- ^-o O^^J> -^ sc <* -^ a = uj : a ! fc-1 ! i i a ; a ! _c ; cr ; Ln Ln IS FLORULA BOSTONIBNSIS. COLLECTION PLANTS OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY, WITH THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, PRINCIPAL SYNONYMS, DESCRIP- TIONS, PLACES OF GROWTH, AND TIME OF FLOWERING, AND ©ccamoual BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. Professor in Harvard University. Member of the Liiinxau Societies of London and Paris. SECOND EDITION GREATLY ENLARGED. TO WHICH IS ADDED A GLOSSARY OF THE BOTANICAL TERMS EMPLOYED IN THE WORK. BOSTON : PUBLISHED BY CUMMINGS, BILLIARD, tv (» University Press — Milliard & Metcalf. 1824. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit: , District Clerk's Office. RE IT REMEMBERED, that on the twenty-eighth day of June A. D. 1824, in the forty- eighth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Cummings, Milliard, & Co. of the said district have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit : " Florula Bostoniensis : A Collection of Plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific characters, principal synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. By Jacob Bigelow, M. p. Professor in Harvard Univertity. Member of the Linnsean Societies of 'London and Paris. Second edition greatly enlarged. To which is added a Glossary of the betanical terms employed in the work." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled " An act supplementary loan act, entitled 'An act for the encouragement of Irarning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JOHN W. DAVIS, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts. 9/7 / PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE first edition of the Florula Bostonicnsis was publish- ed in 1814, for the use of a botanical class in this city. It was intended to contain intelligible descriptions of the more common and interesting plants found within a circuit of about ten miles around Boston. Its publication was at that time rendered necessary by the great deficiency of books relating to American plants, and by the difficulty of obtaining foreign works of a character suited to supply this deficiency. Similar causes afterwards led me, in conjunction with my friend, Dr. Francis Boott, to begin the collection of materials for a Flora of the New England states. In the pursuit of this object we performed several botanical tours, both on the sea coast and in various parts of the interior. The most remarkable moun- tains of New-Hampshire and Vermont, which, from their po- sition and elevation, afford a different vegetation from other parts of the United States, were visited by us, and some pro- gress was made in the proposed undertaking. The design, however, was subsequently relinquished, having been render- ed more difficult by other engagements, while it became less necessary, in consequence of the appearance of various Ame- rican botanical works. The publications of Muhlenberg, Pursh, Elliott, Nuttall, Eaton and Torrey, with other works of a more limited character, have certainly contributed much to fill the void which existed in American botany ten years ago. 4 PREFACE. The materials formerly collected towards a Flora of New England not having been published, and the first edition of the Florida Bostoniensis having been long out of print, I have been repeatedly desired by the publishers of the latter work to prepare an enlarged edition for the press. The nature of my occupations, however, has prevented me from giving the requisite attention to this object, until the present period. Perhaps the value of the work will not be diminished by this delay. The edition now offered to the public contains about twice the number of plants which were included in the first edition. Many of the former descriptions have been enlarged or amended from reexaminations of living plants, and many have been written out anew. Although the work more immediate- ly applies to Boston and its environs, yet I have inserted in this edition all such plants as I have formerly collected and described in any part of the New-England states. For the convenience of students a Glossary, explanatory of the techni- cal terms used in the work, is added to this edition. I have in general preferred to retain the older names of genera, especially such as were in the first edition of this work, introducing as subgenera the divisions of later botanists, together with some others, to which future distributors will, no doubt, give names. It is vain to attempt keeping pace with the continually shifting nomenclature of plants; and it may justly be questioned whether the benefit which results from making generic distinctions more precise, is not more than counter- - balanced by the load of synonyms which it brings with it, and the discouraging necessity which it imposes on students of the science, to unlearn continually what they have ac- quired. The field of vegetation, which has already been explored, is so vast, that an universal botanist is a character now un- known. The most useful and satisfactory pursuit of the sci- ence, for persons with common advantages, will be found in attention to the native plants of a limited district. Even the Flora of the United States is now too extensive to come easily PREFACE. within the grasp of an individual ; and that of any consider- able section of our territory may furnish full occupation for years. To students of the present volume who may wish to extend the sphere of their inquiries ; I have great pleasure in recommending the Flora of the Middle and Northern sections of the United States, by Dr. Torrey of New- York, now in the course of publication. The accuracy and constancy of pur- suit manifested by this gentleman entitle him to all praise from those who appreciate the amount of perseverance neces- sary to accomplish labours of this sort. Boston, June, 1824. ABBREVIATIONS. Ait. Alton. Mich.f. Michaux the younger. Curt. Curtis. Mill. Miller. Desf. Desfontaines. Muhl. Muhlenburg. Ell. Elliott. Awtt. Nuttall. Erh. Ehrhart. Pers. Persoon. Fral. Froslich. Ph Pursh. Gcert. Gaertner. Poir. Poiret. Gron. Gronovius. Reich. Reichard. Huds. Hudson. Sm. Smith. L. Linnaeus. Sw. Swartz. Lam. Lamarck. Tor. Torrey. Lamb. Lambert. Walt. Walter. VHer. FHeritier. Wang. Wangenheim. Mich. MX. Michaux. Willd. Willdenow. Sub. syn. Under the synonym. Mr. Abridged. M. t. The terms being changed. BOSTONIENSIS Class I. MONANDRIA. One Stamen. Order I. MOXOGYNL4. One style. 1. SALICORNIA. Calyx inflated, entire ; petals none ; stamens one or two ; seed one, inclosed in the calyx. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles. 2. CALLITRICHE. Calyx none; petals two ; seeds four, compressed, naked, with a margin on one side; flowers sometimes monoecious. 3. BLITUM. Calyx three cleft; petals none; seed one covered with the berried calyx, MONANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. I. SALICORNIA. SALICORNIA HERBACEA. Common Samphire, or Pigeons foot. Herbaceous, spreading; joints compressed at the top, truncated ; spikes linear with obtuse scales. Stem erect, leafless, somewhat four-sided, the joints widened at top and truncated, not emarginate. Branches numerous, com- pound or decompound, sometimes double. Spikes lateral and terminal, linear, from twelve to twenty times longer than they 1 2 Class I. Order II. are wide in fruit. Scales rather obtuse with a slight membranous border. Flowers three on each side, the highest being largest. — : Salt marshes. — August. — Annual. At the latter end of the season the lower part of the stem shrinks and becomes woody ; the plant however is strictly an- nual. This plant agrees exactly with specimens from England and the continent of Europe. It is however more branched and slender than the engravings usually published of the European plant. *SALICORNIA MUCRONATA. Dwarf Samphire. S. humilis, herbacea — articulis inferne tetrago- nis, superne compfessis, truncatis — spiculis oblon- gisj squamis mucronatis. Low, herbaceous ; joints quadrangular at bottom, compressed and truncated at top ; spikes oblong with mucronated scales. Stem erect, leafless, the joints quadrangular at bottom, widen- ed and entire, not emarginate at top. Branches few, compound, in small plants simple. Spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, four or five times as long as they are wide when in fruit. Scales very acute or mucronate with a slight membranous border. — Salt marshes. — August. — Annual. This plant is less than half the height of the preceding, but thicker in all its parts, and always distinguishable at sight Spikes very thick, with remarkably acute scales. It is wholly unlike S. ambigua MX. of which I have southern specimens with slender branches and spikes and obtuse scales. Different species of Salicornia are among the maritime plant* employed in the manufacture of sod:). They are used at table as pickles. BIGYNM. 2. CALLITRICHE. CALLITRICHE AQUATICA. Sm. Water starwort^ Stem floating; upper leaves spatulate, obovate. Class II. Order I, 8 Synonym- CALLITRICHE VERNA. L. The stem is filiform, floating-, and composed of a double tube. The leaves are small, opposite, inversely ovate or wedge-shap- ed, rounded at the end, (not acute as in the European ;) the upper ones forming- star-like tufts on the ends of the stem. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary, sessile. It grows in fresh water, sup- ported by its floating upper leaves ; flowering above, but ripen- ing its seeds under water. — Found in Roxbury. — Annual. 3. BLITUM. BLITUM CAPITATUM. Strawberry Blite. Leaves triangular-hastate ; heads alternate, form- ing a terminal leafless spike. A weed in cultivated grounds, with a fruit resembling some of the esculent, compound berries, but unpleasant. — June. — Annual. Class II. DIANDRIA. Two stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style. A. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular. 4. LIGU STRUM. Corolla four cleft ; berry two celled, four seeded. B. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, fruit capsular. 5. VERONICA. Calyx four parted ; corolla four cleft ; rotate, the lowest division narrow ; capsule superior, two celled ; obcordate. 6. LEPTANDRA. Calyx five parted ; corolla tubu- lar eampanulate ; stamens much exserted ; capsule ovate, acuminate. 7. GR ATI OLA. Corolla resupinate, four cleft, two lipped ; calyx mostly seven leaved ; stamens four, two of them barren ; capsule two celled. 4 Class II. Order I. 8. LINDERNIA. Calyx five parted ; corolla resu- pinate, upper lip reflected ; filaments four, the two longer ones forked and barren ; capsule two celled. 9. UTRICULARIA. Corolla ringent, spurred ; ca- lyx two leaved ; capsule one celled. C. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular : seeds nuked. 10. LYCOPUS. Corolla four cleft, nearly equal, ona of the divisions notched ; stamens distant ; seeds four. 11. MONARDA. Corolla ringent ; upper lip linear, involving the filaments ; seeds four. 12. C UNI LA. Corolla ringent ; upper lip flat ; stamens four, two of them barren ; seeds four. 13. COLLINSONIA. Corolla somewhat ringent ; lower lip many cleft, capillary ; seed one. D. Flowers superior. 14. CIRCLE A. Calyx two leaved ; corolla two petalled ; petals inversely heart shaped ; capsule two celled ; cells one seeded. DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 4. LIGUSTRUM. LIGUSTRUM VULGARE. L. Privet or Prim. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; panicle crowded. An ornamental shrub with smooth, opposite, spear shaped leaves, thickening at the ends of the branches. Remarkable in summer for its panicles of small white flowers, and in autumn for its conical bunches of black berries. — Frequent in woods and near fences, particularly in Roxbury. — May, June. Class II. Order I. 5 5. VERONICA. VERONICA OFFICINALIS. Common Speedwell. Spike lateral ; leaves broad ovate or oval, hairy ; stem procumbent ; capsule deeply obcordate. Stem branching, spreading ; leaves opposite, rough ; flowers pale blue, veined. — Woods and fields. — May, July. — Perennial. All the species here mentioned are common to Europe, and probably most of them introduced. VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA. L. Smooth Speedwell. Raceme terminal, somewhat spiked ; leaves ovate somewhat crenate, three nerved, glabrous; capsules obcordate, shorter than the styles. A small plant, hardly distinguishable among the grass except when in flower. Stem decumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves opposite, roundish ovate ; flowers bluish white with violet stripes ; capsules inversely heart shaped. — Pastures and road sides. — May, June. — Perennial. VERONICA SCUTELLATA. L. JMarsh Speedwell Racemes lateral, alternate ; partial flower stalks divaricated ; leaves linear, slightly indented. Stem weak, leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate slightly toothed ; racemes axillary, consisting of a few small flowers of a pale flesh colour with purplish stripes. Stalks of the fruit bent backward. Found very common in wet places, varying in size according to the quantity of water, flowering all summer. — Perennial. VERONICA ANAGALLIS. L. Water Speedwell. Racemes opposite, leaves lanceolate serrate, stem erect. Stem somewhat quadrandgular ; racemes many flowered, with short petioles ; flowers purplish. The leaves sometimes ap- proach to ovate. — In ditches all summer. — Perennial. VERONICA BECCABUNGA. L. Brooklime. Racemes opposite ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, sub- serrate, glabrous ; stem procumbent, rooting at base. 8 Class II. Order I. A fleshy, succulent species with blue flowers. — Ditches and brooks. — June, July. — Perennial. VERONICA AGRESTIS. _L. Procumbent Speedwell. Flowers axillary ; leaves petioled, heart-ovate, cut- serrate, shorter than the peduncles ; stem procum- bent. Stem branched ; lower leaves opposite, the rest alternate ; flow- ers bluish white, striated. — Roads and fields. — May, July. — Annual. VERONICA ARVENSIS. Lt. Small Speedwell. Flowers axillary ; leaves heart-ovate, serrate, the lower ones petioled ; floral leaves lanceolate, longer than the peduncles. A pubescent plant, rather smaller than the foregoing. Corol- Ja pale blue, shorter than the calyx. — May, June. — Annual. C. LEPTANDRA. LEPTANDRA VIRGINICA. Nutt. Leptandra. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves in whorls of from four to six ; spikes terminal. Syn. VEROXICA VIRGIXIICA. L. A tall plant with white spikes and verticillate leaves. Stem erect, five feet high, smooth. Leaves whorled, lanceolate, un- cinately serrate, pubescent beneath. Spikes axillary and termi- nal, of two or three hundred flowers, which are nearly sessile, with acute bractes. Calyx of five acute leaves, three of them external. Corolla white, tubular with four cordate acute seg ments, villous inside. Stamens twice as long as the corolla, with hairy filaments. — Connecticut. — July. — Perennial. 7. GRATIOLA. GRATIOLA AUREA. Muhl. Hedge Hyssop. Smooth ; leaves linear-oblong, with few teeth, half clasping ; sterile filaments minute. Syn. GRATIOLA OFFICINALIS. Mich. Stem smooth, upright or ascending at base, half a foot high. Leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat clasping, smooth, dotted un- Class II. Order I. 7 tier a magnifier, oblong-lanceolate, with a slight tooth or two on each side toward the end. Peduncles axillary, alternate, slen- der. Calyx leaves seven, linear-lanceolate, two of them exter- nal, perhaps more properly bractes. Corolla irregular, yellow, its tube curved, and hairy within. Filaments four, inserted in the sides of the corolla, the two sterile ones minute. Style long, persistent. — Borders of ponds and muddy places. — Sep- tember. 8. LINDERNIA. LINDERNIA PYXIDARIA. Pursh. Common Ltindemia. Smooth ; leaves oblong ovate, obsoletely toothed, sessile ; peduncles axillary, one flowered ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; capsule shorter than the calyx. Syn. GRATIQLA ANAGALLIDEA. MX. LINDERNIA DILATATA. Muhl. Stem square, smooth. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, ovate, hardly toothed. Peduncles axillary. Calyx leaves five, linear, acute Corolla pale blue, the upper lip very short, the lower of three deflexed roundish lobes. Capsule oblong, acute. It is a small annual plant, variable in habit, found in damp rich soils, flowering in the latter part of summer. 9. UTRICULARIA. UTRCULARIA VULGARIS. L. Bladder wort. Floating ; nectary conical ; scape with few flowers. An aquatic plant, appearing above water only with its stalk and flowers. The roots are slightly fixed to the mud at bottom, the rest of the plant floats in the water by means of numerous small air bladders attached to its immersed portions. Stem and peduncles round, shining. Bractes ovate, scarious. Calyx of two ovate concave leafets, the lower one widest and sometimes bifid. Corolla yellow, personate, the upper lip irregularly ovate, the lower with a projecting palate veined with brown. Spur of the nectary striated with parallel angular lines, curved up- ward, as long as the lower lip, acute, sometimes emarginate. Stamens two attached to the upper lip near its insertion, short, ^ Class II. Order I. incurved. Germ globular, style clavate, stigma concave, mem- branous, incurved against an opposite tooth. This is exactly the U. vulgaris of Europe by Sowerby's figure. The horn is sometimes acute and emarginate in the same plant, and sometimes furnished with lateral teeth. — Ditches and stag- nant waters. — June, July. — Perennial. UTRICULARIA CORNUTA. MX. Horned Utricularia. Scape rooting, erect, slender, rigid ; flowers two or three, subsessile ; lower lip of the corolla very wide, three lobed ; spur porrected, very acute. A terrestrial species, never Heating. Scape erect, straight, fili- form, round, smooth, leafless ; furnished with ovate, acute, ap- pressed scales. Flowers two or three, at the top on very short peduncles, yellow, issuing from between three acute bractes of which one is larger and ovate, the two others linear. Calyx of two leaves which ars ovate, acute, and j^ellowish. Upper lip of the corolla reflexed, roundish, yellow; lower lip much larger, inflated, emarginate, with a small projecting terminal lobe. LSpur as long as the upper lip, rigid, acute, slightly curved. Wet grounds, Sandwich, Chelmsford, &c. Sometimes so abundant as to give the ground a yellow appearance at a dis- tance UTRICULARIA INFLATA. Walt. Whorled bladder wort. Floating, leaves whorled, inflated ; pinnatifid at the extremity. Syn. UfRICULARIA CERAfOPHTLLA. MX. Stem slender, with vesicular roots or fibres. At the surface of the water is a single whorl of about six oblong inflated leaves, branched at the extremity. Flowers three or four on a stem pedunculated, with sheathing bractes, yellow. Upper lip round- ish, mostly entire. Lower lip three lobed, its inflated portion small. Spur short, compressed, obtuse, appressed to the corolla, three striate, emarginate. — Ponds, Charlestown. — August. UTRICULARIA PURPUREA. Walt. Purple bladder wort. Floating ; scapes mostly one flowered ; spur flat- tened, appressed to the lower lip and half its length. Class II. Order I. 9 Bractes sheathing. Calyx obtuse, gibbous. Flowers purple, yellow inside. Upper lip entire, lower lip much inflated, three lobed, its middle lobe pressed upward by the spur, which is short, greenish, obtuse, and bending upward, compressed trans- versely, notcarinate, and shorter than the upper lip. Sent from Danvers by Dr. Nichols. — August. 10. LYCOPUS. LYCOPUS EUROP.EUS. L. Water horehound. Lower leaves cut, upper leaves lanceolate, serrate ; calyx acuminate-prickly. Stem square ; leaves opposite, lower ones deeply, upper ones more slightly toothed. Flowers in whorls. This plant, as Dr. Smith observes, resembles the mints, but has no aromatic smell. — Wet ground, flowering all summer. — Perennial. LYCOPUS VIRGINICUS. L. Virginian Water horehound, Bu- gle, weed. Leaves broad lanceolate, serrate, narrowed at base ; calyx shorter than the seed, not prickly. Stem obtusely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, smooth, vari- ously toothed. Flowers in small whorls, the calyx short and un- armed. Between this and the preceding there are all interme- diate varieties. — Wet grounds. — July, August. — Perennial. This plant has had much popular reputation as a temporary remedy in haemoptysis, a disease which it is more easy to arrest for a time, than to prevent permanently. 11. MONARDA. MONARDA ALLOPHYLLA. Mich. Soft Monttrdtt. Leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; head terminal ; calyx bearded at the edge ; corollas slender, elongated. Syil. JWdNARDA OBLONGATA. Jlit. Stem* square, commonly purple or spotted, two feet high ; leaves soft and downy, dotted under a magnifier, rounded at base, serrate on the sides, entire towards the point. Petioles and smaller branches downy. Bractes and calyxes ciliate. Flowers, in terminal heads, blue or flesh coloured. Corolla downy, upper o 10 Class II. Order I. lip linear, lower lip with two lateral lobes and a linear middle segment. Style longer than the stamens; stigma bifid. — Chelsea beach island. Waltham. — July, August. — Perennial. — The taste of the whole plant resembles that of thyme. A second variety has deep purple flowers and bractes of the same colour ; leaves a little more villous. This appears to be the M. Kalmiana of Pur&h. I am inclined with Michaux to con- sider m;my of the supposed species as mere varieties. 12. CUNILA. Subgenus HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous at base — -fertile stamens as long as the corolla. CUNILA PULEGIOIDES. Pennyroyal. Leaves oblong, few toothed ; flowers whorled. %•». HEDEOMA PULEGIOIOFS. Pers. A well known pungent and strong scented plant. Leaves op- posite ; lanceolate-oval, with a few teeth on each side. Flowers in numerous whorls ; calyxes with the upper lip ending in three points, the lower in two bristles. This plant, having found its way into England, was described as a new species of mint, under the name of mentha exigua, until Dr. Smith detected the error. In dry grounds. — July, August. — Annual. 13. COLL1NSONIA. COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS. Horse weed. Leaves heart-ovate ; stem smooth ; teeth of the calyx subulate, shorter than the tube. Plant three or four feet high. Stem smooth, furrowed on four sides, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, very large, serrate and acuminate, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper pair sessile. Panicle terminal, its branches opposite. Flowers dull yellow ; lower lip of the corolla fringed. Stamens distant, slen- der, very long. Style very long, dark purple ; stigma bitid. — Roxbury, road side. — July, August. — Perennial. Class III. Order I. 11 14. CIRCJSA. CIRCJEA LUTETIANA. L. Enchanter's nightshade. Stem erect ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque, pubescent. Syn. CIRCAEA CANADENSIS. MM. Stem round ; leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal racemes ; petals inversely heart shaped, reddish white ; capsules roundish, covered with minute hooks ; stalks of the capsules bent hack- ward. — Moist woods, particularly on Chelsea beach island. — June, July. — Perennial. CIRC^A ALPINA. L. Jilpine enchanter's nightshade. Stem branched ; leaves broad-heart shaped, mem- branous, toothed. A smaller and more humble plant than the preceding-, with very distinct heart shaped leaves. Capsules reflexcd. pubescent. — In old woods. — July. — Perennial. Class III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens. Order]. MONOGYNIA. One style. A. Flower's superior. 15. IRIS. Corolla six parted, the divisions alter- nately reflected ; stigmas petal form. B. Flowers inferior. 16. XYRIS. Corolla three petalled ; calyx two valved ; capsule three celled. C. Flowers grassy. 17. SCHCENUS. Corolla none ; calyx of fascicled, chaffy scales ; seed one, roundish. 12 Class III. Order II. 18. CYPERUS. Corolla none ; calyx of chaffy scales imbricate two ways ; seed mostly naked. 19. SCIRPUS. Corolla none; calyx of chaffy scales imbricate every way ; seed mostly naked. 20. ERIOPHORUM. Corolla none ; calyx of im- bricate scales ; seed invested with long woolly hair. 21. SPARTINA. Calyx two valved, compressed, one valve larger, longer, and carinated ; corolla two valved. 22. ORYZOPSIS. Calyx two valved, the valves obovate, one flowered ; corolla two valved, the outer one awned ; nectary two leaved. Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.. A. Flowers scattered^ one in each calyx. 23. M ILIUM. Calyx t\vo valved, the valves ven- tricose, nearly equal ; corolla two valved, mostly shorter than the calyx. 24. ALOPECURUS. Calyx two valved, one flow- ered ; corolla one valved ; flowers spiked. 25. TRICHODIUM. Calyx two valved, one flow- ered ; corolla one valved, awnless ; flowers panicled. 26. MUHLENBERGIA. Calyx minute, one valved; corolla two valved, hairy at base, outer valved awn- cd at the tip. 27. ANTHOXANTHU-M. Calyx two valved ; corol- la two valved, acuminate, awned"; stamens two. 28. PHLEUM. Calyx two valved, one flowered, sessile, linear, truncate, ending in a point, inclosing, and longer than the corolla. 29. AGROSTIS. Calyx two valved, one flower- Class III. Order II. cd ; the valves acute ; corolla two valved, unequal, larger than the calyx. 30. CINNA. Calyx two valved, one flowered ; corolla linear, naked at base ; stamen one. 31. LEERS i A. Calyx none ; corolla two valved, closed. 32. PHALARIS. Calyx two valved, the valves carinate, equal ; corolla two valved, included, hairy at base. Rudiments resembling valves. 33. ARISTIDA. Calyx two valved, corolla one valved with three terminal awns. 34. STIPA. Calyx two valved ; corolla two valv- ed, the valves involute, truncate ; awn terminal, very long, twisted at base. B. Flowers more than one in each calyx. 35. AIRA. Calyx two valved, two or three flow- ered without the rudiment of an additional flower ; corolla two valved. 36. UNIOLA. Calyx many valved; spikelet ovate, carinate. 37. DACTYLIS. Calyx of two valves, many flow- ered, one of the valves larger, longer, compressed, carinate. 38. AVENA. Calyx two valved, many flowered, with a twisted awn on the back. 39. POA. Calyx twTo valved ; spikelet rounded at the base ; corolla two valved, the valves ovate, somewhat acute, awnless. 40. BRIZA. Calyx tAvo valved; corolla inflated, its valves heart-shaped, mostly obtuse. 41. FESTUCA. Calyx two valved; spikelet ob- long, roundish, with pointed glumes. 14 Class III. Order III. 42. BROMUS. Calyx two valved ; spikelet ob- long, roundish, two ranked ; awn from below the top of the valves. 43. ARUNDO. Calyx two valved ; corolla woolly at the base, awnless. C. Flowers polygamous. 44. PANICUM. Calyx of two very unequal valves, containing two flowers, the outer one barren ; corol- la cartilaginous, investing the seed. 45. ANDROPOGON. Flowers double ; one pedi- celled, barren ; the other sessile, containing two flo- rets, one barren, the other perfect, its corolla fur- nished with a twisted awn. 46. HOLCUS. Calyx two valved, two or three flowered ; corolla two valved, barren floret mostly awned. D. Flowers spiked on a long slender receptacle. 47. LOLIUM. Calyx one valved, many flowered. 48. TRITICUM. Calyx two valved, many flow- ered. 49. ELYMUS. Involucre four leaved, two flow- ered ; flowers compound. 50. HORDEUM. Involucre six leaved, three flow- ered ; flowers simple. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles. A. Flowers inferior. 51. LECHEA. Corolla three petalled ; calyx three leaved ; capsule three celled, three valved. 52. MOLLUGO. Corolla none ; calyx five leaved : capsule three celled. Class III. Order III. 15 B. Flowers superior. 53. PROSERPINACA. Corolla none ; calyx three parted ; seed one, three celled. TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 15. IRIS. IRIS VERSICOLOR. L. Blue Flag. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xvi. Leaves ensiform, stem acute on one side, capsules oblong, three sided, with obtuse angles. Syn. IRIS VIRGIXICA. \st edit. The most common and shewy ornament of our meadows in the early part of summer. The root is fleshy, horizontal, sending down a multitude of fibres. Stem two or three feet high, round on one side, acute on the other, frequently branched, and bear- ing from two to six flowers. Leaves sword shaped, striated, sheathing at base. Bractes becoming scarious. Peduncles of various length, flattened on the inside. Germ three cornered, with flat sides and obtuse angles. Outer petals of the flower spatulate, beardless, the border purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow, and white, and veined with purple. Inner petals erect, varying in shape from spatulate to lanceolate, usually paler than the outer, entire or emarginate. Style short, con- cealed; stigmas three, petal-form, purple or violet, resting on the outer petals, their extremities hiiid, crenate, and more or less reflexed ; their lower lip short. Stamens concealed under the stigmas with oblong-linear anthers. Capsule three celled, three valved ; when ripe, oblong, turgid, three sided, with roundish angles. Seeds numerous, flat. Borders of s\va>ni>* and wet meadows. — June. — Perennial. — The root is a violent emetic. 16 Class III. Order III. The Iris Virginica of Linnaeus, characterized by an ancipital stem and ensiform leaves, is probably identical with this species. IRIS PRISMATICA. Pursh. Boston Iris. Iris imberbis ; foliis linearibus ; caule tereti, plurifloro ; germinibus trigonis, lateribus trisulcis. Flowers beardless ; leaves linear ; stem round, many flowered ; germs triangular, twice grooved on the sides. Syn. IRIS GRACILIS. 1st edit. IRIS VIRGINICA. Torrey. This plant was first described by me in the former edition of this work under the name of I. gracilis. Two years afterwards Mr. Pursh gave it the name of I. prismatica, which name I am willing to adopt, the other having1 since been bestowed on an African plant. When I sent it to the late Dr. Muhlenberg, he at first pronounced it I. Virginica, but afterwards agreed that it was new. Having a round stem and linear leaves, it certainly wants the Linnaean characteristics of I. Virginica. Its best dis- tinctive character is the doubly grooved germ, which Pursh has overlooked. Root fleshy, sending out short runners from which new plants arise ; stem round, smooth, slender, from one to two feet high, branching at top, bearing several alternate leave?, and from two to eight flowers. Leaves linear, erect, sheathing at their base. Bractes or involucres close, becoming dry. Peduncles flattened on the inside, varying in their proportions to the bractes, but commonly longer. Outer petals slender, spreading, purple at the edge, yellow and veined in the middle, the yellow portion much greater than in the last species. Inner petals lanceolate, slightly emarginate. Germs oblong, three sided ; sides with two deep parallel grooves, the whole representing a cylinder with three smaller ones attached to its sides. As the germ en- larges, the distance between the two furrows does not increase, and they are nearly obliterated in the capsule, which is trian- gular and turgid with its three rows of seeds. Found at South Boston and Cambridge in the same places with Iris Virginica, but much less frequent. — June. — Perennial. Class III. Order III. 17 16. XYRIS. XYRIS JUPICAI. Mich. Yellow eyed grass. Leaves linear, somewhat obtuse ; scape near the head dilated, two edged ; scales rounded. Syn. XTRIS CAROLINIANS. Lam. Poir. Root bulbous ; leaves grassy, shorter than the scape ; scape erect, two edged, twisted, a little widened at top. Heads round- ish, rather acute, supporting a number of small yellow llorets projecting out of the scales, hairy within, and consisting of three ovate, crenate petals. — Meadows. — July, August. — Perennial. 17. SCHCENUS. SCHCENUS MARISCOIDES. Muhl. Water Bog rush. Culm round ; leaves channelled ; umbel terminal, spikes fascicled. A firm rush a foot or two high. Leaves half cylindrical, chan- nelled. Fascicles about three together, each containing a dozen lanceolate, brown spikes. — Edges of Fresh pond. — July. — Pe- rennial. § Siibgenus RHYNCOSPORA. Seed surrounded with bristles — style persistent. SCH(ENUS ALBUS. L. White headed Bog rush. Culm three sided, leafy ; flowers fascicled ; leaves setaceous. Syn. RHTNCOSPQRA ALBA. Vahl. A smooth, grassy plant, with white heads of flowers. Stem half a foot or more in height, three sided, mostly smooth. Leaves mostly belonging to the stem, alternate, sheathing, the sheaths tubular or entire. Flowers in fascicles on footstalks, terminal and axillary, erect. Glumes white, afterward becoming brown- ish. Seeds surrounded with short hairs. — In low woods and swamps. — Brighton. — July. — Perennial. 3 18 Class III. Order III. 18. CYPERUS. CYPERUS INFLEXUS. Muhi. Inflected Cyperus, Heads roundish, glomerate ; spikelets linear, about eight flowered ; glumes squarrose at the tip. Syn. CTPERUS UNCINATUS. Pursk. Two or three inches high, with soft, crowded, ascending-, slen- der spikelets ; the glumes recurved at the tip. — Wet grounds. — August. CYPERUS FLAVESCENS. L. Yelloiv Cypcrus. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, crowded, three or four together ; involucre three leaved, longer than the umbel. Spikelets from fifteen to twenty flowered, yellowish green. — Wet grounds. — August, September. — Perennial. CYPERUS CASTANEUS. Chesnut Cyperus. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, involucre three leaved, longer than the umbel. Syn. CTPERUS FLAVESCENS, /3. CASTANEUS. Pursh. Smaller than the preceding ; spikelets broader, chesnut colour- ed, fifteen to twenty flowered. — Wet grounds. — August. CYPERUS DIANDRUS. Torrey. Diandrous Cyperus. Umbel sessile, or one to two rayed, shorter than the involucre ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, about fifteen flowered ; stamens two. From eight to twelve inches high, the umbel sometimes re- sembling a small panicle. — Wet grounds and salt marshes. — Sep- tember. CYPERUS DENTATUS. Torrey. Toothed Cyperus. Umbel compound, six to ten rayed, shorter than the involucre ; spikelets three together, ovate compress- ed, eight flowered. Syn. CTPERUS PARVIFLOKUS. MM. Tea or twelves inches high. Spikes very much compressed, Class III. Order III. 19 the tips of the glumes spreading so as to give a serrate appear- ance to the edge as remarked by Dr. Torrey — Edges of water.— September. CYPERUS STRIGOSUS. JL. Narrow spiked Cyperus. Spikelets linear, spreading or rofiexed, ten or twelve flowered ; root globose. A foot or more in height. Umbel mostly simple, the spike- lets numerous, narrow, and inserted into their common stalk nearly at right angles. — Low grounds. — August, September.— Perennial. CYPERUS MARISCOIDES. Ell. Tuberous Cyperus. Umbel simple with one or two rays ; spikelets seven or eight flowered, collected into dense spheri- cal heads ; root globose. Eight or ten inches high. Root a solid bulb. Spikelets crowd- ed into hard, dense heads. — Plentiful on the barren sand in the lower part of Watertown. — July, August. — Perennial. §Subgenus DULICHIUM. Spikelets racemed^ slyle bijid. CYPERUS SPATHACEUS. Lt. Sheathed Cyperus. Culm round, leafy ; leaves alternate, witli entire sheaths ; racemes axillary and terminal. Syn. SCIKPUS SPATHACEUS. Mich. DULICHIUM SPATHACEUM. Reichard. A tall leafy grass. Stem smooth, hardly three sided, covered with numerous, short, flat, smooth, spreading leaves, proceeding from sheaths which are perfectly entire or tubular, the part op- posite the leaf ending in a rounded point. The lower leaves, not the sheaths, are deciduous. Racemes mostly axillary. Pe- duncle compressed, bearing from five to eight alternate, sessile, narrow spikelets of about six flowers. Glumes two ranked. Seeds surrounded with hairs. — Borders of ponds and rivers. — August. — Perennial. 19. SCIRPUS. §Subgenus ELEOCHAHIS. Seed surrounded with bristles — style articulated to the seed, conical and persistent . 20 Class III. Order III. SCIRPUS TENUIS. Muhl. Slender Club rush. Culm filiform, quadrangular, leafless ; spike termi- nal, oval, acute at both ends ; glumes obtuse ; sta- mens three, styles three cleft. A slender, leafless, acute-angled species. — Common in wet grounds and shallow water. — May, June. SCIRPUS PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Club rush. Culm rounded, inflated ; spike terminal, oblique, oblong, acute ; glumes acute ; root creeping. Culms stout, slightly compressed, many from the same root, a foot high, leafless, with blunt sheaths at base. Lower glumes larger. — Wet meadows and ditches. — July.— Perennial. SCIRPUS CAPITATUS. Willd. Headed Club rush. Culm roundish ; spike terminal, roundish ovate, obtuse, seed smooth: Distinguished from the foregoing by its obtuse and almost globular heads. — Small ponds, &c. — July. SCIRPUS TRICHODES. Muhl. Hair Club rush. Culm setaceous compressed, grooved ; spike ter- minal, ovate, acute, naked, stamens three, style bifid. An exceedingly slender and hair-like species, three or four inches high, related to S. acicularis of Europe, and considered by Dr. Torrey to be identical with it. — About shallow water. — July. SCIRPUS PLANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flat leaved Club rush. Culm triangular ; leaves linear, flat, about equal to the culm ; spike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than its bractes. A small species in wet grounds, the radical leaves as high as the culm. Bractes cuspidate, the outer one longer than the spike. — May, June. SCIRPUS C^SPITOSUS. L. Scaly Club rush. Culm rounded, sheathed at base with rudiments Class III. Order III. 21 of leaves ; spike terminal, the two outer glumes as long as the spike. Var. ft. callosus. The two outer glumes obtuse and fleshy at the tips. A low plant with very small spikes. The truncated glumes with fleshy whitish tips, had led me to consider this a distinct species, until 1 received similar specimens from Europe. — On the White mountains. — July. — Perennial. §§ Subgenus SCIRPUS. Seed surrounded with bristles — style filiform, deciduous. SCIRPUS AMERICANUS. Pers. Three sided Club rush. Culm nearly naked, triangular ; spikes few, late- ral, conglomerate sessile ; glumes round-ovate, mu- cronate. Syn. SciRPUS TRIQUETER. MX. Culm two or four feet high, sharply three cornered with con- cave sides. It resembles S. triquetcr of Europe, very much, but the spikes are fewer and farther from the top. — -Salt marsh- es.— July. — Perennial. SCIRPUS DEBILIS. Pursh. Weak stemmed Club rush. Culm round, striated ; spikes few, lateral, crowded, sessile, short-ovate. About a foot high; glumes broad, carinate. — Wet ground and edges of ponds. — Augusc. — Perennial. SCIRPUS MARITIMUS. L. Sea Club rush. Culm triangular, panicle clustered, leafy, terminal : glumes pointed, torn into three segments. Syn. SCIRPUS MACROSTACHTUS. Lam. Mufit. SCIRPUS ROBUSTUS. Pursh. Culm erect, smooth, one or two feet high, leafy at base. Leaves linear, acute, rough on the margin. Hractes or floral leaves several, very unequal in length. Panicle resting on these, crowded, consisting of large sessile and pedunculated spikes, ovate, conspicuous by their dull, chesnut colour and yellow an- thers. The glumes are ovate, shining, slightly carinatod. divid- 22 Class III. Order III. ed into three small segments at tip, the middle one of which is prolonged into a short, setaceous awn. — Salt marshes and ditch- es.— July. — Perennial. I do not discover sufficient grounds to separate this from the European plant. SCRIPUS ACUTUS. Muhl. Pointed Bullrush. Culm round, leafless, equal ; spikes several, below the top, oblong, somewhat umbelled. Syn. SCIRPUS VALIDUS. Pursh? SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS. Torrey ? This nearly resembles the large bullrush, (Scirp us lacustris) but differs in its fructification, which is lateral, never terminal. Culm sheathed at base, erect, round, smooth, naked, filled with light, spongy pith, often spotted, five or six feet high, uniform in size for a great part of its length, ending in an acute point. Spikes several, in a cyme or umbel about an inch below the tip, oblong and closely imbricate. Peduncles rough, compressed, unequal ; scales ovate, mucronate, scarious at the edges, pubes- cent.— In deep water at Fresh Pond and elsewhere. — June, Ju- ly.— Perennial. This is the largest rush in this vicinity. The name acutus was given it by Muhlenberg. §§§ Sutgenus TRICHOPHORUM. Seed surrounded with bristles much longer than itself. Style filiform, deciduous. SCIRPUS ERIOPHORUM. Mich. Red Cotton grass. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; panicle decom- pound, proliferous, nodding. Syn. ERIOPHORUM CTPERINUM. L. and first edit. TRICHOPHORUM CTPERINUM. Pers. A common, rank, tall, meadow grass. Culm smooth, strong, roundish, compressed on three sides. Leaves very long, rough at the edge. Panicle terminal, umbelled, nodding, proliferous, with a long leafy involucre. Spikelets in heads very numerous, small, ovate, covered by the red, projecting, woolly hairs.— August. — Perennial. §§§§ Subgenus ISOLEPIS. Seed naked at base — style simple, not articulated, deciduous. Class III. Order 111. 23 SCIRPUS CAPILLARIS. L. Capillary Club rush. Culm capillary, triangular ; spikes ovate, two or three pedunculate and one sessile. A very delicate species, two or four inches high, sending up many stems from a root. Leaves setaceous. Spikes somewhat umbelled, oblong, reddish. — Dry. sandy fields. — August. SCIRPUS AUTUMN ALIS. Lt. Autumnal Club rush. Culm compressed ; ancipital ; umbel compound ; spikes lanceolate, somewhat four sided. Grows in bunches from five to ten inches high. Leaves flat. Involucre two leaved. Spikes crowded, a few together at the ends of the umbel. — Muddy grounds. — August, October. 20. ERIOPHORUM. ERIOPHORUM ALPINUM. L. Jttpine Cotton grass. Culm triangular, naked ; leaves shorter than the sheaths ; spike solitary, oblong ovate. A slender species, half a foot high with a single small spike, to which is attached a thin tuft of white crisped hairs. When young, it resembles Scirpus caespitosus. — On the White moun- tains, N. H. — July. — Perennial. ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Willd. Narrow leaved Cot- ton grass. Culm somewhat triangular, leaves linear, grooved; spikes many, on smooth stalks. This species and the following are well known by their white woolly spikes among the meadow grass in summer. This grass has narrow channelled leaves, ending in a triangular point, and simple peduncles. — Wet grounds. — June. — Perennial. ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYON. L. Broad leaved Cotton grass. Culms triangular, leaves broad-linear, flat ; spikes many, on rough stalks, nodding. Leaves broader and more flat than in the foregoing; and the wool shorter. Spikes on long drooping peduncles, which are sometimes branched. — Wet meadows. — June. — Perennial. 24 Class III. Order III. ERIOPHORUM VIBGINICUM. £,. Virginian cotton grass. Culms roundish below, three sided above ; spikes nearly sessile, clustered, erect ; involucre two or three leaved. Leaves very long. Wool of a reddish colour, short. — Wet meadows and swamps. — July. — Perennial. 21. SPARTINA. SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES. Mufti. Rough grass. Spikes numerous, alternate, or scattered ; pedun- cles rough ; outer valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on the back. Syn. DACTTLIS CTNOSUROIDES. L. TRACHTNOTIA CTNOSUROIDES. Mich. Stem three feet high, round and smooth. Leaves very long, smooth, somewhat rough on the margin, the edges convolute when the plant grows near the sea. Spikes numerous, on rough peduncles, given off successively from the three sides of a trian- gular common stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a double row, leaning to one side of their flexuous receptacle. Inner valve of the calyx very small ; outer valve much larger, cari- nated, and rough with minute prickles on the keel. — Marshes.— August. — Perennial. SPARTINA JUNCE A. Muhl. Short Rough grass. Spikes from one to three ; peduncles smooth ; out- er valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on the back ; leaves convolute-setaceous. Syn. TRACHTNOTIA JUKCBA. Mich. A much smaller grass than the preceding, which it resembles in the form of its spikes. Stem round, smooth, about a foot high. Leaves alternate, somewhat two ranked, acquiring, when rolled up, a filiform appearance. Spikes about two, on smooth stalks, shorter than in the foregoing species, but similar in shape. Outer valve of the calyx nerved, rough on the keel like the last. Anthers purplish*-— Salt marshes. — July. — Perennial. Class III. Order III. 25 SPARTINA GLABRA. Muhl. Ditch grass. Spikes numerous, sessile, somewhat imbricated ; valves of the calyx mostly glabrous. A large rank grass, common about muddy shores and in salt water ditches. Stem round, smooth, three or four feet high. Leaves very long, smooth, acute. Spikes ten or a dozen, sessile, lying over each other, with their backs successively applied to the three sides of a long triangular, smooth, common stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a double row, leaning outward, as in the former species. Inner valve of the calyx linear. Outer valve many times larger, compressed, and to the naked eye glabrous. Through a glass it is found ciliated on the keel. Anthers straw coloured. — August, September. — Perennial. 22. ORYZOPSIS. ORYZOPSIS ASPERIFOLIA. MX. Mountain Rice. Leaves erect, rigid, pungent at the point ; panicle simple. This grass is remarkable for its large seeds, which, it has been suggested, may render it worthy of cultivation. It is a foot or more in height, with a panicle of a few racemose branches. Seeds greenish white. The single style is the chief character which separates it from some species of nuUum. — In old woods in the interior. — May. — Perennial. D1GYNIA. 23, MILIUM. MILIUM RACEMOSUM. Sm. Black seeded Millet grass. Panicle simple, its branches racemose ; calyx ellip- tical, acute, ribbed ; corolla hairy at base ; awn as long again as the valves. Syn. OKTZOPSIS MELAXOCARPA. Muhl. PlPTATHERUM XIGRUM Torrey. A tall grass with large black grains. Culm two or three feet high. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle of a few long, simple, racemose branches, erect at first, but afterwards spread- '1 26 Class III. Order III. ing. It resembles Oryzopsis, but is distinguished by its distinct styles, dark seeds, taller stature, and later period of flowering. — Woods, in the interior of the state, — August. — Perennial. It may perhaps be found worth cultivation. MILIUM PUNGENS. Torrey. Dwarf Millet grass. Leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, at length involute ; panicle contracted, branches mostly in pairs, corolla hairy ; awn uncertain. Culm slender, a foot high, with a few very short leaves. Pani- cle small, the branches rather erect. Calyx obtuse or truncate. Corolla as long as the calyx, hairy. In all my specimens a part of the flowers have an awn about half as long as the corolla. — Woods, Sudbury. — May. 24. ALOPECURUS. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. L. Common Foxtail grass* Culm erect, smooth ; sheaths swelling ; spike cy- lyndrical, obtuse ; calyx glumes acute, connate ; co- rolla equal to the calyx. Common foxtail grass is well marked by the upper sheaths which appear as if inflated. Culm two or three feet high. Spike lobed. Calyx acute, villous. Corolla nearly equal to the calyx. Awn twisted. — Fields, &c. — May. An early, excellent grass, probably introduced. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS. L. Floating Foxtail grass. Culm ascending, bent at the joints ; spike some- what compound, cylindrical ; glumes obtuse, hairy. Sm. Stems of various lengths, ascending, forming knees or angles at the joints, and rooting from the lower ones, when the plants grow in the water. Leaves rather smooth and short, their sheaths a little swelling. Spike cylindrical, obtuse, divisible into lobes. Glumes of the calyx obtuse, fringed with long hairs. Corolla awned at base — Ponds and ditches. — July. — Perennial. Class III. Order III. 27 25. TRICHOD1UM. TKICHODIUM LAXIFLORUM. .M/c/i. Thin grass. Culms erect ; leaves narrow, short ; sheaths some- what rough. Pers. This grass is readily known by its very thin, spreading, ca- pillary panicle. Stem erect, smooth, slender. Leaves short, glabrous, on roughish sheaths. Panicle consisting of very long, straight, rough branches, of a purplish colour, hardly larger than hairs, and very flexible. These are given off in half whorls, and are repeatedly subdivided into three or four branch- lets at a time. Flowers minute, scattered at the ends of the branches. Glumes lanceolate, acute. — Road sides. — -July. — Pe- rennial. 26. MUHLENBERGIA. § Subgenus BRACK YELYTRUM. Upper valve of the corolla ivith a clavate rudiment at base. MUHLENBERGIA ERECTA. Schreb. Erect Muhlenbergia* Culm erect, simple ; leaves pubescent; panicle lax; calyx with a long awn. Syn. BRACHTELTTRUM ARISTATUM. Beauv. DlLEPTRUM AR1STOSUM. MX. A simple slender grass, two or three feet high. Flowers few, remote, long-awned. — On the sides of Wachuset hill. — June. D1GYN1A. 27. ANTHOXANTHUM. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM. L. Sweet scented Vernal grass. Spike ovate-oblong ; flowers longer than their awns, standing on short stalks. Stem about a foot high. Leaves short, flat ; sheaths some- what swelling; stipule lanceolate, scarious. Spike terminal, solitary ; calyx glumes unequal, rough on the back ; corolla shorter than the calyx, awned on the back. This grass, when partly faded, is exceedingly fragrant, whence its name. It grows on farms where it was formerly introduced from Europe. — May, June. — Perennial. 28 Class III. Order III. 28. PHLEUM. PHLEUM PRATENSE. L. Herds grass or Cat's tail grass. Spike cylindrical, very long ; glumes fringed at the back, longer than the awns. Sm. Culm upright, round, smooth. Leaves flat, pointed, rough on the upper side ; sheaths long, striated; stipules blunt. Spike long, cylindrical, upright. Calyx of two glumes fringed with hairs on the back, square or truncated at the end, with two short awns. — June, July. — Perennial. This grass is extensively cultivated, forming a chief constitu- ent of what is with us called English hay. It is usually denomi- nated herds grass, and sometimes improperly fox tail grass. In England it is known by the name of oafs tail, and Timothy grass, the last burlesque appellation derived from Mr. Timothy Hanson, one of its early propagators. It is said to have fallen there into disrepute, although its reputation is good in this country. Pro- fessor Martyn and Mr. Curtis speak of it as a harsh, coarse grass, in all respects inferior to the true foxtail grass, (Alopecurus pratensis.) 29. AGROSTIS. AGROSTIS VULGARIS. With. Red top. Fine Bent grass. Panicle spreading with divaricated, capillary branch- es ; calyx valves equal ; inner petal obtuse, half as long as the other. Sm. A pretty common grass in dry mowing land and pastures, usual- ly entering into the composition of our English hay. Stem erect, smooth, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, acute, with long sheaths. Panicle erect, red, its branches very numerous and fine, ar- ranged in half whorls, flexuous and variously divided. Flowers numerous and very small. Calyx valves lanceolate, acute, spreading, purple at base, scarious on the margin. Inner valves of the corolla half as long as the outer. — June, July. — Perennial AGROSTIS ALBA. L. White Bent grass. Panicle loose ; culm creeping ; calyx valves equal, lanceolate, polished, rough on the keel. Sm. Class III. Order III. 29 Stems spreading, ascending, rooting at the lower joints. Leaves rough, their sheaths smooth. Panicle loose, consisting of somewhat distant half whorls, its branches much subdivided and roughish. Flowers lanceolate, shining, white or purplish brown. Valves of the calyx equal, acute, rough on the back only. — Meadows. — June, July. — Perennial. AGROSTIS CANINA. L. Dogs Bent grass. Calyx elongated ; corolla with a dorsal, crooked awn ; culms procumbent, somewhat branched. In mowing lands and about the borders of fields, probably from Europe. — July. AGROSTIS CLANDESTINA. MuhL Hidden Bent grass. Panicle spiked, partly concealed ; corolla much longer than the calyx, hairy, slightly awned ; leaves rigid, very long. A long, hard grass with concealed spikes. — Found by road sides and on dry soils. — September. § Subgenus POLYPOGON. Calyx and corolla terminating in bristles. AGROSTIS RACEMOSA. Mick. Racemed Bent grass. Panicle dense, interrupted ; bristles of the calyx scabrous ; corolla awnless, hairy at base ; culm branched. Syn. PoLrpocoN RACEMOSUS. Nuttall. Culm compressed, erect. Leaves erect, rigid. Panicle form- ed of many conglomerated spikes. — In wet meadows. — August.— Perennial. 30. CINNA. CIIWA AURUN'DiNACEA. L. Reedy Cinna. Panicle large, capillary, loose ; culm smooth ; leaves broad linear. Syn. JlcROSTis CINNA. Schreb. A large rank grass, three or four feet high, resembling some 30 Class III. Order III. species of Arundo, and differing from most othef grasses in having a solitary stamen in each flower. — Wet shady grounds. — • August. — Perennial. 31. LEERSIA. LEERSIA ORYZOIDES Swartz. Cut grass. Panicle loose ; spikelets triandrous ; keel of the glumes ciliate. Sw. Syn. PHALARIS ORTZOIDES. L. Stem about two feet in height. Leaves exceedingly rough backward, so as to cut the hands if drawn across them; narrow, on long rough sheaths. Panicle erect, spreading, with slender, rough branches. Flowers very distinguishable by their oval figure and white colour. Glumes of the corolla compressed, the two valves shut together, so as to assume an elliptical form, with the curvature on one side greatest. Keel of the valves ciliated, giving the circumference of the flower a fringed appearance. — Wet places. — \ugust. — Perennial. LEERSIA VIRGINICA. fVilld. Virginian Cut grass. Panicle simple ; flowers monandrous, sparingly cili- ate on the keel. Smoother than the preceding species, the flowers considerably smaller and less ciliate, white. — Damp woods, Oak island. — August. 32. PHALARIS. PHALARIS AMERICANA. Ell. American Canary grass. Panicle oblong, spiked ; glumes of the calyx boat- shaped, serrulate ; corolla unequal ; rudiments hairy, Syn PHALARIS ARUKDINACEA. MX. CALAMAGROSTIS COLOR AT A. Nutt. A large, rank, aquatic grass, three or four feet high with a panicle of pubescent flowers. — In Muddy brook, near Jamaica plain road. — July. Class III. Order III. 31 33. ARISTIDA. ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA. J\lx. Forked Aristida. Cespitose ; culms dichotomous ; flowers subspiked ; lateral awns very short, the intermediate one con- torted. A slender grass with short, lateral branches and setaceous leaves. Spikes or racemes slender, with twisted awns. Road sides in gravelly soils. — September. 34. STIPA. STIPA AVENACEA. L. Feather grass. Leaves striated, smooth ; panicle spreading some- what one sided, its branches verticillate ; calyx as long as the seed ; awn naked, finally contorted. Remarkable for the length of its awns. Culm two or three feet high, slender, naked above. Leaves narrow, smooth below, inclining to roll up. Panicle long, few-flowered, nodding when young. Glumes of the calyx nearly equal, acuminate. Corolla stipitate, its lower valve terminating in a twisted awn tw"o or three inches long, at first straight, but at length contorted. Seed a third of an inch long. Dry woody hills near the Andover turnpike, Medford. — June, July. — Perennial. 35. AIRA. AIRA FLEXUOSA. L. WooA Hair grass. Panicle spreading, trichotomous ; peduncles flex- uous, awns geniculate ; leaves setaceous, culm near- ly naked. A tall thin grass found in old woods, one or two feet high. Glumes membranaceous, purplish. Corolla with a bent awn neaj1 the base. — Sides of Wachusett hill, — June. AIRA TRUNCATA. Muld. Truncate Hair grass. Panicle oblong, racemose ; calyx unequal, three flowered, one abortive ; lower glume obtuse, corolla glabrous. 32 Class III. Order III. Syn. ROELERIA TRUNCATA. Torrey. Woods, Watertown. — June. 36. UNIOLA. UNIOLA s PIC AT A. L. Spike grass. Somewhat spiked ; leaves involute, rigid. L. A common grass of the salt marshes. Stem a foot high, round, smooth. Leaves of the stem numerous, short, smooth, increasing in frequency upward, the upper ones hardly an inch apart, rolled up so as to acquire a setaceous form, commonly investing, and often overtopping the spike. Spike irregular, about an inch long, consisting of ten or a dozen small, compress- ed, crowded spikelets. Glumes flattened, sharp on the back. — July. — Perennial. 37. DACTYLIS. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. L. Orchard grass. Panicle crowded, leaning one way. Sm. Root perennial. Culms round, rough toward the top. Leaves very* rough. Stipules cloven or torn. Panicle of flowers con- sisting of close bunches on rough and rigid peduncles ,- leaning toward one side. Calyx pubescent and rough, the inner valve twice as large as the outer, and shortly awned. — June. — Peren- nial. A coarse, but extremely hardy and productive grass, said to be much more luxuriant here than in Europe. — By fences, thickets, &c. — June, July. 38. AVENA. § Subgenus DANTHONIA. Lower valve of the corolla two toothed, with the awn between. AVENA SPICATA. L. Spiked Oat grass. Panicle simple, few flowered ; spikelets six or seven flowered, shorter than the calyx ; lower valve of the corolla hairy ; leaves subulate, the lower ones hairy at the neck. Class III. Order III. 33 Syn. DAXTHONIA s PIC AT A. J\"uit. A commoa grass in dry sunny pastures. Culm a foot high, slender, with short setaceous leaves. Calyx nerved, acute, longer than the spikelet. Outer valve of the florets ending in two bristles or teeth with a contorted awn between thum. — June. — Perennial. §§ Subgenus ARRHENATHERUM. Calyx two flowered, one barren and owned, AVENA ELATIOR. L. Tall Oat grass. Panicle equal, nodding ; awn twice as long as the flower ; culm geniculate, smooth ; root nodose. Syn. HOLCUS AVENACEUS. Sin. ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. Beauv. A large valuable grass introduced by cultivation from Europe. Panicle lax with brownish spikelets. Awn of the barren flower jnuch twisted. — Naturalized in some parts of the state. — June. 39. POA. POA PRATENSIS. L. Common Spear grass. Panicle spreading ; spikelets of four flowers ; glumes lanceolate, five nerved, connected by a web ; stipule short and blunt. Sm. Spear grass or meadow grass is found in all situations, con- stituting a considerable portion of the common turf in pastures, road sides, &c. Culms leafy, slender, smooth, often stolonife- rous. Leaves spreading, blunt, with obtuse or truncated stip- ules. Panicle large, loose, of horizontal fine branches, bearing many ovate spikelets of about four flowers. — June. — Perennial. This is an excellent and useful grass. POA COMPRESSA. L. Blue grass. Panicle condensed, its branches leaning one way ; erect, before and after flowering. Culm ascending, compressed. Sm. Root creeping. Stem decumbent at base, erect above, very much compressed, whence the name. Leaves commonly glau- 5 34 Class III. Order III. cous, narrow, with long sheaths. Panicle erect, crowded, tend- ing- to one side, obtuse ; its branches short and rough, appressed to the stem except at the time of flowering. Spikelets ovate. Florets closely imbricate, varying in number, connected at base by a thin web. — Dry grounds.— July, August. — Perennial. POA ANNUA. it. Annual Fpear grass, Panicle divaricated ; spikelets ovate ; florets a lit- tle remote, five ribbed, destitute of a web ; stem ob- lique, compressed. Sm. A smaller grass but equally common with the first. It is annual in duration, but rapid in increase, and commonly the first grass to appear on new grounds. Culms smooth, flattened, spreading obliquely. Leaves flaccid, obtuse, their margin waved in the middle. Stipules sharp. Panicle erect, with its branches depi-essed when old. POA NERVATA. Willd. Meadoiv Spear grass. Panicle diffuse, weak, nodding, spikelets five flow- ered ; florets seven nerved, obtuse. A tall slender meadow grass, the panicle commonly nodding, the spikelets small and purplish. — Wet grounds. — July. — Pe- rennial. POA AQUATICA. /s. Tor. Water Spear grass. Panicle erect, diffuse, its branches flexuous, smooth ; spikelets linear, six to eight flowered ; florets ovate, obtuse ; leaves broad linear, smooth. A tall rank reedy grass, four or five feet high, with a panicle nearly a foot long. — Wet soils. — August. POA MARITIMA. Sea Spear grass. Panicle branched, somewhat crowded ; spikelets cylindrical, about five flowered, leaves involute, root creeping. About a foot high, rigid and glaucous. Panicle erect, spike- lets linear, nerved. When in flower this grass has a beautiful Class III. Order III. 35 glaucous or purplish appearance. — Salt marshes, Cambridge, Dorchester. — June. — Perennial. POA OBTUSA. Muhl. Obtuse Spear grass. Panicle ovate, contracted, spikelets ovate, tumid, Jive to seven flowered ; corolla ovate, smooth, ob- tuse ; leaves smooth, as long as the culm. An aquatic poa with a small dense panicle of large swelling spikelets. — Borders of Fresh Pond. — August. POA HIRSUTA. MX. Hair Spear grass. Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; bearded in the axils ; spikelets about five flowered ; culm erect, compressed ; sheaths hairy. An elegant grass, with a capillary branching panicle a foot or more in length. Sheaths very hairy. Leaves linear, flat, nerv- ed. Branches of the panicle straight, hairlike. Spikelets ob- long, purple. — Dry soils. — August. POA CAPILLARIS. L. Capillary Spear grass. Panicle very large, loose, capillary ; not hairy ; spikelets about three flowered, ovate, acute. Resembles the preceding which is perhaps only a variety of this. Pursh states that this plant is very subject to variation. The chief distinction of this seems to consist in its smaller size and its panicles not being hairy in the axils. — Dry grounds. — August. POA ERAGROSTIS. .L. Branching Spear grass. Panicle equal, spreading ; spikelets oblong, com- pressed, ten to twenty flowered ; florets obtuse. Syn. BRIZA ERAGROSTIS. Muhl. A very elegant species with a largo panicle of sea green spikelets These are long, tumid, numerous, and remarkably even, the two rows being separated by a nearly straight line.— Sandy soils, rare. — August. 36 Class III. Order III. 40. BRIZA. BRIZA CANADENSIS. Mich, Rattlesnake grass. Panicle lax, spikelets erect, with from four to ten florets ; calyx very small ; outer valve of the corollas oval, acute. A large grass found in meadows and readily recognized by its swelling- spikelets. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves rough on the back. Panicle loose, with slender branches, nodding. Spike- lets numerous, on distinct footstalks, ovate, erect or nodding. Vaives of the calyx short and narrow. Outer valve of the co- rolla oval, inflated, acute, with a scarious point and margin. Inner valve obtuse. — July. BRIZA MEDIA. L. Smaller Quaking grass. Panicle erect ; spikelets cordate, about seven flow- ered ; calyx smaller than the florets. A light slender grass, a foot high. Spikelets at first ovate, afterwards cordate, shedding the florets easily. — Pastures, South Boston, Dorchester. — June. Probably introduced from Europe. 41. FESTUCA. FESTUCA ELATIOR. L. Tall Fescue grass. Panicle drooping, spreading loosely every way, much branched ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute ; florets cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Sm. Stem three or four feet high, glabrous. Leaves wide and long, smooth, with a rough margin Panicle large, decompound, loose and nodding. Spikelets numerous, pedunculated, ovate- oblong, acute. Glumes of the calyx unequal, acute, keeled, glabrous. Florets numerous, two ranked, glabrous. — Meadows and thickets. — June. — Perennial. This is a very productive aud useful grass. FESTUCA TENELLA. Willd. Small Fescue grass. Panicle spiked, very simple, secund ; spikelets about nine flowered ; florets subulate, longer than Class III. Order III. 37 the bristles ; culm filiform, angular above ; leaves setaceous. A small and exceedingly delicate festuca. — Found in dry pas- tures at Dorchester. — June. § Subgenus GLYCERIA. Corolla unarmed ; nectaries collate- ral connate. FESTUCA FLUITANS. JL. Floating Fescue grass. Panicle slightly branched, leaning ; spikelets linear, eight to twelve flowered ; florets very obtuse, seven nerved. Syn. G-LrcERiA FLUITANS. R. Brown. POA FLUITANS. Smith. A thrifty aquatic grass, found in wet meadows and the edges of ponds and streams. Stems rooting at base, tall, round, smooth. Leaves flat, smooth, the Tower ones loose and floating. Sheaths long, compressed. Panicle very long, nearly erect, with alter- nate branches pressed near to the stalk. Spikelets linear, round, upright. Calyx unequal, smooth, not very acute. Corollas very obtuse. Anthers short and round. This grass thrives in inun- dated grounds, and is very grateful to horses and cattle. — June, July.- -Perennial. FESTUCA ACUTIFLORA. ^cute Fescue grass. Panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets linear ; florets distinct, attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved. Syn. GLYCERIA ACUTIFLORA. Torrey. This grass in size and habit resembles the preceding, but the leaves are shorter, and the glumes of the corollas are attenuated to a sharp point, the upper valve bifid. In my specimens the spikelets are about twelve flowered. — Ditches. — Dorchester. — June. 42. BROMUS. BROMUS SECALINUS. L. Rye Brome grass. Panicle spreading ; peduncles but little branched ; 38 Class III. Order III. spikelets ovate, compressed, of about ten distinct, somewhat cylindrical florets. Sm. Stem erect, three feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, rough at the edge and underneath, somewhat hairy above. Sheaths smooth. Panicle spreading, its branches rough, unequal, mostly simple, and one flowered. Spikelets large, flattish, nearly oval, of about ten florets. Calyx unequal, smooth. Outer glume of the corol- las swelling, with a rough awn inserted at the back a little be- low the tip. — June. — Perennial. BROMUS PURGANS. It, Meadow Brome grass. Panicle nodding ; spikelets lanceolate, terete, flo- rets hairy ; bristle straight ; leaves smooth, sheaths hairy. Three or four feet high and somewhat glaucous. — Wet grounds. — July, August. • BROMUS MOLLIS. JL. Soft Brome grass. Panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-ovate, somewhat compressed, pubescent ; bristle straight, nearly as long as the corolla ; leaves softly pubescent. The leaves appear somewhat less soft and the bristle shorter than in the European. — Fields. — June, July. BROMUS CILIATUS. .L. Ciliated Brome grass. Panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, terete, eight or ten flowered ; glumes acute ciliate ; corolla hairy and ciliate ; bristles short. Spikelets rather large and strongly fringed with hairs. — With the foregoing there are intermediate species or varieties diffi- cult to separate. 43. ARUNDO. ARUNDO CANADENSIS. MX. Canada reed. Panicle oblong-lax ; glumes rough, pubescent, as long as the corolla ; corolla awned on the back ; Class III. Order III. 39 hairs as long as the valves ; culm and leaves smooth, slender. Syn. JlRUNDO ClNNOIDES. Muhl. CALAMA>GROSTIS MEXICANA. Nutt. Found in low grounds, two or three feet high with the habit of Cinna arundinacea. — August. — Perennial. ARUNDO COARCTATA. Tor. Glaucous reed. Panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate ; calyx a little longer than the corolla, carinate ; corolla longer than the hairs, awned a little below the tip. Syn. JlRUNDO GLAUCA. Muhl. Four or five feet high, very slender, with a somewhat glau- cous hue. — In wet grounds. — August. — Perennial. § Subgenus PSAMMA. Sectaries linear-lanceolate, longer ijio.n the seed ; stigmas three. ARUNDO ARENARIA. L. Beach reed. Panicle spiked ; calyx acute ; hairs a third as long as the corolla; leaves involute. Syn. PSAMMA ARENARIA. Beauv. Found on the sea beach among the drifting sand ; two or three feet high, glaucous, with long narrow leaves and a whitish panicle. — Nahant. — August. — Perennial. §§ Subgenus PHRAGMITES. Calyx from jive to seven flow- ered. ARUNDO PHRAGMITES. L. Common Reed. Calyx containing five florets, panicle loose. L. A native of wet situations. Culm of the height of a man, very erect and smooth. Leaves lanceolate, long and broad, flat and sharp pointed. Panicle erect or nodding, conspicuous for the long, slender, shining hairs which project from the flowers, and give the whole a bright silvery appearance. — Found at the edges of deep waters, particularly on tbo north side of Fresh Pond, where it resembles at a distance a field of standing corn. Flowers in July and August. — Perennial. 40 Class III. Order III. 44. PANICUM. § Subgenus SETARIA. Flowers mostly spiked ; spikelets fur- nished with a bristly involucre, PANICUM GLAUCUM. L. Glaucous Panic grass. Spike oblong ; involucre of many bristles, rough forward ; corolla of the fruit transversely wrinkled. Syn. SET ASIA GLAUCA. R. $• S. PENNISETUM GLAUCUM. Nult. Culm round, striated, grooved at top. Leaves linear-lanceo- late, flat, with striated sheaths and hairy stipules. Spike cylin- drical, its pedicels mostly two flowered with involucres of ten or a dozen yellowish hristles which are rough upward. Corolla inclosing the seed corrugated. — Cultivated and low grounds. — July. — Annual. PANICUM VERTICILLA.TUM. L. Whorled Panic grass. Spike whorled ; spikelets in fours ; involucres of two bristles, rough backward, single flowered. Syn. SETARIA VERTICILLATA. R. fy S. PENNISETUM VERTICILLATUM. JVutt. Culr» spreading, rough near the spike. Leaves broad, rough forward ; stipules hairy. Spike single, rather cylindrical, com- posed of crowded spikelets arranged in whorls. The spike feels rough when drawn downward, being in this respect the reverse of the former species, the bristles of which are differently beard- ed.— Cultivated grounds. — July, August. — Annual. §§ Subgenus ECHINOCHLOA. Flowers in a compound cluster- ed panicle ; lower valve of the barren floret awned or acumi- nate. PANICUM CRUS GALLI. L. Cocksfoot Panic grass. Racemes compound, alternate and in pairs ; their stalk five angled ; glumes terminating in hispid bristles. Syn. ECHINOCHLOA csus GALLI. R. 4' S. A large annual grass, two or three feet high, with broad flat Class III. Order III. 41 leaves. Panicle made up of compound crowded racemes, the rachis five angled. Upper glumes terminating in awns of vari- ous length. — A common weed in cultivated ground. — August, September. — Annual. §§§ Subgenus DIGITARIA. Flowers in digitate or fascicled spikes, without bristles. PANICUM SANGUINALE. Purple Panic grass. Spikes digitate, about four ; leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy ; flowers oblong, pubescent on the margin. Syn. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. MX. A common weed. Culm ascending at base and rooting from the lower joints. Leaves a little waved and hairy. Spikes linear, radiating from the top of the culm, their rachis com- pressed, serpentine, with spikelets of two, three, or four flowers in its depressions. — Cultivated grounds. — July, August, — Annual. §§§§ Subgenus PANICUM. flowers panicled, perfect florets cartilaginous, unarmed. PANICUM CAPILLARE. L. Hairy Panic grass. Sheaths very hairy ; panicle capillary, branching, decompound, lax ; flowers minute, all pedicelled, soli- tary, oblong-ovate, acuminate, awnless. A large branching grass, the culm, leaves, and especially the sheaths, covered with thick, rigid, horizontal hairs. Panicle often a foot long and nearly as wide, its branches long, straight, stiff, slender, given off at right angles, knotted at base. Pedun- cles capillary, supporting solitary, scattered, naked flowers. — Frequent in cornfields, &c.. — July, August. — Annnal. PANICUM LATIFOLIUM. L. Broad-leaved Panic grass. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping ; sheaths hairy at the neck ; panicle nearly simple. Remarkable for its broad leaves. Culm a foot high, smooth, giving out branches from its joints. Leaves rough at the edge, acuminate, clasping, hairy where they unite with the sheaths. 6 42 Class III. Order III. Panicle small or of middling size, its branches mostly simple, the lower ones a little divided. Stigmas purple. — Woods. — May, June. — Perennial. PANICUM NEBVOSUM. MuhL Nerved Panic grass. Leaves lanceolate, clasping ; sheaths and nodes smooth ; panicle much branched, many flowered. Much taller than the preceding, with narrower leaves and a larger panicle. — Meadows, Cambridge. — July. — Perennial PANICUM VIRGATUM Lt. Reedy Panic grass. Panicle spreading ; glumes acuminate, smooth, de- hiscent ; leaves arundinaceous. A tall, hard, reedy grass, growing about the edges of marshes, where its dry stems and leaves stand through the winter. Culm three or four feet high, smooth. Leaves linear, firm, rough at the edge. Panicle large, stiff, with remote flowers, the glumes gaping open, and very acute. — On Craigie's road. — August. — Perennial. PANICUM DISCOLOR. MuhL Variegated Panic grass. Panicle spreading ; calyx roundish, larger valve striate ; culm erect ; sheaths hairy ; lower leaves oval. A slender, erect, pubescent species, with a small capillary panicle. Sheaths and sometimes the culm hairy. Leaves lan- ceolate, the uppermost close to the panicle, the lower ones close to the ground, very short, ovate, acute. Smallest glume often purple. — Wet meadows and sometimes dry grounds, vary- ing in pubescence. — July. — Annual. PANICUM NODIFLORUM. Lam. Dense Panic grass. Panicles very small, lateral and terminal ; glumes ovate, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate ; culm procum- bent. A procumbent species, invested with thin hairs. Leaves short lanceolate, crowded in tufts on the ends of the branches, and nearly concealing the small panicles. — Dry fields. — July, August. It appears to be the P. nodiflorum of Pursh; excluding Mi- chaux's synonym. Class III. Order III. 43 PANICUM DICHOTOMUM. Pursh. Forked Panic grass. Panicle simple, few flowered ; glumes obovate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, divaricate, glabrous ; culm dichotomous, procumbent. Procumbent like the foregoing. Leaves of the culm lanceo- late ; those of the branches much smaller, linear, and divaricated. Panicle with few scattered flowers. — Dry fields and woods.— July. 45. ANDROPOGON. ANDROPOGON NUTANS. L. Chesnut Beard grass. Panicle compressed, nodding ; calyx hairy ; bar- ren flower caducous ; perfect floret with a long twisted awn. Syn. ANDROPOGON AVENACEUS. M.r. A tall grass with a long panicle of hairy, chesaut coloured flowers. Culm four or five feet high. Leaves rough on the edge. Panicle slightly nodding. Calyx villous ; corolla red, with a long shining awn twisted and bent. — Borders of Dry Woods. — August, September. — Perennial. ANDROPOGON FURCATUS. J\luhl. Forked Beard grass. Spikes digitate, about four ; barren floret awnless ; perfect floret awned ; rachis hairy. Four or five feet high, divided at top into a few diverging hairy spikes. Rachis, pedicels of the barren flowers, and calyx of the fertile ones, hairy. Awns twisted, slightly bent. — Dry fields. — August, September. — Perennial. § Subgenus POLLINIA. Barren florets awned. ANDROPOGON PURPURASCENS. Muld. Broom grass. Branches straight, appressed, each with from two to four spikes on smooth pedicels of different lengths ; rachis ciliate. Very common in dry barren soils, its spikes having a hairy appearance. Culm three feet high, very slender. Branches deeply divided into several stalks, one usually very short and 44< Class III. Order III. axillary, another long and slender, each bearing a small leaf. Rachis and calyx very hairy, corolla nearly smooth, with a twisted awn. — August, September. — Perennial. 46. HOLCUS. HOLCUS LANATUS. L. Velvet grass. Panicle equal ; calyx two flowered ; lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper floret barren, with a recurv- ed awn included in the calyx ; root fibrous. An exceedingly soft grass covered throughout with a whitish downy pubescence, sometimes tinged with purple. Culm two or three feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx glumes mu- cronate. Upper floret barren, with a short awn which is straight at first, but at length recurved. — Meadows, Watertown. — June. Perennial. § Subgenus HIEROCHLOA. Calyx three flowered ; lateral ones triandrous, barren ; central one diandrous, perfect. HOLCUS ODORATUS. L. Seneca grass. Panicle glabrous ; florets ciliate, about as long as the calyx. Syn. HOLCUS BOREALIS. Schrader. HOLCUS FRAGRANS. Wllld. ? HIEROCHLOA BOREALIS. R. 4' & This is one of our earliest grasses, and distinguished by the delightfully fragrant odour it exhales while drying. Culm one or two feet high, smooth, invested with very short, remote, lanceolate leaves. Panicle erect, sometimes one sided, with large, distinct, chesnut coloured flowers. Calyx, two valved, acute, scarious, containing three florets about as long as itself. Two lateral florets barren, strongly ciliate on the inside. Middle floret per- fect, ciliate at the end. There are no awns, unless the longest hairs be so called. — Meadows, Cambridge, Dorchester. — May. — Perennial. This grass agrees with H. odomtus of Europe much better than with H.fragrans of Willdenow, if indeed the latter be any thing more than a variety. s* III. Order III. 45 §§ Subgenus TORRE si A. Calyx three flowered, two barren florets awned on the back. HOLCUS ALPINUS. WahL Mpine Soft grass. Panicle small ; calyx oblong ; florets hairy with a geniculate awn on the back. Syn. HlEROCHLOA ALP IN A. R. 4' & This grass I found in 1816, and, not having seen Wahlenberg's Flora Lapponica, named it H. monticola. Its habit resembles that of H. odoratus, but it is shorter, smaller, and more fragrant. Calyx smooth, purplish, acute, longer than the florets. Florets three, two outer ones obtuse, crested, slightly ciliate within, awned on the back. Central floret perfect. — On the White mountains of New-Hampshire. — July. 47. LOLIUM. LOLIUM PERENNE. L. Ray grass. Darnel. Spike awnless ; spikelets compressed, longer than the calyx. Sm. Stem a foot or more in height, round, smooth. Leaves smooth, with short stipules clasping the stem. The stem terminates in a long, smooth, flexuous rachis or receptacle, to the two sides of which the spikelets are fixed, alternately, and at some distance from each other. Calyx sessile, of one valve, containing a flat ovate, acute, sharp edged spikelet of close lanceolate florets. — May, June. — Perennial. — Introduced, rare. 48. TRITICUM. TRITICUM REPENS. L. Couch grass. Calyx subulate, many nerved, five flowered ; flo- rets sharp pointed ; leaves flat ; root creeping. Sm. Syn. AGROPTRON REPENS. Beauv. This grass has a long, creeping root, penetrating deeply into the earth, and very tenacious of life, which renders it a trouble- some weed in cultivated grounds. Stem about two feet high. Leaves spreading, flat, rough on the edge and upper surface, ending in a flexuous receptacle, bearing two rows of alter- 46 Class III. Order III. nate, sessile spikelets, more numerous and crowded, than in Lo- lium perenne. Glumes all lanceolate, subulate, and acuminate. — Flowers all summer. — Perennial. 49. ELYMUS. ELYMUS VIRGINICUS. L. Lyme grass. Spike erect ; involucres striated, four or six leav- ed ; spikelets two or three together, each containing two or three flowers, mostly smooth. The large erect spikes of this grass resemble at a distance heads of barley. The stem is round and smooth. Leaves smooth, somewhat rough on the margin. The stem ends in a compressed, flexuous, toothed receptacle ; each tooth supporting an involucre of four or six striated, rough, lanceolate glumes, ending in short awns. Each involucre contains two or three flowers. Calyx lanceolate with a straight terminal awn. — Marshes. — July. — Perennial. ELYMUS STRIATUS. Will A. Striated Lyme grass. Spike erect ; involucre four leaved, nerved ; spike- lets two together, each one or two flowered, hispid. Much smaller and more slender than the preceding, in its as- pect resembling small spikes of rye. Leaves and sheaths va- riable from smooth to pubescent. Involucre four leaved, deeply nerved, two flowered, one floret commonly abortive. Awns three or four times as long as the corolla, — Woods. — July. — Perennial. § Subgenus GYMNOSTICUM. Involucre uncertain, spikelets divaricate. ELYMUS HYSTRIX. L. Hedgehog grass. Spikes erect ; involucre of four bristles or callosi- ties ; spikelets in pairs, divergent, at length divaricate. Syn. JlxpRELLA HTSTRIX, Cavan. GTMNOSTICHUM HTSTRIX. Schreb. This singular grass is known at sight by its pairs of diverging spikelets placed almost at right angles with the rachis. It dif- fers from the genus Elymus, in the apparent absence of the in- Class III. Order III. 47 volucre. The lower pairs of spikelets, however, have common- ly a short setaceous involucre of four bristles springing from the same number of callosities at base. Upwards, the bristles dimin- ish in size and number, leaving only the callosities in their place. Spikelets in pairs, widely divergent, three flowered. Awn three or four times as long as the corolla. — Woods. — July. — By an oversight, the late Dr. Muhlenberg has called the spike- lets six to nine flowered. We have two varieties. ec. Three or four feet high, sheaths smooth, spikelets about twenty, pubescent. /3. One or two feet high, sheaths rough, spikelets about ten, glabrous. 50. HORDEUM. HORDEUM JUBATUM. Ait. Squirrel tail grass. Lateral florets abortive, their awns many times shortest ; involucres setaceous, six times as long as the flower. This grass is remarkable for the length and fineness of its awns, which give to its spikes a hairy appearance. Stems slen- der, smooth, and round, two feet high. Leaves rather short, rough on the back and edge. Sheaths smooth. Receptacle com- pressed, ciliate on the edges, jointed, breaking at the joints as the plant dries. Flowers two ranked, one at each joint or tooth of the receptacle. Each perfect floret is surrounded at its base by an involucre of six long capillary awns, two of which are distinct; the other four unite in pairs a short way from their insertion, each pair with a minute, abortive floret in its fork. Outer glume of the calyx lanceolate, ending in an awn six times its length, and equalling those of the involucre. — Marshes. — June. TR1GYJYM. 51. LECHEA. LECHEA MAJOR. L. Large Pin weed. Hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, flowers in fas- cicled racemes, unilateral, on .short stalks. 48 Class III. Order III. An upright hairy plant, found upon rocks, dry hills, and sandy fields exposed to the sun. Stem from one to two feet high, stiff, brittle, purple, covered with hair. Leaves nearly oval, reflex- cd at the margin, downy, whitish underneath. Flowers small, obscure, crowded upon the ends and sides of the branches, fol- lowed by roundish capsules of the size of a large pin head. July, August. LECHEA MINOR. L. Small Pin weed. Smoothish, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle leafy, its branches elongated, flowering on all sides. Grows with the last in dry sterile situations, and is about half its size, its branches finer and more spreading. Leaves narrow, revolute at the margin. Branches numerous, mostly simple. Flowers minute, in small lateral and terminal racemes. Capsules round, not larger than mustard seed. — July, August. LECHEA RACEMULOSA. MX. Clustered Pin weed. Covered with close hair ; leaves linear, acute, cili- ate ; panicle slender, pyramidal ; flowers alternate, pedicelled. About the size of the last, but more hairy, and its clusters more naked. — Dry fields. — July, August. 52. MOLLUGO. MOLLUGO VEHTICILLATA. L. Carpet weed. Leaves whorled, wedge-form, acute ; stem subdi- vided, decumbent ; peduncles one flowered. L. A small, flat, spreading plant common in cultivated ground. Stems prostrate, jointed, simple, or compound, giving off at each joint a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves, and a few small flowers on simple footstalks. — Flowers at midsummer and after. — Annual. 53. PROSERPINACA. PROSERPINACA FALUSTRIS. L. Spear leaved Proserpinaca. Lower leaves subpinnatifid or cut-serrate ; the rest linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Mich. Class IV. Order I. 49 An aquatic, remarkable for its very hard, triangular, axillary fruit. The leaves stand alternately on the stem, are narrow, pointed, with very acute serratures. When the plant grow? in the water, its immersed leaves are cut into linear segments. Flowers two or three in the axil of each leaf. Nut bony, three sided, three celled. — Found in meadows and ponds. — June, July. Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens. Order I. M O JVO G YNM. One style. 54. CEPHALANTHUS. Proper calyx superior, fun- nel form ; common receptacle globular ; seed one, downy. 55. PLANTAGO. Calyx four cleft ; corolla four cleft, inferior, with a reflected border ; stamens very long ; capsule two celled, opening transversely. 56. CENTAURELLA. Calyx four parted ; corolla four parted, somewhat bell shaped ; capsule invested with the permanent corolla and calyx, one celled, two valved. 57. MITCHELLA. Corolla monopetalous, supe- rior, two on each germ ; stigmas four; berry bind, four seeded. 58. HOUSTONIA. Corolla monopetalous ; calyx four toothed ; capsule two celled, two valved. 59. AMMANNIA. Calyx inferior, tubular, eight toothed ; capsule four celled. 60. GALIUM. Corolla flat, superior ; seeds two. 61. CORNUS. Calyx four toothed ; corolla four petalled, superior ; drupe with a two celled nut. 50 Class IV. Order I. 62. ICTODES. Spathe one leaved ; spadix oval, covered with flowers ; calyx wedge shaped ; seeds numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. 63. LUDWIGIA. Calyx four parted, superior ; petals four ; capsule quadrangular, four celled. 64. ISNARDIA. Calyx campanulate, four cleft, permanent ; corolla none ; capsule four celled. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles. 65. HAMAMELIS. Involucre three leaved ; proper calyx four leaved ; petals four ; nut two celled, with two horns. • 66. SANGUISORBA. Calyx two leaved, inferior ; corolla flat, four cleft, superior ; capsule four cor- nered. Order IV. TETRAGYN1A. 67. ILEX. Calyx four toothed ; corolla mono- petalous ; styles none ; berry four seeded. 68. POTAMOGETON. Calyx none ; corolla four petalled ; seeds four, sessile. 69. RUPPIA. Calyx none ; corolla none ; seeds four, pedicelled. Class IV. Order I. 51 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 54. CEPHALANTHUS. CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS. L. Button bush. Leaves opposite or in threes. L. Button bush or river bush is a frequent ornament of the water side, its insulated thickets furnishing a safe retreat for the nests of the black bird (Oriolus phoeniceus.) The shrub rises five or six feet out of the water, its leaves are tough, spreading, point- ed, and entire. In the month of July it puts forth its spherical heads of flowers,- which at a distance appear not unlike the balls of the plane tree. Receptacle globular, of the size of a large pea, covered with whitish funnel shaped flowers. The long pro- jecting styles give to the whole a bristly aspect. The appear- ance of this shrub on elevated ground, often indicates the pre- sence of springs of water. 55. PLANTAGO. PLANTAGO MAJOR. L. Large Plantain. Leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed with rather long footstalks ; scape round ; flowers imbri- cated ; seeds numerous. Sm. This vegetable, which grows at every one's door, and not the less for being trampled under foot, is in considerable repute among many people as a refrigerant external application. Leaves spreading on the ground, on channelled footstalks containing strong fibres, like others of the genus, which draw out when the stalks are broken. Spikes very long and close. As in others of the kind, the flowering commences at bottom and proceeds very gradually toward the top. — Flowers most of the summer. — Pe- rennial. PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA. L' Ribwort or field Plantain. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end ; spike ovate, naked ; scape angular. Sm. 52 Class IV. Order I. Distinguished from the last by its narrow leaves, short spikes, and furrowed stalk. The leaves are lanceolate, acute, entire, and strongly ribbed. Stalk upright, deeply channelled. Spike dark coloured, ovate, with a circle of projecting, whitish sta- mens.— Pastures and road sides. — From May to October. — Pe- rennial. PLANTAGO MARITIMA. L. Sea Plantain. Leaves linear, mostly entire, channelled, woolly at the base ; spike cylindrical, scape round. Sm. Found on salt marshes and known by its leaves, which are fleshy, linear-subulate, and hollowed out on their inner side. Spike cylindrical, of short or moderate length. — Flowers in July and August. — Perennial. 56. CENTAURELLA. CENTAURELLA PANICULATA. Mich. Late Centaurella. Stem branching above ; branches subdivided ; pan- icle erect, many flowered ; segments of the corolla oval ; style much shorter than the germ. Mich. Syn. BARTONIA PANICULATA. Muhl. A slender, upright plant, found in meadows, flowering about August. Stem square, often twisted. Leaves opposite, minute, subulate, resembling scales. Flowers small, white, on the ends of the branches, which are erect and simple or compound. 57. MITCHELLA. MITCHELLA REPENS. L. Chequer berry. A handsome little creeping plant, the only species of its ge- nus. It is found in woods about the roots of trees, creeping in the decayed leaves. Stems furnished with opposite, round, or heart shaped, smooth, petioled leaves, about the size of the fin- ger nail. Corollas purplish white, funnel form, four cleft, hairy within, bearing the stamens in their sinuses. The two calyxes and corollas stand on a common germ, so that two apparent flow- ers produce only one berry. The blossoms are exceeding!}' fra- grant, and the leaves sometimes variegated. — June, July. — Pe- rennial. Class IV. Order I. 53 58. HOUSTONIA. HOUSTONIA C ' A fine flowering shrub, very common among the brushwood in low land. The small branches and peduncles are commonly more or less bristly. Leaves crowded, lance-obovate, nearly en- tire, ciliated, h,;iry on the midrib and margin. Flowers in ter- minal, umbel-like corymbs. Corollas funnel shaped, varying in colour, but commonly white, hairy and glutinous on the outside. — June, July. Several varieties occur in the colour of the leaves, parts < f the flower and small branches. The leaves are sometimes quite glaucous. AZALEA PROCUMBENS. L. Procumbent Azalea. Leafy flowered ; stems diffusely procumbent ; leaves opposite, elliptical, glabrous, re volute at the margin ; corollas campanulate, glabrous ; filaments equal included. Class V. Order I. 03 Caespitose. Stems procumbent, spreading in tufts. Leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, strongly revolute at the edges, upper side glabrous, green, under side glaucous and nearly concealed by the edges and midrib. Flowers axillary, peduncles red. Ca- lyx leaves ovate, subacute. Corolla purple, campanulate, the segments ovate, tapering to an obtuse point, glabrous. Stamens longer than the tube, filaments white with roundish black an- thers. Style erect, longer than the stamens ; stigma two parted, — On the alpine summits of the White mountains, N. H. — July. AZALEA LAPPONICA. L. Northern Azalea. Leaves oblong oval, pitted ; stamens irregular in number. Syn. RHODODENDRON LAPPONICUM. Wahl. A beautiful, low, alpine shrub. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, scattered, oblong-oval, covered above with fine white pits, the under surface paler and dotted with black. Flowers subumbelled. Peduncles and calyx red, covered with light green glands. Seg- ments of the calyx ovate, ciliate. Corolla deep purple, campan- ulate with oblong, obtuse segments. Stamens from five to ten curved, with purple filaments and oblong green anthers. Style longer. — On the alpine regions of the White mountains, New- Hampshire. — July. Wahlenberg refers this shrub to Rhododendron, with which its habit certainly agrees. The variable number of stamens leaves it doubtful between that genus and Azalea. 87. DIAPENSIA. DIAPENSIA LAPPONICA. L. Northern Diapensia. Caespitose, flowers pedunculated. A hardy caespitose plant found only in northern latitudes or on high mountain?, forming dense solid tufts in the crevices of the rocks, and flowing within a few inches of the snow and ice. Stems short, diffuse, concealed in the leaves. Leaves crowded, linear obtuse, fleshy, evergreen. Calyx leaves five, oblong, ob- tuse. Corolla hypocrateriform, white, the border in five flat segments. Stamens inserted in the tube. Style exserted ; stig- ma obtuse. On the highest summit of the White mountains, whero it Class V. Order I. forms moss-like tufts among the rocks, beautifully spangled in July with showy white flowers. — Perennial. 88. SOLANUM. SOLANUM DULCAMAHA. L. Bittersiveet, Woody Nightshade. Stem shrubby, flexuous, without thorns ; upper leaves hastate ; clusters cymose. Sm. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xviii. Stein woody, climbing upon fences and bushes. Lower leaves heart shaped, entire ; upper ones ovate, furnished with two ears at the base giving them a hastate form. Clusters on the sides and ends of the stem, on branching and spreading stalks, droop- ing. Flowers with five acute, spreading or reflexed, purple seg- ments. Anthers forming a yellow tube projecting from the flower. Berries oval, bright red. This plant is common in low grounds, by the side of brooks, &,c. As a medicinal article it holds a place in most dispensatories — July. SOLANUM NIGRUM. L*. Black Nightshade. Stem herbaceous, without thorns ; Leaves ovate, bluntly toothed and waved. Umbels lateral, droop- ing. Sm. Much more ordinary in its appearance than the last. Stem erect, branching, angular and sometimes winged. Leaves ovate alternate. The umbels come out from the sides of the stem, re- mote from the leaves. They consist of drooping white flowers, with yellow anthers. Berries round, black. This variety was probably imported from Europe. It grows among rubbish, and has the aspect and reputation of a poisonous plant. 89. SAMOLUS. SAMOLUS VALERANDI. L. Water Pimpernel. Leaves obtuse, raceme many flowered, pedicels bracteolate. A smooth plant about a foot high. Stem erect, round. Leaves alternate, subsessile, obovate, obtuse, entire, those of the root petioled. Racemes terminal, many flowered. Pedicels often two together, one flowered, geniculate, with a small lanceolate Class V. Order I. 85 bracte at the bend. Flowers small, white. — Brocksides. — July. — Perennial. 90. CAMPANULA. CAMPANULA PERFOLIATA. L. Clasping Bell flower. Stem simple ; leaves heart shaped, toothed, clasp- ing ; flowers sessile, aggregate. L. Syn. CAMPANULA AMPLEXICAULIS. Mich. Found by the road side in Medford and elsewhere. Stem erect, leafy, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves small, alter- nate, reniform-heart shaped, tooth-crenate, clasping the stem. Flowers axillary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, very acute, with a distinct middle rib. Corolla blue, spreading. — June. — Annual. CAMPANULA ERINOIDES. Lt. Slender Bell flower. Stem triangular, the angles rough backward ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers terminal. Syn. CAMPANULA FLEXUOSA. Mich. Found in meadows among the high grass, supporting itself like a Galium on surrounding plants. Stem from eight to twenty in- ches in height, very slender and flexible, uniformly triangular, the angles rough with minute reflexed prickles. Leaves given oft' successively from the three sides, linear, sessile, nearly en- tire, the midrib gnd margin rough backward. A variety occurs with lanceolate leaves with a few minute teeth. Branches few, near the top, axillary, leafy, one or two flowered. Flowers small, terminal. Corolla very small, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, deeply five cleft, white with pale blue veins. Filaments valve like, hairy. Stigma' tritid. Capsule globular, three celled. — Found at Medford and Brighton. Variety 2d at Sudbury. — June, July. 91. LOBELIA. LOBELIA CAUDINALIS. L. Cardinal flower. Stem erect ; leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate ; spike terminal, pointing one way. L. This superb plant, cultivated and much prized in Europe, is a 86 Class V. Order I. * native of our meadows and brooksides. It rises to the height of two feet and upward, with a simple, erect, leafy seem. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and serrate. Raceme terminating the stem, consisting of large flowers, more or less inclining to one side, of a bright scarlet colour. Corolla with a long tube ending in five spreading segments, the three lower ones widest. Tube of stamens curved in at the top. — June, July. — Perennial. LOBELIA PALLIDA. Mulil. Pale Lobelia. Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, simple ; leaves ob- long-spatulate, dentate ; flowers spiked. Syn. LOBELIA SPICATA. Lam. Stem upright, smooth, or a little hairy. Leaves spatulate, ob- tuse at the end, tapering at base, slightly toothed or crenate, pubescent at the edge and under side, sessile. Flowers in a long terminal spike, on short peduncles, blue. — Moist pastures and road sides. — July. — Perennial. LOBELIA KALMII. L. Kalms Lobelia. Slender erect, simple ; radical leaves spatulate ; stem leaves linear, very slightly toothed ; flowers alternate, remote, pedicelled. Found in the western parts of the state. More slender and delicate than any of the others. Flowers blue. — July. LOBELIA INFLATA. L. Indian Tobacco. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xix. Branching and hairy. Leaves serrate, ovate ; capsules turgid. This plant varies in height from six inches to two or three feet. The small plants are nearly simple, the large ones much branched. Root fibrous. Stem erect, in the full sized plant much branched, angular, very hairy. Leaves scattered, sessile, oval, serrate, veiny and hairy. Flowers in spikes or racemes, pedunculated, each one in the axil of a small leaf. Segments of the calyx linear, acute, standing on the germ, which is oval and striated. Corolla bluish purple, the tube prismatic and cleft above, the segments spreading, acute, the two upper ones Class V. Order I. 37 lanceolate, the three lower ones oval. Anthers collected into an oblong, curved body, purple ; filaments white. Style filiform ; stigma curved and inclosed by the anthers. Capsules two celled, turgid, oval, compressed, ten angled, covered with the calyx. Seeds numerous, small, oblong, brown. — Fields and road sides.— Midsummer. — Annual. The whole plant operates as a violent emetic. LOBELIA DORTMANNA. L. Water Lobelia. Leaves linear, two celled, entire ; stem nearly naked. L. . A very singular aquatic plant. The leaves grow in a single tuft at the bottom of the water. They are from one to three inches long, recurved, blunt, and of a fleshy appearance. On cutting them across, they are found to consist of two empty par- allel tubes. The stem rises out of water, bearing a few remote pendulous flowers of a pale blue colour. Segments of the calyx acute, persistent. Tube of the corolla prismatic, its segments lanceolate. Capsule partly superior and inferior, tipt with the style, two celled. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed, black. The whole plant gives out a milky juice on being broken. — Found in Fresh pond. — July. 92. LONICERA. LONICERA PARVIFLOIIA. Small yellow Honeysuckle. Whorls of the spike subsessile ; corollas short, ringent, gibbous at base ; filaments bearded ; leaves all connate, glaucous beneath, deciduous, the upper ones perfoliate, and much exceeding the flowers. Syn. LONICVHA DIOICA. L. An erect shrub with pale, rough bark. Leaves oblong, undu- late and revolute at the edge, white-glaucous underneath, mostly sessile, the upper ones connate. Flowers in a terminal head or whorl. Germs aggregate, ovate, supporting a minute calyx of five subacute teeth. Corolla yellow, the tube gibbous at base, the border irregular, with its segments commonly curled or re- volute at the edge. Stamens exserted, as long as the segments of the corolla, smooth above, growing to the corolla, and slightN 88 Class V. Order I. hairy below. Style nearly as long- as the stamens, curved ; stig- ma capitate. — Found in woods in the western parts of the state. June. LONICERA HIRSUTA. Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. Corollas ringent, hairy ; filaments bearded ; leaves hajry, the lower ones obovate, upper ones connate. Syn. CAPRIFOLIUM PUBESCENS. Goldic, Edin. Journal A woody vine said to twine upon trees to the height of twenty or thirty feet. My specimens, given me by Mr. Eaton half a dozqn years since, and published in his Manual, are very hairy. the leaves obovate, finely ciliate, some of them abruptly acumi- nate, the upper ones roundish and connate. Flowers yellow, larger than in the last species. — Woods, Williamstown. Said to grow also in Worcester. — June. 93. XYLOSTEUM. XYLOSTEUM CILIATUM. Fly Honeysuckle. Berries distinct, leaves ovate, subcordate, slightly ciliate ; corollas slightly spurred, the tube ventricose, segments short, acute ; style exserted. Syn. XYLOSTEUM TARTARICUM. MX. LONICERA CILIATA. Muhl. A shrub with opposite leaves and yellow funnel shaped flow- ers hardly an inch long. Leaves thin, ovate, a few heart shaped at base, slightly ciliate, somewhat pubescent when young. Flow- ers in pairs with a nectariferous projection on one side of the base. Berries in pairs, ovate.— Woods, Vermont, New-Hamp- shire.— May, June. XYLOSTEUM VILLOSUM. Hairy Fly Honeysuckle. Berries connate, young branches villous; leaves ob- long, obtuse, hairy on both sides ; peduncles short. A much smaller shrub than the preceding, with very obtuse, oblong or obovate leaves. These, when young, are quite hairy, but grow smoother by age. Flowers yellow, about half as long as in the preceding, germs united, styles exserted. Berries in pairs, united at base. Sent from Williamstown by Professor Class V. Order I. tf9 Dewey. — Found on the borders of alpine ponds on the While mountains by Mr. Greene. — June, July. 94. DIERVILLA. DIERVILLA CANADENSIS. Muhl. Yellow Dlervilla. Racemes terminal ; leaves serrate. Syn. LONICESA DIERVILLA. L. This shrub with us is usually of small size. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, ovate, smooth, serrate, acuminate. Flowers of a pale yellow ; small, funnel shaped, with five roundish, unequal segments. They grow in the axils of the upper leaves. — Woods, Cambridge, Brookline. — June. 95. TRIOSTEUM. TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM. L. Fever root. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. ix. Leaves connate, flowers sessile, whorled. Syn. TRIOSTEUM MAJUS. MX. The root of this plant is perennial and subdivided into nume- rous horizontal branches. The stem is erect, hairy, fistulous, round, from one to four feet high. Leaves opposite, the pairs crossing each other, connate, ovate, acuminate, entire, rather flat, abruptly contracted at base into a sort of neck, resembling a winged petiole, of variable width. In general this is narrow when the plant is in flower, and wider when it is in fruit. The flowers are axillary, sessile, five or six in a whorl, the upper ones generally in a .-ingle pair. Each axil is furnished with two or three linear bractes. The calyx consists of five seg- ments which are spreading, oblong-linear, coloured, unequal, persistent. Corolla tubular, curving, of a dull brownish purple covered with minute hairs, its base gibbous, its border open anil divided into five rounded, unequal lobes. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla; stigma peltate. The fruit is an oval berry of a deep orange yellow, hairy, somewhat three sided, crowned with the calyx, containing three cells, and three hard, bony, furrowed seeds, from which the name of the genus is taken. — Woods, Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. — June. — Perennial The root is medicinal. 12 90 Class V. Order f. 96. RIBES. RIBES TRIFLORUM. IVilld. Wild Gooseberry. Thorn subaxillary ; leaves smooth, three or five lobed, cut-toothed ; peduncles about three flowered ; pedicels elongated ; petals spatulate, undulate, style hairy, semibirid, exserted ; berries smooth. Willd. The buds of this species produce at flowering time a small tuft of leaves with two or three bell shaped flowers. Petioles ciliate. Leaves smooth above, pubescent beneath. Calyx green, its segments reflexed. Petals white, erect, nearly truncated, curled. Style hairy below, smooth above. Fruit somewhat re- sembling the common gooseberry. — Woods. — May. RIBES RIGENS. JUx. Mountain Currant. Unarmed, leaves lobed and toothed, the veins pu- bescent beneath ; racemes erect, lax, berries hispid. Stems procumbent, rooting. Leaves mostly five lobed, tooth- ed, smooth on both sides, the veins of the younger ones pubes- cent beneath. Racemes erect, the peduncles and germs covered with glandular hairs. Calyx hemispherical, the segments patu- lous, greenish, with purple striae. Petals wedge shaped, shorter than the calyx. Stamens converging, anthers black. Style as long as the stamens, bifid. Berries hairy. The berries, when bruised, have the odour of Ictodes fcetidus. On the Wachusett, Monadnock, and White mountains. — June. RIBES FLORIDUM. I'Herit. Large flowering Currant. Unarmed ; leaves dotted on both sides ; racemes pendulous ; flowers cylindrical ; bractes longer than the germ. Willd. This is a common, wild currant, having its leaves generally in five lobes, toothed at the edge, and covered on both surfaces with small, whitish, glandular points, just visible to the naked eye. Petioles fringed with compound hairs. Racemes pendu- lous, downy, many flowered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with recurved segments. Petals greenish white, straight, a little re- flexed at point. Fruit black, watery and insipid. — Woods. — Mav. Class V. Order I. 91 RIBES CYNOSBATI. Prickly Gooseberry. Subaxillary thorns about two ; leaves lobed, cut and toothed, downy ; racemes nodding, few flower- ed ; calyxes erect, campanulate ; fruit prickly. Subaxillary spines from one to three. Petioles downy. Leaves soft and downy on both sides, cleft into three or five lobes, which are cut and toothed. Racemes few flowered. Calyx whitish, bell shaped, contracted at the mouth, the segments reflexed. Petals very small, obovate ; germ hispid. Berry covered with long prickles so as to resemble a burr. — Woods. — Walpole, Han- over, N. H. — June. RIBES LACUSTRE. Pers. Swamp Gooseberry. Subaxillary thorns few ; stem hispid-aculeate ; leaves divided into lobes beyond the middle ; petioles villous ; berries racemose, hispid. A handsome shrub with dissected leaves. The older branches are smooth with one or more deflexed axillary spires. Young- branches hispid with small reflexed prickles. Petioles slender, villous, with fine scattered hairs. Leaves deeply live lobed, the lobes cut and toothed, like those of some Geraniums. Peduncles slender, hispid. Fruit on rather long pedicels, hispid. — In the Notch of the White mountains, by the side of the Saco river. 97. CEANOTHUS. CSANOTHUS AMERICANA. L. Jersey Tea. Leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, triply nerved ; pan- icles axillary, elongated. Willd. A small white flowering shrub, not unfrequent in dry or sandy soils. Leaves two or three inches long, and one broad, finely serrate and tapering into a long point. From the axils of the upper leaves come out leafless branches bearing crowded bunch- es of minute white flowers, on very slender white pedicels. Calyx segments five, indexed between the petals. Petals hood- ed at the end, on slender claws which project, together with the stamens, between the segments of the calyx. Nectary a small dark green circle around the germ. Stamens opposite the pe- 92 Class V. Order I. tals, bent inward at first, finally erect. Germ triangular, style three cleft. Fruit a dry, three celled, blackish, somewhat tri- angular berry, growing in close bunches. The leaves were used, among other substitutes, for tea, during the American revolution. — -Flowers in June. * CEANOTHUS OVALIS. Oval Ceanothus. C. foliis ovalibus, glanduloso-serratis, tripliner- viis, nervis pubescentibus ; paniculis corymbosis, abbreviatis. Leaves oval with glandular serratures, three nerved, the veins pubescent underneath ; panicle corymbose, abbreviated. Leaves from one to three irches long, petioled, elliptical, sometimes oblong, obtuse or subacuto, crenately serrate, the serratures tipped with small black glands which are most con- spicuous in the young leaves, the veins slightly pubescent be- neath, and sometimes the under surface covered with glands. Peduncles or flowering branches shorter than in the last species ; often very short. Flowers larger than in the last, in short hemispherical panicles resembling corymbs, white. Fruit black- ish.— On the shores of Lake Champlain, gathered by Mr. Boott. Very distinct from C. intermedius of Elliott and Pursh, and much larger. 98. CELASTRUS. CELASTRUS SCANDENS. Lt. Climbing Staff tree. IV ax work. Unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate ; ra- cemes terminal ; stem twining. Willd. A strong woody vine, twining round small trees and climbing to a great height. Flowers of a greenish white, in small racemes on the ends of the young shoots. The fruit is a berried capsule. When ripe, the three valves turn backward, disclosing a bright scarlet berry. The valves are of a light red colour, partitioned in the middle and finally waved on the edge. — About fences and thickets. — June. Class V. Order I. 93 99. VITIS. VITIS LABRUSCA. Common wild Grape Vine. Leaves heart shaped, somewhat three lobed, den- tate, downy underneath. Willd, This vine is dioecious, a fact which Michaux affirms of all the species observed by him in America.* The leaves are very broad and white underneath. Flowers small, greenish, in pani- cles made up of small umbels opposite to leaves, as are also the tendrils. Fruit large, purple, and pleasantly flavoured. Found in woods in low ground. — June. VITIS HEDERACEA. Will(L. Common Creeper. Leaves quinate, ovate, acuminate, dentate. Willd. Sijn. HEDERA QUINQVEFQLIA. L. VITIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Lam. <$• Sm. AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Mich. The common creeper is much cultivated as an ornament of walls. The stems climb to a great height, supported by radi- cating tendrils. Leaves in fives, petioled, smooth. Flowers in branched clusters ; petals green, not united at their summit. Berries of the size of peas. — Found growing wild in woods and about fences. — June. 100. IMPATIENS. IMPATIENS NOLI TANGERE. Mich. /3. Touch me not. Flower stalks solitary, many flowered ; leaves ovate ; joints of the stem swelling. L. Syn. IMPATIENS MACULATA. MuhL IMPATIENS FVLVA. Nuttall. ? Found about brooks and in moist shades, flowering from June to September. The flowers are of a tawny yellow, spotted on the inside, and resembling small cups or pitchers, hanging on slender footstalks. Nectary horn shaped ; petals spreading, the two lower ones large. The capsule, when ripe, bursts and scatters its seeds by an clastic power like the common balsamine of the gardens, another of the genus. Height of the plant about * Excepting those placed i.n his genus Ampdopsis. 94 Class V. Order I. two feet ; stems succulent, smooth ; leaves ovate, toothed. — Annual. 101. VIOLA.* VIOLA LANCEOLATA. L. Spear leaved yiolet. Stemless ; root creeping ; leaves lanceolate, flow- ers white. Root creeping and fibrous. Leaves lanceolate, varying in width, smooth, crenate, somewhat obtuse. Petioles semicylin- dric, variable in length. Scape tetragonous with two acute bractes near the middle. Calyx mostly acute. Petals white, greenish at base, the lower and sometimes the two lateral ones striate with purple, the two lateral ones bearded or smooth. — Common in wet meadows. — May.— Perennial. VIOLA BLANDA. Willd. Sweet scented white Violet. Stemless ; root creeping ; leaves heart shaped and ovate, smooth ; flowers white. Root fibrous and in the older plants creeping ; leaves smooth and crenate, sometimes broad heart shaped with a deep sinus, at others ovate with the base truncate or acute. Petioles semicy- liudrical. Scape and bractes as in the preceding species. The flowers exactly resemble those of the former species, both being * The great attention which this genus has received from botanists, espe- cially in this country, may be attributed to the ear!y and almost simultaneous period when most of its species are in flower, and when there is less to at- tract botanical notice than at other seasons. Most of the species are changeable and polymorphous, and the attention which has been paid them lias resulted in a multiplication of names, considerably exceeding the real species. Unfortunately the characters used by botanists to distinguish the species, are most of them more liable to variation, than in other plants. For example, the width of the leaves and the form of their base are often liable to vary ; the cucullation, or roiling in, is a character common to most of the genus; the pubescence depends greatly upon soil ; the bearding of the petals is uncertain ; the comparative length of the stalks is fallacious, being influenced by situation and earliness of flowering, so that the same violet growing in the water shall have a petiole twice as long as the leaf, while in drier ground it shall be shorter than the leaf; the scapes also being longer or shorter than the leaves, as they appear early or late. On these accounts much care is requisite in admitting, as distinct species, those which are not sufficiently constant, independently of accidental influences, to be entitled to a distinctive character. Class V. Order I. 95 ibund smooth and bearded. Both are somewhat fragrant, the blanda most distinctly so. — Meadows. — May. — Perennial These two violets, with almost every intermediate form of the leaf, grow together abundantly in wet, open situations about this city. I am not without suspicion, that they are all descend- ants of one species. * VIOLA ACUTA. Jlcute Violet. Acaulls ; foliis ovatis, glabris, petalis acutis, albis ; bracteis petala longitudine subcequantibus. Stcmless ; leaves ovate, glabrous ; petals acute, white ; bractes nearly as long as the petals. This is our smallest native violet, and after observing it for several years I am satisfied that its characters are sufficiently permanent to render it a distinct species. Among the other white violets it is noticeable by its even and always acute petals, and likewise well distinguished by its long linear bractes which greatly exceed those of any similar violet. Root creeping. Sti- pules linear subulate, sometimes a little ciliate-toothed Leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse. Petioles mostly smooth, and shorter than the leaves, hardly winged, but in dry soils ciliate with reflexed hairs. Scapes four sided, supporting a pair of Unear-lanceolate, foliaceous, incurved bractes, which are nearly as long as the petals. Calyx smooth, acute. Petals oval, re- markably even or tlat, and acute, the odd one obovate, striate with purple at base, the lateral ones slightly striate, and rarely bearded. Stigma capitate, rostrate.— Grows in Cambridge, par- ticularly about the pine trees on Craigie's road, in moderately damp soil. — May, June. — Perennial. VIOLA PALMATA ? fVilld. Palmated Violet. Stemless ; pubescent, leaves cordate, hastatc-lo- bate or palmate, the divisions toothed ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, smooth. • Hoot denticulate. Petioles hoii-y. Leaves pubescent, veiny, with a long crenate, subacute middle lobe, and one or two lateral lobes, the base cordate. The first leaves are simply cor- date. Stipules lanceolate, ciliatc-scrrute. Bractes linear, about 96 Class V. Order I. as long- as the calyx. Flowers of a fine purple, the two lateral petals furnished with a glandular beard, and nearly resembing those of V. cucullata, from which this plant is possibly derived. — Uplands. — May, June. — Perennial. VIOLA PEDATA. Lt. Pedate Violet. Stemless ; leaves pedate, seven parted. L. A large flowering species, very distinct from the other Ameri- can violets. Root fleshy, furnishing- the best example we pos- sess of the premorse or abrupt form. Petioles furnished at the base with long, ciliate stipules. Leaves perfectly pedate, con- sisting of from five to nine segments, which are wedge-formed and lanceolate, and mostly toothed at the end, the middle one dis- tinct, the lateral ones connected. Segments of the calyx very long and linear. Petals pale purple, white or yellowish at base, all of them beardless and without striae. Stigma compressed, its apex obliquely truncate, perforated. — Woods and dry soils. — May, June. — Perennial. VIOLA SAGITTATA. Jlit. Jlrrow leaved Violet. Stemless ; leaves mostly smooth, oblong, heart- arrow shaped, cut at the base, serrate, petals bearded. Leaves in most plants smooth, oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, bluntly serrate, the lower serratures large and divergent, giving the leaf a hastate appearance. Petals dark purple, white at base, strongly bearded. Flowers rather erect. — In low grounds near the colleges, Cambridge. — May, June. — Perennial. VIOLA OVATA. Nutt. Spade leaved Violet. Stemless ; leaves ovate, crenate, hairy ; petiole margined. Syn. VIOLA PRIMULIFOLJA. Pursh. This violet grows on dry hills and pastures, and is nearly re- lated to the foregoing, from which it has probably descended un- der the influence of a dry soil. The leaves are hairy on both sides, ovate, sometimes cut at the base like V. sagittata. Flowers paler purple, and very numerous. The whole plant is highly mucilaginous. — Common in barren soils. — May. — Perennial. Class V. Order I. 97 VIOLA CUCULLATA. Ait. Hood leaved Violet. Stcmless ; leaves heart shaped, rolled in at base ; petioles not margined. Syn. VIOLA STRIATA. ? Schweinitz. The most common blue violet of our wet meadows and low grounds. The leaves are strongly heart shaped and crenate ; the petioles commonly much longer than the leaves. Both are sometimes hairy, and sometimes smooth. Scapes four angled. Flowers large, purple, the lateral petals bearded, the beard glan- dular or not so. I have not been able to satisfy myself of a per- manent difference between this plant and V. striata. — May. — Perennial. VIOLA ROTUNDIFOLIA MX. Round leaved yellow Violet. Stemless ; leaves orbicular-cordate with the sinus closed, slightly toothed, smoothish ; petiole pubes- cent ; calyx obtuse. A yellow violet of small size when in perfect flower in May, but becoming larger with coriaceous leaves and apetalous flow- ers in summer.— In old woods in the western parts of the state. — Perennial. A cospecies or variety is found with longer leaves. VIOLA DEBILIS. MX. Spreading Violet. Caulescent; smooth, leaves reniform-cordate, some- what acuminate, crenate ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves ; stipules ciliate-serrate. Stems angular. Leaves heart shaped, crenate, nearly smooth. Mi pules linear-lanceolate, with loose spreading teeth. Peduncles longer than the petioles with two linear bractes. Calyx leaves smooth, lanceolate, acute. Petals pale purple, the two lateral ones bearded inside. Stigma rostrate. — On the Concord turn- pike in Cambridge. — June. VIOLA CANADENSIS. L. Canada Violet. Caulescent ; smooth : leaves cordate, acuminate., 13 98 Class V. Order L serrate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; stipules short, entire. A large species often more than a foot in height. Leaves heart shaped, the largest ones strongly acuminate, the lower ones acute or obtuse, in some plants all obtuse. Flowers parti- coloured, the two upper petals purple without, the lower petals pale. — In woods, Windsor and Woodstock, Vermont. — June. VIOLA PUBESCENS. Ait. Yellow Violet. Stem erect, villous ; leaves heart-shaped, pubes- cent ; stipules oblong, serrulate at tip. Ait. abr. Syn. VIOLA PENXSTLVANICA. Mich. Stem simple, pubescent, somewhat triangular. Leaves alter- nate, broad heart shaped or deltoid, with a tapering base, point- ed, crenate, hairy, longer than their petioles. Stipules large, unequally ovate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, hairy, furnished with two subulate bractes. Calyx smoothish. Petals yellow, streaked with dark purple, and slightly bearded inside. — On the Concord turnpike, Cambridge. — June. 102. CLAYTONIA. CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA. L. Linear Claytonia. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; racemes solitary ; calyx acute ; petals obovate, retuse ; root tuberous. A delicate spring flower chiefly found in old moist woods. Stem about six inches high with a pair of opposite linear leaves about half way up. Racemes bearing about a dozen flowers on slender pedicels an inch long. Calyx subacute. Corolla white veined with purple. — In Connecticut. — May. — Perennial. CLAYTONIA SPATHULATA. ? Pursh. Broad leaved Claytonia. Leaves spatulate ; raceme solitary ; calyx obtuse : petals roundish, retuse ; root tuberous. Specimens gathered by Mr. Boott on the Camel's Rump moun- tain in Vermont, agree tolerably well with the foregoing cha- racter. The root leaves are spatulate and obtuse ; those of the stem opposite, lance-oval, and subacute Class V. Order II. 99 103. THESIUM. THESIUM UMBELLATUM. Li. Umbelled Thesium. Flowers umbelled ; leaves oblong. L. Syn. THESIUM CORTMBULOSUM. Mich. COMAXDRA UMBELLATA. Nutlall. Stem round, slender, seldom exceeding a foot in height. Leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, alternate, smooth. Branch- es near the top, few, alternate. Umbels of few flowers, termi- nal, with an involucre of about four leafets. Flowers on short peduncles. Calyx five cleft, the tube green, segments white. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Seed one. — Dry woods. — June. A tuft of pubescence connects the anthers with the segments of the calyx. According to Mr. Nuttall, the germ is three seed- ed and becomes afterwards one seeded by abortion. He consid- ers the calyx as terminating in a glandular ring, the segments above being petals. These characters form his genus Comandrct. 104. QUERIA. QUERIA CANADENSIS. L. Queria. Stem erect, dichotomous ; leaves oval ; stipules scariose. Syn. AKTCHIA DICHOTOMA. MX. A very slender branching plant. Stem dividing by forks into numerous, filiform branches, the joints furnished with a pair of very small oval, subsessile leaves, and several minute membra- nous stipules. Flowers minute. Stamens variable from three to five. — Dry woods. — July, August. DIGYJVM. 105. APOCYNUM. APOCYNUM ANDROSJEMIFOLITM. Dog's Bane. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xsxvi. Glabrous ; stem erect and branching ; cymes late- ral and terminal ; corolla spreading. This grows often to the height of five or six feet, though its common elevation is three or four. Its stalk is smooth, simple 100 Class V. Order II. below, branching repeatedly at top, red on the side exposed to the sun. Leaves opposite, smooth on both sides, paler beneath, ovate, acute, on short petioles. The flowers grow in nodding cymes from the ends of the branches and axils of the upper leaves, furnished with minute acute bractes. Calyx five cleft, acute, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla white tinged with red, monopetalous, campanulate, with five acute spreading seg- ments. Stamens five, with very short filaments, and connivent, oblong, arrow-shaped anthers, cohering with the stigma about their middle. The nectary consists of five oblong, glandular bodies alternating with the stamens. Germs two, ovate, conceal- ed by the anthers. Stigma thick, roundish, agglutinated to the anthers. The fruit is a pair of slender linear-lanceolate follicles, containing numerous imbricated seeds each crowned with a long- pappus, and attached to a slender central receptacle.- -Road sides and borders of woods. — June, July. — Perennial. i APOCYNUM CANNABINUM. L. Indian Hemp. Stem erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, pale and downy beneath ; segments of the corolla erect. Different from the preceding in its narrower leaves, and small- er, straighter flowers. Stem erect, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, oblong-ovate, acute, glabrous above, paler and downy underneath. Cymes terminal, the peduncles smooth or downy, and furnished with linear bractes. Calyx seg- ments acute. Corolla small, greenish, its segments obtuse and erect. The fibres of the bark are strong, like hemp. — Woods and meadows. — July. — Perennial. 106. ASCLEPIAS. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. Butterfly weed. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxvi. Hairy ; leaves alternate, oblong lanceolate ; branch- es cymose. The root of this plant is large, fleshy, branching, and often somewhat fusiform. It is only by comparison with the other spe- cies that it can be called tuberous. The stems are numerous, growing in bunches from the root. They are erect, ascending, Class V. Order II. 101 or procumbent, round, hairy, green or red. Leaves scattered, the lower ones pedunculate^, the upper ones sessile. They are narrow, oblong-, hairy, obtuse at base, waved on the edge, and in the old plants sometimes revolute. The stem usually di- vides at top into from two to four branches, which give off crowded umbels from their upper side. The involucrum con- sisis of numerous short subulate leafets. Flowers numerous, erect, of a beautifully bright orange colour. Calyx much small- er than the corolla, h've parted, the segments subulate, reflexed, and concealed by the corolla. Corolla five parted, reflexed, the segments oblong. The nectary or stamineal crown is formed of five erect cucullate leaves or cups, with an oblique mouth, hav- ing a small incurved acute horn proceeding from the base of the cavity of each, and meeting at the centre of the flower. The mass of stamens is a tougb, horny, somewhat pyramidal sub- stance, separable into five anthers. Each of these is bordered by membranous, reflected edges, contiguous to those of the next, and terminated by a membranous, reflected summit. Internally they have two cells. The pollen forms ten distinct, yellowish, transparent bodies, of a flat and spatulate form, ending in curved filaments, which unite them by pairs to a minute dark tubercle at top. Each pair is suspended in the cells of two adjoining an- thers, so that if a needle be inserted between the membranous edges of two anthers and forced out at top, it carries with it a pair of the pollen masses. Pistils two, completely concealed within the mass of anthers. Germs ovate, with erect styles. The fruit, as in other species, is an erect lanceolate follicle on a sigmoid peduncle. In this it is green with a reddish tinge and downy. Seeds ovate, flat, margined, connected to the receptacle by long silken hairs. Receptacle longitudinal, loose, chaffy.— Dry soil. — Woburn, Newton. — August. — Perennial. ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA. L. Common Silk weed or Milk tveed. Stem simple ; leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute^ downy underneath ; umbels somewhat, nodding ; fol- licles muricate. Very common by road sides and borders of fields. Stem three or four feet high, undivided. Leaves opposite, large, oblong. Umbels of flowers lateral and terminal, nodding. Calyx segments 102 Class V, Order II. lanceolate. Corolla green and red, reflexed quite back. Nec- taries red, truncated obliquely inward, and cleft with an ob- lique ridge on each side the fissure, the horns moderately in- curved. Mass of anthers cylindrical with black corpuscles at the top of the wings, each of which draws out a pair of yellow obo- vate pollen masses. Pods or follicles, oblong, acute, covered with soft spinous projections. They contain large quantities of a fine silken down attached to the seeds, for which the plant has been cultivated in Europe and America. It is used as a substi- tute for feathers, fur, cotton, &,c. — July. — Perennial. ASCLEPIAS OBTUSIFOLIA. Mich. Blunt Itaved Silk weed. Leaves closely sessile, oblong, obtuse, waved ; um- bel terminal, on a long peduncle ; corollas smooth. Mich. abr. Leaves opposite, ovate, heart shaped at base, sessile, apparent- ly clasping, very much waved on the margin, obtuse at the end, mucronated. Stem erect, supporting a terminal umbel at a dis- tance from the leaves. The flowers are larger than in any spe- cies here described. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, a quarter as long as the petals. Corolla spreading, afterwards reflexed, greenish white tinged with red. Nectaries paler, large, cylin- drical, obliquely truncated inward, cleft inside, with acute in- curved horns rising from their centres. Mass of anthers more cylindrical than in some other species, its summit discoid, um- bilicate, with five rounded teeth. Pollen masses resembling those in A. phytolaccoides. — Cambridge, Sweet Auburn. — July. — Perennial. ASCLEPIAS PHYTOLACCOIDES. Pursh. Poke leaved Silk weed. Stem erect, simple ; leaves ovate, acute ; umbels lateral, on long stalks, nodding ; nectaries truncated obliquely outward. Sljll. JlsCLEPlAS EXALTATA. Muhl. A tall, large flowering species, more delicate in its appearance than A. Syriaca. Stem erect, slender, smooth, four or five feet high. Leaves large, opposite, on short petioles, ovate-lanceo- late, acute, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent under- Class V. Order II. 103 neath. Umbels somewhat nodding on rather long peduncles, given off at the upper pairs of leaves. Involucre irregular, of short linear leafets. Flowers large. Petals green. Nectaries white or Hesh coloured, truncated obliquely outward, and toothed at the top inside, with long horns curving inward. Mass of an- thors cylindrical, green with black dots, * «,yhite on the summit At thp top of the wings of the anthers are five minute black cor- puscles, which, being drawn out with a pin, bring with them pairs of vellow, narrow obovate pollen masses. — Low grounds. — June. — Perennial. ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS. TJ. Dark flowered Silk weed. Stem nearly simple ; leaves ovate, hairy beneath : corymbs erect ; horns of the nectary resupinate. This species is well defined by the peculiar curvature of the horn. Stem erect, smooth, with a barely perceptible down, slightly branched at top, three or four feet high. Leaves oppo- site, glabrous above, paler and downy beneath, the midrib pur- ple above. Umbels terminal, on stout footstalks with flowers about the size of A. Syrinca. Calyx small, very acute. Corolla reflexed, acute, of a dark crimson purple, sometimes lighter if the plant grows in the sun. Nectaries of the same colour, trun- cated very obliquely inward, the horns bent inward at a right angle so close to the stigma that they appear at first view to be wanting. Mass of anthers greenish, variegated with brown, and about half as long as the nectaries. — 111 different soils, Cam- bridge, Newton, rare. — July. — Perennial. ASCLEPIAS PULCHRA. IVilld. Water Silk weed. Leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath ; stem divided toward the top ; umbels erect, in pairs. mild Common in wet ground, by the sides of ponds, &c. Stems eommonly in bunches, erect, downy, subdivided near the top. Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, sometimes hairy on both sides, as is also the stem. Umbels many, small, on downy peduncles. Involucre many leaved, deciduous. Flowers small, half the size of A. Syriaca. Corolla crimson-purple, acute. Nectaries paler, truncated obliquely inwards, almost to their 104 Class V. Order II. base ; horns erect incurved. Mass of anthers greenish, as long; as the nectaries; stigma whitish. Flowers purple. — July.—- Perennial. The bark is very strong and fibrous. ASCLEPIAS QUADRIFOLIA. Four leaved rfsclepias. Stem erect, simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acumi- nate, petioled, the middle ones in fours ; umbels few, lax, filiform. A delicate species growing in dry woods. Stem about a foot high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaves in fours, slightly petioled, ovate, acute, paler underneath. The upper and lower ones are most frequently opposite. Umbels few, axillary and ter- minal. Petals flesh coloured. Nectaries nearly white with the horns curved inward. — Roxbury, Brookline. — June. — Perenni- , aJ. ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA, L. Whorl edvlsclepias. Leaves revolute, linear, whorled ; stem erect. L. This very neat species is altogether different in its habit from those already described. Stem slender, marked with downy stripes. Leaves in whorls of five or six, linear, revolute at the margin, paler beneath. Umbels several, small, coming out from among the upper whorls. Corolla greenish with a central trans- parent line. Nectaries white, scarcely half as long as their horns, auriculated at base inside, concavely truncate, with an acuminate tooth each side the fissure within. Horns arching and meeting at a distance from the stigma. — On a hill near the Dedham turnpike, Roxbury. — July. — Perennial. § Subgenus ACERATES. Horn of the nectary wanting* ASCLEPIAS VIRIDIFLORA. Pursh. Green flowered Asclepias. Stem simple, erect, hairy ; leaves oblong, subses- sile, downy on both sides ; umbels lateral, solitary, subsessile, nodding, dense and globose ; horn wanting. An inelegant species with small greenish umbels. — In Leices- ter, Massachusetts. — In New-Haven, Dr. Ives.— July. Class V. Order II. 105 107. GENTIANA. GENTIANA SAPONARIA. L. Soapworf Gentian. Stem round ; leaves lanceolate-oval, three nerved ; flowers sessile, fascicled, axillary and terminal ; co- rollas ventricose, segments obtuse, inner folds toothed. A very fine plant, distinguished by its large purple flowers, which are so nearly closed at the top as to resemble buds. Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, three and sometimes five nerved. Flowers sessile in bunches at the top, and frequently on the sides in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla bell shaped, purple and white, slightly five cleft, its segments subdivided and folded together so as to close the mouth. — Found in moist woods, Cambridge. — O September, October.. — Flowers sometimes white or variegated. GENTIANA PNEUMONANTHE. L. Marsh Gentian. Stem round ; leaves linear lanceolate, rather ob- tuse ; terminal flowers fascicled, lateral ones solitary ; corollas five cleft, campanulate ; segments rounded ; inner folds one toothed. Allied to the foregoing, but much more slender in all its parts, besides the differences of character. — Swamps near Portland. — August. § Subgenus CROSSOPETALA, Corolla four cleft, hypocrate- riform, throat nuked. GENTIANA CRINITA. Froel. Fringed Gentian. Corollas four cleft, the segments cut-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; stem erect, round. Froel. This gentian is exceeded by few native plants in the delicacy and beauty of its flowers. The stems are divide 1 toward the top into several erect branches. The leaves are opposite, ovate- lanceolate, smaller than in the first species. Flowers erect, on the ends of the branches, remote from the leaves. The stamens are four in number, as are the segments of the calyx and corolla. Calyx square with acute angles and segments. Segments of the corolla of a deep fine purple, fringed at the end, expanded in 14 106 Class V. Order II, the sun, erect and twisted at other times, contracted below, with four large internal glands at base. Germ lanceolate, stigmas? two, thin, roundish ovate. — On the Concord turnpike. — Septem- ber, October. 108. CUSCUTA. CUSCUTA AMERICANA. L. Dodder. Flowers peduncled, umbellate, five cleft. Willd. A small, yellowish, leafless vine, twining round other plants, which it penetrates with lateral roots so as to derive nourish- ment from their juices. Its small umbels of flowers appear in June and July, and are followed by crowded, roundish, depress- ed, mostly four seeded capsules, tuberculated under a magnifier, and having a terminal cavity. 109. HEUCHERA, HEUCHERA AMERICANA. L. Mum Root. Viscid-pubescent ; leaves rough, round-lobed and toothed ; stalks of the panicle divaricate ; calyx ob- tuse ; petals as long as the calyx, lanceolate ; sta- mens much exserted, Syn. HEUCHERA CORTUSA. MX. Found in Connecticut, but not within my knowledge in Mas- sachusetts.— June. 110. SALSOLA. SALSOLA CAROLINIANA. Mich, American Saltivort. Herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves subulate, spinous. smooth, dilated and entire at base ; calyx axillary r margined. A stiff, prickly plant of the sea shore. Stems much branched, angular, smooth.. Leaves cylindrical while youag, tipt with a spine, sessile. The lower leaves are deciduous, so that when the fruit is ripe, only the floral leaves remain. These are three in number to each flower, resembling the other leaves, but short- er, their base dilated and perfectly entire, not repand as in Sal- sola Kali. The calyx is externally compressed into a broad. Class V. Order II. 107 membranous margin, flattish, but rising1 in the centre. Seed en- closed in the calyx, cockle-shaped from its spiral cotyledons. — Salt marshes. — July, August. Plants of this genus are used in the manufacture of Soda. SALSOLA SALSA. Mich. Smooth Salt Wort. Herbaceous, decumbent, smooth ; leaves linear, unarmed, fleshy ; fructification crowded, somewhat spiked. Stem somewhat erect with numerous spreading branches near- ly smooth, furrowed. Leaves linear, fleshy, semicylindric, some- what of a glaucous hue, not prickty. Flowers obscure, sessile, two or three together in the axil of each leaf. Calyx leaves ob- tuse, connivent. Stamens slightly projecting. Seed small, spi- ral.— Salt marshes. — August. — Annual. 111. CHENOPODIUM. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM. L. White, Goosefoot. Hog-weed. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, eroded, entire behind, the upper ones oblong, entire ; seeds smooth. Sm. A common weed in cultivated and waste ground. Stem chan- nelled, branched ; leaves mealy, the lower ones unequally tooth- ed above, the upper ones smaller, entire. Bunches of flowers erect, green or mealy. — July. — Annual. CHENOPODIUM RUBRUM. L. lied Goosefoot. Leaves triangular, approaching to rhomboid ; deep- ly toothed, and somewhat sinuated ; clusters upright, compound, leafy. Sm. More green, fleshy, and compact than the last. Leaves sinu- ated, tapering at base. Clusters of flowers, close, interspersed with small leaves. — Among rubbish, especially in low ground. — Annual. CHENOPODIUM TIYBRIDUM. L. Tall Goosefoot. Leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ; ra- cemes branched, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leaf- less. Sm. 108 Class V. Order II. A tall species with large leaves. Stem slender, upright. Leaves spreading, bright green, with a few large teeth on each side, heart shaped at bnse, tapering into a long point. Clusters compound, branching, open, remote from leaves. — Wastes and rubbish. — J uly. — Annual. CHENOPOD-UM BOTRYS. L. Cut leaved Goosefoot, Leaves oblong, smuated ; racemes naked, many cleft. L. Stem short, branching, somewhat rigid, leafy. Leaves peti- oled, oblong, deeply sinuated, slightly pubescent. Flowers in numerous short axillary racemes, covering the ends of the branches, and giving them the appearance of long leafy spikes. The whole plant has a strong, peculiar smell when bruised. — Woods, Brighton. — Annual. 112. ULMUS. ULMUS AMERICANA. L. Common Elm. Leaves equally serrate, unequal at the base. L. This stately tree is distinguished at sight from the cultivated English elms by its long pendulous branches. It also loses itg leaves in autumn several weeks sooner. The flowers, which appear in April, have commonly from six to eight stamens. They are small, of a dull purple colour, and grow in bunches on slender footstalks. Germs orbicular, compressed. Styles two, recurved, hairy on both sides. The seeds are contained in a flat, oval, winged capsule or samara, which is ciliated at the edge. The leaves grow alternately on opposite sides of the branches ; they are more smooth and more uniformly serrated than those of the English elm. The wood of the elm is tough, and princi- pally used to form the naves or hubbs of wheels. ULMUS FULVA. MX. Slippery Elm. Branches rough ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, unequally serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough ; buds covered with fulvous down ; flowers sessile. The slippery elm is well known for the mucilaginous qualities Class V. Order II. 109 of its inner bark. It is found in different parts of Worcester county, but I have not met with it nearer Boston. 113. HYDROCOTYLE. HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA. L. Pennywort. Leaves reniform, somewhat lobed, crenate. L. A small plant found in moist ground under the shade of bushes, &c. Stem creeping. Leaves kidney shaped, doubly crenate, light green, very smooth and thin. Flowers minute, in very small umbels or bunches, sessile. — July. — Perennial. HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA. L. Umbelled Hydrocotyle. Leaves peltate, crenate, emarginate at base ; um- bels pedunculated, many flowered, flowers pedicelled. An aquatic, larger and firmer than the preceding species. Leaves reniform and peltate, floating in deep water, or erect in shallow. Umbels found only in shallow water, or wet ground. — Fresh pond. — July. 114. SANICULA. SANICULA MARILANDICA. L. Sanlcle. Barren flowers on peduncles, perfect ones sessile, Gr. Stem upright, smooth, furrowed, divided into a few erect branches. Leaves divided somewhat in a pedate manner, acute- ly serrate, the upper ones generally ovate-lanceolate resembling heads, with an involucre of short ovate leaves. Umbels simple, few flowered, the barren flowers on short peduncles, the perfect or fruitful ones sessile. Seeds furnished with hooked bristles. — About thickets in low ground. — June. 115. DAUCUS. DAUCUS CAROTA. JL. Carrot, Fruit hispid, petioles nerved underneath. The common carrot, in its wild state, grows at Chelsea and elsewhere, and is known at sight when in fruit by the cohesion of the whole umbel, forming a concave surface. Involucre pinnatifid. — June. July. — Biennial. 110 Class V. Order U. 116. HERACLEUM. HERACLEUM LANATUM. Mich. Cow Parsnep. Leaves ternate, woolly underneath, leafets petioled roundish-heart shaped, lobed ; fruit orbicular. Mich, abr. • One of the largest of our umbelliferous plants. Petioles and nerves of the leaves channelled, bristly. Leafets large, woolly on the under side, deeply cut into lobes, which are again cut, and unequally serrate. Umbels radiate, often a foot wide. Pe- duncles furrowed. Leafets of the involucres lanceolate, tapering to a very long point, deciduous. Flowers white. Petals heart shaped with a very deep inflected sinus. Seeds thin, round-oval, emarginate, marked with three short lines. — South Boston, Dor- chester.— June. — Perennial. 117. CONIUM. CONIUM MACULATUM. L. Hemlock. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xi. Fruit unarmed, with the ridges undulated. A well known poisonous plant used as a narcotic in medical practice. Root biennial, somewhat fusiform and generally branch- ed. Stalk round, very smooth, striated, hollow, jointed, and more or less marked with purplish spots. Leaves two or three times pinnate, of a very bright green, with long sheathing peti- oles inserted on the joints of the stem ; the leafets pinnatifid and toothed. Flowers in terminal umbels, the general involucre with half a dozen lanceolate, reflected leafets, the partial invo- lucre with three or four situated on the outside. Flowers very small, white. Petals five, oval with their points inflexed. Sta- mens five, spreading, about the length of the corolla. Germ in- ferior. Styles two, reflexed outwardly. Fruit roundish-oval, compressed, ribbed, the ribs being transversely wrinkled or cre- nate, separating into two oblong hemispherical seeds. — In waste ground and road sides. — June. — Biennial. 118. ANGELICA. ANGELICA TRIQ.UINATA. Mich. Common Angelica. Petiole three parted, its divisions pinnate-five leav- Class V. Order II. Ill ed ; leafets cut-toothed, of the terminal leafets the odd one rhomboid, sessile, the lateral ones decursive. Mich. Syn. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.? N. Y. Cat. A very large umbellate plant, well known for its fine aromatic flavour. Stem five or six feet high and an inch or more in thickness, hollow, purplish, smooth throughout. Stipules large and swelling. Petioles roundish, slightly furrowed on the upper side. Leaves mostly twice ternate, smooth, pale and veiny be- neath, the terminal leafet sessile and sometimes three lohed, the highest lateral ones decurrent ; all of them sharply and irregu- larly serrate. Umbels three, terminal, spherical, without gene- ral involucre. Partial stalks angular, with subulate involucres, shorter than the pedicels. Petals green with a tinge of red on the outside. Seeds oblong-hemispherical, three winged on the back — Cambridge, meadows. — June. The circumstance that the terminal leafet is sessile, never pe- tioled, is sufficient evidence this plant is not A. atropurpurea of Linnaeus, as many of our botanists suppose. 119. LIGUSTICUM. LIGUSTICUM SCOTICUM. L. Sea Lovage. Stem leaves twice ternate, the upper ones trifoliate ; umbels straight ; involucre and involucels linear, many leaved. Stem purple or green, flexuous, striated, a foot or two high and larger than a goose quill. Petioles with large sheaths. Leaves twice ternate ; the leafets sessile, and sometimes con- nected at base, oval or rhomboidal, smooth, shining, veiny, and somewhat fleshy. Umbels with general and partial involucres. Flowers white. Fruit oblong-oval, separating into seeds which have three strong ridges on the back. — On the borders of Charles river, Cambridge, and other parts of the edge of salt marshes. — August, September. — Perennial. 120. 6IUM. SIUM LATIFOLIUM, JL. Water Pcirsnep. Leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, equally serrate. Sm. A tall aquatic plant common in ditches and muddy brook- 112 Class V. Order II. Stem erect, hollow, smooth, with deep furrows, and sharp, prom- inent angles. Leaves pinnate ; leafrts in half a dozen pairs, with an odd one, ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate, or laciniated if under water. Umbels solitary, mostly terminal. General Involucre of many leaves lanceolate, and occasionally serrate. Partial involucres small. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, striated. — From July to September. — Perennial. 121. URASPERMUM. URASPERMUM CLAYTONI. Nutt, Sweet Uraspermum. Stem smooth ; leaves decompound, leafets cut- toothed ; styles of the fruit filiform, divergent. Syn. SCANDIX DULCIS. Muhl MTRRHIS CLATTOKI. MX.? Root fleshy, fusiform or branching, with an agreeable sweet, Spicy flavour, like that of Anise. Stem about two feet hiffh, o 7 smooth when full grown, striated. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate or ternate, the lower ones on long, smooth petioles, the upper ones sessile. Stipules hairy at the edge. Leafets ovate, toothed and cut, slightly pubescent, shining underneath. Um- bels of a few long rays. General involucre of from two to four de- ciduous lanceolate leaves. Partial ones five leaved, shorter. Partial umbels few flowered, the central flowers abortive. Fruit stipitate, clavate, oblanceolate, blackish and tasteless, covered, especially on its lower part and stipe, with appressed, aculeate bristles. The styles which crown the fruit are filiform and de- flected, not parallel as in the following species. The dry seeds are tasteless, and have a caudate appendage at base. — In rich woods, Oak island. Watertown. — June. — Perennial. * URASPERMUM HIRSUTTTM. Hairy Uraspermum. U. hirsutum ; foliis decompositis, foliolis pin- natifido-incisis ; stylis frucius pyramidatis, ap- proximatis. Hairy ; leaves decompound, leafets cut-pinnatifid ; styles of the fruit pyramidal, approximate. This plant differs from the preceding in the taste of its root, which is not sweet and anisate, but rank and unpleasant, some- what like that of Aralia nudicaulis. Its more hairy aspect when Class V. Order II. 113 adult, and its more pinnatifid leaves, make it distinguishable at sight. Stem, stalks and veins, clothed with divergent hairs at all periods. Leaves resembling those of the foregoing species, but always more deeply cut, and covered with scattered hairs. General involucre of two or three leafets, deciduous. Partial involucre of five oval acuminate leafets. Barren flowers central ; fertile ones four or five external. Fruit stipitate and bristly as in the last, but differing in the styles which are pyramidal or ovate, only half as long as in the last, and appressed so as to form one point, instead of diverging. — Woods on the Concord turnpike. — June. — Perennial. The difference of this species was first pointed out to me by Dr. Martyn Paine, in specimens sent from Montreal. 122. PASTINACA. PASTINACA SATIVA. Parsnip. Leaves simply pinnate, pubescent underneath. The parsnip in its wild state is abundantly naturalized in waste grounds. The root is materially changed by difference of soil. It becomes strong, acrid and virose. Stem three or four feet high, smooth, angular. Umbels with yellow flowers and large flat fruit. — July. — Biennial 123. SMYRNIUM. SMYRNIUM AUREUM. Golden Alexanders. Leaves twice ternate, leafets ovate-lanceolate, ser- rate ; rajs of the umbel short. Syn. THAPSIUM AUREUM. Ntttt. About two feet high. General involucre none, partial involu- cre of about three short lanceolate leafets on one side. Flowers orange yellow, in umbels of moderate size. Fruit oval with membranous ridges. — At Walpole, New-Hampshire. — June. 124. ^THUSA. -&£THUSA CYNAPIUM. L. Fools Parsley. Leaves similar, bipinnate, leafets pinnatifid. This plant has at first sight considerable resemblance to Co- mum maculatum. although smaller, and has been often gathered jr. 114 Class V. Order II. by mistake for that, plant by drug-gists. Stem about two feet high, striated, not spotted. Leaves bipinnate and at length pin- natifid. The distinguishing mark of this plant is in the partial involucres which consist of only three leafets which are exter- nal, linear, long and pendulous, — Common about the streets of this city, probably introduced from Europe. — July, August. — Annual. 124. SISON. SISON CANADENSE. L. Honeworf. Leaves ternate ; umbels irregular. Syn. CHAEROPIITLLVM CANADIAN HE. Pursh. MrRRHis CANADENSIS. Nutt. Stem smooth. Leaves in threes, the radical ones cleft, those of the stem doubly toothed, rhomboidal, smooth or shining. Um- bel branched, unequal, of few rays, with no general involucre. Partial umbels unequal, close, few flowered, with a minute in- volucre. Flowers small, white. Seeds smooth, oblong. — Chel- sea beach island. — July. 125. CICUTA. CICUTA MACULATA. L. American Hemlock. Bigeltnv, Medical Botany, PI. xii. Root fascicled, leaves oblong, with mucronate ser- ratures. The root is composed of a number of large, oblong, fleshy tubers, diverging from the base of the stem, and frequently being found of the size and length of the finger. The root is peren- nial, and has a strong, penetrating smell and taste. In various parts of of the bark it contains distinct cells or cavities, which are filled with a yellowish resinous juice. The plant is from three to six feet high. Its stem is smooth, branched at top, hol- low, jointed, striated, and commonly of a purple colour, except when the plant grows in the shade, in which case it is green. The leaves are compound, the largest being about three times pinnate, the uppermost only ternate. Most of the petioles are furnished with long obtuse stipules, which clasp the stem with their base. Leafets oblong, acuminate, serrate, the serratures Class V. Order III. 115 Very acute or mucronated. The veins end in the notches, and not at the points of the serratures. The flowers grow in um- bels of a middling size, without a general involucre. The par- tial umbels are furnished with involucres of very short, narrow, acute leafets. The distinctness or separation of these umbels characterizes this plant at a distance among other plants of its kind, whose umbels are more crowded. Calyx of five very minute segments. Petals five, white, obovate, with inflected points. Fruit nearly orbicular, compressed, ten furrowed, crown- ed at top, and separating into two semicircular seeds. — Common in wet meadows. — July, August. — Perennial. This is probably the most dangerous of all our poisonous ve- getables, and various instances of speedy death have taken place in children who have unwarily eaten the root. See a particular account in the American Medical Botany, volume 1. ClCUTA BULBIFERA. L. BuWlfeTOUS Clcuttt. Leaves decompound, linear ; branches bulbiferous. Stem about three feet high, round, hoilow, striated, green, with a slight glaucous powder. Leaves thrice compound ; leafets smooth, linear, with divergent teeth. Stipules membranous, gradually lost in the petiole. Branches numerous, -covered with small oval, acuminate, scaly bulbs, invested by the dilated base of leafets, resembling bractes. These bulbs are in whorls when young, but are afterwards scattered by the growth of the branch- lets, which support them. Umbel small, terminal. General in- volucre none, partial of short, acuminate leafets. Flowers white. Petals small, ovate, acuminate with the point indexed. Frnit suborbicular, compressed, striate. — Ditches and ponds. — July. August. — Annual. TR1GYN1JL. 126. VIBURNUM. VIBURNUM LENTAGO. L. Sweet Viburnum. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, petioles margined, curled. Ait. A tall shrub in low grounds. Leaves very finely serrate, the *erratures sharp, a little turned inward. Petioles with a mem- 116 Class V. Order III. hranous margin, widest in the upper leaves, waved or curled. Flowers in cymes, as are all the subsequent species. Fruit plea- sant to the taste. — South Boston, Cambridge. — June. VIBURNUM PYRIFOLIUM. ? L, Pear leaved Viburnum. Smooth ; leaves oblong-oval, subacute, subserrate ; cymes subpedunculate. Leaves opposite, oblong-oval extended into an obtuse point, smooth on both sides, coriaceous, slightly serrate or eroded. Petioles and peduncles covered with minute black glands. Cymes nearly sessile, furnished with linear deciduous bractes. Calyx segments short, acute. Segments of the corolla orbicular. — Sides of Monadnock mountain, New-Hampshire. — June. VIBURNUM NUDUM. L. Naked Viburnum. Glabrous ; leaves oval, revolute at the edge, near- ly entire, petioles smooth ; cymes pedunculated. Leaves smooth and coriaceous, ov^l, obtuse or acute, many of them acuminate, obeoletely crenate and slightly revolute. Cymes on peduncles an inch or two long and covered with minute dots. Bractes caducous. — Swamps, rare. — June. The leaves have an evergreen and coriaceous appearance and turn black in drying. — Low woods, Cambridge, Weston. — June. Variety /3. parvifoiinm. Leaves not half the size of the fore- going, mostly acuminate. — At Sandwich. Mr. Greene. VIBURNUM DENTATUM. L. Arrow wood. Leaves ovate, dentate-serrate, plaited. L. A more common shrub than the foregoing. The shoots are slender and very straight, from whence it has received the name of Arrow wood. Leaves roundish or oval, very regularly tooth- ed, the veins parallel and prominent underneath. — Moist woods. — June, July. VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM. L. Maple Viburnum. Leaves three lobed, acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles without glands, hairy ; cymes not radiate. i Leaves rounded or hearted at base, broad, divided into three Class V. Order III. 117 lobes with large teeth, very soft with minute down underneath. Cy.nes on long peduncles. — Dry woods, Roxbury. — June, July. VIBURNUM LANTANOIDES. Alx. Hobble bush. Petioles and nerv7es pulverulent and downy ; leaves roundish-heart shaped, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; cymes radiate, closely sessile ; fruit ovate. Young leaves roundish and meaiy in appearance, older leaves very large. Outer florets of the cj'me very large, white, hypo- crateriform and barren, the segments obovate ; inner florets small, bell shaped, fertile, the segments ovate. Berries large. — In old woods, Princeton, Jaffrey, New-Hampshire. — June. VIBURNUM OXYCOCCOS. Pursh. Tree Cranberry. Leaves three lobed, three nerved, lobes divaricate, acuminate, toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes radi- ate. Leaves paler underneath with large, unequal, bluntish teeth. Petioles smooth with about two glands in front at the base of the leaf. Outer florets barren, with large white hypocrateriform corollas. Fruit large, red, ripening late, and remaining after the leaves have fallen, intensely acid and somewhat bitter. — In Lancaster, New-Hampshire, and in Maine. — Juty. The different species of Viburnum are fine flowering shrubs, and with the Elder, next described, constitute a principal orna- ment of our woods and thickets during the first part of summer. 127. SAMBUCUS. SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS. L. Common Elder. Cymes five parted ; leaves nearly bipinnate, stem shrubby. Willd. Michaux says he could observe no difference between this species and the Sambucus nigra of Europe1, except in size, the latter being a tree, the former a shrub. Leaves pinnate, the low- er leafets double or ternate, and all of them oblong-oval, sharply serrate, tapering to a very long and acute point. Flowers white : berries blackish : both considered medicinal. — June, July. 118 Class V. Order III. SAMBUCUS PUBESCENS. MX. P articled Elder. Bark verrucose ; pairs of leafets two, oval- lanceo- late, subpubescent underneath ; cymes panicled. A smaller shrub than the preceding. Leaves pinnate. Lea- fets rive, lanceolate, sharply serrate and acuminate. Flowers white, in a panicle, with opposite, divaricated branches. Calyx teeth acute, spreading. Segments of the corolla oval, revolute. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Style very short, ending in three brownish stigmas. Common in Vermont and the interior of New-England, though I have not seen it near the sea coat. It is hardly to be distin- guished in the dried specimen, from S. racemosa of Europe. 128. RHUS. RHUS GLABRUM. L. Smooth Sumach. Glabrous ; leaves pinnate, of many pairs, leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish underneath, flowers dio3cious. A common species of Sumach found about fences and borders of fields. Petioles and leaves unarmed and smooth. The flow- ers are dioecious. Barren panicle much larger and spreading. Petals twice as long as the calyx, subacule, green. Stamens five, with oblong green anthers, and the rudiments of three styles. Fertile panicle more crowded ; corolla about as long as the calyx, green; germ reddish with three styles. The leaves of this and the two following species are astringent and used in tanning. Berries crimson, astringent, and acid. — June, July. RHUS TYPHINUM. LJ. Stag's Horn or Velvet Sumach. Branches and petioles hairy ; leaves pinnate, of many pairs, hairy underneath ; leafets lance-oblong, sharply serrate ; flowers dioecious. A larger species than the last ; its leafstalks and young branches covered with thick bristly hair. Bunches of berries crowded, purple, velvet like. This species is also dioecious. — In low ground. — June. The bark and leaves give out a milky juice on being broken, both in this and the other species. Class V. Order III. 119 RHUS COPALLINUM. L. Mountain or Dwarf Sumach. Leaves pinnate, entire; petioles membranous, joint- ed ; flowers dioecious. A smaller shrub than the preceding. The youag branches and petioles are downy. Leafets oval-lanceolate, acute, entire. Between each pair the petiole spreads out into a broad leafy expansion, contracted at the insertion of the leafets. Flower* dioecious. RHUS VERNIX. L. Poison Sumach or Dogwood. Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. x. Leaves annual, pinnate, glabrous ; leafets oblong., entire, acuminate ; panicle lax, flowers dioecious. This species grows in swamps, where its fine smooth leave? give it the air of a tropical shrub or tree. The trunk is from one to five inches in diameter, branching at top, and covered with a pale greyish bark. The wood is light and brittle, and contains much pith. The ends of the young shoots and the pe- tioles are usually of a fine red colour, which contributes much to the beauty of the shrub. The leaves are pinnate, the leafets oblong or oval, entire, or sometimes slightly sinuate, acuminate, smooth, paler underneath, nearly sessile, except the terminal one. The flowers, which appear in June, are very small, green, in loose axillary panicles. Where they appear not axillary, it is because the leaf under them has been detached. The barren and fertile flowers grow on different trees. The panicles of barren flowers are the largest and most branched. They are furnished with short, oblong bractes, and downy pedicels. The calyx has five ovate segments, and the corolla live oblong, sig- moid petals. The stamens are longer than the petals, and pro- ject through their interstices. The rudiment of a three-cleft style is found in the centre. In the fertile flowers the calyx and petals resemble the last, while the centre is occupied by an oval germ, ending in three circular stigmas. The fruit is a bunch of dry berries, or rather drupes of a greenish white, sometimes marked with slight purple veins, and becoming wrinkled when old. They are roundish, a little broadest at the upper end, and compressed, containing one white, hard, furrowed seed. 120 Class V. Order III. The effluvium of this shrub is a violent poison to certain con- stitutions, producing in them a distressing cutaneous eruption, when it is handled or even approached. On others, and I be- lieve on a majority, it exerts no influence. The leaves have been rubbed, chewed, and swallowed without injury. Their taste is simply herbaceous and astringent, and does not indicate any extraordinary quality. In Japan a fine varnish is said to be prepared from the juice of the Rhus vernix, a tree, whose identity with the present is still a subject of dispute. RHUS RADICANS. Poison Ivy. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xlii. Leaves ternate ; leafets petioled, ovate, naked, en- tire ; stem rooting ; flowers dioscious. A hardy climber, frequently seen running up trees to a great height, supporting itself by lateral roots, and becoming nearly buried in their bark. The leaves of the Rhus radicans are ter- nate, and grow on long semicylindrical petioles. Leafets ovate or rhomboidal, acute, smooth and shining on both sides, the veins sometimes a little hairy beneath. The margin is some- times entire and sometimes variously toothed and lobed, in the same plant. The flowers are small and greenish white. They grow in panicles or compound racemes on the sides of the new shoots, and are chiefly axillary. The barren flowers have a calyx of five erect, acute segments, and a corolla of five oblong recurved petals. Stamens erect with oblong anthers. In the centre is a rudiment of a style. Tne fertile flowers, situated on a different plant, are about half the size of the preceding. The calyx and corolla are similar, but more erect. They have five small, abortive stamens and a roundish germ, surmounted with a short, erect style, ending in three stigmas. The berries are roundish, and of a pale green colour, approaching to white. This species, like the last, is poisonous to many persons. The juice stains linen a black colour. Common about the bor- ders of fields, &c. — June. Class V. Order IV. 121 129. STAPHYLEA. STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA. L. Bladder tree. Leaves trifoliate, racemes pendulous ; petals cili- ate below ; fruit ovate. A handsome shrub from six to ten feet high, remarkable for its large inflated capsules. Leaves ternate, somewhat hairy; lea- fets oval, serrate, acuminate, paler underneath. Flowers in a short, nodding panicle or raceme. Bractes minute, lanceolate, scarious. Calyx five parted, erect, tinged with red, its segments oblong, obtuse ; its base contracted into a stalk which forms a joint with the peduncle. Petals white, obovate, obtuse, concave. Stamens erect, with downy filaments. Germ oval, triangular. Styles three, cohering into one. Capsule large, inflated, ovate, triangular, three parted at top, supporting the three styles, three celled ; seeds obovate, fixed to the central receptacle. — In woods at Weston ; also in the western parts of the state. — May, June. 130. SAROTHRA. SAROTHRA GENTIANOIDES. L. Pine weed. Syn. HrpERjcuM SAROTHRA. Mich. A small, erect, branching plant. Leaves appressed, scale-like, so small, that the plant appears leafless. Branches numerous, subdivided, erect. Flowers small, yellow, with from five to ten stamens and three styles. Capsule oblong, coloured. — On sandy soils exposed to the sun. — July, August. TETRAGYNIA. ISO. PARNASSIA. PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA. J\lv. Grass of Parnassus. Radical leaves suborbiculate, nectaries of three bristles. MX. Radical leaves roundish-ovate, entire, smooth, veined, tapering at base. Scape a foot high, smooth, with five sharp angles, fur- nished about its middle with one ovate, half clasping leaf. Calyx leaves oblong, obtuse, nerved, brown at the tips. Petals ovate, much longer than the calyx, white, with ten or twelve green nerves, reticulated on the sides at base. Nectaries five, alter- 16 122 Class V. Order V. nating with the stamens, each consisting of three equal, filamenta- ry branches, ending in yellow, glandular heads. Anthers oblong.. Germ ovate ; style none, stigmas four, sometimes five, at first in- distinct, but afterwards prominent and recurved. Capsule ovate, one celled, four or five valved ; receptacles lateral, affixed to the valves. Seeds numerous, ovate. After the anthers have fallen, the nectaries are easily mistaken for stamens by the inex- perienced.— Wet meadows, Rhode-Island and Connecticut. — August. — Perennial. PEJVTAGYWM. 132. ARALIA. ARALIA NUDICAULIS. L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Stemless, leaves decompound, scape leafless. Willd. A well known aromatic root. It has no stem unless the ter- mination of the root be so considered. Leaves on long stalks, generally subdivided into three times three, or three times five leafets, which are oblong-ovate, finely serrate, acuminate, vein- ed and slightly hispid. The scape rises between the leafstalks, and supports a few simple umbels of greenish flowers. Involu- cre scarcely any. Calyx with five very short, acute teeth. Petals five, green, with a central nerve, acute, reflexed. Sta- mens five, whitish, erect. Styles five, much shorter, acute, in- curved.— Woods and thickets. — May, June. — Perennial. ARALIA RACEMOSA. L. Pettymorrcl. Spikenard. Stem herbaceous, smooth ; leaves decompound ; peduncles axillary, branching, umbelled. Willd. Tall and irregularly branched. Stem smooth, dark green or red. Leafets large, ovate or heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers in small umbels, which are again arranged in branching racemes, from the axils or forks of the stem. — In woods. — June, July. It is aromatic and in high estimation with people of the coun- try. ARALIA HISPIDA. Mich. Bristly Aralia. Stem shrubby at base, hispid ; leaves twice pin- nate ; leafets cut serrate ; umbels on long peduncles. Class V. Order V. 123 The lower part of the stem endures the winter, and has a shrubby appearance, but most of the herb is annual. The stem is set with thick and stiff bristles at the base. Leafets much smaller than in the preceding, sharply and unequally serrate, ending in a long point. Umbels several, on long peduncles. Calyx teeth very short, subacute. Corolla greenish white with a prominent rib on the upper side of each petal. Stamens as long as the petals. Styles erect in the flower, but recurved and tipt with black in the fruit. — Woods, Cambridgeport. — June. 133. LINUM. LINUM VIRGINIANUM. Virginian Flax. Calyx leaves acute ; panicle terminal ; flowers alternate, remote ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, the radical ones ovate. Stem ascending, smooth, very slender, about a foot long. Leaves scattered, sessile, lanceolate, the lower ones obovate, smooth. Flowers small, in a dichotomous panicle ; segments of the calyx unequal, acuminate. Petals obovate, yellow. Cap- sules spherical. — Woods. — J uly. — Perennial. 134. DPtOSERA. DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Sun-dew. Leaves orbicular, radical, depressed ; petioles hai- ry ; scape bearing a simple raceme. Sin. The thick glandular hairs, which cover the leaves of this and other species, will readily distingush them from other plants. Leaves small, round, spreading on the ground in a flat circle. Scape smooth, bearing a one-rowed, curved raceme of small white flowers. — Wet, boggy land. — July, August. DROSERA LUNGIFOLIA. L. Long leaved Sun-dew. Leaves spathulate-obovate, radical ; petioles naked ; scape bearing a simple raceme. More slender than the last species. It has sometimes creep- ing roots which throw out a succession of leaves, and appear, when gathered, like leafy stems. Swamp, Charlestown, near Craigie's road. — July. 124 Class V. Order V. DROSERA TENUIFOLIA. Muhl. Linear Sun-dew. Leaves filiform, scape radical, raceme mostly sim- ple, styles about six. Syn. DROSERA FILIFORMIS.? Ph. Nutt. Leaves rolled inward when young, long and linear or filiform, smooth and deeply channelled on the back, covered with glan- dular hairs in front and sides. Scape erect, smooth, round, most- ly simple. Raceme unilateral, recurved, mostly simple. Flow- ers on short pedicels, erect, large. Calyx oval, hairj , its seg- ments subacute. Petals five, purple, obovate, denticulate. Sta- mens ten ; anthers oblong, yellow, crowded. Styles six, whitish, declined from the gerrn so as to stand without the stamens, which they exceed in length. Borders of ponds, abundant, Plymouth, Massachusetts, where it was found by Judge Davis, twenty years ago, and lodged in Professor Peck's herbarium. It will be seen that the foregoing description disagrees, in several respects, with that of Mr. Nuttall under D. filiformis. I am inclined, however, to believe them varieties of the same species. 135. STATICE. SATICE CAROLINIANA. Marsh Rosemary. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxv. Scape round and panicled ; leaves obovate-lanceo- late, smooth, obtuse, mucronated, and flat on the margin. A purple flowering plant of the salt marshes, very conspicuous about midsummer. The root of this plant is perennial, large, fleshy, fusiform or branched. Several tufts of the leaves and scapes are often produced from the same root. The leaves are narrow-obovate, supported by long petioles, smooth, veinless, obtuse, mucronated by the prolongation of the middle rib, level and flat on the margin, in which respect they differ from S. limonium, which is undulated. Scape round, a foot high, smooth, furnished with a few scales, flexuous at top, giving off numerous branches, which end in spikes of flowers ; the whole forming a large panicle. The base of each branch and flower Class VI. Order I. 125 is supported by an ovate, mucronated scale. The flowers are alternate, erect, consequently one sided in the horizontal branch- es ; mostly in pairs, but appearing single from one expanding before the other. They grow on a short forked peduncle, which is concealed by several sheathing scales, part of which are common to the two, and part peculiar to the upper one. The calyx is funnel shaped, five angled, the angles ciliate and ending in long acute teeth with sometimes, not always, minute intermediate teeth. The upper part of the calyx is scarious and of a pink colour. Petals spatulate, obtuse, longer than the calyx, pale bluish purple. Stamens inserted in the claws of the petals, anthers heart shaped. Germ small, obovate, with five ascending styles shorter than the stamens. Seed oblong, invest- ed with the persistent calyx. — Perennial. The root is strongly astringent, and with us is an officinal article of considerable consumption. Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens. Order I. MONOGYN1A. One style. 136. LEONTICE. Calyx inferior, six leaved ; pe- tals six, opposite to the calyx ; capsule berry-like, mostly inflated, one celled. 137. BERBERIS. Calyx six leaved, inferior ; co- rolla six petalled ; two glands at the base of each petal ; berry two seeded. 138. PRINOS. Calyx six cleft, inferior ; corolla six parted, wheel shaped ; berry six seeded. 139. ALLIUM. Spathe many flowered ; corolla inferior, six parted, spreading ; umbel crowded ; fruit capsular. 140. PONTEDERIA. Corolla inferior, ringent, six 126 Class VI. Order I. cleft ; stamens inserted three in the tip, and three in the tube of the corolla ; capsule three celled. 141. HYPOXIS. Spathe two valved ; corolla su- perior, six parted ; capsule narrower at the base. 142. ALETRIS. Calyx none ; corolla half superi- or, tubular, six cleft, wrinkled, persistent ; stamens inserted in the top of the tube ; style triangular ; cap- sule opening at top, three celled, many seeded. 143. STREPTOPUS. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six petalled, subcampanulate ; berry roundish, three celled ; seeds few, hilum naked. 144. CONVALLARIA. Calyx none ; corolla six cleft, inferior ; stigma three sided ; berry three celled. 145. UVULARIA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, petals six, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at their base ; stamens very short. 146. DRACAENA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six petalled ; filaments a little thickened in the mid- dle, berry two or three celled. 147. ERYTHRONIUM. Calyx none ; corolla infe- rior, six petalled ; the three inner petals with a cal- lous prominence on each edge near the base. 143. LILIUM. Calyx none ; corolla inferior, six petalled, the petals with a longitudinal groove from the middle to the base. 149. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, covered with flowers ; corolla six petalled ; style none ; capsule three celled. 150. JUNCUS. Calyx six leaved, inferior, perma- nent ; corolla none ; capsule three valved ; stigmas, three. Class VI. Order I. 12? Order III. TRIGYN1A. Three styles. 151. HELONIAS. Corolla six parted, spreading, the segments without glands ; capsule three celled, three horned, cells few seeded. 152. MEDEOLA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior six parted, revolute ; berry three celled. 153. TRILLIUM. Calyx three leaved, inferior ; corolla three petalled ; berry three celled. 154. TRIGLOCHIN. Calyx three leaved, inferior ; corolla three leaved, resembling the calyx ; styles none ; capsule bursting at the base ; seeds solitary. 155. RUMEX. Calyx three leaved inferior; petals three comment ; stigma many cleft ; seed one, trian- gular, naked. Order V. POLYG YNM. Many styles. 156. ALISMA. Calyx three leaved ; corolla three petalled ; capsules numerous, clustered, one seeded. HEXANDRIA. MONOGYJVM. 136. LEONTICE. § Subgenus CAULOPHYLLUM. Fruit scarcely inflated, open* ing when rife. LEONTICE THALICTROIDES. J\Tx. Poppoose root. Glabrous ; leaves supradecompound ; leafets oval, the lower ones petioled and lobed, the terminal one three lobed. 128 Class VI. Order I. Syn. CAULOPHTLLVM TIIALICTROIDES. MX. A smooth plant with leaves resembling a Thalictrum, but many times larger. Flowers in a small racemose panicle at the division of the leaf stalks. Fruit stipitate, dark blue. Accord- ing to Mr. Nuttall the germ is two seeded, and the fruit becomes one seeded by abortion ; so that it appears hardly necessary to separate Caulophyllum from Leontice.* — Woods, Deerfield ; Woodstock, Vermont. — May, — Perennial. 157. BERBERIS. BERBERIS VULGARIS. L. Barberry bush. Flowers in racemes ; spines three forked ; serra- tures of leaves terminated by soft bristles. Sm. Few shrubs are better known or more common by road sides and fences, in gravelly soils. Branches dotted and armed with triple thorns. Leaves inversely ovate, serrate, the teeth and point ending in short bristles. The yellow flowers appear in June in hanging clusters; succeeded by oblong, acid berries of a deep red colour. — This plant agrees almost precisely with the European. A very remarkable degree of irritability, not exceeded by the sensitive plant, exists in the flowers of the Barberry. When these are fully expanded, the stamens are found spread out on the inner side of the corolla. In this situation, if the inside of the filament be touched with a pin or straw, it instantly contracts and throws the anther violently against the stigma. This fact, which has been particularly described by Dr. Smith in the Eng- lish Barberry, is not less remarkable and distinct in the Ameri- can variety of the shrub. It is a commonly received opinion, both here and in Europe, that the barberry is injurious to cultivated grain. Wheat, rye, &c. growing in its neighbourhood, are said to be blighted. But some distinguished philosophic agriculturalists, among whom are Duhamel and Broussonet, have assured us that the opinion is without foundation. — May not the supposed fault belong to the peculiar soil and situation which the barberry frequents ? * See also Decandolk Reg. veg. ii. 24. \ Class VI. Order I. 129 138. PRINOS. PRINOS VERTICILLA.TUS. Black Alder. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. Ivi. Leaves deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, slightly pubescent beneath ; flowers axillary, aggregate. This shrub is irregular in its growth, but most commonly forms branches six or eight feet in height. Leaves alternate or scattered, on short petioles, oval or obovate, acute at base, sharp- ly serrate, acuminate, with some hairiness, particularly on the veins underneath. Flowers small, white, growing in little tufts or imperfect umbels, which are nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves. Calyx small, six cleft, persistent. Corolla inonopeta- lous, spreading, without a tube, the border divided into six ob- tuse segments. Stamens erect, with oblong anthers. In the barren flowers they are equal in length to the corolla, in the fertile ones shorter. Germ in the fertile flowers large, green, roundish, with a short neck or style, terminating in an obtuse stigma. Berries of a bright scarlet, in irregular bunches, round- ish, supported by the persistent calyx, crowned with the stigma, six celled, containing six long seeds, which are convex outward- ly, and sharp edged within. These berries are bitter and un- pleasant to the taste, with a little sweetness and some acrimony. — Swamps. — July. PRINOS AMBIGUUS. MX. Long leaved Black Alder. Leaves deciduous, oval, acute at both ends, barren flowers crowded, fertile ones solitary. Leaves more oblong, and less sharply serrate than in the last. Flowers often four or five cleft. — Roxbury. — June. PRINOS GLABER. L. Evergreen Winter berry. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at tip. Distinguished from the former by its smooth coriaceous, ever- green leaves, which are of a bluntish lanceolate form, with a few small remote teeth at the end. Flowers axillary. — Swamp?, — June, July. 17 130 Class VI. Order I. 159. ALLIUM. ALLIUM CVNADENSE. L. Canada Garlic. Scape naked, round ; leaves linear ; head bearing bulbs. Leaves radical, smooth, channelled above. Scape smooth, round. Spathe ovate, acute. The scape supports a head of bulbs with a short leaf under each, and a few pedunculated whitish flowers. — Woods, Chelsea beach island. — June. — Peren- nial. ALLIUM TRICOCCON. Willd. Lanceolate Garlic. Scape naked, half round ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, fiat, smooth ; umbel globose ; seeds solitary. This garlic with broad lanceolate leaves I have met with in the woods at Berwick, Maine. — July. — Perennial. 140. PONTEDERIA. PONTEDERIA coRDATA. L. Pickirel-iveed. Leaves heart shaped, flowers spiked. L. During the month of July, the tali blue spikes of Pontederia are very conspicuous on the borders of ponds and rivers of deep water and muddy bottoms. Stem erect, fleshy, cylindrical. Leaves long, heart shaped, very smooth, with convergent nerves. Stem leaf sheathing at the base of its stalk. Flowers in a cylin- drical spike, proceeding from a short spathe. Corollas blue, ir- regular, the tube curved, pubescent, channelled, green at base, the border in six divisions, the three uppermost united, with commonly, not always, a yellow spot in the middle. The flow- ers roll themselves up when old. Capsule oblong, curved, with six acute, unequal, toothed angles. Seed one, oblong, acuminate. — Perennial. 141. HYPOXIS. HYPOXIS ERECTA. L. Yettoio Bethlehem Star. Hairy ; scape about four flowered, shorter than the leaves ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; peduncles twice as long as the flower. Class VI. Order I. 131 Syn. Hrpoxis CAROLIXIANA. Mich. The yellow, star-like flowers of this plant appear among the grass in pastures, in June and after. Root bulbous. Leaves grass like, hairy. Scape slender, hairy, divided at top into about four peduncles, with subulate bractes or spathes at their base. Corolla wheel shaped, of six lanceolate petals or segments, hairy on the outside. — Perennial. 142. ALETRIS. ALETRIS FARINOSA. Star Grass. Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. 1. Flowers pedicelled, oblong-tubular, somewhat wrink- led in fruit ; leaves broad lanceolate. This plant has a single circle of radical leaves, sessile, nerved, lanceolate, smooth. Stem or scape, from one to three feet high, invested with remote scales, which sometimes expand into small leaves. The flowers form a slender, scattered spike with very «hort pedicels and minute- bractes. Calyx none. Corolla white, oblong bell shaped, divided at the mouth into six acute, spread- ing segments. The outside, particularly as the flower grows old, has a roughish, wrinkled or mealy appearance, by which the specific name was suggested. Stamens short, inserted near the mouth of the corolla at the base of the segments. The circum- stance of their being opposite to the segments, and not alternate with them, affords a distinguishing mark of this genus. An- thers somewhat heart shaped. Germ pyramidal, half inferior, tapering : style triangular, separable into three. Capsule in- vested with the permanent corolla, triangular, three celled, three Talved, at top. Seeds numerous, minute, fixed to a central re- ceptacle.— The root is intensely bitter. — In low grounds, Bridge- water. — July. — Perennial. 143. STREPTOPUS. STREPTOPUS DISTORTUS. Jllx. Curling Streptopus. Smooth, leaves clasping; pedicels solitary, genicu- late and contorted in the middle. Syn. UVULARIA AMPLEXIFOLIA. Willd. Whole plant glabrous Stem round, branching. Leaves clasp- Class VI. Order I. ing-, to appearance perforate, oblong acuminate, glaucous under- neath. Peduncles opposite the leaves, turning downwards, fili- form, contorted. Flowers bell shaped, greenish white, the pe- tals reflexed, gibbous at base, where the stamens are inserted. Fruit scarlet, oblong, many seeded. — Woods, in the western parts of Massachusetts. — June. — Perennial. STREPTOPUS ROSEUS. MX. Red flowering Streptopus. Smooth, leaves clasping, serrulate-ciliate, anthers short, two horned. The species a good doal resembles the last, but the leaves ap- pear ciliate, and when viewed with a magnifier are found to be edged with short cartilaginous fiiaments. Flowers reddish. — In Vermont and New-Hampshire.— June. — Perennial. 144. CONVALLARIA. §Subgenus SMILACINA. Corolla four or six parted, spread- ing ; flowers terminal. CONVALLARIA BIFOLIA. L. Tivo leaved Solomon's Seal. Stem two or three leaved, leaves heart shaped, flowers tetrandrous. Mich. Syn. SMILACINA CANADENSIS. Pursh. The creeping roots of this little plant cause it to spread ex- tensively in the moist situations where it grows. Its stem is an- gular and furnished with two or three smooth, thin, delicate leaves, oblong heart shaped and sessile, the lower one sometimes pedunculated. Flowers white, in a short erect cluster. Corolla four cleft ; stamens four. Germ round, depressed, style straight, stigma bifid. The ihiripe berries are white and spotted, a cir- cumstance said to be common to all the species,— Flowers in May. — Perennial. CONVALLARIA TRIFOLIA. L. Three leaved Solomon's Seal. Stem pubescent with three alternate leaves ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; raceme terminal, lax. Syn. SMILACINA TRIFOLIA. Pursh. Stem round. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, clasping. Spike terminal, erect, simple. Peduncles short with minute concave Class VI. Order I. 133 bractes. Corolla rotate with six lanceolate reflexed petals. Sta- mens six, straight, spreading. Germ triangular-ovate ; style straight, stigma triple. — Near the Monadnock mountain, Mr. Nuttall. — May. — Perennial. CONVALLARIA STELLATA. Stem clothed with alternate, clasping, lanceolate leaves ; raceme simple, terminal, few flowered. Syn. SMILACIKA STELLATA. Pursh. About a foot high. Stem round, smooth, flexuous. Leaves alternate, two ranked, oblong or lanceolate, clasping, smooth above, glaucous or downy underneath. Raceme terminal, erect, simple, consisting of a few white flowers with six oblong petals and six stamens. — Low grounds, South Boston. — June. CONVALLARIA RACEMOSA. L. Clustered Solomon's Seal. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oval, acuminate ; raceme terminal, compound. A large species, every part of it covered with fine down. Root fleshy, sweet and mucilaginous. Leaves alternate, oblong, laro-e, nerved, smooth in appearance, tapering to a long point, their base narrowed into a sort of petiole. The stem terminates in a compound raceme of white flowers on peduncles generally of the same colour. Corolla rotate, of six small linear divisions. Stamens longer than the petals, with conical filaments. Germ round. Style straight, short. — In low ground. — June. — Perennial. §§ Subgenus POLYGONATUM. Flowers cylindrical. CONVALLARIA MULTIFLORA. L. Many flowered Solomon's Seat. Leaves alternate, clasping ; stem round ; pedun- cles axillary, many flowered. L. Syn. PoLrcoNATUM MULTIFLORUM. Pursh. A smaller plant than the preceding species. Stem about two feet high, smooth, round, simple, nodding at top. Leaves alter- nate, oval, nerved, pale and pubescent underneath, slightly clasp- ing at base. Flower stalks axillary, drooping, branched, sup- porting several pendulous green flowers. Corollas long, funnel shaped, somewhat cylindrical, six cleft. Anthers oblong, acufp. 134 Class VI, Order I. .filaments growing to the corolla ; style as long as the stamens. — About fences and shady places. — May, June. — Perennial. CONVULLARIA CANALicuLATA. Channelled Solomon's Seal. Stem channelled, leaves alternate, clasping, ob- long, pubescent at the edge, peduncles axillary, two flowered. Syn. PoLTGONATUM CANALICULATUM. Pursh. Resembles the last, but is distinguished by its angular stalk, Resembles greatly C. polygonatum of Europe, and is by some considered identical. — Woods — June. — Perennial. 145. UVULARIA. UVULARIA PERFOLIATA L. Perfoliate Bellwort. Leaves perfoliate ; segments of the corolla gran- ular within, capsule truncated. Mich. Has the habit of the last genus. Stem smooth, round, running through the leaves. Leaves oval, smooth, perforated by the stem near their base, furnishing a good example of the perfoli- ate leaf, the sides reflexed when young. Branches axillary. Flowers pendulous, pale yellow, of six petals, their inside cover- ed with small tubercles, dilated toward the bottom and terminat- ing in a hollow nectary. Filaments short, fleshy; anthers twice as long, terminating in a slender point. Germ obovate ; style longer than the stamens and separating into three diverging stig- mas, bell shaped. Capsule three cornered, appearing as if cut off in the middle. — Woods, Watertown, Brookline. — May. — Pe- rennial. UFTJLARIA GRANDIFLORA. Sm. Large flowered Bellwort. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute ; petals smooth inside ; anthers obtuse ; nectaries roundish. Similar to the foregoing, but larger, the leaves narrower, the flowers brighter yellow and smooth inside. — Woods, Vermont. — .May. — Perennial. Class VI. Order 1. 135 UVCLARIA SESSILIFOLIA. L. Sessile leaved BeUwort. Leaves sessile, lance-oval, glaucous underneath ; capsule pedunculated ; ovate. Fers. Stem slender, smooth, dividing at top into two branches, one bearing only leaves, the other leaves and a flower. The leaves are alternate, thin, smooth, paler underneath. The flower pale yellow or greenish, on a slender axillary peduncle. ' Petals ob- long-linear with an obscure tooth on each side at base. Anthers longer than the filaments. Germ ovp.l, triangular, pedicelled. Style longer than stamens, dividing into three stigmas. Capsule ovate, contracted at base. — Woods, Brookline. — May- — Perennial. 146. DRACAENA. DRACAENA BOREALIS. L. • Northern Dracana. Leaves oblanceolate ; scape umbclled ; berries two celled. Leaves radical or nearly so, a foot long, oblanceolate, smooth and shining, ciliate with fine loose hairs. Scape round, support- ing a terminal umbel of a few handsome green bell shaped flow- ers. Petals sis, lanceolate, spreading, gibbous at base. Stamens erect, anthers oblong. Style erect. Stigma semilunar, com- pressed. Germ superior, oval. Fruit an oblong berry, two celled, few seeded, and of a deep amethystine blue. This plant has been improperly associated by Desfontaines with his genus Smilacina, from which it differs in its campanu- late corolla, entire semicircular stigma, and two celled fruit, as well as in habit and colour. I have preferred leaving it where it was placed by Linnaeus, though it differs from the rest of the Dracaenas in some respects. — Woods, Gloucester — on the Wachu- sett, Monadnock and White mountains. — June. — Perennial. 147. ERYTHRONIUM. EKYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM. Common Enjthronium. Bigclow, Medical Botany, PI. Iviii. Scape naked, leaves lanceolate and involute at the point ; style club-shaped, and undivided. 136 Class VI. Order I. Syn. EarTHRONJUM LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. ERTTHRONIUM DENSCJNIS. MX. A delicate liliaceous plant with spotted leaves. The root is a solid bulb, situated deep in the ground, brown outside, white an 149- ACORUS. ACORUS CALAMUS. L. Sweet Flag. Summit of the stalk above the flowers very long and leaf like. Sm. Sweet flag root is an officinal article in considerable estima- tion. At times when the plant is not in flower, the aromatic flavour of the root will readily distinguish it from the other spe- cies of flag, a name indiscriminately applied here to plants with sword shaped leaves, as Iris, Typha, &.c. When in flower, the long, round, solitary spadix, projecting from the side of an ap- 18 138 Class VI. Order I. parent leaf, is a sufficient mark. The spadix is closely covered with small, green flowers with six petals, and as many stamens. — Meadows. — June, July. — Perennial. 150. JUNCUS. JUNCUS EFFUSUS. L. Soft RusTi. Bulrush. Culm naked, straight ; panicle lateral, loose, thrice compounded ; capsules obtuse. Sm. Found every where in moist land, growing commonly in bunch- es. Stems perfectly simple, smooth, round, and leafless, sheathed at the base and filled with spongy pith. Panicle proceeding from a fissure in the side of the stem, much branched, and bear- ing many small green flowers. — June, July. — Perennial. JUNCUS FILIFORMIS. L. Filiform Rush. Culm naked, filiform, nodding, panicle lateral, bracted, nearly simple, capsule roundish. Resembles the foregoing, but more slender, nodding, and the panicle further below the top. — On the borders of alpine ponds on the White mountains. Mr. Greene. JUNCUS TRIFIDUS. L. Trifid Rush. Culm naked, terminated by three leaves and three flowers. A small rush, abundant near the summit of the White moun- tains, having a sessile spikelet of a few flowers supported by long bractes or terminal leaves. — July. — Perennial. JUNCUS TENUIS. Wittd. Slender Rush. Culm roundish, undivided ; leaves linear, channel- led ; corymb terminal ; leaves of the calyx acumi- nate, larger than the obtuse, three sided capsule. Willd. A small, hardy species, common about foot paths and road sides. Stem roundish, leafy at base. Leaves slender, channel- led on the upper side. Corymb or cyme terminal, unequal, invested with a long leafy involucre. Capsule obtuse, a little shorter than the calyx. — June. — Perennial. Class VI. Order I. 139 JUNCUS BUFONIUS. L. Toad Rush. Culm leafy, dichotomous ; leaves angular, subseta- ceous ; flowers oblong, solitary, sessile. A small rush of wet grounds, sometimes viviparous. — July. JUNCUS BULBOSUS. Li. Bulbous Rush, Black Grass. Culm compressed, undivided ; leaves linear, chan- nelled, panicle cymed ; calyx obtuse, shorter than the capsule ; capsule roundish, obtuse. A common rush of salt marshes, often giving, when in fruit, a dark colour to the tracts where it prevails. It makes good hay. —July. JUNCUS SPICATUS. Lt. Spiked Rush. Leaves flat ; spike racemed, nodding, compound at base ; capsules acute. Culm slender, with an oblong, nodding head. — On the summit of the White mountains, its only American locality with which I am acquainted. — July. * JUNCUS MILITARIS. Bayonet Rush. J. folio unico, articulato, culmum superante ; panicula terminali, prolifero ; capitulis subquinquc- floris. Leaf one, jointed, longer than the culm ; panicle terminal, proliferous ; heads about five flowered. Root creeping, scaly. Culm as large as a goose quill, two or three feet high, smooth, with a long sheath or two at base, and commonly another above the leaf. Leaf cylindrical, erect, joint- ed with internal partitions, inserted below the middle of the culm, and exceeding it in height by half a foot or more. Pani- cle terminal, erect, of half a dozen smooth branches, most of them proliferous, invested with sheathing, lanceolate bractes at base. The branchlets end in small heads of from four to six ses- sile flowers. Calyx segments acute, brown, edged with green. The unripe capsule is acuminate. — Discovered by Mr. Greene growing plentifully in a pond at Tewksbury. 140 Class VI. Order I. JUNCUS POLYCEPHALOS. Mich. Many headed Rush. Culm few leaved, erect ; leaves somewhat knotty ; heads round, many flowered, panicled; calyxes linear ; stamens six. Mich. abr. Syn. JUNCUS ECHINATUS. Mufil. Common in meadows and low ground. Stem erect, firm, round, smooth. Leaves round, smooth, interrupted with nume- rous transverse partitions or joints. Heads resembling small burrs, sessile and pedunculated, in a proliferous panicle or um- bel, with very unequal branches. Calyx leaves crowded, linear- lanceolate, very acute. — Perennial. This plant sometimes undergoes a singular alteration in its fructification from the bite of an insect. JUNCUS CAMPESTRIS. L. Field Rush. CulmJeafy. Leaves flat, hairy ; spikes terminal, sessile, or pedunculated ; capsules obtuse. Sm. Hardly half a foot high in dry ground, but in wet situations much taller. Stem upright, round, leafy. Leaves short, grass like, flat, acute, the edges fringed with fine, loose hairs. Spikes terminal, umbelled, most of them on peduncles, irregular ovate, obtuse, erect or nodding. Calyx leaves lanceolate, acute. Cap- sules three seeded, inversely ovate, obtuse, shorter than the calyx. — May. — Perennial. JUNCUS MELANOCARPUS. MX. Black fruited Rush. Culm leafy, leaves sublanceolate, smooth ; panicle capillary, lax; flowers pedicelled. Culm a foot a more in height, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, glabrous, those of the root eight or ten inches long. Panicle large, nodding, decompound, many flowered. Ultimate corymbs of from four to six flowers, of which one is sessile, the rest on capillary pedicels. Calyx acuminate. Capsule with a short beak. — At the cascade of New river in the White moun- tains.— June. Class VI. Order III. 141 TRIGYNM. 151. HELONIAS. HELONIAS DIOICA. Ph. Unicorn Root. Scape leafy ; raceme spiked, nodding ; pedicels short, scarcely bracted ; filaments longer than the corolla ; petals linear ; leaves oblong-lanceolate. Syn. VERATRUM LUTEUM. Willd. In various parts of Connecticut. — July. — Perennhil. 152. MEDEOLA. MEDEOLA VIRGINICA. L. Cucumber Root. Leaves in whorls. Syn. GrROMiA VIRGIXICA. Nutt. Few plants exceed this in geometrical regularity of structure -and appearance. The stem is erect, smooth, and commonly in- vested with loose tufts of cotton-like down. Tha leaves are in two whorls, the lowermost a few inches from the top, consisting of about seven or eight broad lanceolate leaves, the uppermost of three, and rarely four ovate ones. The flowers are terminal, and bend down through the insterstices of the upper leaves. Petals lanceolate, greenish white, revolute. Stamens erect, slender. Germ single oval, stigmas three, rarely four, reflexed, twice as long as the stamens, of a reddish colour as well as the stamens. Berry three celled, many seeded. The root is tube- rous, with a flavour resembling the cucumber. — In' low woods and swamps. — June, July. — Perennial. 153. TRILLIUM. TRILLIUM CERNUUM. L. Nodding Trillium. Flower on a footstalk, drooping. Willd. This is the only species I have observed in the immediate neighbourhood of Boston. Leaves three, large, roundish, or rhomboid, pointed. Flower terminal, from the bosom of the leaves, bending down so as to be sheltered beneath them. Calyx leaves three. Petals three, alternate with the calyx leaves, nearly white, reflexed. Stigmas three, recurved. — In shady Ihickets, — May, June. — Perennial. 142 Class VI. Order III. • TRILLIUM ERECTUM. L. Erect Trillium. Peduncle inclined ; flower nodding ; petals ovate ; acuminate, flat, spreading ; much broader, but scarce- ly longer, than the calyx ; leaves broad, rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile. Flowers dull brownish purple, greenish outside ; odour offen- sive. Root used in medicine. — In old woods in the middle and western parts of the state. — May. — Perennial. TRILLIUM PICTUM. Pursh. Painted Trillium. Peduncle somewhat erect, petals oval-lanceolate, acute, recurved, twice as long as the calyx ; leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, and abruptly pe- tioled. Petals white, striped at base with purple, undulate at the edge. A very handsome species. — On the Ascutney mountain, Vermont. — May, June. 154. TRIGLOCHIN. TRIGLOOHIN MARITIMUM. L. Sea Arrow Grass. Capsule six celled, grooved, ovate. Willd. The leaves of this plant are rush-like, smooth, fleshy, flexible, and semicylindrical. They have a sweetish, not unpleasant taste. Stalk solitary, bearing a long, dense spike of greenish flowers on very short pedicels. They have six leaves, three of which may pass for calyx and three for petals. « Anthers nearly sessile. — Salt marshes and ditches. — June. — Perennial. The cultivation of this plant for cattle has been recommended. 155. RUMEX. RUMEX CRISPUS. L. Curled Dock. Calyx valves ovate, entire, all bearing grains ; leaves lanceolate, waved, acute. Root fusiform. Stem furrowed, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, rather acute, waved and curled on the margin. Racemes of half whorls, leafy towards the base. Valves enclosing the seed heart- shaped, reticulated, very slightly serrate or repand on the mar- Class VI. Order III. 143 gin, each bearing a grain, of which one is much larger than the other two. — Rubbish and cultivated grounds. — June. — Perennial. RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS. L. Broad leaved Dock. Valves toothed, one chiefly graniferous ; root leaves heart shaped, obtuse ; stem roughish. Sm. Grows in the same places as the last, but is somewhat later in its appearance. Root more divided. Stem furrowed, rough near the top. Leaves large, oblong, heart-shaped, obtuse at the end ; the petiole and midrib often red on the upper side. Ca- lyx leaves heart-shaped, reticulated, furnished with long, subulate teeth, one only bearing a full, distinct grain. — July. — Perennial. These two species, originally from Europe, are among our most troublesome weeds. * RUMEX PALLIDUS. White Dock. R. foliis lineari-lanceolatis, acutis ; spicis graci- libus ; valvulis ovatis, integris, granum vix super- antibus. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender ; valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the grain. Stems numerous, ascending, smooth, round, slightly furrowed. Leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, acute, petioled, more or less waved on the margin. Spikes slender, owing to the shortness of the pedicels, the largest with a leaf at base. Calyx linear, acute. Petals ovate, obtuse, erect. Stamens six, anthers whitish, two lobed. Styles three. Fruit crowded, the valves ovate, en- tire or furnished with a single tooth at base, with a large, white, fleshy, obtuse grain nearly covering the back of each. — Salt marshes. — J une. — Perennial. First sent by Dr. Nichols from Danvers. RUMDX BRITANNICA. L. Yelloiv rooted Water Dock. Valves very entire, all of them graniferous ; leaves lanceolate with obsolete sheaths. A tall species growing in deep mud in watery situations. Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth and even. Stem furrowed, sur- rounded above the joints with torn sheaths, a character which 144 Class VI. Order V. distinguishes it from Rumex verticillatus, another aquatic spe- cies with long tubular sheaths. Valves of the calyx large, heart- shaped, entire, each bearing a grain. — July. — Perennial. RUMEX ACETOSELLA. L. Sorrel. Sheep's Sorrel. Flowers dioecious, leaves lanceolate, hastate ; calyx valves without grains. A common and unprofitable intruder into every species of ground, but particularly such as are dry and sandy. The root leaves furnish a good example of the halberd shape or hastate form. Flowers in panicled racemes small, with stamens and styles on distinct plants. Valves ovate, entire, destitute of grains. The acid properties of the plant are well known. — May. — Perennial. fOLYGYJVM. 156. ALISMA. » ALISMA PLANTAGO. L. , Water Plantain. Leaves ovate, acute, capsules obtusely three cor- nered. Sm. Common in small ponds and ditches. Leaves radical, petioled, ovate, acute, smooth, nerved, entire. Panicle decompound, its branches given off in whorls with bractes. Flowers with three calyx leaves and three deciduous petals of a purplish white. Capsules three cornered, obtuse. — June, July. — Perennial. Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Seven stamens. Order I. MONOGYNM. One style. 157. TRIENTALIS. Calyx seven leaved ; corolla seven parted, equal ; berry one celled, juiceless. Class Vlll. Order I. 145 HEPTANDRIA. MOJYOGYJYM. 157. TRIENTALIS. TRIENTALIS AMERICANA. Ph. American Trientalis. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; petals acu- minate. Syn. TKIENTALIS EUROPEA. MX. A plant seldom exceeding half a foot in height, having its leaves chiefly in a tuft or whorl at the top, with one or more white star-like blossoms above. Leaves lanceolate, minutely serrate, shining, acuminate, pointed. Flowers on filiform pedun- cles. The number of stamens and divisions of the calyx and co- rolla is commonly seven, but often varies to six or eight ; seg- ments of the calyx linear. Petals ovate, acuminate. — In low woods, particularly among the pine trees on Craigiers road. — May, June. — Perennial. On comparison of specimens I am satisfied that the American species is distinct from the European in having the leaves minutely serrulate, and the petals acuminate ; though these marks are not noticed by Pursh. Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Eight stamens. Order 1. MOJYOGYJYM. One style. 158. EPILOBIUM. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su- perior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule oblong ; seeds feathered. 159. (ENOTHERA. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su- perior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule four celled, four valved ; seeds naked. 19 146 Class VIII. Order I. 160. RHEXIA. Calyx four cleft, inferior ; corol- la four petalled ; anthers curved ; capsule four celled, in the body of the calyx. 161. MENZIESIA. Calyx one leaved; corolla mo- nopetalous, ovate ; filaments inserted in the receptacle ; capsule four celled, divided by the inflexed edge of the valves ; seeds numerous. 162. DIRCA. Calyx none ; corolla tubular, the border obsolete ; stamens longer than the tube ; ber- ry one seeded. 163. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, four toothed ; corolla monopetalous ; stamens inserted on the recep- tacle ; berry four celled, many seeded. Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles. 164. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx four cleft, col- oured ; corolla none ; capsule two beaked, one celled, many seeded. Order III. TR1GYNM. Three styles. 165. POLYGONUM. Calyx five parted, resembling a corolla ; corolla none ; seed one, angular, inclosed in the calyx ; stamens and pistils irregular in number. OCTANDRIA. MOJYOGYJVM. 158. EPILOBIUM. EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. L. Spiked Willow Herb. Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, entire, veiny ; flowers unequal. Ait. Class VIII. Order I. 147 Syn. EPILOBIUM SPICATUM. Pcrs. Muld. A tall plant bearing a profusion of blue flowers. Stem round, erect, with alternate branches near the top. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath, nearly sessile. Racemes terminal, leafless. Flowers on footstalks, irregular ; calyx linear, acute ; petals light bluish purple, obovate, unguiculate, standing on the long, glaucous or whitish germ. Stamens unequal, four long and four short, with oblong anthers. Style at lirst club shaped, but at length separating into four revolute branches. When the pods are opening, the plant appears covered with the downs of the seeds. — In woods and low grounds. A large quan- tity grows near Brighton new road. — June, July. — Perennial. EPILOBIUM LINEARE. Muhl. Linear Willow Herb. Stem terete, pubescent, branching at top ; leaves linear, entire, revolute at the margin. Stem round, a little, downy, branching. Leaves scattered, linear, entire, revolute at the edge. Flowers axillary, on short stalks. Germs downy, square, green. Calyx leaves oblong, acute. Petals inversely heart shaped, white with a reddish tinge. Stigma capitate. — Moist woods. — August. — Perennial. EPILOBIUM COLORATUM. Muhl. Coloured IViliow Herb. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite, the upper ones alternate ; stem round, pubescent. A more branching plant than the foregoing. Stem erect, round, with opposite pubescent branches. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, their veins often of a red colour, on short petioles, the bases of which unite round the stem in an elevated line. Flow- ers axillary, purple, regular, with very long, linear germs. — Meadows and swamps. — July, August. — Perennial. EPILOBIUM ALPINUM. L. Alpine, Epilobium. Stem simple, roundish, one or two flowered ; leaves opposite, elliptical, entire ; flowers sessile. Leaves rather more ovate than in the European plant. — On the White mountains of New-Hampshire. — July. 148 Class VIII. Order I. 159. (ENOTHERA. (ENOTHERA BIENNIS. L. Tree Primrose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat ; stem a little rugged and villotis ; stamens shorter than the corolla. Willd. The large, yellow flowers of this plant are frequently seen overtopping the fences by which they grow, during most of the summer. In the country it is vulgarly known by the name of Scabish, a corruption probably of Scabious, from which however it is a very different plant. Stem from three to five feet high, rough, hairy, and branching. Root leaves petioled ; stem leaves sessile ; both pubescent, slightly toothed. Flowers solitary, ax- illary. Germ sessile, four grooved, surmounted by the long, tubular calyx, which divides into four reflexed segments ; petals large, roundish, sometimes emarginate. This plant, originally American, is now naturalized, and very common throughout Eu- rope.— Biennial. CENOTHERA PUMILA. L. Diucirf Tree Primrose. Leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse ; capsules slightly pedicelled, elliptic-obovate, angular. Willd. Stem oblique at base, ascending, round, slender, about a foot high. Leaves sessile, blunt. Flowers yellow, small, nearly ses- sile, in a leafy spike. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsules inversely ovate, with eight angles. — Pastures. — Perennial. This plant is exactly the CE. pumila of Custis' magazine, t. 555. 160. RHEXIA. KHEXIA VIRGINICA. L. Virginian Rhexia. Stem with four winged angles ; leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, calyx with glandular hairs. Stem square with membranous angles. Leaves opposite, oval, three nerved, with scattered hairs on both sides and on the mar- gin. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Calyx urn-shaped, hairy, with four acute segments ; petals purple and finely contrasted with Class Vlll. Order I. 149 the long, crooked, yellow anthers. Style declining. — Low grounds. — July, August. — Perennial. 161. MENZIESIA. JVIENZIESIA C large as the last, thin and tender. The stem terminates with a few separate, pale, reddish flowers. — Found in a marshy spot near Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. — June, July. — Annual. POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS. L. Black Bindweed. Leaves heart-arrow shaped ; stem twining, angu- lar ; segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. Sm. Stem twining, climbing on other plants. Leaves alternate, petioled, heart-shaped, with the hinder lobes acute. Branches axillary. Flowers in terminal, interrupted spikes whitish, the three principal segments of the calyx furnished with a keel, but not winged. Flowers all summer in waste and cultivated ground. O '•' — Annual. Class IX. Order I. 159 POLYGONUM SCANDENS. L. Climbing Polygonum. Leaves heart-shaped; stem twining, angular; seg- ments of the calyx winged. Stem smooth, climbing1. Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, with a deep sinus, acuminate. Branches axillary. Flowers in long leafy racemes. Calyx much larger than in the last species, with three broad, membranous expansions, corresponding to the an- gles of the seed. — Cambridge. — August. — Perennial. POLYGONUM CILINODE. MX. Running Polygonum. Leaves heart shaped ; stipules subacute, ciliate at base, stem angular, running or climbing, roughish ; calyx obtusely carinate. Stem purplish, running or twining, with a ring of hairs at each joint ; calyx of the fruit without wings. — About woods, &c. — July, August. — Annual. POLYGONUM FAGOPYRUM. L. Bucku'heat. Racemes panicled, stem erect, unarmed ; leaves heart sagittate, angles of the seed equal. Common buckwheat is sure to remain as a weed about lands where it has been cultivated. — June. — Annual. Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Nine stamen*. Order I. MONOGYJYM. One style. 166. LAURUS. Calyx none ; corolla six parted, resembling a calyx ; nectary three glands, surround- ing the germ, each ending in two bristles; inner fila- ments with two glands each : drupe one seeded. 160 Class IX. Order I. ENNEANDRIA. MOJVOGYJVM. 166. LAURUS. § Subgenus EUOSMUS. Polygamous or dicecious. Six corpuscles instead of the nectary. LAURUS BENZOIN. L. Fever Bush. Spice Wood. Leaves obovate, entire, annual ; flowers dioecious. Syn. LAURUS PSEUDO-BENZOIN. Mich. An aromatic shrub with a flavour resembling Benzoin. Early in May, before the leaves are fully expanded, it puts forth small sessile umbels of pale greenish flowers. Calyx of six oblong segments. Stamens nine, six exterior and three interior, sepa- rated by six short clavate bodies resembling the filaments with- out anthers. The leaves are oval or inversely ov-te, acute at base, slightly acuminate, nearly smooth, pale underneath, and somewhat pubescent. Berries red. It grows in low situations at Brighton and elsewhere, but it is not very common in the en- virons of Boston. LAURUS SASSAFRAS. L. Sassafras Tree. Leaves deciduous, entire, and lobed ; flowers di- recious. Mich. In favourable situations the Sassafras rises into a pretty large tree. The bark of the young twigs is smooth and green. The leaves are partly oval, and partly in two or three large lobes, en- tire on their margin, and downy underneath. The oval ones appear first. Flowers greenish yellow, appearing in May and June in clusters at the end of the last j^ear's shoots, Brac- tes linear, pubescent. Petals oblong, obtuse. Stamens in the perfect flowers six. Style much longer than the stamens. Germ globular. The barren flowers are more umbelled with longer stamens, six exterior and three interior, with six glandu- lar corpuscles at base. Fruit oval, blue, on fleshy incrassated stalks. The whole of the Sassafras tree has a strong, spicy flavour, Class X. Order I. 161 •which is most powerful in the bark of the root. The young twigs, and especially the pith, abound in mucilage. When first introduced into Europe it acquired great medicinal reputation, and was sold at the high price of fifty livres per pound. An express treatise entitled Sassafrasologia was written to celebrate its virtues. Its properties however appear to be those which are common to other warm aromatics. Class X. DECANDRIA. Ten stamens. Order I. MONOGYMIJ. One style. A. Flowers monopetalous. 167. EPIG&A. Calyx double ; the outer three leaved, the inner five parted ; corolla salver shaped ; capsule five celled. 168. GAULTHERIA. Calyx double; the outer two leaved, the inner five cleft ; corolla ovate ; capsule five celled, covered by the inner calyx, which be- comes similar to a berry. 169. ARBUTUS. Calyx five parted ; corolla ovate, pellucid at the base ; berry superior, five celled. 170. ANDROMEDA. Calyx five parted ; corolla ovate ; capsule superior, five celled, the partitions from the middle of the valves. 171. RHODODENDRON. Calyx five parted ; corol- la somewhat funnel form ; stamens declined ; capsule five celled. 172. KALMIA. Calyx five parted ; corolla salver shaped, with ten prominences underneath, and the border five horned ; capsule five celled, si 162 Class X, Order I. B. Flowers many petalled. 173. PODALYRIA. Corolla papilionaceous ; keel compressed, somewhat longer than the banner ; le- gume inflated, many seeded. 174. CASSIA. Corolla unequal, five petalled ; three upper anthers barren, three lower ones beaked ; loinent fiat. 175. RHODOHA. Calyx five toothed; corolla three petalled, unequal ; stamens declined ; capsule five celled. 176. LEDUM. Calyx minute, five toothed ; corol- la flat, five parted ; capsule five celled, opening at base. 177. CLETHRA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ; stigma three parted ; capsule three celled, three valved. 178. PYROLA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ; capsule superior, opening at the angles, many seeded. 179. MONOTROPA. Calyx none ; petals ten, the five outer ones gibbous at the base ; capsule five valv- ed ; a fifth part of the fructification often wanting. Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles. 180. SCLERANTHUS. Calyx five cleft, inferior ; corolla none ; seeds two, inclosed in the calyx. 181. SAXIFRAGA. Calyx five parted ; coroHa five petalled; capsule two beaked, one celled ; many seeded. 182. TIARELLA. Calyx five parted'; petals five, entire, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled, two valved, one valve largest. 183. MITELLA. Calyx five cleft ; petals five, Class X. Order I. 163 pinnatifid, inserted on the calyx ; capsule one celled, two valved ; valves equal. 184. SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular, naked ; petals five, with claws ; capsule oblong, one celled. 185. DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular with scales at the base ; petals five, with claws ; capsule cylindri- cal, superior, one celled. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles. 186. ARENAUIA. Calyx five leaved, spreading; petals five, entire ; capsule superior, one celled, many seeded. 187. STELLARIA. Calyx five leaved, spreading ; petals five, deeply cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, many seeded. 188. SILENE. Calyx one leafed, swelling ; petals five, with claws, crowned at the mouth ; capsule su- perior, three celled, many seeded. 189. CUCUBALUS. Calyx one leafed, inflated ; petals five with claws, not crowned ; capsule superior, three celled. Order V. PENTAGYNM. Five styles. 190. PENTHORUM. Calyx five or ten cleft ; pe- tals five or none ; capsule five celled, five beaked. 191. CERASTIUM. Calyx five leaved ; petals five, cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, ten toothed. 192. SPEKGULA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five, undivided ; capsule superior, ovate, one celled, five valved. Order VI. DECAGYXM. Ten styles. 193. PHYTOLACCA. Calyx five leaved, resembling a corolla ; corolla none ; berry superior, ten seeded. 164 Class X. Order I. DECANDRIA. MONOGYNM. 167. EPIGJ5A. EPIGJEA REPENS. L. Ground Laurel. Leaves heart-ovate, entire ; corollas cylindrical. Sw. Stem woody, trailing, hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, heart- ed at base, hairy and rough, with hairy petioles. Flowers fra- grant, purple, flesh coloured, or white, in terminal or axillary bunches, of from two to six, on very short hairy peduncles. Ca- lya double. Corolla salver shaped, longer than the calyx, hairy within. Filaments inserted in the bottom of the tube, hairy ; anthers oblong. Germ ovate, hairy ; style straight ; stigma with five points. — In woofls, Gloucester. — April, May. 168. GAULTHERIA. GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS. Partridge JBerry. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxii. Stem prostrate with branches ascending. Leaves in a terminal tuft, obovate with a few ciliate serra- tures. Flowers axillary. The stem, or as it might be called root, of this plant is hori- zontal, woody, often a quarter of an inch in thickness. The branches are ascending, but a few inches high, round, and some- what down}'. Leaves scattered, near the extremities of the branches, evergreen, coriaceous, shining, oval, or obovate, acute at both ends, revolute at the edge, and furnished with a few small serratures, each terminating in a bristle. Flowers axillary, drooping, on round downy stalks. Outer calyx of two concave heart shaped leafets, which may perhaps with more propriety be called bractes. Inner calyx monophyllous, white, cleft into five roundish subacute segments. Corolla white, urceolate, five angled, contracted at the mouth, the border divided into five short, retlexed segments. Filaments white, hairy, bent in a simicircular manner to accommodate themselves to the cavity between the Class X. Order I. 165 corolla and the germ. Anthers oblong, orange coloured, ending in two double horns, bursting outwardly, for their whole length above the filaments, and not opening by pores as in Pyrola. Pollen white. Germ roundish, depressed, five angled, resting on a reddish, ten toothed, glandular ring. Style erect, straight. Stigma simple, moist. The fruit is a small, five celled capsule, invested with the calyx, which becomes large, round, and fleshy, having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. — Dry woods. — May and August. — Perennial. The leaves have a well known agreeable spicy taste. GAULTHERIA HISPIDULA. Muhl. Creeping Gaultheria. Stem creeping, hispid; leaves roundish oval, acute, flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, octandrous; co- rollas short-bell shaped. Syn. VACCINIUM HISPIDULUM. MX. Stems creeping, filiform, woody, hispid with appressed bristles. Leaves evergreen, small, roundish oval, rather acute, with scat- tered hairs. Flowers solitary, on recurved peduncles, with two concave bractes. Calyx in four acute segments. Corolla cam- panulate, somewhat quadrangular, ending in four subacute seg- ments. — A delicate evergreen growing close to the ground in old woods in various interior parts of the state. — May, June. The taste of the leaves precisely resembles that of G. pro- cumbens. 169. ARBUTUS. ARBUTUS UVA URSI. Bear Berry. Stem procumbent ; leaves entire. L. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. vi. This is a shrubby plant, which trails upon the ground, putting out roots from the principal stems, and tending upward with the young shoots only. The cuticle is deciduous, and peels oft" from the old stems. Leaves scattered, obovate, acute at base, attach- ed by short petioles, coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, entire, the margin rounded, but scarcely reflexed, in the young ones pubescent. Flowers in a short cluster on the ends of the branches. Peduncles reflexed, fur- 166 Class X. Order I. nished at base with a short acute bracte underneath, and two minute ones at the sides. Calyx of five roundish segments, of a reddish colour and persistent. Corolla ovate or urceolate, white with a reddish tinge, transparent at base, contracted at the mouth, hairy inside, with live short reflexed segments. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla with hairy filaments, and an- thers with two horns and two pores in each. Germ round ; style straight, longer than the stamens ; stigma simple. Nectary a black indented ring, situated below the germ, and remaining till the fruit is ripe. Berries globular, depressed, of a deep red, approaching scarlet, containing an insipid mealy pulp, and about five seeds, which in the American plant cohere strongly togeth- er, so as to appear like the nucleus of a drupe. — On the summit of Blue hills, Milton, and elsewhere. — May, June. — Perennial. The leaves are astringent and medicinal. 170. ANDROMEDA. ANDROMEDA HYPNOIDES. L. Mossy Andromeda. Stems filiform, spreading ; leaves acerose, crowd- ed ; peduncles solitary ; flowers campanulate. This truly delicate and beautiful Andromeda is a native of the northernmost regions of both continents. It grows on the sum- mits of the White mountains of New-Hampshire, the only locali- ty which to my knowledge it inhabits within the United States. The root and lower part of the stem are woody and firm. The branches numerous, filiform and spreading. Leaves very short sessile, subulate, crowded so as to conceal the stem, evergreen. Peduncles solitary, from the ends of the branches, elongated, erect. Flower nodding. Calyx purplish, acute. Corolla bell shaped or hemispherical, half five cleft, purplish white. Fruit erect, globular, five valved, crowned with the style. — This is the smallest shrubby plant with which I am acquainted, and has the habit of a moss or smallest lycopodium. — June. ANDROMEDA CALYCULATA. L. Dwarf Andromeda. Racemes leaning one way, leafy ; corollas subcy- lindfical ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, obtuse, dotted. L. Class X. Order I. 167 A low, evergreen, early flowering shrub. Leaves obl'ong, co- riaceous, obsoletely serrate, shining, and covered with white dots above, pale underneath. Flowers in terminal racemes, each flower proceeding generally from the axil of a small leaf, Calyx calyculated or double, the outer of two, the inner of rive pale, acute leaves. Corolla ovate-cylindrical, white or purplish, the segments renVxed. Anthers brownish, two horned. — Milton, near Neponset river, and elsewhere. — April. ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA. L. Water Andromeda. Leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute, white under- neath ; flowers aggregate, terminal, globose. This most delicate shrub is found in wet bogs and at the edges of ponds. The leaves are very shortly petioled, lanceolate, strongly revolute at the edges, dark green, smooth and veined above, and of a pure, bluish white colour underneach. • Flowers in nodding corymbs with white peduncles. Calyx short, white, its segments acute, tipt with red. Corolla nearly globular, with five angles, pale flesh colour. Stamens short, with brownish awned anthers. Germ globular, style straight. — In the edge of Richards' pond, Brookline. — June. ANDROMEDA PANICULATA. Mich. Panicled Andromeda. Racemes somewhat panicled ; corollas depressed- globular, slightly pubescent; anthers short, ovate, obtuse, awnless. Mich. abr. A pretty tall shrub. Leaves deciduous, ovate, mostly entire, somewhat downy. Racemes panicled. Flowers small, white, somewhat spherical, succeeded by globular capsules, which re- main through the winter. This plant often bears a large, irre- gular, spongy excrescence of a yellow colour, the effect of dis- ease.— Swamps. — June. ANDROMEDA RACEMOSA. L. Clustered .Andromeda. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, glabrous ; racemes terminal, one ranked, elongated ; calyx acute ; corolla cylindrical. The great regularity of the clusters of flowers in this species 168 Class X. Order I. causes them to resemble rows of teeth. Leaves on short petioles, thin, oval serrulate, acute or acuminated, smooth, the veins a little downy beneath. Flowers racemed, on the ends of the branches, all pointing downwards. Pedicels short, smooth. Bractes two, ovate, acuminate. Calyx of five acute segments, variously coloured. Corolla white, oblong-oval, contracted at the mouth ; the segments convex, diverging or re volute. Style just exserted. Filaments converging. Anthers cleft, four awned. Capsule globular, splitting into five incurved valves and support- ed by the persistent bractes and calyx. — Low woods, Roxbury. Not common. — June. 171. RHODODENDRON. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM. L. American Rose Bay. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. li. Leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath ; umbels dense, terminal ; corollas somewhat bell shaped, pe- tals rounded. A magnificent, flowering shrub, common in the mountainous regious of the middle states, but more rare toward the north. Several varieties of it are met with in different parts of the country. The Rhododendron of the northern states is a large, straggling shrub, very irregular in its mode of growth. The bark is of a greyish colour, cracked and broken. Leaves in tufts at the ends of the branches, evergreen, coriaceous, on round, fleshy petioles, oblong oval, entire, revolute at the edges, pale underneath. Both leaves and petioles, when young, are covered with a light woolly substance. The flowers form a ter- minal cluster or thyrsus immediately above the leaves, the stalks and calyxes of which are covered with a glutinous pubes- cence. Previous to its expansion, the whole bud forms a large compound bud, resembling a strobilus or cone, each individual flower-bud being covered by a rhomboidal bracte, which falls off when the flower expands. Calyx small, of five unequal obtuse segments. Corolla monopetalous, funnel shaped, with a short tube, the border divided into five large, unequal segments, which are white shaded with lake, the upper and largest having a col- lection of orange coloured spots at its centre. Stamens declin- Class X. Order I. 169 ate, unequal; filaments white, thickened and hairy at base ; an- thers two celled, opening by two pores at top ; pollen white. Germ ovate, hairy, glutinons ; style declinate, equal to the long- est stamens, thickened upwards ; stigma a rough surface with live points. Capsule ovate, obtusely angular, five celled. Seeds numerous, minute. — In a swamp at Medfield, also near Portland. — July. 172. KALM1A. KALMIA LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xiii. Leaves scattered, petioled, oval, and smooth ; co- rymbs terminal, viscid, and pubescent. A large and very ornamental shrub, sometimes attaining to the altitude of a small tree. Its leaves are evergreen, coriaceous, very smooth, with the under side somewhat palest. Their form is oval, acute, and entire ; their insertion by scattered petioles, on the sides and extremities of the branches. The flowers vary from white to red ; they grow in terminal corymbs, simple or compound with opposite branches, and made up of slender pe- duncles. These are invested with a glutinous pubescence, and supported at base by ovate, acuminate bractes. The calyx is small, five parted, persistent, with oval, acute segments. The corolla is monopetalous, with a cylindrical tube, a spreading disc, and an erect, five cleft margin. At the circumference of the disc, on the inside, are ten depressions or pits, accompanied with corresponding prominences on the outside. In these depres- sions the anthers are found lodged at the time when the flower expands. The stamens grow from the base of the corolla, and bend outwardly so as to lodge their anthers in the cells of the corolla. From this confinement they liberate themselves during the period of flowering and strike against the sides of the stig- ma. The germ is roundish, the style longer than the corolla and declined, the stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, depressed, five celled and five valved, with numerous small seeds. — Woods, Gloucester, Princeton, &,c. Not common nearer Boston. — June. KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA. L. Narroiv leaved Laurel. Leaves lanceolate ; corymbs lateral. L. A low shrub with rose coloured flowers, very common in low 170 Class X, Order 1. grounds, and known by the names sheep poison, lambkill, low laurel, &c. Leaves on short petioles, scattered or in threes, lan- ceolate, obtuse, smooth, evergreen. Flowers in lateral corymbs, proceeding from the axils of the leaves, and forming a sort of whorl round the stem. — June. KALMIA GLAUCA. L. Glaucous Kalmia. Branches ancipital ; leaves opposite, subsessile, lan- ceolate, revolute at the margin, glaucous underneath ; corymbs terminal, with smooth stalks. A small shrub of northern bogs and mountains. The young branches are two edged. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, revolute at the margin, white underneath. Corymbs terminal. Pedun- cles filiform, each issuing from a pair of concave, obtuse, smooth bractes. Segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse, reddish with a white margin. Corolla purple with five lobes and ten de- pressions. Anthers oblong, blackish. Style longer than the sta- mens.— Keene, New-Hampshire ; on the White mountains, &c. — June. 173. PODALYRIA. PODALYRIA TINCTORIA. IVilld. Wild ludigO. Glabrous ; stipules setaceous ; leaves subsessile ; leafets wedge-obovate ; flowers in terminal spikes. Mich. abr. Syn. SoPHORA TINCTORIA. L. BAPTISIA TINCTORIA. JVutt. A very common, bushy plant, found in woods and dry soil? Stem smooth, very much branched. Leaves in threes on a short petiole ; leafets rounded at the end, and tapering to an acute base. Stipules very small, caducous. Flowers in a loose spike, on slender peduncles, yellow ; banner rather shorter than the wings and keel. Legumes short, rounded, of a bluish cast. — August. — Perennial. For the medicinal properties of this plant, see Dr. Thatcher's Dispensatory. Class X. Order I. 171 174. CASSIA. CASSIA CHAMJECRISTA. L. Dwarf Cassia. Leaves in many pairs ; petiole with a pedicelled gland ; stipules ensiform. L. Leaves pinnate, with ten or a dozen pair of leafefs ; the pe- tiole with a small gland supported on a footstalk near its base. Flowers often in pairs, near the stem, yellow, two of the petals spotted at base. Like others of its family it shuts its leaves at night, or after an injury. — Road sides. — August. — Annual. CASSIA MARILANDICA. American Senna. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxxix. Leafets in eight or nine pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate ; an obovate gland on the petiole ; ra- cemes axillary and terminal ; legumes linear and curved. The stems, which grow in bunches and often attain the height of five or six feet, are round, striated, and invested with a few scattered hairs. Petioles compressed, channellf d above, bearing from eight to ten pairs of leafets, which are oblong, smooth, somewhat hairy at the edges, pale on the under side, supported by short, crooked pedicels, and mucronated with a rigid bristle at the end. On the base of the petiole is a large obovate pedi- celled gland, of a shining green, terminating in a dark point at top, which is sometimes double. Each petiole is also furnished with a pair of linear-subulate, ciliate, deciduous stipules. The flowers grow in axillary racemes, extending quite to the top of the stem. The peduncles are slightly furrowed, pedicels sup- ported by bractes like the stipules, and marked with minute, blackish, glandular hairs. Leaves of the calyx yellow, oval, ob- tuse, the lateral ones longest. Petals five, bright yellow, spatu- late, concave, very obtuse, three ascending and two descending. Stamens ten with yellow filaments and brown anthers. The three upper have short abortive anthers ; to these succeed two pairs of deflexed linear anthers ; the remaining three or low- er-most are much longer, crooked, and taper into a sort of beak, the middle one being shortest. The authors open by a terminal pore. Germ descending with the lower stamens, hairy. Style ascending, stigma hairy, moist. The fruit consists of long Ic- ; 172 Class X. Order I. gumes, which are pendulous linear, curved, swelling at the seeds, and furnished with slight hairs. — Banks of Quinebaug river, Massachusetts. — July, August. — The root resembles Senna in its medicinal properties. 175. RHODORA. RHODORA CANADENSIS. L. Canadian Rhodora. A small shrub with beautiful purple flower* on the tops of the branches, which appear in the spring before the leaves are per- fectly expanded. Its height is one or two feet. Leaves alter- nate, oval, mostly entire, pubescent and glaucous underneath. The flowers are in umbels on the ends of the twigs. The corol- la consists of three unequal petals, the largest of which is broad, and divided into three segments or lobes at the end, the other two are equal, lanceolate, and obtuse. Stamens unequal, curved, purple, with small anthers. Germ pubescent. Style purple, longer than the stamens. — Low grounds. — Maiden, Cambridge. — May. In the Notch of the White mountains, June. 17G. LEDUM. LEDUM LATIFOLIUM. Labrador Tea. Leaves linear-oblong ; folded under at the margin, woolly underneath ; stamens as long as the petals. A low shrub, of our northern mountains and bogs. The youngest part of the stem is green and woolly. Leaves on short woolly petioles, lanceolate, strongly revolute at the sides, smooth above, covered with thick reddish wool underneath. Flowers in terminal corymbs with slender peduncles. Bractes obovate con- cave, covered with shining resinous dots, as are the peduncles and germ. Calyx minute with five obtuse teeth. Petals five, oblong, obtuse, white. Stamens from five to ten, as long as the petals. Germ oval ; style as long as the stamens, a little declin- ed.— On the Monadnock, White mountains, &c. — July. — The leaves are astringent and are said to have been used as a substi- tute for tea. 177. CLETHRA. CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA. L Alder leaved Clethra. Leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent underneath ; ra- cemes simple, bracted. Willd. Class X. Order I. 173 A tall, elegant, white flowering shrub. Leaves about three inches long, and from one to two broad, inversely ovate, serrate, downy underneath in one variety, glabrous in another. Flowers in long racemes or loose spikes with downy stalks. Bractes line- ar-subulate. Calyx greenish white ; petals roundish oblong; stigma triiid. — Grows in low soils, Cambridgcport. — July, August. 178. PYROLA. § Sulgenus . Stamens ascending, style declined, stigma annular. PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Winter green. Leaves prolate-orbicular, flowers racemed, catyx re- flexed, style declined. A very common species. Root creeping, putting up erect or ascending, angular stems. Leaves spreading near the ground, petioled, roundish ovate and obovate, subacute, scarcely serrate, much larger than in the following species. Scape angular, with one or more sheathing scales. Flowers in a large terminal ra- ceme with nodding pedicels, white, fragant. Calyx segments ovate with the points rellexed. Stamens tending to the upper side, and styles to the lower ; stigma truncately-conical surround- ed with a ring at base, persistent. — Common in Woods. — June. PYROLA ASARIFOLIA. MX. Broad leaved Winter green. Leaves oblate-orbicular, flowers racemed, calyx ap- pressed, style declined. Syn. PTROLA CHLORANTHA. Nuttall ? This species is in flower two or three weeks earlier than the last, and has leaves which are broader in proportion to their length, but scarcely half as large. Primary leaves reniform. sometimes obcordate, sometimes orbicular, obtuse, dark green and coriaceous. Scape more slender and fewer flowered than in the last. Flowers greenish with the segments of the calyx short and appressed. Stamens, style, and stigma much as in the last. — Dry woods, less common than the last. — June. §§ Subgenus . Stamens spreading, style straight. jtigma peltate. 174 Class X. Order I. PYROLA SECUNDA. L. One sided Winter green. Flowers racemed, leaning one way. L. Less frequent than the former, but resembling it in habit. Stem as in the last. Leaves petioled, spreading, ovate, acute, (not obtuse like the last,) minutely serrate, smooth. The flow- ers all tend to one side of the stem, whence the name. Stamens equal and uniform ; style straight, permanent. — Woods. — June. PYROLA UNIFLORA. L. Onefloivered Pyrola. Leaves suborbiculate, serrate ; scape one flowered, style straight. A small and very delicate plant. Leaves nearly orbicular, pe- tioled, smooth, crenate. Scape round, short, invested at base with a few roundish concave scales or bractes, supporting a sin- gle large fragrant flower. Calyx segments oblong, obtuse. Pe- tals obtuse, white. Style short, straight, stigma large, peltate, five rayed. I have only met with this interesting species in a wood at Keene, N. H. — Mr. Oakes has sent it from Lynn. — June. §§§ Subgenus CHIMAPHILA. Stamens spreading, style im- bedded, stiginnpdtate. PYROLA UMBELLATA. L. Umbelled Winter green. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxi. Leaves wedge shaped and toothed, flowers some- what umhelled, calyx five toothed, style immersed. Syn. CHIMAPHILA CORTMBOSA. Pursh. A very common and handsome species. Root woody, creep- ing, sending up stems at various distances. The stems are as- cending, somewhat angular, and marked with the scars of the former leaves. The leaves grow in irregular whorls, of which there are from one to four. They are evergreen, coriaceous, on very short petioles, wedge shaped, subacute, serrate, smooth, shining, the lower surface somewhat paler. The flowers grow in a small corymb, on nodding peduncles, which are furnished with linear bractes about their middle. Calyx of five roundish aubacute teeth or segments, much shorter than the corolla. Pe- Class X. Order I. 175 tals five, roundish, concave, spreading, cream coloured, with a tinge of purple at base. Stamens ten. Filaments sigmoid, the lower half fleshy, triangular, dilated, and slightly pubescent at the edges ; the upper halt filiform. Anthers two celled, each cell opening by a short, round, tubular orifice, which points downward in the bud, but upward in the flower. Pollen white. Germ roundish, depressed, furrowed, obscurely five lobed, with a funnel shaped cavity at top. Style straight, half as long as the germ, inversely conical, inserted in the cavity of the germ, and concealed by the stigma. Stigma large, peltate, convex, moistr obscurely five rayed. Capsules erect, depressed, five celled, five valved, the partitions from the middle of the valves. Seeds linear, chaffy, very numerous and minute. — Dry woods. — June and July. PYROLA MACULATA. L. Spotted Pyrola. Leaves lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, marked with a longitudinal stripe ; scape two or three flowered ; filaments woolly. Syn. CHIMAPHILA MACULATA. Pursh. A beautiful plant, abundantly distinguished from the other spe- cies by its variegated leaves. The stalk divides at top into two or three nodding incrassated peduncles, each furnished with a small subulate bracte near its middle, and bearing a single flow- er. Calyx five leaved, the leaves ovate, rather obtuse, finely ciliate, overlaying each other at base. Petals five, white, ob- long, obtuse, contracted at base, reflexed. Filaments sigmoid, the lower half fleshy, angular, and covered with thick hair. An- thers two celled, opening by two tubular orifices. Germ round- ish, depressed, furrowed. Style short, thick, inversely conical, about two thirds exserted. Stigma very large, convex, obscure- ly five lobed. — Woods, near Newton upper falls, rare. — On Mount Holyoke, Northampton. — July. 179. MONOTROPA. MONOTROPA UNIFLORA. Common jMouotropci. Tobacco pipe. Stem erect, single flowered. The whole plant is of a clear white, turning black at the tips 176 Class X. Order I. as it decays. Stem erect, fleshy, glabrous. Leave scattered, sessile, lanceolate, seraitransparent. Flower large, solitary, ter- minal, drooping, afterwards erect. Petals five, wedge shaped, concave, gibbous at base with a corresponding nectariferous cavity within, glabrous externally, a little downy on the inside. Stamens ten, those which are alternate with the petals longest. Filaments bearded. Anthers consisting of two horizontal folds, cloven outwardly. Between the filaments are ten short, revers- ed horns extending from the base of the germ downward by pairs into the five nectaries. Germ large, ovate-globular, with ten ridges between the filaments which unite in pairs at the top. Style, if any, short, inversely conical. Stigma funnel shaped, somewhat five angled, glutinous at the edge. Capsule erect, five valved. — \Voods. — July. On mature examination I am induced to consider the species with drooping flowers, and that with erect flowers, called M. morisoniana by Michaux, to be the same plant. It is not un- common to find erect and drooping flowers in the same bunch. § Subgenus HYPOPJTHYS. Bractes calyciform, styles cylindric. MONOTROPA LAUNGINOSA. MX. Pine sap, Flowers spiked ; bractes and flowers woolly. Syn. HrpopiTHrs LAUNGINOSA. Nutt. A white plant like the last, extremely similar in its habit and fructification, though by some made a distinct genus. The root in this plant and the last consists of a mass of agglomerated brownish fibres, said to be parasitic on the roots of trees. The lower part of the stem, which is under ground, is turgid and covered with closely imbricated rhomboidal scales. The part above ground is furnished with more remote, scattered, oblong, concave scales, the uppermost of which become bractes to the flowers, and are by some considered as a calyx, giving rise to a generic distinction. The stem and scales are pubescent below and somewhat woolly at top. Flowers in a terminal raceme, which is drooping in the young plant, but afterwards becomes erect. It is generally simple, though I have found specimens in which it was compound with several branches. Outer petals ot the flower spatulate, rounded at the end, gibbous at base with a nectariferous cavity within. Their number is four, and in the Class X. Order II. 177 terminal one four or five. Inner petals alternating with these, but part of them usually wanting, lanceolate, acute. Stamens about eight. Germ ovate furrowed, style straight, as long as the germ, stigma peltate, concave. From the base of the germ are horns reversed by pairs into the nectaries. — Woods. — July. DIGYNM. 180. SCLERANTHUS. SCLERANTHUS ANNuus. L. Common Kuawel. Calyx of the ripe fruit with sharp, spreading teeth ; stems spreading. Sm. A small, obscure plant in gravelly soils, road sides, &c. Stems spreading, decumbent, short. Leaves linear, acute, short, oppo- site. Flowers green, sessile, in terminal, leafy clusters. Calyx with five acute, spreading, permanent segments. Stamens from five to ten. — July. — Annual. 181. SAXIFRAGA. SAXIFRAGA VERNALIS. fVilld. Early Saxifrage. Pubescent ; leaves oval, somewhat petioled, crenate ; flowers erect, panided, nearly sessile, alternate. Syn. SAXIFRAGA VIRCINIENSIS. Mich. One of the earliest flowers upon rocks and dry hills. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, fleshy, elliptical, a little pubescent, crenate or serrate, and tapering into a broad petiole. Stem erect, fleshy, hairy, nearly destitute of leaves. Flowers numer- ous, crowded, white, arranged in corymbs on the ends of the branches, which, collectively, form a sort of panicle. — April, May. — Perennial. SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANIA. L. Pennsyhanian Saxifrage. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, a little hairy, denticu- late ; stem naked ; peduncles alternate, forming co- rymbed heads. JVilld. A tall, green plant, of little beauty, growing in meadows. Leaves all radical, many times larger than in the preceding species, oblong, approaching to oval, very slightly toothed 23 178 Class X. Order II. Stems large, erect, rank in their growth, hollow, hairy, hearing heads of small, green flowers, disposed in a sort of panicle ; ca- lyx segments ovate, acute, reflexed ; petals linear retlexed. The root is extremely astringent. — May. — Perennial. 182. TIARELLA. TIARELLA CORDIFOLJA. L. Common Tiarella. Leaves cordate, lobed and toothed, teeth mucronate, scape racemed. Root creeping and sending out runners. Leaves on long hairy petioles, heart shaped, lobed and toothed, hairy on both sides. Scape round, hairy, often furnished with a leaf. Flowers en- tirely white in a long raceme, with very minute subulate bractes. Segments of the calyx oblong, obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute, clawed. Filaments longer than the corolla, anthers orange. Germ oval, tapering into two acute unequal styles, which are so closed together as to appear like one. Capsule two valved, the lower valve much the longest, acute, and concave upward, with the upper valve shutting into its cavity. Seeds obovate, smooth, fixed to the sides. — Woods in the interior of the state. At Keene, New-Hampshire. — June. 133. MITELLA. MITELLA DIPHYLLA. L. Common Mitella. Leaves lobate-angular, toothed ; stem erect with a pair of opposite leaves near the top. Root leaves on long bristly petioles, heart shaped, lobed, and toothed, covered with scattered bristles. Stem erect, round, bristly, with generally a pair of opposite, ovate cut and toothed leaves half way up. Flowers in a long terminal spike with short pedun- cles. Calyx hemispherical, with short, acute segments. Petals five, white, beautifully pinnatifid or pectinate, inserted on the calyx between its segments. Stamens ten, short, converging. Styles two, short, diverging. Capsule compressed, of two equal semiorbicular valves tipt with the styles. Seeds black, obovate, acute at base. — Woods, Windsor, Vermont, at the foot of Ascutney mountain. — June. — Perennial. Class X. Order II I. 179 MITELLA PROSTRATA. MX. Trailing Mitella. Root creeping ; stems prostrate ; leaves alternate, roundish cordate, subacute, with slight obtuse lobes. A small, delicate creeping species. Stems prostrate. Leaves small, on slender hairy petioles, reniform and heart shaped, doubly crenate as in Hydrocotyle Americana. Scape filiform, hairy, with a thin raceme, of few flowers. Calyx acute. Petals pinnatifid. — In Barrc, Vermont. Sent by Dr. Paddock. — June. 184. SAPONARIA. SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. L. Soap Wort. Calyxes cylindrical, leaves ovate-lanceolate. A foot or more high, with opposite leaves and numerous flow- ers resembling pinks with entire petals. — Road sides, natural- ized.— July, August. — Perennial. 185. DIANTHUS. DIANTHUS ARMERIA. L. Wild Pink. Flowers aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the calyx lanceolate, villous, equal to the tube. Sm. This small species of pink has a leafy, pubescent stem, ending in erect branches. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire, pubescent, the lower onesspatulate. Flowers terminal, in bunch- es, erect, scentless, ephemeral. Calyx equalling the tube of the corolla ; petals small, red, with white dots, a little toothed. — On the rocky hills in Roxbury and Salem. — July. — Annual. TRIGJNU. 18G. ARENARIA. ARENARIA RUBRA. L. Common Sandwort. Leaves linear, slightly mucronate, stipules membra- nous, sheathing ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Sm. A spreading plant, with small, delicate, red flowers. Stems prostrate, slender, smooth, pointed, branching. Leaves small, narrow, ending in a short bristle. Stipules surrounding the stem, 180 Class X. Order III. whitish, dry. Flower stalks and calyx hairy. Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. — Pastures and road sides. — June, July. ARENARIA MARINA. Sm. Sea tiandwori. Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, awnless ; stipules sea- rious, sheathing ; seeds compressed, margin glabrous. Sm. Syn. AREXARIA CANADENSJS. Pers. A more succulent, fleshy plant than the last. Stems prostrate or decumbent, smooth. Leaves short, fleshy, roundish, not end- ing- in ti bristle. Flowers pale red, expanded as well as the last in clear weather, and closed in foul. — Salt marshes. — July. — By some this is considered a variety of the last. ARENARIA STRICTA. MX. Straight Arenaria. Glabrous, erect, many stemmed ; leaves linear subu- late ; flowers panicled, calyx segments lance-ovate, acute, striate, much shorter than the petals. Stems filiform, erect, jointed. Leaves linear, sessile, with a tuft in each axil. Branches of the panicle opposite, bracted, elongated. Calyx very acute, five nerved. Petals oblong, ob- tuse, longer than the calyx. — On the borders of Lake Champlain ; gathered by Mr. Boott. — Perennial. ARENARIA GLABRA. MX. Mountain Arenaria. Glabrous, with crowded filiform stems ; leaves line- ar-subulate, spreading, flat ; pedicels elongated, one flowered ; calyx leaves oval, obtuse, smooth. This plant differs from the preceding in its smaller height, fewer leaves, and obtuse smooth calyx. Stems crowded so as to cover the ground with tufts of flowers, smooth, filiform. Leaves shorter, and without the axillary tufts of the last species, con- nate, linear, shining. Flowers large, white. Segments of the calyx gibbous at base, ovate, obtuse. Petals twice as long as the calyx emarginate, white. Stamens yellow. Germ ovate. Styles three. — On the summits of the White mountains, abund- ant— August. — Perennial. Class X. Order III. 181 ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA. L. Thyme leaved Arenaria. Stem dichotomoiis ; leaves ovate, acute, subciliate, calyx acute ; petals shorter than the calyx. Stems numerous, procumbent, downy. Leaves often closely sessile, very acute, about three nerved. Flowers axillary. Ca- lyx leaves three nerved, acute. — Road sides ; naturalized. — June. — Annual. ARENARIA LATERIFLORA. L,. Side flowering Sandwort. Leaves ovate, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, two flow- ered. L. A slender, delicate species, with white flowers. Stem erect, with hairy veins, filiform, from four to ten inches high. Leaves opposite, oval, smooth, nearly sessile. Peduncles or flowering branches axillary, very slender, divided about half way, their fork furnished with two minute leafets. Each part of the fork bears a flower. — In wet, shady places. — June. — Perennial. ARENARIA PEPLOIDES. L. Beach Arenaria. Stem dichotomous, fleshy, leaves ovate, acute, fleshy. This plant grows on sandy beaches in various parts of the sea coast, particularly at Plumb island, near Newburyport, where it forms large crowded tufts resembling islets. Stems as large as small quills, smooth, fleshy, pellucid, furrowed on opposite sides. Leaves opposite, half clasping, ovate, entire, acute, fleshy, smooth, the veins only discoverable by their transparency. Branches few, sometimes dichotomous. Flowers axillary, nearly sessile. Calyx erect, the segments fleshy, nerveless, subacute. Petals white, membranous, spatulate. Stamens as long as the calyx, anthers roundish. Germ ovate, styles short. A fifth part of the fructification is wanting in some of the flowers. — May, June. — Perennial. 187. STELLARIA. STELLARIA MEDIA. Sm. Chickweed. Leaves ovate, stems procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line. Sin. 182 Class X. Order III. Syn. JlLSINE MEDIA. L. Chickweed grows in almost every situation, even between the bricks in the side walks. Its spreading stems are remarkable for a hairy line extending from joint to joint, and occupy- ing the two sides alternately. On breaking the stem an elastic, fibrous substance is drawn out, which retracts when liberated. Leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, entire. Peduncles axillary and terminal, one flowered. Petals white, deeply cleft, so as to appear ten in number. Stamens three, five, or ten. Cap- sules opening into six segments. — Flowers from the beginning of spring to the end of fall. — Annual. STELLARIA LONGIFOLIA. J\luhL Stichwort. Leaves linear, entire ; panicle terminal, spreading, capillary ; calyx three nerved, about equal to the pe- tals. Sin. Sy7i. STELLARIA GBAMINEA. 1st edit. A small, starry, white flower. Stems decumbent, square, com- pressed, smooth, very slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate or near- ly linear, tapering to a point, opposite, smooth. Segments of the calyx three ribbed, lanceolate acute, as long as the petals. Petals appearing in ten white, fine segments, like those of Stel- laria media. — Grows among the bushes on Craigie's road. — June, July. — Closely allied to S. graminea of Europe, and perhaps only a narrow leaved variety. ^ *STELLARIA BOREALIS Northern Stellana. S. foliis ovali-lanceolatis ; pedunculis axillari- bus, elongatis, unifloris ; petalis calyci subcequali- bus. Leaves oval-lanceolate, peduncles axillary, elongat- ed, one flowered ; petals about equal to the calyx. Stem spreading, angular, dichotomous. Leaves slightly con- nate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, nerveless. Peduncles solitary, axillary, elongated, angular. Segments of the calyx five, ovate, acute, nerveless. Petals white, deeply cloven. Stamens ten, alternately longer and shorter. Anthers roundish. Germ ovate ; styles three. Capsule oblong-ovate, one celled, many seeded. Class X. Order III. 183 This plant generally occurs without petals, in which state I discovered it on the White mountains in July, 1816. I have since received it several times from the same place but always in the apetalous state, until the last year, when Messrs. Greene and Little found it there in August with complete flowers. 188. SILENE. SILENE PENNSYLVANIA. Mich. Catchfly. Viscid-pubescent; root leaves wedge form, stem leaves lanceolate ; partial stems few flowered ; petals slightly emarginate, subcrenate. Mich. Sometimes called wild pink, from its similarity in habit to some of that genus. Leaves of the root spatulate, acute at top, and tapering into a long base ; those of the stem lanceolate, oppo- site. Flowers in upright, terminal bunches. Calyxes nearly cylindrical, hairy, and exceedingly glutinous. Corollas purplish white ; petals wedge shaped, entire or slightly crenate. — Found in dry, sandy soils.— June. SILENE ANTIRRHINA. L. Snnpdragon Catchfly. Leaves lanceolate, subciliate ; peduncles trifid ; pe- tals emarginate., calyx ovate. A slender, tall species which in the day appears destitute of flowers. Stem smooth, erect, a foot high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, subciliate at base, dotted under a magnifier. Panicle forked, with intermediate flowers. Calyx ovate. Corolla pro- bably nocturnal. I have never found it expanded by day. — Dry road sides. — July. — Annual. 189. CUCUBALUS. CUCUBALUS BEHEN. L. Bladder Campion. Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulated with veins ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, glaucous, smooth. Sm. Engl. Bot. Syn. SILENE INFLATE. Sm. Flor. Brit. The inflated, bladder-like calyx at once distinguishes this plant from every thing about it. Radical leaves spatulate, stem leaves opposite, ovate, acute, entire. Stems one or two feet 184 Class X. Order V. high, smooth, panicled. Flowers nodding. Calyx oblong-spheri- cal, thin, elegantly veined. Petals white, spreading, bifid. — About fences and waysides. — July. — Perennial. CUCUBALUS STELLATUS. L. Star Campion. Pubescent, erect ; leaves in whorls of four, oval- lanceolate, acuminate. Petals white, about four cleft. — Woods, Connecticut. — July.— Perennial. PENTAGYX1A. 190. PENTHORUM. PENTHORUM SEDOIDES. L. Penthorum, The only species of its genus. Stem about a foot high, angu- lar. Leaves alternate lance-oval, serrate, acute, green on both sides. Flowers terminal, in a few revolute spikes, of a greenish yellow. Capsule with five beaks at top. — Wet ground, brook sides, &c. — July. — Perennial. 191. CERASTIUM. CERASTIUM VULGATUM. L. Mouse Ear Chickweed. Hairy, viscid, forming tufts ; leaves ovate ; petals equal to the calyx ; flowers longer than their stalks. Sm. Stems spreading, round, dichotomous. Leaves ovate, opposite. Flowers from the forks of the stem, crowded at the ends, on pe- duncles shorter than themselves. Petals oblong, white, a little longer than the calyx. — In cultivated ground. — May. — Annual. CERASTIUM VISCOSUM. L. Viscid Cerastium. Hairy, viscid, diffuse ; leaves lanceolate-oblong. In dry fields, &c. Introduced. — May, &c. CERASTIUM SEMIDECANDRUM. L. Small Cerastium. Hairy, viscid, flowers pentandrous, petals emarginate. A small species, sometimes of a reddish cast. — Sandy soils. — Introduced. — May. CERASTIUM ARVENSE. L. Field Chickweed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate at base, pe- tals twice as long as the calyx. Class X. Order VI. 185 Flowers large, white. Naturalized in the same situations as the others. — May — August. CERASTIUM TENTJIFOLIUM ? Pursh. Narrow leaved Cerastinm. Pubescent, csespitose ; leaves linear, mostly longer than the internodes ; petals obovate emarginate, three times as long as the calyx. Stems round, hairy, ascending1. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering upwards, subacute, pubescent, the lower ones longer than the internodes. Segments of the calyx acute, hardly nerv- ed. Petals not very deeply cleft. — On the precipice, near Bel- lows' falls, New-Hampshire. — June. 192. SPERGULA. SPERGULA ARVENSIS. L. Corn Spurrey. Leave whorled ; statks of the fruit reflexed ; seeds kidney shaped, angular, rough. Sm. A weed in corn fields, by many of our farmers denominated tares. Stems spreading, becoming erect, smooth, round, swel- ling at the joints. Leaves linear, obtuse, in whorls at the joints. Panicle terminal, forked, the peduncles bent downward as the fruit ripens. Petals little larger than the calyx, white. — June and after. — Annual. DECAGYJVM. 193. PHYTOLACCA. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. iii. PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA. L. Poke. Leaves ovate, acute at both ends ; flowers with ten stamens, and ten styles. A common plant, known also by the names of Garget, Cocum, Jalap, &c. The root is of large size, frequently exceeding a man's leg in thickness ; and is usually divided into two or three principal branches. Its substance is fleshy and fibrous, and easi- ly cut or broken. Internally it is distinctly marked with con- centric rings of considerable thickness, while its outer surface is covered with a very thin, brownish bark, which seems to be 24 186 Class XL Order I. little more than a cuticle. The stalks, which are annual, fre- quently grow to the height of six, and even nine feet. They are round, smooth, and very much branched. When young their usual colour is green, but in most plants, after the berries have ripened, they are of a fine purple. Leaves scattered, pe- tioled, ovate-oblong, smooth on both sides, ribbed underneath, entire, acute. The flowers grow in long pedunculated racemes opposite to leaves. Peduncles nearly smooth, angular, ascend- ing. Pedicels divaricated, sometimes branched, green, white or purple, furnished with a small linear bracte at base, and two others in the middle. Calyx none. Corolla resembling a calyx, whitish, consisting of five round-ovate, concave, incurving petals. Stamens ten, rather shorter than the petals, with white, roundish, two lobed anthers. Germ greenish, round, depressed, ten furrow- ed. Styles ten, short, recurved. The flowers are succeeded by long clusters of dark purple berries, almost black, depressed or flattened, and marked with ten furrows on the sides. — Road sides. — July, August. — Perennial. The root is a violent emetic. -Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Twelve stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style. 194. As A RUM. Calyx three cleft, superior ; corolla none ; capsule six celled. 195. PORTULACA. Calyx two cleft; corolla five petalled ; capsule one celled, opening transversely. 196. LYTHRUM. Calyx twelve toothed ; petals six, inserted into the calyx ; capsule two celled, many seeded. Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles. 197. AGRIMONIA. Calyx five toothed, invested with an outer one ; petals five, inserted in the calyx ; seeds two in the bottom of the calyx. Class XI. Order I. 187 Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three styles. 198. EUPHORBIA. Calyx inflated, inferior; petals or nectaries four or five, standing on the calyx ; cap- sule three lobed, supported by a pedicel. DODECANDRIA. MONOGYNM. 194. AS ARUM. ASARUM CANADENSE. L. Wild Ginger. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xv. Leaves two, reniform ; calyx woolly, cleft to the base ; its segments spreading at top. A low plant with two leaves and an axillary flower growing close to the ground. The root is creeping, fleshy, and some- what jointed. Leaves kidney shaped, pubescent on both sides, with long, round, hairy petioles. Flower solitary, growing from the fork of the stem on a pendulous, hairy peduncle, and some- times nearly buried in the ground. Calyx very hairy or woolly, consisting of three broad, concave leafets, which are mostly of a brownish or dull purple on the inside at top and bottom, and ter- minated by a long, spreading, inflected point, with reflexed sides. The colour varies greatly, according to the amount of light which the plant enjoys, being sometimes nearly green. Sta- mens twelve, inserted on the germ at a distance from the ca- lyx, the alternate ones longer. Anthers growing to the filaments below their extremity. Near the divisions of the calyx are three short, curved, filamentary substances, which may perhaps be called nectaries. Germ inferior, somewhat hexagonal, mark- ed at top inside, with a dark red lihe ; style conical, striate, parted at top into six recurved, radiating stigmas. — Dry woods, in the western and northern parts of the state. — May to July. — Perennial. 188 Class XI. Order I. The root has an agreeable, aromatic flavour, not unlike thai of ginger. 195. PORTULACA. PORTULACA OLERACEA. L. Purslane. Leaves wedge shaped ; flowers sessile. L. A succulent, annual plant, common in gardens, cultivated fields, and waste grounds. Stems procumbent, spreading, smooth, fleshy. Leaves wedge shaped, rounded at the end, fleshy, smooth, ses- sile. Flowers sessile, scattered, yellow. Capsule opening transversely. 'Flowers all summer. — Annual. 196. LYTHRUM. LYTHRUM VERTICILLATUM. L. Grass Poly. Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, petioled ; flowers axillary, forming a sort of whorls. Stems woody at base, two feet high. Leaves opposite or in threes, lanceolate, entire. Flowers on axillary, subdivided pe- duncles, nearly surrounding the stem. Calyx ending in ten or twelve teeth, accompanied by the same number of long stamens. Petals five or six, of a fine purple, spreading, inserted on the ca- lyx, short in duration. — In watery places near Fresh pond. — Ju- ly, August. LYTHRUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM. L. Dwarf Grass Poly. Leaves alternate, linear lanceolate ; flowers axillary, solitary, hexandrous. Stem slender, six to ten inches high, square, with spreading branches, which are mostly opposite, at base. Leaves linear ob- long, obtuse, sessile, the lower ones deciduous. Flowers small, axillary, sessile, appressed to the stalk, with three minute bractes. Calyx subcylindrical, angular, with twelve minute segments, the alternate ones longer. Corolla small, purple. Stamens commonly six, rarely five. — In low gi'ounds and dried ponds. — August, September. — Annual. This plant was returned to me by the late Dr. Muhlenberg as L. linearc of Michaux. Are the two plant? different 1 Class XI. Order III. 189 DIGYJMA. 197. AGR1MONIA. AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. L. Agrimony. Stem leaves pinnate, the odd one petioled, fruit hispid. L. Rises to the height of two feet, with an angular, hairy stem. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy. Leafets ovate, serrate, all sessile except the terminal one. Stipules large, semicircular, cut-serrate. Spike long, erect, hairy. Flowers thinly scattered, on short stalks, yellow. Calyx persistent, armed with hooked bristles. The plant is astringent and tonic. — By fences and thickets. — June, July. — Perennial. TRIGYNM. 198. EUPHORBIA. EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA. JL. Sun Spurge. Umbel five rayed, then three rayed and forked ; in- volucels obovate ; leaves wedge form, serrate. L. A weed in rich ground, lactescent, as are the other species. Stem upright, round. Leaves scattered, obovate, or wedge shaped, slightly serrate at the end. Umbel of five rays, support- ed by a large involucre like the leaves. Rays branching, first into three, then into two divisions. Capsules smooth. — Annual. EUPHORBIA POLYGONIFOLIA. L. Knot Grass Spurge. Leaves opposite, quite entire, lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers solitary, axillary ; stems procumbent. L. A flat spreading plant, abounding with milky juice. Stems smooth, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, oblong, linear-lanceo- late, blunt, nearly sessile. Flowers small, proceeding from the divisions of the stem. — In sandy places, near the sea shore.— June, July. — Annual. EUPHORBIA MACULATA. L. Spotted Spurge. Leaves serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary, soli- tary ; branches spreading. A flat plant like the last. Stems spreading close to the ground 190 Class XII. Order IV. Leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrulate on the upper part, edged with hairs, and frequently with a dark spot in the centre. Flowers very small, capsule hairy. — Found in sandy soils. — June, July. — Annual. EUPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA. Oval leaved Spurge. Smooth, branching, erect and spreading ; branches divaricate ; leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub- falcate ; corymbs terminal. Larger than the last. Leaves unequally ovate-oblong. — In rich grounds. — July, &c. — Annual. Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Twenty or more sta- mens, inserted on the calyx. Order I. MONOGYNUL One style. 199. PRUNUS. Calyx inferior, five cleft; corolla five petallcd ; drupe with a smooth or slightly seamed stone. Order II. DIGYJYM. Two styles. 200. CRATJEGUS. Calyx superior, five cleft; pe- tals five ; berry two seeded. Order III. TR1GYNIA. Three styles. 201. SOIIBUS. Calyx superior, five cleft; petals five ; berry three seeded. OrderlV. PENTAGYNM. Five styles. 202. PYRUS. Calyx superior, five cleft ; corol- la five petalled ; pome five celled ; cells two seeded. 203. SPIRJEA. Calyx inferior, five cleft ; corolla five petalled ; capsules two valved, many seeded. Class Xll. Order V. 191 Order V. POLYGYjYM. Many styles. 204. ROSA. Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, five cleft ; corolla five petalled ; seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx. 205. RUBUS. Calyx five cleft ; corolla five petalled : berry composed of several one seeded granulations. 206. DALIBARDA. Calyx spreading, five cleft ; pe- tals five ; pistils from five to eight ; styles deciduous ; fruit juiceless. 207. FRAGARIA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five pe- talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to a deciduous, berry-like receptacle. 208. COMARUM. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five pe- talled ; seeds smooth, fixed to an ovate, spongy, per- manent receptacle. 209. POTENTILLA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five petalled ; seeds naked, wrinkled, affixed to a small, juiceless receptacle. 210. BOOTIA. Calyx ten cleft with five nectarife- rous pits ; corolla five petalled ; seeds awnless ; affixed to a juiceless receptacle. 211. GEUM. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five petalled ; seeds with a jointed, bent awn ; receptacle columnar. 192 Class XII. Order I. ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 199. PRUNUS. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. L. Wild Cherry. Racemes erect, elongated ; leaves deciduous, oval- oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, smooth on both sides ; petioles with about four glands. Syn. CERASUS VIRGINIAN*. Mich. The wild cherry is with us a tree of middling size, although further to the south and west it attains to a magnitude of the first rate. Michaux mentions trees on the banks of the Ohio, which are from eighty to a hundred feet high, and their trunks from twelve to sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is a well known material in cabinet work, approaching mahogany in its colour and qualities. Leaves alternate, smooth, oval-oblong, acuminate, serrate, with commonly two pair of glands at the top of the petiole in front. Flowers in terminal clusters, white. Fruit small, black, somewhat bitter. The bark has a strong, bitterish, spicy taste, and has been found a useful tonic. — May, June. *PRUNUS OBOVATA. Dwarf Choke Cherry. P. racemis patentibus ; foliis obovatis, acutis, acutissime serratis, glabris. Racemes spreading ; leaves obovate, acute, very sharply serrate, smooth. Syn, PRUNUS SEROTINA. Pursh. ? nee Willd. A shrub common about fences and woods, rarely rising to the size of a small tree. The leaves are much broader than those of P. Virginiana, obovate, acute, generally obtuse at base, and sometimes hearted finely, equally, and very sharply ser- rate, serratures not glandular, glabrous on both sides except sometimes a small tuft of down in the axils of the lower veins beneath. Petioles commonly furnished with two glands near the top. Flowers white, in divergent, smooth racemes, considerably Class XII. Order I. 193 larger and a fortnight earlier than those of P. Virginiana. Fruit small, red, bitter, strong, and astringent. — May. It differs from P. Virginiana, and P. serotina of Muhlenberg and Willdenow, in its obovate and sharply serrated leaves, small size, early flowering and red fruit. PRUNUS BOREALIS. Pursh. Northern Wild Cherry. Corymbs with elongated pedicels ; leaves oval-ob- long, acuminate, slightly eroded, membranous, smooth ; fruit subovate. Syn. CERASUS BOREALIS. MX. A small tree, with very thin, delicate leaves, and small, red, astringent fruit — On Blue hills, Milton. Common in Maine, where it succeeds to pine forests, which have been cut down. — May. PRUNUS DEPRESSA. Pursh. Sand Cherry. Umbels sessile, aggregate, few flowered ; branches angular, prostrate ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; fruit ovate. Syn. CERASUS FUMILA. MX. A small, trailing shrub, spreading its branches close to the ground. — On the shores of Lake Champlain. — May. *PKUNUS LITTORALIS. Beach Plumb. P. umbellis conglomeratis, paucifloris ; pcduncu- lis calycibusque subpubescentibus ; foliis ovalibus acutis, serratis, venis subtus pubescentibus. Umbels crowded, few flowered ; peduncles and ca- lyxes somewhat pubescent ; leaves oval, acute, serrate, the veins pubescent beneath. Syn. PRUNUS SPHAEROCARPA. MX.? ncc Willd. A shrub with stout, straggling branches. Leaves scattered, crowded, oval or obovate, acute, single and doubly serrate, smooth or rugose above, slightly pubescent or tomentose be- neath. Petioles short, pubescent, and biglandular. The flowers appear before the leaves on the sides near the extremities of the 194 Class XII. Order III. last year's branches, in numerous umbels of from two to five flowers. Peduncles short, filiform, pubescent under a magnifier as well as the calyx. Corolla small, white. Fruit large, globu- lar, eatable, with the flavour of the common plum. — Always near the salt water ; abundant on Plum island. — May. — Fruit ripe in August and September. Variety «. Fruit an inch in diameter, purple, with a glaucous bloom. /3. Fruit similar but smaller. y. Fruit crimson, shining. This is our common Beach plum, much prized for its agreea- ble fruit, and deserving attempts at cultivation. I do not find it described by any author, unless possibly by Michaux under the name of P. sphaerocarpa, a name previously appropriated by Swartz to a West Indian species. From P. maritima of Pursh it appears widely different in its inflorescence, acumination, and fruit. DIGYNM. 200. CRAT^EGUS. CRATJEGUS CRUS GALLI. L. Common Thorn Bush, Thorny ; leaves obovate, snbsessile, shining, coria- ceous ; leafets of calyx lanceolate, subserrate. Ait. abr. A strong, branching, thorny shrub. Leaves inversely ovate, sharply and irregularly serrate, sometimes cleft, tough, smooth. Thorns two or three inches long, rigid, acute. Flowers white, in terminal corymbs. Calyx leaves linear. — About fences and thickets. — May, June. TR1GYNM. 201. SORBUS. SORBUS AMERICANA. JWuhl. Mountain Ash. Leaves pinnate, leafets glabrous, acute, subequally serrate, petioles glabrous. £yn. SORBUS AUCUPARIA, /3. MX. Class XII. Order IV. 195 A small tree, common in mountain woods in the northern parts of New England. It is more slender and irregular in its growth than the cultivated S. aucuparia of Europe. Leaves pinnate, smooth ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, sharply ser- rate, pale underneath. Flowers white, in terminal corymbs. — I have not seen it nearer to Boston than Wachusett hill, where it flowers the first of June. PEJVTAGYWM. 202. PYRUS. PYRUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Willd. Choke Berry. Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate, downy under neath,, the midrib glandular above ; flowers in corymbs. Syn. J\!ESPILUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Lin. Mich. JlRONIA ARBUTIFOLIA. PerS. A slender shrub. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, finely ser- rate, the midrib spotted on the upper side, with small, dark glands. Flowers white, in compound, downy corymbs. Pedun^ cles and calyx more or less downy. Petals roundish, concave. Filaments white, anthers crimson. Germ woolly, styles five, straight; stigmas capitate. Fruit with five cells and ten seeds, of the size of large whortleberries, rough, and astringent to the taste. — Low woods and thickets. — May, June. PYRUS OVALIS. Willd. Swamp Pyriis. Leaves oblong, acute, downy when young ; flowers racemed ; petals obovate ; calyx pubescent. Syn. MESPILUS CANADENSIS, a.. MX. AROHIA OVALIS. Pers. This species and the two following were considered by Mi- chaux as varieties only. But though closely allied, they differ considerably in habit. The present is a shrub of moderate size, very common in swamps, and conspicuous for its white flowers in the early part of May. Leaves oblong, serrate, acute, very downy and whitish underneath when young, but glabrous when old. Flowers in long racemes, the pedicels and germs downy, the tips of the calyx smooth. Petals oblong-obovate. Fruit dark blue, of the size of whortleberries, pleasant to the taste, ripe in June. 196 Class XII. Order IV. PYRUS BOTRYAPIUM. Willd. Wood Pyrus, Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acute, glabrous ; flow- ers racemed ; petals linear ; calyx mostly smooth. Syn. MESPILUS CANADENSIS, $? MX. MESPILUS JissoREA. MX. f. JlRONIA BOTRTAPIUM. PeTS. This is a small tree found in upland woods. Leaves ovate, sometimes cordate, finely and acutely toothed, very acute, gla- brous both sides. The racemes are shorter and more spreading than in the foregoing species with from four to seven flowers. Peduncles brownish, smooth. Calyx smooth with the segments downy within. Petals white, linear-obovate, more spreading than in P. ovalis. — Roxbury, Brookline. — May. PYRUS SANGUINEA. Pursh. Round leaved Pyrus. Leaves oval, obtuse, finely serrate, subcordate at base ; racemes few flowered ; calyx glabrous ; petals linear, obtuse. I have specimens agreeing with the above character, formerly collected in the western parts of the state, from trees of middling height.— May. 203. SPIILEA. SPIRJEA ALBA. Ehr. White Spircea. Meadow Sweet. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; flowers panicled. Syn. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLJA. Mich. A slender shrub three or four feet high, bearing large, ter- minal bunches of white flowers. Stems smooth, reddish. Leaves broad lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and thin, acutely serrate, tapering at base. Panicle terminal, composed of small flowering, branches at the top of the stem, and from the axils of the upper leaves. Flowers small, crowded. — Meadows and wet pastures. — July, August. SPIRJEA TOMENTOSA. L. Downy Spiraa. Hardhack. Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy under- neath ; flowers twice racemed. Willd. Class XII. Order V. 197 A very common shrub in pastures and low grounds, about the size of the last. Among its purple flowers the dead tops of the last year's fructification are conspicuous. Leaves nearly oval, thick, and tough, dark green above, whitish and downy under- neath. Flowers small, blue or purple, in long conical bunches on the end of the stems. — July, August. — Very astringent. POLYGYNIA. 204. ROSA. ROSA RUBIGINOSA. L. Sweet Briar. Eglantine. Fruit obovate, fruit and peduncles hispid ; prickles hooked ; leafets oval, with reddish glands beneath. Stem from three to four feet high, the younger ones reclining at top, the old ones much branched, armed with strong, hooked prickles. Leaves pinnate, with oval serrate leafets, which give out an agreeable, strong scent on being rubbed. The under sur- face in most plants is slightly glandular, though less so than in the European sweet briar. Flowers red. Fruit scarlet, somewhat obovate, bristly or smooth. — Road sides. — June. — In- troduced. ROSA MICRANTHA. Sm. Sina II flowered Sweet Briar. Fruit ovate ; fruit and peduncles somewhat hispid ; prickles hooked ; leafets ovate, acute, with reddish glands beneath. This species is more common than the last, which it resem- bles in the odour of its leaves. It is a larger bush, being fre- quently six feet high. When in flower its appearance is quite different, the flowers being white, and hardly more than half the size of the former. — Common in dry soils, road sides and pas- tures.— June. ROSA CAROLINIANA. L. Swamp Rose. Germs globular, hispid ; peduncles somewhat his- pid ; stem with stipular prickles : petioles prickly. L. This rose grows in swamps and in woods, sometimes form- ing thickets of itself. The stems vary greatly in the number and size of their prickles, even those which spring from the 198 Class XTI. Order V. same root. They are commonly of a reddish colour, and their prickles nearly straight. Leaves pinnate, with five or seven oval leafets, sharply serrate and paler on the under side. Flow- ers red, growing in a sort of corymbs. Fruit spherical, flattened at the ends. — June, July. 205. RUBUS. RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS. Li. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry. Leaves trifoliate, downy underneath, stem prickly, petioles round. L. Frequent about fences, thickets, &c. The stems are prickly, long and slender, bending over iu the form of an arch, and cov- ered with a bluish or glaucous powder, which readily rubs off. Leafets in threes, oval, loosely serrate, acuminate, green above, whitish and downy underneath, the two lateral ones nearly ses- sile. Petioles roundish, prickly. Flowers white, in terminal racemes. Fruit black, sprightly, and pleasant to the taste. — May. RUBUS STRIGOSUS. Mich. Wild Red Raspberry. Unarmed, strongly hispid, leafets in threes, or five pinnate, oval, obtuse at base, lined and white-downy . underneath, the odd one often sub-cordate. Mich. A more delicate fruit than the last, found in similar places. The stem and branches are without prickles, but covered with thick stiff bristles. Petioles hispid, bearing one or two pairs of lateral leafets and a terminal one ; the lateral leafets sessile. Flowers white, in terminal clusters with hispid peduncles. Fruit red, richly flavoured.— May. * RUBUS SETOSUS. Bristly Raspberry. R. caule erecto, reclinato, hispido ; foliis ternatis quinatisve, utrinque glabris, concoloribus. Stem erect, reclining, bristly ; leaves ternate or qui- nate, smooth and green on both sides. Stem woody, erect at base, reclining, without prickles, but thickly covered with strong bristles. Petioles semicylindrical, chanelled. Leaves ternate, a few younger ones quinate ; leafets Class XII. Order V. 199 rhomboid-lanceolate, acute at ba?e, smooth, or with the veins pubescent underneath, unequally serrate, the odd one peti- oled. Stipules long and linear. Flowers in racemes with bristly pedicels. Petals white, linear-obovate, distant. Fruit red, ripening late. — In a swamp at Sudbury. — June. Received also from Dr. Payne, Montreal. RUBUS VILLOSUS. Tall Blackberry. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. sxxviii. Pubescent, bristly and prickly ; leaves in threes or fives, leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, with the petioles prickly ; racemes naked, about twenty flowered ; petals lance-ovate. • This shrub has a tall, branching, prickly stem, more or 'less furrowed and angular. Leaves mostly in threes, on a channelled, hairy petiole. A few are solitary and some quinate. Leafets ovate, acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, covered with scattered hairs above, and with a thick, soft pubescence beneath. The terminal leafet is pedicelled, the two side ones sessile. The petiole and back of the middle rib are commonly armed with short recurved prickles. The flowers grow in erect ra- cemes, with a hairy prickly stalk. The pedicels are slender, an inch or two in length, covered with glandular pairs, and sup- ported by lanceolate bractes. Calyx divided into five ovate, concave, hairy segments, ending in an acuminate point or a lan- ceolate leafet. Petals five, white, ovate or oblong, concave, contracted into a short claw at base. Stamens very numerous with roundish anthers and slender white filaments. Germs nu- merous, covering a conic central receptacle. Styles capillary, arising from the sides of the germs, persistent. Fruit a black, shining compound berry, formed of pulpy acini attached to the receptacle, each containing a single oblong seed. — Road sides. Flowers in June. — Fruit very pleasant, ripe in August and Sep- tember.— Perennial. * RUBUS FRONDOSUS. Leafy Raspberry. R. caule aculeate, erecto ; foliis ternatis, quina- tisve, pube simplici ; racemo folioso, sub-decemflo- ro, petalis orbiculatis. 200 Class XII. Order V. Stem prickly, erect ; leaves ternate or quinate ; pu- bescence simple ; racemes leafy, about ten flowered ; petals orbicular. Stem erect, reddish, armed with straightish or slightly recurv- ed prickles. Young branches covered with simple pubescence, and ending in leafj racemes. Leaves on short peduncles, mostly ternate, the lower ones sometimes five digitate, and upper ones simple ; leafets ovate, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath, nearly glabrous above, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal one on a short stalk. Racemes leafy, having a leaf at the base of most of the pedicels, about ten flowered, the upper flowers ex- panding first. Calyx segments ovate, acuminate. Petals or- bicular, ovate, large, white. - Fruit black, agreeable. Approaches R. villosus, and has probably been confounded with it, but differs in the following marks, as well as in its habit, by which it may be distinguished at sight. 7?. villosus. R.frondosus. Pubescence glandular. Racemes nearly naked, about twenty flowered, the lower flowers opening first. Petals lance-ovate with wide intervals when expanded. Pubescence simple. Racemes leafy, about ten flow- ered, the terminal flowers opening first. Petals orbicular-ovate, much larger, and nearly in contact with each other when ex- panded. Besides the above marks, R. frondosus is smoother, leave.* more flat, and the terminal leafet on a longer stalk. — Road sides in Roxbury. — May, June. First observed by my pupil, Mr. H. Little. RUBUS TRIVIALIS. Mich. Low or running Blackberry. Dew- berry. Stems procumbent ; leafets three or five, oval, ser- rate, nearly smooth ; flower stalks mostly solitary. Syn. RUBUS PSOCUMBENS. Muhl. Stems prickly, slender, flexible, running several yards upon the ground, but seldom putting out roots, unless accidentally covered. Leaves nearly smooth, green on both sid.es. Pedun- cles long, slender, mostly undivided, furnished with minute Class XII. Order V. 201 prickles. Flowers solitary, white. Fruit large, black, sweet. — Common in barren sandy soils. — May. *RUBUS SEMPERVIRENS. Evergreen Raspberry. Rubus sarmentoso-procumbens ; caule aculeolato ; foliis ternatis, foliolis obovatis, serratis, nitidis, sempervirentibus. • Stem procumbent, covered with minute prickles, leaves ternate, obovate, serrate, shining, evergreen. A small, trailing species, found in damp woods and swamps. Stem woody, smooth, commonly covered with minute reflexed prickles, as are also the petioles. Stipules lance'olate. Leaves of the size of the strawberry, of a dark shining green, tapering and retuse at base, unequally serrate. They last through the winter and exhibit a dark or purplish appearance the ensuing spring. Flowers few, in a sort of raceme, with alternate, slen- der stalks. Calyx leaves ovate, acute, glabrous. Petals white, oblong, distinct. Berries small, black, sour. — July. RUBUS ODORATUS. L. Flowering Raspberry. Leaves simple, palmate ; stem unarmed, many leav- ed, many flowered. L. A superb, flowering shrub, commonly cultivated. I have not seen it growing wild in the immediate vicinity of Boston, though it is plentiful at the distance of thirty or forty miles to the west- ward. Leaves simple, large, mostly five lobed, serrate ; petioles and peduncles hairy. Flowers large, purple, forming a sort of corymb. Fruit dry. — Flowers in June and after. RUBUS SAXATILIS. J\lx. Stone Raspberry. Herbaceous, pubescent ; leaves ternate, leafets rhom- boidal, acute, cut-toothed, naked, the odd one petioled ; flowers about three, with elongated pedicels. The stems of this species are annual, whereas those of most ef the preceding are biennial, not flowering till the second year. About a foot high, with white flowers — On dry hills, Danvers — White mountains. — June- 26 202 Class XII. Order V. 206. DALIBARDA. DALIBARDA REPENS. Pursh. White Dalibarda, Villous ; shoots creeping; leaves simple, cordate, crenate ; peduncles one flowered. Syn. DALIBARDA VIOLAEOIDES. MX. RUBUS DALIBARDA. Willd. A creeping plant, with white flowers. Leaves on long pe- ° tioles, heart shaped, obtuse, crenate, covered with thin hairs. Peduncles as long as the petioles, terminating in a single flower. Calyx segments ovate, ciliate, somewhat toothed. Petals oval, Stamens capillary ; styles few. — Among the decayed leaves in woods. Princeton. — June. DALIBARDA FRAGARIOIDES. MX. Yellow Dalibarda, Leaves ternate, leafets wedge shaped, cut serrate, ciliate ; scapes many flowered : tube of the calyx co- nical. Considerably larger than the foregoing, with some resemblance to the strawberry. Leaves in threes, lobed and toothed, nearly smooth, ciliate. Scapes slender, furnished with a few simple or ternate, lanceolate bractes. Panicle few flowered ; pedicels elongated, slightly hairy. Germs acute at base ; calyx acute ; petals oblong, yellow. Filaments numerous, persistent after the anthers have fallen. Woods, Hanover, New Hampshire. — June. 207. FRAG ARIA. FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA. Ehr. Wild Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit spreading ; hairs of the petioles erect, of the peduncles appressed ; leaves smooth above. Willd. The common wild strawberry is a very delicious fruit, and Avhen cultivated is inferior to few imported species. The ber- ries ripen early, are of a light scarlet colour, exquisitely flavour- ed, but more soft and perishable than the other kinds. The her- bage is more smooth and even, than in other species, the pedun- Class Jill. Order V. 203 ties shorter, so that the fruit is commonly concealed under the leaves. Flowers white, appearing in May. Wild strawberries are frequently sour from the circumstance of their ripening in the shade among the high grass. 208. COMARUM. COMARUM PALUSTRE. L*. Marsh dnquefoil. A genus nearly related to the last, with only one species. Stem round, rising from one to two feet. Leafets three, five, or sev- en, oblong, serrate, whitish underneath. Flowers dark, dull pur- ple, every part permanent. Calyx ten cleft, every other seg- ment larger. Corolla of five small petals. Fruit enclosed in the flower, resembling a strawberry, but spongy and permanent. — Found in Neponset river and in Brighton. — June. — Perennial. 209. POTENTILLA. POTENTILLA FLORiBUNDA. Pursh. Bushy Potent ilia. Shrubby, erect, branching, hairy ; stipules ovate, entire ; leaves five-pinnate, leafets linear-oblong, revo- lute ; corymbs terminal, dichotomous, dense-flowered, calyx-segments subequal, as long as the petals. Stems erecfor ascending, shrubby, a foot high, covered with a deciduous, reddish bark, and with long fine hairs. Stipules at the base of the leaves and branches ovate, nerved, scarious, clasping, some bifid. Leaves pinnate, with slender, hairy peti- oles ; leafets five, in a sort pf tuft, sessile, lanceolate, revolute at the edges, hairy, paler underneath. Flowers in close, compound corymbs on the ends of the branches. Calyx hairy, its segments subequal. Petals obovate, as long as the calyx. — In low grounds, Danvers ; sent by Dr. Nichols. On comparison with specimens of P. fruticosa, it has smaller and more numerous flowers. POTENTILLA ANSERINA. L. Silver Weed. Wild Tansey. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky under- neath, stem creeping, peduncles one flowered. Sm. A handsome plant, common on the marshes at South Boston and Cambridge. Stems hairy and reddish, creeping extensively 204 Class XII. Order V. among the grass. Leaves pinnate, the large leafets alternating with small ones, green above and of a fine silvery appearance beneath. Flowers yellow, solitary, on long, axillary peduncles. — June — Perennial. — With us this is always a maritime plant. POTENTILLA ARGENTEA. L. Hoary Cmquefoil. Leaves quinate, wedge form, cut, downy under- neath, stem nearly erect. A small, humble species, frequent on Boston common and else- where in dry soils. Stems spreading, half erect, white and downy. Leaves alternate, consisting of rive wedge form or spat- ulate leafets, cut into a few lobes or large teeth at the end, white and downy underneath. Flowers numerous, on the ends of the branches, small, yellow. — From June to September. — Perennial. POTENTILLA SIMPLEX. Mich. Common Cinquefoil or Fivefinger. Erect, simple, hairy; leaves five-digitate, oblong, oval ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, one flow- ered. Mich. Root abrupt. Stem erect at base, reclining at top, rough, hairy. Leafets in fives, oval, deeply serrate, the nerves hairy underneath. Stipules cut into lanceolate lobes. The primary leaves are nearly sessile having in the axil of each a petioled leaf or two, a long filiform peduncle, and sometimes also the rudiment of a branch. Flowers yellow. Petals roundish, in- versely heart-shaped, longer than the calyx. — Pastures and woods. — May, June. — Perennial. POTENTILLA SARMENTOSA. Muhl. Running Cinquefoil. Stem sarmentose ; leaves quinate, leafets obovate, obtuse, serrate, glabrous above, hairy beneath, petals roundish, longer than the calyx. A very delicate species extremely common in dry pastures, spangling the grass with its 3'ellow flowers throughout the month of May. Root somewhat abrupt. Stems procumbent, very short, at the time of the first flowing, but extending a foot or more Class XII. Order V. 205 during the summer. Leaves quinate with hairy petioles. Leaf- ets obovate, obtuse, their upper half deeply serrated, glabrous above, paler >and hairy underneath. -Stipules hairy, acute, those of the stem about six cleft. Peduncles solitary, slender, hairy, longer than the petiole which springs from the same joint. Calyx segments hairy, acute, some of them furnished with a small tooth or two. Petals roundish, retuse, a little longer than the calyx. Anthers sagittate. During the summer a fleshy thickening often takes place in various parts of the stem, apparently caused by insects. The flowers reappear in October. Very distinct from P. simplex, though quoted by Pursh as synonymous. POTENTILLA NoRVEGicA. L. Norway Cinquefoil. Leaves ternate ; stem dichotomous ; peduncles axil- lary. L. An erect, hairy plant. Stem round, straight, forked at top. Leaves in threes, oval, cut-serrate, their petioles and veins cov- ered with long hairs. Stipules ovate, acute, somewhat toothed. Flowers numerous, axillary, and terminal, somewhat crowded. Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. — By road sides and thick- ets.— July — Perennial. POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA. L. Mountain Pofentilla. Leaves ternate, evergreen ; leafets wedge shaped, three toothed at the end ; peduncles few flowered. A suffruticose alpine plant of all our northern mountains. The lower pare of the stem is woody, prostrate, rooting, with subu- late stipules at top, below the leaves. Petioles short, slightly hairy. Leafets three, sessile, smooth, coriaceous, oblong-wedge shaped, uniformly ending in three nearly equal teeth. Flowering stalk hairy, with several small, ternale, lanceolate leafets. Flowers few, in a sort of irregular corymb. Calyx acute, the narrow segments more obtuse. Petals oblong, white, longer than the calyx. — Abundant on the summit of VVachusett. On the White mountains, Moosehillock, &c. In the college yard at Brunswick. — June. 206 Class XII. Order V. 210. BOOTIA.* BOOTIA SYLVESTRIS. . B. caule erecto,foliis inferioribus pinnatis, hirsuto- tomentosis ; floribus subcorymbosis, subsessilibus. Stem erect, lower leaves pinnate, hairy and downy ; flowers in small corymbs, nearly sessile. The whole herb is covered with hairy down. Root leaves and lower stem leaves pinnate, leafets sessile, oval, acute, doubly toothed and slightly cut, the lower ones and sometimes the inter- mediate ones smaller. Stem two feet, high, rigid, erect, round, furrowed. Stipules half ovate, acuminate, mostly entire. Upper leaves ternate or simple. Flowers terminal, in small crowded corymbs. Calyx segments downy, alternately lanceolate and ovate. Petals orbicular, white, as long as the calyx. Anthers compressed, roundish. Nectary a stellate cavity surrounding the base of the receptacle of the germs, having pits in its Jive points opposite the narrow segments of the calyx. Seeds oblong, pointed, awnless. Receptacle hairy. Found in June 1816, on the precipice behind Bellows' Falls, N. H. Also in Deerfield, Mass. I am not aware that this plant has been yet described. With some of our botanists it has passed for Geum agrimonioides of Pursh ; but it is no Geum. The peculiar nectary alone sep- arates it from Potentilla. 211. GEUM. GEUM RIVALE. L. Water Avens. Radical leaves lyrate ; stipules ovate, acute, cut ; flowers nodding, awns feathery, twisted. Sm. A fine plant conspicuous in meadows for its high, nodding, dark coloured flowers. Stem round, erect, drooping at top. Radical leaves lyrate or interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leafet large and lobed, the whole serrate and hairy. Flowers terminal, two or three on a stalk ; calyx reddish brown, closed ; * Arnicissimo, et de botanice oplime mcrito, Francisco Boott, genus catura, di- Class XII. Order V. 207 petals erect, hardly exceeding the calyx, inversely heart-shaped, veined and shaded with yellow purple. The fruit becomes erect, and is crowned with long, feathery, contorted awns. — May, June. — Perennial. GEUM VIRGINIANUM. L. Virginian Avens. Leaves trifoliate, tipper ones lanceolate ; petals shorter than the calyx ; seeds hairy, with naked awns, twisted at top. Stem erect, one or two feet high, branching, hairy. Lower leaves in threes, sometimes in fives ; the upper ones simple, oval, or lanceolate, the whole unequally serrate. Stipules large, ovate, few toothed. Flowers nodding, fruit erect. Petals white, not longer than the calyx. — Thickets. — June, July. — Perennial. GEUM ALBUM. Willd. White Avens. Pubescent, leaves of the root pinnate, of the stern ternate ; stipules cut ; flowers erect ; petals not longer than the calyx. Stem erect, hairy, branching at top. Leaves variable, those of the root and lower part of the stem pinnate, or ternate, or simple with appendages on the petiole, all of them hairy. Sti- pules large, toothed, and lobed. Flowers small. Calyx acute, hairy. Petals shorter than the calyx, entire, whitish. Seeds hairy. Awns reflected, smooth, geniculated or uncinate and hairy at tip. — About hedges. — July. — Perennial. Between this and the foregoing there are intermediate vari- eties. GEUM STRICTUM. Willd. Yellow Avens. Hairy ; leaves all interruptedly pinnate, leafets ovate, toothed, the terminal one largest ; flowers erect, pe- tals longer than the calyx. A tall, hairy species with yellow flowers. Terminal leafet large. Alternate segments of the calyx linear. Flowers yellow. — On Prospect hill, Charlestown. — June. — Perennial. In a specimen gathered in Pn-etton woods, near the White mountains, the stem leaves are trifid and the petals hardly longer than the calyx. — Perhaps a new specie*. 208 Class XIII. Order I. GEUM PECKII. Pursh. Peck's Geum. Leaves reniform, the petiole pinnately appendaged ; flowers several on a stalk ; petals twice as long as the calyx. , Root leaves large, pinnate, the lateral leafets minute, terminal one very large, renifprm, cut and toothed, glabrous, slightly cili- ate. Petioles long, ending in broad ciliate stipules. Stem round, pubescent, four or five inches high, furnished with a few small, cut, and toothed leafets, and bearing from one to five flow- ers. Calyx segments acute, the alternate ones minute and linear. Petals orbicular, yellow, twice the length of the calyx. Sta- mens numerous, slender, yellow. Styles very short. Seeds hairy. Awns erect, slightly hooked at tip. Discovered by the late Professor Peck oji the summit of the White mountains. Very distinct from Geum montanum, with which I have compared it. Pur-sh, probably from seeing bad specimens, represents it as one flowered, and with petals equal- ling the calyx. — July. Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens. Order I. MOJi^OGYNM. One style. 212. CHELIDONIUM. Calyx two leaved ; petals four; silique superior, two valved, one celled, linear ; seeds crested. 213. ACT^EA. Calyx four leaved ; petals four ; ber- ry one celled, many seeded ; seeds nearly flat. 214 CISTUS. Calyx five leaved, two of the leaves smaller ; capsule superior, three valved, opening at top. 215. HUDSONIA. Calyx three parted, tubular; pet- als five ; capsule one celled, three valved, three seeded. Class XIII. Order VI. 209 216. SARRACENIA. Calyx double ; the lower three leaved, the upper five leaved ; petals five ; stigma shield like ; capsule five celled. 217. TILIA. Calyx five parted ; petals five; cap- sule superior, coriaceous, five celled, five valved, open- ing at the base. 218. SANGUINARIA. Calyx two leaved caducous; corolla eight petalled ; capsule two valved, many seeded. 2 1 9. PODOPHYLLUM. Calyx three leaved caducous ; corolla from six to nine petalled ; berry one celled, crowned with the stigma. 220. NUPHAR. Calyx five or six leaved ; corolla many petalled, very short ; petals and stamens trun- cated, inserted in the receptacle ; stigma a disc mark- ed with prominent rays. 221. NYMPHS A. Calyx four or five leaved ; corolla many petalled, petals and stamens subacute, inserted on the germ ; stigma a tubercle surrounded with an- theroid rays. Order V. PENTJ1GYN1J1. Five styles. 222. AQUILEGIA. Calyx none ; petals five ; nec- taries five, horn shaped, alternate with the petals. Order VI. POL YG YN1A. Many styles. 223. CLEMATIS. Calyx none; petals from four to six ; seeds with tails ; receptacle capitate. 224. ATRAGENE. Calyx none ; corolla from four to six petalled ; nectaries four, spatulate, alternate with the petals ; seeds with tails. 225. THALICTRUM. Calyx none; petals four 01 five ; seeds without tails. 226. COPTIS. Calyx none ; petals five or six, ca- 27 210 CteXIII. Order I. ducous ; nectaries five or six, cucullate ; capsules five or six, stipitate, rostrate, many seeded. 227. CALTHA. Calyx none ; petals five ; netaries none, capsules many. 228. HYDROPELTIS. Calyx none ; petals six, three external shortest ; nectaries none ; capsules several, one celled, two seeded, invested with the per- manent corolla. 229. HEPATICA. Calyx three leaved ; petals from six to nine ; seeds naked. 230. ANEMONE, Calyx none ; petals from five to nine; seeds numerous. 231. TROLLIUS. Calyx none; petals from five to eight, deciduous ; nectaries from five to eight, linear ; capsules many, sessile, many seeded. 232. RANUNCULUS. Calyx five leaved ; petals from five to eight, with a pore or scale bearing honey at the base of each, inside ; seeds naked. 233. MAGNOLIA. Calyx three leaved ; petals from six to nine ; capsules two valved, clustered ; seeds pendulous. 234. LIRIODENDRON. Calyx three leaved ; petals six ; seeds ending in a scale, imbricated into a cone; POLYANDRIA. MOJYOGYJYM. 212. CHELIDON1UM. CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. L. Celandine. Peduncles umbelled. L. Found among rubbish, under fences, &,c. attaining the height of one or two feet. Leaves pinnate, spreading ; leafets lobed, Class XIII. Order I. 211 pale green, smooth, their stalks winged where they join the main petiole. Flowers yellow, in a remote umbel, proceeding from the axils of the leaves. The calyx, petals, and stamens are extremely deciduous, which occasions perplexity in exam- ining the plant. Every part of this vegetable abounds with a bright yellow, or saffron coloured juice.— May, June.— Peren- nial. 213. ACT^EA. ACT2EA RUBRA. Willd. && ActSyn. CLINOPODIUM INCANUM. L. A white looking plant, covered with soft down. Stem one or two feet high, covered with soft down, especially toward the top. Leaves oval, pointed, with a few remote serratures on the sides, soft and velvet-like, white underneath. Flowers on white, branching footstalks, in lateral and terminal whorls or heads, Bractes numerous, white, the inner ones setaceous. Corollas projecting, pale, spotted with purple. — Woods and mountains. — July, August. — Perennial. PYCNANTHEMUM ARISTATUM. Mich. Wild Basil. Whitish ; leaves lance-oval, somewhat serrate, on short petioles ; whorls and terminal head sessile ; bractes linear, awned. Mich. abr. Syn. NEPETA VIRGINICA. L. Stem erect, a foot or more in hight, downy. Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, dotted under a magnifier, the upper ones hoary with white down. Each branch has one or two downy, sessile whorls, and a terminal head. Bractes acu- minated with a sort of awn. Flowers small. Both these species have a strong, pungent taste, much like pennyroyal. — Chelsea, road side. — July, August. — Perennial. 247. VERBENA. VERBENA HASTATA. L. Common blue J^ervetin. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, the lower ones lobed ; spikes erect, filiform, panicled ; stamens four. Class XIV. Order I. 239 A tall, shewy plant, common by road sides in low ground, three or four feet high. Leaves opposite, rough, sharply serrate, tapering to a long point; the lower ones broader, with commonly a lobe on each side at base, giving them somewhat a hastate form. Spikes numerous, erect, slender. The flower- ing commences at their base, and is long in reaching their sum- mit. Flowers close, of a dark purplish hue, with four stamens. — July, September. — Perennial. VERBENA UKTICIFOLIA. L. Nettle leaved Vervain. Leaves oval, serrate, acute, petioled ; spikes diverg- ent, filiform, panicled ; stamens four. Common among rubbish, about fences and buildings. Stem erect, two or three feet in height. Leaves broad, oval or ovate, rough, undivided. Panicles of long, very slender, flexile spikes, diverging or divaricated, with distinct, somewhat remote flowers, not imbricate like the last. Flowers small, white. A weed of no beauty. — July, August. — Perennial. 248. CLINOPODIUM. CLINOPODIUM VULGARE. JL. Wild Basil. Whorls hispid ; bractes setaceous ; pedicels branch- ed ; leaves obsoletely serrate. Stem hairy, obtusely quadrangular. Leaves ovate, rather obtuse, slightly serrate and hairy. Flowers in terminal and ax- illary whorls with hairy stalks and narrow hairy involucres. Calyx nerved, hairy ; corolla purplish. — Woods, Windsor, Yt. — July. — Perennial. 249. SCUTELLARIA. SCUTELLARIA LATERiFLORA. L. Side flowering Scullcap. Leaves smooth, rough on the keel ; racemes lateral, leafy. L. Stem square, branching. Leaves on petioles of considerable length, ovate, acute, toothed, mostly smooth. Racemes on long, axillary stalks. Flowers small, blue, numerous, interspersed with small leaves. The singularity of this genus consists in the, form of the calyx, which is furnished with a ridge on the upper side, the part beyond this serving as. a lid. After the corolla 240 Class XIV. Order T. falls this lid shuts down against the opposide side, so as perfect- ly to inclose the seeds. By lateral pressure the lid opens, dis- covering the four seeds within — Meadows. — July. — Perennial. SctJTELLAIUA GALERICULATA. L. Common ScullcCtp. Leaves cordate-lanceolate, crenate, wrinkled ; flow- ers axillary. A foot high with a square, branching stem. Leaves slightly petioled. Flowers larger than in the preceding, blue, project- ing in pairs, one from each axil of the opposite leaves. Calyx closed like the foregoing. — Meadows. — July. 250. PRUNELLA. PRUNELLA VULCARIS. L. Self HeaL Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; upper lip of the calyx truncated, three awned ; stem ascend- ing. Syn. PRUNELLA PENXSTL VANICA. 1st edit. A handsome plant, native of meadows and moist pastures. Stem nine or ten inches in height, hairy. Leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate, slightly toothed, their nerves and petioles haiiy, the upper pair close to the spike and sessile. Spike short, ovate. Bractes reniform, ciliate, acuminate. Flowers ringent, purplish. Calyx two lipped, the upper lip broad and abrupt, with three straight, short bristles or awns ; the lower lip ending tn two acute teeth. Upper lip of the corolla arched, lower lip three lobed, the middle lobe fringed. — July, August. — Perennial. This plant agrees exactly with European specimens, and I am now doubtful whether P. Pennsylvanica of Willdenow be any more than a variety. 251. TRICHOSTEMA. TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMA. L. Trichostema. Stamens very long, exserted. L. An annual plant, i^emarkable for its long, arching stamen?. Stem round, somewhat four sided, hairy. Branches opposite, subdivided in a brachiate manner, their last divisions commonly. Class XIV. Order II. 241 though not always, dichotomous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, obtuse, entire. Flowers numerous, terminal. Calyx swelling, its upper lip of two short, acute teeth ; lower lip twice as long, three toothed. Corolla purple, with two long, slender stamens pro- jecting from one side and arching over to meet the other. Seeds with an indented surface. In sandy pastures and hills. — August. — Annual. 252. PHRYMA. PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA. L* Lopseed. Leaves ovate, toothed, petioled ; spikes terminal, slender ; flowers opposite. Remarkable for its slender spikes of reflexed fruit. Stem two or three feet high. Leaves large, ovate, acute, largely toothed. Spikes virgated, on long slender stalks. Flowers small, oppo- site, nearly sessile, purplish. Upper lip of the calyx with three very long, subulate teeth with the tips at length reflexed. In fruit the calyx shuts up and bends backward into close contact with the peduncle. — Chelsea beach island. — July. — Perennial. J1NG1OSPERM1J1. 253. LINN^A. LlNN^A BOREALIS. LlMMEd. Stem prostrate ; flowering branches erect, two flow- ered ; leaves roundish, crenate. Stem creeping, woody, with a brownish, pubescent bark, giv- ing off roots and branches at regular intervals. Leaves opposite, petioled, hairy with a glabrous appearance, suborbicular, acute at base, with about five obtuse teeth Peduncles filiform, cov- ered with very minute, glandular hairs, two flowered. Bractes two, linear, opposite. Flowers very fragrant, drooping, with two calyxes, one inferior, four leaved, two of the leaves mi- nute ; the other superior, five parted. Corolla campanulate, five cleft, red, tinged with white, the inside red and hairy. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Style declined. This interesting and delicate plant is common to the northern parts of both hemispheres. — Woods, Lynn. — Often met with in New Hampshire and Vermont. — June. 31 242 Class XIV. Order It. 254. MELAMPYRUM. MELAMPYRUM AMERICANUM. Mich. Cow- Wheat, Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost with a few setaceous teeth at base ; flowers axillary. Pretty common in woods. Stem erect, branching-, less than a foot in height. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, smooth, entire, with a long obtuse point, the upper ones furnished with several bristle-like teeth at base. Flowers axillary, whitish, slender, the lower lip yellow on the inside. Capsules flat, acute, pointing downward, containing four seeds. — June, July. — Annual. 255. RHINANTHUS. RHINANTHUS CRISTA GALLI. Yellow Rattle. Upper lip of the corolla vaulted ; calyx smooth ; leaves lanceolate, serrate. About a foot high, branching and smooth. Leaves opposite, cordate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Calyx large, inflat- ed, compressed, nerved and reticulated, contracted at the mouth. Corolla yellow, much longer than the calyx, the upper lip curved, the lower three cleft. In meadows, at Plymouth, Mass. abundant. — J uly. — Annual. 256. SCROPHULARIA. SCROPHULARIA MARILANDACA. L». FigWOrt, Leaves cordate, serrate, acute, rounded at base ; stem obtuse-angled. L. A tall, erect plant with flowers resembling capsules. Stem square with bluntish corners, smooth except at the joints, where there is a slight pubescence between the petioles. Leaves op- posite, ovate-oblong, obtuse at base, tapering to an acute point, serrate. Panicle erect, with opposite branches. Flowers small, somewhat globular. Calyx teeth obtuse, appressed. Corolla greenish outside, of a dark brown within, divided into five une- qual, rounded segments, the shortest of which is reflexed. Sta- mens declined. Style bending over the short segment of the Class XIV. Order II. 243 corolla. Between the two upper segments is a small, internal prominence which may be mistaken lor a fifth stamen, at the base of which the honey is situated. Capsule globular, tipped with a style. — Chelsea beach island. — August. — Perennial. 257. ANTIRRHINUM. ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA L. Toad Flax. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ; stem erect ; spikes terminal, sessile ; flowers imbricate. L. The yellow spikes of this plant are very common by road- sides, though it is not probable, that the species is indigenous. Stem one or two feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves numerous, narrow, and pointed, smooth. Branches numerous, axillary, bearing tufts of leaves. Spike long, crowded with yellow flow- ers, the corolla furnished with a long, hollow spur below. The mouth is closed with a protuberant palate from the under lip, and gapes open upon lateral pressure, a character which has given the genus the name of Snap dragon. — July, August. — Perennial. ANTIRRHINUM CANADENSE. L. Canada Snap Dragon. Leaves alternate, linear, remote, glabrous ; flowers racemed ; stem simple; scions procumbent. Willd. A slender, annual plant, seldom exceeding a foot in height. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves small, scattered, erect, linear, ob- tuse. Flowers in a loose, terminal raceme, small, blue. Upper lip of the corolla retlexed, the lower much larger, spreading-, with a white centre and three roundish, blue lobes. Spur fili- form, acute. Some leafy, procumbent scions occasionally pro* ceed from the root. — Road sides. — July, August. 258. BARTSIA. BARTSIA PALLIDA. L. Pah Bartsia* Leaves alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones subovate, slightly toothed at the end, all three nerved ; calyx teeth acute. Willd. Stem ascending, furrowed, pubescent. Leaves alternate3 scs- 244 ClassX.IV. Order II. sile, lanceolate, three or five nerved, nearly smooth. Bractes straw coloured, oblong-ovate, five nerved, with a tooth or two at the end. Flowers straw coloured. Calyx two cleft, the divisions emarginate. Corolla pubescent, its upper lip long and tapering, entire ; lower lip short, three cleft. Style longer than the stamens. — On the barren summits of the White mountans. — August. — Perennial. It also inhabits Siberia. § Subgenus, CASTILLEJA. Upper lip of the corolla very long; anthers cohering. BARTSIA COCCINEA. L. Painted Cup. Leaves alternate, linear, cut-pinnatifid with linear segments ; bractes dilated, mostly three cleft, longer than the flowers ; calyx teeth obtuse. Syn. EUCHROMA COCCINEA. Nutt. Stem reddish, pubescent, angular. Leaves alternate, sessile, pinnatifid with a few long, linear segments. Flowers in a ter- minal spike. The bractes, which constitute the chief beauty of this plant, are three or five cleft, the segments oblong, obtuse, and of a bright scarlet colour at top. Calyx tubular, two cleft, the segments truncate, slightly emarginate, yellowish, tipt with scarlet. Corolla dull yellow, tubular, with two oblong lateral pits at base ; its lower Up very short, curved, with three small ovate lobes ; upper lip straight, somewhat truncate. Stamens as long as the upper lip. Germ ovate, style filiform, projecting, incurved ; stigma capitate. — Wet meadows near Fresh pond. — June. 259. OROBANCHE. OROBANCHE UNIFLORA. L. Single flowered Broomrape. Scapes in pairs, naked, one flowered. Syn. OROBANCHE BIFLORA. Nutt. As the part of this plant which appears at sight is one flow- ered, I have preferred retaining the Linnasan name. At the top of the root is a short stem or caudex, sometimes nearly wanting and sometimes several together, clothed with a few obtuse scales, and producing each two scapes. These are simple, erect, hairy, leafless. Calyx hairy, erect, one leafed, parted halfway Class XIV. Order II. 245 down into five acute segments. Corolla tubular, striated, hairy, incurvated, of a purplish white colour, its mouth divided into five roundish segments, its tube furnished on the under side with two yellow lines which are prominent and hairy within. Sta- mens crossing. Germ oval, surrounded with a gland or flat ring at base. St}'le straight ; stigma reflexed. — Woods, Wal- tham ; parasitic ? — June, July. § Subgenus EPIFAGUS. Flowers polygamous, capsule open- ing on one side. OROBANCHE VIRGINIANA. L. Beech Drops. Stem branching ; flowers alternate, remote ; corol- las deciduous, four toothed. Syn. EIJIFAGUS AMERICANUS. Nutt. A parasitic plant, said only to be found attached to the roots of the Beech tree. Root fleshy and scaly. Stem a foot high, branched, leafless, with small ovate scales. Flowers alternate, remote, small. The fertile corollas, according to Mr. Nuttall, are deciduous in consequence of the obliquity and rapid enlarge- ment of the germ ; the barren ones larger, white striped with purple. — In Beech woods, Maine. I have not seen it near Bos- ton.— August. 260. PEDICULARIS. PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS. L. Lousewort. Stem simple, spike somewhat leafy ; helmet of the corolla with two setaceous teeth ; calyx truncated downward. L. Stem erect, under a foot in height, downy at top. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, with crenate lobes, obtuse. Spike terminal, short, crowded, leafy. Calyx cut off in an oblique direction downward. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip forming a long helmet, its point square, with a small, acute tooth on each ions mostly pinnatifid. Peduncles long, somewhat hairy, with two terminal flowers. Calyx hairy. Petals rounded^ pale purple. The whole plant has a peculiar, strong smell. — Road sides, Maiden. — Flowering most of the summer and autumn. — Annual. GERANIUM DISSECTUM. Willd. Wood Geranium. Diffuse, pubescent, leaves opposite, five parted, the lobes three cleft and cut ; peduncles two flowered, elongated ; petals emarginate, as long as the awned caylx ; beak hairy. A delicate plant with small flowers. Stem a foot high, pubes^ cent. Leaves cut almost to the base into about five segments, these again subdivided and variously cleft. Petioles hairy. Pe- duncles axillaryj forked, with four minute linear bractes at the bifurcation. Calyx hairy, awned. Petals short, pale red. Beak hairy, a part of the hairs glandular. — On Medlbrd hills, near the Andover turnpike. ; — June, July. — Annual. 278. OXALIS. OXALIS ACETOCELLA. L. Common Wood SorreL Stemless ; scape one flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaves ternate, broad-obeordate with rounded 33 258 Class XVI. Order V. lobes ; styles as long as the inner stamens ; root den- tate. Willd. Root dentate, with truncated projections. Petioles semicylin* drical. Peduncles roundish, pubescent, with two opposite, acute bractes. Segments of the calyx oblong, acute. Petals oblong, obliquely emarginate, white, striate, with purple, yellow at base. Stamens alternately long and short. Styles equal to the longer stamens. — Woods. — May, June. — Perennial. Not found about Boston, but very abundant in woods from fifty to one hundred miles to the north and west. The American plant has the petals oblong and unequally bilobate, a character which might be considered specific, did not the European plant, as I find from specimens, sometimes present the same figure. OXALIS VIOLACEA. L. Violet Wood Sorrel. Stemless ; scape umbelliferous, pedicels somewhat pubescent; flowers nodding ; leaves ternate, smooth ; tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer stamens. A handsome species with red or purplish flowers. Leaves inversely heart-shaped as in the other species. — Brooklyn, Con- necticut.— May. — Perennial. OXALIS STRICTA. L. Upright Wood Sorrel Peduncles umbelliferous ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ternate, obcordate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. L. This plant is pretty common about the borders of fields and cultivated grounds. Stem erect, varying greatly in height, ac- cording to the soil in which the plant grows. Leaves ternate, inversely heart shaped, very thin and delicate ; their common petiole long and slender, without stipules. Peduncles axillary, generally longer than the petioles, (in which respect the plant differs from that of Willdenow,) supporting small, terminal umbels of yellow flowers. Fruit beaked, erect. — Flowers all summer. Class XVI. Order VIII. 259 POLYANDRM. 279. MALVA. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Mallow. Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish, heart shaped, ob- tuse! v five lobed. Fruit stalks bent downward. L. . Small flowered Aster. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; calyx imbricated v\ ith acute scales; disc equal to the ray ; stem pubescent. A variable species with small, white flowers. — Dry fields and road sides. — July, August. — Perennial. ASTER DUMOSUS. L. Bushy Aster. Leaves linear, glabrous ; those of the branches very short ; branches panicled ; calyx cylindrical, closely imbricate. A polymorphous white Aster, with a yellow disc, which turn? brown, and the ray sometimes approaching1 to violet. ASTER DIFFUSUS. Ait. Spreading Aster. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; branch- es spreading ; calyxes imbricate, stem pubescent. Ait. A common, bushy Aster, with a profusion of white flowers. Stem branching, slightly pubescent. Branches numerous, long and slender, spreading, leafy, many flowered. Leaves lanceo- late, rough at the edge, slightly serrate in the middle ; those of the branches small, entire. Flowers small, very numerous, somewhat racemed, white. — Woods and road sides. — August. September. — Perennial. ASTER CONYZOIDES fVilld. Conyza. Aster. Leaves oblong, three nerved, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones sessile, nearly entire, the lower ones petiok'd, serrate ; stem simple, corymbed at top ; calyx cylindrical, squarose ; rays live, short. Stem mostly smooth. Lower leaves frequently obovate or spatulate. Calyx of whitish scales with green tips as in A. soli- dagiueus. Kay white. — Woods. — July, August. — Perennial. Class XIX. Order II. ASTER ACUMINATUS. MX. Acuminate Aster. Leaves broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at bottom, serrate, acuminate ; stem simple, flexuous, an- gular, panicle corymbose, divaricately dichotornous ; scales of the calyx lax, linear, shorter than the disc. Stem rough, pubescent. Leaves shortly petioled, narrowed for a great length at base, the edges furnished with remote, divergent teeth, the point long, acuminate. Corymb terminal, with a few rather large white flowers. — In old woods, New- Hampshire and Maine. — August. — Perennial. ASTER PUNICEUS. L. Red stalked Aster. Leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, rough ; branch- es panicled ; calyx lax, longer than the disc ; stem hispid. Ait. abr. A tall, handsome plant. Stem rigid, angular, flexuous, cover- ed with stiff hairs, often, but not always red, three feet high. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, tapering at both ends, acuminate, furnished with large serratures in the middle, rough on the margin and upper surface. Branches panicled, with blue flowers, rather above the middle size. Calyx leaves uniform — On the Dedharn turnpike, Roxbury, and elsewhere. — September. — Perennial. ASTER AMPLEXICAULIS. JWich. Clasping Aster. Leaves clasping, nearly perfoliate, oblong-heart shaped, not contracted below, entire ; panicle lax, few flowered. Mich. Stem erect or ascending, a little downy and rough. Leaves numerous, alternate, rough, somewhat waved on the edge, ob- long, tapering to a bluntish point, broad at base, aud clasping quite round the stem. Branches few, near the top, slender, fur- nished with several minute, clasping Icafets. Flowers erect, somewhat remote, blue. — Woods, Brighton. — September. — Pe- rennial. ASTER DivERSiFOLius. Jllich. Various leaved Ulster. Leaves downy, slightly serrate and waved, the low- Class XIX. Order II. 313 er ones oblong-heart shaped, with winged petioles, up- per ones oval lanceolate, clasping ; stem hipid, pani- cled ; branchlets leafy, one flowered, tending to one side. Syn. JISTER UNDULATUS. Jlit. This species is remarkable for the gradation of its leaves from one distinct form to another. Stem pubescent, rough. Lower leaves oblong-heart shaped, pointed, serrate, downy underneath, supported on long petioles, which are winged or dilated at the base. Middle leaves panduriform, clasping. Upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, nearly entire, clasping. Panicle lax, with slender branches, covered with small leaves. Peduncles generally, but not always, inclining one way. Flowers blue. — August, Septem- ber.— Perennial. ASTER LJEVIS. Willd. Smooth Aster. Leaves somewhat clasping, remote, oblong, entire, shining, those of the root subserrate ; branches simple, one flowered ; calyx imbricated ; the leafets somewhat wedge-shaped, acute, thickened at tip ; stem smooth, angular. A smooth plant throughout, with somewhat fleshy leaves and large purple flowers. — In wet grounds. — September, October.— Perennial. ASTER CORNIFOLIUS. Muhl. Cornel leaved Aster. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire, petioled, smooth, rough on the edge ; stem smooth, panicle few flowered ; calyxes somew hat imbricated. Willd. A pretty early species. Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves on very short petioles, narrow-oval, acute at base, acuminated at point, nearly smooth, the margin entire, rough, and slightly cili- ated, the under surface pale. Panicle few flowered. Flowers white. — Found in woods. — July, August. — Perennial. ASTER CORDIFOLIUS. L. Heart leaved Aster. Leaves heart-shaped, hairy beneath, sharply serrate : 40 314 Class XIX. Order II. petioles winged ? stem panicled, hairy ; calyxes loose- ly imbricate. Willd. Stem erect, somewhat flexuous, in some plants a little hairy, in others quite smooth. Leaves heart-shaped, with a deep si- nus, acutely serrate, acuminate, downy underneath. Petioles with a membranous edge. Panicle terminal, many flowered. Flowers small, purplish white, the disc varying from red to yel- ow. — Woods. — September. — Perennial. ASTER CORYMBOSUS. Jlit. Corymbed Ulster. Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower ones heart-shaped, petioled, naked ; stem ending in a fastigate corymb ; branches hairy ; calyxes oblong, im- bricate, its scales closely pressed. Willd. A pretty large, white, flowering plant. Stem smooth, frequent- ly of a dark reddish colour. Lower leaves heart-shaped, pe- tioled, smooth, toothed ; upper ones ovate, acuminate, subsessile. Flowers white, in a large, flat topped corymb, the branches of which are slightly pubescent. — Woods and shades, Roxbury, Brookline. — August. — Perennial. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS. Large leaved Aster. Leaves ovate, petioled, serrate ; the upper ones ovate- heart shaped, sessile ; lower ones heart shaped, petioled ; petioles somewhat margined ; stem branch- ing, diffuse j calyxes cylindrical, closely imbricate. Willd. The root leaves are uncommonly large, heart shaped, serrate and acute, rather smooth. Stem furrowed, scarcely rough. Upper leaves sessile, ovate, a little hearted at base. Scales of the calyx closely appressed. Ray pale blue. — Woods. — September. — Perennial. 324. ANTHEMIS. ANTHEMIS COTULA. L. May Weed. Receptacle conical, its scales bristle shaped ; seeds without any border ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, smooth- ish. Sm. Class XIX. Order III. 315 The road sides are full of the white blossoms of this common, annual weed, from midsummer to the end of autumn. Stem up- right, smooth, much branched. Leaves alternate, sessile, nearly smooth, divided and subdivided into linear segments. Flower stalks solitary, striated. Calyx scales narrow, slightly margined. Florets of the ray white, spreading, a dozen or more in number. Disc yellow, convex. Receptacle nearly cylindrical. The plant has a strong, peculiar smell, and reputed medicinal virtues. 325. ACHILLEA. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. Common Yarrow. Leaves bipinnatifid, hairy, their divisions linear, toothed, mucronate ; stems furrowed. Sm. Common Yarrow is a frequent inhabitant of dry pastures and fields. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy, branched at top. Leaves alternate, cut into a multitude of very small, linear subdivisions. Flowers white, forming a large, flat topped, crowded corymb. Calyx ovate. Disc convex. Florets of the ray four or five. The plant has a strong, penetrating taste and smell, and is used medicinally. — July, August. — Perennial. FRUSTRJ1NEJ1. 326. HELIANTHUS. HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS. L. Small, rough Sunflower. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, three nerved ; panicle dichotomous. L. A shewy plant, not uncommon in woods and thickets, flower- ing in August and September. Stem erect, round, smooth, gene- rally covered with glaucous powder. Leaves opposite, narrow- ovate, rounded at base, tapering to a long point, slightly serrate, three nerved, and very rough. Flowers yellow, in the wild plant but few in number, in the cultivated one numerous. Branch- es of the panicle either forked or three parted. — Perennial. This plant has an agreeable, somewhat spicy odour. 327. COREOPSIS. COREOPSIS TRICHOSPERMA. Mich. Tickseed Sunjioiver. Leaves mostly live pinnate ; leafets lanceolate ; re- 316 Class XIX. Order III. motely cut-serrate ; leafets of the outer calyx ciliate ; ray entire ; seeds wedge form. Mick abr. Stem about two feet high, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, pinnace. Leafets five or seven, distant, linear-lanceolate, ending in a long, slender point, furnished with a few deep serratures or segments, the larger ones pinnatitid. The branches and leaves are oppo- site, the upper ones alternate. Flowers large, erect, yellow. Outer calyx leaves about eight, oblong, rounded at the end and fringed with setaceous teeth at the edge. Inner calyx leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, yellowish and membranous. Florets of the ray large, entire. Florets of the disc live toothed, yellow with brownish anthers, and separated by scales longer than themselves. — On the east side ot Fresh pond. — September. 328. RUDBECKIA. RUDBECKIA LACINIATA. Willd. Common RudbecJcia, Lower leaves pinnate ; divisions three lobed, the up- per ones ovate ; stem smooth ; down crenate. A tall plant, resembling the sunflower. Stem erect, round, glabrous, six or eight feet high, branching. Leaves rough, the lower ones petioled, pinnate or pinnatitid with about five lan- ceolate, cut or toothed segments ; upper ones nearly sessile, ovate or three cleft. Calyx mostly simple of about eight ovate, acute segments. Florets of the ray large, yellow, lanceolate, drooping. Disc conical, its florets greenish yellow, with their short segments erect or incurved. Receptacle large, down pale- aceous, crenate — Wet meadows on the Newburyport turnpike. — August. — Perennial. 329. CENTAUREA. CENTAUREA NIGRA. L. Knapweed. Scales of the calyx ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe ; lower leaves lyrate-angular, upper ones ovate. Stem about two feet high, branching, angular. Lower leaves lyrate or irregularly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers pur- ple, solitary, terminal. Calyx round-ovate, the scales black, ovate, with a stiff fringe. Florets all fertile. This plant, not long since introduced from Europe, has l-e- Class XIX. Order IV. 317 come very abundant ami troublesome in Charlestown and Med- ford. — July, August. — Perennial. NESESS4H14. 330. IVA. IVA FRUTESCENS. L, High Water Shrub. Leaves lanceolate, rough, with dots, deeply serrate ; stein shrubby. Willd. A fleshy shrub, about the borders of salt marshes. Annual shoots erect, furrowed. Branches axillary, or a li'tle above the leaves. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, three nerved, some- what rough, upper ones entire. Flowers in a sort tof leafy ra- cemes, small, drooping, green, without beauty. Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated on the pistil. Order 1. MONANDRM. One stamen. 331. OLICHIS. Corolla five petalled, the upper pe- tal arcned ; lip with a spur from its base : anther ter- minal, parallel and affixed to the style. 332. NEOTTIA. Corolla five petalled ; the external petals joining round the base of the lip ; anther paral- lel to the style and affixed to it behind. 333. EPIPACTIS. Corolla erect, spreading; lip without a spur, flat, pendulous, bifid at tip ; anther re- sembling a lid, persistent. 3-34. MALAXIS. Corolla spreading, resupinate ; lip concave, spreading, ascending ; anther resembling a lid. 335. ARETHUSA. Corolla five petalled, somewhat ringent ; lip without a spur ; anther resembling a lid, persistent. 318 Class XX. Order I. 336. CYMBIDIUM. Corolla five petalled, erect or spreading ; lip concave at base, without a spur ; an- ther resembling a lid, deciduous. 337. CORALLORHIZA. Petals five, equal and con- nivent ; lip mostly prolonged at base ; style free j pollen masses four, oblique. Order II. DMNDRM. Two stamens. 388. CYPRIPEDIUM. Corolla four petalled, spread- ing ; lip inflated, hollow ; capsule three valved, one celled, many seeded. Order III. HEXdJVDRM. Six stamens. 389. ARISTOLOCHIA. Corolla monopetalous, tubu- lar, crooked, with a swelling base and unequal border : capsule inferior, six celled. GYNANDRIA. MOJYAJYDRM. 331. ORCHIS. ORCHIS BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. Willd. Fringed white Orchis. Lip lanceolate, ciliate, as long as the upper petal ; spur longer than the germ. This very delicate species resembles O. ciliaris in its habit, and would be difficult of distinction but for its colour. Spike rather short with snow white flowers. Germs slender, longer than the bractes, twisted, tapering upward. Outer petals round- ish, concave, the upper one erect, the two lateral ones reflexed. The two inner petals much smaller, linear, fringed at the end. Lip of the nectary lanceolate, fringed at the edge. Spur longer than the germ, being nearly an inch in length. — In swamps and meadows, rare.— Cambridge &c.— Perennial. Class XX. Order I. 319 ORCHIS CILIARIS. L. Fringed yellow Orchis. Lip oblong lanceolate, pinnately ciliate, twice as long as the petals ; spur longer than the germ. Less common here than at the south. It nearly resembles the preceding species in struc'ure, but the lip is somewhat larger in proportion to the petals. Flowers of a bright, orange yellow. — Found at Northborough. — July. — Perennial. ORCHIS PSYCODES. Willd. Ragged Orchis. Lip three parted, capillary, many cleft ; petals ob- tuse ; spur filiform-club shaped, as long as the germ, mild. Syn. ORCHIS LACERA. Mich. This is our most common species. Stem two feet high, smooth. Leaves oblong, smooth, tapering to a point. Flowers numerous, of a faint yeilow, in a large, terminal spike. Germs appearing like flower stalks, long and slender, arched, furrowed, and swell- ing in the middle. Petals five, the three outer ones ovate, the two inner ones oblong. Lip of of the nectary reflexed, divided into three narrow, wedge shaped segments, fringed at the end. Spur as long as the germ, curving, and thickened toward its ex- tremity.— Pastures and meadows. — July. — Perennial. OUCH is ORBICULATA. Pursh. Round leaved Orchis. Lip linear, entire, obtuse ; the three upper petals connivent, the two lateral ones spreading, oblique at base ; spur longer than the germ ; scape with two flat, orbicular leaves at base. A remarkable species with two large, round leaves spreading flat upon the ground, their form sometimes varying to ovate. Scape a foot or two high, bearing a spike of greenish flowers with long, linear lips. — In Danvers. Dr. Nichols. — In Hallowell, Maine, and Conway, New-Hampshire. — July. — Perennial. ORCHIS DILATATA. Pursh. Tall Orchis. Lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated and rounded at base ; spur as long as the lip, shorter than the germ : bractes as long as the flowers ; stem leafy. 320 Class XX. Order I. A very tall species with numerous lanceolate leaves, and green or whitish flowers without beauty. — Common on the sides of the White mountains by the margin of brooks. — July. — Perennial. ORCHIS BRACTEATA. Willd. Bracted Orchis. Lip linear, emarginate, obsoletely three toothed ; petals subconnivent, lateral ones ovate, broader; spur obtuse, scrotiform ; bractes twice as long as the flower. Root approaching to palmate ; the divisions fewer. Lower leaves somewhat obovate ; upper leaves lanceolate. Bractes linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the flower. Petals green, ovate, converging, the two lateral ones longest. Lip green, linear oblong, ending in three teeth, the middle one shortest. Spur obtuse, inflated, transparent, half as long as the lip. — Woods, Vermont &c. — June. — Perennial. ORCHIS SPECTABILIS Willd. Shewy Orchis. Lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse ; petals straight, the lateral ones longer ; spur clavate, shorter than the germ ; bractes longer than the flower ; stem leafless. A low species with large, fine flowers. Root fascicled. Leaves radical, large, oval. Stem half a foot high, very acute angled. Bractes lanceolate. Flowers few and among the largest of the genus. Petals converging, ovate-lanceolate, purple. Lip of the nectary whitish, ovate, crenate or repand, as long as the spur. Spur shorter than the germ, large, white. — Woods, Vermont and New-Hampshire. — June. ORCHIS FIMBRIATA. Mt. Fimbriated Orchis. Lip spreading, scarcely longer than the petals, fla- belliform, fimbriate, three parted, the divisions nearly equal and flat ; lateral petals fimbriate-toothed, spur filiform, club shaped, longer than the germ ; leaves lan- ceolate. A very beautiful plant. Stem two feet high, with several broad-lanceolate, smooth leaves, and ending in a large spike of purple flowers. Germs incurved, thickened in the middle. Pe- Class XX. Order I. 321 tals five, spreading-, the two inner ones fringed. Lip of the nec- tary somewhat exceeding the petals, divided into three segments? which are wedge shaped, spreading like a fan, three parted, the segments nearly equal, fringed, flat and not connivent. Upper lip entire. Spur considerably longer than the germ. — Meadows. — July. — Perennial. I have ascertained that this is the O. fimbriata of Pursh by his herbarium, and also of Wilklenow, fide Muhlenbergii. * ORCHIS GRA.NDIFLORA. Large flowering Orchis. O. labello dependcnte petalis duplo longiorey tripar- tito, laciniis cuneiformibus, inciso-fimbriatis intermedia ; maxima fimbriis conniventibus ; petalis later alibus den- tato-Jimbriatis ; cornu adscendente, clavato, genuine longiore ; foliis ovato-oblongis. Lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, three parted, the divisions wedge shaped and fimbriate, the middle one largest with connivent fimbriae; lateral pe- tals fimbriate ; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the germ ; leaves oval-oblong. This elegant plant grows to the height of two feet and up- wards. Stem thick, angular, fistulous. Lower leaves oblong- oval, obtuse ; upper ones and bractes lanceolate, acuminate. Spike oval-oblong, many flowered. Petals all contiguous, pale pur- ple, the three outer ones ovate, concave, entire ; the two inner ones ovate, unguiculate, cut or fringed on the whole of their sides, but scarcely so at the ends. Lip deeper purple, more than twice the length of the petals, being sometimes nearly an inch long, divided into three segments, the two lateral ones cu- neiform, cut and fringed to the middle or farther, the middle one twice as large, flabelliform, cut and fringed to the middle, but not emarginate, the fimbriaj on each side the middle con- verging in front of the lip. Upper lip with a notch between the two anthers. — Found at Lancaster, Leominster, Deerfield &c. Abundant in Enfold, New Hampshire. This plant is perhaps the largest and most beautiful of all the species of Orchis. The spike sometimes consists of a few large flowers, but in favorable situations it is five or six 4) 322 Class XX. Order I. inches long and three in thickness. The flowers are more than twice the size of O. ftmbriata, paler, and very different in the form of the lip, which has a very large middle segment with a part of its fringe always bent inwards. Its lower leaves also are very obtuse. It differs also from O. incisa, which is a small flowering species, and from O. fssa, with large cleft flowers, of which I have specimens from the Allegany mountains. 332. NEOTTIA. § Subgenus SPIRANTHES. Spike twisted, pollen granular. * NEOTTIA GRACILIS. Slender Neottia. N. foliis radicalibus ovatis ; scapo vaginato, Jioribus spiraliter secundis ; labello obovato, crispo. Leaves radical, ovate ; scape sheathing ; flowers in a spiral row ; lip obovate, curled. Root fascicled. Leaves radical, on short petioles, ovate, acute, nerved, caducous. Scape erect, slender, eight to twelve laches high with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Flowers white in a twisted spike. Bractes closely applied to the germ, ovate, acuminate. Germs obovate. Petals linear, crystalline, parallel, the three upper ones cohering. Lip obovate-spatulate, curled, its base swelling with the lateral petals connected before it. Anther parallel to the style. — In dry, hilly woods. — July. — Perennial. The leaves falling off frequently cause the plant to appear leafless at the time of flowering. Variety /3. secunda. Spike unilateral, hardly twisted ; flowers more slender. Perhaps a different species. — In Conway, New- Hampshire. — July. NEOTTIA CERNUA. Willd. Drooping Neottia. Ladies' Traces. Leaves lanceolate, three nerved ; stem sheathed ; flowers recurved-droopiug ; lip oblong, entire, acute. Willd. Syn. OPHRTS CERNUA. L. This plant is also distinguished, like several others of its genus, by the spiral arrangement of its flowers. Lower leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, nerved. Stem round, somewhat fleshy,, Class XX. Order I. 323 Invested with short, alternate, leafy sheaths ; pubescent at top. Spike dense, oblong. Flowers curving downward, of a dull white colour. Germs ovate. Petals pubescent. Lip of the nectary minutely crenulate, somewhat acute. — In moist ground. — August, September. — Perennial. § § Subgenus GOODYERA. Lip gibbous, undivided above ; pollen angular, (Brown,) sectile. (Reichard.) NEOTTIA PUBESCENS. Willd. Veined Neottia. Rattlesnake Plantain. Radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulated ; scape sheathed, scape and flowers pubescent ; lip ovate, acu- minate ; petals ovate. Willd. Syn. SATTRIUM REPENS. Mick. GOODYERA PUBESCENS. Nutt. A singular plant, remarkable for its dark leaves, reticulated on their upper surface with white veins. They proceed from the root or base of the scape on short petioles, are ovate, acute, entire, and generally endure the winter. Stem or scape erect, invested with a number of acute sheaths, distinctly pubescent. Spike oblong, downy. Flowers white, from all sides of the stem. Petals five, the three uppermost agglutinated, the two lateral ones spreading, concave, acuminate. Nectary swelling, inflated, with its point extended. — Woods. — July, August. — Perennial. NEOTTIA REPENS. Willd. Creeping JYeottia. Radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulated ; scape sheathed ; scape and flowers pubescent; flowers unilate- ral j lip and petals lanceolate. Syn. SATTRIUM REPENS. L. GoonrERA REPENS. Brown. A smaller plant than the preceding, and less distinctly reticu- lated.— Low woods. — July. — Perennial. 333. EPIPACTIS. EPIPACTIS CONVALLARIOIDES. Willd. Heart leaved Epipactis. Stem two leaved ; leaves opposite, heart shaped, 324 Class XX. Order I. roundish, acute ; spike few flowered ; lip oblong, ob- tusely two Jobed ; germ roundish ; root fibrous. Syn. OPHRTS COR DAT A. MX. ? LlSTERA CONVALLARI01DES. Nutt. Root fibrous. Steal erect, furrowed, furnished half way with two opposite, sessile, broad-heart shaped leaves. Flowers in a short spike, the three outer petals green, the two inner ones purplish. Lip bifid, with two appendicles at base. — In woods and near mountain brooks remote from the sea coast, particu- larly on the sides of the White mountains ; three or four inches high. — July. — Perennial. 334. MALAXIS. MALAXIS UNIFOLIA. MX. One leaved Malaxis. Leaf solitary, ovate, clasping ; scape five angled ; lip cleft at the tip. Syn. MALAXIS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES. Willd. A small plant with a single clasping leaf. Flowers in a ter- minal raceme with short, ovate, acuminate bractes. Peduncles about half an inch long, many of them abortive. Germ obovate, furrowed. Petals five, the two upper ones half heart shaped, the two inner ones filiform, the lowest deflexed and revolute at the edges. Lip erect, heart shaped, cleft at top with a tooth in its division. Column or style minute, extended in front of the lip. — Woods, rare. — June.— Perennial. MALAXIS LILIIFOLIA. W-tlld. Two leaved Malaxis. Leaves two, ovate-lanceolate ; scape triangular ; in- ner petals filiform, reflexed ; lip concave, obovate, acute at tip Leaves oval or lanceolate, radical. Scape about six inches high. Flowers in a short raceme ; the three outer petals ivhite. linear, acute ; the two inner ones capillary, j'ellowish, retiexed. Lip wedge shaped or obovate, mucronate, larger than the pe- tals.— Woods, Cambridge. — Perennial. 335. ARETHUSA. § Subgenus ARETHUSA. hip and petals adnate to the style; pollen angular. Class XX. Order I. 325 ARETHUSA BULBOSA. L. Bulbous Arethusa. Root globular ; scape sheathed ; spathe two leaved. L. The root of this beautiful plant is a tuber or solid bulb, with the stem ascending from one side. In small plants the stem ap- pears perfectly leafless, and only invested with a few alternate sheaths. In large plants the upper sheath expands into a short lanceolate leaf. This leaf is always found when the plant is in fruit. Stem erect, smooth, bearing one flower, rarely two, in- vested at base with a minute, two leaved spathe. Germ fur- rowed. Petals five, of a bright, crystalline purple, cucullate or curved forward, three exterior and two interior, all successively adnate to the style above the germ. Style wedge shaped, incurv- ed, supporting the anther near its end. Lip spreading, deflex- ed, curled and crenate, bearded in the middle, variegated with purple, yellow and white. Capsule oblong-lanceolate, six rib- bed, six valved. — Wet meadows, Brookline, West Cambridge. — May, June. § § Subgenus POGONIA. Lip sessile ; petah distinct ; pol- len farinaceous. ARETHUSA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES. L. Adders' Tongue Arethusa. Root fibrous ; scape furnished with an oval leaf, and a lanceolate spathe-like leafet. L. Syn POGONIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES. Brown. The root has no appearance of a bulb. Stem erect, with two remote leaves, one about midway of the stem, oval and sheath- Ing at base ; the other near the flower, ovate-lanceolate, much smaller. Flower pale purple, nodding, its petals spreading more than in the last species. Lip of the nectary spreading, fringed at the edge. Pistil bearing the anther near its end, and shorter than in the foregoing. — Meadows. — June. ARETHUSA VERTICILLATA. L. Whorhd ,/lrelhusa. Leaves five, oblong lanceolate, whorled ; ilower sin- gle ; the three outer petals very long and linear, the inner ones lanceolate, obtuse ; lip three lobed ; the mid- dle lobe undulated. 326 Class XX. Order I. Syn. POGONIA VERTICILLATA. BrOWU. From six to twelve inches high, with a single whorl of smooth, oval-lanceolate leaves at the top of the stem. Above this is a sin- gle flower, the three outer petals of a greenish brown, linear, and about two inches long ; inner petals short, oblong, obtuse. Lip spreading, crested in the middle, undulated, at the end. — At Medfield, and at Brooklyn, Connecticut. — July. — Perennial. 336. CYMB1DIUM. CYMBIDIUM PULCHELLUM. Siv. Tuberous Cymbidium. Leaves radical, ensiform, nerved ; scape few flower- ed ; lip erect, narrowed' at base, with an expanded border, and a concave hairy disc. Sio. Syn. LIMODORUAI TUBEROSUM. L. This fine plant is found in meadows at Cambridge, and else- where, flowering in July. Root bulbous. Stem one or two feet high, sheathed at base. The plant has only one, long, grass like sheathing leaf. The spike contains several alternate, purple flowers. Petals five, spreading. Lip of the nectary erect, in- creasing in width upward, and furnished toward the top inside with yellow, glandular hairs. Style opposite to this, concave, dilated, supporting a terminal anther. — Perennial. 337. CORALLORHIZA. CORALLORHTZA ODONTORHIZA. Nutt. Dragon's ClttW. Lip entire, ovate, obtuse, crenulate ; spur obsolete, adnate to the germ ; stem leafless. Syn. CTMBIDIUM ODONTORHIZON. Willd. A singular, erect, leafless, fleshy plant of the woods. Stem fleshy, particularly at the root, smooth, somewhat furrowed, leaf- less, with several close sheaths. Spike many flowered. Germs inversely ovate, compressed, striated. Petals five, of a brown- ish green, erect or spreading. Lip of the nectary as long as the petals, ovate, declined, a little curled at the edge, white with irregular, purple spots. — In dark, moist woods. — July, August. — Perennial. Class XX. Order II. 327 VMNDRM. 338. CYPR1PEDIUM. CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE. Ait. Ladies9 Slipper. Scape leafless, one flowered ; root leaves two, ob- long, obtuse ; lobe of the style round-rhomboidal, acu- minate, deflexcd ; petals lanceolate ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. Willd. sub. syn. Syn. CTPRIPEDIUM HUMILE. Sw. Salts!). Willd. This singular genus are readily known by their large, inflated nectary. The present species differs from the rest in having no stem leaves. The leaves are two, springing from the root, large, oval-lanceolate, plaited, downy. Flower commonly single, ter- minal, nodding. Spathe lanceolate. Petals four, spreading, green with a tinge of purple, the upper and under ones lance- ovate, the two lateral ones narrower, longer, hairy inside, slight- ly waved and twisted. Nectary a large, purple, inflated bag, veined, villous, and longer than the petals. Style over the base of the nectary, supporting two lateral anthers on the inside, and ending in a broad, roundish, deflexed, acute lobe, carinated on the inside. Capsule oblong, acute, its sides unequally curved, crowned with the style, opening at the three principal angles by a double fissure, between which the suture or frame work is included. — Woods. — May, June. — Perennial. CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM. Willd. Yellow Ladies' Slipper. Stem leafy ; lobe of the style triangular, acute ; ex- terior petals ovate-oblong, acuminate ; inner petals linear, twisted ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed. Syn. CrpRipEoiuM CALCEOLUS. MX. Stem erect, downy. Leaves alternate, clasping, oval, nerved, downy. Upper and lower petal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green, striped and spotted with dark purple ; lateral petals linear, twisted, striped and spotted, hairy inside at base. Nec- tary oblong-oval, yellow, dotted inside, its aperture round- ish with an inflexed margin. Lobe of the style triangular or deltoid, depressed in the middle with a double keel under- neath, yellow. Stigma rounded. Filaments growing- to fh« 328 Class XX. Order III. sides of the style, projecting over the anthers. — Woods, Ver- mont, New-Hampshire &c.— On the borders of a remarkable marl pond in Barnard, Vermont. — June. — Perennial. CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE. Willd. Tall Ladies' Slipper. Stem leafy ; lobe of the style elliptic-heart shaped ; outer petals broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. Syn, CrpRiFEDiuM CANADENSE. MX. A stout plant about two feet high, the stem and leaves hairy. Leaves oval lanceolate, plaited, exactly resembling those of Ve- ratrum viride. Flowers two or three, large, the lip much in- flated and variegated with stripes of purple and white. — In Au- gusta, Maine ; Woodstock, Vermont. — July. — Perennial. § Subgenus . Petals Jive, lip of the nectary acute. CYPRIPEDIUM ARIETINUM. Ait. Rani's Head. Stem leafy ; lobe of the style orbicular ; petals five, the two lower ones linear lanceolate, deflexed, the two lateral ones linear, spreading, the upper one oblong- ovate, acute ; lip as long as the petals, inversely coni- cal. Stem six or eight inches high with a few alternate, lanceolate leaves. Flower much smaller than in any of the foregoing spe- cies. Petals greenish brown, the upper one much broadest, Lip small, inflated, acute, reticulated with red and white. It has been compared in shape to a sheep's head, the lateral petals representing the horns. — In Hallowell, Maine. — May. HEX.WDRM* 339. ARISTOLOCHIA. ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA. Virginia Snake Root. Bigelow, Medical Botany, P). xlix. Leaves heart shaped, oblong, acuminate ; stem flex- uous ; peduncles radical. The root is extremely fibrous, and sends up a number of sterns^ simple or slightly branched, less than a foot in height, jointed. Class XXI. Order II. 329 flexuous, and often of a reddish tinge. Leaves alternate, on short petioles, oblong1, entire, acuminate, heart-shaped at hase &nd three nerved. The flowers grow close to the ground ; they have a stiff, leathery texture, and a dull browni$h purple colour. The peduncle has one or more leafets, and gradually enlarges into a furrowed, obovate germ. The corolla consists of a long, contorted tube, bent in the form of the letter S. swelling at its two extremities, having its throat surrounded by an elevated edge or brim, and its border expanded into a broad, irregular margin, forming an upper and under lip, which are closed in a triangular manner in the bud. Anthers twelve, growing in pairs to the sides of the fleshy style, which is situated at the bottom of the corolla, and covered by a firm, spreading, convoluted stig- ma, which extends over the anthers. Capsule obovate, six an- gled, six celled, with numerous, flat, small seed?. — Woods near New-Haven. — June. — Perennial. Class XXI. MONOGCIA. Staminiferous and pistil- iferous, or barren and fertile flowers on the same plant. Order I. MONANDRM. One stamen. 390. CHARA. Barren flowers, calyx none, corol- la none ; fertile flowers, calyx four leaved, corolla none ; stigma three cleft ; berry many seeded. 391. ZOSTERA. Spadix linear, bearing the fructifi- cation on one side ; calyx none ; corolla none ; anther sessile, parallel to the germ ; stigmas two ; capsules one seeded. Order II. D1J1NDR1J1. Two stamens. 392. LEMNA. Calyx one leafed ; corolla none ; style one ; capsule many seeded. 4,2 330 Class XXI. Order IV. Order III. TRMNDRM. Three stamens. 393. ERIOCAULON. General calyx an imbricate head ; corollas three petalled ; seed one, crowned with the corolla. 394. CAREX. Spike imbricate ; calyx glume one valved ; corolla none ; stigmas two or three ; seeds covered with a swelling tunic. 395. SPARGANIUM. Ament roundish ; calyx three leaved ; corolla none ; stigma cloven ; drupe dry? one seeded. 396. TYPHA. Ament of barren flowers cylindrical, hairy ; anthers about three on each filament. Ament of fertile flowers cylindrical ; seed one, on a feathery pedicel. 397. COMPTONIA. Aments imbricated ; in the bar- ren flowers, calyx two leaved ; corolla none ; anther two parted. In the fertile flowers, calyx six leaved ; corolla none ; styles two ; nut ovate. Order IV. TETRANDRIJ1. Four stamens. 398. URTICA. Barren flowers, calyx four leaved ; corolla none ; nectary central, cup shaped. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved; corolla none; seed one, superior, shining. 399. BCEHMERIA. Barren flowers, calyx four part- ed ; corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx of crowded scales with no corolla, and a germ between each scale ; style one ; seed one, compressed. 400. ALNUS. Barren flowers, ament composed of wedge shaped, three flowered receptacles ; corolla four parted. Fertile flowers, scales of the ament two flow- ered ; corolla none ; styles two ; seed compressed, ovate. Class XXI. Order VIII. 331 Order V. PENTANDRIA. Five stamens. 401. XANTHIUM. Barren flowers, calyx common, imbricate ; florets funnel form, five cleft ; receptacle chaffy. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved, two flow- ered ; corolla none ; drupe dry, prickly, cloven ; nu- cleus two celled. 402. AMBROSIA. Barren flowers, calyx common, one leaved ; florets funnel form, three or five cleft ; re- ceptacle naked. Fertile flowers, calyx one leaved, one flowered ; corolla none ; riut toothed, one seeded. 403. AMARANTHUS. Barren flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ; stamens three or five. Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ; styles three ; capsules one celled, opening transversely ; seed one. Order VI. HEXJiNDRIJL Six stamens. 404. ZIZANIA. Barren flowers, calyx none ; co- rolla glume two valved, awnless. Fertile flowers, calyx none ; corolla glume two valved, hooded, awn- ed ; style two parted ; seed one, invested with the co- rolla. Order VIII. POLYANDR1A. Eight or more stamens. 405. SAGITTARIA. Calyx three leaved ; corolla three petalled. Barren flowers with about twenty four stamens. Fertile ones with numerous pistils ; capsules many, swelling, one seeded. 406. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Calyx four leaved, corolla four petalled. Barren flowers with eight stamens. Fertile ones with four stigmas ; seeds four, coated. 407. ARUM. Spathe one leafed ; spadix cylindrical, naked at top, with stamens in the middle and germs at the base ; berries one celled. 332 Class XXI. Order VIII. 408. CALLA. Spathe ovate ; spadix covered with flowers; corolla none ; berry many seeded. 409. FAGUS. Barren flowers, calyx campanulate, five or six cleft ; corolla none ; stamens from eight to twelve. Fertile flowers, calyx from four to six tooth- ed, hairy ; corolla none ; germs two ; nuts two, con- tained in the coriaceous., four cleft, prickly calyx. 410. CASTANEA. Barren flowers, ament naked ; calyx none ; corolla five or six petalled ; stamens from five to twenty. Fertile flowers, calyx five or six leav- ed, muricated ; corolla none ; germs three ; styles six ; stigma pencil form ; nuts three, contained in the prick- ly calyx. 411. QUERCUS. Barren flowers, ament naked; calyx four or five cleft ; corolla none ; stamens from four to ten. Fertile flowers, calyx commonly six toothed ; corolla none ; styles from one to five ; nut coriaceous, surrounded at base by the persistent calyx. 412. JUGLANS. Barren flowers, ament imbricate; calyx scale form ; corolla six parted ; filaments about eighteen. Fertile flowers, calyx four cleft, superior; corolla four parted ; styles two ; drupe coriaceous, with a grooved nut. 413. BETULA. Barren flowers, ament imbricate, scales peltate, three flowered ; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; stamens from ten to twelve. Fertile flowers, ament imbricate ; calyx scale twp flowered ; corolla none ; seed one, winged. 414. CORYLUS. Barren flowers, calyx a scale of the ament, three cleft ; corolla none ; stamens eight. Fertile flowers, calyx two cleft, lacerated ; styles two ; nut ovate, smooth, surrounded with the persistent ca- lyx. Class XXI. Order IX. 333 415. CARPINUS. Barren flowers, calyx the scale of an ament, roundish ; corolla none ; stamens from eight to twenty. Fertile flowers, calyx the scale of an ament, oblong ; germs two with two styles on each ; not angular one celled. 416. OSTRYA. Barren flowers, ament imbricate; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; filaments branched, fer- tile flowers, ament naked ; calyx none ; corolla none ; capsules inflated, imbricated, one seeded at base. 417. PLATANUS. Aments globular. Barren flow- ers, corolla hardly visible ; anthers growing round the filament. Fertile flowers, corolla many parted ; stig- ma recurved ; seeds roundish, with a capillary down at the base. Order IX. MONADELPHM. Stamens united. 418. PINUS. Barren flowers, calyx four leaved, corolla none ; stamens many. Fertile flowers, ament a cone ; calyx scale two flowered ; corolla none ; pis- tils two ; nuts two, winged. 419. CUPRESSUS. Barren flowers, ament imbri- cate ; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; anthers four, with- out filaments. Fertile flowers, ament a cone ; calyx scale one flowered ; corolla none ; stigmas two ; nut angular. 420. THUYA. Barren flowers, calyx the scale of an ament ; corolla none ; stamens four. Fertile flowr- ers, calyx a two flowered scale of a cone ; corolla none ; pistils two ; nut one, winged. 4^1. ACALYPHA. Barren flowers, calyx three or four leaved ; corolla none ; stamens about twelve. Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ; cap- sules three grained, three celled ; seeds solitary. 334 Class XXI. Order II, MONCECIA. MOJVANDRM. 390. CHARA. CHARA VULGARIS. Common Char a, Stems and branches naked at base ; branchlets round with leafy joints ; leaves oblong-subulate ; bractes shorter than the fruit. An immersed plant growing at the bottom of muddy ponds and ditches, with a foetid smell. Stems numerous, a foot long, slen- der, brittle. Leaves about eight in a whorl, subulate, acute. Anther sessile. Germ surrounded with four leaves, and follow- ed by a many seeded berry. — July. 391. ZOSTERA. ZOSTERA MARINA ? L. Eel Grass. Sea Wrack. Pericarps sessile. Sm. The plant, usually denominated Eel grass in this section of the country, and continually thrown ashore in large quantities by the sea, is probably the Zostera of Europe. The leaves are very long, linear, obtuse, and when carefully broken, discover a multitude of fine internal filaments. The fructification said to grow on a spadix at the base of the leaves, 1 have never been able to discover. DIANDRM. 392. LEMNA. LEMNA MINOR. L. Duck Meat. Leaves sessile, nearly flat on both sides ; root soli- tary. L. This minute plant, resembling a small floating scale, 'multi- plies extensively in stagnant ponds and ditches, frequently giv- ing a green appearance to their whole surface. The leaves, which constitute most of the plant, cohere two or three togeth- er, are small, ovate, entire, smooth, and slightly convex under- Class XXI. Order III. 335 neath. Root long, solitary, undivided, terminating in a small sheath. Flowers minute, proceeding from a marginal fissure. TRL1NDR1A. 293. ER1OCAULON. ERIOCAULON PELLUCIDUM. Mich. Transparent Pipewort. Glabrous ; leaves subulate, channelled, pellucid, five nerved ; stem solitary ; head somewhat apple-shaped ; involucre hardly distinct, with obtuse scales. Mich. abr. Syn. ERIOCAULON SEPTAXGULARE ? Sm. Found in ponds, growing under water, a part of the stem only projecting above the surface, and supporting a small, flat head /of obscure flowers. The whole plant appears made up of a mnss of cells, whose reticulated appearance is very obvious, particularly in the root. The leaves grow in a tuft at the bot- tom. They are one or two inches long, narrow, tapering to a point, transparent at base, like the root. Stem erect, furnished with a sheath at base, simple, with six and sometimes seven an- gles, terminating in a small, hemispherical head of close flow- ers.— August. 394. CAREX. § Subgenus . Stigmas two. CAREX CEPHALOPHORA. Willd. Headed Sedge Grass. Spikes androgynous, aggregate in an elliptic head ; fruit ovate, compressed, bifid, margined, ciliate-serrate above. A slender sedge with a single spike or head, barren at top.— Found in woods. — June. — Perennial. CAREX STIPATA. Willd. Close spiked Sedge. Spikes androgynous, about five, oblong, aggregate ; fruit spreading, ovate, acuminate, two pointed, flat and convex, nerved ; culm triangular, rough. A stout, but not very tall species, common in wet meadows, forming tufts. Spikelets five or six, barren above, crowded into an irregular, interrupted spike. — May, June. — Perennial. 336 Class XXI. Order III. CAREX SPARGANIOIDES. Burr Reed Sedge. Spikes androgynous, many flowered, about eight, ovate, rather approximated ; fruit ovate, compressed, margined, bifid, ciliate-serrate at the edge, horizontal. A tall sedge with a long interrupted spike. — Ditches and wet grounds. — May, June. — Perennial. CAREX SCOPARIA. Brown Sedge. Spikes androgynous, about five, alternate, elliptical, obtuse, subapproximate ; fruit ovate-lanceolate, mar- gined, two pointed ; bractes oblong, mucronate. Rather below the middle size, with a few small, sessile, oval spikes or heads near together. — In moist and sometimes dry ground. — June.— Perennial. CAREX CURTA. Loose Sedge. Spikes androgynous, about six, alternate, cylindrical ; fruit ovate, flat and convex, rather acute, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute scale. Forms tufts in wet meadows. — June.> — Perennial. CAREX C.ESPITOSA. Turfy Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about three, cylin- drical, obtuse, distant, the lower one with a short ex- serted peduncle ; fruit ovate, obtuse, longer than the oblong, obtuse scale. Slender, with dense, hard, blackish spikes. Forms tufts in boggy meadows. — Common. — May. — Perennial. CAREX CRINITA. Chaffy Sedge. Barren spikes two ; fertile spikes four, distant, pe- dunculated, pendulous, cylindrical ; fruit roundish- elliptical, ventricose, short-beaked, entire at the mouth, shorter than the oblong awned scale. About three feet high, distinguished by its very long, pendu- lous, bristly spikes. — In wet swamps and ditches. — May, June. — Perennial. Class XXI, Order III. 337 CAREX STELLULATA. Gooden. Prickly Sedge. Spikes androgynous ; about three, remote; diver- gent, acuminate, entire at the mouth. Sm. Found in wet meadows. It has three or four roundish spikes with divergent fruit, resembling- small burrs. — June. — Perennial. § § Subgenus . Stigmas three. CAREX MAKGINATA. Early Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about two, approx- imated, roundish, subsessile ; fruit globular, downy, two toothed, longer than the oblong-ovate scale ; radi- cal leaves, when old, longer than the culm. A small species, three or four inches high, and the earliest grass which flowers in this vicinity. The fertile spikes are small and ovate or oblong when in flower, but globular in fruit. — Dry woods. — April. — Perennial. CAREX LUPULINA. Hop Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes three, on included peduncles, oblong, approximate ; bractes very long, fo- liaceous ; fruit ovate, ventricose, nerved, with a long, conical, two pointed beak, many times longer than the ovate, mucronate scale. Very noticeable in meadows and ditches for its large, oblong, nodding, turgid spikes of fruit. — June, July. — Perennial. CAREX FOLLICULATA. Round spiked Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spike commonly one, about six flowered, with a visible footstalk ; stigmas three ; fruit ovate, inflated, nerved, its beak with a two parted mouth ; scale ovate, shorter than the fruit. Rather smaller than the last, with commonly a single, short, subsessile, inflated, fruit-spike. — Swamps. — June. — Perennial. CAREX FLAVA. Yellow Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about three, sub- approximate, elliptical, with included peduncles ; fruit 338 Class XXI. Order III. ovate, reflexed, with a curved two-toothed beak, lon- ger than the ovate-lanceolate scale. A slender carex of the middle size, with short, oval, yellow- ish fruit-spikes. — Moist ground. — June. — Perennial. CAREX PLANTAGINEA. Broad leaved Sedge, Barren spike one ; fertile spikes four, distant ; fruit elliptical, three cornered, pedicelled, smooth, shorter than the ovate, pointed scale; root -leaves lanceolate, nerved. A low species with very broad, lanceolate, spreading leaves, — Woods, May. — Perennial. CAREX ANCEPS. Sharp edged Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes three, remote, the lower ones pedunculated ; fruit ovate, nerved, mem- branous at the mouth, longer than the oblong, mucro- nate scale. Below the middle size. Angles of the cu*m extended and almost winged. Leaves linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds. — May, June. — Perennial. CAREX FLEXUOSA. Slender Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes about four, remote, filiform on drooping stalks ; fruit distant, alternate, ob- long, beaked, bifid, twice as long as the ovate, mucro- nate scale. Syn. CAREX DEBILIS. MX. CAREX TEXUIS. Rudge. A very slender carex with flaccid spikes. — Found in wet mea- dows &c. — June. — Perennial. CAREX PSEUDO-CYPERUS. Large spiked Sedge. Barren spike one ; fertile spikes four, geminate, pe- dunculated, pendulous, cylindrical ; fruit ovate-lanceo- late, two pointed, reflexed, equal to the setaceous scale. Very large with long, stout, cylindrical, pendulous spikes, ex- Class XXI. Order III. 339 seeding in size those of any species here mentioned. — Ditches and ponds. — June, July. — Perennial. CAREX LACUSTRIS. Lake Sedge. Barren spikes four ; fertile spikes two, erect, cylin- drical, pedunculated ; fruit oblong, many nerved, beak- ed, forked, longer than the oblong, mucronate scale. A very stout carex, three feet high, with commonly four bar- ren spikes at top. Ditches and brooks, Roxbury. — May, June. — Perennial. 395. SPARGAN1UM. SFARGANIUM RAMOSUM. Sm. Burr Reed. Leaves triangular at the base, their sides concave ; common flower stalk branched ; stigma linear. Sm. Readily distinguished from other Reeds and Flags, by the round burrs or heads of flowers on its branches. The radical leaves are three sided at base, erect, at length becoming sword shaped, with rather obtuse points. Stem leaves concave and sheathing. The stem is erect, round, and smooth, with several branches. Heads of flowers alternate, sessile ; the lowermost fertile, the uppermost barren, smaller, and more numerous.— -In ditches at Cambridgeport, and elsewhere. — July. — Perennial. SPARGANIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. MX. ? Narrow Sparganium. Leaves flat, narrow-linear, longer than the stem. Specimens are found in this vicinity, which answer generally to Michaux's description, but not having seen them in deep water, I am unable to say whether the leaves are ever floating 396. TYPHA. TYPHA LATIFOLIA. L. Water Flag. Reed Mace. Leaves somewhat ensiform ; barren and fertile spikes approximated. L. The Typha latifolia is an inhabitant of a great variety of cli- mates and countries. It is common in deep waters, about the margin of rivers and ponds. Leaves erect, linear-sword shaped and very long. Stern five of six feet high, round, straight, and smooth. The fertile flowers form a large, very compact, cylin- 340 Class XXI. Order III. drical spike or ament, over and adjoining which is a spike of burren flowers. The leaves of this plant are much used in the manufacture of chairs. — July. — Perennial. TVTPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA. L. Narrow Flag. Leaves linear, channelled ; barren and fertile spikes remote, both cylindrical. In similar situations with the last. Leaves smaller. Barren and fertile spikes at different heights on the stem, separated by a short interval. — July. — Perennial. 397. COMPTONIA, COMPTONIA ASPLENIFOLIA. Ait. SlVCet Fem. Syil. LlQUlDAMBAR A SPLEN1FOLI UM. L. This handsome shrub possesses a peculiar, and somewhat spicy scent. It is pretty common on hills and in dry woods, attaining to the height of about two or three feet, the branches covered with a brownish red bark, which is hairy or downy in the young shoots. The leaves are numerous, alternate, inserted by short petioles, somewhat hairy, linear-lanceolate, having their sides cut almost to the middle rib into numerous, roundish lobes marked by parallel veins. The middle vein is prominent be- neath and hairy. At the base of each leaf is a pair of half heart- shaped, acuminate stipules, and frequently an additional pair of ovate ones below them. The barren ilowers form erect, cylindri- cal aments, which bend over as they decay. They appear in May, and occupy the extremities of the branches. Each ament is composed of brownish, hairy, concave, reniform, acuminate scales, closely imbricating each other. Each scale contains six or eight oblong', crowded anthers, supported on the inside by a minute calyx of two oblong, scarious leafets, which frequently remain on the rachis when the scale is detached, and thus es- cape observation. The fertile flowers are situated lower upon the branches, forming a crowded and almost globular ament, re- sembling a small burr. Each scale of this ament contains a ca- lyx of about six linear leaves which extend far beyond the scales so as generally to conceal them. The calyx contains an oval germ surmounted by two capillary, diverging styles. The fruit is a small, ovate, chesnut coloured, one celled nut. The leaves and fruit have a strong and somewhat fragrant scent. Class XIX. Order IV. 341 TETRsWDRUl. 398. URTICA. URTICA DIOICA. L. Large stinging Nettle. Leaves opposite, heart-haped ; clusters much branch- ed, in pairs, mostly dioecious. Sm. The sensible qualities of this plant are so convincing, that a botanical description would hardly be necessary to identify it did not some others of the genus possess similar properties. Its power of stinging resides in its minute, tubular hairs or prickles, which transmit a poisonous fluid. It grows commonly in bunch- es about the road sides. Stem erect, obtusely quadrangular, Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, toothed. Racemes axillary, in pairs, spreading, branched. Flowers small, obscure, green. — July, August. — Perennial. The plant varies in the length and base of its leaves. URTICA CANADENSIS. L. Canada Nettle* Leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, hispid on both sides ; panicles axillary, mostly gemi- nate, with divaricate branches, the lower ones barren, longer than the petioles, upper ones fertile, elongated ; stem hispid and stinging. Five or six feet high with large leaves. — On the banks of Connecticut river, in Orford, New Hampshire. — .This appears to be the plant formerly proposed by Mr. Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. URTICA PUMILA. Lt. Richiveed. Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, three nerved, serrate; lower petioles as long as the leaf; flowers monoecious; triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Willd. A weed about houses, distinguished by its stem, which is fleshy and almost transparent. Leaves smooth and shining, regu- larly toothed or serrate, very distinctly three nerved, with long petioles. Flowers in short axillary racemes or heads, repeated- ly forked and recurved. — August, September. — Annual. 342 Clas* XXI. Order V. 399. BCEHMERIA. BEHMERIA CYLiNDRicA. fVilld. Common B&limeria. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate, dentate, glabrous ; flowers dioecious ; barren spikes interrupt- ed, fertile ones cylindrical ; stem herbaceous. W'dld. Syn. URTICA crLixoRicA. L. Stem erect, round, channelled, hairy or subglabrous. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, toothed, three nerved, acuminate, Spikes axillary, simple, of many whorls, leafy at top. The bar- ren flowers, while young, appear like white buds or seeds, and consist of a four leaved calyx and four elastic stamens. Fertile flowers more numerous, with ovate germs and pubes- cent styles. — Edges of swamps, on the Concord turnpike.— July. — -Perennial. 400. ALNUS. ALNUS SERRULATA. Willd. Common Alder. Leaves obovate, acuminate, the veins and their ax- ils hairy underneath ; stipules elliptical, obtuse. Willd. Syn. BETULA SERRULATE. Mt. The Alder grows in wet grounds, and forms large thickets in swamps and about the edges of streams and ponds. Considered as a tree it ranks with those of the smallest size. Its leaves are oval or inversely ovate, serrate, acute, or slightly acuminate, furnished underneath with prominent, parellel, hairy veins. Barren aments pendulous, each scale containing about three flowers which have four petals and four stamens. Fertile ones short, rigid, forming a persistent cone. — March, April. 401. XANTHIUM. XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM. -L. Sea Burdock. Stem unarmed ; leaves heart-shaped, three nerved. L. A very rough plant, growing at the edges of beaches, &c. near the salt water. Stem erect, spotted, bristly. Leaves hard and rough like a file, heart-shaped, serrate, on 'long petioles. Class XXI. Order V. 343 The fruit is an oval burr, or nut of two cells, covered with stiff thorns, and ending in a pair of strong points, like horns. — Au- gust. 402. AMBROSIA. AMBROSIA ELATIOR. L. Tall Ambrosia. Roman Wormwood: Leaves twice pinnatifid, smoothish, petioles ciliated; racemes t( rminal, panicled ; stem wand like. Willd. A troublesome weed in cultivated grounds, hardly entitled to the character which its name might imply. Stem erect, branch- ing-, from one to three feet high. Leaves bipinnatifid, the upper ones pinnatind, with parallel segments gradually decreasing in length toward the point. Barren flowers nodding, small, in ter- minal racemes. Fertile flowers lower down, sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. — August, September. — Annual. AMBROSIA TRIFIDA. L. Giant Ambrosia, Hairy, rough ; leaves three lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit with six spines below the lip. Much larger in all its parts than the preceding, and sometimes six or seven feet high. — On the banks of Connecticut river, Northampton. — August. — Annual. 403. AMARANTHUS. AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS. L. Hybrid Amaranth. Racemes pentandrous, decompound, crowded, erect ; leaves ovate -lanceolate. Willd. This is a common weed in waste and cultivated ground*. Stem erect, furrowed, somewhat hairy. Leaves alternate, on long- petioles, green, ovate, mostly entire, mucronatcd, the low- er ones retuse at the end. The flowers are crowded, small, and obscure, forming large, green clusters, axillary and terminal, which turn to a dull red as the plant grows old. — Annual. AMARANTHUS BLITUAI. Willd. Low Amaranth. Racemes triandrous, somewhat spiked ; flowers three leaved ; leaves ovate, retuse ; stem spreading. 344 Class XXI. Order VI. Found in the same places as the last. A smaller plant, spread- ing or prostrate. — July. UEXANDRIA. 404. Z1ZANIA. ZIZANIA AQ.UATICA, Ph. Canada Rice. Water Oats. Panicle pyramidal, the lower branches divaricate and barren, the upper ones spiked and fertile ; pedi- cels clavate ; flowers long awned ; seed linear. Sljn. ZlZANIA CLAVULOSA. MX. This interesting plant grows in deep water at the edges of ponds and sluggish streams. It resembles, at a distance, slender shoots of Indian corn, but often grows to the height of five or six feet from the bottom. Culm jointed, as large as the little fino-er. Leaves broad-linear. Panicle a foot or more in length, o the lower branches with spreading, barren flowers, the upper with appressed, erect, fertile ones. The seeds are blackish, smooth, narrow, cylindrical, about three quarters of an inch long, deciduous ; within they are white and farinaceous. — In a brook near the Punch bowl, Brookline ; in the brook which divides Cambridge from West Cambridge. — July, August. The Zizania will probably at some day be an object of culti- vation, since it afibrds a means of rendering useful large tracts of inundated ground, and stagnant water. Horses appear to be fond of it, and no plant, now employed as forage, offers a larger crop. The grain afforded by this plant has the qualities of rice, and is yielded in large quantity. It is however very deciduous, and on this account difficult to collect, since the seeds drop into the water almost as soon as they are ripe. The Indians collect them for food on the lakes, by pushing their canoes among them, and beating the rice into the boat, while the plant is standing. PQLYANDRM. 405. SAG ITT ARIA. SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA. L. Arrow Head. Leaves sagittate, acute. L. Common in meadows, by the sides of brooks and ditches, put- ting out its white flowers in July and August. The root is Class XXI. Order VIII. 345 fleshy, and has been used as food in times of scarcity. The leaves are radical, large, smooth, and entire, very distinctly ar- row shaped, with an acute point and lobes. Scape somewhat triangular, bearing whorls of three flowers each, on simple foot- stalks. Petals three, roundish, very thin and deciduous, and difficult to preserve. Stamens in the upper flowers ; pistils in the lower. Fruit in globular heads. — Perennial. SAGITTARIA ACUTIFOLIA. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, sheathing at base, con- vex on the back ; scape few flowered ; bractes dilated, acuminate. Root fibrous, its branches white and reticulated, by numerous transverse partitions. There is generally a tuber among these. Leaves very small, linear-lanceolate, fleshy, concave. Petioles six times as long, smooth, round, sheathing at the base. Scape erect, round, simple, bearing its flowers in whorls of about three together. Flowers monoecious petioled, with membranous brac- tes. Calyx leaves concave, obtuse. Petals roundish, white. Anthers short, roundish. Germs numerous, ending in small de- pressed heads of acute seeds. — Edges of Fresh pond. — August. — Perennial. 406. MYRIOPHYLLUM. MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM. L. Spiked Water Millfoil. Leaves all pinnate, capillary ; spike terminal, whorl- ed, naked. Willd. This plant grows in deep ponds and rivers, where it is fre- quently drawn up by the lines of anglers. Stems long, smooth, floating. Leaves in whorls of four or five" together, finely divid- ed or pectinate, always under water. The flowering spikes, which are the only part that emerges, are solitary, bearing their flowers in small sessile whorls. Bractes three to each flower, ovate, acute, the middle one much largest. Calyx leaves short, acute. Petals oblong, obtuse, brownish green, caducous, — July, August. — Perennial, 44 346 Class XXI. Order VIII. * MYRIOPHYLLUM TENELLUM. Slender Water Mill/oil, M. erectum, aphyllum ; bracteis ii,tegris, obtusis ; petalis linearibus conduplicaiis et revolutis. Erect, leafless ; bractes entire, obtuse ; petals linear, condu plicate and revolute. Stem simple, erect, four to twelve inches high, round, smooth, leafless. Flowers alternate, sessile, with oblong-obovate, obtuse, concave bractes, twice as long as the flower. Calyx leaves very short, acute. Petals white, oblong-linear, obtuse, three times as long as the calyx, doubled backward and afterward revolute. Stamens in the upper flowers, erect, as long as the petals; an- thers oblong. Germs in the lower flowers, four, adnate ; stig- mas four, persistent, recurved, pubescent, becoming feathery. Capsules four, growing together. — In the edge of Fresh pond, also at Tewksbury. It is sometimes quite out of water and is then very small. — July. — Perennial. — Root creeping. * MYRIOPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS. Dwarf Myriophyllum. M. caule procumbente ; foliis pinnatifidis, subsexfi- dis ; floribus axillaribus, solitariis, sessilibus. Stem procumbent ; leaves pinnatifid, about six cleft ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Stem slender, round, flexuous, rooting, branched. Leaves al- ternate, pinnatifid, with five or six narrow, fleshy segments ; the lower ones sometimes linear. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx segments four, oblong, concave. Anthers four, oblong. Germs four, oblong, tapering, upward ; stigmas curving outward- ly.—July. This minute plant grows upon the mud about ponds, and was first sent to me from Danvers by Dr. Nichols. A specimen which Mr. Boott received from the herbarium of Michaux, marked " M. scabratum" resembled this nearly, except in be- ing somewhat larger. Mr. Nuttall's M. limosum is perhaps a va- riety. Class XXI. Order VIII. 347 407. ARUM. ARUM TRIPHYLLUM. L. Dragon Root. Indian Turnip. Stemless ; leaves trifoliate ; leatets oval, entire. Mich. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. iv. A singular and not inelegant plant, native of our swamps and wet woods. The root is round and flattened, its upper part tu- nicated like the onion, its lower and larger portion tuberous and fleshy, giving off numerous, long, white radicles in a circle from its upper edge. It is covered on the under side with a dark, loose, wrinkled skin. Leaves usually one or two, on long, sheath- ing footstalks, composed of three oval, mostly entire, acuminate Icafets, which are smooth, paler on the under side, and becoming glaucous as the plant grows older, the two lateral ones somewhat rhomboidal. Scape erect, round, grfen or variegated with pur- ple, invested at base by the petioles, and by acute sheaths. This supports a large, ovate, acuminate spathe, convoluted into a tube at bottom, but flattened and bent over at the top, like a hood. Its internal colour is exceedingly various, even in plants growing together. In some it is wholly green, in others, dark purple or black. In most, it is variegated, with pale greenish stripes on a dark ground. The spadix is much shorter than the spathe, club shaped, rounded at the end, green, purple, black or variegated, suddenly contracted into a narrow neck at base, and surrounded below by the stamens or germs. In the barren plants its base is covered with conical, fleshy fila- ments, bearing from two to four circular anthers each. In the fertile plants it is invested with roundish, crowded germs, each tipped with a stigma. Plants which are perfectly monoecious, and which are the least common, have stamens below the germs. There are also frequently found irregular reniform substances, much larger than the anthers, of which they seem to be a disease. The upper part of the spadix withers with the spathe, while the germs grow into a large, compact bunch of shining scarlet berries. Every part of the Arum, and especially the root, is violently acrid, and almost caustic. Applied to the tongue, or to any se- creting surface, it produces an effect like Cayenne pepper, but 348 Class XXI. Order VIII. far more powerful, so much so, as to leave a permanent soreness of many hours' continuance. This acrimony is of a volatile na- ture and disappears upon boiling or drying. It consists of an in- flammable substance, volatile at low temperatures, and not com- bining with water, or alcohol. — May. — Perennial. 408. CALLA. CALLA PALUSTRIS. L. Northern Calla. Leaves heart shaped ; spathe flat ; spadix covered with perfect flowers. A handsome aquatic plant. Root as large as the finger, joint- ed, creeping. Leaves on long stalks, smooth, entire, heart shaped, acuminate with an involute point. Scape smooth, a little compressed. Spathe oval, spreading, recurved, clasping at base, ending in a cylindrical or involute point ; green on the outside, white within. Spadix oblong-oval, covered with flow- ers which present the appearance of large, crowded, greenish germs, surrounded with white stamens. The root is acrid like that of Arum, but the pungency disap- pears in drying. Linnaeus says the Laplanders use it for bread. CALLA VIRGINICA. Mich. Virginian Calla. Leaves sagittate-hastate, with obtuse lobes ; spathe elongated, incurved. Mich. Syn. J!RUM VIKGINICUM. L. The leaves of this plant may be mistaken at sight for those of Sagittaria, from which they differ in their shorter and more ob- tuse lobes, and the different distribution of their nerves. They are radical, numerous, large and smooth, with semicylindrical petioles. Spathe erect, green, fleshy, cylindrical, acuminate, and waved at its edge. Spadix shorter than the spathe, tapering to a point, and covered with flowers. Anthers oblong-hexagonal, covering the upper part of the spadix. Germs below, roundish, tipt with the stigma. — Borders of ponds. — June, Julj'. 409. FAGUS. FACUS FERRUGINEA. Jlit. , Beech Tree. Leaves ovate, acuminate, downy underneath, with large teeth, ciliate at the margin. Willd. Class XXI. Order VIII. 349 The Beech tree is known in winter by its smooth bark, its narrow, acute buds, and marcescent leaves. The leaves arc ovate, fringed with fine hairs at the edge, furnished with paral- lel veins like those of the Chesnut, and with indentations of mod- erate depth at the edge. Calyx investing the fruit somewhat ovate, muricated, with soft, short prickles. IVut triangular. The wood of the beech is not accounted very durable, when exposed to the vicissitudes of weather. 410. CASTANEA. CASTANEA VESCA. Willd. Chesnut Tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate- serrate, naked underneath. W'dld. A very large and majestic tree. The bark of the trunk is coarsely divided by longitudinal fissures. Leaves half a foot long, lanceolate, smooth on both sides, with simple, prominent, parallel veins ending in largo, pointed teeth at the margin, which are separated by obtuse indentations. Aments as long as the leaves, yellowish. The calyx investing the fruit forms a large, globular burr, with acute, compound, crowded spines. Nuts two or three, their upper part villous. The American Chesnut tree is generally considered a variety of the European. Its wood is coarse grained, but light and du- rable. It is principally employed in fencing, for which use it furnishes one of the best materials. 411. QUERCUS. QUERCUS ALBA. L. White Oak. Leaves somewhat equally pinnatifid, their segments oblong, obtuse, mostly entire ; cup bowl-shaped, rough with tubercles ; acorn ovate. Mich. abr. The white oak has long been recognised among us as one of the most valuable productions of our forests. Its name is derived from the whiteness of the bark, a character by which it may be distinguished at any season of the year. The leaves are divid- ed at their sides into a number of oblong, rounded lobes, which are perfectly obtuse or entire, not terminating in points or bris- tles. They are acute at base, their under side pale or glaucous, 350 Class XXI. Order VIII. and, when young, pubescent. The acorns are pretty large, ovate, contained in the enlarged calyx, which forms a cup of a hemispherical form, scaly and uneven on the outside. The wood of the white oak is superior to any species in the northern states for strength and durability. Its timber is much used in ship building, in frames, in mills, in waggons, ploughs, &c. and for the staves and hoops of casks. The great consump- tion of it for these purposes, has rendered it comparatively scarce, so that poorer species are often substituted in the work shops of mechanics. QUERCUS BICOLOR. Willd. Swamp White Oak. Leaves oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, largely toothed, entire at base, the teeth unequal and dilated ; fruit on long peduncles. Mich.f. sub. syn. Syn. QUERCUS PRINUS TOMENTOSA. Mich. QUERCUS PRINUS DISCOLOR. Mich. f. This species grows exclusively in swamps and low grounds. It is often brought to market as fuel, and is easily distinguished by its bark, which separates into large, flat scales or plates. The leaves are inversely ovate or wedge shaped, not sinuated, but bordered with a serpentine line, producing large, obtuse teeth. They are smooth above, but white and downy underneath. The acorns grow in pairs or single, on long stalks. They are large, oval, with a rather small, hemispherical cup. The wood of the swamp oak is strong, heavy, and flexible, easy to split, and in point of durability approaches the white oak. QUERCUS TINCTORIA. Bartram. Black Oak. Leaves slightly lobed, the lobes angular ; cup some- what saucer shaped, acorn depressed-globular. Mich, sub. v. angulosa. The black oak grows to a large size, and is uniformly charac- terized by the rough, and very dark coloured outer bark of its trunk. The leaves have their sides divided into a number of large, broad, but rather short lobes, furnished with a few mucro- nated teeth and angles. Their base is obtuse, and their under surface, while yeung, is slightly pubescent, or glandular. The Class XXI. Order VIII. 351 of the fruit is thick, somewhat turbinated and not deep. Acorn short and round, with its summit depressed. The bark of this oak furnishes the Quercitron used in dying. It is also one of the best species used in the tanning- of leather. The wood is much inferior to that of the white oak, but is often used as a cheaper substitute. QUERCUS COCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, glabrous, the lobes toothed, acute ; cup very scaly ; acorn short, ovate. Mich.f. A large species of oak. The leaves are divided into long, acute lobes, by very deep and la.-ge sinuses ; the lobes ending in narrow teeth, which are mucronated with long, bristle shaped points. Both sides of the leaves are of a bright, shining green. The acorn is short and ovate, contained in a cup with prominent scales, and tapering at base. The wood of this species, as well as of the next, is more open and porous, also less durable, than that of the white oak. QUERCUS RUBRA. L. Red Oak. Leaves on long petioles, glabrous, obtusely sinuate ; cup saucer shaped, nearly smooth ; acorn nearly ovate. Mich. f. The red oak is one of the largest of its genus. Its leaves are smooth and shining on both sides, divided into narrow lobes, which end in mucronated teeth, and are separated by wide and rounded sinuses. The acorns are very large, and contained in a remarkably flat, superficial cup, the scales of which are so com- pact as to produce a comparatively smooth surface. The foregoing species constitute a considerable portion of the growth in the common woodlands of this vicinity. Their bark is the chief material used in tanning, and is occasionally applied in medicine to the purposes of an astringent and antiseptic. Next to walnut, their wood is esteemed the best fuel, and large quantities are consumed in town, brought from the south shore, the Middlesex canal, and the adjacent country. 352 Class XXI. Order VIII. QUEKCUS MONTANA. Willd. Rock Ckesnut Oak. Leaves obovate, acute with large, nearly equal teeth ; cup turbinate, rough, acorn oblong. Syn. QUERCUS PRINUS MONTICOLA. MX. This species has more entire leaves than the others here de- scribed, being not sinuate, but edged with large, numerous, roundish teeth. Its wood resembles that of the White oak in strength, and its bark is in much request for tanning. — On rocky hills in Hampshire county. Not observed in the immediate •vicinity of Boston. QUERCUS ILICIFOLTA. Willd. Shrub Oak or Scrub Oak. Leaves on long petioles, with five acute lobes, entire at the margin, ash coloured on the underside ; cup somewhat top shaped ; acorn roundish. Midi. f. sub. syn. Syn. QUERCUS BANISTERI. Mich et f. The leaves of the shrub oak are small, commonly divided into five, and sometimes three acute lobes, terminated by a bristle. They are of a pale colour underneath, and downy on the same side when young. The acorns are small, short, dark coloured and striated. The shrub oak grows on dry hills and barren plains, and is commonly considered an indication of a sterile soil. On account of its small size, it is rarely appropriated to any important use. 412. JUGLANS. JUGLANS ClNEREA. Bllttemut, OiltlUt. Bigelow, Medical Botany, Fl. xxxii. Leafets numerous, oblong lanceolate, rounded at base, downy underneath, serrate. Fruit oblong-ovate with a terminal projection, viscid and hairy ; nut ob- long, acuminate, with a rough, indented and ragged surface. The leaves of the Butternut, when fully grown, are very long, consisting of fifteen or seventeen leafets, each of which is two or three inches in length, rounded at base, acuminate, finely ser- rate and downy. The flowers appear in May, before the leaves Class XXI. Order VIII. 353 are expanded to their full size. The barren flowers hang in large aments from the sides of the last year's shoots, near their extremities. The scales which compose them are oblong; and deeply cleft on each side into about three teeth or segments. The anthers are about eight or ten in number, oblong and near- ly sessile. The fertile flowers grow in a short spike at the end of the new shoot. They are sessile, pubescent, and viscid. When fully grown, they seem to consist of a large oblong germ and a forked feathery style. The top of the germ presents an obscurely four toothed calyx. Within this is a corolla of four narrow lanceolate petals, growing to the sides of the style. The style divides into two large, diverging, feathery stigmas nearly as long as the germ. These flowers are somewhat later than the aments in their appearance. The fruit is sessile, several together on the sides and extremity of a long peduncle. It is of a green colour, brown when ripe, oblong-oval, pointed, hairy and extremely viscid. It contains a nut which is of a dark co- lour, carinated on both sides, sharp pointed, its whole surface roughened by deep indentures and sharp prominences. The kernel is more regular than in most nuts of its kind, is very oily, pleasant to the taste when fresh, but acquires a rancid taste by age. The wood is lighter and weaker than that of the Hickories, but is said to be durable. The sap affords sugar, and an extract made from the bark is in great estimation as a laxative medicine. § Subgenus CARYA. Aments in threes, with three parted scales, nnd no corolla. Pericarp four valved. Hickory. JUGLANS ALBA. fVilld. White IVulnut. Common Hickory. Leafets seven, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent and rough underneath, the odd one sessile ; fruit somewhat four angled, smooth. Willd. Syn. JUGLANS TOMENTOSA. Mich, et f. The trunk of this walnut, in young trees, is covered with a smooth bark ; in old trees the bark becomes cracked, rugged, and thick, but never scaly. The buds in winter are large, hard, . and of a greyish white. The leaves are pinnate, with seven or nine large leafets, which are serrate and acuminate, nearly se<5- 45 354 Class XXI. Order VIII. sile, their under side and common stalk hairy. The barren flowers are in long, pendulous, downy aments, connected three together, with a pair of acuminate bractes, connate on one side, at their junction ; calyx scales three parted, the middle segment acute, the lateral ones obtuse or toothed ; anthers oval brownish, from six to eight. Fertile flowers on the ends of the branches ; calyx of four acute, downy leaves. The nut is hard, thick shelled, commonly with four prominent angles, the kernel toler- ably good, the green shell rather thick, opening two thirds of its length in autumn, when the fruit is ripe. JUGLANS GLABRA. J[JuM. Pig Nllt. Hog Nut. Leafets seven, ovate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous on both sides, with resinous dots underneath, the odd one sessile ; fruit and nut oblong or obeordate. Syn. JUGLANS PORCINA- Mick. f. This species of walnut has its young twigs in winter, accord- ing to the observation of Michaux, of a brown colour, and smaller by half than those of the white walnut and shagbark. The buds are also small. The leaves are pinnate, with seven, sometimes five, nearly sessile, serrate, acuminate leafets, smooth on both sides, not hairy. Aments in threes, long, and pedulous. Nut small, thick shelled, hard, smooth; the outer, green shell thin, frequently pear shaped or tapering at base, its quarters separat- ing half way down when the fruit is ripe. JUGLANS S^UAMOSA- Mich. f. Shelbark. Shagbark. Leafets five, on long petioles, ovate-acuminate, ser- rate, villous underneath, the odd one sessile ; aments of barren flowers compound, glabrous, filiform,' fruit globular, depressed ; nut compressed. Mich. f. abr. Syn. JUGLANS COMPXESSA, Gcert. Willd. The bark of this tree separates into long, flat scales or plates, with loose, detached ends, giving its trunk a rugged appearance at a distance. Michaux observes that the buds are distinguished by the shortness of the two outer scales, which extend but half their length. The leaves are pinnate; leafets five or seven, large, oblong, acuminate, pubescent and soft underneath. The Class XXI. Order VIII. 355 fruit is large, roundish, depressed at top, the green shell exceed- ingly thick, and separating completely into quarters. The nut, which constitutes but a small part of the whole fruit, is white, angular, flattened, thin shelled, its kernel greatly superior to either of the preceding, and in considerable request. The wood of the three foregoing species of walnut possesses similar properties. It is hard, compact, heavy, and of very great strength. At the same time it is liable to warp and decay, espe- cially if exposed to the weather. It is principally used for pur- poses where strength is required, as in hoops, bows, the handles of tools, &c. It furnishes one of the best kinds of fuel known, and commands a higher price in our markets than any other species of wood. 413. BETULA. BETULA PAPYRACEA. MX. f. Canoe Birch. Leaves oval, acuminate, subequally serrate ; petioles glabrous ; veins hairy beneath. Mx.f. This tree, which is called also Large white birch and Paper birch, affords a great portion of the eastern wood consumed as fu- el in this city. It is abundant in the northern and eastern parts of New England. Leaves ovate, much less acuminate than those of the following species. Fertile aments nodding. The trunk is covered with a tough, white cuticle of many layers, from, which the Indians manufacture their canoes. The wood is hard, close grained, and used in furniture. BETULA POPULIFOLIA. Jiit. Common White Birch. Leaves extensively acuminate, unequally serrate, glabrous. Mich.f. The name of white birch is indiscriminately applied to this species, and to Betula papyracea. The present species is com- mon here in swamps, and multiplies very fast in moist lands that are not properly cleared. Like the paper birch, its trunk is covered with a white, smooth, outer bark, separable into thin layers, and very inflammable. Its young twigs are flexible, of a dark brown, spotted with white. The leaves are heart-shaped, tapering to a long point, glutinous, smooth on both sides. The flowers, both barren and fertile, are in long, pendulous aments. 356 Class XXI. Order VIII. The wood is white, soft, and very perishable, decaying sooner than the bark. BETULA NANA. L. Dwarf Birch., Low, smooth ; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticulated underneath ; scales of the ameut deeply three parted, seeds orbicular, nearly wingless. A very small, alpine species, found on the summit of the White mountains. BETULA LENTA. L. Black Birch. Mahogany Birch, Leaves heart-ovate, acutely serrate, acuminate, gla- brous. Mich.f. Syn. BETULA CABPINIFOLIA. Mich, This fine tree, sometimes also denominated Sweet birch, and Cherry birch, is well known for its fragrant and aromatic bark. Its young twigs are dark coloured, and spotted with white. Its leaves are smooth, ovate, heart-shaped at base, ending in a long point, with very acute, double serratures at the edge, and dis- tinct, parallel veins underneath. The barren aments are pendu- lous; scales of the calyx three cleft; corolla three petalled; anthers many ; the fertile ones straight. The wood of the black birch possesses many valuable qual- ities. It is compact, smooth, of a reddish colour, very strong, and not liable to warp and crack. It is considerably used in cabinet work, particularly for bedsteads. BETULA EXCELSA. Ait. Yellow Birch. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; petioles pubescent, Mx.f. sub. syn. Syn. BETVLA LUTE A. Mx.f. Common in the eastern parts of New England, and brought to Boston for fuel. It has considerable resemblance to B. lenta, but the cuticle has a yellowish colour. Fertile aments ovate, erect, Bark slightly fragrant. Wood valuable. 414. CORYLUS. CORYLUS AMERICANA. Walt. Common Hazel. Calyx of the fruit rounded and bell shaped, larger Class XXI. Order VIII. 357 than the nut, its border dilated, tooth-serrate ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, acuminate. Willd. The common hazel nut is a slender shrub, usually growing in bunches about the borders of fields. The barren flowers grow in long, pendulous aments ; the scales of the calyx ciliated with the middle portion acuminated. Anthers about eight. The fer- tile flowers grow in a sort of buds, on a different part of the branch. The nuts, which are nearly equal in quality to the Eu- ropean, grow in large bunches, each one invested with a large, hairy calyx, extending considerably beyond the nut. — April. CORYLUS ROSTRATA. Jilt. Beaked Hazel. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; stipules linear- lanceolate ; calyx of the fruit campanulate-tubular, longer than the nut, two parted, with toothed segments. A smaller shrub than the foregoing. Leaves ovate or obovaie, somewhat hearted, unequally and sharply serrate, downy under- neath. Calyx inclosing the nut, densely hispid, round at base, contracted like a bottle into a long, narrow neck which is cut and toothed at the extremity. — Sudbury. — May. 415. CARPINUS. CARPI NUS AMERICANA. Willd. Hornbeam. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate ; calyx of the fruit three parted, the middle segment ob- lique, toothed on one side. A small tree with sharply serrated leaves. Barren and fertile aments small. The fruit is a leafy spike formed from the enlarged ament, having alternate pairs of calyx leaves, which are large, oblique, auriculate at base, toothed on the lower, and entire on the upper side. Seed or nut naked, dark coloured, heart shaped, acute, ribbed. — Woods, Roxbury, rare. — April, May. The name Hornbeam is often applied in this state to Nyssa aquaiica. 358 Class XXI. Order VIII. 416. OSTRYA. OSTRYA VIRGINICA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Cones oblong-ovate ; leaves oblong-ovate, acumi- nate ; buds acute. This tree is generally of small size, and remarkable for the fine division of the outer bark of its trunk. The leaves are al- ternate, ovate, a little hearted at base, finely and acutely serrate, acuminate. Barren 'flowers in pendulous aments ; scale of the calyx entire, acuminated, strongly ciliated ; anthers many, beard- ed at tip. Fertile ones enlarging into a sort of oblong cone, in appearance resembling the common hop. The fruit is extended, not pendulous, and composed of oval, compressed, mucronated vesicles or inflated capsules, bristly at base, lying over each other and containing a compressed, ovate seed at bottom. The wood is hard, close grained, and heavy. In some parts of the country it has acquired the name of Lever wood) from the use to which it is applied. 417. PLAT ANUS. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS. L. Plane Tree. Button Wood, Sycamore. Leaves lobed-angular ; branches whitish. Mich. This tree, commonly known by the name of Button wood, at- tains to an extraordinary size. Trees are said to be found in the western states, whose trunks measure from forty to fifty feet in circumference. With us it is one of the largest native trees. The leaves are broad and lobed, with many acute segments. When young they are downy at the veins underneath. On break- ing off the petiole, the next year's bud is found concealed with- in its base. The flowers grow in balls or globular aments, and are succeeded by long seeds, furnished with a fine reddish down nt base. The receptacle of the seeds, constituting the nucleus of the ball, is hard and woody, and closely enveloped by a regu- lar net work, which may be easily detached. The balls are retained all winter on the trees by their tough, fibrous stalks. Each year the outer bark of the branches scales off to a deter- minate extent, leaving a white surface beneath it. This circum- stance distinguishes the tree at sight from all others around it- Class XXI. Order IX. 359 The wood is fine grained, and is susceptible of a good polish. It is however said to be liable to warp, and by no means durable when exposed to the weather. MONJWELPHl.fl. 418. P1NUS. PINUS RIGIDA. L. Pilch Pine. Leaves in threes ; cones ovate, clustered ; spines of the scales reflexed ; sheaths of the leaves short. Lamb. Tlic Pitch Pine is a very common inhabitant of barren, sandy tracts of land. Its bark is very thick, and rough with deep, ir- regular clefts. The leaves are of moderate length, needle shaped, and united three together in a common sheath. The cones are ovate or pyramidal, the scales rigid, each one armed with a short, acute, reflexed spine. The wood abounds in turpentine, and contains a large portion of alburnum or sap. It is occasionally employed in building, but is chiefly used as a light fuel, under the form of " split pine." PINUS STROBUS. L. White Pine. Leaves in fives ; cones cylindrical, longer than the leaves, loose. Ait. This noble and very useful tree rises with a straight trunk to an uncommon height. Its bark is comparatively smooth, and in young trees it is without fissures. The branches are gives off in whorls or circles. The leaves are much finer and more delicate than in the last species. They grow in fascicles of five together, with hardly any sheaths. The cones are very long, cylindrical, curved, and pendulous ; composed of large, smooth, loose scales. The trunk possesses very little resin, and its portion of sap wood is comparatively small. The texture of the wood is fine and soft. No tree is more extensively employed in building, or for the ordinary purposes of carpenters' and joiners' work. The large trees are particularly in request for the masts of ships, and vast quantities of the wood have been annually exported from the eastern coast in the form of timber and boards. S60 Class XXI. Order IX. PINUS NIGRA. dit. Black or double Spruce. Leaves solitary, four cornered, erect, straight ; cones ovate, scales elliptical, waved at the edge, erect. Lamb. Syn. JluiES NIGRA. Mich. The branches of the double Spruce are thickly covered on all sides with short, dark coloured, linear leaves, inserted later- ally and singly. The cones are small, oval, pendulous, compos- ed of thin scales, which are waved and crenate, or partially cleft on the edge. o This tree is not very common, unless cultivated, in the envi- rons of Boston. At the eastward it is frequent. Its wood is light, strong, and elastic, and much used for the smaller spars of vessels. PINUS CANADENSIS. L. Hemlock Spruce. Leaves solitary, flat, denticulate, nearly in two rows ; cones ovate, terminal, hardly longer than the leaves. Lamb. Syn ABIES CANADENSIS. Mich. The Hemlock spruce occurs frequently in woods in the vicinity of Boston. It is a straight tree, remarkable for the horizontal arrangement of its branches and leaves. The leaves are in two rows, close, linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly flat beneath, a little convex above. When examined with a glass, they are found edged with minute teeth. Cones ovate-oblong, very small. The wood of the Hemlock is occasionally substituted for Pine, to which it is inferior, in building. The bark possesses the tanning principle in great perfection, and is used in the prepara- tion of leather as a substitute for, or in combination with the bark of the oaks. PINUS MICROCARPA. Lamb. Red Larch. Hacmatack. Leaves fascicled, deciduous ; cones roundish, few flowered, with inflected scales ; bractes elliptic, ob- tusely acuminate. Lamb. Syn. LARIX AMERICANA. Mich. The Larch is a fine tree, differing remarkably from the Pines, already mentioned, in its leaves, which fall at the approach of Class XXI. Order IX. 361 winter. They grow in tufts or fascicles, on the sides of the branches, which are mostly horizontal. The tree flowers with small aments, the barren ones containing two anthers under each scale, and the fertile ones two germs. These last are succeed- ed by small cones, with soft scales, inflected at the edge. Seeds small, winged. This tree attains the height of eighty or ninety feet. Its wood is strong and durable, and is used in ship build- ing. It frequents a low, moist soil. 419. CUPRESSUS. CUPHESSUS THUYOIDES. L. JVIiite Cedar. Branchlets compressed ; leaves in four rows, imbri- cated, ovate, tuberculated at base. Willd. The White Cedar grows naturally in wet situations, some- limes occupying considerable tracts of marshy land, known by the name of Cedar swamps. The small branches are finely subdivid- ed, their List divisions compressed, and covered by four rows of short, minute leaves, the two lateral rows longest. Each leaf is furnished with a minute tubercle or gland on the back, near its base. Cones extremely small, angular, and somewhat spherical. The wood is light, soft, and very durable. It is used for shingles, for wooden vessels, also for fencing and other purposes where durability is required. This tree and the last are found occasionally, but not frequently, in the neighbourhood of Boston. 420. THUYA. THUYA OCCIDENTALIS. L. Arbor vita. Hacmataclc . Branchlets ancipital ; leaves imbricate four ways, ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, naked, tuberculated ; cones obovate, the inner scales truncated, and gibbous below the tip. This tree, remarkable for the flat or two edged form of its twigs, is known in different parts of the country by the name of White Cedar and Hacmatack. The twiga are much broader than those of Cupressus Thuyoides, the cone loose with few long scales, unlike the globular fruit of the Cedar. Wood soft, but very durable. — In Maine, New Hampshire. 46 362 Class XXII. Order III. 421. ACALYPHA. ACALYPHA VIRGINICA. L. Three seeded Mercury. Pubescent, leaves on short petioles, lance-oblong, serrate; involucres subsessile, axillary, nerved, cut in- to acute, crested segments. Mick. abr. An annual plant of ordinary appearance. Branches pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with a rather obtuse point, remotely serrate or crenate at the edge, somewhat three nerved. Involu- cres of the fruit axillary, hairy, on short stalks, their edge cut into a number of long, acute, ciliated segments or teeth. — Woods, Cambridge. — August. Class XXII. DICECIA. Barren and fertile flow- ers on different plants. Order II. DIJ1NDR1A. Two stamens. 422. VALLISNERIA. Barren flowers, spathe two- parted ; spadix covered with florets ; corolla three- parted. Fertile flowers, spathe cloven, one flowered ; calyx three parted, superior ; corolla three petalled ; stigma three parted ; capsule one celled. 423. SALIX. Calyx scale of an ament ; corolla none. In the barren flowers, from one to five stamens, with a nectariferous gland at the base. In the fertile flowers, two stigmas; capsule one celled, two valved ; seeds downy. Order III. TR1AJYDRIA. Three stamens. 424. EMPETRUM. Calyx three parted ; corolla three petalled. Barren flowers, stamens from three to nine, very long. Fertile flowers, styles from three to nine ; berry from three to nine seeded. Cf«.wXXII. Order XIII. 363 Order IV. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens. 425. MYRICA. Calyx a concave scale of the ament ; corolla none ; styles two ; berry one seeded. Order V. PENTAJVDRM. Five stamens. 426. HUMULUS. Barren flowers, calyx five leaved ; corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx an oblique, entire scale of an ament ; corolla none ; styles two ; seed solitary, coated. 427. ACNIDA. Barren flowers, calyx five leaved ; corolla none. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved ; co- rolla none ; styles five ; seed one, covered with the succulent calyx. Order VI. HEXAN1JRIA. Six stamens. 428. SMILAX. Calyx six leaved ; corolla none ; styles three ; berry three celled ; seeds two. 429. DIOSCOREA. Calyx six parted ; corolla none. Fertile flowers, styles three ; capsules three celled, compressed ; seeds two, membranaceous. Order XII. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens. 430. POPULUS. Calyx a lacerated scale of the ament ; corolla tarbinate, oblique, entire. In the fer- tile flowers, stigma four cleft ; capsules two celled, many seeded. Order XIII. MONJIDELPHlJl. Stamens united. 431. JUNIPERUS. Barren flowers, calyx the scales of an ament ; corolla none ; stamens three. Fertile flowers, calyx scales of an ament, fewer, three parted, becoming fleshy, united into a three seeded berry. 432. TAXUS. Barren flowers, calyx none ; corolla none ; stamens numerous ; anthers peltate, eight cleft. Fertile flowers, calyx cup shaped, entire ; style none ; seed one, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. 364 Class XXII. Order II. DICECIA. DMJVDRM. 422. VALLISNERIA, VALLISNERIA AMERICANA. MX. V allisneria. Leaves linear ; stalks of the barren and fertile flow- ers straight. The long, linear, obtuse leaves of this plant are found at the bottom of stagnant waters stretching upward toward the surface. I have not seen it in flower, but have repeatedly collected what, I have no doubt, are the leaves. In the European plant, of which this appears to be a cospecies, or variety, the fertile flowers float on the surface, being connected with the root by spiral stalks. The barren flowers grow near the bottom, but break off, and rise to the surface before shedding their pollen. — In Fresh pond, Cambridge. 423. SALIX. SALIX ERIOCEPHALA. Mich. Swamp Willow. Diandrous ; twigs downy ; leaves oblong-oval, some- what retuse at base, serrulate ; aments oval, exceeding- ly villous. Mich. A small tree, common in low, moist grounds, where its woolly aments expand during the month of March, and are usually in flower the first week in April. The scales of both the barren and fertile aments are covered with very long, even, smooth, silken hairs, which at a distance give them a woolly appearance. In the barren aments each scale produces two long, yellow an- thers ; in the fertile ones, which exceed the last in length, they support an oblong, tapering, downy germ. Leaves oval-oblong, nearly entire, green above, glaucous and somewhat downy be- neath. Stipules half cordate, deciduous. SALIX DISCOLOR. Willd. Bog Willow. Leaves oblong, rather obtuse, smooth, remotely ser- rate, entire at the end, glaucous underneath ; stipules deciduous, lanceolate, serrate ; aments nearly cotem- porary, diandrous, oblong, downy, the scales oblong, Class XXII. Order III. 365 acute, black, hairy ; germs subsessile, lanceolate, downy ; stigma two parted. This willow with dark coloured brandies, and a whitish under- side to the leaves, grows in wet swamps at Dedham. — April. SALIX VITELLINA. L. Yellow Willow. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, closely serrate, smooth above, paler beneath ; stipules none ; aments nearly cotemporary, cylindrical, the scales ovate-lanceolate, pubescent outside ; germs sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth, stigmas subsessile, two lobed. This tree, distinguished by the yellow bark of its twig?, and now become extremely common in all soils, was probably first introduced from Europe. — May. SALIX VIMINALIS. L. Osier. Basket Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, en- tire, silken underneath ; branches virgated ; style elon- gated. Sm. This is one of the most beautiful species, remarkable for its long, slender, flexile twigs, and the silken, silvery pubescence which covers the under side of the leaves. — In swamps, at Dan- vers and elsewhere. — May. TR1J1NDRM. 424. EMPETRUM. EMPETRUM NIGB.UM. L. Crowberry. Crakeberry. Stems procumbent. A prostrate shrub, with small, dense, evergreen foliage, like that of the heaths. Leaves imbricate, scarcely petioled, oblong, obtuse, revolute at the edge. Flowers axillary, very small, red- dish. Berry roundish, black. — On the summits of the White mountains. — June. 366 Class XXII. Order IV. TETRJ1NDRM. 425. MYRICA. MYRICA GALE. L. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above ; barren aments imbricate, the scales ciliate ; fruit in scaly heads. Mich. A branching shrub, about four or five feet in height. Leaves alternate, lanceolate-wedge shaped, (their termination much more obtuse than in the European variety,) serrated and nearly smooth. Aments alternate, from the axils of the last year's leaves, short, oblong-ovate. The fruit has a strong, penetrating, spicy scent. — About the edges of Fresh pond. — April. MYRICA CERIFERA. Buyberry. Wax Myrtle. Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. xliii. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, with a few serratures at top ; barren aments lax ; fruit spherical, naked, dis- tinct. MX. The Wax Myrtle is found in dry soils, bearing fruit at every size, from the height of one foot to that of six or eight. The lop is much branched, and covered with a greyish bark. The leaves are wedge-lanceolate, varying in width, sometimes entire, but more frequently toothed, particularly toward the end. They are somewhat pubescent, a little paler beneath, and generally twisted or revolute in their mode of growth. They are insert- ed in a scattered manner by short petiole?. The flowers appear in May before the leaves are fully expanded. The barren ones grow in catkins, which are sessile, erect, about half or three quarters of an inch long; originating irom the sides of the last years twigs. Every flower is formed by a concave rhomboidal scale, containing three or four pairs of roundish anthers on a branched foot-stalk. The fertile flowers, which grow on a dif- ferent shrub, are less than half the size of the barren ones, and consist of narrower scales, with each an ovate germ, and two filiform styles. To these aments succeed clusters or aggrega- tions of small globular fruits resembling berries, which are at first green, but finally become nearly white. They consist of a hard stone inclosing a dicotyledonous kernel. This stone is Class XXII. Order V. 367 •* studded on its outside with small, black grains resembling fine gunpowder, over which is a crust of dry, white wax, fitted to the grains, and giving the surface of the fruit a granulated ap- pearance. Botanically speaking this fruit has been improperly called a berry and a drupe ; since it is always dry and never in- vested with a cuticle, or any thing but the grains and wax. The wax is procured for use by boiling the berries in water till it melts and floats on the surface. See American Medical Botany, volume iii. PEJVTJ1NDRM. 426. HUMULUS. HUMULUS LUPULUS. Common Hop. Bigelovv, Medical Botany, PI. Is. The root of the Hop vine is perennial. Stems annual, twin- ing from right to left, angular, rough, with minute, reflexed prickles. Leaves opposite, on long winding petioles, the small- er ones heart-shaped, the larger ones three or five lobed, ser- rated, veiny and extremely rough. Flowering branches axilla- ry, angular and rough. Stipules two or four, between the peti- oles, ovate, reflexed. Flowers numerous and of a greenish colour. Those of the barren plants are very numerous and pan- icled. Their calyx has five oblong, obtuse, spreading, concave leaves. Corolla wanting. Stamens short ; anthers oblong, and bursting by two terminal pores. The fertile flowers, growing on a separate plant, are in the form of an arnent, having each pair of flowers supported by a calyx-scale, which is ovate, acute, tu- bular at base. Corolla of one scale, obtuse, smaller than the ca- lyx, and placed one on each side of it, infolding the germ by their edge. Germ roundish, compressed; styles two, short; stigmas long, subulate, downy. The scales of the calyx and co- rolla swell into a kind of persistent cone or strobile, each flower producing a roundish seed. The hop vine appears to be a na- tive of this continent, being found wild in all parts of the United States. 427. ACN1DA. ACNIDA CANNABINA. L. Sea Hemp. Leaves lanceolate ; capsules smooth, acute anirled. 368 Class XXII. Order VI. A green-flowering plant of the salt marshes. Stem erect, fur- rowed, smooth, fleshy. Leaves petioled with a long, obtuse point. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary and terminal. Barren and fertile flowers on different plants. Calyx of the fertile flow- ers three leaved ; germ ovate ; stigmas three. — Marsh near the Punchbowl, Brookline. — August. — Annual. HEXANDRIA. 428. SMILAX. SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Green Briar. Stem prickly, round ; leaves unarmed, heart-shaped, pointed, five or seven nerved. A hardy and very troublesome vine, climbing upon trees and bushes, and forming, with its thorny branches, almost impassable thickets. Stem smooth, woody, strong, armed with short, straight, rigid thorns, proceeding from the wood. Leaves large, smooth, roundish-heart shaped, ending in a short point, commonly five nerved. Tendrils very strong, from the top of the stipules. Umbels of flowers small, on short, axillary stalks. Berries small. — Moist woods. — June. SMILAX PEDUNCULARIS. Muhl. Long stalked Smilax. Stem round, unarmed ; leaves roundish -ovate, acu- minate, nine nerved, peduncle of the fertile umbel lon- ger than the leaves. A rank, herbaceous, climbing plant. Stem round, smooth, at- taching itself to other plants by its stipular tendrils. Leaves of the stem large, heart-shaped, with a short point, petioled, smooth, with about nine nerves. Flowers small, greenish, with an offen- sive odour, in simple umbels, on very long, axillary, peduncles. The fertile ones are succeeded by large bunches of rounded, compressed, crowded, bluish berries. The axils of many of the leaves give rise to short, barren branches, supporting half a dozen, ovate, five nerved leafets. — June — Perennial. 429. DIOSCOREA. DIOSCOREA VILLOSA. Villous Dioscorca. Leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, cordate, Class XXII. Order XII. 369 acuminate, pubescent underneath, nine nerved, the lateral nerves simple. Syn. DIOSCOREA PAXICULATA. MX. A delicate, slender-twining vine. Stem twisted and winding from right to left. Petioles reflexed, contorted, channelled. Leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire, beautifully marked with long, distinct, single nerves, glabrous above, smooth or villous beneath. Flowers minute, alternate, sessile, on long, filiform, axillary peduncles. Calyx in the barren flowers in six ovate segments, with six minute anthers. Fruit inversely heart-shaped, three winged. — Woods on the Concord turnpike, rare. — May, June. — Perennial. POLYANDRM. 430. POPULUS. POPULUS TREMULOIDES. Mich. American Aspen. Leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, serrulate, pu- bescent at the edge. Mich.f. The small, tremulous leaves of this Poplar have great affinity to those of the European Aspen, whose quivering foliage has long been proverbial. The tree somewhat exceeds the middle size. The flowers appear in April, long before the leaves, in pendulous, silken aments ; the calyx of the barren flowers of a dark, chesnut colour with a fringe of white hairs. Corolla white. Anthers numerous, deep brown with white pollen. The leaves are small, compared with other species, light, roundish, scarcely hearted at base. The bark is smooth, and the wood light, fine, soft, and perishable. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA. Mick. LttTgC Aspen OT Poplar. Petioles compressed ; leaves round-oval, smooth both sides, unequally sinuate, with large teeth, the younger ones villous. Mich.f. Syn. POPULUS TREPIDA. Muhl. This tree is occasionally met with in our woods, but is much less common than the preceding species. It is easily distinguish- ed from the various cultivated poplars by the large, unequal in- 47 370 Class XXII. Order XIII. dentations on the margin of- the leaves. The leaves, as Michaux observes, are covered when young with a white down, which disappears as they grow older. In many instances they are fur- nished with a pair of glands at base. The aments, which are two or three inches long, appear in May. Wood much like the last. — Cambridge, Milton. POPULUS CANDICANS. Ait. Balm of Gilead Tree. Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and un- equally serrate, whitish and somewhat three nerved beneath ; petioles hairy ; buds resinous ; branches round. This poplar is abundantly cultivated in New England, and proves troublesome by the rapidity with which it spreads. I have never seen it in woods. MOJVADELPHM. 431. JUN1PERUS. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA. Red Cedar, Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xlv. Trunk arboreous, upper leaves imbricated in four rows, ovate, pungently acute. The Red Cedar, sometimes called in this vicinity by the name of Savin, is a common tenant of dry, rocky hills. When full grown, it is a middling sized tree. Trunk straight, decreasing rapidly from the ground, and giving off many horizontal branch- es. Its surface is generally unequal and disfigured by knots. The small twigs are covered with minute, densely imbricated leaves, which increase in size as the branch grows, till they are broken up and confounded with the rough bark. These leaves are fleshy, ovate, concave, rigidly acute, marked with a small, depressed gland on the middle of their outer side, in pairs, united at base to each other and to the pairs above and below them. A singular variety sometimes appears in the young shoots, especially those which issue from the base of the trees. This consists in an elongation of the leaves to five or six times their usual length, while they become spreading, acerose, considera- bly remote from each other, and irregular in their insertion, be- ing either opposite or ternate. These shoots are so dissimilar Class XXII. Order XIII. 371 to the parent tree, that they have been repeatedly mistaken for individuals of a different species. The barren flowers grow in small oblong aments, formed by peltate scales with the anther concealed within them. The fertile flowers have a proper pe- rianth, which coalesces with the germ and forms a small, round- ish berry, with two or three seeds, covered on its outer surface •with a bright blue powder. The wood of the Red Cedar is light and very durable. It constitutes an excellent material for posts, to which use it is commonly appropriated with us. The leaves resemble Savin in their medicinal properties, and are particularly used as a topical stimulant. JUNIPERUS COMMONUNIS. Common Juniper. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xliv. Leaves ternate, spreading, mucronate, longer than the berry. Variety depressa. Stems prostrate. Syn. JUNIPERUS REPENS. Nutt. The Juniper is with us always a shrub, never rising into a tree. The stems are prostrate, rooting, and forming large beds. The tips of the branches are smooth and angular. Leaves in threes, linear-acerose, sharply mucronate, shining green on their lower surface, but with a broad glaucous-line through the centre of the upper. The leaves alwa}rs resupinate, and turn their up- per surface toward the ground. The barren flowers grow in small axillary aments, with roundish, acute, stipitate scales, in- closing several anthers. The fertile flowers, growing on a sepa- rate shrub, have a small three parted calyx growing to the germ ; and three styles. The fruit is a fleshy, roundish, oblong berry, of a dark purplish colour, formed of the germ and confluent ca- lyx, marked with three prominences or vesicles at top, and con- taining three seeds. It requires two seasons to arrive at maturi- ty from the flower. — In dry woods, Roxbury, Brookline. 432. TAXUS. TAXUS CANADENSIS. Willd. Dwarf Yew. Leaves linear, two ranked, revolute at the edge ; receptacles of the barren flowers globose. Syn. TAXUS BACCATA, minor, jl/.r. 372 Class XXIII. Order I. A low spreading shrub, known in Maine by the name of Ground hemlock. The leaves, in their arrangement, resemble those of Pinus Canadensis, but are larger. The fruit resembles a berry, the seed being imbedded in the fleshy calyx. — Hallow- ell, Maine. Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Perfect flowers to- gether with barren, or fertile, or both, on the same or distinct plants. Order I. MON(EC1A. Barren, fertile, and perfect flowers, found on one plant. 433. CELTIS. Perfect flowers, calyx five parted ; corolla none ; stamens five ; styles two ; drupe one seeded. Barren flowers, calyx six parted ; corolla none ; stamens six. 434. ATRIPLEX. Perfect flowers, calyx five parted ; corolla none ; stamens five ; style two parted ; seed one depressed. Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved ; corolla none ; style -two parted ; seed one compressed. 435. VERATRUM. Calyx none 5 corolla six parted ; stamens six. Perfect flowers, pistils three ; capsules three ; many seeded. Barren flowers containing the rudiment of a pistil. Order II. DICE CM. Barren, fertile, and perfect flowers on different plants. 436. PANAX. Umbel simple. Perfect flowers, ca- lyx five toothed, superior ; corolla five petalled ; sta- mens five ; style two ; berry two seeded. Barren flowers, calyx entire ; petals five ; stamens five. 437. XANTHOXYLUM. Calyx inferior, five parted : corolla none ; flowers barren, fertile, and perfect ; cap- sules from three to five, one seeded. Class XXIII, Order I. 375 438. ACER. Calyx five cleft ; corolla five petalled ; stamens eight ; capsules two or three, one seeded, ter- minated by a wing. Barren flowers without germ or style. 439. NYSSA. Perfect flowers, calyx five parted ; corolla none ; stamens five ; pistil one ; drupe inferior. Barren flowers, stamens ten. 440. FRAXINUS. Perfect flowers, calyx none or four parted ; corolla none or four petalled ; stamens two ; pistil one ; capsule flattened ; seeds mostly solitary, pendulous. Fertile flowers, pistil one, lan- ceolate. POLYGAMIA. MOW (EC I A. 433. CELTIS. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS. L. Nettle Tree. Leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, unequal at base, rough on the upper side, hairy underneath ; fruit solitary. This tree, known in some parts of the United States by the names of Hoop Ash and Beaver tree, is rare in this vicinity. I have only met with it at Squantum and. on Bear hill at Waltham. The leaves are nearly as large as those of the Elm and remark- ably oblique at base. Flowers small, whitish. Fruit dark pur- pie, pedunculated, not larger than the whortleberry. — May. 434. ATRIPLEX. ATRIPLEX PATULA. L. Spreading Orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves deltoid-lanceo- 374 Class XXIII. Order I. late, somewhat hastate ; calyx of the seed somewhat muricate on the disc. Sm. Stem spreading, very much branched. Leaves powdery un- derneath, the lower ones mostly hastate, the upper ones lanceo- late. Racemes axiihiry and terminal. The seed is inclosed be- tween two large, triangular valves, furnished on their back with an irregular number of short, conical points. — Salt marshes. — August. — Annual. 435. VERATRUM. VERATRUM VIRIDE. Ait. Poke Root. American Hellebore. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxxiii. Panicle downy ; partial bractes longer than their pedicels. Segments of the corolla thickened on the inside at base. A large, green, leafy plant, not uncommon in meadows and swamps. The root is thick and fleshy, its upper portion tuni- cated, its lower half solid and sending forth a multitude of large, whitish radicles. The stem is from three to five feet high, roundish, solid, striated and pubescent. Throughout the greater part of its length it is closely invested with the sheathing bases of the leaves. The lower leaves are large, from half a foot to a foot long, oval, acuminate, pubescent, strongly plaited and nerv- ed ; the lower part of their edges meeting round their stem. The upper leaves become gradually narrower, and the upper- most, which perform the office of bractes, are linear-lanceolate. The flowers are numerous and distributed in compound racemes, axillary from the upper leaves, and terminal ; the whole form- ing a sort of panicle. Peduncles roundish, downy. Bractes boat-shaped, acuminate, downy. The pedicel of each flower is many times shorter than its bracte. Calyx none. Corolla divid- ed into six green, oval, acute, nerved segments, of which the al- ternate ones are longest. All the segments are contracted at base into a sort of claw with a thickened or cartilaginous edge. Stamens six with recurved filaments and roundish, two lobed an- thers. Germs three, cohering, with acute recurved styles as long as the stamens. A part of the flowers are barren and have only the rudiments of styles, so that the plant is strictly polyga- Class XXIII. Order II. 375 mous. The seed vessel consists of three capsules united togeth- er, separating at top and opening on their inner side. Seeds flat, imbricated. — June. — Perennial. The root of this plant, when taken internally, produces violent effects, and is dangerous in considerable quantities. It is chiefly used in the country as an external application in cutaneous af- fections. From its great affinity in habit to the Veratrum album, an European species, which has lately acquired considerable ce- tebrity as a remedy in gout ; the American plant is particularly entitled to the attention of physicians. DKECM. 436. PANAX. PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM. Ginseng. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. xxix. Root fusiform ; leaves three, quinate ; leafcts oval, acuminate, serrate, petioled. The root of the Ginseng consists of one or more fleshy, ob- long and somewhat fusiform portions, of a whitish colour, trans- versely wrinkled, and terminating in various radicles. Its upper portion is slender and marked with the scars of the former shoots. Stem smooth, round, green, with often a tinge of red, regularly divided at top into three petioles, with a flower stalk at their centre. Petioles round, smooth, swelling at base. Leaves three, compound, containing live, rarely three or seven leafets. The partial leafstalks are given off in a digitate man- ner, and are smooth, compressed and furrowed above. Leafets oblong, obovate, sharply serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides, with scattered bristles on the veins above. The flowers, which are small, grow in a simple umbel on a round, slender pe- duncle, longer than the petioles. The involucrum consists of a multitude of short subulate leafets, interspersed with the flower stalks. These stalks or rays are so short as to give the appear- ance of a head, rather than an umbel. In the perfect flowers the calyx has five small, acute teeth ; the corolla h' vc petals, which are oval, reflexed and deciduous. Stamens live, with ob- long anthers. Styles two, reflexed, persistent; germ large, in- ferior, ovate-heart shaped, compressed. The berries are kidney shaped, retuse at both ends, compressed, of a bright sairlet en- 376 Class XXIII. Order II. lour, crowned with the calyx and styles, and containing two semi- circular seeds. In most umbels there are flowers with only one style, in which case the berry has a semi-cordate form. Some- times there are three styles and three seeds. The outermost flowers ripen first, and their berries often obtain their* full size before the central ones are expanded. The middle flowers are frequently abortive. There are also barren flowers, on separate plants, which botanists describe as having larger petals and an entire calyx — In Northampton and on the Ascutney mountain.— June, July. — Perennial. The root of Ginseng is in high estimation among the Chinese, and formerly constituted a profitable article of export to Canton. PANAX TRIFOLIUM. L. Dwarf Ginseng. Root tuberous ; leaves three, ternate or quinate ; leafets wedge-lanceolate, subsessile, serrate. The herb considerably resembles that of Anemone nemorosa. Root tuberous, deep in the ground, globular, of the size of a pis- tol bullet. Stem smooth, simple. Leaves compound, three in number, given off in a whorl. Petioles smooth, channelled above. Leafets three, four or five, nearly sessile, wedge-lanceo- late, serrate, smooth with generally a few short bristles from the upper side of the veins. Peduncle a little angular, terminating in a simple umbel of small white flowers. Involucre many leaved. The barren umbels have a short white calyx, scarcely- toothed, five obovate petals, five stamens, growing upon the calyx, and one style. The fertile umbels have a greenish calyx, white, deciduous petals, no stamens, and three styles. Berry three celled. — Low grounds, rare. — Sent from Danvers by Dr. Nichols. — Found at Maiden by Mr. Little. — Perennial. 437. XANTHOXYLUM. XANTHOXYLUM TRAXINEUM. Prickly Jlsh. Bigelow, Medical Botany, PI. lix. Prickly ; leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at base ; umbels axillary. The branches of this shrub are covered with strong, sharp prickles, arranged without order, most frequently in pairs, at the insertion of the young branches. Leaves pinnate, the common petiole sometimes unarmed aud sometimes prickly on the back. Class XXIII. Order I. 377 Leafets about five pairs, with an odd one, nearly sessile, ovate, ncute, with slight vesicular serratures, somewhat downy under- neath. The flowers appear in April and May before the leaves are expanded. They grow in sessile umbe!-j about the origin of the young branches, are small and greenish. I have observed them of three kinds, making the shrub strictly polygamous. In the staminiferous flower, the calyx is five leaved, leaves oblong, obtuse, erect. Stamens five, with subulate filaments and sagit- tate four celled anthers. In the place of the pistils are three or four roundish corpuscles supported on pedicels from a common base. The perfect flowers growing on the same plant have the calyx and stamens like the last ; the germs are three or four, pedicelled, and having erect, converging styles nearly as long as the stamens. The pistiiiferous flowers grow on a separate shrub. Calyx smaller and more compressed. Germs about five, pedi- celled ; styles converging into close contact at top, and a little twisted. Stigmas obtuse. All the flowers are destitute of co- rolla. Each fertile flower produces an umbel of as many stipi- tate capsules as there were germs in the flower. These capsules are oval, covered with excavated dots, varying from green to red, two valved, one seeded ; seed oval, blackish. — Woods, Med- ford. — April, May. — Perennial. The rind of the capsules has an agreeable lemon like scent. The bark is pungent, and is used in rheumatism. 438. ACER. ACER RUBRUM. Li. Sivamp Maple. Red Maple. Leaves palmate-five lobed, unequally toothed, pu- bescent, and at length glaucous underneath, the sinuses acute ; fertile flowers aggregate, with rather long stalks. Mich. This maple grows plentifully in our swamps and low woods. The flowers appear in April and May, each bud producing a fascicle or sessile umbel of about five crimson flowers. In the barren flowers the calyx is about five parted with oval segments. Petals five, narrower arid inflected. Stamens twice as long as the calyx. Perfect flowers on separate trees, later and smaller, the stamens included ; styles two, exserted, recurved, pubes- 48 .378 Class XXIII. Order I. cent. Germs compressed, united, succeeded by a red fruit, known by the name of maple keys, consisting of a pair of small capsules, each terminated by a long, membranous appendage, resembling the wing of an insect. The leaves are opposite, rounded, or hearted at base, and divided into three or live prin- cipal lobes, separated by a large, acute notch. They are irregularly toothed, and glaucous underneath. The v/ood of this species is close grained, smooth, and hard. It is much used in the manufacture of tables, chairs, and other- kinds of furniture. A variety, denominated Curled Maple, oc- casioned by the serpentine course of the fibres in some old trees, has a beautiful, shaded appearance in cabinet work, and is also used for gun stocks, on account of its solidity and toughness. ACER SACCHARINUM. L. Rock Maple. Sugar Maple. Leaves five parted-palmate, glabrous, entire at the margin, glaucous underneath ; flowers pedimculated. pendant. Mich. f. The Rock Maple, though common in the interior, is rarely met with in the vicinity of Boston. Some young trees oocur in the woods at Roxbury. The flowers of this species are yellow- ish, small, and supported by slender, drooping footstalks. The fruit is larger than in the Red Maple, and of a light greenish colour. The leaves have three or five principal lobes, separated by a sinus or notch, which is rounded, not angular, at bottom. They are pale, and sometimes downy on the under side. The wood is hard, compact, and smooth. It is much used in cabinet work, particularly a beautiful variety denominated Bird's eye Maple, and a curled variety like that in the last species. It makes good fuel, though inferior to walnut and oak ; and, with the Belula papyracea, it constitutes a .greater portion of our eastern wood. But the peculiar value of this tree consists in the sugar, which is obtained from, its sap. A tree of the ordinary size will yield from twenty to thirty gallons of sap in a season. This sap is collected by boring holes in the trees, and affixing to them small troughs, which convey it into reservoirs prepared for its recep- tion. It is then put into large kettles and boiled down, until it Class XXIII. Order I. 379 is sufficiently inspissated to crystallize or grain. It thus form* the raw sugar, which may be purified in the usual way. ACER DASYCARPUM. Willd. White Maple. Leaves palmate-five lobecl, truncated at base, une- qually cut toothed, white and smooth underneath, with obtuse sinuses ; flowers crowded, with short pedicels and downy germs. Sljll. JicER ER10CARPUM. MX. A tall tree with large leaves remarkably white underneath. Wings of the fruit very large, exceeding those of any species here mentioned, greenish. Wood softer and more perishable than in the others kinds. — Hanover, New-Hampshire, and Maine. ACER STRIATUM. L. Striped Maple. Moose Wood. Leaves rounded at base, with three acuminate lobes, sharply serrate, smooth ; racemes simple, pendulous. Syn. ACER PENHSTLYANICUM. Willd. A beautiful small tree with striped bark. Leaves more sim- ple in their structure than those of the other species, being sim- ply three lobed. Flowers yellowish green, in simple pendulous racemes. Petals from eight to ten, obtuse. Stamens about eight. Fruit in long hanging clusters with pale greenish wings. Com- mon in Worcester county. — June. ACER MONTANUM. L. Mountain Maple. Leaves about five lobed, acute, toothed, pubescent underneath ; racemes erect, compound. A shrub with pale greyish bark. Leaves three or five lobed, toothed, rugose, slightly pubescent underneath. Racemes erect with compound branches. Calyx segments short, acute. Petals five, linear, greenish white. Stamens shorter than the petals ; anthers yellow. Germ compressed, inversely heart shaped or triangular. Style erect. Fruit winged, in compound, pendulous racemes. — Woods in the interior of Massachusetts &c. — June. 380 Class XXIII. Order I. 439. NYSSA. NYSSA VILLOSA. JWich. Tupelo Tree. Swamp Hornbeam. Leaves oval, entire, the petiole, middle nerve, and margin villous ; fertile stalks about three flowered ; nut short-obovate, obtusely striate. Mich. This tree grows in swamps, and is frequently of a pyramidal form, with horizontal branches. The leaves are oval, entire, acute, tough and firm, paler on the under side, slightly pubescent on the margin and petiole, two or three inches in length. The flowers are small, obscure, of a green colour, collected on the end of a long peduncle. Each fertile peduncle produces two or three small, oblong drupes, of a deep blue colour, each contain- ing an exceedingly hard, striated stone. The wood of this tree is white, and moderately hard. Its fibres are closely interwoven, so as to render it extremely tough and difficult to split. In Massachusetts it is generally called Hornbeam, a name properly belonging to the genus Carpinus. 440. FRAX1NUS FRAXINUS AMERICANA. Micli.f. White. Jlsh. Leafets elliptic, acuminate, slightly toothed, petioled, glaucous underneath. Sijn. FRAXINUS DISCOLOR. Mu/il. This very valuable tree grows to the height of seventy or eighty feet. Its branches are opposite, and covered with bark of a very light colour. Leaves pinnate, consisting of about seven oval, acuminated leafets, whitish underneath, entire or slightly toothed. The flowers grow in loose panicles from the axils of the last year's leaves. Their stalks have opposite branches with bractes at base. The barren flowers consist sim- ply of two large, oblong, reddish anthers, proceeding from a minute dentated tubercle which seems to be a calyx. The fer- tile ones have a small calyx, an ovate germ, and a long style ending in two stigmas. They are succeeded by winged capsules, which are cylindrical at base, but dilated at their end into a long, flat appendage, somewhat lanceolate in form, but blunt or ernarginate at the end. The wood of the common Ash is ex- ceedingly durable, firm, and elastic, with a tolerable degree of Class XXIV. Order I. 381 lightness. It is the principal material used in the manufacture of carriage frames, of light agricultural implements, of oars, blocks, boxes, Sec. — May. Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. fructification anomalous or concealed. Order I. FIL1CES. Ferns. 441. EQUISETUM. Floral receptacles peltate, many angled, collected into a spike ; indusium corniculate j stamina four ; style none ; seed one. 442. LYCOPODIUM. Capsules reniform, one celled, two valved, many seeded ; seeds very minute, resem- bling powder. 443. BOTRYCHIUM. Capsules subglobose adnate to the rachis of the compound raceme, separate, naked, one celled ; valves two, connected behind, opening transversely. 444. LYGODIUM. Spikes unilateral ; capsules in two series, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit ; indusium (or veil) squamiform, cover- ing each capsule. 445. OSMUNDA. Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, striate, semibivalvular and paniculated ; indnsium none. 446. POLYPODIUM. Sori (or small clusters of cap- sules) roundish, scattered j indusium none. 447. WOODSIA. Sori roundish, scattered ; indusi- um calyciform, open, with a hairy margin, including the pedicellate capsules. 448. ASPIDIUM. Sori roundish scattered ; indusium umbilicate or opening on one side. 449. OJNOCLEA. Capsules densely covering the back 382 Class XXIV. Order I. of the frond ; indusia squamiform, connate in the form of berries and not expanding. 450. STRUTHIOPTEKIS. Capsules densely covering the back of the frond ; indusia squamiform, marginal, opening internally. 451. ASPLENIUM. Sori linear, transversal, scatter- ed ; indusia arising from the lateral veins, and opening towards the rib. 452. PTERIS. Sori continuous, linear, marginal : ' » O ' ' ifidusiuni from the inflected margin of the frond, open- ing inwards. 453. WOODWARDIA. Sori oblong, distinct, straight, parallel wiih the ribs of the frond on either side; in- dusia superficial, arched, opening inwards. 454. ADIANTUM. Sori oblong or roundish ; indusia membranaceous, arising from the margin of the frond and opening inwards. 455. DICKSONIA. Sori punctiform, marginal, round- ish, and distinct ; indusium double, one superficial, opening outwards, the other marginal and opening in- wards. CRYPTOGAMIA. FIL1CES. 441. EQUISETUM. EQUISETUM HYEMALE. L. Rough Horsetail. Scouring Rush. Stem naked, very rough, mostly branched at base ; sheaths whitish, black at the base and summit. Found in moist woods at Lynn, and elsewhere. Stems erect, without branches, except at base, hollow, naked, furrowed, the Class XXIV. Order I. 383 ridges rough with minute teeth, which are hardly visible with- out a glass. The joints of the stem are surrounded with short sheaths, coloured with black and white rings, and toothed at the. top. The fruit grows in an ovate, terminal ament, composed of peltate, six sided scales, bearing the seeds inside. The whole surface of the stem is rough, like a file, and is used in scouring and polishing metallic vessels. Its cuticle, ac- cording to Mr. Davy, contains a considerable portion of siliceous earth. — Perennial. EQUISETUM ULICINOSUM. Muhl. Pipes. Stems somewhat branched ; branches from the mid- dle joints, unequal. A very tall, slender species, growing in the water at the edges of rivers and ponds. Stems erect, round, furrowed, nearly smooth. Joints invested with smooth sheaths ending in even, acute, black teeth. Both the barren and fertile stems are fur- nished with a few short branches, chiefly from about the middle joints. The lowermost and uppermost of these are generally single or in pairs, the rest in unequal whorls. Ament terminal, oblong-ovate. — Banks of rivers &c. — Perennial. Under the name of pipes, this plant is prized by farmers as a valuable food for cattle, who are extremely fond of it. EquisETUJi ARVENSE. -L. Field Horsetail. Fertile scape naked ; barren frond with whorled branches, decumbent. L. The fruitful stems of this plant appear in April, and soon de- cay. They are erect, smooth, furrowed, and without branches, their joints surrounded with large, swelling sheaths, which end in long, blackish teeth. Spike terminal, oblong-ovate, with a membranous border below it. The barren stems are taller and more durable ; they are erect, or ascending at base, roughish, their joints furnished with sheaths and large whorls of simple ascending branches. These branches are three or four cornered, with sheaths at their joints, ending in the same number of teeth. —Moist ground, South Boston. — Perennial. 384 Class XXIV. Order i. EQ.UISETUM SYLVATICUM. L. Wood Horsetail, Branches compound, curving downward, rough. The fertile stems are erect, round, furrowed, jointed. Joints invested with large, loose sheaths, which divide into a number of broad teeth at top. Brandies very slender, in a whorl pro- ceeding from the upper joint, immediately below the sheath, divaricated and curving downward. The second joint from the top is furnished with a whorl of shorter branches, and sometimes also the third. Ament ovate, terminal, composed like the rest, of peltate, hexagonal scales. The barren stems are smaller and higher, their joints all furnished with whorls of branches, which are much longer, and considerably subdivided — Low grounds, Roxbury, Cambridge. — Perennial. EQJJISETUM SCIRPOIDES. MX. Small Horsetail. Stems simple, ascending, smooth, filiform, with spikes at top ; sheaths three toothed, blackish, teeth awued, the tips caducous. A very small species, not larger than the leaves of the fore- going. Stems simple, crowded, three or four inches high. — In Plainfield. Dr. Porter. 442. LYCOPODIUM. LVCOPODIUM OAB.OLINIANUM. Willd. Carolina Club Moss. Stem creeping ; leaves two ranked^ spreading, lan- ceolate ; peduncle erect, solitary, elongated, one spiked; bractes sublanceolate. A creeping species, keeping close to the ground in muddy soils, the peduncle being the only erect part. This is long, slen- der, and bears a single spike. — Found at Sandwich. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM. JL. Common Club Moss. Leaves scattered, ending in hairs ; spikes in pairs cylindrical, pedimculated, the scales ovate, acuminate, toothed. Stems very long, trailing and rooting. Leaves linear-lanceo- late, spreading, nerveless, ending in a curved bristle. Flower- Class XXIV. Order I. 385 ing stalks erect, with two or three spikes. Scales or bractes dilated at base. — Woods, Sweet Auburn. LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM. L. Flat Club J\Ios$r Leaves two rowed, united, superficial ones solitary ; spikes in pairs, pedunculated. A common, trailing evergreen. The stems, which creep on the ground for a considerable distance, are furnished with dis- tinct, somewhat remote scales or leaves. Branches spreading, subdivided by regular forks, flattened, two edged. Leaves very short and acute. Peduncles elongated, forked at top, and usually supporting four erect, cylindrical spikes. Bractes closely im- bricated, heart-shaped, acuminate. — Woods and pastures. — Pe- rennial. LYCOPODIUM RUPESTRE. L. Rock Club Moss. Stems branching, rooting ; branches subdivided, as- cending ; leaves scattered, imbricated, linear-lanceo- late, ciliate, tipt with bristles ; spikes solitary, sessile. A little plant, remarkable for the square form of its spikes. Leaves many rowed. Spikes terminal, four rowed, barely dis- tinguishable from the leafy stem below them. — On rocks and dry hills. LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM. L. Radiated Club Moss. Erect ; branches spreading ; leaves in six unequal rows ; spikes one or few, solitary, sessile. The shoots of this species are erect, ascending at base, cover- ed with small, imbricated, lanceolate leaves. Branches alter- nate, dividing by successive forks, the branchlets diverging like rays from a centre. Leaves in six rows, those of the lateral rows longest. Spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, cylindrical. Like others of the genus, they give out, when ripe, a great quantity of minute seeds, resembling a fine, yellow powder, and very inflammable. — Woods. — Perennial. LYCOPODIUM DENDROIDEUM. MX. Tree Club Moss. Erect ; branches erect ; leaves in six equal rows ; spikes numerous, solitary, sessile. 49 386 Class XXIV. Order I. Commonly quoted as a synonym of the preceding, but very distinct. The brandies are always erect, and appear cylindrical from the equality of the leaves, whereas in the former they are spreading and appear flat from the unequal rows of leaves. Spikes in this numerous, in the other most frequently one. — Woods, Sudbury. LYCOPODIUM SELAGO. L. Fir Club Moss. Leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in eight equal rows ; stems dichotomous, erect, fastigiate ; fruit axillary. A dense, leafy species, distinguished from the following by its smaller size and entire leaves, while it resembles it in being des- titute of spikes, the capsules growing in the axils of the leaves. — On the highest summit of the White mountains. LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUBI. Mich. Shining Club Moss. Stems assurgent with a few longish branches ; leaves spreading, shining, linear-lanceolate, serrate ; fructifi- cation axillary. Mich. Stems nearly erect, simple or dichotomous. Leaves in about eight rows, longer than in any of the preceding species, linear- lanceolate, somewhat xeflexed, distinctly serrate, very acute, polished on both sides. Capsules axillary, semicircular. A small stem bulb is sometimes found occupying the place of a leaf. — Shady borders of ponds &c. 443. BOTRYCHIUM. BOTRYCHIUM FUMARIOIDES. Willd. Small Botrychium. Stipe naked ; frond glabrous, radical, three partecl- bipinnate ; segments crenate ; spikes bipinnate. A rather small fern with a single frond given off from the stipe near the root. This frond is petioled, more or less com- pound according to the size of the plant, but commonly ternate, the divisions pinnate and pinnatifid. Capsules globular, sessile, in two rows on the branchlets of a bipinnate panicle. — Dry pas- tures, Cambridge. Class XXIV. Order I. 387 BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINICUM, IVilld. Rattlesnake Fern. Stipe bearing the frond in the middle ; frond three parted-bipinnatifid, segments cuMoothed ; spikes bi- pinnate. Many times larger than the foregoing. The frond, which is given off about half way up the stem, is nearly sessile, divided into three principal branches, which are twice pinnate, the di- visions pinnatifid and the segments toothed. Capsules in a twice pinnate, terminal panicle of little spikes. — Woods, Chelsea Beach island. 444. LYG ODIUM. LYGODIUM PALMATUM. Sw. Climbing Lygodium. Stem flexuous, climbing ; fronds conjugate, cordate, palmate with five lobes, lobes entire, obtuse ; spikelets oblong-linear, in a compound terminal panicle. Syn. HTDROGLOSSUM PALMATUM. Pursh. CTEJSIUM PANICULATUM. MX. An exceedingly delicate plant and, I believe, the only climb- ing fern found in our latitudes. Stem slender, smooth. Petioles alternate, forked near the stem, supporting two leaves or fronds, which are palmately divided into from h" ve to nine lanceolate or oblong, obtuse segments, paler underneath. The fructification is found on the upper fronds, which grow like the lower on forked stalks, but are subdivided by alternate branches into a multitude of small, oblong-linear segments, having the fruit in two imbri- cated rows on the back. — At the Botanic garden, Cambridge, brought from Granby, Massachusetts. 445. OSMUNDA. OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA. L, Tall Osmuuda. Barren fronds pinnate ; divisions elongated, pinnati- fid ; segments nearly oval and entire ; fertile fronds with opposite racemes. Mich. This noble fern grows in large bunches in damp woods and low grounds, sometimes attaining to the length of a man. The greatest part of the plant is composed by the barren fronds, 388 Class XXIV. Order I. which are pinnate, their divisions eut into oblong1, tapering1, rounded, and somewhat acute segaients. The fruit grows on a small separate frond, resembling a cluster of minute, brownish seeds. Its stipe is invested with loose, reddish wool, its divisions opposite, and completely covered with small, two valved, globu- lar capsules. — Perennial. OSMUNDA INTERRUPTA. Mich. Interrupted Fern, Fronds pinnate ; divisions opposite, pinnatifid ; seg- ments nearly oval and entire ; some of the intermedi- ate divisions fruitful. Mich. abr. A pretty large, smooth fern, in habit resembling the last. The divisions of the frond are principally opposite, or nearly so, and subdivided into segments, much like the last species. Only a few pairs of the divisions, occupying a central part of the frond, become fruitful. These are much shorter than the rest ~r when full grown, they resemble compound, pyramidal racemes, and are covered on all sides with minute, brownish, capsules. — Low grounds. — Perennial. OSMUNDA REGALIS. L. Osmund Royal. Flowering Fern. Frond twice pinnate, terminating in a compound cluster of fructification. A handsome, branching fern, found in meadows and moist grounds. Stipe smooth. Divisions pinnate. Leafets or seg- ments perfectly distinct and remote, oblong, very slightly ser- rated, the lower half of base longest. Capsules small, globular, two-valved, like the preceding species, arranged in a large, compound raceme at the top of the stipe. — Perennial. 446. POLYPODIUM. POLYPODIUM VULGARE. L. Common Polypody. Frond pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly serrate. A handsome fern, not uncommon on the sides of rocks and steep, shady hills, forming beds by means of its creeping roots. The stalk or stipe is perfectly smooth, grooved in the upper side. Fronds about half a foot long, divided in a pinnate man- ner almost to the stalk or midrib, by sinuses which are more Class XXIV. Order I. 389 iicute than in the European variety. Segments of the frond ob- long, parallel, rounded at the end, very slightly serrate, furnish- ed on the back with a double row of large, round, yellowish, granular, naked dots of fructification. — Perrenial. POLYPODIUM CONNECTILE. MX. Connected Polypody. Fronds twice pinnate, ciliate, the divisions opposite, contiguous, adnate ; segments subelliptical ; stipe chaf- fy, sori minute. A middle sized fern, having its divisions connected at base, so as to form a continuous frond. Fructification in minute dots on the back. — Woods, Hallowell, Maine. POLYPODIUM DRYOPTEKIS. L. Ternate Polypody' Frond ternate, twice pinnate ; branches deflexed ; segments obtuse, subcrenate ; root filiform. A tender and beautiful fern found in mountain woods. Stipe slender, smooth, less than a foot long. The frond divides into three branches, which are spreading and somewhat reflexed. Each of these is pinnate, the divisions pinnate or pinnatind, with the larger segments crenate. Fructification in very small, dis- tinct dots. — Near Hanover, New-Hampshire. 447. WOODSIA. WOOD si A ILVENSIS. Pursh? Hairy Woodsia. Fronds pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; segments ob- tuse ; fructification near the margin, at length conflu- ent ; stipe villous. Syn. POLTPODIUM ILVEXSE. Willd. This little plant is the Polypodium ilvense of Muhlenberg's catalogue, but seems somewhat different from the plant of Brown and Pursh. Stipe from three to six inches high, chaffy below, villous and woolly above. Frond pinnate, woolly underneath, the margin covered with fructification. Barren rocks and dry wood.-. 448. ASPIDIUM. ASPIDIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. Muhl. Terminal Shield Fern. Stipe chaffy ; frond long, pinnate, its divisions alter- 390 Class XXIV. Order I. nate, subsessile, auriculatetl on one side at base, slight- ly serrate^ ciliate ; only the upper ones fruitful. Mich, sub. syn. SljU. J\*EPHRODIUM JlcROSTICHOIDES. Mick. Remarkable for the difference between its lower and upper leaves. The stipe is covered with loose, membranous, chaffy scales. The leaves or pinnae are numerous, oblong-, somewhat acute, edged with small, mucronate serratures, furnished with an angular lobe on their upper side at base. The lower leaves are without fruit ; the upper ones much smaller, covered with dots of fructification, which unite, so as to overrun the whole under surface. — Rocks and hills, Roxbury. — Perennial. ASPIDIUM NOVEBORACENSE. Sm. New York Shield Fern. Frond pinnate ; divisions linear-lanceolate, pinnati- fid, segments oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate ; fruit mar- ginal ; stipe smooth. Syn,. PoLTPODIUM JVOVEBORACENSE. L. About the middle size, smooth and even, with obtuse segments, mostly entire. — Roxbury, Bussey's hill. — Perennial. ASPIDIUM THELYPTERIS. Sm. Meadow Shield Fern. Frond pinnate, its divisions pmnatifid, subcrenate, distinct at base, decussating ; dots of fructification con- fluent. Sm. Common in low, moist ground?, about the edges of meadows- and swamps. Stipe glabrous. Divisions of the frond long and slender, the lower pairs frequently decussating, or crossing each other ; a circumstance which Dr. Smith has noticed in his spe- cific character. They are pinnatifid, or deeply cut into oblong, roundish segments, which are slightly crenate at the edge, and revolute when in fruit. The first segments of each division are at a little distance from the stipe, and seem to form a parallel line on each side of it, ruuning through the whole length of the frond, a character well represented in the figure of Plukenet. The fruit commences in small dots, and finally overruns the whole under surface of the frond. — Perennial. Class XXIV. Order I. 391 ASPIDIUM LANCASTRIENSE. MM. Lancaster Shield Fern. Frond pinnate ; divisions nearly opposite ; segments triangular-ovate, acutely serrate ; stipe naked. Rather long and narrow. Fructification chiefly confined to the upper divisions, and in large, blackish dots. — Wet meadows, West Cambridge. — Perennial. ASPIDIUM MARGINALE. Sw. Marginal Shield Fern. Frond pinnate, its divisions subpinnate, glabrous, with oblong, entire lobes, sinuate-repand at the base ; dots marginal. Syn. POLTPODIUM MARGINJILE. L. NEPHRODIUM MARGINALE, Mich. A larger fern than either of the preceding. Stipe chaffy. Divisions of the frond nearly pinnate. Subdivisions or segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, crenatc, contracted at base, afterward decurrent, so that their common stalk becomes slightly winged, or the division pinnatifid. Dots of fructification distinct, round, close to the margin. Their umbilicated involucre is very obvi- ous.— Woods, Roxbury. — Perennial. ASPIDIUM ASPLENIOIDES. Muhl. Dark Shield Fern. Stipe glabrous ; frond twice pinnate ; segments ob- long, cut toothed ; dots reniform, arranged near the nerve. This is a large, smooth, brittle fern. Divisions of the frond pinnate ; the segments oblong, acute, with distinct teeth, separ- ated by deep indentations. The teeth are again denticulate, and the lower ones somewhat obtuse. Fructification with re- niform or lunulate involucres, at first resembling lines, as in Asplenium, afterwards extending over the whole under surface of the frond, giving it a brownish appearance. — Moist woods. 449. ONOCLEA. ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS. L. Sensitive Fern. Barren fronds pinnate ; segments cut, the upper ones united ; fertile fronds doubly pinnate, with re- curved, globular subdivisions. 392 Class XXIV. Order I. A great difference, in appearance, exists between the barren and fertile fronds of this plant. The barren frond is composed of large, broad, oblong, sinuated leaves or divisions, the lower ones distinct, the upper ones connected by their base. The fer- tile frond is much narrower, its divisions short, its segments nearly globular, enclosing the fruit, and forming a sort of raceme. — Low grounds. — Perennial. 450. STRUTHIOPTER-IS. STRUTHIOPTERIS PENNSYLVANIA. Willd. Ostrich Fern. Barren fronds twice pinnate ; segments entire, ob- tuse, the lowest elongated, acute. Syn. ONOCLEA NODULOSA. Schkuhr. One of our largest native ferns. Stipe of the barren frond re- markably channelled or hollowed out in front. Divisions of the frond pinnatifid, the segments curved forward and subacute, those next the stipe curved backward, falcate and acute. Fertile frond a sixth part as large, composed of a multitude of dense, turgid, brownish segments, the edges recurved, and the back covered with fruit. — Low grounds, Hanover, New Hampshire. 451. ASPLENIUM. ASPLENIUM RHIZOPHYLLUM. L. Walking Leaf. Frond lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, auriculate- cordate at base, the point very long, linear, rooting. A curious fern, striking root at the extremity of the frond, from which root new plants arise. — In rocky woods in the west- ern parts of the state. ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES. MX. Dwarf Spleenwort. Frond pinnate ; divisions roundish, crenate, wedge shaped at base. Syn. JISPLKNIUM MELANOCAULON. Mtlhl. An extremely small and delicate fern. Frond pinnate. Stipe smooth, of a shining black colour. Divisions or leafets sessile, nearly round, crenate upon their outer edge, entire and acute at base. Fructification in about five or six linear, diverging Class XXIV. Order I. 393 dots, which become roundish when old. — Found among high, shady rocks in Roxbury. — Perennial. On comparison of the European with the American plant I do not find any specific difference. ASPLENIUM EBENEUM. Alt. Ebony Spleenwort. Frond pinnate ; divisions lanceolate, somewhat fal- cate, serrate, auricled at base; stem quite smooth. Syn. JlsPLENlUM TRICHOMANOIDES. J\Hck. Considerably larger than the last. Stipe slender, of a smooth, polished, jet black. Divisions or leafets sessile, oblong, taper- ing to a point, sometimes a little curved, somewhat serrate, fur. nished with an acute lobe on each side at base, which gives them a sort of hastate form. Fructification in short, diverging lines, arranged in a double row on the back of the divisions. — Dry woods and hills. — Perennial. ASPLENIUM THELYPTEHOIPES. Mich. Silvery Spleenwort. Frond pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; segments oval, round obtuse, slightly denticulate ; fructification in short, equal, oblique, parallel lines. Mich. abr. This most beautiful fern grows to a pretty large size. Stipe smooth, pale. The divisions of the frond are long and pinnati- fid. Segments oblong, close, even, parallel, rounded at the end and nearly entire. Fructification in two rows of short, oblique, close, parallel lines, the opposite pairs forming nearly a right angle. The involucres, when young, have a bright, silvery ap pearance. — Found by a brook in Roxbury. — Perennial. ASPLENIUM RUTA MURARIA. JL. Dwarf Spleenwort. Fronds twice pinnate at base, simply pinnate at top; segments rhomboid-wedge shaped, obtusely denticu- late. A very small spreading fern found on dry rocks and hills in the western parts of the state. ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Willd. Swamp Spleenwort. Fronds pinnate, the divisions alternate; upper ones 50 394 Class XXIV. Order I. opposite, linear- lanceolate, somewhat repand, their base truncated on the upper, and rounded on the lower side. About a foot high with broad, entire leafets, • with the fructi- fication diverging like veins from the midrib. — Sy/amps and low woods. 452. PTERIS. PTERIS AOJJILINA. L. Common Brake. t Frond more than decompound ; divisions pinnate ; segments oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones pinnatirid? upper ones entire and smaller. Very common in woods, and about the borders of fields and pastures. Stipe erect, smooth, dividing by large, opposite branches, which are again subdivided. Segments or leafets ses- sile, oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, the lower ones largest, their edge divided into large, obtuse teeth, by a sort of serpen- tine line ; upper ones entire, obtuse. The fructification grows in a continued, narrow line at the edges of the frond, and is covered by its refiexed margin. — Perennial. 453. WOODWARDIA. WOODWARDIA ONOCLEOIDES. Willd. Simple Woodwardia. Barren fronds pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate ; fertile fronds pinnate ; seg- ments linear, entire, acute. Syn. ONOCLEA NODULOSA. MX. About a foot high. Stipe smooth or slightly paleaceous. Bar- ren frond composed of oblong-lanceolate segments connected at base, the lower ones often distinct, the edges minutely but sharp- ly serrulate. Barren fronds about the same length with linear divisions, revolute at the edge, bearing the fruit in oblong masses on the back, parallel to the middle rib. — Wet swamps. — Perennial. WOODWARDIA VIRGINICA. Willd. Virginian Woodwardia. Frond pinnate ; the divisions pinnatifid ; fructifica- tion in interrupted lines near the midrib of the divisions and segments. MX. sub. syn. Class XXIV. Order I. 395 SyH. WOQDWARDIA BANISTERIANA. MX. About two feet high. Segments obtuse, oblong, nearly entire, the edges not more revolute than in other ferns. — Tewksbury. Mr. Greene. 454. ADIANTUM. ADIANTUM PEDATUM. L. Maidenhair. Mowhair. Frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments rhom- boid-oblong, somewhat lunate, cut-lobed. Few vegetables possess a greater delicacy of structure than is exhibited by the glossy stems, and fine, regular leaves of the Maidenhair. The stipe, which is of a shining, jet black, divides by a large fork into two principal branches, each of which gives off several successive branches from its upper side ; so that the whole frond has the appearance of a pedate leaf without its middle division. The segments or leaflets are alternate, oblong, entire on the lower edge, cut and toothed on the upper. The fruit grows in semicircular points at the margin of the leaf, covered by the folding back of its edge. — Found in moist, rocky woods. — Perennial. 455. DICKSONIA. DICKSONIA PILOSIUSCULA. IVilld. Small fruited Dicksonia. Frond twice pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; segments toothed ; stipe somewhat hairy. Syn. NEPHRODIUM PUNCTILOBULUM. Mich. A pretty large, thin, and very delicate fern. The common stalk is smooth, with the exception of a few fine, short hairs, which also invest its divisions. The divisions of the frond are pinnate or pinnatifid, the segments decurrent, oval-oblong, deeply cut or pinnatifid, the partial segments again toothed up- on their edge. Dots of fructification minute, near the margin. — Road sides and pastures. — Perennial. GLOSSARY OB BOTANICAL TERMS NOTE. — The figures in the American Medical Botany, by the author, are occasion-' ally referred to for farther illustration of the terms. Abortive. Producing no fruit. Abrupt. Terminating suddenly, as if cut off; as in the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis. Med. Bot. PI. 7. Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate with even pairs only. Wanting the odd or ter- minal leafet. Acerose. Stiff, linear and sharp, as in the leaves of the Pines. Acicular. Needle shaped. Acinaciform. Shaped like a scimetar. Linear, crooked and sharp edged. Acinus. One of the protuberances which make up a compound berry, as in Rubiis i-illoms. Med. Bot. PI. 38. Acotyledonous. Having no cotyledons or seed lobes ; as ferns. Aculeate. Prickly. Aculeus. A prickle, growing to the bark, not to the wood. Acuminate. Ending in a long, produced, sharp point. More than acute ; as in the leaves of Gillenia trifoliata. Med. Bot. PI. 41. Acute. Ending in a sharp point. Less than acuminate ; as in the leaves of Phylolacca decandria. Med. Bot PI. 3. Adnate. Growing to. Affixed laterally. Agglomerated. Bunched. Crowded together. Aggregate. Standing together, many on the same receptacle, but not com- pound. Aigrette. The downy or feathery appendage of certain seeds. Same as Pappus. Alated. See Winged. Albumen. A tough, hard or fleshy substance which forms the bulk of certain monocotyledonous seeds. Albuminous. Partaking the nature of albumen. Algff. An order of the class Crytogamia, containing the sea weeds, Sic. Alternate. Placed alternately on opposite sides of the' stem. Alveolate. With cells like those of a honey comb. Ament, or Catkin. A collection of small scales, serving for calyxes, on the side of a slender stalk ; as in Juglans cinerea. Med. Bot. PI. 32. Amplexicaul. See Clasping. Ancipital Two edged. Androgynous. Having barren and fertile flowers on the same spike, or the same plant, but no perfect ones. Anisate. Having the odour of anise. Annual. Living but one year, during which it produces flowers and seed. 398 GLOSSARY. Anlher. That part of a stamen which contains the pollen. Ant/ieroid. Resembling anthers. Apetalous. Without petals. Apex. End, tip, or sharp extremity. Aphyllous. Without leaves. Appehdiculate. Having some appendage. Oppressed. Pressed against or close to. Apterous. Without wings ; as in the radical flowers of Polygala rubella. Med. Bot. PI. 54. Arachnoid. Resembling a spider's web. Arboreous. Like a tree. Arborescent. Approaching to the size of a tree. Aril. An outer covering of certain seeds, which is deciduous or separates ; as in Geranium maculalum. Med. Bot. PI. 8. Aristale. Awned. Ending in a bristle. Armed. Furnished with thorns or prickles. Aroma. The aromatic quality of plants. Arrow shaped. Like the head of an arrow. Articulated. Jointed. Arundi->iaceous. Resembling reeds, or stiff large grass. Ascending. Rising from the ground obliquely. Attenuated. Gradually diminished or tapering. Auricuktte. Furnished with lateral projections, or leafets resembling ears, at base ; as in the leaves of Solanum dulcamara. Med. Bot. PI. 18. Awn. A siiif bristle, frequently rough or bearded; as in the flowers of cer- tain grasses, and in the anthers of Gaullhtria procumbent. Med. Bet. PI. 22, Awned. Having awns. Awaless. Without awns. Axil. The anHe benveen a leaf and stem on the upper side. Axillary. Growing in or from the axil. B Banner. The upper and commonly largest petal of a papilionaceous flower. Barren. Producing no fruit. Containing stamens only; as in the barren flowers of Rluis vernix. Med. Bot PI 10. Bell shrtjx •••?. Rounded and hollow at base, without a tube ; as in the corolla of Apocynum androstEmifolium. Med. Bot. PI. 36. Berry. A juicy fruit with the seeds imbedded in the pulp, without any inter- mediate covering; as in Phytolacca decandra. Med. Bot. PI. 3. Bicuspid-ate. With two points. Biennial. Living two years, in the second of which the flower and fruit are produced ; as in Coniurn maculalum. Med. Bot. PI. 11. Bifid. Two cleft. Cut nearly into two parts. Bi^landular. Having two glands. Bilocular. Having two cells. Bipinnale. Twice pinnate. When both the leaf and its subdivisions are pinnate. Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. Both the leaf and its segments being pin- natihd. Bitcrnate. Twice ternate. The petiole supporting three ternate leaves. Bivalve. Two valved. Bloom. A superficial colouring substance which easily rubs off; apparently a fine powder. Border. The brim, or spreading part of a corolla. Brachiate. Branches opposite, and each pair at right angles with the pre- ceding. Braclb, or Floral leaf. A leaf near the flower which is different from the other leaves of the plant. GLOSSARY. 399 Bulb. A solid, coated or scaly part of a plant, capable of continuing its existence; usually found at the root, but sometimes on the stem. Bulbous. Formed of a bulb. C Caducous. Falling early ; sooner than deciduous. Catspitose. Forming turfs. Calcarnle. Resembling, or furnished with, a spur. Calyciform. Shaped like a calyx. Caluculaled. Furnished with an additional outer calyx. Calyx. The lowest portion of a flower, or that which forms its outer cover- ing in the bud ; usually of a green colour. Campanulate. Bell shaped ; which see. Canesc'.nt. Whitish. Hoary. Capillary. Hair like. Capitate. Shaped like a head ; or bearing a head. Capsule. A hollow seed vessel which opens and becomes dry, when ripe. Carinated. Keeled. Furnished with a sharp or prominent back like the keel of a vessel. Carnose. Fleshy in consistence. Catkin. See Ament. Caudate. Having a taH. Caudex. The upper part of a root, which gives rise to the stem Caulescent. Having a true stem, or caul-is. Cauline. Growing on the stem. Cell. A cavity or compartment of a seed vessel or anther, Cellular. Made up of little cells or cavities. Cespilose. See Coespitose. Chaffy. Made of short membranous portions like chatV. Citiale. Fringed wilh parallel hairs. Cinereous. Ash coloured. Cirrosc. Bearing a tendril. Clasping. Surrounding the stem partly or quite, with the base of the leaf. Clavate. Club shaped. Larger at top than bottom. Claw. The narrow part by which a petal is inserted or attached. Cleft. Split or divided less than half way. Club shaped. Larger at top than bottom. Coftdunate. United at base. Coloured. Different from green which is the common colour of plants. Column. The central pillar of a capsule. Also the style of gynandrous plants. Compound. Made up of similar simple parts. Compound flower. A flower of the class Syngynesia, consisting of florets with united anthers. Compressed. Flattened. Cone. A scaly fruit like that of the pine. See Strobilu?. Conglomerate. Crowded together. Connate. Opposite with the bases united or growing into one: as in TYit* teum perfoliatum. Med. Bot. PI. 9. Connirent. Converging. The tips inclining towards each otjicr. Contorted. Twisted. Bent from a common position. Corculum. The embryo or miniature of the future plant which is found in seeds, often between the cotyledons. Cordate. Heart shaped, with the stalk inserted in the largrsf ni'! Coriaceous. Resembling leather. Tough and thick. Corneous Horny. Having a consistence like horn. Corniculate. Horn shaped. Corolla. The secondary covering of a flower, being the part which is usu- ally coloured. When the calyx is wanting the corolla is then the pri niary covering. 400 GLOSSARY. Cortical. Belonging to tbe bark. Corymb. A mode of inflorescence in which the flowers form a flat top, while their stalks spring from different heights on the commou stem ; as in Eupatorium perfoliatum. Med. Bot. PI. 2. Costate. Ribbed. Cotyledons. Seed lobes. The fleshy part of seeds which in most plants rises out of ground and forms the first leaves. Creeping. Running horizontally or close to the surface of the ground. Ex- amples of a creeping root are found in Coptis trifolia. Med. Bot. PI. 5. And of a creeping stem in Gaultheria procumbens. PI. 22. Crenale. Scolloped. Having sharp notches on the edge separated by round or obtuse dentures ; as in the leaves of Coptis trifolia. Med. Bot. PI. 5. Crenulate. Finely or minutely crenate. Crowned. Having a circle of projections round the upper part of the tube of a flower, en its inside. Cruciform. Consisting of four petals placed like a cross. Cryptogamous. Belonging to the Class Cryp-ogamia, the last of the Linnaean arrangement, in which neither stamens nor pistils are visible. Cuciillate. Hooded or cowled. Rolled or folded in ; as in the spathe of Arum triphyllu'n. Med. Bot. PI. 4. Cucurbitaceous. Like gourds or melons. Culm, or straw. The stem of grasses, reeds and similar plants. Cuneiform. Shaped like a wedge, with the stalk attached to its point. Cuspidate. Having a sharp, straight point. Cuticle. The outside skin of a plant, commonly thin. Cyalliiform. Shaped like a common wine glass. Cylindrical. Round and not tapering. Cylinder shaped. Cyme. A mode of inflorescence in which the flower stalks arise from a common centre, but are afterwards variously subdivided ; as in Elder and Viburnum. Cymose. Bearing or flowering in cymes. D Decagynotts. Having ten styles. Decandrous. Having ten stamens. Deciduous. Falling oft'. In opposition to persistent and evergreen. Later than caducous. Declined, or declinate. Tending downwards: as the stamens and style of Rhododendron maximum. Med. Bot. PI. 51. Decompound. Twice compound. Composed of compound parts. Decumbent. Leaning upon the ground, the base only erect. Decurrcnt. When the edges of a leaf run down the stem or stalk. De cursive. See Decurrent. Decussated, or Decussating. In pairs crossing each other. Deflected. Bent off. Dehiscent. Gaping or cracking open. Deltoid. Nearly triangular. Leaves of this form approach in shape to an isoceles triangle with the base projecting where the petiole is inserted. Dentate. Toothed. Edged with sharp project ions separated by notches. Larger than serrate. Denticulate. Minutely toothed. Dentures. Teeth. The sharp parts which separate notches. Depauperated. Few flowered. Depressed. Flattened or pressed in at top. Diudelplious. Having the stamens united in two parcels or sets. Flowers of this kind have commonly a papilionaceous corolla and a leguminous fruit. Diandroits. With two stamens. Dichotomous. Forked. Dividing into (wo equal branches, GLOSSARY. 401 Dlcoccons. Containing two grains or seeds. Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons or seed lobes. Didijinous. Twin. Didynamous. Belonging to the class Didynamia, with two short and two long stamens and a ringent corolla. Digita!e. When a petiole gives off' five or more leafets from a Dingle point at its extremity ; as Panax quinquefolium. Med. Bot. PI. 39. Digynous. Having two styles. Dimidiate. Halved. DMCIOUS. Having the barren and fertile flowers on different plants. Disc. The surface or top, in distinction from the edge. Discoid. Having a disc covered with florets, but no ray. Dissepiment. The partition or internal wall of a capsule. Distichous. Growing in two opposite ranks or rows. Divaricate. Diverging so far as to turn backward. Divergent. Spreading. Separating widely. Dodccandrous. With twelve stamens. Dorsal. Growing on, or belonging to, the back. Down. The hairy or feathery appendage of certain seeds. Also a short, soft pubescence. Drooping Inclining downward. More than nodding. Drupe. A fleshy fruit inclosing a stone or nut; like the cherry. Drupaceous. Bearing, or resembling, drupes. E Echinale. Beset with prickles. Hedgehog like. Elliptic. Oval; as the leaves of Magnolia glauca. Med. Bot. PI. 27. Elongated. Exceeding a common or average length. Emarginate. Having a notch in the end. Enneandrous. With nine stamens. Ensiform. Sword shaped, two edged ; as the leaves of 7m versicolor. Med. Bot. PI. 16. Entire. Even and whole at the edge; as the leaves of Rlius vcrnix. Med. Bot. PI. 10. Ephemeral* Lasting but a day. Epidermis. See Cuticle Eroded. Appearing as if gnawed at the edge. Esculent. Eatable. Evergreen. Remaining fresh through the winter. Not deciduous. Exserled. Projecting or extending out of the flower or sheath. F Falcate. Sickle shsped. Linear and crooked. Farina. The pollen. Also meal or flour. Farinaceous. Mealy. Fascicle. A bundle. Fascicled, or fasciculate. Collected in bundles. Fastigiate. Flat topped. Favose. Resembling a honey comb. Ferns. An order of cryptogamous plants bearing the fructification com- monly on the back of the leaf, or in spikes, made up of minute capsules opening transversely. Fertile. Containing perfect pistils and yielding fruit. Filiform. Thread like, or very slender. Fimbriate. Finely divided at the edge like fringe. Fistulnns. Hollow or tubular. Flabelliform. Spreading like a fan. F/agelliforni. Like a whip lash. Flexuous. Serpentine or zigzag. Floral leaf. See Bracte. 51 402 GLOSSARY. Floret. A little flower. One in an aggregate or compound flower. Floscular. A floret in a compound flower which is tubular, not ligulate. Follicle. A seed vessel which opens lengthwise or on one side only ; as in dpocynum androsic mi folium. Med. Bot. PI. 36. Frond. The leaf of cryptogamous plants. Fructification. The flower and fruit with their parts. Frutescent. Becoming shrubby. Fruticose. Shrubby. Fungi. The order of cryptogamous plants to which the mushrooms belong. Fungous. Growing rapidly and preternaturally, with a soft texture like the fungi. Funnels/taped. Tubular at bottom and gradually expanding at top ; as the flowers of Datum Stramonium. Med. Bot. PI. 1. Furfuraceous. Resembling bran. Fusiform. Spindle shaped. When a root is large at too and tapers down- ward, as in the carrot and radish. G Galls. Excrescences caused by the bite of an insect. Gemmaceous. Belonging to a bud. Made of the scales of a bud. Generic. Belonging to a genus. Geniculatc. Beut like a knee. Genus. A family of planls agreeing in their flower and fruit. Germ. The lower part of the pistil, which afterwards becomes the fruit. Germination. The sprouting of a seed. Gibbous. Swelled out, commonly on one side. Glabrous. Smooth, as it regards hairiness or pubescence. Gland. A small roundish appendage, apparently performing some function of secretion or excretion. Glandular pubescence. Hairs tipped with little heads or glands. Glaucous. Sea green. Pale blueish green. Glume. The scales, valves or chaff, which make the calyx and corolla of grasses. Glutinous. Adhesive, viscid, covered with an adhesive fluid. Graminn. Grasses and grass like plants. Gramineous. Resembling grasses. Granular. Formed of grains, or covered with grains. Gymnospermous. Having naked seeds. Gynandrous. Having the stamens growing on the pistils. H Habit. The general external appearance of a plant, by which it is known at sight. Halberd shaped. See Hastate. Hastate. Shaped like a halberd. It differs from arroiv shaped in having the barbs or lateral portions more distinct and divergent. Head. A dense, round collection of flowers, which are nearly sessile. Helmet. The concave upper lip of a labiate flower. Heptandroui. Having seven stamens. Herb. All that portion of a plant which is not included in the root or fructi-. fication; as the stem, leaves, &.c. Herbaceous. Not woody. Hermaphrodite. See Perfect. Hexandrous. With six stamens. Hilum. The scar or mark on a seed, where it was attached to the plant or seed vessel. Hirsute. Rough with hairs. Hispid. Bristly. Move than hirsute. Hooded. See Cucullale. Horn. See Spur. GLOSSARY. 403 Hybrid. A mongrel or intermediate species between two others, from which it is descended. Hypocrateriform. Salver shaped. With a lube abruptly expanded into a Oat border. I Icosandrous. Having about twenty stamens growing on the calyx and not on the receptacle. Belonging to the class Icosandria. Imbricate. Lying over each other like scales, or the shingles of a roof. Included. Wholly received or contained in a cavity. The opposite of exserted. Incrassatcd. Thickened upward. Larger toward the end. Incumbent. Lying against or across. Indigenous. Native. Growing originally in a country. Indusium. Plural Indusia. The involucre or veil which covers the fruit of ferns. Inferior. Lowermost. Used to express the relative situation of the calyx and germ. An inferior flower is one in which the calyx and corolla are below the germ. Inflated. Tumid and hollow. Blown up like a bladder. Inflorescence. The manner in which the flowers are situated or connected with the plant, and with each other. Infundibuliform. Funnel shaped, which see. Inserted into. Growing out of. Intcrnode. The space between joints. Interruptedly pinnate. When smaller leafets are interposed among the prin- cipal ones. Involucre, or Involucrum. A sort of general calyx serving for many flowers ; generally situated at the base of an umbel, or head ; as in Conium rnacu- latum. Med. Bot. PI. Jl, and Cornus Jiorida, PI. 28. Also the Indusium. Involucel. A partial involucre. Irregular corolla. Having its upper and lower sides unlike. K Keel. The under petal of a papilionaceous flower. Also tte lower side of the midrib of a leaf. Keeled. Shaped like a keel. Kernel. The nucleus or seed of a nut. Kidney-shaped. Heart-shaped without the point, and broader than long. L Labiate. Having an upper and lower lip, as in flowers of the class Didy- namia. Laciniate. Cut, torn and jagged. Lactescent. Yielding a white, or milky juice, when wounded. Lametlated. In thin plates. Lamina. The border or flat end of a petal, in distinction from its claw. Also a thin layer, plate or membrane of any kind. Lanceolate. Spear shaped. Marrow, with both ends acute, as in the leaves of Erylliroiiium Americanum. Med. Bot. PI. 58. Lanuginous. Woolly. • Lateral. At the side. Leafet. A partial leaf. A constituent of a compound leaf. Legume. A pod or seed vessel having its seeds attached to one side or su- ture ; commonly of a long form and not jointed. Leguminous. Bearing legumes. Liber. The inner bark. Ligneous. Woody. Ligulate. Ribbon shaped. A kind of corolla found in compound flowers, consisting of a tube at bottom, continued into a long flat portion at top ; as in the florets of the Dandelion. Liliaceous. Resembling the lily. Limb. The border or spreading part of a monopetalous corolla 404 GLOSSARY. Linear. Long and very narrow with parallel sides ; as the leaves of grasses. Lip. The upper or under side of the mouth of a labiate corolla, or nectary. In Orchideous plants the lower lip of the nectary is usually the most conspicuous part of the flower. Lobe. A large division or distinct portion of a leaf or petal. Lobed. Divided into lobes ; as the leaves of Laurus sassafras Med Bot PI 35. Lament. A pod resembling a legume, but divided by transverse partitions. Lyrale. Pinnatifid with a large roundish leafet at the end. M J\Tarcescent. Withering. Maritime. Growing near the saltwater. Medulla. The pith. Membranous. Very thin and delicate. Midrib. The large central vein of a leaf which is a continuation of the pe- tiole. Monadelphous. Having the stamens united into a tube at base. Monandrous. Having one stamen. Moniliform. Arranged like the beads of a necklace. Moneecious, Having barren and fertile flowers on the same plant. Monogynous. With one style. Mrmopetalous. Having but one petal, i. e. the corolla of one piece. Monophyllous. Consisting of one leaf, or piece. Mosses. The second order of the class Cryptogamia. Small plants with lids on the capsules. Mucronate. Having a small point projecting from an obtuse end. Multipartite, Many parted. Muricale. Covered with sharp spines or prickles. JJusci. See Mosses. N Nectariferous. Bearing honey. Nectary. The pifrt of the flower which produces honey. The term is also applied in certain instances to any internal, supernumerary part of the calyx or corolla. Ntrres. Parallel veins. Nerced. Marked with nerves. Nodding. Inclining to one side. Partly drooping. Nucleus. The kernel or seed of a nut. Nut. A seed inclosed in a hard shell. O Ob. A particle, which when prefixed to any other term, denotes the inver- sion of tin- usual position ; as obovate, obcordate, &c.; i. e., inversely ovate, inversely cordate, &LC. Obconic. Conic with the apes downward. Obcordatc. Heart shaped with the point inward, or downward. Oblong. Longer than oval with the sides parallel. Ohovate. Ovate, but inverted. Obsolete. Indistinct. Appearing as if worn out. Obluse. Blunt, rounded, not acute. Ochroleucous. Whitish yellow. Oclrmdrous. With eight stamens. Officinal. Kept for sale as medicinal. Opaque. Not transparent. Operculum. The lid which covers tbe capsules of mosses. Opposite. Standing directly against each other on opposite sides of the stem ;. as the leaves of Spigelia Marilandica. Med. Bot. PI. 14. Orbicular. Circular. GLOSSARY. 405 Or chideovs plants. A natural order of plants in the class Gynandria, having irregular flowers, a remarkable lip, and glutinous pollen. Related to the genus Orchis. Oval. Elliptical ; as the leaves of Magnolia glattca. Med. Bot. P). 27. Ovate. Egg shaped. Oval with the lower end largest; as the leaves of Sub- balia angularis. Med. Bot. PI. 57. P Palate. A large obtuse projection which closes the throat of a personate flower. Paleaceous. Chaffy. Palmate. Hand shaped. Deeply divided into spreading and somewhat equal segments; as the leaves of Podophyllum peltatum Med. Bot. PI. 23. Panduriform. Contracted in the middle like a violin. Panicle. A loose, irregular bunch of flowers, with subdivided branches; as in Stalice Caroliniana. Med. Bot. PI. 25. Papilionaceous. Having an irregular corolla like the pea blossom ; consist- ing of four petals, of which the uppermost is called the banner ; the two lateral ones wings ; and the lower one, which is commonly boat shaped, the keel. Mostly belonging to the class Diadelphia. Pappus. The down of seeds A feathery appendage. Parasitic. Growing on another plant and drawing nourishment from it. Parenchyma. The cellular substance of vegetables. Partial. This term is applied to small or constituent parts in distinction from general. Partition. The dividing wall in seed vessels. Parted. Deeply divided ; more than cleft. Pectinate. Like the teeth of a comb. Intermediate between fimbriate and pinnatifid Pedale. Having central segment or leaf which is simple, and two lateral ones which are compound. Pedicel. The ultimate branch of a peduncle. A litlle stalk. Peduncle. A stem bearing flowers or fruit, which is the branch of another stem. Pellicle. A very thin stratum or coat. Peltate. Having the stalk attached to some part of the surface or disc, and not to the margin. Pendulous. Hanging down. Pencilled. Ending like a painter's pencil or brush. Pentandrous Having five stamens. Perennial. Lasting more than two years. Perfect flower One which possesses stamens and pistils, and produces fruit. Pei foliate. Surrounding the stem on all sides and perforated by it. It differs from connate, in not consisting of two leaves. Perianth. A sort of calyx which is immediately contiguous to the other parts of fructification. Pericarp. A seed vessel, or whatever contains the seed. Permanent. See Persistent. Persistent Not falling off. Those parts of a flower are persistent which re- main till the fruit is ripe. Personate. Masked. Having the mouth of tho corolla closed by a promi- nent palate. Petal. The leaf of a corolla, usually coloured. Petaloid. Resembling petals. Petiole. The stalk which supports a leaf. Phanogamous. Not Cryptogamous. Applied (o all plants which have visible stamens and pistils. Pilose. Hairy. With a stiff' pubescence. PinnfE. The leafets or divisions of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate. A leaf is pinnate when the Icafels are arranged in two rows on the sides of a common petiole ; as in lilius rerm.r. Med. Bot. PI. 10. 406 GLOSSARY. Pinnatifid. Cut in a pinnate manner. It differs from pinnate in consisting of a simple or continuous leaf, not compound. Pistil. A constituent part of a flower including the germ, style, and stigma. In a regular flower it forms the central part. Pistillate. Having pistils, hut no stamens. Plaited. Folded like a ruffle or fan ; as the leaves of Veralrum viride. Med. Bot. PI. 33. Plumose. Feathery. Feather like. Plumuln. Part of the corculum of a seed, which afterwards forms a new plant with the exception of the root. Pod. A dry seed vessel, not pulpy ; most commonly applied to legumes and siliques. Pointal. See pistil. Polyadelphous. Belonging to the class Polyadelphia, in which the stamens are united into several parcels. Polyandrous. Having many disconnected stamens inserted into the recep- tacle. Polycotyledonous. Having seeds with more than two cotyledons. Polygamous. Having some flowers which are perfect, and others which have stamens only, or pistils only. Polygynous. Having many styles. Polymorphous. Changeable. Assuming a variety of forms. Polypetalous, Having many petals. Polyphyllous. Having many leaves. Pome. A pulpy fruit having a capsule within it ; as the apple. Prcemorse. Bitten off. The same as abrupt. Prickle. The prickle differs from the thorn in being fixed to the bark only and not to the wood. Prismatic. Having several parallel, flat sides. Procumbent. Lying on the ground. Proliferous. An umbel or flower is said to be proliferous when it has smaller ones growing out of it. Pseudopinnatc. Falsely or imperfectly pinnate. Pubescent. Hairy or downy. Pulp. The soft, juicy, cellular substance found in berries and similar fruits. Pulpy. Filled with pulp. Pulverulent. Dusty. Composed of powder, or appearing as if covered with it. Putic'n.te. Appearing as if pricked full of small holes, or dots. Punctifonn* Resembling dots. Pungent- Sharp, acrid, pricking. Putamen. A hard shell. Q Quaternate. Four together. Quinate. Five together. R Raceme. A cluster ; a kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged by simple pedicels on the sides of a common peduncle. Racftis. The common stalk to which the florets and spikelets of grasses are attached. Also the midrib of some leaves and fronds. Radiate. Having ligulate florets placed like rays at the circumference, as in certain compound flowers; or having the outer petals largest, as in cer- tain cymes and umbels. Radical. Growing' immediately from the root. Radicle. The part of the corculum which afterwards forms the root. Also the minute branch of a root. Ray. The diverging florets or petals which form the outside of radiate flow- ers, cymes and umbels. Receptacle. The end of a flower stalk, being the base to which most or all the parts of fructification are attached. GLOSSARY. 407 Reclined, or Reclining. Bending over, with the end inclining toward the ground. Recurred. Curved backwards. Reflexed. Bent backward, more than recurved. Reniform. Kidney shaped. Heart shaped without the point. Repand. Slightly wavy or serpentine at the edge ; as the leaves of Menyan- tlies trifiiliata. Med. Bot. PI. 46. Resupinale. Turned upside down; as the leaves of Juniperus communis. Med. Bot. PL 44. Retirulate Net like. Having veins distributed like net work. Rttuse. Having a slight sinus, or superficial notch in the end. Less than emarginate. Re.rolute. Rolled backward or outward. Rltomboidal. Having four sides, with unequal angles. Ribbed. Marked with parallel ridges or veins. _ Ringenl. Irregular, with an upper and under lip. See labiate. Rooting. Sending out lateral roots. Roslellnm. See radicle. Rostrate. Furnished with a beak. Rotate. Wheel shaped. Flat without a tube ; as in the flowers of Solatium dulcamara. Med. Bot. PL 18. Rugose. Wrinkled. Ruminate. Having large teeth pointing backward ; as the leaves of Ihe dan- delion. S Sagittate. Arrow shaped. Like the head of an arrow. Salver shaped. See H ypocrateriform. Samara. A seed vessel not opening by valves, having a winged or membra- nous appendage. Sarmenlose. Running on the ground and striking roots from the joints, as the strawberry. Scape. A stalk which springs from the root, and supports flowers and fruit, but no leaves. Scabrous. Rough Scarious. Having a thin membranous margin. Scions. Lateral shoots or offsets from the root. Scrobiculate. Covered with deep, round pits. Seed vessel. A vessel enclosing the seed. Segment. A part or principal division of a leaf, calyx or corolla. Semibivalvular. Half divided into two valves. Seminal, leaves. The first leaves of a plant, or those formed from the" coty- ledons. Sericeous. Silky. Serrate. Notched like the teeth of a saw, the points tending upward; a< in strawberry and rose leaves. •Serrulate. Minutely serrate. Sessile. Placed immediately on the stem, without the intervention of a stalk ; as the leaves of Spigelia Marilandica. Med. Bot. PL 14. Setaceous. Bristle like. Sheath. A tubular or folded leafy portion inclosing the stem. Silicle. A seed vessel constructed like a silique, but not longer than it is broad. Silique. A long pod or seed vessel of two valves, having its seeds attached to the two edges alternately. Siliquosc. Having siliques. Simple. Not divided, branched, or compounded. Sinuate. Having sinuses at the edge. Sinus. A large, rounded indentation or cavity. Sori. Plural of Sorus. The most common fruit of ferns, consisting of small clusters of minute capsules on the back ot the leaf. 408 GLOSSARY. Spadix. An elongated receptacle of flowers, commonly proceeding from a spathe ; as in Arum tripliyllum. Med. Bot. PI. 4. Spalhe. A sheathing caiyx opening lengthwise on one side, and consisting of one or more valves. See Spadix. Spatulate, or spathulate. Obtuse or large at the end, and gradually tapering into a stalk at base ; as in the leaves of Statice Caroiiniana. Med. Bot. PI. 25. Species. A group or subdivision of plants agreeing with each other not only in their fructification, but in al'. other essential and permanent parts ; and always reproducing the same kind. Specific. Belonging to a species only. Spike. A kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile or nearly so on the sides of a long peduncle. Spikelet. A small spike. Spindle shaped. See Fusiform. Spine. A thorn, or sharp process growing from the wood. Spur. A sharp hollo >v projection from a flower, commonly the nectary. Squamiform. Scale shaped. Srjuarrose or squarrous. Ragged. Having reflected or divergent scales. Stamen. The part of the flower on which the Linnajan classes are founded. It commonly consists of the filament or stalk, and the anther which contains the pollen. StaminHle. Having stamens, but no pistils. Slfiudard. See Banner. Stellate. Like a star. Stem. A general supporter of leaves, flowers and fruit. Stemless. Having no stem properly so called, but only a scape. Sterile. Barren. Stigma. The summit or extremity of the pistil. Stipe. The stem of a fern or fungus ; also the stem of the down of seeds ; also a particular stalk of germs, seeds fee., which is superadded to the pedicel ; as in Coplis trifolia. Med. Bot. PI. 5. Stipitate. Supported by a stipe. Stipule. A leafy appendage situated at the base oi petioles or leaves. Slipular. Belonging to stipules. Stoloniferous. Having scions or running shoots. Striate. Marked with fine parallel lines. Slrigose. Bristly. Strobile. A cone ; an ament with woody or rigid scales, as in the fruit of pines, firs, fee. Stijlt. The part of the pistil which is between the germ and stigma. Sub. A particle prefixed to various terms, to imply the existence of a quali- ty in a diminutive or inferior degree, as Snbacute. Somewhat acute. Less than acute, fee. Subsessile. Nearly sessile. Subserrate. Slightly serrate fee. Subulate. Awl shaped. Narrow, stiff and sharp pointed. Succulent. Juicy. Sucker. A shoot from the root, or lower part of the stem. Suffruticose. Somewhat shrubby. Shrubby at base. Su/cnte. Furrowed. Supradecompound. More than decompound. Many times subdivided. Suture. The line or seam formed by the junction of two valves of a seed vessel. T Tendril. A filiform appendage of certain vines, which supports them by twining round other objects. Terete. Round, cylindrical. Terminal. Extreme, situated at the end. GLOSSARY. 409 Ternale. Three together ; as the leaves of Menyanthes trifoliala. Med. Bot. PI. 46. Tetradynamous. Having four long and two short stamens. Tetrandrous. Having four stamens. Thorn. See Spine. Throat. The passage into the tube of a corolla. Tlit/rsR. A close, compact panicle. Tomenlose. Downy. Covered with fine matted pubescence. Triandrous. Witli three stamens. Trifid. Three cleft. Trifoliate. Three leaved. See Ternale. Trilobate. Three lobed. Trilocular. Three celled. Tripartite. Three parted. Trivial name. The specific name. Truncate. Having a square termination as if cut off, as the leaves of Lirio- dendron tulipifera. Med. Bot. PI. 31. Tuber. A solid, fleshy knob. Tuberous. Thick and fleshy, containing tubers ; as the roots of the Potatoe, Pceony, &c. Tubular. Shaped like a tube. In a compound flower, the florets which are not ligulate, are called tubular. Tunicated. Coated with concentric layers; as the Onion. Turbinale. Shaped like a top or pear. V Valves. The segments or parts of a seed vessel, into which it finally sepa- rates. Also the leaves which make up a glume or spathe. Variety. A subdivision of a species, distinguished only by characters which are not permanent ; and which does not with certainty reproduce its kind ; as the varieties of tulips, peaches, &.c. Vaulted. Arched over ; with a concave covering. Veined. Having the divisions of the petiole irregularly branched on the un- der side of the leaf. Ventricose. Swelling. Inflated. Verrucose. Warty. Covered with little protuberances. Vertical. Perpendicular. Verlidllate. Whorled. Having leaves given oft' in a circle round the stem. Vesicular. Made of vesicles or little bladders. Villous. Hairy, the hairs long and soft. Virgate. Long and slender. Wand like. Virose. Poisonous, nauseous arid strong to the smell. Viscid. Thick, glutinous, covered with adhesive juice. Vitellus. A part of certain seeds distinct from the albumen, but not rising out of the ground at germination. Viviparous. Producing a collateral ofl'spring by means of bulbs. U Umbel. A kind of inflorescence in which the flower stalks diverge from owe centre like rays; as in Conium maculalum. Med. Bot. PI. 11. Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels. UmbiKcate. Marked with a central depression. / ii'irmed. Without prickles or thorns. Uncinale. Hooked, hook shaped. I 'adulated. Wavy, serpentine, gently rising and falling. Unguiculate. Inserted by a claw. Unilateral. Growing all on one side, or with the flowers leaning to one side. Urccolate. Pitcher shaped. Swelling in the middle and slightly contracted at top. 5.2 410 GLOSSARY. W Wedge shaped^ Formed like a wedge, and commonly rounded at the largest end. Wheel shaped. See Rotate. Wings. The two lateral petals of a papilionaceous flower. Winged. Having the sides extended into a leafy expansion. INDEX OF THE GENERA, WITH ACCENTS. Acalypha A'cer Achillea Acnida A'corus Actaea Adiantum Agcirnonia Agrostis Aira Alisma A'ilium A'lnus Aletris Alopecurus Althaea Amaranthus Ambrosia Ammannia Anagallis Andromeda Andropogon Anemone* Angelica Anthemis Anthoxantbuta Antirrhinum Apargia Apocynum Aquilegia Aralia A'rabis A'rbutus 362 A'rctium 377 Arenaria 315 Arethusa 367 Aristolochia 137 Arisiida 211 A'rum 395 Artemisia 189 Arundo 28 A'sarum 31 144 130 342 Asclepias Aspidium Asplenium A'ster 131 26 259 Atragene A'triplex Avena 343 Azalea 343 53 74 Ballota 166 Bartsia 43 Berberis 222 Betula 110 Bidens 314 BiHum 27 Bootia 243 Bcehmeria 285 99 219 Botrychiurn Brachysternuui Briza 122 I; minus 251 Bunias 165 290 179 324 328 31 347 299 38 187 100 389 392 308 219 373 32 82 237 243 128 355 294 3 206 342 386 237 36 37 251 The usual English pronunciation is Anemone. 412 INDEX I. Calla Caliitriche Cakha Campanula Cardamine Carex Carpmus Cassia Castanea Ceanothus Celastrus Celtis Centaurea Centaurella Cephalanthus Cerastium Chara Chelidonium Cheione Chenopodium Chrysanthemum Chrysosplenium Cicliorium Cicuta Cinna Circea Cistus Claytonia Clematis Cleome Clethra Clinopodium Cnicus Collinsonia Comarum Comptonia Conium Convaliaria Convolvulus Conyza Coptis Corallorhiza Coreopsis Cornus Corydalis Corylus Crataeg-us 348 Crotalaria 2 Cucubalus 221 Cunila 85 Cupressus 252 CGscuta 335 Cymhidium 357 Cynoglossum 171 Cyperus 349 Cypripedium 91 92 373 Dactylis 316 Dalibarda 52 Datura 51 Dentaria 184 Dianthus 334 Diapensia 210 Dicksonia 248 Dioscorea 107 Diervilla 301 Dirca 154 Caucus 285 Dracena 114 Draba 29 Drosera 11 212 98 E'chium 219 E'lymus 254 E'mpetrum 172 Epigaea 239 Epilobium 290 Epipactis 10 Equisetum 203 Eng-eron 340 Eriocauloa 110 Eriophorum 132 Erysimutn 78 Erythronium 299 Eupatorium 221 Euphorbia 326 315 57 Fagus 262 Festuca 356 Fragaria D. 194 267 183 10 361 106 326 72 18 327 32 202 79 254 179 83 395 368 89 149 109 135 250 123 70 46 365 164 146 323 382 302 335 23 253 135 295 189 348 36 202 INDEX I. 413 Fraxinns Fumaria Galeopsis Galium Gaultheria Genista Gentiana Geranium Gerardia Geum GJechoma Glycine Gnaphalium Gratiola 380 I'ris 262 Isnardia I'va G. H. Hamamelis Hedysarum Helianthus Helleborus Helunias Hepatica Heracleum Heuchera Hibiscus Hieracium Holcus Hordeum Hottonia Hudsunia Humulus Houstonia Hydrocotyle Hydrophyllum Hydropeltis Hyoscyamus Hypericum Hypoxis Hyssopua Ictodes I'lex Impatiens Inula 236 54 164 267 105 256 246 206 234 276 299 7 61 274 315 134 141 222 110 106 259 288 44 47 77 213 367 53 109 73 222 81 279 130 235 59 62 93 301 Juglans Jiincus Juniperus Kalmia Krigia J. K. Lactuca Lamium Liithyrus Laurus Lechea Led um Leersia Lcmna Leontodon Leonurus Leontlce Lepidium Leptandra Lespedeza Liatris Linnaea Ligusticum Ligustrum Lilium Linum Lindernia Liriodendron Lithospermum Lobelia Lolium Lonicera Luchvigia Lnpinus Lycopodium Lycopsis Lycopus Lygodium Lysimacbia 15 61 317 352 138 371 169 289 286 235 268 160 47 172 30 334 286 235 127 250 € 272 293 241 111 5 136 123 7 229 71 85 45 87 60 267 384 71 9 387 74 414 INDEX I, Lythrum M. Magnolia Malaxis Malva Medeola Medicago Melampyrum Mentha Menyanthes Menziesia Mikania Miiium Mirnulus Mitchella Miteila Mollugo Monarda Monotropa Muhlenbergia Myosotis Myrica Myriophyllum Neottia Nepeta Nuphar Nymphaea Nyssa CEnothera (Ethusa Onoclea Onopordon O'rchis Orobanche Oryzupsis Osmunda O'strya O'xalis Panax Panicum Parnassia N. O. 188 Pastinaca Pedicularis Penthorum 229 Phalaris 324 Phaseolus 259 Phleum 141 Phryma 278 Phytolacca 242 Pinus 234 Plantago 77 Platanus 149 Poa 295 Podalyria 25 Podophyllum 248 Polygala 52 Polygonum 178 Polypodium 48 Pontederia 9 Populus 175 Portulaca 27 Potamogeton 72 Potentiila 366 Prenauthes 345 Prinos Proserpinaca Prunella 322 Prunus 237 Pteris 216 Pycnanthemum 217 P'yrola 300 Pyrus 148 113 391 293 318 244 25 387 358 257 375 40 121 Quercus Q,ueria Ranunculus Raphanus Rhexia Rhinanthus Rhododendron Rhodora Rhus Ribes Robinia Rosa Rubus R. 113 245 184 30 268 28 241 185 359 51 358 33 170 215 264 155 388 79 241 188 63 203 286 129 48 240 192 394 238 173 195 349 99 224 252 148 242 168 172 118 90 277 197 198 INDEX I. Rudbeckia Rumex Ruppia Sabbatia Sagittaria Salicomia Salix Salsola Sambucus Samolus Sanguinaria Sanguisorba Sanicula Saponaria Sarothra Sarracenia Saxifraga Schoenus Scirpus Scle ran thus Scrophularia Scutellaria Senecio Silene Sinapis Sison Sisymbrium Sisyrinchium Sium S mi lax Srnyrnium Solanum Solidago Sonchus Sorbus Sparganium Sparlina Spergula Spiraea Stachys Staphylea Statice Stellaria Slipa Streptopus 316 142 Struthiopteris 64 T. Tephrosia Teucrium 76 Thalictrum 344 Thesium 1 364 106 Thlaspi Thuya Tiarella 117 Tilia 84 Trichodium 214 Trichostema 62 Trientalis 109 Trifolium 179 121 Triglochin Trillium 213 Triosteum 177 Triticum 17 Trollius 19 177 Typha 242 U. 239 U'Imus 307 Uniola 183 254 Uraspermum U'rtica 114 Utricularia 253 Uvularia 256 111 V. 368 Vaccinium 113 Vallisneria 84 Veratrum 303 Verbascum 289 Verbena 194 Vernonia 339 Veronica 24 Viburnum 185 Vicia 196 Villarsia 236 Viola 121 Vitis 124 181 W. 31 Woodsia 131 Woodwurdia 415 392 278 235 220 99 250 361 178 214 £7 240 145 270 142 141 89 45 224 339 108 32 112 341 8 134 150 364 374 81 238 293 5 115 269 78 94 93 389 394 416 INDEX I. Xanthium Xanthoxylum Xylosteum Xyris X. 342 Zizania 376 Zostera 88 17 344 334 ENGLISH INDEX. Agrimony Alder Alum Root Alpine Enchanter's shade Alpine soft Grass Amaranth Ammannia Anemone Angelica Apple Peru Aralia, Bristly Arbor Vitae Aristida Arrow Grass Arrow Head Arrow Wood Ash Aspen Avens Azalea Balm of Gilead Baneberries Barberry Basil Bass Wood Bayberry Beach Pea Beach Plumb Beach Drops' Bean Vine Beerd Grass Bearberry Beaver Tree Bedstraw Beech Bellflower 53 Night- 189 Bellwort 134 342 Bent Grass 28 106 Bethlehem Star 130 Bilberry 150 11 Bindweed 78,158 45 Birch 355 343 Birdsnest 175 53 Bitter Sweet 84 222 Black Alder 129 110 Blackberry 199 79 Bladder Tree 121 122 Bladderwort 8 361 Bloodroot 214 31 Blue Berry 150 142 Blue eyed Grass 256 344 Blue Flag 15 116 Blue Grass 33 380 Bog Rush 17 369 Boston Iris 16 206 Brake 394 82 Brome Grass 37 370 Broom Grass 43 211 Broomrape 244 128 Buckwheat 159 238 Buck Bean 77 214 Bugle Weed 9 366 Bugloss 70, 71 268 Bulrush 22 193 Burdock 290 245 Burr Marygold 294 268 Burr Reed 339 43 Butter Cups 226 165 Butterfly Weed 100 229 Butternut 352 55 Button Bush 51 348 Button Wood 353 85 Campion 183 418 INDEX II. Canary Grass 30 Canada Reed 38 Canada Burnet 62 Canada Rice 344 Cardinal Flower 85 Carpet Weed 48 Carrot 109 Catchfly 183 Catmint 237 Cattiep 237 Cat's Tail Grass 28 Cedar, Red 370 Cedar, White 361 Celandine 210 Centaurella 52 Chequer Berry 52 Cherrytree 192 Chesnut 349 Chickweed 181, 184 Chokeberry 195 Cicuta Bulbiferous 114 Cinna 29 Cinquefoil 203 Cleavers 54, 55 Cleome 254 Clivers 54 Clover 271 Club Moss 384 Club Rush 23 Cocum 185 Columbine 219 Cornel 53 Cotton Grass 22 Couch Grass 45 Cow Berry 154 Cow Parsnep 110 Cowslip 221 Cow Wheat 242 Crakeberry 365 Cranberry 1 54 Cranesbill 256 Creeper 93 Cress, Amphibious 253 Crow Berry 365 Crowfoot 224 Cucumber Root 141 Cud Weed 301 Currant, Mountain 90 Cut Grass SO Cyperus 18 Dandelion 286 Darnel 45 Deerberry 153 Dewberry 200 Diervilla, Yellow 89 Ditch Grass 17 Dock 142 Dodder 106 Dog's Bane 99 Dog's Tooth Violet 135 Dog-wood 57, 119 Dragon's Claw 326 Dragon Root 347 Duck Meat 334 Dutch Myrtle 366 Dutchman's Breeches 263 Dyer's Weed 267 Eel Grass 334 Eglantine 197 Elder 117 Elecampane 301 Elm Tree 108 Enchanters Night Shade 1 1 Feather Grass 31 Fern 387, 390 Fescue Grass 36 Fever Bush 160 Feverwort 89 Figwort 242 Fire Weed 307 Flag 340 Flag, Blue 15 Flag, Sweet 137 Flax, Virginian 123 Flea Bane 302 Flower de Luce 15 Flowering Fern 387 Fools' Parsley 113 Forked Aristida 31 Fox Tail Grass 26 Fumitory 262 Galium 54 Garlic 130 Gentian 105 Geranium 256 Germander 235 ,M)EX II. 419 Gill Ginger, Wild Ginseng Glasswort Golden Alexanders Goldonrod Goldthread Gcosefoot Grape Graos Poly Gromwell GRASS. Alpine Soft Grass j.;i 187 375 1 113 303 221 107 93 188 71 45 • 142 - 43 28 25 33 - 256 37 43 SO Spear Grass Spike Sedge Scratch Seneca . Sqnirrel Tail Star Sweet scentedVernal Thin Timothy Truncate Hair Velvet Wood Hair \ ellow eyed 33 32 335 158 44 47 131 27 27 28 31 44 31 17 90 121 368 234 161 277 307 360 31 196 288 35G 46 7 253 374 110 114 360 100 367 8 81 235 257 28 !53 317 117 107 ;:. i &2 114 Gooseberry, Wild Grass of Parnassus Green Briar Ground Ivy Ground Laurel Groundnut Groundsel Hacmatack Hair Grass • : u'dhack Hawkvveed 285, ] lazlenut Hedgehog Grass o Hedge Hyssop Hedge Mustard Hellebore Hemlock Hemlock, American Hemlock Spruce Hemp, Indian Hemp, Sea Horned Utricularia Henbane Henitit Herb Robert Herd's Grass Hickory 1 lighwater Shrub Hobble Bush Hogvveed Hog Nut Holly Honewort Rpnt Black spprJprl Millpf Blue Tini^PVPfl RFOTOP Broom 4 1nnn rv Cats Tail . 28 . 23 45 30 45 . 25 31 36 26 31 46 oo ~u 155 46 °5 • 32 3° 40 36 . 36 45 28 38 24 37 45 Cotton |j n ni* li Cut l)'Trnp1 Tlitrh Feather |7pqp iip Foxtail Hair Hedgehog \ 3f* IY \j Lytne Millrt Ont Rattlesnake Ray T?r/l Tnn Reed Rough Rye Brome Soft 420 INDEX II. Honeysuckle Hop Horehound, Water Horehounrl, Black Hornbeam Horse Mint Horsetail Horseweed Hound's Tongue Houstonia Hydrophyllum Hyssop Indian Hemp Indian Tobacco Indian Turnip Indigo, Wild Iris Iron Wood Isnardia Ivy Jersey Tea Juniper Knapweed Knavel Knot Grass Labrador Tea Ladies' Slipper Ladies' Traces Larch Laurel Leather Wood Leptandra Lettuce Life Everlasting Lily Lime Tree Lindernia Lop Seed Locust Tree Loose Strife Louse Wort Ludwigia Lupine Lycopsis Ljrme Grass May Weed Maiden Hair Mallow 271, 82, 87 367 9 237 357, 380 234 382 10 72 53 73 235 100 86 347 170 16 358 61 120 91 371 316 177 155 172 327 322 235 169 149 6 287 299 136 214 7 74 245 60 267 71 46 314 395 259 Maple Tree Marsh Marygold Marsh Mallow Marsh Rosemary May Apple Meadow Sweet Melilot Mercury, Three-seeded Millfoil Milk Weed Mint Monarda Monkey Flower Moose Wood Mother Wort Mountain Ash Mountain Currant Mountain Rice Mouse Ear Mowhair Muhlenbergia Mullein Mustard Myrtle, Wax Myrtle, Dutch Nettle Nettle Tree New-Jersey Tea Nightshade, Enchanter's Nightshade, Black Nightshade, Woody None Such Oak Oat Grass Oil Nut Orache Orchard Grass Painted Cup Panic Grass Parsnip Parnassus, Grass of Partridge Berry Pea Vine Penny Wort Pennvroyal Peppergrass Petty Morel Pickerel Weed 377 221 259 124 215 196 272 362 345 101 234 9 248 379 235 194 90 25 72, 300 395 27 81 254 366 366 236,341 373 91 11 84 84 278 349 33 352 373 32 244 40 113 121 164 276 109 10 250 122 130 INDEX II. 421 Pigeon's Foot Pig Nut Pimpernel Pine Pine Sap Pine Weed Pin Weed Pink Pipe Wort Pipes Plane Tree Plantain Pleurisy Root Plumb, Beach Poke Root Poke Weed Polypody Poly, Grass Polygonum Pond Weed Poplar Poppoose Root Prim . Primrose Privet Proserpinaca Prickly Ash Puccoon Purslane Quaking Grass Radish Ram's Head Raspberry Rattlesnake Grass Rattlesnake Plantain Fern Rattle Pod Ray Grass Redtop Reed Reed Grass Reed Mace Reedy Cinna Pub Wort Rich Weed River Bush Robin's Plantain Roman Wormwood 1 Rose !97 354 Rose Bay 168 74, 84 Rough Grass 24 359 Rush 20, 138 176 Salt Wort 106 121 Samphire 1 47 Sandwort 179 179 Sanicle 108 335 Sarsaparilla 122 383 Sassafras 160 358 Saxifrage 154, 177 51 Scabish 148 63 Scorpion Grass 72 193 Scouring Rush 382 374 Scratch Grass 158 185 Scullcap 239 388 Sea Burdock 342 188 Sea Hemp 367 155 Sea Lovage 111 63 Sea Arrow Grass 142 369 Sea Rocket 251 127 Sea Wormwood 209 5 Sea Wrack 534 148 Sedge 335 5 Self Heal 240 48 Seneca Grass 44 376 Seneca Snake Root 265' 214 Senna, American 171 188 Sensitive Fern 257 36 Shagbark 351 252 Shield Fern 389 328 Shepherd's Purse 250 198 Sickle Pod 251 36 Side-Saddle Flower 213 323 Silk Weed 101, 102 387 Silver Weed 203 267 Skunk Cabbage 59 45 Snake Head 24R 28 4£t«ike Weed 114 38 Snake Root, Virginia 328 38 Snap Dragon 243 339 Soap Wort 179 29 Soft Grass 45 51 Soft Monarda 9 341 Solomon's Seal 132 51 Sorrel 144 302 Sow Thistle 2S9 343 Spear Grass 33 422 INDEX II. Spearmint 234 Spearwort 224 Speedwell 5 Spice Wood 160 Spike Grass 32 Spikenard 122 Spiked Willow Herb 146 Spleenwort 392 Spruce 360 Spurge 1 89 Spurrey 185 Squirrel Tail Grass 47 Star Grass 131 Stitchwort 182 St. John's Wort 279 Strawberry 202 Elite 3 Succory 285 Sumach 118 Sundew 123 Sunflower 315 Swamp Pink 82 Sweet Fern 340 Sweet Flag 137 Sweet Gale 366 Sweet Briar 197 Sweet Uraspermtim 112 Sweet Viburnum 1 1 5 Sycamore 358 Thimble Berry 198 Thin Grass 22 Thistle 291 Thorn Apple 79 Thorn Bush 194 Thoroughwort - 297 Thyme 237 Toothwort 254 Tobacco 86 Tobacco Pipe 17,"> Touch-me-not 93 Tickseed Sunflower 204 Toad Flax 243 Travellers Joy 219 Tree Primrose 90 Tree Cranberry 117 Trefoil 270 Trumpet Weed 297 Truncate Hair Grass 31 Tulip Tree 229 Tupelo Tree Unicorn Root Velvet Grass Vernal Grass Vervain Vetch Viburnum Vine Violet Viper's Bugloss Virgin's Bower 380 141 44 27 238 269 116 93 94 70 219 Virginian Water Horehound 9 Virginian Lycopsis 71 Walking Leaf 392 Walnut 352 Water Cress 253 Water Flag 339 Water Horehound 9 Water Lily 216 Water Mi'llfoil 345 Water Oats 344 Water Parsnep 111 Water Pepper 155 Water Plantain 144 Water Starwort 2 Water Target 222 Water Pimpernel 84 Waxwork 92 White Weed 301 White headed Bog Rush 17 Whitlow Grass 250 Whortleberry 150 Wild Indigo 170 Wild Bugloss 71 Wild Ginger 187 Wild Cress 250 Willow 364 Willow Herb 146 Winterberry 1 29 Wintergreen 173 Witchhazel 61 Wood Sorrel 257 Wood Waxen 267 Wood Hair Grass 31 Woody Nightshade 84 Yarrow 315 Yellow eyed Grass 17 Yellow Rattle 242 Yew 371 INDEX OF SUBGENERA AND GENERIC SYNONYMS. Abies Ace rates Agropyron Ampeh psia Anychia Apios Aronia Arrhenatherutn Banon.ia Baptisia Brachyletrum BiT.sr^ia CakUe Calamagrostis Caj.iifolium Carduus Carya Cassandra Castilleja Caulophyllum Cerasus Chimaphila Chironia Chlora Chcerophyllum Comandra Conyza Crossopetala Danthonia Digitaria Dilepyrum Dracontiurn Dulichium Echinochloa Eleocharis Elodea Epifagus Erica Euchroma Galega Glyceria 360 Goodyera 104 Gymnostichum 45 Gyromia 93 Hedeoma 99 Hedera 276 Hedypaois 196 Helianthemum 33 Hierochloa 52 Hypopithys 170 Isolepis 27 Ixodia 222 Koeleria 251 Larix 30, 39 Limodorum 79 Listera 88 Melilotus 291 Mespiius 353 Myrrhis 75 Nephrodium 244 Ophrys 128 Oxycoccus 192 Phragmites 174 Piptatherum 76 Pisum 76 Pogonia 1 1 4 Polypogon 99 Polygonatum 299 Pothos 105 Psamma 32 Rhyncospora 41 Satyrium 27 Scandix 59 Seleucia 19 Serratula 40 Setaria 19 Smilacina 270 Sophora 245 Spiranthes 141 Thymus 244 Torresia 276 Trachynotia 37 Tricbophoruta 323 46 141 10 93 285 212 44 1 76 22 222 32 360 326 324 272 196 112, 114 390 324 154 39 25 268 325 29 59 39 17 323 112 74 293 40 132 170 322 236 45 24 22 CUMMINGS, MILLIARD, & CO. HAVE FOR SALE, AMERICAN MEDICAL, BOTANY, BEING A COLLECTION OF THE NATIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES; Containing their Botanical History and Chemical Analysis, and Properties and Uses in Medicine, Diet and the Arts. WITH SIXTY COLOURED ENGRAVINGS. BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. In three volumes, imperial octavo. Price $21. A TREATISE ON THE MATERIA MEDICA, Published as a Sequel to the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, &,c. &c. BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D. In one volume 8vo. Price $2 75 in boards ; $ 3 bound. • • -r-:« ; If • n • -. • - \ ' ^>