out ; the strongest
going off in the same manner as the weak — rotting off at_the surface of
the soil, similar to what the Pansy is liable to during the summer
months.

Mixed Greenhouse. — This house may be kept in use for forwarding
plants for decorative uses. Keep all perfectly clean by frequent fumi-
gations ; attend to watering, airing and shade in bright weather;

Pansies. — Continue to increase these largely, by putting in cuttings
of kinds of which a large stock is required. The Pansy will be fast
losing its rich deep colours, yet will continue gay for some time. It is a
remarkable plant, blooming from six to seven months out of the twelve,
if well managed. Seed now should be saved from the best kinds, and
sown as soon as ready.

Pelargoniums. — Cutting down should now be done to the stock in
general, leaving a few for a time, for late blooming next season. Keep
the stools dry for a time after they have been cut down, but sprinkle
them overhead every morning until they have broken freely. Cuttings,
if from well ripened wood, will strike almost anywhere. Generally too
much care is taken of them, illustrating the old saying, — killing them
with kindness. Keep them near the glass, if in pots or frames, and
dry them well every morning. Fancy varieties require to be kept dry,
and placed in a little heat, after they have stood in a cold frame suf-
ficiently long to allow the base of the cutting to be calloused over.

Pinks. — These will be blooming at the Carnation season this year ;
the plants are strong, but late. Pipings should now be put in in large
numbers, as they now strike freely, and make strong plants in time to
stand the winter.

Tulips. — Take these up on a fine dry day of the first week in July ;
dry them gradually, by placing them in an airy yet rather cool place,
after which put them away promptly in proper cabinets which admit air.

T^^Jndretys linco

lyfeyema Execta

Tnntxd' ^ C CPutivt-

AUGUST. 225

MEYENIA ERECTA.

(Plate 103.)

This beautiful Indian shrub, of ^vhich our plate furnishes a
faithful representation, has been exhibited two or three times this
season by the Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting ; and wherever it has
been shown it has been universally admired. It is a very free
flowerer, and, owing to the size and colour of its blossoms, very
showy. In short, such is its beauty, that, when better known,
we feel certain no collection, however small, will be considered
complete without it.

As reorards cultivation, we have reason to believe that the
treatment usually given to Francisceas would suit the Meyenia
exactly. When young plants are received, well rooted and other-
wise healthy, and in a growing condition, say in spring, give a
moderate shift into well-drained pots, one or (in the case of strong
plants) two sizes larger than those they are in. After potting
remove them to a close warm pit or frame, where a moderate
bottom-heat is maintained, and keep a moist atmosphere about
them, giving gentle waterings as required, and a slight shading
during bright sunny days. When growth has commenced freely,
the young shoots should be regulated, so as to form a handsome
specimen ; and when good progress has been made, a second shift
should be given into larger pots, proportioned to the strength of
the plants, and they should be again placed in heat. They should
now receive every encouragement to make vigorous growth, so as
to get their wood w^ll ripened by the end of September, after
which a drier and cooler atmosphere is requisite to insure a period
of rest. A temperature of from 50° to bo^ will answer perfectly
during winter. Next spring, if fair sized specimens are wished
for, the plants should be pruned in a little, say in February or
March, and then placed in heat as before, to start them into
growth ; the buds will soon be found to break kindly, and the
plants may then receive a shift into the pots in which they are
destined to bloom, and which should be well drained. If all has
gone on well, they will be pretty little plants this year, and will,
if desired, yield flowers ; the full display of the latter, however,
may be reserved for next season, when the plants will be strong
enough to produce them in abundance.

The kind of soil best adapted tor it is perhaps two-thirds fibrous
peat and one-third good turfy loam, with a liberal addition of
silver sand.

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVI.

226 THE FLORIST.

THE FRUIT CROPS OF THE PRESENT YEAR.

I ATTACH great importance to observations made throughout the yenY
on all matters relating to horticulture by practical men, — such as those
of your correspondent " G. F.'' in your June number ; and as I have
acquired much practical knowledge by a comparison of similar remarks
with my own observations, it is, therefore, with much pleasure that I
respond to your correspondent's w^ish ; and whilst on this all-important
subject of fruit crops, 1 beg to offer a few remarks, which, as the past
winter and spring have been unusually severe, may be of some interest
to many of your readers, and which may induce some of them to give
us the result of their experience.

A number of observations made in different localities in a season
like the present, and faithfully recorded, would be of much value ; the
young gardener who starts wdth little but theory will infallibly fail if
unsupported by experience. In making this remark I wish it to be
distinctly understood that I by no means undervalue theory ; quite the
contrary. I attach the highest possible value to it, and would strongly
advise young gardeners to store their minds well with it, but not to
think themselves perfect in their profession until they can support it
with some practical experience. In every science, and particularly in
that of horticulture, theory and experience should go hand in hand ;
idle is the theory that cannot be supported by experience, and our
experience would be a confused jumble of facts without sound theory
to digest and generalise them.

Success in horticulture depends on the knowledge of the scientific
principles upon w^hich the art of culture depends, and the best way of
deducing these principles is from collections of facts recorded with
accuracy by careful observers.

From the middle of January to the end of ]\Iay of the present year
we have had a continuance of cold weather unprecedented w^ithin the
memory of our grandfathers. After this dreary time it is quite cheering
to find all accounts representing the fruit crops this year as very good ;
and this is attributed partly to the fine dry warm w^eather of last
autumn, and partly to the lateness of the present season. In my
opinion we are not at all indebted to the lateness of the season for the
GENERAL good crop of fruit this year, but principally to the failure of
the crop in previous years. The trees by this means stored up a
quantity of organised matter, and under the influence of the fine warm
weather of last autumn the wood and buds were thoroughly ripened.
To these causes I attribute the general good crop of this season, and not
to the lateness of the season. This season, though dry, has been any-
thing but favourable to the setting of fruit.

In a notice of the Horticultural Society's garden, in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of the 2nd inst., it is stated that Apples and Pears are a good
crop this year, more especially on standards, which have apparently
suffered much less than dwarfs. What will ]\Ir. Rivers say to this,
who so strongly advocates a crippled and unnatural system, and who so
boldly asserts that we cannot keep our fruit trees too near our parent
earth ?

AUGUST. 227

]\Ir. Bailey (who I believe to be one of our very best gardeners) in a
very excellent article in the April number of the Florist, says, " It is
much to be recrretted that the zealous enthusiasm of some well-meaninor
individuals does occasionally lead them into error, and we have recently
had instances of this in the marvellous recommendations of M. de Jongrhe
and his followers, who have said that by properly thinning the spurs
and blossom buds of our fruit trees we can give them a greater degree of
constitutional vigour, and by some special act of hocus pocus enable their
tender blossoms to resist severe frost with certainty." Again : " Gentle
reader, let us pause for a moment and enquire what is the effect of
frost upon tender vegetation, and try to discover, if we can, in what
way the operation of pruning, simple or profoundly philosophical, can
tend to lessen the mechanical force exerted by the expansion of fluids
in the process of congelation, or arrest the chemical decomposition
which ensues after such injury. It will, I presume, be on all hands
admitted that plants suffer injury from frost in proportion to the
quantity of Huid they contain, and that in the process of freezing the
sap vessels are ruptured by the progressive expansion which takes
place in the formation of ice, and that once ruptured the future circulation
is arrested, and death and decay follow."

If, believing that the system which ]\I. de Jonghe advocates is sound
in theory and practice, and that the system (namely, of letting our
orchards go unpruned and uncared for) which he condemns as wTong
constitutes a fillowerof M. de Jonghe, then 1 am one, and as a follower
I beg to be allowed to attempt a brief reply to j\Ir. Bailey, but before
doing so I wish to make a short extract from the Gardeners' Chronicle
of the 12th May.

The editor, in commentirg on the long and excellent report upon the
effect of the last winter upon the vegetation near Dublin, after admitting
that the old doctrine — that the action of frost is purely mechanical —
was to some extent true, proceeds to point out some plants which are
tender and killed by a few degrees of frost, whilst others exceedingly
like them are hardy and will stand any degree of cold. He then says,
" All the experience that 40 years* acquaintance with such phenomena
has given us leads to one, and only one, conclusion, which is, that the
power of resisting frost is the consequence of specific vitality, and of
nothing else."

Now, if I understand M. de Jonghe rightly, his argument is this, —
that a tree, or a whole orchard, which has been properly pruned, and
which has been for years regularly attended to in thinning of the spurs,
&c., and which has never been left to bear too large a crop of fruit, will
be better able to stand our unfavourable springs than a tree or orchard
which has never been pruned nor attended to — the case of most of our
orchards. In this I cannot perceive any error. Surely a regiment of
soldiers of sound, strong, healthy constitutions would pass through the
rigours of a Crimean winter with fewer losses than a regiment of
soldiers whose constitutions, through neglect and want of care, are weak
and unhealthy. And does not the same elementary constituents enter
into the formation of the flesh and blood of one regiment as of the other ?
Now M. de Jonghe does not say that the dehcate organs of fructification

Q 2

228 THE FLORIST.

will not suffer, fi-om severe frosts. What he says is this — that trees or
orchards treated as he recommends will not suffer to the same extent
as neglected ones. Now this I believe to be quite true.

]\Ir. Bailey says, " It will, 1 presume, be on all hands admitted that
plants suffer injury from frost in proportion to the quantity of fluid they
contain." Granted ; but, I ask, are we not much more likely to get
short jointed well ripened wood by following M. de Jonghe's system than
by letting them go unpruned and uncared for ? By letting the air pass
freely through the trees we secure those fructiferous growths which all
gardeners hke to see, instead of those watery unripened shoots which
we get when the trees are neglected ; and as these watery unripened
shoots contain more fluid than well ripened wood, they of course suffer
more from frosts. Again, the organs of fructification are never so
perfectly developed on unripened as on well ripened wood ; indeed, they
mostly fall off without setting under the most favourable circumstances ;
a striking instance of the kind came under my notice this season, which
I will presently mention.

Notwithstanding one of the coldest seasons on record, we are likely to
have an abundant crop of most kinds of fruit ; everything, excepting
Plums and Apricots, will be an abundant crop in this district. Plums
and Apricots are a very light crop generally, owing principally to the
excessive heavy crops of last year. In some of the gardens I have
visited Plums on walls will be a tolerable crop, and Apricots likewise ;
but the farmers and cottagers, who bring the great bulk of the supply to
the markets in this district, have little or none. As every good action
has its own reward, so e\ery bad one brings sooner or later its own
punishment ; those who were too covetous to thin their Apricots last
year will have to do without any this season.

The crop of Apricots in these gardens is very good, and as the fruit
has for some years been regularly thinned I have no fear as to the
results next season, whether it be late or early, precarious or otherwise.
Twelve out of 14 trees are IMoorparks ; these have never missed having
a good crop for the last seven years ; there is one tree of the Orange,
this also has yearly set a good crop of fruit. The other tree is, I
think, Shipley's, but of this I am not quite certain ; this tree has not
for the last seven years had anything like a crop of fruit. It never
ripens its wood properly ; this year it appeared better, and certainly no
tree could flower better than it did. It had more blossoms on it than
any four of the Moorparks, and yet it has fewer fruit on it than any
of the others. It occupies nearly a central position on the wall ; the
Moorparks are on both sides of it, and it is, and has been, under the
same circumstances in every respect ; still it has only a few fruit on it,
whilst the Moorparks have good crops.

From examination I am satisfied the organs of fructification were
not perfect, owing to the unripened state of the wood, and consequently
they fall off. If the wood be not properly ripened and the buds
properly formed the previous autumn, all the genial springs that were
ever experienced would not save a crop of fruit.

Strawberries are a good crop, and, notwithstanding the cold weather,
will not be many days later than usual. Raspberries, Currants, and

AUGUST. 229

Gooseberries are a very good crop, and the bushes are everywhere
looking remarkably healthy. Peaches and Nectarines are an extra-
ordinary crop ; they have set so thickly that they resemble ropes of
Onions, even where no protection was used.

Pears are also a good crop, though much of the blossom was injured
by the severe frosts of the 4th and 5th of JNIay. The Fig-trees here,
which were covered as described in the last year's volume of the Florist^
are showing an abundance of fruit. One branch of the White Mar-
seilles, which stood out a little distance at the bottom from the wall,
and was not covered, has been killed.

Apples, to all appearances at present, are Ukely to be a very abundant
crop. The old Apple tree of Sir Walter Blackett's Favourite, mentioned
in a former Number, though it had several bushels of fruit on last year,
has not a single Apple on it this season ; but I entertain no fear of the
results next year, let the season be late or early, precarious or otherwise.
Again, the tree of White Calville Apple, of which also mention has
been made in a former Number, which has had nothing done to it in
the way of pruning, has very few fruit, while those that have been
pruned, and which stand only a few score yards distant, have a good
crop, some an over-abundant one.

I do not consider that we gain much by the seasons being late. In
late seasons a few hot, sunny days will cause a great quantity of the
blossoms to expand, and when in this state one night's nipping frost
will do a great deal of injury. In seasons that are not so late the
blossoms expand more gradually ; and there being fewer open at one^
time, a single night's frost does not the same amount of injury as if
the whole of the blossoms were expanded.

I never remember a INIarch in which we had so little sunshine as the
last ; it was also very cold. The weather the whole of April was also
very cold, and the first three weeks of May were more Uke December.
On the morning of the 4th May we had a severe frost, and in the fore-
noon a heavy shower of hail, and in the afternoon a light fall of snow ;
towards night it cleared up, and by 1 1 o'clock we had nine degrees ^ of
frost. I shall not soon forget the morning of the 5th ; we had ice
nearly an inch in thickness. There was much Pear blossom expanded,
and much of it in places suffers ; still there appears a good crop.
Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines escaped without sustaining much
injury ; there is no doubt the foliage is a great protection to the fruit,
being largely developed, they acted as a screen over the wall, and pre-
vented radiation ; and in consequence of there being no dew deposited,
the fruit would be dry, and of course would not suffer much from frost,
on a wall where the thermometer registered only a degree or two of
frost.

We have had successively three severe seasons, as old-fashione
any our grandfathers experienced ; the next three may be like th^"^»
or they may be the reverse — they may be mild and favourable ; but to
depend on the nature of our springs for our fruit crops is vain. If we
expect crops next year, we must do the work now, by properly thinning
the shoots, &:c., so as to get well-ripened wood.

By proper cultivation of the soil in drainage, &c., by proper pruning.

230 THE FLORIST.

and, in fine, by proper cultivation, by these means, no matter what the
seasons are, we will secure good crops of truit nine years out of ten. If
we neglect the proper means of securing good crops, when the spring
comes we may adopt what expedients we may in the shape of protectives,
our endeavours at that time will not be crowned with any very favour-
able results.

Stourton. M. Saul.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY.

JuiT 2. — This, the last exhibition of the Society this year, was well
attended, the day being fine. The show was one of the best, if not the
best, we have ever witnessed in July. Miscellaneous plants were as
numerous and as fresh as they are generally seen in June, with the
addition of the fine collections of cut Roses, Pinks, &c. — to say nothing
of the fine display of fruit.

Roses were produced by nearly all the great growers, and were
very brilhant. Pinks also were exhibited in considerable numbers,
there being eight collections in all. In twenty-four blooms Mr. C.
Turner, of Slough, was first ; Mr. Baker, Woolwich, second ; Mr.
Bragg, Slough, third. For twelve blooms, private growers, Mr. Baker
was tirst ; Mr. Lawrence, Hampton, second ; Mr. Blakesley, Hampton,
third. The two first stands were very fine, the best varieties being
New Criterion, Optima, Adonis, Elizabeth Gair, Mrs. Lewis, Mr.
Hobbs, James Hogg, Duke of Devonshire, Hercules, Richard Andrews,
Purple Perfection, Climax, Criterion, Brunette, JuHet, Jupiter, Esther,
Cardinal, Lord C. Wellesley, Sarah, Mr. Hoyle, Field Marshal, Purple
Perfection, and Narborough Buck. Four seedling Pinks received cer-
tificates ; by far the best of these was exhibited by Mr. Norman,
Woolwich, a fine large- petalled flower, sufficiently full without being
confused, named Mrs. Norman.

Pansies were out of condition. It would have been better to offer
prizes at the July meeting for Verbenas, in a cut state, that are in
season, than for Pansies tiiat are not.

Pelargoniums were very good, and much more numerous than we
expected to find them. In the class for twelve plants (nurserymen),
Mr. Turner was first. We noticed as especially fine, Hoyle's Wonder-
ful, a fine large flower, possessing the finest qualit}'-, with a large clear
white eye ; Una, Fair Ellen, Empress, Govern or- General, Sanspareil,
Topsy, and Virginia. Messrs. Frazer, Lea Bridge Road, were second,
with twelve good plants, with very good foliage and evenly matched, but
not large. By far the best of these were Sanspareil, Lucy, and
Enchantress. Mr. Gaines, of Battersea, was third, with a collection of
well-flowered plants, but of inferior varieties. Messrs. Dobson & Son,
of Isleworth, obtained the fourth prize ; these were better kinds than
the third collection, but were indifferent plants, some of them having
but very little bloom on them. The class for new varieties, open to all
competitors, is perhaps the most interesting, and was well contested,

AUGUST.

231

there being five collections. Mr. Turner was first, with Sanspareil,
Virginia, Wonderful, Snowflake, Governor- General, and Phaeton ; Mr.
E. Beck, of Isleworth, was second, with six very neat well-grown
plants, but wanting size ; these consisted of Lucy, Governor-General,
Gem ot the West, Laura, Conqueror, and Fideha. JMr. Holder, gar-
dener to the Rev. E. Coleridge, Eton College, was third ; JNIessrs. Dobson
and Sun, fourth; Mr. Games fifth. Mr. Robinson, Pinilico, also
exhibited in this class. There was another open class for three plants,
without Hniit to the size of the pot ; but we did not observe any grown
in larger than 8-inch pots. This size wiU produce a plant large
enough for any purpose whatever, and will also produce a better head of
flower than a larger size ; overpotting should be particularly guarded
against. The first prize in this class was awarded to Mr. Turner, lor
Topsy, Vesper, and Tiger ; 2nd, J\lr. Holder, for Star, Purtia, and
Narcissus ; 3rd, Mr. Windsor, gardener to A. Blyth, Esq., Kiddepore
Hall, Hampstead. Ten plants (amateurs) : The first prize in this class
was awarded to Mr. Nye, gardener to E. Foster, Esq., Clewer I\Ianor ;
these were very good in quaUty. Saracen, a beautiful orange scarlet ;
Seraskier, Fair Ellen, Phaeton, Eva, Carlos, and Purple Perfection were
among the best. JMr. Holder had the next best collection ; j\Ir. Robin-
son, Mr. Beck, and Mr. Weir, gardener to J. Hodgson, Esq., Hamp-
stead, followed in the order given.

Fancy Pelargoniums : These were as gay, and attracted as much
attention, as at any previous meeting ; they are quite the ladies' flower,
and as we have form combined with the attractive colours of the fancy
Pelargonium, they cannot fail to become general favourites. The
successful exhibitors were— 1st, Mr. Turner; 2nd, Messrs. Frazer ;
3rd, Mr. Gaines ; 4th, Messrs. Dobson. Private growers : 1st, ]Mr.
Vv'indsor ; 2nd, Mr. Weir ; 3rd, Mr. IMaher.

Calceolarias were but uidifferent, with the exception of six plants, all
shrubby varieties, exhibited by Mr. Cole, St. Alban's. These were not
large plants, but were weU bloomed, and in good variety. ^Ve are
pleased to see so much improvement in this class of Calceolarias, \yhich
deserves every encouragement. The length of time they remain in
bloom gives them a great advantage over the herbaceous class, which,
however showy, ai'e little better than annuals. IMessrs. Henderson,
Pine-apple Place, and Mr. James, gardener to F. W. Watson, Esq.,
Isleworth, were exhibitors also. A medal was awarded to Mr. Turner,
for a collection of 18 varieties of seedling shrubby Calceolarias. These
were of excellent habit and in good variety of colour, from pale to the
richest deep yellow, orange brown, dark maroon, and spotted kinds.
The names of a few of the best were Orange Perfection, Goldfinder,
Pallida, Canary Bird, Orange Boven, Helie, Albira, and Conspicua.
Mr. M'Neil received a certificate for a very pretty light Verbena named
Sir Colin Campbell. It is white with distinct rosy purple eye. Mr.
G. Smith, of Hornsey Road, received a similar award for a pleasing new
Petunia, named Hermione, a large flower, white spotted with purple ;
it is very distinct.

There were a few seedhng Pelargoniums ; if not many in numbers,
they were good in quahty. Mr. Nye, gardener to E. Foster, Esq., vras

232 THE FLORIST.

awarded the medal offered for the best scarlet variety, with a medium
sized but very bright flower named Amazon. Mr. Nye also received a
certificate for Prince of Wales, a large stout flower, with clear white
centre, rich dark maroon spot on the top petals, lower petals deep rose.
A similar award was made to G. W. Hoyle, Esq., Reading, for Clotilde,
a large purple flower, with dark top petals, and white centre. Mr.
Turner received a certificate for a seedling fancy named Prima Donna,
white and purple, a smooth round flower, quite new in colour, Mr.
H alley, Blackheath, sent Phlox Pearl, fur which a certificate was given.
Mr. Parker, Dalston, sent a box of Ranunculuses, good-sized flowers,
but poor in variety. A prize was awarded them.

Stove and greenhouse plants were contributed in very fine condition
for the time of year, and in such quantities as gave the upper banks of
the exhibition ground a rich and glowing appearance. The best came
from Mr. May, gardener to H. Colyer, Esq. ; but Mr. Frost, gardener
to E. L. Betts, Esq., Mr. Barter, Mr. Green, and others, also showed
weU in their respective classes. Orchids were not so good as we have
seen them. By far the best collections of them came from Mr. Mylam,
gardener to G. Reed, Esq. In this group the plants were beautifully
grown and well flowered. Messrs. Veitch also had some fine specimens,
and Mr. Gedney showed a magnificent example of the White Butterfly
plant, called Phalsenopsis grandiflora. Cape Heaths were shown by
the usual growers of them ; they were plentiful and well varied, many
of the autumn-flowering kinds differing greatly from one another, not
only in habit of plant, size, and shape of flower, but also in colour.
They therefore received more than usual attention. Roses this time
were all shown in a cut state. They were produced by the usual
exhibitors, \\Tith the exception of the Messrs. Lane, who did not show ;
and, considering the hot weather we have had, they were in good con-
dition. Of novelty there was little. Messrs. Veitch again showed their
fine hybrid Rhododendron Princess Royal, a new continental Achimenes
with lilac flowers, yellow in the eye and streaked with purple,^named
Ambrose Verschaftelt ; also the shrubby Phlox, named Leptodactylon
californicum. One or two other plants were also shown as new ; but
the above were the most remarkable. Of single specimens, Messrs.
Veitch exhibited a fine bush of Pleroma elegans, whose showy violet
blossoms are more persistent than those of the plants in the Order to
which it belongs. The same firm likewise furnished Ixora Lobbi, a fine
species, with handsome foliage and rich salmon-coloured flowers. Of
Ferns there was an interesting but not large display. The most impor-
tant were three groups of exotic species contributed by Dr. Young,
Messrs. Rollisson, and Mr. Gedney. The first-named, which was the
finest collection, contained the very rare Gymnogramma lanata, and
very finely grown plants of the following : Asplenium Belangeri,
Marattia cicutaefoha, Cheilanthes lendigera, Nephrolepis davalhoides,
Cibotium Schiedianum, and Platycerium grande. In Messrs. Rolhsson's
group there were Drynaria coronans, Platycerium grande, Davallia
tenuifolia, Asplenium Belangeri, and a very elegant Fern obtained from
the Jardin des Plantes under the name of Caenopteris foeniculacea. Mr.
Gedney 's group, though of commoner kinds, was composed of remark-

AUGUST. 233

al>ly well-grown plants, among which an Adiantum cuneatum, forming
a inass more than tw^o feet across, was conspicuous. Of British Ferns
the only collection shown was sent by Dr. Young, and included Cys-
topteris inontana, Lastrea glandulosa, and numerous interesting varieties,
particularly of Scolopendrium vulgare and Athyrium Filix-foemina.
Mr. Parker, of Hornsey, contributed a mixed group, in which were
many rare and curious Ferns, both native and exotic, among which we
observed an Asplenium, alhed to A. fontanum, which is reputed to be
of British origin. Achimenes were furnished by Mr. Wiggins, gar-
dener to Mr. Beck, and Mr. Woolley. Among the sorts were longitiora
and iis white variety Tugwelliana, Margarettse, and other well-known
soits.

Collections of Fruit came from IMr. McEwen, gardener to the Duke
of Norfolk, Mr. Fleming, gardener to the Duke ot Sutherland, Mr.
Watson, JNIr. Constantine, and Mr. Cowan. Mr. McEwen had three
Melons, six dishes of Strawberries, one dish of Fastolf Raspberry, four
dislies of Gooseberries, French Crab Apple still sound. White Dutch
Currant, ripe Jargonelle Pears, six dishes of Peaches and Nectarines,
IMuscat and Black Prince Grapes (the former poor bunches, but ripe),
Figs, exceUent Greengage Plums, and Black J artarian Cherries. Mr.
Flen^iing produced beautiful bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes, Royal
George and Magdalen Peaches, Elruge and Violet Hatiye Nectarines,
Hybrid Cashmere and Trentham Hybrid Melons, red Antwerp Rasp-
berries, black Ischia Figs, and very good ]\Iay Duke Cherries. Of
Pine-apples the best four fruit came from J\lr. Fleming, and good
specimens were also furnished by JNIr. Barron, gardener to Mrs. Vivian,
Mr. Beal, gardener to A. Smith, Esq., and Mr. Spencer, gardener to
the Marquis of Lansdowne. Of Providences, Mr. Jackson, gardener to
Lord Scarsdale, sent the best specimen, and an excellent fruit also came
from Mr. Chapman, gardener, Chilford, Cheshire. Of Queens Mr.
Davis had the best ; but excellent fruit were also contributed by Mr.
Fleming, Mr. Peed, Mr. Spencer, and Mr. TurnbuU, gardener to the
Duke of Mailborough. Mr. Busby, gardener to S. Crawley, Esq., had
an excellent smooth-leaved Cayenne. Of Grapes the best 12 lb. boxes
were furnished by Mr. Henderson, gardener to Sir G. Beaumont, Bart.,
and Mr. Harrison, of Oatlands. These were good bunches and quite
black ; but most of the other 12 lbs. were badly coloured. In the class
of three dishes Mr. Tilly ard, gardener to the Speaker, had the best
fruit, which was, however, closely followed by the contributions from
Mr. Henderson and Mr. Martin, gardener to Sir H. Fleetwood, Bart.
Of Black Hamburgh most excellent bunches came from Mr. Henderson,
Mr. Fleming, and Mr. Boyd ; and the best specimens of Black Prince
were furnished by Messrs. Martin, Hill, and Turner. Of White
Muscadines capital fruit came from Mr. Smith, gardener to S. Ricardo,
Esq , Mr. Tillyard, and ]\Ir. WiUiams, gardener to C. B. Warner, Esq.
Muscats, very tine both in bunch and berry, came from Mr. Strachan,
gardener to R. B. Hill, Esq., but they were little more than half ripe.
Mr. Clarke, Mr. Turnbull, ]\Ir. Taylor, Mr. Frost, and Mr. Allport
also showed good examples of this variety of Grape. Very iine
Frontignans came from Mr. Tillyard and ]\Ir. JMarchand. The best pot

234 THE FLORIST.

Vines came from ]\Ir. Forsyth, gardener to Baron Rothschild, at
Gunnersbury. Of Peaches decidedly the best were fm-nished by Mr.
Snow, gardener to Earl de Grey. Mr. CoUison had also large and fine
Peaches, but they were over ripe. Mr. Forbes, gardener to the Duke
of Bedford, Mr. Constantine, and ]\Ir. Gardiner also sent good fruit of
Peaches and Nectarines. Mr. Snow, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Ruffet sent
the best fruit, but good specimens also came from Mr. Turnbull, Mr.
Frost, and Mr. Munro, gardener to Mrs. Oddie. Of Melons, the best
came (a green-flesh sort), from Mr. Spencer ; but Mr. Tegg, Mr.
McEwen, and Mr. Fleming were also successful exhibitors of this fruit.
Of scarlet-fleshed kinds Mr. Marchand, gardener to J. Smith, Esq.,
had the best. Mr. McEwen also showed fruit of this class. Figs were
furnished by Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duke of Northumberland,
]\Ir. Snow, and I\lr. Constantine. The sorts were Black Ischia and
Brown Turkey. Cherries, large and fine, came from Mr. Taylor,
gardener to J. Coster, Esq., and Mr. Snow, gardener to Earl de Grey.
The best Strawberries were shown by Mr. Smith, of Twickenham, but
I\Ir. Tillyard and Mr. Lidyard also produced good dishes. The sorts
were Keens' Seedling and British Queen. Tropical Plants were
contributed by Mr. Ivison, gardener to the Duke of Northumberland,
at Syon. They consisted o± Mamordica balsamina, Vanilla, Plantain
fruit, and Nutmegs.

VASES AND VASE PLANTS.

The introduction of vases, tazzas, baskets, &c., either of worked stone
or the various imitations of it, have now so general an introduction into
garden scenery ; more especially into those laid out in the geometric
style, that a few words on the positions they should occupy, and the
plants most suitable for placing in them, may not perhaps be unaccept-
able to your readers.

In gardens designed to form an architectural adjunct to the mansion,
and which should therefore be carried out agreeably with the order which
characterises the principal building, vases, &c., will form a considerable
feature, and are indispensable to relieve the sameness of long lines of
low walls and balustrading, and when in due proportion to the size of
the pedestals on which they are placed, and filled with suitable plants,
form elegant objects, in addition to breaking up horizontal lines of
masonry.

In all architectural gardens either in connection with the mansion,
or assuming that character when detached, vases and their accom-
paniments are appropriate embellishments, both for surmounting pedes-
tals on low walls and for introducing into the component parts of the
design, where they may be arranged either for centres or to occupy
subordinate positions in the compartments devoted to flowering plants.
Neither do we know of anything which conveys so much of the truly
ornate as vases, when placed at intervais on each side the long gravel or
Grass walks prevalent in this style of gardening. In all cases the vases

AUGUST. 235

should be large enough to hold sufficient soil to keep the plantis in
health ; and the pedestals on which they are mounted should be strictly
in keeping with the character of the vase. We prefer vases rather large
than the reverse, for we must enter our protest against the miserable
dished-up plants which are often seen struggling for existence, for want
of water and earth to grow in.

But it is not solely for the terrace or formal garden that vases are
appropriate ; there are many situations in scenery purely English (or
in the natural style) where vases may be introduced with the happiest
effect ; for instance, at the junction of gravel walks, or where these latter
are compelled to be terminated abruptly, a vase or seat affords a suit-
able excuse. The angles formed by the sudden sweep of a walk, and
corners not otherwise filled up and backed by masses of planting are
positions which just occur to me, as affording sites for vases in natural
scenery where their introduction will not offend the eye of taste. On
the contrary, they should never be placed in open parts of the lawn,
where their isolation from architectural accompaniments would be
manifest, and where, besides, masonry in any form would interfere with
repose and breadth, both essential features in this style of gardening. It
follows, then, that in natural scenery either real or imitated, vases
should be placed in immediate connection with gravel walks, which
will form a kind of base for them, or at no great distance therefrom ;
or only where their employment as objects to fill up otherwise vacant
places affords a reason for deviating from the general rule ; and on no
account should they be placed as single objects on lawns unconnected
either with masonry or walks.

Having given my ideas on situation, allow me to point out what I
consider the most suitable plants for filling them. On this point much
misconception exists, and I know gardeners are oflen compelled to fill
vases, &c., with plants by no means the most eligible for the purpose ;
but as custom has made it the law, I merely notice it for the purpose
of pointing out what I consider would be an improvement on the
prevailing practice of merely filling then with Scarlet Geraniums,
and which, I admit, produce a blaze of bloom, but which in point of
grace and elegance must yield to many others.

Considering a vase, when tastefully planted, as one of the most
graceful and classic objects in the flower garden, we should select such
plants which, from their habit of growth, will harmonise best with the
situation they are to fill. Nor does it require very expensive plants to
create such a beautiful combination of form (if not of colour), having
seen a vase filled with common British Ferns produce a most charming
effect ; and those who gi'ow exotic Ferns will readily perceive what
elegant groups they would make if transferred to a vase. But we must
try and see if there is nothing else that will answer our purpose.
First, there is a plant which myself and others grow for this purpose,
but which nevertheless is not commonly seen, — Agapanthus umbellatus,
— the blue African Lily, and its allies. Good plants of these transferred
to vases in May, and supplied well with water (for the plant is a
sub-aquatic), form fine objects. Their sword-like leaves bend grace-
fully over the rim of the vase, and, crowned with an umbel of bright

236 THE FLORIST.

blue flowers, render them as conspicuous as they are graceful. In
sheltered situations, what forms a more beautiful object than a vase filled
with the common Egyptian Arum — Calla sethiopica? but these will not
bear an exposed situation, and the plants must be strong before turning
them out. Next we have tried Tritonia aurea, and certainly this is a
beautiful plant for the purpose ; it requires putting in thick, but in the
autumn its bright orange-coloured flowers and slender leaves make
it a very desirable plant for our purpose. Phormium tenax, New
Zealand Flax, is another suitable plant tor its foliage, as are some of the
Yuccas. As regards these latter, the best plan is to select those
showing bloom, when they are really fine objects. There are many
other sword-leaved plants, including Gladioluses and Irises, well adapted
for our purpose ; nor should we forget the Acanthus, for its classic
association, which, to those who may wish to make the trial, will
suggest themselves as eligible ; and I shall be glad to hear that these
hints, loosely thrown together, have induced some of your readers to
give them a trial. I may perhaps trouble you again on this subject,
but shall now conclude by naming a few creeping plants adapted for
planting round the principal ; these will creep over the rim, and may
then be left either to grow in their own way or be trained so as to form
festoons round the base. Lophospermums, two or three kinds,
Maurandyas, blue, red, and white, Tropseolum pentaphyllum and
speciosum, Calystegia pubescens, Lysimachianummularia, white (Loose-
strife), Campanula fragilis ; Lobelias Erinus and unidentata, and some
others, although they do not grow so tall as the former, are useful for
small vases.

F.

ON GLOXIXIAS.

The improvement in these flowers by hybridisation within the last few
years has made a wonderful change in them. Comparing those of the
present day with what were cultivated only two or three years back,
there is such a decided superiority both in form of flowers and
delicacy of colouring among those of the present year, that scarcely any
of those varieties of former years can now be considered worth cultivating
at all. Among those recently introduced there is such a combination of
shape, size, substance, and colour, harmonising with each other in the
most pleasing manner, or in such perfection, that has never before been
attained amongst Gloxinias. Considering the facility with which they
are propagated, and with which they can be grown if kept in a humid
stove atmosphere, it is a matter of surprise and regret that they are not
more extensively diffused among collections, and more efficiently grown
than they are. If well cultivated they are really beautiful things, either
for large or small collections, where heat and moisture are at command ;
they are of a dwarf habit, abundant bloomers, making a charming
display through the spring and summer months. As exhibition plants,
what could be more charming than a well-grown collection — say a

AUGUST 237

dozen — of the best kinds for a June or July show ? They would not, I
imagine, be one of the least attractive features. Their propagation is
effected by the leaves, which, taken off the plant and plunged into a
brisk bottom heat, will root in a week ; hence they are easily propagated
to any extent required. They are very impatient of water at all times,
although they luxuriate in a humid atmosphere ; if too much is given
at the roots they soon decay, therefore it should be administered with
caution, always sparingly, and never until they are dry ; syringing over
head must be withheld as soon as they commence flowering, and if they
can be removed to a shady intermediate house their blooming period
may be extended for a long time. A hght compost composed of peat,
silver sand, leaf mould, and a little loam, is the most suitable for them,
with good drainage, and not in over large pots. When they die down
and are at rest they may be stowed away under the stage of the green-
house, or in any similar place where they can be kept cool and dry.

As there is a considerable number of them now in cultivation bearing
different names, many of them being useless, and where they are
cultivated it is equally as easy to cultivate a good variety as a bad one,
I have (from a very extensive collection now in flower) made a selection
of the best and most attractive, which will probably be a desideratum to
those who cultivate the Gloxinia ; they combine size with beauty of form
and distinctness of colour, and are the most superior sorts for producing
a brilliant effect : —

Elegantissima, white, with a violet blue throat, and dotted inside on a white
ground.

Eugenie, light rose colour, with a deep rose limb, and spotted in the throat
with small spots.

Eleanor, light, with a delicate rosy carmine coloured throat.

Sir C. IS'apier, bright rosy red throughout, deeper in the throat.

Imperialis, light flower, with a Prussian blue and deep rich purple throat.

Candidissima, flower not very large, but of a clear white, and is excellent
as a variety.

Prince of Wales, light, with a violet or indigo blue throat.

Purity, light, with a rosy carmine throat.

Magnet, red, with a deep violet red throat.

Wilsoni ; this is a superb variety, light, with a rosy carmine throat, and
white inside ; flower three inches across.

Pressleyi, blue flower, with a very deep violet blue throat.

Victoria regia, light, with a deep purple blue inside, slightly shaded
throughout,

Argyroneura, violet coloured flower ,'with a deeper violet inside, and a clear
white strip in the throat ; the leaves of this are white nerved.

Erecta magnifica; this is similar to Fyfiana, by having the flowers stand-
ing erect ; they are of a rosy carmine inside, with a violet purple
and dotted below.

Fyfiana ; a very singular form, flowers light [outside, with a violet and
indigo blue within.

Marie Van Iloutte, light, with a deep carmine throat, shaded witli purple.

Prince le Ling, fine rich red, with a rosy carmine sliaded darker within.

Grand Sultan, flower pink, with a carmine shading to purple, and a white
throat.

238 TUE FLORIST.

HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.— No. XII.
By a Country Gardener.
The Grapes once ripe some care must be bestowed in keeping them in
good condition, that is, free from damp, which would soon cause the
berries to turn mouldy and decay ; take means, therefore, to prevent
this. A low temperature at this stage will not hurt the Grapes, and
therefore large quantities of air can safely be admitted ; but while air
may thus be given freely, rain must be excluded ; and therefore, if not
already provided with ventilators at the back wall of the Vinery, or false
lights over the sliding sashes (see page 281 of last year's Florist), you
must adopt some such plan, as by such rain will be effectually excluded,
and at the same time the current of air which is continually passing
through the house w^ill tend most materially to preserve the atmosphere
dry and airy — both essential conditions for keeping Grapes ; indeed, I
consider this so important, both for the Vines when growing and for
preserving the fruit w^hen ripe, that I have again alluded to it, and
strongly recommend its adoption. In very damp or wet weather a little
fire should be put on by day, especially if the Grapes are required to
be kept for any time. By these ineans Hamburghs will keep fresh and
plump till after Christmas, and St. Peter's and Muscats till February ;
but these latter will require more fire heat at the period of ripening,
and altogether a warmer temperature to preserve them, particularly
the Muscats ; in other respects the same precautions of well ventilating
the house and excluding damp are necessary.

As it often happens that one decayed berry will damage the whole
bunch, they should be looked over two or three times weekly for the
purpose of removing any berries which show indications of decay with
the thinning scissors, and as the leaves change colour remove them when
you find them break off easily when touched ; this will admit more light
in the house, and help to keep the air drier. I observed that a low
temperature would not injure Grapes when ripe, a temperature so low
as only a degree or two above the freezing point may therefore be
allowed without entertaining any fear about them ; but generally speaking
from 40° to 45° or thereabouts is the safest point, as they are much
more liable to damp at a very low temperature than the medium one
laid down, and JMuscats will certainly shrink and not keep by any means
well in a low temperature — I should say not less than 45° to 50°.

The Grapes cut, pruning should take place immediately afterwards,
cutting each spur back to the lowest eye, wdien the same routine must
be followed as I have laid down for the present season's culture.

Reader, having now brought to a close these few hints on Grape
growing, I can only hope that the practical deductions on Grape culture
I have laid before you may be the means of rendering Grape growing
simple and easy to such amateurs as may be induced to try and grow
Grapes for themselves. Should any point yet remain obscure, the pages
of the Florist are open for discussion and all enquiries on this subject
by correspondents will be most cheerfully answered by, readers,

Your most obedient servant,

A Gardener in the Country.

AUGUST. 239

CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The extra summer competition was lield in the Society's garden,
Ir.verleith, on the 7th uh., and, the day being fine, a large concourse oi
members and visitors was present. Tlie show on the whole was a good
one, the stage Pelargoniums in particular being in excellent condition ;
in these a decided advance upon former years was to be observed.
Those in 6-inch pots were very creditable, being shown in some
instances nearly three feet in diameter, a mass of bloom, and with
healthy foliage almost concealing the pots. The following were the
awards : —

To ]\Ir. William Stirling, Grange House, for the best Exotic Plant,
the kind produced by him being Alstroemeria peregrina. A second
premium was voted to Mr. Blair, gardener to G. C. Arbuthnot, Esq.,
Mavisbank, Loanhead, for Gloxinia albo-sanguinea.

For Cape Heaths in eight-inch pots, the prize was awarded to Mr.
W. Thomson, gardener to Mrs. D. C. Durham, Polton House, Lass-
wade, the kinds being Erica cubica major, and the following varieties
of E. ventricosa, viz., hirsuta rosea, facilita, superba, and densa carnea.

For the best two stage Pelargoniums, unlimited in size, the silver
medal was awarded to Mr. Henderson, gardener to C. K. Sivewright,
Esq., Cargilfield, for Gulielme and a seedling named Stella. A second
premium was awarded to I\Ir. Forrest, gardener to W. Anderson, Esq.,
of Glentarkie, Linktown, Kirkaldy, for Optimum and Forget-me-not ;
and a third to Mr. Cameron, gardener to Samuel Hay, Esq., Trinity
Cottage, for Magnet and Forget-me-not.

For the best four stage Pelargoniums, in six-inch pots, the silver
medal was awarded to INIr. Henderson, Cargilfield, who produced Pretty
Polly, Conspicuum, Little Nell, and Stella (seedling). A second
premium was assigned to Mr. P'orrest, Linktown, for Conspicuum,
Magnificent, Mochanna, and Rowena.

For the best two Fancy Pelargoniums there were three competitors.
The silver medal was awarded as first prize to Mr. Forrest, Linktown,
for Queen of Fancies and Princess I\Iarie. A second premium was
assigned to Mr. Stewart, gardener to the Marquis of Dalhousie, Dal-
housie Castle, for Queen Victoria and Decora ; and a third to Mr.
Cameron, Trinity Cottage, for Fairy Queen and Lady Downes.

For the best four fancy Pelargoniums, in six- inch pots, the silver
medal was awarded to Mr. Henderson, Cargilfield, for Erubescens,
Midia, Lady Alice Peel, and Celestial. A second premium was voted
to JMr. Cameron, Trinity Cottage, for Princess Marie, Perfection, Decora,
and Queen of Fairies ; and a third to IMr. Forrest, Linktown, for
Celestial, Carlotta Grisi, Ocean Queen, and Othello.

For the best two Fuchsias the silver medal was awarded to Mr.
Walker, gardener to John Mood, Esq., Rosehall, for Banks' Glory and
Queen of Hanover. A second premium was voted to Mr. Henderson,
Cargilfield, for Omega and Queen of Hanover ; and a third to Mr.
Crombie, gardener to C. H. C. Inglis, Esq., of Cramond House.

For the best tw^elve Roses there were eight competitors. The silver
medal was awarded as first prize to Mr. George Wemyss, gardener,

240 THE FLORIST.

Springwood Park, Kelso. A second premium was voted to Mr. W.
Reid, gardener to the Hon. Henry Coventry, Newhailes, Musselburgh.
A third premium was assigned to Mr. Matthew Buist, Tyninghame.

For the best three Phloxes the prize was gained by Mr. G. Smith,
gardener to ]\Irs. Dodd, Clermiston House, by Corstorphine, with
Antagonist, Brown's No. 2, and Chamouni. A second premium was
voted to Mr. Kerr, gardener to Robert Brown, Esq., of Firth, Roslin,
for Brown's No. 2, Chamouni, and a seedling named Alma.

The silver medal was awarded to J\Ir. Pender, gardener to David
Anderson, Esq , of Moredun, for the best collection of fruit.

In addition to the articles sent in competition, there were many pro-
ductions placed upon the tables for exhibition only. From Messrs.
Dicksons & Co., Leith Walk Nurseries, was a box of seedling Pansies,
some of them of great promise ; from Messrs. J. Dickson & Sons,
Inverleith, Pentstemon Jeffreyi, a seedling Gloxinia, and fine blooms of
Roses ; from Messrs. Ballantyne & Sons, Dalkeith, several boxes of
Roses, and fine plants of the newer French sorts of fancy Pelargoniums ;
from Messrs. Downie and Laird, Westcoats, for well-grown plants of
stage and fancy Pelargoniums ; and from Mr. Douglas, Rosebank,
Fuchsia Mrs. Story (with white corolla), a semi-double Petunia, and
Verbena blooms.

A FEW WORDS ON HYBRID RHODODENDRONS.

A FEW months since a discussion, which many of our patrons will no
doubt recollect, was carried on in the pages ot the Gardeners Chronicle,
relative to the merits of certain races of Rhododendrons. The subject
was, in a garden sense, an important one, and we ventured, in taking
part in the discussion, to advocate views which from experience we
knew to be correct.

The originator of the discussion, " J. R.," endeavoured to prove that
grafted Rhododendons were inferior, for garden decoration, to plants on
their own roots ; and that seedlings from arboreum were much to be
preferred to any of the numerous hardy hybrids now so generally
cultivated.

It appears to us worth while to reproduce here the substance of what
we said in the Gardeners Chronicle with reference to the advantages
of really hardy hybrids over the numerous progeny so warmly eulogised
by " J. R.," which indeed are but seedlmgs direct from, or but once
removed from, arboreum ; and especially as the past severe winter has
more than verified our opinion — that such plants are worthless for out-
door culture. Very many cultivators have yet to learn what the
qualities are which a Rhododendron for successful cultivation in the
open ground should possess. We believe we shall be doing good
service in giving that information.

The hybrid Rhododendrons, now so generally grown, are from crosses
and intercrosses between the Indian arboreum and some hardy kinds,
as ponticum, catawbiense, and caucasicum ; with these materials the

AUGUST. 241

hybridiser has produced the greater part of our innumerable cultivated
varieties, and which are every year being added to. Nor must it be
supposed that the varieties which we already possess are merely
augmented in number by such additions. On the contrary, some
desirable quality, either in the shape or size of their flowers, or in the
brilliancy of their colours, or plants that bloom at an earlier age and
in greater abundance, are some of the advantages which are constantly
being obtained ; or a combination in the same plant of qualities
previously existing in separate ones, or perhaps a more hardy constitu-
tion is infused into a particular kind ; at all events, with each addition
to the number of existing kinds the aim is to produce and perpetuate
some desirable quality or qualities not previously obtained.

Now it is well known that seedlings from, or once removed from,
arboreum are not suited for general culture. We have nothing to say
against the beauty of their flowers, for they are undoubtedly very
attractive ; but as they are generally produced very early in the spring,
they are, in the majority of seasons, and in the absence of artificial
protection, much damaged or wholly destroyed. However much the
advocates of these early blooming plants ma\'- write or speak in their
favour, we know too well that the delicate petals of a Rhododendron
cannot be preserved in beauty when subjected to the influence of
cutting winds, driving rains, and a temperature of 8 or 10 degrees
below the freezing point in March or April.

We are frequently told, as a piece of valuable information, that, in
the garden of ^Ir. So-and-So, there is a magnificent hardy Rhododen-
dron, with deep red or crimson flowers, which are generally in bloom in
February or ]\Iarch. Sometimes we hear of these prodigies in January,
when the season has been very mild ; and such information is usually
followed by a hint that it would be much to our advantage to make
interest with the fortunate possessors of such treasures for a plant or
two of the kind.

Sometimes we are induced to have a peep at these prodigies ; not for
our own gratification, however, for we are always well prepared for the
kind of exhibition that awaits us. The plants are generally surrounded
by an ugly frame-work of poles and rods, with an addition in the shape
of a collection of old mats, pieces of carpet, scraps of canvass, and a
bundle or two of straw, lying at hand in a convenient corner, to protect
with in frosty nights (and in the day, too, when cutting winds and
pelting rains prevail), forming altogether a by no means gardenesque
scene. But of course that is of little consequence ; Doesn't the plant
live in the open air and bloom in winter ?

Some 25 or 30 years ago there was a popular distich which informed
us that

" He who plants Pears,
Plants for his heirs,"

and it was no doubt true enough then ; but improvements in cultivation
have happily rendered it obselete. Now, if there were no other
Rhododendrons in cultivation than the kinds so highly praised by Mr.
Rog — , we beg pardon, we mean " J. R.," the observation embodied in

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVI. R

242

THE FLORIST.

the couplet would, with a slight alteration, be highly appropriate for
them at the present day, and we might very truthfully write

He who plants Rhododendrons,
Plants for posterity ;

for by " J. R.'s " own confession his plants were more than 20 years
old when they flowered for the first time ; and this very objectionable
quality is characteristic of the whole race to which they belong.

Now we simply ask, what are the advantages which these plants
possess over hardy and free-blooming hybrids ? We confess not to see
their superiority in any one particular. To enable the reader, however,
to form a just conclusion of their respective merits, we will place their
prominent characteristics side by side.

Seedlings direct from, or hut once
removedfrom. Rhododendron arbo-
reum.

They never bloom till they are 20
years old, and then very sparingly.

In the majority of seasons, and
especially if the early part of the
year is mild, the flowers, in conse-
quence of being produced then, are
destroyed or much damaged by wind,
rain and frost,' which invariably
follow.

The flowers are usually of a very
rich colour.

Garden hybrids ; the advantages
of which we are advocating.

They bloom abundantly, and when
not more than three or four years
from seed.

The flowers never get cut off by
frost ; and from being produced after
spring has fairly set in, they are
not liable to damage from frost or
rough weather.

The various kinds produce flowers
of the richest as well as the most
delicate tints. Deep crimson and
pure white Avith all the intermediate
shades* may be found among the
plants in cultivation.

The plants are not damaged by
frost.

In very severe weather like that
of the past winter, the plants them-
selves are killed or damaged.

It will thus be seen that these much vaunted tender plants possess
not a single desirable quality that is not participated in by the hardy
hybrids ; and that the latter have very many sterling merits peculiarly
their own. As we have before observed, we confess that the flowers
of these first hybrids are very beautiful ; but we cannot yield our
opinion that the plants are, for general cultivation, all but worthless.

Although so much has been already done — so many valuable points
gained and secured by hybridising the Rhododendron — we may confi-

* It gives us great pleasure to be able to state that we have succeeded in
raising a number of very beautiful white-flowered varieties, which possess the
desirable property of blooming at the same time with the majority of hardy
hybrids. All the varieties with white flowers hitherto obtained bloom either too
early or too late in the season to be really effective in the American garden.
Those which we shall have to offer will supply the deficiency. Plants will be
ready for delivery next season. We will add that their flowers are very large
and of good form and substance. The trusses, too, are very fine ; and altogether
these varieties are much superior to any other hardy white Rhododendrons in
cultivation.

AUGUST. 243

dently look for still greater results. In the Sikkim Rhododendrons we
have the material for giving new features to succeeding crosses. In
fact, we now possess a large number of plants, the result of hybridising
between our best hardy hybrids and Edgeworthi, Dalhousite, ciliatum,
glaucum, &c. ; amongst which we believe will be found some very
remarkable kinds. Then from fulgens and Thompsoni we shall obtain
brilhancy of colour, rivalling even arboreum itself ; while Wighti will
contribute a yellow tint, and Hodgsoni the beautiful form of its indi-
vidual flowers, as well as that of its fine compact truss. These are a
few of the features which we shall doubtless derive from the Sikkim
Rhododendrons ; and many other species not named here present
equally desirable, and doubtless obtainable characteristics.

But there is one feature belonging to them which we have not named
— their fragrance. To the very beautiful Edgeworthi this is awarded
in a striking degree. So powerful is it, indeed, that one or two open
flowers will impregnate the atmosphere of a large house. If we
succeed, and doubtless we shall, in imparting this quality to our hardy
kinds, the Rhododendron will then indeed justly claim the title of the
queen of hardy plants.

[For these useful remarks we are indebted to Messrs. Standish and
Noble, of Bagshot. Since they have been in type we have learned that
the matter has appeared as an introduction to a new catalogue which
they have just published.]

THE TULIP BLOOM OF 1855.

The season has been a very remarkable one, from its extreme lateness.
It cannot be said to have been a good bloom generally ; on the other
hand, we have known it to have been worse here in the south. Those
that watered their beds in time had by far the finest flowers. To this
judicious treatment do we attribute the matchless fine head of flower
that was to be seen at Staines. Mr. Saunders' bed has long been
known to be one of the most select in this country. This season they
were as finely bloomed as they were rich in quality. They were good
on the 24th of May, and still finer on the 7th of June, on which
occasions we "liad the gratification of examining this collection. We wil 1
particularise a few. Falconbridge, a fine feathered bizarre, broken by
Mr. Saunders. It is darker than Sovereign, as well as shorter in the
cup, and of better form — a great beauty, in our opinion. Topaz is
another bizarre of Mr. Saunders' breaking, a first-row flower, of deep
gold-coloured ground, with nearly black marking. The latter, how-
ever, is irregular, being neither feathered nor flamed. It is of first-
rate form, novel, a fine rich flower for the bed, and is very scented.
Cofton's Elizabeth, a second-row flower, a feathered red bizarre, was
very showy. Holmes' Ariel, a second-rate bizarre, was light and
pretty. Louis Philippe, broke by Mr. Saunders from Louis XVI.
breeder, is a noble feathered and flamed bizai're, being a fine large bold
flower, of good shape. Enchantress, a flower of Mr. Saunders' raising,
is a constant good feathered rose ; it is called by some a Madame

R 2

244 THE FLORIST.

Vestris with black anthers. It resembles that good old variety in some
respects, but the marking is more dense, and it is smoother on the top.
Medusa, a feathered bybloemen, yellow at the base when young, but
bleaches, and is then fine. Cleopatra, a good bybloemen. May's Sir
Joseph Paxton is a good bizarre. Dixon's llowena, a fine feathered
rose ; also Dixon's Index, a bybloemen, appeared to possess some fine
properties. The good old varieties in the bed were also unusually fine.
We remarked as extra good — Everard, Vivid, Royal Sovereign, Pilot,
Colbert, Strong's King, Strong's Queen, Van Amburgh, finer than we
had previously seen it ; May's Ulysses, which appeared to be a good
strain of Brown's Ulysses, Hex Indearium, Austria, Princess Royal,
Camuse de Craix, Heroine, Polyphemus, Devonshire, with many others,
in the very best condition. Mr. Saunders has also broken some very
promising flowers, but they are not yet named.

Mr. Groom, Clapham Rise, had a fair average bloom. If not
strong they were more regular than we often see them near London.
Mr. Groom's bed is more celebrated for its great length than for
brilliancy of colour, as the flowers are too light in the marking
to please our northern friends ; yet many in this state are very delicate
and beautiful. In this class we must give the first place to Duchess of
Cambridge, a fourth-row bybloemen, of fine form. The base of the
flower is a little creamy in its young state, but bleaches white. The
feather is very lightly laid on, and a little broken ; the white is very
pure. Ondine, a bright scarlet rose, feathered ; a very showy bed
flower, but has dark stamens, and is impure at the base. Marquis of
Bristol, a sweet feathered bizarre of the Devonshire class, of fine form.
Eurydice is a good bizarre, in colour resembling Charles Brown, but a
little cramped at the top. Dr. Horner is another good bizarre, the
shape of Captain White. Lord Raglan, another of this class, is a large
bold variety. Louis Napoleon, a third-row bizarre, is a fine flower.
Fleur de Marie, rose, with very solid marking, but not of good form.
Baron Gersdorff, a first-row rose, good form, rather heavily marked.
We also noticed some excellent specimens of Groom's Queen Victoria,
and a seedling bizarre, the shape of Vivid.

At Mr. Lawrence's, Hampton, there was a very good bloom. Mr.
Lawrence's bed included some fine blooms of very rare varieties ; at the
head of these is George Hayward, the finest of all the red bizarres.'
This was figured by us in our last volume, and has justly become an
established favourite. Charles Brown, Everard, Arlette, Pandora,
Byzantium, Queen of the North, Kate Connor, with many old
favourites, were in very good condition. A part of Mr. Lawrence's bed
was sold by auction ; the sale was not well attended, the day being wet
and cold.

Mr. Goldham also sold a small bed of 65 rows, including those
varieties so long held entirely in the hands of Mr. Goldham, namely,
Fanny Kemble, Charles Kemble, John Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Napo-
leon, Marshal Soult, bybloemen Fortunatus, and many others not before
distributed. They were very badly grown and bloomed ; therefore it
would scarcely be fair to criticise these new flowers ; but in the con-
dition then seen not one could pass as second-rate. A bloom of Francis

AUGUST. 245

Primus was the best specimen in the bed. We admired Walker's
Duchess of Sutherland. This is a good feathered and flamed bybloemen.
Napoleon fetched the highest price. The bed realised something over
100/.

Mr. Edwards' collection has also been distributed this season by
auction. Mr. Edwards' flowers were very well grown, but were past
their best when sold ; and being the last of three important sales, did
not realise the amount that might have been reasonably expected,
when such flowers as Strong's King, Charles Brown, Arlette, Pan-
dora, Bion, &c., were amongst them, including large numbers of the
best of the Chellaston varieties. Charles Brown fetched 50^., which
was the highest price given.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S JULY EXHIBITION.

The last Exhibition of this Society this year took place on July 11 th,
under very unfavourable circumstances, the rain falling in torrents the
greater part of the day, and consequently a thin company only was
enabled to visit the gardens in the afternoon — much to our regret, as the
exhibition was in many respects an excellent one.

Agreeably with alterations made in the Society's schedule for this
season, the principal feature on this occasion was to be fruit and cut
flowers, collections of plants with variegated or otherwise fine foliage.
Ferns, Lycopods, and Orchids ; and in addition variegated and horse-
shoe leaved Geraniums were exhibited, besides other ornamental plants,
which will be noticed in detail hereafter. It wiU be gathered from the
above, that the collections of miscellaneous plants, &c., shoAvn on former
occasions were not expected, it having been decided in forming the
schedule that more variety should be introduced into these exhibitions,
and therefore the experiment was tried of altering the schedule so as to
comprise a larger dis play of novelties ; how far this succeeded remains
in some measure to be proved, for unfortunately little company came to
give their verdict either for or against the plan. Some modification, to
alter the extreme sameness of collections, both in such classes as Heaths
and miscellaneous plants, was necessary ; but whether to their entire
exclusion we are not prepared to say. Our own opinion is, that at this
season, '•' mi xed collections of plants, in or out of flower," would have
produced the most eflective display, and could easily have been fur-
nished by exhibitors. Be this as it may, the idea of giving prizes for
collections of fine foliaged plants is good and sound in principle, though
perhaps a little ahead of the times. To the eye of the artist and man
of taste, how infinitely superior are the beautiful variations of outline,
and exquisite texture, which the leaves of some plants assume, to the
most brilliant flowers. Both have, and will have, their admirers, and
both should find a place in our public exhibitions. But as regards their
effect on the public taste, and as furnishing examples of the purest
kind for imitation, no comparison can exist, and therefore we maintain
the principle of introducing plants not otherwise remarkable than for

246 THE FLORIST.

the grace and elegance of their fohage, is a step in the right direction,
and one calculated to improve our taste. That this class of plants, now
rapidly rising in pubHc favour, will ere long be as generally cultivated
for the enduring beauty of their leaves alone as others now are for the
brilliancy of their flowers, we entertain not the least doubt ; and we
therefore feel certain that every one capable of appreciating the true
beauties of nature will go with us in the opinion we have thus formed
of their merits.

As Fruit was to be the principal feature, we shall commence with
remarking generally that a very large quantity was produced in every
class, much of which was very excellent, the exceptions being few.

In collections to consist of not less than twelve dishes, the first prize
was most deservedly given to Mr. Ingram, gardener to Her Majesty at
Windsor, whose fi-uit was in admirable perfection (as it always is).
This collection contained, among other productions, very large and
beautifully coloured Elruge and Murray Nectarines, Jefferson and
Victoria Plums, noticeable for size and beautiful bloom ; fine Ham-
burgh Grapes, and Bellegarde and Royal George Peaches, a handsome
well swelled Queen Pine, and fine Bigarreau and Black Eagle Cherries.
Mr. M'Ewen, of Arundel Castle, was second in the same class ; his
collection contained a Providence and a Queen Pine, good Royal George
and Walberton Peaches (this latter very much resembled a pale
Noblesse), Murray and Hunt's Tawney Nectarines, very good Ham-
burgh and Muscat Grapes, Red and Green Gooseberries, Victoria
Plums, and Brunswick FigSc A third collection was exhibited by Mr.
J. A. Watson, fruit-grower, Ealing.

In the class of Large Pine-apples, Mr. Jones, of Dowlais, exhibited a
Providence 12 lbs. 3 oz., a noble fruit, hardly coloured. Mr. Taylor,
Temple Newsom, had the second prize for a brace of handsome Black
Prince Pines, each upwards of 7 lbs. Mr. Fleming, Mr. Turnbull,
and Mr. Dods (Sahsbury), had each good firuit of the Providence, and
were awarded medals.

In the class Queens no very remarkable fruit were shown ; the best
was one from Mr. Gostling, weighing 4 lbs. 15 oz. Mr. Spivey had the
next best, weighing 4 lbs. 10| oz. ; then followed Messrs. Davis, Fleming
(for a Moscow Queen), Jones, Barron, Merryfield, Dods (Salisbury),
and Coster ; prizes were awarded to each of these. In the class for
Cayennes and the like, the only exhibition was a Cayenne from Mr.
Turnbull, of Blenheim.

For Hamburgh Grapes, the first prize was obtained by Mr. Stent,
for admirable bunches and well-swelled berries, nicely coloured ; next
was Mr. Fleming, for large bunches of Hamburgh, but hardly so well
coloured. Messrs. Williams, Forsyth (gardener to Baron Rothschild),
Tillyard, and Hill (gardener to R. Sneyd, Esq.), were each awarded
third prize medals ; these productions were all of great merit.

For Muscat Grapes, Mr. Turnbull, of Blenheim, was first, with fine

bunches of Muscat, which, however, were hardly ripe — a fault which

was perceptible in all the other dishes. Mr. Mitchell, of Brighton, had

•very large bunches, hardly so fine in the berry as the above, and

scarcely so ripe. Besides these second prizes were awarded to Messrs.

AiGUsr. 247

Allport, Clark, Tillyard, and third prizes to Mr. Smith and Mr. Taylor.
In the class for Frontignans, Mr. Fleming was first, with well-finished
bunches of Chasselas Musque ; Mr. Tillyard followed with White
Frontignan, very nicely ripened. In addition, IMr. Fleming exhibited
tliree fine bunches of the Mill Hill, a distinct variety ; these were the
finest bunches in the exhibition, and were in every respect admirable.

In the market gardeners' class, some beautifully coloured Hamburghs
were sent by Mr. Harrison, of Oatlands, and magnificent Cannon Halls
from Mr. Strahan, Chester ; had these been ripe, they must unques-
tionably have been placed first.

Peaches and Nectarines : In collections of four dishes, we noticed
some very fine Bellegarde and Royal George Peaches, and Elruge and
Murray Nectarines, from Mr. Turnbull, of Blenheim, who was first.
A collection from Mr. Mitchell, of Brighton, was nearly as good. One
or two others showed collections, but the varieties were nearly the
same. In single dishes of Peaches, Mr. Judd, gardener, Althorp, had
fine Grosse Mignonne, and very fine i'ruit of the Royal George, Belle-
garde, and Noblesse were shown in this class. In single dishes of
Nectarines Mr. Davis, Oak-hill, justly obtained the first prize with
Violette Hative Nectarines ; these were large and well coloured.
Elruge, ]\Iurray, and Red Norman (?) Nectarines were likewise sIioa^ti.
Amongst a vast number of Melons JMr. Fleming obtained the first
prize lor flavour, for his Trentham Hybrid, a delicious melting variety,
with pale green or nearly white flesh. A Beechwood exhibited by Mr.
Batchelor was next, then came a Bromham Hall, and then a hybrid
green-flesh, shown by JMr. M'Ewen, of Arundel ; the rest were very
inferior. Very excellent samples of Bigarreau, Black Circassian,
Knight's Early Black, and Elton Cherries were exhibited. There was
nothing remarkable in Figs and Raspberries. Strawberries were,
generally speaking, good. Mr. Lydiard, of Batheaston, the well-known
Strawberry grower, had the first prize for fine dishes of Goliath,
Princess Alice Maude, and Victoria ; other collections contained the
White Bicton, which however had a soiled appearance. For large fruit
of the Strawberry, JMr. Smith, of Twickenham, was first, with Sir
Charles Napier, a large showy kind, deficient however in flavour.
British Queens and Goliath were likewise shown in this class. There
were six entries for Strawberries for flavour ; the judges awarded the
first prize to the Hautbois shown by JMr. J\I'Qualter ; the next for
British Queen and Ward's Omer Pacha — this last is a new Strawberry,
and, considering its high flavour and comparative hardiness, is a
valuable acquisition. Keens' Seedling, Victoria, and Prince of Wales
were likewise shown, but had no prizes awarded.

Plums, Washington, GoUath, and Greengage were shown by Mr.
Ingram, Frogmore ; nothing could be finer than these, which were
admirable specimens of skilful culture.

Fruit trees in pots, from Messrs. Lane, consisted of Peaches, Nec-
tarines, Plums, Cherries, &c. ; and as orchard house fruit exhibited
good cultivation. JMr. JM'Ewen, of Arundel, had a Peach and Nectarine
in pots with ripe fruit.

We must conclude with noticing a seedling white Grape raised by

248 THE FLORIST.

]Mr. Busby, of Stockwood ; in general character it resembles a Black
Hamburgh, except that it has white berries, which assume a golden
tino-e as they become ripe ; it is said to ripen well with the Black
Hamburgh, and to be productive. The flesh is tender with a very thin
skin, juicy, and possessing a rich vinous flavour ; this is certainly a
hit, and will prove an acquisition to Grape gi'owers. We shall figure
this Grape in an early number, and then give our readers further
particulars of it.

Roses were numerous and good. Mr. Mitchell, of Piltdown, near Mares-
field, obtained the first prize, with superb blooms, among which H. P. Alex-
andrine Bachmeteff, alarge open pale rose-coloured variety ; H. P. General
Jacqueminot, colour of Geant des Batailles, but with a large petal, and
a very fine Rose ; H. P. Auguste Mie, deep blush, exquisite shape ;
Tea Adam, one of the finest; H. P. Baron de Heckeren, a loose showy
pale pink ; H. P. Madame Ducher, colour of Madame Rivers, and too
much like it; H. P. jMadame Phelip, beautiful pale blush ; H. P. Leon
des Combats, deep shaded crimson, fine ; H. P. Jules Margottin, fine
deep pink ; and Tea Josephine Llalton, a fine pale yellowish buff
variety, were the most conspicuous. Messrs. Paul & Son were second,
and had in their collection fine blooms of Gloire de Dijon, a superb pale
buff-coloured Tea China ; H. B. Comte Boubert, a very fine light pink
Rose ; Bourbon Col. Eoissy, pink, fine ; H. P. Prince Leon, deep rose,
one of the finest sorts grown; H. P. Caroline de Sansalles, pale blush,
very fine ; Hybrid China General Lamoriciere, mottled pale rose, a
beautiful flower ; and Tea Madame Maurin, very pale straw, fine form,
and first-rate. The third prize was awarded to Messrs. Lane & Son,
who had in their stand fine blooms of the following sorts : H. P.
Madame Fremiow, bright rose colour, cupped, not very double ; Tea
China Souvenir d'un Ami, dehcate salmon blush, fine ; IL P. Gervaise
Rouillard, mottled pink ; H. P. Souvenir de Leveson Gower, a fine but
flat Rose ; H. P. Colonel de Rougemont, fine light pink ; H. P. Laura
Ramond, pale pink, flat form ; H. P. Paul Dupuy, rosy purple, fine ;
H. P. Triomphe de Paris, deep shaded crimson, fine ; and H. P.
Angelina Granger, a pale pink variety. Mr. Wilkinson, of Ealing, also
sent a large collection, and some blooms of a new seedling Hybrid
Perpetual named Iron Duke.

In the Amateur's Class for 25 bunches of Roses the first prize was
awarded to Mr. G. Morris, gardener to the Earl of Clarendon, Watford ;
2nd prize to Mr. Terry, gardener to Lady Puller ; and the ord prize to
Mr. Busby, gardener to S. Crawley, Hsq., of Luton.

Although Pinks were not invited, four collections were exhibited, to
three of which extra prizes were awarded. The first prize was given to
Mr. Charles Turner for 24 fine blooms of Narboro' Buck, Goliah, Duke
of Devonshire, Hercules, Purple Perfection, Peter Young (a fine seed-
ling), Optima, Mr. Hobbs, Titus, Climax, Great Britain, Richard
Andrews, Harry, Jupiter, Arthur, Constance, Lord Valentia, New
Criterion, Adonis, Criterion, Lola Montes, Brunette, and Colchester
Cardinal. A second prize was awarded to Mr. Bragg, and a third prize
to Messrs. Mitchell and Co., of Brighton. Only one collection of twelve
Fuchsias was sent, and this was from Mr. Gaines, who was awarded a

AUGUST. 249

first prize. There were but two competitors with twelve Verbenas in
pots ; the first prize was awarded to Mr. Wetherall, gardener to D.
JMcNeill, Esq., Hornsey Road, for plants grown on flat trellises, with
blooms of interior quality, and the second prize to Mr. Higgs, gardener
to Mrs. Barchard, Putney Heath, for plants grown much too freely and
badly flowered. We seldom meet with a well flowered collection of
specimen plants of this popular flower ; nothing can be more ugly than
plants twisted on trellises, and nothing more easy than to grow them as
liieraniums and other plants are grown, using a few neat sticks only ; but
the two collections above alluded to evinced anything but superior
cultivation. It was a poor display of florists' flowers ; indeed, had it
not been for the Pinks and Roses, florists' flowers would have been barely
represented. Mr. Gaines sent a miscellaneous collection of Geraniums,
among which we noticed as sorts we had not previously seen, Vesper
(not Cant's), a Rowena flower, of no value ; and why called Vesper,
unless to be confused with a variety of that name sent out last year ?
Also Gipsy Queen, something in the way of Conspicuum, wdth narrow
under petals ; Calypso, not so bright or so good as Governor General ;
Andover, a small dark variety, with narrow under petals ; and another
variety called Advance, which is considerably behind many other flowers
in quality. We also noticed tv/o fancy varieties new to us, one called
Odoratum magniflorum, a large coarse flowered variety ; and Clara No-
vello, a prettily marked flower, but loose and deficient in shape. Some
French Geraniums were also there, the best of which are Adolphe Odier,
bright salmon pink with dark blotches ; Solomon, a bright showy
variety ; Eugene Sue, blush, -with dark blotches, one of the best ;
Dr. Marjolin, something in the way of Sanspareil ; two other varieties,
Elise INIiellez and Dr. Andry, are not worth growing. Two new
Fuchsias were exhibited by IMessrs. E. G. Henderson and Son, of the
WelUngton Hoad ; one of these, Prince of Wales, is a fine darkreflexed
variety of great substance, and the other is a worthless white coroDa'd
variety named Princess Royal, which, as shown, is very inferior to
Mrs. Story.

Of Orchids there were several very nice collections ; but there were
no stove or greenhouse plants, no prizes having been offered for them
at this show. Variegated plants were plentiful, but being mostly small
specimens they made Httle display. Ferns and Lycopods were not so
numerous as might have been expected ; but what were produced were
well grown, and some of the hothouse kinds especially were extremely
handsome. New plants were scarce ; IMessrs. Veitch sent Ixora flori-
bunda, a rich salmon kind, and apparently a very free flowerer ; Fenzlia
dianthiflora, whose flowers, owing to the dulness of the day, did not
open ; and Phygelius capensis, with long brown tubular blossoms. The
same firm also exhibited spikes of a Californian Lupin, a strong-
growing pinkish-flowered kind, and plants of their shrubby Californian
Phlox (Leptodactylon). I. Anderson, Esq., of INIaryfield, near Edin-
burgh, sent Salvia carduacea, a grey-leaved Thistle-like species with
lilac flowers, and two white-flowered Gilias. I\Ir. Carson had Orni-
tharium striatulum. Of new plants not in flower, Mr. Linden furnished
two kinds of Calanths, both with handsome leaves, and Calyptraria

250 THE FLORIST.

haemantha. In the class of New Garden Hybrids, Messrs. Rollisson
showed Gloxinias, the best of which were Maria Paulovnia, and erecta
grandis ; also Achimenes Dr. Hoff, a variety very much like the conti-
nental kind named Ambrose Verschaffelt. Messrs. Henderson, Mr.
Glendinning, and Mr. Woolley, also exhibited Gloxinias, the best of
wliich were alba auriculata, white ringed with crimson ; and erecta
am'icula, violet. Messrs. Veitch again showed their Princess Pioyal
Rhododendron. I\Ir. Ingram sent a hybrid Achimenes in the way of
pedunculata, but far more brilliant, and extremely handsome. Mr.
Bragg, of Slough, contributed some very pretty varieties of Sweet
Williams in pots, and cut flowers of the same came from Mr. Hunt, of
High Wycomb.

AQUATIC PLANTS.

The Gardens of the Royal Literary Institution, Bath, are becoming
very attractive, and many new subscribers have secured to the com-
mittee the needful funds for keeping these beautiful grounds in perfect
repair. Strangers linger in Orange Grove and admire the prospect
towards Sham Castle, a landscape so rich in verdure and choice archi-
tecture as but few cities in Europe can display. Mr. Charles Empson
has for many years past advocated the erection of an Aquarium in
these gardens — through which the tepid water from the hot springs
finds its way from the Baths to the Avon. The most eminent profes-
sional men have been consulted, and it is estimated that for a very small
sum an Aquarium for tropical rarities might be constructed, which
would be superior to that recently added to the Royal Gardens at Kew.
The experiment has been tried, with complete success, in a portion of
the large tank in York- street, Nymphseas, Valisneria spiralis, and
many other interesting aquatics having flourished and bloomed with
vigour that surprised cultivators ; many of the rare exotic species
produced flowers in abundance, much larger than had hitherto been seen,
except in their native climates. The proven fact of the water of our
mineral springs being congenial to the growth of these flowers, which are
so rarely to be seen, prevents all doubts as to the success of such a novel
feature to the attraction of our beautiful city. The great cost of keeping
up an equal degree of heat by artificial means, so essential — indeed,
imperative — for the health of these the more lovely of all exotics, renders
the exhibition of them very rare. By taking advantage of what is
provided to us by nature, all cost for heating and attendance would be
avoided, and we repeat advisedly, that in no part of England would
there be an Aquarium equal to that which might grace the locality so
wonderfully adapted for the purpose.

[Our esteemed friend Mr. Empson deserves every encouragement in
this novel scheme for growing exotic aquatics in the waste water from
the Bath hot springs. The garden itself in which he proposes the tanks
to be made is very suitable for the purpose, and, being nearly in the
heart of the city, would prove both an attractive and interesting feature.
As we have proof that even the far-famed Victoria regia will thrive in

AUGUST. 251

open tanks heated by hot water pipes, by the experiment of ]\Iessrs.
Weeks and Co., Chelsea, we see no reason why Victoria regia, the
singular Euryale ferox, Nelumbium speciosum and luteum, with
Nymphaeas, Pontederias, and other interesting aquatics, should not grow
equally well in tanks or basins through which the tepid water from the
hot springs might be conducted, instead of merely running as waste
water into the Avon, as is the case at present. We think that a
temperature of 80'^ or 85° would be constantly maintained, and as the
waste might be managed so as to flow constantly through the tanks,
it would be (as cultivators of aquatics know full well) vastly superior to
stagnant water, in which the Victoria refuses to grow. We believe
tepid water equal to supply a large number of tanks is available, and
which would, in fact, resemble the rivers of tropical climes. To prolong
the beauty of these '' mofi^lovely of all exotics," as Mr. Empson very
justly terms them, glass structures might very easily be placed over some
of them at a trifling cost. As we beUeve no situation in Europe presents
greater advantages for growing this class of plants, we hope some public-
spirited men in Bath will try the experiment, which could be done at a
comparatively small outlay. — Ed. " Florist."]

NEW ROSES.

Our readers are at all times desirous of learning all they can about
new plants, and particularly new Roses.

Messrs. Paul, of Cheshunt, exhibited thirty new kinds at the Horti-
cultural Society's first garden exhibition, at Gore House, on the 16th
JNIay. These were nicely bloomed, in small pots. The following were
the best of them, which, if as fine out-of-doors as under glass, should
be in every collection.

H.P. Madame Duchene, blush, fine form, and a very fine Rose.
Bourbon, Prince Albert, figured by us in 1853 ; rich crimson. This was

shown in beautiful condition, but we have heard of instances where it

has not succeeded. When good it is a rich and pleasing variety.
H. P. Gen. Castellane, bright crimson, very full, large, and fine.
H. P. Madame Hector Jacquin, bright rose, fine.
H. P. Glory of France, crimson, very double, and full.
H. P. Volta, rose, large, and very double ; of the La Reine class.
H. P. Duchess of Norfolk, bright crimson, large, and very showy, but not

of the best shape ; a good grower. Was figured by us in our volume

for 18.54.
Paul's Helen, peach colour, very double and smooth ; appeared to be a

very fine variety.
H. P. Adam Paul, lilac rose, with rose centre, very double- -perhaps a

little too much so.
H. P. Jules Margottin, deep rose, bright, and very fine.
H. P. Louise Odicr, rosy pink, not a large Rose, but a very free bloomer.
Tea China, Auguste Vacher, sulphur yellow, a pleasing variety.

There were others very good, but these were the best and most distinct.

252 THE FLORIST.

THE AMERICAN PLANTS AT THE REGENT'S PARK.

Those who have never seen the exhibition of American plants in the
Botanic Gardens can little imagine the immense banks of flowers
produced from masses of Rhododendrons interspersed with a few Azaleas
planted fur effect in borders and groups. The effect is most striking
and complete, and although it is accomplished at a large expense, and is
attended with a great amount of labour, it must tend to promote a
demand for these highly decorative plants, as the Bagshot Nurseries,
where they are chiefly grown, are not easily accessible to London visitors,
who have here the opportunity of seeing them in full perfection. We
believe almost, if not quite all, the plants, and many of them are large
specimens, are brought from the nurseries only a few weeks before they
flower, for the Rhododendron is a plant that, to use a nursery phrase,
carries a good ball of earth, and can therefore be moved almost at any
period of the year. Unfortunately an opinion prevails with some that
this plant will not flourish unless planted in peat, but a more erroneous
impression could scarcely exist. A soil composed of a good proportion
of decayed vegetable matter certainly suits it well, and it is frequently
seen flourishing freely in a loamy soil, and in many cases in ordinary
garden soil. It is quite certain that no great difficulty exists in the
adaptability of the plants to most soils and situations, and we therefore
hope to see many of the beautiful varieties in the above exhibition
introduced more freely into our gardens.

Under the influence of this impression we visited the exhibition just
as the plants were in full flower, and from the extensive collections of
Mr. John Waterer, Messrs. Standish and Noble, and JMr, G, Baker, all
of Bagshot, we selected a few of the most striking varieties, which we
can recommend : —

Album elegans, delicate pale blush, fine truss, and one of the most useful

varieties.
Blatteum, shaded purple with very dark spots, most distinct, and a very free

bloomer.
Blandyanum, a superb variety, deep rosy crimson, slightly spotted, good form

and truss, one of the finest in the exhibition.
Bicolor, pale lilac pink, shaded at the edge Avith a deeper colour.
Bouquet de Flore, bright rose, beautifully marked.
Compeer, a catawbiense variety with more of roseum colour, fine truss, and

very free blooming.
Catawbiense bicolor, more delicate in colour than catawbiense.
Cyaneum, a very desirable variety for border decoration, producing freely

immense trusses of deep purple flowers, and is particularly attractive.
Delicatissimum (Waterer's), pale blush, tinged with a deeper colour and

marked with large green spots, large truss, and an abundant bloomer.
Duke of Norfolk, delicate pale rose, smooth, good form, and small truss ; very

distinct
Elegans, a bright rose coloured variety.
Everestianum, rosy lilac spotted with green.
Erectum, in the way of Blandyanum, crimson, with dark spots.
Enchantress, delicate blush, with a deeper tinge round the margin, and spotted

with yellow.
Fastuosum, a semi-double pale lilac free blooming variety.

AUGUST. 253

John Waterer, one of the finest scarlets, with large trusses of rich deep scarlet

flowers.
Kalmseoides, soft pinkish lilac, and very distinct.
Lady Eleanor Cathcart is one of the handsomest, having distinct foliage and

large trusses of soft rosy scarlet flowers with dark blotches in them,

smooth and good form.
Mirandum, pale rose colour, and good form.
Mammoth, bright rose, very distinctly spotted, very fine foliage.
Mrs. Hemans, pale blush, with deep blush margin.

Maculatum grandiflorum, large rosy purple, Avith dark spots ; one of the best.
Maculatum nigrum superbum, lilac pink, with a large blotch in upper petals.
Nobleanum bicolor, shaded pale rose, large truss, and a dense bloomer, with

foliage very distinct from Nobleanum.
Nivaticum, white with yellow spots, not good in shape, but a very free

bloomer.
Pictum, white, with intense brown blotch, very distinct, and a most desirable

sort.
Roseum elegans, one of the most useful for decorative purposes, of a soft

shaded pale rose colour, and very fine truss.
Rembrandt, bright carmine with dark spots, fine form and truss.
Sherwoodiana, shaded lilac purple with dark blotch, smooth, of good form,

large truss, and a very free bloomer.
Sappho, a pleasing soft rose coloured variety.
Victoria, shaded carmine purple with dark spots, large truss, a very free

blooming and distinct variety.
There are also many others, varieties of catawbiense and other sorts,
that are most desirable, and among them we particularly noticed one
called Roseum novum, by which name one would be led to expect a new
variety of the old roseum ; but no such thing, as it is evidently a hybrid
of the catawbiense breed, with a fine truss of flowers much deeper in
colour than catawbiense.

A hardy Azalea, evidently a seedling from A. pontica, named
Standishi, with larger and deeper yellow coloured flowers than ponticum,
was blooming freely, and is an acquisition.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — Protect the plants fi-om very heavy rains ; at all other
times they should remain open, keeping them clean of dead foliage and
green fly. The soil to be used in the general repotting should he got
into good condition, by turning it over occasionally, and not allowing it
it to become too wet. A favourable opportunity should be chosen
early in the month for this operation. Seedlings should also be
repotted, to encourage their growth, that as many as possible may be
brought into bloom next spring.

Camellias and Azaleas, which are now out of doors, must have every
attention as to careful watering, kc. ; see that they are not tossed aside
in tempestuous weather, and frequently syringe over-head in the absence
of damp weather. Azaleas must have a sunny exposure, and, if
practicable to protect the pots in very hot sunshine, it saves extra
watering and is much safer for the plants.

254 THE FLORIST.

Carnations and Picutees. — These are at the height of their bloom at
the present time in the south, and are engaging all the attention of
those that take an interest in these chaste flowers. The blooming
season is late. This will make the layering of them late also, if not
proceeded with at once. We lind those that are first layered winter
better than those done late. Hence the importance of getting all down
as early as possible. To ensure seed, glasses must be placed over such
pods as may have been fertilised, and that it is desirable to procure
seed from. Some prefer increasing their stock of Carnations and
Picotees by pipings. If this plan is adopted it should be done very
early, planting them out as soon as struck in good light soil, to encourage
their growth before potting for winter. We recommend only such
stock to be increased by pipings that is too high up on the plant to be
conveniently layered.

Cinerarias. — Pot off the first struck cuttings into single pots. These
will flower about Christmas. Continue to put in cuttings for succession,
potting them off as soon as rooted, using light rich soil. The Cineraria
should be grown in boxes or low pits, keeping the plants near the
glass till such time as there is danger to be apprehended from frost,
when they should be removed into the greenhouse, or into pits, heated
with hot water. Seed may still be sown for late blooming. If well
saved it will generally produce fair varieties and showy plants, though
not so compact in habit as propagated plants of named kinds, which can
also be depended on as regards colour, &c., as seedlings often produce
flowers of great sameness. The following would please for any purpose,
and are very dissimilar : — Lady Paxton, Bousie's Optima, Hopwood's
Optimum, Sir C. Napier, Kate Kearney, and Picturata.

Conservatory. — When so much shade is required to preserve bloom,
abundance of air must be kept in this structure, and, as far as con-
venient, keep the atmosphere very moist. Keep the borders well
watered, and do not allow the climbers to occupy too much space ; cut
out the shoots very carefully, and festoon those left as neatly as possible.

Cucumbers. — Crops in bearing must be shaded from the mid-day
sun, which is apt to make the fruit bitter. Should cold and wet follow
make up the linings so as to give a slight bottom heat ; keep the Vines
thin, and water and air freely, exposing the plants to gentle showers
when opportunity occurs. Keep down mildew by dusting the infested
leaves with sulphur. Sow some good free bearing kind for autumn
and winter crops.

Dahlias. — There is every appearance of a good and early bloom of
this fine autumn flower. The latter point we may consider as certain,
there having been exhibited good blooms of this flower both at Watford
on the 18th of July, and at Buckingham on the 25th. Continue to
water over the foliage every evening during dry weather, and practise a
good root watering once or twice a week according to the weather.
Secure the side shoots with stakes before a high wind has reminded you
of the importance of this being attended to early. Keep down earwigs.

Flower Garden and Shrubbery. — This season, which, in flower
gardening matters, is unusually late, causes extra attention to get the
beds completely covered ; where convenient have the flowers pinched

AUGUST. 255

off the \Yeak plants of Verbenas, and by a little attention to shade and
water they will soon make way ; keep pegging down as they advance,
and do not allow Dahlias, Hollyhocks, or any large plants to remain
Icng without staking. Tie up and attend to herbaceous plants in large
clumps, which, if not attended to in time, look bunchy and shabby
afterwards. By frequent hoeing and raking keep every place perfectly
tidy and clean. Mow and roll in damp weather. Assist Geraniums
in vases by a little manure water,

Hardij Fruit. — Look at our last Calendar, and keep the young wood
of wall trees neatly tied in, that both wood and fruit may enjoy free
exposure to light. Pears, where luxuriant, may now have the breast
wood removed, taking that from the upper part of the trees first, and
gradually working down to the bottom. If this is done at three times,
a fortnight may elapse between each operation. Useless wood may, after
the crops are gathered, be cut away from Gooseberries, Currants, and
Raspberries, and Apples as well if time permit. Protect Apricot and
other choice fruit from wasps and flies.

Heaths and Epacrises must have very careful attention in hot dry
weather ; shade \vhen necessary. Do not allow any to suffer for want
of water ; if in frames give abundance of air.

HoUi/hocks. — Having well secured these plants with stakes firmly
placed in the ground, there will be little to do but enjoy the bloom this
month. A small piece should be pinched out of the top of each spike.
The small bud which will be found by the side of the principal one
should also be removed. Water freely if the weather continues dry.
The side shoots may be put in as cuttings, either the eyes only,
similar to Vines, or in the ordinary way. By adopting either plan
numbers will fail at this season. A cold frame or pit near the glass w^ill
be found to answer best.

Kitchen Garden. — Now will be a busy time in getting out the main
crops of Broccolies, Borecoles, Savoys, as well as Celery, Coleworts, &c.
Cabbages for next spring and summer should be sown early in the
month, and from the 20th to the 24th Cauliflowers for wintering under
hand-glasses and frames for next spring. Onions, sow a bed for
transplanting in the sprmg, and Parsley for a late supply next year.
Spinach, Lettuce, Endive, Radishes, and salad plants should be sown for
succession. Plant out Endive, and thin and clean advancing crops.
Thin out useless shoots fi-om Tomatoes, and train the best bearing wood
to walls or palings. Most kinds of herbs, if not already done, should now
be cut and dried for winter use. Take up and dry Shallots and Garlic.

Melons. — When the fruit commences colouring keep the beds as dry
as is consistent with the swelling of the remaining fruit. Abundance
of air must be given at this stage, leaving some on all night ; this will
insure high flavoured fruit, though at a slight sacrifice in point of size.
Attend to every means that will keep the foliage healthy ; should red
spider be troublesome, wash the inside of the pit or frame with sulphur,
and keep the pit close for a day or two, shading it should the weather
be bright ; this will generally keep them in check. Earth up advancing
crops with good sound loam, and plant out the latest crops ; Mr.
Fleming's hybrids are the best for this season.

256 THE FLORIST.

Mixed Greenhouse. — See last month's Calendar.

Peach House. — When the crop is gathered go over the trees and cut
out all the wood not required for next year's bearing, tying in that left
neatly, for it to have the benefit of sun and air ; by this plan your wood
will ripen much better, and leaving only what is required for bearing,
will materially strengthen. Keep the house rather hot on bright days,
and give all the air you can by night till the wood assumes a brownish
tinge, when the sashes may be taken off entirely. If the wood does not
ripen kindly, through over luxuriance or owing to wet or dull weather,
employ fire heat by day to assist the process. The foundation for next
year's crop must be laid now, and the most important of all things to
ensure success next year is well ripened wood.

Pines. — Directly the principal part of the summer crop is cut,
preparations must be made for refilling the pits with plants to fruit
next season. If grown on the planting out system all the exhausted
soil should be removed, and as the plants are turned out the spaces
between them should be filled in vdth fresh compost. When grown in
pots the forwardest successions should at once be placed in their fruiting
pots, and arranged as near the glass as possible in the fruiting pit ; in
both cases a little additional bottom heat should be applied after, to give
the plants a start in the new soil, and they should be kept rather closer
for a week for the like purpose. Afterwards give air plentifully ; fire
heat will hardly be necessary this month except the weather becomes
very wet. Winter fruit should be encouraged to swell by a moist
temperature, and attention to the state of the roots as regards heat and
moisture. Pot on the young stuff and suckers, &c., for growing on.

Pinks. — Prepare a bed free from wireworm for transplanting the
young stock as soon as rooted. Pipings may still be put in of those
sorts that are scarce or shy to produce cuttings. The late, or what is
termed "water grass," strikes freely.

Roses. — The branches that have flowered should now be shortened,
and the strong shoots some of the Hybrid Perpetuals throw up in the
summer should also be pruned to half their length to ensure a late
bloom, and, as a rule, all blossoms should be cut with long stems.
Where budding is to be performed this is the most favourable season,
and well ripened short jointed cuttings of Hybrid Perpetuals and
Bourbons may now be planted in the open ground.

Strawberries. — ^The young runners either layered in pots or the open
beds for forcing should now be transferred to their fruiting pots. Now
is the best time for forming new plantations ; select the best loamy
piece of ground you have ; trench this two feet deep, and add a liberal
supply of manure, well mixing the whole together. When the surface
becomes dry fork in very shallow some well decomposed dung or leaf-
soil. The runners, which should have been layeied for the purpose,
should now be carefully transplanted with their balls of roots entire ;
the stronger growing sorts should be planted not less than three feet
between the rows, and 18 inches from plant to plant ; for the weaker
growing ones a less distance wiU suffice. Water freely when the weather
is dry, and keep them clean ; a good crop may thus be obtained the
first season.

1T"J Ca.iiiati.aQ Bz<xl£v's Defian.ce

SEPTEMBER. 257

CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES.

(Plate 104.)

Our present illustration furnishes an example of each of that
beaatiful class of flowers, Carnations and Picotees, which have so
recently been delighting us. We have thought it a good time to
present this plate to our readers, as our present number contains
reports of the two great exhibitions of these flowers, viz., the
National Carnation and Picotee Society, held at (Jxford on the
2nd of August, and the Northern Society, lield at Manchester on
the I7th of last month.

The Carnation Defiance is a superb production of that veteran
grower, J. L. Puxley, Esq., of Tenby. It is far superior to any
other scarlet flake that has come under our notice, having a pure
white, richness, and density of marking, combined with smooth-
ness and substance of petal ; it is neither too full nor too thin.
It will be seen that this variety not only took the first and second
prizes in class showing (and in this class we are very strong —
Exit, Christopher Sly, Queen Victoria, Firebrand, Victoria Ke-
gina, and Justice Shallow are flowers not easily beaten), but took
a much higher position by gaining the premier prize for the best
•Carnation exhibited, open to all classes of flowers and exhibitors.
Mr. Puxley has for a long time stood very high in producing
bizarred Carnations, more particularly crimson bizarres, but until
the present instance has not been so successful in flakes.

The Picotee Mrs. Drake was raised by Mr. C. Turner, Slough.
This, like the Carnation, is a great advance on existing varieties
of the same class. It is nearly of the colour of a bright bloom of
Green's Queen Victoria, but not so heavily marked, with the
great advantage of having the colour confined to the edge of the
petal, and being without spot or bar. The colour is also more
solid on the edge. It has a large petal, which is greatly cupped,
and is a full sized flower — much larger, in fact, than our plate
would lead us to believe ; it is also brighter than the representa-
tion, the drawing having been made from a late side bloom.
Being a strong grower, and easily wintered, we expect to see this
variety become very general in the winning collections. Heavy
rose-edged Picotees are the most showy class, and are generally
and deservedly admired. It is therefore pleasing to record the
great advance that has been made in them of late. We have now,
besides the variety under notice, Alice, Lady Grenville, Venus,
Helen, Lamia, Mrs. Pitman, Thalia, besides the good old kinds,
such as Princess Royal, Unexpected, and Green's Queen Victoria.

NEW SERIES, VOL. Y., NO. LVII.

258 THE FLORIST.

BOTTOM HEAT.

As the principles of horticulture, in reference to cultivation, become
better understood, there can be no doubt that the application of
bottom heaf^ to plants during their period of active growth will be found
to be one of the most important auxiliaries the cultivator can employ for
assisting his exertions ; and whether the object to be attained be the
production of a specimen plant or of our choicer fruits or vegetables,
it must be to bottom heat that we shall have to look as affording the
best way of accomplishing the end in view.

When it is considered that most of the fruits, and many vegetables,
cultivated at the present day, in gardens even of Umited extent, were
originally from countries having a warmer climate than our own, we
must at once be open to the conviction that if it is wished to grow them
to the full extent of the vigour they are capable of attaining, or to
obtain them at an earlier season than they usually come to perfection,
we should have recourse to bottom -heat as of the first importance, in
producing the rapid development of those parts used as food, whether
such may consist of the leaves or of the young or mature fruit of the
plants in question ; and we base our arguments on facts drawn from
Nature herself

There are some cultivators who are scarcely aware of the high tem-
perature of the soil in tropical chmates ; it is proved by direct observa-
tion that a temperature of from 130° to 150° is not unfrequently the
case in some places ; and yet this extreme heat is not found to injure
the roots of plants indigenous to the soil, but on the contrary, if
moisture exist in the stratum below the surface soil, vegetation pro-
gresses wdth amazing rapidity. Growers of stove plants in this country
know full well that to expose the roots of exotics growing in our stoves
to a similar temperature would be attended with certain destruction to
their roots ; and this fact serves to show that the constitutional vigour
of those plants long subjected to artificial treatment has in this respect
become weakened, owing no doubt to the absence of the pure air and
complete exposure to light and sun which was the case in their normal
condition. Now, although we do not advocate such an extreme artificial
bottom heat as we have quoted, for any purpose of cultivation, we allude
to it for the purpose of confirming the opinion we have long formed, of
the importance of bottom heat to the roots of many exotic plants culti-
vated in Britain, in connection with more fully exposing the plants
themselves to the open air.

The temperature of the soil or surface earth in most countries is
found to be higher on an average than the air for the greater part of the
year. In England the temperature of the air is highest from about the
middle of April to middle of August ; the earth having then attained its
greatest temperature, parts with its heat slowly, and maintains a higher
average by several degrees than the atmosphere. The same may be
said of other countries having similar climates ; while in many parts of

* By the term " bottom heat," it is understood that the temperature of the
soil at the roots of plants shall be higher than the atmosphere surrounding them.

SEPTEMBER. 259

the tropics the temperature of the soil varies from 1 to 5 or more degrees
higher than the air throughout the year. Of course there are many
causes in operation which will affect particular localities and cause a
difference of a few degrees ; but for our purpose we shall be safe in
assuming that where tropical and other plants attain their greatest
vigour and productiveness, the soil in which they grow is warmer than
the air which surrounds them.

To be sure we have some intelligent men amongst us, who, fully
alive to the important point in cultivation we are advocating, have
adopted this in their practice ; and amongst others we may mention
Mr. Ivison, of Syon House, and Mr, Scott, of Leigh Park, both culti-
vators of exotic fruits ; and we have no doubt that the success which
has attended their efforts in fruiting the Mangosteen and other rare
exotics is mainly owing to the adoption of a good bottom heat and free
ventilation. Indeed, we have the fact recorded by I\Ir. Ivison that in
the case of the Mangosteen at Syon, the magnificent fruit which
rewarded his care was obtained by such means.

That the cultivation of many other plants, natives of tropical climates,
%vould be far more successful than is now the case we firmly believe, if
the roots were placed in bottom heat, and at the same time air (in the
summer season) supplied much more freely than is at present the
practice ; and further, we have no doubt that many plants hitherto
considered tender and difficult to grow, would flourish if plunged or
planted in bottom heat, and gradually inured to a full exposure to the
weather in summer. We are convinced this would be the case from an
experiment we made a few years back with some stove plants in pots,
which we plunged in a common pit heated by linings, and which was
kept up through the summer ; about June we removed the sashes
entirely having previously prepared the plants for this change by having air
on by night. The plants, which consisted of Clerodendrons, Allamandas,
Echites, and similar things, grew with a luxuriance httle expected, and
the health and vigour of their leaves, and glowing beauty of their
flowers, convinced us at the time that by a nearly similar arrangement
— substituting hot- water pipes for the dung — a display of tropical
plants might be obtained out of doors from the middle of July to the
end of September, or perhaps even later, which would far exceed the
best managed under glass.

There are some exotic fruits which we have no doubt might be made
to succeed by similar means ; and among others a crop of autumn
Pine-apples might be obtained without the intervention of glass. That
this can be done we are sure ; but whether it would pay or not as a
commercial speculation we are not so sure. We have an opinion, how-
ever, that in districts where iron and coals are cheap, Pines might be
grown in large quantities, on this plan, cheap enough to compete with
the West Indians, now so numerous everywhere ; but on this we may
be wrong. We therefore pass from this subject, for the purpose of
pointing out the great advantage there will be in the application of
bottom heat to many plants now cultivated.

{To he continued.)

s 2

260 THE FLORIST.

MEYENIA ERECTA.

The following is Messrs. Rollissons' account of this pretty plant, the
representation of which we gave last month : —

We received our new plant, the Meyenia, from Sierra Leone in
1854 ; it was first discovered by Dr. Vogel, in the Niger expedition,
and has been described in the ' Niger Flora,' by Sir Wm. Hooker, and
upon our sending over to Kew last year a plant in flower, Sir William
wrote us word, that he was most happy to see we had succeeded in
procuring the most beautiful plant of the south-west coast of Africa.

We find it most easy of culture, growing very freely in an inter-
mediate house or stove. It is of shrubby habit and admirably adapted
for purposes of exliibition. The blossoms are produced in the greatest
profusion from the axils of the leaves, and are shaped somewhat afler
the style of a large Achimenes flower, but with a tube considerably
larger (about two inches in length). The flowers are of a beautiful
bluish purple, much superior to Thunbergia chrysops, with a distinct
yellow eye or throat.

William Rollisson & Sons.

Tooting.

BRADFORD FLORAL SOCIETY.

Within a few years past Bradford has become a second Manchester in

importance, and has given birth to an annual flower show, which, if

carried on with vigorous and sound management, promises to become

one of the best in the provinces. At their annual show on the 21st

and 22nd of August, we noticed much that was deserving of praise, and

found much in which there is room for considerable improvement. The

cut flowers in general were very poor, although present in great

abundance. The Dahlias were very inferior, especially in the single

specimen classes, and a very large number was staged, not one in

twenty of which was deserving of an award. In short, they seem to

have been cut indiscriminately, without any reference whatever to

quality, many of the flowers having no centres whatever. It may be

urged that the season is late, and that Dahlia blooms were not in good

condition in the north. It may be so, but the fault rests wholly with

the growers, who do not take the necessary steps to insure good blooms

earlier in the season. Hollyhocks were shown by several exhibitors,

but in no instance were they even of average quality ; and of Picotees,

Carnations, Pinks, and Pansies, the least said the better. Some of the

Asters and Marigolds were very good, and a stand of twenty-four

Dahlias, exhibited by Mr. Schoiield, of Leeds, and which obtained the

first prize, stood out in striking contrast to the others ; and yet these

flowers were by no means such as we like to see, as they were very

large, but like the majority of northern grown flowers, in which size is

preferred to quality. Such is the rule in the northern districts, and the

farther north we go, and especially beyond the borders, we shall find

SEPTEMBER. 261

this rule more fully carried out, as our Scottish friends are very partial
to size in Dahlia blooms. For our part, we infinitely prefer quality,
by which we mean a well formed petal and centre, clearness of colour,
substance, and that form that is proportionate to the due preservation
of these qualities ; for if a flower is grown for size, these quahties are
too often more or less sacrificed. Mr. Charles Turner, of Slough, sent,
not for competition, a box of Dahlia blooms, in which Bessie, Admiral
Dundas, and two or three others, were perfect models. Mr. Turner
also sent a collection of Hollyhock blooms that were greatly admired,
because the like had not been seen there before. " See," said some of
our Bradford friends, " what a different cfimate does ! " But our reply
is, not so much climate as what better culture does. There lies the
secret ; and we shall recur to this subject on a future occasion, as it is
one of great importance. In the spring we gave a lengthened article
on the " Wintering of Florists' Flowers," and as winter will shortly be
approaching, we beg earnestly to direct our readers to a perusal of that
article, as it pointed out serious defects in the wintering of our leading
florists' flowers, and gave practical information in the shape of a remedy.
In regard to Dahlia culture, there is much to be said against the plan
pursued in the north, and we shall shortly say more on the subject.

Some of the plants exhibited at the Bradford show would not have
disgraced Chiswick or the Regent's Park — two coflections especially,
one from Edmund Waud, Esq., and the other from H. W. Wickham,
Esq., were deserving of the highest praise. Thanks are especially due
to Mr. Thomas Milner, for his courtesy and good management on the
occasion.

GARDENIA FLORIDA.

There are some plants in every collection, both stove and greenhouse,
which do not thrive under the usual treatment given to other plants,
and which, indeed, seem to require a special kind of management to
grow them in the perfection they are capable of attaining when treated
accordingly. One of these is the plant which heads this article. As
generally seen in a common stove it rarely looks healthy, and various
species of insects seem to have so great a partiality for it that many
persons discard it on that account, and when kept free from these trouble-
some intruders, and even grown tolerably well, it rarely blooms in that
perfection to warrant much care being bestowed on it ; and yet, when well
done, how dark green and glossy is its foliage ! Of what a pure white are
its blossoms, so abundantly produced, and of such a delightful fragrance,
that there are only a very few flowers which can vie with the Cape
Jasmine (for so it is popularly called) in this respect. The simple fact
is this, that during the growing season, which should be from March
to July, this plant should be transferred from the stove to a close pit.
When plunged in a bottom-heat, and subjected to a powerful top-heat,
say about 70°, it will thrive prodigiously ; and further, if the steam
from a dung lining can be introduced, they will like their quarters all

262 THE FLORIST.

the better. My practice is, to commence the/brc/??y of themin March,
by making up a bottom heat of leaves, in which tlie plants are plunged.
As my object is to grow them for cutting the blooms, and not for the
plants merely, I place a spadeful of leaf-soil under each pot, for the
roots to penetrate. i\Iy pit has a hot-water pipe at the back, and a
dung lining in the front. We start with 60° of temperature, and as
the Hower buds swell increase the heat to 70°, watering the plants with
liquid manure, and syringing them overhead frequently ; when the
blooms open, the pit is slightly shaded. The plants, if healthy, will
produce a vast number of blooms, and will continue producing them at
the points of the young wood as long as you can keep them growing.
After flowering I allow them to become dry, and I then take up the
plants, cut in the roots, and repot them in good peat, loam, and sand ;
the bed is then forked up, and the plants replunged, keepmg them close
for a fortnight. When the roots take hold of the new shift, more air
is given, and the plants are encouraged to grow, stopping very strong
shoots. By September they will be established, when the pots should
be lifted and placed on bricks. At this season you may fully expose
them in very fine weather by day, to ripen their wood, keeping them
rather dry at the root. When the wood is fully ripened they may be
wintered in a flued pit or spare Vinery, where there is a temperature of
45° or 50° ; and in March treat them as described above.

S.

NORTHERN COUNTIES' CARNATION AND PICOTEE

SOCIETY.
This Society held their exhibition at the Botanic Gardens, Old Trafford,
Manchester, on the 17th of August, when three silver cups were
competed for. As will be seen, the exhibitors from Derby had the
honour of canning off all three cups. In addition to the prizes given
by the Northern Counties' Society, the council of the Botanical Society
gave prizes for Hollyhocks, Roses, Pansies, Asters, and Marigolds. The
show, taken as a whole, was large and of very excellent quality. The
display of Carnations and Picotees was much more numerous than at
the Society's exhibition last year ; and those qualified to judge were of
opinion, that in size, marking, and general growth, the specimens were
of a high order, although not so large as those grown in the south of
England. The Carnations and Picotees shown by Mr. Dodwell, and
the collection of 18 by Mr. John Bayley, were fine specimens of superior
culture, being large, very pure in the white, and finely marked.

We subjoin the awards for the principal prize : — Carnations and
Picotees, collection of 24, 1st, a silver cup, Mr. Dodwell. The collec-
tion consisted of the following flowers : — Carnations: Seedling (Dodwell),
Admiral Curzon (Easom), Black Diamond (Haines), Squire Meynell
(Brabbin), Lorenzo (May), Squire Trow (Jackson), Christopher Sly,
Lord IMilton (Ely), Ariel (May), Premier (Millwood), William IV.
(Wilson), Lord Goderich (Gill). Picotees : Mrs. Norman, Alfred,

SEPTEMBER. 263

Venus, Amy Robsart, No. 39 (Dodwell), Mrs. Turner, Mrs. Dodwell,
Mrs. Bayley, Mrs. Barnard, Queen, Haidee, Prince of Wales.
Second prize, — Stewart, Esq., of York. Collection of 18 : First
prize, a silver cup, Mr. John Bayley. This collection comprised —
Carnations : Friar Lawrence (May), Premier (Milwood), Black
Diamond (Haines), Admiral Curzon (Easom), Hartley's Seedling,
Mr. Ainsworth (Holland), Squire Meynell (Brabbin), Lord Milton
(Ely), Christopher Sly. Picotees : Mrs. Norman (Norman), Haidee
(Fellowes), Mrs. Bayley (Dodwell), Mrs. Turner (Dodwell), Prince of
Wales (Marris), Mrs. Barnard (Barnard), Mrs. Headley (Headley),
Amy Robsart (Dodwell), Venus (Headley). — Collection of 12 : First
prize, Mr. John Fisher. This collection comprised — Squire Meynell,
Admiral Curzon, Premier, Dodwell's Seedling (No. 8), Milton, Lovely
Ann, Slater's Seedling, Harry Bertram, Dodwell's Seedling (No. 50),
Green's Queen, Amy Robsart, Venus. Second prize, Mr. S. Brierley.
Carnations (single specimens) : Scarlet Bizarre, 1st, Mr. Robert Hall ;
Mr. Ainsworth. Crimson Bizarre, 1st, Mr. R. J. Kaye ; Duke of
Bedford. Scarlet flake, 1st, Mr. R. J. Kaye ; Magnet. Rose flake,
1st, Mr. R. J. Kaye ; Lovely Ann. Purple flake, 1st, Mr. Dodwell ;
Premier. Picotees : Red, light edge, 1st, Mr. John Bayley ; Rosetta.
Red, heavy edge, 1st, Mr. John Bayley ; Mrs. Norman. Rose, light
edge, 1st, Mr. John Bayley ; Mrs. Barnard. Rose, heavy edge, 1st,
Mr. John Bayley ; Alice. Purple, light edge, 1st, Mr. John Bayley ;
Haidee. Purple, heavy edge, 1st, Mr. T. Bower ; Lord Nelson.

The premier prize for the best Carnation was awarded to Mr. J.
Bayley for a full sized and perfectly marked specimen of Squire
Meynell. The premier for the best Picotee was awarded to Mr.
Dodwell, for a noble specimen of his light edged purple seedhng. Amy
Robsart.

Great as were the attractions of the Carnations and Picotees, they
were exceeded by those of the Hollyhocks and Dahhas. The specimens
of those flowers were really splendid in their colours and all but perfect
in growth ; indeed, the show of them was described as by far the best
that has ever been seen here, and as in all probability not having been
surpassed in point of excellence. The collections sent by Mr. C.
Turner, Slough, stood pre-eminent ; but Mr. Turner being one of the
judges, his contributions w^ere of necessity "not for competition." He
sent a single specimen of yellow Dahha, named Bessie, which was cer-
tainly a magnificent example of growth and colour ; and to it a first-
class certificate of merit was awarded. A similar certificate was given
for three flowers of Lollipop, which were very beautiful specimens. The
Roses were not very remarkable ; the show was too late for the summer
Roses, and too early for the autumn ones. The Asters were tolerably
good ; the Pansies and Marigolds only average specimens. The fol-
lowing is a list of the first prizes : — Hollyhocks (24) : Messrs. A. Paul
and Son. This collection comprised — Rosea grandiflora. Brilliant,
Lemonade, Glory of Cheshunt, Professor Dick, Pourpre de Tyre, Pearl
Seedling, Hon. Mrs. Ashley, Darius, Beauty of Cheshunt, Souvenir,
and Lord Jocelyn. — Spikes (12) : Mr. Bircham. This collection in-
cluded Brennus, Queen of Denmark, Queen of Fairies, Unique,

264 THE FLORIST.

Felicia, Yellow Model, and Jenny Lind. Roses (12) : Mr. R. S.
Yates ; (24) Uessrs. A. Paul and Son. Pansies (12) : Mr. T. Beech ;
(24) ]\Ir. Richard Hope. Asters, Mr. Arthur Potts. Marigolds, Mr.
John Southern.

NOTES ON THE MONTH.

On resuming our subject, after a* month's cessation, we have only to
notice the extreme wetness of July, upwards of six inches of rain ha\'ing
been registered near London, while in the immediate locahty in which we
write this large amount has been exceeded by nearly one inch. This
succession of rainy weather in July continued through the first week in
August, up, indeed, to the 9th instant, when indications of finer weather
became apparent, and from then up to the 19th the weather has been
all that could be wished for the harvest. We have a slight rain this
morning (the 20th), but ^^dthout much appearance of its lasting.
Previous to the rains of June and July the ground was extremely dry,
as our former notes will show^ ; and as the rains have been accompanied
by a high temperature during the greater part of July, crops of all kinds,
both horticultural and agricultural, have grown very rapidly, and with
the exception of the now stricken Potato crop, present a luxuriant
appearance, and both fruit trees and general garden crops are in a
flourishing state ; and should we get sunlight to mature the extra growth
which the above circumstances have produced, our fruit trees will be in
good condition for another season. We may remark, that as many
young wall trees are now growing very luxuriantly, it would much
assist in ripening their wood if the roots were from this time protected
from further rain.

We just above alluded to the Potato. Three weeks or a month ago
nothing we can remember exceeded the exuberant growth of this
plant, and some few more sanguine than ourselves thought the evil days
of the Potato had passed by, and that again we should rejoice in
Potatoes, dry and mealy as of yore, at 4^. 6^. per sack. Such, how-
ever, will not be the case this year ; the disease, which commenced
fully three weeks later, found the crop not so far advanced towards
maturity as it was in 1854 ; this arises partly from the lateness of the
season and the late period of planting the crop. Our opinion is, there-
fore, that the crop will scarcely be so good as last year. A larger
breadth is certainly planted, but the disease is now spreading very
rapidly, and in some districts we hear the tubers are already rotting fast.

As regards the fruit crops, we are now reaping the benefit of the dry
warm weather of last autumn, which so effectually ripened the wood of
all our fruit trees, and speaking generally the crops are hea^7■. Cherries
have been abundant, more so than for some years. The same may be
noted of bush fruits and Strawberries, which have aU produced large
crops. Never was there a finer display of Apple-bloom than in the
spring ; the bloom opened late, and the " set " was abundant. The
maggot, however, in some orchards has committed great ravages, and.

SEPTEMBER. 265

consequently, there are partial failures. Pears are a heavy crop every-
where. Plums appear the only exception ; the bloom was fine, but the
frosty nights which occurred at the time left only a few, at least in this
quarter, while orchard-trees, which opened their blooms later, are much
better furnished. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots are everywhere
that we have seen abundant, and the foliage and wood indicate the best
health. We have seen no curl, blight, or gum worth speaking of; and
if we only get dryness and warmth, we see no reason to doubt that
the crop for the ensuing year will be as great as the present one, other
circumstances being favourable.

But we have yet stronger proofs how much the sun, light, and heat
of 1854 have to do in producing a fruit-bearing state. We may take
our forest- trees, which, as they are subject to no artificial treatment
either as regards shelter or pruning, afford unerring testimony to the
influence of climate in producing fructiferous habits. Oak, Beech, Ash,
Thorn, Holly, and in fact every description of forest-tree we have
examined, are covered with their respective kinds of fruit, and to our
mind afford convincing evidence that we only want more sun-light and
dryness in our climate to ensure annually good crops. Young gar-
deners should well study these facts, for the same conditions apply to
plants under glass as in the open air to produce the like results.

We have already extended our notes beyond our allotted space, and
shall therefore postpone our remarks on the effect of the season on
flowering plants till next number. T. F.

NATIONAL CARNATION AND PICOTEE SOCIETY.

The fifth annual exhibition of this Society was held on the 2nd of
August in the grounds of the Magdalen College, Oxford, under the
auspices of the Royal Oxfordshire Horticultural Society. The day was
fine, and brought together a numerous and fashionable company, as
well as the principal growers of these beautiful flowers from various
parts of the country. Many thought the day too early, but this proved
to be erroneous ; in fact, the Woolwich flowers were quite over. On
the other hand, many collections in the midland counties were not in
bloom ; therefore, to have been either earlier or later would have been
impolitic. We have seen many more blooms staged at these annual
meetings, but taking all together they were of far better quality, with
but few small and inferior flowers. The total number of single blooms
exhibited in the classes, independent of the coflections, was 280, viz. : —
40 scarlet bizarres, 23 crimson bizarres, 13 pink bizarres, 23 scarlet
flakes, 23 purple flakes. In Picotees there were 26 heavy red, 9 light
red, 24 heavy purple, 28 light purple, 24 heavy rose, 13 light rose, 10
yellows. Tlie premier Carnation, selected from the entire exhibition,
was worthily awarded to Puxley's Defiance, a scarlet flake ; this was
a noble specimen.

The meeting for 1856 will be held at Birmingham. The greatest
praise is due to Mr. W. H. Hobbs, the persevering secretary of the
Oxfordshire Horticultural Society for his very excellent arrangements.

266 THE FLORIST.

We subjoin the awards of the judges, Messrs. Norman and Baker,
of Woolwich, and G. W. Hoyle, Esq., of Reading. Nurserymen, twelve
Carnations: — Jst, Mr. Charles Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough, with
Exit, Lord Jiancliffe, Alonzo, Cristopher Sly, Omar Pacha, Jacques,
Amiral Curzon, Count Pauline, Poor Tom, Model, Juha, and Sphnix ;
2nd, Mr. John Keynes, Salisbury, with Lord Ranclifte, Squire Trow,
Prince Albert, Justice Shallow, Owen Glendower, Sarah Payne,
Falconbridge, Antonio, Flora's Garland, Omar Pacha, Rachel, and
Admiral Curzon. Twelve Picotees : — 1st, Mr. Charles Turner, with
Mrs. Hobbs, Mrs. Norman, Eugenie, Mrs. Headiey, Mrs. Drake,
Lizzie, Helen, Finis, Sultana, Lady Grenville, Lord Nelson, and Lamia ;
2nd, Mr. John Keynes, with Mrs. Headiey, Prince of Wales, Mrs.
Kelke, Countess, Lavinia, Queen Victoria (Green), Mrs. Norman,
Finis, Mrs. Hoyle, Amy Robsart, Mrs. Barnard, Duke of Devonshire.
Amateurs : Twelve Carnations : — 1st, H. Steward, Esq., York, with
Sarah Payne, Lord Rancliffe, Flora's Garden, Falconbridge, Poor Tom,
Justice Shallow, Sarah Payne, Lord Ranclifte, British Hero, Black
Diamond, Unknown, and Squire Trow ; 2nd, Mr. Samuel Eyre,
Snenton, Notts, with Lord Rancliffe, Falconbridge, Prince Albert (Hale),
Earl Spencer, Seedling P.F., Lord Milton, King of Scarlets, Poor Tom,
Admiral Curzon, Firebrand, seedling, and Admiral Curzon ; 3rd, Mr.
R. R. Oswald, Birmingham, with Uncle Tom, Squire Trow, Admiral
Curzon, Magnificent, Mr. Peto, Lorenzo, Christopher Sly, Madame
Sontag, John o'Gaunt, Premier, Jenny Lind, and Queen Victoria
(Simpson) ; 4th, W. Belcher, Esq., Abingdon, with Prince Albert
(Hale), Falconbridge, Lord Rancliffe, seedling C.B., Sarah Payne,
Admiral Curzon, King John, Prince Albert, Lorenzo, Falconbridge,
Firebrand, and seedhug; 5th, Mr. James Taylor, Snenton, Notts,
seedling. Prince Albert (Hale), Falconbridge, Madame Sontag, Lovely
Ann, :iplendour, Rev. I. Bramhall, Lord Milton, Lord Rancliffe, King
of Scarlets, Admiral Curzon, and Lord Byron; 6th, Mr. James Maltby,
Oxford, with Poor Tom, Misnomer, Benedict, Earl Grey, Count
Pauline, Duchess of Gloucester, Admiral Curzon, Valentine, Rainbow,
seedling, Mr. Hobbs, and Lord Hancliffe. Twelve Picotees :— 1st,
Henry Steward, Esq., with Venus, Ganymede, Countess, Enchantress,
Mrs. Barnard, Mrs. Keynes, Calliope, Countess, L'Elegant, Venus,
and Duke of Devonshire ; 2nd, Mr. R. R. Oswald, with Mary, Duke
of Devonshire, Miss Walker, Alfred, Countess, Ganymede, Seedling
No. 21, Mrs. Kelke, Finis, Rosetta, Isabella, and Unexpected ; 3rd,
Mr. G. Kirtland, Bletchington, with Duchess of Bedford, Sebastian,
Seedling No. 8, unknown, Duke of Devonshire, Seedling No. 6, Miss
Charlotte, Duchess of Bedford, Seedling No. 8, Lady Macbeth, Seedhng
No. 4, and Unexpected ; 4th, Mr. Elkington, Buckingham, with Finis,
Diadem, Duke of Devonshire, Calliope, Prince of Wales, Delicata,
Prince Arthur, Duke of Devonshire, Sebastian, Mrs. Kelke, Calliope,
and Portia ; 5th, Mr. Samuel Eyre, with Lord Nelson, Robin Hood,
Amy Robsart, Duke of Devonshire, Green's Queen, Meg Meriilies,
Little Harry Bertram, Annot Lyle, Little Harry Bertram, Venus, and
Mrs Bay ley ; 6th, Mr. Maltby, with Prince Arthur, Green's Queen,
Bridesmaid, Lord Nelson, Portia, Miss Holbeck, Princess Royal, Lady
Alice Peel, Amy Moss, Duchess of Bedford, Jeanette, and General Bern.

SEPTEMBER. 267

Single Specimens, in Classes. Carnations. — Scarlet Bizarres : — 1st,
Splendid, Mr. John Keynes ; 2nd, Admiral Curzon, Mr. C. Turner ;
Sri, Mr. Ainsworth, ditto ; 4th, Admiral Curzon, Mr. Walker ; 5th,
Lord Rancliffe, ]\Ir. Keynes. Crimson Bizarres : — 1st, General Monk,
Mr. C. Turner ; 2nd, Oxonian, ditto ; 3rd, Lord Milton, H. Steward,
Esq. ; 4th, Jenny Lind, ]\Ir. C. Turner ; 5th, Black Diamond, ]\Ir. J.
Keynes. Pink and Purple Bizarres : — 1st, Falconbridge, H. Steward,
Esq ; 2nd, John o'Gaunt, Mr. J. Keynes ; 3rd, Sarah Payne, H.
Steward, Esq ; 4th, Falconbridge, Mr. J. Keynes ; 5th, ditto, ditto.
Purple Flakes : — 1st, Mayor of Oldham, Mr. C. Tm-ner ; 2nd, Jacques,
ditto ; 3rd, JuHa (Hicklin), ditto ; 4th, Squire Meynell, ditto ; 5th,
Squire Trow, H. Steward, Esq. Scarlet Flakes : — 1st, Defiance, Mr.
Charles Turner ; 2nd, ditto, ditto ; 3rd, Comet, Mr. John Keynes ;
4th, Justice Shallow, ditto ; 5th, ditto, ditto. Rose Flakes : — 1st, Lady
Ely, H. Steward, Esq. ; 2nd, Aglaia, Mr. Charles Turner ; 3rd, Poor
Tom, Mr. John Keynes ; 4th, Flora's Garland, ditto ; 5th, ditto, ditto.
Picotees. — Heavy Red-edged : — 1st, ]\[rs. Norman, Mr. J. Keynes ;
2nd, Dr. Pittman, Mr. C. Turner ; 3rd, Sultana, ditto ; 4th, Mrs.
Norman, Mr. J. Keynes ; 5th, ]\Irs, Hoyle, Mr. C. Turner. Light
Red-edged :— 1st, Mary, Mr. R. R Oswald ; 2nd, Barzille, Mr. C.
Turner ; 3rd, Eugenie, ditto ; 4th, ditto, ditto ; 5th, Duchess of Bedford,
W. Colcutt. Heavy Purple-edged : — 1st, Countess, H. Steward, Esq. ;
2nd, ditto, Mr. Charles Turner ; 3rd, ditto, ditto ; 4th, Lord Nelson,
Mr. Samuel Eyre ; 5th, ditto, ditto. Light Purple-edged : — 1st, Finis,
Mr. Charles Turner ; 2nd, Lineker's Seedling, ]\Ir. S. Eyre ; 3rd,
Finis, ]\Ir. Charles Turner ; 4th, Mrs. Keynes, Mr. J. Keynes ; 5th,
ditto, ditto. Heavy Rose-edged : — 1st, Alice, Mr. Charles Turner ;
2nd, Mrs. Drake, ditto ; 3rd, ditto, ditto ; 4th, Alice, ditto ; 5th, ditto,
ditto. Light Rose-edged : — 1st, Ariel, Mr. Charles Turner ; 2nd,
Mrs. Barnard, ditto ; 3rd, Mrs. Barnard, Mr. J. Keynes ; 4th, Miss
Sainsbury, ditto ; 5th, Mrs. Barnard, ditto. Yellow Picotees: — 1st,
Conrad, Mr. Charles Turner ; 2nd, Gipsy Queen, ditto ; 3rd, Aurora,
ditto ; 4th, Malvolio, ditto ; 5th, Euphemia, ditto. Premier Carnation,
selected from the whole exhibition, — Defiance, exhibited by Mr. Charles
Turner. Premier Picotee, — Finis, exhibited by Mr. R. R. Oswald.

GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

Tbese are fruits that every cottager might grow well without much
trouble, their cultivation being very simple and easily understood ; yet
how seldom do we find plantations of them well managed. The Goose-
berry is propagated by cuttings, which strike root freely, the young wood
of the previous year's growth answering best for the purpose. Slip off
the young shoots, and carefully pick out, with a sharp knife, all the
eyes or buds at the base or under part, so as to get a clean stem, leaving
only three or four at the top. They should then be placed in a little
nursery, where they should remain until they become well rooted, which
will be the case after the first year. By this method of treatment the

268 THE FLORIST.

plants will not be liable to produce suckers hereafter, which are so
difficult to be removed when once established, and rob the plant of a
great portion of that nourishment which should be preserved for the
production of its fruit.

When the young plants are ready for planting, the plot of ground
intended for their reception should be well prepared by being deeply
trenched, and if some enriching green crop, such as Potatoes or Cabbages,
with which plenty of manure had been used, were planted upon it the
previous year, so much the better. Here the young plants, when lifted
from the nursery, should be placed in rows, and at six feet apart every
way, care being taken not to plant them too deep — a very common
error with most persons. Openings should be made sufficiently large
to receive them freely, the bottoms perfectly level ; and in putting in
the little plants their roots should be spread out horizontally on all sides,
and by no means allowed to overlap each other. Good rich mould,
with a little old manure or compost, should be placed immediately under
and over them ; then, having gently pressed them with the foot, the
remaining portion of earth should be placed about them, and left quite
loose at the surface.

The principal care they will require afterwards is pruning, which
should be once a year, and at the most convenient time after the leaves
fall offi In pruning Gooseberries care should be taken to leave the
centre of the plant tolerably open, so that light and air may have free
access to every part of it, and the branches thinned out until those
remaining do not touch or cross each other. The old wood should be
removed, in order to encourage the growth of the new, on the presence
of which the luxuriance of our second year's crop entirely depends, this
being one of those plants which produce their fruit principally on the
wood of the last year's growth. Should any part of the bush become
deficient of young wood, stop back the old branches in that part, and
plenty of young wood will be thrown out by them the following year.

Nothinof can be worse than for cottagrers to leave too much wood on
their bushes, as thereby they become too much crowded, and the fruit
worthless. If abundant crops of fine large fruit be desired, leave little
wood, and supply the plants with plenty of both liquid and solid manure.
This should be done immediately afl:er pruning, at which time, also,
the ground should be dug, and left open and loose about the plants.
November is, perhaps, the best time of the year to take cuttings fi-om,
and transplant. Gooseberries.

AU the varieties of the Currant are propagated precisely in the same
manner as the Gooseberry ; and as the black variety produces its fruit
similar to the Gooseberry, on the young wood, its method of pruning is
of course the same. The white and red are pruned in quite a different
manner, the young wood being cut back every autumn within a few
eyes of the old, to cause them to send forth spurs, upon which those
plants produce their fruit. An Artjsan.

SEPTEMBER. 269

THE HELIOTROPE.

This, I need not say, is what is popularly termed Cherry pie, and,
whether as a greenhouse plant or for bedding, is a universal favourite.
When grown in good soil which is well charged with rotten dung, it
makes a very free and luxuriant growth, supplying during the whole
summer and autumn a profusion of its gay and odoriferous blossoms.
In propagating it choose at once the terminal shoots of some of the
most luxuriant plants, and prepare the cuttings by cutting them close
under a joint. Let them be planted in a pot and placed in a frame,
but it will not be necessary to cover them with a bell-glass. In the
course of two or three weeks, the cuttings will not only have rooted,
but made considerable shoots ; they must then be potted ofF into single
pots, filled with a compost of loam, sandy peat, and well-decomposed
stable manure ; for this purpose a part of an old dung-bed on which a
fi'ame was formerly placed will be found of great utility. As the plants
fill these pots vnth roots they must be shifted on into a size larger, in
which they may remain during the winter ; when they have got this
last shift they must be gradually hardened off, to prepare them to
endure the vicissitudes of the ensuing winter.

In the spring following, the plants which have survived the winter
should be turned out of the pots, the balls cleared of worms, if any, and
repotted into fresh soil ; they should also be shortened in, so as to make
them bushy. In the month of May or June they may be planted out
in the flower beds, and as they increase in size they may be pegged
down in a horizontal position on the surface of the soil, in the same way
as Verbenas generally are, or they may be grown on in pots, as best
suits the taste of the cultivator.

CULTOR.

NATIONAL FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

July 26. — Mr. G. Smith in the chair. The subjects were not
numerous on this occasion. A very pretty Petunia was exhibited
named Hermione, colour blush, white ground, spotted over the face of
the flower with purple, which received a certificate ; it is large and of
good habit, and was sent by Mr. Smith of the Hornsey Road. Numerous
seedling Verbenas were shown, but nothing very striking ; the best were
from Mr. Weatherill, of the Hornsey Road, named Eugenie, which
received a certificate, of a pale lilac colour. Mr. Todman, Clapham,
received a label of commendation for Sir E. Lyons, a slate purple, of
good habit. Roses, twelve varieties, single blooms, were sent by Mr.
Cole, of St. Alban's, to which the first prize was awarded. These
consisted of nice blooms of the following kinds, viz.. Prince Louis,
Queen Victoria, Geant des Batailles, Paul Ricaut, Princess Laffay,
Madame LafTay, La Reine, Baronne Prevost, Dupetit Thouars, Jacques
Laffitte, William Jesse, and Clementine Seringe. Carnations and
Picotees were exhibited by Mr. C. Turner, Mr. Baker, Woolwich, and

270 THE FLORIST.

Mr. Parker, Dalston, six blooms of each. In Carnations Mr. Turner
was first, with Exit, S. F. ; Rubens, C. B. ; Poor Tom, R. F. ; Squire
Trow, P. F. ; Sarah Payne, P. P. B. ; Lord Kancliffe, S. B. Mr. Baker
was second, with Poor Tom, Ariel, R. F. ; Dr. Lindley, SB.; Squire
Trow, Sarah Payne, Hale's Albert, S. B. Mr. Turner was also first
in Picotees, with Mrs. Drake, R. E. ; Dr. Pitman, R. E. ; Ganymede,
P. E. ; Mrs. Norman, R. E. ; Miss Mitford, P. E. ; Mrs. Headley,
R. E. Mr. Baker had Christabel, R. E, ; James 2nd, R. E. ; Laura,
R. E. ; Countess, P. E. ; Princess Royal, R. E. ; and Ganymede.
There were some pretty shrubby Calceolarias from Mr. Cole, and some
very poor fancy Pelargoniums from Mr Smith, also a large collection
of finely grown Balsams from Messrs. F. and A. Smith, of Dalston ;
these were of the finest quality, very double, and of the richest colours.
Mr. Turner contributed collections of Dahlias and Hollyhocks.

August 9. — Mr. W. Paul in the chair. This was a very numerously
attended meeting, and great interest was excited from so large a
number of seedlings having been brought together. First class
certificates were awarded to the following : — Holl^'^hock Standard, a
splendid shaded orange variety, exhibited by Mr. C. Turner, Slough ;
Picotee, Dr. Pitman, a very fine heavy red edged variety, exhibited
by Mr. C. Turner, Slough, a flower in the way of ]\Irs. Norman,
but has a heavier edge ; Ericas, in the way of Vernoni, with pale
rose flowers, and very free bloomers. Several pretty kinds, chiefly
exhibited by Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son, Wellington Road.
Certificates to Dahlia Lord Raglan, by Mr. Keynes ; ditto. Miss
Burdett Coutts, by Mr. Turner ; Picotee, ]\Irs Lochner, by Mr.
Turner ; ditto, Angelina, by C. T. Lochner, Esq ; Variegated Geranium
Alma, a great improvement on Flower of the Day, with bright scarlet
flowers, exhibited by Mr. C. Turner ; Verbena Blue Bonnet, a light blue,
large truss, exhibited by Mr. Turner ; Phlox Nina, a light variety, of
good shape, by Mr. Salter ; Hollyhock Argo, rich yellow, by INIr. Turner ;
ditto, Purple Perfection, from Mr. Bircham ; label of commendation to
Fuchsia Conqueror, a dark variety, exhibited by Mr. G. Smith ;
Hollyhock Bride, a delicate blush white, exhibited by Mr. Parsons, of
Welwyn ; Verbena Belle of the Village, a great improvement on Mrs.
D. Tysson ; and Verbena Primeur, dark crimson with large light eye,
were not in good condition, and the judges wished to see them again.
Mr. C. Turner also sent the following seedling Verbenas : — Esther, light
cerise, very dwarf, and a free bloomer ; Magnum Bonum, a large lilac
purple flower, with large light centre ; and Field Marshal, a dark
flower with white eye. ]\Ir. Shrimpton, of Putne})- Heath, sent a
promising light variety named Miss Louisa ; Lobelia densa multi-
flora, a close growing free blooming deep blue variety with white
centre, from ]\Ir. Addison, of Gosford, Haddingtonshire ; scarlet
Geranium Eclipse, from Mr. G. Smith ; and scarlet Geranium Globe
from Mr. Lochner. Mr. Wheeler, of Hendon, also sent a bloom of a
large yellow Dahlia named Hendoniana, which is much too coarse for
exhibition ; and Mr. Parsons sent his seedling Achimenes formosa,
elegans, and Parsoniana, a variety in the way of Henderson!, with a
larger orange centre. Messrs. E. G. Henderson and Son contributed

SEPTEMBER. 271

three variegated Geraniums named Royal Visit, Royal Standard, and
La Belle Alliance, all with more or less singularly marked foliage, and
strong growers. A number of prizes were offered on this occasion for
collections of a hmited number of blooms, as a means of testing the new
varieties in comparison with the established kinds, which plan answered
admirably, and brought spirited competition in many of the classes.
There were eight stands of Carnations and Picotees. The first six
Carnations came from Mr. Turner, which were large and beautifully
marked, consisting of King John, R. F. ; Jacques, P. F. ; Mr. Tugwell,
S. F., very fine ; Hope, C. B. ; Mr. Ainsworth, S. B. ; General JMonk,

C. B. Mr. Keynes, Salisbury, Messrs. Mitchell and Co., Brighton,
and Mr. Parker, Dalston, also exhibited, and were placed by the
judges in the order given. The Picotees were much more closely
contested than the Carnations, the winners standing precisely the same
as the Carnations. The first were Mrs. Drake, R. E. ; Mrs. Hobbs,
P. E. ; Dr. Pitman, R. E. ; Eugenie, R. E. ; Alice, R. E. ; Minnie,
P. E. Mr. Keynes' stand contained a fine Mrs. Barnard. The best
Carnation exhibited was King John, one of JMay's raising. There
were some very fine blooms of DahUas, which was a good test of what
varieties are good and early. The first prize, six blooms, was awarded
to Mr. J. Robinson, Pimlico ; 2nd, Mr. C. Turner; 8rd, Mr. J.
Keynes. There were several other competitors. The best blooms were
Bathurst, a striped Essex Triumph ; Beauty of Slough, Lilac King,
Miss Burdett Coutts, Mrs. Seldon, Duke of Wellington, very fine ;
Rachel Rawlings, Beauty of the Grove, Robert Bruce, and Fanny
Keynes. Fancy varieties, six blooms, were placed thus : — 1st, Mr.
Turner ; 2nd, Mr. Keynes ; 8rd, Mr. Robinson. Laura Lavington,
Pidgeon, Miss Herbert, Baron Alderson, Admiration, Comet, Topsy,
Butterfly, and Duchess of Kent were shown good. Hollyhocks beinor
present in considerable numbers made a great display. For three
spikes the first prize was awarded ^to Emily, Unique, and Criterion,
exhibited by Mr. C. Turner. Cut blooms, twelve varieties : — 1st, Mr.
Roake, Clewer, with Unique, Comet, Mrs. Ashley, Miss Ashley, Julia,
Beauty of Cheshunt, Sulphur Queen, Pourpre de Tyre, White Globe,
and three seedlings. Mr. Turner was second, who had fine blooms of
the following, dissimilar from the first collection : — Standard, Argo, Sir

D. Wedderburn improved, Mrs. Parsons, Lizzy, Little Gem, Lemonade,
Brennus, and Eugenie. Messrs. Paul, Chater, and Bircham also sent
collections of cut blooms. Mr. Turner sent the only yellow Picotees,
and Messrs. Paul the only collection of Roses, neither of which were in
the best condition. C. P. Lochner, Esq., received the first prize for
twelve Verbenas, single trusses, the best stand we have seen for a long
time. They were as follows : — Lord Haglan, Empress, ]\Irs. D. Tysson,
Reine d'Amazon, Hector, St. Margaret, Queen, Mary Anne, Peter
Dick, La Diesse, and two French varieties. Mr. Weatherill, nrardener
to D. McNeill, Esq., was second with Brilliant de Vaise, Old Tom,
Vicomtesse de Belleville, Grandis, Eugenie, Mary, Cedo Nulli, ]\Irs.
Woodrofte, Purple Defiance, Sedonia, Caliban, and Novelty. ]\Ir. G.
Smith was third. There were three other collections. I\Ir. G. Smith
sent the only collection of Fuchsias. Finally there was a miscellaneous

272 THE FLORIST.

collection of plants from Messrs. Henderson, Pine Apple Place, in which
we observed one of the new white corolla'd Fuchsias.

August 23. — Mr. Robinson in the chair. Dahlias formed the
principal feature of this meeting. Twenty -five varieties were entered
for the opinion of the judges, and among them some possessed both
novelty and fine form. Hollyhocks, both seedlings and named varieties,
were also exhibited in good condition. Of Dahlias, Mr. Holmes, of
Hornchurch, sent three blooms of a white-ground variety, strongly
tipped with purple. It is large in size, with full compact centre, and
will make a good kind for exhibition. The same exhibitor also sent
Circassian Beauty, a fancy below the average in quality. Mr. Wheeler,
of Warminster, sent Emperor of the Yellows, a yellow slightly tinged
with lake ; and Echpse, a dark plum-coloured kind ; the latter was the
best of the two, but neither were in good condition. Mr. Keynes, of
Salisbury, exhibited five varieties. The one selected by the judges for
reward was Reginald, a pale primrose sort, slightly tipped with purple,
a full sized compact flower, but rather low in the centre. The others
were a fancy, named Mrs. Spary, rather dull in colours ; Argo, a larg^-
yellow ; General Simpson, a bright orange, with high centre, but long
petal ; and Lord Raglan, buff, which maintained the high character
given to it at the previous meeting. IMr. Rawlings, of Bethnal Green,
sent six blooms of Robert Hogg, a shaded purple, of medium size, and
broad in the petal ; a little ribbiness detracted fi'om its merits. The
same exhibitor also sent three blooms of Archbishop of Canterbury, a
dark purple, with a high centre and good outhne. It was not a large
size, but very double. A label of commendation was awarded it.
Sambo, also from Mr. Rawlings, was poor. Mr. Salter, of Hammer-
smith, had a fancy variety, a striped kind, but the colours were not
sufficiently distinct, being red striped with crimson. It was good in
form, but confused in the centre. Mr. Smith, of Crookham, Hants, had
three kinds, named Helen Smith, Lord Cardigan, and General Cod-
rington, none of which were in good condition. ]\Ir. Charles Turner
received a certificate of merit for Bessie, a deep bright yellow, which
appeared to be very constant. The same grower also sent another good
yellow, named Yellow Beauty ; together with Miss Burdett Coutts,
which the judges reported fully maintained its previous character — a
certificate having been awarded to it last meeting day. Lollypop (G.
Holmes), had a similar mark of distinction from the censors, it having
been successfully exhibited last season. Mr. Weatherill received a first
class certificate for Verbena King of Roses, a finely-formed fiower ; the
same award was also bestowed upon Eugenie, a pale lilac, of good form.
A certificate of merit was awarded to Mr. G. Smith for Dandy, an
orange kind with a crimson centre and lemon eye ; a similar award
was also made to Unanimity, which is an improvement on Annie Laurie.
There were several others shown, but none deserving of especial mention.
Mr. Laing, of Twickenham, contributed several seedlings, among which
was a blue kind, with less purple in it than usual. For Hollyhocks,
Mr. lioake, of Clewer, received a first class certificate for Perfection, a
pink or blush kind, very close in the flower ; of this a spike was shown.
Messrs. Paul received a certificate for a delicate peach variety, three cut

SEPTEMBER. 273

V>looms of which was exhibited ; it is a full sized large flower. For cut
blooms, 12 kinds, Mr. Roake was first with Rosy Circle, Eugenie,
Leonice, Mrs. Ashley, Julia, Seedling, Perfection, Lemonade, Primrose
Perfection, Mont Blanc, Seedling 6, and Pourpre de Tyre. Messrs.
Paul were second with Glory of Chesliunt, Darius, Lord Jocelyn, Pearl,
Beauty of Cheshunt, Boadicea, White Globe, and four seedlings. Messrs.
Paul also furnished three magnificent spikes of Glory of Cheshunt, Mrs.
Ashley, and Beauty of Cheshunt ; these were deservedly much admired.
Messrs. F. and A. Smith sent an interesting collection of cut Antir-
rhinums, showing that progressive improvement is going on in this
class of plants. Mr. Salter exhibited twelve varieties of cut Phloxes,
one or two of which were very bright in colour. Messrs. Paul sent
twelve varieties of Asters, all very beautiful kinds. Messrs. Fraser also
sent 24 varieties of this flower. Mr. Lochner contributed 24 bunches
of Verbenas, all good kinds ; and Mr. Smith sent his Petunia Hermione,
which fully maintained the good character it always has had. A new
white Verbena was exhibited by Mr. Westwood, which is much the
b*st of its class out, but it is a very strong grower. IMessrs. F. and A.
Smith again sent a collection of Balsams, still in good condition.

VIOLETS.

Although the common single Russian Violet will flower freely year
after year in the open borders, and propagate itself in sufficient quan-
tities to render the adoption of other means for its reproduction to a
certain extent mmecessary, it is far otherwise with such double-
flowering kinds as V. arborea Neapolitana, and the old purple.
To these may also be added V. lutea and Shackell's large single
ilussian Violet. To succeed in the culture of these it is indispensable
that the plants be young, It should be remembered that unless shifted
into inconvenient sized pots, Violets generally become so much
exhausted as to be wholly unsuited for pot culture after the second year.
Cuttings of the whole of the above may be rooted with facility if
inserted in the ordinary manner, in the first week in March, into 5-inch
pots, containing a light free soil. The cutting pots should be plunged
in a gentle bottom heat either on a hotbed or on the platform of the
cutting house ; when rooted they should be potted singly into 3-inch
pots, using for compost turfy loam and well rotted dung in equal parts.
When properly established, the young plants should be removed to a
cool pit or frame having a warm aspect ; and until inured to their new
situation it will be advisable to keep the plants close for a time, after
which, and on every mild occasion, top air should be given. The object
in rooting the cuttings thus early is to get the plants as strong as pos-
sible by the middle of the following May, when the time will have
arrived for planting them out in a shady bed or border, in rows, six
inches apart, and the same distance between the rows. Any deficiencies

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVII. T

274 THE FLORIST.

in the strength of the soil may readily be compensated for by the
admixture of a liberal supply of rotten dung, thoroughly blended with
the surface mould.

Beyond keeping the plants free from weeds, and occasionally watering
them in very dry weather, no further attention will be necessary until
the end of August, when the plants should be taken up with a ball,
carefully repotted into pots varying from five to seven inches in
diameter, using the same compost as that previously recommended, with
the addition of a small portion of sharp sand ; pot firm and drain well.
The cool pit or frame should again be resorted to, and the plants should
be placed on inverted pots. The lights in fine settled weather should
be taken off altogether, and only put on again to protect the plants in
wet or severe frosty weather, and be again removed on every fine
opportunity. The small quantity of mould in the pots unpenetrated by
the roots will render the frequent application of water necessary ; care
must, however, be taken not to wet the foliage or scatter the water
about. The finest portions of the foliage will inevitably fall a sacrifice
to an indiscretion of this nature, if many times repeated ; the flowers
are also frequently destroyed by damp.

Treated as above, Shackell's single Russian will be in full bloom by
the middle of September, while the double Violets will be in a similar
condition by the end of November, and continue to produce an unre-
mitting display of well expanded flowers until the following spring.
These will he succeeded, about the third week in April, by the Viola
lutea or yellow Violet. Strike the cuttings as before, in time for bedding
out with the last year's plants, not later than the middle of May. In
this way the plants will not only produce increased quantities of the
finest flowers, but will be much less liable to the attacks of red spider,
which fi'equently destroys them when grown perpetually in pots.

R. M.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.— No. III.

In the course of our professional journeyings immediately round about
the metropohs, it has been a matter of surprise to us that the gardens of
villas, large and small, exhibit in their arrangement less good taste
than those of similar dimensions in provincial districts. Not that this
has been the result of accident ; for they almost invariably boast of a
large amount of lat/in^ out, and not uncommonly is it their misfortune
to have too much of it, in that an attempt is made to accommodate
within a small space a certain quantity of all the different ingredients
which go to the making up of a large garden ; and these are obtruded
upon each other in such admired discord that a visitor is inclined to
compare the tout ensemble to a marine store shop of odds and ends of
gardens. We have frequently seen, within the space of half an acre
or so, geometrical arrangements, sweeps of shrubbery, herbaceous
borders, serpentine walks, arbours of different kinds and patterns, with
stone vases and statues scattered about upon the ground or mounted

SEPTEMBER. 275

upon picturesque old stumps ; finally, no garden of the kind is con-
sidered complete without its fountain, rockvvork, and lake.

These various items are crowded together in so small a space, that
from the windows of the house they are all under the eye at the same
time ; and care has generally been taken, for the sake of contrast, that
the parts least in harmony with each other should be placed most
closely in juxtaposition.

It is only confusion and disorder we would be understood as objecting
to, not variety. The exhibition of skill in arranging a garden consists
not only in the careful adaptation of the parts to their proper effects and
purposes, but also in arranging their order with reterence to each other,
so that they shall combiiiedly form a harmonious whole ; and these
points duly kept in view, as much variety should be introduced as the
space admits of without crowding.

As examples are more illustrative than a long dry discourse, we have
selected a case in point from amongst those which have come under our
consideration, and give engravings by which we can render more intel-
ligibly an idea of what the garden was and of what it is now.

The house is pleasantly situated in one of our suburban villages,
having its entrance towards the pubhc road, and looking from the
garden side over a flat agricultural scene, with which the house stands
too much on a level. In front of the house a respectable piece ol
garden extends itself, flanked by a shrubbery on both sides, and
bounded by a pond between and the extended meadows beyond. On
the right is the greenhouse, at the end of one of the oflices, incon-
siderately placed so close to the garden as to make it an impossibility to
conceal it by planting without materially encroaching upon the ground.
Further to the right stand coach-house, stables, and other offices, and
beyond these a large kitchen garden.

The house itself is of plain red brick, unpretending in its archi-
tecture, and of a description which would require considerable outlay to
give it a degree of ornamentation. The drawing-room, ending with a
large bow on the left hand side of the group, being the only important
room on that side of the house, it rendered the arrangement of the
garden difficult ; this, however, had been managed without the slightest
reference to any windows of the house or in any other way with regard
to it. The ground was simply cut longitudinally by a walk somewhere
about the middle, and across again about half way in the other
direction, and, strangely enough, without any regard to right angles ;
and where these two lines intersected a fountain was introduced — other
walks were made on each side of the garden, on one side a straight one,
and on the other an example of the serpentine, and were joined at each
end by other irregular ones ; two arbours were added with as little
regard to symmetry as possible, and an arrangement of clumps con-
taining large shrubs crossed the end of the garden, completely shutting
out the view of the meadow, and diminishing the pros})ect of the distant
country. Near the centre of each comjiartment of turf was a pecu-
liarly unplantable bed, with four long points, having a shrub in
the centre, and intended to contain half-hardy plants, &c. The outer^
borders were all bounded with Box edgings, and contained mixtures of

T 2

270

THE FLORIST.

common flowers and shrubs. Bits of rockwork, shellwork, and okl
blocks and stumps were scattered about, and generally these specimens
of the grotesque were surmounted with a vase or statuette.

The great faults in this case w^ere the shutting out of the extended
prospect, the cutting up of the garden into small patches, and the complete
exposure of all the walks, as though they were the most important

SEPTEMBER.

277

features of the garden. The first of these was rectified by clearing away
the clumps near the pond, the second by destroying the centre walk,
and the third by fringing the broad turf plot so obtained with clumps

CfTO^^xiJj,

V — s;

SCA LE OF FEET

for flowering and other shrubs of moderate growth, which would rectify
the obtrusiveness of the side walks, and be subservient to the larger
shrubs beyond them.

278 THE FLORIST.

In the new arrangement a centre was obtained upon a line from the
fountain, at right angles with the building ; and to give a balance to
the basis of operations, a large projecting mass of close clipped evergreen
was introduced, to correspond with shape of drawing-room bow, which
also served to aid in concealing the othces and yard on the right hand
side of the house, and the yard itself was considerably contracted,
that it might be effectually planted out on both sides from the
garden.

Parallel with this centre line, and equidistant from it, the two side
walks were laid down, and the use of Box edging confined to the right
hand side, where double lines are shown, and where it was most in
keeping from its contiguity to the greenhouse ; on the left hand side turf
was used up to the shrubs, which were pegged down to meet it and
conceal the margin. The two side walks were curved round so as to meet
each other near the pond, which was made less artificial in outline,
and rendered a more endurable object from wherever it could be
seen. From these walks, a branch was made to lead to the summer
house and meadow wicket on one side, and on the other side towards
the kitchen garden. The branch walk leading to back of greenhouse
was so curved as to render it less obvious, and in a circle of gravel, as
shown, was placed, upon a suitable pedestal, one of the best of the
statues, — one we found stuck up in the fork of an old mulberry tree ;
and on the opposite side of the garden a corresponding niche was made
for its companion.

The other architectural embellishments, in the shape of vases, were
furnished with proper pedestals, and appointed to suitable positions as
near the mansion as possible.

We deemed that the house itself and the laundry could be most
economically improved in appearance by covering them entirely with
creepers, and especially with evergreen Roses, Pyracanthus, variegated
and other ornamental Ivies and the like, with a due admixture of
Clematis, Honeysuckle, Wistaria, &c.

As the greenhouse and frame accommodation was limited, we were
not justified in proposing a very extensive parterre, even if the extent
of the ground warranted it ; its natural fiatness, however, suggested the
propriety of a certain quantity of such arrangement, and it was
obviously important that such feature should be as near the house as
possible.

The apparent breadth of the garden, and indeed its general extent,
being so much increased by these arrangements, the four beds e e e e
were introduced on one side, in fine with centre of drawina-room
wmdow, and m a corresponding position upon the other. It is admis-
sible that these should be filled either with dwarf flowering shrubs or
with half-hardy plants, annuals, according to convenience, &c. A
Swedish Juniper has a satisfactory effect in the centre of each.

So much more having been made of the ground in front, it became
a reasonable matter to have nothing but shrubs and turf on that side
of the house, and arrange that carriages might come quite up to the
fi:-ont door, instead of unloading at the wicket gate against the road in
all weathers.

SEPTEMBER. 279

Other matters are, we consider, so fully explained by a comparison
of the two plans, and the reference thereto, that it will be needless to
lengthen the article with further description.

Reference to Engravings.

h. Statues on pedestals
i. Fountain.

a Ponfl. h Mass of Water Lily

c Large Chinese Arbor-vitas

d Clump on turf for herbaceous • c u. ^ t

1 . , 11 n • 1 1 ^ t^eat on centre Ime

plants and small flowering shrubs ; '^

and bordered by clipped evergreen [ ^- ^''-ses on pedestals.

hedges of Cotoneaster, &c, j I. House.

e Beds on turf, with Juniper in ^ Porch.

centre, flowering plants round. I ^^' ^^^^{^ ^j^^^

/ Irisli Yews. ai ^

g Parterre on turf. I o, p. Alcoves.

1. Blue with white margin

2. Scarlet
8. Light pink

4. Brownish orange

5. Deep violet or purple

q. Back ground for reserve, &c.

r. Border for creepers against house

s Greenhouse.

t. Laundry.

W. Davidson,
Landscape Gardener.

36, Great Russell Street, Bedford Square.

REVIEW.

The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland. By Thomas Moore, F.L.S.,
Curator of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, author of the " Handbook of
British Ferns," &c. Edited by John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S., &c.
Nature Printed by Henry Bradbury. London: Bradbury and
Evans, Whitefriars.
On several grounds this is one of the most important botanical publica-
tions which has appeared in this country. The book itself, by its
imperial size — a splendid foHo — its admirable typography, and its
marvellous life-size figures of the most fashionable of plants, carries an
air of importance, and commands, as well as arrests, attention. As an
art contribution it is equally important, for the process of nature-
printing, as yet in its infancy, and destined no doubt at some not
distant period to effect important changes in pictorial representation,
receives here its first practical application in this country ; and the
fidelity with which the several species hitherto figured have been
produced, prove at once that even without the improvements which
always follow the practical working of new processes, nature-printing is
in many respects most admirably adapted for purposes of botanical
illustration. As a contribution to the science of botany, too, the work
before us is no less important ; for both author and editor have
determinedly set their faces against the spacious science which invests
with specific im[iortance the various individual forms occurring among
plants, and with wondrous eftrontery bajttises every such slight vanation,

2S0 THE FLORIST.

until these new names become heaped up as obstacles almost insurmount-
able along the path which the student has to travel in the prosecution ot
his researches. As well might the various character of the noses and
beards of the human family be taken to mark out species of the genus
Homo, as that the trivial characters which are resorted to by some
modern writers on botany, for the purpose of imposing a new nomen-
clature, should be accepted by those who have any respect for science.

The process of nature-printing has been brought to much perfection
under the special superintendence of Mr. Henry Bradbury, of the well-
known firm of Bradbury and Evans, and the plates of the present work
now before us (I. to XV.) bear evidence of his skill and care. The
specimens figured are selected by Mr. Moore, whose " Handbook of
British Ferns " is the best portable book on the subject, and whose
letterpress descriptions in the present work indicate a thorough
knowledge of the subject. The w^ork has the benefit of Dr. Lindley's
editorial supervision.

We are glad to find that the author has gone very fully into the
description of the varieties which occur among our wild Ferns, many of
which are also figured. These notices are valuable, not only because
the varieties of Ferns are now very greatly attracting the attention of
Fern cultivators, but they have also, as it appears to us, much botanical
significance ; for when so many and such different looking plants, grow-
ing naturally beneath our very feet, are seen to be but variations or
modifications of well known plants, of what trifling importance become
the minute differences which are relied upon to distinguish many foreign
species so called ! In the portion of this work which is before us we
find no fewer than 17 varieties of the Common Polypody, five varieties
of the common Prickly Shield Fern, and 17 varieties of the Soft Prickly
Shield Fern noticed, and their peculiarities pointed out. The text
comprises, besides, full characters of the species and varieties, a very
copious list of synonymes, notices of the range of each species, both
within this country and beyond it, a complete description of the
typical form, and a notice of its affinities, hints for cultivation, and the
descriptive notes of the varieties to which allusion has been made.

The nature-printed Ferns has, as it deserves, our highest commenda-
tions, and all engaged in its production our thanks for so valuable, and
in reality cheap, an addition to the botanical and horticultural library.
We add one or two extracts from the account of the Soft Prickly Shield
Fern, plate XII., to bear out our remarks : —

" There are but scanty records of the occurrence of this Fern in the
northern parts of Europe. It has been found in Sweden and Norway,
according to Fries. In Scotland it is rare, becoming more plentiful in
England, especially towards the south, where, as in Ireland, it becomes
abundant. It is also found plentifully southwards, — in France, Belgium,
and various parts of Germany; on the Pyrenees, and in Spain (Hb. Hooker,,
and Oxon.) ; in Tuscany, Naples, and other parts of Italy; in Greece (Hb.
Hooker, and Mus. Brit.) ; at the Dardanelles, and on the coast of the Black
Sea (for we have no doubt that the Polypodium setiferum of Forskal from the
former is the present species, rather than P. aculeatum, under which it is
usually quoted, and with which his brief specific phrase much less accords ;
and D'Urville's specimens, gathered on the shores of the Black Sea, preserved

SEPTEMBER. 281

under the name of aculeatum in the Museum of Natural History at Paris,
of which we have *5een a sketch, quite accord with the acute pinnuled forms
of P. angulare). In Asia, it wouhl appear to have been found in Georgia
and in the Province of Guriel, at the eastern extremity of the Black Sea;
and thence it extends to India, where it is found in Kashmir (Hb. J. Smith),
Simla, Khasiya, Kumaon, in the valley of Indus at Balti, and in North
West India (Hb. Hooker) ; as well as in Nepal and Madras (Hb. J. Smith).
Singapore and Java yield cognate forms barely separable either from this species
or P. aculeatum, and the same appear common over India. In some of these
tropical forms, owing to the texture of the European aculeatum being found
associated with the same individual with the outline and aspect of the
European angulare, it is difficult, if not impracticable, to point out the
limits of the two. In Africa, a Fern, quite accordant with the British plant,
occurs in the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores ; also, in Abyssinia
(Hb. Hooker), on the African coast of the Mediterranean according to Kunze,
and at Natal (Hb. Nost.). From America Dr. Gray reports it as occurring
in various parts of the United States ; it is found in New England, and has
also been gathered at Sitka (Hb. Hooker) ; and forms almost, if not quite,
identical occur in Guatemala (Hb. Hooker) ; in Mexico, New Granada, and
Caraccas (Hb. J. Smith)."

" Although between P. angulare and P. aculeatum there is so close an
affinity that instances do occur in which it is difficult to determine between
them, yet, confining our view to the plants as found in Great Britain, such
instances are rare, at least to those who have made themselves familiar with
the aspects and characteristics of the plants. Extending the inquiry, how-
ever, so as to include the exotic Ferns of this affinity, the limits of the species
become obscure; and it is perhaps doubtful whether in this more compre-
hensive view they can be defined, at least by means of the mutilated examples
alone available for examination in herbaria, with sufficient clearness to be
kept permanently separate. The study of the living plants, may, indeed,
afford other distinctive marks than those derived from form and texture,
as in the case of Polypodium Dryopteris and its ally, which have a different
vernation, and in that of some forms of Lastrea Filix-mas, in which the same
kind of organic diffcrerce occur."

" In the garden this Fern will be found very ornamental, and of very easy
management. It grows readily in free sand/ loam, either in shady parts of
the garden or shrubbery, on rock-work, or in the in-door Fernery ; and it is
increased with tolerable facility by division Some of the varieties, however,
propagate much more extensively by means of bulbils which form either at
the base of the stipes below or about the surface of the soil, or in the axils of
the lower pinnse, or in some instances on the veins of the fronds. This
remarkable proliferous or viviparous character has now been observed in
several of the British Ferns, including Polystichum Lonchitis, P. aculeatum,
with its variety lobatum ; P. angulare, three or four varieties ; Lastrea Filix-
mas, two varieties ; L. foenisecii, Asplenium lanceolatum, A. Ruta-muraria,
Scolopcndrium vulgare, several varieties ; and Blechnum Spicant. Besides
this bulbiliform mode of increase, Mr. Wollaston has observed a different
kind of development in a variety of Polypodium vulgare nenrly allied to
cambricum, communicated by Mr. E. T. Bennett. In this case the develop-
ment consisted of numerous prothalloid growths on the apices of the lobes,
which had every indication of being fertile, though unfortunately the frond
was broken off before they were observed, so that their vital energy could
not be tested. Although among exotic Ferns instances of viviparous growth
were known to occur frequently, yet our acquaintance with so many bulbil-
bearing British Ferns is due to the scrutiny of a few zealous cultivators,
especially Mr. Wollaston of Chislehurst, Dr. Allchin of Bayswater, Mr.
Clapham of Scarborough, and Mr. Baxter of Oxford, during the summer of

282 THE FLORIST.

1854; for in the most resent publication on the subject, issued in the earlier
part of tlie same year, Mr. Newman mentions one British species only, P.
angulare, as known to possess this property. Mr. Baxter has suggested that
it may be a result of pot-culture."

COVERING MATERIAL.

I HAVE used wire hurdles thatched with straw for this puipose, for
the last two years, and can greatly recommend them, as both warm
and easy of application ; they come in for Peas in summer, and have
a very neat appearance. The frame is 4 feet by 6 feet, of No. (3 wire,
and worked in diamonds between with No. 13 wire ; the meshes are
6 inches by 8 ; the cost is 2d. per foot, galvanised. They will last
good for many years.

I lay a thin layer of straight straw on the top of one hurdle, and
then place another hurdle on the top, and tie them close with fine wire
or twine. They are useful for laying on Vine borders, to throw off the
rain ; so it will be seen that they are useful in many ways. I should
be sorry to be without them, as they are far superior to mats, and if
set up when not in use, they soon dry. A thin layer of straw is better
than too thick a one, and it does not make them so heavy. I clip the
sides straight with the shears, after all is finished.

There is another use I am going to put them to next winter. I
intend to place them endways round some newly planted shrubs, with a
stake at the four angles.

Thomas Holbrow.

Didsburi/.

MEDIEVAL GARDENING.

Our invaluable ancient authority, Alexander Necham, says a '' noble
garden " should be arrayed with Roses, Lilies, Sunflowers, Violets, and
Pappies ; he mentions also the Narcissus (N. pseudo-narcissus ?) The
Rose seems to have been cultivated from the most remote time ; early
in the tnirteenth century we find King John sending a wreath of Roses
to his lady, par amours, at Ditton ; Roses and Lilies were among the
plants bought for the royal garden at Westminster in 1276 : the annual
rendering of a Rose is one of the commonest species of quit-rent named
in ancient conveyances. The extent to which the cultivation of this flower
had been carried between the 14th and 16th centuries, may be estimated
by the varieties enumerated by Lawson ; they are the red, damask,
velvet, double -double Provence Rose ; the sweet musk Rose, double and
single, and the double and single white Rose. The Provence Rose was
probably first imported in the fifteenth century, when the occupation of
France by the English may be conjectured to have caused the
introduction of many additional varieties of fruits and flowers; the

SEPTEMBER. 283

marriage of Margaret of Anjou with Henry the Sixth may be regarded
also as an event hkely to have brought the ; Provence Rose to our
northern cUmate. Of all the flowers, however, known to our ancestors,
the Gillyflower or Clove Pink (clou-de-girojlee) , was the commonest,
and to a certain degree the most esteemed. Mr. Loudon has stated,
erroneously, that the cruelties of the Duke of Alva in 1567, were the
occasion of our receiving through the Flemish weavers, Gillyflowers,
Carnations, and Provence Roses. The Gillyflower had been known and
prized in England centuries before : at the end of the sixteenth century,
Lawson, who terms it the king of flowers, except the Rose, boasted that
he had Gillyflowers " of nine or ten severall colours, and divers of them
as bigge as Roses. Of all flowers (save the Damaske Rose) they are
the most pleasant to sight and smell. Their use is much in ornament,
and comforting the spirites, by the sence of smelling." There was a
variety of this flower well known in early times as the wall Gillyflower
or bee flower, " because growing on w^alles, even in winter, and good for
bees." The reserved rent " unius clavi gariojili" which is of such
frequent occurrence in mediaval deeds relating to land, meant simply
the render of a Gillyflower, although it has been usually understood to
signify the payment of a clove of commerce ; the incorrectness of this
reading must be apparent if it is recollected that the Clove was scarcely
known in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when this kind of reserved
rent was most common.

Another flower of common growth in medieval orchards, or gardens,
was the Pervinke, or Periwinkle : —

" There sprang the violet all ne\re,

And fresh pervinke, rich of hewe,

And tiowris yellow, white, and rede,

Such plente grew there nor in the mead." — Chaucer.

As this plant will flower under the shade of trees or lofty walls, it was
well adapted to ornament the securely enclosed, and possibly sombre,
gardens of early times.

Antiquarian.

THE NUMBERING OF PLANTS.

Participating, with your correspondent who signs himself "A Country
Rector," in the taste for cultivating herbaceous plants, and the love of
a gay flower-garden, I have often been at a loss to contrive some simple
and permanent tally to place near the roots of the plants, which should
enable any one, by referring to a small memorandum-book, to learn
the botanical and popular names, and all other desirable particulars in
regard to each specimen. I was very much pleased, therefore, with
the simple and ingenious manner of marking described in the number
of the Flurist for January, 1854, by " Indicator." It seems to me,
however, better adapted for a bed containing a few plants than for the
numbering of an extensive collection, on account of the space taken up
by the amount of notches required for showing the tens in any number
above a hundred ; bits of deal or any other wood also very soon decay.

284

THE FLORIST.

It occurred to me, therefore, that marks made on small pieces of zinc
would meet the difficulty above mentioned, by facilitating the marking
of the tens, while the tallies (being only temporarily fastened upon
wood) would last as long as the gardener who made them ; for when
one piece of wood, after two or three years' service, becomes rotten,
nothing can be easier than to retack the zinc to a fresh one. I need
not say that zinc tallies are cheaper than iron ones, which soon become
rusty and unsightly.

The accompanying figure shows the smallest
size of which the tally can, I think, be properly
made, viz., one inch by two. The tr'angular
notch on the left side marks a hundred, the
round holes mark tens, and the straight stroke
marks units, as in " Indicator's " figure.

Allow me to express a wish that, if you
should give lists of new plants hereafter in the
Florist, you will state their colours, time of
flowering, and average height, as in Carter's
annual catalogue ; this will enable gardeners and
amateurs to choose plants suitable to their borders
and local circumstances, and save them from
much disappointment. You will also aid young
beginners by informing them of a variety of
flowering plants which they otherwise would not
know of, and will thus assist in spreading a taste
for floriculture.

Scrutator.

OBITUARY.

Joseph Knight, Esq., late of the Exotic Nursery,
Chelsea. — It is with much regret we have this month to record the
decease of this venerable gentleman, which took place on July 20th,
at Bitham House, Avon Dassett, Oxfordshire, the residence of his
nephew, T. A. Perry, Esq., where he had principally resided since
he relinquished the Exotic Nursery. Mr. Knight's name is no doubt
familiar to all our readers as one of the most respected, as he was also
one of the most successful, horticulturists of the present century. Mr.
Knight was the founder of the Exotic Nursery, and his uprightness
and urbanity during the 50 years that he carried on that extensive
establishment, had secured for him the esteem of all with whom he
came in contact. There was, in fact, a peculiar suavity of manner and
kindness of heart about Mr. Knight which, independent of his high
professional character, endeared him to a widely extended circle, and
we cannot name a single private individual who enjoyed so large a
share of the confidence and respect of the aristocracy as did Mr. Knight.
Numbers of the nobility were among his personal friends, and their
late Majesties King William and Queen Adelaide were much attached

SEPTEMBER. 285

to him, and paid him frequent visits. Besides the above, the Exotic
Nursery was a great school for young men from the country to finish
oiT their professional education and prepare for higher duties. Mr.
Knight's connection with the higher classes made him looked up to on
both sides, and we believe we are quite correct when we say no one
was ever the means of placing so many gardeners in situations as Mr.
Knight, and a mutual confidence and respect for each other were thus
founded between Mr. Knight and a large body of practical men —
spread over nearly every part of the globe, which has ceased only with
his death. Mr. Knight was an ardent lover of plants, to which circum-
stance, and to his enterprising spirit, we owe many of the most beautiful
of our garden favourites. Among others, which he was mainly instru-
mental in introducing, we may note the tree Rhododendrons from
Nepal, a vast number of New Holland and Chinese plants, including
the lovely Chinese Azaleas, Lateritia, variegata, &c., and many others
too numerous to particularise. Mr. K. was as well especially fond of
coniferous plants. Since he relinquished business, two years ago, he
devoted much of his leisure time to improving the estates in the
county in which he had retired, and in planting exotic trees of recent
introduction. Mr. Knight was born in September, 1778, and began
his professional life as gardener to the then Duke of Bedford. He was
afterwards gardener to George Hibbert, Esq., of Clapham, to whose
considerate encouragement he attributed in a great measure the success
which attended his commencement in business as a nurseryman. Mr.
Knight connected himself in marriage with the ancient family of
Lorymer. Mrs. Knight died a few years ago without leaving a
family. Upright, persevering, of simple habits and unassuming
manners, Mr. Knight affords a pattern worthy of our imitation. His
application to business was rewarded by a large fortune, a considerable
portion of which was spent in deeds of charity and benevolence. A
Catholic by creed these acts show the earnestness of the principles he
professed, while his kindness of heart was shared in by all. J. S.

Mrs. Lawrence, Ealing Park. — The death of this lady took
place very suddenly, on the 4th ult., at her usual residence at Ealing.
Mrs. Lawrence has for many years past been well known in the
horticultural world as a great patroness of gardening, including the
cultivation of specimen plants, and as such a stanch supporter of the
metropolitan exhibitions until last season, when her large collection was
brought to the hammer, a notice of which appeared in our pages at
the time.

COLEUS BLUMEL
Now that variegated plants are in fashion we have them by the dozen.
This is, however, one of the best of them ; it has handsome brown
blotched leaves edged with pale green. It is a native of Java, and is
said to have been introduced from that island to Holland in 1851 by
Mr. WiHink, an amateur of Amsterdam. Dr. Planchon, the editor of
the Flore des Serres, remarks in his notice of it that "natural variation

286 THE FLORIST.

and especially the mixture of reddish tints with the verdure of the
foliage is a common thing among the genera of the Labiatse, having
large and thick leaves, of which different Lamiums, Mints, Glechoma,the
species of Perilla of China, and other kindred plants are instances." The
Coleus under notice is sometimes called Plectranthus concolor pictus, and
who among us would expect to find our old friend and acquaintance
Plectranthus fruticosus, the Nettle Geranium, the favoured tenant of the
cracked teapots and bottomless jugs of the frugal "gudewives" of
labourers, in such a respectable conn.ection, yet so it is.

The P. fruticosus is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and loves a
warm dry situation ; as a window plant it is fitted with great powers of
endurance. I have seen it in the most crowded alleys of smoke-dried
cities, healthy, where nothing else would grow without a Wardian case.
C. Blumei is much more tender.

A Gardener.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — These having been repotted as directed last month will
require but little attention for some time to come. A few things should
be kept in view, viz., plenty of air, a moderate supply of water, and
kept perfectly clean of dead foliage and green fly. The frames containing
the plants should be placed on a cool well-drained border, taking the
lights off on all occasions excepting during wet weather.

Azaleas should be carefully looked over, and any thrips at once
removed by fumigations and syringing ; let this be done in time, and
have them perfectly healthy and clean before taken under glass.

Camellias must not be allowed to get sodden under heavy rains, but
should be in proper working condition before removal from their summer
quarters. Examine the drainage of those not potted very recently ; if
any show symptoms of extreme dryness have them at once thoroughly
soaked.

Carnations and Picotees. — The layering having been completed,
attention in watering is all that will be required for some time,
keeping all dead foliage cleanly cut from the layers. The soil for
wintering the plants in small pots should be kept sweet by frequent
turning, and also kept tolerably dry. Towards the end of the month
commence taking off those first layered, potting them in pairs generally,
but the strongest may be wintered one plant in a pot ; for the latter
use a 3^-inch sized pot, for a pair of plants a 4-inch sized pot, usually
termed a large 60. If taken from the stools early there is little trouble
in wintering them, as there will be ample time to harden the
plants after they have drawn root. Too many are apt to think that
Carnations and Picotees are difficult to winter, forgetting that two-thirds
of their losses are occasioned by want of forethought, and being behind
in their operations.

Cinerarias. — Keep a sharp eye on mildew ; attend to it at once on
its first appearance ; sulphur, properly applied, is -a certain remedy.

SEPTEMBER.

287

The treatment of the plants should be a repetition of that recommended
last month.

Conservator If. — While endeavouring to keep up much display here
do not neglect the well-being of permanent specimens, which should be
afforded a sufficiency of light and room to perfect and ripen their
season's growth. Attend to root management where borders and
planted out things exist. Do not allow stove or tender plants to
remain too long in this structure. After culture much depends on
careful treatment while plants remain in flower.

Cucumbers. — Apply linings to plants in frames, to increase the
bottom heat, and as the nights get cold the glass should be protected
with mats. Pot on the young plants intended to fruit late, and keep
them near the glass.

Dahlias. — Thinning the shoots and disbudding having been completed,
the exhibitor has only to protect such blooms as are required for
exhibition. Those that are grown for display in the garden only should
have the laterals cut away, or there will be more foliage than bloom.
The Dahha is very fine this season ; from what we have already seen
it is both good and general. As a bedding-out plant, such as can be
seen at the Crystal Palace, or as a flower for exhibition, the Dahlia
appears equally in its place, and combined with the duration of its
bloom, richness and variety of colours, to say nothing of its matchless
form, the Dahlia still stands pre-eminent.

Hardy Fruit. — The principal point now will be to preserve the
fruit from the attacks of wasps, &c. ; Haythorn's hexagonal netting is
to our mind the best preventive, as an entire wall can be covered with
it. Where the foliage is very abundant remove any which may shade
the fruit and prevent their colouring properly. Continue to keep the
young wood well tied in. J\lake a practice of getting Peaches, &c.,
before they are dead ripe, and keep them in a cool room till wanted.

Hollyhocks. — Piepot those first struck, and continue to put in cuttings
as they can be obtained ; a large number of plants can be made
generally, if they are begun in time and followed up. After having
struck they should not be allowed to become pot bound or they
prematurely start for bloom.

Kitchen Garden. — Finish without delay getting in all winter crops.
A few Cauliflowers and Lettuces may be sown the first week for a
chance should the earlier sown fail. Sow a good breadth of Winter
Spinach, and plant out Coleworts for winter in rich soil. Hoe and
clean advancing crops. Earth up Celery only when the plants are dry,
and allow them to get a good size before this is done. When any
crop is cut or gathered lose no time in cleaning the ground and digging
it over. Late Peas must be protected from birds ; and as they ore apt
to mildew in dry weather, water them fi-eely.

Mixed Greenhouse. — This house should now be got in readiness for
the reception of its winter inmates, and, if not already done, should be
thoroughly cleaned out, and, if necessary, the lights taken off" and
painted. When housing the plants guard against overcrowding. ]\Iany
things, such as Chrysanthemums, &c., may remain in cold frames or
in cool Vineries, which will afford greater space to hard-wooded

2S8 THE FLORIST.

specimens Put all the plants in neat trim as to training before
removing them inside.

Pansies. — Those first struck may now be permanently planted out
for early spring bloom ; such as are required for early work in pots may
be potted up towards the end of the month. Continue to put in cuttings.
Seed should not be sown later than the first week in this month ; any
saved after this time should not be sown till spring.

Peach Houses. — Directly the young wood gets of a reddish brown
tinge and the leaves change colour, remove the sashes and fully expose
them. Let the lights, &c., be painted, &c., ready to put on late in the
autumn, to winter anything required.

Pelargon'mms. — Plants for early blooming should have their final
repotting towards the end of the month. Stop first struck cuttings to
make bushy plants. From this time all plants should be housed and
kept warm and dry, giving plenty of air during the morning. Late
young stock should be pushed along. Geraniums to flower well must
make principal growth before Christmas.

Pines. — See last directions. As the nights get cold coverings must
be resorted to, and the linings renewed to those grown by dung heat.

Pinks. — Planting for next season's blooms should be done towards
the end of the month, if the weather is fine ; if wet it had better be
deferred ; it would be far preferable to be a week or a fortnight later
than to plant in wet weather, or when the soil is wet. Pinks hke good
rich soil.

Potatoes. — Those ripe may now be taken up and stored away for
use. There are great indications of disease, which may spread aniong
them after they are up, and therefore the heaps should be frequently
turned over and aired. Keep them in sheds if possible, in preference
to pitting them.

Roses. — Hybrid Perpetuals and other autumnal blooming varieties
are somewhat backward, but if the seed pods have been cut off, and the
vigorous shoots shortened as before directed, a good show of Roses may
be expected. Should the weather continue dry occasional doses of
liquid manure may be administered. Roses i?i Pots. — Look over and
stop luxuriant branches, and where the plants are weak flower-buds
should be removed. Get wood thoroughly ripened preparatory to
shifting next month.

Tii/lps. — Prepare soil for blooming them in, and keep an eye to the
roots, to prevent green-fly from attacking them.

Vine?-//. — Late Grapes Vvull require free ventilation and the applica-
tion of fire heat in wet weather to keep the air of the house dry
enough to prevent the bunches from damping ; look them over
frequently, and remove any decayed berries, as they will in time
damage the whole bunch. Where very early Grapes are required the
house will have been exposed now for some time, and may be pruned
towards the end of the month. Vines in pots intended for early
forcing, and having their wood ripened, should now be removed out of
doors. Our practice is to place them against a south wall fcr a few
weeks, to complete the ripening process, and then place them in the
shade to winter, keeping the roots rather dry.

TX

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OCTOBER. 289

LEPTODACTYLON CALIFORNICUM.

(Plate 105.)

For the introduction of this very beautiful shrubby Phlox-like
plant we are indebted to the Messrs. Veitch, of Exeter and
Chelsea, seeds of it having been sent to them by their collector,
Mr. William Lobb, "vrho found the plant growing on the
mountains of St. Bernardino, in California, and from which
plants were raised, one of which was exhibited at Chiswick in
June last, and was awarded the large silver medal, — an honour
bestowed only on new plants of sterling merit.

The genus Leptodactylon is closely allied to the Phloxes, the
distinction being purely botanical. Our present subject resembles
in general appearance the North American Phlox setacea, except
that in Leptodactylon we have a decided shrubby habit, and with
the head of bloom as large as in the common Phlox.

From wild specimens sent home by Mr. W. Lobb we observe
that it forms a low growing shrub two to three feet high, having
very hard wood. The branches are numerous and closely covered
with stiff finely cut leaves of bright green colour ; the spikes of
bloom, as before noticed, are as large as in the common Phlox,
produced abundantly, and of a delicate rose colour.

The Leptodactylon is a decided acquisition, and is likely to prove
an extremely useful plant in the hands of the hybridiser. The
Messrs. Veitch inform us that they consider it one of the most
beautiful of all their introductions, and this opinion is coincided
in by all who have seen the plant in tlower. In reference to its
culture, the above gentlemen inform us that it is a hardy green-
house or cold frame shrub, thriving well in sandy loam with
plenty of drainage. We should say, judging from its habit, that
a soil of a richer nature will not be found unsuitable for it, and
that it should be wintered in a cool greenhouse with a dry
atmosphere, or even in a cold frame, provided free ventilation can
be given the plants, and damp excluded; for we imagine a
damp atmosphere will prove more injurious to it than a merely
cold one. Oui- subject is found by the Messrs. Veitch to bloom
very freely even when only a few inches in height ; it will there-
fore become not only a popular greenhouse plant of the first class,
but its habit and tendency to bloom at an early stage point it
out as likely to become of great use as a bedding plant and
for general out-door culture.

Our illustration was taken, by permission of the Messrs. Veitch,
from a plant in their establishment, for which we tender our best
thanks.

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVIII. U

290 TH^ FLORIST.

BOTTOM HEAT.

In continuing this subject, our next object will be to direct attention to
the appUcation of bottom heat to the forcing of fruits and vegetables,
using glass as a protective material or not, as circumstances dictate.
In recommending the application of bottom heat for this purpose we by
no means wish it to be understoood that we are broaching a new
subject, as from time immemorial early vegetables have been brought
forward principally through this aid. Gardeners employ hot dung,
leaves, tan, &c., largely in forcing Rhubarb, Seakale, Potatoes,
Asparagus, &c. ; for although the heating material is placed chiefly on
the surface, the earth gets warmed to a sufficient depth to reach and
give an impulse to the roots ; besides, the case is every year presented
to us by gardeners applying hot dung or other fermenting materials to
the surface of fruit tree borders, when being forced at an early season,
to warm the borders, and to enable the roots of the forced trees (by
encouraging their vitality) to provide for and supply the wants of the
growing plant. The principle being thus established by constant
practice, it remains for us to show that what is generally effected with
much trouble, attended with an unsightly appearance and some risk as
regards its uniform working, can be more easily, and in a large number
of cases more economically, carried out by a system of hot water pipes.
A few of our best gardeners have already put in practice so decided
an improvement. Mr. Fleming, of Trentham, has an admirable plan
of heating the borders of his early Vineries, albeit hot dung is the medium
he uses. Mr. Shearer, of Yester Park, and Mr. Breadley, at Somer-
leyton, and Mr. Purday's gardener, at Bayswater, have each the borders
of their principal forcing houses heated by hot water pipes ; and
although its application to the forcing of vegetables has hitherto been less
nractised, we know that Mr. Ingram, of the Royal Gardens, Frogmore,
has most successfully applied hot water piping to the forcing of Asparagus
with very decided success, and further that many others are following
him in this particular.

The great want of success in forcing early fruits, as the Vine, Peach,
and Apricot, in this country, may in a great measure be attributed to
the coldness of the soil in which the roots of the forced plants have to
grow. Most of our forcing houses (with a little better attention perhaps
to ventilation) are well enough adapted for our purpose, but a fault
is frequently committed in preparing the borders for the reception of
the trees, that is, in making them too rich. Gardeners are not exempt
from the laudable ambition o^ wishing to excel their neighbours, and
therefore we find that when the opportunity of making a Vine or Peach
border falls in their way, they are very anxious the produce should be
better than common, and the chances are that a border is made as rich
and as stimulating as can be for promoting a luxuriant growth, and
producing fruit which shall ecHpse all competitors. However this may
answer for a time, the rains and snow of winter (unless a vast amount
of care has been bestowed on the drainage and elevation of the border)
will soon convert it into a damp, and consequently a cold, state (for

OCTOBER. 291

wetness and cold may be called synonymous terms when applied to the
soil), and when once fallen into this state no care in the management of
the Vine during forcing will enable it to grow with vigour or produce
fruit equal to expectation. On the contrary, the shanking of Grapes
and non-productiveness of Peaches in such soils are proofs that cold-
ness at the roots is the great impediment to good crops. The quantity
of rain which falls in the average of seasons in this country is great
compared with those in which our best fruits are indigenous, and, in
addition, the general dampness of our atmosphere prevents that free
evaporation which is continually taking place in countries having a
brighter climate than our own.

We are aware that the appliance of hot water pipes under the borders
of tender fruit trees in the open air would not prevent their receiving
the same quantity of rain as before, and that it might even, by heating
a damp soil, aggravate the evil we are trying to subdue, by increasing
their growth beyond what the season would mature ; but we nmst
recollect that the heating is entirely under our control, to be regulated
at pleasure, and that supposing we take the ordinary precaution of
preventing the heavy rains of autumn from entering our borders, we
may be sure that bottom heat applied from ]\Iay to July would
materially forward the growth of Peaches and other tender kinds of
wall fruits ; and having made their growth early, they would stand the
greatest chance of getting it well ripened. And if at the same time the
autumnal rains could be excluded until the wood was fully ripened, and
indeed throughout the winter, we see no reason whatever why full
crops should not be produced regularly each year,"^ even without much
protection in the spring. Indeed, we venture to affirm such would be
the case.

We are speaking now of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Figs, &e. ;
we take these as being the more tender of wall trees, and when we
consider at what expense borders for these trees are prepared, added
to the additional cost each year for protecting their blossoms from frost,
and know how entirely uncertain is the chance of a crop of fruit, we are
of opinion that the laying down of a three or four-inch flow and return
hot water pipe would be a simple act of economy. Now supposmg we
were making a border for the above trees we should not attempt making
it the width generally practised, being convinced that a much less space
will better answer the purpose ; for low walls we should say a width
of six feet for the border ample, and 12 or 18 inches wider for higher
walls ; and as this border would be heated, two feet six inches or even
three feet in depth may be allowed ; below this two open drains for
the pipes should be carried, one at two feet six inches from the wall,
and the outside one at three feet distance from the first ; over these
place slates or thin stones, and again from two to three inches of rubble
stone or brickbats broken rather small, on which may rest the soil of the
border.

We shall not attempt to notice the way in which the pipes should be

* We shall be glad to hear what our correspondent, Mr. Saul, has to say
to this.

u 2

292 THE FLORIST.

placed, but merely premise that the flow pipe will be the one furthest
from the wall and the return nearest to it. We do not expect (nor is it
desirable) that a great amount of heat should be communicated to the
border, but it may be supposed that a moderate warmth will be
produced, and in addition, free drainage, and a circulation of air below
the border will be established, points of no small importance to healthy
root action, independent of the warmth transmitted by the pipes. We
should make the walk or path which usually accompanies the walls run
on the front of our border, the materials composing which would prevent
the roots from proceedmg further in a straight direction ; and as the
border will be better if slightly elevated above the walk, a curb stone of
masonry or rockwork should be placed on the border side of the path, to
prevent the soil washing down into the path. If justice is to be
done the trees, the border should not be cropped, and from its narrowness
it will be easy, either by moveable coverings or concrete, to protect it
from heavy rains during autumn and winter — a condition necessary to
realise complete success. (Jur instructions may appear superfluous to
some residing in favoured districts, but on cold wet soils or in unfavour-
able climates, our remedy would insure to a certainty regular crops of
fruit, and of the best quality.

Having given our reasons for adopting a system of bottom heat to our
choicer wall trees as a much cheaper and more certain plan of insuring
regular crops than by the tedious and expensive plan of protecting their
bloom, &c., we need not enter into the question how far it would prove
beneficial to the Vine. Considering as we do this fact sufficiently
established, we shall only devote the remaining part of our paper to its
application to the forcing of vegetables.

Early vegetables are, perhaps, more indispensable than early fruits,
from being of more general utility, and hence it has at all times been a
great aim with gardeners to provide a supply during winter and spring
by various contrivances, but principally (as before noticed) by the aid of
dung, &c. The vegetables most generally forced in this country are
Seakale, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Potatoes, Carrots, Peas, French Beans,
Radishes, and a few others. On the continent we must add to the
above. Lettuces, Cauliflowers, Tomatoes, and various kinds of herbs and
salad plants. The usual practice here is to take up the roots of the
three first named articles as wanted, and by placing the roots over
a bed of heating materials, force them into growtji. Seakale and
Rhubarb are, however, frequently forced by covering the crown of their
roots with pots and then applying the heating material over them.

Both plans are liable to objections, arising from the care required in
maintaining a uniform heat. Dung in the open air requires constant
watching, as the heat will sometimes decline very rapidly in cold
wet weather, and increase as quickly on a change of temperature.
Where large quantities of each are forced, and dung is plentiful, as is
the case in the large market gardens round London, this trouble is not
so sensibly felt, but in private gardens it is both tedious and expensive,
and not the least objectionable part of it is the untidiness and littery
appearance forcing by stable dung or leaves presents in a well kept
garden.

OCTOBER. 293

In arranging a forcing ground for vegetables there should be a
series of beds four feet wide, the sides of which may be four and a
half inches brick-work, with supporting piers or rubble stone ; a space
between each bed should be left three feet six inches wide, as a path to
attend to the crops, and to admit a wheelbarrow ; the side walls should
be carried up 12 or 14 inches higher than the surface, and should be
finished off with a wood coping securely fastened and braced now and
then across the bed. Two, three, or four-inch pipes should run the
length of these beds ; the depth at which these should be placed, and
their arrangement in regard to the boiler, will of course depend on
circumstances. Good drainage should likewise be provided before laying
down the pipes. Over these pipes a few inches of drainage should be
placed, and on that the soil.

Where the plants to be forced are of perennial growth, as Rhubarb,
Seakale, Asparagus, &c., the soil should be made rich, and the plants
should be planted one year at least previous to forcing them, while in
the case of Potatoes, Carrots, Lettuce, &c., a hghter soil may be used,
and the pipes should be nearer the surface. The wooden coping to the
walls will be convenient to adjust the framing to, for during winter and
early spring a glass frame will be required for most of the crops, which
as spring advances may be dispensed with in many cases, and the
successional crops may be carried on by the assistance of bottom heat
alone, to produce an uninterrupted succession from mid-winter, or even
earlier, till the natural produce of the season comes in.

That a division of ground arranged in a somewhat similar manner to
that just described, and heated by hot water pipes from one or more
boilers, would be a vast improvement in this department of gardening,
no one who has had any practice in the matter can for a moment doubt ;
while instead of the litter, dirt, and trouble now experienced, we really
should show a very interesting quarter, calculated for use, and which
would pay itself in a short time.

A set of glass frames made either span or elliptic roofed, to fit over
the beds, will be required ; these should be made to fit on the coping,
which should be rabbited out to receive them, and might be in five or
six feet lengths, so as to shde backwards or forwards as wanted ; and for
such things as Potatoes, French Beans, &c., a pipe for top heat could
be carried round a portion of the beds, for keeping up the proper
temperature. The frames for the glass should be either cast or wrought
iron, and if the beds are arranged due north and south they would
have all the benefit of the sun and Hght, ventilation being effected by
tilting them up from the coping by a contrivance for the purpose.

We have said enough, we hope, to show both the utility and economy
of the plan we suggest, founded on the principles laid do\vn in the
beginning of our article, and although we have considered these f )rcing
pits especially in reference to the growth of garden vegetables during
winter, yet they need not be confined solely to that, for they would be
found equally useful for propagating and raising annuals, and a variety
of other purposes we need not mention. A plan and section of these
pits will be given with the concluding paper.

{To be continued.)

294 THE FLORIST.

BRIGHTON HORTICULTURAL AND FLORICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

Sept. 12 ayid 13. — The second and last Show of the season was held,
as formerly, in the beautiful rooms of the Pavilion, and was one of the
best the Society has ever had, the productions being mostly very good,
and for which room could with difficulty be found. Fuchsias were shown
superior to any that have at any time come under our notice. Fruit
was also very fine. Mr. M'Ewen, gardener to the Duke of Norfolk,
Arundel Castle, was first with a fine collection ; there were others also
very deserving, particularly a collection from plants grown in pots, in an
orchard house, by Mr. Thompson, Great Stanstead Park, Emsworth,
Hants. The Cut Flowers generally were very fine, particularly Ver-
benas, Asters, and miscellaneous collections. In Verbenas, twenty-four
bunches, Mr. Weatherill was first with beautiful clean flowers, and
those of good quality. In this collection we noticed several of Mr.
Weatherill's seedlings : Criterion, a pale pink; Mrs. M'Neil, rosy pink;
Sir Colin Campbell, bright with crimson centre ; Tyrolese, rose purple ;
Defiance, purple ; King of Roses, and Eugenie : these were all good.
The new white variety, Mrs. Holford, was also in this collection. Mr.
Judd, gardener to C. P. Lochner, Esq., Paddington, was second. For
collections of Cut Flowers, Mr. Hamp, gardener to J. Thome, Esq.,
South Lambeth, was first ; second, Mr. Over, florist, Mitcham, Surrey.
Mr. Cameron, gardener to the Duke of Richmond, Goodwood, was first
with six very well bloomed Orchids. Fuchsias: 1st, Mr. Miles, gar-
dener to C. S. Harrington, Esq., Hurst, Brighton : these were noble
bushes with foliage down to the pot ; the plants were from cuttings
struck last February, and had been stopped to form compact bushes.
The result was highly satisfactory. The varieties were poor. It is
to be regretted that so much labour should have been bestowed on such
worthless varieties. Mr. Parsons, Brighton, was second. The plants
in this collection were anything but uniform. Two, however, were
perfect gems — Duchess of Lancaster and Glory — so fresh and beauti-
fully flowered. Stove and Greenhouse Plants were not numerous, but
good for the season. Mr. Peed, gardener to J. Tredwell, Esq., Norwood,
Surrey, was first for eight plants ; also for Ericas, which were not good.
Mr. Peed took first for specimen plant, a healthy, well-grown example
of Erica Irbyana ; Mr. Hamp was second with a small but well-
bloomed plant of Dipladenia crassinoda. Mr. Parsons exhibited a
nice plant of Impatiens Jerdonise, trained as a standard : it had a very
pretty effect. Liliums were shown very good by Mr. Burney, gardener
to J. H. Slater, Esq., Newick Park, Uckfield, Sussex. Hollyhocks
were not good, it being too late for them. Mr. Chater was first, both
for spikes and cut flowers. The best varieties we noticed were Walden
Rival, Queen of the Buffs, Standard, Argo, Eugenie, Pilot, Amandine,
William Dean, President, Julia, Little Gem, White Globe, Miss
Parsons, Boule de Feu, Mrs. Ashley, Miss Ashley, Rosy Circle, Beauty
of Cheshunt, Lemon Queen, and Souvenir. Roses were exhibited very
fine by A. Rowland, Esq., Lev/isham, and Mr. Mitchell, Piltdown,
Maresfield. The latter sent a hundred bunches in very fine condition.

OCTOBER. 295

Ferns and Lycopods, if not the most showy subjects at an exhibition,
are, nevertheless, very desirable auxiliaries to the gay and more showy
productions. A room was devoted to these plants, with a miniature
fountain playing in the centre, which had a most pleasing effect, the
plants exhibited being very good.

Dahlias being an important feature of this exhibition, it behoves us to
notice them somewhat in extenso. They were numerous, but varied
much in quality. We subjoin the awards.

Amateurs and Gentlemen's Gardeners only : 24 varieties. — The first
prize, a Silver Cup, value £10, presented by the London and Brighton
Railway Company, the Rev. C. Fellowes, Shottesham Rectory, Norwich,
with Mr. Seldon, Miss Caroline, Fanny Keynes, Pre-eminent, Duchess
of Kent, Robert Bruce, Rachel RawHngs, Agincourt, Duke of Welling-
ton, The Nigger, Annie, Exquisite, Lady Bathurst, Queen of Beauties,
General Faucher, Lilac King, Queen of Whites, Royal Sovereign,
Cossack, Triumphant, Miss Spears, Edmund Foster, Lemonade, Lord
Bath ; 2nd, Mr. Holmes, Brook Lodge, Norwich, for Admiral Dundas,
The Nigger, Miss Caroline, Duke of Wellington, Incomparable, Con-
stancy, Richard Cobden, Lord PalmeVston, Lord Bath, Annie Salter,
Pre-eminent, Annie, Royal Sovereign, Sir Richard Whittington, Sir
John Franklin, Triumphant, Fearless, Robert Bruce, Sir Charles
Napier, Lollipop, Espartero, Amazon, Ruby Queen, Seraph ; 3rd, Mr.
Grant, gardener to Robert Fellowes, Esq., Shottesham Park ; 4th, Mr.
John Sladden, Ash-next-Sandwich. 12 varieties : — Rev. C. Fellowes,
with Fanny Keynes, Mr. Seldon, Duchess of Kent, Pre-eminent, Miss
Spears, Cossack, Lilac King, Robert Bruce, Harbinger, Lady Mary
Labouchere, Bishop of Hereford, Sir Frederic Bathurst ; 2nd, Mr.
Dodd, gardener to Col. Baker, Sahsbury, General Faucher, Pre-
eminent, Fanny Keynes, Fearless, Lord Bath, Rachel l^awlings, Duke
of Wellington, Ruby Queen, Lady Folkstone, Robert Bruce, Empress;
8rd, Mr. Perry, Birmingham; 4th, Mr. Grant. Fancies, 12 varieties: —
1st, Rev. C. Fellowes, with Triomphe de Roubaix, Triumphant, Duchesse
de Brabant, Baron Alderson, ]\Iiss Frampton, JMiss Ward, Kossuth,
Claudia, Gloire de Kain, Jonas, Imperatrice Eugenie, Duchess of Kent;
2nd, Mr. Dodd, with Elizabeth, Butterfly, Cassy, Topsy, Gloire de
Kain, Laura Lavington, Unanimity, Phaeton, Seedling, Pigeon, Admira-
tion, Florence Nightingale ; 3rd, Mr. J. Sladden ; 4th, ]\Ir. Maher.

Open to all Exhibitors, 24 varieties : — 1st, Mr. Turner, Slough, with
Lollipop, Malvina, Robert Bruce, Mr. Seldon, Constancy, Rose of Eng-
land, Edmund Foster, Lady Folkstone, Sir R. Whittington, Pre-
eminent, Empress, Richard Cobden, Annie Salter, Cossack, Yellow
Beauty, Lord Bath, Rachel Rawlings, Aurantia, Triumphant, Bessie,
Glenlyon, Amazon, Miss Burdett Coutts, Sir Charles Napier; 2nd,
]\Ir. Legge, Edmonton, with Sir R. Whittington, Fearless, John Davis,
Triomphe de Roubaix, Robert Bruce, Queen of Lilacs, General Faucher,
Duchess of Kent, Louisa Glenny, Sir F. Bathurst, Fanny Keynes,
Scarlet King, Marchioness of Cornwallis, Sir Robert Peel, INIiss Caroline,
Dazzle, Sir C. Najtier, Lady M. Laboucliere, Duke of Wellington,
Lady Bathurst, Incomparable, Lilac King, Miquet, Annie Salter ;
3rd, Mr. Allen, Shacklewell ; 4th, Mr. Sealey, Bristol. Fancies, 24

296 THE FLORIST.

varieties : — 1st, Mr. Turner, with Surpriser, Topsy, Mrs. Willis,
Duchesse de Brabant, Miss Ward, Mrs. Sladden, Butterfly, Admiration,
Jonas, Mrs. Hansard, Elizabeth, Attraction, Gloire de Kain, Triomphe
de Roubaix, Marvel, Empereur de Maroc, Pigeon, Kossuth, Semiramis,
Phaeton, Miss Herbert, Miss Weyland, Jenny Lind, Baron Alderson ;
2nd, Mr. Legge, with Marvel, Triomphe de Roubaix, Vasci de Gama,
Didon, Empereur de Maroc, Duchess of Kent, Princess Charlotte,
Topsy, Emma, Henrich, Leader, Uncle Tom, Pigeon, Flower of the
Day, Lady Granville, (Eillet Grandissima, Maid of Lodi, Forget-
me-not, Reine des Beiges, Admiration, Lady CuUum, Gloire de Kain,
Wonderful ; 3rd, Mr. Perry ; 4th, Mr. Allen.

Seedlings were abundant, and, on the whole, good. We will enu-
merate the most prominent among them. First-class certificates were
awarded to Lord Palmerston (Holmes), a fine, bold, dark scarlet flower,
which will gladden the hearts of the suburban florists ; to Bessie
(Turner), bright yellow, shown and described in 1854 ; to Lollipop
(Holmes), also exhibited last season; to Yellow Beauty (Turner), which
displays a tightness and compactness of centre not hitherto attained by
any flower of its class ; to Miss'Burdett Coutts (Turner), dehcatefawn
colour, wdth good, firm, and well- arranged petals : this will be, in all
probability, the most popular flower of the season ; lastly, to Enchantress
(Alexander), a. large fancy variety, which may be described as Gloire
de Kain multiplied by two. A second-class certificate was awarded to
Shaded Model (Turner), of a colour which is difficult to describe, and
possessing good sterling and useful properties. Other seedlings were
exhibited, some of which are destined probably to become favourites,
but which, from want of condition, immaturity of bloom, or other causes,
were debarred from receiving those honours to which they may with
confidence aspire at no distant period. Among these we may notice
Mrs. Wheeler, dark scarlet, whose light cannot long be hidden ; Grand
Sultan (Turner), a very promising maroon ; Chameleon (Rawhngs),
yellow faintly tipped with cherry ; Lord Raglan (Keynes), an orange
buff variety ; Corsair (Turner), one of the Napier order ; and Florence
Nightingale (Dodds), which will probably prove more constantly tipped
than Laura Lavington, to which it bears a striking likeness. Yet
other seedHngs there were, which, possessing no peculiar merit, demand
no particular comment. We are pleased to add that the show was well
attended on both days.

VINE CULTURE.

So' much has been done and written on the Vine since the days of
Noah to the present time, that the subject may well seem exhausted ;
yet in the present exigences of this useful fruit, the experience of any
one who has successfully cultivated it in any new or peculiar manner
may not be unwelcome.

I will first state what I have done, then my reasons for so doing.

I have Vines planted along each side of a span-roofed Vinery, six

OCTOBER. 297

feet apart ; these are trained in main permanent stems from the soil to
the ridge ; horizontal canes are carried from the main stems every 18
inches ; these are six feet each in length, and interlace each other from
the neighbouring Vines. Each Vine bears fruit every alternate year
only on the horizontal six-feet canes, which are then cut off close to the
main stem ; the following season this Vine makes wood only, while its
next neighbour bears the crop. In this manner I have the house con-
stantly well cropped with fruit, although each Vine only bears a crop
every alternate year.

Now for my reasons.

Every one with his eyes open must have observed that fruit trees in
general, such as the Pear and Apple, will bear without exhaustion
heavy crops every alternate year, and many of them naturally fall into
this habit ; while a good crop of superior fruit every year off the same
tree is not to be expected. If the Pear or Apple, why not the Vine ?
In fact, the same thing has been observed of the Vine ; for a bad crop,
if the plant is in a healthy condition, is generally followed by a good
one, and vice versa.

Moreover, a fruit-bearing spur of the Vine, and even the young wood
generally of a previously cropped Vine, does not ripen so soon or so well
as another Vine in the same house which has no fruit on it demanding
supplies. Now, what has been observed as beneficial for a crop of
fruit incidentally, why not render permanent and regular ? This I
have done with the very best results ; and in the Vinery to which I
have here alluded, there is no Hue or heating apparatus, all the heat
obtained being from a neighbouring Vinery, to which this is attached,
by opening the door and end sashes between the two. At present the
wood of the non-bearing plants is strong and well ripened, while much
of that on the fruit-bearing ones is raw and green. Besides the advan-
tages here detailed, it may be observed that this system includes others
acknowledged by intelligent growers ; these are, long rods and hori-
zontal training,

I intend, in another season, to have permanent rods along the ridge
of this house, and to adopt dependant training — that is, from ridge to
eaves — instead of the horizontal, as at present.

In another lean-to Vinery, I have prepared to carry out the alternate
system of cropping by Vines planted at the back wall of the house ;
these, by long canes led down the raflers, I intend to crop alternately
with the Vines in front, by long canes led up the rafter from them.

Should any of your readers require further information, I shall be
happy to explain to any inquirers.

I intend, with your permission, or if you wish it, to have something
to say at another time regarding the management of the Vine during
its growth, calculated both to lessen expense and trouble in the growth
of Grapes.

M. D.

Fifeshire.

298 THE FLORIST.

THE REV. MR. WOOD'S GARDEN, SHOPWYKE, SUSSEX-

This garden is favourably situated for the growth of many plants whiclv
will not withstand the climate of the neighbourhood of London. It is
located close to the main road leading from Portsmouth to Brighton,
about two miles from Chichester, and one from His Grace the Duke of
Richmond's estate, in West Sussex. In the kitchen garden are five
houses, two of which are Vineries, one a Peach house, one a Cucumber
house, &c. Grapes and Peaches are grown in perfection here, and of
Melons a good stock is provided. On wall trees, which are exceedingly
well managed, there is abundance of fruit ; in short, the whole of the
kitchen garden department is arranged and conducted in a way highly
creditable to the gardener (Mr. Cover).

The flower-garden is also very tastefully laid out. It consists of
1|- acre, containing splendid groups and arbours of Roses, of the most
choice varieties, which are purchased at any cost, if thought necessary to
complete the collection. Among other objects of interest, I observed
a robust plant of the Potato-tree (Solanum crispum), one mass of bloom,
and when seen in this condition it has a very striking appearance.
This noble-looking species of Solanum withstood, without any protection
whatever, the last severe winter, while plants of it about London, under
the protection of a south wall, completely perished.

The conservatory, an ornamental span-roofed house, is about 100 feet
in length, and separated into two compartments — one hot, the other with
an intermediate climate. In the warm end were some very good
specimens of stove plants, including Orchids, among which were Den-
drobiums, Cattleyas, Maxillarias, Stanhopeas, and others, many of
which were in bloom. The cool part was occupied with greenhouse
plants, such as Polygala grandiflora, of which there was a very fine
specimen, and Luculia gratissima. The Polygala, I should say, was
the finest plant of the kind in the country ; it was 20 feet in height,
and was grown in the form of a pyramid. The Luculia was some 14
or 16 feet high, and in good condition. Another plant worthy of men-
tioning was a Datura sanguinea, which was, when I saw it, in one mass
of flower. Among creepers of different sorts, which were well trained
and clean, the most remarkable was Bignonia capreolata, a native of"
North America ; this was very peculiarly trained along a chain in the
top part of the house ; the main shoot only was attached to the chain,
from which the laterals fell nearly to the floor, and, being well flowered,
the plant had a very pretty effect. In this house was also a most
luxuriant plant of Fuchsia Dominiana.

The pleasure-grounds, which measure fifteen acres, are very tastefully
planted with rare trees and shrubs. Here were bushes of Savin which
might defy all others to equal them in size ; and among flowering
plants were clumps of Rhododendrons and Azaleas, with borders of
herbaceous plants, which, af.er their beauty is over, are succeeded by
summer bedding plants, thus keeping the grounds always gay in
appearance.

Among Coniferae which without any protection withstood the severe

OCTOBER. 299

frosts of last winter without receiving any damage, were Cryptomeria
japonica, Araucaria imbricata, Cupressus funebris, C. torulosa, C. sem-
pervirens, Thuja nepalensis, T. occidentalis, T. orientalis, Cedrus
Deodara (a very fine specimen), and quantities of the Irish Yew
(Taxus baccata hibernica), all exceedingly handsome plants.

These gardens which I have just been describing were designed and
laid out by the late Mr. Loudon, and are so well arranged and conducted
as to be alike creditable to employer and employed.

G. G.

ROYAL SOUTH LONDON FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Autumn Exhibition of this Society took place on the 30th of
August, at Cremorne Gardens. Dahlias and Hollyhocks formed the
principal feature. But there was a large number of productions of a
miscellaneous character, which were generally shown in good condition.

In the class for private growers of Dahlias, the Rev. C. Fellowes, of
Shottesham Rectory, near Norwich, was first with Pre-eminent, Miss
Caroline, General Faucher, Fanny Keynes, Rachel Rawlings, Robert
Bruce, The Nigger, Mr. Seldon, Cossack, Bishop of Hereford, Annie
Salter, Richard Cobden, Queen of Whites, Lemonade, Lilac King,
Beauty of the Grove, Susan Sainsbury, Fame, Diadem, Malvina, Queen
of Beauties, Sir F. Bathurst, Amazon, and Duchess of Kent ; 2nd,
Mr. J. Robinson, Pimlico, with Duke of Wellington, Mrs. Seldon,
M. Dugere, Admiral, Absolom, British Queen, Rachel Rawlings, Annie,
Scarlet Gem, Sir F. Bathurst, Beauty of the Grove, Agincourt, Miss
Caroline, Royal Sovereign, Triumphant, Sir C. Napier, Princess Radzi-
will, Cossack, Mr. Seldon, Louisa Glenny, Sir J. Franklin, and Rose
Unique; 3rd, Mr. Cooke, Notting Hill; 4th, John Sladden, Esq., Ash,
near Sandwich ; 5th, Mr. IMaher, gardener to J. M. Strachan, Esq.,
Teddington Grove. For 12 varieties : George Holmes, Esq., Brook
Lodge, Norwich, was first with twelve large and beautiful flowers.
These consisted of Pre-eminent, Miss Caroline, Lord Palmerston, Fanny
Keynes, The Nigger, Robert Bruce, Amazon, Advance, Sir J. Frank-
lin, Sir. F. Bathurst, Duke of WeUington ; 2nd, Mr. Pope, Chelsea,
with IMrs. Seldon, Miguet, John Keynes, Amazon, Scarlet King,
Absolom, Rachel Rawlings, Duchess of Kent, Princess Radzivvill, Lilac
King, Robert Bruce, Richard Cobden ; 3rd, Mr. Shrimpton, Thame,
Oxon ; 4th, Mr. Castles. Fancy varieties, 12 blooms, not more than
two of a kind : — 1st, Rev. C. Fellowes, with Jonas, Triomphe de Rou-
baix, Topsy, Baron Alderson, Flower of the Day, Triumphant, Duchess
of Kent, Imperatrice Eugenie, and Miss Ward ; 2nd, Mr. Robinson,
Vfiih Mrs. Hansard, Phaeton, Jonas, Triumphant, Flora JMcIvor,
Marvel, Butterfly, Miss Herbert, and Duchess of Kent; 3rd, J.
Sladden, Esq. ; 4th, Mr. Maher. Nurserymen, 24 dissimilar blooms :
— 1st, J\lr. Turner, of the Royal Nursery, Slough, with Bessie, Mr.
Seldon, Triumphant, Robert Bruce, Pre-eminent, Rachel Rawlings,
Miss Spears, Lollipop, Constancy, Sir R. Whittington, Miss CaroUne,

300 THE FLORIST.

Cossack, Yellow Beauty, Duke of Wellington, Amazon, Miss Burdett
Coutts, Duchess of Kent, Fearless, Annie, Annie Salter, Sir C. Napier,
Lilac King, Empress, and Agincourt; 2nd, Mr. Keynes, Salisbury,
with Triumphant, Rachel Rawlings, Argo, Pre-eminent, Ruby Queen,
Annie, Orange Perfection, Miss Caroline, Primrose Perfection, Dr.
Reid, Sir J. Franklin, Colonel Baker, Lady Folkestone, Sir C. Napier,
Malvina, Duchess of Kent, Lord Bath, Lilac King, Richard Cobden,
Robert Bruce, John Keynes, Annie Salter, Queen of Whites, Essex
Triumph ; 3rd, Mr. Legg, Edmonton ; 4th, Mr. Walker, Thame ;
5th, Mr. C. E. Allen, Shackle well. Fancy varieties, 24 blooms, not
more than two of a kind : — 1st, Mr. Keynes, with Triomphe de Rou-
baix, Claudia, Lady Grenville, Elizabeth, Mrs. Hansard, Mrs. Wilhs,
Empereur de Maroc, Duchess of Kent, Baron Alderson, Jonas, Marvel,
La Tropique, Mrs. Spary, Princess Charlotte, Phaeton, Pigeon, Comet ;
2nd, Mr. C. Turner, with Baron Alderson, Triomphe de Roubaix,
Empereur de Maroc, Marvel, Laura Lavington, Gloire de Kain, Admi-
ration, Jonas, Mrs. Hansard, Comet, Flora M'lvor, Pigeon, Butterfly,
Duchess of Kent, Miss Frampton, Kossuth, Semiramis, EHzabeth,
Attraction, Jenny Lind, Reine des Fleurs. Hollyhocks, spikes, 7 va-
rieties : — 1st, Mr. Grant, gardener to Robert Fellowes, Esq., Shottesham
Park, with Pourpre de Tyre, Sulphur Queen, Eva, Elegans, Charles
Turner, Solfaterre, and Brennus ; 2nd, — Benningfield, Esq., Brox-
bourne, with Souvenir, Sulphur Queen, Mrs. Ashley, Joan of Arc, Eva,
and Sir David Wedderburn ; 3rd, — Bower, Esq. ; 4th, — Dyson,
Esq., Stoke. Nurserymen : — 1st, Mr. Chater, of Saffron Walden,
with Empress, Salmonius, Sulphur Queen, Elegans, Mont Blanc, and
two seedlings ; 2nd, Mr. Bircham, Hedenham, with Unique, Norfolk
Hero, Duchess of Sutherland, Pourpre de Tyre, Eva, Lemonade, and
Purple Perfection ; 3rd, Messrs. Paul, with tall fine spikes. 24 Cut
Blooms, not more than two of each ; Amateurs : — 1st, Mr. Roake,
Clewer, with Eugenie, JuHa, Emperor, Pourpre de Tyre, Mrs. Ashley,
Souvenir, Miss Ashley, Lilac Model, Beauty of Cheshunt, and eight
seedlings ; 2nd, — Benningfield, Esq. — the varieties in this collection
dissimilar from the first were Pearl, Sulphur Queen, Emily, Sir D.
Wedderburn, Eva, Comet, Joan of Arc, Lizzy, and Conspicua ; 3rd,
Mr. J. Long, Watford ; 4th, Mr. C. Grant. Nurserymen, 24 dis-
similar varieties : — 1st, Mr. Chater, with Fearless, Boule de Feu, Mrs.
Ashley, James, Malvina, Empress (very fine), Mulberry Superb,
Finella, Alpha (fine), Salmonius, Autocrat, Nitilina, Pourpre de Tyre,
Walden Rival, Alexandrina, Julia, Golconda, Ochre (fine). Lilac Queen,
Summit of Perfection, Mont Blanc, Walden Gem, Model, and a seed-
ling; 2nd, Mr. C. Turner. The varieties in this collection, which were
fine, and not in the first, were Standard, Mrs. Parsons, Argo, Miss
Parsons, Little Gem, Pilot, Orestes, Rosy Circle, Fehcia, and Beauty
of Cheshunt; 3rd, Messrs. Paul and Son. Verbenas: — 1st, Mr. G.
Smith, ToUington Nursery, Hornsey, with Brilliant de Vaise, Viscount
de Beleval, Empress, Lord Raglan, Joan of Arc, White Perfection,
Sobraon, Morpha, Beauty, Madame de LavaUiere ; 2nd, Mr. J. August,
Beddington. In Seedlings, Dahhas were the most conspicuous. These
were contributed in considerable numbers, some of which were marked

OCTOBER. 301

improvements on existing varieties. For instance, there were two good
yellows — Bessie, and Yellow Beauty, both superior flowers ; there were
twelve blooms of the former and six of the latter. Six blooms were also
shown of Orange Perfection, a bright orange Dahlia of fine form ;
Miss Burdett Coutts, fawn colour, shaded ; Lollipop, salmon ; Eclipse,
dark maroon, and shaded ; Model, a flower with the same colours as
General Faucher, but of good form. Three blooms were shown of
Mrs. Wheeler, a glowing scarlet crimson flower of first-rate build ; and
Enchantress, a pui-ple and white fancy variety, striped. This is a large
flower, of good form. There were several other kinds exhibited, some
of which possessed good points, but they were not in condition to form
an accurate estimate of their merits. Those selected for First Class
Certificates were : — ]\Irs. Wheeler, Bessie, I\Iiss Burdett Coutts, Lol-
lipop, Orange Perfection, and Enchantress. The same reward was also
awarded to a new Phlox named Countess of Home, sent from Edin-
burgh. This is a light variety, and is a very pretty thing. Mr. Roake
received a First Class Certificate for his blush Hollyhock Perfection.
This is a first-rate variety in form, but nothing particularly new in
colour. I\Ir Chater received similar awards for two kinds — Empress
and Queen of the Buffs. These were large and attractive sorts. There
were some very excellent new Verbenas : Criterion, Cremorne, and
I\Irs. Halford were selected as the best by the judges. Fuchsias and
other plants were good, but not numerous. Mr. Young, gardener to
Mr. J. Edwards, HoUoway, sent three fine pots of Liliums, in variety,
beautifully bloomed. There was but little fruit, none of which deserved
especial notice. The gardens are admirably kept. The " bedding out
plants" are in great variety, and are well "done" for a London garden.
]\Ir. Simpson, the proprietor, pays especial attention to this part of his
varied and attractive establishment. It is worthy of remark, that with
the tens of thousands that visit this place of amusement, the flowers are
as safe as if they were enjoyed by a private family only. None have
been known to be gathered or injured by the company.

NUNEHAM PARK, NEAR OXFORD,

THE RESIDENCE OF GEORGE VERNON HARCOURT, ESQ., M.P.

Although there are but few gardeners of any eminence who have not
visited Nuneham to see one of the very best kept gardens in the king-
dom, and to have an hour's talk with our intelligent friend Mr. Bailey,
who for many years past has superintended the place with such credit
and distinction ; yet supposing that some of our readers have not been so
fortunate, we venture to give a few particulars of this place, long
celebrated as the classic seat of the Earls of Harcourt, and more recently
of the late venerable Archbishop of York, and of his son the present

proprietor.

To attempt to do justice to the classical associations connected with
Nuneham is more than we have the ability to undertake, nor is such

302 THE FLORIST.

at all necessary, for the once celebrated garden, designed by the poet
Mason, with its statues, busts, and urns, illustrated by the genius of
Whitehead, has been oft the theme of the tourist, and is described
in various publications. Our object will be briefly to describe Nune-
ham as it has been improved of late under its present liberal proprietor,
who has been aided in his designs by Mr. Bailey, under whose
superintendence all has been so satisfactorily carried out.

Independent of the above associations and the natural beauty of the
place itself, its situation so near to Oxford gives it an additional interest
to the scholar and admirer of " Alma Mater."

The house, a somewhat modern building, commodious, but destitute
of architectural pretension, is situate on the brow of a line of
eminences which at this point rise rather abruptly from the Thames
valley. The site of the mansion is, therefore, a commanding one, and
affords an extensive and varied prospect over the valley immediately
below, with the Thames winding its way majestically through meadows
of the richest pasturage. The country beyond is purely an agricultural
one, and presents further in the distance that happy combination of
woodland scenery interspersed with villages, cornfields, and upland
downs, — so truly characteristic of English scenery. The house itself
is embowered in woods of ancient growth ; the Elms are particularly
fine. The deer park, which occupies a large extent at the back of the
mansion, is likewise richly furnished with timber of large size, among
which the Elms, both English and the Wych, are very striking, from
their large dimensions and fine growth ; the planting in the park has
been judiciously done for effect, and where faults occurred they have
within these few years been carefully corrected. That great master of
the art of giving effect to landscape, " capability Brown," has been
most happy and successful in his operations at this place, and Dame
Nature IbUowing him, has completed the details of his plans with con-
summate effect. Of the English Elms, every tree would form a study
for a painter.

The south and west front of the mansion, overlooking the valley of
the Thames, is surrounded by a terrace garden, the outer boundary
wall of which is surmounted with suitable balustrading, vases, &c.
This forms a base for the mansion, and has effected a great improve-
ment both to the appearance of the house and for formiug a promenade,
the view from which extends over the valley we have described above.
Flights of steps at each end lead on the one hand to the pleasure
grounds, and on the other to a small parterre fronting the north wing,
Irom which additional steps lead to the grounds north of the mansion,
and including the garden formed by Mason.

The terraces are laid out in parterres, and were at the time of our
visit (the last week in August) in full beauty ; all the best and most
striking varieties of bedding plants are grown on a large scale, and
under Mr. Bailey's good taste as regards arrangements presented a rich
display of colour, well contrasted, for producing the most pleasing effect.
The scarlet Geraniums in the vases on the terrace walls were one mass
of bloom ; there is nothing more useful or striking as a vase plant than
well managed plants of scarlet Geraniums. On each side the different

OCTOBER. 303

flights of steps leading from this terrace has been planted an upright
Cypress ; these are now 15 or 18 feet high, and are kept closely pruned
in so as to form an obelisk-like looking tree ; in this form they are very
suitable and effective decorations, contrasting well with the horizontal
lines of balustrade near them.

The grounds to the south of the mansion occupy the crest of the
ridge, on which the house is situate. The walks are conducted so as
to show the distant scenery to much advantage, which includes not only
the counties we have above described, but from various points the city
of Oxlord, with its domes, spires, and turrets, is clearly distinguished ;
to the west, following the valley and the silvery Thames, we get a fine
peep at the market town of Abingdon, with the spire of its fine old
church. These objects, Oxford, Abingdon, and the Thames, ever and
anon open upon you under different points of view. On rambling
through these delightful grounds, wherever space would permit, amongst
the noble trees which nearly cover the entire ground, specimens of new
kinds of ornamental trees have been introduced, including some fine
Conifers, which will very soon, judging from their healthy appearance
at present, grow into large trees, and add much to the interest of this
part of the grounds, which are marked throughout by the best keeping
and order.

To the west of the mansion the grounds inclose the garden of Mason,
so secluded and quiet that the flowers which occupy some tastefully
arranged beds in it, seemed to intrude on the privacy of this classic
spot, so admirably adapted for study and retirement. The walk passing
through Mason's garden leads to the Rosery, a well arranged garden,
combining standard, dwarf, and pillar Roses, and we next pass on to
the kitchen garden.

We would call the attention of our readers to the importance of prin-
ciples illustrated everywhere at Nuneham. In no place can the art of
grouping or the importance of breadth be more highly illustrated.

The kitchen gardens at Nuneham are upwards of six acres in extent,
and form a rather long parallelogram, running east and west. Besides
the outer boundary walls the gardens are intersected lengthways by
two other walls ; a great extent of south and north v/^alling is obtained by
this arrangement. The site is level, or nearly so, and the soil, consisting
of sandy loam resting on the gravel and roach stone of the district, is
favourable for most kinds of vegetables, which under Mr, Bailey's good
cultivation are large, and excellent of their kind. Although the soil is
favourable both for fruits and vegetables, the climate is severe, and
much care is required in the spring to protect the blooms of wall trees
from the uncertain nature of the weather, spring frosts and cutting
easterly winds being particularly felt in this neighbourhood. As a proof of
this some of our readers will remember the large and beautifully trained
Peach trees which a few years since occupied one of the south walls in
the garden ; these suffered so much from the effects of two or three
unfavourable springs following each other that they were obliged to be
taken away, and this part of the wall and adjoining border is now
devoted to the cultivation of early vegetables ; a system of half forcing
is practised, by which they are greatly forwarded, and as there is a

304 THE FLORIST.

great demand for vegetables at an early season, Mr. Bailey finds this
border an extremely useful help after the supplies from the forcing
frames, &c., are exhausted. Pears were a most abundant crop, and
the fruit large and well coloured, besides a full crop on the walls. A
number of pyramidal trees is planted on each side of the walks, and
all bearing well. Plums not a very heavy crop, which is a general
complaint. Cherries had been abundant, and the Morellos left were
very fine. The whole of the kitchen garden, both as regards cropping
and management, was in the same excellent condition in which we
have always seen it — a model of neatness and good management.

On entering the gardens from the grounds we have Mr. Bailey's
convenient residence on our left hand, and facing it a division of the
garden, with a series of well arranged flower beds quite gay with colour.
During the season there is a large demand for cut flowers for bouquets
and other purposes, and therefore Mr. Bailey has to grow large quantities
of flowers expressly for the purpose ; these are mostly grown in the
kitchen garden, and make the place look gay and dressy, while at the
same time they are in daily demand for cutting.

A number of houses for forcing and for plants are placed in that part
of the gardens nearest Mr. Bailey's house. There is a span-roofed
house for hard wooded plants, now filled with well grown Fuchsias and
other summer plants ; a stove and Orchid house, a large green-
house, and one for Camellias, besides a north house for wintering
Azaleas and such like plants, and retarding things in bloom in the
summer. There are besides several Vineries, in which were, most
capital crops of Grapes, a Fig house recently erected over a large Brown
Turkey Fig which occupied a large space on a south wall ; under glass
this single tree produces hundreds of dozens of fruit, ripening in June,
and continuing bearing till November ; the front of the house is devoted
to forcing Strawberries, &c., besides a very large extent of forcing pits,
chiefly heated by hot water, for the growth of Melons, Cucumbers,
forcing flowers (which is here done in a large way), vegetable forcing,
&c. An addition has this season been made to the previously existing
Peach houses, by covering a long stretch of south wall with glass, the
front of which is placed seven or eight feet from the wall ; the sashes
are made in two angles, besides a back sash for ventilating, and for
which provision is also made beneath the sill on which the front sash
rests. Nothing can answer better than these appear to do ; the trees
were only planted against the wall in November last, and were already
producing some very well swelled and coloured fruit ; the wood was all
that could be wished for. These houses will carry on the supply after
the forcing houses are over, and, as they are heated by hot water pipes,
can be assisted so as to get their fruit ripe earlier if needed. Mr.
Bailey does not intend planting any trees against the fi'ont, reserving it
for wintering bedding plants, or even for preserving vegetables in severe
weather.

We cannot conclude our hasty notes without giving a passing notice
of the Pmetum, made a few years back in a piece of rough ground some
little distance from the house, near the lodge leading to the Oxf jrd road.
The situation was well selected, for both the soil and adjoining scenery

OCTOBER. 305

are well adapted, the one for growing them, and with the other they
will harmonise admirably.

In planting them, Mr. Bailey followed the divisions into which the
Conifers are usually divided : that is to say, the two, three, and five-
leaved sections of Pinus are planted together ; and, again, the varieties
of any one species form subordinate groups. Abies and Picea have
likewise their apportioned allotments. This mode of grouping is very
interesting, as it enables a close examination of the varieties without
much travelling about ; and, moreover, shows the different affinities of
each at a glance. Many of the specimens have already reached a good
size, and we were much struck with their healthy and vigorous state ;
amongst the finest, we noticed one of the best, if not the very best,
Abies Menziesi we have seen. This kind often presents a shabby ap-
pearance ; but when in the state it is here, with its beautiful silvery
foliage, it is really a fine thing. A. amabilis, a very fine, healthy
specimen. A. nobilis, ditto ; this is growing as freely as a silver Fir,
and is very handsome. Pinus Fischeri, a very distinct and beautiful
Conifer, new to us — a fine specimen. P. Pyrenaica : This rapid-
growing Pinus deserves to be more generally planted. The bro\^mish,
red colour of the young wood gives it a handsome appearance ; it will
make a fine tree for park scenery : this is a good specimen. P. Lam-
bertiana, Monticola, and Hartwegi, are all well-grown and fine trees.
Tl J latter is hardy here, as it is with us, and is one of the most
valuable of the long-leaved Pinus. We noticed, besides the above,
P. Cembra, Brutia, insignis, Taurica, Banksi, Inops, and JMughi, with
fine Deodars. Altogether, this is a choice collection, and what is more
satisfactory, in the best of health, and reflects great credit on Mr.
Bailey's management. We hope to obtain permission to figure some
of the finest specimens in the Pinetum in future numbers of the Florist.

NATIONAL FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ggpt^ 6. — Mr. C. Lidgard in the chair. Dahlias formed the principal
attraction on this occasion, and were shown in good condition : among
them were some fine seedlings. The best of these was Bessie (Turner),
a large yellow variety, of great depth, and fine form ; six blooms were
exhibited, to which a first-class certificate was awarded. A similar
award was made to Enchantress (Alexander), a fancy variety, striped
and marked very similar to Gloire de Kain, but larger and of better
form, the petals being wider and bolder. A certificate of merit was
awarded to Mr. Wheeler, of Hendon, for his scarlet Dahlia, Mrs.
Wheeler. This is a compact flower, of the most approved form, very
deep, and possessing a high centre. This variety deserved the highest
award ; but this was not the only instance in which the judges were at
fault on this occasion, as several fine flowers were altogether passed
over without any awards being made to them. The judges decided
that Miss Burdett Coutts (Turner), and Lollipop (Holmes), maintained

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVIII. X

306 THE FLORIST.

the opinion passed on them on previous occasions, when certificates
were awarded them. Shaded Model (Tm-ner), Lord Pahnerston
(Hohnes), Tyrian Prince (Turner), Duchess of Wellington, Yellow
Beauty, and Robert Hogg, were shown in very good condition, and in
considerable numbers. Two blooms of Aurantia (Turner), only were
shown, the rules of the Society requiring not less than three ; this is a
fine-shaped compact flower. Mr. Kawlings sent Empress of Yellows,
a tinged yellow, and Mrs. Sarah Boyce, a fancy in the way of Duchess of
Kent, but as shown not so good. Silver Queen was exhibited by Mr.
Heath, of Bethnal Green, a shaded lilac and somewhat quilly. Mr.
Embry sent a rather coarse fancy, of the colours of Elegantissima.
Aladdin and Saldanha, two dark varieties of no great merit, were sent by
Mr. Wheeler, of Hendon. Mr. G. Smith received a first-class certificate
for a superb Verbena named John Edwards, carmine lake, with lemon
eye, and fine in every respect. J\Ir. Wealherall received a similar
award for Criterion, a flower of the finest form, blush shaded with
pink, but we do not think it will be good out of doors. King of Roses
and Eugenie were also good, from Mr. Weatherall. Mr. Smith again
sent his spotted Petunia Hermione ; this maintains its distinctive
novel character. In named flowers, Mr. Charles Turner was first
with twelve Dahlias. These were remarkable specimens for quality,
and consisted of the following : Espartero, Bessie, Robert Bruce, Sir R.
Whittington, Miss Spears, Yellow Beauty, Sii C. Napier, Edmund
Foster, Lollipop, Rachel Rawlings, and Rosea Elegans. Mr. Pope, of
Chelsea, was second with King of Yellows, Mr. Seldon, Amazon,
Shylock, Richard Cobden, Robert Bruce, Miss Caroline, Princess
Radziwill, Queen of Whites, Rachel Rawlings, Absolom, and General
Faucher. IMr. Robinson, Pimlico, third. There was but one collection
of Fancies. Ihese were from Mr. Turner, and were large and finely
matched blooms of Marvel, Baron Alderson, Duchess of Kent,
Empereur de Maroc, Duchesse de Brabant, and Laura Lavington.

Sept. 20. — Mr. C. J. Perry in the chair. Cut specimens of varie-
gated Geraniums were exhibited by Mr. Kinghorn ; of these, the best
was General Pelissier, a variety in the way of Commander-in-Chief,
but infinitely better, and is a great acquisition as a bedding plant. A
first-class certificate was awarded to it. With the exception of these,
seedling Dahlias formed the principal feature of the meeting, thirty-
nine varieties having been staged for the opinion of the judges, and
some of them flowers that may be regarded as most valuable additions.
Some of these we have previously described, and among them the fol-
lowing, which the judges decided as having maintained the character
previously given to them, when they obtained certificates. These were
Enchantress (Alexander), a striped fancy variety ; Bessie, a fuU-sized
yellow ; Lollipop, a very fine and constant fa^^^l coloured variety; Miss
Burdett Coutts, shaded salmon, and very constant ; Mrs. Wheeler, a
first-rate crimson scarlet ; and Reginald, primrose, slightly tipped with
purple. On the present occasion, a first-class certificate was awarded
to Mr. Keynes for Orange Perfection, a shaded orange flower, of beau-
tiful outline and smooth petal. Mr. Turner received a certificate of
merit for Duchess of Wellington, soft creamy French white, very

OCTOBER. 307

double, full, and of good outline and close high centre. This is a novel
f.ower, and a great acquisition. Six blooms each were shown of the
above two flowers. Mr. Turner also received a certificate of merit for
Grand Sultan, dark maroon, approaching to black ; and as there is a
deficiency in this class of colour, it will be found a very desirable
variety. Mr. Rawlings received a certificate of merit for Chameleon,
yellow, occasionally tinged on the edges of the petals, and is a full-sized
flower. Mr. George Wheeler, of Warminster, sent Eclipse, a medium-
sixed dark purple flower, having a close high centre ; and Lady
Raglan, a buff kind, but as shown is too much open in the petal.
Colonel Eyres, of Thurlston, Surrey, sent three blooms of a light
purple, a very round high centre flower, with small stout petals, but
was rather smafl. The first prize for 12 Dahlias was awarded to Mr,
Charles Turner, for Robert Bruce. Yellow Beauty, Pre-eminent.
Empress, Lord Bath, Sir C. Napier, Rachel Rawlings, Espartero,
Lollipop, Bessie, Miss Spears, and Annie ; 2nd, Mr. Keynes, for Pre-
eminent, Duchess of Kent, Lord Bath, Goldsmith, Duetche, Rachel
RawHngs, Robert Bruce, Essex Triumph, Salvator Rosa, Triumphant,
Annie, and Ruby Queen. Both stands were of very fine quality.
3rd, Mr. Robinson, of Pimlico ; 4th, Mr. C. J. Perry, of Birmingham.
Six Fancy Dahhas : — 1st, Mr. C. Turner, with Empereur de Maroc,
Triomphe de Roubaix, Gloire de Kain, Admiration, Flora M'lvor, and
Baron Alderson ; 2nd, Mr. Keynes, with Baron Alderson, Triomphe
de Roubaix, Gloire de Kain, Elizabeth, Nancy, and Pigeon ; 3rd, Mr.
Robinson. A stand of six splendid blooms of that very fine Dahha,
Pre-eminent, was exhibited by the Rev. C. Fellowes, of Shottesham
Park, near Norwich. The first prize for six Roses, was awarded to
Mr. Weatherall, of Hornsey.

THE NEW ROSES OF 1855.

In common with most of our flowers and fruits, there are every year
new Roses in abundance ; but owing to the present high standard of
excellence in Roses, but very few of the new varieties can be honestly
recommended. It is true their names and their descriptions are
enticing, owing to the false judgment of those who raise them from
seed, who, with that peculiar leaning which every florist feels for a
flower of his own creation, see in them qualities far above their deserts ;
they describe them with glowing language, because they love them as
a parent loves his children, and are surprised when a cool, disinterested
looker-on points out defects which their affection-blinded eyes never
detected. There were probably from sixty to eighty new varieties
of Roses " introduced to commerce," as the French phrase is, during
the autumn of 1854 and spring of 1855. Many of these are pretty
enough — for what Rose is not pretty ? — but those of really fine qualities,
excelling, or even equalling, such Roses as Prince Leon, General
Jacqueminot, Paul Dupuy, General Bedeau, Madame Rivers, and
many others, are lamentably few ; so much so, that one almost fears

X 2

308 THE FLORIST.

the point of perfection has been attained, and that no better Roses than

those we now possess can or will be originated.

The following varieties will, I think, however, be fjund worthy of a
place in the Rose garden : —

Lord Raglan, a seedling from Geant des Batailles, is a full-sized,
cupped, and very double Rose, of nearly the same colour as its parent,
but varpng with the season ; in July of this year it was brilhant
crimson, a little deeper in colour than its parent, in August it gave
some blooms of the most dazzling scarlet, and I then thought it the most
brilhant and beautiful Rose 1 had ever beheld. The Emperor Napoleon,
of the same parentage, is quite as brilliant in colour, but its flowers are
small, not double, and not regularly shaped. Madame Place is a most
neat, beautifully shaped, and elegant Rose, a httle under hill size, of a
bright rosy pink. ^ladame Masson is one of our largest Roses, and,
as usual with large flowers, not quite regular in shape ; its colour is a
deep rich reddish crimson. It is certainly a fine distinct variety. Baron
Laray is a large fine bright pink Rose, go<xl, but not very distinct ; and
Duchesse de Cambaceres is a large Rose of this class of colour,
remarkable for its vigorous habit and freedom in autumn blooming.
Belle Lyonnaise, Madame Lacour Jur}', Madame Thec>dore Martell,
and Madame Vidot, are all pale-coloured Roses, of the same class in
colour as Madame Rivers. Deuil de WiUermoz is a pretty, very dark
crimson Rose, but scarcely large enough or full enough ; and Prince de
la Moskowa is also a rich dark Rose, but only semi-double. In this
class of colour fine, large, and weh-shaped Roses are much wanted.

Among new Bourbon Roses there does not seem to be one really
worthy of notice ; and among the new Tea-scented Roses but one —
viz., Louise de Savoie. This variety has bloomed lately in great per-
fection, its large pale yellow flowers having a fine effect.

A large number of new summer Moss Roses have been introduced,
but few of them have, however, shown any distinctness or goodness.
Comtesse Doria is of a brilliant crimson, but it is not double enough ;
and Baron de Wassenaer is a very large rose-coloured variety, very
vigorous in its habit.

iSome new Perpetual Moss Roses are really pretty. Cehne Briant,
Didon, and ^larie de Bourgogne are of the Pour Seasons Rose tribe.
They are dwarf ; their flowers, although not large, are well mossed and
very fragrant, and they bloom very freely in the autumn. Salet is a
new Perpetual Moss, of the most robust and vigorous growth ; its
flowers are of a pale rose colour, not large, and not abundantly mossed,
but its buds have the true fragrance of the old Moss Rose, and it gives
an abundant crop of them in September, recalhng agreeably the
memory of the ^loss Rose buds of " merr^- June." Madame Ory is a
new Moss Rose of this class, at present rare, but it is likely to prove a
good variety : its flowers are large, double, and well shaped, and it
Llooms freely in the autumn. It does not differ in colour from the old
Moss Rose ; its habit is dwarf, and does not approach in vigour to Salet,
which is really a remarkable Rose.

I have now given the results of my experience with the new Roses
of the present year, and trust this hastily -written article maybe of

OOTOHKR. 309

s.)nu» littlo intiMVst with tlio Uvcr^ of llosos. nwhnur wltnu 1 ihiss
mysoir, uiul I aiu ivally an old mid iaitliCul lover oi' our (juocu ,»!'

tloWlMS.

'TllOS. Ill V Kits.

OUVlllANDIlA FKNKSTUALIS;.

Tins vory curious tKjuutio juni'atj;iiuuTous phmt, was iliscovoriHl l»v tv
gentlouuin tnivt>llinjj; sonio yours ii<jo iu Mudajjiuscar. hut it not Uc\i\\r
ooiivoniout at tlio tinu* for liiui to intnxhiro liviui; plauts, he lorwardcd
drioil «j)ociuions, whicli ol" courso wcro lakon vory groat otu*© of uuU
vory MUioli pri/.od. Not until witliiu tho last tow uuMitlis elid wo ovor
|»osso8s a living plant, wliioli was introiluood iVoni tlio saino oountrv by
tho ilov. Mr. Kllis, to whom thi' lloyal Motanio (Jardons at Kow aro
indohtoil tor tlit» tirst oxainpK* »»!' it ovor introduood into Kiigland.

Tho loavos aro oiitir(>, ohlong, and tho voins, oxoopt ahout tlvo or
six which run longitutlinally, aro iu parallel linos ucro8« the loaves
hotwotMi whii-li aro httU* scpuiro holes or cavities, which give to it pre-
cisely tho lorni of lattice work, or a ropo ladder ; hence, it receives its
conunou nanu^ the Lattice IMant. This atiuatic seoins to hu rather ousy
of cultivation, as it thrives well at present in a ct)nipost of rather stiff
loam and leaf mould, and suhmersed to within a (piarlor or half an
inch from the surlace of water, which must he kept at 7r/^ or 77*^'. and
continually in motion.

It is at prosiMit, at Kew, protoctod in a small private house, on
at'couiit of \U being so small when hrst ohtainod ; hut uiuUm the careful
superintendence of Mr. Ihown, it is making i;;roat progress, ami |trol>al)ly
may, in tho courso of a few yi'ars, he distrihutod among many of the
chief gardens in Knglaiul, where it truly doBcrves a place, if merely for
curiosity's sake.

Kew. (j. (i.

TIIK (IRANI) DAIIIJA AND llOid-VIIOCK (^OMPKTITION.

KDINIRJIUJII.

*SV/;/. iS. — This mo««ting, lu'ld in connection with tho autmnn exhihition
ol the Caledonian Horticultural Society, drew togotln'r a largo numhor
of growers of these two popular llowers. Tho class that oxcitoti the
greatest amount of inttM'ost was that for '24 hlooms. for wdiich nursery-
men only were allowo(l to compete. The first prize was awarded to
Messrs. |)ovvnie and LainI, their stand consisting of Pro eminent, .lolm
Keynes, Hachel Uawlings, Immortel, Mr. Seldon, Duke of Wi'llington,
Fanny Koyni'S, riantagemt, Mi'auty of Slouch, Hoh, Miss Caroline,
Sir V. IJatliurst, Ivhnund Kostt^r, Mrs. Forgusson, lluhy (^uoon, Mal-
vina. Admiral Dundas, Lady Folkestone, Annie, The Nigger, Fnipross,
Frederick .lerome. and Tort Koyal ; *Jnd, Messrs. .1. and H. Thyiio,
lilusgow, with Kobert IJrucu, King, Lady Folkestone, Fduumd lAtster,

310 THE FLORIST.

Triumphant, Sir F. Bathurst, Shylock, Rose of England, Yellow Stan-
dard, Plantagenet, Primrose Peri'ection, Lilac King, Glory, Sir C.
Napier, Amazon, Edward Harrison, General Canrobert, Negro, Duke
of Wellington, Queen of Whites, General Faucher, Empress, and John
Keynes ; 3d, Mr. Handasyde, Musselburgh, with a stand of good
blooms of medium size. Two other collections were also shown in this
class. We cannot, however, refrain from observing that, in our opinion,
the judges made a decided mistake in placing Messrs. Downie and
Laird's stand first ; their flowers were certainly large and very attrac-
tive, points that seem to have had undue importance with the judges ;
but they had not the quality the second stand possessed, and the back
petals of Duke of Wellington and Admiral Dundas were gone, and the
former was a stale bloom. Beauty of Slough, although a fine showy
bloom, had a very bad centre, and we could have pointed to others
having the same defect. We name these defects to show why the
decision was wrong, as Messrs. Thynes' flowers were smaller, of better
quality, and quite fresh, and should have been placed first. We trust
the time will soon come when size will be less regarded by the northern
judges, and quality be the standard to judge them by. We shall have
more to say on this subject shortly. In the Nurserymen's Class for 12
Fancies : 1st, Messrs. Downie and Laird, with Triomphe de Roubaix,
Jonas, Miss Ward, Princess Charlotte, Topsy, Comet, Empereur de
Maroc, Baron Alderson, Kossuth, Pigeon, Unanimity, and Phaeton ;
2d, Messrs. J. and R. Thyne ; 3d, Messrs. Robertson, Paul, and Co.,
Paisley. Two other collections were also shown in this class.

For the best twelve blooms, produced by practical gardeners and
amateurs, there were twelve competitors. The 1st prize (four sove-
reigns) was gained by Mr. James Henderson, gardener to C. K.
Sivewright, Esq., Cargilfield, Trinity, who produced the following
sorts : — George Glenny, Robert Bruce, Beauty of Slough, Bob, Sir F.
Bathurst, Lilac King, Plantagenet, Rachel Rawlings, Annie, Amazon,
Mrs. Ferguson, and Sir R. Whittington. We afterwards saw Mr.
Henderson's plants, and found that this stand and the stand of six were
cut from about 40 plants, which is the extent of his collection. The
2d prize (two sovereigns) was awarded to Mr. John Oswald, Murthy
Castle, for Fanny Keynes, King, George Glenny, John Keynes, Sir F.
Bathurst, Miss Susan Sainsbury, Mr. Seldon, Duke of Wellington,
Miss Caroline, Lady Bathurst, Abbe von Renhynge, and King of
Yellows ; the stand which stood third in order of merit was disqualified
from want of the proper declaration. The 3rd prize (oiie sovereign)
was therefore awarded to Mr. Archibald Walker, gardener to J. Mood,
Esq., Rosehall. For the best six blooms produced by practical gardeners
and amateurs, not growing more than 40 plants, there were six com-
petitors. The 1st prize (one sovereign) was gained by Mr. Henderson,
Cargilfield, with Rachel Rawlings, George Glenny, Plantagenet, Beauty
of Slough, Lilac King, and Sir F. Bathurst. The second premium
(half a sovereign) \vas awarded to ]\Ir. John Berry, gardener to R.
Newton, Esq., Middleby Cottage, Newington. For the best six blooms
of Fancy Dahlias produced by practical gardeners or amateurs there
were two competitors. The prize (one sovereign) was awarded to Mr.

OCTOBEI^ 311

Walker, Rosehall, for Topsy, Duchess of Kent, Gloire de Kain, Won-
derful, Empereur de Maroc, and Kossuth.

Hollyhocks. — For the best and most distinct eleven spikes pro-
duced by nurserymen, the prize (four sovereigns) was awarded to Mr.
William Chater, Saffron Walden, for the following sorts, most of them
seedlings, and those marked with an asterisk being particularly fine : —
President, Cream, "^ Lilac Queen, ^Golden Sceptre (orange), *Queen of
Buffs, Prince Albert, Mont Blanc, Hon. ]\Irs. Ashley, Fairy, *Queen
Victoria (light fawn), and Pourpre de Tyre. The 2nd prize (two
sovereigns) was awarded to Messrs. WiUiam Ballantyne and Sons,
Dalkeith, for Emperor, Agricola, Glory of Cheshunt, Beauty of
Cheshunt, Rosy Circle, Felicia, Unique, Pourpre de Tyre, Souvenir,
Hon. ]\Irs. Ashley, and Lizzy — the three last being particularly fine.
The 3rd prize (one sovereign) was assigned to Messrs. Downie and
Laird, Edinburgh, whose best spikes were Beauty of Cheshunt, Duchess
of Sutherland, and Mrs. Ashley. For the best and most distinct nine
spikes produced by practical gardeners or amateurs, there were eight
competitors. The 1st prize (lour sovereigns) was gained by Mr. John
Pow, gardener to Alexander Berwick, Esq., of Norton, with Watford
Surprise, Beauty of Cheshunt, Pourpre de Tyre, Hon. I\Irs Ashley,
Lizzy, Solfaterre, Beauty of Beechwood, Unique, and Yellow IModel.
The 2nd premium (two sovereigns), was awarded to I\Ir. Cossar, Kings-
meadows, for Prince of Orage, Walden Gem, Sulphur Queen, Beauty
of Tweeddale, Agricola, Eva, Beauty of Cheshunt, Pourpre de Tyre,
and Shaded Model. The 3rd prize (one sovereign) was assigned to
Mr. John Laing, gardener to the Earl of Rosslyn, Dysart House, whose
kinds were Mrs. Ashley, Agricola, Yellow Model, Emperor, Lizzy,
Joan of Arc, Beauty of Cheshunt, Emily, and I\Iiss Ashley. For the
best and most distinct five spikes produced, by practical gardeners and
amateurs, not growing more than 30 plants, there were three compe-
titors. The 1st prize was gained by Mr. Henderson, Cargihield, with
Unique, Emily, Beauty of Cheshunt, ]\Irs. Ashley, and Joan of Arc.
The 2nd prize was awarded to ]\Ir. Peter I\Ielville, gardener to
Alexander Blair, Esq., Beechwood, for Souvenir, Pourpre de Tyre, ]\Irs.
Ashley, Mrs. Forster, and Emperor. The prize for the best spike in
the Exhibition was gained by Mr. Chater, with Queen of Buffs. The
prize of one guinea and a half offered by Mr. Bircham, of Hedenham
Rosary, for the best seven spikes of sorts and seedlings sent out by him,
was awarded to Mr. Pender, Moredun, for the following sorts, viz., —
Golden Nugget, Pourpre de Tyre, Hedenham Rival, Yellow Model,
Jenny Lind, Solfaterre, and Meteor. The prize of one guinea and a
half offered by ]\Ir. Chater, Saffron Walden, for the best seven spikes
of sorts let out by him, was awarded to ]\Ir. Blackwood, Peebles, for
Rosea Grandiflora, Safranot Souvenir, Sulphur Queen, Rosy Circle,
Lilac IModel, and Eva. Mr. Bircham, of Hedenham, obtained Certifi-
cates of Merit for Seedling Hollyhocks, Miss Niglitingale, pale lemon,
and Mrs. Oakes, much lighter in colour than Queen of Buffs, large and
close spike. Mr. Charles Turner sent six fine seedling Dahlias, from
three to twelve blooms of each variety. First Class Certificates were
awarded to Lollipop, Bessie, Yellow Beauty, and Tyrian Prince, and a

312 THE FLORIST.

Certificate of Merit to Lord Palmerston. Miss Burdett Coutts was all
shown in fine condition. These sorts have been described in our pages,
so that we need not here give their colours. A Certificate of Merit was
also awarded to Hollyhock Rubens, pale rosy crimson, medium size, and
very close, exhibited by Mr. Laing, of Dysart. Mr. Chater also exhi-
bited cut flowers of the following Hollyhocks — Rose of England, some-
thing like Beauty of Cheshunt and not so close ; Autocrat, very large
shaded rose ; Empress, Criterion, and Fearless, three fine flowers all
very close in colour, but Fearless the best ; Fenella, saffron shaded with
rose but rather coarse ; Alpha, something the colour of J\Iiss Ashley,
but with more of a salmon tinge, good ; Picotee, silvery black, mottled
on the edge with pale purple, but pockety ; and Vitelina, deep orange
salmon and coarse.

Mr. Busby, gardener to J. Crawley, Esq., Stockwood Park, Luton,
Beds., obtained a First Class Certificate for his seedling Grape Golden
Hamburgh, which is certainly a valuable acquisition.

We have not space for a full report of the Caledonian Horticultural
Society's Meeting, but we have much pleasure in acknowledging the
courteous attention received from Mr. Evans, of the Experimental
Gardens, who had the management of the Exhibition.

NOTES ON THE MONTH.

With a few unimportant changes, the weather has been all that could
be desired since I penned my last notes. My remarks then on the
luxuriant appearance of the green crops, both in the garden and field,
only require endorsing, for 1 certainly do not remember vegetables of
all kinds in a more flourishing condition than at the present time,
while the pastures are positively overgrown with herbage.

The Potato harvest, if I may so term it, has commenced, and, un-
fortunately, verifies our prediction of last month, that the crop would
be short ; in fact, from what I have seen taken up, I do not antici-
pate much more than half the crop of last year, and even taking into
account the larger breadth planted, there will yet remain a large de-
ficiency in this valuable root. I am, however, happy to inform your
readers that the Fluke Kidney, which was favourably spoken of in last
year's Florist, has alone braved the disease, and though not entirely
fi-ee from it, yet there remains a sufficient quantity of healthy leaves on
the plant to mature the crop of tubers, which will be large. This
variety cannot be too strongly recommended for its valuable properties,
combining, with its power of resisting the attacks of disease better than
any other variety, the best of qualities as an eating and keeping Potato.

Apricots have been as plentiful as blackberries ; Peaches and Nec-
tarines the same : the crop, though fully a fortnight later than in ordi-
nary seasons, has ripened bt autifully under the fine weather of the last
three weeks, which, besides, has equally benefited the wood for next
year, and if dry weather continues, our Peaches and Nectarines will do

OCTOBER. 313

well next season. The great drawback to one part of hardy fruit cul-
ture has been the gooseberry caterpillar, whose devastations have laid
bare some scores of acres of Gooseberry and Currant trees, and seriously
compromised the chances of next year's crop. If no better and more
easy way of putting a stop to the depredations of this plague than
what we have read of cannot be discovered, Gooseberry growing in
some districts must be abandoned.

The omission of the effects of the season on flowering plants, in my
last Notes, I must now endeavour to supply. It cannot be questioned
but that a dry hot season, or the reverse, produces the same effects on
flowering shrubs and plants as it does on those of a more ligneous habit,
and therefore the abundant flowering of such plants as Rhododendrons,
Azaleas, Spirseas, Ribes, Cytisus, Althaea frutex, &c., so noticeable
this season, is owing to the same causes which have obtained for us a
prolific fruit year ; and the same may be said of plants of an herbaceous
character, as Paeonies, Delphiniums, &c.

Last year was a favourable one for fully developing the beauty of our
modern system of grouping, and consequently English flower gardens
were in a full blaze of splendour from July to October. This present
season has not been so favourable altogether, but the last month has
had a favourable effect on scarlet and other Geraniums, Verbenas,
Fuchsias, Salvias, Petunias, and other plants, comprising the gems of
the flower gardens, but still the effect is scarcely so brilliant on the
whole as last year. Perhaps there is no greater difficulty that our
English gardeners have to contend with, than satisfactorily managing a
large flower garden, where all ought to burst into bloom at the same
time, and the uniform height of the various plants employed be kept
almost to a mathematical nicety, as well as prolonging the blooming of
each to the latest period. Now with a score or so of varieties of plants,
differing in habit and varying with the season, this is a task of no ordi-
nary kind ; in fact, it is the great gardening puzzle of the day, and
requires an amount of forethought, a thorough knowledge of the habit
of each plant employed, and of the effect produced on them by different
soils, and under the conditions of wet or dry seasons, which can only be
obtained by long experience and constant attention. Scarlet Geraniums,
which last season (hot and dry) bloomed profusely, would, if planted
exactly in the same description of soil, scarcely do more than produce a
luxuriant crop of leaves in a wet summer ; and the same with many
others. These apparently trifling matters assume an air of conse-
quence, when the harmony and uniformity of highly-kept parterres are
entirely dependent on the successful blooming of these plants.

As a general rule, for all plants which grow too much in wet seasons,
we strongly advise planting them in the shallowest and poorest soils ; a
deficiency of growth can be amended by the application of manure
water, but nothing can be done when such plants are in too deep or too
rich soils, and your best arranged design of colours may be marred in
consequence.

G. F.

314 THE FLORIST.

NEW CONIFEROUS TREES.

PINUS BEARDSLEYI.

Description. — Leaves in threes, about 6 inches long, firm, numerous,
roughened by projecting points along the midrib and edges, the points directed
to the tip of the leaf. Sheath short, about an eighth of an inch in length,
coarse and corrugated. Cones growing on a short peduncle, aggregated round
the branch, generally from 3 to 5 ; 3 inches long, and H across, or nearly
5 in circumference at the broadest part, of a somewhat prolonged elliptical
shape, and the difference in the appearance of the scales on the outer and
inner side of the cone is trifling. Scales an inch long, with a not very
prominent apophysis. The medial line, crossing the exposed part of the
scale, generally runs across the middle, A thin small sharp hooped prickle,
nearly a line in length, points towards the base of the cone. Seeds winged
with a speckled sperraoderm about H line in length, wings 7-8ths of an inch
in length, pale brown, semi-transparent, darker at the tip, and with brown
streaks running longitudinally.

The tree is of great beauty and size. One which was cut down
measured 123 feet in height, and 44 inches in diameter at the stump ;
another tree near it measured 17 feet 4 inches in circumference at
three feet from the ground. The stem was a very handsome column
of 30 feet to the first branch — timber good and clear. It was found
on top of a mountain, at from 5000 to 6000 feet, in lat. 41^ N., at
the same altitude as Pinus Jeffreyi and monticola, and Abies grandis ;
and higher than P. Benthamiana and Lambertiana. Ihis and the
following species (Craigiana) seem to have more affinity with P.
Benthamiana than any other described species ; but the present species
has the points of the umbo of the scale pointing towards the base of the
cone, while in Benthamiana they point to the tip ; the cone of
Benthamiana is 5 inches long, while Beardsleyi is only 3 inches.
The leaves are 11 inches in length, while in Beardsleyi they are only 6.
The sheath in the leaf of Benthamiana is an inch long, while in
Beardsleyi it is only the eighth of an inch. The wing of the seed in
Benthamiana is much larger and longer than that of Beardsleyi. The
timber of Beardsleyi is homogeneous all through. The heart of
Benthamiana is redder than the sapwood, and the sapwood occupies a
great breadth of the stem. Beardsleyi grows much farther up the
mountains than Benthamiana. There is also some resemblance between
this Pine (Beardsleyi) and P. ponderosa, as was well suggested to me
by Dr. Lindley ; but the shape of the cone, and the size and shape of
the seed and wing sufficiently distinguish it. In P. ponderosa the
cone tapers to both ends, while in this it tapers to the point. Its seed
does not appear to be speckled in any figure I have seen, while this is.
The sheath in the leaf in P. ponderosa is smooth, longish, fine, and
tightly fitting ; whereas in this it is short, corrugated, and rough, and
the leaf of ponderosa is nearly twice as long, being 9 to 1 1 inches in
length, in place of 6 inches. Its leaf also wants (or nearly so) the
projecting points which roughen that of Beardsleyi, so that the leaves
can be distinguished by the feel, or drawing them forward between
the fingers.

OCTOBER. bl5

PINUS CRAIGIANA.

Description. —Leaves in threes, 4i inches long, thin, and fine. Sheath l-3d
inch long, fine, smooth, and tightly fitting. Cones light brown, 3 to 3J
inches long, and nearly 2 inches across, and about 6 inches in circumference
at the broadest part— oblong, elliptical. There is a little difference between
the scales on the outer and inner side — those on the outer side being rather
more developed, but it is not very marked. Scales an inch long, with a
strongly marked apophysis. The medial line crosses the exposed part of the
scale within a third of the top. A pretty strong short-hooked umbo, after
making a short curve towards the base, points to the tip of the cone. Seeds
winged, l-8th of an inch in length. Spermoderm speckled, ^yings 5-8ths
of an inch in length, and nearly 3-8ths of an inch across, pale fawn colour,
darker at the tip, and with purplish brown streaks running longitudinally.
There is a small rounded purple-tipped tract l-8th of an inch in length at
the base and back of the scale.

It differs from the preceding species (P. Beardsleyi) in having the
prickle of the scale pointing towards the tip, instead of the base. The
prickle, too, is strong and firm in Craigiana ; in Beardsleyi it is small
and weak. The apophysis, or excrescence, on the exposed part of the
scale is smaller in point of space, but more prominent in Craigiana
than in Beardsleyi, which has the exposed part somewhat flat, while in
Craigiana the upper part projects over the lower. The wing of the
seed of Craigiana is shorter and relatively broader. The seed is nearly
twice the size of that of Beardsleyi, although the cones are about the
same size. The leaf of Craigiana is finer than that of Beardsleyi, and
not so long. The sheath of the leaf is finer, and considerably longer.
Craigiana was found on the same mountains as Beardsleyi, but growing
lower down, and below it again appeared Benthamiana. It spreads its
branches wider from the stem than Benthamiana, and sheds its seed a
month later. The Messrs. Murray have dedicated this handsome Pine
to Sir W. Gibson Craig, Bart., of Riccarton, whose enthusiasm, they
justly remark, has done so much to promote the cultivation and intro-
duction of new Pine trees ; and who, in particular, was one of those
who chiefly conduced to I\Ir. William Murray's undertaking the
expedition of which this Pine forms part of the fi'uits. — From the
Scottish Gardener.

SCOTTISH PANSY SOCIETY.

This Society held its autumn meeting at Glasgow, on the 12th of Sep-
tember, and was the first Exhibition the Society had held at this period
of the year, and there seems to be a difference of opinion as to the pro-
priety of an Autumn Show, as the " Edinbro' folk " maintain they
have a much drier situation than the Glasgow growers have, and con-
sequently cannot get so good a bloom with summer growth. We
believe the West ol Scotland growers have an advantage here ; still, do
the Edinburgh growers bring all their skill to bear on the occasion ?
Have the flowers now to be seen about Edinburgh been the result of
superior cultivation ? We say. No ; and believe much more could be
done towards producing a fine autumnal flower, by using a stiffer soil.

316 THE FLORIST.

mulching, and reducing the crop of blooms some time before showing.
Our impression is, that many matters of detail in the culture of the
Pansy are not sufficiently attended to ; and we think, that not only is
there room for better culture in Scotland generally, but that it also does
not follow that the Glasgow growers must have better blooms in autumn
than their metropolitan friends, although we are quite aware such an
impression exists. If the peculiar situation of Glasgow gives an ad-
vantage over the district around Edinburgh, then should the growers in
the latter district endeavour, as far as possible, by means of a more
retentive soil, mulching, shading, &c., to place themselves on a more
equal footing. We should much like to see Pansies in pots, exhibited
as they are grown and shown about London. Six or twelve well-grown
Pansies, in six or eight inch pots, plants covering the pots, and with ten
to fifteen fine blooms tied to face one way, is by no means difficult to
produce, when you know how to set about it. Need we say that such
are often seen in London, and when five or six collections are staged they
form " a feature." We are not sure if they are exhibited at the spring
meeting, but there were none at Glasgow, although there is no reason
why they should not be grown for autumn showing as well. It was not
a numerous meeting on this occasion, and the blooms were not fine —
not so fine as we are sure may have been produced with greater care
bestowed upon them. In Seedlings a very rich dark self of fine
quality, named Gem, and exhibited by Messrs. Syme and Middlemas,
of Glasgow, received a first-class certificate, which it well deserved ; it
is the darkest and one of the best in that class. Messrs. Dickson and
Co., Edinburgh, sent Cyrus, deep yellow, with broad crimson maroon
belting and well-defined dark eye, but we have seen much better
blooms of this variety than those exhibited. Messrs. Dickson and Co.
also sent Indian Chief, which is an improved Duke of Perth, smooth,
and of good substance ; and Admiral Napier, deep yellow, with rich broad
maroon belting, dense eye, which is rather too much rayed, otherwise
a first-class flower ; neither of these flowers received an award. In
Messrs. Dickson's stand was a single bloom of Achilles, a seedling va-
riety, deep yellow, with rich broad maroon belting, well defined dense
eye, and clear shield ; a fine flower, which received a first-class certifi-
cate, although we believe the judges should have remembered that three
blooms are necessary for an award. The judges also made a decided
mistake in giving Messrs. Paton and Small's seedling Sir Colin
Campbell a first-class certificate ; for although it is a most useful white
ground flower, i)-s properties are not of first-class excellence, and there-
fore should not have received more than a second class certifictite. The
colour of this flower is creamy white bleaching to pure white, broad
purple maroon margin, dense eye. Messrs. Syme and Middlemas also
exhibited a promising medium-sized seedling named Pearl, white, with
narrow margin of blue purple, dense eye, and large shield.

Nurserymen's Class, 24 blooms : 1st prize, to Messrs. White and
Sinclair, Nurserymen, Paisley, their best blooms being Royal Visit,
Eg^on, Comet, Duke of Newcastle, Miss Walker, a good white ground
variety, with broad belting of deep purple, and a dense, well-defined
eye, Great Western, and Admiral Dundas (P. and S.) ; 2nd, to Messrs.

OCTOBER. 317

Paton and Small, Sandyford Nursery, Glasgow, in whose stand we
noticed fine blooms of Sir C. Napier (P. and S.), a good, rich, yellow-
ground flower, with a well-defined dense eye and good shield, Non-
pareil (D. and Co.), fine, and Royal Visit. 3rd, to Messrs. Dicksons
and Co , Edinburgh, who had in their stand fine blooms of Alpheus,
Nonpareil, Duke of Newcastle, Admiral Dundas (P. and S.), and
Charles Cowan, a A-ery useful white ground flower ; 4th, to Mr.
Douglas, Rose Bank Nursery, Edinburgh.

Amateurs' Class, 12 blooms : 1st prize, to Mr. Campbell, Gardener
to Sir J. Maxwell, Bart. ; 2nd, ]\Ir. Robert Wardrop, Gardener to Mrs.
Wilkie, Woodend House ; 3rd, Mr. William Thom, Paisley. Six
blooms : 1st, ]\Ir. Cunningham, Cowslea ; 2nd, Mr. Thom, Paisley ;
3rd, Mr. John Mitchell, Cathcart.

Gardeners' Class, 18 blooms : 1st prize, to Mr. Campbell ; 2nd, I\Ir.
J. Paton, Gardener to I\[rs. Ewing, Strathmore ; 3rd, ]\Ir. W. Boyd.
Gardener to — Finlay, Esq. ; 4th, Mr. J. Gibson, Gardener to James
Brinton, Esq., Cathcart. Twelve blooms : 1st, Mr. J. Cunningham ;
2nd, Mr. Thom ; 3rd, Mr. John Harrow. Six blooms : 1st, Mr,
Campbell, in whose stand was a good bloom of Charles Cowan, a good
white ground variety, with broad purple margin ; 2nd, Mr. James
Gibson ; 3d, Mr. John Harrow, Paisley.

REVIEWS.

The Pelargonium and its Cultivation, by John Dobson, gives concise
practical hints on the culture of this plant, and being a cheap pamphlet
it is within the reach of everybody. It contains nothing new, no more
than has appeared in our pages at various times, still it will be found
a most useful pocket companion to the amateur growers of this popular
flower.

An Hour with the Hollyhock. Second edition. By WiLLiAM Paul.
Everybody knows that Mr. William Paul is a successful grower of
' Hollyhocks, and will therefore readily welcome the little book now before
us, as it gives not only the culture he recommends, but the history
of the plants as well. Speaking of the early history of the Hollyhock
Mr. Paul observes, " It is scarcely necessary to say that the Hollyhock
is not indigenous to Britain. Linnseus assigns it to Siberia, but China
is generally given as its native place. "^ if' * We think from the
evidence afforded we shall not exceed the bounds of truth in claiming
for our flower a three hundred years naturalisation on British soil."
I\Ir. Paul also details the exertions of Mr. Charles Baron, who was the
first to devote attention to this flower. We could judiciously make
several extracts, but as the work is issued at a trifling price, we prefer
telhng everybody to buy it and judge for themselves.

318 THE FLORIST.

The Bee Keeper s Manual. By Henry Taylor. 5th edition.
Groombridge and Sons.
Notwithstanding the numerous works already devoted to the subject of
bee keeping, we are glad to see a new edition of Mr. Taylor's work, as
it serves to show the interest felt in bee management is not diminished.
The work before us is more a compendium of the various plans which
from time to time have had their advocates and admirers, than an
original treatise, and the author, we think, gives his opinion fairly on
the merits or demerits of each.

It is quite requisite every one starting as a novice in bee keeping
should read what has been written on the subject, and he cannot study
a more useful work than the one now noticed, as it conveys information
on the history, habit, and management of the bee quite sufficient for
all useful purposes, as well as descriptions illustrated by woodcuts of the
various contrivances which have been invented for increasing the
fecundity and storing powers of this industrious insect. But while
recommending this we must warn the reader not to place too implicit
confidence on all the plans brought under his notice ; much of the
knowledge requisite for a successful bee keeper can only be obtained by
experiment with bees themselves, for their temper and habits vary as
much as do different families of human beings, and that while success
will under one person's management attend a particular plan, the next
attempting it may fail. One thing every bee keeper should do :
attend to them himself; and when once he has introduced himself to
their notice a friendly feeling is established on both sides, which makes
their after management more easy.

We much prefer the collateral system, explained at page 74, to any
other, and are convinced from long observation that to force the bee to
travel with his load any distance upwards is hurtful and a waste of the
insect's power. For this reason we prefer, with the author, shallow
hives, and those made of straw to wooden ones.

PELARGONIUMS.
Not having seen any Pelargoniums in bloom for these two or three
years, except my own and a few grown in this neighbourhood, what
would you or any of your Geranium-growing friends recommend me
to add to or discard from the following varieties ? You will oblige me'
by giving it a place in your next number.

J. Riley.
Beckby, near Huddersfield, Sept. 14, 1855.

Optimum, ^Duchess of Wellington, ^Loveliness, *Beatrice, ^Ganymede,
Carlos, *Eurydice, Magnificent, Empress, Leonora, *Rosa Beck, *Ariadne,
■'^Emily, Attraction, ^Rachel, Regalia, Queen of May, Virgin Queen, Pilot,
*Ambassador, *Neatness, Enchantress, Governor-General, Magnet, *Rosa
Foster.

We would recommend you to add the following in place of those
marked thus ^ : —

Conqueror (Beck's), Fair Ellen, Lord Raglan, Laura, Pandora, Petruchio,
Phaeton, Serena, Seraskier, Sanspareil, Una, Wonderful.

OCTOBER. 319

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — Continue the instructions given last month. The plants
should not be allowed to have rain.

Cai-natiojis and Ficotees. — Potting the layers should not be delayed.
Get all done rs early in the month as possible, that the plants may have
time to harden after having drawn root, before winter sets in. The
plants should be grown as open and hardy as possible, with only suffi-
cient moisture to keep them going.

Cinerarias. — Now is the time to make them gi'ow, by repotting
them as soon as the roots reach the sides of the small pots. The Cine-
raria has now got over the most critical time. During summer it is
not an easy matter, at all times, to keep them clear of mildew ; with
ordinary care, there is not now much to fear. Avoid drawing the
plants : this can be done by giving them sufficient room.

Cucumbers. — The plants for winter fruiting should be planted out
without delay. Keep them growing freely by a moderate bottom heat.
Air liberally during fine weather. Plants still in dung frames should
be assisted by linings.

Dahlias. — Secure any seed that may be ripe. Frost often sur-
prises us suddenly, which not only destroys the bloom, but greatly in-
jures the seed also. Seedlings for trial next season should also be
marked.

Hardy Fruit. — The gathering of Apples and Pears requires some
judgment. It is wrong to take the whole crop off the trees at once, as
the fruit will vary in forwardness ; the choicest kinds should therefore
be looked over two or three times, taking each time those best ripened.
Again, many kinds of Apples and Pears (early ones especially), should
be taken in a few days before they appear ripe, or they lose their
briskness, and eat mealy and insipid. Let all the fruit intended for
keeping be hand-picked, and laid carefully on the shelves of the fruit-
room ; they may be placed three or four thick if room is scarce, but
will be better laid singly. As the fruit is deposited in the room, leave
open the door and windows, day and night, to allow the moisture
which new^ly-gathered fruit will give off, to escape. Late Plums — as
the Golden Drop, Imperatrice, aud the Quetch — may be preserved for
a long time, if gathered before they are fully ripe and suspended in a
dry, airy room ; or they may, after drying them for a day or two, be
wrapped in tissue paper, and placed on the shelf of the fruit-room.
The old bearing wood of the Raspberry should now be cut away, to
admit light and air to the canes for next year, which should at the
same time be thinned out. Where new borders are about being made,
now will be the time for commencing them, and preparing the mate-
rials for the purpose — dry, sound, healthy loam and rubble stone, and
finer waste to cover over with, should be in readiness.

Hollyhocks. — Gather seed as often as it can be procured ripe, on a dry
day. Continue to put in cuttings. Roots of choice kinds should be
potted and wintered under glass, to produce cuttings in spring.

Kitchen Garden. — Although not a busy time in this department,
there is much to be done to prepare for winter, and to bring forward

320 THE FLORIST.

those crops which, now in the ground, have to stand through the winter.
BroccoH, Winter Greens, Spinach, Turnips, Cabbage, Bath Cos, and Cab-
bage Lettuce of hardy kinds, will all require watching, to keep them
growing and free from weeds. Spinach and Parsley, if at all weakly,
are greatly benefited by a dressing of soot in showery weather. During
dry weather earth up Celery, and tie up Endive and Lettuce for
blanching ; slugs often spoil the former, and should therefore be destroyed
before the crop is earthed up. Plant Cabbage on a rich warm border,
for the earlier crop ; nothing is gained by planting before the first week
of this month. Towards the middle or end, plant four or five of the
Cauliflowers so\^ti the end of August under hand-glasses, and Bath Cos
Lettuce may be treated the same way. At the same time prick off a
batch of each into 48 pots, to be ready to put under cover when severe
weather sets in ; but until this is the case, keep them and similar
things as much exposed as you can. To make sure of these useful
vegetables, a stock should likewise be transplanted into cold frames, to
be protected when necessary. Potatoes should be taken up now as
quickly as possible, and stored away. Carrots, Beets, Salsify, &c., may
remain till the beginning of November, unless they show they have
done growing. Look over the Onion stores, and remove those not likely
to keep for present use. Vacant ground should be dug up, for win-
tering, and prepared for the spring crops.

Melons. — Keep up a brisk bottom heat to the late crops, to assist the
swelling of the fruit. Stop all extra growths, and expose the foliage to
the full influence of the sun.

Pansies. — Pot up for wintering, both stoves and for flowering in
pots. Plant out also for early flowering. Seedlings may Hkewise be
planted out into beds. Cuttings put in now will strike readily.

Pelargoniums. — The houses containing these plants should be kept
dry as well as clean. There should be no moisture at this season.
Aphides must be kept under by fumigating. Give them- as much
room as can be afforded during this their season of growth. The more
growth they make this side of Christmas the better, if grown hardy,
with plenty of air.

Plantlnq. — Where the transplanting of evergreens and deciduous trees
and shrubs is intended, preparations (if not already commenced), should
at once be put in force, by trenching the ground, or digging holes about
twice the size the ball of roots will be which are intended to go into
them. A supply of fresh soil should also be in readiness, and the
necessary stakes, haybands, ropes, &c., for securing each directly they
are planted ; this is the more necessary where the trees are large ;
while the weather is dr}'-, we should attempt nothing more than pre-
paring the ground, and wait for a change in the weather before com-
mencing with their removal. From the present time to the middle or
end of November is the most fav urable period in the whole year for
transplanting evergreens.

Tulips — Prepare the beds, that they may be planted about the 1st
of November. The soil should not be too rich ; a good, sweet, fibrous
loam will grow them well. If a stiff soil, sand should be mixed in
with it.

-|^mI

^ A/tiirrwf 7)ti< i ..//ffc

Acjuilegid ^kiiciiilosa.
HateiOt

TnnuJ- h I'.i'/uWrt

NOVEMBER.

321

AQUILEGIA GLANDULOSA.

(Plate 106.)

Respecting this very beautiful liardy plant we have received the
following particulars from the Messrs. Grigor and Co., Nursery-
men, Forres, whose success in cultivating it has been rewarded
by the striiving variety (among many others) we have figured on
the opposite page.

It was about the beginning of the present century that the
Aquilegia glandulosa was known in the North of Scotland, and
first in the collection of the late — Brodie, of Brodie, near Forres.
It is believed that that gentleman obtained it from his friend
Mr. Milne, a celebrated botanist, and partner in the well-known
firm of Whitley, Brames, and Milne, of the Fulham Nurseries.
This plant was understood to be a native of some of the mountains
of Chmese Tartary, growing in the very diminutive form in which
it first a})peired in North Britain, seldom exceeding a foot in
height, blooming sparingly, and although possessed of elegance
and beauty, the blossoms were seldom much more than an inch
in diameter.

The experiments made on the plant at the Forres Nurseries
failed in producing any valuable hybrid varieties with colours
superior to those of the normal plant; but while the colours
generally remained unchanged, the size and vigour of some of the
seedling plants were very much increased — properties which have
continued during the last ten years throughout repeated crops of
seedling plants. In ordinary favourable seasons plants from three
to seven years old generally rise from a foot and a half to two
feet high, and furnished with from forty to a hundred blossoms
each, many of the blooms being upwards of four inches in
diameter, and of a form and substance far superior to that of
the original plant. This improved plant is not apt to sport or
change its colours, and seldom runs in any direction, except to
a degenerate or diminutive size.

Messrs. Grigor further inform us that this Columbine is quite
hardy and adapted for tlower beds in the open ground, where it
requires no protection in winter. During the months of May
and June, when well grown, it is by far the most gay and attractive
flower ot the season. It is also adapted for being forced into
bloom early in spring, when it forms a rich embellishment in the
greenhouse. Plants from seed sometimes flower during the second,
but more commonly the third, summer of their growth. On first
flowering, the plants generally yield from six to ten blooms, but
for several years after the number increases greatly, and, when

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LVIX. Y

322 THE FLORIST.

favourably treated, some plants have been laiown to yield in one
summer eighty blooms, many of them upwards of four inches in
diameter. In the course ot eight or ten years the plants get
exhausted, when the floweringbecomes very uncertain ; the ground
should therefore be cleared of such, and filled up with healthy
young plants. The seeds of this plant are always ripe by the
be^nnning of autumn, and may be sown any time before the end
of iVJarch. Wiien sown in autumn, some plants generally appear
above ground in course of a few weeks, but the principal part
commonly .lies dormant until spring. Such as appear belore
winter require to be protected, lest they be ejected from the
ground by severe fiost. It is not unusual for seeds of this plant
to vegetate alter remaining in the ground many months. In a
hot-bed they push more readily, but under any circumstances
they are more stiff to vegetate than any other Aquilegia, and
generally rise very unequal, even when the seeds are newly ripened.
The ground for seeds should be rich and friable, and the covering
very thin, with constant moisture, and wholly or partially shaded.
That most suitable is a rich mellow earth, partaking a little of
boo- or peat earth, and rather cool and moist than otherwise.
Seedling plants should be removed either the first or second year
of their growth, and transplanted into beds or lines, from ten to
twelve inches plant from plant. Those of equal strength should
be placed together, as such form the most complete appearance in
a flower bed. Any time from September to April, in open
weather, admits of the plants being removed ; but no plants can
be depended on to flower freely if transplanted when beyond the
age of three years.

In June, 1848, a plant of this Aquilegia was sent to Dr,
Lindley for his inspection, who wrote on it as follows in the
''Gardeners' Chronicle" for June 17 iu the same year: — "It
has never yet been seen, that we remember, at any of our great
metropolitan exhibitions ; nevertheless, this plant is perhaps the
handsomest perennial in cultivation. Its stems rise about two
feet high, and sometimes carry from fifty to eighty blossoms. We
have a plant before us which, after a journev from Scotland, has
twenty-one expanded flowers, each three and a half inches in
diameter, witli broad, thin, delicate, spreading sepals, of the
deepest ultramarine blue, surrounding five short petals, the upper
half of which is pure white, resting on an azure ground. The
effect is beautiful in the extreme, and no description that we have
formerly given of it has done justice to its exquisite appearance."
We have much pleasure in bringing this truly beautiful old
plant under the notice of our readers, feeling confident that when
better known it will be much more widely grown. That the
particulars respecting its cultivation given above will enable any

NOVEMBER. 323

one to grow it in common ricli garden soil we have no dou])t, and
a more really charming plant for flowering in May and June we
do not possess. When once seen in bloom its cultivation in
every garden will be certain.

THE CRYSTAL PALACE GARDENS.

The characteristic features of this grand place have shown themselves
more clearly this season ; for although much remains to be done before
the ground and water at the lower end of the gardens are complete, yet
on looking over the finislied parts, the eye accustomed to design and
execution can easily imagine what the general effect will be. On looking
at the garden as a whole, the details composing it blend well together,
and the arrangements of the walks, &c., are well managed for showing
to advantage the way in which the ground is disposed of It would,
however, have been an improvement, if some of the clumps of American
and other plants had a greater breadth, and more freedom of outline.
There is likewise a look of baldness about some part of the grounds,
which would be much reheved by masses of evergreen trees, of which
there appears a great want, considering how ornamental, both in groups,
and as single specimens, many of the Conifer section of evergreen trees
really are ; nor yet did we nutice any attempts being made to plant
such deciduous trees and shrubs as are remarkable for the variety or
beauty of their foliage ; these omissions (if we are right in considering
they exist, from a very hasty look round), should, we think, have
attention at the hands of the designers, for great eifect would be pro-
duced in the autumn by the introduction of Scarlet-leaved ISIaples and
Oaks, Liquidamber, Sumachs, &c., in masses. We will go even
further, and recommend inserting every hardy plant in any way re-
markable for peculiarity, either in colour, or shape of leaf, as affordincr a
pleasing variety to the hues and forms of ordinary vegetation. An
autumn walk through these delightful grounds in a few years' time
would be doubly interesting to admirers of Nature, if the landscape
included trees whose warm coloured tints would give a tone to the
scenery, when summer flowers began to fade ; so likewise groups of
evergreen trees and shrubs, judic.ously arranged for effect, as well as
shelter, would prove attractive objects during the fine days of early
spring, a season when evergreens show to greatest advantage, and when,
accompanied with early flowering plants, they would cheer and enliven
the gardens, when tliere would be but little else to attract company
such a distance from London.

On looking over the grounds from the balcony of the grand transept,
or even from the upper terrace, we think the part between the lake
and the boundary should be planted with a dense mass of evergreen
trees and shrubs, to form an appropriate background to the garden in
front ; it would likewise shut out the village of Penge, which we con-
sider rather an objectionable feature, excepting the spire of the church,
which would still be visible above the planting. A mass of dark coloured

Y 2

324

THE FLORIST.

foliage behind the lake or great fountains would enable the jets of the
fountains to be seen to greater advantage by spectators on the palace
side of the water, for much of the imposing grandeur of upright jets of
water becomes lost when looked at against the sky, whereas, if shown
against a dark background each thread of silvery spray would be dis-
tinctly visible, and of course the general effect would be heightened.
The grounds, walks, &c., were in excellent keeping, and the arrange-
ment of colour in the beds devoted to flowering plants and the vases
all that could be desired, the most striking colours only being employed.
Some beds of dwarf Dahhas pegged down and margined with different
coloured flowers were well managed. We noticed particularly a bed of
Dahlia Zelinda, a dark self, which, pegged down close to the surface, so
as completely to hide the ground, and edged with a margin of white
Petunia, formed one of the most striking beds we have seen the whole
season. Indeed the entire management of the out-door department
reflects the greatest credit on Mr. Milner, who has it in charge.

The fountains seem well arranged, both for single effect and for
forming a grand tout ensemble when the completion of the water
temples and the large jets at the bottom of the grounds will permit
of their all being brought into play together.

In my opinion the most objectionable thing about the grounds is the
Rosery Temple (if I may so call it), which occupies a slight elevation
on the right hand side of the grounds, and is unfortunately visible from
every part of the gardens. As it must be well known to nearly all
your readers I need not describe it. As an architectural building, it is
decidedly objectionable, and its incongruity to surrounding objects, and
particularly to the main building, is painfully evident, from whatever
point it is seen : nor yet do I think it calculated for the purpose
intended — the training of climbing Roses and other creepers. Those
parts of the grounds devoted to Park scenery have been planted with
care, and will contrast well with the more dressy portions, after a few
years' growth have given more character to the young trees. In the
interior of the Palace all was looking well, excepting, perhaps, the large
Pomegranates in tubs, which appeared languishing for the unclouded
skies of their native South, or in other words are either too far from the
light or have not fresh air in sufficient abundance ; the young wood
was drawing too much. The large Orange trees are mostly in fine
health, but we think if they could be spared out of the building they
would be all the better for being placed outside for three months in the
summer. The aquatics were in great splendour ; their vigour is quite
marvellous, considering their distance from the glass, and clearly shows
a new fact in gardening. CamelHas, Azaleas, and the miscellaneous
plants were in vigorous health, and promise well for a large display of
bloom next season. S.

NOVEMBER. 325

ENVILLE HALL,

THE SEAT OF THE EARL OF STAMFORD AND WARRINGTON.

Within the last few years this place has deservedly become very
celebrated, in consequence of the Earl of Stamford and Warrington
having expended an enormous sum of money in adding considerably to
the pleasure grounds and glass structures, as well as purchasing
extensively both ornamental and new plants. In this his lordship has
received valuable assistance from Mr. Alton, the head gardener at
Enville, so that in a very short space of time this has been made one
of the most extensive and beautiful gardens in the country.

When the Earl of Stamford came into possession of the estate there
were but six acres of garden, but in 1847 and the two following years
twenty acres more were added, and within the last two years upwards
of fifty more, making in all about 100 acres of pleasure ground. The
grounds are richly diversified, while the situation itself is naturally
beautiful, and with the introduction of water in four different places ihetout
ensemble is such as to please the most fastidious. A noble conservatory
has just been added, and is the most majestic glass erection we have
ever seen, and so far as our pages will admit, the accompanying sketch
gives a good representation of it. It was built by JNIessrs. Gray and
Ormson, of Danvers-street, Chelsea, and certainly reflects great credit
on their taste and skill as horticultural builders.

It is not intended to plant out the different kinds of plants in beds,
as is common in large houses of this description, but to grow them in
pots and tubs, and by this means a much greater display can be kept
up throughout the year, by using the extensive plant houses in the
kitchen garden as a nursery for that purpose. Creepers are to be
planted out round the pillars, and a number of ornamental baskets
filled with suitable plants, similar to those that have such a pleasing
effect at the Crystal Palace, will be suspended from different parts of
the building.

The flower garden, when we saw it in August, was a complete mass
of bloom, and is of no particular plan, the beds being chiefly circular,
of a good size, and each filled with one variety of plant. The most
effective colours for contrast are chosen, and many of the beds were
filled with very choice things, such as Calceolaria Purity, a new white
variety, which has succeeded very well, and will make a valuable
plant for the Italian style of flower gardens. C. amplexicaulis is grown
largely, and is an excellent late variety, and one of the best bedders
when well done. Among other Calceolarias used at Enville are
Prince of Orange, a light orange kind, of excellent habit, and certainly
one of the best, being very dwarf, and a profuse bloomer ; Frosti, a
pretty small yellow, but soon flowers itself out ; Gem, a deep rich
brown variety ; and Aurantia.

In Geraniums, the sorts grown are Sidonia, Unique, and Conspicuum ;
these three do best in pots, plunged. Commander-in-Chief, Cerise
Unique, with some of the best old kinds of scarlet, are also freely used ;
Hendersoni is found to be the only white worth growing out of doors.

326 * THE FLORIST.

Boule de Neige, Skeltoni, Miss Emily Field, and Shrubland Pet have
been tried, but are not effective. Ingram's Princess Alice and Shrub-
land Rose bloom freely and do well here, as also Purple Nosegay.
Variegated kinds are grown very extensively ; Flower of the Day was
by far the most effective, taking foliage and tlower together ; Mountain
of Light, of which there was a large bed, was very patchy and
irregular as regards bloom. Mangles' Old Variegated is also largely
used, and found very useful ; Alma, a new kind, promises to be the
best of this class, the fohage and flower being better than any other we
have seen, but there was not enough of it to see what the effect would
be when grouped in a mass ; Golden Chain is only grown for its
fohage, as the flowers are cut off.

Not many kinds of Verbenas are used, only a few of the most
decided and effective colours. In scarlets. Defiance is still the favourite,
but Mrs. Woodroffe was very good. There were goods beds of Andre,
Wonderful, Purple King, Blue Beard, Bouquet Parfait, Emma,
Parfume de Madeline, Madame de Stael, Etoile de Venus, and
Mont Blanc. The beds of Defiance and Bouquet Parfait were the
most showy and best filled. Ageratums, Petunias, and various other
plants were equally gay with those we have enumerated.

There are 72 beds in the flower garden and 30 in the pleasure
grounds ; some idea, therefore, may be formed of the large number of
plants required to fill so many beds, and of the effect they produced, when
we state that many of the beds require 500 plants in each, and but
few less than 100 plants. What is termed the " Riband system " of
planting is here adopted to a very great extent. This is simply done
by planting in lines, commencing in front with a row of some dwarf
plant, and using taller growing varieties in the back rows. One " riband "
was 400 yards long, half of which was filled with the following plants : —
1st, or front row, Golden Chain Geranium ; 2nd, Lobelia Erinus
maxima ; 3rd, Geranium Cerise Unique ; 4th, Calceolaria Aurantia
and Scarlet Pentstemon planted alternately ; 5th, Phlox tardiflora ;
6th, Hollyhocks. The Phlox would have been more effective had it
been earlier. The other half was composed of the following : — 1st,
Geranium Golden Chain ; 2nd, Lobelia Erinus ; 3rd, ( > eranium Cerise
Unique ; 4th, Calceolaria Gem ; 5th, Humea elegans ; 6th, Dahhas ;
the whole being backed with evergreens. The Geranmm Cerise Unique
is found to be a more suitable colour to back the Lobelia.

Another riband, 140 yards long, was planted as follows : — 1st row.
Geranium Golden Chain; 2nd, Forget-me-not (Myosotis caespitosa) ;
3rd, Scarlet Geranium ; 4th, Calceolaria Gem and Aurantia alternately ;
5th, Dahlia Zelinda (a dwarf purple variety). Another riband is
composed of straight lines, 160 yards in length, and backed with Roses
— such kinds as flower during the summer and autumn. In these rows
of plants variegated Alyssum intersected with Verbena venosa and
Virginian Stock formed the front row. Geraniums, Salvia patens, and
Delphinium Hendersoni and D. Barlowi formed the other rows.

This plan, whether in straight lines or curved borders, is most
effective, and is admired by every one, especially when carried out to
such an extent as it is at Enville, where, in many instances, so many

NOVEMBER. 327

new and good things are used in quantities. Another feature of no
less importance is well observed at this establishment, namely, that
good plants are grown ready for turning out, so that half the season is
not lost before they come into bloom. This could not be done without
the command of glass to a great extent, and this has been liberally
provided by his lordship, both in the shape of houses and pits heated
with hot water.

Coniferous plants do exceedingly well here, and there are numbers
of choice trees already of a good size, with a large number coming on.
The finest specimen is a large and handsome plant of Pmus macrocarpa,
and there is also a beautiful plant of Picea nobilis, with a quantity of
good Deodars, Taxodium distichum, &c. There is also an abundance
of noble specimens of Portugal Laurels, Rhododendrons, and other hardy
shrubs. Copper Beech, Limes, and other deciduous trees abound, of
an immense size and age, many of which produce a peculiar effect by
drooping to the ground, where the branches take root and form a
progeny of young trees around the parent. Rhododendrons and
American plants generally grow most luxuriantly here in the natural soil.

The kitchen garden consists of six acres, four being inside the walls,
and two outside. The walls were commenced in 1853, and are well
furnished with healthy young trees which have not yet generally fruited.
The glass here consists of a Peach case 360 feet long and 14 feet high,
and sufficiently wide to admit hot water pipes, and allow room to walk
between them and the trees ; five Vineries, a house for New Holland
plants, two Orchid houses, a stove and Geranium house, a house for
forcing early flowers, besides houses for Cucumbers and Figs. There
are also 4*^0 feet of pits for Pines, Melons, and wintering bedding plants,
all of which are heated with hot water, besides 200 feet of cold pits.

The fountains are a splendid feature of this charming place. They
were projected by Lord Stamford himself, andwihtwo large reservoirs,
completed in less than two years, no expense being spared. One of the
reservoirs is placed on the gathering grounds, from which the water is
pumped up through half a mile ot J 2-inch pipes, by two 30 horse
power engines, to the other reservoir on the high grounds, and then
descends, with a fall of 350 feet, through the same length of pipes to
the l?rge jet, which throws it from 150 to 200 feet high. The lower
fountahi, served from this same main, consists of 16 jets, placed among
sea horses, and 1 through a figure of a sea or river god. The 16 jets
throw the water 40 feet, and the centre 70 feet high. No pen can
describe the fine effect of the two playing together, surrounded as they
are by such beautiful scenery. There are other fountains about the
place, but not of such remarkable size as those just described.

The Earl of Stamford most liberally allows tlie public to view the
whole of the pleasure grounds and flower gardens twice a week, on
Tuesdays and Thursdays, but gardeners may see them at any time,
Lord Stamford being must desirous that every lacihty should be afforded
them for doing so. Mr. Alton, the very able gardener here, deserves
great credit for the judicious and very extensive alterations that have
been made in so short a time, and his exertions are warmly supported by
Lord Stamford, who is very fond of horticulture, and spares no expense
in making Enville one of the best gardens in the country, as it most
unquestionably will be.

328

THE FLORIST.

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330 THE FLORIST.

THE ROYAL SOUTH LONDON FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The shows are now over, exclaims many an exhibitor, with a satisfac-
tory shrug that can be rehshed only by those who know the toils and
anxiety ot' repeatedly showing at the leading exhibitions. The princi-
pal exhibitors at the Metropolitan shows have this year had plenty to
do, the season having opened well at the Regent's Park and Chiswick in
May, followed by tne monster exhibition at the Crystal Palace in June,
while the other great shows followed steadily after. Then came a host
of provincial displays that made incessant claims on the grower of Horists'
flowers ; Oxford, Dudley, JManchester, Brighton, Cambridge, Edin-
burgh, Norwich, and many others, all in their turn requirmg close
attention from the leading cultivators of florists' flowers. Not the least
important shows of the year have been thoseof the South London Flori-
■ cultural Society, held under the auspices of Mr. Simpson, the enter-
prising and very liberal proprietor of the Royal Cremorne Gardens.
The exhibition in June was remarkable, among other things, for a splen-
did display of Orchids, Geraniums, and other stove and greenhouse
plants, the like of which can only be seen at Regent's Park or Chiswick,
but the day was unfortunately very wet. The last show was held in
August, when there was a very large display of Dahlias and Hollyhocks
by the leading growers. The South London Floricultural Society has
been an important body that has been in existence upwards of 20 years,
during which period the Surrey Zoological Gardens have been the scene
of the Society's various exhibitions. The connection, however, termi-
nated last year, and Mr. Simpson, hearing that such was the case, offered,
in a manner that was highly appreciated by the committee, the use of
his grounds for the Society's shows, and so the South London Floricul-
tural Society migrated to their new home at the Royal Cremorne
Gardens. A few of the principal exhibitors, feehng that Mr. Simpson
had thus earned some mark of respect lirom them, invited that gentle-
man to a complimentary dinner at Cremorne on Thursday evening,
October 4th, when after the usual loyal and complimentary toasts had
passed, some conversation took place as to the practicabihty of re-esta-
blishing the South London Society at Cremorne, and amalgamating one
or two other societies with it, and a general feeling seemed to be in
favour of doing so. It is rather a heavy tax on the pocket of many by
subscribing a guinea each to so many societies. I, for one, belong to
the National, South London, and Pomological, besides being a subscribei
to the Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, and other minor societies ;
and if, at least, two of these societies were thrown into one, the change
would be regarded with a great degree of satisfaction by many. Now
in the case of the three first named societies, it has been proposed to
amalgamate them, so that one subscription may do for all, believing
that " union is strength," and that by securing a larger number of sub-
scribers, a larger amount of prizes may be offered, and a greater amount
of good effected. Now, although I am dt-cidedly in favour of uniting
the South London and the National Floricultural Societies, I am not so
certain that we can with so much propriety advocate the same step on
the part of the Pomological Society, because it is only a new society,

NOVEMBER. 331

started on a broad basis, established for one definite object, the classi-
fication of fruits, and sitting in judgment on seedling varieties, objects
that would induce many to become a member that would not wish to be
associated with any other object ; and the subscription being but half a
guinea, it is not so great a tax. However, this is a question open to
discussion, and, of course, the consideration of the Pomological Society.
The South London Society has not been carried on with sufficient
energy ; there were two conflicting parties in the management, and
the result was a separation from the Society, and it has now become
imperative that the Society should have much more vigorous manage-
ment, or be broken up altogether. A general impression has gained
ground that it should be re-established under better management, and
there is really no reason why it should not be done, for we must all
confess that what is worth doing at all is worth doing well. Then with
regard to the National Fioricultural Society, all who have been in the
habit of attending the meetings this year, must testify to the great
success attending the society, and, indeed, the National Fioricultural
Society has now become so practically essential, that although the
Society may be amalgamated with any other, its functions must remain
unimpaired. ]\Iy opinion is, that whatever may be done, the name of
the National Fioricultural Society should remain, and its monthly meet-
ings be held in London as before, but at the great exhibitions of the
Society at Cremorne, seedlings should be adjudicated upon there as
well. Another advantage would arise from preserving the name, as all
the certificate cards and plates, as well as the other property of the
Society, including the published Transactions, could then be made avail-
able for the new society without incurring additional expense, and it
will be of great advantage to all, having the published Transactions
continued.

The year now expiring has been marked with signal success, and
seedling tiowers from all parts of the kingdom have been freely sent
for the opinion of the judges, a fact that testifies to the confidence raisers
have in the Society. Such an ordeal must still exist, and it is a very
easy matter to carry the South London Society into the National, and
with vigorous management, and the opportunities offered, a very strong
society can easily be organised, and produce exhibitions of first class
excellence. Believing, as I do, that the amalgamation of the two
societies will be highly beneficial to floriculture, it carried out in a liberal
and honest manner, I hope soon to see the subject warmly taken
up by the two societies, and the amalgamation become a fact.

Observer.

HELIANTHEMUxM TUBERIA.
This " Truffle Rock- Rose " is really a charming plant, and the largest
flowered of all the species, reseinbling in its blossoms a single yellow-
Rose. It flowers in July, and the blossoms continue long in succession.
The species inhabits the south of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sicily,
and the North of Africa. It is well adapted for sunny rock work.
There is a pretty figure of it in the " Botanical Magazine" for September.

332 THE FLORIST.

A BOON TO DAHLIA GROWERS.

A VERT useful little article has been invented and registered by Mr.
Edwards, of St. Paul's Square, Birmingham, for the destruction of that
universal pest the earwig. The article in question is placed on the top
of the Dahlia stick, in the same manner as the inverted flower pots ; it
is made of japanned tin, and is so constructed that when the earwigs
have entered it they find it impossible to get out. The trap has been
placed in the hands of Mr. C. J. Perry, the well known amateur of
Birmingham, who has thoroughly tested it during the late season.
Mr. Perry reports as follows : — " In my opinion the invention is com-
plete, no obstruction whatever being offered to the entrance of the
insects, and I found that a httle sugar being placed inside the trap
carried such an attraction that in a few days the trap contained a living
mass of the destructive and noxious creatures. The hd is made to open
so that the trap can be emptied in a moment ; but its principal recom-
mendation is the fact that it is not necessary to remove it daily to
destroy the earwigs, as their detention being positive the grower can
inspect his traps at his leisure, or they may even be allowed to remain
during an entire season."

If the inventor can produce the earwig trap at a moderate cost we
feel assured that the demand will be very great, as not only Dahlias
but many other florists' flowers suffer considerably from the ravages of
earwigs.

RHODODENDRON JASMINIFLORUM.

Considering so much has been written respecting Rhododendrons
and their various attractions, it is somewhat singular that this, one of
the most beautiful of the genus, should have been so little mentioned,
for although it cannot equal some of the Sikkim species in point of fine
foliage, it has properties to recommend it in preference to most of them,
and I think for general purposes it will be found a more useful plant
than the best of them ; but at the same I would not be understood to
depreciate the value of the Sikkim species, for many of them are
doubtless very valuable plants.

In most gardens cut flowers are much required throughout the season,
and anything producing flowers to cut in the winter will always be
prized, more or less according to its merits. For this purpose the
R. jasminiflorum will be found invaluable, as it can be had in bloom
through a considerable part of the winter and spring months ; the
flowers will always cause it to be classed with the most choice for this
purpose, as there are few to equal it.

The Stephanotis floribunda, which has long been a favourite for
cutting from, is almost the only plant (with the exception of a few of
the more rare Orchids) that can equal it, and over this it possesses
many advantages ; the neat compact habit, and the power to withstand
more cold, are properties that will recommend it to many. It is a

NOVEMBER. 333

plant that may be grown by any one possessing a greenhouse, with the
necessary soil, &c., and will be found to require less attention than
many of our more common greenhouse plants.

In February the plants should be carefully potted in some nice
fibrous peat, broken fine and well mixed with about one-fourth of silver
sand, taking care to secure a good drainage, and the soil should be
pressed rather firmly about the roots. After this time it will soon
commence growing, when it should be assisted with a somewhat warmer
atmosphere ; about 50° or 60° will be quite warm enough, which
should be kept moist and rather shady.

Under this treatment it wdll be found to make rapid growth, and will
require little attention further than occasionally stopping to secure a
compact growth. In May, if the plant has grown well, it will again
require repotting, using a similar compost, it should again be placed in
a moderately warm situation, where it may remain till the latter part
of June, after which time it should be gradually inured to light and air,
and finally to the open air, which will assist in maturing the wood and
inducing flower. In September they w^U again require the protection
of the greenhouse, w^here they should be exposed to light and air, and
by moving plants in succession to a warm house they will continue in
bloom for a long time.

J. Shuter.

THE NORTH EAST HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (IRELAND).
It is not often that we have the opportunity of drawing attention to
horticultural exhibitions in the sister isle, but a correspondent has
kindly favoured us with a few particulars of the Autumn exhibition
held in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Belfast, on the 13th of September.
The Alma Silver Cup, of the value of ten pounds, was the principal
prize, and was offered for 36 Dahlia blooms, for which four competitors
entered, the prize being carried off by Mr. Alexander Dickson, Nur-
seryman, Newtownards, near Belfast, with Pre-eminent, Queen of
Whites, Comet, Glory, Crocus, Fanny, Mr. Seldon, Bob, John Keynes,
Miss Caroline, The Nigger, John Edwards, Amazon, Laura Lavington,
Indispensable, Plantagenet, Rachel Rawlings, Lord Raglan, Lord Bath,
Bishop of Hereford, Beauty of Slough, Barmaid, Triumphant, Mrs.
Seldon, Rose of England, Empress, Gem of the Grove, Robert Bruce,
Sir C. Napier, White Standard, Port Royal, Ruby Queen, Mrs. H. N.
Fergusson, Sir John Franklin, Annie, and Espartero ; 2nd, Mr. A.
Campbell, nurseryman, Glasnevin, Dublin ; 3d, Messrs. F. and A.
Dickson and Sons, nurserymen, Chester ; 4th, ]\Ir. Davis, nurseryman,
Hilsborough, near Belfast. For 24 Dahlias, Mr. Campbell 1st, and
Mr. A. Dickson 2nd. Twelve Fancy Dahlias, Mr. Campbell 1st, and
Mr. A. Dickson 2nd. Twenty-four Pansies — 1st, Mr. A. Dickson;
and for 12 Hollyhocks, 1st, Mr. A. Campbell ; 2nd, Mr. A. Dickson.
A great many prizes were awarded to other subjects, but our object in
thus noticing the show was to point out the fact of so liberal a prize
having been offered in Ireland for Dahhas, and its having provoked a
keen competition.

334 THE FLORIST.

RHODOLEIA CHAMPIONI.

Although good sized plants of this Rhodoleia now exist in this
country, yet none of them, as far as we know, have yet flowered. If
the figure of it in the " Botanical Magazine" for 1850 is correct, it is
extremely handsome. Sir William Hooker there states " Captain
Champion, writing from Hong Kong, December, 1849, says, ' This
is admitted by all here to be the handsomest of Hong Kong flowering
trees, and new to Europeans until I discovered it in February last. It
is a small tree, but would probably, like the Camellia, blossom as a
shrub profusely, each branch bearing from six to eight flowers.
Flowers (capitula) at its extremity, and these two inches and a half
in diameter ; sepals (leaflets of outer involucre), about twelve ;
petals (leaflets of inner involucre) rose coloured, about eighteen ; stamens,
probably fifty in each head ; conditions of growth exactly those of
Camellia japonica I should say, and the tree of about the same degree
of hardihood.' " Camelhas are stated to blossom in the same wood
with it, and therefore it may turn out that our cultivators keep it too
warm. The great pomt should be to make its young wood early, in
order that it might be well ripened and hardened before autumn.
Without this there can be little hope of its ever being flowered
successfully. B.

RETROSPECTION.— No. I. THE DAHLIA.

My" friend B. is what is usually termed a character. A florist of no
mean order, and for about one half of the year a most diligent one,
he has lived so much among flowers, that he seems to have imbibed, as
it were, a portion of their very nature. Like them he is all gaiety
and brilliancy during the period of sunshine ; but as winter approaches
he becomes dull and torpid : in a word, he dozes away some six
months of his existence at a stretch — an aimless, lifeless, spiritless being.
" Summer," sighed he to me the other day, "glorious summer is past
and gone ! How shall I ever survive the dreary dull winter evenings ?"
Dull, forsooth ! There is nothing dull in Nature save the jaundiced
mind of man : and he who ruefully bewails the dull evenings of winter
is as much to be pitied as he who could *' travel from Dan to Beer-
sheba, and cry ' All is barren.' " Tut, man ! cast a long and searching
glance back into the past, and I warrant me thou shalt see wherewith
to shorten the dreariest evening that ever weighed heavy on the soul
of the most confirmed hypochondriac. Findest thou no pleasure in
retrospection ? Has all thy bygone existence, then, been compounded
of "toil and trouble?" Are there no "green spots" on "memory's
waste," whose verdure is eternal, and whose pure streams flow on
unceasine;ly ? ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ Rouse thy benumbed faculties, good
friend of mine ! Shake the cobwebs from thy brain, and confess with
me, that the past is the only phase of existence in which man can
reahze true enjoyment. The future looms vague and dim : the present
is so fleeting as to elude the most determined grasp ; but the past —

NOVEMBER. S35

the past is all our own. And what are the lessons it inculcates ?
Endurance of the now ; — hope — unlading hope of the hebe after.
The truth of the moral is none the less, because the majority of human
kind fails in its practical ap{)lication.

Listen to that battered old warrior, as he

" Shoulders his crutch, and shows how fields were won."

Note how he revels in the past. The dreadful day, whose minutest
events he is so vividly relating, was one fraught with danger and with
death ; and though we doubt not he did his duty well and nobly, like
a true son of Britain, and that in the excitement of the fray he
experienced something akin to delight, we feel assured that the old hero
cherishes the remembrance of that well-fouglit field as his dearest
earthly possession.

*' 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view."

So sang the Bard of Hope ; and the same sentiment has (I think) been
expressed — with equal, if not greater, truth — by the Bard of Memory.

The antiquated beau, who boasts of the havoc he committed among
the hearts of our grandmothers in his " hot youth, when George the
Third was King ; " think ^''ou he felt half the pride in his conquests —
real or assumed — as he derives from the bare recollection of them,
after the lapse of more than an entire 'generation ?

Mark yonder ancient squire — him of the rubicund visage — through
whose veins circulates a fluid compounded of human blood and " old
port " in about equal proportions. What is it that lights up his " lack-
lustre eye " and almost animates his dull and sensual countenance ?
He is narrating — for the thousandth time — the particulars of that
wonderful run with Sir Harry Crashall's famous pack, when after " a
tremendous burst of forty minutes, without a check, &c., &c." As he
warms with his subject, the old man waxes eloquent. Half a century
of time is overleaped in a moment. The ill-assorted marriage, the
spendthrift heir, the heavy mortgages, the tortures of the gout itself —
all are forgotten, and he becomes, in imagination, once more the ruddy,
well a}>pointed young gentleman of fifty years ago, who, mounted on
his favourite hunter, Daredevil, showed the way to a numerous field,
comprising the best blood in the whole county.

Yet one picture more. Tread softly : we are on hallowed ground.
Another aged man, stretched on the bed of sickness — " sickness unto
death : " the expression of his face is calm, placid — almost angelic.
Wherefore so ? Look around the bare and almost squalid apartment :
— observe the miserable pallet — the scanty covering — tlie surly
ministrations of the hireling virago, redolent of gin, made doubly savacre
by the premature termination of her stertorous slumber, lie heeds
them not : his thoughts have wandered back far away into the shadowy
past, when, in the days of his prosperity, his life was spent in the
exercise of active benevolence. His good deeds have been ill requited;
but the memory of them has been his solace through long years of
adversity, — ^has assuaged the bitter pangs of disease and poverty, and
is even now fulfilling its last and most exalted office, by robbing Death

336 THE FLORIST.

of his terrors, and investing his grim and skeleton form with a robe of

celestial light.

■X- * * * * ^ *

The long and the short of it all is this : — my friend B. and I have
entered into a compact, in virtue of which we have determined to
*' bestow our tediousness " on the readers of the Florist. 1 have
persuaded him that he may relieve the dulness of winter — as he persists
in terming it — by putting to paper his impressions of some of the
results of floriculture during the past year, with such deductions as
may naturally result therefrom. He insists, however, that I lead the
way, and assigns for my subject the Dahha, of which he says (being
in a complimentary mood) 1 know a little, but none too much. I am
entirely ignorant what flower he will select to begin with ; nor is it
of much miportance, as there is scarcely one with which he is not well
acquainted. 1 fully anticipate — if I can keep him awake — a series of
extremely practical, if not very brilliant, articles, from the pen of my
hybernatmg triend.

In fulhlment of my part of the contract, I purpose to take up the
subject from the point where I left it at the end of 1854, and to offer
a few observations on the condition and prospects of the Dahlia as
exemplified by the exhibitions of 1855. To this end I propose three
questions, which I will endeavour to answer categorically.

1. Does the Dahha or does it not retain its popularity as a show

flower ?

2. Does it exhibit marks of improvement or otherwise ?

3. Is there a reasonable prospect of its future progression ?

1. There can be no doubt of the continued popularity of the Dahlia.
Of this no better proof can be adduced than the number of collections
staged for competition at the principal exhibitions, and the crowd of
spectators they invariably attract. In respect of popularity there has
always been a notable steadiness about the Dahlia. Unlike the Tulip
and some other flowers, it has never excited that amount of absolute
furor which is liable to degenerate into a species of monomania. Its
cultivators are, doubtless, enthusiastic enough, but their enthusiasm is
of a quiet character, and consequently, little subject to paroxysms of
intermission. They are generally constant to their first love, and the
individual who takes up the fancy — as it is termed — is apt to continue
it through a long series of years : the secessions from its ranks are there-
fore remarkably " few and far between." It is true that one of its
most redoubted champions has, throughout the past season, been missed
from his accustomed place. Be it so. Surely the veteran may be
permitted to repose upon his laurels ! But has the place been vacant ?
Not so. The ranks are crowded with recruits ; ay, and of the right sort,
too. Let the old sta(/e?'S look well to this. If they fail to keep pace
with the times, if they cease for one moment to " move on," there are
young ones treading closely on their heels, fully alert to take advantage
of the slightest falter, by tripping them up and leaving them fairly in
the lurch. It is no uncommon circumstance, now-a-days, to see collec-
tions not even " placed," which, only a few years ago, would have been
" safe to win." On the whole, then, I infer that — to say the least —
the Dahlia has lost nothing of its wonted populaiity.

NOVEMBER. 337

2. And wherefore is the Dahlia thus popular ? It is because for
years past it has exhibited, and still continues to exhibit, unmistakeable
signs of improvement. Slowly it may be, but no less surely, it progresses
toward an ideal standard of perfection, which wdl never be attained ;
inasmuch as the standard itf.elf will be raised in proportion as its
requirements appear likely to be realized. Where are now the varieties
with wliich the greatest triumphs were achieved ten years since ? With
one solitary exception they are gone. Gradually — by twos and threes
— they have vanished from the scene, and their places have been
supplied — and, in some instances, their very numes appropriated —
by other and more meritorious sorts. The additions made to
our collectims have been duly chronicled, from time to time, in
these pages : it is therefore unnecessary to re-enumerate them.
The present object is the consideration of what has been effected
during the past season. I think 1 may venture to assert that in
no one year since the florist (I allude to the man not tha booM)
first took the Dahlia under his especial protection, have so many sterling
varieties been added to our store. Nor is this a mere matter of opinion.
It is abundantly capable of proof, failing which, bald assertion will ever
prove valueless. Let me endeavour to illustrate my position by the
examination of a few facts. It cannot be denied that the only reliable
test of a good Dahlia is the constancy of its appearance at the principal
exhibitions : this is a recommendation which will outweigh all the
certificates of all the floriculture 1 associations in the world ; — and in
saying this, I wish to guard myself against the imputation of unJer-
valuing either the associations or their certificates, (^f the former I have
always been a warm admirer ; and with the latter — provided they be
honestly and impartially distributed — I have no desire to quarrel.
There is, fortunately, no difficulty in ascertaining how far the new Dahlias
of 1855 will bear the application of the test I speak of. At the memorable
show held at the Cremorne Gardens on the 30th of August, the Dahlia
was worthily represented. What position did the new varieties occupy
on that occasion ? Take the four winning stands of 24 blooms exhibited
by amateurs. The first contained six, the second five, and the third
and fourth each four of the new flowers, which formed, in the aggregate,
one-fifth of the whole. It was, doubtless, only a coincidence, but still
worthy of remark, that the order of merit should have been in the exact
ratio of the number of first j'^ear's blooms. It would be a sore impeach-
ment of the judgment of the successful competitors on this occasion to
suppose that they preferred vew sorts to good ones ; I infer, therefore,
that the former obtained their position in virtue of their own inherent
and intrinsic worth. At Brighton, the balance in favour of the novelties
was heavier still : the collection to which the C up was awarded
contained seven, and that next in merit no less than ten of them : the
former comprised, moreover, one, and the latter two, sorts not yet "let
out ; " of these three, two, at least, are destined to become great in
their generation. F'or obvious reasons, I do not include the collections
of nurserymen in illustration of this point. If I were to do so, I
believe the preponderance of new varieties would be yet greater. To
descend a little more to particulars ; — it may be said that Pre-eminent

NEW SERIES, VOL. Y., NO. LVIX. Z

338 THE FLORIST.

has amply vindicated the claims its denomination somewhat proudly
asserted ; and it certainly occupies the position I anticipated it would
fill, when 1 ventured to describe some of the then tbrthcoming novelties
in the pages of the Florist about a year since. To this and to Annie,
Agincourt, Lord Bath, Ruby Queen, and perhaps The Isigger to complete
the half dozen, the designation of first class varieties may be given,
Cossack, Empress, Espartero. Goldsmith, Lady Folkestone, and Rose
Unique possess many good qualities ; while Admiral Dundas, Constancy,
Diadem, Dr. Reed, Glenlyon, and Hoyal Sovereign may be included
among the useful sorts. The above-named varieties, 18 in number,
have all appeared, more or less frequently, in winning stands, where
the majority will be found for some time to come. As regards the fancy
Dahlias, the same amount of improvement, in proportion to their
number, is apparent. The more important additions of the year are
Baron Alderson, Comet, Miss Frampton, Miss Herbert, Surpriser, and
La Tropique. The last is not yet so well known as the others, but it
is one which will improve on acquaintance. With these Imperatrice
Eugenie may, w^ithout nmeh impropriety, be associated ; for, although
it is not strictly a flower of 1855, it was not until then it had been
seen sufficiently often for its merits to be recognised. Six, at least, out
of the seven here enumerated are fairly entitled to rank as first class
fancy Dahlias. If I have stated my case correctly, I think I have
succeeded in demonstrating that the Dahha does exhibit marks of
improvement.

3. It is impossible to bring to the consideration of my third proposi-
tion the same amount of evidence which has been adduced in elucida-
tion of the others. The ultimate value of the seedlings exhibited year
by year must always be, to a certain extent, a matter of conjecture.
The most experienced judge will not always be right in his estimate,
and hence it occasionally happens that an uncertificated seedling turns
out a first rate thing. This is, in truth, an exceptional occurrence,
and I mention it only to remind my readers that I do not pretend to
infallibility. The pi-oof which time has given of the general correctness
of my description of last year's seedlings, however, emboldens me to
make another attempt in the same direction. If what I have to remark
respecting the forthcoming sorts be correct, my third and last question
must be answered in the affirmative. I have only to add that I place
no dependence simply on my own memory ; that my observations are
made from notes taken at the leading exhibitions, with the specimens
themselves before me ; and that I utterly discard from my mind the
number of certificates any individual kind may have obtained, or indeed
whether it has ever received a certificate or not. Whether my opinions
are right or wrong, valuable or worthless, they are the sole result of my
honest estimate of the intrinsic merit of the several subjects. The order
in which I place them represents my idea of their relative value. Being
no way enlightened in the arcana of " the trade," I cannot pretend to
say how many of the following sorts will " come out " next spring. I
merely describe them as varieties ''proved" during the season of J 855.

1. Orange Perfection (Keynes). — This is a beautiful variety, one of
the loveliest Dahlias extant. 1 am disposed to give it precedence as

NOVEMBER.

339

the best seedling of the year. In colour it is a vivid orange, as bright
as jMorning Star, which it far surpasses in quahty. The petals are
smooth, well formed, and admirably arranged : it is perfect in outline,
has a compact centre, a trifle depressed, with n.oderate substance and
sufficient depth ; size medium.

2. Bessie (Turner). — A second year's probation has not lowered this
variety in the public estimation. It has been better " done" than last
season, and any doubts tliat might then have existed as to its depth
have been entirely dissipated. It is the best yellow we yet possess.

3. Lord Fahnerston (G. Holmes). — A noble sort, fit to take its
position in a back row with Pre-eminent. Colour rich dark scarlet,
full, deep, and symmetrical ; petal of good shape, well expanded, but
not too open ; centre compact, close, and moderately well elevated. The
general style of the Hower is indicative of constancy, and it will prove,
in all likelihood, easy to grow, and is consequently a desirable variety
for town cultivation.

4. Lollipop (G. Holmes). — Colour peculiar, and rather difficult to
define, — say salmon buff as an approach. This is an attractive sort,
and will be extremely popular. Its form is excellent, but its high centre
is accompanied by — and in some degree dependent on — the drawback
of reflexed petals ; one or two specimens have, however, been exhibited
in which the petals were beautifully cupped ; in this condition it is
quite a model ; size and substance moderate.

5. Mrs. Wheeler (Wheeler). — A very compact kind, rather below
the medium size, reminding us in form and colour both of Sir Charles
Napier and Espartero, but, at its best, superior to either ; general form
and centre good ; petals rather small, but not quilly : altogether a very
pretty and desirable variety.

6. Duchess of WelUnuton (Turner). — Colour more novel than pretty ;
a flower of good general form, with high centre and great depth, average
substance, and full medium size : petal scarcely so smooth as could be
desired. The " setting up" of this variety will demand the exercise of
some little judgment, as it will not harmonize well witli several of the
prevailing colours. On this account a corner will, perhaps, be its most
appropriate locality

7. Miss Bardett Coutls (Turner.) — Another novelty in respect of
colour — shaded fawn ; a very teUirig flower, with good substance, and
neat, well cupped petals : size, form and centre, medium. It will be
most prized by those who look to general effect, rather than to the nicer
and more critical points of excellence.

8. Yellow Beauty ( I urner.) — This kind presents a very compact
and perfect centre ; and in this one particular it surpasses Bessie : it
lacks, however, the dei)th and the general fir.o form and quality of that
variety. We must have the centre of Yellow Beauty engrafted on a
aood bloom of Bessie before we can boast of that great desideratum —
a perfect yellow Dahlia.

9. Grand Saltan (Turner.) — Dark maroon, approaching to black,
but retaining that tinge of crimson which constitutes its peculiar rich-
ness. If the severe critic objects that this variety exhibits no marked
excellence in any one point, he must, in candour, admit it to be equally

z 2

340 THE FLORIST.

free from any marked defect. It is not first class in quality, but will,
nevertlieless, find its way pretty frequently into the best stands.

10. Shaded Model (Turner.) — Ground colour that of General
Faucher, beautifully shaded with a deeper tint : a flower of fair pro-
portions, with something above average quality : a thoroughly useful
variety.

11. Chameleon (Rawlings.) — A moderately large primrose yellow
having the edges of its petals occasionally tinged with brownish red.
It was not shown in any thing approaching good condition until late in
the seeson. There is a certain something in this variety which induces
me to hazard an opinion that it is capable of better things than it has
hitherto achieved.

12. Eclipse (Wheeler.) — Dark purple, of good depth, with a close
centre, well up to the surface. This sort would seem to have made its
appearance a little too late, as we are well provided with good varieties
of the same colour. Although a rea'ly good flower, it will not bear
comparison with Pre-eminent. If its colour had been white instead of
purple, it would at once have taken position at the head of its class.

There remain yet a few seedlings, of which I have seen but little,
and that little under unfavourable circumstances, by reason of their
evident want of condition at the time they came under my observation.
As some of these will, probably, turn out to be good sorts, I do not like
to omit them altogether. I subjoin their names and colours ; and as I
cannot, for the reasons just stated, take upon me to determine their
relative merits, I place them in alphabetical order : Archbishop of
Canterbury (Rawlings), dark purple; Corsair (Turner), dark scEU'let ;
Lady Raqlan (Wheeler), orange buff; Lord Raglan (Keynes), also
orange buff; Reginald (Keynes), sulphur faintly tipped with crimson;
and Tgrian Prince (Turner), dark maroon. These are all I have seen
whose micrits entitle them to consideration.

The fancy Dahlias will not detain me long : I know of one only
worthy of commendation, viz., Enchantress (Alexander), a large bold
flower of the colours of Gloire de Kain. It is larger, and has a better
petal and centre than its prototype, but is, I think, scarcely so distinct
in its markings. Our continental friends will, perhaps, send us some-
thing to compensate for the dearth of good fancy Dahlias of home pro-
duction. ' A. S. H.

THERMOPSIS BARBATA.

In the " Botanical Magazine " for August is figured this fine species,
which has spikes of large and singular looking flowers, of a dark violet
colour. It was raised, we are informed, by Mr. Moore, of Glasnevin,
from seeds sent from Himalaya by Major Madden, and flowered this
year in June in the open air. The root is perennial and woody, the
stems stout, erect, and branching, six to eighteen inches high, and covered
with spreading white hairs.

NOVEMBER,

BOTTOM HEAT.

341

Our concluding remarks will have reference to the application of bottom
heat to the culture of exutic plants, more especially with the view of
seeing how lar it can be recommended as a means of inducing tender
plants to bloom in the open air during summer with this assistance, as
well as lor employing it for heating borders in wliich we consider many
fine plants now ditticult to grow and bloom might be made to thrive and
produce their flowers ireely.

In a former paper 1 gave the results of an experiment with some
stove plants which were provided with bottom heat and left to bloom
in the open air. Witnessing ihis fact has induced me to pay closer
attention to the subject ever since.

In most gardens where stove plants are grown, many surplus plants
are to be met with in the spring, which from one cause or other become
unfit longer for pot culture. If a bed could be arranged in a shel-
tered place, but open to the south, so as to contain a depth of some 12
or 15 inches of soil of a sandy nature, and a pipe could be carried un-
derneath the soil, so as to give a uniform heat ot 70° or thereabouts, and
all the surplus stove plants were transferred to the open border towards
the end of May (having kept them previously dry and cool so as to
keep in check any active growth), and giving them the protection of
spare lights placed over a temporary frame for a few weeks by night
and during wet cold days, I have no doubt that they would start
into vigorous growth, and tlower as freely during August and September
as those did under my experiment. When the weather becaaie settled,
and the plants had become inured to their quarters, the framing, &c.,
should be removed that the plants were growing in, and the group
would present a perfectly natural appearance. Care must, however,
be taken to prevent their growing too fast, as some of them would be
inclined to do, and a short supply of water, and a spade run round their
roots now and then, would give a wholesome check to their luxuriance,
and induce them to bloom. Clerodendrons, Vincas, Justicias, Cannas,
Allamandas, Jasminums, Achimenes, Ixoras, and many similar plants
would bloom profusely, and well repay the little extra trouble of culti-
vation ; and I don"t know a finer object than a group of such plants
blooming in the open air would present in August and September.

But the above experiment is but one of several ways by which the
beauty ot our gardens might be increased by inducing exotics to bloom
out of doors. Conservative walls have long been tried with success for
greenhouse plants, and for which we have to thank Sir Joseph Paxton,
who first introduced them to the princely gard'-n at Chatsworth. On
these many things previously reputed tender thrive prodigiously, and
bloom with such profusion that no comparison can be made between
plants so situate and the same kinds growing in pots under glass. Now
we think by tlie introduction of hot-water pipes underneath the border
of a south wall, and with the same |)rotection as is usually given green-
house plants during winter, most of our stove climbers would grow and
fiovver freely ; and surely it would be worth something to see Ipomceas

342 THE FLORIST.

and stove Convolvuli, Combretums, Quisqualis, the fine Passion-flowers
from the Indies, Thunbergia chrysops, Stephanotis, Echites, Hoyas,
and Dipladenias blooming out of doors, to say nothing of Mandevillse and
that must beautiful ot all climbers bapageria rosea, of which there can
be no doubt. With the strong impression of the success that would
result from the trial, I hope that some admirer of this class of plants
will try the experiment, even supposing a glass case and pipes for keep-
ing a moderate temperature to be necessary dur'ng winter. The novelty
and beautiful effect such a wall would produce when once the plants
became established, would amply repay the trouble.

It is well known, that notwithstanding the great practical skill of
British gardeners, there yet remains some plants which refuse to bloom,
even with all the means and appliances to boot which our cultivators
possess. There is, in fact, no known way by which to coax such fasti-
dious members of the vegetable kingdom to show us their charms. We
may mention many species of Brunsvigias, Nerines, and other Cape
bulbs which rarely bloom when grown in pots, and we may add to the
above some species of American Alstroemerias, and many rare and
curious plants whose names are almost forgotten, so seldom are they
seen, from the difficulty of growing them in anything like perfection.
With some trifling peculiarities arising from difference of habit, which
a little attention would overcome, most of these plants will be found to
grow, and we doubt not would bloom freely if planted out in suitable
soil, in low pits, and supplied with a very moderate amount of bottom
heat. Without entering into details on the causes which prevent their
thriving when grown in pots, I may observe, generally, that they
dislike their roots being at all disturbed. Similar instances occur in
Gladiolus cardinalis and the Belladonna Lily, and many terrestrial
Orchids, which when allowed to grow undisturbed, flower freely, but
refuse to do so when often removed, and therefore if planted out as
above described, and protected during winter by glass frames, which
should be removed entirely in the summer, we should have the satis-
faction of seeing many very beautiful plants bloom, which now rarely,
if ever, do so. The expense, too, of growing them in this manner is
much less than keeping them in pots. No better plan for affording
them the necessary protection can be found than by forming a low pit
immediately in front of a greenhouse or stove, the front wall of the
house forming the back of the pit, and hanging the sashes for protection
during winter on a plate inserted therein, resting on a low wall, 12 or
14 inches high in front ; a pipe from the heating apparatus to furnish
bottom heat is all that is required, but it should be adjusted so as to
act separately, as it might have to be worked, when not required, for
the house.

In conclusion, our object in bringing the importance of bottom heat
for cultural purposes before your readers is owing to the impression v\"e
have for some time entertained ourselves, that much of trouble, anxiety,
and uncertainty may be saved in our daily practice by employing it
more extensively than we do, independent of the increased interest it
would give by adding a novel class of flow< '•s to the summer decorations
of gardens. Sigma.

NOVEMBER.

343

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6 feet lengths, and made to slide in the groove a a.

344

THE FLORIST.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

In the latter part of September I visited the French metropolis, accom-
panied by a friend, to have a peep, after the example of many of my
countrymen, at the world's fair, called the Palais de Y Industrie, and
well does the exhibition at Paris merit the name. It is a palace, and
the industry that has filled it to overflowing, with such stores of " goods,"
is in itself a source of wonder ; it differs in several features from the
exhibition in Hyde Park in 1851, and, perhaps, some persons versed
in the art of nice comparison might point out wherein that was superior
to the present ; but I must say, after a diligent examination, my con-
viction is, that it does great credit to those who have designed and
erected the beautiful structures, and equally so to universal industry
which has filled them with so much beauty and usefulness. In the
centre of the principal building is a noble fountain, surrounded by a
well kept and often renovated parterre of flowers, the Asters, chiefly of
a dwarf kind, being very numerous, and very gay and fine. The sea-
son has been favourable for these flowers, and everywhere in Paris they
Virere in profusion in pots, but I was told that they are grown in the
open ground, a ,d when in full flower lifted, and three or more plants
put into a pot and well watered, the colours being carefully chosen to
make a good display. But the peculiar feature of Paris, and, indeed,
of France, in a floricultural way, is the number of large Orange trees,
some in boxes six feet square, all trained to one shape, like a bottle
brush, which gives them a stiff formal appearance. The flowers are
gathered and sold for distillation, so that there was but little fruit.
The Pomegranate and the Nerium are also cultivated largely, and with
the Orange, are the most generally used for ornament.

In the immediate neighbourhood of the Palace there has been a con-
tinuous " Grand Horticultural Exhibition," got up and carried on at
the expense of a number of " the trade." Amongst the plants I saw
none that could be called a specimen in England. There \vas a nice
display of Gladioli and of Asters, and of Dahlias in pots, which made
a pretty show ; but the Dahlia flowers were small, the plants were
grafted to induce blooming in a smafl state. There was also a bank of
Pelargoniums, all very simflar, and bearing a strong likeness to
*' General Washington."

The vegetables were numerous and fine, a striking feature being
Gourds of various shapes and colours : but the most interesting feature
was an extensive display of fruit, chiefly Pears, many of which were
fine specimens, and a collection of models, admiiably executed, attracted
great attention. One variety was of enormous size, and the fruit must
have weighed 6 or 7 lbs. each.

In one part was an extensive collection of tools and implements of
horticulture, heating apparatus, seeds, &c., &c., amongst which some
neat small pots made with a nick from the rim to the hole in the
bottom, and which are used for propagating, appeared worth the atten-
tion of amateurs in England, as furnishing an easy and sure means of
increasing any favourite plant- without the necessity of hot-beds, bottom
heat, or bell glasses.

NOVEMBER. 345

In the flower borders of the Imperial Gardens I saw nothing to com-
pete with the best of our Enghsh gardens ; the flowers were common
sorts, and the varieties not numerous ; the beds were, however, neat
and clean, but horticulture does not ap})ear to have made the progress
in France tliat it has done in England. May the cordial aUiance now
happily subsisting between the two countries continue to giow closer
and stronger, and no rivalry exist between them but such as will
stimulate industry and promote the general good.

Iota.

BEGONIAS.

Very many of the species contained in this genus deserve special
attention, from the profusion and successional development of their
flowers, and also their graceful and compact habit under good cultiva-
tion. They will flower at any season, but the winter months are the
most useful, as they are the most serviceable. Few or any of them
flower in a greenhouse during that period ; all that they can do is barely
to support vitality, and that in a very feeble condition. By the return
of spring their large succulent leaves are either dead or in a forward
state of decay, and it may be that gangrenous manifestation shows itself
throughout the entire plant, so that they occupy space that would be
more usefully filled with other things.

That such is the case their geographical distribution sufficiently
answers the question, being found in India, Brazil, Nepal, and latitudes
of a similar character.

This is not the place to enter into an explanation why the constitution
of some plants is suited to a warm and others to a comparatively cool
temperature ; the'question is purely a physiological one, and has not,
that I am aware of, been definitely settled. The subject, however, is
worthy of consideration, as it contains much that is useful and interestino-
to the cultivator. The number and quality of the flowers depend on
the size and fiilly matured habit of the plant ; it will be necessary, then,
that propagation begins about the first of February, and a monthly
insertion of cuttings continued till the beginning of IMay, which will
insure a successional display of flowers to the end of the following sprino-.
Roots aie produced freely with or without bottom heat, in a moderately
moist atmosphere of about sixty degrees. Such a state is agreeable to
the Begonia during all stages of its growth, but any approximation to
an excess destroys the roots, and gives the foliage a transparent dropsical
appearance.

There is scarcely any class of plants possessing stronger dio-estive
powers ; hence they delight to feed on rich materials, unless with very
few exceptions. The soil that I usually employ is fresh loam, leaf
mould, and thoroughly decomposed manure, to which is added as much
sand as will allow the water to pass ofl^" freely, fur we should certainly
bear in mind that mechanical arrangement has more influence over the
health of a plant than the manurial ingredients. Those species that
possess a loose flexible habit should, so soon as the shoots have made a

346 THE FLORIST.

couple of joints, have their points pinched off, to give the plant a bushy
form. Should it be desirable to grow the same plar.ts a second season,
cut them to within a few inches of the pot, and slightly reduce the
supply of water to produce, repose, which will enable them to push
attain more vigorously. When the young growths are about two inches
long shake away the soil entirely, reduce the length of the roots, and
place them in pots comparatively small for the size of the plant, and
subject them again to the same treatment.

As this conmiunication is addressed exclusively to the amateur
gardener, I beg to recommend the following species. They are old
kinds, it is true, but nevertheless they are good and easily cultivated : —
Begonia nitida, white ; manicata, pale pink ; ramentacea, white blush ;
parvifolia, white; fuchsioides, scarlet; hydrocotyhfoha, pink; albo-
coccinea, scarlet and white ; incurvata, pink ; and spatulata, white.

A.

EARLY PEAS.

" Shall you be able to "gather a dish of Peas in May ?" was a fre-
quent inquiry amongst gardeners 40 years ago. The self-gratulation
of the one as the question was answered in the affirmative, or the dis-
appointed look of the other, fully expressed the importance of having
an early dish of Peas ; for, however unfavourable the soil or locality
might be, the gardener knew well that if his neighbour had a dish of
Peas in May, his failure would be attributed to his neglect or want of
skill. Comparison of the means and assistance at his command would
be made with those of his more successful neighbour, and remarks
elicited tending to sour and make his temper as ungenial as the stiff,
wet, undrained soil he had to cultivate ; for it was then the practice,
and with many it is still continued, to sow the first crop of Peas in
November or beginning of December, notwithstanding the many casu-
alties and failures to which they are liable, for with every care bestowed
in covering with dry cinder ashes, &c., the mice find them out and
carry them off to their winter dormitory, which causes the crop to come
up patchy ; the slugs, too, come in for a share of the spoil in defiance
of the frequent appHcation of lime, for in some seasons their name is
Legion, especially in heavy soils. But even after struggling through
these mishaps they are frequently attacked by an audacious flock of
sparrows. In vain are all the recommended remedies for such a
disaster tried ; threads of all qualities and colours, feathers of every
dye, dead cats, live cats, cats painted on boards, rattles, and jingling
glasses, are of little avail against these determined freebooters. No,
no ; the sparrow is too familiar with man and his ways to take alarm
at any subterfuge of that sort ; he must find you a resolute foe armed
with your gun before he gives way. The remnant of the Peas, how-
ever, stiU excites our hope ; those that were cropped over send up fresh
stems ; the season advances, the growing weather of spring sets in,
the surrounding vegetation assumes a vigorous and a healthy growth,
the carefully tended Peas make progress. At last the embryo blossoms

NOVEMBER. 347

appear, but expectant hope is doomed to disappointment ; still their
stems are cankered, the foliage becomes yellow, and a frosty morning
or two makes the lailure complete. Such is the history and my general
experience of a crop of Peas sown in November or December.

To gatlier early Peas is as important to the gardener now as it was
40 years ago, but in that long period 1 have only three times pulled a
dish in IMay ; it is true, some of my brother gardeners who had to
cultivate a dryer soil in a warmer locality have succeeded once in five
or six years in obtaining the desired result, and now that we have
decidedly earlier varieties, the average will be less if the seasons are
favourable, for the frosts, as the crop is coming into bloom, will retard
the earlier Peas. The well-informed and reading portion of young
gardeners have every opportunity of becoming acquainted, at least the-
oretically, with the means adopted at the present time to have a dish
of eariy Peas, and wdio among the many aspirants to the highest rank
of gardeners will fail to read, as far as the time and means at his dis-
posal will permit, the principal periodicals on gardening of the present
day ? To neglect this will be to fall out of the rank and file of his
caUing to join the brigade of the " rule of thumb," the irregular and
awkward squad of gardeners. There is one advice, however, which
has frequently come under my notice, and which is so plausible that
I have no doubt it has been frequently followed by eager and inexpe-
rienced gardeners " Sow on strips of turf, forward them in a mild heat,
and afterwards harden them off;" or thus, " Sow thinly in a one-light
box, give a gentle heat, harden off, and transplant," &c. Now, I can-
not say that this is judicious advice, for to bring forward Peas in heat,
however mild, will stimulate their growth, so that their stems will
become attenuated, and how they are to be hardened off to withstand
the severity of the weather afterwards those who have tried the plan
will best know. It has, however, frequently been a source of regret to
me to have seen the unskilful attempt and its futile result. But I will
not comment further on the means adop ed by others, but give an
account of my own practice ; and here I would observe that I have
nothing new to offer, but will simply state those conditions frequently
gleaned from the experience of others, but wdiich have been introduced
into my own practice, as I have found them conducive to early and
profitable results.

For many years I have discontinued sowing Peas in November or
December, being fully convinced from my ow^n experience, as well as
from a careful comparison w^ith the practice of other gardeners in the
same neighbourhood, that it was merely throwing away seed and time.
Another reason, which is frequently overlooked, is that the warmest and
best places are invariably appropriated to the early sown Peas ; thus
throwing the sowings which are most to be depended on to more ex-
posed situations, and if these sowings consist of what is iiow called
second earlies, the failure of the first crop necessarily makes the first
dish of Peas late indeed.

In the first week in January, the first sowing of an early approved
sort is made in 10-incli pots, or boxes 3 feet long by 10 inches wide,
and 10 inches deep, but I [irefer pots ; have ready a sufficient quantity

34S THE FLORIST.

of soil, consisting of two parts well decomposed leaf-mould, one part
loam, and one part sand. Fill the pots to within 3 inches of the top,
shake the pot to level the soil, sow thinly over the surface, and fill up.
From 2 to 3 quarts will be sufficient to sow in pots for a first crop.
Place the pots in a cold vinery or pit where there is admitted at all
tin:ies an abundance of air ; 2'-^ or 3*-^ of frost will do no harm to the
Peas. When the plants have just got through the soil, let them be
placed in a three-light frame, the lights to be constantly kept off in
mild weather, and tilted at night, so that a slow and hardy growth may
be obtamed. If severe frosty weather sets in, cover up night and day,
and be particular not to expose them to the sun if frosted. The careful
gardener will take care that neither sparrows nor mice have access to
the Peas.

In the mean time the ground in wdiich they are to be planted should
be well limed and ridged up until such time as they are ready to plant
out, which in favourable weather will be towards the latter end of
February. Let the ridges be levelled down, and rows 4 feet apart
marked off. Stretch the line and cut out trenches from 7 to 9 inches
deep, turn the Peas out of the pot, and separate them, leaving two or
three together ; have a barrowful of the same soil in which they were
sown ready, place the Peas in the ridge as if planting box, fill up with the
fresh soil, press it gently against the roots, let one inch of the top ofthe
Pea be above the soil, make a ridge of the spare soil on either side of the
row^, and point over the soil between the rows to give a W'Orkmanlike
finish ; when the Peas have grown 4 or 5 inches high, let earth be drawn
to their stesms, and stake them — they will require little more attention
than an occasional survey to see if the slugs or sparrows molest them.
These ti ansplanted Peas are the forlorn hope of the season, but if well
managed, they rarely fail or disappoint the cultivator.

The next or succession crop is managed thus ; an open, airy quarter
being selected, it is limed and ridged up in the autumn ; the first fine,
dry weather the following February the ridges are levelled down. If
the ground is light it is trod over and raked evenly ; drills are draw^n
from 4 to 6 feet apart, according to the height of the variety sown. I
then sow 1 or 2 quarts (the quantity sown at one time will depend
entirely on the demands of the family) of the same sort as was sown
in pots, a quart of the best second early, a quart of Dw^arf Imperials, a
quart of Champion of England, 2 quarts of tall Marrows, the best
variety according to taste of consumer ; these, if all sown on the same
day, will come up in succession, care being taken to keep up the supply
by sowing Imperials, Champion of England, and the i\Iarrows as each
previous sowing respectively comes up ; the early sorts will now^ be dis-
continued, as it will in general be found that the tall Marrows give the
latest supply. If dry weather sets in, a trench about 1 foot from either
side, and along the row, should be made and saturated with water to
keep the tall Peas in a healthy state ; every one know^s the utility of
having the Peas well staked, so that a free circulation of air may be
maint jned amongr them.

James Falconer.

NOVEMBER. 349

NOTES ON THE MONTH.
October, commenced with glorious weather for field and garden work,
subsequently we had heavy showers and unsettled weather, with frost
on two or three occasions, sufficient to kill Heliotropes, Dahlias, and
other tender plants in low or exposed situations ; but where there' was
the least shelter, or sufficient elevation to account for a warmer stratum
of air, most of the above escaped. On the morning of the loth there
was frost of greater severity, but as rain followed immediately, its
effects were not so visible, though many things before got touched.
After a succession of rainy weather from the first week up to the 17th,
the weather became again more settled, wnth a rising barometer, and a
brilliant sun during the day ; hitherto, the 22nd, this has continued, with
the temperature high lor the season. This has produced a favourable
change in our flower gardens ; Geraniums, Verbenas, Petunias, and
other summer flowering plants, vv'hose petals were completely closed
during the w^et weather, have again unfolded them under the bright sun
of last week, and impart an air of cheerfulness, and our gardens in con-
sequence present a very creditable appearance for the season. The
natural order Compositse are now m full display, and their thm flowers
appear to gain in intensity of colour at this season. Asters, Zinnias,
Coreopsis, and its ally the Calliopsis, French ]\rarigolds, Brachycome,
and other composite plants, are invaluable for autumn display. Several
of the perrenial species of the Michaelmas daisy (Aster), are now beau-
tiful objects, and should be found in every garden. Those who do not
grow Oxalis Bow-ei, either as a bedding or pot plant, should do so at
once. We have seen beds of it lately -which on sunny days were
literally one mass of bright rose coloured flowers, and it certainly is one
of the gayest plants for the autumn, and of easy culture. Another
species, 0. floribunda, is a pretty plant of dwarfer habit, and flowers the
greater part of the summer ; nor should we forget, when speaking of
autumn plants, the neat growing and blooming Cyclamen autumnalis,
which, though not very showy, is a very interesting plant at this season
for a bed.

Late Apples and Pears are now being gathered. Of the former, the
crop,^ speaking generally, is good ; there are, however, many exceptions,
and it is rather a difficult problem to solve, why cne orchard should
have a full crop, and the adjoining one none at all, unless we take your
correspondent's, INIr. Saul's theory, and suppose they are on the alter-
nate system. Pears are a good crop, and the quality fine ; they appear
to have ripened well, and carry that bright colour" on the skm which
indicates a goT)d condition, and we conclude they will both keep and eat
well. In storing fruit of the above kinds for keeping, the old story
about sweating apples first, is all fudge ; lay them in as thinly on the
shelves as your spare room will permit (for the finest Pears this is
indispensable), and keep the room cool, and moderately aired, to allow
the natural exhalation from the fruit to escape. After that is done the
cooler (provided frost is excluded), and more uniform the rooms or sheds
are in which fruit is kept the better.

]\Iuch has been written of late in gardening periodicals on which is

S50 - THE FLORIST.

the best time to plant evergreens, as if there could be much doubt
among sensible men on the point. Planting, like many other opera-
tions, requiring a certain amount of practical experience, cannot alto-
gether be taught by books or essays. The health and age of the trees
to be transplanted, the soil in which they grow, the condition in which
the young wood is in, as regards maturity, added to the state of the
weather and the situation from wdiich the plant has to be, as well as
the one wdiere it is to be replanted, are all points requiring consideration,
such as only the practised eye of men conversant with the habits of
trees, and some of the leading principles of vegetable physiology, can
determine satisfactorily. Wholesale directions can easily be given, and
general principles laid down, and a certain amount of success may
follow, when cu'cumstances are favourable ; but it must be obvious that
under the varying conditions we have named — and these are facts well
known to every practical man — something more than general principles
is necessary to command success at all times. Planters will not be
far wrong, however, in transplanting almost any kind of trees at this
season, provided the summer's growth has become ripened, and the soil
in wdiich they are planted is moderately friable and not wet.

G. F.

EREMURUS SPECTABILIS.

This is a really handsome hardy Asphodelaceous plant, a native of
Siberia, the Caucasus, and other places. The root is perennial ; the
leaves are all radical, from six inches to a foot long ; the scapes are
from three to four times as long as the leaves, including the raceme,
which is thickly set with yellow flowers, whose deep orange anthers give
the whole a varied and interesting a pearance. This will make a use-
ful plant for the herbaceous border. A good figure of it is given in the
*' Botanical Magazine " for September.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — If the situation is at all damp, remove the plants to a
dry and elevated one. Give them but little water, in doing which
avoid wetting the foliage. Remove any dead foliage as often as they
appear, and fumigate occasionally.

Carnations and Picotees. — These will have become established in
the small pots they are wintered in, and must be grown as hardy as
possible. They do better by being exposed to all weathers than by being
too much confined. If they become damp, air must be given both
night and day, until they are dry. There is but little fear of these
plants suffering with drought during the winter months, the other ex-
treme of being too wet would, under any kind of treatment, ruin them.
The glass that is used to protect them should be good. There should
be no drip.

NOVEMBER. * 351

Cinerarias. — Give the plants plenty of growing room, and pot room
also, if large specimens are required. The plants must be grown near
the glass, in good pits, if it is indispensable they should be dwarf when
bloomed, and only removed to the greenhouse when they are in flower.

Cucumbers. — Push on the winter crop by stimulating them witli a
brisk bottom and top heat, to get them well established before the dark
days of winter. Keep the vines thin, and expose them well to the sun
to gain strength. Should mildew make its appearance, dust the infected
leaves with dry sulphur, and well air the house, keeping up a brisk
temperature at the same time.

Dahlias. — The roots may now be taken up and stored in some dry
place for the winter, secure from frost. See that names are firmly
attached to the roots. Late saved seed will require care in drying.

Hardi) Fruit. — There will now be leisure time in this department to
attend to the making of new, or the renewal of old, fruit tree borders,
and no better season can be selected. Whatever is attempted in the
way of new bordei's, bear in mind that a thorough drainage, not merely
pipe drainage, but some two or three feet of rubble over them, is indis-
pensible. Wherever a damp or retentive subsoil has to be dealt with,
let the borders, too, be elevated sufficiently near the wall to give them
a good slope from it ; the width will depend on circumstances ; the
depth not more than two feet or 30 inches ; the soil good fresh pasture
loam, if you can get it, or the nearest approach to it, mixing \vith it a
small proportion of road scrapings, or other gritty materials, when the
loam is heavy and close, or a little very rotten leaf mould, though great
care should be taken in applying anything like manure. Apples^
Pears, and all kinds of hardy fruits may now* be planted. Let us renew
our advice here about careful drainage, and the well trenching of old
soils before planting. New soils, including fresh broke-up turf, should
likewise be trenched, and a good portion of the turf chopped small,
placed round the roots of newly planted trees. Secure from high w^inds
directly planting is done, and mulch the space over the roots, when they
may be left for the winter.

Eolhihocks. — Keep these rather dry, remove any dead foliage as they
appear. Late struck cuttings require to be wintered in a little mild
heat. Early struck plants should have plenty of root room.

Kitchen Garden. — There is little to do here, except to attend to the
young vegetables lately raised for furnishing the spring crops. These
should be kept fully exposed, whenever the weather is mild, to keep
them hardy for the winter. On the approach of frost, a batch of Endive
and Cauliflowers may be lifted and transferred to frames for protection
in frosty weather, and all the spare frames may be filled with Lettuce,
Parsley, and other herbs for winter use. This should be done before
the weather becomes sufficiently severe, that they may get somewhat
established. Lay down early Broccoli and Cauliflower forming their
heads, for more easily protecting them during frosty weather.

Melons. — This delicious sunnner Iruit is not at this season to be
obtained of good quality, from want of the due amount of sun to bring
them to perfection. They may, however, even at this late season, be
ripened of a tolerable flavour when grown in pits heated by hot vvater.

352 * THE FLOR/ST.

My. Fleming is famous for ]\Ielons and some of hi? hybrids, as the
Trentham, jDampsha, &c., are good, even now; and if cut just before
they ripen, an 1 kept in a dry room, will keep for a long time in per-
fection. The flavour of them is improved by placing them for a day or
two in a hot-house before cutting them.

Pansies. — Those in pots under glass should have all the air possible.
They should be taken quite off' the plants during fine open weather.
Pansies will be but little trouble for the next three months. A little
care in keeping them clean is all that is required.

Pelargoniums. — All the plants that require shifting should be
attended to immediately, using the next sized pot, a large shift at
this late season being undesirable. A little fire will be useful, if the
weather is cold ; and in damp aud foggy weather also, giving a little
air at the same time, to give motion to the atmosphere. Attention must
be given to training, taking care not to crack the shoots. Avoid crowd-
ing the plants ; if they can have now the space they will require when
in bloom they will be greatly benefited. They will require less water
than last month ; take care they want water before giving it. Stir the
surface of the soil half an inch deep whenever it becomes too close.

Pinery. — Fruit swelling now for the winter supply, will now and
then require watering. At this season, with the influences of light
daily decreasing, do not hurry swelling fruit, particularly if circum-
stances do not compel you to ripen them by a given time. We always
have the handsomest and best swelled fruit by allowing them plenty of
time. The stock to fruit next season should now be at rest, with a dry
atmosphere, and plenty of air. Do not lower the temperature too much
for this, or it will end in misshapen fruit. Keeping them dry will
effect sufficient. Young plants should now be regulated for the winter.
Reduce the amount of moisture, but let the temperature range nearly
the same, as well as the bottom heat.

Tulips. — The offsets should have been planted the latter part of last
month. The remainder of the stock should be got in the ground with-
out delay. It is most desirable that the planting should be done during
fine weather.

Vinery. — Late Grapes will require fires during damp weather ; they
should be made h»y day, and accompanied by opening the sashes to well
dry the air of the house. The borders should now be protected from
more wet, and very late Grapes will be benefited by a covering of leaves,
to keep the roots in action for some time longer. Where Grapes are
required in J\Iarch, the house should be at once closed ; and as the
Vines will have been pruned some time since, they may be dressed and
commenced at once. But little fire will be necessary for some time, as
the buds may be brought forward by syringing with tepid water, and
closing the house early on bright days. As the buds swell, increase the
temperature gradually, cover the border with fresh leaves, and keep
it dry.

\

DECEMBER. 353

THE GLOXINIA.

(Plate 107.)

With the beauty of the Gloxinia every lover of gay flowers Is
justly charmed, and there are few gardens possessed of a hot-
house in which several varieties of this useful plant are not to be
found ; but these, for the most part, have hitherto been confined
to the ordinary drooping flowered hinds. We have now, how-
ever, a race, whose beginning was Fytiana, possessed of all the
delicacy and brilliancy of colouring of the best of the common
Gloxinias, but with flowers erect and regular in form, set like
so many vases on slender pedestals, thus displaying to view
with great conspicuity the whole of their interior, in which so
much of the beauty of the Gloxinia resides. (Jf this upright
growing class are the very handsome varieties which we have this
month selected for our plate ; they are four of the best, picked
out of what were exhibited this year at our great metropolitan
shows. Of their beauty as single flowers our artist has given, as
indeed he always does, a faithful representation ; but, we need
scarcely add, that a correct knowledge of their full value as
decorative plants can only be derived from seeing, as we have
done, well grown specimens loaded with such flowers rising in
thick profusion above their leafy carpet, newly developed, fresh
and beautiful from the hand of Nature.

As regards the cultivation of Gloxinias little need be said,
several papers on the subject having already been given in former
numbers. Some treat them as hothouse annuals, 1)rinmno; them
into blossom about, the beginning of June, from which time they
will continue flowering in perfection in a greenhouse, or even in
a drawing room, for two or three months ; but it is doubtful if
the sorts of which our plate is composed will, managed in this
manner, come true to their kinds, and therefore the better way
will be not to have recourse to seed, but to grow and increase
them exactly like the common kinds.

Those, however, who take an interest in raising seedlings should
sow either early in autumn or in spring; when sown in the
winter months the young plants are apt to damp off. In the
spring of 1853 an amateur of our acquaintance bought a packet
of seed, and by way of encouragement it may perhaps not be
uninteresting to record his success with it. It was sown in a
Avile pot, and came uj) very thickly. AMien the plants were an
inch high a dozen were pricked out in small pots : some were
given away ; but those that were kept bloomed in August
and September of that yeir, and last year they were truly
magnificent. They commenced blossoming in June, and

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LX. A A

354 THE FLORIST.

remained in flower till the end of September, and were
acknowledged by all wlio saw tliem to be superior to anything
they had before seen, both in size of plants and abundance of
flowers. They were grown in very sandy loam, with a little peat,
and were plentifully supplied with water while growing. His
roots are now three to four inches in diameter, and he declares it
was the cheapest packet of seed he ever purchased.

ON TRANSPLANTING.

The short comment at the close of an article in your last monthly,
entitled " Notes on the Month," induces me to send you a few hints of
my own on Planthig, derived from a long practice in that line of gar-
dening. The paragraph I allude to will be found at page 349 of your
last number, and commences wdth " Much has been written, &c."
The writer, after alluding to what has been written on the subject, says,
*' As if there could be much doubt among sensible men on the point."
Just so. Among sensible men (that is, I presume the waiter meant
among really practical men) there cannot be a question but that,
speaking generally, autumn is the best time for transplanting both
deciduous and evergreen trees. All the experience I have had goes to
prove this ; but in the meantime 1 have been very successful with
spring planting, and. therefore I trouble you with the results of my
practice generally, prefacing my observations by endorsing what the
writer in question has to say in concluding his article, which conveys a
just rebuke to many of our theoretical writers, who are much too apt to
consider that operations in gardening can be taught by rule, or carried
out as a man would make a machine ; forgetting, or being unwilling to
admit, that the practice of gardening, to be successful, must depend on
many causes, which practice alone can teach.

I well remember, a few years back, one writer in the Gardeners
Chronicle (I think) recommended us to commence in August, and we
hear Mr. Barron, of Elvaston, has been successful with planting even
at Midsummer. This may be, but I think it going to extremes, and
unsafe in nineteen cases out of twenty. For planting evergreens I
certainly prefer October and the end of April and first half of May,
especially if, at this latter season, there is a dampish atmosphere.
• In the autumn, as soon as the young wood of the current year
approaches to ripeness, or becomes hard, trees of this class are then in
the best order for removal. During the early part of summer (say up
to July) the tree is making its growth, the ascending sap is in great
activity, having to provide food for the leaves to assimilate into woody
tissues, of which a considerable portion is wanted to give solidity to the
young wood. After July this is perceptible by the gradual hardening
of the young shoots, which, if other circumstances are favourable,
become well ripened, i. e., firm and hard, by the beginning of October.
The supply of crude sap being less and less required, as the growth

DECEMBER. 355

becomes matured, the action of the leaves decreases in proportion. In
deciduous trees the leaves show their gradually diminishing vitality by
change of colour, until their assimilating powers cease entirely, when
they die and fall off. The same results are observable in the leaves
of evergreens, which are less active during the early summer than
those of deciduous trees, decrease more slowly, and are not altogether
dormant (excepting during severe frost) till April or May, at which
season many of the older leaves fall off, and the trees keep a kind of
winter for two or three weeks until the fresh growth commences. It is
during the latter period of the summer growth that roots are formed
most freely, the descending or organised sap, besides coating the cells
of the plant's tissues with solid matter, is likewise directed to the roots,
causing an elongation of the vascular system at the extreme point of
each rootlet ; these care called spongelets, and their office consists in
sucking up or absorbing from the soil the fluid matter called sap (or
crude sap) which is directed to the leaves, where, after being exposed
in their vessels to the action of light, it becomes changed by the vital
action of the plant, into true or organised syp, of which every part of
the tree and its products are formed.

From the above short description of the growth of trees, it follows
that with evergreens there are two seasons during which the operation
of planting may be performed with the least risk of the plants suffering
from being removed — first, when as the young or summer's wood
becomes hard, the vascular system is charged with true sap, and
capable of quickly replacing by new roots those which had been destroyed
or injured by removing the plant. Evergreens are generally (as before
noticed) in a favourable state for this about October ; or if the summer
has been dry and hot, and the trees are growing on poor soils, some-
what earlier. At this season, too, the earth in which they are being
placed is warmed, and not often too wet, and thus assists in stimulating
the production of new roots ; and supposing the weather at the time
damp, or that showers intervene so as to keep the foliage moistened
occasionally, the chances are very much in favour of the plants quickly
forming new roots sufficient to supply the leaves with sap, to make
good their waste by evaporation ; for we must consider that all we have
to do is to prevent evaporation or exhalation from the leaves until such
time as the plant can form for itself new roots to supply the loss of
moisture which arises from the above causes. I never like much
watering at the roots at planting, considering the practice does more
harm than good, as I have always found that young roots are formed
more quickly when the soil round them is moderately dry ; but it is at
the same time very desirable to keep the foliage moist by frequently
damping the trees overhead when the weather is dry. Nor should it
be forgotten that, to ensure success, the soil in which the newly planted
tree is placed should be well pulverised, and have been exposed to the
action of the weather for sometime previous to placing it round the
roots. I am satisfied, fiom actual observation, that trees make roots
more freely in soil that has been well exposed to the weather for some
time than in earth dug from below the surface ; where practicable,
therefore, let the earth dug from the holes lie exposed for some weeks

A A 2

356 TU£ FLORLST.

before the trees are planted, and turn it over once or twice during that
time. When you are sure that new roots are making progress, water
may be given more freely ; before that time, as I noticed above, be
cautious in its application.

The danger of planting evergreens too late in the autumn arises
from there not being always sufficient time for new roots to be formed,
and a circulation of sap established, before the frosts of winter set in,
when, if such is the case, the plants are sure to suffer, their diminished
circulation not enabling them to withstand a large amount of cold,
especially dry frosts or dry cutting winds. I am forcibly reminded of
this by losing, this last spring, some Red Cedars 25 feet high, which I
was compelled to remove late in the autumn of 1853. They had sur-
vived the winter 1853-4, for I had partly protected them, and although
they did not make much wood in 1854, kept green, and looked esta-
bhshed, but not sufficiently so to enable them to withstand the cold of
this last spring, for in April all died. I may add that, owing to the
soil in which they grew being very sandy, I could not remove them
with any ball of earth ; and every one conversant with planting will
know how precarious Red Cedars of that size are to remove without it.
It may, however, happen that evergreens may be successfully planted
up to Christmas, should a very mild winter follow ; or the trees them-
selves be planted in a sheltered situation ; or where the kinds moved
are hardy, as Yews, Laurels, &c. ; but as this will depend on the
chances of the w^eather — always beyond control — it should not be
attempted w4th anything very valuable, unless the most urgent reasons
exist for performing it. On the like grounds nothing should be
attempted during January, February, and March, with planting ever-
greens ; the dormant state which the loss of so many roots entails by
removing them, renders them quite incapable of resisting frost, or the
exhausting winds of ^larch and the beginning of April, and they con-
sequently die from sheer exhaustion, all the moisture in the plant being
extracted by the drying influence of the atmosphere, before the plant
has the power to reproduce f jr itself the roots requisite to supply the
waste.

As I have before stated, the period when evergi'eens are in their
most dormant state is for most kinds towards the end of April and
JSIay ; at this season the leaves of the Holly, evergreen Oak, Alaternus,
Phillyrea, and many others may be seen to drop off, preparatory to the
plant's making a new" growth. I consider this equally as good a
period for transplanting the above as the autumn ; and speaking phy-
siologically, it should be more so; but there are two or three reasons
which modify the assertion. The formation of new roots depends on
the amount of organisable sap in the cells of the vessels nearest the ends
of the roots, and these, as they are emptied by the formation of new
matter, must draw on those few then removed, and subsequently on the
leaves themselves ; it follows that the larger the number of leaves on a
transplanted tree, provided such can be prevented from losing their
moisture, the sooner will new roots be formed. Now, as evergreens
are in a better position for effecting this in the autumn than spring ;
and moreover, as (he weather is more generally damp in the former

DECEMBER. Si)7

than at the latter period (preventing perspiration from the surface of the
leaves), I am of opinion that the balance is in favour of the autumn.
It should be borne in mind, too, that the natural growth of the plant in
the spring season acts as a check on the formation of roots, by
abstracting sap for forming the new growth, and hence it takes a longer
time to produce the same amount of roots during the early growth
of the young wood than when, that office performed, the plant has the
means to consolidate the growth by depositing the elements of woody
matter in the plant's system, and increasing the number of the roots in
proportion to supply the wants of the new growth when it takes place.

Some evergreens are much more difficult to succeed with than others,
and are thus kept in pots by the trade ; this is, however, bad practice,
and if an annual removal of shy rooting plants were made in the open
ground, I see no reason but that success would more certainly follow
than from the barbarous practice of cramping plants of this class in pots.

I have written far beyond what I intended, but I hope my short
rationale of planting may help to show some of your readers the reasons
why planting does and does not succeed at all seasons.

Observer.

BOTTOM HEAT.

I HAVE read the valuable articles in the Florist on this subject with
much interest ; and I perfectly coincide with all that has been advanced
upon it. I have always considered bottom heat a subject of the
utmost importance with reference to horticulture. When I know that
the bottom-heat to my Pines, Melons, Cucumbers, &c., is up to the
mark, and that they are properly attended to, as to air and watering,
I then feel pretty certain that all is going on right.

There can be but one opinion as to the advantage of applying bottom
heat to all tender fruits, plants, and vegetables. ]\Iy own opinion,
respecting the use of hot-water pipes under the borders of all tender
fruit trees is, that they would be of the very greatest benefit. And
though I cannot confirm this, in the case of fruit trees on walls, from
actual experiment, still I consider it sound in theory and practice.

In the early forcing of Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Figs, Plums,
Cherries, &c., the advantage of bottom heat is well known to all
experienced gardeners.

I attribute part of my success in getting good crops of Apricots, &c.,
every year to the dryness, and, consequently, the warmth of the border,
coupled, of course, with proper attention to disbudding and thinning of
the shoots in summer ; by these means well ripened wood is secured.
The subsoil here is porous, and in addition there is a sunk fence parallel
to the Apricot wall, at only 25 feet distance. By these means the border
is always dry ; even heavy rains affect it very little. I have often
examined the roots in January, February, and ]\Iarch, and I always
found the spongelets sound and apparently in full activity ; consequently
on the approach of spring, when the buds begin to unfold, they are i eady

358 THE FLORIST.

to supply them with the essentials to their well-being, and the result in
nine seasons out of ten is good crops. Now, in cold wet borders the
spongelets will in most cases, and during most winters, perish, and the
consequence is that when the blossoms become developed they fall off
without little or any fruit setting. And when this happens, the spring
frosts, &c., are blamed in the majority of cases, when the evil was done
months before at the roots. But the evil does not rest here ; the tree
that loses its spongelets is late in making wood, which on the average
of seasons never ripens, and which suffers much injury in severe winters.
Now, when this goes on year after year in wet soils, is it any wonder
that we hear such complaints about the failure of crops ? No, the
wonder is that, under such circumstances, there ever are any crops. A
dry warm border is one of the most effectual means towards securing
well ripened wood. In a garden where the subsoil is of a dry porous
nature, and in which fruit trees do well, I would not go to the expense
of applying hot water pipes. But in a garden where the soil was
heavy, stiff, and retentive, and the subsoil a strong clay — no matter
how well drained — I would use hot water pipes under the borders of
the fruit trees.

Thorough drainage is indispensable in clay soils. When this is
properly done the application of bottom heat in the early part of summer
will materially forward the early growth of the trees, and by proper
attention the borders may be kept in a proper state as to dryness, &c.
There will, therefore, be no difficulty in securing well ripened wood.

The practical man will know when and how to make the proper use
of bottom heat. After he has got his wood well ripened, the next great
point to secure is to have the rootlets all sound and full of action in the
spring.

I force all my Rhubarb, Asparagus, and the greater part of my Sea-
kale by a common flue. I find it a great saving of labour, and I
always have it under cover ; no matter what the weather may be out of
doors, it can be got daily without any trouble.

We cannot well dispense with stable dung in gardens, consequently
we often apply it for forcing ; but it is a difficult matter to get it to
ferment and retain its heat for any length of time during such winters
as the last.

I have no doubt Pines might be grown on bottom heat in the open
air during the summer months.

So much has been said in the articles in the Florist on the different
purposes for which bottom heat may be used, that it would be superfluous
to add any more.

Stourton. M. Satjl.

MUSHROOMS.
There is scarcely another vegetable about which so little is known, as
regards its cultivation, as the Mushroom ; and yet there are but very
few who do not consider it a real luxury, either by itself or as forming
a valuable constituent in made dishes. That the cultivation of this
capital esculent would be more general if better known, induces me to

DECEMBER. 359

send you a few plain directions for amateurs who might wish to under-
take its cultivation.

To grow Mushrooms, then, a quantity of fresh horse droppings from
Ihe stable, having the long Utter separated from them, should "be col-
lected ; these should be spread rather thinly, under cover of some kind,
and occasionally turned over ; the object is to keep them dry, and
prevent their heating ; when the quantity is sufficient to make up a bed
about one-third of the bulk of dry turfy loam, from a sandy soil, may
be added, and mixed with the droppings. So far the materials for
making the bed are ready.

IMushrooms will grow well in any shed, outhouse, or cellar, where
the beds can be protected from rain. I have grown very fine Mush-
rooms in open sheds in the summer months, but in winter outhouses
are too cold ; and if no other place can be found (I am supposing there
is no regular Mushroom house), a cellar, where the temperature is
never low, will answer extremely well, as will any warm, thatched
building, where the frost will not penetrate. The bottom of the bed
should be made dry, if it is not so, and a front board 6 or 8 feet from
the wall, and a foot in height, will be all that is required to keep up
the bed ; this done, bring in the mixture, and let it be well trod or
rammed down as brought in, for the closer it is put together the longer
will the bed keep in bearing. Make the bed level with the board at
the front, rising gently towards the back wall, where it will be about
18 inches deep ; it must now remain for a week, placing some trial
sticks in it, to ascertain how it heats. If the droppings have been
carefully dried, the heat will never be very great ; and, besides, the
loam added will help to keep this down. Persons accustomed to manage
Mushroom beds can easily tell when the beds are at the right heat for
spawning ; but for those who do not, the bulb of a thermometer should
be placed five or six inches deep in the bed. If the heat rises above
110°, holes should be made thickly in the bed, with a blunt-pointed
stake, to let out the heat. If, however, the bed does not get warmer
than 95° or 100°, it may remain for a few days, when, should it not
increase, the bed may be spawned at once ; the heat in which the
spawn will run the best being from 90° to 98°. To spawn the bed,
insert small pieces of good fresh spawn (which can be procured of any
nurseryman), an inch or two square, three or four inches deep in the
bed, and about nine or ten inches apart. If there is any indication of
the bed heating again, leave the holes ojjcn for a few days, after which
close the holes, and beat the bed over to make it firm. The bed should
now be earthed over, the soil for which should be dry turfy loam ; if
possible select such as produces I\Iushrooms naturally, but if that cannot
be obtained, any good garden soil will do. In the course of two or
three weeks, if on examining the trial sticks the heat has perceptibly
declined, cover the bed over with clean dry straw, or waste hay ; this
will slightly increase the heat in the bed, and assist the spawn to run.
The bed should be examined in about five weeks after spawning, to see
if the spawn is running through the soil, which is easily detected in the
shape of white fibrous threads spreading itself through the soil. The
covering may now be removed (unless the bed is in a cold place), and

360 THE FLORIST.

small patches of embryo Mushrooms, like pin heads, will soon be
detected. These generally appear in about six weeks after spawning, if
all has gone on right. Should the surface of the bed become dry,
sprinkle it over with tepid water from a fine rose, but the less water
the beds have at this early stage the better. When they have been in
bearing sometime, this will be necessary, as the Mushrooms exhaust
the soil. In gathering the crop twist the stems gently round, so as not
to injure the successional ones coming forward, and do not allow them
to get overgrown before gathering them, as they injure the young ones,
and prematurely exhaust the beds. A good bed will generally keep in
bearing six weeks or two months, and if a partial cessation in bearing
should occur, as sometimes will be the case, a good watering w4th tepid
water and covering the surface with straw for a week will generally
induce a second supply.

Besides the above plan. Mushrooms may be grown in boxes twelve
inches deep, and any convenient size, or in pots, the process being much
the same, filling them with droppings, beat firm, and spawning and
earthing them, as advised above. The boxes may be placed in a cellar,
or warm out-house, and will produce Mushrooms plentifully at the
usual time. Two or three beds made at intervals of two months apart,
will furnish a good supply, and would prove very valuable to the
domestic economy of all who can command the use of a few loads of
horse-droppings yearly, and a cellar or out- house in which to make the
beds. Agaricus.

STOKE NEWINGTON CHRYSANTHEMUM EXHIBITION.

This show, which was held in the Manor Rooms on the I4th ult., being
the tenth Anniversary, fully equalled, and in the Pompone plants
surpassed, the best of the shows hitherto held. Nor has ics popularity
in the least abated — fully 40/. having been realised by the sale of
tickets. The total amount of prizes paid, including a splendid silver
cup, exceeded fifty guineas. Never was a trophy so gallantly won
as the said cup by Mr. Weatherill, gardener to D. M'Neill, Esq., whose
six plants of Pompone varieties immeasurably surpassed the best we
have hitherto seen — in truth were matchless marvels of high class cul-
tivation, from which we hope many may profit. The second collection
was even better than any previously produced, while the third and
fourth sets may be equal to those of past years ; in this class there
were nine exhibitors and six prizes.

Of cut blooms a notion prevailed that they were inferior to those of
former displays ; we, however, did not so consider. Five guineas had
been subscribed and apportioned for such collections as should consist of
distinct varieties (24), while the Society's prizes admitted a limited
number of duplicates ; thus were many of our largest varieties kept to
single specimens, and smaller examples introduced, so as to gain the
special awards. In this the first four stands for the Society's prizes
were also successful, each rejecting the use of duplicates ; hence the
apparent falling off in the size of the specimens.

DECEMBER. S61

Best six Pompones : 1st, Mr. Weatherill, with La Sultana, La
Gitana, Bob, Drine Drine, Kequiqui, and Cedo Nulli, the latter the best
specimen in the exhibition ; 2nd, J. Edwards, Esq., with La Vogue,
Cedo Nulli, Drine Drine, La Gitana, Conite Achille Vigui, and
Madame de Vatry ; 3rd, Mr. Scruby, with Cedo Nulli, Bob, Modele,
Crostignac, Bijou d'Hurticulture, and Helene. Large-flowering va-
rieties : 1st, Mr. James (the Treasurer), with Pilot, Christine, Che-
valier Dumage, Madame Bucharest, Annie Salter (the best specimen),
and Defiance. Twenty-four blooms : 1st, Mr. Oubridire, with Duke,
Themis, Madame Gordereau, King, Aregina, Nonpareil, Pio Nono,
Beauty, Lysias,Formosum, Dupont de I'Eure, Madame Audry, Plutus,
Hermione (a pleasing new sort), Arc-en-Ceil, Stafford, Virgil, Leon
Laquay, Rosa mystica, Anaxa, Miss Kate, Defiance, Two-coloured
Incm'ved. Other good specimens were Versailles Defiance, Queen of
England, Racine, Gem, Yellow Defiance, Plutus.

A noble seedling named Alfred Salter will doubtless prove desirable
to those who cultivate for exhibition ; its colour, a deep lilac blush, with
bold petals, and very double ; when grown with more vigour it may
assume the incurved character, and would then be a fitting match
for the well-known variety. Queen of England, introduced by the same
person, ]\Ir. J. Salter, of Hammersmith.

The best six Anemone varieties were produced by Mr. James, viz.,
Gluck, Fleur de Marie, Margarette d'Anjou, Sulphureum pallidum,
Margarette de York, Astre du Matin.

DRAINING OF FRUIT TREE BORDERS.

The present being a favourable time for effecting draining and altera-
tions in gardens, a few remarks, intended merely as hints, may not be
miacceptable to the less experienced of your readers.

The proper condition and quality of the soil may be considered as
the very groundwork of all improvements ; and on which depends, in
no small degree, success in gardening. The fertility of soils depends
on their mechanical properties, and their capacity for retaining or
parting with water or heat, and possessing all the chemical constituents
of plants.

The first point for consideration is, to examine the quality of the soil
and subsoil. The next point is, to see if there be any drainage or not.
If there is none, or even if there is some which is not effective, no time
should be lost in making the drainage complete ; for unless this is
thoroughly efficient, all our other labours will prove unsatisfactory.
Now there are very few gardens having a flat surface and retentive
clay soil that are properly drained ; this should not be so, especially
when we consider the few acres that are comj)rised in most gentlemen's
gardens. The expense is not so very considerable ; but, even if it
were, it ought to be incurred, so absolutely necessary is thorough
drainage to the successful issue of all our ojieralions. In gardens
having a flat surface and retentive clay subsoil, draining cannot be too
well done, more particularly the borders intended for the growth of
fruit trees.

362 THE FLORIST.

A garden having an incline is of course very easily and effectually
drained. When the mechanical condition of the borders is what it ought
to be, and the drainage effective, we need not care much about the
quantity of rain that falls ; though at times w^e may get a little more of
it than we like, it will do little or no injury. It is only when there
are no outlets for the water, and the soil is for months full of water,
that injurious effects are produced. Thorough drainage also takes off
all springs of water from below. Gardens having a dry gravelly sub-
soil, and on an incline, will not require much drainage.

To insist at any length on the advantages arising from draining is
not necessary, as they are admitted by all well-informed people. I
may, however, be permitted to mention a few of them. The presence
of too much water m the soil keeps it cold. The heat of the sun's rays,
w^hich are intended by nature to warm the land, is expended in evapo-
rating the water from its surface. The temperature a dry soil will
attain in the summer time is often very great. When the land is full
of water, it is only after long droughts, and w^hen it has been thoroughly
baked by the sun, that it begins to attain the temperature which dry
land has reached, day after day, probably for weeks before. When too
much water is present in the soil, also, that food of the plant which the
soil supplies is so much diluted, that either a much greater quantity of
fluid must be taken in by the roots, or the plant will be scantily
nourished. The presence of so much water in the stem and leaves
keeps down ikeir temperature also ; when the sunshine appears, an
increased evaporation takes place from their surface — a lower natural
heat, in consequence, prevails in the interior of the plant, and the
chemical changes on w^hich its growth depends proceed with less
rapidity. By the removal of the w^ater, the physical properties of the
soil are in a remarkable degree improved. The access of air is also
essential to the fertility of the soil and to the healthy gi'owth of plants.
The insertion of drains not only makes room for the air to enter, by
removing the water, but actually compels the air to penetrate into the
under part of the soil, and renews it at every successive fall of rain.
Open such outlets for the water below, and as it sinks and trickles away
it will suck the air after it.

Nor is .it only stiff and clayey soil to w^hich drainage can with
advantage be applied. It wdll be obvious to every one, that when
springs rise to the surface in sandy soil, a drain must be made to carry
off the water. Every one is familiar with the fact that w^hen w^ater is
applied to the bottom of a flower-pot full of soil it will gradually find
its w^ay towards the surface, however light the soil may be. So it is
in sandy soils or subsoils. If water abounds at the depth of a few feet,
or if it so abounds at certain seasons of the year, that water w^ill rise
towards the surface, and as the sun'fe heat dries it off by evaporation
more water will follow to supply its place. This attraction from beneath
will always go on when the air is dry and warm, and thus a double
evil w^ill ensue. The soil will be kept moist and cold, and instead of a
constant circulation of ah' downwards, there will be a constant current
of water upwards. Thus will the roots, the under soil, and the organic
matter it contains, be all deprived of tlie benefit wdiich the access of air

DECEMBER. ' 363

is fitted to confer. The remedy for these evils is to be found in an
eflficient system of drainage.

The improvement next in importance to that of drainage is altering
the texture and com[)osition of the soil. Too sandy soils will be
improved by the addition of clay, and the contrary ; and both clay and
sand, by the addition of lime ; because without alkaline matter no soil
can be permanently fertile. To ascertain the proportion of one soil that
must be added to any other soil, so as to make it perfect in texture,
can only be determined by experiment.

The man who has acquired a fund of sound principles and practical
knowledge will have little difficulty in adapting his practice to the cir-
cumstances he may have to deal with in any locality — not only in Great
Britain, but in any part of the globe.

Now, how stands the majority of fruit tree borders throughout the
length and breadth of the land, with respect to draining and their
chemical and mechanical properties ? I fear they are very defective.
My own observation for the last twenty years leads me to this opinion.
If, then, the majority of fruit tree borders is deficient in these respects,
is it surprising that we hear so many complaints, year after year, about
the failure of crops ? No. It is by no means surprising. The fact is,
there are very few fruit tree borders that are properly drained ; nor is
their texture what it ought to be ; the consequence is, that during the
greater part of the winter months they stand full of water — this rots the
rootlets, and in spring, after the buds have begun to grow, and have
shot a few inches, they cease to elongate, and then the young shoots
soon become a prey to insects, which brings the syringe and tobacco-
water into requisition. By the frequent use of these the shoots are got
clean, and by INIidsummer they make another effort to grow, after the
sun's rays have been expended in evaporating the water from the
borders in the early summer months. It is impossible for such wood
to get properly ripened in our ordinary summers ; but, even in a very
favourable season, if it should get partially matured, the chances are
that during the following winter the severe frost injures the buds, and
the rains injure the rootlets so much that the prospects of a crop are very
uncertain. It may, however, sometimes happen that after a fine dry
autumn, a dry winter, and a mild spring, that there is in general a good
crop of fruit. When this happens, to ascribe it to our genial spring,
solely, is preposterous. Now, though I am perfectly aware what the
withering effects of spring frosts are on vegetation, still I cannot believe
that all we hear about the failure of fruit crops is owing solely to spring
fi-osts. To believe so would be to doubt the evidence of my senses, for
all my observations through life lead me to think differently — day after
day, month after month, and year after year, have I had facts to con-
tradict it. Badly drained borders, improper texture and composition of
soil, together with bad management in disbudding, pruning, c^c, these,
in my opinion, have much more to do with bad crops than spring frosts.
It is the same in plant cultivation ; in fact, in cultivation of anything.
If we take two small young specimens of any liard-wooded greenhouse
plant, and prepare the same compost for both, if one of them is potted
without any drainage, and the other is potted with the greatest care as

364 THE FLORJST.

to drainage, &c. ; if then they are both subjected to the same treatment
in every respect, what will be the result ? The plant potted without
any drainage will in a short time show the evil effectof such potting, in
its sickly appearance and early death. But the plant that was properly
drained will in an equally short time show the beneficial effects of such
potting, in a healthy, vigorous growtli. But place this plant for three
or four months during the winter season in a shallow pan kept full of
water, what will be the result ? The loss of all its rootlets, and, in
nineteen cases in twenty, certain death to the plant,

A plant in a pot properly drained, and when the mechanical con-
dition of the soil is right, may have at one time any quantity of water,
without sustaining any injury ; so in like manner may a fruit tree
border, which is properly drained, and whose mechanical properties are
perfect, receive any quantity of rain at one time without doing much
injury.

Every one who has anything to do with plant growing knows very well
the beneficial effects of proper drainage. 13ut with the exception of Vine
borders, how stands the case with most fruit tree borders? In many,
when a tree is planted it is no better situated as to its future growth
than plants in undrained pots ; there are no outlets for the water,
consequently in winter the borders are full of it, and if there be
springs they are never dry. Is it any wonder, then, that trees so
situated should refuse to grow ? No, it is not. To ascribe their failure
to spring frosts is to " put the saddle on the wrong horse."

Trees planted in badly drained borders, and when the mechanical
condition of the soil is defective, if they do grow at all, it is generally late
in the season, the wood then never ripens properly, consequently the
buds suffer in severe weather in winter, and the spongelets invariably
perish, from the water in the soil. When this goes on year after year
the trees get into a state unfitted to bear fruit.

Widely different is it with trees planted in borders thoroughly
drained, where proper provision has been made to carry off all super-
fluous water, whether it comes from rain above or springs below, and
where the mechanical and chemical properties of the soil are perfect.
In such borders the trees make their growth early in the season, and
get properly matured before winter, consequently stand any degree of
frost without injury. We have proof of this in the American Peach
orchards, where the wood annually stands unprotected and uninjured a
degree of cold unknown in Great Britain ; and the borders being dry
and comparatively warm, the rootlets not only pass the winters without
injury, but actually increase. Trees thus circumstanced, with well
matured wood and buds, and the rootlets all in full activity, will most
seasons have good crops, provided, of course, proper treatment is regu-
larly given them, in never letting any trees bear too many fruit in one
or more seasons, and in properly attending to disbudding, pruning, &c.
By persevering in such a system, instead of having a chance crop
every six or seven years, the result will be the contrary. And are not
these results such as to demand proper attention in draining, &c. ?

What can give a gardener more pleasure than to see all his labour
and anxiety crowned year after year with success ; to see handsome,

DECEMBER. 365

healtliy trees with good crops of fine fi-uit ? The foundation of this
success rests on thorough drainage and on the composition of the
borders, with proper selection of sorts, proper pruning, &c.

M. Saul.
Stourton.

ABNEY HALL, CHEADLE, NEAR MANCHESTER.

This is the seat of James Watts, Esq., a Manchester merchant prince,
of whom the Earl of Carlisle's description of successlul mercantile men,
" architects of their own fortunes," is, we believe, strictly true, for we
have understood that Mr. Watts, who is comparatively a young man,
owes the position in life and ample fortune to which he has attained
entirely to his own exertions and enterprising spirit in business. But
if ]\Ir. Watts, by hard work and the judicious management of a
leviathan business, has acquired a fortune rapidly, a glance at Abney
Hall, with its princely mansion and gardens, &c., will convince any one
that he has as much pleasure in spending money as in gaining it. The
site on which this place is built was a decayed print works, and any
person who has seen an establishment of this kind, Vv'ith its large
reservoirs of water, &c., w^ould not consider it a very suitable position
in which to build a mansion and lay out gardens, &c. But the
difficulties of a situation like this vanish where expense is no considera-
tion ; and when we state that the flower garden occupies the site of an
old reservoir, and that this, to the extent of probably an acre and a half,
has been raised several feet by soil brought from a distance, at an expense of
some four shillings per cart load, and that this is only an average instance
of how things have been done here, it will be understood that expense has
not been the only thing thought of. The mansion is probably one of the
finest in the country, either as regards its external appearance or
its internal decorations and furnisliings, but any remarks on this would
be stepping beyond our province.

The gardens were designed and laid out in the first instance by Mr.
Skirving, of Liverpool, and afterwards largely altered by JMr. Bigland, of
Manchester ; and Mr. Barron, of Elvaston, has also been consulted, and
has the credit of one of the best things about the place, viz., an avenue
of Chinese Junipers, which, as seen from the principal entrance and the
windows of one or two principal rooms, is a striking feature, and
well worth whatever it may have cost ; and as the Junijiers — fine large
handsome plants some ten or twelve feet high — were brought from
Elvaston Castle in nearly their present state as to size, the expense
must have been something very considerable.

The convervatory is an exceedingly handsome erection, forming, as
it were, part of the south side of the mansion, and so arranged that a
good view of the j)lants is obtained from a jiicture gallery which atljoins
it on the north side, and also a charming glimpse across one end from
the entrance hall and vestibule, and doors out of the drawing and break-
fast rooms open upon opposite ends of the centre passage, so that the
plants are seen to advantage Ironi many parts of the ground floor of the

366 THE FLORIST.

mansion ; and we know of no instance where the show house for plants
is so efficiently and unobtrusively connected with the mansion, and when
lighted up at night and thrown open to the drawing-room the effect of
the plants must be charming. But although one of the most elegant,
and in many respects best arranged, houses in the country, it is,
unfortunately, very ill adapted for plants, owing to the want of anything
like proper means of ventilation. The south fronts, which rise one
above the other in the way of the Crystal Palace, are altogether some-
thing like 20 feet high, and are glazed with large squares of plate glass ;
the roofs are ridge and furrow, and are also glazed with large pieces of
sheet glass, and, with the exception of the entrance doors, and small
opening in each end communicating with chimneys, no further ventila-
tion has been provided. This part of the arrangement, with the heating,
was entrusted to the late Mr. Sylvester, who was employed to
ventilate 'and heat the mansion. He appears to have depended
on obtaining a sufficient supply of fresh air from the gratings in the
raised edges of the beds just above the floor, and communicating with a
shaft at a considerable distance from the house ; but this is, as might
have been expected, useless, or nearly so, in summer, for the air in the
tunnel and shafts under the house being, of course, considerably colder
than that in the house, is not likely to ascend to displace heated air.
It is probably useless, however, making any remarks about this system
of ventilation, for we cannot believe that it has outlived its author, but
we may just say that we are always sorry when we see that liberal men
have been misled by incompetent advisers ; and if parties erecting
expensive plant houses would keep their own interest in view, and consult
some man of known ability as a horticultural architect, such blunders
as have been committed here would be avoided. This house is chiefly
filled with plants in bloom brought from the houses in the kitchen garden,
and as it is found difficult to preserve the twiners on the pillars, &c., in
health for any length of time, this is probably the only way in which it
could be furnished with plants in good condition. A good bold broad
terrace extends in front of the conservatory, &c., and the flower garden
is reached from this by a flight of steps. We annex a plan of half the
flower garden (the other half being exactly similar, and divided from
this by a broad gravel walk), from which it will be seen how it is
planted ; everything is kept closely pegged down, so that the plants
might not destroy the effect of the plan of the garden.

The lawn extends to a considerable distance beyond the flower
garden, and a small stream runs through it, which is made to fall over
a cleverly executed piece of artificial rockwork, which is seen from all
the windows in the south front of the mansion, and but that the water
passes through some bleach works, &c., higher up its course, this stream
would add greatly to the attractions of this part of the grounds ; but so
offensive has the water become when it is low in summer, that it is
purposed to cover it in. On the west side of the house the grounds
slope gracefully from the terrace down to a sheet of water, and altogether
the laying out of the place reflects great credit upon those who have had
the management of it.

Mr. Watts has not been satisfied to wait for effect from planting

DECEMBER.

367

small plants, but has enriched the grounds by a vast number of choice
coniferous trees, many of them handsome large-sized specimens,
brought from Elvaston Castle. This has been expensive work of
course, and it is much to be regretted that what with the severe
winters which ( ccurred before the plants got fairly established, and th ?
locality not being favourable for the growth of things which are at all
tender, many ot these are not doing so well as might reasonably have
been expected. But after all the losses caused among them by the
last two severe winters, there are still many fine plants left, particularly
an Araucaria on the west terrace, two Picea pinsapo, some Cedrus
Deodara, Pinus cembra and excelsa, also Irish Yews, and the Chinese
Junipers already mentioned. We may mention that an Araucaria
planted in the low part of the grounds, near to the brook, has been

I. Golden Yew in centre, and Verbena !Melindres.

2 and 4. Yellow Calceolaria.

3 and 5. Ageratum.

G and 14. Geranium Golden Chain, and Swedish Juinpers in centres.

7. Verbena Beauty Supreme.'

8, 12, 16, 20. Irish Yews in centres. Geranium Flower of the Day.
. 9. Verbena Rouge et Noir ; not effective at a distance.

II. Verbena Andre.
13. Ditto, Defiance.

15. Ditto, Mrs. D. Tysson ; drops its flowers, and not to be used again.
17- Verbena Melindres.
19. Ditto, Defiance.
21. Ditto, ditto.
The same arrangement as that just described is observed on the other side.

368 THE FLORIST.

terribly cut up by the winters ; while the fellow to it, planted on the
high ground, is but little injured, although in a very exposed situation,
and this may serve to show the propriety of planting things, about the
hardiness of which there is doubt, on hicrh ground.

There is a considerable extent of glass in the kitchen garden, both for
forcing fruit, and also for growing plants, all of which is heated with
hot water. Some of the plant houses, built under the superintendence
of the present intehigent gardener, Mr. Smith, are admirable roomy
structures : in fact, just what is required to grow large specimen plants
to supply the conservatory. Here we found Azaleas, Ericas, Epacrises,
Boronias, with numerous New Holland plants in the finest health, many
of which are of a very large size. There is, besides, a good collection
of stove plants.

The kitchen garden is but small, but was well stocked ; and every
part of the garden is particularly clean and well kept, a point so essential
to the general effect. The finest collection of plants is lost unless this
is attended to.

NOTES MADE DURING A RECENT JOURNEY.
In earlier life I have oflen derived amusement and instruction from the
perusal of the narratives of gardening tours which are given with other
matter in " Loudon's i\Iagazine of Gardening," a cheap periodical which
has never been surpassed for utility, but which is most nearly approached
in those desiderata by the Florist.'

This is the age of cheap literature, and most welcome to us are the
pages of our monthly friend, this little book, which gives descriptions of
the most celebrated gardens existing, tells us of what as gardeners we
ought to do, reminds us of what we have omitted, gives glowing
representations of rare and beautiful flowers, points out errors in design,
and inculcates sound theory in the arrangement of garden scenery upon
artistic principles ; and is, in fine, a multum in parvo of all that ought,
might, could, or should be done in the practice of the *' ancient art and
mystery of gardening," and the pure, innocent, and humanising art of
floriculture

To those profound " practicals " (if such they be) who have nothing
to learn, I do not presume to intrude my remarks ; but happily their
name is not " Legion : " they are " few and far between ; " and I
believe the majority of gardeners are not so inflated with empiricism as
to despise the mites which we can all of us contribute to the treasury of
knowledge. Under this impression, I venture, Mr. Editor, to send for
insertion in the Florist the following loose notes. Should any of your
readers feel amused, 1 hope they may be induced to follow my example,
and thus reciprocate instruction, and should I advance anything
professionally unorthodox in the observations I may be collaterally led
into, I shall always be most grateful for coiTection.

Nothing can be more advantageous to gardeners who desire to excel
(and who does not ?) than to pay occasional visits to other gardens.

DECEMBER. 369

It enables tliem to form a true standard of their own " capabilities," to
see themselves " as others see them." We are all of us too apt to
overestimate our own productions, and having done our best, to fancy
that none can do better. We are too often bhnded by the mist of self-
sufficiency, or at least allow it to dazzle our eyes and distort our
minds. Let any man who fancies himself perfect in his practice see
what others are doing, and if he is not a coxcomb he will return in an
humble spirit, convinced of his deficiencies, and resolved to try again
to realize in the garden he manages the feats he has seen achieved at
my Lord B's., and stood astounded at when at Squire A's ; which said
feats he has always been heretic enough to believe " could'nt be done,"
or in other words were impossible. Yes, depent on 't our conceited
friend would return " a wiser," and consequently " a better," man.
That such visits are very beneficial, both morally and physically,
I candidly attest.

Craving the reader's kind indulgence for these desultory remarks, I
proceed first to notice Lee's Nursery.

This time-honoured establishment is fast rising to its original position
as one of the first rank, under the skilful and energetic management of
its present proprietors, Messrs. John and Charles Lee.

There are few gardeners of experience who do not remember the
palmy days of Lee and Kennedy, when that firm commanded most
of the principal business — when their foreign trade was enormous,
when Malmaison was in its glory, and the gardens of White, Knights,
and Blenheim w^re supplied with the rarest plants of the day from this
nursery. How different at the present time ; one man grows Heaths,
another popular and fragrant plants for decorative purposes, a third
Roses, a fourth American plants, a fifth fruit trees, and so on. The
result of this division of labour is a degree of excellence in each depart-
ment which in the great general nurseries thirty years ago was unknown,
but which has by the force of multiplied competition, become a sine
qua non

The glorious and imposing exhibitions which are now become so
general, have had their full influence on the public taste, the standard
of excellence is raised to a point which it could never have attained but
by the division of labour. Gratifying as are the moral results, elevating
and refining as such displays are, it must be conceded that they impose
on the general cultivator the most unwearied energy and application.
The man, therefore, who manages a general nursery or general garden
in the present day must not be apathetic in mind or physically indolent
if he would " }iass muster," much more excel.

On entering the Hammersmith nursery the visitor passes down a
long walk which is planted on each of its sides with Deodars, Pines,
Araucarias, and other conifers ; these are all annually transplanted, and
the result of this practice is that each plant, when taken up, has a mass
of fine young fibrous roots, which ensure a successful issue to the
purchaser and planter. Tbis mode of trans] ilanting oflen, and allowing
the roots to develope themselves in a natural position, is far superior to
the old plan of potting and constraining the roots to curl round and
round the pot, entwining and interlacing each other in endless intricacy.

NEW SERIES, VOL. V., NO. LX. n B

370 TUE FLORIST.

It is, I believe, practised to some extent now, and in the Exeter Nursery
fine specimens of this tribe of plants are grown in rough wooden crates,
through whose interstices the roots penetrate, while the crate secures a
good ball of earth round the plant.

At the end of this walk are the plant houses, of which the first is a
stove full of well grow^n young stock. At the back of this is a lean-to
north house, appropriated to the propagation of rare Coniferse. It is
full of small glass cases, within which the grafted plants are placed after
working till the graft has " taken," and the plant has been gradually
hardened. In many of the smaller kinds the manipulation is very
clever and dehcate, and the result in all cases seems to be perfect
success. This process is appHed to the rarer Abies, Thujse, Thujopsis,
Saxe Gothsea, Biota, &c.

Kear the first stove is another more ancient one, having an old bark
bed within it. This house was appropriated to the propagation of Vines
in pots from eyes, and for the quantity I never saw so fine a lot. The
CameUia house adjoining had its upright front filled also with still
stronger Vines, to which magnificent in its superlative degree m ight
not inaptly be applied. Fruit trees in pots for orchard houses are well
and largely grown here, and for this purpose much import is attached to
the use of a good, sound, unctuous loam, which is firmly beaten and
rammed about the roots. The stock of Figs is large, although there
has been of late years a large demand for plants in pots of this excellent
fruit. I noticed also some good trained fruit trees, but the annual
growth of leviathan London has now rendered the atmosphere of
the nursery so impure that the Messrs. Lee have found it necessary to
take several acres of fine land at Hounslow to carry on this department
of their business successfully. At Feltham, also, they have extensive
grounds, where Hollies, Rhododendrons, and other shrubs are grown.

Roses in pots for forcing are well done in this establishment, and
there is a large and well grown assortment, in every form and size, of
*' The Queen of Flowers."

To give minute details of all the various houses would far exceed my
limits of time and space ; suffice it, therefore, to say, that they contain
a large stock of good things in young robust health. The Azalea house,
the one for hard wooded specimen plants, and the plants with varie-
gated fohage, are entitled to " honourable mention." This nursery has
contributed largely to the furnishing of the Crystal Palace and grounds,
which has thinned the stock of large Camellias, Hollies, &c.
BuxTED Park, Uckfield, Sussex.

This place was the property of the late Earl of Liverpool, at whose
decease it came into the possession of its present proprietor, Francis
Harcourt, Esq. En route, I passed through the old town of Lewes,
and was struck with the menacing aspect of the chalk, which here
forms lofty and almost perpendicular cliffs, looking as if the annihilation
of the pigmy houses beneath them w^as impending The road from
Lewes first passes along a level, and then through a gently undulated
country, abounding in oak woods and hop gardens. It ^vas the height
of the hop-picking season, and " ever and anon" we passed waggon
loads of seemingly happy females, singing and chatting with great
volubility ; need I say they weie the hop-pickers ?

DECEMBER.

371

I learnt that several kinds of hops are grown In this part of Sussex,
of which " the Grape" is considered the best. The kinds grown in
addition to this are " Colgate," "Jones's," and " Wildish's," and each
has its patrons. The value of hops is estimated by what is called
"condition," which is appreciated by the greater or less emulsion of an
oily matter, when squeezed in the hand. Some of the kinds are said
to have peculiar properties for resisting " the blight ;" but vegetable
physiology is at a discount amongst hop-growers, if we are to judge
from the sulphur question.

The hop is a dioecious plant, and it Is customary In Sussex to plant
one male to about 100 females. Mr. Huggitt, the very clever and
most intelligent gardener at Buxted Park, has paid much attention to
the subject, and his opinion is, that the presence of the male is not
necessary to the hop, as far as its use in domestic economy is concerned.
Without its influence the seeds are abortive. But this seems to be
immaterial, if It is not desired to raise new kinds from seed. The ground
is prepared by trenching two spits deep, and well manuring it, the
patches, or "hills" of plants, being placed six feet apart. Three poles
are placed in a triangle, meeting at the top, round which they are trained.
The hop was introduced from Flanders In 1525, and three years
afterwards Parliament was petitioned to forbid its use as " being a
noxious weed, that would spoil the taste of drink, and prove prejudicial
to the people." Henry the Eighth prohibited its use by the brewers ;
George the Third used it as a soporific. That monarch succeeded in
obtaining refreshing sleep by using a pillow stuffed with hops wh§n
other opiates failed to induce it. Times are indeed changed, and now
large tracts of land are appropriated to the culture of hops in the coun-
ties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Worcester and Hereford. It Is regarded
as an indispensable ingredient in our national beverage, offers lucrative
investment to large capitalists, and affords employment and subsistence
to thousands of both sexes among the labouring population.

The neighbourhood of Buxted is eminently rich In rare British
flowering plants and Ferns. I subjoin a hst of them : —

Alchemilla vulgaris
Rudiola milligrana
Meiiyantlies trifoliata
Lysimachia vulgaris
Anagallis tenella
Jassione niontana
Viola palustris
Gentiana pneumenanthes
Linum catharticum
Drosera rotundifolia
Narthecium ossifragrum
Nffiottia spiralis
Adora moschatelina
Elatine hexandra
Oxalis acetosella, pink fl.
Sibthorpia europaia
Cardamine amara
Malva moscliata
Polygala vulgaris
Genista pilosa
,, auglica

Ornitliopus perpusillus
Polypodium vulgare
Blechuum boreale
Polystichum aculeatum

„ angulare

Lastrea oriopteris

„ recurva

„ spinulosa
Aspidium filix-mas

,, „ var. Bonoi

,, filix-foemina
Asplenium Adiantum nigrum

,, Trichomancs

„ Ruta ^turaria

Scolopendrum vulgare
Ceterach officinanim
Hynienophyllum Tunbridgense
Osmunda regalis
Botrychiuni lunaria
Ophioglossuin vulgatum

B B 2

372 THE FLORIST.

The Park at Buxted abounds in fine old Lime trees, Oaks, and Fern,
the iron sand alternating with beds of clay gives much variety of situa-
tion for native plants. In dd times large smelting furnaces for iron
existed in this part of the country, of which large heaps of refuse still
remain.

Colonel Harcourt has lately made a handsome new terrace at Buxted,
the beds in which were, at the time of my visit, well filled and glowing
with colour effectively arranged. The kitchen garden is large and well
managed, but the glass structures are limited in number. The hardy
Fernery is well worth a visit, and those who take an interest in these
gems of creation would be pleased with the knowledge and diffidence of
the gardener, Mr. Huggitt, who is an enthusiastic British Botanist, and
to whom the whole does credit.

Henry Bailey.

(To he continued.)

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nov. 20. — J. J. Blandy, Esq., in the Chair. Plants and fruit were
shown in abundance on this occasion, and altogether it was a very
interesting meeting. Seven new members were elected. Among
newly introduced plants was the singular lace like water Yam from
Madagascar, called Ouvirandra fenestralis, whose fohage has none of
that green web which leaves usually have, but consists of open lattice
work like skeleton leaves. This was furnished by the Rev. Mr. Ellis,
of Hoddesdon. Messrs. Veitch showed a handsome ^schynanthus,
called fulgens. From J. Bateman, Esq., came cut flowers of Paphinia
tigrina, a brown flowered Orchid from Central America. Messrs.
Rollisson sent a collection of plants remarkable for fine foliage. A
similar collection was furnished by Messrs. E. G. Henderson. The
Chairman showed a fine specimen of the pretty little Sonerila margari-
tacea, which has been figured in a former number. Of Orchids,
Messrs Rollisson sent several kinds, among which was Lselia Perrini, a
Brazilian species, and Sophronitis grandiflora came from High Grounds,
Hoddesdon. It was stated in regard to this little plant that it is
found wild on the branches of trees, in a climate where the Grass
about it is often covered with hoar frost. Six Chinese Primulas,
single fringed sorts, came from Mr. Windsor, gardener to A. Bligth,
Esq., and Messrs. Roflisson had four nice little standard Myrtle-leaved
Oranges loaded with fruit. Vanda cserulea, highly coloured and
extremely beautiful, was furnished by Messrs. Maule and Son, of
Bristol. Messrs. Veitch also contributed a hybrid Veronica, which was
said to be a cross between V. speciosa and Andersoni ; and from the
Royal Gardens, Frogmore, were branches of an Ageratum from Texas.
Large-flowered Chrysanthemums, magnificent plants in 11 -inch pots,
were furnished by Mr. James, of Stoke Newington The varieties
were Defiance, white ; Pilot, purple ; Dumage, yellow ; Vesta, white ;
Annie Salter, yellow ; and Christine. Another group of large flowered

DECEMBER. 373

varieties was exhibited by Mr. Shrimpton, gardener to A. J. Doxat,
Esq., but it was disqualified, on account of its containing one of the
Ponipone or small tiuwered kinds. Of the last named class of Chry-
santhemums, j\lr. Wetherill, gardener to D. M'Neil, Esq., produced
admirably grown plants of Cedo Nulli, white with a pink tinge in it ;
Bob, a brown kind ; Drine Drine, yellow ; La Sultana, pink ; La
Gitana, and Requiqui, purple. In this class Mr. Doxat's gardener
exhibited Madame Rousselon, pink ; Pompone d'Or, yellow ; Autumni,
orange ; Requiqui, purple ; Drine Drine, and Helene, Of other small
flowered Chrysanthemums, Mr. Oubridge, gardener to J. Foster, Esq ,
and Mr. Windsor, gardener to A, Bligth, Esq., also showed collections.
Cut flowers, of large kinds, very fine specimens, were contributed from
the garden of My. Foster, of Stamford Hill, and Mr. Salter, of
Hammersmith, also showed handsome blooms of his new variety,
called Alfred Salter.

Grapes and Pine-apples from various places were sho\^'Tl in admirable
condition, and Pears and Apples were abundant. Plums, Coe's Golden
Drop and Imperatrice, came from Mr. Hill, gardener to R. Sneyd,
Esq. ; and I\Ir. TiUyard, gardener to the Right Hon. the Speaker, at
Heckfield, furnished capital fruit of the first-named variety. Mr.
JMuirhead, gardener to Lord Charles Wellesley, contributed Coe's
Golden Drop, and Coe's Late Red came from Mr. Whiting, of the
Deepdene. Mr. Lidgard, of Hammersmith, sent a small dish of Ick-
worth Imperatrice. Figs, Nerii, a small, sweet kind, and Brown
Turkey, came from Mr. M'Ewen, of Petvvorth, and Mr. M'Ewen, of
Arundel Castle. Raspberries came from the Duke of Norfolk's garden
at Arundel, from Heckfield, and from Mr. Clements, of East Barnet.
Among the kinds was Rivers' Perpetual Bearing, shown on the canes on
which they grew. Late Strawberries were shown from Arundel ; the
sort was Iroilope's Victoria. Morello Cherries and Dutch Red Currants
came from Mr. Tillyard, and beautiful examples of the American Cran-
berry, from Mr. M'Ewen, of Petworth. The Vice Secretary stated,
respecting this Cranberry, that it will grow well in any American
border, whereas the English sort is uncultivable except in ground
through which there is a running stream.

Specimens of Fry's propagating and Seakale pots came from ]\Ir.
Pascall, of Chislehurst ; and a model pit was shown by Mr. Lancaster,
of Deptford. The latter was sent to exhibit a new kind of ivinter
protection, called patent Lignum textile. This material, which is that
of which hat-boxes are made, smeared over with coal tar to make it
waterproof, is put over hollow frames or covers which are filled with
straw and placed over the lights of the pit which is to be protected.
The efficiency of this covering remains to be proved. It looks, how-
ever, as if it would be durable, and it only costs a penny a square foot.

Of Dioscorea Batatas, or Chinese Yam, there were roots from Mr.
Henderson, of the Wellington Road Nursery, the Society's garden at
Chiswick, and from her Majesty's garden at Frogmore. The hea\aest
roots shown weighed rather more than a pound, which, when we
consider the small size of the sets, is rather encouraging. As regards
its propagation it was stated that small tubers answered better than

374 THE FLORIST.

the little Pea-like buds formed in the axils of the leaves. It was also
mentioned that as the thick end of the root is that which penetrates the
soil, and as it goes nearly straight down into the earth, deep land is
indispensable to its successful cultivation.

Among fruit from the garden of the Society were Fondante de
Malines and Doyenne Sieulle Pears — both promising kinds. The
Apple-shaped Pear (Pomme Poire) was also among them, and very
excellent it is, especially fi'om a standard. Among kitchen Apples from
the same collection Mere de Menage was stated to be one of the best in
cultivation, being very large, and a most abundant bearer.

NEW PEAR.
BERGAMOT SECKEL.
This excellent autumn Pear is a seedling raised by the late Mr.
Williams, of Pitmaston, a gentleman who did much to improve our
hardy fruits. The present variety is the result of a cross between the
little American Seckel and Gansel's Bergamot, an excellent English
kind, therefore named Bergamot Seckel ; it partakes more the character
of the Seckel, both in colour and texture of the fruit, its shape more
resembling the Bergamot.

The fruit is below the middle size, of a roundish regular figure, and
even surface. The skin is yellowish brown when at maturity, the
exposed side being of a brownish red, finely speckled, and thinly spread
with flakes of russet, especially near the stalk. Eye small, slightly-
sunk, calyx short and erect, set in a small shallow basin. Stalk short,
stout, and inserted obliquely, without any cavity. Flesh yellowish
white, melting, juicy, extremely saccharine, and rich, with a highly-
aromatic flavour. It ripens in November, and will keep but a short

DECEMBER.

376

time. The habit of the tree is stiff, hke the Seckel, but a httle stronger
in growth ; it has larger foliage, and possesses all the hardiness and
free -bearing qualities of its parent.

J. Powell.

BRITISH POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Nov. 5. — W. Stephens, Esq., in the chair, succeeded by Mr. Osborn,
of Fulham. The fruit brougrht together on this occasion consisted
chiefly of Apples and Pears, of which there was a large display, a few
Pine-apples, Grapes, and Plums. From the Royal Gardens at Frog-
more was a collection of ripe Pears, which were sent to show what
varieties were now in use there. Among them were fine specimens of
]\Iarie Louise, Beurre Diel, Glou IMorceau, Knight's Monarch, very fine
from a south wall, and quite ripe ; Van Mons Leon le Clerc, well
grown but not very high flavoured ; Beurre Bosc, B. Capiaumont, a
variety which Mr. Rivers calls, on account of its productiveness, " a
Pear for the people ;" Comte de Lamy ; Seckel, large and highly
coloured ; the old Moorfowl Egg, Brown Beurre, Hacon's Incompar-
able, Forelle or Trout Pear, Duchesse dWngouleme, and a small new
Pear, named Seaton Seedling, which closely resembled the old Crassane
in shape and colour. It had a white melting flesh, very juicy, sweet,
and sugary, and was altogether considered to be one of the best
flavoured Pears exhibited. The above were nearly all from curved
wire trellises, with which the borders along the sides of the principal
walks at Frogmore arc furnished. From the same garden also came
32 varieties of seedling Apples, many of them very promising sorts.
Among them were several fine-looking Golden Pippins, which, however,
upon trial, proved inferior to the old favourite Apple of that name.
Some of them, however, might be worth growing on account of their
reputed hardiness and free-bearing qualities, in both of which they were
stated to have the advantage of the old Golden Pippin. No. 152 ^vas
much approved of; it is a small flat Apple, not unlike the Downton
Nonpareil, with a pale yellow skin, thickly overspread with thin flakes
of soft russet and brown specks on the sunny side. Its flesh was fine-
grained, breaking, sugary and rich, and the tree which produced this
fruit is said to be hardy and very prolific.

Shilling's Seedling, of which some specimens were sent, was reported
not to be so good as the Ribston. Examples were exhibited of Beurre
ClaTgeau, which proved better flavoured than the specimens of this
handsome Pear furnished by ]\Ir. Wells, of Redleaf, but still they were
reported to be too flat and wateiy for this to rank as a first-class Pear.
A well-grown specimen of the Sabine Pear, a little known variety, was
shown by Mr. Ingram, of Bel voir Castle, where it is reported to be a
very useful kind. Mr. Rivers showed some Pears, among which were
Laure de Glymes, a rather coarse sort, musky, and not melting ; Col-
mar Navez, stated by Dr. Van Mons to be one of the finest of all
Pears, but, in this instance, watery and possessed of little richness ;
and a striped St. Germain from under glass ; also a Pavie de Pompone,

376 THE FLORIST.

which in France is said to reach 1 lb. in weight, and to be good eaten in
autumn with wine and sugar. From Mr. Ward, of Reading, came
fine specimens of Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, and other
Pears, from pyramids in strong loam, on a cold subsoil.

Mr. Spencer produced handsome examples of Black Prince and
smooth Cayenne Pine Apples, two very fine bunches of Muscat of
Alexandria Grapes, and a seedling called the Bowood Muscat, appa-
rently a very fine variety, which was said to be a free setter, but in
this instance unripe, and therefore no correct opinion of its merits could
be formed. Its berries are Pear-shaped, and remarkable for their size,
and the bunches appeared to be shorter and wider in the shoulders than
those of the common Muscat. From Mr. Turner, of Streatham, came
an extremely handsome bunch of Black Barbarossa Grapes, weighing
4 lbs. 123 oz. The berries were quite black, and covered with a fine
bloom. Mr. Taylor (from Mrs. Webber's), stated that he has had this
Grape in perfection as late as the 28th of April, and that its true flavour
is not acquired before January. Its merits as a late Grape, therefore,
require no comment. Of other fruits, chiefly Pears and Apples, col-
lections of which were exhibited by Messrs, Paul, Whiting, De Jonghe,
M'Ewen, Thoyts, Wintle, and Dr. Davies, we may have something to
say hereafter, many of them not being at present in a state to admit of
their true characters being correctly determined.

Twelve new members were elected at this meeting.

CALENDAR FOR THE MONTH.

Auriculas. — Attend to the instructions given for the last two months.
All that is required at this season is to keep the plants tolerably dry,
clean, and elevated ; with these simple precautions they will winter in
vigorous health.

Carnations and Picotees.-— These must not be allowed to have any
rain ; only water such pots as are very dry. Give the plants plenty of
air. Grow them as a hardy plant, with the exception of allowing them
to have any rain. The plants will now require going carefully over
with a pair of scissors or a sharp knife to remove all dead foliage.

Cinerarias. — The strongest plants will now require a final repotting,
and by giving them plenty of room they will require but little more to
be done for some time. Fumigate occasionally, but not too strong ; the
foliage being tender they will not stand so much tobacco as the
Pelargonium.

Conservator I/. — W'^ith well grown Chrysanthemums in variety,
Cacti, Salvias, Epacris, and winter-flowering Ericas, together with
abundance of Violets, Mignonette, and a few of the early started bulbs,
this structure may be kept pleasingly gay. Avoid too much fire -heat,
and when finished watering the paths should be wiped up, and, if the
weather is mild, abundance of air admitted. Stove plants should be
carefully treated ; when brought here for show, they should be kept in
the warmest division of the house, and kept as close as circumstances
will allow.

DECEMBER. 377

Cucumbers. — Winter fruit must not be allowed to stand still for
want of bottom or top boat, or mildew will soon attack them. Adiiiit a
gentle circulation of air about them when the days are fine. Keep the
Vines thin, and water with liquid manure when water is required.

Dahlias. — l^ee that the seed is carefully dried ; it will winter best in
the chaff if dry and cleaned just before sowing. See that the roots are
not getting dam}) and mouldy ; cut away the dead stalks.

HoUi/hocks. — Late struck plants may be moved along \\\\\\ a little
heat ; it should be very gentle, giving air at the same time. Give all
the first struck plants plenty of root room. No more cuttings should be
put in before early in February ; the old roots should be kept dormant
till that time, \vhen they may be gently excited to make them produce
cuttings.

Flower Garden and Shruhberi/. — When the weather is mild and
the ground in suitable condition, the removing of deciduous trees and
shrubs may be proceeded with ; when removing those of weight and
size, every precaution should be taken to get them into their new
quarters with as little damage to the roots as possible.

Forcing Ground. — Asparagus, Seakale, and Rhubarb, should at
once be set to work, if they are required to be in by Christmas. Unless
there are permanent beds of Asparagus, which can be heated by duncr
linings or hot-water pipes, no better plan can be followed than to take
the roots up carefully, and pack them in light rich soil, over a bed of
leaves and dung, where the bottom heat is mild. Let them be pretty
near the glass, for the heads require abundance of light when above the
soil, to give them colour and flavour.

Fruit Room. — Fruit intended for long keeping, after being deposited
in the house for two or three weeks, should be kept in the dark, and at
a very uniform temperature, not exceeding 40°. Both heat and light
excite a slight action in the cells of the fruit, and hasten maturity and
decay. Look over fruit generally, and place such as show indications
of decay on one side for present use. Where damp prevails the doors
or windows may be opened occasionally on dry days, or the room may
be aerated by a stove, should the damp be excessive. The finer kinds
of Pears are improved in flavour by being placed in a room a few degrees
warmer than the ordinary fruit room before sending them to table.

Kitchen Garden. — As before advised, protect tender vegetables on
the approach of frost, and keep a good store of salad plants and tender
things in frames, &c., for frosty weather. Sow a few Early Horn
Carrot and Short- top Radish on a warm south border, and cover with
straw or Fern till the seeds vegetate Early Peas should be sown at
once ; we found the earliest varieties last season were Sangster's No. 1
and Daniel O'Rourke. Let the plot on which they are sown be dry
and sheltered, or, which is preferable, a south border, protected by a
wall. Mazagan or Dwarf Fan Beans may likewise be sown now, in a
sheltered place. Guard against the depredations of mice, which are
often troublesome to these crops. Look over former directions.

Peach-houses. — The first house should now be put in order, going
over the trees and removing any wood left at the sunnner ])runing ;
with many kinds it is not safe to shorten the shoots just yet, as we

378 THE FLORIST.

are often deceived with what appear to be leaf-buds, and should they
not break, the fruit above the next wood-bud wiU be valueless. When
the trees are more advanced the wood-buds can be easily seen, and the
shoots then cut back with safety. Before tying in the wood dress the
trees carefully over with sulphur mixture. Make fires very gently and
by day at first ; 40^ by night is ample till the buds are ready to open,
with a rise of 15° or 20'-' by day, with air. Protect the bjrders as
advised for Vines.

Roses. — The serious losses sustained by the severity of last winter,
among the Tea-scented, Chinas and delicate habited Bourbons, will, we
conclude, put most of our readers on the qui vive, so that \nq only
venture to suggest what we consider the best method of averting their
recurrence. Ihe surest method is, taking up the plants, and laying
them in under a north wall, with some Fern laid over their heads.
Where their removal is very inconvenient, tying it into their heads is
generally a good security, and we have learned from a distinguished
amateur, that where the plants were not too large, frigi domo, cut into
pieces, tied over the heads, had been tried with success. Every day
that replanting is delayed is injurious to their blooming next season.

Strawberries, forcing, should be, protected from further rains ; the
best plan is to pack them closely in cold frames, placing sawdust, dry
ashes, or even dry leaves between the pots, keeping the pots freely
exposed, and placing either glass or other protection over them in we t
or frosty weather. The first crop may be placed in a slight bottom
heat towards the middle of the month ; this will bring them on gently,
and if, at the same time, the top heat is kept doum, the roots will get
nicely in advance, and the trusses of bloom will come up strong.
The Black Prince and Keens' Seedling are the best for early forcing.

Seakale, at this season, may either be forced, by taking up the roots
and placing them in dry sand over a slight bottom heat, covering over
the crowns with a foot of dry materials, to blanch the shoots. Another
plan, which answers very well, is to pack the roots, cut to a propor-
tionate length, in large pots or boxes, with dry earth, and invert a
similar sized pot or box over them. If these are placed in a Mush-
room house or dark cellar good crops may be obtained without much
trouble. Where, however, large quantities are wanted, and a supply of
fresh leaves can be had, the old plan of covering the cro^^^ls with
common earthenware pots made for the purpose, with a cover at the
top for cutting the crop, is the best. A bed of leaves, which, if fresh,
will give heat sufficient, should be placed over the pots ; a mild heat
only is necessary, as the slower Seakale is brought forward the tenderer
and finer will be the crop. Rhubarb may be forwarded by any of the
plans detailed for Seakale.

Vinery. — As the bunches in the earliest house show themselves,
gradually raise the night temperature to 55°, which should be increased
very slowly to 60° and 65° by the time the bunches are ready to open
their blooms. Tie in the shoots carefully, and pinch off laterals. As
the Vines advance in growth, an addition of fresh materials may be
made to the borders, to incite the roots by a little bottom heat ; this
covering ^vill keep warm for a long time, if protected from rain and
snow.

GENERAL INDEX.

Abney Hall, 365

Achimenes, 122

Aconite, Winter, 123

Almanacks, Garden, 60

AUamauda neriifolia, IGG

Aphelandras, notes on, 2, 82

Apples, select, 21, 43

Apricots, select, 25, 47

Aquilegia glandulosa, 321

Auriculas, to winter, 135, 182

Azaleas, Chinese, 161

Bedding Plants, 139

Bee Keeper, Taylor's, 318

Begonias, 345

Benningborough Hall, 107

Book of the Garden, reviewed, 59

Bradford Floral Society, 260

Brighton Horticultural Society, 294

Bulbs, spring, 123

Buxted Park, 370

Caledonian Horticultural Society, 239

Calendar for January, 31

„ February, 62

„ March, 93

„ April, 126

„ May, 156

„ June, 185

„ July, 222

„ August, 253

„ September, 286

„ October, 319

„ November, 350

,, December, 376

Carnation, Defiance, 257
,, to winter, 132
Carnation and Picotee Society, Northern,
262
„ National, 265
,, blooming table, 57
Cherries, select, 24, 46
Chrysanthemums, new, 18
Cinerarias, the best, 143
,, to winter, 183
Clerodendron splendens, 17
Coleus Blumei, 285
Conifers at Highnara Court, 136

hardy, 27, 39, 87, 102, 170,
214
Crocus, 124
Crystal Palace Show, 80, 120

„ report of, 194

„ gardens, 323

CupressuR macrocarpa, 39
Currants, 207
Dahlias of 1854, 5

,, forthcoming, 49
,, to winter, 134
,, retrospective view of, 334
Dahlia Show, Edinburgh, 309

Dioscorea Batatas, 119
harwig trap, 332
Enville Hall, 325
Eremurus spectabilis, 350
Ferns, Nature printed, 279
„ " Century of," 111 .
,, and Ferneries, 84
Figs, select, 26, 48

Florists' Flowers, wintering, 132, 181
Flowers, a poem, 76
Fruits, our prospects of, 98, 226

„ lists of, 21, 42
Fruit Tree Borders, Draining, 361
Fuchsias, Dominiana, 1

„ white corolla'd, 33
Gardening, Landscape, 66, 145, 274

„ medieval, 282

„ town, 1, 30
Gardeners and their Journeymen, 108
Gardeners' Benevolent Institution, 168
Gardenia florida, 261
Genetyllis tulipifera, 193
Gentian, blue, 125
Gesneras, 122
Gloxinias, 122, 353

„ select, 236
Gooseberries, 267
Grafted plants, 48, 87
Grapes, select, 26, 48

„ hints on growing, 4, 74, 113,
141, 169, 205, 238
Heat, bottom, 258, 296, 341, 357
Hederoma tulipiferum, 193
Helianthemum Tuberia, 331
Heliotrope, 269
Hepatica, 124
Highnam Court, 136
Hollyhocks, to winter, 136

„ Hour with the, 317

„ Show at Edinburgh, 309
Hops in Sussex, 371
Horticultural Society, 56, 372

„ garden exhibitions, 177, 218,
245
Impatiens Jerdonise, 221
Iris, dwarf, 125

Irish Horticultural Society, 333
Journey, Notes made in a recent, 368
Juniperus Lycia, 214
Kew, notes from, 30, 81, 1 14, 153, 171
Knight, the late Mr. James, 284
Landscape Gardening, 66, 145, 274
Lawrence, the late Mrs., 285
Lee's (Messrs.) Nursery, 369
Leptodactylon californicum, 289
Loudon's (Mrs.), Garden, 123
Mangosteen, the, 9
Meycnia erecta, 225, 260
Mushrooms, 358

380

INDEX.

National Floricultural Society, 187,

269, 305
Nectarines, select, 47
Nuneham Park, 301
Orchards, American, 121
Ouvirandra fenestralis, 309
Pansies, to winter, 134
„ in pots, 54, 70
Pansy, Scottish, 216, 315
Paris exhibition, 344
Paulovnia iraperialis, 176
Peaches, select, 47

„ on open walls, 89
Pears, select, 28, 44

„ new, 374
Peas, early, 346
Pelargonium, Dobson on, 317
„ select, 318
„ fancy, 20
Phloxes, culture of, 79

„ for pots, 80
Picotees, to winter, 132

„ Mrs. Drake, 257
„ heavy rose edged, 257
Picoteeand Carnation Society, Northern,
262
,, National, 265
Pinks, to winter, 132
Pinus, Beardsleyi, 314
„ Craigiana, 315
„ .macrophylla, 170
„°'^htula, 87
„ ponderosa, 102
Plants, new, 15, 148
„ grafted, 48, 87
„ herbaceous, 152
,, creeping, 155
,, aquatic, 250
„ bedding, 139
„ vase, 234
,, numbering, 283
Plums, select, 24, 47
Polyanthus, 124

Pomological Society, 29, 125 , 375
Potato, Fluke, 53
Primroses, double Chinese, 104

Protection, artificial, 98
Protecting material, 282
Rendle's Price Current, 59
Rhododendrons, hybrid, 240

„ at Regent's -Park, 252
,, retusum, 129
,, jasmiuiflorum, 332
Rhodoleia Championi, 334
Roella ciliata, 100
Roses, new, 251, 307

,, and Thorns, a poem, 118
Rosary, design for, 67
Royal Botanic Society, 173, 210
Royal South London Floricultural

Society, 183, 299, 330
Shower, the, 164
Sonerila margaritacea, 65
Snowdrop, 123

Spinach, White Mountain, 39
Stoke Newington Chrysanthemum

Exhibition, 360
Thermopsis barbata, 340
Thujopsis borealis, 27
Transplanting, 354
Tulips, nomenclature of, 115
„ bloom of 1855, 243 *
,, National exhibition, 208
Vase plants, 234
Verbenas, select, 97
Villa Gardening, Paul's, 185
Vines, culture of, 296

,, hints on growing, 4, 74, 113,
141, 169, 205, 238
Violets, 273

Walls, glass v. brick, 11, 33
„ Peaches on open, 89
„ and glass coverings, 116
Weather, January, 78
,, February, 105
„ March, 151
„ May, 175
,, August, 264
,, September, 312
October, 349
Wood's (Rev. Mr.), Garden, 298
Yam, Chinese, 119

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// New York Botanical Garden Librar

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